The selection and retention of junior college teachers
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THE SELECTION AND RETENTION OF JUNIOR COLLEGE TEACHERS
A D isse rta tio n P re se n te d to t h e F a c u l t y o f t h e S c h o o l o f E d u c a tio n U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a
In P a r tia l F u lfillm e n t o f t h e R e q u ir e m e n ts f o r t h e D e g re e D o c to r o f E d u c a tio n
by S elm e r O s t l i e O c to b e r
1950
UMI Number: DP25808
All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
Dissertation Publishing
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T h is dissertation, w ri tt en und er the direction of the C h ai r m an of the candidate’s G u id an ce C o m m i t t e e an d a p p r o v e d by all me m be rs of the C o m m it te e , has been pr es e nt e d to and ac c e p te d by the F ac u lt y of the S c h o o l of E du c a ti o n in p a r ti a l fu lfi llm e nt of the requirements f o r the deg ree of D o c t o r of Ed uca tion. D a te .J
< r?. Guidance C om m ittee
Chairman
L
a
....
^
D ean
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER
I.
-PAGE
THE PROBLEM AND ITS S E T T I N G ................................................ I n t r o d u c t i o n and s t a t e m e n t o f th e p ro b le m
. . .
In tro d u c tio n
1 1
.
1
S ta t e m e n t o f t h e p r o b l e m ................................................
2
I m p o r ta n c e o f t h e p r o b l e m ........................................... .
3
I m p o r ta n c e o f t h e t e a c h e r i n p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n ..................................................................
3
I m p o r ta n c e o f th e j u n i o r c o l l e g e i n p u b lic e d u c a tio n
.
....................................................
5
E m p h asis on r e c r u i t m e n t a n d t e a c h e r ed u c a tio n
...................................................................... .
6
L im i te d r e s e a r c h i n j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r se le c tio n Scope
............................................................................
9
................................................................................................10
T o p ic a l c o n s id e r a tio n s
.
................................................ 10
School o r g a n iz a tio n a l l e v e l s G e o g r a p h ic a l f a c t o r s
......................................
11
.........................................................
11
L i m i t a t i o n s ...................................................................................... 12 E x t e n s i v e n a t u r e o f th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n
. . . .
A v a i l a b i l i t y o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e s f o r s tu d y
. .
12 13
L im ita tio n s in h e re n t in th e in stru m e n t . . . .
13
L im ita tio n of proposed c r i t e r i a
14
D e f i n i t i o n s and A s s u m p tio n s
.............................
.................................. 14
CHAPTER
PACE D e f i n i t i o n o f t e r m s ................................................................... 14 A s s u m p t i o n s ........................................................
16
O r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e s t u d y ..................................................... 17
II.
B road o u t l i n e ..........................................
17
C h a p te r t o p i c s
18
.......................................................................
PROCEDURE AND TREATMENT OE D A T A ............................................19 S o u r c e s o f d a t a an d p r o c e d u r e
. .
............................. 19
P u r p o s e o f t h e c h a p t e r ..........................................................19 S o u r c e s o f d a t a ................................................... P rocedure
. . .
...............................................
19 19
The c h e ck l i s t ................................................................................. 20 J u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r u sin g th e check l i s t S e le c tio n o f c h e c k - l i s t ite m s V a l i d a t i o n o f t h e c h e ck l i s t
. . . .
.................................. . . .
20 21
-............................. 22
S p o n s o r s h i p ................................................................................. 24 S e le c tio n o f re s p o n d e n ts
................................................
24
A d m in is tra tio n o f th e check l i s t in C a lifo rn ia
.
...............................................
28
A d m in is tr a tio n o f th e check l i s t o u ts id e C a l i f o r n i a ................................................................................. 30 V a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e o r i g i n a l c h e c k - l i s t d a t a ................................................................... 33 S u p p le m e n ta ry c h e c k - l i s t d a t a ....................................... 36 T o o ls o f e v a l u a t i o n
.
.......................................................... 3#
iv
CHAPTER
PAGE A u t h o r i t a t i v e l i t e r a t u r e an d r e s e a r c h T ested e x p e rie n c e
...................
. . . .
38
. . . . . . . . .
39
Ju d g m e n ts o f r e s p o n d e n t s ................................................
40
C h a p te r S u m m a r y ............................................................................ 40 S o u r c e s o f d a t a an d p r o c e d u r e The ch e ck l i s t q u e s t i o n n a i r e T o o ls o f e v a l u a t i o n III.
.
40 ............................. 40
..................................................... 41
A REVIEW OF RELATED RESEARCH AND LITERATURE
. . .
R e s e a r c h on m a jo r p h a s e s o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n .
42 .
42
P u rp o s e o f t h e c h a p t e r ............................
42
B a l l o u ’ s s t u d y .......................................................................
42
N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n s t u d y o f 1932 .
44
r
D e ffe n b a u g h a n d Z e i g a l s t u d y ......................................
45
C o u lb o u r n ’ s s t u d y
..............................................................
47
N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n s t u d y o f 1942 .
50
A tk in so n ’s s tu d y
53
.................................
R e s e a r c h on l i m i t e d p h a s e s o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n ...................................................................................... 56 T i e g ’ s s t u d y ............................................................................
56
M o r r i s e tt’ s stu d y
..............................................................
58
B e rry ’ s stu d y
.......................................................................
59
G ib b ’ s s t u d y
..................................................................
62
O th e r s t u d i e s ................................ R e la te d l i t e r a t u r e o f a g e n e ra l n a tu re
.
63
. . . . .
64
*
V
CHAPTER
PACE
T e x tb o o k s i n g e n e r a l o r s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l a d m in istra tio n
..................................................................
64
S c h o o l s u r v e y s .......................................................................
65
P u b lic a tio n s in perso nnel a d m in is tra tio n . . .
65
P u b l i c a t i o n s o f s t a t e an d n a t i o n a l e d u c a t i o n a l b o d i e s ........................................................................66 R e s e a r c h an d l i t e r a t u r e on t e a c h e r c o m p e te n c e . .
67
R a t i n g m e t h o d s .................................................................
.
67
..............................................................
71
P ro fe ssio n a l te s ts P u p i l s - g a i n m e th o d s
........................................... 74
T e a c h e r b e h a v i o r ................................................................... C h a p te r summary
. . . . .
76 79
R e s e a r c h on m a jo r p h a s e s o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n ...................................................
79
R e s e a r c h on l i m i t e d p h a s e s o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n ................................................................................. 79 R e la te d l i t e r a t u r e of a g e n e ra l n a tu re
. . . .
R e s e a r c h an d l i t e r a t u r e on t e a c h e r c o m p e te n c e . IV.
80 80
DESCRIPTION OF THE JUNIOR COLLEGE AND ITS TEACHERS................................................................................................82 The j u n i o r c o l l e g e — i t s g ro w th and o b j e c t i v e s .
82
P u r p o s e o f th e c h a p t e r ..........................................................82 H i s t o r y an d g r o w t h ................................................................... 82 A n t i c i p a t e d g ro w th
..................................................... 83
CHAPTER
PAGE
E x p a n d in g p u r p o s e s o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e e d u c a t i o n ..........................................
86
The t e a c h i n g p e r s o n n e l a n d e f f o r t s t o im pro ve i t .....................................................................................
91
D i s s a ti s f a c ti o n w ith th e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f ju n io r c o lle g e te a c h e rs
...........................................
91
E f f o r t s t o im p ro v e t h e q u a l i t y o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h i n g p e r s o n n e l . .................... . . .
94
S t a t u s o f t r a i n i n g a n d e x p e r i e n c e i n 194&1949 ............................................................. C h a p te r summary
........................
104
. . . . . . . . . .
107
The j u n i o r c o l l e g e - i t s g ro w th an d o b j e c t i v e s ..........................................
1 07
The t e a c h i n g p e r s o n n e l a n d e f f o r t s t o im p r o v e i t ............................ V.
PRINCIPLES FOR EVALUATION
108 .
.............................................. 110
P r in c ip le s r e la tin g to b o a rd -a d m in istra tiv e re sp o n sib ility
.......................
P urpose o f th e c h a p te r
110 .....................................110
P ro fe ssio n a l n a tu re of te a c h e r s e le c tio n E x e c u tiv e a c c o u n t a b i l i t y
............................
D e te rm in a tio n o f p o l i c i e s
. . . . .
. . . Ill 112
................... 113
P rin c ip le s r e la tin g to in te r a d m in is tr a tiv e re sp o n sib ility
....................................................................... 115
CHAPTER
PAGE
R e s p o n s ib ility o f th e c h ie f a d m in is tr a tiv e o ffic e rs
.
................................................................... - . 115
R e s p o n s ib ility o f th e d ep a rtm en t head
. . . .
119
P r i n c i p l e s r e l a t i n g t o t h e s e l e c t i o n program . . 120 M e r i t ...................................................................... . . . . . 120 S e e k in g a p p l i c a n t s ............................................................... 122 A p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k s ............................................................... 123 Jo b s p e c i f i c a t i o n s In te rv ie w
125
............................................................................... 128
P h y sic a l f i t n e s s R eferen ces .
. . . . . . . . .
........................................................
. 130
...............................................................
131
O b s e r v in g t h e a p p l i c a n t a t w o r k ................................133 P r i n c i p l e s r e l a t i n g t o t h e r e t e n t i o n p r o c e s s . . 134 I n d u c t i o n ....................................................................................134 P r o b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d .............................................. P e rm a n e n t t e n u r e .................................................................... I n - s e r v ic e e d u c a tio n C h a p te r summary
.
. . . .
136
13# 140
................................................................. 143
P rin c ip le s r e la tin g to b o a rd -a d m in istra tiv e re sp o n sib ility
................................................................... 143
P r in c ip le s r e l a t i n g to i n te r - a d m in i s t r a t iv e re sp o n sib ility
................................................................. 143
P r i n c i p l e s r e l a t i n g t o t h e s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s . 144 P r i n c i p l e s r e l a t i n g t o t h e r e t e n t i o n p r o c e s s . 143
v iii CHAPTER
V I.
PAGE
RESPONSIBILITY AND ORGANIZATION FOR SELECTION AND APPOINTMENT.............................. . .......................................147 B o a rd — a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p s
........................ 147
P u rp o s e o f t h e c h a p t e r ................................................ 147 R e s p e c t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e b o a r d and t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t ................................
147
M ethods o f b o a r d e v a l u a t i o n o f c a n d i d a t e s . . . 154 D e te r m in a n t o f t h e num ber o f c a n d i d a t e s recommended p e r p o s i t i o n ..................................... ..... 1 5 9 A p p r a i s a l o f p r a c t i c e ................................................ 163 I n t e r - a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p s ...................
. . . 170
R e s p e c tiv e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of th e s u p e r in t e n d e n t an d t h e d i r e c t o r .
.................................. 1 7 0
O f f i c i a l p r e s e n t i n g t h e n o m in a tio n f o r a p p o i n tm e n t b e f o r e t h e b o a rd .................................. 177 R e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f th e d ep artm en t head . . . .
182
M em bership and f u n c t i o n s o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n c o m m itte e s .................................................... 190 C h a p te r s u m m a r y . .............................................................. B o a rd -a d m in istra tiv e r e la tio n s h ip s
........................ 199
In te r-a d m in is tra tiv e re la tio n s h ip s . . V II.
. . . . 200
FACTORS QUALIFYING ELIGIBILITY FOR EMPLOYMENT P erso n al f a c to rs
199
. . 203
....................................................... 2 0 3
P u r p o s e o f th e c h a p t e r ................................................ 203
CHAPTER
PAGE
Age r e q u i r e m e n t s ....................- ........................................ . 204 R ace o r c o l o r , r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f s , econom ic an d m a r i t a l s t a t u s ............................................................ 208 G e o g r a p h ic a l f a c t o r s
.............................................................. 218
R e s id e n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s ................................................... . 218 T rav el d is ta n c e f o r i n t e r v i e w P ro fe ss io n a l fa c to rs
, 224
.............................................................. 231
Minimum e d u c a t i o n a l p r e p a r a t i o n ................................231 P re v io u s te a c h in g e x p e rie n c e a s a p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r a p p o i n tm e n t
. . . . . .
P r e f e r r e d l e v e l o f p re v io u s ex p e rie n c e
. . . .
239
243
M a jo r o b s t a c l e s i n s e l e c t i o n o f q u a l i f i e d t e a e h e r s .........................................................................................249 E x t e r n a l .........................................................................................249 I n t e r n a l .........................................................................................233 B oth i n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l .................................
235
C h a p te r s u m m a r y .......................................................................... 237 P erso n al f a c to rs
..................................................................
237
G e o g r a p h ic a l f a c t o r s
......................................................... 238
P ro fe ssio n a l fa c to rs
......................................................... 238
M a jo r o b s t a c l e s i n s e l e c t i o n o f q u a l i f i e d t e a c h e r s ........................ ! . .......................................................239 V III.
RECRUITING THE PERSONNEL............................................................ 2 6 l S o u rces o f q u a l i f i e d te a c h e r s
...................................... 261
CHAPTER
PAGE P u rp o s e o f t h e c h a p t e r ........................................................261 E x t e n t t o w h ich c e r t a i n m e th o d s a r e u s e d i n ............................. 261
o b t a i n i n g names o f a p p l i c a n t s
E f f e c t i v e n e s s o f c e r t a i n m e th o d s o f o b t a i n i n g names o f a p p l i c a n t s .............................................. 269 D e v ic e s a n d p r o c e d u r e s u se d i n d e t e r m i n i n g th e p re lim in a ry e l i g i b i l i t y of a p p l i c a n t s .
. 275
lo b s p e c i f i c a tio n s as a p r e r e q u is i te f o r th e d e te rm in a tio n o f e l i g i b i l i t y
........................ 275
A p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k s .................................
. . . . . .
P ro c e ssin g a p p lic a tio n d a ta
........................... 300
C h a p te r summary
288
....................................................................... 310
S o u rc e o f q u a l i f i e d a p p l i c a n t s
.
........................... 310
D e v ic e s an d p r o c e d u r e s u s e d i n d e t e r m i n i n g th e p re lim in a ry e l i g i b i l i t y of a p p lic a n ts . IX.
. 311
ASSEMBLING AND EVALUATING PERSONAL D A T A .......................313 The i n t e r v i e w ..........................................
313
P u r p o s e o f t h e c h a p t e r ........................................................313 C r i t e r i a f o r u s e .................................................................
313
O b j e c t i v e s ............................
319
E x t e n t o f u s e ...........................................................................328 Number a n d p o s i t i o n o f p e r s o n s c o n d u c t i n g i n t e r v i e w s ............................................................................... 334 A l l o c a t i o n o f i n t e r v i e w t i m e ......................................... 343
xi CHAPTER
PAGE
R e c o r d in g i n t e r v i e w d a t a ...................................................349 R eferen ces
...........................................................................351
I m p o r ta n c e a t t a c h e d t o p e r s o n s u b m i t t i n g i n fo rm a tio n
........................................... 351
Type and v a l u e o f i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d . . . .
358
Use made o f r e f e r e n c e s l i s t e d i n a p p l i c a t i o n p a p e r s ........................................................ R e c o r d s , e x a m i n a t i o n s , an d o b s e r v a t i o n o f t e a c h i n g .............................................................
3
T r a n s c r i p t s o f c r e d i t ........................................................370 M e d ic a l r e c o r d s
................................................................... 376
W r i t t e n g e n e r a l and s p e c i a l i z e d e x a m i n a t i o n s . 377 O b s e r v a t i o n o f t h e a p p l i c a n t a t w o r k .......................381 R e l a t i v e e m p h a sis p l a c e d on c e r t a i n m a jo r te a c h e r q u a l if i c a t io n s f o r purposes o f s e l e c t i o n .................................................................................... 382 P r in te d w e ig h tin g o f te a c h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s .
. 382
R e la tiv e im p o rta n ce o f q u a l i f i c a t i o n s f o r th e s o c i a l s c ie n c e te a c h e r
........................................ 385
* R e l a t i v e im p o r ta n c e o f q u a l i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e v o c a tio n a l a r t s te a c h e r
............................................. 393
R e la tiv e v a lu e o f te a c h e r s e le c tio n d e v ic e s . C h a p t e r summary
. 394
.................................................
The i n t e r v i e w .............................................................
399
. . 399
x ii CHAPTER
PAGE
R e f e r e n c e s ....................................................................................400 R eco rd s, e x a m in a tio n s , and o b s e r v a tio n o f t e a c h i n g ........................................................................... . . 401 R e l a t i v e e m p h a s is p l a c e d on c e r t a i n m a jo r te a c h e r q u a l i f i c a t io n s f o r purposes o f s e l e c t i o n .................................
402
R e la tiv e v alu e o f te a c h e r s e le c tio n d e v ic e s , X.
. 402
APPOINTMENT AND IN D U C T IO N .................................................404 A p p o i n t m e n t .......................................................................
404
P u r p o s e o f t h e c h a p t e r ................................................ 404 N o tify in g th e s u c c e s s fu l c a n d id a te
........................ 406
N o tify in g th e u n su c c e s sfu l a p p lic a n t . . . . . E s ta b lis h in g th e c o n tra c tu a l r e la tio n s h ip In d u c tio n
.
.
412 . 416
............................................................................... 421
E f f o r t s of th e a d m in is tr a tiv e s t a f f in th e s c h o o l a n d c l a s s r o o m o r i e n t a t i o n o f new t e a c h e r s ...............................................
421
E f f o r t s o f th e te a c h in g s t a f f i n th e sc h o o l and c l a s s r o o m o r i e n t a t i o n o f new t e a c h e r s .
. 430
E f f o r t s t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e community o r i e n t a t i o n o f new t e a c h e r s ................................... ... C h a p t e r summary A p p o in tm e n t In d u c tio n
................................. ..........................................
437 443 443
.......................................................................... 444
/
x iii
PAGE
CHAPTER
X I.
FACTORS AFFECTING RETENTION
447
B oard p o l i c i e s . ...................
447
P u r p o s e o f th e c h a p t e r
447
A p p l i c a b i l i t y o f m a n d a to r y and o p t i o n a l p r o v is io n s of C a lif o rn ia te n u re l e g i s l a t i o n G eneral p o l i c i e s o f C a l i f o r n i a b o ard s
. . 448
. . . .
G en eral p o l i c i e s o f o u t - o f - s t a t e b o a rd s .
450
. . . 455
C o n t r o l o f p e r c e n t a g e o f t e a c h e r s a llo w e d p e r m a n e n c y ............................................................................... 458 A f f i r m a t i o n o f t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s recommenda t i o n r e g a r d i n g perm an en cy f o r t e a c h e r s . . . 461 A d m in istra tiv e p o lic ie s
.....................................
465
Optimum p e r c e n t a g e o f p e rm a n e n t t e a c h e r s . . . 465 L e n g th o f t h e p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r ’ s ex p e r i e n c e w i t h i n t h e s y s te m a s a f a c t o r in r e te n tio n
......................................................................469
D a te o f n o t i f y i n g p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r s c o n c ern in g d is m is s a l o r r e t e n t i o n
................... 475
R e la tiv e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f e x e c u tiv e p e rso n n e l i n recom m ending p erm a n e n c y f o r p ro b a tio n a ry te a c h e rs
. . .
.................................
Im provem ent o f p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a e h e r s e r v i c e
479
. . 482
E f f o r t s t o im p ro v e p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r se rv ic e
......................................................... 482.
CHAPTER
PAGE
L in e an d s t a f f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f t h e d e p a r t m ent h e a d t o p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r s
. . . . .
493
M ethods u s e d i n n o t i f y i n g p r o b a t i o n a r y te a ch e rs of d e fic ie n c ie s
........................................... 497
E v a lu a tio n of p ro b a tio n a ry te a c h e r s e rv ic e
. . . 499
R e l i a n c e p l a c e d on c e r t a i n s o u r c e s o f i n f o r m a t i o n .......................
499
S u p e r v i s o r y p e r s o n n e l m aking w r i t t e n e v a l u a t i o n o f p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r s ................................ 506 U se an d c o n t e n t o f r a t i n g f o rm s
. . . . . . .
510
D e f i c i e n c i e s i n p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r s e r v i c e . 521 C h a p te r s u m m a r y ...........................................................................526 B oard p o l i c i e s ...........................................................................526 G en eral a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p o l i c i e s
............................. 527
Im provem ent o f p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r s e r v i c e . E v a lu a tio n of p ro b a tio n a ry te a c h e r s e rv ic e X II.
. 528
. . 529
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS............................................................ 532 The p r o b le m an d m e th o d s o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n
. . . .
532
P u r p o s e o f t h e c h a p t e r .................................
532
I m p o r ta n c e o f t h e p r o b l e m ....................
532
D e f i n i t i o n o f t h e p r o b l e m .............................................. 533 S c o p e ............................................................................................. 533 P r o c e d u r e a n d t r e a t m e n t o f d a t a ................................ 534 R e sp o n sib ility fo r s e le c tio n
........................................... 534
XV
CHAPTER
PAGE
R e sp e c tiv e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r th e s u p e rin t e n d e n t and t h e s c h o o l b o a r d
.......................
'. 534
R e sp e c tiv e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f th e s u p e rin t e n d e n t and t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e d i r e c t o r , R e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f th e d ep a rtm e n t head
. ♦ 536 . . * 537
M em bership an d f u n c t i o n o f f o r m a l s e l e c t i o n c o m m itte e s
..................... 536
E a c to rs q u a lify in g e l i g i b i l i t y
.................................
. 538
P e r s o n a l f a c t o r s ...............................................
538
G e o g r a p h ic a l f a c t o r s
........................................................... 540
P ro fe ssio n a l f a c to r s
........................................................... 541
M a jo r o b s t a c l e s i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f q u a l i f i e d t e a c h e r s ........................................................... 543 S o u rces
. . . . . . . . .
. 544
D e v ic e s a n d p r o c e d u r e s f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e p re lim in a ry e l i g i b i l i t y of a p p lic a n ts . A s s e m b lin g an d e v a l u a t i n g p e r s o n a l d a t a
. . . 545
. . . .
548
The i n t e r v i e w ................................................................... 548 R e f e r e n c e s ...................................................... R eco rd s, e x a m in a tio n s, and o b s e rv a tio n o f te a c h in g . . . . . . . .
* . ................................... 552
R e l a t i v e e m p h a s is p l a c e d on c e r t a i n m a jo r te a c h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s f o r purpose of se le c tio n
............................................................ 553
CHAPTER
PAGE R e la tiv e v alu e o f te a c h e r s e le c tio n d e v ic e s . A p p o in tm e n t an d i n d u c t i o n A p p o in tm e n t.
. 554
...................................... .... 555
....................................................................... 555
I n d u c t i o n ......................................................... ....................... 556 F a c to rs a f f e c tin g r e te n tio n
........................................... 559
B o ard p o l i c i e s ....................................................................... 5 5 9 r ; G e n e ra l a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p o l i c i e s
............................. 561
Im pro vem ent o f p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r s e r v i c e . E v a l u a t i o n of p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r s e r v i c e X III.
. 562
. . 564
RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................ 566 G e n e r a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s .................................................... R e sp o n sib ility fo r s e le c tio n
566
...................................... 566
A c t u a l i z a t i o n o f t h e m e r i t p r i n c i p l e ................... 566 N a tio n a l c l e a r i n g house o f in fo rm a tio n r e g a r d i n g t e a c h e r s and p o s i t i o n s
............................. 567
/
I n s t i t u t i o n a l stu d y o f te a c h e r p e rs o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ........................................... ....................... 568 R ecom m end ation s f o r f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h ........................ 5 6 9 In d u c tio n in to s e rv ic e
....................................................
5 69
T e a c h e r i m p r o v e m e n t - i n - s e r v i c e ................................. 570 T e a c h e r co m p ete n ce .
.................................................... 570
I n t e r n a l o r g a n iz a tio n o f th e a d m in is t r a tiv e s t a f f ......................................................................................570 Recommended p ro g ra m o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n ................................................571 ^
^
x v ii CHAPTER
PAGE
R e s p o n s i b i l i t y an d o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r s e l e c t i o n an d r e t e n t i o n
. . .
- ........................................................571
F a c t o r s q u a l i f y i n g e l i g i b i l i t y f o r em ploy m en t. 573 R e c r u i t i n g th e p e r s o n n e l
................................................ 574
A s s e m b lin g an d e v a l u a t i n g p e r s o n a l d a t a .
. . . 576
A p p o in tm e n t an d i n d u c t i o n ....................................... F a c to rs a ffe c tin g r e te n tio n
579
. ..................................... 561
BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................... APPENDIX................................. ............................................................................599
565
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE I.
PAGE C a lif o r n i a J u n io r C o lle g e s P a r t i c i p a t i n g i n th e S t u d y .....................................................................................................31
II.
O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n io r C o lle g e s P a r t i c i p a t i n g in t h e S t u d y ........................................................................................... 34
III.
G rowth o f P u b l i c and P r i v a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a s R e v e a le d by Number o f I n s t i t u t i o n s a n d E n ro lm e n t f o r S e l e c t e d T e a r s ♦
IV .
84
W orking A rra n g e m e n t b etw een S u p e r i n t e n d e n t and B oard i n S e l e c t i o n a n d A p p o in tm e n t o f J u n i o r C o l le g e T e a c h e r s i n C a l i f o r n i a .................................
V.
149
W orking A rra n g e m e n t betw een S u p e r i n t e n d e n t and B o ard i n S e l e c t i o n a n d A p p o in tm e n t o f T e a c h e r s i n O u t - o f - S t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s .................................. 132
V I.
M ethods by Which C a l i f o r n i a B o a rd s J u d g e t h e M e r i t s o f P r o p o s e d T e a c h e r C a n d i d a t e s i f More Than One C a n d id a t e I s R e c o m m e n d e d ................................ 156
V II.
M ethods by Which O u t - o f - s t a t e B o a rd s Ju d g e t h e M e r i t s o f P ro p o s e d T e a c h e r C a n d i d a t e s i f More Than One C a n d id a t e I s Recommended
V III.
. . . .
157
C h ie f D e t e r m i n a n t o f t h e Number o f C a n d i d a t e s P e r P o s i t i o n Recommended t o C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o l le g e B o a rd s ......................................................... 160
x ix TABLE
IX.
PAGE
C h ie f D e te r m in a n t o f t h e Humber o f C a n d id a t e s P e r P o s i t i o n Recommended t o O u t - o f - S t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e B o a rd s ...........................................
X.
. . .
161
W o rk in g A rra n g e m e n t Betw een S u p e r i n t e n d e n t and D ir e c t o r in S e le c tio n of T eachers i n C a lif o r n i a J u n io r C o lle g e s
XI*
............................................. 171
W orking A rra n g e m e n t Between S u p e r i n t e n d e n t an d D i r e c t o r i n S e l e c t i o n o f T e a c h e r s i n O uto f - S t a t e J u n io r C o lle g e s
X II*
................................................. 172
S c h o o l O f f i c i a l M aking A c t u a l N o m in a tio n o r R ecom m endation f o r Employment o f T e a c h e r s t o S c h o o l B o a rd s i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o l l e g e s . . 178
X III.
S c h o o l O f f i c i a l M aking A c t u a l N o m in a tio n o r R ecom m endation f o r Employment o f T e a c h e r s t o S c h o o l B o a rd s i n O u t - o f - S t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s . 179
XIV.
Type o f R e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f D e p a rtm e n t Head i n C a lif o r n i a J u n io r C o lle g e s f o r S e le c tio n of T e a c h e r s i n H is D e p a r t m e n t .............................................. 1&3
XV.
Type o f R e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f D e p a rtm e n t Head i n O u t- o f - S ta te J u n io r C o lle g e s f o r S e le c tio n o f T e a c h e r s i n H is D e p a r t m e n t ......................................... 1&4
XVI.
M em bership o f C o m m ittees Used i n T e a c h e r S e l e c t i o n i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o l l e g e s ................... 191
XX
TABLE
X V II.
PAGE
M em bership o f C om m ittees U sed i n T e a c h e r S e l e c t i o n in O u t-o f-S ta te J u n io r C o lle g e s.
X V III.
F u n c t i o n o f T e a c h e r S e l e c t i o n C om m ittees i n J u n io r C o lle g e s
XIX.
. . . 192
........................
. . . . . . . . .
195
Minimum Age a t Which A p p l i c a n t s Become I n e l i g i b l e f o r A p p o in tm e n t i n C a l i f o r n i a and O uto f - S t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s ................................................ 205
XX*
C e r t a i n P e r s o n a l F a c t o r s Which A f f e c t t h e D e c i s i o n of A p p o in t T e a c h e r s i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n io r C o lle g e s
XXI.
................................................................... 210
C e r t a i n P e r s o n a l F a c t o r s Which A f f e c t t h e D e c i s i o n t o A p p o in t T e a c h e r s i n O u t - o f S t a t e J u n io r C o lle g e s
X X II.
..................................................... 211
S t a t u s o f P r a c t i c e C o n c e rn in g A p p o in tm e n t o f L o c a l T e a c h e r s i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o l l e g e s . 219
X X II I.
S t a t u s o f P r a c t i c e C o n c e rn in g A p p o in tm e n t o f L ocal T eachers in O u t-o f-S ta te J u n io r C o l l e g e s .........................................................................................220
XXIV.
Maximum D i s t a n c e C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o l l e g e s F e e l J u s t i f i e d i n A sk in g A p p l i c a n t t o T r a v e l a t Own E x p en se f o r I n t e r v i e w ..........................................226
XXV.
Maximum D i s t a n c e O u t - o f - S t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s F e e l J u s t i f i e d i n A s k in g A p p l i c a n t t o T r a v e l a t Own E x p e n se f o r I n t e r v i e w ......................................... 227
xxi TABLE
XXVI.
PAGE
O f f i c i a l P o lic y o f C a lif o r n i a J u n io r C o lle g e s a s t o Minimum E d u c a t i o n a l P r e p a r a t i o n N eeded to Q u a lify
XXVII*
f o r T e a c h in g P o s i t i o n s .............................. 232
O f f i c i a l P o lic y o f O u t- o f - S ta te J u n io r C o lle g e s a s t o Minimum E d u c a t i o n a l P r e p a r a t i o n N eeded to Q u a lify
X X VIII.
f o r T e a c h in g P o s i t i o n s . ........................233
O f f i c i a l P o l i c y C o n c e rn in g Number o f Y e a rs o f C e r t i f i c a t e d T e a c h in g E x p e r i e n c e R e q u ir e d f o r I n i t i a l A p p o in tm e n t i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o lle g e s
XXIX,
...................
. . . . . .
241
O f f i c i a l P o l i c y C o n c e rn in g Number o f Y e a rs o f C e r t i f i c a t e d T e a c h in g E x p e r i e n c e R e q u ir e d f o r I n i t i a l A p p o in tm e n t i n O u t - o f - S t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s ......................................................... 242
XXX.
L e v e l o f P r e v i o u s T e a c h in g E x p e r ie n c e P r e f e r r e d by J u n i o r C o l l e g e A d m i n i s t r a t o r s i n S e l e c t in g T e a c h e r s .............................................................. 244
XXXI.
M a jo r O b s t a c l e s i n S e l e c t i n g Q u a l i f i e d T e a c h e r s i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o l l e g e s ........................ 251
XXXII.
M a jo r O b s t a c l e s i n S e l e c t i n g Q u a l i f i e d T e a c h e rs in O u t-o f-S ta te Ju n io r
X X X III.
C o l l e g e s .................. 252
E x t e n t t o W hich C e r t a i n M ethods a r e U sed by C a lif o r n i a J u n io r C o lle g e s
i n O b t a i n i n g Names
o f A p p l i c a n t s f o r T e a c h in g
P o sitio n s. . . .
262
x x ii TABLE
XXXXV.
PAGE
E x t e n t t o Which C e r t a i n M ethods A re Used by O u t- o f - S ta te J u n io r C o lle g e s in O b ta in in g Names o f A p p l i c a n t s f o r T e a c h in g P o s i t i o n s . 2 6 3
XXXV.
E f f e c t i v e n e s s o f C e r t a i n M ethods U sed by C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o l l e g e s i n O b ta i n in g Names o f Q u a l i f i e d A p p l i c a n t s f o r T e a c h in g P o s i t i o n s ........................................................... 270
XXXVI.
E f f e c t i v e n e s s o f C e r t a i n M ethods U sed by O u to f - S t a t e J u n io r C o lle g e s i n O b ta in in g Names o f Q u a l i f i e d A p p l i c a n t s f o r T e a c h in g P o s i t i o n s .......................
XXXVII.
271
D e s c r i p t i o n o f ftJ o b S p e c i f i c a t i o n s ” G iv en by C a lif o r n i a J u n io r C o lle g e s O f f i c i a l s to A p p l i c a n t a n d / o r P la c e m e n t O f f i c e
XXXVIII.
......................
276
D e s c r i p t i o n o f ” Jo b S p e c i f i c a t i o n s ” G iven by O u t - o f - S t a t e J u n i o r C o l le g e O f f i c i a l s t o A p p l i c a n t a n d / o r P la c e m e n t O f f i c e .
XXXIX.
. . . . .
277
Job S p e c i f i c a t i o n s G iven by Twelve C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o l l e g e s t o P la c e m e n t B u rea u a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a , J a n u a r y 1949 t o J u l y 1949
XL.
281
Use o f L o c a l A p p l i c a t i o n B la n k s by C a l i f o r n i a and O u t - o f - S t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s ........................... 289
x x iii TABLE
X L I.
PAGE
M ost-Used- I te m s Found on T e a c h e r A p p l i c a t i o n Forms o f T h i r t y - f i v e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s
X L II .
. . . .
291
M ethods o f P r o c e s s i n g L o c a l A p p l i c a t i o n Forms i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o l l e g e s ................................... 301
X L III.
M ethods o f P r o c e s s i n g L o c a l A p p l i c a t i o n Forms in O u t- o f - S ta te J u n io r C o lle g e s . . . . . . .
XLIV.
M ethods o f P r o c e s s i n g C o n f i d e n t i a l P a p e r s o f A p p lic a n ts in C a lif o r n i a J u n io r C o lle g e s
XLV.
. * 305
M ethods o f P r o c e s s i n g C o n f i d e n t i a l P a p e r s o f A p p lic a n ts i n O u t-o f-S ta te J u n io r C o lle g e s.
XLVI.
302
. 306
L e n g th o f Time i n Which A p p l i c a t i o n D a ta C ease To Be V a l u a b l e Enough t o Keep a s Re p o r t e d f o r C a l i f o r n i a and O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n io r C o lle g e s
XLVII.
................................................................... 309
I m p o r ta n c e o f C e r t a i n O b j e c t i v e s o f P e r s o n a l In te r v ie w in S e le c tio n o f T eachers f o r C a li f o r n i a . J u n i o r C o l l e g e s ................................................... 320
X L V III.
I m p o r ta n c e o f C e r t a i n O b j e c t i v e s o f P e r s o n a l I n t e r v i e w i n S e l e c t i o n o f T e a c h e r s f o r O uto f - s t a t e J u n io r C o lle g e s
XLIX.
........................................... 321
R e l i a b i l i t y o f D i f f e r e n c e Between Mean R a t in g s o f P e rs o n a l I n te r v ie w O b je c tiv e s A c c o rd in g to E i g h t y - F o u r C h e c k - l i s t R e s p o n d e n t s ................................................................................324
x x iv TABLE
L.
PAGE C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f C a l i f o r n i a and O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s a s t o M aking t h e I n t e r v i e w M a n d a to ry o r N ot M a n d a t o r y .............................................. 329
LI.
Number o f A p p l i c a n t s U s u a l l y I n t e r v i e w e d f o r Each P o s i t i o n i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o l l e g e s .
LII.
. 331
Number o f A p p l i c a n t s U s u a l l y I n t e r v i e w e d f o r E ac h P o s i t i o n i n O u t - o f - s t a t e J’u n i o r C o l l e g e s ..................................................................................... . 3 3 2
LIII.
P e r s o n n e l C h arg ed w i t h R e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f I n t e r v i e w i n g A p p l i c a n t s f o r T e a c h in g P o s itio n s in C a lif o r n ia J u n io r C o lle g e s.
LIV.
. . . 335
P e r s o n n e l C h arg ed w i t h R e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f I n t e r v i e w i n g A p p l i c a n t s f o r T e a c h in g P o s i t i o n s i n O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n io r C o lle g e s
LV.
. . . .
336
Number o f P e r s o n s C o n d u c tin g I n t e r v i e w s w i t h A p p l i c a n t s f o r T e a c h in g P o s i t i o n s i n C a l i f o r n i a and O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s .
LVI.
. . . 339
A c t u a l Time S p e n t Compared w i t h Time D e s i r a b l e t o Spend i n I n t e r v i e w i n g A p p l i c a n t s f o r T e a c h in g P o s i t i o n s i n C a lif o r n i a J u n io r C o lle g e s .
LVII.
. 344
A c t u a l Time S p e n t Compared w i t h Time D e s i r a b l e t o Spend i n I n t e r v i e w i n g A p p l i c a n t s f o r T e a c h in g P o s i t i o n s i n O u t - o f - S t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s ...........................................................................
345
XXV
TABLE
LVIXI.
PAGE
S i n g l e M ethod Most Used i n C a l i f o r n i a and O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s f o r R e c o r d in g E s s e n t i a l F in d in g s of In te rv ie w s
LIX.
. . . . . . .
350
I m p o r ta n c e A t t a c h e d t o P e r s o n W r i t i n g L e t t e r s o f R ecom m endation f o r A p p l i c a n t s i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n io r C o lle g e s
LX.
.....................................353
I m p o r ta n c e A t t a c h e d t o P e r s o n W r i t i n g L e t t e r s o f R ecom m endation f o r A p p l i c a n t s i n O u to f - s t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s ..........................................
LXI.
354
V a l u e 'o f C o n f i d e n t i a l I n f o r m a t i o n S e c u r e d From R e fe re n c e s f o r th e P u rp o se o f E v a lu a tin g C e rta in T eacher Q u a lific a tio n s o f A p p lic a n ts i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n io r C o lle g e s
L X II.
............................. 361
V a lu e o f C o n f i d e n t i a l I n f o r m a t i o n S e c u r e d From R e fe re n c e s f o r th e P u rp o se o f E v a lu a tin g C e rta in T eacher Q u a lif ic a tio n s o f A p p lic a n ts i n O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s .......................
L X III.
362
R e l i a b i l i t y o f D i f f e r e n c e Between. Mean R a t i n g s o f V a lu e o f C o n f i d e n t i a l I n f o r m a t i o n S e c u r e d from R e f e r e n c e s an d U sed f o r t h e P u rp o se o f E v a lu a tin g C e rta in T eacher Q u a l i f i c a t i o n s A c c o r d in g t o E i g h t y - f i v e C h e c k - L i s t R e s p o n d e n ts ..................................................... 3 6 4
xxv i TABLE
LXIV.
PAGE
S i n g l e Dom inant U se Made By C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o l le g e O f f i c i a l s o f R e f e r e n c e s L i s t e d i n A p p lic a n t’s P ap ers
LXV.
.........................................................
367
S i n g l e D om inant Use Made by O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n i o r C o l le g e O f f i c i a l s o f R e f e r e n c e s L i s t e d i n A p p l i c a n t ’ s P a p e r s ..........................................368
LXYI.
I m p o r ta n c e o f C e r t a i n E a c t o r s i n E v a l u a t i n g C o lle g e T r a n s c r i p t s o f A p p lic a n ts in C a lif o r n i a J u n io r C o lle g e s
LXVII.
371
Im p o rtan ce o f C e r ta in F a c to r s i n E v a lu a tin g C o lle g e T r a n s c r i p t s o f A p p l i c a n t ’ s i n O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n io r C o lle g e s
L1CVTII.
.................................. 372
R e l i a b i l i t y o f D i f f e r e n c e Between Mean R a t i n g s o f I m p o r ta n c e o f C e r t a i n F a c t o r s i n E v a lu a t i n g C o l le g e T r a n s c r i p t s o f A p p l i c a n t s a c c o rd in g to E ig h ty -F o u r C h e c k - lis t R e s p o n d e n t s ................................................................................375
LXIX.
E x t e n t o f U se a n d Scope o f W r i t t e n E x am in a t i o n s f o r P ro s p e c tiv e T eachers in C a lif o rn ia and O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s
LXX.
........................ 378
U se S t a t u s o f P r i n t e d W e ig h ti n g s o f T e a c h e r Q ,u a lifix a tio n s f o r E s ta b lis h in g E l i g i b i l i t y L is ts o f P ro s p e c tiv e T eachers in C a lif o r n ia and O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s
...................
. 384
x x v ii TABLE
LXXI.
PAGE
R e l a t i v e I m p o r ta n c e o f C e r t a i n T e a c h e r Q u a li f ic a ti o n s f o r P ro s p e c tiv e T eachers o f S o c ia l S c ie n c e i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n io r C o l l e g e s ....................................................................
LXKII.
388
R e l a t i v e I m p o r ta n c e o f C e r t a i n T e a c h e r Q u a lif ic a tio n s f o r P ro s p e c tiv e T eachers o f S o c ia l S c ie n c e i n O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n io r C o l l e g e s .............................................................
L2QCIII.
3^9
R e l a t i v e I m p o r ta n c e o f C e r t a i n T e a c h e r Q u a l i f i c a t i o n s f o r P r o s p e c t i v e T e a c h e r s o f Voca t i o n a l A r t s i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o l l e g e s . * 390
LIXIV.
R e l a t i v e I m p o r ta n c e o f C e r t a i n T e a c h e r Q u a l i f i c a t i o n s f o r P r o s p e c t i v e T e a c h e r s o f Voca t i o n a l A r t s i n O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s . 391
LXXV.
V a lu e o f C e r t a i n D ata o r D a t a - g a t h e r i n g d e v ic e s i n S e le c tin g T eachers f o r C a lif o r n ia J u n i o r C o l l e g e s ....................................................
LXXVI.
395
V a lu e o f C e r t a i n D a ta o r D a t a - g a t h e r i n g d e v ic e s in S e le c tin g T each ers f o r O u t-o fs t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s ...............................................
LXXVII.
. 396
D om inant Method by TfiThich t h e S u c c e s s f u l C a n d i d a t e f o r T e a c h in g P o s i t i o n i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n io r C o lle g e s i s N o tif ie d .
................................ 407
x x v iii
TABLE L30CVTII.
PAGE D om inant Method by Which t h e S u c c e s s f u l C a n d i d a t e f o r T e a c h in g P o s i t i o n i n O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s i s N o t i f i e d ................................... 408
LXXIX.
D om inant M ethod b y Which t h e U n s u c c e s s f u l A p p l i c a n t s f o r T e a c h in g P o s i t i o n i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o l l e g e s A re N o t i f i e d .
LXXX.
. . 413
D om inant M ethod by ?iThich t h e U n s u c c e s s f u l A p p l i c a n t s f o r T e a c h in g P o s i t i o n i n O u t - o f s t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s A re N o t i f i e d
LXXXI.
.................... 414
Time o f S i g n i n g C o n t r a c t s f o r Newly A p p o in te d T each ers in C a lif o r n ia and O u t- o f - s ta te J u n i o r C o l l e g e s .................................
L3DDCII.
417
Use Made o f " N o t i c e o f Em ploym ent" o r S i m i l a r Form i n C a l i f o r n i a an d O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s ........................................................
LXXXIII.
420
M ethods U sed by t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i v e S t a f f s o f F o rty -T w o C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o l l e g e s To H e lp New T e a c h e r s i n S c h o o l a n d C la s s ro o m O r i e n t a t i o n an d E v a l u a t i o n o f T h e i r E f f e c t i v e n e s s ...........................................................................422
LXXXTV.
M ethods U sed by t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i v e S t a f f s o f F o r ty - f o u r O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n io r C o lle g e s to H e lp New T e a c h e r s i n S c h o o l a n d C la ssro o m O r i e n t a t i o n an d E v a l u a t i o n o f T h e i r E ffe c tiv e n e ss
................................................................... 423
x x ix TABLE
LXHV.
PAGE
Summary D a ta C o n c e r n in g E x t e n t o f U se and R e l a t i v e V a lu e o f M ethods Employed by t h e A d m in is tra tiv e S ta f f s o f E ig h ty - s ix Ju n io r C o l l e g e s t o H e lp New T e a c h e r s i n S c h o o l an d C la s s ro o m O r i e n t a t i o n ......................................... 426
LXXXVI.
M ethods U sed by t h e T e a c h in g S t a f f s o f C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o l l e g e s t o H e lp New T e a c h e r s i n S c h o o l a n d C la s s ro o m O r i e n t a t i o n and E v a lu a tio n of T h e ir E ff e c tiv e n e s s
LXXZVII.
. . . .' . 431
M ethods U sed by t h e T e a c h in g S t a f f s o f O u to f - s t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s t o H e lp New T e a c h e r s i n S c h o o l a n d C la s s ro o m O r i e n t a t i o n an d E v a l u a t i o n o f T h e i r E f f e c t i v e n e s s
LXXXVIII.
. . . 432
Summary D a ta C o n c e r n in g E x t e n t o f Use an d R e l a t i v e V a lu e o f M ethods Em ployed by t h e T e a c h in g S t a f f s o f E i g h t y - s i x J u n i o r C o l l e g e s t o H e lp New T e a c h e r s i n S c h o o l an d C la ssro o m O r i e n t a t i o n ......................................... 434
LXXXIX.
M ethods U sed To H e lp New T e a c h e r s i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o l l e g e s i n Community O r i e n t a t i o n an d E v a l u a t i o n o f T h e i r E f f e c t iv e n e ss
......................................
. . . . . . . . .
438
TABLE
XC.
PAGE
M ethods U sed To H e lp New T e a c h e r s i n O u t - o f s t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s i n Community O r i e n t a t i o n and E v a lu a tio n o f T h e ir E f f e c t i v e ness
XCI.
...................................... ...................................................
. 439
Summary D a ta C o n c e r n in g E x t e n t o f U se and R e l a t i v e V a lu e o f M ethods Em ployed i n E i g h t y - s i x J u n i o r C o l l e g e s To H e lp New T e a c h e r s i n Community O r i e n t a t i o n
X C II.
. . . . . .
441
Number o f Y e a r s The A v e ra g e D a i l y A t te n d a n c e Has Been i n E x c e s s o f 850 i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o l l e g e s ..........................................
X C III.
449
B o ard P o l i c i e s i n E f f e c t C o n c e r n in g t h e G r a n t i n g o f P e rm a n e n t T e n u re i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n io r C o lle g e s
XCIV.
................................................................... 451
B o a rd P o l i c i e s i n E f f e c t C o n c e rn in g The G r a n t i n g o f P e rm a n e n t T e n u re i n O u t - o f s t a t e J u n io r C o lle g e s
XCV.
..................................................... 456
P e r c e n t a g e o f T o t a l T e a c h in g S t a f f s o f C a l i f o r n i a a n d O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s T h at May Become P e rm a n e n t a s f a r a s T h i s F a c t o r I s Now C o n t r o l l e d by O f f i c i a l B oard P o l i c i e s
XCVT.
. 459
E x t e n t t o I't/hich B o a rd s A f f i r m t h e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t ’ s R eco m m end ation s f o r T e a c h e r R e t e n t i o n i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n io r C o lle g e s
.................................. 4 6 3
xxxi TABLE
XCVII.
PAGE
E x t e n t t o W hich B o a rd s A f f i r m t h e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t s R ecom m endations -for T e a c h e r R e t e n t i o n i n O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s ............................. 4 6 4
X C V III.
Optimum P e r c e n t a g e o f T e n u re T e a c h e r s A c c o rd in g t o C a l i f o r n i a R e s p o n d e n t s .................................
XCIX.
466
Optimum P e r c e n t a g e o f T e n u re T e a c h e r s A c c o rd i n g t o O u t - o f - s t a t e R e s p o n d e n t s ................................ 4 6 7
C.
E f f e c t o f L e n g th o f E x p e r i e n c e i n L o c a l S c h o o l s y s te m on R e t e n t i o n o f T e a c h e r s i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o l l e g e s ......................................
CX.
471
E f f e c t o f L e n g th o f E x p e r i e n c e i n L o c a l S c h o o l S y stem on R e t e n t i o n of T e a c h e r s i n Out-of-^ s t a t e J u n io r C o lle g e s
C II.
.......................
472
I n c l u s i v e D a te s D u rin g Which P r o b a t i o n a r y T e a c h e r s i n C a l i f o r n i a an d O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s A re N o t i f i e d C o n c e r n in g R en ew al
C H I.
o f C o n t r a c t s ..................................................... 473
M ethod by Which The L i s t o f P r o b a t i o n a r y T e a c h e r s To Be Recommended f o r P erm anency i s P r e p a r e d i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o l l e g e s . . 480
CIV.
M ethod by Which t h e L i s t o f P r o b a t i o n a r y T e a c h e r s To Be Recommended f o r P erm anen cy i s P re p a re d in O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n io r C o lle g e s . 48I
x x x ii
TABLE
PAGE
CV• E x t e n t To W hich C e r t a i n M ethods A re U sed
in
Im p ro v in g t h e S e r v i c e o f P r o b a t i o n a r y T each ers in C a lif o r n i a J u n io r C o lle g e s . . . . CVI.
484
E x t e n t To W/hich C e r t a i n M eth od s A re U sed i n Im p ro v in g t h e S e r v i c e o f P r o b a t i o n a r y T e a c h e rs i n O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n io r C o lle g e s . . . 486 ♦
CVTI.
Summary o f C e r t a i n D a ta P e r t a i n i n g To t h e E x t e n t To Which E i g h t y - f o u r J u n i o r C o l l e g e s Use E i g h t D i f f e r e n t M ethods f o r Im p ro v in g t h e S e r v i c e o f P r o b a t i o n a r y T e a c h e r s .................... 491
C V I II .
L in e a n d S t a f f R e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f D e p a rtm e n t Head t o P r o b a t i o n a r y T e a c h e r s i n C a l i f o r n i a J u n io r C o lle g e s
CIX.
................................................................... 494
L in e a n d S t a f f R e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f D e p a rtm e n t Head t o P r o b a t i o n a r y T e a c h e r s i n O u t - o f s t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s .......................
CX.
495
U se o f C e r t a i n M ethods o f N o t i f y i n g P r o b a t i o n a r y T e a c h e r s i n C a l i f o r n i a an d O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s C o n c e r n in g D e f i c i e n c i e s
CXI.
............................. 498
E x t e n t To Which C e r t a i n M ethods A re R e l i e d on by D ir e c t o r s o f C a lif o r n i a J u n io r C o lle g e s i n E v a lu a tin g th e T o ta l S e rv ic e o f P ro b a tio n a ry T e a c h e r s .....................................................................................
502
x x x iii
TABLE C X II.
PAGE E x t e n t To Which C e r t a i n M ethods A re B e l i e d on by D i r e c t o r s o f O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s in E v a lu a tin g th e T o ta l S e rv ic e o f P ro b a t i o n a r y T e a c h e r s ................................................................... 5 0 3
C X I II .
S u p e r v i s o r y P e r s o n n e l H e lp in g C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r C o lle g e D ir e c to r s E v a lu a te S e r v ic e s o f P r o b a t i o n a r y T e a c h e r s by M aking W r i t t e n R a t i n g s .......................
CXEV.
*507
S u p e r v i s o r y P e r s o n n e l H e lp i n g O u t - o f - s t a t e J u n io r C o lle g e D ir e c t o r s E v a lu a te S e r v ic e s o f P r o b a t i o n a r y T e a c h e r s by M aking W r i t t e n R a t i n g s ............................. .........................................................50 8
CJHT.
A v a i l a b i l i t y o f P r i n t e d Forms Used by S u p e r v i s o r y P e r s o n n e l M aking W r i t t e n R a t i n g s o f P r o b a t i o n a r y T e a c h e r s i n C a l i f o r n i a a n d O u to f - s t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e s ............................
CXVI.
512
T e a c h e r s C o m p e te n c ie s i n W hich P r o b a t i o n a r y T e a c h e r s F a i l To M eet The S t a n d a r d s N e c e s sa ry f o r R e te n tio n in C a lif o rn ia Ju n io r C o l l e g e s .....................................................................................
CXVTI.
522
T e a c h e r C o m p e te n c ie s i n Which P r o b a t i o n a r y T e a c h e r s F a i l To M eet t h e S t a n d a r d s N e c e s sa ry f o r R e te n tio n in O u t-o f-S ta te J u n io r C o l l e g e s ......................................................................................... 523
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OP THE PROBLEM In tro d u c tio n .
The c h a r a c t e r o f A m eric an l i v i n g i s
t o a l a r g e e x t e n t m o ld ed i n o u r s c h o o l s .
The r e a l i z a t i o n o f
t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f o u r s c h o o l s d e p e n d s i n a l a r g e m e a s u re upon t h e q u a l i t y o f o u r t e a c h e r s .
I f e ffe c tiv e te a c h e rs
ca n be i d e n t i f i e d , a p p o i n t e d , and r e t a i n e d , t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f e d u c a t i o n w i l l a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y be a t t a i n e d . To i n s u r e c o m p e te n t t e a c h i n g p e r s o n n e l i t h a s been p r o p o s e d t h a t t h e w h o le s e l e c t i v e p r o c e s s be a c o n t i n u i n g one.
By su c h m eans a s s e l e c t i v e r e c r u i t m e n t , r i g o r o u s
p r o f e s s io n a l t r a i n i n g , h ig h c e r t i f i c a t i o n re q u ire m e n ts , h ig h s ta n d a r d s f o r i n i t i a l a p p o in tm e n t, and a s u c c e s s f u l p ro b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d , t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f e f f e c t i v e t e a c h e r s may p r o g r e s s i v e l y become l a r g e r and t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f i n e f f e c t i v e te a c h e rs c o rre sp o n d in g ly s m a lle r.
B ut t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s i n
v o lv e d h a v e o f t e n n e g a t e d e f f o r t s t o r e f i n e t h e p r o d u c t a t each su c c e e d in g l e v e l . G e t t i n g t h e r i g h t p e r s o n f o r t h e r i g h t jo b i s no s im p l e and e a s y t a s k i n a n y o r g a n i z a t i o n .
In th e te a c h in g
p r o f e s s i o n , w h e re t h e c h a r a c t e r , p e r s o n a l i t y , and em pathy o f t h e t e a c h e r t o su c h a l a r g e e x t e n t d e t e r m i n e t h e q u a l i t y
of se rv ic e , i t i s p a r tic u la r ly d i f f i c u l t . T e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n , h o w e v e r, i s a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w h ic h c a n n o t be s h i r k e d .
T h is i s a s t r u e o f
t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s a s o f t h e lo w e r o r g a n i z a t i o n a l l e v e l s . N ot much i s known o f t h e s e l e c t i o n p o l i c i e s and p r a c t i c e s of th e ju n io r c o lle g e .
I t i s b e lie v e d t h a t to a la rg e e x te n t
t h e s e h a v e s p r u n g up w i t h o u t an y s e r i o u s s t u d y o f t h e i r a p p l i c a b i l i t y t o , an d e f f e c t i v e n e s s i n ,
su c h i n s t i t u t i o n s .
T h e re seem ed t o be a r e a l n e e d , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t a c o m p re h e n s iv e r e s e a r c h be c o n d u c te d and t h a t i t s h o u l d s e e k (1 ) t o a s c e r t a i n t h e c u r r e n t p o l i c i e s a n d p r a c t i c e s em ployed i n th e s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n o f j u n i o r c o lle g e te a c h e r s , (2 ) t o e f f e c t a n e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e s e p o l i c i e s an d p r a c t i c e s , an d (3 ) t o p r o p o s e c r i t e r i a f o r a c o m p le te p ro g ra m o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n . S t a t e m e n t o f t h e p r o b le m .
I t w as t h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s
s t u d y t o make a c r i t i c a l a n a l y s i s an d e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e p o l i c i e s and t h e p r a c t i c e s w h ic h a p p l y i n t h a t p h a s e o f p e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h t h e s e l e c t i o n an d r e t e n t i o n o f p u b l i c j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s i n t h e U n ite d S t a t e s .
The
f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s r e v e a l t h e b a s i c e l e m e n t s o f t h e p ro b le m : 1.
What a r e t h e r e s p e c t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s an d o r g a n i z a t i o n o f p e r s o n n e l en g a g e d i n s e l e c t i n g ju n io r c o lle g e te a c h e rs ?
2.
What a r e t h e f a c t o r s w h ic h q u a l i f y t h e p r o s p e c t i v e j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r ’ s e l i g i b i l i t y f o r em p lo y m e n t?
3.
What p o l i c i e s a p p l y and w h a t p r a c t i c e s a r e u s e d . in d e te rm in in g th e a p p l i c a n t ’ s p re lim in a ry e l i g i b i l i t y f o r a p p o i n tm e n t?
4*
What p o l i c i e s a p p l y an d w hat p r a c t i c e s a r e u s e d in e v a lu a tin g th e p o te n tia l se rv ic e of
th e
a p p lic a n t? 5.
What p o l i c i e s a p p l y and w h at p r a c t i c e s a r e u s e d i n t h e a p p o i n tm e n t and i n d u c t i o n i n t o s e r v i c e o f ju n io r c o lle g e te a c h e rs ?
6.
What p o l i c i e s a p p l y and w h at p r a c t i c e s a r e u s e d i n a d m in is te r in g th e p ro c e s s d e sig n e d to r e t a i n j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s on some p e rm a n e n t b a s i s ?
7.
What e v a l u a t i o n can be made o f t h e p o l i c i e s , p r a c t i c e s , an d r e l a t e d f a c t o r s now o p e r a t i n g i n t h e s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e te a c h e rs?
8.
What c r i t e r i a c a n be p r o p o s e d f o r a c o m p re h e n s iv e p ro g ra m o f s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n o f j u n i o r c o lle g e te a c h e rs ? IMPORTANCE OF THE PROBLEM
I m p o r ta n c e o f t h e t e a c h e r i n p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n .
The
4 u n a n i m i t y and c h a r a c t e r o f t h e a g r e e m e n t o f t h e c e n t r a l im p o rta n c e o f th e te a c h e r i s s t r i k i n g .
Among t h e w r i t e r s o f
t e x t b o o k s on s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g e x p r e s s i o n by R e e d e r i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e c o n s e n s u s : Of t h e m u l t i f a r i o u s , v a r i e d , an d d i f f i c u l t t a s k s o f a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h e s c h o o l s t h e r e i s n one w hose p r o p e r p e r f o r m a n c e b e g e t s g r e a t e r b e n e f i t s f o r t h o s e f o r whom t h e s c h o o l s e x i s t — n a m e ly , t h e p u p i l s — t h a n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f a c o m p e te n t t e a c h i n g p e r s o n n e l . As i s t h e t e a c h e r , so i s t h e s c h o o l — i s a tim e - w o r n t r u i s m . The t e a c h e r p r i m a r i l y d e t e r m i n e s w h e t h e r t h e s c h o o l w i l l be e f f i c i e n t or in e ffic ie n t. Compared w i t h t e a c h e r s , su c h t h i n g s a s b u i l d i n g s , e q u ip m e n t, and s u p p l i e s , th o u g h t h e y s h o u ld n e v e r be n e g l e c t e d , a r e o f s e c o n d a r y i m p o r t a n c e . It w ould be b e t t e r f o r t h e c h i l d r e n to a t t e n d s c h o o l i n h o v e l s , g r a n t e d t h a t t h e h o v e l s w e re c o m f o r t a b l e , s a f e a n d s a n i t a r y , t h e r e t o be i n s t r u c t e d by c o m p e te n t te a c h e r s , th a n to a t te n d sc h o o l in m i l l i o n - d o l l a r p a l a c e s , t h e r e t o be u n d e r t h e t u t e l a g e o f p e r s o n s o f in fe rio r q u a lific a tio n s. B r a i n s , n o t b r i c k s and m o r t a r , make an e f f i c i e n t s c h o o l . ( 1 1 0 :1 1 5 ) The c e n t r a l i m p o r ta n c e o f t h e t e a c h e r h a s n o t e s c a p e d th e a t t e n t i o n o f sch o o l survey e x p e r ts .
I m p lic it o r im p lie d
i s t h e c o n s i d e r e d ju d g m e n t t h a t n o t h i n g i s more i m p o r t a n t t o th e e f f e c t i v e n s s o f th e sch o o l th a n h ig h q u a l i t y o f p e r s o n n e l. T h ro u g h f o u r d e c a d e s o f s c h o o l s u r v e y s t h e r e a p p e a r s t o be no d i l u t i o n o f th e h ig h r e g a r d f o r a d e q u a te p e r s o n n e l.
I t m ig h t
be a r g u e d , f o r e x a m p le , t h a t b e c a u s e o f t h e f i n e p h y s i c a l p l a n t s , o r t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f a u d i t o r y an d v i s u a l a i d s , t h e r e l a t i v e i m p o r ta n c e o f t h e t e a c h e r may be r e l e g a t e d t o a lo w e r le v e l.
No s u p p o r t f o r s u c h a t h e o r y c a n be f o u n d .
In re c e n t
s u r v e y s c o n d u c te d by S t r a y e r w i t h t h e h e l p o f two d i f f e r e n t b u t e m in e n t s t a f f s i n w i d e l y s e p a r a t e d a r e a s , t h e f o l l o w i n g
5 q u o ta tio n s a re i l l u s t r a t i v e : The a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e p e r s o n n e l i n a n y e n t e r p r i s e , w h e t h e r p r i v a t e o r g o v e r n m e n t, i s se c o n d i n im p o r ta n c e t o no o t h e r f u n c t i o n o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n . The s u c c e s s f u l p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e f u n c t i o n s o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n i s d e p e n d e n t a l m o s t e n t i r e l y upon t h e c o m p ete n ce an d i n t e r e s t o f i t s s t a f f . ( 1 3 4 : 2 9 ) and The s e l e c t i o n o f p e r s o n n e l i s o n e o f t h e m o s t im p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n s o f th e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and s u p e r v is o r y sta ff. I t i s v i t a l in any o r g a n iz a tio n b u t p re e m i n e n t l y so i n t h e t e a c h i n g s e r v i c e . The human r e l a t i o n s h i p loom s l a r g e i n a l l p h a s e s o f t e a c h i n g and a t e v e r y l e v e l o f t h e p ro g ra m o f p u b l i c i n s t r u c t i o n . T h is i s so s i g n i f i c a n t i n t h e i n s t r u c t i o n a l p rog ram t h a t i t dem ands c o n s t a n t s t u d y a n d a t t e n t i o n . ( 1 3 6 : 5 0 ) The i m p o r ta n c e o f t h e t e a c h e r ,
i n much t h e same
m a n n e r, i s r e c o g n i z e d by s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t o r s and o t h e r s who a re in d a ily c o n ta c t w ith th e lo c a l sch o o l s i t u a t i o n . c o n c e r n becom es a t o n c e now a p r a c t i c a l m a t t e r .
T h is
P e r h a p s no
m ore c o n c l u s i v e b i t o f e v i d e n c e i n t h i s r e g a r d can be fo u n d th a n i s re v e a le d i n a R esearch B u l l e t i n of th e N a tio n a l E d u c a tio n A s s o c ia tio n i n 1942: P e o p le who w r i t e t o th e R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n of t h e N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n a s k more q u e s t i o n s a b o u t p r a c t i c e s a f f e c t i n g th e p r o f e s s io n a l s t a t u s o f th e t e a c h i n g p e r s o n n e l t h a n a l l o t h e r s u b j e c t s co m b in e d . E x p ressed o r im p lie d i n th e s e i n q u i r i e s i s th e b a s ic q u e s t i o n t h a t u n d e r l i e s a l l e f f o r t s t o im p ro v e p e r s o n n e l p r o c e d u r e s : What p o l i c i e s and p r a c t i c e s w i l l b e s t p r o c u r e an d r e t a i n t e a c h e r s o f s p l e n d i d a b i l i t y , f o s t e r t h e i r s e l f - r e s p e c t a n d i n i t i a t i v e , a n d s t i m u l a t e them t o im p ro v e c o n t i n u o u s l y t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e i r s e r v i c e ? S c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , t e a c h e r s , an d laym en a l i k e a r e d i r e c t l y c o n c e r n e d i n s e e k i n g t h e a n s w e r s t o t h i s q u e s t i o n and i n f i n d i n g new a n s w e r s t o f i t t h e t i m e s . ( 9 7 :5 3 ) I m p o r t a n c e o f th e j u n i o r c o l l e g e i n p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n .
6
The tr e m e n d o u s g r o w th i n num ber o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e a n d i t s e n r o llm e n ts , t h e e x p a n sio n o f i t s
s e r v i c e s i n k i n d and am o un t,
t h e a s s e s s m e n t made o f i t a s a n i n s t i t u t i o n
by e d u c a t i o n a l
l e a d e r s an d p o l i c y m a k e r s — a l l i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e j u n i o r c o lle g e i s r a p i d l y ta k in g i t s p la c e a s th e c a p sto n e o f f r e e p u b lic e d u c a tio n in th e U n ite d S t a t e s .
The i m p o r t a n c e w h ich
t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e h a s assum ed p r o v i d e s ad d e d j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r an in v e s ti g a tio n in to th e .p h a s e o f p e rso n n e l a d m in is tra ti o n s e le c te d a s th e concern o f th e p r e s e n t s tu d y . A m ore d e t a i l e d c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e s e a s p e c t s o f t h e ju n io r c o lle g e i s p re s e n te d in a subsequent c h a p te r of t h i s in v e s tig a tio n . E m p h asis on r e c r u i t m e n t and t e a c h e r e d u c a t i o n .
In
t h e d e c a d e p r e c e d i n g W orld War I I , t h e r e seemed t o be a n o v e r a b u n d a n c e o f t e a c h e r s and r e c r u i t m e n t seemed r e l a t i v e l y u n im p o rta n t.
A backw ard g l a n c e s u g g e s t s t h a t t h i s u n c o n c e r n
was f o u n d e d on a f a u l t y a s s u m p t i o n .
I t i s m ore l i k e l y t h a t
t h e r e h a s n e v e r b ee n i n A m e ric a enough c a p a b l e an d w i l l i n g t e a c h e r s s u f f i c i e n t t o do t h e c u r r e n t jo b o f e d u c a t i n g c h i l d r e n and y o u t h .
I t i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g , h o w e v e r, t h a t
g e n u i n e c o n c e r n a b o u t r e c r u i t m e n t m a n i f e s t e d i t s e l f upon t h e d e p l e t i o n o f p e r s o n n e l d u r i n g t h e w ar p e r i o d .
A t t h a t tim e
ev e n s u b s t a n d a r d t e a c h e r s w e re d i f f i c u l t t o f i n d , i f n o t u n a tta in a b le .
C o u p led w i t h t h e e x p a n s io n o f s e r v i c e s , t h e
s i t u a t i o n became a l a r m i n g . The n a t i o n - w i d e c o n c e r n a b o u t r e c r u i t m e n t o f p r o s p e c t i v e t e a c h e r s o f h i g h p o t e n t i a l e n c o m p a sse d e l e m e n t a r y , s e c o n d a r y , and h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n .
V a r i o u s n a t i o n a l and
r e g i o n a l e d u c a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g t h e A m eric an A s s o c i a t i o n o f S c h o o l A d m i n i s t r a t o r s ( 3 :5 3 2 ) an d t h e N o r th C e n t r a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f C o l l e g e s and S e c o n d a ry S c h o o l s , ( 1 0 0 :2 4 3 - 5 9 ) c a l l e d a t t e n t i o n t o t h i s n e e d an d made p r o p o s a l s to r e c t i f y th e s i t u a t i o n .
A p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e A m eric an
C o u n c il on E d u c a t i o n ( 6 : 1 - 5 1 ) e n t i t l e d "W anted:
3 0 ,0 0 0
I n s t r u c t o r s f o r Community C o l l e g e s " t e l l s o f t h e t e a c h e r e d u c a t i o n and r e c r u i t m e n t n e e d s f o r j u n i o r c o l l e g e s .
Ju n io r
c o l l e g e s , a s w e l l a s t h e e l e m e n t a r y and h i g h s c h o o l s , h a v e * and a r e c o o p e r a t i n g w i t h i n t e r e s t e d l e a d e r s h i p o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n an i n t e n s i v e cam p aign o f t e a e h e r r e c r u i t m e n t . T eacher e d u c a tio n o r te a c h e r p r e p a r a tio n , o f te n s t u d i e d j u x t a p o s i t i o n a l l y w i t h r e c r u i t m e n t , h a s en g ag ed t h e s e r i o u s a t t e n t i o n o f many n a t i o n a l , r e g i o n a l , an d s t a t e e d u c a t i o n a l b o d i e s from 1935 o n w a rd .
(5 :v ii-x v i)
The p a r t
t h a t t h e A m eric an A s s o c i a t i o n o f J u n i o r C o l l e g e s h a s p l a y e d i n t e a c h e r e d u c a t i o n r e s e a r c h , p u b l i c a t i o n s , an d im p le m e n ta t i o n p r o c e d u r e s i s r e v ie w e d i n C h a p te r V and n e e d n o t be ex p a n d ed h e r e . The a t t e n t i o n w h ich h a s b een f o c u s e d on r e c r u i t m e n t a n d t e a c h e r e d u c a t i o n h a s t e n d e d t o m in im iz e c e r t a i n f a c t o r s
8
a s s o c ia te d w ith th e a d m in is tra tio n of th e ju n io r c o lle g e te a c h in g p e rso n n e l.
No o n e w ou ld g a i n s a y t h e o b v io u s f a c t
t h a t t e a c h e r s m u st be a d e q u a t e l y p r e p a r e d , an d m u st be a v a i l a b le ,
b e f o r e s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n c a n be g i v e n t o su c h
p e r s o n n e l f a c t o r s a s s e l e c t i o n an d r e t e n t i o n o f t e a c h e r s . I f r e c r u i t m e n t and t e a c h e r e d u c a t i o n , th r o u g h y e a r s o f c r i t i c a l a n a l y s i s an d e f f o r t , h a v e been b r o u g h t up t o a h i g h l e v e l , t h e movement s h o u l d , i t se e m s, t r a v e l o n . An a l l - i n c l u s i v e c o n c e p t o f t h e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s may be t h o u g h t o f a s e m b ra c in g t h e f o l l o w i n g m a jo r ste p s o r h u rd le s: 1.
R e c ru itm e n t.
2.
A d m itta n c e t o p r o f e s s i o n a l - l e v e l t r a i n i n g .
3.
M e e tin g t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e t r a i n i n g p e r i o d .
4.
C e rtific a tio n .
5.
L o c a l s e l e c t i o n and a p p o i n tm e n t on some te m p o r a r y b a sis.
6.
M e e tin g t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e p r o b a t i o n a r y p e rio d .
7#
R e t e n t i o n on some p e r m a n e n t b a s i s .
I t w o u ld seem t h a t a n a l l - i n c l u s i v e p ro g ra m o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n s h o u ld t a k e a l l o f t h e s e f a c t o r s i n t o a c c o u n t , t h a t e a c h s u c c e s s i v e s t e p s h o u l d r e s u l t i n p r o g r e s s i v e l y more a d e q u a t e p e r s o n n e l , an d t h a t t h e jo b s h o u ld n o t be c o n s i d e r e d c o m p le te u n t i l t h e t e a c h e r h a s a c h i e v e d p r o f e s s i o n a l compe
t e n c e s u f f i c i e n t t o b e a c c e p t e d on some p e rm a n e n t b a s i s .
It
w ould seem m y op ic t o s t r e s s a n y one p a r t an d n e g l e c t o t h e r s . A g e n e r a l l e v e l i n g - u p a l l a l o n g t h e l i n e w o u ld a p p e a r m ore d e s ira b le . L i m i t e d r e s e a r c h i n .ju n io r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n . R esearch i n te a c h e r s e l e c t i o n g e n e r a l ly a p p l i e s t o th e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l , t h e h i g h s c h o o l , o r i n a m ore l i m i t e d way to th e s e n io r c o lle g e .
That t h i s s i t u a t i o n p r e v a ils i s not
s u r p r i s i n g i n v ie w o f t h e r e c e n c y o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e m ovem ent, p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e l e n g t h o f ti m e t h a t a c o n s i d e r a b l e seg m en t o f t h e t o t a l s c h o o l p o p u l a t i o n h a s been a f f e c t e d . One o f t h e e a r l i e s t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o t h e g e n e r a l a r e a o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n was made by B a l l o u ( 1 2 : 1 - 2 0 2 ) i n 1 9 1 5 , when t h e t o t a l e n r o l l m e n t o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s was a s c a n t 2 , 0 0 0 .
I t was n o t u n t i l a b o u t t h e
1 9 3 0 ’ s t h a t c o n s i d e r a b l e r e s e a r c h g o t u n d e r w ay .
I n 1932
th e N a tio n a l E d u c a tio n A s s o c ia tio n i n a R e sea rc h B u l le t in ( 9 4 : 1 - 3 3 ) r e p o r t e d a s t u d y on ” The S e l e c t i o n an d A p p o in tm e n t of T e a c h e rs .”
A y e a r l a t e r D efen b au g h an d Z e i g a l ( 4 2 :1 - 1 1 5 )
p u b l i s h e d a r e p o r t o f t h e i r s t u d y , ’’S e l e c t i o n an d A p p o i n t m en t o f T e a c h e r s , ” made u n d e r t h e a e g i s o f t h e O f f i c e o f E d u c a tio n .
The N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n R e s e a r c h
B u l l e t i n r e p o r t e d d a t a o f p r a c t i c e s fro m c i t i e s o f 2 ,5 0 0 and u p , i n c l u d i n g b o t h e l e m e n t a r y an d s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s y s t e m s .
10
The O f f i c e o f E d u c a t i o n s t u d y p e r t a i n e d t o s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s . A lth o u g h t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s w e re n o t d e l i b e r a t e l y e x e l u d e d , i t seem s r e a s o n a b l e t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e d a t a i n b o th c a s e s r e f l e c t t h e p r a c t i c e s i n t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s and t h e h i g h sc h o o ls. O th e r g e n e r a l s t u d i e s o f t h e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n p r o b le m w ere made by C o u lb o u rn ( 3 7 : 1 - 1 7 7 ) i n 193#> t h e N a t i o n a l E d u c a tio n A s s o c ia ti o n (9 7 :5 1 -7 9 ) i n 1942, A tk in so n (8 :1 -1 6 3 ) i n 194&.
C o u lb o u rn s u r v e y e d a n d e v a l u a t e d d a t a s e c u r e d fro m
th e th ir ty - s e v e n la r g e s t c i t i e s .
The N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n
A s s o c i a t i o n s u r v e y e d an d e v a l u a t e d d a t a s e c u r e d fro m a s a m p lin g o f c i t i e s o v e r 2 , 5 0 0 , a s d i d A t k i n s o n .
I n n one o f
t h e s e was s p e c i f i c c o v e r a g e made o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s . SCOPE T o p ic a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s .
P a r t l y b e c a u s e o f t h e e m p h a s is
a l r e a d y p l a c e d on t h e s t u d y o f r e c r u i t m e n t an d t e a c h e r e d u c a t i o n p r o b le m s o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e , an d p a r t l y b e c a u s e o f t h e p a u c i t y o f an d n e e d f o r c o m p re h e n s iv e r e s e a r c h on t h e l a t t e r s t a g e s o f t h e s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s , i t was b e l i e v e d t h a t an i n v e s t i g a t i o n c o v e rin g th e l a s t t h r e e o f th e seven s te p s p r e v i o u s l y m e n tio n e d w ould be m o st f r u i t f u l .
The p r e s e n t
in v e s t ig a tio n a c c o rd in g ly d e a ls w ith th e fo llo w in g a s p e c ts o f th e t o t a l s e le c tio n p ro cess: 5.
L o c a l s e l e c t i o n an d a p p o i n tm e n t on some te m p o r a r y
11
b a sis 6.
M e e tin g t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e p r o b a t i o n a r y p e rio d
7.
R e t e n t i o n on some p e rm a n e n t b a s i s
School o r g a n iz a tio n a l l e v e l .
The t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n
d a t a s u b j e c t t o a n a l y s i s i n t h i s s t u d y w e re s e c u r e d fro m ju n io r c o lle g e s.
B e c a u se j u n i o r c o l l e g e s a r e d i f f e r e n t l y
o r g a n i z e d , i t w o uld be i n c o r r e c t t o s a y t h a t t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n en c o m p assed o n l y t h a t seg m en t o f t h e s c h o o l s y s te m com p r i s i n g th e 1 3 th and 1 4 th g r a d e s .
H ow ever, b e c a u s e o f t h e
p r e p o n d e r a n c e i n num ber o f t h e t w o - y e a r c o l l e g e , t h e e m p h a s is i s s u r e l y p l a c e d on t h e s e l e c t i o n p r o b le m s o f t e a c h e r s f o r th o s e g ra d e s . " A d u lt" e d u c a t i o n a l s o c o m p l i c a t e s t h e s i t u a t i o n .
In
asm uch a s t h e c o n c e p t o f t h e " com m unity” c o l l e g e i s i n c r e a s i n g l y a c c e p t e d , an d i t s a c t u a l i z a t i o n i n t o p r a c t i c e i s g a i n i n g momentum, i t w ou ld be d i f f i c u l t an d p e r h a p s u n d e s i r a b l e t o s e p a r a t e t h e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n p ro b le m s i n c i d e n t t o " a d u l t ” e d u c a t i o n fro m t h o s e o f t h e 1 3 t h and 1 4 th g r a d e s .
No a t t e m p t
a t d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n w as made i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n . P r i v a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d t o be o u t s i d e t h e sc o p e o f t h i s i n q u i r y . G e o g ra p h ic a l f a c t o r s .
I t h a d b ee n t h e o r i g i n a l i n
te n ti o n to c o n fin e t h i s in v e s t i g a t i o n to C a lif o r n ia ju n io r
12
college problems in teacher selection.
For a number of reasons
it later seemed desirable, especially in view of the expected increase in validity ensuing, to expand the study to a nation-wide scope and at the same time retain an emphasis on the California situation.
An intensive effort was therefore
made to secure data and evaluation of practices from all of the California junior colleges and to secure the same kind of data and evaluation from an equal number of junior colleges distributed geographically throughout the United States. The details of how this was done are presented in Chapter III, Procedure and Treatment of Data. LIMITATIONS Extensive nature of the investigation. gation was one of broad coverage.
This investi
It attempted to bring to
gether in one volume current practices in junior college teacher selection and retention and the best evaluation that can be made of these practices at the present time.
The
limitation of time and expense would preclude a thorough going study of all the facets of the problem.
It is hoped,
however, that the field of research be circumscribed and that explorations be made revealing areas needing the attention of subsequent investigators.
In this sense, the present
investigation is exploratory and tentative.
13 A v a i l a b i l i t y o f .ju n io r c o l l e g e s f o r s t u d y .
One o f t h e
p u r p o s e s t o be a c h i e v e d was t h e p r o p o s a l o f c r i t e r i a f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n of ju n i o r c o lle g e te a c h e r s in C a lifo rn ia .
I f o n ly C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o ls s u p p lie d d a t a , t h e r e
was g r a v e d a n g e r t h a t i n s u f f i c i e n t n u m b ers w o u ld p r e c l u d e o r c e r t a i n l y p r e j u d i c e c o n c l u s i v e r e c o m m e n d a tio n s , i n v ie w o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e w ere i n e x i s t e n c e o n l y f i f t y - t w o su c h in stitu tio n s.
Then i f a n y c o n s i d e r a b l e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e
t o t a l f a i l e d to c o o p e ra te , th e fo u n d a tio n d a ta f o r t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n w o u ld seem n o n e t o o s t u r d y . S in c e i t
seem ed d e s i r a b l e t o ex p an d t h e s t u d y g e o
g r a p h i c a l l y and n u m e r i c a l l y f o r t h e e x t r a v a l i d i t y an d r e l i a b i l i t y a n t i c i p a t e d t h e r e b y , some s a m p lin g m e th o d b e came n e c e s s a r y .
For th e p u rp o ses o f th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n , th e
m a tch in g o f o u t - o f - s t a t e ju n io r c o lle g e s w ith re s p o n d e n t c o l l e g e s w i t h i n C a l i f o r n i a seem ed m o st p r o d u c t i v e o f r e s u l t s . I t a p p e a r e d l i k e l y t h a t s i z e w as a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r .
I n an
e f f o r t t o com pare s c h o o l s o f e q u a l s i z e , and a l s o t o a d h e r e t o t h e p r i n c i p l e o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l i n g , some s a c r i f i c e o f t h e l a t t e r p r i n c i p l e h a d t o be m ade. enough s c h o o l s t o m e e t b o th c r i t e r i a .
T h e re w e re n o t Some s t a t e s h a v e no
l a r g e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s c o m p a r a b le i n s i z e t o t h o s e fo u n d i n C a lifo rn ia . L im ita tio n s in h e re n t in th e in s tr u m e n t.
The g e n e r a l
14 l i m i t a t i o n s of th e q u e s tio n n a ir e - ty p e d ev ice of g a th e rin g d a t a and ju d g m e n ts a r e w e l l known an d may be c o n s i d e r e d t o a p p ly .
The u s e o f t h i s m e th o d i n t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n
r e d u c e d somewhat t h e i n t e n s i t y o r s p e c i f i c i t y o f r e s e a r c h co v erag e in o r d e r to p ro c u re g r e a t e r e x te n s iv e n e s s .
The
i n s t r u m e n t r e q u i r e d t h a t a s e l e c t i o n o f t h e more i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t s , o r e x a m p le s o f t h e m ore i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t s o f t h e p r o b le m , be m ade.L im ita tio n o f proposed c r i t e r i a .
One o f t h e m a j o r
p u r p o s e s o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n was t o p r o p o s e c r i t e r i a w h ic h c o u l d be a p p l i e d i n t h e s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n o f j u n i o r c o lle g e te a c h e rs in C a lif o r n ia .
In asm u c h a s m ore e m p h a sis
was p l a c e d on t h e d a t a o f p r a c t i c e s fo u n d i n C a l i f o r n i a t h a n o u tsid e of t h i s s t a t e , i t
c a n n o t be c e r t a i n t h a t t h e co n
c l u s i o n s an d p r o p o s e d c r i t e r i a a r e e q u a l l y a p p l i c a b l e on a n a tio n -w id e b a s is .
I t i s b e l i e v e d , h o w e v e r, t h a t t h e
d i f f e r e n c e s a r e s l i g h t an d t h a t t h e u s e f u l n e s s o f t h e c r i t e r i a o u ts id e o f C a lif o rn ia i s n o t s e rio u s ly je o p a rd iz e d . DEFINITIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS D e fin itio n of te rm s .
Terms w h ic h may c a u s e c o n f u s i o n
an d m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a r e d e f i n e d i n s u c c e e d i n g p a r a g r a p h s . The j u n i o r c o l l e g e i s a n e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n e m b ra c in g t h e f i r s t two y e a r s a b o v e t h e h i g h s c h o o l o p en t o h i g h
15 s c h o o l g r a d u a t e s an d a d u l t s who may p r o f i t fro m t h e i n s t r u c tio n o ffe re d .
The names g i v e n t o t h i s i n s t i t u t i o n v a r y w i t h
t h e c o m m u n itie s a n d t h e s t a t e s .
I n some p l a c e s i t s
i s s im p ly " c o l l e g e ” w i t h no " j u n i o r ” a t t a c h e d t o i t ; o th e r p la c e s i t
surnam e in
i s a "com m unity c o l l e g e , " o r some k i n d o f
" i n s t i t u t e , " o r an " u n d e r g r a d u a t e c e n t e r . "
A ll of th e s e
a re c l a s s i f i e d a s " ju n io r c o lle g e s " f o r th e p u rp o ses o f t h i s stu d y .
In any e v e n t, th e c r i t i c a l c r i t e r i o n o f w h e th e r a
g i v e n i n s t i t u t i o n a t a p a r t i c u l a r ti m e i s a j u n i o r c o l l e g e I s i t s i n c l u s i o n a s su c h i n t h e a p p r o p r i a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e D i r e c t o r y p u b l i s h e d by t h e A m e ric a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f J u n i o r C o lle g e s. The j u n i o r tc o l l e g e d i r e c t o r i s t h e p e r s o n who h a s im m e d ia te an d d i r e c t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of th e ju n io r c o lle g e . The s u p e r i n t e n d e n t i s t h e p e r s o n who h a s t h e u l t i m a t e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r th e a d m in is tra tio n of th e ju n io r c o lle g e . An a p p l i c a n t i s a p e r s o n who a p p l i e s f o r a t e a c h i n g p o sitio n . A c a n d i d a t e i s a p e r s o n who h a s a p p l i e d an d h a s b ee n f o u n d t o be a s u i t a b l e a s p i r a n t f o r a t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n . t
A p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r i s a p e r s o n so d e f i n e d by la w o r l o c a l r e g u l a t i o n , o r in th e ab sen ce of such c r i t e r i o n , a p e r s o n who h a s t a u g h t l e s s t h a n t h r e e f u l l y e a r s i n t h e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t o f p r e s e n t em p lo y m e n t.
16
A p e rm a n e n t t e a c h e r i s a p e r s o n who h a s a c h i e v e d l e g a l t e n u r e s t a t u s , t e n u r e by l o c a l r e g u l a t i o n , o r h a s t a u g h t more t h a n t h r e e y e a r s i n t h e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t o f p r e s e n t em p lo y m en t. The t e r m " s e l e c t i o n " i s g i v e n b o th a l i m i t e d and a g e n e r a l m e a n in g .
I n t h e l i m i t e d s e n s e o f t h e w o rd , s e l e c t i o n
i s d e f i n e d a s t h e p r o c e s s by w h ic h a c e r t i f i c a t e d p e r s o n b e comes em ployed a s a t e a c h e r i n t h e l o c a l d i s t r i c t .
In t h i s
m e a n in g o f t h e w o rd , s e l e c t i o n e n d s when t h e o f f e r o f em p lo y m ent i s a c c e p t e d .
I n t h e g e n e r a l s e n s e o f t h e w o rd , i t
i n c l u d e s i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e a b o v e m e a n in g a l s o t h e p r o c e s s by w h ic h t h e t e a c h e r becomes p e r m a n e n t. a t e m o d i f i e r s and t h e c o n t e x t w i l l ,
The u s e o f a p p r o p r i
i t i s b e l i e v e d , make
c l e a r w h ic h m e a n in g i s i n t e n d e d . R e t e n t i o n i s d e f i n e d a s t h e p r o c e s s by w h ich a t e a c h e r i s a c c e p t e d f o r c o n t i n u i n g s e r v i c e on some p e rm a n e n t b a sis.
The p r o c e s s s t a r t s i m m e d ia te l y upon a c c e p t a n c e o f
em ploym ent a n d e n d s w i t h t h e a c h i e v i n g o f p e r m a n e n t s t a t u s , i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f a " p e r m a n e n t" t e a c h e r g iv e n above. I n d u c t i o n i s t h e p r o c e s s by w h ic h t h e p e r s o n a l , s o c i a l , an d p r o f e s s i o n a l a d j u s t m e n t s o f t h e t e a c h e r t o h i s • s t u d e n t s , a s s o c i a t e s , and t h e com m unity a r e e f f e c t e d . A ssu m p tio n s.
The a s s u m p t i o n s w h ic h u n d e r g i r d t h e
p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n a r e p r e s e n te d in su c c e e d in g p a ra g ra p h s .
17 Y o u th s an d a d u l t s who can p r o f i t by j u n i o r c o l l e g e i n s t r u c t i o n a r e e n t i t l e d t o t h e b e s t t e a c h i n g t h a t can be p ro v id e d . C a r e f u l s e l e c t i o n an d r e t e n t i o n o f t e a c h e r s i n c r e a s e • t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f a m ore e f f e c t i v e e d u c a t i o n a l p ro g ra m . P e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n sh o u ld be d e m o c ra tic i n i t s o p e r a t i o n , s h o u ld s e e k t o e n h a n c e t h e d i g n i t y and w o r t h o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l , and s h o u l d p ro m o te f r i e n d l y an d m u t u a l l y h e lp fu l re la tio n s h ip s . P e r s o n n e l p r o b le m s s h o u l d n o t be l e f t t o c h a n c e , b u t s h o u l d b e s o l v e d by a c a r e f u l l y t h o u g h t - o u t p l a n s u b j e c t t o co n tin u o u s e v a lu a tio n . The j u n i o r c o l l e g e i s a n e x t e n s i o n upw ard b u t i s a u n iq u e se g m en t o f s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n . T e s t e d e x p e r i e n c e i s one o f t h e b a s e s from w h ic h s t a n d a r d s can be p r o p o s e d . ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY B road o u t l i n e .
T h is i n v e s t i g a t i o n was o r g a n i z e d
around f i v e m a jo r t o p i c s .
C h a p t e r s XI t o IV i n c l u s i v e a r e
d e v o t e d t o a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e b a c k g ro u n d o f t h e p r o b le m d e f i n e d i n C h a p te r I ; t h e t r e a t m e n t i s l a r g e l y d e s c r i p t i v e . I n C h a p t e r V i s p r e s e n t e d t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s s u b s e q u e n tly u sed i n th e e v a lu a t io n o f p o l i c i e s and p r a c t i c e s o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n an d r e t e n t i o n .
In
18 C h a p t e r s VI t o I I i n c l u s i v e t h e p a r t i c u l a r p e r s o n n e l d a t a u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n a r e r e p o r t e d , a n a l y z e d , an d e v a l u a t e d * I n C h a p te r X I I t h e f i n d i n g s and c o n c l u s i o n s a r e su m m a riz e d . I n C h a p te r X I I I t h e re c o m m e n d a tio n s an d p r o p o s a l s f o r a c o m p re h e n s iv e p ro g ra m o f s e l e c t i o n an d r e t e n t i o n o f j u n i o r c o lle g e te a c h e rs a r e ' p re s e n te d . C h a p te r t o p i c s .
The f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r h e a d i n g s i n
d i c a t e m ore s p e c i f i c a l l y t h e n a t u r e o f t h e t o p i c s m e n tio n e d above. C h a p te r I I
P r o c e d u r e an d T r e a tm e n t o f D a ta
C h a p te r I I I
R e v iew o f t h e R e l a t e d R e s e a r c h and L ite ra tu re
C h a p te r
IV
D e sc rip tio n of th e J u n io r
C o l l e g e an d
I t s T eachers C h a p te r V
P r in c ip le s f o r E v a lu a tio n
C h a p te r VI
R e s p o n s i b i l i t y and O r g a n i z a t i o n f o r S e l e c t i o n and A p p o in tm e n t
C h a p ter V II
F a c to rs Q u a lify in g E l i g i b i l i t y f o r Employment
C h a p te r
V III R e c ru tin g th e P erso n n el
C h a p te r
IX
A s s e m b lin g and E v a l u a t i n g
C h a p te r
X
A p p o in tm e n t a n d I n d u c t i o n
P e r s o n a l D a ta
C h a p te r XI
F a c to rs A ffe c tin g R e te n tio n
C h a p te r X II
Summary o f F i n d i n g s a n d C o n c lu s io n s
C h a p te r X I I I R eco m m end ation s
CHAPTER I I
PROCEDURE AND TREATMENT OP DATA SOURCES OF DATA AND PROCEDURE P u rp o se o f t h i s c h a p t e r .
The p r o b le m an d i t s
h a v e b e e n d e f i n e d an d d e s c r i b e d i n C h a p t e r I .
se ttin g
T h is c h a p t e r
o u t l i n e s t h e m e th o d s by w h ich t h e e s s e n t i a l p u r p o s e s o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n w e re a c h i e v e d w i t h e m p h a s is on how t h e d e s i r e d i n f o r m a t i o n was o b t a i n e d a n d t r e a t e d . S o u rces o f d a t a .
The d a t a u s e d f o r t h i s s t u d y h a v e
b e e n c o l l e c t e d p r i n c i p a l l y fro m t h e f o l l o w i n g s o u r c e s : (1 ) c h e c k - l i s t q u e s t i o n n a i r e p r e p a r e d s p e c i f i c a l l y t o e l i c i t i n f o r m a t i o n fro m t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , w r i t t e n to c h e c k - l i s t re s p o n d e n ts ,
(2) f o l l o w - u p l e t t e r s
(3) a l l a v a i l a b l e p e r t i
n e n t p r i n t e d and m im eo g rap h ed m a t e r i a l s fro m t h e r e s p o n d e n t c o lle g e s,
(4 ) p e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w s w i t h a l i m i t e d num ber o f
t e a c h e r - s e l e c t i n g o f f i c i a l s , and (5 ) r e s e a r c h and l i t e r a t u r e in p erson nel s e le c tio n . P ro ced u re.
A f t e r a s t u d y o f t h e r e s e a r c h and
l i t e r a t u r e p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e p r o b le m , t h e s t e p s t a k e n t o a c h i e v e t h e p u r p o s e s o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n may be c l a s s i f i e d u n d e r t h r e e m a jo r c a t e g o r i e s .
The f i r s t o f t h e s e i n v o l v e d
t h e s u r v e y i n g and a n a l y z i n g o f p r e s e n t p r a c t i c e s i n t h e s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s .
To do
20
so a c h e c k l i s t w as p r e p a r e d an d s e n t t o j u n i o r c o l l e g e s th ro u g h o u t th e U n ite d S t a t e s ,
The d a t a o b t a i n e d w e re t a b u
l a t e d and a n a n a l y s i s made o f th e m .
The se c o n d m a j o r s t e p
may be r e g a r d e d a s t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e s e d a t a .
The
p r i m a r y i n s t r u m e n t f o r t h i s p u r p o s e w as a s e t o f p r i n c i p l e s d e v e lo p e d fro m t h e a v a i l a b l e r e s e a r c h and l i t e r a t u r e .
-
The
t h i r d m a j o r s t e p may be r e g a r d e d a s t h e p r o p o s a l o f c r i t e r i a f o r a c o m p re h e n s iv e p l a n o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n an d r e t e n t i o n .
T h i s l a t t e r s t e p was a c c o m p l is h e d by a
s y n t h e s i s o f t h e a u t h o r i t a t i v e l i t e r a t u r e and r e s e a r c h on t h e s u b j e c t w i t h t h e ju d g m e n ts o f r e s p o n d e n t s a n d c o n c u r r e n c e of p ra c tic e . THE CHECK LIST J u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r u s i n g t h e c h e ck l i s t .
S in c e one
o f t h e p r i m a r y s o u r c e s o f i n f o r m a t i o n w as t h e p r e p a r e d c h e ck l i s t ,
a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f i t s d e v e lo p m e n t and a d m i n i s t r a
tio n ensues. S e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n w as g i v e n t o t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f v i s i t i n g v a rio u s ju n io r c o lle g e s f o r th e purpose o f g e t t i n g a c l o s e - u p v ie w o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n d i r e c t l y .
By a j u d i
c i o u s i n t e r v i e w i n g o f b o th t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t a f f r e s p o n s i b l e f o r s e l e c t i o n an d t h e t e a c h e r s t h e m s e l v e s , t o g e t h e r w i t h i n s p e c t i o n o f r e c o r d s on t h e s p o t , i t
seemed p r o b a b l e
21
t h a t t h e d a t a t h u s g a t h e r e d w o u ld p o s s e s s r e l a t i v e l y h i g h v a l i d i t y an d r e l i a b i l i t y .
T h ese q u a l i t i e s w e re deemed
e m in e n tly d e s i r a b l e . B u t an i n s p e c t i o n o f t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l l o c a t i o n o f th e j u n i o r c o l le g e s r e v e a le d t h a t a t th e tim e t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n was u n d e r t a k e n t e n w e re l o c a t e d i n Los A n g e le s C o u n ty , and a n o t h e r t e n w i t h i n a h u n d r e d - m i l e r a d i u s o f Los A n g e l e s , fro m w h ich p o i n t t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n w as b e in g c o n d u c te d .
B e c a u se o f t h e e x p e n s e i n tim e an d money a t t e n d
a n t upon w id e n i n g t h e g e o g r a p h i c s c o p e o f t h e s tu d y ,, t h i s p r o c e d u r e w o uld h a v e l i m i t e d t h e n u m b e rs o f c o n t r i b u t i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s g r e a t l y an d a t t h e same t i m e w o u ld h a v e c r e a t e d a s a m p lin g w h ic h c o u l d be no o t h e r t h a n l o c a l .
In o rd e r to
g a t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n fro m w i d e l y s c a t t e r e d s o u r c e s , t h e r e b y i n s u r i n g g r e a t e r c o v e r a g e an d b e t t e r s a m p l i n g , t h e c h e c k l i s t t e c h n i q u e seem ed t o be p o t e n t i a l l y t h e m o st p r o d u c t i v e m e th o d .
( 5 6 :3 2 5 ) S e le c tio n of c h e c k - lis t ite m s .
The i t e m s f i n a l l y
u s e d i n t h e p r i n t e d c h e c k l i s t r e s u l t e d fro m t h e r e f i n e m e n t o f a l i s t o f g r o s s i t e m s d e r i v e d fro m t h e l i t e r a t u r e o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n and fro m i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o t h e a c t u a l p r a c tic e s of s e le c te d ju n io r c o lle g e s .
S in c e v e ry l i t t l e
had been w r i t t e n , even a s o p in io n , a b o u t j u n i o r c o lle g e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n , r e f e r r a l w as made t o t h e l i t e r a t u r e o f
22
th e secondary s c h o o l.
I t was a l s o n e c e s s a r y t o i n c o r p o r a t e
i n t o t h e g r o s s l i s t i t e m s fo u n d i n p r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h s t u d i e s w h ic h i n c l u d e d e l e m e n t a r y t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n p r o c e d u r e s . When t h e i t e m s fo u n d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e on t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n w e re com pared w i t h s u c h p r a c t i c e s a s w e re d i s c o v e r e d , a p a t t e r n o f s i m i l a r i t y b u t n o t i d e n t i t y was o b serv ed .
The i t e m s t e n d e d t o g r o u p t h e m s e l v e s u n d e r f i v e
la rg e d iv is io n s : ap p o in tm e n t,
(1 ) t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r s e l e c t i o n an d
(2 ) q u a l i f i c a t i o n s t a n d a r d s ,
an d e v a l u a t i n g p e r s o n a l d a t a , in to s e rv ic e ,
(3 ) a s s e m b l i n g
(4) a p p o i n tm e n t a n d i n d u c t i o n
(5 ) p r a c t i c e s r e l a t i v e t o p e rm a n e n t s t a t u s .
V a li d a ti o n o f t h e check l i s t .
P a r t i c u l a r e f f o r t was
made t o r e f i n e t h e c h e c k - l i s t i t e m s an d t h e i r o r g a n i z a t i o n , a s w e l l a s t h e m e c h a n i c a l f o rm .
The c r i t e r i a on q u e s t i o n n a i r e
c o n s t r u c t i o n a d v o c a t e d by Koos ( 7 8 : 1 - 1 7 8 ) and by a R e s e a r c h B u l l e t i n o f th e N a tio n a l E d u c a tio n A s s o c ia tio n (9 8 :1 -5 1 ) w e re g e n e r a l l y a d h e r e d t o .
The f o l l o w i n g a d o p t e d m a jo r
c r i t e r i a w e re u s e d a s a g u i d e : 1.
S t a t e m e n t s and q u e s t i o n s s h o u ld be c l e a r i n m e a n in g .
2.
The i n f o r m a t i o n s o u g h t s h o u l d be r e l e v a n t to t h e p ro b le m and i m p o r t a n t enough t o w a r r a n t i t s in c lu sio n .
3.
The i n f o r m a t i o n c a l l e d f o r s h o u l d be t h a t w h ic h t h e r e s p o n d e n t s c a n and w i l l g i v e .
23 4.
R esponses sh o u ld le n d th e m s e lv e s to e a sy ta b u la t io n *
5.
E ase o f re s p o n s e i s h ig h ly d e s i r a b l e .
6.
A minimum o f w r i t i n g by t h e r e s p o n d e n t i s d e s i r a b le .
7.
The p u r p o s e f o r w h ic h t h e i n f o r m a t i o n s o l i c i t e d i s t o be u s e d s h o u l d be s t a t e d . '
8.
The f o r m a t s h o u l d p r e s e n t a n e a t a p p e a r a n c e .
9.
A l e t t e r o f t r a n s m i t t a l s h o u l d accom pany t h e c h e e k l i s t o r become a p a r t o f i t .
A q u e s t i o n n a i r e w h ic h i n c o r p o r a t e d an e x t e n d e d u s e o f f r e e r e s p o n s e s t o q u e s t i o n s w as g i v e n a t r i a l r u n .
The
r e p l i e s s u g g e s t e d a d d i t i o n a l q u e s t i o n s an d r e s p o n s e s .
A
ch e c k l i s t w as now p r e p a r e d i n w h ich p r o b a b l e r e s p o n s e s fo llo w e d th e q u e s tio n s , b u t w ith space l e f t f o r a d d i t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s a n d com m ents. i n on e j u n i o r c o l l e g e .
T h is r e v i s i o n w as g i v e n a t r i a l r u n I t was fo u n d t h a t some i t e m s w ere
n o t c l e a r t o t h e r e s p o n d e n t , t h a t some i t e m s n e e d e d t o be a d d e d , and t h a t o t h e r s s h o u l d be d e l e t e d . r e v i s i o n was m ade.
A n o th e r m a jo r
T h is t h i r d m a j o r r e v i s i o n was g i v e n a
t r i a l r u n i n two j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , one by i n t e r v i e w a n d o n e by m a il.
Some s u g g e s t i o n s f o r im p rov em ent o f t h e i t e m s a s w e l l
a s t h e fo rm w e re o b t a i n e d . D u rin g t h i s p e r i o d t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r r e c e i v e d i n v a l u a b l e a i d fro m h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n c h a ir m a n , fro m p r o f e s s o r s o f s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n an d r e s e a r c h an d s t a t i s t i c s , a n d fro m
24 p r o f e s s i o n a l a s s o c i a t e s i n t h e p r o c e s s o f m ak in g s i m i l a r research stu d ie s. The c h a n g e s made i n t h e c h e c k l i s t f o l l o w i n g t h e l a s t t r i a l r u n s w e re m i n o r i n c h a r a c t e r .
I t w as b e l i e v e d , f o l l o w
in g r e v i s i o n , t h a t th e p ro b a b le b e n e f i t s o f f u r t h e r t r i a l i n t h e f i e l d w o u ld n o t b e s u f f i c i e n t t o w a r r a n t t h e u n d e r ta k in g .
The c h e c k l i s t w as now c o n s i d e r e d r e a d y f o r p r i n t
in g . S p o n so rsh ip .
The C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e J u n i o r C o l le g e ^
A s s o c ia tio n sp o n so red t h i s stu d y j o i n t l y w ith th e U n iv e r s ity o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a .
The p r e s i d e n t o f t h e f i r s t - n a m e d
o r g a n i z a t i o n s u p p l i e d t h e l e t t e r o f t r a n s m i t t a l w h ic h w as made a n i n t r o d u c t o r y p a r t o f t h e p r i n t e d c h e ck l i s t .
A copy
o f t h i s c h e c k l i s t a p p e a r s i n t h e A p p e n d ix . S e le c tio n of re sp o n d e n ts.
S i n c e i t w as o n e o f t h e
m a jo r p u rp o se s o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n to p ro p o se c r i t e r i a f o r j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n i n C a l i f o r n i a , a l l o f t h e p u b l i c j u n i o r c o l l e g e s i n t h e s t a t e w ere p l a c e d on th e l i s t o f p o t e n t i a l resp o n d e n t i n s t i t u t i o n s .
In t h i s
s tu d y , th e c r i t e r i o n o f w h e th e r o r n o t a g iv e n i n s t i t u t i o n w as a j u n i o r c o l l e g e d e p e n d e d on t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n g i v e n i t by t h e A m e ric a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f J u n i o r C o l l e g e s .
F ifty -
two s u c h C a l i f o r n i a c o l l e g e s w e re l i s t e d by t h e A s s o c i a t i o n in Ja n u ary 1949.
25 The d e c i s i o n t o s e e k i n f o r m a t i o n from a l i k e num ber o f ju n io r c o lle g e s o u ts id e th e s t a t e o f C a lifo rn ia n e c e s s ita te d t h e em ploym ent o f some m eth o d o f s a m p l i n g .
A random s a m p l i n g ,
i t w as b e l i e v e d , w o u ld b r i n g a p r e p o n d e r a n c e o f r e p l i e s fro m s c h o o l s much s m a l l e r t h a n t h e i r C a l i f o r n i a c o u n t e r p a r t s .
It
was b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e p e r s o n n e l p r a c t i c e s i n t h e s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s w e re a f u n c t i o n o f s i z e .
I t seem ed b e s t , t h e r e f o r e ,
t o u s e a n o t h e r s a m p lin g t e c h n i q u e , w h ic h t o o k t h i s f a c t o r in to a c c o u n t. I t was now n e c e s s a r y t o d e f i n e " s i z e . ”
The num ber o f
p o s s i b i l i t i e s in c lu d e d t o t a l e n ro llm e n t, e n ro llm e n t i n th e 1 3 t h an d 1 4 t h g r a d e s and a t t e n d a n c e d a t a .
T h ese w e re
s t u d e n t b a s e d and o n l y i n d i r e c t l y m e a s u re d t h e num ber o f t e a c h e r s f o r w h ic h s e l e c t i o n h ad t o be m ade. c r i t e r i a o f s i z e w e re t h e r e f o r e r e j e c t e d . was t h e num ber o f f u l l - t i m e t e a c h e r s .
S tu d e n t-b a se d
A n o th e r p o s s i b i l i t y
An a n a l y s i s o f s u c h
d a t a r e v e a l e d t h a t s u c h a d e f i n i t i o n w o u ld r e s u l t i n a s p u r i o u s l y low c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f s i z e f o r j u n i o r c o l l e g e s e m p lo y in g p a r t - t i m e t e a c h e r s .
The s m a l l e r s c h o o l s w o u ld be
p a rtic u la rly a ffe c te d . S i z e o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e f o r t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n was f i n a l l y d e f i n e d a s t h e num ber o f f u l l - t i m e i n s t r u c t o r s p l u s t h e e q u i v a l e n c e i n f u l l t im e o f t h o s e i n s t r u c t o r s who a r e w o rk in g p a r t t i m e .
H e n c e f o r t h t h i s sum w i l l be d e s i g n a t e d
as " e q u iv a le n t f u l l - t i m e ."
The A m e ric a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f
J u n i o r C o l l e g e s by i m p l i c a t i o n r e c o g n i z e s t h i s d e f i n i t i o n o f size, lis tin g
fo r every ju n io r co lle g e i n i t s d ir e c to r y th e
equivalence.
(20:281)
The J u n i o r C o l l e g e D i r e c t o r y , 1 9 4 9 ,
(20:280-307) s u p p li e d th e d a t a f o r t h e com p utation o f sch o o l siz e. As m e a s u r e d by t h e number o f e q u i v a l e n t f u l l - t i m e t e a c h e r s , t h e C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s v a r i e d i n s i z e fro m s e v e n t o t h r e e h u n d r e d an d f o r t y - o n e . t o assum e t h a t ,
I t seemed r e a s o n a b l e
j u d g e d from t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f s i z e a l o n e , a
c e r t a i n amount o f v a r i a t i o n w o u ld n o t a f f e c t t h e t e a c h e r se le c tio n process.
In l i e u of c r i t e r i a in th is reg ard , th e
sc h o o ls were c l a s s i f i e d i n t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s : ju n io r co lleg e,
(1) s m a l l
e m p lo y in g t w e n t y - n i n e e q u i v a l e n t f u l l - t i m e
teach ers o r le s s ;
(2) medium s i z e d j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , em ploy
in g t h i r t y to f i f t y - n i n e e q u iv a le n t f u l l - t i m e te a c h e r s i n c l u s i v e ; an d (3) l a r g e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , e m p lo y in g s i x t y o r more e q u i v a l e n t f u l l - t i m e t e a c h e r s .
T his p a r t i c u l a r
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n system p la c e d sev en teen C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r co lleg es in the la rg e c la s s ,
se v e n te e n i n t h e m edium -sized,
and e i g h t e e n i n t h e s m a l l , m a k in g t h e t o t a l o f f i f t y - t w o . The J u n i o r C o l l e g e D i r e c t o r y , 1 9 4 9 ,
(20:280-307)
l i s t e d 312 p u b l i c j u n i o r c o l l e g e s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . F i f t y - t w o o f t h e s e , one s i x t h o f t h e t o t a l , w e r e l o c a t e d i n C alifo rn ia.
(20:280-307)
W i th f i v e t i m e s a s many o u t - o f -
s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s a s w i t h i n C a l i f o r n i a , some p r i n c i p l e
o f m a t c h i n g o t h e r t h a n t h a t o f s i z e was n e c e s s a r y . The s e l e c t i o n o f a t l e a s t one j u n i o r c o l l e g e p e r s t a t e c o u l d n o t be made, due i n p a r t t o t h e f a c t t h a t n i n e s t a t e s h a d no p u b l i c j u n i o r c o l l e g e s .
In a d d itio n , th e d i s t r i b u t i o n
o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e s by s i z e s e r v e d t o d e c r e a s e f u r t h e r t h e number o f s t a t e s fro m w h ic h r e s p o n d e n t s c o u l d be s e l e c t e d . W h e re as t h e C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s w ere a l m o s t e q u a l l y d i v i d e d i n t o s m a l l , m e d i u m - s i z e d , and l a r g e s c h o o l s , t h e o u t o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s w ere p r e d o m i n a n t l y s m a l l , t h e p e r c e n t a g e s b e i n g 73 pei* c e n t , 18 p e r c e n t , a n d 9 p e r c e n t when sim ilarly c la ssifie d .
F o r m atch in g p u rp o s e s t h i s meant a
g r e a t d e a l o f c h o i c e among t h e s m a l l s c h o o l s , a r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l c h o i c e among t h e m e d i u m - s i z e d s c h o o l , an d p r a c t i c a l l y none among t h e l a r g e s c h o o l s . I n o r d e r t o i n s u r e g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n on some d e f e n s i b l e b a s i s , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s was d i v i d e d i n t o s i x a r e a s of contiguous t e r r i t o r y , co lleg es.
each having about f i f t y ju n io r
C a lifo rn ia , w ith i t s fifty -tw o ju n io r c o lle g e s ,
was one o f t h e s e a r e a s .
E f f o r t was t h e n made t o s e l e c t a
minimum o f t e n m a t c h i n g s c h o o l s i n e a c h o f t h e o t h e r a r e a s , a n d o f t h e s e t e n no l e s s t h a n t h r e e i n e a c h s i z e c l a s s i f i c a tio n .
W i t h i n t h e l i m i t a t i o n i m p l i e d by t h e num b e rs o f e a c h
s iz e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n allow able p e r a re a ,
s e l e c t i o n was
d e l i b e r a t e l y made t o i n c l u d e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s fro m a s many s ta te s as p o s s ib le .
I t was h o p e d t h a t t h i s t o t a l p r o c e d u r e
28 w o u ld r e s u l t i n t h e m o s t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l i n g p o s s i b l e under th e given c o n d itio n s . Among t h e l a r g e s c h o o l s , w i t h e i g h t e e n i n C a l i f o r n i a an d o n l y t w e n t y - t w o i n t h e r e s t o f t h e c o u n t r y , v i r t u a l l y a l l of t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s w ere needed to com plete th e m atching.
O b v i o u s l y t h e s e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s h a d t o be u s e d
re g a rd le ss of lo c a tio n .
T h i s a c c o u n t e d , f o r e x a m p le , f o r t h e
r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e n u m b e rs o f r e s p o n d e n t l a r g e s c h o o l s l o c a t e d in Texas. Among t h e m e d i u m - s i z e d j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , t h e f o r m u l a f o r m a t c h i n g c o u l d be a p p l i e d i n m o s t c a s e s ,
Among t h e
sm all sc h o o ls, th e a p p l i c a t i o n o f th e form ula p e rm itte d considerable l a t i t u d e ,
enabling th e s e l e c t i o n o f ju n io r
c o l l e g e s from s t a t e s w h ic h o t h e r w i s e w ould n o t h a v e b een rep resen ted . A f t e r th e i n i t i a l m atching of th e f i f t y - t w o C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s w i t h a l i k e number o f o u t - o f - s t a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s , o t h e r o u t - o f - s t a t e c o l l e g e s were s e l e c t e d a s a l t e r n a t e r e s p o n d e n t s i n c a s e t h e number o f r e t u r n s from t h e o r i g i n a l l i s t proved to be i n a d e q u a t e .
An a r b i t r a r y num ber o f 26
was c h o s e n , u t i l i z i n g t h e same f o r m u l a o f s e l e c t i o n a s before. A d m in is tra tio n o f t h e check l i s t i n C a l i f o r n i a .
A
c h e c k l i s t and a s e l f - a d d r e s s e d s ta m p e d e n v e l o p e w e r e s e n t t o th e f i f t y - t w o C a lif o r n ia ju n io r c o lle g e s during th e l a s t
29 week i n A u g u s t 1 9 4 9 .
T w e n t y - n i n e r e t u r n s h a d been r e c e i v e d
by t h e t i m e a f o l l o w - u p c o m m u n ic a tio n was s e n t f i v e w ee k s la te r.
T h i s c o m m u n ic a tio n i n c l u d e d a n o t h e r c h e c k l i s t ,
fo rm l e t t e r r e q u e s t i n g a r e p l y t o t h e c h e c k l i s t , s e l f - a d d r e s s e d s ta m p e d e n v e l o p e . be f o u n d i n t h e A p p e n d i x .
a
and a
A copy o f t h i s l e t t e r may
More c o m p l e t e d r e t u r n s f o l l o w e d .
A f t e r a n o t h e r i n t e r l u d e o f a m o n th a p e r s o n a l l e t t e r (a s a m p le o f w h i c h i s i n c l u d e d i n t h e A p p e n d ix ) was s e n t t o th e , e h i e f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c e r o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s f ro m w h ic h no r e s p o n s e so f a r h a d b ee n r e c e i v e d . r e p l i e s w ere r e c e i v e d ,
F i v e more
one t o o l a t e f o r t a b u l a t i o n .
W i th a
t o t a l of f o r t y - f o u r responding sc h o o ls o u t of a p o t e n t i a l f i f t y - t w o , i t seemed t h a t f u r t h e r e f f o r t t o i n d u c e c h e c k l i s t c o m p l e t i o n s w o u ld n o t m a t e r i a l l y ad d t o t h e num ber of r e tu r n s . From t h e s e v e n t e e n C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s c l a s s i f i e d a s s m a l l , 14 r e s p o n s e s t o t h e c h e c k l i s t w e r e r e c e i v e d , 1 t o o l a t e f o r t a b u l a t i o n . . The g r o s s r e t u r n i n t h i s g r o u p was 8 2 . 4 p e r c e n t , and t h e u s a b l e r e t u r n , 13 i n n u m b e r, was 76.3 p e r c e n t .
From t h e s e v e n t e e n C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s
c l a s s i f i e d a s m e d i u m - s i z e d , 14 r e s p o n s e s t o t h e c h e c k l i s t w e r e r e c e i v e d , 1 o f w h i c h was " n o t a p p l i c a b l e . "
The g r o s s
r e t u r n i n t h i s g r o u p was a l s o 8 2 . 4 p e r c e n t , and t h e u s a b l e r e t u r n , 13 i n nu m b e r, was 7 6 . 4 p e r c e n t .
From t h e e i g h t e e n
C a l i f o r n i a l a r g e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , 16 r e s p o n s e s t o t h e c h e c k
30 l i s t w e re r e c e i v e d , a l l u s a b l e .
The g r o s s r e t u r n i n t h i s
g r o u p was 8 8 . 9 pe? c e n t , and t h e u s a b l e r e t u r n was 8 8 ,9 P©r cen t. Out o f a , p o s s i b l e f i f t y - t w o r e s p o n d e n t s c h o o l s , f o r t y f o u r i n n u m b e r, o r 8 4 . 6 p e r c e n t , check l i s t .
c o o p e r a t e d by r e t u r n i n g t h e
F o r ty - tw o , o r 8 0 ,8 p e r c e n t , were u s e d .
T h e se
form t h e b a s i c s o u r c e o f d a t a on C a l i f o r n i a p r a c t i c e s i n te a c h e r s e l e c t i o n used in t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
The names o f
t h e f o r t y - t w o i n s t i t u t i o n s , a r r a n g e d by g r o u p s , an d i n o r d e r o f i n c r e a s i n g s i z e i s found i n Table I . A d m in is tra tio n o f th e check l i s t o u ts id e C a l i f o r n i a . The a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e c h e c k l i s t t o j u n i o r c o l l e g e s o u t sid e th e s t a t e o f C a lif o rn ia follow ed th e g e n e ra l p a t t e r n d escrib ed f o r schools w ith in C a lifo rn ia .
The w h o l e p r o c e d u r e
s t a r t e d a m o n th l a t e r i n o r d e r t h a t t h e number o f C a l i f o r n i a r e t u r n s c o u l d be a s s e s s e d , p e r m i t t i n g a b e t t e r e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e number and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s needed f o r m atching. The t h i r d s t e p o f t h e p r o c e d u r e i n C a l i f o r n i a , n a m e l y , th e sending of p e r s o n a l l e t t e r s to a d m i n i s t r a t o r s of schools n o t responding to w ith .
t h e f i r s t two o v e r t u r e s , was d i s p e n s e d
The q u a l i t y o f o u t - o f - s t a t e r e t u r n s seemed t o be
slig h tly in fe rio r.
I t w as b e l i e v e d t h a t more r e l i a b l e and
v a l i d r e s p o n s e s w o uld be s e c u r e d by c o n t a c t i n g the, a l t e r n a t e g r o u p , a s o p p o s e d t o s e e k i n g r e t u r n s from t h e r e m a i n d e r o f
TABLE
I
CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES PARTICIPATING IN THE STUDY Name of junior college
Small '■ !. 2. 3. 4« 5. 6. 7. 5. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
colleges: Palo Verde Junior College Santa Barbara Junior College Central Junior College Goalinga Junior College Antelope Valley College Santa Maria Junior College Lassen Junior College Porterville College Taft Junior College Monterey Peninsula College Oceanside-Carlsbad College Grant Technical College Placer College
Medium-sized colleges; 1. Reedley College 2. Orange Coast College 3. Yuba College 4. Santa Ana College 5. Visalia College 6. Napa Junior College 7. Hartnell College 5. College or Marin 9. El Camino Junior College 10. Mt, San Antonio College 11. Riverside College 12. Chaffey College 13. Bakersfield College Large 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 5. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
colleges: East Los Angeles Junior College Fullerton Junior College Modesto Junior College San Diego Junior College Ventura Junior College San Bernardino Valley College San Mateo Junior College Glendale College Santa Monica City College Sacramento College John Muir College Compton College Long Beach City College Pasadena City College San Francisco City College Los Angeles City College
Number of equivalent full-time teachers
7 9 10 10 11 13 14 16 20 21 21 23
26
30 34 37 43 43 44 45 45 45 43 49 56 63 63 65 65 73 77 53
9l
93 107 117 150 194 230 242 341
Data in this table are adapted from Junior College Directory, 1949. See bibliography 20:250-307.
32 th e o r i g i n a l group of p o t e n t i a l r e s p o n d e n ts .
By p r o j e c t i n g
th e p e rc e n ta g e s of r e tu r n s w ith in each s iz e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f r e s p o n d i n g j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , a n e s t i m a t e was made o f t h e number i n e a c h c l a s s i f i c a t i o n t o be draw n f ro m t h e a l t e r n a t e list.
On t h i s b a s i s c h e c k l i s t s w e r e m a i l e d t o n i n e a l t e r
n a t e s among t h e s m a l l , s e v e n among' t h e m e d i u m - s i z e d , and two among t h e l a r g e o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s .
An u n
e x p e c t e d l y h i g h r e t u r n from t h e m edium -sized s c h o o ls b o o ste d t h e t o t a l s l i g h t l y ab o v e t h e num ber o f C a l i f o r n i a r e s p o n d e n t s in th is c la s s ific a tio n .
Enough r e t u r n s w ere s e c u r e d i n e a c h
s i z e group a t th e f i r s t c o n t a c t ,
elim in a tin g the n e c e s s ity
o f f u r t h e r e f f o r t s t o s e c u r e c o m p le te d check l i s t s . T w e n ty -s ix check l i s t s were s e n t t o t h e s m a ll o u t - o f s ta te ju n io r co lleg es;
s i x t e e n , o r 61.5 p e r c e n t ,
by r e t u r n i n g t h e c h e c k l i s t s . la te fo r tab u latio n .
cooperated
Two o f t h e s i x t e e n a r r i v e d t o o
T w e n t y - f o u r c h e c k l i s t s w e re s e n t t o
th e m edium -sized o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s ; e i g h te e n , or 75.0 p er c e n t,
c o o p e r a t e d by r e s p o n d i n g .
a r r i v e d too l a t e f o r t a b u l a t i o n .
One o f t h e e i g h t e e n
Twenty c h e c k l i s t s w e r e
se n t to th e l a r g e o u t - o f - s t a t e ju n io r c o lle g e s ; s ix t e e n , or 80.0 p e r c e n t,
c o o p e r a t e d by r e s p o n d i n g .
One o f t h e s i x t e e n
was o f p o o r q u a l i t y a n d was t h e r e f o r e d i s c a r d e d .
Two o t h e r s
were n o t co m p leted , th e r e s p o n d e n ts i n d i c a t i n g t h a t th e check l i s t d id not apply in t h e i r ease. Out o f a p o s s i b l e s e v e n t y r e p o n d e n t o u t - o f - s t a t e
33 sch o o ls,
f i f t y i n num ber, o r 7 1 * 4 p e r c e n t , c o o p e r a t e d by
r e t u r n i n g check l i s t s . used.
F o r t y - f o u r , o r 6 2 . 9 p e r c e n t , w ere
T h e s e c o n s t i t u t e t h e b a s i c s o u r c e o f d a t a on o u t - o f -
s t a t e p r a c t i c e s i n j u n i o r c o lle g e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n used in th is in v estig atio n .
The names and l o c a t i o n by s t a t e o f
these fo rty -fo u r in s t i t u t i o n s ,
a r r a n g e m e n t by g r o u p s i z e
an d i n o r d e r o f i n c r e a s i n g s i z e , i s f o u n d i n T a b l e I I . u
V a l i d i t y an d r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e o r i g i n a l c h e c k l i s t d ata.
No a t t e m p t i s made t o e i t h e r p r o v e o r d i s p r o v e by
t h o r o u g h s c i e n t i f i c a n a l y s i s t h e s u f f i c i e n c y o f v a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y of th e d a t a r e c e iv e d v ia th e check l i s t .
Several
m ethods w ere used, however, t o a s c e r t a i n t h e a c c e p t a b i l i t y . R e t u r n s w ere c h e c k e d f o r i n t e r n a l c o n s i s t e n c y .
I t was
n o t p o s s i b l e t o do t h i s by c o m p a r in g p a i r s o f i t e m s e l i c i t i n g t h e same r e s p o n s e , o r r e p o n s e s i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h i n e a c h check l i s t ; check l i s t .
a n d t o u s e t h e s e same p a i r s o f i t e m s f o r e v e r y R e c o u r s e was made t o t h e " c o n n e c t e d n e s s ” o f
r e p l i e s w ith in each check l i s t .
F o r e x a m p le , i f a s c h o o l
r e p o r t e d t h a t i t h a d no d e p a r t m e n t h e a d s , t h e r e p l i e s t o t h e p o s s ib le t o t a l of f i v e q u e s tio n s in v o lv in g th e departm ent h e a d s h o u l d be c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h a t p r e m i s e . o f such i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s were fo u n d .
R e l a t i v e l y few
Some o f t h e s e , i t was
b e l i e v e d , were of such n a t u r e t h a t t h e use o f t h e d a t a i n v o l v e d w o u ld n o t i n v a l i d a t e t h e f i n d i n g s .
Where t h e i n c o n -
TABLE
II
OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES PARTICIPATING IN THE STUDY
Name of junior college
State
Small colleges: 1. Odessa Junior.College 2. Pratt Junior College 3. Ellsworth Junior College 4* Mason City Junior College 5. Ashland Junior College 6. Grays Harbor College 7. Junior College of Augusta 8. Wilmington College 9. Moberly Junior College 10. La Junta Junior College 11. Jersey City Junior College 12. St. Petersburg Junior College 13. Baltimore Junior College 14. Morton Junior College
Texas Kansas Iowa Iowa Kentucky Washington Georgia North Carolina Missouri Colorado New Jersey Florida Maryland Illinois
7 9 11 13 13 15 16 16 13 21 22 26 27 29
Oklahoma Oklahoma Michigan Oklahoma West Virginia Mishigan Louisiana Texas Arkansas
30 31 31 33 34 37 33 40 41
New York Utah Idaho Pennsylvania Arkansas Washington Mississippi North Dakota
42 42 44 45
Arizona Colorado Virginia Texas Michigan Nebraska Utah Texas Texas
60 61 66 69 72 72 73 77 85
Illinois New York New York Texas
100 101 130 163
Medium-sized colleges: I. Northeastern Oklahoma A and M College 2. Northern Oklahoma Junior College 3. Dearborn Junior College 4. Cameron State Agricultural College 5. Potomac State School 6. Flint Junior College 7. Northeast Junior College 8. Edinburg Regional College 9. Little Rock Junior College 10. New York State A and T Institute (Morrisville) 11. Carbon College 12. Boise Junior College 13. Pennsylvania State College (Swarthmore) 14. Arkansas State A and M College 15. Everett Junior College 16. Meridian Junior College 17. State School of Science Large colleges: 1. Phoenix College 2. Pueblo County Junior College 3. College of William and Mary and V.P.I. 4. Hardin College, Junior College Division 5. Highland Park Junior College 6. University of Omaha, College of A.A.&S. 7. Weber College 8. Tarleton State College 9. Loredo Junior College 10. Chicago City Junior College Wilson Branch 11. Long Island A. and T. Institute 12. New York State Institute of A.A.S. 13. Junior College of the U. of Houston
Number of equivalent full-time teachers
Data in this table are adapted from Junior College Directory," 1 9 4 9 T Bibliography 2 0 :2 8 0 -3 0 7 .
46
51 51 55
See
•t-
35 s is te n c y of th e d a ta appeared s i g n i f i c a n t , th e item s a f f e c t e d w e re r e s u b m i t t e d t o t h e r e s p o n d e n t f o r r e s o l u t i o n .
As a r u l e ,
t h i s was done t h r o u g h c o r r e s p o n d e n c e . The v a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e c h e c k l i s t i n a l i m i t e d number o f C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s w ere e v a l u a t e d i n p a r t by i n t e r v i e w s f o l l o w i n g t h e r e c e i p t o f t h e c h e c k l i s t .
In
t h e c i t i e s o f P a s a d e n a a n d Los A n g e l e s , t h e p e r s o n n e l o f f i c e r i n c h a r g e o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n a t t h e c e n t r a l o f f i c e was i n t e r v i e w e d a f t e r t h e c h e c k l i s t s h a d b een c o m p l e t e d a n d r e t u r n e d by t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c e r s o f P a s a d e n a C i t y C o l l e g e an d M u ir C o l l e g e i n P a s a d e n a , and Los A n g e l e s C i t y C o l l e g e a n d E a s t Los A n g e l e s C i t y C o l l e g e i n Los A n g e l e s . The r e p l i e s fro m two s o u r c e s w i t h i n e a c h c i t y , to the p o lic ie s of th e c e n tr a l o f f ic e ,
each s u b j e c t
c o u l d be c h e c k e d a g a i n s t
e a c h o t h e r a s w e l l a s a g a i n s t t h e r e s p o n s e s s e c u r e d by i n t e r view ing th e p e rs o n n e l o f f i c e r concerned. P e r s o n a l k n o w le d g e o f t h e s i t u a t i o n i n a few o t h e r j u n i o r c o l l e g e s s e r v e d a s a s t a n d a r d by w h i c h t h e d a t a c o u l d be m e a s u r e d .
I n Compton C o l l e g e , E l Camino C o l l e g e , a n d
M o n te r e y P e n i n s u l a C o l l e g e , t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r s t u d i e d t h e s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n p r o c e d u r e p r i o r t o t h e m a i l i n g of th e check l i s t .
In te rro g a tio n of ju n io r co lleg e o f f i c i a l s
l o c a t e d i n n e a r b y j u n i o r c o l l e g e s h e l p e d t o au gm ent k n o w le d g e o f t h e s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n p r o c e s s e s o p e r a t i v e a t t h e i r sch o ols.
In none o f t h e s e i n s t a n c e s i s i t
t o be a s s u m e d t h a t
a s c i e n t i f i c v a l i d a t i o n i s claim ed*
P e r s o n a l k n o w le d g e o f
t h e s i t u a t i o n i n a few s c h o o l s i s o n l y t o be t h o u g h t o f a s one l i n k i n a c h a i n o f i n d i r e c t e v i d e n c e u s e d t o j u s t i f y the a c c e p ta b il ity of th e d a ta . Supplem entary c h e c k - l i s t d a t a .
As s o o n a s t h e
cheek l i s t s w ere r e c e i v e d , t h e r e s p o n s e s w ere g iv e n a p r e l i m i n a r y summary t a b u l a t i o n .
T his p ro c e s s r e v e a l e d
d e f e c t i o n s o f o m is s io n , i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s , and m i s i n t e r p r e ta tio n of q u estio n s.
I t seemed d e s i r a b l e t o r e s u b m i t t o
th e resp o n d en ts c e r t a i n of th e q u e s tio n s w herein th e s e defectio n s occurred.
The e s t i m a t e d r e l a t i v e v a l u e t o be
d e r i v e d t h e r e f r o m was u s e d a s t h e c r i t e r i o n i n d e t e r m i n i n g w hether o r n o t to se ek answ ers a second tim e .
If,
for
e x a m p le , a r e s p o n d e n t n e g l e c t e d t o r e p l y t o a q u e s t i o n o r a m a j o r p a r t o f o n e , i t was u s u a l l y i n c l u d e d i n a l e t t e r s e n t t o t h e same r e s p o n d e n t a n d a g a i n r e q u e s t i n g t h e i n form ation.
On t h e o t h e r h a n d , i f t h e o m i s s i o n was a m i n o r
p a rt of a qu estio n , i t
seemed r e a s o n a b l e t o b e l i e v e t h a t
t h e number o f r e p l i e s fro m t h e o t h e r r e s p o n d e n t s w o u ld be adequate to pro v id e th e n e c e s s a ry v a l i d i t y . The m o s t s e r i o u s o f t h e f a c t o r s t e n d i n g t o i n v a l i d a t e t h e d a t a w e r e (1 ) t h e f a i l u r e o f r e s p o n d e n t s f r o m t h e s m a l l j u n i o r c o l l e g e s o f C a l i f o r n i a a n d fro m o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s l o c a t e d i n s t a t e s p r o v i d i n g no l e g a l t e n u r e s t a t u s
37 f o r t e a c h e r s t o r e p l y t o q u e s t i o n s i n w h ic h t h e t e r m ” p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r ” was u s e d , an d ( 2 ) t h e p r a c t i c e o f some r e s p o n d e n t s o f p l a c i n g i t e m s i n r a n k o r d e r when r e q u e s t e d t o e v a l u a t e . t h e i t e m s by a d e s i g n a t e d r a t i n g s c a l e . In C a lif o r n i a t h i r t y - t h r e e of th e o r i g i n a l re sp o n d e n ts w e r e s e n t a f o l l o w - u p l e t t e r i n w h ich a r e q u e s t f o r a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n w as m a d e.
The num ber o f c h e c k - l i s t q u e s t i o n s p e r
r e s p o n d e n t r e s u b m i t t e d i n t o t a l o r i n p a r t r a n g e d f r o m one t o e i g h t e e n w i t h a m edian o f f i v e . f ro m e v e r y one o f t h e t h i r t y - t h r e e
R e p l i e s w ere r e c e iv e d ju n io r co lleg e adm in istra
t o r s t o w h ic h t h i s i n q u i r y w as a d d r e s s e d . A s i m i l a r r e q u e s t f o r a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n was s e n t t o f o r t y - t w o o f t h e f o r t y - f o u r o r i g i n a l r e s p o n d e n t s fro m o u t-o f-s ta te ju n io r co lleg es.
The num ber o f t h e c h e c k - l i s t
q u e stio n s p er respondent, resu b m itted in to to o r in p a r t, r a n g e d f ro m one t o t w e n t y w i t h a m e d i a n o f n i n e .
R ep lies
w e r e r e c e i v e d from t h i r t y - n i n e o f t h e f o r t y - t w o j u n i o r c o l l e g e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s t o whom t h e i n q u i r y was a d d r e s s e d . The h i g h p e r c e n t a g e o f r e t u r n , 100 p e r c e n t i n C a l i f o r n i a an d 93 in d icate
c e n t o u t o f s t a t e , w o u ld seem t o
(1) t h a t d e f e c t s n o te d i n t h e o r i g i n a l r e t u r n had
t o a l a r g e e x t e n t b e e n c o r r e c t e d a n d (2) t h a t t h e r e s p o n d e n t s by t h e i r i n t e r e s t a n d w i l l i n g n e s s t o r e s p o n d h a d i n d i r e c t l y e n h a n c e d t h e v a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e e n t i r e r e t u r n .
38 TOOLS OF EVALUATION
A u t h o r i t a t i v e L i t e r a t u r e an d R e s e a r c h .
A d e q u a t e and
d e f e n s i b l e e v a l u a t i o n o f p r a c t i c e s o b t a i n e d by t h e c h e c k l i s t p r o v e d t o be d i f f i c u l t .
A m ajor f a c t o r c o n t r ib u t in g
t o t h i s d i f f i c u l t y came a b o u t b e c a u s e o f t h e l a c k o f r e s e a r c h and. w r i t i n g on t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e l e v e l .
The b a s i c
r e s e a r c h r e l a t e d to th e p r e s e n t problem , th e a u t h o r i t a t i v e w r i t i n g i n t h e f i e l d , t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f p r a c t i c e , and s ta n d a r d s o f p r a c t i c e , n e a r l y a l l have been r o o te d i n t h e elem entary sc h o o l, th e j u n i o r high sc h o o l, o r th e s e n i o r high sch o o l.
A l t h o u g h i t may be assum ed t h a t c e r t a i n
p r i n c i p l e s apply e q u a lly to a l l l e v e l s o f sc h o o l,
com plete
i d e n t i t y o f p r o c e s s a n d p r i n c i p l e s c a n n o t be a s s u m e d .
In
v i e w o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e i s c o n s i d e r e d by many l e a d i n g a u t h o r i t i e s t o b e a u n i q u e i n s t i t u t i o n ,
the
t e a c h e r s a n d t h e s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n o f t h e s e t e a c h e r s l o g i c a l l y s h o u l d p o s s e s s p o i n t s o f d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n from t h a t found a t o t h e r sc h o o l l e v e l s . The c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e a s a n e x t e n s i o n o f s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n was one o f t h e b a s i c a s s u m p t i o n s of t h i s in v e s tig a tio n .
R esearch conducted a t th e s e n io r h ig h
s c h o o l l e v e l w a s , i n c o n s e q u e n c e , g i v e n more w e i g h t i n e v a l u a t i n g a s p e c t s o f t h e p r o b l e m t h a n t h a t b a s e d on s c h o o l s g e n e r a l l y o r on a p a r t i c u l a r l e v e l s u c h a s t h e e l e m e n t a r y
39 school o r the s e n io r c o lle g e . A u t h o r i t a t i v e l i t e r a t u r e was c a r e f u l l y exam ined f o r th e b e s t - r e p o r t e d th e o r y and p r a c t i c e .
As w i t h r e s e a r c h , t h e
e m p h a s i s w as g i v e n t o t h e a v a i l a b l e l i t e r a t u r e o f t h e s e n i o r h igh sc h o o l. An a n a l y s i s o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l l i t e r a t u r e and r e s e a r c h t o g e t h e r w i t h t h a t o f p u b l i c p e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n an d p e r s o n n e l managem ent i n i n d u s t r y s u g g e s t e d t h a t c e r t a i n b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s f o r e v a l u a t i o n m ig h t be d e v e lo p e d .
The
p r i n c i p l e s and t h e i r developm ent a r e t h e s u b j e c t o f C h a p ter V; h e n c e no f u r t h e r e x p l a n a t i o n i s made o f th e m i n t h e present in stan ce. A t t e n t i o n was a l s o g i v e n t o t h e w o r k o f n a t i o n a l e d u c a t i o n a l b o d i e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e A m e r ic a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f J u n i o r C o lle g e s and i t s v a r i o u s s u b d i v i s i o n s ,
in connection
w i t h t h e f u n c t i o n s o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e an d t h e p r e p a r a t i o n recommended f o r i t s t e a c h e r s .
The s t u d i e s made p r o v i d e d
v alu ab le clues fo r d i f f e r e n t i a l ev a lu atio n . T ested e x p e rie n c e .
The p r a c t i c e s t h e m s e l v e s by t h e i r
v e r y u s e s u g g e s t t h a t a c e r t a i n amount o f e v a l u a t i o n had alre ad y taken p la c e .
Over a p e r i o d o f y e a r s i t may be assum ed
t h a t a d m i n i s t r a t o r s o f j u n i o r ' c o l l e g e s te n d t o slough o f f th e r e l a t i v e l y v a l u e l e s s an d t e n d t o r e t a i n t h e more v a l u a b l e . I t i s b eliev ed th a t te s te d p r a c tic e p o ssesses to a lim ite d
40 d e g r e e i t s own s u b s t a n t i a t i o n , Judgm ents o f r e s p o n d e n t s .
(131:5&) The j u d g m e n t s o f j u n i o r
c o l l e g e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s w e r e s o u g h t on a number o f c h e c k - l i s t item s.
C o l l e c t i v e l y t h e s e e x e c u t i v e s were viewed a s a board
o f e x p e r t s w hose o p i n i o n c o n s t i t u t e d one o f t h e i m p o r t a n t bases in t h i s stu d y f o r th e e v a lu a tio n of p r a c t ic e . These v a r i o u s m ethods o f e v a l u a t i o n o f p r a c t i c e were bound t o g e t h e r ,
i t i s h o p e d , by a n o t h e r t o o l — t h a t o f l o g i c a l
a n a l y s i s and s y n t h e s i s . CHAPTER SUMMARY S o u r c e s o f d a t a and p r o c e d u r e .
The p r i n c i p a l s o u r c e s
o f d a t a w e r e t h e r e s p o n d e n t j u n i o r c o l l e g e s and t h e r e s e a r c h and l i t e r a t u r e i n p e r s o n n e l s e l e c t i o n . The p r o c e d u r e i n v o l v e d t h r e e m a in s t e p s :
surveying
an d a n a l y z i n g p r e s e n t p r a c t i c e s a n d p o l i c i e s i n j u n i o r co llege te ach e r s e le c tio n ,
e v a lu a tin g th e d a t a , and p rop o s
in g c r i t e r i a f o r a com prehensive p la n o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n . The c h e c k l i s t q u e s t i o n n a i r e ,
The c h e c k l i s t was
u s e d t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e o b t a i n i n g o f i n f o r m a t i o n on a n atio n al scale.
The c h e c k l i s t i t e m s r e s u l t e d f ro m a r e
f i n e m e n t o f a g r o s s l i s t o b t a i n e d fro m t h e l i t e r a t u r e , p rev io u s re s e a rc h s tu d i e s ,
from
an d f r o m s u g g e s t i o n made by
j u n i o r c o l l e g e o f f i c i a l s and o t h e r p e rso n s a c q u a in te d w ith
41 t h e problem . The c h e e k l i s t i n c o r p o r a t e d a l e t t e r o f t r a n s m i t t a l s h o w in g j o i n t s p o n s o r s h i p by t h e C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e J u n i o r C o lle g e A s s o c i a t i o n and t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a . The c h e c k l i s t was s e n t t o a l l j u n i o r c o l l e g e s i n C a l i f o r n i a a n d a n e q u a l number o f l i k e i n s t i t u t i o n s m a t c h e d a c c o r d in g t o s i z e and d i s t r i b u t e d g e o g r a p h i c a l l y o v e r th e U nited S t a t e s .
F o r t y - t w o C a l i f o r n i a an d f o r t y - f o u r o u t - o f -
s t a t e resp o n d en ts re tu rn e d u sa b le form s. To i n c r e a s e t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e d a t a , i t e m s w h i c h w e r e n o t a n s w e r e d , o r i t e m s w h ic h a p p e a r e d t o be i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h o t h e r i t e m s , were r e s u b m i t t e d t o t h e r e s p o n d e n t s f o r com pletion o r r e s o l u t i o n . Tools f o r e v a l u a t i o n .
The p r i m a r y t o o l s f o r e v a l u a
t i o n w e r e a s e t o f p r i n c i p l e s a n d s t a n d a r d s d e v e l o p e d fro m t h e l i t e r a t u r e and r e s e a r c h , and t e s t e d e x p e r i e n c e *
judgm ent o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t s ,
CHAPTER I I I
A REVIEW OF RELATED RESEARCH AND LITERATURE RESEARCH ON MAJOR- PHASES OF TEACHER SELECTION Purpose of t h i s c h a p t e r .
No m a j o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n h a s
b een c o n c e r n e d w i t h t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n on t h e ju n io r college le v e l.
A lm o s t e x c l u s i v e l y t h e r e s e a r c h and
t h e l i t e r a t u r e have d e a l t w i t h t h i s problem a s i t a t o th er o rg an iz atio n al le v e ls ,
ex ists
o r w ith but s l i g h t re fe re n c e
t o t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e i n t h e r e s e a r c h a n d l i t e r a t u r e when t h e t r e a t m e n t h a s been g e n e r a l .
The p r e s e n t p r o b l e m m u s t
n e c e s s a r i l y t a k e i t s p r i m a r y o r i e n t a t i o n f ro m t h e s e s o u r c e s . The r e v i e w o f t h e r e l a t e d r e s e a r c h a n d l i t e r a t u r e i s p r e s e n te d under th e fo llo w in g m ajor h e a d in g s: on m a j o r p h a s e s o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n , phases of teach e r s e le c tio n ,
(1) r e s e a r c h
( 2 ) r e s e a r c h on l i m i t e d
(3 ) r e l a t e d l i t e r a t u r e o f a
g e n e r a l n a t u r e , a n d (4 ) r e s e a r c h a n d l i t e r a t u r e on t e a c h e r com petence. B a llo u ^ stu d y .
The m odern s t u d y o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n
p r o b l e m s s t a r t e d w i t h B a l l o u ( 1 2 : 1 - 2 0 2 ) i n 1915 when he made a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o t h e i n i t i a l a p p o i n t m e n t o f t h e r e g u l a r te a c h e r s in th e p u b lic elem en tary and secondary sch o o ls in s e v e n ty - th re e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c i t i e s in th e U nited S tates.
H is m ain s o u r c e s o f i n f o r m a t i o n w ere s c h o o l docum ents,
p a r t i c u l a r l y r u l e s an d r e g u l a t i o n s and r e p o r t s .
43 The f o l l o w i n g h a v e been s e l e c t e d t o t y p i f y B a l l o u ’ s general co n clu sio n s: 1.
The b o a r d s h o u l d n o t d i r e c t l y d i s c h a r g e t h e im p o rta n t and e x e c u tiv e f u n c t i o n o f a p p o in tin g teach ers.
A p p o i n t m e n t s h o u l d b e made by t h e
s u p e r i n t e n d e n t , a n d c o n f i r m e d o r r e j e c t e d by th e board. 2.
A u t h o r i t y t o a p p o in t t e a c h e r s s h o u ld be d e f in e d by l a w .
3.
T h e r e s h o u l d be no s t a n d i n g c o m m i t t e e s o f t h e board.
4.
The b o a r d s h o u l d h o l d t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t r e s p o n s ib l e f o r th e c h a ra c te r of appointm ents.
5.
When s e l e c t i n g t e a c h e r s t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s h o u l d be r e q u i r e d by r u l e s o f t h e b o a r d t o c o n s u l t t h e p rin c ip a l or, i f a p p lic a b le , th e d ir e c to r of sp ecial se rv ic e s.
6.
There sh o u ld be an arran g em en t f o r a c c e p tin g c e r t i f i c a t e s o f g r a d u a t i o n from r e p u t a b l e i n s t i t u t i o n s as a standard of e l i g i b i l i t y fo r appointm ent.
7.
The e l i g i b i l i t y f o r a p p o i n t m e n t o f t e a c h e r s n o t q u a l i f y i n g f o r a c e r t i f i c a t e s h o u l d be d e t e r m i n e d by a s y s t e m o f e x a m i n a t i o n s .
(12:175-202)
44 N a tio n a l E ducation A s s o c ia tio n stu d y of 1932.
One o f
th e e a r l i e s t com prehensive i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s was made by t h e R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n o f t h e N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n ( 9 4 : 3 - 7 5 ) i n 1931 an d r e p o r t e d i n 1 9 3 2 . A l t h o u g h t h e R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n h a d made s i m i l a r s t u d i e s i n 1923 an d 1 9 2 8 , t h e s e w ere more c o n c e r n e d w i t h p e r s o n n e l p r o b l e m s r e l a t i n g t o t e a c h e r s a l a r i e s an d s a l a r y s c h e d u l e s . An a t t e m p t was made i n t h e 1 9 3 1 s t u d y t o c l a r i f y t h e i s s u e s in v o lv e d in th e problem o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n most o f t e n m e n t i o n e d by i n q u i r i e s t o t h e A s s o c i a t i o n .
The p l a n
o f c l a r i f i c a t i o n c o m p r i s e d a summary o f t h e b e s t a v a i l a b l e o p in io n a p p lie d to th e d a ta of p r a c t i c e s re p o r te d in the q u e s tio n n a i r e s s e n t to a l l sc h o o l system s i n th e 2,880 c i t i e s o v e r 2 , 5 0 0 i n p o p u l a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 1920 c e n s u s .
The
r e p o r t was o r g a n i z e d a b o u t t h e s e f i v e m a in t o p i c s : 1.
T r a i n i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r n e w ly a p p o i n t e d te ach e rs
2.
E x p e r i e n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r n e w ly a p p o i n t e d teachers
3.
Employment o f m a r r i e d women a s t e a c h e r s
4.
A ppointm ent o f l o c a l r e s i d e n t s a s t e a c h e r s
5.
R outine p ro ced u res i n th e s e l e c t i o n of te a c h e rs
The l a s t o f t h e f i v e m a i n t o p i c s ,
"ro u tin e procedures
in th e s e le c tio n o f t e a c h e r s ," in clu d ed a lim ite d e v a lu a tio n of th e use o f form al a p p l i c a t i o n b la n k s, th e use of r e f e r ence b la n k s and l e t t e r s o f recom m endation, p e r s o n a l i n t e r
45 view s w ith a p p l i c a n t s ,
o b s e r v a t i o n o f c la s s ro o m work, w r i t t e n
e x a m in a tio n s , and p h y s i c a l e x a m in a tio n s . The r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w h i c h g rew o u t o f t h e 1932 s t u d y w e r e i n d e f i n i t e and l i m i t e d , t h e c l a r i f i c a t i o n o f i s s u e s being th e c e n t r a l problem .
The s p e c i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n i t
makes t o t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s o n e o f o r i e n t a t i o n . D effenbaugh and Z e i g a l s t u d y .
I n 1932 D e f f e n b a u g h
and Z e i g a l ( 4 2 : 1 - 1 1 5 ) c o n d u c t e d , f o r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s O f f i c e of E d u c a tio n , an i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o t h e p rob lem o f s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n o f t e a c h e r s .
The f o l l o w i n g a b s t r a c t e d l i s t
of
c h a p te r h e a d in g s i n d i c a t e s t h e scope o f th e stu d y : C hapter I I I
T y p es o f T e a c h e r s A p p o i n t e d
C h a p t e r IV
L ocating P ro s p e c tiv e T eachers
C hapter V
M e th o d s o f C o l l e c t i n g I n f o r m a t i o n about P ro s p e c tiv e Teachers
C h a p t e r VI
P r o c e d u r e s i n A p p o in tin g t h e T eaching an d A d m i n i s t r a t i v e S t a f f
C hapter V II
I l l u s t r a t i v e P lan s f o r S e le c tin g Teachers
C hapter V II I
M e th o d s o f R e t a i n i n g T e a c h e r s o f H ig h Q u ality
D e f f e n b a u g h a n d Z e i g a l s e c u r e d t h e d a t a on. p r a c t i c e s by q u e s t i o n n a i r e .
These were s e n t t o th e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s o f
s c h o o ls i n a l l c i t i e s 30,000 o r o v e r and t o a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
46 s a m p l i n g i n c i t i e s below 3 0 , 0 0 0 .
A s i m i l a r form was s e n t t o
th e p r i n c i p a l s of secondary schools ind ep en d en t o f c i t y sc h o o l system s.
The o r g a n i z a t i o n a l l e v e l s s u r v e y e d i n c l u d e d e l e m e n
t a r y s c h o o ls , j u n i o r h ig h s c h o o ls , and f o u r - y e a r s e n io r h ig h schools. The i n v e s t i g a t o r s e v a l u a t e d t h e p r a c t i c e s r e v e a l e d t h r o u g h t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e by r e f e r r a l t o t h e l i t e r a t u r e , d e a l i n g w i t h t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n a n d a p p o i n t m e n t an d t o c o n s e n s u s b u i l t up o v e r a p e r i o d o f y e a r s .
The b a s i c r e
s e a r c h c i t e d f o r p u r p o s e s o f e v a l u a t i n g p r a c t i c e s seemed m ore a m p le t h a n f o u n d i n s t u d i e s up t o 1 9 3 2 , a l t h o u g h n o t w e ll d i s t r i b u t e d o v e r t h e v a r i o u s a s p e c t s o f th e problem stu d ied .
I n a c o n s i d e r a b l e num ber o f s u b p r o b l e m s , p e r h a p s
in th e absence of sta n d ard s o r c r i t e r i a ,
s t a t u s r a t h e r than
e v a l u a t i o n o f p r a c t i c e s was e m p h a s i z e d . The a c t u a l d a t a o f p r a c t i c e s a n d t h e i r e v a l u a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y fro m t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f t h e t i m e o f t h e s t u d y a n d t h e p o p u l a t i o n s a m p l e d , do n o t w a r r a n t r e v i e w .
To t h e
l i m i t e d e x t e n t t o w h i c h t h e y c a n be u s e d , s u c h a s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t r e n d s , t h e d a t a an d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w i l l be c ite d in the a p p ro p ria te p o rtio n s o f th e p rese n t in v e s tig a t i o n d e a l i n g w ith t h e subproblem s c o n c ern ed . The m a in c o n t r i b u t i o n t h a t t h i s s t u d y m a kes i s t h e b e t t e r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e s e t t i n g o f t h e problem .
47 C o u lb o u rn fs s t u d y .
The c o m p r e h e n s i v e s t u d y m o st
s i g n i f i c a n t - t o t h e developm ent of t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n was made by C o u l b o u r n ( 3 7 : 1 - 1 7 7 ) i n 1 9 3 # •
He s t u d i e d t h e
te a c h e r s e le c tio n process in th irty -s e v e n of th e la rg e c ity sc h o o l system s i n t h e U n ite d S t a t e s .
Even t h o u g h h i s s t u d y
d e a l t w ith an e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t segment of t h e s c h o o l t e a c h e r p o p u l a t i o n , t h e p u r p o s e s , p r o c e d u r e s , an d f i n d i n g s h a v e much i n common w i t h t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
A some
w h a t d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t o f i t . seems w a r r a n t e d . Coulbourn s t a t e d a s th e p u rp o se o f h i s s tu d y " to s u r v e y p r a c t i c e s now c u r r e n t , basic c r i t e r i a ,
e v a l u a t e th e m i n t h e l i g h t o f
an d e s t a b l i s h more e f f e c t i v e s t a n d a r d s f o r
p r o c e d u r e s and m ethods i n t h e f i e l d o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n . " (37:5)
I n o r d e r t o a c c o m p l i s h h i s p u r p o s e he p r o p o s e d : A.
To s e t up t h e c r i t e r i a o r b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s w h ic h sh o u ld govern a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p ro c e d u re s i n th e selectio n of teach ers.
B.
To s u r v e y t h e p r e s e n t p r a c t i c e s f o l l o w e d i n l a r g e c i t y school system s in th e s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s .
C.
To e v a l u a t e s u c h p r a c t i c e s i n t h e l i g h t o f t h e c r i t e r i a o r b a s ic p r in c ip l e s s e t up.
D.
On t h e b a s i s o f s u c h d e s c r i p t i v e an d c r i t i c a l e v a l u a t i o n , t o recommend p r o c e d u r e s i n t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n w h i c h w i l l m ore a d e q u a t e l y s e r v e t h e i n t e r e s t s of p u b lic ed u catio n . (37:6)
- G e n e r a l c r i t e r i a w ere u s e d t o e v a l u a t e t h e p r a c t i c e s w h ic h h e d i s c o v e r e d t h r o u g h s c h o o l d o c u m e n t s , c o r r e s p o n d e n c e , an d i n t e r v i e w s .
C o u l b o u r n d e v e l o p e d c r i t e r i a f ro m t h e
4S lite ra tu re ,
f ro m a s u r v e y o f p r e v a i l i n g p r a c t i c e s , an d t o
some e x t e n t f r o m t h e t r e n d o f p r a c t i c e .
The f u n d a m e n t a l
p r i n c i p l e s an d s t a n d a r d s o f s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w h ic h should govern t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n sh o u ld , ac co rd in g t o t h i s in v e stig ato r,
be b a s e d on t h e f o l l o w i n g n i n e t e e n c r i t e r i a :
1.
The u l t i m a t e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n o f te a c h e rs r e s t s w ith th e s u p e rin te n d e n t of s c h o o ls.
2.
The s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s s h o u l d be b a s e d on m e r i t .
3.
An e f f i c i e n t p r o g r a m o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n demands some t y p e o f o r g a n i z a t i o n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e a c t i v i t i e s h a v i n g t o do w i t h p e r s o n n e l m a n ag em en t.
4.
The s u p e r i n t e n d e n t , o r h i s a u t h o r i z e d a g e n t s , should a c t i v e l y seek d e s i r a b l e c a n d id a te s f o r th e teach in g s t a f f .
5.
The s p e c i f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s o f a n y t y p e o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n s h o u l d be d e f i n i t e l y s e t up and made a v a i l a b l e f o r a l l p r o s p e c t i v e candidates.
6.
T e a c h e r s s h o u l d be s e l e c t e d f o r s p e c i f i c p o s i t i o n s .
7.
E v e r y e f f o r t s h o u l d be made by t h o s e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s t o o b t a i n com plete an d r e l i a b l e e v i d e n c e c o n c e r n i n g t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f each a p p l i c a n t .
8.
A p r o g ra m o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n s h o u l d i n c l u d e t h e u s e o f a n a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k t o be f i l l e d o u t by a l l can d id ates.
9.
Every c a n d i d a t e ’s com plete c r e d e n t i a l s sh o u ld i n c l u d e i n f o r m a t i o n from c o m p e t e n t p e r s o n s who a r e b e s t a c q u a i n t e d w i t h him a n d h i s w o r k .
10.
P r o v i s i o n s h o u l d be made i n e v e r y p r o g r a m o f teach e r se le c tio n f o r a personal in terv iew , where p o s s i b l e , w i t h e v e ry q u a l i f i e d c a n d i d a t e .
11.
P r o v i s i o n s h o u l d b e made i n e v e r y p r o g ra m o f
49 t e a c h e r s s e l e c t i o n f o r an o p p o r tu n ity to o b se rv e th e candidate te a c h , 12.
The c e r t i f i c a t i o n o f h e a l t h a n d p h y s i c a l f i t n e s s s h o u l d be a r e q u i r e d q u a l i f i c a t i o n i n e v e r y p r o g r a m of teach er s e le c tio n .
13.
The u s e o f t h e w r i t t e n e x a m i n a t i o n a s a p r o c e d u r e i n t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n i s v e ry l i m i t e d and n eed not be a n e c e s s a r y r e q u i r e m e n t .
14.
A l l c a n d i d a t e s s h o u l d be r e q u i r e d t o m e e t a p p r o v e d minimum e d u c a t i o n a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n s .
13.
P revious te ach in g experience a s a n ecessary q u a l i f i c a t i o n f o r assig n m en t o r appointm ent i s n o t t o be c o n s i d e r e d a u n i f o r m r e q u i r e m e n t i n a program o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n .
16.
M a r r i a g e i n i t s e l f d o e s n o t c o n s t i t u t e an y r e a s o n a b l e b a r a g a i n s t t e a c h i n g an d s h o u l d i n no way a f f e c t t h e s t a t u s o f t h e c a n d i d a t e .
17.
The e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f l i s t s o f e l i g i b l e c a n d i d a t e s who h a v e s a t i s f a c t o r i l y m e t a l l t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e v a r i o u s t y p e s and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n s s h o u ld be r e q u i r e d i n ev e ry program o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n .
18.
Any p r o g r a m o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n s h o u l d r e q u i r e a p ro b atio n ary p erio d of teach in g before f in a l appointm ent o r e l e c t i o n .
19.
Any c o m p r e h e n s i v e p r o g r a m o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n should in c lu d e a p o l i c y o f s e l e c t i v e ad m issio n o r recruitm ent f o r te a c h e r tr a in in g . (37:12-25)
C o u l b o u r n a d m i t t e d t h e i m p o s s i b i l i t y o f s e t t i n g up g e n e r a l c r i t e r i a t h a t w o u ld c o v e r t h e d i v e r s e a n d d e t a i l e d p r a c tic e s observed.
I n m a k in g h i s f i n a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , he
found i t n e c e s s a r y t o pro p o se s ta n d a r d s w hich w ere s u p p o rte d by t h e w e i g h t o f p r a c t i c e a p p r o v e d by e d u c a t i o n a l a u t h o r i t i e s , and i n Tfk e e p i n g w i t h t h e b a s i c c r i t e r i a . ”
50 The r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s g r o w i n g o u t o f C o u l b o u r n ’ s s t u d y w i l l n o t be s u m m a r iz e d h e r e .
H is recom m endations, though
u se fu l as a u t h o r it a ti v e statem en ts, to ju n io r co lleg e te a c h e r s e le c tio n .
do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a p p l y R e fe rra l to th e f in d
i n g s o f h i s s t u d y w i l l be made a t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e p o i n t s i n th e developm ent o f t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n . N a tio n a l E ducation A s s o c ia tio n stu d y of 1942.
A fter
a l a p s e of t e n y e a r s , th e R esearch D iv is io n o f th e -N ational E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n b e l i e v e d i n 1 9 4 0 - 4 1 t h a t t h e t i m e was p ro p itio u s fo r another in q u iry in to te ach e r personnel proce d u r e s o f a summary n a t u r e . t h r e a t e n i n g problem .
It
S c a r c i t y o f t e a c h e r s w as t h e
seemed t h a t a d i f f u s i o n o f i n f o r m a
t i o n on t h i s s u b j e c t w o u ld b e p a r t i c u l a r l y a p p r o p r i a t e a t th is,
t h e b e g i n n i n g o f a new p e r i o d .
Research D iv isio n ,
In th e w ords o f th e
"Good p e r s o n n e l p r o c e d u r e s a r e n e e d e d
a l w a y s , b u t t h e n e e d seems m ore o b v i o u s i n a t i m e l i k e t h e p r e s e n t when s k i l l e d human s e r v i c e i s i n t r e m e n d o u s d e m a n d ." (97:53) The f i r s t h a l f o f t h e r e p o r t p u b l i s h e d i n 1942 a s a Research B u lle tin d e a lt w ith th e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s , a n d a p p o i n t m e n t o f new t e a c h e r s .
(97:51-79)
selectio n ,
The s e c o n d
p a r t r e p o r t e d on i n - s e r v i c e c o n d i t i o n s o f em ploym ent. (96:83-115)
The f i r s t h a l f b e a r s s i g n i f i c a n t l y on t h e
p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n an d i s t h e r e f o r e r e v i e w e d .
51 As i n 1 9 3 2 , t h e d a t a w e r e g a t h e r e d by m eans o f a q u e s tio n n a ire se n t to th e s u p e rin te n d e n t of sc h o o ls in c i t i e s o f 2 ,5 0 0 o r o v e r. f o u r m ajor t o p i c s :
(l)
appointm ent o f t e a c h e r s ,
The i n q u i r y was o r g a n i z e d a r o u n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r s e l e c t i o n and (2) s t a n d a r d s o f e l i g i b i l i t y ,
r e c r u i t m e n t and e v a l u a t i o n o f c a n d i d a t e s ,
(3)
(A) a p p o i n t m e n t
and o r i e n t a t i o n . The i n q u i r y was p r i m a r i l y a n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n r a t h e r t h a n an e v a l u a t i o n o f p r a c t i c e .
No a t t e m p t w as made t o
v a lid a te ex ten sive c r i t e r i a f o r e v a lu a tio n .
A lthough
r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w e r e made i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e r e p o r t , no summary o f a p p r o v e d p r a c t i c e s was l i s t e d .
No a t t e m p t was
made t o e s t a b l i s h a n y c o m p r e h e n s i v e p r o g r a m f o r a d m i n i s t e r in g t h i s p h a se o f t e a c h e r p e r s o n n e l work. I n view o f i t s p r e d i l e c t i o n f o r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , i t was d i f f i c u l t t o d e t e r m i n e j u s t w h a t p o s i t i o n t h e R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n t o o k on t h e i s s u e s p r e s e n t e d by i t s own d a t a .
The
f o l l o w i n g seem t o b e t h e m a j o r p r i n c i p l e s o r c r i t e r i a governing t h i s phase o f te a c h e r p e rso n n e l a d m in is t r a tio n p o s i t e d e i t h e r by d i r e c t s t a t e m e n t o r by i m p l i c a t i o n : 1.
The s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f s c h o o l s s h o u l d n o m i n a t e a l l e m p lo y e e s and t h e
board o f e d u c a t i o n sh o u ld
e l e c t o n l y on h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n . 2.
P revious te a c h in g experience as a c o n d itio n fo r em ploym ent i s u n d e s i r a b l e an d u n n e c e s s a r y .
52
3.
No d e f i n i t e a g e l i m i t s f o r a p p o i n t m e n t r e p r e s e n t s a d e s ira b le f l e x i b i l i t y of p o lic y .
4.
A t e a c h e r s e l i g i b i l i t y f o r appointm ent
should n o t
be i m p a i r e d b e c a u s e o f m a r i t a l s t a t u s . 5.
R esid en ce p e r se sh o u ld n o t in f lu e n c e a p p o in tm e n t.
6.
S chool o f f i c i a l s sh o u ld a c t i v e l y seek d e s i r a b l e can d id ates f o r the teach in g s t a f f .
7.
I n t e r v i e w i n g i s a h i g h l y p r o f e s s i o n a l t a s k w hich can be d e l e g a t e d , i f a t a l l ,
only to a n o th e r
p r o fe s s io n a l w orker. S.
I t i s d e s i r a b l e t o com pare t e a c h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s by means o f a n o r d e r l y f o r m a l a r r a y o f f a c t o r s t o be c o n s i d e r e d .
9.
The w i s e s t p o l i c y ,
in th e i n t e r e s t s of both th e
board o f e d u c a tio n and t h e t e a c h e r , i s to have a w ritten co n tract. 10.
The p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d s h o u l d be r e g a r d e d a s a p a rt of th e process of s e le c tio n of te a c h e rs . (97:54-74)
No a t t e m p t i s made a t t h i s p o i n t t o p r e s e n t a n y d a t a o f p r a c t i c e s r e p o r te d in th e R esearch B u l l e t i n . to s e le c te d p a r ts of the d a ta ,
R eference
l a r g e l y f o r th e purpose of
c o m p a r i s o n s , i s made i n t h e a p p r o p r i a t e p o r t i o n s o f t h e subsequent c h a p te rs.
53 A t k i n s o n 1s s t u d y .
The m o s t r e c e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o
t h e p r o b l e m o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n was c o m p l e t e d by A t k i n s o n ( 8 : 1 - 1 6 3 ) i n 194&.
In asm u c h a s A t k i n s o n ’ s s t u d y was n o t
a v a i l a b l e u n t i l t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n was w e l l u n d e r way, t h e . f o r m e r c o n t r i b u t e d l i t t l e
t o t h e p l a n s and p r o c e
d u r e s a d o p t e d f o r t h e l a t t e r . . The A t k i n s o n s t u d y by i t s v e r y r e c e n c y p r o v i d e s t h e m o s t r e c e n t d a t a by w h i c h p r a c t i c e s c a n be c o m p a re d , an d a l s o t h e m o st u p - t o - d a t e p r i n c i p l e s o f selectio n av a ila b le .
I t i s on t h e s e b a s e s t h a t t h e s t u d y
m e rits review . A tk in s o n c o n c e iv e d o f h i s problem t h u s :
n. .
. to
g iv e a c l e a r c o n c is e and com plete i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e t e c h n i q u e s and p r a c t i c e s u s e d i n s e l e c t e d s c h o o l s y s t e m s t o show how s e l e c t i o n p r a c t i c e s a r e b e i n g a d m i n i s t e r e d , an d t o p o i n t o u t an y e m e r g i n g p r a c t i c e s w h i c h w i l l i m p r o v e m e t h o d s of teach e r s e l e c t i o n .”
(8:12)
The f o l l o w i n g f o u r s u b p r o b l e m s r e v e a l t h e s c o p e o f th e study. 1.
To i d e n t i f y t h e f a c t o r s s e t up by t h e b o a r d s o f e d u c a tio n and th e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f s c h o o ls f o r th e s e le c tio n of te a c h e rs .
2.
To a s c e r t a i n t h e f u n c t i o n s r e l a t i v e t o t h e n o m i n a t i o n an d a p p o i n t m e n t Qf t e a c h e r s by t h e su p erin ten d en t of schools.
3.
To p r e s e n t a n a n a l y s i s o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s s e t
54 up by t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m s r e p o r t i n g w h i c h t h e a p p l i c a n t s must meet b e f o r e b e in g c o n s id e r e d f o r a teach in g p o s itio n . 4.
To p r e s e n t p e r t i n e n t f a c t e c o n c e r n i n g t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e p r o c e d u r e s e t up f o r t h e a p p r a i s a l o f th e a p p l i c a n t ’s f i t n e s s f o r the p o s i t i o n he s e e k s .
A t k i n s o n was i n t e r e s t e d i n f i n d i n g o u t how c e r t a i n c i t y school system s a d m in is te re d th e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n program .
He e n l i s t e d t h e s u p p o r t o f s t a t e d e p a r t m e n t s o f
e d u c a t i o n who recommended s c h o o l s b e l i e v e d t o h a v e h i g h l y s a t i s f a c t o r y program s o f t e a c h e r p e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . T h i s p r e s e l e c t i o n o f s c h o o l s was i n t e n d e d t o g i v e a d d e d v a l i d i t y to th e re p o rte d p r a c tic e s
from w hich p r i n c i p l e s o f
s e l e c t i o n c o u l d t h e n be p r o j e c t e d . The d a t a w e r e g a t h e r e d by means o f c h e c k l i s t s t o t h e s e l e c t e d c i t i e s on a n a t i o n a l b a s i s . l o c a t i o n w ere d iv id e d i n t o f o u r g ro u p s:
sent
The c i t i e s o f
100,000 o r o v e r ,
3 0 , 0 0 0 - 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 1 0 , 0 0 0 - 3 0 , 0 0 0 , and
c i t i e s ranging in s iz e
up t o 1 0 , 0 0 0 .
was a d h e r e d t o i n t h e
This c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
a n a l y s i s o f p r a c t i c e , and i n t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l p r o p o s a l o f p rin cip les. T h r e e m a j o r d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n A t k i n s o n ’ s s t u d y and t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n may be n o t e d .
The m o st c r i t i c a l
55 o f t h e s e i s t h e t e a c h i n g p e r s o n n e l a b o u t a n d f o r whom t h e s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s w as s t u d i e d . stated ,
A lthough n o t s p e c i f i c a l l y
i t i s q u ite c l e a r th a t A tk in so n ’s study i s lim ite d
t o e l e m e n t a r y an d h i g h s c h o o l p e r s o n n e l , w h e r e a s t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s concerned only w ith ju n io r c o lle g e p e rs o n n e l. A s e c o n d o f t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s h a s t o do w i t h t h e s c o p e o f - t h e problem s t u d i e d .
W h e re as A t k i n s o n ’ s s t u d y t e r m i n a t e d a t t h e
p o i n t where t h e t e a c h e r i s a p p o i n t e d , t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n c o n t i n u e d t o t h e p o i n t w h e r e t h e t e a c h e r i s r e t a i n e d on some p e r m a n e n t b a s i s .
A th ir d d iffe re n c e occurs in th e
v alid atio n of p ra c tic e s.
A t k i n s o n was a b l e t o o b t a i n p a r t i a l
v a l i d a t i o n by n o t i n g t h e p r a c t i c e s p r e f e r r e d by t h e recommended sch o ols.
I n t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n , a g r e a t e r em phasis i s
p l a c e d on r e s e a r c h s t u d i e s and r e s p o n s i b l e l i t e r a t u r e i n personnel a d m in istra tio n . Where a s t u d y o f c o m p a r a t i v e p r a c t i c e seem s f r u i t f u l , d a t a f r o m A t k i n s o n ’ s s t u d y a r e . u s e d and r e p o r t e d .
No
r e s u m e o f d a t a t h e r e f o r e seems n e c e s s a r y i n t h i s c h a p t e r . A tkinson proposed t h i r t y - t w o p r i n c i p l e s o f te a c h e r selectio n .
The i n c o m p l e t e l i s t
c i t e d b elow i n d i c a t e s t h e
g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r and s o m e t h i n g o f t h e s c o p e o f t h e p r i n c i p l e s he proposed.
These and o t h e r s n o t l i s t e d w i l l , i f a p p r o p r i a t e
to th e p re se n t in v e s tig a tio n ,
be c i t e d l a t e r .
The f o l l o w i n g
p r i n c i p l e s have b e e n , s e l e c t e d as r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of A tk in s o n ’s to ta l l i s t .
56 1.
The s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f s c h o o l s , a s t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c e r , s h o u l d be t h e b e s t - q u a l i f i e d p e r s o n t o i n i t i a t e an d a d m i n i s t e r a p r o g r a m o f s e l e c t i o n of teach ers,
3.
The f a c t t h a t an a p p l i c a n t i s a r e s i d e n t o f a community o t h e r t h a n t h e one h e w i s h e s t o s e r v e s h o u l d n o t be c o n s i d e r e d a b a r t o h i s a p p o i n t m e n t a s a t e a c h e r i n any s c h o o l s y s t e m .
6.
The p e r s o n s named by t h e a p p l i c a n t a s r e f e r e n c e s s h o u l d be i n d i v i d u a l s who h a v e a g o o d k n o w le d g e of th e a p p lic a n t’s q u a lif ic a tio n s , c h a ra c te r, and p a s t p e r f o rm a n c e s .
11.
T e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e s h o u l d n o t n e c e s s a r i l y be a p r e r e q u is ite f o r applying f o r a teach in g p o s itio n .
15.
The t e a c h e r ’ s a p p l i c a t i o n f o r m s h o u l d be c o n s t r u c t e d t o m e e t t h e n e e d s an d r e q u i r e m e n t s o f a p a r t i c u l a r school system o r d i s t r i c t .
26.
The p e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w s h o u l d be p l a n n e d so t h a t t h e a p p l i c a n t c a n be r a t e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e fo llo w in g item s: p e r s o n a lity , appearance, use of E n g lis h , p h y s i c a l f i t n e s s , c u l t u r a l background, s p e a k in g v o i c e , tem peram ent, judgm ent, openm i n d e d n e s s , s e n s e o f hum or, com munity k n o w l e d g e , and l e a d e r s h i p a b i l i t i e s . (8 :139- 1 4 8 )
RESEARCH ON LIMITED PHASES OF TEACHER SELECTION T iegs1 stu d y .
Many i n v e s t i g a t o r s h a v e made r e s e a r c h
s t u d i e s o f a n i n t e n s i v e n a t u r e on l i m i t e d p h a s e s o f t e a c h e r selec tio n .
The o n e s w h i c h h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d m o st t o t h e
p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n a r e review ed b r i e f l y . One o f t h e e a r l y i n t e n s i v e s t u d i e s c o n c e r n i n g a l i m i t e d p h a s e o f t h e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n p r o b l e m was r e p o r t e d by T i e g s ( 1 4 1 : 1 - 1 0 8 ) i n 1 9 2 8 .
T h i s s t u d y h a s b e e n so
w i d e l y q u o t e d by b o t h e d u c a t i o n a l e x p e r t s a n d o t h e r s t h a t
57 a r e v i e w o f i t seem i m p e l l e d . T i e g s w as i n t e r e s t e d i n d e t e r m i n i n g w h a t p r e d i c t i v e v a l u e f o r f u t u r e s u c c e s s a s a t e a c h e r i n h e r e d i n recommenda tio n s, le t te r s of ap p licatio n , m e th o d o f r e s e a r c h was s i m p l e .
and p h o t o g r a p h s .
H is b a s ic
I n 1925 one h u n d r e d M in n e a
p o l i s e l e m e n t a r y t e a c h e r s o f g r a d e s one t h r o u g h s i x h a d b e e n h i r e d but had n o t a s y e t s t a r t e d t e a c h i n g .
T ieg s had a group
o f p r i n c i p a l s a n d s u p e r v i s o r s r a t e t h e s e one h u n d r e d t e a c h e r s as to t h e i r p ro b ab le su c cess i n te a c h in g , using a s bases t h e i r recom m endations, l e t t e r s o f a p p l i c a t i o n , and p h o t o graphs.
T h e s e p r e d i c t i o n s w e r e made s e p a r a t e l y f o r t h e t h r e e
s e le c tio n techniques,
and a l s o on a com bined b a s i s w h e r e t h e
r a t e r s h a d a c c e s s t o t h e t h r e e d e v i c e s a t t h e same t i m e .
For
th e c r i t e r i a o f a c t u a l te a c h in g s u c c e s s , T iegs used p r in c ip a ls * and s u p e rv is o rs *
r a t i n g s made a f t e r t h e t e a c h e r s w e r e on t h e
job. H is m a jo r f i n d i n g s b e a r i n g on t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n w e re a s f o l l o w s : 1.
T h e r e was a g r e a t v a r i a t i o n i n t h e r a n k s a s s i g n e d tw enty-five te ach e rs
(random s a m p l i n g ) by e l e v e n
j u d g e s on e a c h o f t h r e e b a s e s :
l e t t e r s of a p p li
c a t i o n , p h o to g r a p h s , and reco m m en d atio n s.
In a l l
t h r e e c a s e s , t h e same t e a c h e r s o m e tim e s r e c e i v e d ra n k s n e a r b o th ends o f the s c a l e . 2.
U sing t h e com plete f i l e s o f c a n d id a t e s a p p e a rs to
58 be a somewhat b e t t e r way o f p r e d i c t i n g t e a c h i n g s u c c e s s th a n u sin g s e p a r a t e l y any o f th e t h r e e elem ents: tio n , 3.
recom m endations, l e t t e r s o f a p p l i c a
or photographs.
Com bin ing t h e r a n k i n g s on t h e t h r e e e l e m e n t s s t a t i s t i c a l l y d o e s n o t g i v e t h e same p r e d i c t i v e r a n k i n g a s one w h i c h h a s b ee n made fro m t h e com plete f i l e .
4.
No s i n g l e p r e d i c t i v e t e c h n i q u e o r c o m b i n a t i o n o f p r e d i c t i v e t e c h n i q u e s c o n s i d e r e d a p p e a r s t o be sig n ifican t.
(1 4 1 :46- 7 )
T ieg s concluded t h a t t h e r e i s l i t t l e hope o f im proving p r e d i c t i o n th r o u g h t h e use o f p h o to g ra p h s and t h e l e t t e r o f ap p licatio n .
P r e d i c t i o n on t h e b a s i s o f r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
seemed t o o f f e r b e t t e r p o s s i b i l i t i e s . M o r r i s e t t *s s t u d y .
One o f t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t o f
th e i n t e n s i v e s t u d i e s in t e a c h e r p e r s o n n e l problem s r e l a t i n g t o t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n w as made by M o r r i s e t t
(91:1-203)
i n 1 9 3 5 when h e c o n c l u d e d h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g l e t t e r s o f recom m endation i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f h ig h s c h o o l t e a c h e r s . He s o u g h t a n s w e r s t o s u c h q u e s t i o n s a s :
(1) What i s t h e
f u n c t i o n o f l e t t e r s of recom m endation?
(2) What k i n d o f
i n f o r m a ti o n i s w anted? revealed ?
( 3 ) What k i n d o f i n f o r m a t i o n i s
(4) What r e l a t i v e v a l u e i s a s s i g n e d t o w r i t t e n
l e t t e r s o f recom m endations?
and ( 5 ) What c r i t i c i s m o f
59 l e t t e r s o f recom m endation i s
ju stified ?
To o b t a i n d a t a , M o r r i s e t t s e n t a q u e s t i o n n a i r e t o th r e e hundred h igh sc h o o l p r i n c i p a l s and th r e e hundred su p e rin te n d e n ts lo c a te d in th e U nited S t a t e s .
In a d d itio n ,
he c o l l e c t e d o v e r 1 , 9 5 0 l e t t e r s o f r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , a n a l y z i n g them a l o n g t h e l i n e s o f t h e q u e s t i o n s c i t e d a b o v e . As a r e s u l t o f h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , M o r r i s e t t s u g g e s t e d c e r t a i n p r i n c i p l e s i n w r i t i n g a n d u s i n g l e t t e r s o f recommenda tio n .
Among t h e p r i n c i p l e s w h i c h h e recommended a r e t h e
fo llow ing:
( 1 ) boys a n d g i r l s
of l e t t e r w ritin g ,
sh o u ld dom inate th e o b j e c t i v e
( 2 ) l e t t e r s o f recom m endation s h o u ld
r e n d e r a p r o f e s s i o n a l s e r v i c e by g e t t i n g t h e r i g h t t e a c h e r f o r th e r i g h t job,
( 3 ) in fo rm atio n unfavorable to th e
c a n d i d a t e s h o u l d be i n c l u d e d o n l y when t h e w e l f a r e o f y o u t h is
jeo p ard ized ,
( 4 ) s c h o o l e x e c u t i v e s s h o u l d o n l y recommend
a t e a c h e r whom t h e y w o u l d n o t h i r e when t h e y b e l i e v e t h e t e a c h e r i s l i k e l y t o r e n d e r s a t i s f a c t o r y s e r v i c e i n t h e new p o sitio n ,
( 3 ) l e t t e r s o f r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s h o u l d be w r i t t e n
o n ly a t th e r e q u e s t of th e em ployer. B e r r y *s s t u d y .
B erry (14:1-471) i n h i s stu d y of
t e a c h e r g u i d a n c e and p l a c e m e n t c o n s i d e r e d a num ber o f t o p i c s r e la te d to th e p re se n t in v e s tig a tio n . A ccording t o t h i s i n v e s t i g a t o r ,
one o f t h e g r e a t e s t
d i f f i c u l t i e s e n c o u n t e r e d by t h e o f f i c e o f t e a c h e r p l a c e m e n t
a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a a t Los A n g e l e s i n v o l v e d o b ta in in g th e c o o p e ra tio n o f school o f f i c i a l s to f u r n is h d e t a i l e d job s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . minimum s t a n d a r d s .
B e r r y recommended c e r t a i n
S u ch d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n w o u l d , h e
claim ed, r e s u l t in a t l e a s t t h r e e ad v a n tag e s: q u a l i f i e d c a n d i d a t e s c o u l d be recom mended,
(1 ) b e t t e r
(2 ) a f i l e of
in fo rm a tio n about c o n d itio n s w ith in th e sch o o l o r school s y s t e m c o u l d be b u i l t u p , a n d ( 3 ) c a n d i d a t e s w o u l d go t o t h e i r p o s t s w ith b e t t e r o r i e n t a t i o n to t h e i r job.
(1 4 :82- 3 )
B e rry did n o t approve of th e use o f r a t i n g s c a l e s a s a p a r t o f l e t t e r s o f recom m endation.
The e v i d e n c e seemed
t o i n d i c a t e t h a t some o f f i c i a l s b a s e d t h e i r e n t i r e s e l e c t i o n o r r e j e c t i o n o f a c a n d i d a t e on one f a c t o r , i g n o r i n g t h e oth ers.
However t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r d i d e n d o r s e l e t t e r s o f
r e c o m m e n d a t i o n a s on e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i a f o r selectin g teach ers.
(1 4 : 1 3 3 )
One s m a l l s e c t i o n o f t h e s t u d y d e a l t s p e c i f i c a l l y w ith s u b j e c t co m b in atio n s and r e q u e s t s f o r j u n i o r c o l l e g e teach ers.
He f o u n d t h a t m o st o f t h e demand was f o r s u b j e c t
com binations r a t h e r th a n s i n g l e - s u b j e c t f i e l d s .
He c o n c l u d e d
t h a t a p r e f e r e n c e f o r t e a c h e r s who c o u l d t e a c h r a t h e r t h a n do r e s e a r c h was i n d i c a t e d .
Some e v i d e n c e w as p r e s e n t e d t o
show t h a t j u n i o r c o l l e g e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s f a v o r e d t e a c h e r s w ith a broad e d u c a tio n a l background.
(1 4 : 2 2 7 )
C oncerning t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t r a i n i n g and e x p e rie n c e
61
p re fe re n c e s of a d m in is tr a to r s in s e l e c t i n g ju n io r c o lle g e p e r s o n n e l , B erry had t h i s t o sa y : . . . re q u e s ts f i l e d w ith th e o f f i c e fo r ju n io r college teach ers u su a lly in d ic a te a preference fo r t h o s e who h a v e h a d s u c c e s s f u l t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e e i t h e r in a n o th e r ju n io r c o lle g e , a high sc h o o l, or a c o l l e g e , an d i n m o s t i n s t a n c e s , p r e f e r a b l y i n t h e o r d e r nam ed. T h i s i s i m p o r t a n t t o know when c o u n s e l i n g s t u d e n t s b e c a u s e many o f them d e s i r e , a n d e v e n e x p e e t, to se c u re a j u n i o r c o lle g e p o s i t i o n im m ediately a f t e r a c q u i r i n g n e c e s s a r y c r e d e n t i a l s an d d e g r e e s r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y may h a v e h a d no p r e v i o u s teaching exp erien ce. T herefore, a t p re se n t, th e s t u d e n t s s h o u l d be a d v i s e d t o s e c u r e t h e G-eneral Secondary c r e d e n t i a l r a t h e r th a n t h e J u n ip r C ollege c r e d e n t i a l b e c a u s e , ( 1 ) t h e f o r m e r i s p r e f e r r e d by ju n io r c o lle g e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , and ( 2 ) i f th e y a r e u n su ccessfu l in secu rin g a ju n io r c o lle g e p o s itio n , t h e y w i l l be j u s t i f i e d t o a c c e p t a h i g h s c h o o l p o s i t i o n in - .w h ic h t h e y may g e t t h e d a s i r e d t e a c h i n g e x p e rie n c e and enhance t h e i r o p p o r t u n i t i e s to t r a n s f e r to a ju n io r c o lle g e l a t e r . (1 4 : 228- 2 9 ) C e rtain data c o lle c te d over th e e ig h t-y e a r p erio d , 1 9 3 &- 1 9 4 6 , a r e s i g n i f i c a n t f o r t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
The f o l l o w i n g seemed t o be m o s t i m p o r t a n t : 1.
A p p r o x i m a t e l y 14 % o f t h e t e a c h e r s l e f t t h e p ro fe ssio n during the eig h t y e a rs, e i t h e r p erm a n en tly o r te m p o r a r i l y , a seem ingly la rg e w aste.
7.
Only ifo o f t h e c a n d i d a t e s s e c u r e d j u n i o r c o l l e g e p o s i t i o n s im m ediately a f t e r com pleting te a c h in g c e r t i f i c a t e re q u ire m e n ts and w ith o u t p re v io u s experience.
11.
E xperienced t e a c h e r s , h o ld in g g e n e r a l secondary c r e d e n t i a l s , have b e t t e r o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r placem ent i n ju n io r c o l le g e s th a n in e x p e rie n c e d t e a c h e r s h o l d i n g t h e same t y p e o f c e r t i f i c a t i o n .
33.
Less th a n o n e - t h i r d of th e c a n d id a te s h o ld in g only ju n io r c o lle g e c r e d e n ti a l s secured te a c h in g p o sitio n s.
62
44.
Age b a r r i e r s a r e a f f e c t e d by s u p p l y a n d demand,
49.
A c a r e f u l l y p la n n e d program o f r e c r u i t m e n t , s e l e c t i o n , a n d g u i d a n c e i s t h e b e s t m eans o f r e d u c i n g t h e number o f c a n d i d a t e s u n s u i t e d t o the te a c h in g p ro fe s s io n ,
50.
R ace, c o l o r , and r e l i g i o n a r e s t i l l p ro m in en t f a c t o r s in th e placem ent o f t e a c h e r s , (1 4 : 34047)
I n s p i t e o f c a r e f u l s e l e c t i o n an d p l a c e m e n t o f w e l l q u a l i f i e d p e r s o n n e l , new t e a c h e r s t o t h e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t o f te n f a i l to produce th e r e s u l t s a n t i c i p a t e d , ac co rd in g to B erry.
He f o u n d t h a t p o o r i n d u c t i o n p r o g r a m s w e r e a m a j o r
f a c t o r a n d s u g g e s t e d t h a t a d m i n i s t r a t o r s s h o u l d p a y m ore a t te n t io n to t h i s phase of personnel a d m in is tra tio n .
"Many
young, w e l l - t r a i n e d and e n t h u s i a s t i c t e a c h e r s have been b a d l y h u r t by s c h o o l o f f i c i a l s who . . . h a v e f a i l e d t o p ro v id e an ad eq u ate in d u c tio n p ro g ram ." G ib b s s t u d y .
(14:308)
I n 1947 G i b b s ( 5 4 : 1 - 2 5 6 )
com pleted h e r
stu d y of te a c h e r in d u c tio n in to s e rv ic e i n c e r t a i n d esig n ate d s c h o o l s i n C a l i f o r n i a w i t h t h e m a j o r e m p h a s i s on t h e San B ernardino Secondary School D i s t r i c t .
One o f t h e p h a s e s o f
h e r stu d y in v o lv e d te a c h e r e v a lu a tio n of in d u c tio n te c h n iq u e s . The t e c h n i q u e s e v a l u a t e d i n c l u d e d community a c t i v i t i e s a n d fa c ilitie s
s u c h a s c o u r t e s i e s o f community o r g a n i z a t i o n s ,
community o r g a n i z a t i o n s p e r f o r m i n g s e r v i c e s i n t h i s a r e a , a v a i l a b i l i t y of housing, a v a i l a b i l i t y of r e c r e a tio n a l fa c ilitie s.
V arious p r o f e s s i o n a l te c h n iq u e s , a c t i v i t i e s ,
63 an d m a t e r i a l s w e r e a l s o e v a l u a t e d .
These i n c l u d e such e f f o r t s
i n i n d u c t i o n a s com m ittee p a r t i c i p a t i o n , w ork sh o p s, t o u r s , in stitu tes,
and b u l l e t i n s .
G ib b s f o u n d t h a t p e r s o n a l r a t h e r t h a n w h o l e s a l e a c t i v i t i e s w e r e more h e l p f u l ,
and t h a t s e n s i t i v i t y on t h e p a r t o f
t h e l o c a l a d m i n i s t r a t o r s t o t e a c h e r p r o b l e m s w e r e more p e r t i n e n t t o t e a c h e r s a t i s f a c t i o n t h a n m ore a d e q u a t e b u i l d i n g s , l o c a t i o n o f a s s i g n m e n t s , an d t h e l i k e . recommended p a r t i c u l a r l y t h a t
(34:242-46)
G ib b s
( 1 ) t e a c h e r s a n d community
l e a d e r s m u s t m a i n t a i n s e r v i c e m e m b e r s h ip i n p r o f e s s i o n a l o r g a n iz a tio n s i f th e y d e s i r e to s o lv e l o c a l problem s;
(2 )
f o r s u c c e s s f u l a d j u s t m e n t , m u t u a l s t u d y by t h e t e a c h e r a n d t h e com m unity i s n e c e s s a r y b e f o r e and a f t e r e m ploym e nt; a nd ( 3 ) c o m m u n i t i e s n e e d t o be e d u c a t e d a s t o w h a t t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s a re tow ard t e a c h e r s . O ther s t u d i e s .
(54:234)
In th e a p p r o p r i a t e s e c t i o n s of the
p resen t in v e s tig a tio n , th e c o n trib u tio n of o th e r v ario u s in ten siv e stu d ies are d e ta ile d .
O nly a m e n t i o n o f t h e m ore
i m p o r t a n t i s made a t t h i s t i m e . The o n e s w h i c h seem ed t o c o n t r i b u t e t h e m o s t i n c l u d e p u b l i c a t i o n s of t h e R esearch D iv is io n o f th e N a tio n a l Educa tio n A sso ciatio n ,
s u c h a s ”The T e a c h e r L ooks a t P e r s o n n e l
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , ” ( 9 3 : 9 6 - 1 4 7 ) and” T e a c h e r P e r s o n n e l P r o c e d u r e s Employment C o n d i t i o n s i n S e r v i c e . ” ( 9 6 : 8 3 - 1 1 5 )
64 Ryans* p u b l i c a t i o n s , p e r h a p s n o t a l t o g e t h e r c l a s s i f i a b l e a s r e s e a r c h , p r o v e d t o be v e r y u s e f u l .
T h i s was
e s p e c i a l l y t r u e o f h i s e f f o r t s i n b e h a lf of t h e N a tio n a l Co m m ittee on T e a c h e r E x a m i n a t i o n on t h e s u b j e c t s o f t h e in te rv iew ,
(1 1 9 :l-& )
c o m p a r in g q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f t e a c h e r s ,
(1 1 8 :1 - 2 7 ) so u rc e s of in fo rm a tio n about q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f can d id ates,
(1 2 0 : 333- 4 2 ) and a p p r a i s i n g t e a c h e r p e r s o n n e l .
(117:1-30) O ther im p o rta n t i n t e n s i v e r e s e a r c h s t u d i e s r e l a t i n g t o th e p r e s e n t problem i n c l u d e th o s e of H a r r i n g to n (6 0 :1 -3 2 ) on r e c o m m e n d a t i o n q u a l i t y a n d p l a c e m e n t s u c c e s s , S n y d e r ( 1 2 7 : 1 - 1 6 0 ) on e d u c a t i o n a l i n b r e e d i n g , S t r a t f o r d
(132:1-248)
on r e s t r i c t i o n s t o f r e e i n t e r s t a t e movement o f t e a c h e r s , D a v i s ( 4 1 : 1 - 2 5 5 ) on p e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h r e e n o n t e a c h i n g s e r v i c e s , an d t h o s e r e v i e w e d i n t h e s u b s e q u e n t s e c t i o n o f t h i s c h a p te r r e l a t i n g to t e a c h e r com petence. RELATED LITERATURE OF A GENERAL NATURE T extbooks i n g e n e r a l o r se c o n d a ry sc h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . T e x t b o o k s i n g e n e r a l an d s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n u s u a l l y d e v o t e f ro m p a r t o f a c h a p t e r t o s e v e r a l c h a p t e r s to th e phase of p erso n n e l a d m in is tr a tio n under c o n s id e r a tio n . Some o f t h e b o o k s g i v e e x t e n d e d t r e a t m e n t t o t h e p r o c e s s o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n , a n d some o t h e r s e m p h a s i z e one a s p e c t o r
65 g iv e but a l i m i t e d t r e a t m e n t of t h e problem s in v o lv e d .
Reeder
( 1 1 0 : 1 1 5 - 1 5 1 ) and C h a m b e r l a i n and K i n d r e d ( 2 8 : 1 4 2 - 1 8 7 ) , p r e s e n t e d w h a t seemed t o be p a r t i c u l a r l y a u t h o r i t a t i v e and e x te n s iv e c o n s id e r a ti o n to th e problem . School s u r v e y s .
C o m p r e h e n s iv e s c h o o l s u r v e y s u s u a l l y
in c lu d e a s e c tio n devoted to th e a d m in is t r a tio n o f th e t e a c h ing p erso n n el.
A p a r t o f t h i s s e c t i o n may i n c l u d e recommen
d a tio n s re g a rd in g th e s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n of t e a c h e r s . Among t h e a u t h o r s w hose s u r v e y s made c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y a r e Melbo ( 8 8 : 1 - 1 9 3 ) , H u l l an d F o r d ( 6 6 : 1 - 3 9 5 ) , a n d S t r a y e r ( 1 3 3 , 1 3 4 , 1 3 5 , 1 3 6 , 1 3 7 , and 1 3 ® ) . * P u b lic a tio n s in personnel a d m in is tra tio n .
A few b o oks
i n e d u c a t i o n h a v e g i v e n an e x h a u s t i v e t r e a t m e n t o f t e a c h e r personnel a d m in istra tio n ,
a c o n s i d e r a b l e p o r t i o n o f w hich
d e a l s w ith problem s r e l a t i n g t o t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n . One o f t h e e a r l i e s t a u t h o r i t a t i v e w o r k s , P e r s o n n e l P r o b l e m s o f t h e T e a c h i n g S t a f f , was a u t h o r e d by L e w i s .
(82:1-460)
He d e v o t e d o n e c h a p t e r e a c h t o t h e f o l l o w i n g t o p i c s :
problem s
i n s e l e c t i n g t e a c h e r s , a p p o in tin g and i n tr o d u c i n g th e t e a c h e r to h e r work, p ro b lem s o f c e r t i f i c a t i o n , h a n d l i n g home t a l e n t ,
p e r s o n n e l problem s i n
problem s o f t h e m a r r ie d t e a c h e r ,
problem s i n m e a su rin g th e m e r i t of t e a c h e r s ,
f a c to r s d eterm in
*For f u r t h e r b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l d a t a see A ppendix.
66
i n g t h e s a l a r y o f t e a c h e r s , how t o i n c r e a s e t e n u r e , a n d p e r s o n a l i t y problem s in t r a i n i n g t e a c h e r s - i n - s e r v i c e .
L e w is
gave g r e a t em phasis t o t h e n e c e s s i t y of p r o v i d i n g a d e q u a te o c c u p a tio n a l d e s c r ip tio n p revious to a se arch f o r a p p lic a n ts* Cooke, a few y e a r s l a t e r i n t h e book P r o b l e m s o f t h e T eaching P e rs o n n e l (3 4 :1 -3 8 4 ) p a t t e r n e d h i s tr e a tm e n t a f t e r L ew is1 e a r l i e r w ork.
C o o k e ’ s n e w e r b ook, A d m i n i s t e r i n g t h e
T eaching P e r s o n n e l . (3 3 :1 -3 4 8 ) proved p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l i n s u g g e s t i n g m e an s o f e v a l u a t i n g t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e p o l i c i e s and p r a c t i c e s a s fo u n d i n t h e c u r r e n t s t u d y . C e r t a i n p u b l i c a t i o n s h a v e p r e s e n t e d a n a n a l y s i s an d e v a l u a t i o n o f an a lo g o u s p r a c t i c e s i n t h e government s e r v i c e an d i n i n d u s t r y .
T h e s e f u r n i s h some b a s i s by w h i c h t h e
j u n i o r c o l l e g e p r a c t i c e s and p o l i c i e s may b e com pared a n d ev aluated .
The m o s t u s e f u l o f t h e s e p u b l i c a t i o n s w e r e
a u t h o r e d by Y o d e r ( 1 5 0 : 1 - 8 0 5 ) and M o sh e r a n d K i n g s l e y (92:1-640.). P u b l i c a t i o n s o f s t a t e and n a t i o n a l e d u c a t i o n a l b o d i e s . Some o f t h e b e s t b a c k g r o u n d i n f o r m a t i o n f o r u n d e r s t a n d i n g such g e n e r a l problem s a s r e c r u i t m e n t , t e a c h e r e d u c a tio n b o th p r e - s e r v i c e and i n - s e r v i c e ,
an d e v a l u a t i o n o f t e a c h e r
s e r v i c e w e r e f u r n i s h e d by p u b l i c a t i o n s d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y s p o n s o r e d by t h e A m e r ic a n C o u n c i l on E d u c a t i o n o r t h e N atio n al E ducation A s s o c ia tio n .
Such p u b l i c a t i o n s i n c l u d e
67 T e a c h e r f o r Our Times ( 5 : 1 - 1 7 6 ) , I m p ro v e m e n t o f T e a c h e r E d u c a tio n (4:1-273)> T eacher E d u c a tio n i n S e rv ic e
(101:1-
503), E v a lu a tio n in Teacher E ducation (1 4 2 :1 -3 6 8 ). RESEARCH AND- LITERATURE ON TEACHER COMPETENCE R a tin g m ethods.
One o f t h e m o s t v e x i n g p r o b l e m s
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s e l e c t i o n an d r e t e n t i o n o f t e a c h e r s a t any o r g a n i z a t i o n a l l e v e l d e r i v e s from t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f d e f i n i n g and g ra d in g t e a c h e r com petence.
O bviously, every
a d m i n i s t r a t o r i n s e l e c t i n g a t e a c h e r does so w ith c e r t a i n s t a n d a r d s i n m in d . N evertheless,
T h e s e may o r may n o t be s h a r p l y d e f i n e d .
c e r ta in q u estio n s are ty p ic a l ly asked.
t h i s p e r s o n a good t e a c h e r ? B?
Is
I s te a c h e r A b e t t e r than te a c h e r
I s t h i s th e b e s t te a c h e r o b ta in a b le under th e c o n d itio n s
in v olved?
I s t h i s th e k ind of te a c h e r needed f o r t h i s
sp e c ific p o sitio n ?
To a n s w e r s u c h q u e s t i o n s e e r t a i n s t a n d a r d s
o f com parison a r e n e e d e d . tio n ,
For th e p u rp o se of t h i s i n v e s t i g a
a d m in istra tiv e ev alu atio n of teach in g e ffic ie n c y i s
n o t only im p o rtan t i n th e procedure desig n ed f o r th e s e l e c t i o n of te a c h e rs but also f o r t h e i r r e t e n t i o n .
The c r i t e r i a f o r
t e a c h e r c o m p e te n c e w h i c h h a v e b e e n u s e d i n t h e p a s t may be c l a s s i f i e d a s th o s e a s s o c i a t e d w ith r a t i n g m ethods, p r o f e s sio n al te s ts ,
p u p i l g a i n , an d t e a c h e r b e h a v i o r .
S elected
r e s e a r c h and l i t e r a t u r e o f e a c h w i l l be r e v i e w e d . The u s e o f r a t i n g m e t h o d s seem s t o b e b a s e d on two
68 m ajor assu m p tio n s:
(1) t h a t t h e r e a r e c e r t a i n q u a l i t i e s o r
t r a i t s w h i c h a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f go o d t e a c h e r s o r good t e a c h i n g and (2) t h a t t h e r a t e r can d e te rm in e th e m agnitude of the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s in in d iv id u a l te a c h e r s .
In v estig a
t i o n s have been con cern ed w i t h p ro b lem s i n c i d e n t to e i t h e r (1) o r ( 2 ) ,
o r to both.
C h a r t e r s a n d W a p le s ( 2 9 ^ 1 - 6 6 6 ) i n t h e i r c o m p r e h e n s i v e su rv e y i n v e s t i g a t e d a s p a r t o f t h e i r problem t h e t r a i t s o f ex cellen t teach ers, ta u g h t.
c l a s s i f y i n g th e m a s t o g r a d e l e v e l
J u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s were n o t i n c l u d e d , p e rh a p s
b e c a u s e t h e n u m b e rs o f s u c h t e a c h e r s w e r e r e l a t i v e l y i n s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e tim e o f th e s tu d y . school g rad es X to X II i n c l u s i v e ,
For s e n io r high
th e f i v e most d e s i r a b l e
t r a i t s o f t w e n t y - f i v e t r a i t s w e r e d i s c o v e r e d t o be (1) breadth of i n t e r e s t th e p r o f e s s io n ,
( i n t e r e s t i n t h e com m unity, I n t e r e s t i n
i n t e r e s t in p u p ils );
(2) s e l f - c o n t r o l
( calm ness, d ig n ity , p o is e , r e s e r v e , s o b r i e t y ) ; ju d g m e n t ( d i s c r e t i o n , (4) l e a d e r s h i p
fo resig h t,
(in itia tiv e ,
in sig h t,
in tellig en ce);
self-co n fid en ce);
sh ip ( i n t e l l e c t u a l c u r io s ity )
(3 ) good
(5) s c h o l a r
(2 9 :1 8 ).
K night (8 0 :1 -6 7 ) a d d re s s e d h im s e lf to th e problem s of i s o l a t i n g t h e s i g n i f i c a n t and m e a su ra b le q u a l i t i e s of e f f e c t i v e t e a c h i n g and m ethods o f m e asu rin g t h e s e q u a l i t i e s . He o b t a i n e d c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n g e n e r a l t e a c h i n g a b i l i t y a n d a g e , am ount o f e x p e r i e n c e ,
q u a lity of handw riting, in -
69 t e l l i g e n c e a s m e a s u r e d by t e s t s , m a j o r a c a d e m i c i n t e r e s t s , n o r m a l s c h o o l s c h o l a r s h i p , am ount o f p r o f e s s i o n a l s t u d y , a nd a b i l i t y t o p a s s a p r o f e s s i o n a l t e s t .
(8 0 :v iii)
He
f o u n d low c o r r e l a t i o n s w h ich c o u l d n o t be j u s t i f i e d f o r u s e in p ro gn osis.
(8 0 :v iii)
I n v ie w o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e
s t u d y was c o n d u c t e d p r i m a r i l y a t t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l le v e l, th e v a l i d i t y fo r o th e r o rg a n iz a tio n a l d iv is io n s of t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m s may be q u e s t i o n a b l e . I n a s t u d y by H a r t ( 6 1 : 1 - 2 8 5 ) , 1 0 , 0 0 0 h i g h s c h o o l ' s e n i o r s w ere asked to d e s c r i b e t h e t e a c h e r l i k e d b e s t , t h e t e a c h e r l i k e d l e a s t , a n d t h e t e a c h e r who t a u g h t m o s t effectiv ely .
The e m p h a s i s i n t h e s t u d y w as p l a c e d on
in d iv id u al d e sc rip tio n s of te ach e rs.
The i n v e s t i g a t o r ,
how ever, p r e s e n t e d a p i c t u r e o f t h e " c o m p o s ite ” t e a c h e r , d e r i v e d fro m a sum m ation o f i n d i v i d u a l d e s c r i p t i o n s .
The
t r a i t s r a n k i n g h i g h e s t f o r t h e t e a c h e r l i k e d b e s t w e r e (1 ) in stru c tio n a l a b ility , ness,
(2) goo d n a t u r e d n e s s ,
(4) i n t e r e s t i n p u p i l s ,
i n w ork,
(5) a b i l i t y t o i n t e r e s t p u p i l s
(6 ) a b i l i t y t o d i s c i p l i n e ,
(8) l a c k o f s a r c a s m .
(61:131)
(3 ) f r i e n d l i
(7) i m p a r t i a l i t y ,
and
C o m p o s i t e s w e r e a l s o made
f ro m d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e t e a c h e r l i k e d l e a s t a n d t h e t e a c h e r who t a u g h t m o s t e f f e c t i v e l y . Many o t h e r s i m i l a r s t u d i e s h a v e b e e n m a d e. As a r u l e ,
(79:354)
t h e s e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h a v e b een v i g o r o u s l y a t t a c k e d .
P erh ap s t h e m a jo r c r i t i c i s m s have been d i r e c t e d a t t h e i r
70 im puted f a i l u r e t o c o n s i d e r t e a c h e r - p u p i l r e l a t i o n s h i p s (79^355) o r t h a t t h e y em phasize t e a c h e r a c t i v i t y r a t h e r th a n p u p il a c t i v i t y .
(110:243)
N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e A m e r i c a n C o u n c i l on E d u c a t i o n t h r o u g h t h e Com mission on T e a c h e r E d u c a t i o n r e c e n t l y u n d e r t o o k a s one of i t s m a jo r problem s t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f q u a l i t i e s t h a t s h o u l d be s o u g h t f o r i n t e a c h e r s o f c h i l d r e n an d young people d u rin g th e n e x t g e n e ra tio n .
(5 :x v i)
The Commission
t o o k t h e s t a n d t h a t t e a c h e r e d u c a t i o n c a n n o t be p l a n n e d except in th e l i g h t of purpose, t h a t th e purpose of te a c h e r e d u c a tio n i s t o produce good t e a c h e r s ,
th a t excellence in a
te a c h e r i s r e l a t i v e to t h e ta s k s t h a t he ought to perform , and t h a t t h o s e t a s k s s h o u l d b e d e t e r m i n e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e n a t u r e a n d n e e d s o f c h i l d r e n and o f t h e c h a n g i n g s o c i e t y i n w h i c h t h e t e a c h i n g i s t o be d o n e .
($ :x v i)
A fter
s tu d y i n g t h e v a r i o u s a s p e c t s o f th e problem d e s c r i b e d above, t h e Commission made r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e e s s e n t i a l q u a l i t i e s needed in te a c h e r s . The f o l l o w i n g i s a b r i e f o u t l i n e o f d e s i r a b l e t e a c h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h i c h t h e Commission d e v e l o p e d i n d e t a i l : (1) r e s p e c t f o r p e r s o n a l i t y , r a ti o n a l behavior,
(2 ) c o m m u n i t y - m i n d e d n e s s ,
(4) s k i l l i n c o o p e r a t i o n ,
t h a t r e s u l t s in continuous le a r n in g , know ledge,
(3)
(3) i n n e r d r i v e
(6) s k i l l i n m e d i a t i n g
(7) f r i e n d l i n e s s w i t h c h i l d r e n ,
(8) u n d e r s t a n d i n g
71 and i n s i g h t r e s p e c t i n g human g r o w t h and d e v e l o p m e n t , s o c ia l u n d erstan d in g to b eh av io r, th e school as s o c ie ty ,
(9)
( 1 0 ) good c i t i z e n s h i p i n
(1 1 ) s k i l l i n e v a l u a t i o n , a n d (12)
f a i t h i n th e w orth o f te a c h i n g . P ro fessio n al t e s t s .
P r o f e s s io n a l t e s t s enjoy a
l i m i t e d u se a s one o f t h e e le m e n ts i n t h e p ro c e d u re o f te a c h e r s e l e c t i o n . (8:138)
Boardman ( 1 6 : 1 - 8 5 )
co n trib u ted
a m a j o r r e s e a r c h i n w h i c h h e s o u g h t t o f i n d o u t how e f f e c t i v e l y exam inations of t h i s ty p e d i f f e r e n t i a t e d be tw e e n e f f i c i e n t a n d n o n e f f i c i e n t h i g h s c h o o l t e a c h e r s . obtained ran k in g s,
He
b a s e d on g e n e r a l t e a c h i n g e f f i c i e n c y , o f
t e a c h e r s i n h i g h s c h o o l s , a n d g a v e th e m t e s t s and a l s o a p sy c h o lo g ic a l exam ination.
C o rre la tin g the ran k in g s in
t e a c h i n g e f f i c i e n c y w i t h r a n k i n g s p r o d u c e d by t h e t e s t s h e c o n c l u d e d t h a t "The c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e so low th a t the t e s t s ,
s in g ly o r in com bination, a r e o f sm a ll valu e
in p r e d ic tin g th e e f f i c i e n t h ig h school te a c h e r a s determ ined by t h e c r i t e r i o n . "
(16:65)
I t m i g h t be p r e s u m e d t h a t b e c a u s e o f i t s l i m i t e d use and la c k of p o s i t i v e f in d in g s r e g a r d in g i t , e x a m i n a t i o n h a s become a d e a d i s s u e . E xam inations,
the w r itte n
The N a t i o n a l T e a c h e r
s p o n s o r e d by t h e A m e r i c a n C o u n c i l on E d u c a t i o n ,
h a s become a t o p i c o f c o n s i d e r a b l e c o n t r o v e r s y .
I n 1939
t h e C o u n c i l a p p o i n t e d t h e N a t i o n a l C om m ittee on T e a c h e r
72 E x a m in a tio n s to e n c o u ra g e r e s e a r c h and p r a c t i c e s t h a t con t r i b u t e t o t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f good t e a c h i n g ,
(117:13)
I t s i m m e d i a t e p u r p o s e w as t o make a v a i l a b l e t o s c h o o l s y s t e m s a n d c o l l e g e s a n e x a m i n i n g s e r v i c e w h i c h w o u ld p r o v i d e f o r th e com parable measurem ent o f c e r t a i n a b i l i t i e s and.know le d g e s o f pro_spective t e a c h e r s .
S ince i t s in c e p tio n th e
C om m ittee h a s a d m i n i s t e r e d a n a n n u a l t e s t i n g p r o g r a m on a n ation-w ide b a s is .
(117:3)
Some c h a n g e s i n m e t h o d s o f a d m i n i s t e r i n g ,
scope,
and s u g g e s t i o n s f o r use have o c c u r r e d from tim e t o t i m e .
As
o f 1 9 4 9 , t h e Common E x a m i n a t i o n B a t t e r y i n c l u d e d : 1.
2.
3.
P ro fe s s io n a l In fo rm atio n a.
E d ucation as a S o c ia l I n s t i t u t i o n
b.
C h i l d D e v e lo p m e n t a n d E d u c a t i o n a l P s y c h o l o g y
c.
G uidance and m easurem ent i n E d u c a tio n
d.
G e n e r a l P r i n c i p l e s a n d M e th o d s o f T e a c h i n g
M ental A b i l i t i e s and B asic S k i l l s a.
N onverbal R easoning
b.
V e r b a l C o m p re h e n s io n
c.
E n g lish E xpression
G eneral C u ltu re a.
H isto ry , L ite ra tu re ,
and F in e A rts
b.
S c i e n c e an d M a t h e m a t i c s
c.
Contem porary A f f a i r s
(117:6)
73 C e r t a in o p t io n a l ex a m in a tio n s have been p re p a re d to r e v e a l m a s t e r y i n s u b j e c t m a t t e r t o be t a u g h t , stu d ies,
b i o l o g i c a l s c i e n c e , and S p a n i s h .
such a s s o c i a l
(117:6)
These t e s t s have been d esig n ed to p ro v id e o b j e c t i v e m easurem ent o f t h r e e t y p e s o f q u a l i f i c a t i o n s , nam ely, t e a c h e r ’s p r o f e s s i o n a l background, m e n ta l a b i l i t y , and g e n e r a l c u l t u r a l know ledge.
The C om m ittee p r o p o s e d t e n
such s e t s o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . th erefo re,
(121:67)
I t may be o b s e r v e d ,
t h a t th e exam inations a re n o t designed to e v a lu a te
a l l r e l e v a n t and s i g n i f i c a n t t e a c h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s . The p r o p o n e n t s o f t h e N a t i o n a l T e a c h e r E x a m i n a t i o n s h a v e made a v a i l a b l e n a t i o n - w i d e norm s b a s e d upon t h e e x a m i n a t i o n s c o r e s o f t e a c h e r s - i n - t r a i n i n g and t e a c h e r s - i n - s e r v i e e . As a n a i d t o t h e i r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n ,
s c o r e s made i n e a c h p a r t
o f t h e t e s t a r e c o n v e r t e d t o a common s c a l e . a n y one t e s t may, i t i s
claim ed,
The r e s u l t s o f
be co m p ared w i t h a n y o t h e r .
(121:74) T h e s e e x a m i n a t i o n s h a v e been u s e d i n s c h o o l s y s t e m s i n c o n n e c tio n w ith t h e s e l e c t i o n of t e a c h e r s , assignm ent to i n s t r u c t i o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , prom otion,
e lig ib ility for
p e r m a n e n t a p p o i n t m e n t , an d I n - s e r v i c e g u i d a n c e an d c o u n s e l i n g . (121:76)
The p r i m a r y u s e , h o w e v e r , I s a s an a i d t o s e l e c t i o n
a t t h e t i m e o f e m p lo y m e n t.
The e x a m i n a t i o n s a r e a l s o a d
m i n i s t e r e d by s c h o o l s o f e d u c a t i o n b o t h a t t h e u n d e r g r a d u a t e
74 an d g r a d u a t e l e v e l ,
a n d i n a g r o w i n g n um be r o f i n s t i t u t i o n s
as th e q u a l i f y i n g ex a m in a tio n f o r g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s . (117:5) A number o f w r i t e r s h a v e t a k e n d i a m e t r i c a l l y o p p o s i t e view s r e g a r d i n g t h e N a ti o n a l T each er E x a m in a tio n s .( 7 :1 7 9 - 8 1 ; 70:753-56; 115:53-4) den un ciation .
H ow land, p a r t i c u l a r l y , w r o t e a v i g o r o u s
He was a f r a i d t h a t ,
due t o t h e p r e s t i g e o f
sp o n so rsh ip , g e n e ra l e x c e lle n c e o f th e exam ination i t s e l f , and t h e b a s e o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , t h e e x a m i n a t i o n s w o u ld t e n d t o be t h e s o l e b a s i s o f s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s .
A ll the
t e a c h e r s w o u ld c a r r y a c a r d sh o w in g t h a t t h e y p a s s e d t h e e x a m i n a t i o n s , i n s t r u c t i o n i n t e a c h e r e d u c a t i o n w o u ld become standardized,
f a c t u a l k n o w le d g e w o u ld a s s u m e p r e d o m i n a n c e —
t h e s e w e r e some o f h i s c r i t i c i s m s . ( 1 1 5 *53) The N a t i o n a l Com m ittee o f T e a c h e r E x a m i n a t i o n s i n i t s l i t e r a t u r e have s t r e s s e d th e p o i n t t h a t t h e s e t e s t s c o n s t i t u t e o n ly one, b u t an i n d i s p e n s a b l e elem en t i n th e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n p r o g r a m , a n d s h o u l d be u s e d a l o n g w i t h o t h e r e q u a l l y in d is p e n s a b le e le m e n ts .(1 1 7 :5 ) still
r e l a t i v e l y new, i t
In a s m u c h a s t h e t e s t s a r e
i s to o e a r l y to say w h eth er or n o t
t h i s i n n o v a t i o n w i l l i n f l u e n c e t o a m a rk e d e x t e n t p r e v a i l i n g m ethods o f s e l e c t i n g and r e t a i n i n g ^ j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s . P u p ils - g a in m ethods.
One m e th o d by w h i c h t e a c h i n g
s u c c e s s may be q u a l i f i e d i s i n t e r m s o f m e a s u r a b l e c h a n g e s which t e a c h e r s p ro d u ce i n p u p i l s .
B arr and h i s a s s o c i a t e s
75 e s p e c i a l l y h a v e made e x t e n s i v e u s e o f t h i s c r i t e r i o n . ( 1 3 : 1 - 5 ) These r e s e a r c h e r s have a tte m p te d t o d e te r m in e q u a n t i t a t i v e changes n o t only in f a c t u a l in fo rm a tio n but a ls o in a t t i t u d e s , sk ills,
and b e h a v i o r o f p u p i l s . B arr ad m itted t h a t ,
i n s p i t e o f th e t h e o r e t i c a l sound
n e s s o f u s in g p u p i l change a s a m easure o f t e a c h i n g e f f i c i e n c y , some v e r y r e a l d i f f i c u l t i e s e n s u e d .
The g o a l s o f t e a c h i n g
a n d l e a r n i n g , t h e d i f f e r e n c e s f ro m p u p i l t o p u p i l , t h e a c t u a l m easurem ents of changes u s e d , f o r exam ple, a f f e c t n o t o n ly t h e m e t h o d s o f p r o c e d u r e em ployed b u t a l s o t h e i n t e r p r e t s - ^ t i o n s w h i c h can be m a d e . ( 1 3 : 2 0 0 ) No a t t e m p t w i l l be made i n t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n to review s p e c i f i c r e s e a rc h e s i n t h i s a r e a .
I t is
b elieved
t h a t i n d i v i d u a l r e s e a r c h s t u d i e s have l i t t l e i f any i m p l i c a t i o n f o r th e developm ent o f t h e p r e s e n t pro b lem .
M ost o f t h e
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h a v e b ee n c o n d u c t e d i n s c h o o l g r a d e s b e lo w t h e n in th .
Then, t o o , t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s found between t e a c h i n g
su ccess, using th e c r i t e r i o n of p u p il g a in , as teach er p erso n a lity , h e a lth , have been low .
and f a c t o r s s u c h
e x p e r ie n c e , and i n t e l l i g e n c e
B a rr b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e low c o r r e l a t i o n s
were i n a l a r g e p a r t due t o t h e n a t u r e o f t e a c h i n g a b i l i t y itse lf.
C o n c e r n i n g t h i s p o i n t t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s by
th is in v e s tig a to r appear s ig n if ic a n t. T e a c h i n g i s a v e r y c o m p le x a c t i v i t y , composed o f many p a r t s . W i t h i n t h e u n i t y o f t h e f u n c t i o n i n g w h o l e t h e r e a r e n u m e ro u s c o m p o n e n ts no one o f w h i c h , e x c e p t
76 w ith in v e ry broad l i m i t s , c o n t r i b u t e s g r e a t l y to te a c h in g e ffic ie n c y * Taken t o g e t h e r , h o w e v e r , t h e y p r o d u c e th e e f f e c t o b s e rv e d * (13:202) Teacher b e h a v io r.
What a p p e a r s t o b e a s i g n i f i c a n t
movement i n d e f i n i n g t e a c h e r c o m p e te n c e was i n i t i a t e d
by t h e
C a l i f o r n i a C o u n c i l on T e a c h e r . E d u c a t i o n i n 1946 when i t recommended t h a t a c o m m i t t e e be a p p o i n t e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e s o f f o r m u l a t i n g an a c c e p t a b l e s t a t e m e n t o f t e a c h i n g com petence and d e te rm in in g t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t e a c h e r e d u c a tio n program s i n o p e r a t i o n . (2 6 :1 ) firs t-n a m e d purpose,
S p e c i f i c a l l y concerning th e
t h e c o m m i t t e e w as t o b e r e s p o n s i b l e
f o r "The d e f i n i t i o n o f a n e f f e c t i v e s e c o n d a r y t e a c h e r i n C a lif o r n i a s t a t e d in term s of t y p i c a l b eh a v io r o f a d e s i r a b le t e a c h e r and m o d if ic a tio n s d e s i r a b l e i n p u p i l s ." (2 6 :1 ) The Com m ittee on T e a c h e r C om petence f i r s t made a s t u d y o f m e t h o d s u s e d by p r e v i o u s i n v e s t i g a t o r s i n t h e i r e f f o r t s to d e f in e good t e a c h i n g .
A f te r c a r e f u l stu d y th e
Co m m ittee became c o n v i n c e d (1 ) t h a t l i t t l e
p r o g r e s s had
b ee n made a n d ( 2 ) t h a t t h e m a j o r s o u r c e o f d i f f i c u l t y r e s i d e d i n t h e c r i t e r i a o f t e a c h i n g c o m p e t e n c e e m p lo y e d . Hence, th e com m ittee th r e w o v e rb o a rd r a t i n g s c a l e s , p ro fessio n al te s ts ,
p u p i l - g a i n , and v a r i a n t s a s c r i t e r i a .
I n s t e a d i t f o c u s e d i t s a t t e n t i o n on "What t h e t e a c h e r c a n do t h a t he o u g h t t o be a b l e t o do a s a c o m p e t e n t p r o f e s s i o n a l p e rs o n ." (2 6 :1 )
77 The f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h f ro m t h e r e p o r t c l a r i f i e s t h e i n t e n t a n d m e t h o d s o f t h e C o m m itt e e , . . . i t may be r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e r e w e r e r e c u r r i n g q u e s tio n s r e f l e c t i n g an u n e a sin e s s t h a t t h e sta te m e n t did n o t c o n ta in r e f e r e n c e to p e rso n a l q u a l i t i e s , as f o r e x a m p le t i d i n e s s i n d r e s s , g o o d s p e e c h , m a n n e r s , an d h e a l t h h a b i t s , w h i c h a r e q u i t e p r o p e r l y c o n s i d e r e d t o be i m p o r t a n t i n a t e a c h e r . The c o m m i t t e e u n a n i m o u s l y f e l t , how ever, t h a t such q u a l i t i e s w ere i m p o r ta n t t o th e e x te n t th a t th e y r e f l e c t e d them selves in a d e s ir a b le t y p e o f p r o f e s s i o n a l b e h a v i o r and t h a t t h e f o c u s o u g h t t o be k e p t on t h e t y p e o f b e h a v i o r , e x p e c t e d o f a t e a c h e r . W h i l e i t may be g e n e r a l l y a g r e e d t h a t good p e r s o n a l appearance i s d e s ir a b le in a te a c h e r , i t i s im p o rtan t t o e s t a b l i s h w h e t h e r t h a t makes a t e a c h e r more c o m p e t e n t . W h e neve r a p e r s o n s a i d " y e s , b u t a t e a c h e r o u g h t t o b e t i d y i n h e r d r e s s , " t h e com m ittee c o u n t e r e d w i t h t h e q u e s t i o n , "Why?" The r e s p o n s e s w e r e v a r i e d an d f r e q u e n t l y vague: " I t i s a g o o d t h i n g i t s e l f " ; " i t h a s a good i n f l u e n c e on p u p i l s " ; " i t m akes p u p i l s be t i d y " ; " i t b u i l d s c o n f i d e n c e an d r e s p e c t i n t h e t e a c h e r h e r s e l f and i n t h e p u p i l s and i n t h e p a r e n t s . " T ranslated i n t o b e h a v io r a l te rm s i t u s u a l l y m eant: "the te ach er e s ta b li s h e s ra p p o rt w ith p u p ils " o r "m aintains e f f e c t iv e re la tio n s w ith p a re n ts, e tc ." The a t t r a c t i v e h a i r d o , t a k i n g a c o u rse i n a d o l e s c e n t p sy c h o lo g y , h av in g an i n t e r e s t i n g p e r s o n a l i t y an d t h e l i k e a r e a l l s e c o n d a r y to th e b eh av io r i t s e l f . The c o m m i t t e e b e l i e v e s t h a t much c l a r i f i c a t i o n w i l l r e s u l t by k e e p i n g t h e s t a t e m e n t on t e a c h i n g com petence f r e e o f v ag u e g e n e r a l i t i e s ab o u t p e rso n a lity , ch aracter t r a i t s , e tc . L e t t h e r e be some g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t on t h e k i n d o f b e h a v i o r we a r e t r y i n g to p ro d u ce, and th e n open t h e f lo o d g a t e s f o r e x p e rim e n ta tio n . Encourage th e w id e s t p o s s i b l e v a r i e t y of p ro c e d u re s to develop t h a t b e h a v io r: some s c h o o l s may w a n t t o em phasize p e r s o n a l a p p e a r a n c e , o t h e r s t o n e g l e c t o r to i g n o r e i t ; some may w i s h t o e m p h a s i z e i n t e l l i g e n c e , o t h e r s p e r s o n a l i t y ; some may h i g h l i g h t c o u r s e s i n e d u c a t i o n a l m e t h o d s , o t h e r s s t u d e n t t e a c h i n g an d s t i l l o t h e r s a c a r e f u l k e e p i n g away f r o m - p r o f e s s i o n a l e d u c a t i o n a s s u c h . But when t h e f i n a l t e s t com es, t h e p r o d u c t s s h o u l d be m e a s u r e d a g a i n s t t h e commonly a g r e e d upon c r i t e r i a . In t h i s w ay, we may b e g i n t o v a l i d a t e some o f o u r p r o c e d u r e s and p r a c t i c e s . ( 2 6 :2 ) A f t e r two y e a r s o f s t u d y a n d t r y o u t s t h e c o m m i t t e e
73 released i t s
d e f i n i t i o n o f t e a c h e r com petence.
Only a
p o r t i o n o f i t i s p r e s e n t e d below. The c o m p e t e n t t e a c h e r : 1.
P ro v id es f o r th e le a rn in g of s tu d e n ts w ith effectiv en ess. 1 .1
Uses p s y c h o l o g i c a l p r i n c i p l e s o f l e a r n i n g . 1.11 Uses e f f e c t i v e and c o n tin u in g . m o tiv atio n . 1 . 1 1 1 R e c o g n i z e s and m akes u s e o f t h e i n t e r e s t s , a b i l i t i e s an d n e e d s of stu d e n ts. 1.112 Uses th e e x p e rie n c e s of s tu d e n ts an d d r a w s upon l i f e s i t u a t i o n s and th e i n t e r e s t s i n h e r e n t i n su b ject m a tte r. 1.12 P ro v id es v a r ie d le a r n in g e x p e rie n c e s. 1 .1 3 Uses a v a r i e t y o f t e a c h i n g p r o c e d u r e s , such a s d r i l l , rev iew , e t c . , e f f e c t i v e l y . 1.1 4 P lan s c o o p e ra tiv e ly w ith s tu d e n ts .
1 .2
U s e s p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e g r o w t h and d e v e l o p m e n t of c h ild re n in le a rn in g s it u a ti o n s . 1.21 P ro v id e s f o r d i f f e r e n t i a t e d a c t i v i t i e s a n d a s s i g n m e n t s t o m e e t t h e n e e d s and a b i l i t i e s of stu d en ts. 1 . 2 2 Knows t h e h e a l t h ( m e n t a l an d p h y s i c a l ) s t a t u s o f h i s s t u d e n t s and a d a p t s a c t i v i t i e s to t h e i r n eeds.
1.3
M a i n t a i n s an a t m o s p h e r e i n t h e c l a s s r o o m t h a t i s c o n d u c i v e t o l e a r n i n g an d i s m a r k e d by a s e n s e o f b a l a n c e b e t w e e n f r e e d o m a n d se cu rity . 1 . 3 1 M a i n t a i n s an e f f e c t i v e w o r k i n g s i t u a tio n . 1 . 3 2 H e l p s s t u d e n t s i n c r e a s i n g l y t o a s su m e l e a d e r s h i p and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . 1.33 P ro v id e s o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r s t u d e n t s to c o o p e r a t e an d t o e x e r c i s e l e a d e r s h i p i n t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f l a r g e an d s m a l l groups. 1 .3 4 P ro v id es o p p o rtu n ity f o r e x p ressio n of in d ependent c r i t i c a l th o u g h t w ith e m p h a s i s on f r e e d o m o f e x p r e s s i o n a n d o pen-m indedness.
79 1 .4
P lans e f f e c tiv e ly 1 .41 A ids th e s tu d e n ts to d e f in e w o rth w hile o b je c tiv e s f o r 1.411 Large u n i t s (26:5)
The c o m m i t t e e b e l i e v e d t h i s s t a t e m e n t o f c o m p e t e n c e i n t e a c h i n g w o u l d be u s e f u l i n r e c r u i t m e n t , g u i d a n c e , c u r r i c u l u m ev alu atio n ,
in te rd e p a rtm e n ta l plan n in g ,
e v a l u a t i o n on t h e j o b , r e s e a r c h . (26:2-4)
selectio n ,
placem ent,
guide f o r i n - s e r v i c e e d u c a tio n ,
and
In a s m u c h a s t h i s s t u d y was c o n d u c t e d f o r
s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l t e a c h e r s o f C a l i f o r n i a , where t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s a r e l e g a l l y and i n t h e o r y a p a r t o f se co n d ary ed u catio n , i t
seem s t h a t t h i s p r o n o u n c e m e n t i s p a r t i c u l a r l y
r e l e v a n t to th e problem s of p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n . CHAPTER SUMMARY R e s e a r c h on m a j o r p h a s e s o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n .
The
r e s e a r c h s t u d i e s w h ic h h a v e g i v e n a c o m p r e h e n s i v e a n a l y s i s and e v a l u a t i o n o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n , chapter, are six :
as p re se n te d in t h i s
B a llo u i n 1915, t h e N a ti o n a l E d u ca tio n
A s s o c i a t i o n R e s e a c h D i v i s i o n i n 1 9 3 2 , D e f f e n b a u g h and Z e i g a l i n 1932, Coulbourn i n 1937, th e N a t i o n a l E d u c a tio n A s s o c i a t i o n R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n i n 1 9 4 2 , an d A t k i n s o n i n 1 9 4 S . The l a s t t h r e e nam ed, a n d C o u l b o u r n Ts i n p a r t i c u l a r ,
bear
m o s t h e a v i l y on t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n . R e s e a r c h on l i m i t e d p h a s e s o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n . R e s e a rc h s t u d i e s w hich have been l i m i t e d i n s c o p e ,
but w hich
80 w ere p a r t i c u l a r l y im p o r ta n t e i t h e r in th e developm ent o f t h e p r e s e n t problem o r i n th e e v a l u a t i o n o f p r a c t i c e , were th o s e o f T i e g s on t e a c h e r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , l e t t e r s o f a p p l i c a t i o n , and p h o t o g r a p h s , M o r r i s e t t on l e t t e r s o f r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , B e r r y on t e a c h e r p l a c e m e n t , and G ib b s on t e a c h e r i n d u c t i o n in to se rv ic e . B elated l i t e r a t u r e of a g en e ra l n a tu r e . lite ra tu re
The r e l a t e d
i n c l u d e d t e x t b o o k s i n g e n e r a l and s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l
ad m in istratio n ,
school su rv ey s, p u b lic a tio n s in p ersonnel
adm in istratio n ,
and p u b l i c a t i o n s o f n a t i o n a l e d u c a t i o n a l
b o dies.
The d e t a i l s o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e w e r e d e f e r r e d t o t h e
a p p ro p ria te ch ap ters of t h i s in v e stig a tio n :. , R e s e a r c h and l i t e r a t u r e on t e a c h e r c o m p e t e n c e .
The
r e s e a r c h a n d l i t e r a t u r e on t e a c h e r c o m p e te n c e w e r e t r e a t e d under fo u r t o p i c s : p u p il g ain ,
r a t i n g m ethods, p r o f e s s i o n a l t e s t s ,
and t e a c h e r b e h a v i o r .
C h a r t e r s a n d W a ples
a t t e m p t e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e and c l a s s i f y d e s i r a b l e t e a c h e r t r a i t s ; K n ig h t a d d re s s e d h i m s e l f t o t h e problem of c o r r e l a t in g e f f e c t i v e t e a c h i n g w i t h c e r t a i n q u a l i t i e s such a s age and e x p e r i e n c e ; H a rt a s k e d 1 0 ,0 0 0 h ig h s c h o o l s e n i o r s t o d e sc rib e th e te a c h e r th ey lik e d b e s t, lik e d l e a s t , ta u g h t most e f f e c t i v e l y .
and who
The A m e r ic a n C o u n c i l on E d u c a t i o n
h a s made a r e c e n t p r o n o u n c e m e n t o f d e s i r a b l e t e a c h e r ch a ra cte ristic s.
31 P r o f e s s i o n a l t e s t s h a v e b ee n a d v o c a t e d a s a m eans o f m e a su rin g com petence.
The A m e r i c a n C o u n c i l on E d u c a t i o n h a s
and i s p r o m o t i n g t h e N a t i o n a l T e a c h e r E x a m i n a t i o n s f o r t h i s purpose. The r e s e a r c h on p u p i l - g a i n m e t h o d s h a v e been m o s t l y conducted i n th e e le m e n ta ry g r a d e s . Teacher b eh a v io r as a b a s is f o r m easuring te a c h e r c o m p e te n c e was a d v o c a t e d by t h e C a l i f o r n i a C o u n c i l on Teacher E d u catio n .
S i n c e i t w as d e s i g n e d f o r C a l i f o r n i a
secondary sc h o o ls, i t
seemed t o b e p a r t i c u l a r l y r e l e v a n t
to the s u b je c t of t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
CHAPTER IV
DESCRIPTION OF THE JUNIOR COLLEGE AND ITS TEACHERS THE JUNIOR COLLEGE - ITS GROWTH AND OBJECTIVES Purpose of th e c h a p t e r .
E a r lie r in t h i s in v e s tig a tio n
i t was p r o p o s e d t h a t a n a l l - i n c l u s i v e p r o g r a m o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n be c o n c e i v e d t o e n c o m p a s s s e v e n s t e p s o r h u r d l e s , s t a r t i n g w i t h t h e r e c r u i t m e n t p r o c e s s and en d in g w i t h th e perm anent r e t e n t i o n o f th e t e a c h e r .
S ince th e d a ta of t h i s
i n v e s t i g a t i o n a r e l i m i t e d to t h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e w hole p ro c e s s subsequent to c e r t i f i c a t i o n ,
i t se em e d d e s i r a b l e t o
p r e s e n t an o v erv ie w o f t h e f i r s t f o u r s t e p s .
I t a l s o seemed
d e s i r a b l e to p la c e t h i s phase of p erso n n e l a d m in is t r a tio n in its
s e t t i n g w ith r e f e r e n c e to th e j u n i o r c o l le g e a s a unique
and r e c e n t developm ent i n Am erican e d u c a t i o n . serves t h i s dual purpose. are
T his c h a p te r
The t o p i c s s p e c i f i c a l l y c o n s i d e r e d
( 1 ) t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e — i t s g r o w t h and o b j e c t i v e s a n d ( 2 )
t h e t e a c h i n g p e r s o n n e l and e f f o r t s t o im prove i t . H i s t o r y and g r o w t h .
A lthough p e r m is s iv e l e g i s l a t i o n
f o r p u b l i c j u n i o r c o l l e g e s p r e c e d e d t h e a c t u a l o p e r a t i o n by a few y e a r s , t h e movement i t s e l f f a l l s w i t h i n t h e s p a n o f four decades.
P r iv a te ju n io r c o lle g e s anteceded the p u b lic
j u n i o r c o l l e g e s by a n o t h e r d e c a d e .
N ineteen p r iv a te ju n io r
c o l l e g e s w ere i n e x i s t e n c e p r i o r t o 1910, t h e g r e a t m a j o r i t y o f them s t a r t i n g o p e r a t i o n s b e t w e e n 1900 an d 1 9 1 0 . ( 2 0 : 2 8 3 - 3 0 7 )
S3 An a n a l y s i s o f a t t e n d a n c e d a t a , h o w e v e r ,
re v e a ls th a t the
s c o p e o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s e v e n by 1 9 2 0 w as v e r y l i m i t e d . F o r e x a m p le , i n 1915 t h e r e w e r e o n l y 2 ,3 6 3 s t u d e n t s e n r o l l e d i n a l l o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a s may be o b s e r v e d by r e f e r e n c e t o T a b l e I I I .
By 1922 t h e t o t a l e n
r o l l m e n t w as o n l y s l i g h t l y i n e x c e s s o f 1 6 ,0 0 ,0 .
These
f i g u r e s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u b s t a n t i a l developm ent o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e h a s come w e l l w i t h i n t h e l a s t t h i r t y y e a r s . F u r t h e r , a n a l y s i s o f g r o w t h d a t a shows v i r t u a l l y a d o u b l i n g o f e n r o l l m e n t e v e r y s i x y e a r s f r o m 1922 t o 1940.. The n um be r o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e s s e r v i n g t h i s p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e d much more s l o w l y , i n d i c a t i n g a g e n e r a l r i s e i n in s titu tio n a l size.
By 1948 t h e r e w e r e i n e x i s t e n c e a b o u t
650 s u c h c o l l e g e s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , e n r o l l i n g n e a r l y h a l f a m illio n stu d en ts.
E ven a s s u m i n g s t a t i c
c o n d i t i o n s , i t w o u ld
seem t h a t t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e i s now a m a j o r d i v i s i o n i n t h e s y s t e m o f A m e r ic a n e d u c a t i o n . A n tic ip a te d grow th.
T h e r e h a v e b e e n a num ber o f
attem p ts to f o r e c a s t th e needs in h ig h e r ed u catio n .
One s u c h
w as made by t h e N a t i o n a l R e s o u r c e s P l a n n i n g B o a rd i n 1 9 4 3 . (6:10)
B ased on 1940 f i g u r e s , a 130 p e r c e n t e x p a n s i o n o f
e n r o l l m e n t s i n t h e f i r s t two y e a r s o f f o u r - y e a r c o l l e g e s w o u ld be n e e d e d , a n d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y a 600 p e r c e n t e x p a n s i o n i n j u n i o r c o l l e g e s and t e c h n i c a l i n s t i t u t e s .
P opular-
&4 TABLE
III
GROWTH OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE JUNIOR COLLEGES OF THE UNITED STATES AS REVEALED BY NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS AND ENROLLMENT FOR SELECTED YEARS Year
1915 1922 1927 1928 1929 19 3 0 1931 1932 1933 193 4 1935 1936 1937 1936 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 194 4 1945 1946 1947 1946
Number o f in stitu tio n s 74 207 325 40B 405 429 436 469 493 514 521 518 528 553 556 575 610 627 624 586 584 591 637 652 -
E nrollm ent
2,363 16,031 35,630 50,529 54,438 67,627 74,088 97,631 9 6,555 103,592 107,807 122,311 129,106 136,623 155,588 . 196,710 236,162 267,406 314,349 325,151 249,788 251,290 294,475 446,734
Mote: A l l d a t a i n t h i s t a b l e a p p e a r i n a s i m i l a r t a b l e i n tfA m e r ic a n J u n i o r C p l l e g e s " ( 1 7 : 9 - 1 0 ) p r e p a r e d u n d e r t h e a u s p i c e s o f A m e r ic a n C o u n c i l on E d u c a t i o n , e d i t e d by J e s s e P* B o g u e .
£5 m a g a z i n e a r t i c l e s i n t e r p r e t e d t h i s t o mean t h a t by 1957 o u r f o u r - y e a r c o l l e g e s s h o u ld h av e 2 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 s t u d e n t s and o u r j u n i o r c o l l e g e s an e q u a l n u m b e r . The f i g u r e s o f t h e N a t i o n a l R e s o u r c e s B o a rd w e r e v ie w e d by many a s v i s i o n a r y .
However, t h e R e p o r t o f t h e
P r e s i d e n t s C om m ission on H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n a p p e a r i n g i n December 1947 a n d e a r l y i n 1948 s u b s t a n t i a t e d t h e e s t i m a t e s o f t h e N a t i o n a l R e s o u r c e s B o a rd t o a m a r k e d e x t e n t . e x a m p l e , i n Volume X o f i t s
For
r e p o r t e n t i t l e d ‘’E s t a b l i s h i n g
t h e G o a l s , ” t h e Com mission b e l i e v e d 2 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 1 3 t h a n d 1 4 t h g ra d e s t u d e n t s s h o u ld be t h e g o a l f o r 1952, a n d '2 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 f o r 196 0 .(6 :1 5 )
A t t h e same t i m e i t
recommended 1 , 3 6 5 , 0 0 0
1 5 t h an d 1 6 t h g r a d e s t u d e n t s f o r 1 9 5 2 , a n d 1 , 5 0 0 ,0 0 0 f o r
1960.(6 :1 5 ) The A m e r i c a n C o u n c i l on E d u c a t i o n i n a r e p o r t comments on t h e s e d a t a a s f o l l o w s : . . . t h e Com mission w o r k e d , on t h e on e h a n d , w i t h w h a t i t b e l i e v e s t o be " c o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e s o f t h e p ro p o rtio n s of th e p o p u la tio n w ith reaso n ab le ex p ecta t i o n s of com pleting h ig h e r e d u c a tio n a t s p e c i f i c l e v e l s , ” on t h e o t h e r h a n d , w i t h a n i n v e n t o r y o f t h e "needs of th e s o c ie ty " f o r p erso n s w ith t e c h n i c a l , sem ip ro fessio n al, tr a in in g . The Com mission d o e s n o t s a y j u s t w h a t p r o p o r t i o n s h o u l d go t o c o m m unity c o lle g e s , but p o in ts to "th e l o c a l p u b lic ly c o n tro le d community c o l l e g e a s t h e n e x t g r e a t a r e a o f e x p a n s i o n in h ig h er e d u c atio n ." The Com mission u r g e s t h a t s t a t e w i d e p l a n s be d e v e l o p e d " e m b r a c i n g a l l c o m m u n i t i e s l a r g e and s m a l l , " and p r o v id i n g program s f o r y o u th and a d u l t s . ( 6 r l 5 - l 6 ) ' A l t h o u g h t h e C o m m is s i o n ’ s f i g u r e s may be c l a s s i f i e d
86
a s a recom m endation r a t h e r th a n a s a p r e d i c t i o n , t h e i n d i c a t i o n o f -need i s a p p a r e n t * P e r h a p s a m ore r e a l i s t i c
e s tim a te of th e probable ex
p a n s io n o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s and t e c h n i c a l i n s t i t u t e s i s t h a t made by t h e C o u n c i l on C o o p e r a t i o n i n T e a c h e r E d u c a t i o n i n 1 9 4 7 -4 & .
T his C ouncil p o lle d s t a t e b oards o f e d u c a tio n .
On t h e b a s i s o f t h i r t y
s t a t e s m a k in g p r e d i c t i o n s , a 100 p e r
c e n t ex p a n sio n i s a n t i c i p a t e d i n th e t e n - y e a r p e r io d ending in 1 9 5 7 .(6 :1 8 )
E ven t h i s
c o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e , tem pered
by i m m e d i a t e p r a c t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , o f trem endous p r o p o r t i o n .
i n d i c a t e s a growth
A t t h e same t i m e , i t i s n o t
u n r e a l i s t i c ’ to ex p ect an u ltim a te expansion to th e f i g u r e s s u g g e s t e d by t h e N a t i o n a l R e s o u r c e s B o a r d o r t h e P r e s i d e n t ’ s C om mission on H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n . Expanding p u rp o se s o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e e d u c a t i o n . G row th o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e , p a s t a n d p r e d i c t e d ,
in d icates
t h a t such i n s t i t u t i o n s have f i l l e d a need o f th e p o p u la tio n a t t e n d i n g an d a r e e x p e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o do s o .
What
p e c u l i a r need o r needs a re th e se ? I n 1948 a c o m m i t t e e s u r v e y i n g t h e n e e d s o f C a l i f o r n i a i n h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n made a r e p o r t .
The C a l i f o r n i a J u n i o r
C o l l e g e A s s o c i a t i o n w as a s k e d by t h i s c o m m i t t e e t o d e f i n e the o b je c tiv e s of the ju n io r co lle g e . t h a t th e p u rp o se s w ere t o p r o v id e
The A s s o c i a t i o n s a i d
(1) t e c h n i c a l c o u r s e s f o r
87 t h o s e who w i l l so o n go i n t o g a i n f u l o c c u p a t i o n s ,
(2 ) c u r r i c u l a
o f g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r f o r t h o s e w hose p r e f e r e n c e s l i e d irectio n ,
(3) two y e a r s *
in th a t
c o l l e g e w o rk t r a n s f e r r a b l e t o a
stan d ard co lleg e o r U n iv e rs ity ,
(4) c l a s s e s f o r a d u l t s . (1 3 3 :3 )
The A s s o c i a t i o n a l s o s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e as su m e s p e c i f i c r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to d evelop p ro c e d u re s in g u id an ce so t h a t a s t u d e n t may d i s c o v e r h i s a p t i t u d e s ,
choose h i s l i f e
w o r k , an d p r e p a r e f o r t h e s u c c e s s f u l p u r s u i t o f t h a t w o r k . (133:3) One o f t h e c l e a r e s t and m o s t c o n c i s e s t a t e m e n t s o f f u n c t i o n s o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e was made by R e y n o l d s .
He
su ggested f iv e f u n c tio n s : 1.
The r o u n d i n g o u t o f t h e g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n o f t h e in d iv id u a l stu d en t
2.
P r o v i d i n g v o c a t i o n a l com petence i n a d e g r e e s u f f i c i e n t t o a f f o r d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r im m ediate e n t r a n c e i n t o g a i n f u l e m p lo y m e n t,
3*
P r o v i d i n g a s a t i s f a c t o r y b a s e f o r a d v a n c e s t u d y by t h o s e s t u d e n t s who w i l l go on i n a s p e c i a l i z e d su b je ct-area , p re-p ro fessio n al or p ro fessio n al stu d y , or a co n tin u a tio n of g e n e ra l ed u catio n
4.
M e e t i n g t h e n e e d s o f a d u l t s w h i c h may be s a t i s f i e d through e d u c a tio n a l s e r v ic e s
5.
G uidance and c o u n s e l i n g c o n c e r n in g su ch m a t t e r s a s jo b p lacem en t, m a r i t a l r e l a t i o n s and c h i l d c a re , a n d o t h e r p r o b l e m s f a c e d by y o u n g p e o p l e a n d a d u l t s (113s38-9)
A m e re l i s t i n g o f f u n c t i o n s ,
however, does n o t r e v e a l
th e n a t u r e o f t h e i n s t r u c t i o n a l program d e s ig n e d t o f r u c t i f y th e p u rp o ses o f th e s c h o o l, n o r does i t r e v e a l th e changes i n
88 the c h a ra c te r of th e p o p u la tio n served.
Because o f t h e i r
im p o rtan ce, th e s e changes b e a r a m p l i f i c a t i o n . When c l a s s e s o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e g r a d e w e r e a d d e d t o t h e h ig h sc h o o l c u rric u lu m , th e s e to a g r e a t e x te n t were p a t te r n e d a f t e r th o s e o f f e r e d in th e c o l l e g e s , and were d esig n ed to serv e th e c o lle g e p re p a ra to ry group.
As l o n g a s t h e s t u d e n t s
were h i g h l y s e l e c t e d t o t h a t end, t h e c u r r ic u lu m p o s s e s s e d a r e a s o n a b l e am ount o f a c c e p t a b i l i t y .
The i n f l u x o f s t u d e n t s
p r e c i p i t a t e d i n g o o d p a r t by t h e a d v a n c e o f t e c h n o l o g y an d changing s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s a l t e r e d th e fundam ental c h a r a c t e r of th e ju n io r co lleg e p o p u la tio n .
A d i f f e r e n t em phasis
became e s s e n t i a l . An i d e a o f t h e i m p o r t a n t t r a n s i t i o n w h i c h h a s t a k e n p l a c e may b e o b t a i n e d f r o m a b u l l e t i n p r e p a r e d by t h e A m e r i c a n C o u n c i l on . E d u c a t i o n i n d e l i n e a t i n g t h e n e e d f o r t r a i n i n g new i n s t r u c t o r s i n t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s . t e a c h e r s , w hich r e p r e s e n t " .
. .a n
H a lf o f th e 30,000
em ergency c a l l f o r t h e
n e x t t e n y e a r s , ” s h o u l d be " v o c a t i o n a l - t e c h n i c a l i n s t r u c t o r s w i t h e x p e r i e n c e i n b u s i n e s s , i n d u s t r y , p u b l i c s e r v i c e s , an d p r o f e s s i o n s . ” (6:3) C ouncil a d d s,
The l a t t e r a r e e s p e c i a l l y n e e d e d , t h e
b e c a u s e "more t h a n 80 p e r c e n t o f t h e s t u d e n t s ^
g r a d u a t i n g f r o m t h e t w o - y e a r community c o l l e g e s o r i n s t i t u t e s w i l l go i m m e d i a t e l y i n t o b u s i n e s s , i n d u s t r y , a g r i c u l t u r e , o r p u b l i c s e r v i c e i n t h e c o m m unity o r r e g i o n , a l o n g w i t h e q u a l n u m b e rs who e n r o l l b u t t a k e l e s s t h a n tw o y e a r s . " ( 6 : 3 )
89 A n o th er a p p ro a c h t o t h e s i g n i f i c a n t change w hich h a s f o l l o w e d i n t h e w ake o f t e c h n o l o g i c a l a d v a n c e s i s made by t h e s u r v e y s t a f f , w h o se j o b i n p a r t was t o make recom m end a t i o n s f o r th e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s and ex ten d ed secondary educa t i o n i n W a sh in g to n ,(134:1-664) za tio n reduces,
They p o i n t o u t t h a t m e c h a n i
s o m e t i m e s d r a s t i c a l l y , t h e demand f o r c r u d e
and s e m i s k i l l e d l a b o r ,
b u t i n c r e a s e s t h e demand f o r h i g h l y
s k i l l e d l a b o r t o -design, p ro d u c e , m a i n t a i n , o p e r a t e , and im prove i t s m a c h in e s .
A ccordingly, i t i s not l i k e l y th a t
y o u t h w i l l h a v e a p l a c e i n t h e l a b o r m a r k e t much b e f o r e 20 y e a r s o f a g e , ( 1 3 4 : 3 0 7 ) ex p lain ,
In a d d itio n ,
th e surveyors
” , . * . i t i s more t h a n l i k e l y t h a t when t h e l a b o r
m a r k e t i s o p e n t o h im , h e w i l l h a v e t o m e e t demands f o r h ig h e r s k i l l and f o r b ro a d e r u n d e r s ta n d in g s o f th e r e q u i r e m ents of i n d u s t r i a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s .
To m e e t t h i s d o u b l e
c h a l l e n g e w i l l be one o f t h e m a j o r f u n c t i o n s o f e x t e n d e d seco n d a ry e d u c a tio n i n W a sh in g to n . ” (134:307) A changing s o c i e t y h a s n o t o n ly a f f e c t e d th e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e s c h o o l p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p w hose a g e w o u ld i n d i c a t e a n e d u c a tio n a l l e v e l o f the 1 3 th and 1 4 th g r a d e s . h a s l i k e w i s e been a f f e c t e d .
The a d u l t
The c o n c e p t o f t h e ” community
c o l l e g e ” assumes f u l f i l l i n g t h e n eed s o f th e a d u l t s .
These
n e e d s v a r y w i t h t h e i n d i v i d u a l , t h e c o m m u n ity , a n d t h e se c tio n of th e co u n try .
The b a s i c n e e d s , h o w e v e r , a r e
common, i n c l u d i n g v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g , v o c a t i o n a l r e t r a i n i n g
90 o r u p g rad in g , p e r s o n a l grow th and developm ent, and c i v i c and s o c i a l co m p e te n c e . needs are ,
W hatever t h e t o t a l p o s t h ig h s c h o o l
i t w as s u g g e s t e d by t h e P r e s i d e n t ’ s Com mission
on H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n t h a t t h e y be m e t an d t h a t t h e community c o lle g e s serve as th e a c tiv e c e n te r fo r th e a d m in is tra tio n of t h e p r o g ra m .(1 0 3 :67-68) Some i d e a o f t h e m a g n i t u d e , i m p o r t a n c e , a n d f u t u r e dim ension o f a d u l t e d u c a tio n in c o n n e c tio n w ith th e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s may b e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s o f t h e P r e s i d e n t ’ s C om m ission: The com munity o r j u n i o r c o l l e g e h a s f o u n d i t s e l f adm irably ad ap ted to p ro v id e a d u lt e d u c a tio n . In 1 9 4 4 - 4 5 $ 65 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l number e n r o l l e d i n a l l com m unity c o l l e g e s w e r e s p e c i a l s t u d e n t s who s o u g h t i n s t r u c t i o n i n f i e l d s commonly r e c o g n i z e d a s ”a d u l t e d u c a t i o n ” . D u r i n g t h e p e r i o d 1 9 3 7 - 4 1 t h e r e w as a g e n e r a l i n c r e a s e i n e n r o l l m e n t s i n com m unity c o l l e g e s , but th e in c re a s e in en ro llm en ts in a d u lt education p r o g r a m s was d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y l a r g e . In C onnecticut, f o r e x a m p l e , t h e r e was a n i n c r e a s e o f 1 2 3 p e r c e n t i n t o t a l e n ro llm e n t, whereas th e a d u lt e d u c a tio n e n r o l l m e n t i n c r e a s e d 223 p e r c e n t . ( 1 0 2 : 6 2 ) The e v i d e n c e seem s t o i n d i c a t e a c o n t i n u o u s e x p a n s i o n o f a d u l t e d u c a t i o n s e r v i c e s s i n c e t h e w a r p e r i o d , w i t h no a p p a re n t d im in u tio n in t h e r a t e o f d em and.(6:30) T h e r e a r e some e d u c a t i o n a l s e e r s who b e l i e v e t h a t we a r e on t h e t h r e s h o l d o f t h e t h i r d g r e a t e x t e n s i o n o f f r e e p u b lic e d u c a tio n .(3 6 : 238- 4 6 )
^he p r i n c i p l e of p r o v id in g a t
p u b l i c e x p e n s e common s c h o o l a n d h i g h s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n h a s been e s t a b l i s h e d .
There rem ains th e p r o j e c t i o n o f t h i s
p rin c ip le a t th e co lleg e le v e l.
W h e t h e r o r n o t t h i s becom es
.91 a n a c t u a l i t y , a f u t u r e o f g r e a t p r o m i s e se em s a s s u r e d f o r th e ju n io r college* THE TEACHING PERSONNEL AND EFFORTS TO IMPROVE IT D is s a tis f a c tio n w ith the q u a lif ic a tio n s of ju n io r co lleg e te a c h e r s .
There i s c o n s id e r a b le e v id e n c e i n th e
l i t e r a t u r e t h a t the q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f ju n io r c o lle g e te a c h e rs have n o t been and a r e n o t a d e q u a te .
J u n io r c o lle g e adm inis
t r a t o r s p a r t i c u l a r l y h a v e compounded t h e e x p r e s s i o n s o f . d issatisfactio n .
M ost c r i t i c i s m s seem t o s t e m f r o m t h e
b e l i e f t h a t j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s do n o t u n d e r s t a n d t h e p h ilo s o p h y and p u r p o s e s o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e , and have n o t been t r a i n e d f o r t e a c h i n g a t t h i s l e v e l . The P r e s i d e n t o f a T e x a s j u n i o r c o l l e g e , w r i t i n g i n 1 9 4 1 , s a i d t h a t " v e r y s e l d o m i n d e e d d o e s an a p p l i c a t i o n f o r a p o s i t i o n show a n y e v i d e n c e o f p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t h e j u n i o r c o l le g e f i e l d . n (47:105)
In checking th ro u g h c a ta lo g s of
g r a d u a te s c h o o ls i n e d u c a ti o n , he claim ed to have found l i s t e d o n ly one c o u rs e s p e c i f i c a l l y a p p l y in g t o the j u n i o r c o l l e g e . ( 4 7 :1 0 6 )
The a p p l i c a n t ,
th e re fo re,
i s not n e c e ssa rily
at fau lt. T his c o n d itio n , he s a i d ,
i m p o s e s a h a r d s h i p on a d m in
istra to rs : Today j u n i o r c o l l e g e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s a r e f a c e d w i t h t h e t a s k o f e d u c a t i n g t h e i r t e a c h e r s a f t e r t h e y a r e e m p lo y e d . . . . The a d m i n i s t r a t o r s m u s t s p e n d h o u r s , d a y s , a n d
92 even y e a r s em p h asiz in g th e c a r d i n a l p o i n t t h a t i n d i v i d u a l s m u s t n o t be s a c r i f i c e d on t h e a l t a r o f c o n v e n t i o n and t r a d i t i o n , t h a t i n d i v i d u a l g u id a n c e and a t t e n t i o n to t h e i n d i v i d u a l i s param ount, and t h a t a m a j o r i t y of s tu d e n ts w i l l f i n i s h t h e i r form al ed u catio n in th e ■ ju n io r c o l l e g e .(147:107) Two y e a r s e a r l i e r ,
t h e dean o f a Chicago j u n i o r c o l l e g e
h a d s u g g e s t e d t h a t a new t y p e o f t e a c h e r was n e e d e d : We h a v e come t o r e c o g n i z e i t ( j u n i o r c o l l e g e ) a s a d i s t i n c t i v e i n s t i t u t i o n — on e t h a t r e s e m b l e s n e i t h e r t h e h i g h s c h o o l n o r t h e u n i v e r s i t y , . , , I f a new t y p e o f i n s t i t u t i o n h a s e m erg ed t h e n we s h o u l d e x p e c t t o f i n d a new t y p e o f i n s t r u c t o r , one t h a t i s n o t m e r e l y a g l o r i f i e d h i g h s c h o o l t e a c h e r , a n d on e t h a t i s n o t a t r a n s p l a n t e d c o lle g e p r o f e s s o r .(3 2 :5 0 7 ) S im ila r ex p ressio n s of d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w ith th e ju n io r c o l l e g e t e a c h i n g p e r s o n n e l c o n t i n u e up t o t h e p r e s e n t t i m e . A C a l i f o r n i a a d m i n i s t r a t o r i n 1947 p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t e a c h i n g m u s t c o n f o r m t o t h e n e e d s o f t h e s t u d e n t p o p u l a t i o n , many, o f whom a r e n o t f i t f o r h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n . ( 3 0 : 2 8 0 ) c o n tin u e s , th e t e a c h e r must r e a l i z e ,
T h is , he
f o r "The m e t h o d s a n d
p r o c e d u r e s i n i n s t r u c t i o n d e p e n d i n a l a r g e m e a s u r e upon t h e a p p l i c a n t s co n cep t o f th e n a t u r e o f th e i n s t i t u t i o n , ” (30:280) T h is c o n c e p t, how ever, h a s n o t p erm eated t h e t h i n k i n g o f t e a c h e r s a n t i c i p a t i n g em ploym ent i n t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e .
Too
many p r o s p e c t i v e t e a c h e r s do n o t r e a l i z e t h a t " t e a c h i n g i s t h e s i n e qu a n o n o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e . 11( 3 0 : 2 8 1 ) I n t h e same v e i n , t h e p r e s i d e n t o f a W a s h i n g t o n j u n i o r c o l l e g e i n 1948 e x p r e s s e d t h e b e l i e f t h a t " t h e m o s t u rg e n t need of the j u n i o r c o l le g e s to d ay i s q u a l i f i e d
te a c h in g p e r s o n n e l . ” (25:117)
The b i g p r o b l e m o f t h e a d m i n i s
t r a t o r i s t o f i n d t h e t y p e o f i n s t r u c t o r who p o s s e s s e s t h e p h il o s o p h y and t a l e n t s n ee d ed a t t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e l e v e l . ” (25:117)
He a l s o i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e l a c k o f s p e c i f i c
tr a in in g o f te a c h e rs f o r th e ju n io r c o lle g e .
Taking cog
n i z a n c e o f t h e f a c t t h a t m o st i n s t r u c t o r s o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s a r r i v e t h e r e v i a t h e h i g h s c h o o l , and t o a more l i m i t e d e x t e n t v i a t h e s e n i o r c o l l e g e h e comments t h a t "None o f t h e s e g r o u p s h a s b e e n p r o p e r l y p r e p a r e d f o r j u n i o r co lleg e teaching,
b u t many r e c r u i t s f r o m t h e s e s o u r c e s h a v e
developed i n t o . i d e a l i n s t r u c t o r s th rough p a r t i c i p a t i o n in w orkshops, i n - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g program s, and fo rm a l g r a d u a te s t u d y . ” (25:117) I n t h e summer o f 1 9 4 9 t h e w r i t e r o f t h e p r e s e n t in v e s tig a tio n in terv iew ed the P resid en t* of th e C a lifo rn ia S t a t e -Ju n io r C o lle g e A s s o c i a t i o n a n e n t problem s i n th e a d m in istra tio n of ju n io r c o lleg e teachin g p erso n n el. in g to t h i s o f f i c i a l ,
A ccord
t h e m o s t p r e s s i n g p r o b l e m was t h e
s e c u r i n g o f t e a c h e r s who u n d e r s t a n d t h e p h i l o s o p h y o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e e d u c a t i o n , a n d who a r e a b l e a n d w i l l i n g t o a c t u a t e th e program a c c o r d i n g l y . E d u c a t i o n a l t h e o r i s t s have from tim e t o tim e c o r r o b o r a t e d th e view s of t h e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s c i t e d ,
esp ecially in
* J o h n L. L o u n s b u r y , a t S an B e r n a r d i n o V a l l e y J u n i o r C o l l e g e s , S an B e r n a r d i n o , C a l i f o r n i a .
94 re g a rd to th e u n iq u e n ess of th e j u n i o r c o l le g e a s an i n s t i t u t i o n and t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r a p p r o p r i a t e t r a i n i n g and ex p e rie n c e of th e te a c h in g p e r s o n n e l.(7 4 :3 3 2 -4 4 ; 77:423-24; 18:160-64; 10:448-50) E f f o r t s t o im prove t h e q u a l i t y o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e teaching p erso n n e l.
S e rio u s e f f o r t s to f in d an adequate
s o l u t i o n t o t h e p e r s o n n e l problem s d e s c r i b e d in th e above co m m en tary a r e n o t w a n t i n g ,
A num ber o f s i g n i f i c a n t i n
v e s t i g a t i o n s h av e been made.
The s u b j e c t c o n t i n u e s t o o c c u p y
t h e a t t e n t i o n s o f a m a jo r com m ittee of t h e J u n i o r C o lle g e A sso ciatio n .
(19:523-42; 122:538-40)
One o f t h e m a j o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s was made by G a r r i s o n , ( 5 2 : 1 3 5 - 4 1 ) who u n d e r t o o k a s t u d y w i t h t h i s f o u r f o l d p u r p o s e : 1.
To d e t e r m i n e t h e a c a d e m i c q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f i n s t r u c t o r s now i n s e r v i c e i n p u b l i c j u n i o r co lleg es
2.
To d e t e r m i n e t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s c a r r i e d by j u n i o r c o l l e g e i n s t r u c t o r s
3.
To d e t e r m i n e t h e w ay s i n w h i c h t e a c h i n g i n p u b l i c j u n i o r c o l l e g e s d i f f e r s f ro m t h a t i n h i g h s c h o o l s and s e n i o r c o l l e g e s
4.
To make r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of ju n io r co lleg e in s t r u c to r s
He a s k e d t h o s e p u b l i c j u n i o r c o l l e g e s h a v i n g a r e p o r t e d
95 e n r o l l m e n t b e t w e e n 150 a n d 7 5 0 t o c o o p e r a t e i n t l i e s t u d y . The p r o c e d u r e i n v o l v e d t h e u s e o f two c h e c k l i s t s i n w h i c h i n f o r m a t i o n and o p i n i o n s were so u g h t from j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s and a d m i n i s t r a t o r s . G a rriso n l i s t e d th e f o llo w in g m ajor f i n d i n g s : 1.
The m a s t e r ’ s d e g r e e i s an a l m o s t u n i v e r s a l r e q u i r e ment f o r em ploym ent.except i n c e r t a i n f i e l d s .
2.
The m a j o r s o u r c e s o f d e g r e e s f o r p u b l i c j u n i o r c o l l e g e i n s t r u c t o r s have been (a) s t a t e u n i v e r s i t i e s a n d c o l l e g e s , (b) p r i v a t e and d e n o m i n a t i o n a l c o l l e g e s an d u n i v e r s i t i e s , a n d ( c ) s t a t e t e a c h e r s co lleg es.
3.
B o th i n s t r u c t o r s a n d a d m i n i s t r a t o r s recommend a broad g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n i n a s u b je c t m a t t e r f i e l d * r a t h e r th a n a narrow s p e c ia liz e d ty p e o f p r e p a r a tio n .
4.
T h e r e i s a t e n d e n c y on t h e p a r t o f a d m i n i s t r a t o r s a n d i n s t r u c t o r s t o move t o w a r d t h e P h . D . d e g r e e a s requirem ent f o r ju n io r c o lle g e i n s t r u c t o r s .
5.
I n s t r u c t o r s h a v e b e e n r e c r u i t e d c h i e f l y f ro m t e a c h i n g i n (1 ) h i g h s c h o o l s , (2) c o l l e g e s an d u n i v e r s i t i e s , (3) e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s , a n d (4) j u n i o r h i g h sch o o ls.
6.
A d m in istrato rs p r e f e r in s t r u c to r s w ith ex p erien ce, f i r s t , in o th e r p u b lic ju n io r c o lle g e s ; second, c o l le g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s ; t h i r d , h ig h s c h o o ls .
7.
A m ajor sh a re of th e ju n io r c o lle g e i n s t r u c t o r s p o s s e s s some k i n d o f s t a t e t e a c h e r s ’ c e r t i f i c a t e , t h o u g h m o s t a d m i n i s t r a t o r s do n o t r e q u i r e i n s t r u c t o r s to h o ld such c e r t i f i c a t e s .
S.
I n s t r u c t o r s a n d e x e c u t i v e s recommend a n a v e r a g e of te n c o u rse s in p r o f e s s io n a l ed ucation as n e c e s s a ry in th e t r a i n i n g of j u n i o r c o lle g e in stru c to rs. Of t h e s e , t h r e e o r f o u r w e r e b e l i e v e d to re q u ire s p e c ia l tre a tm e n t.
9.
The a v e r a g e i n s t r u c t o r g i v e s i n s t r u c t i o n t o t h r e e
96 or four ju n io r co lleg e c la s s e s re q u irin g th re e p r e p a r a t i o n s an d m e e t i n g t w e l v e h o u r s p e r week* 10.
Many i n s t r u c t o r s g i v e i n s t r u c t i o n i n o t h e r s c h o o l u n i t s , c h i e f l y h ig h s c h o o ls , where th e y te a c h th r e e o r fo u r c l a s s e s m eeting n in e o r t e n hours p e r week*
11.
The m a j o r i t y o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e i n s t r u c t o r s a s s u m e e x t r a - c l a s s r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s w hich r e q u i r e a b o u t f o u r and o n e - f o u r t h h o u rs p e r week.
12.
Most i n s t r u c t o r s a r e t e a c h i n g i n s u b j e c t f i e l d s i n w hich t h e y h a v e academ ic m a j o r s o r m in o r s , th o u g h a few a r e a l s o t e a c h i n g s u b j e c t s i n w h ic h t h e y have n e i t h e r a m ajor nor a m in o r, w h ile a d m in is t r a t o r s a g r e e t h a t a m a j o r s h o u l d be r e q u i r e d a s p re p a ra tio n in th e s u b je c t, o r s u b je c ts , ta u g h t.
13.
A p p r o x i m a t e l y 90 p e r c e n t o f t h e i n s t r u c t o r s r e p o r t no r e s e a r c h o r p u b l i c a t i o n s d u r i n g 193&39.
14.
The p r i n c i p a l f a c t o r s c o n s i d e r e d by e x e c u t i v e s i n t h e em ployment an d p r o m o t i o n o f i n s t r u c t o r s a r e ( l ) a b i l i t y a s a c l a s s r o o m i n s t r u c t o r , (2) p r o f e s s i o n a l g r o w t h , ( 3 ) k n o w le d g e o f s u b j e c t m a t t e r , an d (4) u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e e d u c a t i v e process.
15.
I n t h e judgm ent o f c la s s r o o m t e a c h e r s t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e i s m o s t l i k e t h e h i g h s c h o o l i n many r e s p e c t s , th o u g h t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l i n w hich i t m ore n e a r l y r e s e m b l e s t h e c o l l e g e o r u n i v e r s i t y . (32:135-36)
The J u n i o r C o l l e g e A s s o c i a t i o n o f f i c i a l l y s i g n i f i e d i t s i n t e r e s t i n t h e p r o b l e m s o f t h e t e a c h i n g p e r s o n n e l by t h e a p p o i n t m e n t i n 1941 o f a C o m m ittee on P r e p a r a t i o n o f In stru cto rs.
T h i s C o m m ittee p r e p a r e d a s e r i e s o f r e p o r t s ,
th e f i r s t ap p e a rin g in 1 9 43 .(10 5:4 27-35 ) The C om m ittee h o p e d t o s h e d some l i g h t on t h e p r o b l e m o f how t o s e c u r e a d e q u a t e l y p r e p a r e d i n s t r u c t o r s f o r
97 the ju n io r c o lle g e .
W hereas G a r r i s o n i n t h e s t u d y p r e v i o u s l y
d e s c r ib e d an a ly z e d e d u c a ti o n a l background,
teach e r experience,
and r e l a t e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e te a c h in g p e r s o n n e l, th e C o m m ittee's a p p ro a c h p la c e d t h e i n i t i a l
e m p h a s i s on t h e
shortcom ings in th e p r e p a r a t io n o f t e a c h e r s ,
using a s c r i t e r i a
t h e judgm ents o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s . The C o m m ittee c e n t e r e d t h e i r s t u d y on t h e s e q u e s t i o n s : 1.
What a r e t h e w e a k n e s s e s ' o f p r o s p e c t i v e i n s t r u c t o r s in the f ie ld ?
2.
What a r e t h e g e n e r a l r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d n e e d s i n t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g program s f o r j u n i o r c o l le g e in stru cto rs?
3.
I f h a t c a n g r a d u a t e s c h o o l s o f e d u c a t i o n do t o f i t c a n d i d a t e s b e t t e r f o r t h e s p e c i a l i z e d w o rk a t th is le v el?
4.
What s p e c i f i c s t u d i e s n e e d t o b e u n d e r t a k e n i n o r d e r t o a r r i v e a t d e f i n i t e recom m endations concerning th e o r g a n iz a tio n o f te a c h e r t r a i n i n g c u r r i c u l a t o m eet j u n i o r c o l l e g e n e e d s ? (105:427)
R e t u r n s w ere r e c e i v e d from s e v e n ty - tw o d i f f e r e n t i n s t i t u t i o n s from t w e n t y - n in e s t a t e s .
T h irty -e ig h t of th e
s c h o o ls w ere p u b l i c l y c o n t r o l l e d and t h i r t y - f o u r w ere p riv a te ly co n tro lled . The C om m ittee s o u g h t t o a n s w e r q u e s t i o n 1 , by t h e r e p l i e s to t h i s q u e s tio n :
nDo. p r o s p e c t i v e i n s t r u c t o r s ,
98
n e w l y f r o m g r a d u a t e s c h o o l s , show c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f p o o r p h y s i c a l , m e n ta l, o r e m o tio n a l h e a l t h t h a t i n y o u r judgm ent sh o u ld have had a t t e n t i o n in t h e g r a d u a t e s c h o o l? ” (105:429) Over h a l f o f t h e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s r e p l y i n g i n d i c a t e d i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e , t o g e t h e r n a m in g a p p r o x i m a t e l y f i f t y sh o rtco m in g s.
d ifferen t
The C o m m ittee su m m a r iz e d t h e m a j o r d e f i c i e n c i e s
a s tfa n o v e r d o s e o f p e d a n t r y , a f a i l u r e t o d e v e l o p a n i n t e r e s t in stu d en ts,
em otional i n s t a b i l i t y ,
lack of s o c ia l a d ju s t
m e n t , and p o o r h e a l t h h a b i t s . ” ( 1 0 5 :4 3 0 ) On t h e b a s i s o f i t s a n a l y s i s o f t h e f a c t o r s i n v o l v e d , t h e C o m m ittee b e l i e v e d t h a t many o f t h e w e a k n e s s e s c o u l d be o v erco m e by a r e v i s i o n o f t h e t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m . R e c o m m e n d a t io n s w e r e p r o p o s e d i n f i v e a s p e c t s o f t h e t r a i n in g program .
T h e s e a r e t r e a t e d below i n t h e o r d e r o f
i m p o r t a n c e a t t a c h e d t o th e m by t h e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s c o o p e r a t i n g w ith the stu d y . A d m i n i s t r a t o r s w e r e n e a r l y u n a n im o u s i n t h e i r b e l i e f t h a t p r o s p e c tiv e i n s t r u c t o r s need to stu d y c o u n s e lin g problem s and g u id a n c e t e c h n i q u e s . (1 0 5 :4 3 0 )
The c o n s e n s u s
was t h a t t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s o u g h t t o o f f e r a goo d c o u r s e i n s t u d e n t p e r s o n n e l w o r k , p l u s p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n a c o u n s e lin g program under c a r e f u l s u p e r v i s i o n . I t was recom mended t h a t t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s o f f e r c o u r s e s on t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e . ( 1 0 5 : 4 3 1 ) should in c lu d e i t s
The s u b j e c t m a t t e r
purpose, f u n c tio n , p h ilo so p h y , h is t o r y ,
99 cu rricu la,
and s p e c i a l i z e d p r o b l e m s o f i n s t r u c t i o n .
A one-
s e m e s t e r c o u r s e w as deemed s u f f i c i e n t p r o v i d e d t h a t " e x t e n s i v e r e f e r e n c e w o r k was i n c l u d e d , t h a t m a t e r i a l s p r e p a r e d byr e c o g n i z e d a u t h o r i t i e s i n th e f i e l d were em ployed, and t h a t t h e f a c u l t y member o f f e r i n g t h e c o u r s e w as a s p e c i a l i s t i n th e j u n i o r c o l l e g e 105:432)
S t r e s s was p l a c e d on t h e
p r o v i s o t h a t t h e c o u r s e s h o u l d be h a n d l e d by a n i n s t r u c t o r f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e , p r e f e r a b l y one who h a s taught th e re . S tu d en t te a c h in g in a ju n io r c o lle g e under s u p e r v i s i o n o f t h e t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n was o v e r w h e l m i n g l y s u p p o r t e d by W est C o a s t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s ,
but to l e s s e r
e x t e n t by New E n g l a n d a n d M i d d l e A t l a n t i c S t a t e s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . ( 1 0 5 :4 3 2 )
Many p r a c t i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s w e r e c i t e d .
O p p o rtu n itie s a t th e tim e of th e stu d y f o r p r a c t i c e te a c h in g i n t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s w ere r e p o r t e d a s " e x c e e d in g ly l i m i t e d . " ( 1 0 5 :4 3 2 ) The a d m i n i s t r a t o r s r e p l y i n g t o t h e q u e s t i o n s o f t h e Co m m ittee b e l i e v e d t h e s c h o o l o f e d u c a t i o n c o u l d make some c o n t r i b u t i o n i n t r a i n i n g t e a c h e r s f o r f a c u l t y and community s e r v i c e s . (105:433)
The C om m ittee made some s u g g e s t i o n s .
Commenting on o u t - o f - c l a s s a c t i v i t i e s o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e in stru c to rs,
it
su g g e ste d t h a t th e g ra d u a te sc h o o l should
make t h e p r o s p e c t i v e t e a c h e r a w a r e t h a t s u c h a c t i v i t i e s a r e a p a r t o f th e jo b , n o t som ething e x t r a .
W id e r p a r t i c i p a t i o n
100
? w as u r g e d . A d m i n i s t r a t o r s were a sk ed t o s u g g e s t t r a i n i n g w hereby t h e p r o s p e c t i v e t e a c h e r s w o u ld d e v e l o p a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f ad o lescen ts.
The m e t h o d s m o s t f r e q u e n t l y m e n t i o n e d w e r e
p r a c t i c e te a c h in g in th e j u n io r c o l le g e , a psychology c o u rse , /
a c o u r s e i n t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e , work w i t h y o u t h g r o u p s , classroom o b s e r v a tio n , and te a c h in g e x p e rie n c e i n th e h ig h s c h o o l , (105:435) I
One y e a r a f t e r i t s f i r s t r e p o r t , t h e J u n i o r C o l l e g e A s s o c i a t i o n ’ s C o m m itte e on P r e p a r a t i o n o f I n s t r u c t o r s s u b m it te d th e second s e c t i o n o f i t s i n v e s t i g a t i o n . (106:405-15) T his s e c tio n p e r ta in e d to cu rric u lu m r e v i s i o n a t th e g r a d u a t e s c h o o l , o v e r l a p p i n g i n som6 r e s p e c t s i t s
first
rep o rt. The C o m m ittee b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e f o l l o w i n g w e a k n e s s e s had i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r t h e t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g c u r r i c u l a : 1.
- P r e p a r a t i o n i s t o o f r e q u e n t l y o f a n a r r o w and sp ecialized n atu re .
2.
C andidates la c k a s u i t a b l e b alan ce o f s u b je c t m atter-an d p ro fe ssio n a l tr a in in g .
3.
C an d id ates have th e
c o n te n t p o i n t o f view r a t h e r r
th a n th e s t u d e n t p o i n t of view . 4.
The t r a d i t i o n a l t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m r e s u l t s i n g r a d u a t e s w i t h no i n t e r e s t w h a t e v e r i n t h e j u n i o r c o lle g e as a unique i n s t i t u t i o n .
101
5.
G raduate sc h o o ls f a i l to d ev e lo p in th e c a n d id a te s t h e p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s a d a p t e d t o t h e dynamic le a d e r s h ip of youth.
6.
G r a d u a t e s l a c k t h e a b i l i t y ,o r know ledge t o r e l a t e t h e i r te a c h in g to th e p r a c t i c a l everyday p ro b lem s.
7*
P l a c e m e n t o f f i c e s make r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s upon i n s u f f i c i e n t evidence.
8.
G r a d u a t e s seem b e t t e r t r a i n e d i n r e s e a r c h t e c h n iq u e s th a n classroom te a c h in g .
9.
Many c a n d i d a t e s t h i n k o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h i n g as a stop -g ap .
10.
Few i n s t r u c t o r s c a n be f o u n d w i t h p r a c t i c a l e x p e r ie n c e 9 p a r t i c u l a r l y i n v o c a t i o n a l and te r m i n a l e d u c a tio n f i e l d s .(1 0 6 :4 0 6 -0 8 )
The C o m m ittee made t h r e e g e n e r a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s c o n c e rn in g c u r r ic u lu m r e v i s i o n . (106:411)
These recom m endations
a re in a c t u a l i t y broad b a s ic p r i n c i p l e s .
F irst,
a sound
l i b e r a l a n d c u l t u r a l e d u c a t i o n s h o u l d n o t be n e g l e c t e d i n th e g rad u ate sch o o l.
S e c o n d , i n s t r u c t i o n s h o u l d be f o c u s e d
on a m a s t e r y o f b r o a d s u b j e c t m a t t e r f i e l d s .
T hird, p ro
f e s s i o n a l p r e p a r a t io n should f i t th e g ra d u a te s p e c i f i c a l l y fo r th e ju n io r c o lle g e . The Com m ittee s t r o n g l y u r g e d t h a t g r a d u a t e , s c h o o l s assume n o t o n ly p r o f e s s i o n a l t r a i n i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t y but a ls o r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r p e r s o n a l i t y developm ent.(1 0 6 :4 0 8 -0 9 )
102
F i r s t of a l l ,
th e r e i s needed ".
. .a
s e l e c t i v e adm ission
system t h a t i s concerned n o t o nly w ith p re v io u s s c h o l a s t i c a t t a i n m e n t b u t a l s o , a n d m o re p a r t i c u l a r l y , w i t h e m o t i o n a l s t a b i l i t y and s o c i a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l . " (1 0 6 : 408-09)
The C o m m ittee t h e n made some s u g g e s t i o n s f o r im
plem enting th e p r o c e s s , "Above a l l ,
c u l m i n a t i n g w i t h t h e v ie w t h a t
p e r s o n a l i t y i n i t s f u l l e s t s e n s e s h o u l d be
e m p h a s i z e d a s t h e s i n e qua n o n i n t e a c h i n g s u c c e s s . " ( 1 0 6 : 408-09) I n 1945 a Com m ittee on J u n i o r C o l l e g e T e a c h e r P r e p a r a t i o n ( 1 0 4 : 4 2 9 ) w as a p p o i n t e d by t h e A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f J u n i o r C o l l e g e s t o s u p e r s e d e t h e C o m m ittee on P r e p a r a t i o n o f J u n i o r C o l l e g e I n s t r u c t o r s , w h o s e two r e p o r t s have j u s t been rev ie w e d . T h i s C o m m ittee s t u d i e d t h e e a r l i e r w o r k o f t h e o r i g i n a l C o m m ittee a n d t h e r e s u l t s o f a c o n f e r e n c e h e l d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e A m e r i c a n C o u n c i l on E d u c a t i o n a n d w i t h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f many i n s t i t u t i o n s p r e p a r i n g t e a c h e r s . A n um be r o f r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w e r e p r o p o s e d , i n c l u d i n g t h e fo llo w in g : 1*
That re g io n a l a s s o c i a t i o n s o f ju n io r c o lle g e s estab lish i t s
own c o m m i t t e e o f t e a c h e r p r e p a r a
t i o n t o w ork w i t h t h e n a t i o n a l c o m m i t t e e on a su g g e s te d program . 2.
That in th e i n t e r e s t o f b e t t e r a r t i c u l a t i o n ,
the
103 C o m m ittee on T e a c h e r P r e p a r a t i o n be r e p r e s e n t e d on a c o n t i n u i n g c o m m i t t e e o f t h e A m e r i c a n C o u n c i l on E d u c a t i o n . 3*
T h a t a p a m p h l e t be p u b l i s h e d f o r u s e i n t h e re c ru itm e n t of o u tstan d in g t a l e n t f o r ju n io r c o l le g e t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g . (104:429)
A t h i r d te c h n iq u e f o r stu d y in g th e p r e p a r a t i o n needed f o r j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s was e m ployed by R e y n o l d s , who p r e s e n te d a c l o s e l y re aso n ed a n a l y s i s o f th e problem i n 1 9 4 6.(113 :34 -45 )
C a r r i s o n i n 1941 h a d b a s e d h i s s t u d y on
q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a d e r i v e d from t h e r e c o r d s o f t e a c h e r s th e n in serv ice.
P ugh a n d Morgan i n 1943 a n d 1 9 4 4 h a d s t r e s s e d
q u a l i t a t i v e e le m e n ts s e c u r e d from a sam pling o f in fo rm ed opinion.
R eynolds u t i l i z e d th e te c h n iq u e of jo b a n a l y s i s .
F i r s t , he s o u g h t t o i d e n t i f y t h e e d u c a t i o n a l f u n c t i o n s w hich la y w ith in th e s p e c i a l p ro v in c e of th e j u n i o r c o lle g e , and, s e c o n d , he a t t e m p t e d t o p r o j e c t t h e s e i d e n t i f i e d f u n c t i o n s to t h e i r r e s p e c tiv e concom itants in te a c h e r p r e p a r a t io n . On t h e b a s i s o f h i s a n a l y s i s , R e y n o l d s p r o p o s e d t h a t th e fo llo w in g a s p e c ts of s p e c ia liz e d t r a i n i n g ,
o v e r and
a b o v e t h e dem ands f o r g e n e r a l t r a i n i n g o f a l l t e a c h e r s , be in c lu d e d i n a program o f p r e p a r i n g j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s : 1. 2.
Advanced s t u d y i n g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n S p e c i a l i z e d know ledge o f e v a l u a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s t o be u se d i n ro u n d in g o u t g e n e r a l e d u c a ti o n
104 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. S. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. IS.
S p e c ia liz e d a b i l i t y in th e use of i n s t r u c t i o n a l techniques u s e fu l in in d iv id u a liz in g in s t r u c tio n Form al c o u r s e s f o r d e v e lo p in g b ro a d v o c a t i o n a l sk ills C o u r s e s i n t e n d e d t o p r o v i d e s e c i o e c o n o m i c know le d g e and u n d e rs ta n d in g o f l a b o r r e l a t i o n s , p r e d o m i n a t i n g s o c i a l p a t t e r n s o f t h o s e who engage i n s p e c i f i c vocations^, and l i k e s u b j e c t s Job e x p e r i e n c e i n v o c a t i o n a l f i e l d s i n w hich t e a c h i n g i s t o be done Courses in te n d e d to q u a l i f y i n s t r u c t o r s to p re p a re a d e q u a t e l y t h o s e s t u d e n t s who w i l l b e c a n d i d a t e s f o r a d v a n c e d c o l l e g e w o rk C om petency i n c o n d u c t i n g a n a l y s i s o f t h e v a l i d i t y of co u rses c o n sid ered a s p r e r e q u i s i t e s to advanced study A g en u in e a p p r e c ia t io n f o r th e com m unity-service a sp e c t of th e ju n io r c o lle g e A broad co n cept o f th e term " e d u c a tio n a l s e r v i c e " fo r ad u lts F a m i l i a r i t y w i t h t e c h n i q u e s o f i n s t r u c t i o n w hich a r e most e f f e c t i v e i n o r g a n i z i n g l e a r n i n g ex perien ces f o r a d u lts An u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e p r o b l e m s common t o o l d e r y o u th and a d u l t s An u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e w h o l e s p a n o f a d o l e s c e n c e , w i t h e m p h a s i s on t h e l a t e r y e a r s o f t h i s p e r i o d F u n c tio n i n g a b i l i t y to u se t e c h n i q u e s w hich a r e most e f f e c t i v e in p r o v id in g g u id an ce and c o u n s e l i n g f o r o l d e r y o u t h an d a d u l t s A g e n u in e r e s p e c t f o r t h e im p o rta n c e o f t h e work of a l l te ach e rs * An u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e p h i l o s o p h y o f t h e j u n i o r co lleg e S tu d e n t te a c h in g and o b s e r v a tio n i n th e ju n io r co lleg e A p e r i o d o f t h r e e y e a r s o r m ore o f s t u d y beyond t h e sop h o m o re y e a r o f c o l l e g e ( 1 1 3 : 4 5 )
S t a t u s o f t r a i n i n g ' a n d e x p e r i e n c e i n 1 9 4S - 4 9 .
Koos,
by v i r t u e o f s e r v i c e f o r a n e x t e n d e d p e r i o d o f t i m e a d i r e c t o r o f r e s e a r c h f o r t h e Am erican A s s o c i a t i o n o f J u n i o r C o lleg e s and as e d i t o r o f th e J u n io r C o lleg e J o u r n a l , h as c o n d u c te d and r e p o r t e d num erous s u r v e y s i n t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n
105 of ju n io r co lleg e teach in g p e rso n n e l,
A number o f h i s r e c e n t
surveys r e l a t e to re c ru itm e n t, t r a i n i n g ,
a n d e x p e r i e n c e an d
th e r e b y f u r n i s h a f i n e background of in f o r m a ti o n ab o u t t h e p ro fe ssio n a l c h a r a c te r is tic s of th e cu rren t ju n io r co lleg e te ach e r po p u latio n . I n l a t e 1947 Koos r e p o r t e d a s u r v e y w h i c h d e a l t w i t h d e g r e e s an d g r a d u a t e r e s i d e n c e o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s . ( 7 3 :7 7 - & 9 )
He made t h e f o l l o w i n g a p p r a i s a l o f t h e t y p i c a l
teacher: 1.
The t y p i c a l j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r h o l d s t h e m a s t e r 1s a s t h e h i g h e s t d e g r e e .
2.
The p a r t i c u l a r m a s t e r ’ s h e l d by t h e t y p i c a l te a c h e r i s th e M aster o f A r t s .
3.
The t y p i c a l a c a d m i c t e a c h e r h a s a b o u t two y e a r s o f g r a d u a te r e s id e n c e and th e t y p i c a l s p e c i a l te a c h e r w ell over a y e a r.
4*
The t y p i c a l j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r i s a d u a l le v el teach er.
5.
Dual l e v e l a s s ig n m e n ts r e a l i z e a b e t t e r p re p a re d te a c h e r a t th e h igh school l e v e l.
6.
The t y p i c a l j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r h a s h a d g r a d u a t e r e s i d e n c e f a r i n e x c e s s o f t h e am ount r e q u ire d f o r th e h ig h e s t degree h eld .(7 3 :& 9 )
L a t e r i n 1947 Koos r e p o r t e d on s u b j e c t s t a u g h t a n d s p e c i a l i z e d p r e p a r a t i o n on j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s . ( 7 5 : 1 9 6 -
106
209)
He c o n c l u d e d t h a t a c a d e m i c t e a c h e r s , w i t h o u t s a c r i f i c e
o f depth of s c h o la r s h ip ,
s h o u l d be e q u i p p e d t o t e a c h more
b ro a d ly th a n a s i n g l e s u b j e c t and t h a t i n d i v i d u a l p r e p a r a t i o n s h o u l d be made f o r t e a c h i n g a t b o t h h i g h s c h o o l a n d j u n i o r co lleg e le v e ls . E a r l y i n 194# Koos r e p o r t e d a s u r v e y w h i c h d e a l t w i t h t h e n u m b e r o f s e m e s t e r h o u r s i n e d u c a t i o n an d t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t e a c h e r s who h a d t a k e n c e r t a i n p r o f e s s i o n a l c o u r s e s . ( 7 4 : 332- 4 4 )
^He m a i n c o n c l u s i o n , h e c o n t e n d e d ,
u n e q u iv o c a lly and r e p e a t e d l y ,
"stands out
. . . the p re p a ra tio n in th e
f i e l d o f e d u c a tio n o f ju n io r c o lle g e te a c h e r s i s alm ost i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h a t o f h ig h sc h o o l t e a c h e r s . " (74:343) deplored t h i s s it u a ti o n ,
Koos
p o i n t i n g o u t t h a t t h e program o f
j u n i o r c o l le g e p r e p a r a t io n should r e f l e c t th e elem ents o f p e c u lia r s ig n ific a n c e fo r th e teaching a t th i s le v e l. The l a s t o f K o o s f s u r v e y s t o b e r e v i e w e d c o n c e r n e d t h e e x p e r i e n t i a l b a c k g r o u n d o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s . (7 2 : 457-69)
He s e c u r e d i n f o r m a t i o n on s u c h i t e m s a s l o c a t i o n ,
name o f p o s i t i o n ,
s u b j e c t o r s u b j e c t s t a u g h t , num ber o f
y e a rs o f each te a c h in g p o s i t i o n h e ld .
The d a t a o f b a c k g r o u n d
f o r j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s w e r e c o m p ared w i t h s i m i l a r d a t a fo r high school te a c h e rs . 1,
H i s m a in f i n d i n g s i n c l u d e d :
The t o t a l e d u c a t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s " y i e l d s a predom inant im p re s s io n of s i m i l a r i t y " when com pared w i t h t h a t o f h i g h s c h o o l
107 teachers. 2.
No d i f f e r e n c e s i n t o t a l e x p e r i e n c e o f r e a l moment e x i s t between f u l l - t i m e and " d u a l " t e a c h e r s ,
ju n io r co lleg e teach ers
i.e .,
t h o s e who t e a c h i n
b oth h ig h sc h o o l and j u n i o r c o l le g e . 3.
As f a r a s t o t a l e d u c a t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e i s
con
cerned, th e te a c h e rs in v ario u s o r g a n iz a tio n a l t y p e s o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e s a r e more a l i k e t h a n d iffe re n t. 4.
The g r e a t e s t m a j o r i t y o f t e a c h e r s i n a l l t y p e s o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e s had backgrounds of h ig h sc h o o l teach in g .
3.
The l a s t p r e v i o u s p o s i t i o n s h e l d w e r e school le v e l fo r over th ree f i f t h s of
a t th e h igh th e ju nio r
c o lle g e te a c h e r s s u r v e y e d .(72:458-6#) K o o s T c o n c l u d e d f ro m t h i s s u r v e y t h a t " r e c r u i t m e n t , . . . as th e source of ju n io r - c o lle g e te a c h e rs , w ill i n e v ita b ly continue to
rely ,
f o r th e most p a r t ,
on f o r m e r h i g h -
s c h o o l t e a c h e r s an d o t h e r s who -have i n m ind e n t e r i n g h i g h school te a c h in g ." (7 2 :4 6 9 ) CHAPTER SIR/MARY The . j u n i o r c o l l e g e — i t s g r o w t h a n d o b j e c t i v e s . J u n i o r c o l l e g e e n r o l l m e n t s d o u b l e d e v e r y s i x y e a r s f r o m 1922 t o 1 9 4 0 ; by 1943 t h e e n r o l l m e n t w as a l m o s t o n e - h a l f m i l l i o n .
108
V a r i o u s e s t i m a t e s p l a c e t h e t o t a l e n r o l l m e n t b y 1957 a t n o t l e s s th a n one m i l l i o n .
A d e s i r a b l e g o a l o f two
m i l l i o n was p r o p o s e d by t h e P r e s i d e n t s Com m ission on H i g h e r E d u catio n . The f u n c t i o n s o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e a r e g e n e r a l l y a g r e e d upon by c o m p e t e n t a u t h o r i t i e s . T e c h n o lo g i c a l a d v a n c e s and s o c i a l ch an g es t o a l a r g e e x te n t n e c e s s i t a t e a continuous m o d ific a tio n of th e ju n io r c o l l e g e t o m e e t t h e n e e d s o f y o u t h , who i n l a r g e r n u m b e rs w i l l go i m m e d i a t e l y i n t o b u s i n e s s , i n d u s t r y ,
ag ricu ltu re,
o r p u b l i c s e r v i c e i n t h e l o c a l com m unity e i t h e r a t t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f two y e a r s o f t r a i n i n g o r b e f o r e . M eeting t h e n e e d s o f a d u l t s i s an i n c r e a s i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f th e ju n io r c o lle g e . The t e a c h i n g p e r s o n n e l a n d e f f o r t s t o i m p r o v e i t . A m a jo r c r i t i c i s m o f j u n i o r c o lle g e t e a c h e r s h as been t h a t t h e y do n o t u n d e r s t a n d t h e p h i l o s o p h y an d p u r p o s e s o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e and have n o t been t r a i n e d to te a c h a t t h i s le v el. The J u n i o r C o l l e g e A s s o c i a t i o n h a s b e e n a c t i v e l y i n t e r e s t e d in problem s o f t h e t e a c h i n g p e r s o n n e l .
It
s p o n s o r e d t h e C o m m ittee on P r e p a r a t i o n o f I n s t r u c t o r s i n 1 9 4 1 ; t h i s C o m m ittee s u b m i t t e d two m a j o r r e p o r t s a n d made many r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s .
Three o f t h e s e p e r t a i n e d t o r e v i s i o n
109 of th e p r o fe s s io n a l curriculum :
(1) a sound l i b e r a l and
c u l t u r a l e d u c a t i o n s h o u l d n o t be n e g l e c t e d i n t h e g r a d u a t e school,
(2 ) i n s t r u c t i o n s h o u l d b e f o c u s e d on b r o a d s u b j e c t
m atter f ie ld s ,
(3) p r o f e s s i o n a l p r e p a r a t i o n s h o u l d f i t t h e
g rad u ates s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r the ju n io r c o lle g e . M ajor c o n t r i b u t i o n s i n th e f i e l d o f t e a c h e r p r e p a r a t i o n w e r e a l s o made by G - a r r is o n aiid R e y n o l d s . Koos s t u d i e d t h e e d u c a t i o n a l a n d e x p e r i e n t a l b a c k ground of j u n i o r c o l le g e t e a c h e r s in 1947-43; he concluded, in p a rt,
th a t th e p re p a ra tio n in th e f i e l d o f edu catio n fo r
t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r was a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h a t of the h ig h school te a c h e r ,
a s i t u a t i o n w h i c h he d e p l o r e d ;
h e recommended t h a t i n d i v i d u a l p r e p a r a t i o n s h o u l d b e made f o r te a c h i n g a t both t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e and h ig h sc h o o l le v e l;
an d h e c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e s o u r c e o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e
te a c h e r s w i l l co n tin u e to be, f o r th e m ost p a r t , form er high s c h o o l t e a c h e r s a n d o t h e r s who e x p e c t t o e n t e r h i g h s c h o o l te ach in g .
CHAPTER V
PRINCIPLES FOR EVALUATION PRINCIPLES RELATING TO BOARD ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY Purpose o f th e c h a p te r .
In o rd er to e v a lu a te th e
p r a c t i c e s and p o l i c i e s of p e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n d e a l i n g th e s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n o f t e a c h e r s , i t
became i m p e r a t i v e
t h a t a p p r o p r i a t e s t a n d a r d s be made a v a i l a b l e . of th e l i t e r a t u r e of school a d m in is tra tio n ,
An a n a l y s i s
of p u b lic
p e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , a n d o f p e r s o n n e l m anagem ent i n in d u s tr y suggested t h a t c e r t a i n b asic c r i t e r i a fo r e v a lu a tio n m i g h t be d e v e l o p e d .
I t w as n o t p r e s u m e d t h a t t h e b a s i c
c r i t e r i a when d e v e l o p e d w o u ld be a p p l i c a b l e t o a l l t h e f a c e t s o f t h e p r o b l e m f o r w h i c h an e v a l u a t i v e y a r d s t i c k was n e e d e d . But i t w as b e l i e v e d t h a t s u c h c r i t e r i a o f a g e n e r a l n a t u r e would p ro v e u s e f u l i n t h e a p p r a i s a l o f c e r t a i n m a jo r p r a c t i c e s a n d p o l i c i e s w h i c h w e r e r e p o r t e d by t h e r e s p o n d e n t s o f t h e present in v e s tig a tio n . For th e purposes of t h i s stu d y th e g e n e ra l c r i t e r i a so d e v e l o p e d h a v e b e e n l a b e l e d a s p r i n c i p l e s .
E f f o r t was
made i n t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t f o r e a c h t o q u a l i f y a s n . . . a hyp o th esis or p ro p o sitio n ,
so a d e q u a t e l y t e s t e d by o b s e r v a
t i o n a n d / o r e x p e r i m e n t , t h a t i t may. i n t e l l i g e n t l y be p u t f o r w a r d a s a g u i d e t o a c t i o n o r a s a m e an s o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g . ^
I ll
(5 3 :IS)
D o c u m e n t a r y v a l i d a t i o n s come p r i m a r i l y f r o m two
sources:
(1) i n t e n s i v e r e s e a r c h s t u d i e s i n t h e s p e c i a l
f ie ld of teach er s e le c tio n ,
an d (2) c o m p e t e n t a u t h o r i t i e s
in g en eral school a d m in istra tio n ,
but w ith p a r t i c u l a r
em phasis a c c o rd e d t h e a u t h o r i t i e s i n s e c o n d a ry sc h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and, where a v a i l a b l e , tra tio n .
ju n io r c o lle g e adm inis
The v a l i d a t i o n s e c u r e d f r o m t h e s e s o u r c e s was
s u p p l e m e n t e d by a p p r o p r i a t e p u b l i s h e d ju d g m e n t o r c o n c l u s i o n s o f e x p e r t s i n c i v i l and i n d u s t r i a l p e r s o n n e l manage m e n t , a n d by r e s e a r c h a n d l i m i t e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w h ic h p e r t a i n e d to t h e problem a t hand b u t n o t n e c e s s a r i l y ‘ conducted in th e s p e c i a l f i e l d o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n . The r e m a i n d e r o f t h i s c h a p t e r i s d e v o t e d t o t h e developm ent and s ta te m e n t of p r i n c i p l e s r e g a r d e d as p rim ary in stru m ents fo r th e e v a lu a tio n of the ju n io r co lleg e p o l i c i e s and p r a c t i c e s r e l a t i n g t o t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n a s r e p o r t e d by t h e e i g h t y - s i x r e s p o n d e n t s who f u r n i s h e d t h e data f o r th is in v e s tig a tio n . P ro fessio n al nature of teach er s e le c tio n .
One o f
th e fundam ental a r e a s of agreem ent s p r in g s out o f th e f a c t t h a t t e a c h i n g i s a h i g h l y s p e c i a l i z e d a n d c o m p le x t a s k .
It
f o l l o w s t h a t an a d e q u a t e a p p r a i s a l o f t e a c h i n g a n d t e a c h e r s ca n b e t t e r be p e r f o r m e d by p r o f e s s i o n a l p e o p l e t h a n by l a y people.
Reeder ex p re sse s th e p o in t very c l e a r l y in th e s e
112
w ords: The f i r s t p r i n c i p l e t o b e f o l l o w e d i n t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n i s t h a t t h o s e p e r s o n s who a r e t h e m o st c o m p e t e n t to judge q u a l i f i c a t i o n s sh o u ld have t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for selectin g . P e r s o n s who h a v e made a s t u d y o f s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y o f one o f i t s b r a n c h e s — th e te a c h in g p e rso n n e l— a re b e t t e r q u a l if ie d to perform t h i s i m p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n t h a n p e r s o n s who h a v e n o t made such s tu d y . Because o f h i s p r o f e s s i o n a l p r e p a r a t i o n , h i s e d u c a tio n a l e x p e rie n c e , and e s p e c i a l l y because o f t h e p o s i t i o n of e d u c a t i o n a l l e a d e r s h i p w hich he h o l d s , the su p e rin ten d en t of sch o o ls, w ith th e co op eration of h i s p r i n c i p a l s and o th e r a d m in is t r a tiv e co-w orkers, sh o u ld be d e l e g a t e d th e f u n c t i o n o f s e l e c t i n g a l l t e a c h e r s . . . .(110:117-15) an d He ( t y p i c a l s c h o o l b o a r d member) i s a s much h a n d i c a p p e d i n s e l e c t i n g t e a c h e r s a s w o u ld be t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f s c h o o l s i f h e s t e p p e d o u t o f h i s r o l e and u n d e rto o k to s e l e c t p h y s ic ia n s and n u r s e s f o r a h o s p i t a l , o r t o r u n t h e p r i v a t e b u s i n e s s o f a n y b o a r d member f o r h i m . (BO:1 1 7 - 1 5 ) O t h e r w r i t e r s h a v e e x p r e s s e d t h e i r b e l i e f i n t h e same b a s ic id e a and have, i n d i c a t e d th e g e n e r a l co n cu rren ce of e x p e rts in t h i s m a t t e r . ( 2 1 : 300- 0 2 ; 79:356;
33:25; 25:145;
40:304) E xecutive a c c o u n ta b ili ty .
E x perts in a d m in istra tio n
u n a n i m o u s l y e n d o r s e t h e c o n c e p t o f h o l d i n g one e x e c u t i v e a c c o u n ta b le f o r th e o r g a n i z a t i o n he h e a d s , and o f p r o v id in g h im w i t h f u l l p o w e r a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . ( 4 3 : 9 1 ; 1 4 6 : 1 5 6 ; 4 4 :8 9 -9 0 ; 1 0 7 :1 4 7 -4 5 ; 37:12)
S tr a y e r quotes th e fo llo w in g
p e r t i n e n t p a r a g r a p h from t h e R e p o r t o f t h e P r e s i d e n t ’ s C o m m ittee on A d m i n i s t r a t i v e M anagem ent:
113 F o r t u n a t e l y t h e f o u n d a t i o n s o f e f f e c t i v e managm ent i n p u b l i c a f f a i r s , no l e s s t h a n i n p r i v a t e , a r e w e l l known. T hey h a v e e m e r g e d u n i v e r s a l l y w h e r e v e r men h a v e w o r k e d t o g e t h e r f o r some common p u r p o s e , w h e t h e r t h r o u g h th e s t a t e , th e church, th e p r iv a te a s s o c ia tio n , o r th e com m erical e n t e r p r i s e . They h a v e b e e n w r i t t e n i n t o c o n s t i t u t i o n s , c h a r t e r s , a n d a r t i c l e s o f ‘i n c o r p o r a t i o n , and e x i s t a s h a b i t s o f w o r k i n t h e d a i l y l i f e o f a l l organized p eo p le s. S t a t e d i n sim ple te rm s , t h e s e canons of e f f ic ie n c y re q u ire th e estab lish m en t of a re sp o n sib le and e f f e c t i v e c h i e f e x e c u t i v e a s t h e c e n t e r o f e n e rg y d i r e c t i o n , a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e m a n a g e m e n t; t h e s y s t e m a t i c o rg a n iz a tio n of a l l a c t i v i t i e s in th e hands of q u a l if i e d p ersonnel under th e d ir e c tio n of th e c h ie f e x e c u tiv e ; m a n a g e ria l and s t a f f a g e n c ie s . T h e r e m u s t a l s o be p r o v i s i o n f o r p l a n n i n g , a com p lete f i s c a l sy stem , and m e an s f o r h o l d i n g t h e e x e c u t i v e a c c o u n t a b l e f o r h i s p ro g ram .(1 3 5 :3 4 ) S u r v e y e x p e r t s h a v e b e e n v e r y e m p h a t i c i n r e c o m m e n d in g . changes i n a c co rd an c e w ith th e v ie w p o in t d e s c r ib e d above where t h i s c o n c e p t o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o n h a s been v i o l a t e d . (66: 11-31)
The E d u c a t i o n a l P o l i c i e s Com mission h a s p o i n t e d o u t
t h a t i t s recom m endation t h a t " th e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f s c h o o ls s h o u ld n o m in a te a l l em ployees and t h e b o ard s h o u ld e l e c t o n l y on h i s n o m i n a t i o n , " i s b a s e d on t h e i d e a o f c e n t e r i n g r e s p o n s i b il it y in a s in g le ex ecu tiv e o f f i c e r .( 4 5 :6 0 -6 l)
The
C om m ission c o n s i d e r s h o l d i n g - t h e c h i e f e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e p r o g r a m w h i c h h e an d t h e b o a r d h a v e w o r k e d o u t t o g e t h e r a s t h e second most im p o r ta n t f u n c t i o n of th e board,
e x c e e d e d o n l y by th e . f u n c t i o n o f s e l e c t i n g i t s
chief
e x e c u tiv e .(4 5 :5 9 ) D eterm in atio n of p o l i c i e s .
A nother a r e a o f agreem ent
among a u t h o r i t i e s i n e d u c a t i o n a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n c o n c e r n s t h e
114 n e c e s s i t y of th e board to d e te rm in e m ajor sc h o o l p o l i c i e s . (97^54; 6 6 :4 3 ; 135:28) and ad o p t p o l i c i e s ,
N ot o n l y s h o u l d t h e b o a r d c o n s i d e r
but i t
s h o u l d make th e m a r t i c u l a t e i n
board r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s .
The E d u c a t i o n a l P o l i c i e s
Com mission s p e c i f i c a l l y recom m ends t h a t t h e b o a r d a d o p t r u l e s o f p r o c e d u r e f o r t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n . ( 4 5 :60)
Reeder
c o n s i d e r s t h i s so i m p o r t a n t t h a t h e recom mends t h a t p r o c e d u r e s be d e f i n e d by s t a t e l a w . ( 1 1 0 : 1 1 8 )
S e a r s , how ever, s t a t e s th e
g e n e r a l v i e w , " T h e r e s h o u l d be a v a i l a b l e t o t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t , i n th e b o a r d ’s r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s , a c l e a r s ta te m e n t of th e p o l i c i e s g o v e r n i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n t and a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h e p e r s o n n e l ."(124:261)
O ther a u t h o r i t i e s have s u b s c rib e d to th e
same v i e w . ( 3 5 : 3 2 8 ) One o f t h e b e s t s u m m a r i e s o f p r a c t i c e s w h i c h h a v e grown o u t o f t h e g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e s r e v i e w e d a b o v e i s p r e s e n t e d by R e e d e r , who s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e y be p r e s c r i b e d i n t h e b o a rd s r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s : 1. T h a t t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f s c h o o l s be d e l e g a t e d th e d u ty o f n o m in a tin g a l l s c h o o l em ployees t o t h e board o f e d u c a tio n . 2. T h a t a l l n o m i n a t i o n s t h u s made be a c c e p t e d by t h e b o a r d u n l e s s d i s a p p r o v e d by m a j o r i t y v o t e . T his p r i n c i p l e g i v e s t h e a c t u a l a p p o i n t i n g pow er t o t h e b o a r d , w h e r e i t s h o u l d r e s i d e i f t h e b o a r d i s t o be more t h a n a r u b b e r stam p. S u p e r i n t e n d e n t s sh o u ld n o m in a te em ployees, b u t s c h o o l b o a r d s s h o u l d a p p o i n t th e m . 3. T h a t when a n o m i n a t i o n by t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t i s d i s a p p r o v e d , h e s h a l l make a n o t h e r o r o t h e r n o m i n a t i o n s . When t h e b o a r d d i s a p p r o v e s a n o m i n a t i o n by t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t , i t s h a l l n o t s u b s t i t u t e a c a n d i d a t e o f i t s own selec tio n . 4. T h a t a l l c a n d i d a t e s f o r p o s i t i o n s be i n s t r u c t e d
115 t o sen d t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n s t o , and t o prom ote t h e i r c a n d i d a c i e s w h o lly w ith , t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t and n o t to o r w ith th e board. The c o d e s o f e t h i c s o f many o f t h e e d u c a t i o n a s s o c i a t i o n s e n j o i n t h i s o b l i g a t i o n upon t e a c h e r s . T e a c h e r s who v i o l a t e t h e r u l e s h o u l d a u t o m a t i c a l l y be b a r r e d from c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r a p o s i t i o n . ( 1 1 0 : 1 1 9 ) I n view of t h e above a n a l y s i s o f t h e a u t h o r i t a t i v e l i t e r a t u r e and r e s e a r c h , t h e f o llo w in g p r i n c i p l e s , w h ich have b e e n r e s t a t e d so a s t o b e a r m ore d i r e c t l y on b o a r d and ad m in istra tiv e r e s p o n s ib ility fo r teach er s e le c tio n , ap p o in t m ent, and r e t e n t i o n , P rin cip le I .
are proposed. The s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s i s a h i g h l y
t e c h n i c a l t a s k w h i c h s h o u l d be p e r f o r m e d by t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l person or persons b e s t q u a lif ie d to e v a lu a te the p o t e n ti a l serv ice of th e te a c h e r. P rin cip le I I .
As t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l h e a d o f t h e s c h o o l ,
t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t m u s t be empowered w i t h a u t h o r i t y commen s u r a te w ith h is r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r a l l phases of te a c h e r personnel a d m in istra tio n . P rin cip le I I I . sib ilitie s,
The b o a r d p o s s e s s e s i n h e r e n t r e s p o n
u t i l i z i n g w hatever p r o f e s s i o n a l a d v ic e i t n e e d s,
f o r th e f o r m u l a ti o n and d e c l a r a t i o n o f b a s ic p o l i c i e s in th e s e l e c t i o n , appointm ent,
and r e t e n t i o n o f t h e t e a c h i n g
p ersonnel. PRINCIPLES RELATING TO INTERADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY R e s p o n s ib ility of the c h ie f a d m in istra tiv e o f f i c e r s . T h e r e seems t o b e a u n a n i m i t y o f f e e l i n g among e d u c a t i o n a l
116
ex p erts th a t th e u ltim a te r e s p o n s ib ility f o r th e s e le c tio n of te a c h e r s should belong to th e s u p e r in t e n d e n t ,
r a th e r than to
c o o rd in a te o r su b o rd in a te a d m in is tr a to r s in th e sch o o l system . (37:93)
To do o t h e r w i s e w o u ld v i o l a t e t h e a c c e p t e d f u n d a m e n
t a l p r in c ip le of ex ecu tiv e r e s p o n s ib ility fo r th e o rg a n iz a tio n he h e a d s .
W hether t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s h o u ld o r s h o u ld n o t
d e le g a te fu n c tio n s r e l a t i n g to p erso n n el s e le c tio n lik e w ise p r e s e n t s no i s s u e .
Except i n v e ry sm all o r g a n i z a t i o n s ,
some
d e l e g a t i o n o f such d u t i e s o f th e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t i s d e s i r a b l e , i f n o t i m p e r a t i v e . (4 2 :1 4 , 8 : 1 3 9 ; 43 :9 1 ; 49:186; 44:89-90) I t h a s been p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t r a t h e r th a n th e board sh ould s e l e c t t h e te a c h i n g p e r s o n n e l , and t h a t th e re a so n s f o r t h i s p ro c e d u re a r e p r i m a r i l y tw o:
th e
s u p e r i n t e n d e n t i s m ore a b l e t o p e r f o r m t h i s t e c h n i c a l t a s k , and a u t h o r i t y s h o u ld p a r a l l e l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .
E ducational
t h e o r i s t s have p o in te d o u t t h a t s i m i l a r argum ents a p p ly to p rop osals th a t th e su p e rin ten d en t d e le g a te p o rtio n ^ of h is resp o n sib ility . M a xw e ll a n d K i l z e r commented on one o f t h e s e p o i n t s as fo llo w s: The h i g h s c h o o l p r i n c i p a l , u n d e r w hose d i r e c t s u p e r v i s i o n t h e t e a c h e r w i l l w o r k , s h o u l d be g i v e n an o p p o r t u n i t y t o c o n f e r w i t h h i s s u p e r i n t e n d e n t r e l a t i v e to t h e q u a l i t i e s an a c c e p t a b l e c a n d i d a t e s h o u l d p o s s e s s . . . . Such a p o l i c y p u t s i n t o o p e r a t i o n th e p r i n c i p l e t h a t a u t h o r i t y should p a r a l l e l r e s p o n s ib i l i t y . (87:473) Cox a n d L a n g f i t t s t r e s s e d t h e p o i n t o f v i e w t h a t t h e
117
h ig h s c h o o l p r i n c i p a l sh o u ld have a s i g n i f i c a n t p a r t i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s b e c a u s e o f h i s u n iq u e know ledge o f requirem ents in h is sc h o o l.
In t h e i r w ords:
S in c e th e p r i n c i p a l u s u a l l y e x e r c i s e s t h e most i m m e d i a t e s u p e r v i s i o n o v e r t h e w o rk o f t h e t e a c h e r , h e s h o u l d know t h e e x a c t n e e d s o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n , t h e s e c t i o n s a n d a c t i v i t i e s t o b e d i r e c t e d by t h e t e a c h e r , and th e s p e c i a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e p o s i t i o n t o be f i l l e d . (3 8 :2 5 2 -5 3 ) D ouglass,
i n a n s w e r i n g t h e q u e s t i o n o f who s h a l l
s e l e c t high school te a c h e r s ,
su m m a r iz e d b o t h a r g u m e n t s t h u s :
E x ce p t i n t h e v e r y l a r g e s c h o o l sy stem s i n w hich t e a c h e r s a r e e m p lo y e d by t h e d o z e n s f o r v a r i o u s d e p a r t m e n t s , a n d i n s m a ll d i s t r i c t s i n w hich th e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t i s i n r e a l i t y a lso th e high school p r in c ip a l, th e re i s l i t t l e t o be s a i d f o r t h e p r a c t i c e so w i d e l y f o l l o w e d , o f r e t a i n i n g th e s e l e c t i o n of h ig h sch o o l te a c h e r s co m pletely i n t h e h a n d s o f t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f s c h o o l s . N ot o n l y a r e t h e p r i n c i p a l a n d t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d much more c l o s e l y i n touch w ith th e n eeds of th e sc h o o l and b e t t e r a b l e to d e c id e j u s t w hat t r a i n i n g and t y p e o f p e r s o n a l i t y a r e most d e s i r a b l e f o r a g iv e n v ac an cy , but i t i s a l s o sound b u s i n e s s p o l i c y t o c o o r d i n a t e a u t h o r i t y w ith r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . ( 4 3 - 91) O t h e r e d u c a t i o n a l e x p e r t s who h a v e e x p r e s s e d t h e i r v i e w s on t h e s u b j e c t g a v e t h e same r e a s o n s f o r p a r t i c i p a t i o n by t h e p r i n c i p a l i n t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n . ( 7 9 : 3 5 7 ; 1 0 7 : 1 4 7 - 4 8 ) The p r e s e n t w r i t e r c o u l d f i n d no r e s p o n s i b l e s t a t e m e n t t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t t h e p r i n c i p a l s h o u l d h a v e no p a r t i n s e le c tin g te a c h e rs f o r h is school. t o be o f d e g r e e an d k i n d .
The o n l y q u e s t i o n se e m s
Some w r i t e r s do n o t go b e y o n d a
g e n e r a l s ta te m e n t a d v o c a tin g p a r t i c i p a t i o n . (2 4 :1 3 7 ; 146:190; 87:473)
The f e e l i n g se em s t o be g r o w i n g , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e
118
p r i n c i p a l s h o u l d be r e c o g n i z e d a s t h e r e s p o n s i b l e h e a d o f h i s s c h o o l , an d on t h a t p r e m i s e be a c c o r d e d a p r o m i n e n t p a r t in th e s e l e c t i o n o f p e rs o n n e l f o r h i s u n i t .(6 7 :4 3 2 )
R eeder,
f o r e x a m p l e , b e l i e v e s t h a t i d e a l l y t h e n o m i n a t i o n s h o u l d be made by t h e p r i n c i p a l ,
e v e n t h o u g h t h e n o m i n a t i o n s may n o t
a l w a y s be a c c e p t e d by t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t . ( 1 1 0 : 1 3 8 )
D ouglass
t a k e s e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same p o s i t i o n a s R e e d e r . ( 4 3 : 9 1 - 9 2 ) Koos a n d h i s c o l l a b o r a t o r s l i k e w i s e t a k e a v i g o r o u s s t a n d i n l i n e w i t h t h e c o n c e p t t h a t t h e p r i n c i p a l is. t h e re s p o n s ib le head of h i s s c h o o l.
They p o i n t o u t some d e s i r a b l e
lim ita tio n s f o r the c e n tr a l s t a f f : In th e s e le c tio n of te a c h e rs , as in th e e x e rc ise of o t h e r f u n c t i o n s , t h e r e m u s t d o u b t l e s s be some d e g r e e o f u n i f o r m i t y e n f o r c e d f o r t h e e n t i r e d i s t r i c t ; economy an d e f f i c i e n c y d i c t a t e t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f b u t one p e r s o n n e l o f f i c e a n d some c o n s e q u e n t c e n t r a l i z a t i o n . The s p i r i t o f s u c h a n a r r a n g e m e n t , h o w e v e r , may a n d s h o u l d be on e o f s e r v i c e r a t h e r t h a n o n e o f r e s t r i c t i o n o r d o m in a tio n .(79:357) D ouglass a l s o o u t l i n e d i n c o n s i d e r a b l e d e t a i l j u s t what th e h ig h s c h o o l p r i n c i p a l f s d u t i e s w ere w i t h r e s p e c t t o phases o f p erso n n e l a d m in is tra tio n r e la te d to the s e le c tio n of t e a c h e r s .(4 3 :9 1 -9 2 )
The number a n d c h a r a c t e r o f t h e s e
d u t i e s s u g g e s t t h a t t h e p r i n c i p a l s h o u ld t a k e t h e dom inant p a rt in te ach e r s e le c tio n . The a c t u a l i z a t i o n o f t h e c o n c e p t o f h o l d i n g t h e p rin c ip a l resp o n sib le fo r h is school p resen ts d i f f i c u l t i e s i n t h a t t h e q u e s t i o n o f w h i c h r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s s h a l l be
119
r e s e r v e d f o r t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t and w h i c h f o r t h e p r i n c i p a l s t i l l m u s t be a n s w e r e d on some d e f e n s i b l e b a s i s .
One o f t h e
b e s t a n s w e r s t o t h i s q u e s t i o n was p r o p o s e d by S e a r s i n t h e fo llo w in g p aragraph: To d e n y a p r i n c i p a l a r i g h t t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n s e l e c t i n g , a s s i g n i n g , t r a n s f e r r i n g , p r o m o t i n g , an d d is m is s in g th e te a c h e r s f o r h i s sch o o l i s to deny t h a t the p r in c ip a ls h ip i s a re s p o n s ib le o f f ic e o r th a t th e school i s a r e a l u n it o f s e rv ic e . How.much o f h i s pow er w i l l t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t d e l e g a t e f o r t h i s ? T his m u s t v a r y w i t h t h e s i z e of. t h e s c h o o l a n d t h e t a l e n t of the p r in c ip a l. In any case th e s u p e r in te n d e n t (in la r g e system s th e a s s i s t a n t s u p e r in te n d e n t o r th e p e r s o n n e l d i r e c t o r ) h a s a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y w hich he s h o u l d n o t d e l e g a t e , t h a t o f k n o w in g w h a t i s g o i n g on a n d t h a t o f s e e i n g t o i t t h a t few m i s f i t s a r e c h o s e n . By t h e n a t u r e o f t h e j o b t h e p r i n c i p a l s h o u l d h a v e a say, but n o t th e f i n a l one. The d i f f i c u l t i e s , m o s t common i n t h i s a r e a a r e d u e t o t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s wrong o r v a c i l l a t i n g u s e o f t h e t a l e n t s o f h i s s u b o rd in ates .(1 2 4 :263) S e a r s 1 s u g g e s t i o n t h a t t h e d e g r e e o f d e l e g a t i o n of t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n s h o u l d d e p e n d on t h e s i z e o f t h e s c h o o l and t h e t a l e n t o f th e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s su b o rd in ates i s
s u p p o r t e d by o t h e r w r i t e r s . ( 4 4 : 9 1 - 9 2 ; 4 3 : 9 1 -
92) R e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f th e departm ent head.
For s u f f i c i e n t
l y l a r g e s c h o o l s t h e same r e a s o n s a r e g i v e n by e d u c a t i o n a l a u t h o r i t i e s f o r departm ent head p a r t i c i p a t i o n in th e te a c h e r s e l e c t i o n a s w e r e g i v e n f o r t h e p r i n c i p a l o f t h e s c h o o l . (4 4 : 92; 1 1 0 :1 3 8 -3 9 ; 4 3 :9 1 )
The d e p a r t m e n t h e a d ’ s a d m i n i s t r a t i v e
r e s p o n s i b il i t y o b v io u sly i s
r e s t r i c t e d to h is departm ent,
but
. 120
i t may be a s s u m e d t h a t i n l a r g e s c h o o l s a t l e a s t i t i s l i k e l y t h a t h e knows some a s p e c t s o f t h e d e p a r t m e n t a l r e q u i r e m e n t s m ore i n t i m a t e l y t h a n t h e p r i n c i p a l . On t h e b a s i s o f t h e f o r e g o i n g r e v i e w o f a u t h o r i t a t i v e w ritin g ,
and i n k e e p in g w ith th e a p p l i c a b l e t e n e t s o f th e
A m e r i c a n P o l i c i e s C o m m issio n a s e x p r e s s e d i n i t s
book The
S t r u c t u r e an d A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f E d u c a tio n i n Am erican D em ocracy ( 4 5 . : 4 1 - 7 2 ) , t h e f o l l o w i n g b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s r e g a r d ing d e le g a tio n o f a u t h o r i t y f o r th e te a c h e r s e l e c t i o n fu n c tio n a re proposed. P r i n c i p l e I V . The u l t i m a t e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n of t e a c h e r s m ust rem ain w i t h t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t . P r i n c i p l e V.
The a u t h o r i t y o f t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e
s t a f f f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s s h o u l d be c o m m e n s u r a te w ith t h e i r a ssig n e d a d m in is tra tiv e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . P r i n c i p l e V I.
E f f i c i e n t m a nagem ent demands t h a t t h e
p erso n o r p e rs o n s most a b l e t o e v a lu a t e t h e p o t e n t i a l s e r v ic e o f t h e t e a c h e r i n w h o l e o r i n s i g n i f i c a n t p a r t be u t i l i z e d i n th e s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s . PRINCIPLES RELATING TO THE SELECTION PROGRAM M e rit.
T h e r e seem s t o b e no p r i n c i p l e i n t h e c o n d u c t
of p u b lic sc h o o l a d m in is t r a tio n b e t t e r e s t a b l i s h e d th an t h i s : The s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s m u s t be b a s e d on m e r i t o n l y . l o n g ago a s 1 9 2 2 ,
C ubberly w ro te :
As
121
The s c h o o l s e x i s t i n no s e n s e t o a f f o r d p l a c e s f o r t e a c h e r s . No o n e i s e n t i t l e d by r i g h t t o a t e a c h e r * s p o s i t i o n , e x c e p t on t h e one b a s i s o f b e i n g t h e b e s t p r e p a r e d and t h e most p r o f e s s i o n a l l y i n e a r n e s t t e a c h e r a v a ila b le. I n no way s h o u l d t h e s c h o o l s be made l o c a l fam ily a f f a i r s , o r used f o r l o c a l c h a r i t a b l e , p o l i t i c a l , s o c i a l , o r r e l i g i o u s p u r p o s e s .(39:308-09) S in ce t h a t tim e a u t h o r i t i e s i n e d u c a t i o n a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n have g iv e n th e m e r it p r i n c i p l e v ig o ro u s s u p p o r t. s e le c te d s ta te m e n ts are given to i l l u s t r a t e
A few
the p o in t.
In
1932 G-raves commented: He ( s u p e r i n t e n d e n t ) s h o u l d h i m s e l f h o l d and c o n s t a n t l y im p ress th e board t h a t th e o n ly r e l e v a n t c o n s id e ra tio n in s e le c tin g te a c h e rs i s th e e f f ic ie n c y o f t h e c a n d i d a t e . ( 5 7 :1 9 3 ) I n 1939 Cook w r o t e : O bviously th e o n ly t r u e b a s i s f o r th e s e l e c t i o n and a p p o in tm e n t o f t e a c h e r s i s t h a t of m e r i t . ( 3 3 : 4 1 ) I n 1942 R e e d e r r e i t e r a t e d t h e same c o n c e p t : I t goes w ith o u t sa y in g t h a t q u a l i f i c a t i o n s should be t h e o n l y c r i t e r i o n f o r d e t e r m i n i n g who s h a l l be s e l e c t e d f o r , an d r e t a i n e d i n , a t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n . (110:136-37) I n 1949 C h am b erlain and K in d r e d i n d i s c u s s i n g t h e n e c e s s ity fo r u t i l i z i n g p ro fe s s io n a l persons in th e evalu a t i o n of te a c h e r p o t e n t i a l s i g n i f i e d t h e i r agreem ent w ith th e above a u t h o r i t i e s in t h e s e w ords: The o n l y b a s i s upon w h i c h a t e a c h e r s h o u l d be s e l e c t e d i s th e e s tim a te d e f f i c i e n c y w ith w hich he w i l l p e rfo rm a l l t h e d u t i e s a s s i g n e d him , . . . (2 8 :1 4 6 ) C o u l b o u r n , who made a s t u d y o f t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s in la rg e c i t y school sy stem s, l i s t e d th e s e le c tio n of te a c h e rs
on t h e m e r i t b a s i s a s one o f h i s c r i t e r i a . ( 3 7 : 1 3 ) The f o l l o w i n g i s p r o p o s e d a s t h e p r i n c i p l e r e f l e c t i n g t h e p o i n t o f v ie w d e s c r i b e d a b o v e . P rin c ip le V II.
T e a c h e r s s h o u l d be s e l e c t e d on t h e
b a s i s of th e . e s t i m a t e d e f f i c i e n c y w ith w hich t h e y w i l l p e r form t h e i r p r o f e s s i o n a l d u t i e s . Seeking a p p l i c a n t s .
E d u catio n al e x p e rts concur in
t h e i r b e l i e f t h a t sc h o o l o f f i c i a l s should seek o u t d e s i r a b l e p r o s p e c t i v e a p p l i c a n t s i n s t e a d o f r e l y i n g on t h o s e who apply. As R e e d e r s a y s ,
"The b e s t t e a c h e r s a v a i l a b l e a r e n o t
alw ays r e p r e s e n t e d in a l i s t o f a p p l i c a t i o n s ;
in fa c t,
th e
most p o o r l y q u a l i f i e d c a n d i d a t e s a r e u s u a l l y t h e m ost p e r s i s t e n t a p p l i c a n t s . "(110:127)
Hence " i f t h e s e r v i c e s
of th e b e s t t e a c h e r s a re p ro c u re d , th e p o s i t i o n must o f te n s e e k th e m , n o t t h e y t h e p o s i t i o n . " ( 1 1 0 : 1 2 7 )
T his r e p r e s e n ts
t h e c o n s e n s u s . ( 7 9 : 3 4 5 and 3 6 3 - 6 4 ; 3 & :2 5 6 , 57**20 3 ; 2 4 : 1 3 7 ; 4 4 :9 0 ; 4 3 :9 2 ; 136:43) I t i s p o i n t e d o u t by t h e R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n o f t h e N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n t h a t s e l e c t i o n f r o m among t h e a p p l i c a n t s who v o l u n t a r i l y s e n d i n t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n s may be p o s s i b l e i n t h e l a r g e c i t y s c h o o l s y s t e m w h e r e s a l a r i e s a r e r e l a t i v e l y h ig h and w here l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s a r e d e s i r a b l e . (97:64)
Yet " i t i s g e n e r a lly agreed t h a t sc h o o l
123
o f f i c i a l s should a c t i v e l y seek d e s i r a b l e c a n d id a te s f o r t h e te ach in g s t a f f ." ( 9 7 :6 4 )
C o u l b o u r n , who made a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n
of s e le c tio n of te a c h e rs in la rg e c i t i e s , e q u iv o cally w ith t h i s c r i t e r i o n : h is a u th o riz e d ag en ts,
comes o u t u n
"The s u p e r i n t e n d e n t ,
or
should a c t i v e l y seek d e s ir a b le
c a n d i d a t e s f o r t h e t e a c h i n g s t a f f . " ( 3 7 :14) On t h e b a s i s o f t h e f o r e g o i n g , t h e f o l l o w i n g p r i n c i p l e i s proposed. P rin c ip le V III.
The h i r i n g a u t h o r i t y s h o u l d a c t i v e l y
seek d e s i r a b l e a p p l i c a n t s f o r te a c h in g p o s i t i o n s . A p p licatio n b la n k s.
The u s e o f t h e f o r m a l a p p l i c a t i o n
b l a n k h a s become g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d i n a l l p r o g r a m s o f te a c h e r s e l e c t i o n .(3 7 :5 1 ; w as f o u n d t h a t i t s
67:481)
As l o n g ago a s 1932 i t
u s e w as " a l m o s t u n i v e r s a l . " ( 4 2 : 4 2 )
In
194 2 t h e R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n o f t h e N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n f o u n d t h a t 86 p e r c e n t o f t h e e l e m e n t a r y t o s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s i n c i t i e s o v e r 2 ,3 0 0 u t i l i z e d su ch f o rm s . (97:66)
I n 1949 A t k i n s o n i n h i s r e s e a r c h s t u d y f o u n d
90 p e r c e n t a g re e m e n t from a s a m p lin g o f a s i m i l a r p o p u la
t i o n . ( 8 :1 4 4 ) W r i t e r s h a v e a d v a n c e d a num ber o f r e a s o n s f o r t h e extended use o f th e form al a p p l i c a t i o n b la n k .
One o f t h e
b e s t s u m m a r ie s was made by C o u l b o u r n i n t h e s e w o r d s : U n d o u b te d ly i t (1) p r o v i d e s a means w hereby t h e s e l e c t i n g a g e n c y can o b t a i n n e c e s s a r y i n f o r m a t i o n
124
c o n c e r n i n g t h e a p p l i c a n t ; (2 ) e n a b l e s t h e s e l e c t i n g agency t o have such in f o r m a ti o n c o n c e rn in g e v e ry a p p l i c a n t a rra n g e d in a uniform m anner, r e a d i l y f i l e d , a n d e a s i l y r e f e r r e d t o ; an d (3 ) f u r n i s h e s c o m p a r a b l e in fo rm a tio n f o r d e te rm in in g th e e l i g i b i l i t y of a p p l i c a n t s . ( 3 7 *53) A l t h o u g h some d i f f e r e n c e s o f o p i n i o n e x i s t s u c h a s what i s r e l e v a n t and w h at i s n o t ,
e d u c a t i o n a l e x p e r t s do
recommend t h a t a f o r m a l a p p l i c a t i o n blank; be u s e d , ( 3 3 : 4 4 ; 1 1 0 :1 3 1 ; 4 3 :9 7 ; 2 1 :2 9 4 ; 38:253) t h i s view .
R esearch s tu d ie s sup p o rt
C o u l b o u r n c i t e s a s o ne o f h i s c r i t e r i a :
T,a
program o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n sh o u ld i n c l u d e t h e u s e o f an ap p lica tio n
b l a n k t o b e f i l l e d o u t by a l l c a n d i d a t e s . " ( 3 7 : 1 7 )
A tkinson i n h i s r e c e n t s tu d y proposed th e p r i n c i p l e t h a t a " t e a c h e r ' s a p p l i c a t i o n f o r m s h o u l d be a d e f i n i t e p a r t o f t h e a d m in is tr a tiv e p ro ced u res in th e s e l e c t i o n of t e a c h e r s . "(8:145) D a v i s , who s t u d i e d p e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n n o n t e a c h i n g s e r v i c e s o f t h e s c h o o l , recom m ended t h a t a l l a s p i r a n t s f o r p o s i t i o n s c o m p l e t e w r i t t e n a p p l i c a t i o n s on a n a p p r o p r i a t e f o r m . (41:162)
Yoder r e p o r t s t h a t a p p l i c a t i o n
b la n k s a r e u n i v e r s a l l y used in i n d u s t r y .(1 5 0 :1 4 4 ) On t h e b a s i s o f i t s
e x t e n d e d u s e , s u p p o r t e d by t h e
ju d g m e n t o f e x p e r t s an d c o r r o b o r a t e d b y r e s e a r c h ,
the
fo llo w in g p r in c ip l e i s proposed. P r i n c i p l e XX.
The c o m p l e t i o n o f a f o r m a l a p p l i c a t i o n
b l a n k by t h e a p p l i c a n t s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a n e c e s s a r y r e q u i r e ment i n t h e p r o c e d u r e f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s .
125 Job s p e c i f i c a t i o n s .
Y o d e r o p e n s h i s d i s c u s s i o n on
job a n a l y s i s in i n d u s t r y a s fo llo w s : One o f t h e f i r s t s t e p s i n a n y e x t e n s i v e p e r s o n n e l program , and l i k e w i s e th e a lm o st e s s e n t i a l f o u n d a tio n th e re fo r , i s a survey of la b o r needs, a c a re fu l d e te r m in a tio n o f th e ty p e s of p o s i t i o n s and w ork ers t o f i l l them ( i t a l i c s n o t i n o r i g i n a l ) t h a t a r e r e q u i r e d t o c a r r y on t h e b u s i n e s s . ( 1 5 0 : 1 0 1 ) and l a t e r : The m o d e rn s e l e c t i v e p r o g r a m s e e k s t o make u s e o f e v e ry a v a i l a b l e means t o f i l l p o s i t i o n s w i t h i n d i v i d u a l s w hose a b i l i t i e s , i n t e r e s t s an d o t h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s m e e t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s d i s c l o s e d by j o b s p e c i f i c a t i o n s t o be r e q u i s i t e f o r e a c h p o s i t i o n i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n . (1 5 0 :1 6 1 ) A c c o r d i n g t o Y o d e r some s o r t o f j o b d e s c r i p t i o n i n d i c a t i n g t h e g e n e r a l n a t u r e o f t h e w o r k t o be done m u s t e x i s t i n t h e m ind o f e v e r y em ploym ent m a n a g e r when h e h i r e s an e m p lo y e e .(1 5 0 :1 0 2 ) w ell-arran g ed , (150:102)
H ow ever, t h e c a r e f u l l y p r e p a r e d ,
an d d e t a i l e d s u m m a r ie s a r e o f r e c e n t o r i g i n .
F u rth e rm o re an i n c r e a s i n g r e c o g n i t i o n of th e
e le m e n ta ry c h a r a c t e r o f jo b a n a l y s i s i n t h e w hole p e r s o n n e l program h a s been n o t e d n o t o n ly i n i n d u s t r y b u t i n c i v i l s e r v i c e . (150:102)
Job a n a l y s i s f u r n i s h e s th e i n f o r m a t i o n from
w hich jo b s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a r e p r e p a r e d and t h e r e f o r e i s a p r e l i m i n a r y s t e p i n p e r s o n n e l a n a l y s i s an d c o n t r o l ,
and i t
la y s th e b a s is f o r i n t e l l i g e n t s e l e c t i o n o f p e r s o n n e l .(1 5 0 :1 0 6 ) I f a j o b be d e f i n e d a s t h e f,g r o u p o f d u t i e s , b ilitie s,
resp o n si
an d a c t i v i t i e s a s s i g n e d t o an i n d i v i d u a l ” a n d j o b
d e s c r i p t i o n be d e f i n e d a s a "summary o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t
126
f e a t u r e s o f t h e j o b i n t e r m s o f i t s g e n e r a l n a t u r e and o f t h e ty p e o f o p e r a t i v e r e q u i r e d t o p e r f o rm i t i n an e f f i c i e n t m anner,"(1 5 0 :1 0 2 -0 3 ) at le ast,
t h e n " j o b ” becom es r o u g h l y e q u i v a l e n t ,
to "teaching p o s itio n ,"
of t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n to prove,
It is
beyond t h e s c o p e
even i f i t w ere p o s s i b l e ,
t h a t t h i s p r a c t i c e w hich i s h e l d t o be d e s i r a b l e i n i n d u s t r i a l , b u sin ess,
or c i v i l personnel a d m in istra tio n i s th e re fo re de
s ir a b le in th e teach in g p ro fe s s io n .
N ev erth eless, i t appears
l i k e l y t h a t c e r t a i n b a s i c c o n c e p t s may b e a p p l i c a b l e t o b o t h groups. As l o n g ago a s 1915 B a l l o u , view ed i n an e a r l i e r c h a p t e r ,
in h is r e s e a r c h study r e
suggested:
I d e a l l y , when t e a c h e r s a r e em p lo y e d , t h e y s h o u l d be em p lo y e d f o r a s p e c i f i c p o s i t i o n i n t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m , A t e a c h e r s h o u l d be em p lo y ed who w i l l f i t t h e p o s i t i o n r a t h e r t h a n a n a t t e m p t made t o f i t t h e p o sitio n to th e te a c h e r .(1 2 :7 1 ) E n g e l h a r d t s t a t e d i n 1931 t h a t " I t i s a b a s i c p r i n c i p l e o f m a nagem ent w h i c h s p e c i f i e s t h a t a n o r g a n i z a t i o n s h o u l d n o t be d e s i g n e d w i t h t h e p e r s o n n e l ' a s t h e f o u n d a t i o n . " ( 4 9 : 1 6 4 ) E v e n t h e n , h e c o n t i n u e s , a d j u s t m e n t s may be n e c e s s i t a t e d by th e s u c c e s s e s o r f a i l u r e s o f th e p e r s o n s e m p lo y e d ,(49:164) The r e q u i s i t e s o f t h e p o s i t i o n s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d f i r s t , how ever.
In h i s w ords,
The a n a l y s i s o f t h e f u n c t i o n s a n d a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e s c h o o l s a n d a c a r e f u l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f them make i t p o s s i b l e t o em p lo y p e r s o n s w i t h t h e s p e c i a l i z e d s k i l l n e c e s s a r y t o p e r f o r m t h e w o rk a l l o c a t e d t o each p o s i t i o n . (49:137)
127
B o th C o o k e ( 3 3 i 4 2 - 4 3 ) an d L e w i s , ( 8 2 : 1 4 0 - 4 1 ) who h a v e made a s p e c i a l s t u d y o f t e a c h e r p e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , advocated o c c u p a tio n a l d e s c r i p tio n as a p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r f i l l i n g te ach in g p o s itio n s .
Cooke d e f i n e d t h e c h a r a c t e r
of such d e s c r i p t i o n i n t h e s e w ords: I t i s a w r i t t e n f o r m on w h i c h a r e i n d i c a t e d t h e name a n d l o c a t i o n o f t h e s c h o o l , t h e p o s i t i o n t o b e f i l l e d , when t h e w o rk b e g i n s , c h a r a c t e r o f t h e w o r k ( h o u rs , g r a d e , s u b j e c t s , c l a s s e s , e t c . ) , w orking c o n d i t i o n s , a c a d e m i c and p r o f e s s i o n a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n s , p e r s o n a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n s , s a l a r y r a n g e , and t o whom t o a p p l y . (33:43) - The f u n d a m e n t a l p o i n t o f v i e w o f Cooke a n d L e w is i s a p p r o v e d by o t h e r e d u c a t i o n a l e x p e r t s . ( 1 1 0 : 1 3 7 - 3 8 ; 7 9 : 3 5 9 ; 2 4 :1 3 7 ; 57:203) I t i s w orthy to n o te , o ffic ials.
too,
th e view s o f p lacem en t
B e r r y , who r e c e n t l y c o n c l u d e d h i s e i g h t - y e a r
s tu d y o f th e placem en t o f f i c e of th e U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a a t L os A n g e l e s ,
s t a t e s t h a t one of t h e g r e a t e s t d i f f i c u l t i e s
e n c o u n t e r e d by a n o f f i c e o f t e a c h e r p l a c e m e n t i s g e t t i n g s c h o o l o f f i c i a l s t o f u r n i s h d e t a i l e d jo b s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . (14: 137)
L inden, t h e e x e c u ti v e o f f i c e r o f F i e l d R e la t io n s and
P l a c e m e n t a t T e a c h e r s C o l l e g e , C o lu m b ia U n i v e r s i t y ,
in a
r e c e n t m a g a z i n e a r t i c l e made t h e same c o m p l a i n t . ( 8 3 : 6 - 9 ) T h i s e v i d e n c e se em s t o i n d i c a t e t h a t l a c k o f a d e q u a t e j o b s p e c i f i c a t i o n s c o n t i n u e s t o hamper p r o p e r p la c e m e n t of teachers. C o u l b o u r n f o u n d two c r i t e r i a w h i c h r e l a t e t o t h e
presen t to p ic of in q u iry .
C r i t e r i o n V s p e c i f i e d t h a t "The
s p e c i f i c re q u ire m e n ts o f any ty p e o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of te a c h i n g p o s i t i o n s h o u l d be d e f i n i t e l y s e t up a n d made a v a i l a b l e f o r a l l p r o s p e c t i v e c a n d i d a t e s , " ( 3 7 : 1 5 ) an d C r i t e r i o n VI sp ecified th a t,
" T e a c h e rs s h o u ld be s e l e c t e d f o r s p e c i f i c
p o s i t i o n s ." (37:1 5 ) On t h e b a s i s o f t h e f o r e g o i n g , t h e f o l l o w i n g i s proposed. P r i n c i p l e X.
The s a l i e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a t e a c h
i n g p o s i t i o n s h o u l d be a m a t t e r o f r e c o r d p r i o r t o a c o n s id e r a tio n of in d iv id u a l a p p lic a n ts . In terv iew .
The i n t e r v i e w a s a t o o l i n t h e t e a c h e r
s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s h a s been c r i t i c i z e d v i g o r o u s l y and f o r vario u s reaso n s.
These r e a s o n s ,
a lth o u g h n o t alw ays s t a t e d
a s s u c h , g e n e r a l l y f a l l i n t o two m a j o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s : of r e l i a b i l i t y and la c k o f v a l i d i t y .
lack
T y p ic a l of w r i t i n g
w hich c r i t i c i z e s t h e i n t e r v i e w a d v e r s e l y a r e : C e r t a i n l y t h e d a y i s p a s t when t h e c r i t i c a l e x a m i n e r may h a v e a g r e a t d e a l o f c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e v a l i d i t y o r even th e r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e m a j o r i t y o f h i s im p r e s s io n s gained th ro u g h u n c o n tro lle d in te rv ie w s l a s t i n g a q u a r t e r o r a h a l f - h o u r , o r a p e r i o d o r two o f o b s e r v i n g t h e c a n d i d a t e c o n d u c t a c l a s s . (8l±:l80) . . . , V e r y o f t e n e x c e l l e n t t e a c h e r s do n o t s e l l t h e m s e l v e s w e l l , an d t h o s e who a p p e a r b e s t a t f i r s t m eeting a r e f r e q u e n tly la c k in g in q u a l i t i e s n e c e s s a ry f o r t e a c h i n g s u c c e s s , p r o v e t o be h a r d t o s u p e r v i s e , and a r e n o t i n t e r e s t e d p r o f e s s i o n a l l y o r a r e o th e r w is e n o t ' s u i t e d f o r h i g h - g r a d e s e r v i c e . ( 4 3 • 96)
129
The m o s t o b v i o u s a n d t h e m o s t i n c l u s i v e o f t h e p i t f a l l s i n th e i n te r v i e w i s " s u b j e c t i v i t y , " o r sim ply th e p ro n e n e s s o f t h e i n t e r v i e w e r to c o l o r h i s judgm ents o f a n i n d i v i d u a l i n t h e l i g h t o f h i s own p r e j u d i c e s a n d b i a s e s . (119:5) N e v e rth e le s s i n s p i t e o f the l i m i t a t i o n s a n d / o r m isuse of th e in te rv ie w , lectio n is
p e r h a p s no o t h e r d e v i c e i n p e r s o n n e l s e
so w i d e l y - em ployed a n d a c c e p t e d . ( 1 1 9 : 5 )
As a
p r a c t i c e i t i s recom mended by t h e a u t h o r i t a t i v e w r i t i n g i n th e f i e l d .
Many e d u c a t i o n a l e x p e r t s
(137:174; 28:171; 1 4 6 :
1 9 5 ; 3 ^ : 2 5 3 ; 1 1 0 : 1 3 2 ; 2 1 : 2 9 3 ) a g r e e w i t h Cooke, Hamon, an d P r o c t o r , who a f t e r e x p r e s s i n g some w o r d s o f c a u t i o n c o n c l u d e , "The f a c t s r e m a i n , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e p e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w i f p r o p e r ly conducted, selectio n .
i s an i n d i s p e n s a b l e t e c h n i q u e i n t e a c h e r
. . ” (35:338)
O ther e d u c a ti o n a l a u t h o r i t i e s
recommend t h e u s e o f t h e i n t e r v i e w , in i t s
but p la c e l e s s confidence
e f f i c i e n c y t h a n e x p r e s s e d i n t h e view a b o v e . ( 7 9 : 36 2 -
63; 4 3 :9 6 )
S t i l l o th e r school a u t h o r i t i e s ,
recommend t h e
u s e o f t h e i n t e r v i e w i n t h e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n b u t make no p a r tic u la r ev alu atio n of i t
a s a d e v i c e . ( 8 8 :1 3 0 ; 107:152;
66:289) R esearch in te a c h e r s e le c tio n i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e in te rv ie w i s a n ecessary p a r t of the p ro c e ss. p r o p o s e d a s one o f h i s c r i t e r i a ,
Coulbourn
" P r o v i s i o n s h o u l d be made
i n e v e ry program of t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n f o r a p e r s o n a l i n t e r view , w here p o s s i b l e , w i t h e v e ry q u a l i f i e d a p p l i c a n t ." ( 3 7 :1 8 ) A t k i n s o n c i t e s a s one o f h i s p r i n c i p l e s ,
"The p e r s o n a l i n t e r -
130
v i e w s h o u l d be made a d e f i n i t e p a r t o f t h e s e l e c t i o n p r o c e dure . " ( 8 :1 4 7 ) The l i t e r a t u r e , r e p le te w ith o p in io n s,
e d u c a tio n a l and n o n e d u c a tio n a l, i s judgm ents, and i n v e s t i g a t i o n s c o n c e rn
in g th e use of th e in te r v ie w . review th e s e w r i t i n g s .
I t i s n o t th e purpose h e re to
On t h e b a s i s o f t h e a u t h o r i t a t i v e
s ta te m e n ts of e d u c a tio n a l e x p e r ts and r e s e a r c h e r s c i t e d , t h e f o l l o w i n g p r i n c i p l e seems j u s t i f i e d . P r i n c i p l e X I.
As a g e n e r a l p o l i c y , e v e r y c a n d i d a t e
who m e r i t s s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r a t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n s h o u l d be i n t e r v i e w e d . P h y sical f i t n e s s .
In c re a s in g ly ed u catio n al a u th o r i
t i e s a r e com ing t o r e g a r d c e r t a i n h e a l t h s t a n d a r d s f o r te a c h e r s e s s e n t i a l f o r e f f i c i e n c y and f o r th e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e s c h o o l p o p u l a t i o n . ( 6 7 : 4 ^ 1 ; 2 6 : 1 7 6 ; 3 7 :& 5 - 9 1 )
To i n s u r e
t h a t s u c h s t a n d a r d s a r e m e t , some s c h o o l s h a v e r e q u i r e d t e a c h e r s to p r e s e n t a pre-em ploym ent p h y s i c a l e x a m in a tio n r e c o r d a s p r o o f o f t h e i r p h y s i c a l f i t n e s s t o t e a c h ; some sc h o o ls have a ls o r e q u ir e d p e r io d ic ex am in atio n s f o r te a c h e r s a l r e a d y on t h e s t a f f . E d u c a t i o n a l a u t h o r i t i e s who h a v e e x p r e s s e d t h e m s e l v e s on t h e s u b j e c t a r e i n g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t t h a t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t o f th e pre-em ploym ent p h y s i c a l e x a m in a tio n i s a d e s i r a b l e one,
but d i f f e r r e g a r d in g th e p e r io d ic e x a m in a tio n .( 1 0 7 :1 5 1 ;
131
87:490; 137:181; 1 1 8 :1 3 ; 43:96) The A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f S c h o o l A d m i n i s t r a t o r s h a s gone on r e c o r d a s s a y i n g t h a t t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f a d e q u a t e p r e em ploym ent p h y s i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n s c a n n o t be o v e r e m p h a s i z e d . (2:110)
A tkinson proposed as a p r i n c i p l e ,
"P hy sical f itn e s s
c e r t i f i e d t o t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t by a c a p a b l e p h y s i c i a n s h o u l d be r e q u i r e d o f a l l a p p l i c a n t s a p p l y i n g f o r t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n s . "(8:141)
C o u l b o u r n ?s c r i t e r i o n on t h i s p o i n t i s
in s u b s t a n tia l agreem ent.(3 7 :1 9 )
I t seem s t h e n t h a t t h e
ju d g m e n t o f e x p e r t s and f i n d i n g s o f r e s e a r c h a s i n d i c a t e d concur in r e g a r d i n g t h e pre-em ploym ent p h y s i c a l ex a m in a tio n as a n ecessary requirem ent i n th e te a c h e r s e le c tio n p ro c e s s. Por purpose of e v a lu a tio n i n th e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n t h i s v ie w i s r e g a r d e d a s a d e s i r a b l e s t a n d a r d .
The f o l l o w i n g
p r in c ip le i s proposed. P rin c ip le X II.
C e r tif ic a tio n of p h y sical f itn e s s
s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d a p r e r e q u i s i t e t o e m p lo y m e n t. R eferences. is
I f a candidate f o r a teach in g p o s itio n
s e rio u s ly co n sid ered , h is q u a l if ic a t io n s as a r u le are
f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t e d by s e e k i n g i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m p e r s o n s c ite d as referen ces.
T h i s s o u g h t - f o r i n f o r m a t i o n commonly
t a k e s t h e fo rm o f l e t t e r s o f r e c o m m e n d a t i o n o r r e f e r e n c e b lanks.
In 1940-41, ac co rd in g to th e R esearch D iv isio n of
th e N a tio n a l E ducation A s s o c ia tio n ,
84 p e r c e n t o f a s a m p l i n g
o f s c h o o ls i n t h e U n ite d S t a t e s c o l l e c t e d in f o r m a ti o n from
re fe re n c e s .(9 7 :66)
A t k i n s o n r e p o r t e d i n 1 9 4 # t h a t 91 p e r
c e n t o f a s i m i l a r s a m p l i n g made u s e o f t h e r e f e r e n c e s l i s t e d by t h e a p p l i c a n t . ( 8 : 1 4 4 )
I t seem s l i k e l y ,
th erefo re,
th at
t h e d e v i c e s e m p lo y e d t o o b t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m r e f e r e n t s c o n t i n u e t o be u s e d by a p r e p o n d e r a n t m a j o r i t y o f p u b l i c school system s. The u s e f u l n e s s o f l e t t e r s o f r e c o m m e n d a t i o n h a s b e e n s t u d i e d by a num ber o f r e s e a r c h e r s ; t h e f i n d i n g s a r e some what c o n t r a d i c t o r y . of
T i e g s , f o r exam ple, found a c o r r e l a t i o n
. 0 8 b e t w e e n l e t t e r s o f r e c o m m e n d a t i o n and t h e c r i t e r i o n
f o r te a c h in g s u c c e s s .(1 4 1 :4 6 )
H a r rin g to n found t h a t
recom m endations of s u p e r i o r q u a l i t y were e f f e c t i v e i n s e c u r i n g a t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n . (60:1-52)
M o r r i s e t t ’s stu d y ,
w h i c h w as r e v i e w e d i n a n e a r l i e r c h a p t e r , r e v e a l e d many sh o rtco m in g s o f l e t t e r s o f re c o m m e n d a tio n s.(9 1 :156). N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r c o n c l u d e d t h a t nt h e l e t t e r o f r e f e r e n c e i s an i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s . (91:156) A u t h o r i t i e s i n e d u c a t i o n a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n recommend t h a t i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g p r o s p e c t i v e t e a c h e r s be s o u g h t from r e f e r e n c e s ,
b u t do n o t a g r e e c o n c e r n i n g t h e m e t h o d s o f
doing i t . (79:361; 21:298; 110:132; 43:97)
A tkinson in h is
r e c e n t stu d y found r e f e r e n c e r e p o r t s a n e c e s s a ry p a r t of th e s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s , b u t recom m ended t h e u s e o f r e f e r e n c e f o r m s f o r l a r g e sc h o o l system s and r e f e r e n c e l e t t e r s r e q u e s tin g
133
s p e c i f i c d a ta f o r th e sm all sc h o o l s y s t e m s . (8:146) s t a t e d a s o ne o f h i s
Coulbourn
c r i t e r i a t h a t a c a n d i d a t e ’s com plete c r e
d e n t i a l s sh o u ld i n c l u d e i n f o r m a t i o n from com petent p e r s o n s who a r e b e s t a c q u a i n t e d w i t h h im a n d h i s w o r k . ( 3 7 : 1 7 )
In
p u b l i c p e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , M osher an d K in g s le y b e l i e v e th a t p erso n a l in v e s tig a tio n of f i t n e s s fo r the p o s itio n i s
in
d isp e n sa b le , e s p e c ia lly fo r p o s itio n s of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .(9 2 : 223) On t h e b a s i s o f t h e a b o v e r e p o r t o f r e s e a r c h a u t h o r i t a t i v e o p in io n and g e n e r a l u s e , th e fo llo w in g i s p ro p o sed . P rin c ip le X III.
In fo rm atio n concerning a c a n d id a te ’s
f i t n e s s f o r t h e p o s i t i o n t o be f i l l e d ,
s e c u r e d from p e r s o n s
c o m p e t e n t t o j u d g e , s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a n e c e s s a r y p a r t of th e s e le c tio n p ro c e ss. O bserving th e a p p l i c a n t a t w ork.
E ducation al a u th o ri
t i e s who h a v e commented on t h e d i r e c t o b s e r v a t i o n o f t e a c h i n g a s a p ro c e d u re i n s e l e c t i o n a s a r u l e have re g a r d e d i t a s one o f t h e b e s t means o f d e t e r m i n i n g a c a n d i d a t e ’ s f i t n e s s t o t e a c h . (11 0 :1 3 6 ; 2 1 :2 9 7 ; 3 3 :5 5 ; 3 6 :2 3 4 ; 67:462)
Support i s
a l s o g i v e n by C o u l b o u r n a n d A t k i n s o n . ( 3 7 : 1 9 ; 6 : 1 4 7 )
There a r e
t h o s e , h o w e v e r , who, w h i l e n o t n e c e s s a r i l y d e n y i n g i t s
effec
t i v e n e s s , have p o in te d o u t d i f f i c u l t i e s and c e r t a i n u n d e s i r a b l e f e a t u r e s w hich m i t i g a t e a g a i n s t i t . statem ents to th e e f f e c t th a t i t i s
These c r i t i c i s m s in c lu d e ■ c o n s id e r e d u n e t h i c a l , (146:
190) t h a t i t i n t e r f e r e s w i t h t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f t h e s c h o o l b ein g v i s i t e d , (8 7 : 4 7 7 ) and t h a t i t
i s "ad m in istrativ ely d i f f i -
134
c u l t . "(120:341) I n v ie w o f t h e s e s e r i o u s i n d i c t m e n t s ,
it
does not
seem t h a t o b s e r v a t i o n o f t h e c a n d i d a t e i n a t e a c h i n g s i t u a t i o n s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a n e c e s s a r y p r o c e d u r e i n t h e se lec tio n process.
In accordance w ith view point ex p ressed ,
the fo llo w in g p r i n c i p l e i s proposed. P r i n c i p l e XIV.
O bservation of a can d id ate in a
t e a c h i n g s i t u a t i o n may be c o n s i d e r e d a u s e f u l ,
but need n o t
be c o n s i d e r e d a u n i f o r m l y n e c e s s a r y , p r o c e d u r e i n t h e t e a c h e r se le c tio n process. PRINCIPLES RELATING TO THE RETENTION PROGRAM In d u ctio n .
Even d u r in g a tim e o f n a t i o n a l c r i s i s such
a s W o rld War I I , many i n d u s t r i a l a n d m i l i t a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s c o n s i d e r e d t h e f i r s t d a y s a n d w e e k s o f e m ploy m e nt o f s u c h im p o rtan ce t h a t o r g a n iz e d , planned p ro c e d u re s to f a c i l i t a t e th e in d iv id u a l ad ju stm en t to th e job,
th e p e r s o n n e l, and
t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n w e r e deemed d e s i r a b l e . ( 5 4 : 2 5 )
A u th o ritativ e
w r i t i n g in i n d u s t r i a l and p u b l ic p e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s u p p o r ts t h i s v i e w . (1 5 0 : 203- 0 4 ; 92:284-85) The c r i t i c a l n a t u r e o f t h e t e a c h e r i n d u c t i o n p r a c t i c e s h a s b e e n v o i c e d by many e d u c a t i o n a l w r i t e r s .
The f o l l o w i n g
may be r e g a r d e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e : More e n l i g h t e n e d an d i n t e l l i g e n t a d m i n i s t r a t i v e th o u g h t b e l i e v e s t h a t t h e most c r i t i c a l p e r i o d i n determ ining success o r f a i l u r e i s in th e i n i t i a l
135 a d j u s t m e n t t o a new e n v i r o n m e n t . U n d e r t h i s p o l i c y t h e new comer i s f u r n i s h e d w i t h a l l p o s s i b l e i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e s y s t e m , t h e w ork e x p e c t e d , a n d t h e com m u n i t y i t s e l f , t h e i n f o r m a t i o n b e i n g s u p p l e m e n t e d by p e rs o n a l co n feren c e and c o n s id e ra b le guidance d u rin g th e f i r s t y e a r. Each i n d i v i d u a l i s s t u d i e d c a r e f u l l y t o make t h e m o s t e f f e c t i v e p l a c e m e n t p o s s i b l e . Where f e a s ib le , d e s ira b le s p e c ia l c o n ta c ts a re arranged w ith p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d l a y g r o u p s so t h a t e v e r y p o s s i b l e c o n s t r u c t i v e i n f l u e n c e may b e a t t h e d i s p o s a l o f t h e n ew c o m er. A d j u s t m e n t t o a c o m p l e t e l y new e n v i r o n m e n t i s d i f f i c u l t , and th e v alu e of i n s t i t u t i o n a l a id s in m aking i t c a n n o t be o v e r - e m p h a s i z e d . (89•396) C a r e f u l s e l e c t i o n and p la c e m e n t o f a w e l l - q u a l i f i e d c a n d i d a t e may p r o v e o f no a v a i l i f h e i s n o t p r o p e r l y i n d u c t e d i n t o t h e l i f e an d a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e s c h o o l a n d c o m m u n ity . No s c h o o l o f f i c i a l s h o u l d n e g l e c t t h i s v i t a l p a r t o f h i s e d u c a t i o n a l p r o g r a m .(14:388) E d u c a t i o n a l w r i t e r s who h a v e e x p r e s s e d t h e i r v i e w s on th e s u b j e c t a r e in s u b s t a n t i a l agreem ent w ith th o s e quoted a b o v e . (110:139; 6 2 :3 0 ; 4 1 :1 2 2 ; 1 4 6 : 2 1 8 ; 3 3 : 6 0 ; 135:950; 2 1 : 303-06)
There i s
some e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s ,
through t h e i r n a t i o n a l o r g a n iz a tio n ,
re c o g n iz e th e need f o r
ad e q u a te in d u c tio n o f t e a c h e r s . (58:244-45) re se a rc h study,
concluded t h a t i t
G ibbs, i n h e r
is a jo in t resp o n sib ility
o f t h e s c h o o l a n d t h e c o m m unity t o w o r k t o g e t h e r so a s t o m o d i f y t h e e n v i r o n m e n t o f t h e t e a c h e r i n s u c h a way t h a t t h e b e s t s e r v i c e s o f t h e t e a c h e r may be r e a l i z e d . ( 3 4 : 2 5 3 ) . In view of t h e co n sen su s t h e f o llo w in g p r i n c i p l e i s proposed. P r i n c i p l e XV.
To f a c i l i t a t e t h e p e r s o n a l a n d p r o
f e s s i o n a l a d j u s t m e n t o f t h e t e a c h e r t o t h e s c h o o l a n d commun ity ,
a c a r e f u l l y p la n n e d program o f t e a c h e r i n d u c t i o n sh ou ld
136
be i n s t i t u t e d . P robationary p e r io d .
In th e p re se n t in v e s tig a tio n th e
p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d was a s s u m e d t o b e a p a r t o f t h e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s ; in acco rd an c e w ith t h i s assum ption th e i n i t i a l a p p o in tm e n t m arks an im p o r ta n t m id - p o in t i n t h i s phase of p e rs o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n .
S e le c tio n i s not regarded
a s c o m p l e t e u n t i l t h e t e a c h e r i s r e t a i n e d on some p e r m a n e n t b a sis. S u p p o rt f o r t h i s view i s g e n e r a l .
The r e s e a r c h d i v i
sio n o f th e N a tio n a l E d u catio n A s s o c ia tio n has t h i s to say: The e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f p e r m a n e n t t e n u r e f o r t e a c h e r s s h o u l d be a c c o m p a n i e d by i n c r e a s e d e f f o r t s t o i m p r o v e th e te c h n ic s of s e le c tio n . To be s u r e t h a t no t e a c h e r o f d o u b t f u l a b i l i t y i s p u t on a t e n u r e b a s i s , t h e p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d s h o u l d be r e g a r d e d a s a p a r t o f t h e process of s e le c tio n of te a c h e rs. Even t h e m o s t c a r e f u l s t u d y o f a c a n d i d a t e f s q u a l i f i c a t i o n s may f a i l s o m e t i m e s to r e v e a l a h a n d ic a p w hich u n s u i t s a g iv e n c a n d i d a t e f o r th e p o s i t i o n being f i l l e d . As g r e a t a n o b l i g a t i o n r e s t s on t h e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s t o recommend t h e d i s m i s s a l o f a n e m p lo y e e w h o s e p r o b a t i o n a r y s e r v i c e i s u n s a t i s f a c t o r y a s to r e j e c t in t h e f i r s t p la c e th e unprom ising a p p l i c a n t . (97:73) The a b o v e s t a t e m e n t s a r e v i r t u a l l y i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e v i e w s o f M o s h e r a n d K i n g s l e y i n t h e i r a u t h o r i t a t i v e w o r k on p u b lic personnel a d m in istra tio n .
These e x p e r t s ,
com m enting
about th e law s g o v e rn in g c i v i l s e r v ic e p r o b a tio n a r y p e r io d , state
in p a r t,
"Thus, th e law s r e c o g n i z e t h e n ee d o f s u p p le
m e n t i n g t h e f o r m a l e x a m i n a t i o n p r o c e s s by p r o v i d i n g a p e r i o d o f t r i a l on t h e j o b a s a n e s s e n t i a l s t e p i n s e l e c t i o n a n d
137
p l a c e m e n t . " (92:264)
These w r i t e r s b e l i e v e t h a t t h e p ro b a
t i o n a r y p e r i o d s h o u l d be m o re s e r i o u s l y r e g a r d e d by a d m i n i s t r a t o r s a s a p a r t o f t h e t e s t i n g program , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r g a u g i n g t h e more i n t a n g i b l e f a c t o r s and p e r s o n a l q u a l i t i e s n o t e a s i l y a s s a y e d by f o r m a l t e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e s . ( 9 2 : 2 6 4 ) The u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d a s a n i n t e g r a l s t e p i n s e l e c t i n g c i v i l s e r v i c e em ployees h a s been l a r g e l y n e g l e c t e d . (92:266) C ertain p ro fe ssio n a l a u th o rita tiv e w ritin g has s t r e s sed th e concept of i n t e r n s h i p ,
( 2 4 : 1 4 0 ; 3 3 : 3 3 4 ; 21:31& )
w hich i m p l i e s a t r i a l p e r i o d .
Some w r i t e r s h a v e made
s p e c i f i c recom m endations f o r th e t r i a l p e r i o d , the concept of in te r n s h ip .
S tray er,
rein fo rcin g
f o r exam ple,
in h is
1949 s c h o o l s u r v e y o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C olum bia recommended t h a t t h e p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d be i n c r e a s e d f r o m one t o t h r e e y e a r s .b e c a u s e o n e y e a r i s t o o s h o r t a t i m e t o e v a l u a t e t e a c h in g e f f i c i e n c y . (136:116)
The A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f S c h o o l
A d m i n i s t r a t o r s h a s gone on r e c o r d a s f a v o r i n g t e n u r e l a w s w hich p e r m it " d i s m i s s a l f o r p r o p e r c a u s e s " d u r in g t h e p ro b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d . (2:125)
T h e s e s t a t e m e n t s seem t o c o n f i r m a s
a v a lid concept the u t i l i z a t i o n of th e p ro b a tio n a ry p erio d as a p a r t of the te a c h e r s e le c tio n p ro c e s s. C oulbourn h a s p r o p o s e d t h a t "any program o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n should r e q u ir e a p r o b a tio n a ry p e r io d of te a c h in g b e fo re f i n a l appointm ent o r e l e c t i o n . " (3 7 :2 4 )
No s e l e c t i o n
13 8
process i s
so p e r f e c t , h e m a i n t a i n s , t h a t t h i s t r i a l p e r i o d
c a n be d i s r e g a r d e d .
The p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d p r o v i d e s a n
o p p o r t u n i t y f o r e v a l u a t i o n t o be made on r e a l c l a s s r o o m situ atio n s,
and p r o v i d e s t h e t i m e t o a s s e s s f u t u r e p o t e n t i a l i
t i e s . (27:145-46} On t h e b a s i s o f t h e f o r e g o i n g a u t h o r i t a t i v e o p i n i o n and r e s e a r c h t h e f o l l o w i n g p r i n c i p l e i s p r o p o s e d . P r i n c i p l e XVI.
The p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d s h o u l d be
c o n sid ered a p a r t of th e te a c h e r s e l e c t i o n p ro c e s s d uring w h i c h e f f i c i e n c y o f s e r v i c e and p o t e n t i a l i t i e s f o r c o n t i n u e d grow th a r e c a r e f u l l y a s s e s s e d . Perm anent t e n u r e .
A cceptance o f th e concept t h a t th e
p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d be r e g a r d e d a s a p o r t i o n o f t h e t e a c h e r s e le c tio n p ro cess le a d s to th e in fe re n c e th a t te a c h e rs u l t i m a te ly a t t a i n a degree o f perm anence.
No on e s e r i o u s l y
• a d v o c a t e s im p e r m a n e n c y a n d t r a n s i e n c y ; t h e q u e s t i o n i s l a r g e l y o n e o f t h e b e s t w ays o f a c h i e v i n g d e s i r a b l e s e c u r i t y f o r te a c h e rs consonant w ith th e b est i n t e r e s t s of th e educatees and th e p u b l i c .
R easonable s e c u r i t y f o r th e t e a c h e r i s
g e n e r a l l y r e g a r d e d by a u t h o r i t i e s a s c o m p l e m e n t a r y , r a t h e r t h a n o p p o s e d , t o p u p i l i n t e r e s t . ( 2 1 : 3 0 4 ; 3&:257)
C ham berlain
an d K i n d r e d sum up t h e p r e v a i l i n g v i e w : No t e a c h e r c a n do h i s b e s t w o r k when h i s s e c u r i t y tu r n s upon th e p r e ju d ic e o r p o l i t i c a l c o n s id e r a tio n s o f s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s a n d b o a r d s o f e d u c a t i o n . He m u s t be f r e e from w o rry and f e e l i n g s o f i n s e c u r i t y i n o r d e r t o
139
p e r f o r m e f f i c i e n t l y and e f f e c t i v e l y i i i s t a s k o f i n s t r u c t i o n a l l e a d e r s h i p . A t t h e same t i m e , t h e u n f i t m u s t be e l i m i n a t e d from t e a c h i n g a s a f u r t h e r p r o t e c t i o n to th e c h i l d and t h e p u b l i c who s u p p o r t t h e s c h o o l s . ( 2 8 : 2 4 7 ) E d u c a tio n a l w r i t e r s have a l s o
supported th e te n u re
p r i n c i p l e f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t t h a t p e r m a n e n c y o f w o rk i s c h a ra c te ris tic of p ro fessio n s.
E ducation,
one w r i t e r s a y s ,
i s a " p s e u d o - p r o f e s s i o n " a s lo n g a s perm anence i s n o t a s su re d a w e l l - t r a i n e d t e a c h e r .(23:229)
O thers have s t a t e d
t h a t i n no way d o e s e d u c a t i o n d i f f e r m o re f r o m a t r u e p ro fe ssio n than in th e m a tte r of tu rn o v e r.( 2 8 : 646- 4 8 ) Perm anency w ould a l s o
seem t o be i m p l i e d by a d v o c a t e s o f
i n t e r n s h i p o r a p p r e n t i c e s h i p . (21:318) Some w r i t e r s f e e l t h a t i n t h e z e a l t o t r a n s l a t e t h e c o n c e p t o f perm an en t t e n u r e i n t o law , t h e d i s m i s s a l o f t e a c h e r s h a s b e e n made s o d i f f i c u l t i n some p l a c e s t h a t i n s u f f i c i e n t p r o t e c t i o n i s a ffo rd e d th e r e c i p i e n t s of p u b lic e d u c a t i o n . (79:371; 8 9 : 3 8 7 ) b e lie f in th e p r in c ip le ;
T his does n o t i n v a l i d a t e th e
t h e C om m itte e on T e n u r e o f t h e
N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n l o o k s upon t h e m a t t e r i n much t h e same w a y , a n d y e t h a s v i g o r o u s l y p r o m o t e d t h e perm anent te n u r e c a u s e . (9 3 :7 ) The A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f S c h o o l A d m i n i s t r a t o r s h a s a ls o added i t s
i n f lu e n c e and p r e s t i g e in su p p o rt o f te n u r e
f o r t e a c h e r s who h a v e p r o v e d s a t i s f a c t o r y d u r i n g t h e p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d . (2:125)
The R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n o f t h e N a t i o n a l
140
E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n h a s s t a t e d t h a t " E m p lo y e e s s h o u l d be g iv e n perm anent te n u r e ,
a f t e r th e y have d e m o n stra te d t h e i r
c o m p e t e n c e d u r i n g t h e p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d . "( 9 6 : 1 1 3 ) Tenure l e g i s l a t i o n a n d m o re s t a t e s .
c o n t i n u e s t o be e n a c t e d I n m ore
The C o m m ittee on T e n u r e o f t h e N a t i o n a l
E d u c a tio n A s s o c i a t i o n r e p o r t e d i n 1944 t h a t t w e n t y - s i x s t a t e s had p a s s e d law s o f a m andatory o r o p t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r r e l a t i n g to perm anent t e n u r e . ( 2 8 : 230-31) t e n u r e l e g i s l a t i o n seem s t o
The w i d e n i n g s p h e r e o f
bear out H o lm s te d t's co n c lu sio n s
r e l a t i v e t o t h e New J e r s e y t e n u r e l a w t h a t e x t e n s i o n o f t h e ten u re p rin c ip le i s
j u s t i f i e d . (28:252)
On t h e b a s i s o f t h e a b o v e a u t h o r i t a t i v e w r i t i n g ,
th e
fo llo w in g p r in c ip le i s proposed. P r i n c i p l e X V II .
T e a c h e r s who h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e i r
com petency and p o t e n t i a l i t y f o r g ro w th d u r in g t h e p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d s h o u l d be a s s u r e d o f p e r m a n e n t t e n u r e ,
c o n t i n g e n t on
th e m aintenance of r e a s o n a b le e f f i c i e n c y . In -se rv ic e ed u catio n .
For a tim e,
in - s e r v ic e educa
t i o n w as p r i m a r i l y c o n c e i v e d o f a s a p r o c e s s o f b r i n g i n g t e a c h e r s up t o s t a n d a r d .
T h i s h a s g i v e n way t o t h e c o n c e p t
t h a t self-im provem ent i s
c o n t i n u o u s l y p o s s i b l e and d e s i r a b l e .
(5:19)
A l t h o u g h s e l f - i m p r o v e m e n t w o u ld seem t o a p p l y t o a l l
teach ers,
i t has a p a r t i c u l a r s ig n ific a n c e f o r the p ro b a tio n
ary teach er.
141
Numerous e d u c a t i o n a l w r i t e r s a n d c o n s u l t a n t s h a v e s t r e s s e d t h e i m p o r ta n c e and need f o r i n - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g . (1 2 4 :2 6 6 ; 110:159; 2 1 :3 0 8 -1 9 ; 3 3 :3 0 4 -0 5 ; 149 :5 5 4 ; 137:179) T h i s i s n o t a r e c e n t phen o m en o n , t o w i t , S t r a y e r Ts s t a t e m e n t i n t h e B o r t W o r th S u r v e y o f 1931* U n l e s s t h e c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h ic h t h e t e a c h e r s s e r v e to prom ote e f f i c i e n c y , even t h e m ost c a r e f u l l y s e l e c t e d s t a f f i s lik e ly to d e te r io r a te . To c o n s e r v e a n d i n c r e a s e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f a t e a c h i n g s t a f f , a com m unity m u s t , f i r s t , d e v e l o p a d y n a m ic p r o g r a m o f i n - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g . (139:304) N ev erth eless,
r e c e n t a c t i v i t i e s and p u b l i c a t i o n s h a v e
s e r v e d t o f o c u s t h e a t t e n t i o n o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n on t h i s v i t a l p e rs o n n e l p r o b l e m .(101:503) I t i s g e n e r a l l y a g r e e d by t h e a u t h o r i t i e s t h a t o r g a n i z a t i o n s th ro u g h t h e i r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n have th e d u a l o b l i g a t i o n t o i n i t i a t e th e program of i n - s e r v i c e e d u c a ti o n o r t r a i n i n g a n d t h a t t h e p r o g r a m be c a r e f u l l y p l a n n e d .
B olton, f o r
e x a m p l e , s t a t e s i t a s h i s v i e w t h a t MI n r e a l i t y g r o w t h a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l s p i r i t w i l l d ev e lo p i n p r o p o r tio n to t h e c a re t h a t h a s b ee n t a k e n i n p r o v i d i n g a n e x t e n s i v e p l a n t h a t w i l l elicit
th e w h o l e - h e a r t e d c o o p e r a tio n and i n t e r e s t o f t h e
t e a c h e r . ” (21:311) he c o n t i n u e s ,
D e v i c e s f o r m a k in g t e a c h e r g r o w t h p o s s i b l e ,
s h o u l d be t h o u g h t o f a s i n t e g r a l p a r t s o f a
p l a n n e d s y s t e m o f t e a c h e r i m p r o v e m e n t ; and t h e p l a n n i n g s h o u l d be d e v e l o p e d by t e a c h e r p a r t i c i p a t i o n . ( 2 1 : 3 1 1 ) The a s s i g n a t i o n o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r i n i t i a t i n g
the
142
i n - s e r v i c e program o f t e a c h e r im provem ent t o t h e s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i s a t t e s t e d t o by a u t h o r i t i e s who w r i t e on t h e su b ject.
Such comments a s t h e f o l l o w i n g seem t y p i c a l :
"It
i s th e o b lig a tio n of th e school a d m in is tra to r to s e t the p a c e f o r p r o f e s s i o n a l g r o w t h " ( 1 1 0 : 1 6 3 ) ; "The o r g a n i z a t i o n o f e f f o r t s and m ethods to i n s u r e h a b i t s o f g r o w th
m u s t be
on e o f t h e m a j o r i n t e r e s t s o f g o o d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ” ( 1 3 8 : 1 - 3 5 0 ) ; "P u b lic sc h o o l system s sh o u ld e x h a u st ev ery re a s o n a b le re s o u r c e to e n a b le i t s
em ployees t o r e n d e r s a t i s f a c t o r y
s e r v i c e . "(146;159) O th er a u t h o r i t a t i v e w r i t i n g w hich i s
in accord w ith
t h e p o i n t s o f view c i t e d above i n c l u d e s E n g e l h a r d t ( 4 9 : 1 8 7 ) , D a v i s ( 4 1 : 1 2 8 ) , F o s t e r (50: 7 7 ) , R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n o f t h e N a tio n a l E ducation A s s o c ia tio n
( 9 6 : 1 1 3 ) , a n d C om m ission on
Teacher E d u ca tio n ,(4 :1 1 8 -7 3 ) E s p e c ia l ly no tew o rth y in th e p r e s e n t in s ta n c e i s th e e m p h a s i s w h i c h i s p l a c e d on t r a i n i n g i n s e r v i c e i n n o n ed u catio n al f i e l d s .
S peaking in b e h a lf o f p u b lic p e rs o n n e l
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , Mosher and K i n g s l e y s t a t e i n p a r t : I n an y p e r s o n n e l p o l i c y w o r t h y o f t h e nam e, t r a i n in g i s fo u n d t o occupy a most i m p o r ta n t p l a c e . In s i g n i f i c a n c e i t p r o b a b l y r a n k s n e x t t o r e c r u i t m e n t , so f a r as th e q u a l i t y o f s e r v i c e and o u tp u t a r e concerned. (92:27) also : . . . t r a i n i n g o f em ployees h a s g a in e d s t a t u s a s an a p p r o p r i a t e and n e c e s s a r y f u n c t i o n o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . (92:271)
143
On t h e b a s i s o f a u t h o r i t a t i v e w r i t i n g s on t h e s u b j e c t the fo llo w in g p r in c ip l e i s proposed. P r i n c i p l e X V III.
The i n i t i a t i o n
and p ro m o tio n o f
te a c h e r education in s e rv ic e i s a fu n c tio n of p erso n n el a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w h i c h s h o u l d b e c o o p e r a t i v e l y d e v e l o p e d an d *
c a r e f u l l y planned f o r th e purpose o f f o s t e r i n g co n tin u o u s g r o w t h and t h e o p t i m a l u t i l i z a t i o n o f t e a c h e r p o t e n t i a l . CHAPTER SUMMARY P r i n c i p l e s r e l a t i n g t o board a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e s p o n s i b ility .
P rin cip le I:
The s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s i s a h i g h l y
t e c h n i c a l t a s k w h i c h s h o u l d be p e r f o r m e d by t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l person o r p erso n s b e st q u a lif ie d to e v a lu a te th e p o t e n t i a l se rv ic e of the te a c h e r. P rin cip le I I:
As t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l h e a d o f t h e s c h o o l ,
t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t m u s t be empowered w i t h a u t h o r i t y commen su ra te w ith h is r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s fo r a l l phases of te a c h e r personnel a d m in istra tio n . P rin cip le I I I : sib ilitie s,
The b o a r d p o s s e s s e s i n h e r e n t r e s p o n
u t i l i z i n g w hatever p r o f e s s io n a l ad v ice i t n eed s,
f o r th e fo rm u la tio n and d e c l a r a t i o n o f b a s ic p o l i c i e s in th e se lectio n ,
a p p o in tm e n t, and r e t e n t i o n o f t h e t e a c h i n g
p erso n n el. P rin c ip le s re la tin g to in te ra d m in istra tiv e resp o n si- ' b ility .
P r i n c i p l e IV:
The u l t i m a t e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e
144
s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s must rem ain w ith th e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t . P r i n c i p l e V:
The a u t h o r i t y o f t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e
s t a f f f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n o'f t e a c h e r s s h o u l d be c o m m e n s u r a t e w ith t h e i r assig n ed a d m in is tra tiv e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . P r i n c i p l e VI:
E f f i c i e n t m anagem ent dem ands t h a t t h e
p e rso n o r p e rs o n s most a b le t o . e v a l u a t e th e p o t e n t i a l s e r v i c e o f t h e t e a c h e r i n w h o l e o r i n s i g n i f i c a n t p a r t be u t i l i z e d in th e s e le c tio n p ro cess. P r i n c i p l e s r e l a t i n g to th e s e l e c t i o n program . P r i n c i p l e V II:
T e a c h e r s s h o u l d be s e l e c t e d on t h e b a s i s o f
th e e s tim a te d e f f i c i e n c y w ith w hich t h e y w i l l p erfo rm t h e i r p ro fessio n al d u tie s. P rin c ip le V III:
The h i r i n g a u t h o r i t y s h o u l d a c t i v e l y
seek d e s i r a b l e a p p l i c a n t s f o r te a c h in g p o s i t i o n s . P r i n c i p l e IX:
The, c o m p l e t i o n o f a f o r m a l a p p l i c a t i o n
b l a n k by t h e a p p l i c a n t s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a n e c e s s a r y req u ire m e n t in th e p ro ced u re f o r th e s e l e c t i o n of t e a c h e r s . P r i n c i p l e X:
The s a l i e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a
t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n s h o u l d be a m a t t e r o f r e c o r d p r i o r t o a co n sid eratio n of in d iv id u a l a p p lic a n ts. P r i n c i p l e X I:
As a g e n e r a l p o l i c y , e v e r y c a n d i d a t e
who m e r i t s s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r a t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n s h o u l d be i n t e r v i e w e d . P r in c ip le X II:
C e rtific a tio n of ph y sical f itn e s s
145 s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a p r e r e q u i s i t e t o e m p lo y m e n t. P rin c ip le X III:
In fo rm a tio n concerning a c a n d id a te fs
f i t n e s s f o r th e p o s i t i o n to be f i l l e d ,
s e c u r e d from p e r s o n s
c o m p e t e n t t o j u d g e , s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a n e c e s s a r y p a r t o f the s e l e c t i o n p ro c e s s . P r i n c i p l e XIV:
O bservation of a c a n d id a te in a te a c h
i n g s i t u a t i o n may be c o n s i d e r e d a u s e f u l , co n sid ered a un ifo rm ly n e c e ssa ry ,
b u t n e e d n o t be
procedure in th e te a c h e r
se le c tio n process. P r i n c i p l e s r e l a t i n g to th e r e t e n t i o n program . P r i n c i p l e XV:
To f a c i l i t a t e t h e p e r s o n a l a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l
a d j u s t m e n t o f t h e t e a c h e r t o t h e s c h o o l a n d c o m m u n ity , a c a r e f u l l y p la n n e d program o f t e a c h e r i n d u c t i o n s h o u ld be in stitu te d • P r i n c i p l e XVI:
The p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d s h o u l d b e
co n s id e re d a p a r t of th e te a c h e r s e l e c t i o n p ro cess d uring w hich e f f i c i e n c y o f s e r v i c e and p o t e n t i a l i t i e s f o r c o n tin u e d grow th a r e c a r e f u l l y a s s e s s e d . P r i n c i p l e X V II:
T e a c h e r s who h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e i r
com petency and p o t e n t i a l i t y f o r g ro w th d u r i n g t h e p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r io d sh o u ld be a s s u r e d o f perm anent t e n u r e ,
co n tin g en t
on t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f r e a s o n a b l e e f f i c i e n c y . P r i n c i p l e X V III;
The i n i t i a t i o n a n d p r o m o t i o n o f
te a c h e r ed u catio n in s e rv ic e i s a fu n c tio n of personnel
146
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w h i c h s h o u l d be c o o p e r a t i v e l y d e v e l o p e d a n d c a r e f u l l y planned f o r th e purpose o f f o s t e r i n g co n tinuous g r o w t h an d t h e o p t i m a l u t i l i z a t i o n o f t e a c h e r p o t e n t i a l .
CHAPTER V I
RESPONSIBILITY AND ORGANIZATION FOR SEIECTION AND APPOINTMENT BOARD-ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONSHIPS Purpose of th e c h a p t e r . concerned w ith th e r e p o r t i n g ,
The p r e s e n t c h a p t e r i s a n a l y s i s , and e v a lu a tio n o f
th e p ra c tic e s p e rta in in g to th e re s p e c tiv e r e s p o n s i b ilit ie s of th e p e rso n s,
or groups of p erso n s,
engaged i n th e s e l e c
t i o n an d a p p o i n t m e n t o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s , a n d t h e o rg a n iz a tio n o f th e s e p erso n s f o r accom plishing th e in te n d e d purposes.
T h i s a s p e c t o f t h e p r o b l e m w i l l be p r e s e n t e d
u n d e r two m a j o r t o p i c s :
(1) b o a r d - a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e l a t i o n
s h i p s and (2) i n t e r - a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p s . R e s p e c t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e b o a r d and t h e su p erin ten d en t.
As t h e c h i e f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c e r o f t h e
school d i s t r i c t ,
t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t p l a y s th e dom inant r o l e
in the te a c h e r s e le c tio n p ro c e ss.
The g o v e r n i n g b o a r d o f
j u n i o r c o l l e g e i s e n j o i n e d by s t a t e l a w t o a s s u m e c e r t a i n re s p o n s ib ilitie s in th is m atter.
The s u p e r i n t e n d e n t an d
t h e g o v e rn in g b o a rd n ee d t o w ork o u t t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n an d a p p o i n t m e n t o f teach e rs.
L e g a l l y t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t may o r may n o t h a v e
s i g n i f ic a n t s p e c if ic r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s to perform .
B o a rd
r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s d e l e g a t e d i f f e r i n g d u t i e s t o t h e c h i e f
148
ex ecu tiv e in t h i s re g a rd . of lab o r.
Custom may d e c r e e c e r t a i n d i v i s i o n
Such f a c t o r s in d u c e t h e developm ent o f v a r y i n g
p o l i c i e s and p r a c t i c e s w i t h r e f e r e n c e to t h e r e s p e c t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t and t h e s c h o o l b o ard in t h i s phase o f p e rso n n e l a d m in is tr a tio n .
I t se em s r e a s o n
a b l e t o a s s u m e t h a t t h e s e p r a c t i c e s a n d p o l i c i e s v a r y from s t a t e to s t a t e ,
i n s t i t u t i o n to i n s t i t u t i o n ,
and from tim e
to tim e . I n T a b l e XV a r e s u m m a r iz e d d a t a c o n c e r n i n g t h e w o r k in g arra n g e m e n t betw een t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s and b o ard s of C alifo rn ia.
The t a b u l a t i o n i s b a s e d on d a t a s e c u r e d by
m eans o f t h e c h e c k l i s t . of the fo rty -tw o
T h irty -sev en ,
o r 88.1 p e r c e n t,
ju n io r co lleg es co n trib u tin g d ata rep o rted
t h a t t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o r h i s a g e n t n o m in a te s one c a n d i d a t e . D i f f e r e n t i a l p r a c t i c e , w h i c h t h e d a t a may s u g g e s t ,
does n o t
a p p e a r t o be a f u n c t i o n o f s c h o o l s i z e . I n Los A n g e l e s t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s a r e u n d e r t h e same g e n e r a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a s th e e le m e n ta ry and se c o n d a ry s c h o o l s f r o m g r a d e s 1 t o 12 i n c l u s i v e . s e ts the p o lic ie s fo r a l l th e se sch o o ls.
The same s c h o o l b o a r d H ere th e p e r s o n n e l
d i v i s i o n h a s b een d e l e g a t e d r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s w h i c h i n a l a r g e p a r t w o u l d be d i r e c t l y a s su m e d by t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t in a l l except th e la r g e r c i t i e s .
The p e r s o n n e l d e p a r t m e n t
a d m i n i s t e r s t h e program of t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n and u l t i m a t e l y recom mends t h a t c e r t a i n t e a c h e r s be p l a c e d on t h e e l i g i b i l i t y
TABLE
XV
WORKING ARRANGEMENT BETWEEN SUPERINTENDENT AND BOARD IN SELECTION AND APPOINTMENT OF TEACHERS IN CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES
Working arrangement
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Size of college as measured by equivalent full-time teachers 1 - 29 30 - 59 60 and over Totals Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber cent ber ber cent cent ber cent
The superintendent or his agent nominates one candidate, the board affirming or denying appointment 11
£4.6
12
92.3
14
67.5
37
£6.1
The superintendent or his agent nominates two candidates ranking them as to first and second choice, the board making the final selec tion and appointment O
0.0
1
7.7
O
0.0
1
2.4
The superintendent or his agent nominates two or more unranked candidates, the board making the final selection and appointment
0
0.0
O
0.0
O
0.0
O
0.0
The board, or members of the board, together with the superin tendent act as a selection com mittee, interviewing candidates and ultimately agreeing on one recommended candidate
2
15.4
O
0.0
0
0.0
2
4.6
The board gi ves automatic approval to a list certified by the superin tendent and developed by the O chief of the personnel division
0.0
o
0.0
2
12.5
2
4.6
100.0
13
100.0
16
100.0
42
100.1
Totals
13
150 lists.
The s u p e r i n t e n d e n t ’ s a n d b o a r d ’ s a p p r o v a l i s a u t o
m a tic a s lo n g a s th e g e n e r a l p o l i c i e s of th e board have been adhered t o .* In th e th r e e rem aining C a lif o r n i a ju n i o r c o lle g e s , 7 . 2 p e r c e n t o f t h e f o r t y - t w o s c h o o ls r e p o r t i n g , t h e dom inant p r a c tic e involved d i r e c t board co n c ern ed .
e v a l u a t i o n o f c a n d i d a t e s by t h e
I n one c a s e t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t n o m i n a t e s
two c a n d i d a t e s whom h e h a s r a n k e d , f i n a l s e l e c t i o n and a p p o i n tm e n t.
b u t t h e b o a r d makes t h e I n two c a s e s t h e b o a r d
t o g e t h e r w ith th e s u p e r in t e n d e n t a c t a s a s e l e c t i o n com m ittee, i n t e r v i e w c a n d i d a t e s , a n d u l t i m a t e l y a g r e e on one c a n d i d a t e . A number o f o u t - o f - s t a t e r e s p o n d e n t s found i t d i f f i c u l t t o r e p l y t o t h e q u e s t i o n ’’w h a t w o r k i n g a r r a n g e m e n t e x i s t s between t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t and th e s c h o o l b o ard con c e rn in g th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r th e s e l e c t i o n and a p p o i n t ment of t e a c h e r s ? ”
F or t h e most p a r t th e m a jo r d i f f i c u l t y
came a b o u t b e c a u s e t h e g o v e r n i n g b o a r d was n o t o f a l o c a l ch aracter. Of t h e f o r t y - f o u r o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s c o n tr ib u tin g data fo r t h i s in v e s tig a tio n , c o n tro lled in s titu tio n s .
f i f t e e n w ere s t a t e -
For th e purposes of t h i s i n v e s t i
g a tio n th e gov ern in g board of th e s e f i f t e e n been c l a s s i f i e d a s s t a t e
i n s t i t u t i o n s have
boards of e d u c atio n o r a s s t a t e
* I n f o r m a t i o n s u p p l i e d by t h e P e r s o n n e l D i v i s i o n , Los A n g e l e s C i t y S c h o o l D i s t r i c t s .
151 u n i v e r s i t y b o a r d s , where t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n i s p e r t i n e n t . The s c h e d u l e o f r e s p o n s e s p r o v i d e d i n t h e c h e c k l i s t w e r e n o t ad eq u ate f o r o b ta in in g a tr u e p i c t u r e of th e s i t u a t i o n in these s ta te - c o n tr o lle d i n s t i t u t i o n s .
P ersonal correspon
dence h e lp e d t o c l e a r up th e p o i n t s i n d o u b t. By r e f e r r i n g t o T a b l e V, i t may be s e e n t h a t i n th irty ,
o r 68 .2 p e r c e n t,
of th e f o r t y - f o u r o u t - o f - s t a t e
s c h o o l s t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o r h i s a g e n t n o m in a te s one c a n d i date,
th e board a f f ir m in g o r denying a p p o in tm e n t.
T his
seem s lo w when c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e 8 8 . 1 p e r c e n t r e p o r t e d f o r t h e C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s on t h e same i t e m .
How
ev e r th e d if f e r e n c e i s e x p la in a b le to a degree in term s of th e s ta te - c o n t r o ll e d i n s t i t u t i o n s
j u s t m entioned.
Seven o u t - o f - s t a t e r e s p o n d e n t s , the t o t a l of f o r ty - f o u r ,
o r 15-9 p e r c e n t of
s ig n ifie d th a t in e f f e c t the
s e l e c t i o n a n d t h e a p p o i n t m e n t w as made by t h e l o c a l h e a d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c e r , who h a s b e e n named f o r t h e p u r p o s e s of t h i s stu d y the s u p e rin te n d e n t.
The s t a t e g o v e r n i n g b o a r d ,
having d e le g a te d t h i s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , of th e lo c a l s u p e rin te n d e n t.
affirm ed the a c tio n
The f o l l o w i n g q u o t a t i o n s a r e
b r ie f e x p o sitio n s of the p r a c tic e s in th ose s t a t e s : B eing a s t a t e s u p p o r t e d i n s t i t u t i o n u n d er t h e o v e r a l l j u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e B o a rd o f R e g e n t s f o r Oklahoma A g r i c u l t u r a l and M e c h a n ic a l C o l le g e s and n o t c o n n e c te d w i t h l o c a l s c h o o l s y s t e m s , o u r p o l i c i e s and p r a c t i c e s m ore n e a r l y f o l l o w t h o s e o f t h e s e n i o r c o l l e g e s i n O k lah o m a. The c o l l e g e P r e s i d e n t i s g i v e n f u l l a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a u t h o r i t y and i s h e l d r e s p o n s i b l e f o r
TABLE
V
WORKING ARRANGEMENT BETWEEN SUPERINTENDENT AND BOARD IN SELECTION AND APPOINTMENT OF TEACHERS IN OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES
Working arrangement
a.
b.
c•
d.
e.
The superintendent or his agent nominates one candidate, the board affirming or denying ap pointment
Size of* college as measured by equivalent; full-time teachers I 30 - " W Totals 60 and over Num Per Num Per Num- Per Num- Per ber cent ber cent ber cent ber c ent
11
76.6
9
52.9
10
76.9
30
63.2
The superintendent or his agent nominates two candidates ranking them as to first and second choice, the board making the final selec tion and appointment 2
14*3
0
0.0
0
0.0
2
4.5
The board, or members of the board, together with the superintendent act as a selection committee, interviewing candidates and ulti mately agreeing on one recommended candidate 1
7-1
0
0.0
0
0.0
1
2.3
The superintendent or his agent selects and appoints teachers sub ject to the approval of the state educational governing board 0
0*0
6
35.3
1
7.7
7
15.9
The superintendent, or his agent selects ahd appoints teachers subject to the approval of uni versity officials and the univer sity governing board 0
0.0
2
11.g
2
15.4
4
9.1
100.0
17
100.0
13
100.0
44
100.0
Totals
14
v_n ro
153 such .* T h i s c o l l e g e i s g o v e r n e d by a f i v e - m e m b e r b o a r d a p p o i n t e d by t h e G-overnor o f t h e S t a t e . The b o a r d e x e r c i s e s no i n d i v i d u a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n t h e s e l e c tio n of a te ach e r. That i s d e le g a te d to th e p r e s id e n t of the i n s t itu ti o n .* * C o l l e g e P r e s i d e n t e m p lo y s t h e t e a c h e r s a n d t h e n r e q u e s t s a p p r o v a l o f t h e S t a t e B o a rd o f E d u c a t i o n . * * * Four resp o n d en ts,
o r 9-1 p e r c e n t ,
of th e f o r t y - f o u r ,
in d ic a te d t h a t th e su p e rin te n d e n t in th o se schools s e le c te d an d a p p o i n t e d t e a c h e r s w i t h t h e a p p r o v a l o f u n i v e r s i t y o f f i c i a l s and th e u n i v e r s i t y g o v ern in g b o a rd . f o u r c a s e s came f ro m New Y o r k S t a t e . in stitu te s,
Here t h e t e c h n i c a l
c la s s ifie d as ju n io r co lleg es,
S t a ' t e U n i v e r s i t y o f New Y o r k .
Three o f t h e
belong to th e
The l o c a l s u p e r i n t e n d e n t i s
r e s p o n s i b l e to th e P r e s i d e n t of t h e U n i v e r s i t y , w hich i s g o v e r n e d by S t a t e B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s .
These s c h o o ls e n jo y
a u to n o m y w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s i n a way com parable to t h e s t a t e
j u n i o r c o l l e g e s which a r e d i r e c t l y
re sp o n sib le to a s t a t e board.
One r e s p o n d e n t , f o r e x a m p l e ,
d e s c r ib e s th e a c t i o n of th e board as a f o r m a lity a s f a r a s
* C h e c k - l i s t , Cameron S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e , O klahom a, O c t o b e r 1 7 , 1949* **: C o rresp o n d e n ce from P r e s . C h a r l i e S . W i l k i n s , S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l and M ech an ical C o lle g e , M agnolia, A r k a n s a s , N ovember 28 , 1 9 4 9 . *** C h e c k - l i s t , Weber C o l l e g e , U t a h , 1949-
O c to b e r 22,
154 approving th e appointm ent o f te a c h e r s i s
co ncerned.*
A nother
s t a t e d t h a t he a p p o in te d th e t e a c h e r s " s u b je c t to th e a p p ro v a l o f t h e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y . ” ** is lack in g , i t
A lthough t h e d e t a i l e d in f o r m a tio n
se em e d t h a t i n t h e s e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s t h e b o a r d ’ s
f u n c t i o n was o n e o f a f f i r m a t i o n o f a c t i o n a l r e a d y t a k e n . In t h r e e o f th e rem aining o u t - o f - s t a t e
ju n io r co lleg es,
6 .8 p e r c e n t of the f o r t y - f o u r r e p o r t i n g , th e sc h o o l board p a r tic ip a te d in th e d ir e c t ev a lu atio n o f can d id ates fo rteach in g p o s itio n s .
I n two c a s e s t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t n o m i
n a t e s two c a n d i d a t e s whom h e h a s r a n k e d a s h i s f i r s t and s e c o n d c h o i c e , b u t t h e b o a r d makes t h e f i n a l s e l e c t i o n a n d appointm ent.
I n t h e o t h e r c a s e t h e b o a r d members t o g e t h e r
w ith th e s u p e r in te n d e n t a c t a s a s e l e c t i o n com m ittee, i n t e r v i e w c a n d i d a t e s , a n d u l t i m a t e l y a g r e e on o n e recommended can d id ate. M e th o d s o f b o a r d e v a l u a t i o n o f c a n d i d a t e s .
I t seem ed
d e s i r a b l e t o e x p l o r e m ore f u l l y t h e r e s p e c t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t and t h e s c h o o l b o a r d c o n c e r n i n g th e s e l e c t i o n and ap p o in tm en t o f th e te a c h in g s t a f f . q u e s t i o n s w ere i n c l u d e d in t h e check l i s t
Two
fo r t h i s purpose,
* C h e c k - l i s t , New Y o rk S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l a n d T e c h n i c a l I n s t i t u t e , M o r r i s v i l l e , New Y o r k , O c t o b e r 2 8 , 1949* ** C h e c k - l i s t , Long I s l a n d A g r i c u l t u r a l a n d T e c h n i c a l I n s t i t u t e , F a r m i n g d a l e , New Y o r k , N ovem ber 1 4 , 1 9 4 9 .
155 t h e f i r s t o f w hich r e a d a s f o l l o w s :
TtI f m ore t h a n o n e
c a n d i d a t e i s recommended f o r a n y o n e p o s i t i o n , how d o e s th e b o ard judge th e m e r i t s o f t h e p ro p o sed c a n d i d a t e s ? ” By r e f e r r i n g t o T a b l e VI i t may b e n o t i c e d t h a t i n th irty ,
o r 7 1 .4 p e r ce n t,
of th e fo rty -tw o C a lifo rn ia
sch o o ls th e q u e s tio n did not ap p ly .
Many r e s p o n d e n t s
s p e c i f i c a l l y s t a t e d on t h e c h e c k l i s t t h a t o n e c a n d i d a t e p e r p o s i t i o n w as a l l t h a t w as e v e r n o m i n a t e d .
O thers w ro te
i n " n o t a p p l i c a b l e ” o r some s i m i l a r t e r m , t h e i n f e r e n c e b e i n g s t r o n g t h a t o n e c a n d i d a t e p e r p o s i t i o n w as t h e i n v a r i a b l e p ractice .
In n in e ,
o r 21 .4 p e r c e n t, of th e s e fo rty -tw o
sch o o ls th e board a c c e p ts th e ran k in g o f th e s u p e rin te n d e n t w ithout f u r th e r in v e s tig a tio n .
I n tw o s m a l l s c h o o l s , t h e
board in te r v i e w s th e c a n d i d a t e s ; i n one m edium -sized s c h o o l, th e board ask s th e s u p e rin te n d e n t to d e s c r ib e th e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s of t h e c a n d i d a t e s , exam ines t h e c r e d e n t i a l s , and i n t e r v i e w s c a n d i d a t e s ; i n one l a r g e s c h o o l t h e b o a r d i n t e r v i e w s c a n d i d a t e s even though i t a c c e p t s th e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t ’ s recom m endations u l t i m a t e l y . A c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n T a b l e IV a n d T a b l e VI a n d V a n d V I I seem s t o i n d i c a t e i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s i n r e s p o n d e n t s ’ r e p l i e s . However t h e d a t a i n T a b l e s IV a n d V r e f e r t o d o m i n a n t p r a c t i c e . If,
f o r exam ple, a re s p o n d e n t i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e s u p e r i n t e n
d e n t n o m i n a t e s one c a n d i d a t e , t h e b o a i d a f f i r m i n g o r d e n y i n g a p p o i n t m e n t , t h a t by no m e a n s i s i n d i c a t i v e o f I n v a r i a b l e
TABLE
VI
METHODS BY WHICH CALIFORNIA BOARDS JUDGE THE MERITS OF PROPOSED TEACHER CANDIDATES I F MORE THAN ONE CANDIDATE I S RECOMMENDED*
Method
S i z e o f c o l l e g e a s measured by e q u i v a l e n t fu ll-tim e teachers _____ 1 - 29 3d - 39 60 and o v e r T otals Number Number Number Num- Per ber cent
A cc ep ts t h e r a n k i n g o f t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t of h is agent w ithout f u r th e r in v e s tig a tio n
4
3
2
9
21 • 4
Asks t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o r h i s a g e n t t o d e s c r i b e t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f two o r more c a n d i d a t e s and t o recommend h i s p r e f e r e n c e
0
1
0
1
2.4
c•
Examines t h e c r e d e n t i a l s o f t h e c a n d i d a t e s
0
1
0
1
2.4
d.
In terv iew s th e candidates
2
1
1
4
9 .5
e.
O th e r
0
0
0
0
0 .0
a* b.
* T h i r t y , o r 71#4 p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a r e s p o n d e n t s s t a t e d t h a t t h e q u e s t i o n was n o t a p p l i c a b l e ; se ven o f t h e s e were from s m a l l s c h o o l s , n i n e from m edium -sized s c h o o l s , and f o u r t e e n from l a r g e s c h o o ls# The p e r c e n t a g e s computed i n t h i s t a b l e were b a s e d on f o r t y - t w o , t h e number o f C a l i f o r n i a r e s p o n d e n t i n s t i t u t i o n s * The t o t a l s do n o t e q u a l t h e number o f r e s p o n d e n t i n s t i t u t i o n s b e c a u s e i n some c a s e s more t h a n one method was used*
H ON
V J1
TABLE
V II
METHODS BY WHICH OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR BOARDS JUDGE THE MERITS OF FROPOSED TEACHER CANDIDATES IF MORE THAN ONE CANDIDATE I S RECOMMENDED* S i z e o f c o l l e g e a s measured by e q u i v a l e n t f u l l - t i m e t e a c h e r s _______
Method
1 - 2$
30 - $9
Number
Number
60 and over Number
Totals Number
Per cent
A c c e p ts t h e r a n k i n g o f t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t or h is agent w ithout f u r t h e r in v e s tig a tio n
3
7
4
14
3 1 .S
Asks t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o r h i s a g e n t t o d e s c r i b e t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f two o r more c a n d i d a t e s a n d t o recommend h i s p r e f e r e n c e
3
0
1
4
9.1
c#
Examines t h e c r e d e n t i a l s o f t h e c a n d i d a t e s
3
0
1
4
9.1
d.
In terv iew s th e candidates
1
0
1
2
4 .5
e.
O th e r
1
0
0
1
2 .3
a# b.
* Tw enty-one, o r 47*7 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e r e s p o n d e n t s s t a t e d t h a t t h e q u e s t i o n was n o t a p p l i c a b l e # F i v e o f t h e s e were from s m a l l s c h o o l s , n i n e from m edium -sized s c h o o l s , and s i x from l a r g e s c h o o ls# The p e r c e n t a g e s computed i n t h i s t a b u l a t i o n were b a s e d on f o r t y - f o u r , t h e t o t a l number o f o u t - o f - s t a t e r e s p o n d e n t i n s t i t u t i o n s . The t o t a l s do n o t e q u a l t h e number o f r e s p o n d e n t i n s t i t u t i o n s b e c a u s e i n some c a s e s m o r e . t h a n one method was u s e d . h
1 58
p ractice.
I t s t i l l w o u ld be p o s s i b l e a t t i m e s t o n o m i n a t e
two c a n d i d a t e s f o r a p o s i t i o n , a n d s t i l l th e check l i s t
d a t a on t h i s
be c o n s i s t e n t .
If
q u e s t i o n can be r e l i e d on, i t
w o u l d seem t o i n d i c a t e t h a t i n t w e l v e , o r 2 8 . 6 p e r c e n t ,
of
t h e f o r t y - t w o C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , more t h a n o n e c a n d i d a t e f o r a t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n i s a t t i m e s recom mended f o r appointm ent; t h a t in n in e o f th e s e tw elve c a s e s , th e board a c c e p t s t h e recom m endation o f t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t an y w a y ; a n d . i n f o u r c a s e s t h e b o a r d a c t u a l l y m akes a n e f f o r t t o e v a l u a t e t e a c h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s by s u c h m e t h o d s a s d e s c r i p t i o n o f q u a l i f i c a t i o n s by t h e a d m i n i s t r a t o r , tio n of cred e n tia ls,
exam ina
and in te r v i e w in g .
By r e f e r r a l t o T a b l e ¥11 i t may be s e e n t h a t i n tw en ty -o n e,
o r 47 .7 p e r c e n t,
ju n io r co lleg es,
of the f o r t y - f o u r o u t - o f - s t a t e
t h e q u e s t i o n " i f m ore t h a n one c a n d i d a t e
i s recom m ended f o r a n y one p o s i t i o n , how d o e s t h e b o a r d judge th e m e r i t s of th e p roposed c a n d id a te s ? " apply; in tw e n ty -th re e , ap p licab le.
did not
o r 5 2 . 3 p e r c e n t , t h e q u e s t i o n w as
In fo u rte e n of th e tw e n ty -th re e sch o o ls f o r
whom t h e q u e s t i o n was p e r t i n e n t ,
th e board ac ce p te d th e
ran k in g of th e su p e rin te n d e n t w ith o u t f u r th e r in v e s tig a tio n . Of t h e r e m a i n i n g c a s e s ,
in s i x sm all s c h o o ls ,
th e board
o b t a i n e d m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n by s u c h m e t h o d s a s d e s c r i p t i o n o f q u a l i f i c a t i o n s by t h e a d m i n i s t r a t o r , tia ls,
and in te r v i e w in g .
exam ination of cred en
I n one o f t h e s e s m a l l s c h o o l s , t h e
159 r e s p o n d e n t r e p o r t e d t h a t he a s t h e a d m i n i s t r a t o r d i d n o t know how t h e b o a r d j u d g e d t h e m e r i t s o f t h e c a n d i d a t e s . .Among t h e m e d i u m - s i z e d s c h o o l s i n no c a s e d i d t h e b o a r d i n v e s tig a te th e m e rits of th e proposed c a n d id a te s .
In th re e
o f t h e l a r g e s c h o o l s , t h e b o a r d d i d make some e f f o r t t o i n q u i r e i n t o and ju d g e t e a c h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s . T h e s e d a t a w o u l d se e m t o i n d i c a t e t h a t i n t w e n t y th ree ,
or 5 2 .3 p er c e n t,
of th e f o r t y - f o u r responding o u t-
o f - s t a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s , m o re t h a n one c a n d i d a t e f o r a t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n i s s o m e t i m e s recommended f o r a p p o i n t m e n t ; t h a t i n f o u r t e e n s c h o o ls t h e b o ard a c c e p t s t h e recom m endation o f t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t an y w a y ; i n n i n e c a s e s t h e b o a r d m a kes some e f f o r t t o e v a l u a t e t e a c h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s ; a n d t h a t i n t h e s m a l l e r s c h o o l s , t h e b o a r d a s s u m e s m ore r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r th e s e le c tio n of te a c h e rs th an in th e l a r g e r sch o o ls. D e t e r m i n a n t o f t h e num b er o f c a n d i d a t e s recommended per p o s itio n .
I n o r d e r t o a s c e r t a i n m ore f u l l y t h e r e s p o n s i
b i l i t y r e l a t i o n s h i p p e r t a i n i n g to t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n and a p p o in tm e n t, r e s p o n d e n ts w ere a s k e d ,
"what i s t h e c h i e f
d e t e r m i n a n t o f t h e number o f c a n d i d a t e s p e r p o s i t i o n t o be recommended t o t h e b o a r d ? " T a b l e V I I I s u m m a r i z e s t h e r e s p o n s e s made t o t h e q u e s t i o n i n C a l i f o r n i a an d T a b l e IX s u m m a r i z e s t h e c o m p a r a b l e data fo r o u t- o f - s ta te ju n io r c o lle g e s.
I t w i l l be n o t i c e d
TABLE V I I I
CHIEF DETERMINANT OF THE NUMBER OF CANDIDATES PER POSITION RECOMMENDED TO CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGE BOARDS
D eterm inant
S i z e o f c o l l e g e a s measured by e q u i v a l e n t fu ll-tim e teachers 60 and o ver T otals 1 ■ - 59 - 29 Num P e r Num P e r Num P er Num P e r cent ber ber cent ber cent ber cent
a . O f f i c i a l Board r u l i n g
1
7-7
0
0.0
0
0.0
1
2.4
b, I n l i e u o f d e f i n i t e b o a r d r u l i n g , t b e b o a r d e x p e c t s t o have some c h o i c e
1
7-7
0
0 .0
0
0 .0
1
2.4
c. T his i s an a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d e c is io n ; t h e number may be one o r two, depend i n g on t h e judgment o f t h e s u p e r i n tendent
5
3 8 .5
3
23.1
1
6 .3
9
2 1 .4
d . T h i s i s an a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d e c i s i o n ; t h e number i s always one, s i n c e t h e m a tte r of choice i s an a d m i n is t r a t iv e function
6
4 6 .2
10
76.9
13
8 1 .3
29
69.0
e . O th e r
0
0.0
0
0 .0
2
12.5
2
ik 8
13
100.1
13
100.0
16
100.1
42
100.0
T otals
o
TABLE IX
CHIEF DETERMINANT OF THE NUMBER OF CANDIDATES PER POSITION RECOMMENDED TO OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGE BOARDS*
D eterm inant
S i z e o f c o l l e g e a s measured by e q u i v a l e n t fu ll-tim e teachers 29 30..1 T otals 59.... 60 and o v e r Num P e r Num P e r Num P e r Num P e r ber cent ber cent ber cent cent ber
a. O f f i c i a l board r u l i n g
0
0.0
1
5.9
0
0.0
1
2.3
b. In l i e u of d e f i n i t e board r u l i n g , th e b o a r d e x p e c t s t o have some c h o i c e
2
14.3
0
0.0
0
0.0
2
4.7
c. T h is i s an a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d e c i s i o n ; t h e number may be one o r two, depend i n g on t h e judgment o f t h e s u p e r i n tendent
3
■21.4
3
17.6
3
2 5.0
9
2 0 .9
d. This i s an a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d e c is io n ; t h e number i s alw ays one, s i n c e t h e m a tte r of choice i s an a d m in is tr a tiv e function
8
57.1
13
7 6 .5
9
75.0
30
69.9
e . O th e r
1
7 .1
0
0 .0
0
0.0
1
2 .5
: 14
99.9
17
100.0
12
100.0
45
100.1
T otals
* J u n i o r c o l l e g e b o a r d s , i n t h i s t a b l e , i n c l u d e u n i v e r s i t y o f f i c i a l s and s t a t e b o a r d s o f e d u c a t i o n i n c a s e s where t h e r e i s no l o c a l b o a r d .
h
162
th a t the d ata are co rresp o n d in g ly s im ila r .
I n 6 9 .0 p e r c e n t
o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a i n s t i t u t i o n s and i n 6 9 .9 p e r c e n t o f t h e i r o u t-o f-s ta te co u n terp arts,
t h e num ber o f c a n d i d a t e s t o b e
recom mended p e r p o s i t i o n i s - d e t e r m i n e d by a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d ecisio n ;
and t h i s number i s alw ays o n e .
T his group b e lie v e s
t h a t t h e c h o ic e o f t e a c h i n g p e r s o n n e l i s an a d m i n i s t r a t i v e fu n ctio n .
In 2 1 .4 p e r c e n t o f C a l i f o r n i a i n s t i t u t i o n s and i n
2 0 .9 per cent of th e o u t- o f - s ta te
g ro u p , t h e number o f
c a n d i d a t e s t o be recom mended p e r p o s i t i o n a l s o i s a r e s u l t a n t of a d m in istra tiv e d ec isio n ,
b u t i n t h e s e s c h o o l s t h e num ber
may b e e i t h e r o n e o r t w o , d e p e n d i n g on t h e ju d g m e n t o f t h e su p erin ten d en t. I n two o t h e r c a s e s ,
one i n C a l i f o r n i a a n d o n e o u t -
o f - s t a t e , w here o f f i c i a l board r u l i n g a p p l i e d to t h e q u e s t i o n , t h e num ber o f c a n d i d a t e s t o b e recom m ended i s o n e . o th er cases,
In th re e
o n e i n C a l i f o r n i a a n d two o u t - o f - s t a t e ,
th e
b o a r d e x p e c t s t o h a v e some c h o i c e i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f te a c h e rs.
As a m a t t e r o f g e n e r a l p o l i c y i n Los A n g e l e s , w h i c h
is a sp e c ia l case, the e l i g i b i l i t y
t h e n u m be r o f c a n d i d a t e s t o b e p l a c e d on
list
i s t w i c e a s many a s t h e n u m b e r o f p o s i
t i o n s t o be f i l l e d . The d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n C a l i f o r n i a an d o u t - o f - s t a t e d a t a on t h i s q u e s t i o n a p p e a r t o be m e a n i n g l e s s . The t a b u l a t i o n i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e s i z e o f s c h o o l d o e s make a d i f f e r e n c e .
As a r u l e i n t h e l a r g e r s c h o o l s , more
o f te n th an th e s m a lle r ,
o n l y o n e c a n d i d a t e i s recom m ended;
t h i s i s p r e d i c a t e d on t h e b e l i e f t h a t t h e c h o i c e o f t e a c h i n g p e r s o n n e l i s an a d m i n i s t r a t i v e f u n c t i o n .
In C a lif o rn ia , f o r
e x a m p l e , t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d e c i s i o n t o recommend o n l y one c a n d i d a t e p e r p o s i t i o n i s o b s e r v e d by 4 6 . 2 p e r c e n t o f t h e sm a ll, 7 6 .9 p e r cen t of th e m edium -sized, of th e la r g e ju n io r c o lle g e s .
an d 8 1 . 3 p e r c e n t
The a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d e c i s i o n
t o recommend e i t h e r on e o r two c a n d i d a t e s p e r p o s i t i o n i s observed to a l e s s e r degree a s th e s i z e of th e sc h o o ls increases. A p p raisal of p r a c t i c e . s u p e r in te n d e n t nom inates th e o r d e n ie s appointm ent i s
The p r a c t i c e w h e r e b y t h e te a c h e r and th e board a f f irm s
c l e a r l y w i t h i n t h e i n t e n t and
m eaning o f t h e P r i n c i p l e s * c i t e d .
T his p r a c t i c e ,
appearing
a s i t e m a i n T a b l e s IV a n d V, w as c o n c u r r e d i n by 8 8 . 1 p e r c e n t of C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o ls and 6 8 .2 p e r c e n t o f th e o u t - o f s t a t e sch o o ls.
I t e m e i n T a b l e IV c i t e s t h e p r a c t i c e i n t h e
two Los A n g e l e s j u n i o r c o l l e g e s . develops an e l i g i b i l i t y
H e re t h e p e r s o n n e l d i v i s i o n
l i s t w h i c h , when c e r t i f i e d
by t h e
s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f w h o le s c h o o l s y s t e m , i s g i v e n f o r m a l a p p r o v a l by t h e b o a r d .
As l o n g a s t h e b o a r d h a s a p p r o v e d
and s t a t e d t h e g e n e r a l p o l i c i e s u n d e r w hich s e l e c t i o n of
* S e e C h a p t e r V, P r i n c i p l e s I ,
II,
and I I I .
164
t e a c h e r s i s t o b e m ade, t h e Los A n g e l e s p r a c t i c e s e e m s t o m eet t h e r e q u ir e m e n ts o f th e P r i n c i p l e s p ro p o s e d . Among t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s t a t e - c o n t r o l l e d
ju n io r c o lle g e s,
t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s seem t o e x e r c i s e more a u t h o r i t y t h a n i n s c h o o ls where t h e b o a rd i s o f a l o c a l c h a r a c t e r .
P ractic ally
sp e a k in g , r a t h e r th a n l e g a l l y , n o t o n ly i s th e s e l e c t i o n of t e a c h e r s made by t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t , m ent.
b u t so i s t h e a p p o i n t
A l i k e a u t o n o m y p e r h a p s e x i s t s among a n u m b e r o f t h e
ju n io r co lleg es lo c a lly c o n tro lle d ,
an o p in io n s u b s t a n tia te d
i n p a r t by t h e two r e s p o n d e n t s who s t r u c k o u t t h e w o r d s Tto r d e n y i n g ” i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h i t e m a , T a b l e I V .
In p ra c tic e
i t may v e r y w e l l be t h a t l o c a l b o a r d s i n c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r s seldom , i f e v e r , deny a p p o in tm e n t f o llo w in g t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t ’ s recom m endation.
N o t e n o u g h i n f o r m a t i o n on t h i s p o i n t
was o b t a i n e d i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n t o a s s a y q u a n t i t a t i v e accuracy.
I n t h e s t a t e - c o n t r o l l e d j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , how ever,
t h e check l i s t d a t a and p e r s o n a l c o r r e s p o n d e n c e i n d i c a t e a g e n e r a l a v e r a g e o f autonomy h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f l o c a l l y co n tro lled in s t itu ti o n s ,
and c o l a t e r a l l y w ith i t ,
m ore
c o n tro l o f th e a p p o in tiv e p ro c e s s in th e hands of t h e su p e r in ten d en t.
As f a r a s c o u l d b e a s c e r t a i n e d ,
th e co n firm atio n
o f a p p o i n t m e n t by some k i n d o f s t a t e b o a r d w as u l t i m a t e l y le g a lly necessary. O ther th a n th e d i f f e r e n c e j u s t n o te d , th e w orking a rra n g e m e n t betw een t h e b o ard and t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t w ith
165 r e s p e c t t o t h i s p h a s e o f p e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n se em s t o be i d e n t i c a l w h e t h e r t h e b o a r d i s l o c a l o r s t a t e . as th e board f u l f i l l s
its
As l o n g
f u n c t i o n o f p o l i c y m aking,
the
dom inant p r a c t i c e s o b s e rv e d i n th e s t a t e - c o n t r o l l e d j u n i o r c o l l e g e s conform t o t h e P r i n c i p l e s d e c l a r e d . In th re e
j u n i o r c o l l e g e s in C a l i f o r n i a and t h r e e o u t -
o f-state in stitu tio n s,
t h e dom inant p r a c t i c e s i n v o l v e d board
e v a lu a t io n and s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s .
A u th o r itie s concur in
t h e i r b e l i e f t h a t t h i s i s u n s o u n d , l a r g e l y on t h e b a s i s t h a t su c h e v a l u a t i o n and s e l e c t i o n v i o l a t e s P r i n c i p l e s I and I I . * The a r g u m e n t e s s e n t i a l l y i s
t h a t by s o d o i n g t h e b o a r d i s
p e rfo rm in g a f u n c t i o n f o r w hich i t in g,
is not f itte d
experience, or p ro fe s s io n a l q u a lif ic a tio n s ;
by t r a i n th a t th ese
r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s h a d b e s t b e p e r f o r m e d by t h e p e r s o n who i s a s s u m e d t o know m o s t a b o u t i t , and f u r t h e r , t h a t i f
th e
nam ely, t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t ;
chief a d m in istra tiv e o f f ic e r i s
to
be h e l d r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e w ork o f t h e s c h o o l , h e m u s t be v e s t e d w i t h t h e a u t h o r i t y t o do t h e j o b . ( 7 9 : 3 5 6 ; 1 1 0 : 1 1 7 - 1 9 ) For a to ta l of six ,
o r 7 . 0 p e r c e n t , o f ^the e i g h t y - s i x
ju n io r c o lle g e s under c o n s id e ra tio n , th e procedures d escrib ed r e p r e s e n t a n e v a s i o n o f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y on p a r t of th e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t and an as su m p tio n o f i t of th e board.
* See C h a p te r V
on p a r t
166
Yfrienever m ore t h a n one c a n d i d a t e i s recom mended f o r a sin g le p o sitio n ,
i t se em s l i k e l y t h a t t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t i s
a s k i n g t h e b o a r d t o j o i n w i t h him i n s e l e c t i n g t e a c h e r s . th is is tru e,
If
then t h i s p r a c t i c e w i l l n o t s ta n d th e t e s t o f
P r i n c i p l e s I and I I .
I t w as n o t t h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s i n v e s t i
g a t i o n t o i n q u i r e i n t o t h e m o t i v e s f o r r e c o m m e n d in g m o re t h a n on e c a n d i d a t e f o r e a c h j o b o p e n i n g , h e n c e t h e r e a s o n s f o r the p r a c tic e are c o n je c tu ra l.
Perhaps th e su p e rin te n d e n t i s
d o i n g so b e c a u s e o f t h e n e c e s s i t y o f w e a n i n g t h e b o a r d away from a t r a d i t i o n ,
perhaps f o r purposes of board ed u catio n ,
o r t o d e m o n s tr a te conform ance to b o ard p o l i c i e s ; p r a c t i c e , ' how ever, i t
seems a n a c h r o n i s t i c .
As a g e n e r a l
Yet i n tw e lv e ,
o r 2 8 .6 p e r c e n t, o f th e C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , and i n tw e n ty -th re e , o r 5 2 .3 p er cen t, of th e o u t - o f - s t a t e
sch o o ls,
i t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t a t t i m e s recom mends m o r e t h a n one c a n d i d a t e p e r p o s i t i o n . tw elve boards in C a l i f o r n i a ,
The f a c t t h a t n i n e o f t h e
and f o u r t e e n o f t h e t w e n t y -
t h r e e b o ard s o u t - o f - s t a t e a c c e p t t h e recom m endations o f t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t a n y w a y , p o s e s t h e q u e s t i o n o f why do i t ? one r e s p o n d e n t so s u c c i n c t l y p u t i t ,
wI t se em s t o me o n l y
one p e r s o n c o u l d o c c u p y a p o s i t i o n a n d I s e e no r e a s o n t o recommend s e v e r a l f o r t h e same p l a c e . I f
th e board has
* P e r s o n a l c o r r e s p o n d e n c e f ro m C h a r l i e S . W i l k i n s , P r e s id e n t of S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l and M echanical C o lleg e , M a g n o l i a , A r k a n s a s , d a t e d November 2 8 , 1 9 4 9 .
As
167
fu lfille d its be l i t t l e
o b l i g a t i o n u n d e r P r i n c i p l e I I I , t h e r e seems t o
reaso n f o r th e co n tin u an ce of t h i s p r a c t i c e .
The p r a c t i c e , t a b u l a t e d a s i t e m b i n T a b l e s VI a n d V I I , whereby th e board a s k s t h e s u p e r in t e n d e n t to d e s c r i b e th e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f tw o o r m o r e t e a c h e r s a n d t o l i s t h i s preference,
s u g g e s t s m ore b o a r d p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e s e l e c
t i v e p ro cess th a n item a. ate P rin cip le I I I , th is an aly sis i s
T h i s p r a c t i c e w o u l d se em t o o b v i
a n d i m p i n g e on P r i n c i p l e s I a n d I I .
co rrect,
If
i t i s more u n d e s i r a b l e t h a n i t e m a .
The p r a c t i c e s l i s t e d
u n d er ite m s c, d, and e i n
T a b l e s VI a n d V I I w h e r e i n t h e b o a r d c l e a r l y e v a l u a t e s teach er p o te n tia l,
c o n t r a d ic t e n t i r e l y P r i n c i p l e s I and I I ,
and o b v i a t e s P r i n c i p l e I I I .
On t h e s e b a s e s , t h e p r a c t i c e s
d e s c r i b e d do n o t m e e t t h e s t a n d a r d p r o p o s e d . M o st r e s p o n d e n t s , and o u t - o f - s t a t e ,
a b o u t 90 p e r c e n t b o t h i n C a l i f o r n i a
s ig n if ie d th a t th e c h ie f determ inant of
t h e n u m b e r o f c a n d i d a t e s recom mended f o r a n y one p o s i t i o n was t h a t o f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d e c i s i o n .
About 70 p e r c e n t o f
t h e r e s p o n d e n t s s p e c i f i e d t h a t t h i s n u m b e r w as a l w a y s o n e , b e l i e v i n g t h a t t h e m a t t e r o f c h o o s in g t h e t e a c h e r i s an ad m in istrativ e fu n ctio n .
T h i s l a t t e r p e r c e n t a g e c a s t s some
d o u b t on t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e d a t a i n T a b l e V I I w herein i t
s e em e d r e a s o n a b l e t o a s s u m e t h a t 5 2 . 3 p e r c e n t o f
th e o u t- o f - s ta te
s c h o o l s a t t i m e s n o m i n a t e d m o re t h a n o n e
p erso n f o r a job o p e n in g .
H o w e v e r, i t may be e x p l a i n a b l e on
168
t h e b a s i s t h a t t h e d a t a i n T a b l e V d e p e n d e d on t h e ,fc h i e f " determ inant r a t h e r th an in v a ria b le p r a c t ic e . I f t h e d a t a ca n be t a k e n a t i t s
face valu e,
i t is
s u r p r i s i n g t o f i n d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d e c i s i o n p l a y i n g such a dom inant r o l e .
In 20.9
c e n t of th e c a s e s i n . C a l i f o r n i a
and 2 1 .4 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e
cases, the su p e rin ten
d e n t d e l i b e r a t e l y c h o o s e s t o recommend on h i s own v o l i t i o n on e o r tw o c a n d i d a t e s f o r a p o s i t i o n . t h a t i n a b o u t one s c h o o l o u t o f f i v e ,
I t w o u ld seem t h e n the a d m in istra tiv e
o f f i c e r s a r e en c o u ra g in g a p r a c t i c e opposed to P r i n c i p l e s I and I I ;
an d t h a t t h e b o a r d s ,
by f a i l u r e t o i n c l u d e t h e n u m b e r
o f c a n d i d a t e s t o b e reco m m ended f o r a n y one p o s i t i o n a s a p a r t o f o f f i c i a l board p o l i c i e s , have f a i l e d to
carry out
t h e i r o b lig a tio n s under P rin c ip le I I I . For t h e r e m a in in g s c h o o l s , a b o u t 70 p e r c e n t o f
t o t a l g ro u p , w here a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d e c i s i o n i s
th e
th e c h ie f
d e t e r m i n a n t o f t h e p r a c t i c e o f r e c o m m e n d in g on e c a n d i d a t e p e r p o s i t i o n , n o t enough i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e f o r c l e a r cut ev a lu atio n .
I t se em s c e r t a i n t h a t t h e p r a c t i c e s c o n f o r m
t o P r i n c i p l e s I an d I I . P rin cip le
I t may be t h a t c o m p l i a n c e w i t h
I I I a l s o h a s b e e n m a de.
The s u p e r i n t e n d e n t a s t h e
p r o f e s s i o n a l e x p e r t an d a d v i s o r t o t h e b o a r d may h a v e b e e n th e a c tiv a tin g agent in i n s t ig a t in g a d e s ira b le procedure f o r m a l l y a p p r o v e d by t h e b o a r d .
I f so a re s p o n d e n t could
have been c o r r e c t in d e s c r i b i n g h i s a c t i o n a s th e " c h i e f "
169
d e t e r m i n a n t , a n d a t t h e same t i m e c u r r a n t l y o p e r a t i n g u n d e r an a p p r o p r i a t e board p o l i c y .
In th e
s itu a tio n d escrib ed ,
th e p r a c t i c e m eets th e re q u ire m e n ts of a l l th r e e P r i n c i p l e s d eveloped f o r t h i s s e c t i o n o f th e s tu d y , s i g n i f i e s h igh d e s i r a b i l i t y .
If,
i s o p e r a t i n g u n d e r no d e f i n i t e
an d a c c o r d i n g l y
how ever,
the su p e rin ten d en t
board p o l i c y i n t h i s r e g a r d ,
P r i n c i p l e I I I i s n e g a te d , and th e p r a c t i c e
is le s s d esirab le
th an th e a l t e r n a t i v e d e s c rib e d above. F o r t h e two s c h o o l s ,
o r 2.3 p e r c e n t , of th e t o t a l o f
e i g h t y - s i x C a l i f o r n i a and o u t - o f - s t a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d , t h e p r a c t i c e o f r e c o m m e n d in g one c a n d i d a t e p e r p o s i t i o n i n acco rd an c e w ith o f f i c i a l board p o lic y m eets t h e re q u ire m e n ts o f a l l t h r e e p r i n c i p l e s a n d may t h e r e f o r e , h ig h ly d e s ira b le . co lleg es,
be c l a s s i f i e d a s
The p r a c t i c e i n t h e L os A n g e l e s j u n i o r
even th o u g h i n v o l v i n g t h e recom m endation o f do u b le
t h e number e x p e c te d v a c a n c i e s , m e e ts a l l r e q u i r e m e n t s a t th is p o in t,
a n d i n t h i s r e s p e c t may b e j u d g e d a s h i g h l y
d esira b le. For the th re e
sch o o ls,
3*5 pe:r c e n t o f t h e i n s t i t u
t i o n ' s s t u d i e d , w h e r e t h e num ber o f c a n d i d a t e s .recommended i s b a s e d on t h e f a c t t h a t t h e b o a r d e x p e c t s t o h a v e some c h o i c e i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s , P r i n c i p l e s I and I I have n o t been s a t i s f i e d .
T h e r e i s some q u e s t i o n a b o u t P r i n c i p l e I I I .
The p r a c t i c e s e e m s t o be t h e m o s t u n d e s i r a b l e o f t h e o n e s l i s t e d on t h e b a s i s o f t h e t h r e e P r i n c i p l e s c i t e d .
170
INTER-ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONSHIPS R e s p e c t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t and th e d i r e c t o r .
I n T a b l e s X a n d XI a r e s u m m a r iz e d d a t a on t h e
w orking a rra n g e m e n t e x i s t i n g betw een t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t and th e ju n io r c o lle g e d i r e c t o r in th e s e le c tio n of te a c h e r s . Ten, o r 2 3 . 8 p e r
cen t,
of th e fo rty -tw o C a lifo rn ia
ents s ta te d th a t
th e q u e s tio n did
t h a t t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t a f f was manner i n d i c a t e d
by t h e q u e s t i o n .
respond
n o t a p p l y on t h e g r o u n d s n o t o r g a n iz e d i n th e T w e n ty , o r 4 5 . 5 p e r c e n t ,
of th e f o r t y - f o u r o u t - o f - s t a t e re s p o n d e n ts gave a s i m i l a r rep ly . The p r e d o m i n a n t p r a c t i c e , o f-state ,
b o th i n C a l i f o r n i a and o u t-,
a p p e a r s a s ite m d i n T a b le s X and XI: " t h e
d i r e c t o r s e l e c t s one c a n d i d a t e f o r whom h e s e c u r e s t h e s u p e r in te n d e n t’s ap p ro v al."
Of t h e t h i r t y - t w o r e s p o n d e n t
C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o ls to w hich ,th e q u e s t i o n a p p l i e d ,
34 .4 p e r
c e n t e m p lo y t h i s a s t h e d o m i n a n t t e c h n i q u e i n t h e d i v i s i o n of la b o r.
Of t h e t w e n t y - t h r e e r e s p o n d e n t o u t - o f - s t a t e
s c h o o ls to w hich t h e q u e s tio n a p p l i e d ,
6 3 . 2 p e r c e n t em ploy
t h e same t e c h n i q u e . In C a l i f o r n i a th e p r a c t i c e w hereby th e
d irec to r
screen s out u n lik e ly c a n d id ates r e f e r r in g th e r e s t to th e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t , was r e p o r t e d a s t h e n e x t m o s t - u s e d t e c h n i q u e , s u p p o r t e d by 2 3 . 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e s c h o o l s t o w h i c h t h e
TABLE
X
WORKING ARRANGEMENT BETWEEN SU PE R IN T E N D E N T AND D IR E C T O R I N TEACHERS I N C A L IF O R N IA JU N IO R CO LLEGES
Working arrangement
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
S E L E C T IO N OF
Size of college as measured by equivalent full-time teachers 30 - 59 60 and over Totals 1 - 29 Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber cent ber ber cent cent ber cent
The college director screens out unlikely candidates, referring the rest to the superintendent
5
The director usually recommends two candidates to the superintendent who makes the final choice 0
55.5
2
22.2
1
7.1
3
25.0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
The director usually confers with the superintendent regard ing two candidates; the first and second choices are mutually agreed upon
1
11.1
4
4 A* 4
0
0.0
5
15.6
The director selects one candi date for whom he secures the superintendentTs approval
2
22.2
2
22.2
7
50.0
11
34.4
The superintendent and director work together in the process and agree on the one candidate
0
0.0
1
11.1
1
7.1
2
6.3
1
11.1
0
0.0
1
7.1
2
6.3
0
0.0
0
0.0
4
23.6
4
12.5
9
99.9
9
99.9
14
99.9
32
100.1
The director has little or no responsibility, the superinten dent reserving the essential parts of the selection process for himself. Other
Totals
*
Ten, or 23.8 per cent, of the California respondents stated that the question was not applicable. Four of these were from the small schools, four from the mediumsized schools, and two from the large schools.
-o
TABLE
XI
WORKING ARRANGEMENT BETWEEN SUPERINTENDENT AND DIRECTOR IN SELECTION OF TEACHERS IN OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES
Working arrangement
a.
b.
c•
d.
e.
f.
S*
Size of college as measured by equivalent full-time teachers 1 - 29 30 - 59 60 and over Totals Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber ber cent ber cent ber cent cent
The college director screens out unlikely candidates, referring the rest to the superintendent 1
3.3
0
0.0
0
0.0
1
4.3
The director usually recommends two candidates to the superinten dent who makes the final choice 1
3.3
0
0.0
0
0.0
1
4.3
The director usually confers with the superintendent regarding two candidates; the first and second choices are mutually agreed upon 1
3.3
0
0.0
1
20.0
2
3.7
The director selects one candidate for whom he secures the superin t e n d e n t s approval 6
50.0
6
100.0
3
60.0
15
65.2
The superintendent and director work together in the process and agree on the candidate
2
16.7
0
0.0
0
0.0
2
3.7
The director has little or no re sponsibility, the superintendent reserving the essential parts of the selection process for himself 1
3.3
0
0.0
1
20.0
2
3.7
Other
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
12
99.9
6
100.0
5
100.0
23
99.9
Totals
Twenty, or 45*5 per cent, of* the out-of-state respondents stated that the question was not applicable. Two of* these were from the small schools, ten from the medium' sized schools, and eight from the large schools.
173
q u estio n a p p lie d .
I n t h i r d p l a c e w i t h 1 3 . 6 p e r c e n t , w as
th e p r a c t i c e w hereby th e d i r e c t o r c o n f e r s w ith t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t r e g a r d i n g tw o c a n d i d a t e s , a n d m u t u a l l y a g r e e i n g on th e f i r s t and second c h o ic e . I t i s a lto g e th e r p o ssib le th a t i f
i t e m e an d f i n
T a b l e s X a n d XI h a d a p p r e a r e d on t h e c h e c k l i s t , more r e s p o n d e n t s would h a v e i n d i c a t e d one o f t h e s e a s a dom inant p ractice.
These w ere " w r i t e - i n ” r e s p o n s e s .
In item e,
two
o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t s i n C a l i f o r n i a a n d two o u t - o f - s t a t e r e s p o n d e n t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t and t h e d i r e c t o r worked t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e p r o c e s s o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n , a g r e e d e v e n t u a l l y on one c a n d i d a t e f o r a p o s i t i o n . p a r t i c u l a r d i v i s i o n o f l a b o r w as s u g g e s t e d . f o r exam ple,
and
No
One r e s p o n d e n t ,
s a id t h a t " t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t and d i r e c t o r
c a n v a s s a l l c a n d i d a t e s and s e l e c t " ; te n d e n t and d i r e c t o r c o l l a b o r a t e ,
another s a id "su p e rin
exam in in g c r e d e n t i a l s and
interview ing c a n d id ates." I n i t e m f , two r e s p o n d e n t s i n C a l i f o r n i a a n d two o u t o f - s t a t e r e s p o n d e n ts i n d i c a t e d t h a t th e d i r e c t o r had l i t t l e o r no r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n ,
th e s u p e rin te n
dent re se rv in g th e e s s e n t i a l p a r ts of th e s e le c tio n process fo r h im self.
T y p i c a l r e s p o n s e s were " s u p e r i n t e n d e n t makes
a l l a rra n g e m e n ts " and " s u p e r i n te n d e n t does th e h i r i n g . " In fo u r of th e C a lifo rn ia sch o o ls,
two f r o m Los
A n g e l e s an d two f r o m P a s a d e n a , t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e d i r e c t o r ’ s
174
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n i s d i f f e r e n t from t h a t re p o r te d f o r any o f th e o th e r respondent i n s t i t u t i o n s .
In
b oth c i t i e s the p e rso n n e l d i v i s i o n o f th e c e n t r a l s t a f f i s ch arg e d w i t h r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s w hich g r e a t l y m odify t h e r e s p e c t i v e r o l e o f th e d i r e c t o r and t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t .
In
Los A n g e l e s , t h e d i r e c t o r h a s no o r i g i n a l r i g h t t o s e l e c t i o n , b u t m u s t c h o o s e f r o m among t h e f i r s t elig ib ility lis t.
f i v e p e r s o n s on a n
I n Pasadena,' th e j u n i o r c o l l e g e d i r e c t o r ,
th e departm ent head,
a n d th e , c h i e f o f t h e p e r s o n n e l d i v i s i o n
a g r e e on o n e c a n d i d a t e t o be recom mended t o t h e b o a r d .
More
d e t a i l s on t h e f u n c t i o n a n d p r o c e d u r e s o f t h e p e r s o n n e l d i v i s i o n s i n Los A n g e l e s a n d P a s a d e n a w i l l a p p e a r l a t e r i n th e c h a p te r. I t w i l l be n o t i c e d t h a t t h e m o s t - u s e d w o r k i n g a r r a n g e ment b etw een t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t and th e d i r e c t o r i n t h e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s , t h e a rra n g e m e n t where t h e d i r e c t o r s e l e c t s one c a n d i d a t e f o r whom h e s e c u r e s t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s a p p r o v a l , i s a l s o t h e on e w h e r e i n t h e d i r e c t o r e x e r c i s e s t h e h ig h e s t degree o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r the s e l e c t i o n of te a c h e rs f o r h is sch o o l. th a t th is is
It
ca n n o t be s a i d c a t e g o r i c a l l y
is th e b e st p ra c tic e fo r a l l
sch o o ls,
although i t
s u p p o r t e d by P r i n c i p l e IV a n d V, a n d t o some e x t e n t a t
l e a s t by P r i n c i p l e V I .
I f we a c c e p t t h e p r e m i s e t h a t t h e
j u n i o r c o l l e g e d i r e c t o r s h o u l d be t h e r e s p o n s i b l e h ead o f h i s s c h o o l , w i t h i n l i m i t a t i o n s s u c h a s a r e im p o s e d by
school s iz e ,
i t w o u ld seem t h a t t h e p r a c t i c e d e s c r i b e d i s
a h ig h ly d e s ir a b le one. in cre ases,
it
As t h e s i z e o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e
i s t o be e x p e c te d t h a t t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t
m u s t d e l e g a t e more o f h i s d u t i e s t o s u b o r d i n a t e s . resp o n sib ility ,
W i t h m o re
i n k e e p i n g w i t h P r i n c i p l e V, t h e d i r e c t o r
o u g h t t o a s s u m e m o re a u t h o r i t y t o s e l e c t h i s t e a c h e r s .
' The
d a ta of p r a c tic e s in t h i s reg ard b ea r o u t t h a t c o n te n tio n . When t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d o u t - o f - s t a t e
d a t a a r e com bined, i t
i s f o u n d t h a t i n 3&.1 p e r c e n t o f t h e s m a l l s c h o o l s ,
th e
d i r e c t o r s e l e c t s o n e c a n d i d a t e f o r whom h e s e c u r e s t h e * s u p e rin te n d e n t's ap p ro v al.
I n 5 3 . 3 p e r c e n t o f t h e medium
s i z e d s c h o o ls and i n 5 2 .6 p e r c e n t of th e l a r g e s c h o o ls to w hich t h e q u e s t i o n a p p l i e d a l i k e p r o c e d u r e i s em ployed. Item a , w h e re in t h e " c o lle g e d i r e c t o r s c r e e n s o u t u n lik e ly can d id ates r e f e r r in g th e r e s t to th e su p e rin ten d en t, i s p r im a r ily a p r a c t i c e a s s o c ia te d w ith th e sm all s c h o o ls . T his p r a c t i c e a p p e a rs to g iv e th e
d ir e c to r s of th e s e sch o o ls
r e l a t i v e l y l e s s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r s e le c tin g te a c h e rs than any o f th e o t h e r m ethods l i s t e d item f .
i n T a b l e s X a n d XI e x c e p t
The f a c t t h a t t h i s a r r a n g e m e n t i s l e s s o f t e n
em p lo y ed a s t h e s c h o o l s become l a r g e r w o u l d seem t o i n d i c a t e a j u s t i f i a b l e a l l o c a t i o n of a u t h o r it y to p a r a l l e l r e s p o n s i b ility .
I t m u s t be r e m e m b ered t o o t h a t t h e " s m a l l " s c h o o l s
em p lo y u n d e r t h i r t y t e a c h e r s .
A c tu a lly over o n e -h alf of th e
s c h o o ls r e p o r t i n g ite m a a s t h e dom inant p r a c t i c e ,
em p lo y ed
eleven te a c h e rs o r l e s s . th a t in sch o o ls of t h i s
I t . seems r e a s o n a b l e t o a s su m e size,
t h e a rra n g e m e n t w hereby t h e
o f f i c i a l named t h e d i r e c t o r o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s c r e e n s o u t a p p l i c a n t s a n d r e f e r s a number o f t h e b e s t q u a l i f i e d t o t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t may be a n optim um p r a c t i c e b a s e d on P r i n c i p l e s TV, V, a n d V I .
On t h e o t h e r h a n d i n k e e p i n g
w i t h t h e c o n c e p t t h a t t h e p r i n c i p a l o r d i r e c t o r s h o u l d be th e re s p o n s ib le head of th e school i t
se e m s t h a t a b e t t e r
c a s e c a n b e made f o r t h e p r a c t i c e s d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m s c , d, and e th a n f o r e i t h e r ite m a o r b .
I f th e sup erin ten d en t
i s p r o f e s s i o n a l l y m ore a b l e t o s e l e c t t e a c h e r s t h a n t h e d i r e c t o r h e s h o u l d be a b l e ,
it
seem s, t o p o i n t o u t p r o f e s
s i o n a l r e a s o n s why one c a n d i d a t e a p p e a r s t o b e m ore d e s i r a b l e f o r a g iven p o s i t i o n th a n o th e r a p p l i c a n t s .
I t may be t h a t
t h e same t e a c h e r u l t i m a t e l y w o u ld be o f f e r e d e m p lo y m e n t, b u t t h e p r o c e d u r e w ould h av e t h e a d v a n ta g e o f more p a r t i c i p a t i o n by t h e d i r e c t o r .
I f t h e d i r e c t o r i s m o re a b l e t o * a p p r a i s e
the q u a l i f i c a t i o n s th an th e s u p e rin te n d e n t,
it
seems t h a t
t h i s s p e c i a l know ledge s h o u ld c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e f i n a l s e l e c t i o n o f one c a n d id a te .
One a u t h o r i t y m a k e s t h e p o i n t
t h a t " I t i s open to s e r i o u s q u e s t i o n ,
how ever, w h e th e r t h e
j u d g m e n t o f a s i n g l e p e r s o n c a n be a d e q u a t e f o r t h o r o u g h l y s a t i s f a c t o r y s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s . " (44:91)
As a c h e c k
o n e a g a i n s t a n o t h e r i t w o u l d be d e s i r a b l e , a c c o r d i n g t o t h i s
177
view , f o r th e d i r e c t o r t o p a r t i c i p a t e in th e f i n a l s e l e c t i o n from a number c a n d i d a t e s .
I n v i e w o f t h e m ore e x t e n d e d c o n
g ru e n c e w i t h P r i n c i p l e V and VI, ite m s c,
d, e a p p e a r to be
g e n e r a l l y more d e s i r a b l e t h a n i t e m s a o r b . Item f , has l i t t l e
d e s c r ib e d a s th e p r a c t i c e whereby th e d i r e c t o r
o r no r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n ,
n o t be d e f e n d e d .
can
P r i n c i p l e V an d V I se em c i r c u m v e n t e d .
The p r a c t i c e ,
used o n ly i n f o u r ,
t o w hich t h i s
q u estio n a p p lie d ,
o r 7 - 3 P©** c e n t , o f s c h o o l s is
j u d g e d t o be t h e l e a s t
d e s ira b le of th e ones l i s t e d . O f f i c i a l p r e s e n tin g th e n o m in atio n f o r appointm ent before the b o a rd .
In o rd e r to e x p lo re f u r t h e r th e d eg ree to
w hich th e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s d u t i e s i n t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n had b e e n d e l e g a t e d t o s u b o r d i n a t e s t h e f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n was asked,
”who m a k e s t h e a c t u a l n o m i n a t i o n o r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n t o
th e board?”
I t w as a s s u m e d t h a t i f t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t d i d
n o t h i m s e l f n o m i n a t e o r recommend t e a c h e r s f o r e m p l o y m e n t , t h a t i t w o u ld be d o n e v ; i t h h i s a p p r o v a l .
H ence t h e n o m i n a
t i o n o f t e a c h e r s by t h e d i r e c t o r f o r e x a m p l e , w o u l d u n d e r l i n e for a l l
concerned th e d i r e c t o r s
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r th e
a d m in istra tio n of th e ju n io r c o lle g e . The d a t a o f p r a c t i c e s r e v e a l e d b y a n s w e r s t o t h i s q u e s t i o n a r e sum m arized i n T a b le X II and X I I I .
I t may be
n o t i c e d t h a t i n o n l y tw o, o r 4 . 8 p e r c e n t , o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a
TABLE X I I
SCHOOL OFFICIAL MAKING ACTUAL NOMINATION OR RECOMMENDATION FOR EMPLOYMENT OF TEACHERS TO SCHOOL BOARDS IN CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES
School o f f ic ia l *
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 30 - 59 60 and over Totals 1 - 29 Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber cent ber cent ber cent cent ber
a. The junior college director, in schools employing a superintendent of schools or sim ilar o f f ic ia l
0
0 ,0
1
7 .7
1
6.3
2
4 .8
b. The superintendent, or similar o f f ic ia l, in schools where the administrative s ta ff includes a junior college director or equivalent
9
69.2
8
61.5
7
43.8
24
57 .1
c. The superintendent, or similar o f f ic ia l, in schools where he acts also as the junior college director
4
30.8
4
30.8
2
12.5
10
23.8
d. The deputy or assistan t superintendent, i f d ifferen t from the junior college director
0
0.0
0
0 .0
6
37.5
6
14.3
13
100.0
13
100.0
16
100.1
k2
100.0
Totals
TABLE X I I I
SCHOOL OFFICIAL MAKING ACTUAL NOMINATION OR RECOMMENDATION FOR EMPLOYMENT OF TEACHERS TO SCHOOL BOARDS IN OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES
School o f f ic ia l
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 30 - 59 . . 60 and over 1 - 29 Totals Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per cent ber cent ber * cent ber cent ber
a. The junior college director, in schools employing a superintendent of schools or similar o f f ic ia l 2 i • b. The superintendent, or similar o f f ic ia l, in schools where the administrative sta ff includes a junior college director or equivalent 10
14.3
3
17.6
3
23.1
8
18.2
71.4
3
17.6
2
15.4
15
3 4 .1
c. The superintendent, or sim ilar o f f ic ia l, in schools where he acts also as the junior college director
2
14.3
8
47.1
7
55.8
17
38.6
d. Not applicable because no board is d irectly involved. The superintendent or similar o f f ic ia l selec ts
0
3
17.6
1
7 .7
4
9 .1
17
99.9
13
100.0
44
100.0
Totals
14
100.0
180
s c h o o l s i s t h e a c t u a l n o m i n a t i o n o f t e a c h e r s made by t h e d i r e c t o r -when t h i s o f f i c i a l i s s u b o r d i n a t e t o a n o t h e r ex ecu tiv e, th e su p e rin te n d e n t.
T h i s p r a c t i c e i s more
p r e v a l e n t o u t o f s t a t e w here e i g h t s c h o o ls , of th e t o t a l ,
rep o rted i t s use.
18.2 p e r c e n t
F u rth e r a n a ly s is of th e
t a b u l a t i o n s u g g e s t s t h a t s c h o o l s i z e h a s n o t h i n g t o do w i t h th e use o r non use o f t h i s p r o c e d u r e . The m o s t common p r a c t i c e i s t h a t w h e r e b y t h e s u p e r in te n d e n t nom inates th e t e a c h e r s .
Ite m b sum m arizes t h e
d a t a from s c h o o l s w here t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t a f f i n c l u d e s a d i r e c t o r , and ite m c sum m arizes t h e d a t a from s c h o o l s w here th e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t i s i n a c t u a l i t y a l s o th e d i r e c t o r o f the ju n io r co lleg e.
In s c h o o ls em ploying a d i r e c t o r ,
th e
s u p e r i n t e n d e n t made t h e n o m i n a t i o n s o r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n i n tw e n ty -f o u r, o r 57.1 p e r c e n t, of th e C a l i f o r n i a i n s t i t u t i o n s and i n f i f t e e n , tu tio n s.
o r 44 .1 per ce n t, of the o u t - o f - s t a t e i n s t i
In C a lifo rn ia ,
s c h o o l s i z e seemed t o make no
d i f f e r e n c e , b u t i n o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s t h e p r a c t i c e w as p r e d o m i n a n t l y u s e d by t h e s m a l l s c h o o l s .
I t i s b eliev ed
t h a t t h i s p e c u l i a r i t y o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n may i n p a r t be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e f a c t t h a t among t h e s m a l l s c h o o l s t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s w e r e more o f t e n c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e l o c a l p u b lic sch o o l system s w hereas in th e l a r g e r sch o o ls th e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s w e r e more o f t e n c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e j u n i o r c o lle g e s o n ly .
The s t a t e - c o n t r o l l e d s c h o o l s ,
f o r exam ple,
181
were d i s t r i b u t e d t h u s :
n o n e among t h e s m a l l s c h o o l s ,
ten
among t h e m e d i u m - s i z e d s c h o o l s , a n d f i v e among t h e l a r g e sch ools..
T h i s may e x p l a i n t h e s e e m i n g i n c o n g r u i t y o f h a v i n g
a g r e a t e r p e r c e n t a g e o f d i r e c t o r s among t h e s m a l l o u t - o f s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s t h a n among t h e m e d i u m - s i z e d a n d l a r g e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s i n d i s t r i c t s w h i c h a l s o em ploy a s u p e r i n te n d en t.
On t h e b a s i s o f t h e f o r e g o i n g a n a l y s i s ,
little
s i g n i f i c a n c e i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e seem ingly induced by t h e s i z e o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s a s r e p o r t e d i n T a b l e s X I I an d X I I I . By a d d i n g i t e m s b a n d c , s i x t y - s i x ,
o r 76 .7 p er c e n t,
of a l l resp o n d en t i n s t i t u t i o n s observe th e p r a c t i c e o f having t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t d i r e q t l y n o m i n a t e o r recommend t e a c h e r s f o r em ploym ent.
In C a lif o rn ia s ix ,
or 14 .3 p e r c e n t, of th e
sc h o o ls r e p o r t e d t h a t th e deputy o r a s s i s t a n t s u p e r in te n d a n t acted f o r th e su p e rin ten d en t in t h i s re g a rd . 9.1
In fo u r, o r
p e r c e n t , o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s no b o a r d was
d i r e c t l y in v o l v e d b ecau se th e recom m endations were f i r s t made t o u n i v e r s i t y o f f i c i a l s . None o f t h e p r a c t i c e s l i s t e d i n T a b l e s Z I I a n d X I I I appear d e fin ite ly
s u p e r i o r t o t h e o t h e r s on t h e b a s i s o f
P r i n c i p l e s ' ! t o VI i n c l u s i v e .
I f the su p e rin te n d e n t b e lie v e s
t h a t an aw aren ess o f th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f . t h e j u n i o r c o l le g e d i r e c t o r f o r h i s s c h o o l n e e d s to be em p h asiz ed , t h e nom ina t i o n o f t e a c h e r s by t h i s s u b o r d i n a t e w o u l d seem a s t e p i n
182 th e r ig h t d ir e c tio n . R e s p o n s ib i lity of th e departm ent h e a d .
In a la rg e
p a r t th e c h e c k - l i s t d a ta secu red in answer t o th e q u e s tio n "what r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s a r e a s s i g n e d t h e d e p a r tm e n t head concerning th e s e l e c t i o n o f te a c h e r s in h i s d ep artm en t? " s e t s th e d i r e c t i o n o f th e su b seq u en t a n a l y s i s and e v a l u a t i o n . T a b l e s XIV a n d XV s u m m a r iz e t h e d a t a c o n c e r n i n g t h e ty p e s o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y w hich a r e a s s ig n e d th e d e p a rtm e n t head f o r s e l e c t i n g te a c h e r s in h i s d ep a rtm en t. o r 4 6 .2 per cent,
E ig h teen ,
of th e t h i r t y - n i n e C a lif o r n i a re sp o n d e n ts
t o whom t h e q u e s t i o n a p p l i e d s t a t e d t h a t t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d h a s no r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n t h i s r e g a r d , among t h i r t y - e i g h t o u t - o f - s t a t e re sp o n d e n ts , o nly s ix ,
or 15.8 p er cen t,
stated
t h a t t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d h a s no r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . The m o s t - u s e d o f t h e p r a c t i c e s w h e r e i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d i s a s s i g n e d some r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a p p e a r s i n t h e T a b l e s as item f .
T his ite m r e a d s ,
" i n t e r v i e w s a p p l i c a n t s whom
t h e d i r e c t o r h a s j u d g e d t o be l i k e l y p r o s p e c t s . "
T his
p a r t i c u l a r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y was a s s u m e d by t h e d e p a r t m e n t , head i n 2 5 .6 p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o ls and i n 31-6 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o ls , and ra n k e d f i r s t
both
i n s t a t e and o u t o f s t a t e . The o n l y o t h e r p r a c t i c e i n C a l i f o r n i a u s e d m o r e t h a n t e n p e r c e n t o f t h e t i m e was i t e m c , w h i c h r e a d s " p u t s h i s
TABLE
X IV
TYPE OF RESPONSIBILITY OF DEPARTMENT HEAD IN CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES FOR SELECTION OF TEACHERS IN HIS DEPARTMENT
Type of responsibility
Size of college as measured by equivalent full.-time teachers 1 - 29 Totals 60 and over 30 - 59 Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber cent cent ber cent ber cent ber
a.
Has no responsibility
7
63.6
7
56.3
4
25.0
18
46.2
b.
Operates negatively by recommen ding the rejection of applicants whom he judges to be unqualified or otherwise unsuitable
0
0.0
2
16.7
1
6.3
3
7.7
Puts his stamp of approval on the two or three most satisfac tory candidates
2
18.2
1
6.3
3
18 •8
6
15.4
Ranks applicants in order of acceptability
0
0.0
1
6.3
2
12.5
3
7.7
Serves on a permanently organized selection committee
0
0.0
0
0.0
1
6.3
1
2.6
Interviews applicants whom the director has judged to be likely prospects
2
18.2
3
25.0
5
31.3
10
25.6
g*
Originates, or assists in, the search for applicants
Q
0.0
0
0.0
1
6.3
1
2.6
h.
Is consulted by the director
0
0.0
0
0.0
2
12.5
2
5.1
i.
Asked to recommend the best qualified person
0
0.0
1
6.3
0
0.0
1
2.6
c. d. e. f.
Number of junior colleges contributing data 11
12
16
39
Percentages do-not equal 100 per cent because in some cases more than one response was applicable. oo
VO
TABLE
XV
TYPE OF RESPONSIBILITY OF DEPARTMENT HEAD IN OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES FOR SELECTION OF TEACHERS IN HIS DEPARTMENT
Type of responsibility
Size of college as measured by equivalent full.-time teachers Totals 60 and over 1 - 29 30 - 59 Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber cent ber cant ber cent ber ’ cent , -i.— ____.
a. Has no responsibility
4
40.0
1
6.7
1
7.7
6
1 5 .a
b. Operates negatively by recommending the rejection of applicants whom he judges to be unqualified or otherwise unsuitable
0
0.0
0
0.0
1
7.7
1
2.6
Puts his stamp of approval on two or three most satisfactory applicants
2
20.0
4
26.7
2
15.4
a
21.1
Ranks applicants in order of ac ceptability
3
30.0
2
13.3
4
30.S
9
23.6
e. Serves on a permanently organized selection committee
0
0.0
1
6.7
1
7.7
2
5.3
f . Interviews applicants whom the di rector has judged to be likely prospects
1
10.0
5
33.3
6
46.2
12
31.6
g. Originates, or assists in, the search for applicants
2
20.0
0
0.0
1
7.7
3
7.9
h. Is consulted by the director
1
10.0
1
6.7
0
0.0
2
5.3
i. Asked to recommend the best qualified person
0
0.0
3
20.0
3
23.1
6
1 5 .a
c. d.
Number of junior colleges contributing data
10
15
13
3a
The percentages do not equal lOo per cent because in some cases more than one response was applicable. CO •£ - '
1&5 s t a m p o f a p p r o v a l on t h e two o r t h r e e m o s t s a t i s f a c t o r y c a n d i d a t e s . tf
The p r a c t i c e w as r a n k e d i n t h i r d p l a c e among
t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s w h e r e 21*1 p e r c e n t o f t h e r e s p o n d ents s ig n if ie d i t s
use, w hereas a p e rc e n ta g e use o f 1 5 .4
p e r c e n t i n C a l i f o r n i a w as s u f f i c i e n t t o r a n k i t s e c o n d i n th a t state*
I n s e c o n d p l a c e among t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s
w as t h e p r a c t i c e l i s t e d a s i t e m d : the o rd er of a c c e p ta b il ity ."
"ranks a p p lic a n ts in
T h i s p r a c t i c e was c o n c u r r e d
i n by 2 3 * 6 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e r e s p o n d e n t s c h o o l s . The r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n l i s t e d i n t h e t a b l e s a s i t e m s g , h , an d i a r e a summary o f w r i t e in s.
The f r e q u e n c y o f u s e i s p e r h a p s s p u r i o u s l y l o w , i n a s
much a s t h e y d i d n o t a p p e a r a s i t e m s on t h e o r i g i n a l c h e c k sh eet.
The m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t o f t h e d a t a on t h e t h r e e i t e m s
a p p e a r s t o be t h e f a c t t h a t i n s i x ,
o r 15
per cen t,
of
th e o u t - o f - s t a t e sc h o o ls th e departm ent head i s asked to recommend t h e b e s t q u a l i f i e d p e r s o n .
The i m p l i c a t i o n i s
stro n g t h a t in th e s e sc h o o ls the departm ent h e a d f s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n c a r r i e s a g r e a t d e a l o f w e i g h t a s t o who, i n t h e f i n a l a n a l y s i s , w i l l be s e l e c t e d a s t h e one c a n d i d a t e t o be recom mended f o r a p p o i n t m e n t . The t a b u l a t i o n s seem t o b r i n g o u t c l e a r l y t h a t a s t h e s c h o o l s become l a r g e r t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d i s a s s i g n e d m ore r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s i n h i s d epartm ent.
A dding t o g e t h e r t h e f r e q u e n c i e s f o r i te m a
186
i n T a b l e s XIV and XV by s c h o o l s i z e ,
f o r exam ple,
i t i s found
th a t in eleven o f th e sm all sc h o o ls,
i n e i g h t o f t h e m e dium %
s i z e d s c h o o l s , and i n f i v e of t h e l a r g e s c h o o l s d e p a rtm e n t h e a d h a s no r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , f o r t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n . data reg ard in g in te rv ie w in g ,
item f , r e v e a l t h a t t h i s
p r a c t i c e i s used in fo u r o f th e sm all s c h o o ls , m edium -sized s c h o o ls ,
The
e ig h t of th e
and e l e v e n o f t h e l a r g e r s c h o o l s .
It
i s a l s o n o te w o rth y t h a t in none o f th e sm all sc h o o ls i s
the
d e p a r t m e n t h e a d a s k e d t o recom m end t h e b e s t q u a l i f i e d p e r s o n , a p r o c e d u r e w h i c h w o u l d se em t o i n d i c a t e a h i g h d e g r e e o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y on p a r t o f t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d .
These f a c t s
seem t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d ’ s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n bec om es g r e a t e r and- more, d e f i n i t e a s school siz e in c re a se s. The e v i d e n c e a l s o o f-sta te
se em s t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e i n o u t -
sc h o o ls , th e departm ent head i s a s sig n e d a g r e a t e r
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n th an in th e C a lif o r n i a sch o o ls.
E ighteen C a lif o rn ia resp o n d e n ts in d ic a te d t h a t th e
d e p a r t m e n t h e a d h a d no r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n t h i s m a t t e r a s com p a r e d w i t h o n l y s i x so r e p o r t e d f o r t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s . S ix o u t - o f - s t a t e sc h o o ls r e p o r te d t h a t th e dep artm en t head recom m ended t h e o n e b e s t c a n d i d a t e t o t h e d i r e c t o r ;
o n ly one
school in C a lifo rn ia re p o rte d lik e w ise . I n te rm s o f P r i n c i p l e s V and VI, i t i s
d if f i c u lt to
187
d e f e n d t h e p r a c t i c e o f g i v i n g t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d no r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n , a p r a c t i c e w h i c h was r e p o r t e d by t w e n t y - f o u r ,
o r 3 1.2 p e r c e n t, o f th e re sp o n d e n t i n s t i
t u t i o n s to w hich t h e q u e s t i o n a p p l i e d .
Even t h o u g h t h e
d e p a r t m e n t h e a d h a d no a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , a s i t u a t i o n w h i c h i t s e e m s w o u l d be m o r e p r e v a l e n t i n t h e sm all s c h o o ls ,
th e f a c t th a t the o f f ic e
e x i s t s presum es
a d d i t i o n a l d u t i e s and r e p o n s i b i l i t i e s o v e r and above th o s e of a te a c h e r in th e d ep artm ent.
As a r u l e ,
then,
it
se em s
t h a t t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d may p o s s e s s u n i q u e i n f o r m a t i o n about h i s d epartm ent.
If th is is tru e,
th e ju n io r co lleg e
d i r e c t o r co u ld use t h e d ep a rtm en t head t o ad v an tag e i n s e l e c t i n g t e a c h e r s i n ac co rd an c e w i t h P r i n c i p l e V I. One a u t h o r i t y h a s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t l e a v i n g t h e s e l e c t i o n s o f t e a c h e r s t o a n y one p e r s o n i s n o t d e s i r a b l e , and t h a t even i n s m a l l s c h o o l s , (44:91)
c o rro b o ra tio n i s w o rth w h ile.
D em oc ra cy i n s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d m o r a l e f a c t o r s
w o u ld se em t o s u p p o r t t h e c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d s h o u l d a t l e a s t be c o n s u l t e d .
T h i s i n no way i n v a l i d a t e s
th e p r in c ip le of p r in c ip a l r e s p o n s i b ilit y f o r h i s school. I t may b e a s R e e d e r h a s p o i n t e d o u t ,
th a t th e d elegating
such r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to th e d ep artm en t head i s as a p rin c ip le ,
sa tisfac to ry
b u t i n some c a s e s s u f f e r s in- p r a c t i c e b e
cause of t h e l im ite d q u a l i f i c a t i o n s of th e departm ent head.
188
(110:138-39)
He a n d o t h e r a u t h o r i t i e s , h o w e v e r , h a v e
p r e s e n t e d a c a se f o r th e d e p a rtm e n t head assum ing such m ajo r r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s as nom inating c a n d id a te s to th e p r i n c i p a l . (110:138-39; 4 4 :9 2 ; 43:91)
In view of su ch c o n t e n t i o n s , and
i n l i n e w i t h P r i n c i p l e V and V I, i t
se em s t h a t t h e d e p a r t m e n t
h e a d s h o u l d a t l e a s t be g i v e n some r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e se lectio n of te ach e rs.
Of t h e i t e m s l i s t e d
i n T a b l e s XIV
a n d XV, w h e r e i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d h a s some r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n , n o n e c o u l d be j u d g e d a s d e f i n e l y s u p e r i o r , p e r s e , th a n any o t h e r .
The v a l u e o f a p r a c t i c e
d e p e n d s t o a l a r g e e x t e n t on t h e s i t u a t i o n .
On t h e p r e m i s e
t h a t m ore r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o n p a r t o f t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d i s a s s o c ia te d w ith th e la r g e r sch o o ls,
th e p r a c t i c e w hereby th e
d e p a r t m e n t h e a d i s o n l y c o n s u l t e d i n t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n se e m s t o be b e t t e r s u i t e d f o r t h e s m a l l s c h o o l s t h a n t h e l a r g e ; and c o n v e r s e ly , th e p r a c t i c e w hereby th e d e p a rtm e n t head i s a s k e d t o recommend t h e b e s t c a n d i d a t e se em s t o b e a b e t t e r procedure fo r th e la rg e
sch o o ls.
The p a r t i c u l a r p r a c t i c e
e m p lo y e d i n a n y one d i s t r i c t w o u l d seem t o d e p e n d h o w e v e r , on a n u m be r o f v a r i a b l e s ,
e . g . - - s k i l l of th e departm ent h ead ,
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f th e d ep a rtm en t h ead , a v a i l a b i l i t y of ap p lican ts,
geographical fa c to rs ,
t o name a f e w .
The p r a c t i c e
w h i c h i n a g i v e n d i s t r i c t b e s t c o n f o r m s t o P r i n c i p l e s IV, V, a n d VI s h o u l d b e u t i l i z e d .
189 The f i n d i n g t h a t a s a g r o u p t h e
ju n io r co lleg es
a s s i g n m ore r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n t o t h e d ep artm en t head a s s c h o o l s i z e in c r e a s e s i s
s u p p o r t e d by
P r i n c i p l e V and co n so n an t w ith t h e o t h e r s .
The f i n d i n g
th erefo re rep resen ts a d esira b le tren d . The s e e m i n g g r e a t e r u s e o f t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d i n t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n among t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s t h a n i n th e C a lif o r n ia schools i s in p a r t e x p la in a b le th a t fifte e n sta te
by t h e f a c t
o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s a r e c o n t r o l l e d by
boards o r b o d ie s.
T h e r e may be a t e n d e n c y f o r s u c h
s c h o o l s t o e m p lo y p r o c e d u r e s w h i c h a r e g e n e r a l l y c h a r a c t e r istic
of s e n io r c o l le g e s .
F i v e o f t h e s i x r e s p o n d e n t s who
r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d recom m ends t h e o n e b e s t c a n d i d a t e , were from such s t a t e - c o n t r o l l e d s c h o o l s .
Because
o f t h e f a c t t h a t d e p a r t m e n t h e a d i s u s e d m o re o f t e n i n o t h e r o u t - o f - s t a t e scho ols as w e ll,
an d s i n c e t h i s p r a c t i c e i s i n
c o n fo rm ity o f th e P r i n c i p l e s developed in t h i s s tu d y ,
it
seem s t h a t g r e a t e r u s e o f t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d i n C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s m i g h t be d e s i r a b l e . I f i t c a n b e a s s u m e d t h a t p r a c t i c e s a c t u a l l y e m p lo y e d by t h e v a r i o u s j u n i o r c o l l e g e r e p r e s e n t s t e s t e d e x p e r i e n c e , t h e n f r e q u e n c y o f u s e o f t h e v a r i o u s t e c h n i q u e s may b e r e garded as c r i t e r i a .
On t h i s b a s i s t h e f o l l o w i n g r e p r e s e n t
th e m ost d e s i r a b l e ty p e s o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r th e d ep artm en t
190
head to e x e r c is e in te a c h e r s e l e c t i o n l i s t e d of d e s ir a b ili ty :
in th e o rd e r
(1 ) i n t e r v i e w a p p l i c a n t s whom t h e d i r e c t o r
h a s j u d g e d t o be l i k e l y p r o s p e c t s ,
( 2 ) p u t h i s s ta m p o f
a p p r o v a l o n t h e two o r t h r e e m o s t s a t i s f a c t o r y c a n d i d a t e s , a n d (3 ) r a n k a p p l i c a n t s i n o r d e r o f a c c e p t a b i l i t y . M e m b e r s h ip a n d f u n c t i o n s o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n co m m ittees.
F o rm a lly o r g a n iz e d t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n com m ittees
are not in gen eral use.
Of t h e e i g h t y - s i x j u n i o r c o l l e g e s
in c lu d e d i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n only s e v e n te e n , o r 1 9 .8 p e r cen t,
r e p o r te d th e use of such com m ittees.
in g c o lle g e s , receiv ed ,
A ll th e rem ain
e x c e p t two f o r w h i c h no i n f o r m a t i o n w as
i n d i c a t e d t h a t s e l e c t i o n c o m m itte e s were n o t u s e d .
By r e f e r e n c e t o T a b l e s XVI a n d XVII i t may b e n o t i c e d t h a t o f th e se v e n te e n s c h o o ls w hich u t i l i z e s e l e c t i o n com m ittees, two a r e s m a l l ' s c h o o l s , t h r e e a r e m e d i u m - s i z e d s c h o o l s , an d tw elve a r e la r g e s c h o o ls .
The p r a c t i c e ,
th e re fo re,
is
c h i e f l y confined to th e l a r g e sc h o o ls. I t may be t h a t a n u m b e r o f s c h o o l s em p lo y a n i n f o r m a l p r o c e d u r e w here com m ittee o r g a n i z a t i o n i s n o t r e q u i r e d a l th o u g h a number o f p e r s o n s a r e i n v o l v e d .
The f o l l o w i n g
e x c e r p t s f r o m two c h e c k - l i s t r e t u r n s i l l u s t r a t e t h e p o i n t : No o f f i c i a l c o m m i t t e e a s s u c h , b u t s e v e r a l p e o p l e i n t e r v i e w an d e s t a b l i s h e l i g i b i l i t y l i s t s . D epartm ent heads and deans a r e in c lu d e d .* P resid en t,
v ic e p r e s i d e n t , and d i v i s i o n chairm an
191 TABLE
XVI
MEMBERSHIP OF COMMITTEES USED IN TEACHER SELECTION IN CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES C ollege
Committee raembers P o sitio n
Number
Small c o lle g e s : Secondary coordinator Elementary p rin cip a l Junior high p rin cip a l High school p rin cip a l Superintendent
1 1 1 1 1
Superintendent D irector Dean
1 1 1
Committee appointed by c i t y d ire cto r of personnel
3
Glendale C ollege
Deputy superintendent D irector D iv isio n chairman
1 1 1
Long Beach C ity C ollege
D irector D iv isio n a l dean Department head
1 1 1
John Muir C ollege and Pasadena City C ollege
D irector o f personnel D irector o f junior c o lle g e Department head
1 1 1
East Los Angeles Junior C ollege and Los Angeles City C ollege
Three committees used; variab le membership. Typical are: 1 . Oral in terview in g committee D irectors o f junior c o lle g e Teacher in f i e l d or depart ment head 2 2 . W ritten examination committee 1 3 . Training and experience committee 3-5
Santa Barbara Junior C ollege Medium-sized c o l le g e s : Mt. San Antonio C ollege Large C o lle g e s: San Diego Junior C ollege
192 TABLE
X V II
MEMBERSHIP OF COMMITTEES USED IN TEACHER SELECTION IN OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES
C ollege
P o sitio n
Committee members
Number
Small c o lle g e s : None Medium-sized c o lle g e s : Northeastern Oklahoma A. and M. C ollege
Department heads
5
Department heads
7
President Dean Department head
1 1
U n iversity o f Omaha, C ollege o f A, A* and S.
President Dean Department head
1 1 1
Long Islan d A. and T. I n s t itu t e
I n d e fin ite
Northeast Junior C ollege Large c o lle g e s : Hardin C o lleg e, Junior C ollege D iv isio n
—
Variable
New York S tate I n s t itu t e D irector o f A« A. and S . (B rooklyn)A ssistant d ir e c to r S ta ff rep resen ta tiv e Department head Ju n io r co lleg e of th e U n i v e r s i t y o f H ouston
A ssistan t p resid en t Dean o f r e s p e c t i v e s c h o o l D epartm ent head
1 2 1 1 1 1 1
193
w o rk t o g e t h e r i n s e l e c t i n g
s t a f f m e m b e r s .* *
For th e purposes of t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n th e c r i t e r i o n o f w h e t h e r a s c h o o l u s e d t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n c o m m i t t e e s w as the re sp o n d e n t’s statem en t to th a t e f f e c t . The num ber o f c o m m i t t e e members v a r i e s fro m t h r e e t o seven.
By t o t a l i n g t h e d a t a i n T a b l e s XVI an d XVII, e l e v e n
o f t h e s e v e n t e e n s c h o o ls use a th r e e - n u m b e r com m ittee f o r some p a r t o f t h e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s . th erefo re,
T h i s n u m b e r,
r e p r e s e n t s t h e s i z e o f t h e com m ittee most o f t e n
used. I t i s d i f f i c u l t t o s u m m a r iz e d a t a c o n c e r n i n g t h e p o s i t i o n s h e l d by c o m m i t t e e m e m b e r s .
I n T a b l e s XVT a n d XVII,
f o r e x a m p l e , i t w i l l be n o t i c e d t h a t t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e h e a d of th e in s t itu ti o n is t i t l e d d if f e r e n tly ;
t h e m e a n in g o f
s u c h w o r d s a s " d e a n " o r ’’a s s i s t a n t d i r e c t o r ” , a n d t h e d istin ctio n estab lish ed .
b e tw e e n a d e p a r t m e n t an d a d i v i s i o n i s n o t c l e a r l y To e n u m e r a t e t h e num ber o f t i m e s v a r i o u s l y
named o f f i c i a l s p e r f o r m s e l e c t i o n c o m m i t t e e f u n c t i o n s , w o u ld seem t o a b s c u r e r a t h e r t h a n r e v e a l t h e s t a t u s .
U sing th e
term in o lo g y of t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n the s u p e rin te n d e n t o r h i s a g e n t, such a s th e d e p u ty s u p e r in t e n d e n t o r c h i e f o f th e
* Check l i s t C alifo rn ia.
from O c e a n s id e - C a r ls b a d C o l l e g e ,
** Check l i s t C alifo rn ia.
f ro m O range C o a s t C o l l e g e ,
O ceanside,
C o s t a M esa,
194
personnel d iv is io n ,
i s t y p i c a l l y a m em ber.
The d i r e c t o r o f
t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e i s t h e s e c o n d member, a n d t h e d e p a r t m e n t head o r d i v i s i o n a l dean, th e t h i r d . The f u n c t i o n s o f t h e s e l e c t i o n c o m m i t t e e s on a n o v e r a l l b a s i s a r e s u m m a r i z e d i n T a b l e X V TII. 82 .3 p e r
F ourteen, or
ce n t, o f th e sev en teen sch o o ls r e p o r tin g s e le c tio n
com m ittees i n t e r v i e w a p p l i c a n t s a s a p a r t o f t h e e v a l u a t i o n of q u a lif ic a tio n s . frequency,
T his f u n c tio n e a s i l y ranked f i r s t i n
f o l l o w e d by t h e f u n c t i o n o f s c r e e n i n g o u t a p p l i
c a n t s who f o r v a r i o u s r e a s o n s a r e j u d g e d n o t t o b e l i k e l y p ro sp ects.
T h i s l a t t e r u s e o f s e l e c t i o n c o m m i t t e e s was
c o n c u r r e d i n by e i g h t , o r 4 7 . 1 p e r c e n t , sch o o ls.
E s ta b lis h in g ranked e l i g i b i l i t y l i s t s
t h i r d a s a f u n c tio n o f such com m ittees, fiv e,
of th e seventeen
or 2 9 .4 per cen t,
ranked
b e i n g r e p o r t e d by
of th e s e v e n te e n s c h o o l s .
One o f t h e c o l l e g e s r e p o r t e d t h a t i t s
s e l e c t i o n com
m i t t e e s w ere i n d e f i n i t e and v a r i a b l e i n m em bership b e c a u se t h e i r f u n c t i o n w as t h a t o f s e r v i n g a s t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d fo r te a c h e rs of s u b je c ts not d ep artm en talized . The u s e o f s e l e c t i o n c o m m i t t e e i n L o s A n g e l e s i s c o n s i d e r a b l y m ore i n v o l v e d t h a n t h a t r e p o r t e d f o r t h e o t h e r sch o o ls.
For th e purposes of perso n n el a d m in is tra tio n ,
th e
two j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , E a s t Los A n g e l e s t l u n i o r C o l l e g e a n d Los A n g e l e s C i t y C o l l e g e , a r e u n d e r t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e A s so c ia te A s s is ta n t S u p e rin te n d e n t in charge o f P erso n n el of
TABLE XVIII FUNCTION OF TEACHER SELECTION COMMITTEES IN JUNIOR COLLEGES
Function
a. Interview applicants as a part of the evaluation of q u alification s
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 10 - 59 60 and over 1 - 29 Totals Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per cent ber ber cent ber cent ber cent
2
1 0 0 .0
1
33-3
b. Give and score examinations of various types
11
91.7
14
82.5
3
25.0
3
17.6
c. Screen out applicants who for various reasons are not lik e ly prospects
2
1 0 0 .0
1
33.3
5
41.7
8
47.1
d. Establish e lig ib ilit y l i s t s , the applicants lis te d in order of prefer ence
1
50.0
1
33.3
3
25.0
5
29.4
e. Other
0
0 .0
0
0 .0
3
25.0
3
17.6
Number of junior colleges contributing data 2
3
12
17
T o t a l s i n t h e t a b l e do n o t e q u a l 100 p e r c e n t b e c a u s e i n some c a s e s more t h a n one f u n c t i o n was r e p o r t e d . H
V£> VJ1
196
t h e Los A n g e l e s C i t y S c h o o l D i s t r i c t .
The p l a n a d o p t e d
p ro v id es f o r th r e e k in d s o f com m ittees.
The o r a l i n t e r
v ie w in g com m ittee h a s a s i t s m ain f u n c t i o n t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f p e r s o n a l i t y s e c u r e d by m e a n s o f i n t e r v i e w i n g e a c h c a n d i d a t e ; t h e w r i t t e n e x a m in a tio n com m ittee p r e p a r e s e x a m in a tio n s w hich a r e i n t e n d e d t o s c r e e n o u t c e r t a i n u n s u i t a b l e a p p l i c a n t s ; a t h i r d ty p e o f com m ittee e v a l u a t e s t h e t r a i n i n g and e x p e r ie n c e o f a p p l i c a n t s from a p p l i c a t i o n fo rm s , and o t h e r w r i t t e n m a t e r i a l s . su rv iv e the sc re en in g t e s t , a r e p l a c e d on an e l i g i b i l i t y
tra n s c rip ts of c re d its,
U l t i m a t e l y t h e t e a c h e r s who and m eet t h e o t h e r r e q u ir e m e n ts list
on w h i c h e a c h i s
ranked
a c c o r d i n g t o t h e t o t a l o f t h e s e p a r a t e s c o r e s o b t a i n e d from th e v a r i o u s e v a l u a t i v e d e v i c e s em ployed. The w r i t i n g o f a u t h o r i t i e s i n e d u c a t i o n a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n c o n t a i n m e a g e r r e f e r e n c e s t o t h e u s e o f v a r i o u s com m itte e s in th e te a c h e r s e le c tio n p ro cess.
T h e r e se e m s t o
be
g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t among th e m t h a t i n l a r g e s c h o o l s y s t e m s some o r g a n i z a t i o n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r p e r s o n n e l m anagem ent i s n e c e s s a r y . ( 3 7 ‘ 1 4)
Survey e x p e r t s , i n t h e i r p r o p o s a ls to
in c re a s e th e e f f i c i e n c y o f th e p e rso n n e l departm ent, n o t in g e n e ra l agreem ent re g a rd in g
are
th e use o f com m ittees.
S t r a y e r a n d E n g e l h a r d t i n t h e i r s u r v e y o f t h e N ew ark , New J e r s e y , S c h o o l s recommended m o d i f i c a t i o n s i n d u tie s,
the p e r s o n n e l ,
a n d m e t h o d s o f o p e r a t i o n o f t h e B o a rd o f E x a m i n e r s .
(137:170-78)
S p ecifically ,
one recom m endation i n v o l v e d th e
197
B o a rd a c t i n g a s a n o r a l i n t e r v i e w i n g c o m m i t t e e o f t h e w h o l e . (137:173-74)
H u l l a n d F o r d i n t h e i r L os A n g e l e s s u r v e y ,
how ever, i n t h e i r recom m endation c o n c e r n in g t h e p r o c e d u r e s f o r t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n made n o d i r e c t r e f e r e n c e t o t h e d e s i r a b i l i t y o f com m ittee p a r t i c i p a t i o n . ( 6 6 : 2 68- 6 9 )
F u rth er
m ore, i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e p r e v i o u s s u r v e y q u o te d , H u ll and F o r d recom mended t h a t i n o r a l i n t e r v i e w i n g ,
"The a p p l i c a n t
s h o u l d be r a t e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y by t h r e e e x a m i n e r s , f o l l o w i n g p e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w s (6 6 : 2 6 9 )
Hence no new p r i n c i p l e o f
o p e r a t i o n r e l a t i n g t o u se o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n com m ittee n o t c o v e r e d by p r e v i o u s l y d e v e l o p e d P r i n c i p l e s was f o u n d . I t a p p e a r s t h a t P r i n c i p l e VI i s t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t o f P r i n c i p l e s developed, sh ip .
f o r e v a l u a t i n g c o m m i t t e e member
A ccording to t h e f i n d i n g s th e t y p i c a l com m ittee,
composed a s i t
i s o f t h r e e m e m b e rs, t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o r
h is deputy, th e d i r e c t o r ,
and t h e d e p a r t m e n t o r d i v i s i o n
h ead , p erfo rm t h e most t y p i c a l f u n c t i o n of in t e r v i e w i n g teach ers.
T h is o r g a n i z a t i o n o f p e r s o n n e l w ould a p p e a r t o
p ro v id e th e m a ch in e ry f o r u sin g th e unique a b i l i t i e s of t h e p e rs o n s b e s t a b le to judge p o t e n t i a l i t i e s of th e t e a c h e r i n term s of a s p e c i f i c te a c h in g p o s i t i o n .
A lthough i t
cannot
be a s s u m e d t h a t t h e c o m m i t t e e members do i n t e r v i e w t h e p r o s p e c t i v e t e a c h e r s on an i n d i v i d u a l b a s i s ,
s u c h a s was
s u g g e s t e d by H u l l a n d F o r d , a t l e a s t t h e t y p i c a l c o m m i t t e e m em bership makes i t
p o s s ib le f o r each in te r v ie w e r to con-
198 t r i b u t e u n i q u e l y and i m p o r t a n t l y to t h e a c t u a l i z a t i o n o f t h e p u rp o se s o f th e i n t e r v i e w . (66:269)
S im ilar j u s t i f i c a t i o n
can be p ro p o se d f o r t y p i c a l c o m m itte e ’ s o t h e r f u n c t i o n s a s rev ealed in th e fin d in g s . The c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e t y p i c a l c o m m i t t e e a l s o m a k e s i t p o s s i b l e t o o p e r a t e i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h P r i n c i p l e V.
It
p r o v i d e s a means w hereby t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n may b e s h a r e d among t h o s e who h a v e d u t i e s i n t h a t phase of p erso n n e l a d m in is tra tio n . On t h e p r e m i s e t h a t p r a c t i c e r e p r e s e n t s t e s t e d experience,
te a c h e r s e l e c t i o n com m ittees i n ju n io r c o l l e g e s
h a v e one i m p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n , n a m e l y t o i n t e r v i e w a p p l i c a n t s as a p a rt of th e ev alu atio n of q u a lif ic a tio n s .
Of l e s s e r
V
im p o rtan ce, but l i s t e d i n d e c re a s in g o r d e r , a re th e fo llo w in g fu n ctio n s:
s c r e e n o u t a p p l i c a n t s who f o r v a r i o u s r e a s o n s a r e
not lik e ly p ro sp ects,
estab lish e lig ib ility l i s t of ap p li
can ts in o rd er of p re fe re n c e ,
and g i v e and s c o r e exam ina
tio n s of v ario u s ty p es. The r e l a t i v e v a l u e o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n c o m m i t t e e s i n j u n i o r c o l l e g e s i s som ew hat o b s c u r e d by t h e f a c t t h a t m any o f t h e l a r g e r j u n i o r c o l l e g e s em plo y s u c h c o m m i t t e e s a s a consequence of being a p a r t of la r g e p u b lic s c h o o ls system . F o r exam ple, a l l se v e n o f t h e l a r g e C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s r e p o r t i n g th e use o f s e l e c t i o n com m ittees a r e a p a r t of t h e
199
p u b l i c s c h o o l sy stem in w hich t h e y a r e l o c a t e d . s tre n g th of th e c h e c k - lis t d a ta , i t
On t h e
a p p e a rs t h a t none o f th e
o u t - o f - s t a t e l a r g e j u n i o r c o l le g e s r e p o r tin g t h e use of s e l e c t i o n com m ittees a r e a p a r t o f th e l o c a l p u b lic sc h o o l system .
W hereas t h e r a t i o
th e use of s e l e c t i o n
of C a lifo rn ia c o lle g e s re p o rtin g
com m ittees t o o u t - o f - s t a t e c o l l e g e s
so r e p o r t i n g i s 7 i 5> t h e num ber o f f u n c t i o n s w h i c h a r e perform ed a r e i n th e r a t i o d iv isio n ,
3 :1 .
The c e n t r a l p e r s o n n e l
o c c a s i o n e d by t h e l o w e r l e v e l p u b l i c s c h o o l s ,
t h e r e f o r e , a p p e a r s t o make n e c e s s a r y m o re c o m m i t t e e a c t i v i t i e s fo r s e le c tio n of ju n io r co lleg e te a c h e rs.
H ow ever a s
lo n g a s th e s e com m ittees o p e r a t e i n ac co rd an c e w ith P r i n c i p l e V a n d V I , t h e i r c o n t i n u a n c e may b e j u s t i f i e d . Inasm uch a s o n ly tw o, o r 7 . 4 p e r c e n t , o f t h e sm a ll sc h o o ls, and only t h r e e ,
o r 1 0 . 0 p e r c e n t , o f t h e medium
s i z e d s c h o o l s e m p lo y e d s u c h c o m m i t t e e s ,
some s u p p o r t may b e
g e n e r a t e d f o r t h e view t h a t i n s c h o o l s of t h i s s i z e t e a c h e r s a r e b e t t e r s e l e c t e d by o t h e r m e t h o d s . tw elve,
or 4 1 .4 per c e n t,
Of t h e l a r g e s c h o o l s ,
use te a c h e r s e l e c t i o n com m ittees.
I t seem s p r o b a b l e t h a t i n t h e l a r g e s c h o o l s , t e a c h e r s e l e c tio n
c o m m i t t e e s may b e u s e f u l . CHAPTER SUlvMARY
B o ard -ad m in istrativ e r e la tio n s h i p s .
The m o s t common
w orking arrangem ent i s f o r th e s u p e r in t e n d e n t to nom inate
200
one candidate for a given position, the board affirming or denying appointment.
This practice was concurred-in by
thirty-six, or 88.1 per cent, of the California and thirty, or 68.2 per cent, of the out-of-state schools. Fifteen out-of-state junior colleges are governed by a state educational body.
In eleven of these the superinten
dent selects and appoints teachers subject to the approval of this body. In three California junior colleges, representing 7.1 per cent of the respondent schools, the board as a general practice attempts an appraisal of the candidate’s qualification through such methods as the examination of credentials and interviewing.
Three, or 6.8 per cent, of
the out-of-state boards make similar appraisals. The decision concerning the number of candidates per position to be recommended by the superintendent to the board is an administrative one in nine out of ten junior colleges. Inter-administrative relationships.
The most common
working arrangement is for the director to select one candidate for whom he secures the superintendent’s approval. Of the thirty-two California schools which have both officials, in eleven, or 34.4 per cent, this represents the plurality practice.
Fewer out-of-state junior colleges have these
201
two o f f i c i a l s ,
but o f t h e t w e n t y - t h r e e w hich d o ,
o r 65 .2 p e r c e n t,
fifteen ,
s u b s c r ib e t o t h i s w orking a rran g em en t.
I n j u n i o r c o l l e g e s w h ere th e d i r e c t o r does n o t assume th e deg ree o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n d i c a t e d in t h e above p a r a graph,
th e s p e c if ic
f u n c t i o n s w hich he m ost o f t e n s e r v e s i s
(1 ) t o s c r e e n o u t u n l i k e l y c a n d i d a t e s ,
r e f e r r in g th e r e s t
t o t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t an d (2) t o . c o n f e r w i t h t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t r e g a r d i n g t h e two t o p - r a n k i n g c a n d i d a t e s . In j u n i o r c o lle g e s o rg a n iz e d in such a manner t h a t th e d ir e c to r i s
su b o rd in ate to the su p e rin te n d e n t, th e
l a t t e r i n most c a s e s p e r s o n a l l y n o m in a te s t e a c h e r s f o r ap p o in tm en t.
I n o n l y tw o , o r 4 . 8 p e r c e n t , o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a
s c h o o ls and i n e i g h t ,
o r 1 8 .2 p e r c e n t, o f th e o u t - o f - s t a t e
s c h o o l s d o e s t h e d i r e c t o r make t h e a c t u a l a p p o i n t m e n t n o m in atio n . E ig h teen , six ,
or 46.2 per cen t,
o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a and
o r 15 .8 per c e n t, o f th e o u t - o f - s t a t e re sp o n d e n ts s t a t e
t h a t t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d h a s no r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n t h e s e le c tio n of te a c h e r f o r h i s departm ent. When t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d i s a s s i g n e d some r e s p o n s i b i l i t y in teach e r se le c tio n ,
i t t y p i c a l l y t a k e s t h e form o f
i n t e r v i e w i n g c a n d i d a t e s and p u t t i n g h i s stam p o f a p p r o v a l on two o r t h r e e o f th e m . School s i z e a p p e a r s to have th e e f f e c t o f i n c r e a s i n g
202
the use of the department head in teacher selection.
Illustra
tive of this point is the fact that the department head inter views candidates in four small schools, eight medium-sized schools, and eleven large schools. Formally organized teacher selection committees are not in general use.
Of the eighty-six junior colleges in
cluded in this investigation only seventeen, or 19.8 per cent, reported the use of such committees.
Of the schools
utilizing such committees, two are small, three are medium sized, and twelve are large. The typical selection committee consists of the superintendent or his agent, the director of the junior college, and the department head or divisional dean. Fourteen of the seventeen junior colleges using a selection committee interview applicants, eight perform the function of screening out applicants deemed unqualified, and five establish eligibility lists.
CHAPTER V I I
FACTORS QUALIFYING ELIGIBILITY FOR EMPLOYMENT PERSONAL FACTORS Purpose of the chapter.
Public schools may employ
teachers who meet the certification requirements of the various states, and conversely, may not employ teachers who do not meet the minimum standards.
The local school
districts may set up other qualifications or disqualifica tions further limiting the numbers from which the ultimate selection can be made.
Insofar as candidates are rejected
on grounds other than professional qualification, It is believed that the schools are limiting arbitrarily the quality of service potentially available.
Insofar as
candidates must meet higher professional standards than the state minimum demanded, it is believed that the proba bility of a better quality of service be enhanced. It is the purpose of this chapter to investigate and evaluate the policies and practices which serve to qualify or disqualify a candidate for appointment or which limit the selection of teachers.
Specifically the following
topics will be considered:
(1) personal factors,
geographical factors,
(2)
(3) professional factors, and (4)
major obstacles in the selection of qualified teachers.
204
Age r e q u i r e m e n t s .
One o f t h e f a c t o r s w h i c h s e r v e s a s
a b a r r i e r to appointm ent i s th e age of th e , a p p l i c a n t . s p o n d e n ts w ere a s k e d ,
Re
TfA t w h a t minimum a g e do a p p l i c a n t s
become i n e l i g i b l e f o r a p p o i n t m e n t ? ”
T a b l e XIX s u m m a r i z e s
t h e r e p l i e s o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a and o u t - o f - s t a t e r e s p o n d e n t s resp ectiv ely . The p r e d o m i n a n t p r a c t i c e s u p p o r t e d by 7 2 . 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s a n d , 7 6 .7 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s i s t h a t o f p r e s c r i b i n g no minimum a g e a t w h i c h a p p l i c a n t s become i n e l i g i b l e f o r a p p o i n t m ent.
B o th i n s t a t e a n d o u t o f s t a t e t h i s p r a c t i c e i s
best
s u p p o r t e d by t h e m e d i u m - s i z e d s c h o o l s w h e r e t h e c o n c u r r e n c e i s 8 4 .6 p e r c e n t and 8 8 .2 p e r c e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y .
'T h e
p r a c t i c e i s l e a s t s u p p o r t e d by t h e l a r g e s c h o o l s w h e r e t h e c o n c u r r e n c e I s 6 0 . 0 p e r c e n t i n C a l i f o r n i a a n d 5£>«3 p e r c e n t out of s ta te . E le v e n , o r 27.5 p e r c e n t , o f th e C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o ls s t i p u l a t e an age b a r r i e r f o r appointm ent o f t e a c h e r s . o r 20 .0 p e r c e n t, of th e sc h o o ls in t h i s s t a t e at fo rty -fiv e years.
set th is
E ig h t, ag e
Two, o r 5 . 0 p e r c e n t , h a v e p r e s c r i b e d
t h e a g e f o r t y - t w o ; an d o n e , o r 2 . 5 p e r c e n t h a s p r e s c r i b e d age f i f t y . Ten, o r 2 3 . 3 p e r c e n t ,
of th e o u t - o f - s t a t e
schools
p ro v id e an age b a r r i e r f o r th e appointm ent o f t e a c h e r s .
It
may be o b s e r v e d i n T a b l e XIX t h a t t h e p r e s c r i b e d a g e v a r i e s
TABLE
X IX
MINIMUM AGE AT WHICH APPLICANTS BECOME INELIGIBLE FOR APPOINTMENT IN CALIFORNIA AND OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES
Minimum age
Size of college as measured by equivalent ____________ full-time teachers _ Totals 6 0 and over .... 3TT- 59 T""-- 29 Num- Per Num Per Num— Num- Per ber c ent ber cent ber cent ber cent
California: a. b. c. d.
At 50 45 42
no prescribed age years years years
Totals
9 0 2
75.0 0 .0 16.7
S .3
11
0
34.6 7.7 7.7 0 .0
1 1
9
29 1
JL
60.0 0.0 33.3 6 .7
2
72.5 2.5 20.0 5.0 100.0
0 5
3
_i 12
100.0
13
100.0
15
100.0
40
11 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
73.6 0 .0 7.1 0 .0 7.1 0 .0 7.1 0 .0 0.0
15 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
33.2 5.9 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 5.9 0 .0 0 .0
7 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
53.3 3.3 0 .0 3.3 3.3 0 .0 0 .0 3.3
J L lI
33 2 1 1 2 0 2 1 1
76.7 4.7 2.3 2.3 4.7 0 .0 4.7 •2.3 2.3
14
99.9
17
1 00.0
12
99.3
43
10 0 .0
Out-of-stat e : a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i•
At no prescribed age 65 years 60 years 55 years 50 years 45 years 42 years 4 0 years Oth er
Totals
o
vn
206
from f o r t y t o
six ty -fiv e,
an d t h a t i n n o e a s e was a n y
p a r t i c u l a r a g e c o n c u r r e d i n by m o re t h a n tw o s c h o o l s . I f a c c e p t a n c e i s made o f t h e g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e t h a t t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n b e b a s e d on t h e e s t i m a t e d e f f i c i e n c y o f s e r v ic e ,* th en th e f a c t o r of age i s
im p o rtan t p r im a r ily as
i t a f f e c t s te ach in g e f f ic ie n c y . The a r g u m e n t c o n c e r n i n g t h e n e e d f o r some a g e l i m i t a tio n s is
s u m m a r iz e d by G o u l b o u r n :
No o n e d e s i r e s t o a s s i g n o r a p p o i n t a t e a c h e r who i s n o t f u l l y m a t u r e d o r who i s i n c a p a b l e o f commanding r e sp e c t because o f la c k o f m a tu rity . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , no s y s t e m , a s a g e n e r a l p o l i c y , c a r e s t o e m p lo y t e a c h e r s who h a v e r e a c h e d a n a g e w h i c h b a r s them f r o m f u r t h e r g r o w t h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e p r o f e s s i o n a n d w h i c h may make t h e m a po o r in v e stm e n t i n term s o f y e a r s o f f u t u r e s e r v i c e . T h i s l a t t e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s h e l d e v e n m o re i m p o r t a n t i n t h o s e s y s t e m s w h i c h o p e r a t e u n d e r t e n u r e an d r e t i r e m e n t l a w s , an d some t y p e s o f s a l a r y s c h e d u l e s . ( 3 7 : 1 1 9 ) G oulbourn fo u n d t h a t p r a c t i c a l l y a l l o f t h e t h i r t y s e v e n l a r g e c i t i e s s t u d i e d had e s t a b l i s h e d an u p p e r age l i m i t w hich v a r i e d from t h i r t y - f i v e t o f i f t y y e a r s o f a g e . (37:120)
As a r e c o m m e n d a t i o n h e p r o p o s e d t h a t
. . . i t i s good tio n s th a t w ill. who a t b e s t h a v e l e n t s e r v i c e and
a d m i n is t r a tio n to avoid th o s e l i m i t a . . encourage th e a p p l i c a t i o n s of th o s e o n l y a c o m p a r a t i v e l y few y e a r s o f e x c e l p r o f e s s i o n a l g ro w th to o f f e r . ( 3 7 :121)
The p r e p o n d e r a n t a u t h o r i t a t i v e o p i n i o n , h o w e v e r , i s a v a r ia n c e w ith th e above v i e w . (4 3 :8 8 )
The i s s u e i n t h e
p r e s e n t c a s e i s n o t w h e th e r young t e a c h e r s a s a r u l e a r e b e t t e r in th e long run th an o ld e r te a c h e rs , o r v ic e v e rsa ;
* P r in c ip le V II
207 o r w hether i t
is d e s ir a b le o r u n d e s ira b le to have t e a c h e r s 1
ages d i s t r i b u t e d o v er a c o n s id e ra b le span of y e a r s .
The
is s u e i s w hether o r n o t age r e s t r i c t i o n s c r e a t e an a r b i t r a r y b a r r i e r p r e v e n t i n g t h e e m p lo y m e n t o f t h e b e s t q u a l i f i e d teach ers.
The R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n o f t h e N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n
A s s o c i a t i o n i n i t s 1942 s t u d y s t a t e d t h a t f i f t e e n p e r c e n t o f t h e s c h o o ls r e p o r t e d an u p p e r age l i m i t f o r t h e a p p o i n t m e n t o f new t e a c h e r s a t t h e m e d i a n a g e o f 4 0 . 3 y e a r s . ( 9 7 : 5 9 ) Commenting on t h i s f i n d i n g ,
t h e r e p o r t g o e s on t o s a y ,
"The
f a c t t h a t t h e l a r g e m a j o r i t y o f c i t i e s r e p o r t no d e f i n i t e a g e l i m i t s se em s t o r e p r e s e n t a d e s i r a b l e f l e x i b i l i t y o f p o licy .
. . a n a r b i t r a r y s t a n d a r d may mean t h e r e j e c t i o n o f
a v alu ab le p r o s p e c t."(9 7 :5 9 ) A s i m i l a r v i e w w as e x p r e s s e d i n a y e a r b o o k o f t h e A m e r ic a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f S c h o o l A d m i n i s t r a t o r s , ( 2 : 1 1 3 ) arth w as c i t e d a s on e A t k i n s o n Ts p r i n c i p l e s ,
"The a p p l i c a n t
sh o u ld n o t be d i s q u a l i f i e d b ec au se o f age i f h e p ro v e s to be t h e b e s t q u a l i f i e d p e r s o n f o r a t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n . " ( 8 : 1 4 3 ) The p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t o r a c c e p t s t h i s p o i n t o f v i e w a s t h e b e s t a u t h o r a t i v e o p i n i o n on t h e s u b j e c t . On t h e b a s i s t h i s c r i t e r i a ,
72.5 p e r c e n t o f th e
C a l i f o r n i a and 7 6 .7 p e r c e n t o f th e o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s a r e f u l l y up t o s t a n d a r d i n t h a t no a g e r e s t r i c tio n s are p rescrib ed ,
t h e r e b y p e r m i t t i n g t h e s e l e c t i o n of
th e b e st q u a lif ie d p erso n .
The r e m a i n i n g s c h o o l s ,
27.5 p e r
c e n t i n C a l i f o r n i a an d 23*3 p e ^ c e n t o u t ' - o f - s t a t e , e x e r c i s e age r e s t r i c t i o n s and t h e r e f o r e proposed. four,
do n o t m e e t t h e s t a n d a r d
Of t h e 2 3 . 3 p e r c e n t o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s m e n t i o n e d ,
o r 9 .3 p e r c e n t,
d i s q u a l i f y an a p p l i c a n t f o r p o s i t i o n
when h e i s a t o r n e a r r e t i r e m e n t a g e .
As s t a t e d b e f o r e t h e s e
schools a re not in accord w ith th e sta n d a rd ,
but th e age
sp a n from w hich t e a c h e r s can be drawn s t i l l i s w id e ;
it
seem s p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l s c h o o l s h a v e e l i m i n a t e d c o m p a r a t i v e l y few p o t e n t i a l c a n d i d a t e s .
H ow ever, i n
C a l i f o r n i a 27.5 p e r c e n t o f th e s c h o o l s , and o u t - o f - s t a t e 1 4 .0 p e r c e n t, have p r e s c r ib e d f i f t y y e a rs o r l e s s as th e minimum a g e a t w h i c h e m p lo y m e n t w i l l b e p r o f f e r e d . t h e s e s c h o o ls have red u ce d th e ag e span s t i l l
S ince
farth er,
it
se em s p r o b a b l e t h a t t h i s l a t t e r g r o u p o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e s h av e e l i m i n a t e d from c o n s i d e r a t i o n more p o t e n t i a l c a n d i d a t e s th a n t h e fo rm e r group and t h e r e b y a r e s u p p o r t i n g a p r a c t i c e of le s s d e s ir a b ility . R a c e o r c o l o r , r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f , e c o n o m ic a n d m a r i t a l sta tu s.
I n o r d e r t o a s c e r t a i n more f u l l y w h i c h a n d w h a t
e x te n t c e r t a i n p e rs o n a l f a c t o r s in f lu e n c e th e d e c is io n to appoint te a c h e rs ,
r e s p o n d e n ts w ere a sk ed t h i s q u e s t i o n ,
"Which o f t h e f o l l o w i n g f a c t o r s w o u l d make a d i f f e r e n c e w h e t h e r o r n o t a p p o i n t m e n t be o f f e r e d , being equal?"
o th er q u a lific a tio n s
The d a t a p e r t a i n i n g t o t h i s
q u estio n are
summarized in Tables XX and XXI.
By r e f e r e n c e t o T a b l e XX, i t w i l l be n o t i c e d t h a t among C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s ,
tw e n ty - s ix , o r 61 .9 p e r cent of
th e fo rty -tw o schools in clu d ed i n th e stu d y , re p o rte d th e f a c t o f h a v i n g a h u s b a n d o r w i f e a l r e a d y e m p lo y e d f u l l - t i m e i n t h e d i s t r i c t w o u l d make a d i f f e r e n c e i f tendered.
e m p lo y m e n t b e
T h is number r e p r e s e n t s 4 6 . 4 p e r c e n t of a l l t h e
p e rs o n a l f a c t o r item s l i s t e d
i n t h e t a b l e , a n d i s m o re t h a n
t w i c e a s f r e q u e n t l y named a s t h e s e c o n d r a n k e d f a c t o r , w h i c h ' is race or co lo r. or 26.6 p e r c e n t, is m arital sta tu s, the sc h o o ls;
T h is l a t t e r f a c t o r was r e p o r t e d by t w e l v e , of th e C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o ls . r e p o r t e d by s i x ,
R a n k ed t h i r d
o r 14.3 p e r c e n t,
of
and r a n k e d f o u r t h i s t h e f a c t o f h a v i n g a
h u s b a n d o r w i f e a l r e a d y w o r k i n g f u l l - t i m e i n t h e c o m m u n ity , a f a c t o r r e p o r t e d by f i v e ,
o r 11 .9 pe^ c e n t, o f th e s c h o o ls .
The o t h e r p e r s o n a l f a c t o r s w h i c h w o u l d a f f e c t t h e d e c i s i o n t o em p lo y a r e r e p o r t e d a s a p r a c t i c e i n t h r e e o r l e s s sch o o ls.
I t w i l l be n o t i c e d t h a t r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f i s a
n eg lig ib le fa c to r;
i n n o n e o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s w o u ld
t h i s make a n y d i f f e r e n c e . By r e f e r e n c e t o T a b l e XXI, i t w i l l be n o t i c e d t h a t among t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s t h e f a c t o r w h i c h m o s t a f f e c t s t h e d e c i s i o n t o em p lo y i s t h a t o f r a c e o r c o l o r . T h i s p r a c t i c e w as r e p o r t e d by t w e n t y - f o u r , o r 5 4 . 5 pe** c e n t ,
TABLE XX
CERTAIN PERSONAL FACTORS WHICH AFFECT THE DECISION TO APPOINT TEACHERS IN CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES
Factor
a. Husband or wife already has a f u l l time job in the community b. Husband or wife already has a f u ll time job in the school d is tr ic t c. Race or color d. Religious b e lie f e. Marital status f . Family status g. Housing h. Failure to sign loyalty oath i . Member of communist party 3* No such factors Number of junior colleges contributing data
Size of college as measured by equivalent ___________ fu ll-tim e teachers___________ 1 - 297 30 - 59 60 and over Totals Num- Per* Num- . Per Num- Per Hum- Per cent ber ' cent ber ber cent ber cent
2
15.4
2
15.4
3
18.8
5
11.9
8 5 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
*61.5 38.5 0.0 0.0 7*7 7.7 0.0 0.0 7.7
12 4 0 3 2 0 0 0 0
92.3 30.8 0.0 23.1 15.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
6 3 0 3 0 0 2 1 6
37.5 18.8 0.0 18.8 0.0 0.0
26
61.9 28.6 0.0 14.3 7.1 2.4 4.8 2.4 16.7
13
13
16
12.5
6.3 37.5
12 0 6 3 1-. 2 1 7 42
Totals do not equal 100 per cent because in some cases more than one factor was reported.
210
)
TABLE XXI
CERTAIN PERSONAL FACTORS WHICH AFFECT THE DECISION TO APPOINT TEACHERS IN OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES
Factor
a. Husband or wife already has a f u l l time job in the community b. Husband or wife already has a f u l l time job in the school d is tr ic t c. Race or color d. Religious b e lie fs e. Marital status f . Family status g. Housing h. No such factors
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 1 - 29 30 - 59 60 and over Totals Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent
2
14.3
3
1 7 .6
1
7.7
6
13.6
3 10 1 2 1 0 4
21.4 71.4 7.1 14.3 7.1 0.0 28.6
5 7 0 1 1 1 6
29.4 41.2 0.0 5.9 5.9 5.9 35.5
5 7 0 0 0 0 4
38.5 53.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.8
13 24 1 3 2 1 14
29.5 54.5 2.3 6.8 4.5 2.3 31.8
Number of junior colleges contributing data 14
17
13
44
T o t a l s do n o t e q u a l 100 p e r c e n t b e c a u s e i n some c a s e s more t h a n one f a c t o r was r e p o r t e d .
ro
H H
212
of the f o r ty - f o u r respondent sc h o o ls.
T h is number r e p r e s e n t s
48 .0 p e r ce n t o f a l l th e p e r s o n a l f a c t o r ite m s l i s t e d i n th e ta b le.
The s e c o n d m o s t f r e q u e n t l y r e p o r t e d i t e m i s t h e
f a c t o f th e husband o r w ife a lr e a d y w orking f u l l - t i m e i n th e school d i s t r i c t , per cent,
a p r a c t i c e p r e v a i l i n g i n t h i r t e e n , o r 29.5
of the o u t - o f - s t a t e
s c h o o l s . -Ranked t h i r d i s
th e f a c t o f th e husband o r w ife w orking f u l l - t i m e i n th e c o m m u n ity ; t h i s w as r e p o r t e d , by s i x , the sc h o o ls.
o r 13 .6 p e r cen t o f
The o t h e r p e r s o n a l f a c t o r s w h i c h w o u l d a f f e c t
t h e d e c i s i o n t o e m p lo y a r e r e p o r t e d a s a p r a c t i c e i n t h r e e or l e s s sch o o ls. Some o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s s i g n i f i e d t h a t n o n e o f th e item s l i s t e d
i n t h e t a b l e w o u l d make a n y d i f f e r e n c e i n
p r o f f e r i n g em ploym ent.
Seven,
o r 16 .7 p e r c e n t, o f th e
C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s , a n d 1 4 , o r 31*8 p e r c e n t , o f t h e o u t o f - s t a t e s c h o o ls su p p o rte d t h i s view . There i s
some s l i g h t e v i d e n c e t h a t p e r s o n a l f a c t o r s
o f t h e k i n d d i s c u s s e d a b o v e a r e l e s s a b a r r i e r t o em ploy m en t i n t h e l a r g e d i s t r i c t s th a n in th e sm a ll o r m edium -sized d istric t.
I n C a l i f o r n i a s i x o f t h e s e v e n s c h o o ls w hich
s t a t e d t h a t n o n e o f t h e s e p e r s o n a l f a c t o r s made a d i f f e r e n c e , w ere l a r g e s c h o o l s .
I t a ls o seems, a c c o r d in g to th e
r e s p o n s e t o i t e m b, t h a t i n t h e l a r g e C a l i f o r n i a
sch o ols
t h e f a c t o f e m p lo y m e n t i n t h e s c h o o l o f t h e w i f e o r h u s b a n d w as f a r l e s s a b a r r i e r t o em p lo y m e n t o f a n a p p l i c a n t t h a n
213 i n th e sm a ll o r m edium -sized s c h o o ls .
Among t h e o u t - o f -
s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n d u c e d by s i z e do not appear s ig n if ic a n t. I n r e g a r d t o such p r a c t i c e s a s a r e d e s c r i b e d above th e P la tfo rm o f th e N a tio n a l E ducation A sso c ia tio n c o n ta in s t h i s statem en t,
"T ea ch e rs sh o u ld n o t be d i s c r i m i n a t e d a g a i n s t
because o f r a c e ,
color,
m a r i t a l s t a t u s . I! ( 9 7 : 6 0 ) have l i t t l e se rv ic e.
b elief,
o r econom ic o r
T h e s e f a c t o r s a r e commonly h e l d t o
o r n o t h i n g t o do w i t h t h e q u a l i t y o f e d u c a t i o n a l
B a g le y , f o r exam ple,
g iv es h is re a s o n s ,a s fo llo w s: are fre e to
resid en ce,
s t a t e s t h e same p r i n c i p l e a n d "U nless sc h o o l a u t h o r i t i e s
seek th e b e s t q u a l i f i e d te a c h e rs a v a ila b le r e
g ard less of resid en ce, and o t h e r r e s t r a i n t s ,
sex, m a rita l s ta tu s , n a tio n a lity , c h ild re n are dep riv ed of e d u c a tio n a l
o p p o r t u n i t i e s and ta x p a y e r s a r e n o t g e t t i n g th e m ost f o r t h e i r t a x e s . "(11:212) C h a m b erla in and K in d r e d t a k e t h e view t h a t su ch f a c t o r s a s named a b o v e may o r may n o t b e a m a t t e r o f p r e j u d i c e . ( 2 8 :184)
I f th e se f a c t o r s are p e rm itte d to
in flu e n c e te a c h e r s e le c tio n w ith o ut reg ard to t h e i r e f f e c t on t h e s c h o o l ,
t h e n t h e e m p lo y m e n t o f s u c h f a c t o r s a r e
p r e j u d i c i a l t o t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f t h e s c h o o l ; on t h e o t h e r hand i f
t h e s e f a c t o r s a r e a llo w e d t o be o p e r a t i v e to
t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e y h a v e a b e a r i n g on e f f i c i e n c y t o f i l l
214
a p o sitio n ,
t h e n such f a c t o r s c a n n o t be r u l e d o u t a s a m a t t e r
of p reju d ic e.(2 8 :I 84)
These a u t h o r i t i e s ,
resid en ce, m a rita l s ta tu s , exam ple, h av e l i t t l e
age, r e l ig i o n ,
how ever, ad m it t h a t and s e x ,
for
v a l i d i t y a s co m p ared t o t e a c h i n g
experience, p re p a ra tio n ,
p r o f e s s i o n a l r e p u t a t i o n , and
p e r s o n a l i t y . (28:184) The m o s t c o n t r o v e r s i a l o f t h e f a c t o r s h e r e i n c o n s i d e r e d h a s been t h a t o f m a r i t a l s t a t u s .
During tim e s o f
e c o n o m ic s t r e s s a n d s h o r t a g e o f t e a c h e r s t h e m a r r i e d woman te a c h e r found h e r s e l f a t a d is a d v a n ta g e in o b ta in in g a p o s i t i o n . ( 9 7 i 60-61)
The C o m m itte e on E q u a l O p p o r t u n i t y o f
th e N a t i o n a l E d u c a tio n A s s o c i a t i o n fo u n d , how ever, t h a t m a r r i e d women a r e f u l l y a s e f f i c i e n t a s s i n g l e women a n d t h a t such d i f f e r e n c e s a s e x i s t u s u a lly f a v o r th e m a rr ie d o v er th e unm arried t e a c h e r . ( 9 7 :6 l )
T h i s C o m m itte e a l s o s u p p l i e d
e v id en ce to s u p p o r t th e s o c i a l argum ents i n f a v o r o f the m a r r i e d woman t e a c h e r . ( 9 7 : 6 1 ) A u t h o r i t i e s s u p p o r t t h e p o i n t o f view t h a t th e d i f f e r ences in e f f ic ie n c y
b e t w e e n t h e m a r r i e d a n d u n m a r r i e d woman
t e a c h e r do n o t w a r r a n t d i s c r i m i n a t o r y p r a c t i c e s on a p r o f e s s i o n a l b a s i s . ( 1 1 0 : 1 3 7 ; 7 9 : 3 4 7 ; 3 8 : 2 5 7 ; .5 7 : 1 9 5 ; 8 9 : 3 9 5 ) C o u l b o u r n s t a t e s a s one o f h i s c r i t e r i a i n t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n , "M arriage in i t s e l f
does n o t c o n s t i t u t e any r e a s o n a b le b a r
a g a i n s t t e a c h i n g a n d s h o u l d i n no way a f f e c t t h e s t a t u s o f
215 t h e c a n d i d a t e . " ( 3 7 • 22)
A tkinson su b sc rib e d to a s im ila r
view i n h i s p r i n c i p l e t h a t ,
" M a r r i e d women who a r e a p p l i c a n t s
f o r t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n s s h o u l d be g r a n t e d t h e same o p p o r t u n i t y f o r em ploym ent a s s i n g l e women i f t h e y m e e t t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s s e t up by t h e b o a r d . " ( 8 : 1 4 1 ) M arital s ta tu s ,
a s r e v ie w e d , h a s been c o n c e iv e d of i n
t e r m s o f t h e woman t e a c h e r .
The w r i t e r c o u l d f i n d no
s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n in th e l i t e r a t u r e given to th e r e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y of th e m a r r ie d a s c o n t r a s t e d to th e un m arried man t e a c h e r . The s c h o o l i s n o t a c h a r i t a b l e i n s t i t u t i o n a n d d o e s not ex ist,
a s C ubberley s a id ,
(39:308-09)
to a ffo rd places fo r te a c h e rs.
I n v iew o f t h e u n q u a l i f i e d and g e n e r a l a c c e p t
ance o f C ubberley*s sta te m e n t', s ta tu s has l i t t l e
i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t e c o n o m ic
o r no b e a r i n g on p r o f e s s i o n a l m e r i t .
On t h e b a s i s o f t h e r e s e a r c h an d a u t h o r i t a t i v e w r i t i n g on t h e s u b j e c t i t m arital,
appears th a t ra c e ,
color,
b elief,
an d e c o n o m ic s t a t u s h a v e a t b e s t s l i g h t c o n t r i b u
t i o n t o make t o p r o f e s s i o n a l m e r i t ,
and te n d t o i n j e c t d i s
crim in ato ry p r a c tic e s in th e s e le c tio n of te a c h e rs . of th ese,
in in d iv id u al cases,
p ro fessio n al q u a lific a tio n s , accord w ith P rin c ip le V II.
I f any
have any r e a l b e a r i n g on th e
to t h a t ex ten t th ey are in I n any e v e n t t e a c h e r s s h o u ld not
be d i s c r i m i n a t e d a g a i n s t a s c a n d i d a t e s b e c a u s e o f r a c e ,
216
co lo r,
b elief,
econom ic, and m a r i t a l s t a t u s .
Xt i s a s s u m e d
in th e fo llow in g e v a lu a tio n of p r a c tic e th a t o p p o rtu n itie s f o r d is c r i m in a tio n are ro u g h ly p r o p o r ti o n a l to th e f r e q u en cies re p o r te d in the t a b l e s . On t h e b a s i s
c r i t e r i a proposed, 16.7 p e r c e n t of the
C a l i f o r n i a and 3 1 . 8 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e c o l l e g e s a r e up t o
s t a n d a r d i n e v e r y way.
none o f t h e f a c t o r s o f r a c e ,
color,
ju n io r
In th e se schools
b elief,
econom ic, and
m a rita l s ta tu s a f f e c t the d e c isio n to ap p o in t. The f a c t o r i n C a l i f o r n i a w h i c h m ore t h a n a n y o t h e r seem s t o o f f e r s c h o o l s a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o v i o l a t e t h e m e r i t p rin cip le
( P r in c i p le V II) in te a c h e r s e l e c t i o n i s t h e f a c t
o f h a v i n g t h e h u s b a n d o r w i f e a l r e a d y a t f u l l - t i m e em p lo y m e n t In th e school d i s t r i c t .
D i s c r i m i n a t i o n on t h e b a s i s o f t h i s
f a c to r i s a p o te n tia l p o s s i b ilit y in th re e out o f fiv e sch o o ls.
Race and c o l o r r e p r e s e n t s a p o t e n t i a l v i o l a t i o n o f
P r i n c i p l e V II i n t h r e e o u t of t e n s c h o o ls ; m a r i t a l s t a t u s , one o u t o f sev en ; and t h e f a c t o f husband o r w if e a l r e a d y a t f u l l - t i m e e m p lo y m e n t i n t h e c o m m u n ity , o n e o u t o f e i g h t . The same f o u r f a c t o r s a l s o o f f e r t h e g r e a t e s t p o te n tia lity fo r d isc rim in a to ry p ra c tic e s in teach er s e le c t i o n among o u t - o f - s t a t e
ju n io r co lleg es,
d i f f e r e n t o r d e r an d i n t e n s i t y .
but in s l i g h t l y
The f a c t o r o u t o f s t a t e
w h i c h m ore t h a n a n y o t h e r r e p r e s e n t s a v i o l a t i o n o f P r i n c i p l e V II i s t h a t o f ra c e o r c o lo r .
D i s c r i m i n a t i o n on t h e b a s i s
217
is a p o te n tia l p o ssib ility co lleg es.
i n m ore t h a n on e o u t o f two j u n i o r
The f a c t o f h a v i n g a h u s b a n d o r w i f e a l r e a d y a t
f u l l - t i m e em ploym ent i n t h e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t r e p r e s e n t s a p o t e n t i a l v i o l a t i o n o f P r i n c i p l e V II i n t h r e e out of t e n s c h o o ls ; th e f a c t o f h aving a husband o r w ife a t f u l l - t i m e em ploym e nt i n t h e c o m m u n ity , o n e o u t o f s e v e n ; a n d m a r i t a l statu s,
one o u t o f f i f t e e n . I n su m m arizin g t h e C a l i f o r n i a and o u t - o f - s t a t e d a t a
i t a p p e a r s t h a t o n l y two o f t h e f a c t o r s a r e l i k e l y t o c o n trib u te
co n sid erab ly to d isc rim in a to ry p r a c tic e s of te a c h e r
se lec tio n .
These f a c t o r s a r e husband o r w if e a l r e a d y a t
f u l l - t i m e e m p lo y m e n t i n t h e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t a n d r a c e o r color,
in th a t o rd e r.
Two f a c t o r s , n a m e l y , h u s b a n d o r w i f e *
a l r e a d y a t f u l l - t i m e em p lo y m e n t i n t h e co m m unity a n d m a r i t a l s t a t u s a p p e a r t o o f f e r some s m a l l p o t e n t i a l i t y f o r d i s crim in ato ry p r a c tic e s .
The f a c t o r s w h i c h a p p e a r t o o f f e r
no o r v e r y l i m i t e d p o t e n t i a l i t i e s sta tu s,
in t h i s re g a rd a re fam ily
h o u s in g , and r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f . R e g a rd le ss of p o s i t i v e or n e g a tiv e r e l a t i o n s h i p to
p r o f e s s i o n a l m e r i t , m e m b e r s h i p i n t h e c o m m u n is t p a r t y a n d / o r failu re
to s i g n th e l o y a l t y o a th w ere r e p o r t e d a s f a c t o r s
t o b e c o n s i d e r e d i n t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n i n o n l y one a n d tw o cases re sp e c tiv e ly .
H ence t h e s e a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s h a v i n g
no o r v e r y l i m i t e d p o t e n t i a l i t i e s , p r e s e n t i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e s u b j e c t , d isc rim in a tio n .
on t h e b a s i s o f t h e f o r c o n t r i b u t i n g to
218
GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS R esidence R e q u irem e n ts.
One o f t h e f a c t o r s w h i c h
l i m i t s t h e a r e a f r o m w h i c h p r o s p e c t i v e t e a c h e r s may b e d r a w n i s th a t of re sid e n c e r e s tr ic tio n s '.
R e sp o n d e n ts w ere a s k e d
t o r e p o r t w h a t p r a c t i c e s h a d d e v e l o p e d among t h e j u n i o r co lleg es in th is regard.
T a b l e s XXII a n d X X I I I s u m m a r iz e
t h e d a t a o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e C a l i f o r n i a and o u t - o f - s t a t e resp o n d en ts r e s p e c tiv e ly . Ite m c, w hich s t a t e s t h a t r e s i d e n c e i s n o t a f a c t o r one way o r a n o t h e r a s a p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r a p p o i n t m e n t i s s u p p o r t e d by t h i r t y - s e v e n ,
o r 88 .1 p e r c e n t,
C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s and by t h i r t y - s e v e n , of th e o u t - o f - s t a t e sch o o ls.
of th e
o r 84.1 p e r c e n t,
The o n l y o t h e r r e s p o n s e t o
t h e q u e s t i o n a f f i r m e d a s t h e d o m i n a n t p r a c t i c e i n m ore t h a n o ne j u n i o r c o l l e g e w as i t e m a , given a p re fe re n c e over o u t s i d e r s , are eq u a l."
"Local r e s id e n ts are i f o th er q u a lific a tio n s
T h i s p r a c t i c e w as c o n c u r r e d i n by t h r e e ,
7 .1 per cent,
or
o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s an d s e v e n , o r 1 5 . 9
p er cen t, of the o u t - o f - s t a t e sc h o o ls.
I n C a l i f o r n i a two
o f t h e t h r e e s c h o o ls w hich f a v o r l o c a l c a n d i d a t e s a r e t h e Los A n g e l e s j u n i o r c o l l e g e s .
The p e r s o n n e l d i v i s i o n i n
t h i s c i t y i n d i c a t e d on t h e c h e c k l i s t
t h a t t h i r t y days in
r e s i d e n c e a r e r e q u i r e d b e f o r e t h e w r i t t e n e x a m i n a t i o n may be t a k e n .
Among t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e
schools fa v o rin g l o c a l
TABLE XXII
STATUS OP PRACTICE CONCERNING APPOINTMENT OF LOCAL TEACHERS IN CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES
Practice
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 60 and over Totals 1 - 29 30 - 59 Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber cent ber cent ber cent cent ber
a. Local residents are given preference over outsiders, i f other qu alifications are equal
0
0.0
1
7.7
2
12.5
3
7.1
b. No local residents are appointed as new teachers u n til they have had c e r t if i cated teaching experience elsewhere
1
7.7
0
0.0
0
0.0
1
2.4
c. Residence is not a factor one way or another
12
92-3
11
84.6
14
87.5
d. Non-local residents are given prefer ence
0
0.0
1
7.7
0
0.0
1
2.4
13
100.0
13
16
100.0
42
100.0
Totals
ioo. o
88.1
ro H vo
TABLE X X III
STATUS OF PRACTICE CONCERNING APPOINTMENT OF LOCAL TEACHERS IN OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES ' •’
Practice
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 60 and over Totals . 30 - 59 1 - 29 Num- Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber cent ber cent cent ber cent ber
a. Local residents are given preference over outsiders, i f other qu alifications are equal
5
35-7
1
5.9
1
7.7
7
15.9
b. No local residents are appointed as new teachers u n til they have had c e r t if i cated teaching experience elsewhere
0
0*0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
c. Residence is not a factor one way or another
9
61*. 2
16
94.1
12
92.3
37
84.1
d. Non-local residents are given prefer ence
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
14
100.0
17
100.0
13
100.0
44
100.0
Totals
ro ro o
221
can d id ates,
f iv e of th e seven are c l a s s i f i e d as sm a ll s c h o o ls .
There a p p e a r s t o b e , t h e r e f o r e ,
some e v i d e n c e t o s u b s t a n t i a t e
th e co n clu sio n t h a t in o u t - o f - s t a t e schools s iz e i s a f a c t o r , a n d t h a t s m a l l s c h o o l s m ore o f t e n f a v o r t h e l o c a l c a n d i d a t e than th e la r g e sc h o o ls do. I t e m s b and d w e r e p r e f e r r e d by o n l y o n e s c h o o l e a c h i n C a l i f o r n i a , a n d r e c e i v e d no s u p p o r t a t a l l among o u t - o f state
sch o o ls.
The p r a c t i c e s o f r e q u i r i n g l o c a l c a n d i d a t e s
to o b ta in c e r t i f i c a t e d te a c h in g ex p e rien ce elsew here th an the lo c a l
d i s t r i c t and o f g iv in g n o n - l o c a l a p p l i c a n t s
p r e f e r e n t i a l t r e a t m e n t a p p e a r t o be v e r y l i t t l e
used.
I f t h e f a c t o f r e s i d e n c e p r i o r t o em p lo y m e n t p o s s e s s e s v a l i d i t y a s a f a c t o r in th e s e l e c tio n o f te a c h e r s , accordance w ith P r in c ip le V II, i t
in
s h o u l d h a v e some b e a r i n g
on t h e m e r i t o f t h e c a n d i d a t e a s a p r o f e s s i o n a l p e r s o n . Snyder,
i n h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n on e d u c a t i o n a l i n b r e e d
i n g , made a r e v i e w o f v a r i o u s s t u d i e s a n d a u t h o r a t i v e o p i n i o n c o n c e r n in g r e s i d e n c e a s a f a c t o r i n em ploym ent. ( 1 2 7 : 21-52)
He s u m m a r i z e s t h e r e s e a r c h an d l i t e r a t u r e
in p a rt
as fo llo w s: . . . t h e a r g u m e n t s m o s t commonly a d v a n c e d i n f a v o r o f l o c a l t e a c h e r s a r e f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h t h e c o m m u n ity , l o n g e r s e r v i c e , lo w e r s a l a r y n e e d s , and t h e " p u b li c b o u n t y 11 t h e o r y o f d i s p e n s i n g l o c a l j o b s ; t h a t t h e a r g u m e n t s commonly u s e d a g a i n s t l o c a l t e a c h e r s a r e l e s s i n c e n t i v e t o p r o m o t i o n an d t o .p r o f e s s i o n a l g r o w t h , d i f f i c u l t y o f d i s m i s s a l i f in c o m p e te n t, te n d in g to be j u d g e d t o o s e v e r e l y by o n e ’ s f r i e n d s a n d n e i g h b o r s , l i k e l i h o o d o f d o u b l e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y — home a n d s c h o o l ,
222
a c c e p ta n c e of low er s a l a r i e s th e r e b y d e p re s s in g th e g e n e r a l s a l a r y l e v e l , p r o v in c ia lis m , low er q u a l i f i c a t i o n s a t t h e t i m e o f e m p l o y m e n t, l e s s a c t i v i t y i n p r o f e s s i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , and a g r e a t e r te n d en cy t o w a r d s u p e r a n n u a t i o n (fe w o f t h e a r g u m e n t s on e i t h e r s i d e h a v e b e e n s u b s t a n t i a t e d by a u t h o r i t a t i v e e v i d e n c e ) , (127:131) Snyder a ls o
c o n d u c t e d h i s own i n q u i r y i n t o t h e p o s s i b l e
r e l a t i o n s h i p between l o c a l o r n o n - l o c a l o r i g i n o f a p p l i c a n t s t o c e r t a i n f a c t o r s commonly r e l a t e d t o t e a c h i n g e f f e c t i v e ness,
H is ev id e n c e p o i n t s to s l i g h t s u p e r i o r i t y of t h e non
l o c a l t e a c h e r .( 1 2 7 :1 3 5 )
Cooke r e p o r t s two s t u d i e s i n w h i c h
t h e f i n d i n g s w e r e s i m i l a r t o t h e s e r e p o r t e d by S n y d e r .
The
evidence i s n o t c o n c lu s iv e , but such ev id en ce as e x i s t s does n o t seem t o f a v o r t h e l o c a l c a n d i d a t e . ( 3 3 : H I ) The s t a n d t a k e n by many e d u c a t i o n a l e x p e r t s i s t h a t r e s i d e n c e p r i o r t o a p p o i n t m e n t i s no e v i d e n c e o f m e r i t ; a n d i n keeping, w i t h t h e m e r i t p r i n c i p l e i n
s e l e c t i o n th e y have
recom mended t h a t t h e same s t a n d a r d s a p p l y t o r e s i d e n t a n d n o n - r e s i d e n t a p p l i c a n t s . (57 :1 9 4 ; 11 0 :1 3 7 ; 67:480; 1 1 :2 1 2 ; 137:176)
O thers have p o in te d o u t t h a t th e f a c t r e s id e n c e
i s r e l a t i v e l y i n c o n s e q u e n t i a l f a c t o r i n t e a c h e r m e r i t . (79: 349; 2 8 :1 8 0 -8 1 )
Even when l o c a l c a n d i d a t e s h a v e e q u a l
m e r i t a s compared t o o u t s i d e r s ,
some e d u c a t i o n a l w r i t e r s
a r e concerned w ith th e dangers of e d u c a tio n a l in b re e d in g . (79:349;
33:332; 109:442; 132:156-71)
The A m e r i c a n
A s s o c i a t i o n o f S c h o o l A d m i n i s t r a t o r s i n one o f i t s tio n s q u a lifie d i t s
p u b lica
endorsem ent of l o c a l c a n d id a te s in th e s e
223
w ords " .
.
w h i l e t h e h o m e -to w n a p p l i c a n t s h o u l d n o t be
e x c lu d e d from c o n s i d e r a t i o n ,
i t m u s t be e m p h a s i z e d t h a t
u n l e s s t h e l o c a l c a n d i d a t e h a s a s good o r b e t t e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s th an th e o u t-o f-to w n a p p l i c a n t ,
i t is false
economy
t o e m p lo y h i m . " ( 2 : 1 1 1 ) The N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n t h r o u g h i t s R esearch D iv isio n concludes i t s a n a ly s is o f d a ta p e r ta in in g t o r e s i d e n c e a s a c o n d i t i o n o f em ploym ent t h u s : T h e i r ( c h i l d r e n i n s c h o o l ) i n t e r e s t s demand t h a t appointm ents fo llo w in g th e b a s ic p r i n c i p l e o f s e l e c t ing th e b e s t te a c h e r f o r a g iv en p o s i t i o n t h a t th e av ailab le salary w ill a t t r a c t . ( 97163) A fte r stu d y in g te a c h e r s e le c t io n in sch o o ls through o u t t h e U n ite d S t a t e s , A tk in s o n p r o p o s e d a s one o f h i s p r i n c i p l e s t h a t "The f a c t t h a t a n a p p l i c a n t i s a r e s i d e n t o f a com m unity o t h e r t h a n t h e o n e h e w i s h e s t o s e r v e s h o u l d n o t be c o n s i d e r e d a b a r t o h i s a p p o i n t m e n t a s a t e a c h e r i n any sc h o o l s y s t e m ." ( 8 : 1 3 9 ) B a r r i e r s t o a p p o in tm e n t w h ich a r e im posed s o l e l y a s a r e s u l t of r e s i d e n c e ,
th e re fo re,
appear in c o n f l i c t w ith
P rin c ip le V II. The 8 8 . 1 p e r c e n t o f C a l i f o r n i a a n d 8 4 . 1 p e r c e n t o f th e o u t - o f - s t a t e
ju n io r co lleg es re p o rtin g th a t resid en ce
i s n o t a s e l e c t i o n f a c t o r o n e way o r a n o t h e r a r e ,
on t h e
b a s is of th e c r i t e r i a proposed, m eetin g th e s ta n d a r d . o n l y two e x c e p t i o n s ,
W ith
th e rem aining ju n i o r c o lle g e s su p p ly
224
ing data fo r t iiis in v e s tig a tio n , s ig n if ie d a preference fo r the lo c a l r e sid e n ts providing th at oth er q u a lific a tio n s were equal to th at o f the n o n -resid en t.
In terms of the funda
mental c r ite r io n , in terms of the lim ite d evidence and a u th o r ita tiv e opinion which s lig h t l y favor the n on -resid en t, and in terms o f fa c to r s a sso cia ted w ith educational in breeding i t seems th at t h is p r a c tic e i s l e s s d esira b le than that subscribed to by the great m ajority o f junior c o lle g e s as in d icated above.
The 7 .1 per cent of C aliforn ia and
15.9 per cent of the o u t-o f-s ta te sch ools who g iv e p refer e n tia l treatment to lo c a l r e sid e n ts fo r equal q u a lific a tio n s may on th ese bases be considered not to have met the standard proposed.
On the same b ases, sm all o u t-o f-s ta te
junior* c o lle g e s are more o fte n delinquent in t h is regard than medium-sized or large sch o o ls, in s ta te or out of s t a t e . Travel D istance fo r In terview .
B esides residence
requirements i t appeared probable th a t other fa c to r s were at work having the same e f f e c t o f lim itin g the candidates fo r jun ior c o lle g e teaching p o s itio n s to those liv in g near the in d iv id u a l in s t it u t io n s .
I f the ad m in istrators, for example,
interview ed for whatever reason or reasons only those asp iran ts of easy a c c e s s , then other candidates liv in g a t a greater d istan ce and perhaps eq u ally or b e tte r q u a lifie d , would be elim inated in com petition fo r the p o s itio n s .
In
225
o r d e r t o a s c e r t a i n t o w hat e x t e n t t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s im posed on t h e m s e l v e s r e s t r a i n t s o f t h i s k i n d , r e s p o n d e n t s w e r e asked,
"From w h a t maximum d i s t a n c e do you f e e l
ju s t if i e d in
a s k i n g a n a p p l i c a n t t o t r a v e l f o r a n i n t e r v i e w a t h i s own expense?”
T a b l e s XXIV a n d XXV s u m m a r iz e t h e d a t a r e c e i v e d .
The m o s t s t r i k i n g f e a t u r e o f t h e d a t a i s t h e d i v e r s i t y of expressio n in d ic a te d .
The f i r s t f o u r i t e m s on b o t h
t a b l e s w ere in c lu d e d i n th e c h e c k - l i s t . w e r e w r i t t e n i n by t h e r e s p o n d e n t s .
A ll th e o th e r item s
I t seem s p r o b a b l e t h a t
t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f r e s p o n s e s would h av e been d i f f e r e n t had th e check l i s t responses.
i n c l u d e d a number of w r i t e - i n s a s a l t e r n a t e
The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s m u s t be made w i t h t h i s
l i m i t a t i o n i n m ind. The r e s p o n s e r e c e i v i n g p l u r a l i t y a p p r o v a l i n C a l i f o r n i a w as i t e m g .
T his w r i t e - i n re sp o n se s t a t e d t h a t
t h e maximum d i s t a n c e f r o m w h i c h t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s f e l t ju stified
i n a s k i n g a n a p p l i c a n t t o t r a v e l f o r an i n t e r v i e w
a t h i s own e x p e n s e d e p e n d e d on t h e w i s h e s o f t h e a p p l i c a n t . Ten, o r 2 6 .3 p e r c e n t , o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s c o n c u r r e d on t h i s p o i n t .
Seven, o r 1 7 .1 p e r c e n t,
of the o u t- o f - s ta te
s c h o o ls s u p p o r te d . th e view ,
enough so t h a t i t was ex c ee d ed
o n l y by i t e m d .
th en ,
S eventeen,
of t h e t o t a l number of
s e v e n ty -n in e sch o o ls responding to t h i s
q u estio n favored
t h e c o n d i t i o n w h e r e t h e a p p l i c a n t d e c i d e s t h e d i s t a n c e he
TABLE XXIV
MAXIMUM DISTANCE CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES FEEL JUSTIFIED IN ASKING APPLICANT TO TRAVEL AT OWN EXPENSE FOR INTERVIEW
Maximum travel distance »
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
50 miles 100 miles 150 miles 200 miles 500 miles 1000 miles
toy distance the applicant wishes None* The interviewer travels to the applicant i . Anywhere within California j. Depends on the a p p lica n ts qualifica^ tions
Totals
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 1-29 30-59 60 and over Totals Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num ber rcent ber cent ber cent cent ber 1
3
10*0 30.0 0.0 2 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 30.0
1 0
3
3 2 1 2 0 0
23.1
3 3
2 0 .0 20.0
7
18.4 2 1 .0
8 2 6 0 1 10
26.3
1 2 0 1
6.7 13.3
4
15.4 7.7 15.4 0.0 0 .0 50.8
3
2 0 .0
10.0 0 .0
0 0
0.0 0.0
0 2
13.3
1 2
2.6 5.3
0
0.0
1
7.7
0
0.0
1
2.6
10
100.0
13
10 0 .1
15
100.0
38
99.9
0 2 0 0
0.0
6.7 0.0
5.3 15.8 0.0 2.6
ro ro
Oi
TABLE XXV
MAXIMUM DISTANCE OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES FEEL JUSTIFIED IN ASKING APPLICANT TO TRAVEL AT OWN EXPENSE FOR INTERVIEW
Maximum travel distance
a, b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
50 miles 100 miles 150 miles 200 miles 500 miles 1000 miles
Any distance the applicant wishes lone. The interviewer travels to the applicant i . Hone. A ll or the major part of the expenses incurred by the applicant is assumed by the college ' j . Hone. The college assumes a substantial part of the applicant’s expenses
Totals
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 1-29 3 0 - 59 60 and over Totals Num Per Hum Per Num- Per Hum Per cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber 0 1
5 3
0 1
0 .0
7*7 58.5 25.1 0.0
1 2 0
5
15*4 15*4 7*7 15*4 7*7
6.7 13.5 0.0 3 3 .3 0.0 0.0 13.3
2 2 1 2 1 0
2
0.0
6 10 1 1
15*4
7
14.6 24.4 2.4 2.4 17*1
5 5
7*5
12.2
5
7*7 23.1
0 0 2
0
0.0
2
13.3
0
0.0
2
4.9
0
0.0
2
13.3
2
15*4
4
9*8
0
0.0
1
6.7
1
7*7
2
4.9
15
100.1
15
99.9
15
100.1
41
100.0
to TO
228
w i s h e s to t r a v e l f o r i n t e r v i e w ; t h i s p o i n t o f view r e c e i v e d th e p l u r a l i t y approval o f a l l respondent sc h o o ls. S ix te e n of th e se v e n ty -n in e resp o n d en ts s ta te d t h a t 200 m i l e s w as t h e maximum d i s t a n c e f ro m w h i c h an a p p l i c a n t s h o u l d t r a v e l a t h i s own e x p e n s e f o r a n i n t e r v i e w . d i s t a n c e w as r a n k e d s e c o n d i n j u s t i f i a b i l i t y . r a n k e d d i s t a n c e i s t h a t o f 100 m i l e s , of th e sev en ty -n in e resp o n d e n ts. m iles,
T his
The t h i r d
s u p p o r t e d by t h i r t e e n
I n f o u r t h p l a c e i s 50
s u p p o r t e d by t e n o f t h e t o t a l n um be r o f r e s p o n d e n t s . I t appears th a t th e C a lifo rn ia i n s t i t u t i o n s f e e l
m ore c o n s t r a i n e d i n a s k i n g a p p l i c a n t s t o t r a v e l f o r i n t e r v ie w t h a n t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s d o . per cen t,
F i f t e e n , o r 39 .4
o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s w ould l i m i t
t r a v e l t o 100 m i l e s , w h e r e a s e i g h t , th e o u t - o f - s t a t e co n tra st eig h t,
o r 19.5 p e r c e n t, o f
j u n i o r c o l l e g e s w o u ld do l i k e w i s e .
In
o r 21 .1 p e r c e n t, o f th e C a l i f o r n i a sc h o o ls
w o u l d l i m i t t r a v e l f r o m 100 t o 200 m i l e s w h e r e a s s i x t e e n , o r 39 .0 p e r c e n t,
of the o u t - o f - s t a t e
s c h o o l s w o u ld do
lik e w ise. I t a ls o ap p ears t h a t th e m a tte r of paying f o r a l l o r a p a r t o f t h e c a n d i d a t e ’ s e x p e n s e s i n c u r r e d i n t h e m aking th e in te rv ie w i s e x c lu s iv e ly a p r a c tic e o f o u t - o f - s t a t e ju n io r co lleg es.
S ix,
o r 14.7 p e r c e n t,
c o l l e g e s assume such e x p e n s e s .
of the o u t- o f - s ta te
None o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a
c o l l e g e s s i g n i f y t h a t t h e y do s o .
N eith er i s t h i s p ra c tic e
229
r e p o r t e d by any o f th e s m a ll o u t - o f - s t a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s . The w i d e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h i s q u e s t i o n p r e c lu d e s any f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s a c c o r d in g s i z e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . In keeping w ith th e c r i t e r i o n t h a t p la ce o f r e s id e n c e p r i o r t o a p p o i n t m e n t h a s no p a r t i c u l a r m e r i t ,
broadening of
t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l b a s e from w hich a p p l i c a n t s f o r t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n s may be draw n i n c r e a s e s t h e p r o b a b i l i t i e s t h a t t h e b e s t q u a l i f i e d c a n d i d a t e h a s n o t been e x c lu d e d from co n sid eratio n . The p r a c t i c e w h e r e b y t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s f e e l j u s t i f i e d i n a s k in g t h e a p p l i c a n t to t r a v e l any d i s t a n c e s he w i s h e s f o r i n t e r v i e w , i m p o s e s no p r e d e t e r m i n e d g e o g r a p h i c a l l i m i t a t i o n s f r o m w h i c h t h e c a n d i d a t e s may be d r a w n . p lu ra lity p ractice,
T his
u s e d by 2 1 . 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e s c h o o l s
surveyed, p erm its th e f u l l o p e ra tio n of th e m e rit p r in c ip le in th is regard.
E v e n s o , i f t h e e x p e n s e s t o b e b o r n e by
th e c a n d id a te a re la rg e , the f i n a n c i a l r i s k ;
h e may b e l i e v e t h a t h e c a n n o t a f f o r d
s u c h a c a n d i d a t e may t h e r e f o r e
be
e l i m i n a t e d f r o m c o n s i d e r a t i o n on o t h e r g r o u n d s t h a n p ro fe ssio n a l.
I f f o r no o t h e r r e a s o n t h e p r a c t i c e o f d e
f r a y i n g some o r a l l t h e e x p e n s e s o f t h e c a n d i d a t e r e g a r d l e s s o f d i s t a n c e t e n d s t o keep t h e o p p o r t u n i t y open t o a g r e a t e r number o f q u a l i f i e d a p p l i c a n t s .
F o u rte e n and s i x - t e n t h s
p e r cent o f th e o u t - o f - s t a t e sc h o o ls meet t h i s s u p e r io r
230 stan d ard . po in t.
None o f t h e
C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s q u a l i f y on t h i s
P e r h a p s one o f t h e m o s t s a t i s f a c t o r y p r a c t i c e
i s f o r t h e i n t e r v i e w e r t o go t o t h e c a n d i d a t e .
By t h i s
e x p e d i e n t 4*9 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e an d 2 , 6 p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s im p o s e no g e o g r a p h i c a l b a r r i e r s on t h e c a n d i d a t e a s a c o n d i t i o n f o r i n t e r v i e w a n d t h e r e f o r e on t h e b a s i s o f t h e
c r i t e r i a e m p lo y e d m e e t o r
exceed th e s ta n d a rd proposed i n t h i s r e g a r d . The r e m a i n i n g j u n i o r c o l l e g e s l i m i t i n v a r y i n g p r o p o r t i o n s th e g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a from w hich p o t e n t i a l c a n d i d a t e s may be d r a w n by t h e e x p e d i e n t o f i n t e r v i e w i n g o n l y t h o s e c a n d i d a t e s who l i v e w i t h i n a c e r t a i n d i s t a n c e .
The
f a c to r of tr a v e l d ista n c e fo r in te rv ie w poses a d if f e r e n t problem f o r a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s i t u a t e d i n s p a r s e l y p o p u la te d a r e a s a s c o m p a r e d t o one l o c a t e d i n o r n e a r a m e t r o p o l i t a n area.
I t w o u l d be p o s s i b l e ,
f o r e x a m p l e , t h a t i n one c a s e
a f i f t y m i l e l i m i t w o u l d p r o d u c e no q u a l i f i e d a p p l i c a n t s w h erea s i n t h e o t h e r c a s e a s i m i l a r l i m i t w ould p rodu ce q u a l i f i e d a p p l i c a n t s i n c o n s id e r a b le num bers.
A fixed
t r a v e l d i s t a n c e t h e n c a n h a r d l y become a d e f e n s i b l e stan d ard e q u a lly a p p lic a b le to a l l
ju n io r co lleg es.
N ever
t h e l e s s an i n c r e a s e i n g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a t e n d s t o i n c r e a s e t h e n u m be r o f p o t e n t i a l c a n d i d a t e s , a n d a d e c r e a s e i n a r e a t e n d s t o d e c r e a s e t h e n um be r o f p o t e n t i a l c a n d i d a t e s .
231 Of t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s w h i c h s u p p l i e d d a t a f o r t h i s q u e s t i o n 200 m i l e s s t a n d s a t t h e m i d p o i n t o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n . U s i n g t h i s n u m b e r a s a p o i n t o f r e f e r e n c e i t may be n o t e d t h a t 44 .7 p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a and 3 4 .1 p e r c e n t o f th e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o ls a r e below t h i s f i g u r e ;
1 5 .8 p e r c e n t of
t h e C a l i f o r n i a and. 2 4 . 4 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s are a t th is fig u re;
an d 7 . 9 p e r c e n t a n d 4 . $ p e r c e n t
r e s p e c t i v e l y e x c e e d t h i s f i g u r e , b u t a r e b elo w t h e n o - l i m i t d i s t a n c e s t i p u l a t e d by s o m e . PROFESSIONAL FACTORS Minimum e d u c a t i o n a l p r e p a r a t i o n .
P u b lic school boards
may n o t a p p o i n t t o a t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n a p e r s o n n o t h o l d i n g th e n ecessary c e r t i f i c a t e issu e d under s ta te a u th o rity ,
but
they are fre e to l i m it th e s e le c tio n of te a c h e rs to th o se w h o se e d u c a t i o n a l p r e p a r a t i o n e x c e e d i n on e way o r a n o t h e r t h e m in i m a s e t up by t h e s t a t e . { 9 7 : 5 6 ) In o rd e r to o b ta in in fo rm a tio n apropos th e r e o f , r e s p o n d e n ts were a s k e d t h i s
q u estio n ,
nAs a m a t t e r o f o f f i c i a l
p o l i c y , w h a t minimum e d u c a t i o n a l p r e p a r a t i o n m u s t be m e t b e f o re th e a p p lic a n t i s g iv en c o n s id e r a tio n f o r ap p o in tm en t?” The d a t a o b t a i n e d a r e s u m m a r i z e d i n T a b l e s XXVI a n d XXVTI f o r th e C a l i f o r n i a and o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o ls r e s p e c t i v e l y . By r e f e r e n c e t o i t e m a ,
i t w i l l be n o t i c e d t h a t
TABLE XXVI
OFFICIAL POLICY OF CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES AS TO MINIMUM EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION NEEDED TO QUALIFY FOR TEACHING POSITIONS
Minimum educational preparation
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers Totals 1 - 29. 60 and over 30 - 5 9 Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per cent ber cent ber cent ber cent- ber
a. Bachelor's degree
2
15.4
0
0.0
1
6.3
3
7.1
b. Bachelor's degree plus one year of graduate work
4
50.8
6
46.2
1
6.5
11
26.2
c. Master's degree
3
23.1
1
7.7
10
62.5
14
33.3
d. No particular minimum as long as appli cant can get an emergency credential
1
7.7
5
25.1
0
0.0
4
9.5
e. Minimum determined by c e r tific a tio n since emergency credential holders are not appointed
3
25.1
3
23.1
3
18.8
9
21.4
f . No particular minimum; determined by other factors
0
0.0
0
0.0
1
6.5
1
2.4
13
100.1
15
100.1
16
100.2
42
99.9
Totals
ro ro
TABLE XXVII
OFFICIAL POLICY OF OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES AS TO MINIMUM EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION NEEDED TO QUALIFY FOR TEACHING POSITIONS
Minimum educational preparation
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 1 - 29 30 - 59 60 and over Totals Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per cent ber ber cent ber cent ber cent
a. B achelors degree
4
28.6
3
17.6
4
30.8
11
25.0
b. Bachelor1s degree plus one year of graduate ¥ork
2
14.3
1
5.9
1
7.7
4
9.1
c. Master*s degree
8
57.1
10
58.8
7
53.8
25
56.8
d. No particular minimum as long as appli cant can get an emergency credential
0
0.0
1
5.9
0
0.0
1
2.3
e. Minimum determined by c e r tifica tio n since emergency credential holders are not appointed
0
0.0
1
5.9
1
7.7
2
4.5
f . No particular minimum; determined by other factors
0
0.0
1
5.9
0
7.7
1
2.3
14
100.0
17
100.0
13
100.0
1j4
100.0
Totals
VjJ
V>J
234 ♦
th ree,
o r 7 .1 per cen t,
o r 2 5 .0 per cen t,
o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o ls and e l e v e n ,
o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s by o f f i c i a l
p o l i c y r e q u i r e a s t h e minimum e d u c a t i o n a l p r e p a r a t i o n o f te a c h e rs the b a c h e lo r’s degree.
R e s p o n d e n t s who commented
on t h i s p o l i c y made s u c h e x p l a n a t i o n s a s ”we h o p e f o r m a s t e r ’ s d e g r e e ” , ’’m a s t e r ’ s d e g r e e p r e f e r r e d ” , o r ”we p r e f e r a y e a r o r m ore o f g r a d u a t e w o r k ” . are r e p r e s e n ta tiv e of th e fo u rteen
I f t h e s e comments
sch o o ls fa v o rin g item
a d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , i t w ould a p p e a r t h a t i n p r a c t i c e t h e minimum e d u c a t i o n a l p r e p a r a t i o n o f t e a c h e r s r e q u i r e d i n th e s e i n s t i t u t i o n s i s approaching t h a t of th e m a s t e r ’ s d e g re e o r one y e a r o f g r a d u a t e w ork. In item b i t
is
shown t h a t i n C a l i f o r n i a e l e v e n , o r
2 6.2 p e r c e n t, o f th e sc h o o ls r e q u ir e as a m a tte r o f p o lic y t h e b a c h e l o r ’ s d e g re e p l u s one y e a r o f g r a d u a t e w ork w h e r e a s o nly fo u r, o r 9 .1 p e r c e n t, th a t req uirem ent.
o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s make
In C a lifo rn ia t h i s
o f th e sm a ll and m edium -sized s c h o o ls ,
p o licy i s d e s c rip tiv e but not of th e la rg e
sch o o ls. The p o l i c y w h i c h r e c e i v e d t h e m o s t s u p p o r t b o t h i n s t a t e and o u t o f s t a t e w as t h a t o f r e q u i r i n g t h e m a s t e r ’ s d e g r e e a s p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r em ploym ent. fo u rteen ,
o r 33.3 p e r c e n t ,
In C a lif o rn ia
of th e schools d e sig n ate d t h i s
a s t h e p o l i c y a s compared w i t h t w e n t y - f i v e , o r 5 6 . 8 p e r c e n t , of th e o u t - o f - s t a t e
s c h o o ls w hich d id s o .
I t w i l l be n o t i c e d
235
i n i t e m c , T a b l e 3QCVT, t i i a t t h e l o w e r o v e r a l l p e r c e n t a g e i n C a l i f o r n i a r e s u l t s from t h e l i m i t e d u se o f t h i s r e q u i r e ment i n th e s m a ll and m e d iu m -siz ed s c h o o l s .
I t appears th a t
th e l a r g e C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l le g e s a l i g n th e m selv es w ith t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s on b o t h i t e m b a n d c . L ittle
s u p p o r t i s g iv e n ite m d, w h e r e in th e p o l i c y
w i t h r e s p e c t t o minimum e d u c a t i o n a l p r e p a r a t i o n i s
determ ined
by w h a t e v e r i s n e c e s s a r y t o g e t a n e m e r g e n c y c r e d e n t i a l . Only f o u r , one,
o r 9.5 p e r c e n t,
of t h e C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o ls , and
o r 2 .3 p e r c e n t, o f th e o u t - o f - s t a t e
schools su b scrib ed
to t h i s p o l i c y . I n C a l i f o r n i a c o n s i d e r a b l e s u p p o r t w as g i v e n t h e p o l i c y o f a c c e p t i n g a s t h e minimum e d u c a t i o n a l p r e p a r a t i o n w hatever i s
demanded by t h e r e g u l a r s t a t e
te a c h in g in the ju n io r c o lle g e .
N ine,
t h e s c h o o l s c o n c u r r e d on t h i s p o i n t . s c h o o l s , o n l y tw o, o r 4 .5 p e r c e n t ,
c e rtificate
for
o r 21 .4 p er c e n t,
of
Among t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e concurred.
R e s p o n d e n t s who i n d i c a t e d a y e a r o f g r a d u a t e w ork o r t h e e q u i v a l e n t , o r t h e m a s t e r * s d e g r e e a s a minimum r e q u i r e m e n t f o r a p p o i n t m e n t o f t e a c h e r s commented t h a t a l t h o u g h su ch was t h e p o l i c y , T y p i c a l comments w e r e ,
e x c e p tio n s were i n o r d e r .
" t r a d e e x p e r ie n c e f o r shop i n s t r u c t o r s
r e q u i r e d r a t h e r th a n c o l le g e training**, but not n e c e s s a r ily f o r tra d e tr a in in g " , except f o r s p e c ia l co u rses",
"m aster’s degree, "m a ste r’s degree,
or " v a rie s w ith f i e l d ta u g h t" .
236 The e x c e p t i o n s o f t h e p o l i c y a p p l y f o r t h e m o s t p a r t t o trad e or v o catio n al te a c h e rs ,
and t o t e a c h e r s o f c e r t a i n
s p e c i a l c l a s s e s w here th e s u p p ly o f t e a c h e r s i s l i m i t e d an d w h e r e t h e i r t r a i n i n g
is
such a s to m in im iz e e d u c a t i o n a l
p r e p a r a t i o n a s m e a s u r e d by d e g r e e s o r g r a d u a t e w o r k . T r a i n i n g i s u n i v e r s a l l y r e c o g n i z e d a s on e o f t h e d esirab le
b a s e s f o r j u d g i n g t e a c h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s . ( 2 8 : 177)
C e r t i f i c a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s demand t h a t a s p e c i f i e d minimum o f t r a i n i n g be c o n c l u d e d .
L o c a l d i s t r i c t s may demand a
h ig h e r sta n d a rd of t r a i n i n g th a n t h a t needed f o r c e r t i f i c a tio n .
H ig h e r s t a n d a r d s i n v o l v e am ount, q u a l i t y ,
and k i n d
o f t r a i n i n g . (28:178) In an e a r l i e r
c h a p t e r i t w as n o t e d t h a t a m a j o r s o u r c e
of d is c o n te n t w ith th e p re p a ra tio n o f ju n io r c o lle g e te a c h e rs o r i g i n a t e d in t h e q u a l i t y and kind o f t r a i n i n g , i n th e am ount.*
r a t h e r than
B ut i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n t h e q u a l i t y a n d k i n d
o f t r a i n i n g t h a t j u n i o r c o l l e g e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s and e x p e r t s s a y th e y - n e e d , t h e t i m e f a c t o r a l s o m u s t be c o n s i d e r e d . Ju n io r co lleg e a d m in istra to rs are in te re s te d in t e a c h e r s who c a n t e a c h a s o p p o s e d t o t e a c h e r s who c a n do research.
G a r r i s o n r e p o r t e d a growing d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h
th e d o c to r o f p h ilo so p h y degree as a d e s ir a b l e g o a l f o r ju n io r c o lle g e t e a c h e r s .(52:137)
* C h a p t e r IV
D o u g l a s s recom mended i n
237
l i e u of the d o c to ra te in p h ilo so p h y ,
one t o t h r e e y e a r s o f
g r a d u a t e t r a i n i n g w i t h a minimum o f t h e m a s t e r ’ s d e g r e e f o r t e a c h e r s o f a c a d e m i c s u b j e c t s . (43: 89-90) K i l z e r made e x a c t l y t h e same p r o p o s a l . ( 8 7 : 4&3)
M a xw e ll a n d Dean
B u s s e l l o f C o lu m b ia U n i v e r s i t y p r e s e n t e d a s i m i l a r p o i n t o f view i n h i s r e p o r t t o t h e t r u s t e e s i n 1 9 4 3 .( 1 1 6 :3 2 7 -2 8 ) A p a r t of h is
statem en t re a d s :
The new p r o g r a m o f t r a i n i n g s h o u l d b e m ore e x a c t i n g a n d e x t e n s i v e t h a n t h a t f o r t h e u s u a l M.A. d e g r e e . O b v i o u s l y i t s h o u l d be o f a t y p e d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a t u s u a l l y dem anded f o r t h e P h . D . d e g r e e . What t h e s e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s and t e r m i n a l i n s t i t u t e s w i l l n e e d on t h e i r s t a f f s i s not r e s e a r c h e r s o r advanced s c h o la rs b u t c o m p e t e n t t e a c h e r s and men a n d women i n t e r e s t e d i n y oung a d u l t s , t h e i r p r o b l e m s a n d t h e i r g u i d a n c e . ( 116:328) I n 1946 R e y n o l d s , who made a s p e c i a l s t u d y o f t h e p r e p a r a t io n needed f o r j u n i o r c o lle g e i n s t r u c t o r s ,
proposed
a p e r i o d o f t h r e e y e a r s o r m ore o f s t u d y beyond t h e so p h o m o r e y e a r o f c o l l e g e . ( 113 '• 34-45 ) a d e g r e e o f a new t y p e t o
A l s o i n 1946, C o l v e r t s u g g e s t e d
be a w a r d e d a t t h e en d o f a n
approved tw o -y ear g ra d u a te p ro g ra m .( 3 1 •39-4 0 ) R esearch s tu d ie s ,
c o n c u r r e n t l y b e i n g made, p r o p o s e
to i n v e s t i g a t e p r e - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g f o r i n s t r u c t o r s in th e t e r m i n a l a n d a c a c ^ i i c f i e l d s i n j u n i o r c o l l e g e s . ( I l l :3 3 9 ) The f i n d i n g s a r e y e t u n a v a i l a b l e . There i s
some q u e s t i o n a s t o w h e t h e r f i v e y e a r s o f
c o l l e g i a t e g ra d e w ork i s
s u it a b le f o r te a c h e rs of co u rses
or c u r r ic u la defin ed as te c h n ic a l.
A sub-com m ittee of th e
23 $ California State Junior College Association recently proposed a new generalized credential which should include the following: Require four years of engineering-type training and a teacher-training program outlined for the purpose, or two years of college training and three years of trade experience as a journeyman {or comparable experience) and the eventual completion of a teachertraining program of about twenty-four units.(126:2) In accordance with the views expressed, the present investigator concludes that for the time being the masterTs degree represents the minimum acceptable standard of preparation of teachers for academic-type subjects. No d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n b e t w e e n a c a d e m i c a n d n o n - a c a d e m i c t e a c h e r s w as a t t e m p t e d i n t h e c h e c k - l i s t q u e s t i o n p e r t a i n ing to e d u c a tio n a l p r e p a r a tio n as a sta n d a rd of e l i g i b i l i t y . I t seem s r e a s o n a b l e t o a s s u m e i n v ie w o f t h e t y p i c a l comments w r i t t e n by t h e r e s p o n d e n t s , , t h a t t h e q u e s t i o n w as a n s w e r e d p r i m a r i l y from t h e p o i n t o f view o f t h e s o - c a l l e d academ ic teach e r.
I n s o f a r as th e req u irem e n t f o r th e b ac h elo r* s
d e g r e e a s a minimum s t a n d a r d f o r a p p o i n t m e n t a p p l i e s t o academ ic t e a c h e r s ,
i t w o u l d a p p e a r t o be b e l o w s t a n d a r d .
F u r t h e r e v i d e n c e a l o n g t h i s l i n e i s g i v e n by t h e r e s p o n d e n t s t h e m s e l v e s who i n d i c a t e d m ore t r a i n i n g w as d e s i r a b l e . E m e r g e n c y c r e d e n t i a l h o l d e r s a r e a s s u r e d t o b e b elow stan d ard .
If th is an aly sis is
c o rre c t 1 6 .6 per cent of
t h e C a l i f o r n i a and 2 7 .3 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r
239
c o l l e g e s a c c e p t t e a c h e r s w h o se e d u c a t i o n a l p r e p a r a t i o n i s l e s s t h a n t h e minimum s t a n d a r d . The 3 3 . 3 p e r c e n t o f C a l i f o r n i a a n d $ 6 . 8 p e r c e n t o f th e o u t - o f - s t a t e ju n io r c o lle g e s r e q u ir in g the m aster*s d e g r e e a s a c o n d i t i o n o f em p lo y m e n t a p p e a r t o b e a t t h e minimum a c c e p t a b l e s t a n d a r d f o r a c a d e m i c t e a c h e r s . I n s o f a r a s th e d a t a r e f e r s to academ ic t e a c h e r s , j u n i o r c o l l e g e s w hich r e p o r t t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f one y e a r o f g r a d u a t e s t u d y a s a c o n d i t i o n o f e m p lo y m e n t, n o t re q u ir e th e m a s te r 's degree, minimum a c c e p t a b l e s t a n d a r d .
b u t w h i c h do
ap p e ar to approxim ate th e
On t h e b a s i s $ 0 . 1 p e r c e n t
o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a and 1 $ .9 p e r c e n t r e q u i r e e d u c a t i o n a l p r e p a r a t i o n a s a p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r a p p o in tm e n t w hich approxim ates th e proposed s ta n d a rd . No s c h o o l r e p o r t e d t r a i n i n g s t a n d a r d s f o r e l i g i b i l i t y , re q u ire d as a m a tte r of p o lic y ,
in excess of th e m a s te r ’s
degree. P rev io u s te ach in g ex p erien ce as a p r e r e q u is ite fo r ap p oin tm en t.
A c c o r d i n g t o a s t u d y made i n 1 9 4 2 ,
schools
r e p o r te d a i n c r e a s in g ten d en cy to r e q u i r e te a c h in g ex p e rien ce as a p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r appointm ent a t each su cceeding o r g a n iz a tio n a l l e v e l s t a r t i n g w ith th e elem en tary s c h o o l a n d e n d i n g w i t h t h e s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l . ( 9 7 • 5&)
In
o rd e r to determ ine th e s t a t u s o f ju n io r c o lle g e p r a c t i c e in t h i s r e g a r d , r e s p o n d e n t s w ere a s k ed t h i s
q u estio n ,
**As a
240
m a t t e r o f o f f i c i a l p o l i c y , how many y e a r s o f c e r t i f i c a t e d ex p erien ce a r e re q u ire d f o r i n i t i a l appointm ent?”
T ables
X X V III a n d XXIX s u m m a r iz e t h e r e p l i e s o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d o u t - o f - s t a t e respo n dents r e s p e c tiv e ly . The t a b l e s r e v e a l t h a t a l a r g e m a j o r i t y o f t h e j u n i o r co lleg es o f f i c i a l l y appointm ent.
r e q u i r e no c e r t i f i c a t e d e x p e r i e n c e f o r
T h irty th re e ,
o r 78 .6 p er c e n t,
C a l i f o r n i a sc h o o ls and t h i r t y one,
of the
or 73 .8 p e r c e n t,
o u t - o f - s t a t e sch o o ls s u b s c rib e to t h i s p r a c t i c e .
of th e
The
r e m a i n i n g s c h o o l s r e q u i r e some t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e b e f o r e a c a n d id a te i s given c o n s id e r a ti o n f o r ap p o in tm e n t. C a l i f o r n i a an d o u t - o f - s t a t e
schools a l i k e ,
In
t h e m odal number
o f y e a r s o f e x p e r i e n c e i s two among t h o s e i n s t i t u t i o n s m aking any r e q u i r e m e n t s i n t h i s r e g a r d .
Three o u t - o f - s t a t e
re s p o n d e n ts gave c o n d i t i o n a l answ ers t o t h i s
qu estio n ,
s t a t i n g t h a t e x p e r i e n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s d e p e n d e d on t h e t y p e or le v e l of p o s itio n . S c h o o l s i z e d o e s n o t a p p e a r t o be f a c t o r i n e m p lo y m e n t o r non-em ploym ent o f t h e t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e p r e r e q u i s i t e to i n i t i a l ap p o in tm en t. T w e n t y - f i v e o f t h e e i g h t y - t w o r e s p o n d e n t s commented on t h e q u e s t i o n i n t h e b l a n k s p a c e p r o v i d e d i n t h e c h e c k l i s t . F i f t e e n s i g n i f i e d t h a t a l t h o u g h no c a n d i d a t e w as b a r r e d f r o m c o n s i d e r a t i o n b e c a u s e he h a d h a d no p r e v i o u s t e a c h i n g
TABLE XXVIII
OFFICIAL POLICY CONCERNING NUMBER OF YEARS OF CERTIFICATED TEACHING EXPERIENCE REQUIRED FOR INITIAL APPOINTMENT IN CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES
Number of years
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 1 - 29 30 - 5 9 60 and over Totals Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per cent ber ber cent ber cent cent ber
a. None
10
76-9
10
76.9
13
81.2
33
78.6
b. One
0
0,0
0
0.0
Q
0.0
0
0.0
c. Two
2
15.4
2
15.4
1
6.3
5
11.9
d. Three
1
7.7
1
7*7
1
6.3
3
7.1
e. Four
0
0,0
0
0.0
1
6.3
1
2.4
13
100.0
13
100.0
16
100.2
42
100.0
Totals
ro
4r
H
TABLE XXIX
OFFICIAL POLICY CONCERNING NUMBER OF YEARS OF CERTIFICATED TEACHING EXPERIENCE REQUIRED FOR INITIAL APPOINTMENT IN OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES
Number of years
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 1 - 29 30 - 59 60 and over Totals Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber
a. None
10
71.4
13
81.3
8
66.7
31
73.8
b. One
1
7.1
0
0.0
1
8.3
2
4.8
c. Two
2
14.3
1
6.3
2
16.7
5
11.9
d. Three
1
7.1
0
0.0
0
0.0
1
2.4
e. Four
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
f . Other
0
0.0
2
12.5
1
8.3
3
7 .1
Totals
14
99.9
16
100.1
12
100.0
42
100.0
Of the 44 ou t-of-state junior colleges contributing data for th is investigation, two require no c e r tific a tio n for any oft their teachers and were omitted in the table above.
ro
ro
243
e x p e r i e n c e , y e t i n p r a c t i c e t h e e x p e r i e n c e d t e a c h e r w as preferred.
The e x p r e s s i o n s v a r i e d f r o m s u c h g e n e r a l s t a t e
m e n t s a s " p r e f e r t e a c h e r s w i t h e x p e r i e n c e " t o t h e m o re sp e cific,
" a s a m a t t e r o f p r a c t i c e tw o o r t h r e e
years".
Of
t h e r e s p o n d e n t s who made comments on t h e d e s i r a b i l i t y o f t e a c h e r e x p e r i e n c e , t h r e e y e a r s w as m o s t o f t e n m e n t i o n e d a s t h e minimum p r e f e r r e d . P re fe rr e d le v e l o f previous e x p e rie n c e . j u n i o r c o l l e g e l i t e r a t u r e d is a g r e e m e n t h a s been
In th e expressed
a s to w hat l e v e l o f p re v io u s te a c h in g e x p e rie n c e i s m ost d e s ira b le in can d id ates fo r ju n io r c o lle g e teach in g p o s itio n s . I t h a s been p o i n t e d o u t i n a n e a r l i e r c h a p t e r t h a t m o s t te a c h e rs in th e ju n io r c o lle g e s o b ta in teach in g experience in th e s e n io r high sc h o o ls p r i o r to s e rv ic e i n th e ju n io r c o lle g e s.*
A c c o r d i n g l y i t se e m e d d e s i r a b l e t o f i n d o u t
what p r e f e r e n c e s j u n i o r c o l l e g e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s have w ith r e s p e c t such e x p e rie n c e , T able 2 H
sum m arizes t h e d a t a o b t a in e d from r e s p o n
d e n ts answ ering th e q u e s tio n , e x p e r i e n c e do y o u p r e f e r ,
"What l e v e l o f p r e v i o u s
oth er q u a lific a tio n s
E a c h r e s p o n d e n t w as a s k e d t o r a n k , th e follo w ing :
in order of h is preference,
u n iv e rs ity or co lleg e,
* C h a p t e r IV
being eq u a l? "
ju n io r co lleg e,
sen io r
TABLE
XXX
LEVEL OP PREVIOUS TEACHING EXPERIENCE PREFERRED BY JUNIOR COLLEGE ADMINISTRATORS IN SELECTING TEACHERS
Level
Average rank Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 1 - 29 30 - 59 60 and over Totals In In Out Out In Out In Out state of state of state of sta te of state state state sta te
a.
University or college
3.4
2.3
2.7
2.3
2.3
2.2
3.0
2.3
b.
Junior college
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.3
c.
Senior high schools
2.0
2.6
2.3
2.6
2.2
2.5
2.2
2.6
d.
Junior high school
3.7
3.6
4.0
3.3
3.7
3.9
3.3
3.3
e.
Elementary school
4.5
4.9
4.6
5.0
5.0
4.9
4.3
4.9
Average number of junior colleges contributing data (to the nearest 12 whole number)
13
12
16
15
11
39
40
*1+IZ
Average ranks' in th is table wer'e computed 'from numbers with 1 equal to f i r s t preference, 2 equal to second preference, etc.
245 high sch o o l,
j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l , and e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l .
In C a lif o rn ia a s w ell as out of s t a t e ,
th e p re f e r re d
e x p e rien ce of te a c h e r s p r i o r to a proposed ju n io r c o lle g e appointm ent i s
in an o th er ju n io r c o lle g e .
T his h o ld s t r u e
fo r ju n io r co lleg es re g a rd le ss of s iz e c la s s i f ic a ti o n . C a l i f o r n i a and o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l le g e s a l s o
The
concur in
t h e i r ra n k in g o f ex p e rie n c e in th e j u n io r h igh sch o o l f o u r th , and e x p e r i e n c e i n t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l a s l a s t ,
or f if th .
H ow ever i n C a l i f o r n i a s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l e x p e r i e n c e i s p r e f e r r e d o v er u n i v e r s i t y o r c o lle g e e x p e rie n c e , and t h i s is tru e reg ard le ss of siz e c la s s if ic a tio n .
In c o n tra s t
among o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s e x p e r i e n c e i n t h e u n i v e r s i t y or c o lle g e i s p r e fe rre d to experience in th e s e n io r h ig h sch o o l, and t h i s i s t r u e r e g a r d l e s s of s i z e c l a s s i f i c a tio n . The c l o s e n u m e r i c a l a g r e e m e n t among t h e a v e r a g e r a n k s co m p u te d f o r t h e e x p e r i e n c e l e v e l o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e ,
the
ju n io r h ig h sc h o o l, and th e elem entary s c h o o l, b o th in s t a t e and o u t o f s t a t e l e n d s c r e d e n c e t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s in p r e f e r e n c e s accorded th e s e n i o r high s c h o o l and u n i v e r s i t y o r c o l l e g e e x p e rie n c e s a r e r e a l d i f f e r e n c e s . T h i s i s a l s o b o r n e o u t by t h e c l o s e n u m e r i c a l a g r e e m e n t on th e ra n k s f o r s e n i o r h ig h s c h o o l and u n i v e r s i t y o r c o l le g e e x p e r i e n c e when s e p a r a t e d a s t o i n s t a t e o r o u t o f s t a t e .
246
In C a lif o rn ia ,
f o r e x a m p l e , i t may be o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e
r a n k g i v e n s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l e x p e r i e n c e w as 2 . 0 ,
2 .3 ,
2.2
f o r s m a ll, m ed ium -sized , and l a r g e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s resp e ctiv e ly .
For o u t- o f - s ta te
f i g u r e s were 2 .6 ,
2 .6 ,
j u n i o r c o l l e g e s t h e com parable
and 2 . 3 .
A nother i n d i c a t i o n o f th e p r e f e r e n c e in C a l i f o r n i a f o r s e n io r high school ex p erien ce over u n iv e r s i ty o r co lleg e experien ce, but n o t rev ealed in th e ta b le , i s
th e
f a c t t h a t s i x re s p o n d e n ts ranked th e form er i n f i r s t p la c e e v e n a h e a d o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e e x p e r i e n c e , a s com pared w i t h t h r e e who d i d l i k e w i s e f o r t h e u n i v e r s i t y o r c o l l e g e experience l e v e l .
In o u t- o f - s ta te ju n io r c o lle g e s ,
seven
re sp o n d e n ts ranked u n iv e r s ity o r c o lle g e ex p erien ce f i r s t , and two d i d so f o r h i g h s c h o o l e x p e r i e n c e . I t ap p ears th a t th e p re fe re n c e in C a lifo rn ia o f hig h s c h o o l t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e o v e r t h a t o f the u n i v e r s i t y o r c o l l e g e i s more p ro n o u n ced th a n th e o u t - o f - s t a t e p r e f e r e n c e of u n i v e r s i ty o r c o lle g e ex p erien ce over h igh school ex p er ie n ce.
The d i f f e r e n c e i n r a n k i n C a l i f o r n i a i s
pared to
,3 i n o u t - o f - s t a t e
. 8 a s com
ju n io r co lleg es.
When t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d o u t - o f - s t a t e d a t a a r e com bined, t h e a v e r a g e r a n k g i v e n t o t h e v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f te ach in g experience in the order of p re fe re n c e a re : c o lle g e , 1 .3 ; 2 .6 ;
s e n io r h ig h sch o o l,
ju n io r
2 .4 ; u n iv e rs ity or co lleg e
j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l 3* 6 ; e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l , 4 . 9 *
247
E x p e r i e n c e i s r e g a r d e d a s a p r o p e r f a c t o r t o be c o n s id e r e d in t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t e a c h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n . (28:177) As i n t h e c a s e w i t h t r a i n i n g , w ish,
l o c a l d i s t r i c t s may, i f t h e y
s e t up s t a n d a r d s o f e x p e r i e n c e t o be m e t by new
teach ers. The r e q u i r e m e n t o f t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e b e f o r e i n i t i a l appointm ent e n a b le s d i s t r i c t s
em ploying such a s t a n d a r d to
c h o o s e t h e i r t e a c h i n g p e r s o n n e l f r o m t h o s e who h a v e p r o v e d th e m s e lv e s .(1 1 0 :1 8 0 )
B e c a u s e o f m ore a t t r a c t i v e i n d u c e m e n t s
e ith e r in s o c ia l or p ro fe s s io n a l o p p o rtu n itie s or h ig h er salary ,
some d i s t r i c t s a r e a b l e t o e n f o r c e s u c h a r e q u i r e
ment . ( 1 4 6 : 1 9 6 )
T h is p r a c t i c e h a s been th e s u b j e c t o f con
sid e ra b le controversy.
As l o n g a g o a s 1923 3 a c o m m i t t e e o f
th e N a tio n a l E ducation A s s o c ia tio n ' c r i t i c i z e d ex p e rien ce re q u ire m e n ts in th e s e w ords: I t i s n o t d e s i r a b l e a n d s h o u l d n o t be n e c e s s a r y f o r . th e s c h o o l a u t h o r i t i e s o f one d i s t r i c t t o i n s i s t t h a t you ng a n d u n t r a i n e d t e a c h e r s s e r v e t h e i r f i r s t e x p e rie n c e a t th e expense o f th e c h i ld r e n o f a n o th e r d istric t. I f a l l t e a c h e r s were t r a i n e d i n s t a n d a r d norm al s c h o o ls o r t r a i n i n g c l a s s e s w here th e y had a m p le o p p o r t u n i t y t o do p r a c t i c e t e a c h i n g u n d e r c l o s e g u i d a n c e a n d s u p e r v i s i o n , t h e r e w o u l d be no e x c u s e except s e l f i s h n e s s to j u s t i f y a req u irem en t of e x p e rie n c e elsew h ere b e fo re a t e a c h e r i s e l e c t e d to a te a c h i n g p o s i t i o n . ( 9 9 ‘4^) Moehlman c r i t i c i z e d e x p e r i e n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s a s demon s t r a t i n g a l a c k o f s o c i a l v i s i o n and s h i r k i n g o f p r o f e s s i o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y on p a r t of th e r i c h e r d i s t r i c t . ( 8 9 : 3 9 3 }
24 8
O t h e r s h a v e s a id , t h a t i t
i s u n f a i r t o i m p o s e t h i s b u r d e n so
l a r g e l y on t h e s m a l l a n d p o o r s c h o o l s . ( 7 9 - 3 4 1 - 4 2 ; 8 7 : 4 ^ 5 ; 4 9 :1 7 9 ; 21:286)
A t t h e same t i m e t h e y h a v e s u g g e s t e d t h a t
a n e f f e c t i v e c o m p ro m is e c a n be e f f e c t e d by e a c h d i s t r i c t accepting a ju s t
share of in e x p e rie n c e d te a c h e r s .
T his
p o i n t o f view i s i n a c c o rd w i t h t h a t o f t h e N a t i o n a l Educa t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n a s e x p r e s s e d by i t s R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n , (9 7 :5 & ) a n d a l s o w i t h t h a t o f t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f C o lle g e s and S eco n d ary S c h o o l s .( 8 7 :4 ^ 5 ) D o u g l a s s t a k e s a s t a n d more f a v o r a b l e t o u s e o f experience req u irem en ts.
A c c o r d i n g t o h im i t i s i n t h e
i n t e r e s t of th e l o c a l d i s t r i c t to o b ta in th e b e s t te a c h e r s o b t a i n a b l e and i f e x p e r i e n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s can be e n f o r c e d , t h i s i s a way o f a b e t t i n g t h e d e s i r e d r e s u l t . ( 4 3 : 8 8 - 8 9 ) R e s e a r c h s t u d i e s o f C o u lb o u rn and A tk in s o n b o th s u p p o r t t h e v i e w t h a t t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e s h o u l d n o t be c o n sid ered a s a n e c e s s a ry p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r ap p o in tm en t. (37:22;
8:142-43) The p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t o r a c c e p t s t h e
fin d in g s of
C o u l b o u r n an d A t k i n s o n i n t h i s r e g a r d a s b e i n g c o n s o n a n t w ith th e m e rit p r in c ip l e in th e s e le c tio n of te a c h e rs in t h a t i t l e a v e s t h e d o o r open to t h e b e s t q u a l i f i e d p e rs o n who i n some c a s e s may be i n e x p e r i e n c e d i n c e r t i f i c a t e d e m p lo y m e n t.
F urtherm ore th e e l im in a tio n o f b la n k e t
e x p e rie n c e re q u ire m e n ts p erm it th e sc h o o ls to assum e,
in
249
a c c o rd a n c e w i t h t h e view s o f th e a u t h o r i t i e s c i t e d ,
th e ir
ju s t share of in ex p erien ced te a c h e rs . In C a lif o r n ia , 7 8 .6 p er c e n t, 73 .8 p e r c e n t,
and o u t - o f - s t a t e ,
o f *the j u n i o r c o l l e g e s r e q u i r i n g no p r e v i o u s
c e r t i f i c a t e d t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e a s a c o n d i t i o n o f e m p lo y ment hav e a d o p te d a p o l i c y w hich i s i n a c c o r d w ith th e c r i t e r i o n developed.
The r e m a i n i n g s c h o o l s ,
i n C a l i f o r n i a an d 2 6 . 2 p e r c e n t o u t - o f - s t a t e ,
21 .4 p e r cen t by r e q u i r i n g
te a c h e r experience as a m a tte r of p o lic y are not in accord w ith th e c r i t e r i o n developed. On a c o m p a r a t i v e b a s i s t h e p o l i c i e s o f t h e j u n i o r c o lle g e s surveyed a re in advance o f th o s e r e p o r te d f o r s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l s by o t h e r r e s e a r c h e r s .
The p e r c e n t a g e
o f s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l s w h i c h demanded no e x p e r i e n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s w e r e f o u n d t o be $6 p e r c e n t by t h e R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n of th e N a tio n a l E ducation A s s o c i a t i o n , (
9
7
and 6 1 .1 p e r
c e n t by A t k i n s o n ; ( 8 : 3 6 ) t h e s e p e r c e n t a g e s c o m p a r e w i t h 7 6 . 2 p e r c e n t o f a l l o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s r e p o r t i n g on th is q u estio n in t h i s stu d y . MAJOR OBSTACLES IN SELECTION OF QUALIFIED TEACHERS E x tern al.
I t se em e d d e s i r a b l e t o f i n d o u t f r o m t h e
r e s p o n d e n ts what th e y th e m s e lv e s co n ceiv ed t h e m ajo r ob s ta c le s in th e s e le c tio n of q u a lif ie d te ach in g p erso n nel f o r t h e i r school to be.
The summary o f
the d a ta o b ta in e d
250
is
f o u n d i n T a b l e s XXXI a n d XXXII f o r t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d o u t -
o f-state
ju n io r co lleg es re sp e c tiv e ly .
By r e f e r r a l t o i t e m a , i t w i l l be n o t i c e d t h a t e i g h t , o r 19.0 p e r c e n t, of th e C a l i f o r n i a re s p o n d e n ts s i g n i f i e d t h a t t h e r e w e r e no m a j o r o b s t a c l e s i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f te a c h e rs f o r t h e i r school.
T his s i t u a t i o n c o n t r a s t s r a t h e r
s h a r p l y w i t h t h a t r e v e a l e d by o u t - o f - s t a t e r e s p o n d e n t s . Only one, or 2.3 per cent, of this group so reported. A lth o u g h t h e num bers a r e s m a l l , i t
appears t h a t in C a lif o rn ia
th e d i f f i c u l t y of s e le c tin g q u a lif ie d te a c h e rs
becomes
g r e a t e r a s t h e s c h o o l s become s m a l l e r . The e x t e r n a l f a c t o r — o n e n o t a m e n a b l e t o d i r e c t c o n t r o l by t h e i n d i v i d u a l i n s t i t u t i o n s
— w h i c h m o re t h a n
any o t h e r c o n s t i t u t e s a m ajo r o b s t a c l e to th e s e l e c t i o n of q u a lifie d te ach in g personnel i s th e d e a rth of q u a lif ie d a p p lic a n ts in c e rta in f i e l d s .
In C a l i f o r n i a tw enty f i v e ,
or
59.5 p e r c e n t , o f th e s c h o o ls s u p p o r te d t h i s p o i n t o f v iew , w h ile t h i r t y
s ix , o r 8 1.8 p e r c e n t,
sch o o ls did lik e w is e .
of th e o u t - o f - s t a t e
I t a p p e a r s from t h e s e d a t a t h a t i t i s
n o t as d i f f i c u l t to o b ta in q u a l i f i e d te a c h e rs in C a lif o r n ia as i t i s out of s t a t e .
F u r th e r i n s p e c t i o n o f Item b r e v e a l s
a c o n s i s t e n t but s m a ll t r e n d b o th in s t a t e and o u t o f s t a t e t o e x p e r i e n c e g r e a t e r d i f f i c u l t y a s t h e s c h o o l s become la rg e r. The s e c o n d f a c t o r w h i c h i s n o t s u b j e c t t o t h e
control
TABLE
XXXI
MAJOR OBSTACLES IN SELECTING QUALIFIED TEACHERS IN CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES
Major obstacle
Size of college as measured by equivalent full.-time teachers 1 - 29 60 and over 30 - 59 Totals Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent
a.
None
0
0.0
3
23.1
5
31.3
3
19.0
b.
Not enough qualified applicants in certain fields
6
46.2
3
61.5
11
63.3
25
59.5
c.
Comparatively low salary schedule
7
53.3
1
7.7
1
6.3
9
21.4
d.
Local school board allows politics to overshadow merit
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
District policy discourages making teachers permanent
0
0.0
1
7.7
0
0.0
1
2.4
Teaching conditions such as large classes, long hours, poor facili ties, etc.
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Deficiencies in confidential data such as erroneous or misleading statements of fact, incomplete data, faulty evaluati ons, e tc•
2
15.4
1
7.7
0
0.0
3
7.1
Objective methods of selecting teachers too costly and timeconsuming
1
7.7
2
15.4
1
6.3
4
' 9.5
Other
3
23.1
1
7.7
2
12.5
6
14.3
e. f.
g*
h.
i.
Number of junior colleges contributing data
13
13
16
42
T o t a l s I n t h i s t a b l e d o n o t e q u a l lOO p e r c e n t b e c a u s e i n som e c a s e s m ore t h a n o n e m ajor o b s t a c l e w as r e p o r t e d .
ro
vn i-*
TABLE
XXX II
MAJOR OBSTACLES IN SELECTING QUALIFIED TEACHERS IN OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES
Major obstacle
a.
None
b.
Not enough qualified applicants in certain fields
Size of college as measured by equivalent full.-time teachers 60 and over Totals 1-29 30 - $9 Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per cent cent ber ber cent ber cent b er 1
7.1
0
0.0
0
0.0
1
2.3
11
73.6
14
32.3
11
34,6
36
31.3
0• c.
Comparatively low salary schedule
3
21.4
5
47.1
4
30.3
15
34.1
d.
Local school board allows politics to overshadow merit
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
District policy discourages making teachers permanent
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
Teachingj conditions such as large classes, long hours, poor facili ties, etc.
0
0.0
1
5.9
0
0.0
1
2.3
Deficiencies in confidential data such as erroneous or misleading statements of fact, incomplete data, faulty evaluations, etc.
4
25.6
1
5.9
0
0.0
5
11.4
Objective methods of selecting teachers too costly and timeconsuming
1
7.1
0
0.0
2
15.4
3
6.3
Other
0
0.0
2
11.3
1
7.7
3
6.3
e. f.
S*
h.
i.
Number of junior colleges contributing data
14
17
13
44
Totals in this table do not equal 100 per cent because in some cases more than one major obstacle was reported.
vn K>
.253
o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l j u n i o r c o l l e g e s i s ite m g, w hich d e a l s w ith d e f ic ie n c ie s in c o n f id e n tia l d a ta .
A lthough t h i s item
r e c e iv e d l i m i t e d s u p p o rt as a m ajor o b s t a c l e , r a n k e d t h i r d on a n o v e r a l l b a s i s . o f th e C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o ls and f i v e , the o u t - o f - s t a t e problem .
T hree,
it
still
or 7 .1 p e r c e n t,
o r 1 1 .4 p er c e n t, of
s c h o o ls c o n s id e re d t h i s f a c t o r a m ajor
None o f t h e l a r g e
schools r e p o rte d item g as a
m a j o r d i f f i c u l t y , a s compared w i t h s i x o f t h e s m a ll s c h o o l s . A lth o u g h t h e numbers a r e few , i t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e r e i s a c o n s i s t e n t bu t sm a ll t r e n d tow ard g r e a t e r d i f f i c u l t y in t h i s , r e g a r d a s t h e s c h o o l s become s m a l l e r . Five, or 5.8 per cent, of the respondents signified other external factors.
The following were reported as a
major obstacle in selecting qualified teachers in one school each:
(1) geographical isolation, (2) excessive heat, (3)
sufficient notice by those leaving,
(4) state certification
requirements, and (5) lack of living quarters. In summarizing the in-state and out-of-state data, 7 0 .9 per cent of the
ap p lican ts,
sch o o ls c o n s id e r th e la c k of q u a l i f i e d
9.3 p e r cen t c o n s id e r d e f i c i e n c i e s in c o n fid e n
t i a l d a t a , and 5 .8 p e r c e n t c o n s i d e r the m i s c e l l a n e o u s f a c t o r s named a b o v e a s m a j o r o b s t a c l e s i n s e l e c t i n g q u a l i f i e d teach in g p erso n n e l. Internal.
Those factors which are amenable to direct
254 c o n t r o l by t h e i n d i v i d u a l i n s t i t u t i o n s a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s in te rn a l. Item s d,
e , a n d f i n T a b l e s XXXI a n d XXXII r e c e i v e d
v i r t u a l l y no s u p p o r t . p o litie s,
These ite m s d e a l i n g w i t h l o c a l b o a rd
l o c a l disco u rag em en t of te n u re s t a t u s ,
teach in g f a c i l i t i e s
an d p o o r
an d c o n d i t i o n s h a v e v e r y l i t t l e
I f any
sta n d in g as a m ajor d i f f i c u l t y In th e s e l e c t i o n of q u a l i f i e d teaching p erso n n e l.
O nly two s c h o o l s ,
2 .3 p e r cent of th e
t o t a l num ber, m e n tio n e d t h e s e i t e m s . Item h a l s o r e c e iv e d l i m i t e d s u p p o r t.
T his item
s t a t e d t h a t o b j e c t i v e m ethods o f s e l e c t i n g t e a c h e r s a r e to o c o s t l y and tim e -c o n s u m in g .
F o u r, o r 9.5 p e r c e n t , o f th e
C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o ls and t h r e e ,
o r 6 .8 p e r c e n t,
o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s c o n c u r r e d on t h i s p o i n t .
of th e o u t-
These s c h o o ls
r e p r e s e n t 8 .1 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l number I n s t a t e and out of s ta te .
W ith r e f e r e n c e to th e s e m a jo r o b s t a c l e s to
e f f e c t i v e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n no d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n i n - s t a t e and o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o ls , F our,
or school siz e ,
o r 4 . 7 P©** c e n t ,
is d isc ern ib le .
of th e .respondents s i g n i f i e d
o t h e r f a c t o r s w h ich have been c l a s s i f i e d a s i n t e r n a l * f o ll o w i n g w ere r e p o r t e d i n one s c h o o l each : p art-tim e p o sitio n s,
The
( 1 ) Too many
(2) d i f f i c u l t y I n a r r a n g i n g an i n t e r
view w ith th e d e p a rtm e n t h ead ,
(3) d i f f i c u l t y i n a p p r a i s i n g
t h e c a n d i d a t e , and (4) poo r p h y s i c a l p l a n t . I n s u m m a r i z i n g t h e d a t a on i n t e r n a l f a c t o r s i t i s
found
255 that 8.1 per cent of schools consider the cost and timeconsuming characteristics of objective methods of teacher selection, 4.7 per cent consider the miscellaneous factors named above, and 2.3 per cent consider local board policies and poor teaching conditions as major obstacles to the selection of qualified teachers. Both internal and external.
One of the major
obstacles in the selection of qualified teachers stems from the negative influence of a comparatively low salary schedule.
The responsibility for low salary schedules,
however, varies from state to state, and often from insti tution to institution within the state.
Whether or not the
junior colleges themselves exercise control over financial matters producing the low salary schedules is difficult to answer.
In California, for example, the state guarantees
a certain minimum financial support for all the public junior colleges in the state. borne by the local district.
The remaining costs must be Even among state-supported
out-of-state junior colleges the question may be raised as to what responsibility individual junior colleges have for the salary schedule in its school. Because of the varying practices and lack of clearcut criteria with which to measure the degree of local responsibility, the present investigator has classified item
256
c i n T a b l e s XXXI a n d XXXII n a m e l y ” c o m p a r a t i v e l y lo w s a l a r y s c h e d u l e ” , a s b e i n g i n p a r t " i n t e r n a l ” an d i n p a r t " e x t e r n a l ” . N ine, o r 2 1 .4 p e r c e n t, compared w i t h f i f t e e n ,
of th e C a lifo rn ia sch o o ls as
o r 34.1 p e r c e n t,
of th e o u t- o f - s ta te
s c h o o l s c l a i m t h a t a c o m p a r a t i v e l y low s a l a r y s c h e d u l e i s a m ajor o b s t a c l e in th e s e l e c t i o n of q u a l i f i e d t e a c h e r s .
In
C a l i f o r n i a t h i s p r o b l e m i s a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y on e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s m a ll j u n i o r c o l l e g e s inasm uch a s se v e n o f t h e n i n e r e s p o n d e n t s c h o o ls a g r e e in g on t h i s p o i n t answ ered i n t h i s m anner. data,
F o r some r e a s o n w h i c h i s n o t a s c e r t a i n a b l e f r o m t h e
th e m edium -sized o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o ls found t h i s f a c t o r
m ore o f p r o b l e m t h a n t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s m a l l s c h o o l s ,
th e
p e r c e n t a g e s so r e p o r t i n g b e in g 4 7 .1 p e r c e n t and 2 1 .4 p e r cent re s p e c tiv e ly .
B oth i n s t a t e and o u t o f s t a t e ,
th e
f a c t o r o f r e l a t i v e l y lo w s a l a r y s c h e d u l e r a n k e d s e c o n d a s a m ajor o b s ta c le i n s e l e c t i o n of q u a l i f i e d t e a c h e r s . I t se e m s c l e a r on t h e b a s i s o f t h e d a t a i n T a b l e s XXXI a n d XXXII t h a t t h e m a j o r d i f f i c u l t i e s i n o b t a i n i n g q u a lifie d te a c h e rs are a s so c ia te d w ith e x te rn a l fa c to rs r a th e r than in te r n a l f a c t o r s .
Of a l l t h e m a j o r o b s t a c l e s
to th e s e le c tio n o f q u a l if i e d te a c h e rs , a r e n o t am enable to ju n io r c o lle g e s.
two o u t o f t h r e e
the d i r e c t c o n t r o l o f th e s e p a r a te
B e c a u s e some o f t h e m a j o r d i f f i c u l t i e s may
b e r e g a r d e d a s c o n t r o l l a b l e i n p a r t by e x t e r n a l a n d i n p a r t by i n t e r n a l m e a n s , a c t u a l l y o n l y o n e o f t h e n i n e o f a l l t h e
257 m ajor o b s ta c le s r e p o r te d a re s u b je c t to th e d i r e c t c o n tr o l of the ju n io r c o lle g e s as se p a ra te i n s t i t u t i o n s . CHAPTER SUMMARY P ersonal f a c to r s .
The p r e d o m i n a n t p r a c t i c e s u p p o r t e d
by 7 2 . 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a an d 7 6 . 7 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s i s t h a t o f p r e s c r i b i n g no minimum a g e a t w h i c h a p p l i c a n t s become i n e l i g i b l e f o r ap p o in tm en t. The s c h o o l s d e s c r i b e d i n ( 1 ) a r e f u l l y up t o t h e s t a n d a r d s b a s e d on t h e m e r i t p r i n c i p l e
(P rin cip le V I I ) ;
9 .3 p er c e n t of th e o u t - o f - s t a t e ju n io r c o lle g e s a re s l i g h t l y below s t a n d a r d ; and 2 7 .5 p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a and 1 4 . 0 p e r c e n t o f th e o u t - o f - s t a t e
ju n io r co lleg es are
c o n s i d e r a b l y below s t a n d a r d . I n C a l i f o r n i a t h e p e r s o n a l f a c t o r s most l i k e l y to a f f e c t appointm ent i n o rd e r o f freq u en cy r e p o r te d a r e :
(l)
h u s b a n d an d w i f e a l r e a d y e m p lo y e d f u l l - t i m e i n t h e s c h o o l d istric t,
(2) r a c e o r c o l o r ,
(3 ) m a r i t a l s t a t u s ,
and (4)
h u s b a n d o r w i f e w o r k i n g f u l l - t i m e i n t h e c o m m u n ity . o u t-o f-state
schools
(2) ra n k e d f i r s t ,
Among
(1) r a n k e d s e c o n d ,
and ( 4 ) ra n k e d t h i r d . On t h e b a s i s o f t h e c r i t e r i a p r o p o s e d , 1 6 . 7 p e r c e n t o f th e C a l i f o r n i a and 3 1.6 p e r c e n t of th e o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s a r e f u l l y up t o h i g h e s t s t a n d a r d i n t h a t
258 race, color, belief, economic, and marital status do not affect the decision to appoint teachers.
The two factors
which offer considerable potentiality for discrimination in teacher selection are (a) husband or wife already at full time employment- in the school district and (b) race or color. G eographical f a c t o r s .
R e s i d e n c e i s n o t a f a c t o r one
way o r a n o t h e r a s a p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r a p p o i n t m e n t i n 8 8 . 1 p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a and 8 4 .1 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t o f -s ta te ju n io r co lleg es.
T his s a t i s f i e s th e c o n d itio n s
of th e c r i t e r i o n . The maximum distance from which junior colleges felt justified in asking an applicant to travel at his own expense in order of frequency named are:
(a) any distance the
applicant wishes (b) 200 miles, (c) 100 miles,
(d) 50 miles.
Twenty-eight and nine-tenths per cent of the California and 36.7 per cent of the out-of-state junior colleges impose no geographical restrictions on the candidate as a condition for interview.
On the basis of the criterion this represents
the best practice.
Fourty-four and seven-tenths per cent
of the California and 34.1 per cent of the out-of-state junior colleges restrict travel distance for interview at the applicants expense to 150 miles or less. Professional factors.
Seven and one-tenth per cent
259 of t h e C a l i f o r n i a and 25.0 p e r c e n t o f th e o u t - o f - s t a t e ju n io r c o lle g e s re p o rte d t h a t th e b a c h e lo r’s degree i s th e minimum e d u c a t i o n a l p r e p a r a t i o n p r e r e q u i s i t e t o e m p l o y m e n t . T h i s r e q u i r e m e n t w a s j u d g e d t o be b e lo w a s a t i s f a c t o r y minimum s t a n d a r d . The r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e m a s t e r ’ s d e g r e e a s a p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r appointm ent i s
th e dom inant p o l i c y c o n c u r r e d
i n by 33*3 p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d 5 6 . B p e r c e n t o f the o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o ls .
T h i s r e q u i r e m e n t w as j u d g e d t o
m e e t t h e minimum s t a n d a r d p r o p o s e d . F i f t y a n d one t e n t h p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d 1 5 .9 p e r cent of
the o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o ls r e q u i r e th e
e q u i v a le n t of one y e a r g r a d u a t e s tu d y a s a p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r appointm ent;
t h i s ap p ro x im ates th e s ta n d a rd pro p o sed .
No p r e v i o u s c e r t i f i c a t e d e x p e r i e n c e a s a c o n d i t i o n o f e m ploym e nt was r e p o r t e d by 7 8 . 6 p e r c e n t of- t h e C a l i f o r n i a and 7 3 . 8 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e
ju n io r co lleg es.
T his
p o lic y i s in accord w ith th e c r i t e r i o n developed. The a v e r a g e r a n k g i v e n t o t h e l e v e l o f p r e f e r r e d teach in g experience of ca n d id a te s a re : s e n io r h ig h sc h o o l, high sch o o l 3 .8 ;
ju n io r co lleg e,
2 .4 ; u n iv e r s ity or c o lle g e ,
elem entary sc h o o l,
2 .6 ;
1 .3 ;
ju n io r
4.9*
M ajor o b s t a c l e s i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f q u a l i f i e d t e a c h e r s . The m a j o r o b s t a c l e s i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f q u a l i f i e d t e a c h e r s
260
are
(1) n o t enough q u a l i f i e d a p p l i c a n t s in c e r t a i n f i e l d s
a n d (2)
c o m p a r a t i v e l y lo w s a l a r y s c h e d u l e . Of a l l t h e m a j o r o b s t a c l e s t o s e l e c t i o n o f q u a l i f i e d
teach ers,
two o u t o f t h r e e a r e n o t a m e n a b l e t o t h e d i r e c t
c o n tro l of th e se p arate ju n io r c o lle g e s . o b s t a c l e s may b e r e g a r d e d a s p a r t i a l l y
B e c a u s e some
co n tro llab le lo c a lly ,
a c t u a l l y o n l y one o u t o f n i n e o f a l l m a j o r o b s t a c l e s a r e s u b j e c t to t h e d i r e c t c o n t r o l o f th e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s them selv es.
CHAPTER V I I I
RECRUITING THE PERSONNEL SOURCES OF QUALIFIED TEACHERS Purpose of the ch ap ter.
The immediate problem o f
recruitm ent from th e standpoint o f in d iv id u a l ju n ior c o lle g e s i s to lo c a te p rosp ective ap p lican ts fo r teaching p o sitio n s and to e s ta b lis h a method o f determining th e ir prelim inary e l i g i b i l i t y fo r appointment. I t i s the purpose o f t h is chapter (1) to examine sources of a p p lica n ts w ith resp ect to methods used in lo ca r tin g p o te n tia l candidates and w ith resp ect to the e f f e c t i v e ness of such methods and (2) to rep o rt, analyze and evaluate d ev ices and procedures which are used in determining the prelim inary e l i g i b i l i t y o f a p p lic a n ts.
The d evices and
procedures considered include job s p e c if ic a t io n s , ap p lica tio n blanks, and the processin g o f a p p lic a tio n data. Extent to which certa in methods are used in ob tain ing names o f a p p lic a n ts .
I t seems important to know what
methods have demonstrated th e ir u se fu ln e ss in ob tain in g the names or l i s t s of a p p lic a n ts.
One measure o f a method’ s
u sefu ln ess i s the exten t to which i t i s used.
Tables XXXIII
and XXXIV summarize the data on t h is p o in t. Respondents were asked to rate seven d iffe r e n t methods,
262 TABLE X X X III EXTENT TO WHICH CERTAIN METHODS ARE USED BY CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES IN OBTAINING NAMES OF APPLICANTS FOR TEACHING POSITIONS
Method
a.
S ize of c o lle g e as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 1-29 30 - 59 60 and over T otals Average Average Average Average ra tin g ra tin g ratin g r a tin g
Requests to teacher tr a in in g i n s t i t u tio n s
1.3
1 .1
1 .6
1 .3
Requests to s ta te teach ers a sso c ia tio n
1 .4
1.5
2 .4
1 .8
c.
Voluntary a p p lic a tio n s2 .2
3.1
1 .6
2.3
d.
Recommendations o f frien d s and a s s o c ia te s
3.6
3.5
3 .3
3 .4
Requests to commer c i a l agen cies
3 .8
3.9
4 .1
3 .9
Inquiry at other sch ools
4 .5
3.3
3 .9
4 .1
Published announce ments of p o s itio n s
4 .8
4 .2
4 .2
4 .4
12
16
40
b.
e. f. g.
Average number o f junior c o lle g e s con trib u tin g data (to the n earest whole number). 12
1 - always used; 2 - g en era lly used; 3 - used considerably; 4 - seldom used; 5 - never used.
263 TABLE XXXIV EXTENT TO WHICH CERTAIN METHODS ARE USED BY OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES IN OBTAINING NAMES OF APPLICANTS FOR TEACHING POSITIONS
S ize o f c o lle g e a s measured by equivalent f u l l - time teach ers 30 - 39 60i and over T otals 1-29 Average Average Average Average ratin g ra tin g ra tin g ra tin g
Method
a. b. c. d. e. f
.
g.
Voluntary a p p lica tio n s
1 .9
1.7
1.5
1.7
Requests to teacher tr a in in g i n s t i t u tio n s
1.9
.1 .8
2 .1
1 .9
Recommendations o f fr ie n d s and a s s o c ia te s
3.1
3.3
2 .8
3.1
Inquiry at other schools
3 .4
3 .1
3 .2
3 .2
Requests to com m ercial agen cies
3.2-
3 .6
3.3
3 .4
Requests to s ta te teach ers a s so c ia tio n
3.7
3.9
4 .2
3.9
Published announce ments of p o s itio n s
4.3
4 .4
4 .2
4 .3
16
12
42
Average number o f junior c o lle g e s con trib u tin g data (to th e n earest whole number)•. 14 1 - always used; 4 - seldom used;
2 - g en era lly used; 5 - never used#
3 - used considerably;
264 and any other they wished to add, on a fiv e -p o in t sc a le : always used, g e n e r a lly used, used considerab ly, seldom used, and never used.
Numerical values were assign ed corresponding
l y from one to f i v e .
The average of th ese numbers would,
th erefo re, g iv e an average ra tin g o f the ex ten t o f use of the methods so rated* I t may be observed in ta b le XXXIII th at in C aliforn ia req u ests made to teach er tr a in in g in s t it u t io n s as a method of obtain in g names of ap p lican ts i s nearly always used, as i t s average ra tin g of 1 .3 would in d ic a te .
This method i s
s lig h t l y l e s s used among the la rg e sch ools of t h is s ta te than among the sm all or medium-sized sc h o o ls.
G enerally
used methods in C aliforn ia include req u ests to the s t a te teachers a s so c ia tio n w ith an average ra tin g o f 1 .8 and voluntary a p p lica tio n s w ith an average ra tin g o f 2 .3 . Seldom-used methods in C aliforn ia in decreasing order o f use in clu d e req u ests to commerical a g en cies, inquiry a t other sc h o o ls, and published announcements of p o s itio n s .
Recom
mendations o f fr ie n d s and a s s o c ia te s as a method occupies an interm ediate p o s itio n , but i t s average ra tin g o f 3*4 would in d ic a te a lim ite d u se. The data fo r the o u t - o f -s t a t e sch ools as shown in Table XXXIV con trast sharply w ith th ose of th e C aliforn ia in s t it u t io n s on a few p o in ts .
The method most used to obtain
names o f a p p lica n ts in o u t -o f-s ta te junior c o lle g e s i s
265 through voluntary a p p lic a tio n s, a method which ranked th ird in C a lifo r n ia .
Requests to s ta te teach ers a s s o c ia tio n , a
method ra tin g 1 .8 in C aliforn ia and ranked second in amount of u se, i s releg a ted to s ix th p la ce in o u t - o f -s t a t e sch ools with an average ra tin g o f 3 .9 .
Inquiry a t other sch ools
appears to be somewhat more used out o f s t a te than in C a lifo rn ia . Only two methods in the o u t- o f-s t a te sch ools can be c l a s s if i e d as always or g en era lly used:
voluntary a p p lica
tio n s with an average ra tin g of 1.7 and req u ests to teacher tra in in g in s t it u t io n s w ith an average ra tin g o f 1 .9 .
Two
methods are c la s s if ie d as seldom used, namely req u ests to teacher tra in in g in s t it u t io n s and published announcements o f p o s it io n s .
Three methods occupy an interm ediate p o sitio n ;
in decreasing amount o f use th ese are recommendations of frie n d s and a s s o c ia te s , inquiry a t other sc h o o ls, and req u ests to commercial a g en cies. S ize of the in s t it u t io n appears to play a small part as to which methods are used in obtaining names o f a p p lic a n ts. In C aliforn ia as shown by Table XXXIII, eleven of six te e n large respondent sch ools s ig n ifie d th a t voluntary a p p lica tio n s were always used.
This v a r ie s considerably from that
reported fo r the medium-sized sch ools among which only one so in d ica ted and the sm all sch o o ls where f iv e so in d ic a te d . Compensatory to t h is p ra ctice the large C aliforn ia sch ools
266
a lso appear to make le s s use of teach ers a s so c ia tio n s as a source of a p p lic a n ts.
With the p o s sib le exception o f the
d iffe r e n c e s noted, school s iz e does not appear to have any s ig n if ic a n t bearing on d if f e r e n t ia l p r a c tic e s in obtaining names of a p p lic a n ts. In accordance w ith the p r in c ip le th a t teachers should be sought,* ad m inistrators must turn to other sources than voluntary a p p lic a tio n s.
The evidence presented above
in d ic a te s many p o te n tia l sou rces.
When i t i s considered
th at req u ests to teach er tr a in in g in s t it u t io n s are g en era lly or always used, i t seems th at t h is source alone would o ffe r considerable numbers o f promising p rosp ects, e s p e c ia lly in view of the many in s t it u t io n s o f t h is kind.
Other sources
even though not as much used, sw ell the t o t a l number of ap p lican ts which have been a c tiv e ly sought by the h irin g o ffic ia ls .
The fa c t th a t d iffe r e n c e s e x is t in the exten t
to which the various methods are used, in C aliforn ia as compared w ith out o f s t a t e , or from one school to the n ext, does not seem to v io la t e the P r in cip le V III, i . e . teachers should be sought.
I t seems reasonable to assume th at
con d ition s d if f e r in t h is regard, and d iffe r e n c e s in the use of methods i s to be expected.
Teachers must be obtained
from the sources a v a ila b le . * P r in c ip le V III, Chapter V
267
The Research D ivision o f the N ational Education A ssociation in 1942 made a report on recruitm ent procedures which were "usually followed" by school o f f i c i a l s in th e ir quest fo r a p p lic a n ts .£97:64)
The follow ing were found to
be used to the exten t in d icated : 1. 2. 3. 4. 3.
Get names from placement bureaus of teachers c o lle g e s , art c o lle g e s , u n iv e r s itie s - - - - Use a p p lic a tio n s sent in v o lu n ta r ily by candidates - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Get names from Commercial teacher*s agencies Make in q u ir ie s in other school systems - - Make in q u ir ie s at conventions and sim ila r gatherings - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
86$ 84 $ 46 $ 41 $
28$
Although the data are not s t r i c t l y comparable, a few general observations may be made.
I t w ill be n oticed
that in the 1942 study two sources stand out in terms of extent of use; those sources are (1) requests to placement bureaus o f teacher tr a in in g in s t it u t io n s and (2) voluntary a p p lic a tio n s.
Except fo r the conspicuous use o f the
s ta te teachers a sso c ia tio n by C aliforn ia junior c o lle g e s , the same two sources stand out in exten t o f use as de termined in the present in v e s tig a tio n .
Two other sources
under consid eration in the 1942 study occupy interm ediate p o sitio n s; those sources are (3) requests to commercial teacher agen cies and (4) in q u ir ie s in other school system s. These sources f a l l approximately in the same p o s itio n in the o u t-o f-s ta te data reported in Table XXXIV, but f a l l lower in C aliforn ia both as to r e la t iv e p o sitio n and in
terms o f the a n ticip a ted average r a tin g . One of the most noteworthy d iffe r e n c e between the 1942 data and the present appears to be the le ssen ed use o f the commercial teach ers agencies and in q u ir ie s a t other school systems in r e c r u itin g a p p lica n ts fo r junior c o lle g e tea ch ers, in favor o f recommendations o f frie n d s and a sso c ia te s ; the la t t e r received a b etter average ra tin g both in s ta te and out o f s ta te than did the two other sources named. The summation o f a l l 1942 item s which could be construed as "recommendation o f fr ie n d s and a sso c ia tes" would c e r ta in ly r e le g a te t h is source to f i f t h p la ce, w e ll behind the other two. The s ta te teach ers a sso c ia tio n as a source of a p p lic a n t’ s names was reported in 1942 as u su a lly used by 1 per cent o f sch ools surveyed; t h is lim ite d exten t of use placed i t l a s t o f the nine methods rep orted .( 9 7 • 6 4 )
In the
present in v e s tig a tio n , among the o u t-o f-s ta te junior c o lle g e s , t h is source i s ranked ahead o f "published announce ments of p o sitio n s" ; however i t s average ra tin g o f 3.9 would in d ic a te th at i t i s seldom used.
In C a lifo rn ia , how
ever; the s ta te teachers a sso c ia tio n as source o f names, out-ranks a l l other methods except req u ests to teacher tra in in g in s t i t u t i o n s .
I t seems then th at the s ta te teach ers
a s so c ia tio n con trib u tes more to the r e c r u itin g of teachers on the junior c o lle g e le v e l a t the present time than i t did
on an o v e r a ll b a sis in 1942• E ffe c tiv e n e ss of certa in methods of ob tain in g names of a p p lic a n ts.
Another measure o f a methods1 u sefu ln ess i s
the degree to which i t i s e f f e c t iv e in accom plishing the purpose fo r which i t i s used.
I t i s to be presumed th at
th e ir e x is t s a r e la tio n sh ip between the exten t of use of a method and i t s e f f e c t iv e n e s s .
I f the junior c o lle g e ad
m in istra to rs in the present in stan ce fin d p a r tic u la r methods of obtaining names of a p p lica n ts more f r u it f u l than o th ers, i t only seems lo g ic a l to assume th at th ese w i l l be given p r e fe r e n tia l usage.
On the other hand th ere may be circum
stan ces which, knowingly or n o t, may prevent the optimum u t iliz a t io n o f more e f f e c t iv e methods. In order to t e s t t h is h y p o th esis, respondents were asked to in d ic a te the r e la t iv e e ffe c tiv e n e s s o f the methods used in obtaining names of q u a lifie d a p p lic a n ts.
Tables
XXXV and XXXVI summarize the data rece iv ed . The most str ik in g observation to be made ensues from the fa c t o f e s s e n t ia l s im ila r ity between th ese ta b le s and th e ir counterparts, Tables XXXIII and XXXIV.
In C a lifo rn ia ,
fo r example, the rank order o f e ffe c tiv e n e s s o f the various methods i s ex a c tly th e same as th at fo r ex ten t o f u se. Large C aliforn ia schools fin d voluntary a p p lic a tio n s to be more e f f e c t iv e , and req u ests to s ta t e teach ers a sso c ia tio n
270 TABLE XXXV
EFFECTIVENESS OF CERTAIN METHODS USED BY CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES IN OBTAINING NAMES OF QUALIFIED APPLICANTS FOR TEACHING POSITIONS -
Methods
a. b. c. d. e. f. g.
S ize of c o lle g e as measured by equivalent f u l l - •time teachers 30 - 59 60 and over T otals 1-29 Average Average Average Average r a tin g ra tin g ratin g ra tin g
Requests to teacher tra in in g i n s t i t u tio n s
1.5
1 .2
1 .6
1 .3
Requests to s ta t e teachers a s so c ia tio n
1.5
1 .9
3 .0
1 .6
Voluntary ap p lica tio n s
3.1
3 .4
2 .4
3.0
Recommendation of frien d s and a s s o c ia te s
3.7
3.1
3.3
3 .4
Requests to commer c ia l agen cies
3.2
3.3
4 .1
3.5
Inquiry a t other sch ools
4.5
3.6
3.9
4 .0
Published announce ments o f p o s itio n s
4 .9
4 .3
4 .1
4 .4
11
15
37
Average number o f junior c o lle g e s con trib u tin g data (to the n earest whole number). 11
1 - s in g le most e f f e c t iv e method; 2 - very e f f e c t iv e , but l e s s than number 1; 3 - m oderately e f f e c t iv e ; 4 - p a r tia lly or sp o ra d ica lly e f f e c t iv e ; 3 - not e f f e c t iv e .
271 TABLE XXZVI EFFECTIVENESS OF CERTAIN METHODS USED BY OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES IN OBTAINING NAMES OF QUALIFIED APPLICANTS FOR TEACHING POSITIONS
Methods
a. b. c. d. e. f.
g.
S ize o f c o lle g e as measured by equ ivalen t fu ll- -time teach ers 30 - 59 60 and over T otals 1-29 Average Average Average Average ratin g ra tin g ra tin g ra tin g
Requests to teacher tr a in in g in s t it u tio n s
2.2
1.5
2 .0
1 .9
Voluntary a p p lica tio n s
2 .8
2.3
2.8
2 .6
Recommendations o f frien d s and a s s o c ia te s
3.0
2.7
2 .8
2 .8
Inquiry a t other sch ools
3 .4
2.7
3 .0
3 .0
Requests to commer c i a l agencies
2 .6
3.7
3.2
3.2
Requests to s ta te teachers a s so c ia tio n s
4 .0
3 .8
4 .4
4 .1
Published announce ments o f p o s itio n s
4 .1
4 .6
4 .2
4 .3
14
10
37
Average number o f junior c o lle g e s con trib u tin g data (to the n earest whole number)* 13
1 - s in g le most e f f e c t iv e method; 2 - very e f f e c t iv e , but l e s s than number 1; 3 - moderately e f f e c t iv e ; 4 - p a r tia lly or sp o ra d ica lly e f f e c t iv e ; 5 - not e f f e c t i v e .
272
l e s s e f f e c t iv e , in ob tain in g names of q u a lifie d a p p lica n ts than the small or medium-sized in s t it u t io n s do.
This
s itu a tio n r e f le c t s the same pattern as th a t found regarding the exten t o f u se. There are only s lig h t d iffe r e n c e s to be noted when the o u t-o f-s ta te data in th e two ta b le s are compared.
Whereas
voluntary a p p lic a tio n s as a source o f a p p lica n ts was ranked f i r s t in extent o f use, i t ranked second in e f f e c t iv e n e s s . The reverse i s true fo r "requests to teach er tra in in g in s t it u t io n s ” which was ranked second in ex ten t o f use but f i r s t in e f fe c t iv e n e s s .
In o u t-o f-s ta te sch o o ls the other
methods used as a source o f names o f a p p lica n ts appear in the same rank order in both t a b le s . In C aliforn ia "requests to teach er tra in in g i n s t i tu tion s" i s c le a r ly most e f f e c t iv e and "requests to s t a te teacher a s s o c ia tio n s ” , very e f f e c t i v e , as a source o f names o f ap p lican ts according to the ratin g method used. "Voluntary ap p lication s" rate moderately e f f e c t iv e , "re q uests to commerical agencies" and "recommendations o f frien d s and a sso c ia tes" rate on the border lin e between moderately e f f e c t iv e and p a r t ia lly or sp o ra d ica lly e f f e c t iv e . Among o u t -o f-s ta t e sch o o ls, only "requests to teacher tr a in in g in s titu tio n s " i s rated as very e f f e c t i v e . "Voluntary a p p lic a tio n s” , "recommendations of fr ie n d s and a s so c ia te s " , "inquiry at other schools" and "requests to
273
commerical a g en cies” l i s t e d in the order o f e ffe c tiv e n e s s are rated as moderately e f f e c t iv e .
"Requests to s ta te teachers
asso cia tio n " and "published announcements o f p o sitio n s" are only p a r t ia lly or sp o ra d ica lly e f f e c t i v e . The 1942 study o f the Research D iv isio n o f the N ational Education A sso cia tio n fu rn ish es some data which may be used fo r com parisons.(9 7 : 6 5 )
Xn the 1942 in v e s tig a
tio n respondents were asked to in d ic a te only the "most pro-, ductive" o f the various means fo r lo c a tin g tea ch ers, hence the data may not rev ea l an adequate appraisal o f methods of le s s e r p rod u ctiven ess.^ 9 7 : 6 5 )
Three methods received 81
per cent of the respondents v o tes as being the "most productive".
These th r e e , togeth er w ith the percentage of
concurrence, a r e :(1) get names from placement bureaus of teacher tr a in in g in s t it u t io n s , 36 per cent; (2) voluntary a p p lic a tio n s, 24 per cent; and (3) g et names from commercial teach ers a g en cies, 11 per c e n t.
None o f the
other methods received more than 3 per cent o f the v o tes c a s t . (97:65) I t seems c le a r th at req u ests to teach er tra in in g in s t it u t io n s was c le a r ly the most e f f e c t iv e o f the methods reported in 1942.
The same method i s a ls o th e most e f f e c
t iv e among th e junior c o lle g e s at the present time according to the data o f the present in v e s t ig a tio n .
Voluntary a p p liea -
274
tio n s ranked second in e ffe c tiv e n e s s among a l l the junior c o lle g e s ; t h is corresponds to the r e la t iv e p o s itio n found for the method among the sch ools surveyed in 1942. The e ffe c tiv e n e s s pf the commerical agen cies appears to be n o ticea b ly le s s fo r the s e le c tio n o f junior c o lle g e teach ers according to the present data than fo r the s e le c tio n of teachers fo r the sch ools surveyed in 1942. Another attempt to evalu ate the e ffe c tiv e n e s s o f methods o f g e ttin g l i s t s of ap p lican ts was made by Spindt ( 1 2 9 : 1 - 4 ) in 1941 as a part of h is study of the s e le c tio n of teach ers in C a lifo rn ia junior c o lle g e s .
He formed h is
c h e c k -lis t item s from the point of view of relevance to placement; he hoped to obtain inform ation which would help the placement o f f ic e a t the U n iv ersity o f C aliforn ia at B erkeley. Spindt asked junior c o lle g e o f f i c i a l s o f t h is s ta te to ra te various methods on a fou r-p oin t s c a le : a ccep tab le, to le r a te d , unacceptable.
d e sir a b le ,
By a ssig n in g the
numbers 1 for "desirable*1, 2 fo r "acceptable*1, and so on, the r e la t iv e d e s ir a b ilit y o f the methods reported by Spindt were computed.
The methods and th e ir d e s ir a b ilit y score
are: (1) recommendations of in s t it u t io n a l appointment s e c r e ta r ie s , 1 .1 ; (2) recommendations of u n iv e r sity depart ment head and/or members, 1 .6 ; (3) C a lifo rn ia Teachers
275
A sso ca tio n ’s Placement O ffic e , 1 .7 ; (4) personal r e fe r e n c e s, 2 .2 ; (5) a p p lic a tio n s "at the door", 2 .7 ; and (6) commercial te a c h e r 's a g en cies, 2 .9 . Although the c l a s s if ic a t io n employed by Spindt d if f e r s somewhat from th at used in the present in v e s tig a tio n , certa in sources o f names are common to both.
Xt appears th at there
are no d e fin ite trends to be observed when S p in d t’s data are compared w ith the p resent C aliforn ia data. DEVICES AND PROCEDURES USED IN DETERMINING THE PRELIMINARY ELIGIBILITY OF APPLICANTS Job s p e c ific a tio n s as a p rereq u isite fo r the determina tio n o f e l i g i b i l i t y .
Tables XXXVII and XXXVIII summarize
c h e c k -lis t data p ertain in g to job s p e c ific a tio n s given by o f f i c i a l s o f C aliforn ia and o u t - o f -s t a t e junior c o lle g e s to the ap p lican t and/or placement o f f i c e .
Respondents were
asked to check the dominant p ra ctice employed in two c a te g o r ie s: (1) are job s p e c ific a t io n s o ra l or w ritten ? and (2) are they described in general or in s p e c if ic terms? According to the data oral and w ritten job s p e c if ic a tio n s are used to about th e same e x te n t, although both in s ta te and out o f s ta te the s lig h t d iffe r e n c e in percentage favor the w ritten s p e c if ic a t io n .
In C aliforn ia 44*1 per cent
of the responding sch ools u t i l i z e the o ra l s p e c ific a tio n s as a dominant p ra ctic e; the remaining responding sch ools in t h is
TABLE XXXVII DESCRIPTION OP "JOB SPECIFICATIONS" GIVEN BY CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGE OFFICIALS TO APPLICANT AND/OR PLACEMENT OFFICE
Description
a* Usually oral b. Usually in writing Totals c. In general terms, such as subject to be taught, desirable le v e l of train ing or experience, etc* d. In somewhat sp ecific terms, such as descriptive statements of the purposes, content, and methods of courses to be taught Totals
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 1-29 30-59 60 and over Totals Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber cent ber cent cent ber cent ber 40.0
44.1 35-9
.62*5.
4 6
5 0 .0
8 8
5P..0
8
100.0
10
100.0
16
100.0
34
100.0
9
81.8
9
6 9 .2
8
5 0 .0
26
6 5 .0
2
18.2
if
3 0 .8
8
5 0 .0
14
3 5 .0
11
100.0
13
100.0
16
100.0
40
100.0
3
37.5
i
5 0 .0
15 M
ro
— v]
TABLE XXXVIII DESCRIPTION OP "JOB SPECIFICATIONS" GIVEN BY OIJT-OP-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGE OFFICIAIS TO APPLICANT AND/OR PLACEMENT OFFICE
Description
a. Usually oral b. Usually in writing Totals c. In general terms, such as subject to be taught, desirable le v e l of training or experience d. In somewhat sp ecific terms, such as descriptive statements of the purposes, content, and methods of courses to be taught Totals
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 1-29 30-59 60 and over Totals Per HumP er Num Per Num Per lum cen t c e n t ber ber cent b e r c e n t ber
2
^3.8 56.3
100.0
16
10
8 5 .3
2 12
5
7
19
:i
7 0 .0 3 0 .0
20
48.7 51-3
1 0 0 .1
10
1 0 0.0
39
100 .0
10
6 6 .7
7
58.3
27
6 9 .2
16.7
5
33.3
5
41.7
12
3 0 .8
1 0 0 .0
15
100.0
12
100.0
39
100.0
8
5 8 .5 6 1 .5
13
7
ro -a
278 sta te ,
o r 5 5 .1 p e r c e n t ,
g iv e
p r e fe r e n c e
Among t h e r e s p o n d i n g o u t - o f - s t a t e cent u t iliz e
to th e w r it t e n .
in s titu tio n s ,
4 8 .7 p e r
o r a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a s t h e d o m in a n t p r a c t i c e
a s c o n t r a s t e d w it h 5 1 .3 pe^ c e n t- o f t h i s g r o u p f a v o r in g th e w r itte n . School s iz e
d o e s n o t a p p e a r t o b e an im p o r ta n t f a c t o r ,
a l t h o u g h t h e p e r c e n t a g e d a t a w o u ld i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s m a l l s c h o o l s m ake m o re u s e o f t h e w r i t t e n s p e c i f i c a t i o n s t h a n t h e o r a l, and th a t th e la r g e
s c h o o ls r e v e r s e t h i s p r a c t ic e .
T a b l e s XXXVII an d X D C V III a l s o s p e c ific a tio n s
r e v e a l th a t g en era l
a r e m ore o f t e n u s e d t h a n d e t a i l e d o r s p e c i f i c
d e s c r ip t io n s o f th e te a c h in g p o s it io n
to
be f i l l e d .
In
C a lif o r n ia s c h o o ls 6 5 .0 p er c e n t o f th o s e r e p o r tin g on t h i s p a r t o f th e q u e s tio n
s ig n ifie d
th a t s p e c i f ic a t io n s w ere o f a
g e n e r a l n a tu r e su ch a s s u b j e c t t o l e v e l o f tr a in in g cen t s ig n ifie d
b e t a u g h t an d d e s i r a b l e
and e x p e r i e n c e .
th a t
T h e r e m a in in g 3 5 . 0 p e r
s p e c i f i c a t i o n s w ere o f a s p e c i f i c
n a tu r e su c h a s, d e s c r i p t i v e
sta te m e n ts o f th e p u rp o ses,
c o n te n t,
a n d m e th o d s o f t h e c o u r s e s t o b e t a u g h t .
o f-sta te
d a ta v e ry n e a r ly p a r a l le l s
C a lifo r n ia
s c h o o ls .
th a t' r e p o r te d f o r
Among t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e
i n s t i t u t i o n s 6 9 .2 p e r c e n t s i g n i f i e d g en era l s p e c ific a tio n s ;
T he o u t -
r e s p o n d in g
t h e d o m in a n t u s a g e o f
and 3 0 .8 p e r c e n t , t h e s p e c i f i c .
T he c o m b in e d d a t a i n d i c a t e s a 2 : 1 p r e f e r e n c e i n f a v o r o f t h e g e n e r a l d e s c r ip t io n o f th e te a c h in g p o s i t i o n t o b e f i l l e d *
279
In an e a r lie r chapter i t was proposed as a p r in c ip le that the s a lie n t c h a r a c te r is tic s o f a teaching p o s itio n be a matter o f record prior to a consid eration of in d iv id u a l a p p lic a tio n s.*
I t seems probable th a t the sch o o ls rely in g
on oral communication o f job s p e c ific a tio n s fo r the most part do not p o ssess such a record o f the c h a r a c te r is tic s of the p o s itio n fo r the candidate.
The fo r ty -fo u r and one-
tenth per cent o f the C aliforn ia and the 48.7 Per cent o f the o u t -o f-s ta t e sch ools who "usually" described a p o sitio n o r a lly to the placement o f f ic e and/or the ap p lican t seem on the b a sis of the c r ite r io n proposed u su a lly not to meet the standard in th is regard.
Even the remaining ju nior c o lle g e s
who d escrib e job s p e c ific a tio n s in w ritin g may not do so in an in c is iv e manner, but on the b a sis of the c r ite r io n , seem to be on firm er ground than the group doing so o r a lly . It fa v o r in g
c o u ld n o t
be s a i d
jo b d e s c r i p t i o n s i n
fo r c e r ta in
g e n e r a l te r m s su c h a s i n d ic a t e d
i n T a b l e s XXXVXE a n d X X X V III, i t e m m o re p o o r l y t o t h e d e s c r ip tio n s in ta b le s , of
ite m d .
c r ite r io n
s p e c ific It
c,
c o n fo r m e d b e t t e r o r
th a n t h e s c h o o ls f a v o r in g
te r m s su ch i n d ic a t e d
in
se e m e d a d v i s a b l e t h e r e f o r e t o
s u p p le m e n tin g t h i s In o rd er to
th a t th e s c h o o ls
th e
jo b
sam e
f i n d m ea n s
in fo r m a tio n .
o b ta in a c le a r e r p ic t u r e o f th e s p e c i f i c a -
* P r i n c i p l e X , C h a p te r V
280
tio n s which o f f i c i a l s o f C aliforn ia junior c o lle g e s a c tu a lly produce, l e t t e r s from th ese o f f i c i a l s addressed to the Teachers Placement O ffice of the U n iv ersity o f Southern C aliforn ia were analyzed.
The communications in v e stig a te d
were lim ited to req u ests fo r .applicants made during the period January 1949 to July 1949*
Table XXXIX summarizes
the job s p e c ific a tio n s data given to the placement o f f i c e by tw elve o f the C aliforn ia ju nior C olleges con trib u tin g c h e c k -lis t data fo r t h is in v e s tig a tio n .
These tw elve
sch o o ls comprise a l l the d iffe r e n t junior c o lle g e s req u est ing se r v ic e from the placement o f f ic e during period except fo r the lim ita tio n ju st noted.
However the t o t a l number o f
teaching p o s itio n s in each sch ool varied from one to seven in c lu s iv e .
Only one teaching p o s itio n per sch ool was used
in the ta b u la tio n .
This p o s itio n was chosen a t random in
cases in volvin g ch o ice. I n T a b le XXXIX i t fo u n d on o n ly o n e i t e m , tio n
of fie ld s
to
w i l l be n o t ic e d
n a m e ly t h e g e n e r a l f i e l d
be t a u g h t .
c o m m u n ic a t io n s , a l t h o u g h i t
o r c o m b in a
The s u b j e c t o r s u b j e c t s t o
t a u g h t w a s m e n t io n e d o r i m p l i e d
c o m p le te n e s s .
th a t agreem ent i s
in
be
e ig h t o f th e tw e lv e
s e e m s t h a t m any o f t h e s e l a c k
F o r e x a m p l e , o n e o f f i c i a l w a n t e d "an i n s t r u c
to r o f E n g lis h ” .
.
. and e s p e c i a l l y an e x p e r t in r e m e d ia l
r e a d i n g ” ; a n o t h e r w a n t e d a t e a c h e r " c a p a b le o f t e a c h i n g a l l th e v a r io u s p h y s ic a l e d u c a tio n a c t i v i t i e s
f o r w om en, a n d
2di TABLE
XXXIX
JOB SPECIFICATIONS GIVEN BY TWELVE CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES TO PLACEMENT BUREAU AT UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA JANUARY 1949 TO JULY 1949 Job s p e c ific a tio n
nr j a. b*
General f i e l d or combination x
x
S p e c ific su bject or su b jects to be taught
X
x
x
Sex
d.
S p e c ific tr a in in g req u ire ments x x x Experience r equir ement s
X
x
Degrees
g.
U n c la ssifie d per sonal q u a lif i ca tio n s x
i j.
x
x
x
x
X
X
X
X
x
x
x
X
X
X
x
x
x
X
X
x
a
X
7
x
x x
5
x x x
4 x
x x x
x
Age lim its
12
X
x
x
f.
h*
7“ a n " ?tu n 1 2
X
c*
e.
T otals
D is t r ib u t io n by in d iv id u a l .j u n io r c o l l e g e s
x
x
x
5'
X
5
x
2
X
3
D uties other than teaching x Inform ation about, or p o lic ie s o f , the sch ool and/or community x
k.
Salary
1.
C redentials
x
x x
1
282
hygiene."
However four of the tw elve o f f i c i a l s mentioned
the f i e l d , on ly, w ith no fu rth er break-down in to su b jec ts; th ese o f f i c i a l s made no elab oration beyond a statem ent to the e f f e c t of needing a teach er o f "art", "home economics", or "English". The only other item o f inquiry included in the w ritten s p e c ific a tio n s of more than h a lf o f the l e t t e r s h erein reviewed was th a t o f se x . S p e c ific tra in in g requirements were mentioned by s ix o f f i c i a l s , experience requirements by f i v e , and certa in personal q u a lific a tio n s by f i v e .
Typical examples of
tra in in g requirements sp e c ifie d were "dance tra in in g and co rr e c tiv e tra in in g required fo r a teacher o f womens p h ysical education" and an English teacher who i s "equipped to teach remedial reading".
Experience requirements ty p ic a lly in
cluded statem ents such as "at le a s t two years experience" or " s e llin g experience".
Personal q u a lific a tio n s in clu ded,
as an example, referen ces to " a b ility to work w ith adult group, or good at promotion w ith high sch ools in the area". School #7, whose s p e c ific a tio n s appear to be more complete than any o f the oth ers reported, made the follow in g request: Teacher fo r Business Education Department 1. 2. 3.
Male P referab ly under 35 y©a*NS o f age. P r a c tic a l experience in the f i e l d i s d e sir a b le .
283
4. 5. 6.
M aster’s degree or equivalent in Business a d m in istra tio n . Must be q u a lifie d to teach such su b je c ts as Investm ents, Insurance, Real E sta te Law, Accounting, Salesmanship, and O ffice Machines. Must have the a b i l i t y to make a good public appearance and to work co o p era tiv ely w ith educational on la y groups.
The b r ie fe s t job s p e c ific a tio n s was made by school #12.
The complete d escrip tio n of one p o s itio n read ”* • •
a Ph.D. in the f i e l d o f S o c ia l S c ie n c e .” I f i t i s accepted, as was proposed in P r in cip le 1C, th at the s a lie n t c h a r a c te r is tic s o f a teaching p o s itio n should be a m atter of record prior to a con sid eration o f in d iv id u a l a p p lic a tio n s, the q uestion a r is e s as to what the d e t a ils o f such s p e c ific a tio n s ought to be. Although i t seems probable th a t ”job” s p e c ific a tio n s may serve a v a r ie ty o f purposes, in t h is phase of in v e s tig a tio n i t i s the relevance o f s p e c if ic a tio n s to the s e le c tio n process th a t i s being considered . Yoder s t a t e s th a t in in d u stry job d e sc r ip tio n s r e la te to two e s s e n t ia l fe a tu r e s o f each p o s itio n , (1) the nature of the work in volved and (2) the type of worker th a t appears b est f i t t e d fo r the p o s it io n .(150:106)
He l i s t s tw elve
item s u su a lly included under the nature of the work and eig h t under th e type of worker n eed ed .(150:109)
Of p a r ti
cu lar in te r e s t fo r the purposes o f the present in v e s tig a tio n are the fo llo w in g item s in the f i r s t category;
job t i t l e ,
284
general d escrip tio n o f the job, tra in in g required, amounts and typ es o f compensation, usual working hours, and p ecu liar con d ition s o f employment,(150:109) the fo llo w in g are o f in te r e s t:
In the second category
sex and preferred races and
ages, s p e c ia l p h ysical c h a r a c te r is tic s and d e x te r ity re quired, s p e c ia l emotional c h a r a c te r is tic s required, s p e c ia l mental a b i l i t i e s required, s p e c ia l cu ltu ra l c h a r a c te r is tic s required, and requirements as to experience and s k i l l , (150: 109) Job s p e c ific a tio n s in industry appear to be more de t a ile d than th ose suggested fo r teachin g p o s it io n s .
Even
so i t seems noteworthy to observe the b asic s im ila r ity be tween the content o f job s p e c ific a tio n s recommended by Yoder and those recommended by educational w r ite r s .
In order to
f a c i l i t a t e such a n a ly sis and to provide some b a sis for comparisons w ith resp ect to the data c o lle c te d , a summary i s presented 6 f what seems to be the best a v a ila b le c r it e r ia of job s p e c if ic a tio n s furnished by educational w r ite r s. To teacher placement o f f ic e s f a l l s an important respon s i b i l i t y o f matching job s p e c ific a tio n s and a p p lic a n ts.
It
i s not su rp risin g th at th ese o f f i c i a l s have contributed thoughtful an alyses as to what i s needed in order to f u l f i l l t h is o b lig a tio n in a competent manner.
Berry in h is survey
of teacher placement o f f ic e a t the U n iv ersity of C aliforn ia at Los Angeles reports the c r it e r ia recommended by (1) Archer
285
in a p u b lica tio n o f th e Bureau o f Recommendations o f the U n iv ersity o f Minnesota in 1946 e n title d Education Personnel Problems o f A dm inistrators in Elementary S ch ools, Secondary S ch ools, C o lle g e s, and U n iv e r s it ie s ; (2) Bureau o f Educational S ervices o f Teachers C ollege, Columbia U n iv ersity ; and (3) Report o f P ro fessio n a l E th ics Committee of the N ational Education A s s o c ia tio n ,(14:62)
Cooke (33:43) and Linden
(83:6-9) have a lso made noteworthy recommendations as to the nature o f d esira b le job s p e c if ic a t io n s . The follow in g major c l a s s if ic a t io n s o f job s p e c if ic a tio n s seem to be mentioned and approved by four or a l l o f the f iv e sources named above: (1) name and lo c a tio n of sch ool, (2) p o sitio n to be f i l l e d , (3) general d escrip tio n of p o s itio n , (4) s p e c ia l fea tu res o f the p o s itio n in clu d in g d u ties other than teach in g, (5) educational requirem ents, (6) personal q u a lif ic a tio n s , (7) experience requirem ents, and (8) salary inform ation. Other item s mentioned more than once included informa tio n about the sehool or community, a p p lica tio n procedure to be follow ed by the placement o f f i c i a l and the candidate, and when th e work b egin s.
Some d iffe r e n c e s were noted w ith
resp ect to s p e c if i c it y w ith in major c l a s s if i c a t io n s .
Cooke,
fo r example, simply s ta t e s "personal q u a lific a tio n s" as a c a te g o r y ;(33:43) Berry rep o rts the e th ic s committee as
286
sp e c ify in g "any r e s t r ic t io n s in regard to age, sex , r e lig io n , n a tio n a lity , m arital s ta tu s , . . ” (14:#2)
Some o f the w r ite r s
took th e precaution to w rite the words ”i f any” follow in g certa in s p e c if ic a t io n s . Making allowance fo r the d iffe r e n c e s between p o s i tio n s , the summary l i s t o f th ese s p e c ific a tio n s appear to match very c lo s e ly th ose reported by Yoder as standard p ra ctice in in d u s tr y .( 1 5 0 : 1 0 9 ) The a n a ly sis which fo llo w s i s concerned w ith the congruence o f job s p e c if ic a tio n s as shown in Table XXXIX w ith the pooled judgment o f the sources l i s t e d above. Since the job s p e c ific a tio n s summarized in Table XXXIX were addressed to th e placement o f f i c e at the U n iv ersity of Southern C a lifo rn ia , a l l o f them contained the name o f the sch ool and lo c a tio n and th erefore may be presumed to conform to (1) of referen ce l i s t .
A ll sch ools
s p e c ifie d item a and s a t is f y the requirement o f ( 2 ) of the referen ce l i s t .
Eight o f the sch ools subscribed to item b,
i . e . " sp e c ific su b ject or su b jec ts to be taught” and may be considered to have met p a r tia lly the requirement o f ( 3 ) on the reference l i s t r e fe r r in g to general d escrip tio n of the p o s itio n .
I f item s c , g , and h are grouped as "personal
q u a lific a tio n s " , ( 6 ) on th e reference l i s t , nine of the sch ools furnished some data under th is c l a s s if i c a t io n .
If
287
item s d, b, and f are combined and c la s s if ie d as "educa tio n a l requirem ents", ten of the sch ools have furnished some inform ation under ( 5) .
Five of the sch ools sp e c ifie d
item e as a p ra ctice and th erefore conform to the requirement (7)*
Three o f the sch o o ls mentioned d u ties
other than tea ch in g , item i , and conform in p a rt, a t l e a s t , to requirement (4) .
I t seems probable th at c e r ta in
s tip u la tio n s might have been c l a s s if i e d here rath er than under oth er d iv is io n s o f th e reference l i s t .
I t appears
l i k e ly th at a g rea ter number o f the sch ools than in d ica ted may have s a t is f ie d requirement ( 4 ) depending on how " sp ecia l fe a tu r e s ” i s d efin ed .
Salary inform ation was
mentioned only by two o f the sch ools; only t h is number meets s p e c ific a tio n ( 8 )* I t w i l l be observed th a t only on (1) and ( 2 ) on the referen ce l i s t do a l l sch ools submit inform ation.
The
s p e c ific a tio n s by sch ools show a marked d iffe r e n c e w ith resp ect sub-item s even when a m ajority o f sch o o ls inclu de inform ation c l a s s if i e d according to the reference l i s t . Salary inform ation i s most o ften om itted in th ese s p e c ific a t io n s . I t a p p e a r s t h e n t h a t t h e s e t w e l v e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s fro m a s many s c h o o l s i n d i v i d u a l l y a n d c o l l e c t i v e l y do n o t m e e t th e sta n d a rd s p ro p o sed .
E ven t h e b e s t f a l l s n o t i c e a b l y
s h o r t o f t h e s t a n d a r d a n d t h e p o o r e s t h a r d l y d e s e r v e s t o be
288
c la sse d as a d e s c rip tio n o f s p e c if ic a tio n s . F u r th e r a n a ly s is re v e a le d t h a t r e p l i e s to th e a p p r o p r i a t e c h e c k - l i s t q u e s t i o n fro m t h e s c h o o l s o f o r i g i n o f t h e tw e lv e jo b s p e c i f i c a t i o n s d id n o t d i f f e r i n any way w h ic h c o u l d be a s c e r t a i n e d f r o m t h e r e p l i e s o f t h e t o t a l g roup.
A l t h o u g h no c l a i m i s made t h a t t h i s g r o u p
o f tw e lv e i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , y e t i t
s e e m s r e a s o n a b l e to
a s s u m e t h a t t h e y a r e n o t a g r o u p s e t a p a r t f ro m t h e r e s t . I t se em s p r o b a b l e , t h e r e f o r e , i n v i e w o f c o m p a r a t i v e l y lo w s t a n d a r d o f j o b s p e c i f i c a t i o n s p r e s e n t e d by t h i s g r o u p w h ic h i s n o t u n l i k e t h e r e m a i n i n g j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , t h a t th is phase o f th e te a c h e r s e le c tio n p ro cess i s not as a g e n e r a l r u l e p e r f o r m e d t o t h e d e g r e e o f a d e q u a c y recom m ended by c o m p e t e n t a u t h o r i t i e s . A p p lic a tio n b la n k s .
T a b l e XL r e v e a l s t h e e x t e n t t o
w h ic h a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k s a r e u s e d .
In C a lifo rn ia , e ig h t,
o r 1 9 * 0 p e r c e n t , o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s do n o t u s e a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k s ; s e v e n t e e n , o r 3&*6 p e r c e n t , o f t h e o u t - o f s t a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s do n o t u s e t h e m .
S ta te d p o s itiv e ly ,
81 p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d 6 1 .4 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e sc h o o ls use a p p l ic a tio n b la n k s. N ot a l l th e s c h o o ls u s in g a p p l i c a t i o n s r e q u i r e a l l a p p lic a n ts to f i l l
th e m o u t .
In C a lif o r n ia , o f th e sc h o o ls
u s in g such fo rm s , 8 2 .3 p e r c e n t r e q u i r e th e c o m p le tio n o f
TABLE XL
USE OF LOCAL APPLICATION BLANKS BY CALIFORNIA AND OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES
Use
California: a. Not used b. Used Totals c. Require a l l applicants to f i l l out th is form* O ut-of-state: a. Not used b. Used Totals c. Require a l l applicants to f i l l out th is form*
S iz e o f c o l l e g e a s m easured by e q u i v a l e n t f u ll- tim e te a c h e rs 30 - 59 60 and over Totals 1 -2 9
Per cent
Num ber
Per cent
Num ber
Per cent
Num ber
Per cent
Num ber
4
30.8
4
3 0 .8
1
9
69.2
13
6 9 .2 100.0
15
100.0
0 16 16
0 .0 1 00.0 1 00.0
34 42
1 9 .0 8 1 .0 100 .0
7
77.8
8
88.9
15
81.3
28
82.3
5 9 14
55.7 64.3
11 6
1 12
7.7 £2.3.
17
3 8 .6
100.0
17
64.7 55-5
100.0
15
1 0 0 .0
44
1 00.0
6
6 6 .7
6
100.0
8
66.7
20
74.1
8
61.4
’^ P e r c e n t a g e s computed w ith t h e number o f s c h o o ls u s in g a p p l i c a t i o n b la n k s as th e denom in a to r.
ro vo 00
290
them by a l l ap p lica n ts; among o u t- o f-s t a te sc h o o ls, the percentage i s 7 4 .1 per c e n t.
On an o v e r -a ll b a sis then,
four out o f f iv e junior c o lle g e s using a p p lic a tio n blanks require a l l ap p lican ts to complete them. The j u n i o r c o l l e g e s n o t u s i n g a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k s a t a l l do n o t m e e t t h e s t a n d a r d p r o p o s e d i n P r i n c i p l e IX , i . e . , t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f a f o r m a l a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k by t h e a p p l i c a n t s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a n e c e s s a r y r e q u i r e m e n t i n t h e p r o ced u re f o r s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s .
To t h e e x t e n t t h a t s c h o o l s
u s i n g s u c h f o r m s do n o t r e q u i r e a p p l i c a n t s t o c o m p l e t e th e m , t o t h a t e x t e n t do t h e y f a i l t o m e e t t h e s t a n d a r d .
About one
i n f i v e s c h o o l s u s i n g a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k s , t h e r e f o r e , do n o t a t a l l tim e s m eet th e s a id s ta n d a r d . A ll o f th e re sp o n d e n ts c o n tr ib u tin g d a ta f o r t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n w ere a sk e d to su b m it b la n k fo rm s, r e p o r t s , r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s i n t h e b e l i e f t h a t such m a t e r i a l s w o u ld c o n t r i b u t e t o a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e p r a c t i c e s r e l a t i v e to th e a sp e c t o f te a c h e r p e rso n n e l a d m in is tra tio n under c o n s id e ra tio n . fo rm .
One o f t h e s e w as t h e a p p l i c a t i o n
I t may b e s e e n i n T a b l e XL t h a t a l t h o u g h t w e n t y - f i v e
j u n i o r c o l l e g e s do n o t u s e a p p l i c a t i o n f o r m s , a s u b s t a n t i a l m a jo rity do. re q u e s t to
T h i r t y - f i v e sc h o o ls c o o p e ra te d w ith th e
su b m it a copy o f t h i s fo rm .
A summary o f t h e m o s t - u s e d i t e m s i s f o u n d i n T a b l e X L I.
I t w i l l be n o tic e d t h a t a l l th e s e ite m s a r e c l a s s i f i e d
TABLE
X LI
MOST-USED ITEMS FOUND ON TEACHER APPLICATION FORMS OF THIRTY-FIVE JUNIOR COLLEGES Items
Number of application forms used by: Group X* Group Y* Group Z* Totals 13 9 13 of schools schools schools the 35 schools
Personal data: a. Name and address b . Birth data c. Date of application d. Marital status e. Family or dependency status f. Physical factors such as height, weight, defects, etc. g. Teaching credentials held h. Position wanted or preferred i. Salary received past year j• Photograph k. Condition of health 1. Extra-curricular activities qualified to direct Educational pr eparation: a. Names of secondary schools attended, dates, and diploma b. Names of colleges attended, dates, and degrees c. Names of graduate or professional schools attended, dates, and degrees d. Majors and minors Teaching experience: a. Type of positions held b. Name and location of schools c. Dates of service d. Length of time served each position Activities and a. Trade or b. Business c. Military
13 13 13 12 11
9 9 a 9 a
13 13 13 12 10
35 35 34 33 29
10 13 10 7 11 10
a a 7 5 6 4
10 7 9 11 5 7
2a 2a
5
a
7
20
9
13
34 *■ (1)
12 + (1)
9
13
34+ (1)
12 + (1)
9
13
34+ (1)
12 13 13 13
a 9 9 9
10 13 13 13
30 35 35 35
12
t (I)**
experiences other than teaching: 6 1 + (9) vocational experience 0 t (9) experience experience 4 + 16)
References: a. Name, address, and position
13
6 3 - (2) 3 - (2) 2 + (1) 9
7 4 - (3) 4 + (3) 4 - (3) 13
26 23 22 21
19
a + (1 4 )
1*
(14) 10 + (10) 35
which i t b elon gs; Group Y in clu d es ju n ior c o lle g e s u sin g th e same form -as th e high sch ool o f i t s area; Group Z in clu d es ju n ior c o lle g e s u sin g forms developed fo r i t s own u s e . Numbers in p aren th esis ( ) denoted frequency o f th o se item s in which the in te n t seemed c le a r , but in which th e break-down as in d ic a te d in t h is ta b le had not been made ♦ 291
292 under f iv e g e n e ra l h e a d in g s; d a ta ,
(1) p e r s o n a l and p r o f e s s i o n a l
(2 ) e d u c a t i o n a l p r e p a r a t i o n ,
(3) te a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e ,
(4 ) a c t i v i t i e s a n d e x p e r i e n c e s o t h e r t h a n t e a c h i n g , a n d (5 ) referen ces.
The t a b l e i n c l u d e s o n l y t h o s e i t e m s w h ic h
w e r e f o u n d i n m o re t h a n h a l f o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n f o r m s a n a ly z e d .
H ow ever m o s t o f t h e i t e m s n o t l i s t e d
c la ssifie d
u n d e r t h e f i v e c a t e g o r i e s n am ed .
c o u l d be
V i r t u a l u n a n i m i t y w as f o u n d on t h e i n c l u s i o n o f t h e fo llo w in g ite m s : a p p lic a tio n ,
name a n d a d d r e s s , b i r t h d a t a , d a t e o f
a n d m a r i t a l s t a t u s ; nam es o f a l l p o s t - e l e m e n t a r y
sc h o o ls a tte n d e d , d a te s o f such a tte n d a n c e , and d e g re e s ; t y p e o f p r e v i o u s t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n s h e l d , name a n d l o c a t i o n o f t h e s c h o o l s o f s e r v i c e , a n d d a t e s o f s e r v i c e ; a n d nam e, a d d r e s s , and p o s i t i o n o f r e f e r e n c e s . The c l a s s i f i c a t i o n e n t i t l e d
" A c t i v i t i e s and E x p e rie n c e
o t h e r t h a n T e a c h i n g " w as l e s s f r e q u e n t l y u s e d a s a u n i t t h a n th e o th e rs l i s t e d
i n T a b l e X L I.
The b r e a k - d o w n a s i n d i c a t e d
i n t h i s t a b l e w as p a t t e r n e d a f t e r t h e p r e v a i l i n g m od e.
The
n u m b e rs i n p a r e n t h e s i s d e n o t e t h e n u m b e r o f f o r m s w h ic h s u g g e s t e d s u c h e x p e r i e n c e s b u t d i d n o t s p e c i f i c a l l y name th e m i n t h e m a n n e r o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n . r u le in s tr u c te d th e a p p lic a n t to
Such fo rm s a s a
"a c c o u n t f o r any c o n s id e r
a b le tim e n o t co v ered i n p r e p a r a t i o n and t e a c h i n g ," " l i s t a l l p a i d e x p e r i e n c e o t h e r t h a n t e a c h i n g " , " n o t e e m p lo y m e n t" , o r " o th e r p r a c t i c a l ex p e rie n c e in c lu d in g m i l i t a r y " .
When
293 th e s e a r e in c lu d e d in th e t o t a l t a b u l a t i o n , t r a d e , b u s in e s s , o r m i l i t a r y e x p e r i e n c e w e r e d e s i g n a t e d a s i t e m s i n 20 o r o v e r o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n form s s t u d i e d . On r e c e i p t o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n f o r m s , i t w a s d i s co v e re d t h a t th e y c o u ld be c l a s s i f i e d a c c o rd in g t o w h e th e r o r n o t , and to w h at e x t e n t ,
o th e r o rg a n iz a tio n a l le v e ls of
th e sc h o o ls sh a re d th e s e fo rm s.
T h i r t e e n f o r m s w e r e u s e d by
th e s c h o o l sy ste m a s a w h o le , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t e le m e n ta r y t e a c h e r s c o m p l e t e d t h e same a p p l i c a t i o n
b la n k a s t h e j u n i o r
c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s ; n i n e fo rm s w ere u se d j o i n t l y
by t h e h i g h
s c h o o l a n d j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s ; a n d t h i r t e e n w e re u s e d by j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s o n l y . Xt seem ed l i k e l y t h a t t h e a p p l i c a t i o n f o rm f o r t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s w o u ld r e f l e c t t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l dem ands o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h i n g a s c o n t r a s t e d w i t h t e a c h in g a t a lo w e r o r g a n i z a t i o n a l l e v e l .
An a n a l y s i s o f t h e
d i s t r i b u t i o n i n T a b l e X LI se em s t o r e v e a l f i r s t o f a l l a n e s s e n t i a l s i m i l a r i t y f o r th e th r e e g ro u p in g s , x, y , and z . I n o t h e r w o r d s , e v e n w hen t h e r e s p o n d e n t s j u n i o r c o l l e g e s d e v e l o p t h e i r own a p p l i c a t i o n f o r m s t h e s e a r e i n d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e on t h e b a s i s o f t h e m o s t - u s e d i t e m s f r o m t h o s e j o i n t l y u se d by t h e e le m e n ta r y and h ig h s c h o o l s . T h e r e a r e some s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n t h e t h r e e g r o u p s on i t e m s n o t i n c l u d e d i n T a b l e X L I. re q u ire m e n t o f l i s t i n g
F o r e x a m p le t h e
t h e e o u r s e s in m a jo r s u b j e c t s , w as
294 made by o n e s c h o o l i n g r o u p x , by tw o i n g r o u p y , a n d f i v e i n group z .
The d a t a f o r l i s t i n g
a r e s i m i l a r to th e above.
c o u rse s in e d u c a tio n
T h ree s c h o o l s , a l l i n g ro u p z ,
re q u ire a l i s t i n g o f a l l s u b je c ts ta k e n in c o lle g e o r u n iv e rsity .
S p e c i f i c m e n tio n o f p u b l i c a t i o n s , r e s e a r c h ,
o r i n v e n t i o n s w as made on o n e fo rm u s e d by g r o u p x , t h r e e by g r o u p y , a n d s i x by g r o u p z .
On t h e o t h e r h a n d , some
q u e s t i o n s w e re t y p i c a l l y a s k e d on f o r m s u s e d b y g r o u p x , b u t n o t o n f o r m s u s e d by g r o u p z .
The b e s t e x a m p le p e r t a i n e d
to th e a p p l ic a n ts a b i l i t y and w illin g n e s s to te a c h m u sic . I t i s t o be e x p e c t e d , p e r h a p s , t h a t a n u m b e r o f t h e f o r m s c o n t a i n q u e s t i o n s w h i c h seem u n r e l a t e d t o t e a c h e r c o m p e te n c e o n t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e l e v e l .
The f o l l o w i n g
q u e s t i o n s w ere fo u n d on a fo rm u s e d by a s c h o o l i n g r o u p z : ” Can y o u s i n g ? t e a c h m u s i c , p e n m a n s h ip , d r a w i n g , a n d p h y s i c a l tra in in g ? ”
T h i s i d e n t i c a l q u e s t i o n w as a l s o f o u n d on a
f o r m u s e d by a s c h o o l i n g r o u p y , a n d c o p y w r i t e d by a c o m m e r c ia l f i r m i n 1 9 2 4 .
The f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s w e r e f o u n d
on a fo rm u s e d by s c h o o l i n g r o u p X. Name a n d a d d r e s s o f n e a r e s t r e l a t i v e l i v i n g i n _________. (name o f c i t y d e l e t e d ) W hat i s y o u r f a t h e r ’ s v o c a t i o n ? How many b r o t h e r s o r s i s t e r s h a v e y o u ? A re y o u th e o ld e s t? A re y o u a r e g i s t e r e d v o t e r ? Do y o u u s e t o b a c c o ? A re y o u w i l l i n g t o a b i d e b y s u c h r u l e s a s t h e b o a r d may make o n t h i s a n d o t h e r m a tte rs? Do y o u d r i n k b e e r o r o t h e r a l c o h o l i c b e v e r a g e s ?
295
Do you think teachers should use tobacco or alcohol? What kind of music can you teaeh? What system o f penmanship? Do you sing? Two sch ools suggested th a t copies of te stim o n ia ls might be included w ith th e a p p lic a tio n form. A count was made as to the number o f pages and r e la tiv e s iz e o f th e a p p lic a tio n forms.
T h irty-th ree of
the forms were 8 i ” by 1 1 ”, and two were 8 5 ” by 1 3 " .J The form in most common u se, 16 in a l l , contained one page, both sid e s to be f i l l e d o u t.
Almost as o ften used, 13 in
a l l , was the fo ld e r s t y le , four-page form.
Others contained
one or more pages to be f i l l e d out on one sid e o n ly. What inform ation should be sought on an a p p lica tio n blank?
L a fferty (81:3-5) has c r it ic iz e d the a p p lica tio n
blanks because they have mushroomed in to being w ith very l i t t l e b e n e fit o f stu d ie s showing what types o f data are worthy o f in c lu s io n .
As a r e s u lt they contain ir r e le v a n t
item s, ask fo r inform ation which can be accepted only on confirm ation and which could be obtained b e tte r by other methods.
Other w r ite r s have made sim ila r c r i t ic is m s .( 8 ?:
480; 27:163-65)
I t appears necessary th e r e fo r e , th at con
s id e r a tio n be made of p ertin en t research and expert opinion along th ese l i n e s . Toder has presented some d e sir a b le c h a r a c te r is tic s o f the a p p lic a tio n blank used fo r the s e le c tio n of
i n d u s t r i a l e m p lo y e e s ,(1 5 0 :1 4 4 -4 8 and 1 7 2 -7 3 )
He e m p h a s i z e s
t h a t t h e a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k s h o u l d s e c u r e f r o m t h e e m p lo y e e in fo rm a tio n r e l e v a n t to th e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s n o te d a s s i g n i f i c a n t upon j o b s p e c i f i c a t i o n s .
”I f d i s t i n c t l y d i f f e r e n t t y p e s
o f w o r k e r s a r e t o be e m p lo y e d ” , Y o d e r c o n t i n u e s , ” i t w o u ld be w e l l t o p r o v i d e d i f f e r e n t a p p l i c a t i o n f o r m s ,
so t h a t
e a c h w o u ld c o n t a i n o n l y t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t o b e u t i l i z e d . ” (1 5 0 :1 4 4 )
Y oder c r i t i c i z e d s e v e r a l h u n d re d su c h fo rm s i n
much t h e same s t r a i n t h a t e d u c a t i o n a l w r i t e r s c r i t i c i z e d th o s e i n th e e d u c a ti o n a l f i e l d . (1 5 0 :1 4 6 -4 7 )
He c l a i m s t h a t
m o s t m a n a g e m e n ts s i m p l y c o p y some f o r m , p o s s i b l y a d d i n g a few i t e m s t h a t s o u n d u s e f u l a t t h e m om ent, a n d a s a r e s u l t t h e f i n a l fo rm c o n t a i n s l a r g e n u m b e rs o f u s e l e s s i t e m s an d some t h a t a r e o f f e n s i v e t o t h e p r o s p e c t i v e e m p lo y e e s . g e n e r a l” he c o n c lu d e s,
"In
” t h e a p p l i c a t i o n fo rm s h o u l d b e
l i m i t e d and a d a p te d to n e c e s s a r y p e rs o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d e t e r m i n e d f ro m j o b s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e p o s i t i o n s i n v o l v e d . ” (1 5 0 :1 4 4 ) M o sh e r a n d K i n g s l e y a s s e r t t h a t t h e c o n t e n t o f a n a p p l i c a t i o n b la n k i n p u b lic p e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n d e p e n d s on t h e p u r p o s e s t o b e s e r v e d by t h e a p p l i c a t i o n . ( 9 2 : 138) fie ld :
T hese a u t h o r i t i e s l i s t
f i v e p rim a ry n eed s in t h i s
(1) t o i d e n t i f y and l o c a t e th e a p p l i c a n t ,
d e te rm in e e l i g i b i l i t y f o r c o m p e titio n , q u a l i f i c a t i o n s f o r e m p lo y m e n t,
(2 ) t o
(3) to e v a lu a te
(4) t o d e te rm in e p r e f e r e n c e
297 s ta te s ,
an d (5 ) t o s e r v e a s a b a s i s f o r e s t i m a t i n g c h a r a c t e r
a n d h a b i t s . ( 9 2 : 13&)
The d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e c o n t e n t o f
th e b la n k s i s l a r g e l y a m a tte r o f s e l e c t i n g ite m s r e l a t e d t o t h e s e p u r p o s e s . (9 2 :1 3 ^ )
D a v is i n h e r s tu d y o f p e r s o n n e l
a d m in is tra tio n in th r e e n o n -te a c h in g s e r v ic e s ,
s ta te s th a t
th e w r i t t e n a p p l i c a t i o n i s an im p o rta n t p r e lim in a r y s c r e e n in g d e v ic e f o r su c h p e r s o n n e l . (4 1 :1 6 2 ) Xt se em s r e a s o n a b l e t o assu m e t h a t i n t h e e d u c a t i o n a l fie ld ,
a s w e l l a s i n p u b l i c a n d i n d u s t r i a l p e r s o n n e l a d m in
istra tio n ,
t h e c o n t e n t o f a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k s s h o u l d be
r e l a t e d t o t h e p u r p o s e s t o b e s e r v e d by i t .
C o u lb o u rn ’ s
f i n d i n g s i n t h i s r e g a r d p r e v i o u s l y s u m m a r iz e d , a r e g e n e r a l l y c o n c u r r e d i n by e d u c a t i o n a l e x p e r t s , b u t t h e r e a r e some e x c e p tio n s.
He s t a t e s t h a t t h e i n f o r m a t i o n s o u g h t f u r n i s h e s
th e p rim a ry b a s is f o r th e d e te lim in a tio n o f e l i g i b i l i t y ;
in
a sm u ch a s e a c h s c h o o l s y s t e m h a s e s t a b l i s h e d c e r t a i n minimum r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a p p l i c a n t s , t h e a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k m u s t be th e f i r s t s t e p in th e s e l e c t i v e p r o c e s s . (3 7 :5 3 )
I n b .is
c o n c l u s i o n s , C o u l b o u r n recom m ends t h e f o l l o w i n g : 1. 2. 3.
4*
In v ie w o f th e lo n g - r a n g e n a t u r e o f th e fo rm a l a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k , t h e i n f o r m a t i o n s h o u l d be p u re ly o b je c tiv e . The i n f o r m a t i o n d e s i r e d s h o u l d be t h e t y p e t h a t i s r e a d i l y d e te rm in e d o r v e r i f i e d . The i n f o r m a t i o n d e s i r e d s h o u l d b e o f t h e t y p e t h a t w i l l d e te rm in e th e e l i g i b i l i t y o f th e a p p l i c a n t i n .te rm s o f minimum o r d e s i r a b l e re q u ire m e n ts o f th e l o c a l sc h o o l sy stem . The w o r d i n g o f t h e i t e m s , t h e d i r e c t i o n s t o th e a p p lic a n t, and th e arrangem ent o f th e ite m s
298
s h o u l d be s u c h t h a t t h e y c a n be e a s i l y u n d e r s t o o d a n d r e a d i l y f o l l o w e d by t h e a p p l i c a n t a n d t h e i n f o r m a t i o n e a s i l y c h e c k e d a n d e v a l u a t e d by t h e s e l e c t i n g a g e n c y .(3 7 :5 5 ) C o u lb o u rn b e l i e v e d t h a t even th o u g h e a c h sy ste m a d a p t t h e b l a n k s t o f i t i t s own n e e d s a n d p u r p o s e s , t h e v a l u e o f s u c h b l a n k s w o u ld b e d e t e r m i n e d by t h e i r c o n f o r m i t y t o t h e r e c o m m e n d a tio n s c i t e d . ( 3 7 : 5 5 )
He s u g g e s t e d s e v e n g e n e r a l
h e a d i n g s w h ic h w o u ld i n c l u d e t h e t w e n t y - f i v e i t e m s m o s t f r e q u e n t l y fo u n d on a p p l i c a t i o n b la n k s a s r e p o r t e d by p r e v io u s in v e s tig a to rs. sp e c ific
T hese se v e n c a t e g o r i e s in c lu d e p e r s o n a l d a t a ,
tr a in i n g i n th e s p e c ia l f i e l d ,
p ro fe ssio n a l tr a in
i n g a s r e p r e s e n t e d by c o u r s e s i n e d u c a t i o n , g e n e r a l t r a i n i n g , te a c h in g e x p e rie n c e , tr a d e o r o th e r e x p e rie n c e , and r e f e r e n c e s . (3 7 :5 4 ) A tk in so n p ro p o sed f o u r p r i n c i p l e s r e l a t i n g t o a p p l i c a tio n
b la n k s.
O th e r th a n th e p r i n c i p l e s q u o te d i n an e a r l i e r
c h a p te r* p e r t a i n i n g to n e c e s s i t y f o r u s in g such fo rm s, th e se a re : 1. 2. 3*
The t e a c h e r 1s a p p l i c a t i o n fo rm s h o u l d b e c o n s t r u c t e d t o m eet t h e n e e d s and r e q u ir e m e n ts o f a p a r t i c u l a r sc h o o l sy stem o r d i s t r i c t . The t e a c h e r ' s a p p l i c a t i o n f o r m s h o u l d be c a r e f u l l y p l a n n e d a n d p r i n t e d on a f o u r - p a g e fo ld e r, siz e by 1 1 ” . The t e a c h e r ' s a p p l i c a t i o n f o r m s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d so a s t o r e v e a l s p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n i n r e s p e c t to t h e a p p l i c a n t 's p e r s o n a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n s , edu c a tio n a l t r a i n i n g , e x p e rie n c e , r e f e r e n c e s , and
* C h a p te r Y
p o s i t i o n d e s i r e d . (8 :1 4 5 ) E d u c a tio n a l a u t h o r i t i e s have d e s c rib e d d e s ir a b le ty p e s o f a p p l i c a t i o n f o r m s .(1 1 0 :1 2 8 -3 0 ; 4 3 :9 7 -9 8 ; 2 7 :1 6 2 67)
The m a j o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f i t e m s a r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e
o f O o u lb o u rn ’ s and A tk in s o n .
Ho p a r t i c u l a r l i s t o f i t e m s
i s reco m m en ded f o r a l l s c h o o l s .
In t h i s r e s p e c t th e
r e c o m m e n d a tio n s a r e s t a t e d g e n e r a l t e r m s s u c h a s ,
’’T h i s
b la n k s h o u ld se e k i n f o r m a t i o n upon su c h m a t t e r s a s t h e fo llo w in g :
p erso n al c h a ra c te ris tic s ,
e d u c a tio n , te a c h in g
e x p e rie n c e , ty p e o f p o s i t i o n d e s ir e d , and r e f e r e n c e s . ” (1 1 0 :1 3 1 ) The e d u c a t i o n a l r e s e a r c h a n d w r i t i n g s so f a r d e s c r i b e d a p p e a r t o s u p p o r t t h e v ie w t h a t t h e f o r m a l a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k ’ s m a in f u n c t i o n i s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p r e l i m i n a r y e l i g i b i l i t y f o r s ta tu s as a c a n d id a te .
T here a r e i n d i c a t i o n s ,
h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k c a n , w hen c a r e f u l l y p r e p ared,
become a h i g h l y v a l u a b l e s e l e c t i v e d e v i c e .
Y oder
r e p o r t s on n u m b er o f e x t e n s i v e r e s e a r c h e s t h a t i n d i c a t e p erso n al d a ta ,
such a s m a r i t a l s t a t u s , num ber o f d e p e n d e n ts ,
c h u r c h , f r a t e r n a l , a n d s o c i a l , a n d o t h e r a f f i l i a t i o n s may b e q u i t e s i g n i f i c a n t f o r s u c c e s s on t h e j o b . ( 1 5 0 : 1 7 3 ) some k i n d s o f p o s i t i o n s s u c h p e r s o n a l f a c t o r s a r e m o re v a l u a b l e a s p r e d i c t i v e d e v i c e s t h a n a n y t e s t so f a r d e s i g n e d . (1 5 0 :1 7 3 )
For
300 H e a to n b e l i e v e s t h a t s u c h t e c h n i q u e s a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y a p p l ic a b le to p r o f e s s i o n a l p o s i t i o n s * (6 3 :1 4 9 -6 0 ) a rtic le ,
In h is
" C o n t r i b u t i o n s o f W a rtim e P e r s o n n e l M e th o d s t o
T e a c h e r S e l e c t i o n ” , he d e s c r ib e s th e " b io g r a p h ic a l in fo rm a tio n b la n k .”
I t d i f f e r s f ro m t h e u s u a l b l a n k s i n b e i n g
b r o a d e r i n c o v e r a g e , m o re i n c i s i v e i n d e t a i l ,
an d d e s i g n e d
f o r q u a n t i t a t i v e s c o r i n g .(6 3 :1 4 9 -5 3 ) T hese o r s i m i l a r fo rm s a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e a c c o r d in g to p e r s o n a l c o m m u n ic a tio n s w i t h t h e w r i t e r o f t h e a r t i c l e . A l t h o u g h s u c h b l a n k s may h a v e p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r f u t u r e u s e , i t a p p e a r s t h a t f o r t h e p r e s e n t t h e y may be d i s c o u n t e d . Oh t h e b a s i s o f a u t h o r i t a t i v e w r i t i n g a n d r e s e a r c h , i t w o u ld seem t h a t t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k s h o u l d , f o r t h e t i m e b e i n g , be r e g a r d e d a s a m ean s o f d e te rm in in g th e p re lim in a ry e l i g i b i l i t y th e a p p lic a tio n
of a p p lic a n ts, th a t
b l a n k s h o u l d be c o n s t r u c t e d t o f i t t h e u n i q u e
c h a r a c te r o f ju n io r c o lle g e te a c h in g , and t h a t i t
sh o u ld
m eet t h e n e e d s and r e q u ir e m e n ts o f th e p a r t i c u l a r s c h o o l it
i s in te n d e d to s e rv e . P ro c e ssin g a p p lic a tio n d a ta .
T a b l e s X L II a n d X L I I I
su m m a riz e c e r t a i n m e th o d s u s e d i n p r o c e s s i n g c o m p l e t e d a p p lic a tio n b la n k s.
T w en ty o f t h e t w e n t y - s e v e n C a l i f o r n i a
s c h o o ls u s in g such fo rm s, o r 7
7
per c e n t,
file
a ll of
th e m u n t i l s u c h a t i m e a s s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s g i v e n t o
TABLE
X L II
METHODS OF PROCESSING LOCAL APPLICATION FORMS IN CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES
Method
a. b. c.
d. e.
S ize o f c o l l e g e a s m easured by e q u i v a l e n t f u l l .-tim e t e a c h e r s 1 - 29 30 - 59 60 and o v e r Tot a l s Num Per Num P e r Num Per Num Per ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent
A l l co m p leted fo rm s a r e f i l e d u n t i l such a tim e a s s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s g iv e n to f i l l v a c a n t p o s i t i o n s 7
7 7 .3
6
6 6 .7
13
8 1 .3
26
7 6 .5
Only t h e c o m p le te d form s o f p ro m is in g a p p l i c a n t s a r e f i l e d f o r s u b s e quent use
2
2 2 .2
3
33 .3
3
1 8 .8
8
2 3 .5
When a p o s i t i o n i s f i l l e d , o n ly th e form s o f a p p l i c a n t s showing p ro m ise o f f i l l i n g s u b s e q u e n t v a c a n c ie s a r e kept
4
44*4
5
55.5
7
4 3 .8
16
4 7 .1
When a p o s i t i o n i s f i l l e d , o n ly t h e form o f th e s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a n t i s kept
1
1 1 .1
0
0 .0
2
1 2 .5
3
8 .8
O th e r
1
0
0 .0
1
6 .3
2
5 .9
The number o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e s u s in g a p p l i c a t i o n b la n k s i s u sed a s t h e d e n o m in a to r i n th e c a l c u l a t i o n o f p e r c e n t a g e s . These numbers a r e :
9
1 1 .1
19
16
34
P e r c e n ta g e s do n o t e q u a l 100 p e r c e n t b e c a u s e i n some c a s e s more th a n one method, was r e p o r te d *
TABLE
X L III
METHODS OF PROCESSING LOCAL APPLICATION FORMS IN OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES
Method
a. b. c.
d. e.
S ize i o f c o l l e g e a s m easured by e q u i v a l e n t f u l l -tim e te a c h e rs I - 29 60 and o v e r T o ta ls 30 - 59 Num P er Num P er Num Per Num P er ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent
A ll co m p le te d form s a r e f i l e d u n t i l such a tim e a s s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s g iv e n to f i l l v a c a n t p o s i t i o n s 7
7 7 .S
6
1 0 0 .0
S
6 6 .7
21
7 7 .8
Only t h e co m p leted form s o f p ro m is in g a p p l i c a n t s a r e f i l e d f o r s u b s e quent use
1
1 1 .1
0
0 .0
4
3 3 .3
5
Id .5
When a p o s i t i o n i s f i l l e d , o n ly th e form s o f a p p l i c a n t s showing p ro m ise o f f i l l i n g su b s e q u e n t v a c a n c ie s a r e kept
3
3 3 .3
2
3 3 .3
4
3 3 .3
9
3 3 .3
When a p o s i t i o n i s f i l l e d , o n ly t h e form o f th e s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a n t i s kept
1
1 1 .1
1
1 6 .7
3
2 5 .0
5
1 8 .5
O ther
0
0 .0
0
0 .0
2
1 6 .7
2
7 .4
The number o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e s u s in g a p p l i c a t i o n b la n k s i s u s e d a s th e d en o m in ato r i n th e c a l c u l a t i o n o f p e r c e n t a g e s . These numbers a r e : 9
6
12
27
P e r c e n ta g e s do n o t e q u a l 100 p e r c e n t b e c a u s e i n some c a s e s more t h a n one method was re p o rte d . VuO
o ro
303 f i l l vacant p o s itio n s;
o f t h e re m a in in g s c h o o ls ,
fiv e , or
18*5 p e r c e n t , r e t a i n o n l y t h o s e o f t h e p r o m i s i n g a p p l i c a n t s * Among t h i r t y - f o u r o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s u s i n g a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k s , t w e n t y - s i x , o r 7 6 . 3 p e r c e n t , f i l e a l l o f th e m u n til
such tim e a s s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s
g iv e n t o f i l l
v a c a n t p o s i t i o n s ; a l l th e re m a in in g s c h o o ls , o r 2 3 .5 p e r c e n t, r e t a i n o n ly th o s e o f th e p ro m isin g a p p l i c a n t s .
It
w i l l be o b s e rv e d t h a t t h e p e r c e n t a g e s i n s t a t e and o u t o f s ta te
a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e sa m e ; a n d t h a t a b o u t t h r e e o u t
of fo u r ju n io r c o lle g e s f i l e
a l l c o m p le t e d a p p l i c a t i o n
b la n k s u n t i l v a c a n c ie s a r i s e and a r e c o n s id e re d . The T a b l e s X L II a n d 2 L I I I a l s o r e v e a l some d a t a c o n c e r n i n g p r o c e s s i n g o f c o m p le te d a p p l i c a t i o n b la n k s a f t e r th e f i l l i n g o f p o s itio n s . th e p l u r a l i t y p r a c tic e ,
Ite m c i n t h e s e t a b l e s s t a t e s
"w hen a p o s i t i o n i s f i l l e d ,
t h e f o r m s o f a p p l i c a n t s sh o w in g p r o m i s e o f f i l l i n g quent v a c a n c ie s a r e k e p t."
o n ly subse
T h i s i s t h e p r a c t i c e i n 33*3 p e r
c e n t of th e C a l i f o r n i a and 4 7 .1 p e r c e n t o f th e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o ls u s in g such b la n k s .
Some o f t h e s c h o o l s k e e p o n l y
t h e c o m p l e t e d f o rm o f t h e s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a n t . re sp o n d e n ts,
Four
by m e an s o f a d d i t i o n a l co m m en ts, r e p o r t e d a
v a r i e t y o f p r a c t i c e s su c h a s k e e p in g a l l fo rm s f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s and k e e p in g a l l fo rm s f o r one y e a r i n w o rk in g f i l e and an o t h e r y e a r in a dead f i l e .
S in c e o n ly t h r e e o u t o f
f i v e r e s p o n d e n t s a n s w e r e d i t e m s c , d , a n d e , n o t much
304 sig n ific a n c e i s
a tta c h e d to t h i s s e c tio n o f th e T a b le s.
T a b l e s XLIV a n d XLV su m m a riz e t h e d a t a c o n c e r n i n g m e th o d s o f p r o c e s s i n g t h e c o n f i d e n t i a l p a p e r s o f a p p l i c a n t s f o r j u n i o r c o l le g e p o s i t i o n s i n C a l i f o r n i a and o u t - o f - s t a t e re sp e c tiv e ly .
P e rh a p s th e m ost s i g n i f i c a n t o f th e d a ta r e -
♦
p o rte d r e l a t e s to th e f i l i n g o f c o n f id e n tia l p a p e rs o f su c c e ssfu l c a n d id a te s.
T h i r t y - s i x , o r 85*7 p e r c e n t , o f
th e C a l i f o r n i a , and t h i r t y - s e v e n , o r 8 4 .1 p e r c e n t , o f th e o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n io r c o lle g e s s u b s c rib e to th e p r a c t i c e o f f i l i n g such p a p e rs a t th e i n s t i t u t i o n .
Xf t h e t h r e e
C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o ls r e p o r t i n g t h a t th e c e n t r a l o f f i c e o f th e s c h o o l sy stem r a t h e r th a n th e i n s t i t u t i o n i t s e l f r e t a i n th e s e m a t e r i a l s a r e added to th e C a lif o r n i a s c h o o ls n o te d ab o v e, th e n 9 2 .9 p e r c e n t o f th e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s i n t h i s
s ta te f ile
th e c o n f id e n tia l p ap ers o f th e s u c c e s s fu l a p p lic a n t. I t may be n o t e d a l s o t h a t a s i z e a b l e g r o u p o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e s do n o t r e t u r n a t o n c e c o n f i d e n t i a l p a p e r s o f u n q u a lifie d a p p lic a n ts.
T w e n t y - f i v e , o r 5 9 .5 p e r c e n t , o f t h e
C a l i f o r n i a , and tw e n ty - n in e , o r 6 5 .9 p e r c e n t, o f th e o u to f - s t a t e s c h o o ls s i g n i f y t h a t such m a t e r i a l s a r e r e t u r n e d a t once.
On a n o v e r a l l b a s i s , t h i s m e an s t h a t t h r e e o u t o f
e ig h t sc h o o ls r e t a i n
c o n f i d e n t i a l p a p e rs a f t e r such m a t e r i a l s
h a v e become v a l u e l e s s . W ien t h e d a t a a r e a n a l y z e d a c c o r d i n g t o
school s iz e ,
i t w i l l be o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s d i s p l a y
TABLE
XLIV
METHODS OF PROCESSING CONFIDENTIAL PAPERS OF APPLICANTS IN CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES
M ethods
a. b.
c.
d.
S iz e o f c o l l e g e a s m easured by e q u i v a l e n t f u ll- tim e te a c h e rs T o ta ls 1 - 29 30 - 59 60 and o v e r dum Per Num Per Num Per Num P er ber cent ber cent ber cent cent ber
Those o f o b v io u s ly u n q u a l i f i e d a p p l i c a n t s a r e r e t u r n e d a t once
9
6 9 .2
10
7 6 .9
6
37.5
25
59.5
Those o f p r o m is in g , b u t l a t e r un su c c e ssfu l a p p lic a n ts , a re re tu rn e d a s soon a s t h e p o s i t i o n i s f i l l e d
9
6 9 .2
12
9 2 .3
6
3 7 .5
27
6 4 .3
Those o f u n s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a n t s showing p ro m ise i n f i l l i n g f u t u r e v a c a n c ie s a r e f i l e d f o r s u b s e q u e n t u se
6
4 6 .2
3
. 2 3 .1
11
6 3 .3
20
4 7 .6
Those o f th e s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a n t s a r e f i l e d p e rm a n e n tly a t t h e s c h o o l 10
7 6 .9
13
1 0 0 .0
13
S i.3
36
8 5 .7
e.
A l l p a p e rs a r e k e p t i n d e f i n i t e l y
0
0 .0
0
0 .0
3
1 3 .3
3
7 .1
f.
O ther
0
0 .0
1
7 .7
0
0 .0
1
2 .4
Number o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e s c o n t r i b u t i n g d ata
13
13
16
42
T o t a l s do n o t e q u a l 100 p e r c e n t b e c a u s e i n most c a s e s t h e p r o c e s s r e q u i r e d more th a n one m ethod. VjJ
o
V Jt
TABLE
XLV
METHODS OF PROCESSING CONFIDENTIAL PAPERS OF APPLICANTS IN OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES
Methods
a. b.
c.
d. e.
Those o f o b v io u s ly u n q u a l i f i e d a p p l i c a n t s a r e r e t u r n e d a t once
S iz e o f c o l l e g e a s m easured by e q u i v a l e n t f u ll- tim e te a c h e rs 60 and o v er T o ta ls 1 - 29 30 - 59 Num Per Num P er Num Per Num P er ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent
10
7 1 -4
10
5 $ .$
9
6 9 .2
29
6 5 .9
Those o f p r o m is in g , b u t l a t e r u n su ccessfu l a p p lic a n ts , a re r e t u r n e d a s soon a s t h e p o s i t i o n is fille d
7
5 0 .0
9
5 2 .9
6
4 6 .2
22
5 0 .0
Those o f u n s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a n t s showing p ro m ise i n f i l l i n g f u t u r e v a c a n c ie s a r e f i l e d f o r su b s e q u e n t use
9
6 4 .3
11
6 4 .7
9
6 9 .2
29
6 5 .9
Those o f the s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a n t s a r e f i l e d p e rm a n e n tly a t th e sc h o o l 12
$ 5 .7
13
7 6 .5
12
9 2 .3
37
S 4 .1
0
0 .0
0
0 .0
2
1 5 .4
2
4 .5
O th er
Number o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e s c o n t r i b u t i n g d ata 14
17
13
44
T o t a l s do n o t e q u a l 100 p e r c e n t b e c a u se i n most c a s e s th e p r o c e s s r e q u i r e d more th a n one m ethod. VO
o
ON
307 a c o n s iste n t p a tte r n .
Wide d i f f e r e n c e s a r e n o t e d among t h e
C a lifo rn ia in s t i t u t i o n s in c e r ta in p a r ts of th e d a ta .
W ith
r e f e r e n c e to ite m a , 7 6 .9 p e r c e n t o f th e m e d iu m -siz e d s c h o o ls in th is
sta te ,
f o r e x a m p le , r e t u r n a t o n c e t h e c o n f i d e n t i a l
p a p e r s o f o b v i o u s l y u n q u a l i f i e d a p p l i c a n t s ; o n l y 3 7 .5 p e r c e n t o f t h e l a r g e s c h o o l s do s o .
The p r a c t i c e w i t h r e s p e c t
to ite m b i n d ic a t e s even a g r e a t e r d i s p a r i t y . s iz e d sc h o o ls,
The m edium
j u d g i n g fro m t h e r e s p o n s e t o i t e m
a b o u t h a l f a s l i k e l y a s th e la r g e sc h o o ls to f i l e
g
,
are
p ap ers of
u n s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a n t s who show p r o m i s e o f t h e f i l l i n g o f subsequent v a c a n c ie s.
J u s t why s u c h d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t i s
n o t a s c e r t a i n a b l e fro m t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a t h a n d . V e ry few o f t h e e d u c a t i o n a l a u t h o r i t i e s h a v e s t a t e d t h e i r v ie w s on m e th o d s o f p r o c e s s i n g a p p l i c a t i o n d a t a .
One
o f t h e b e t t e r p r e s e n t a t i o n o f s u c h i n f o r m a t i o n w as m ade by B o lto n .
H i s m a in p o i n t s a r e :
(1 ) t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s h o u l d
keep a c o n v e n ie n t f i l e o f a l l a p p l ic a tio n s r e c e iv e d ,
(2)
t h e d a t a c o n c e r n i n g w eak o r o t h e r w i s e u n d e s i r a b l e a p p l i c a n t s s h o u l d be e i t h e r r e t u r n e d o r d e s t r o y e d a s s o o n a s s e l e c t i o n s h a v e b e e n m ade,
(3 ) t h e d a t a c o n c e r n i n g s t r o n g c a n d i d a t e s
s h o u ld be r e t a i n e d i n th e f i l e s f o r f u t u r e r e f e r e n c e , and (4 ) bow l o n g d a t a s h o u l d be k e p t c a n n o t b e e x a c t l y s t a t e d . (2 1 :2 9 9 ) D o u g la s s * v ie w d i f f e r s fro m t h a t o f B o l t o n i n o n e im p o rta n t p a r t i c u l a r .
D o u g la s s f a v o r s th e r e t e n t i o n o f a l l
308 i n f o r m a t i o n g a t h e r e d a b o u t th e s u c c e s s f u l c a n d i d a t e a s d id B o l t o n , b u t s t a t e s t h a t c o n v e n t i o n a l c o u r t e s y dem ands t h a t a p p l i c a t i o n d a t a f o r a l l u n s u c c e s s f u l c a n d id a t e s be r e tu rn e d :
to th e p la c e m e n t o f f i c e f o r m a t e r i a l s s u b m itte d by
th e m an d t o t h e c a n d i d a t e t h o s e s u b m i t t e d b y h i m , ( 4 3 : 9 9 ) m a in d i f f e r e n c e i n o p i n i o n , t h e r e f o r e ,
co n cern s w hat to
w ith th e a p p l ic a tio n d a ta o f s tr o n g c a n d id a te s ,
The do
o th e r th a n
th e s u c c e s s fu l one. T a b l e XLVI s u m m a r iz e s t h e d a t a r e c e i v e d i n a n s w e r t o th e q u e s tio n ,
” Xn w h a t l e n g t h o f tim e a f t e r r e c e p t i o n do
a p p l i c a t i o n d a t a c e a s e t o be u s e f u l enough t o k e e p ? ”
The
p l u r a l i t y ju d g m e n t f a v o r e d o n e y e a r , 4 6 . 3 p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d 44*2 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e r e s p o n d e n t s s u p p o rte d t h i s v ie w . f a v o r e d two y e a r s ,
A p p r o x i m a t e l y h a l f a s many r e s p o n d e n t s
2 4 .4 p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a and 2 5 .6
p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e resp o n d e n ts* c o n c u r r in g .
About
one o u t o f s i x re s p o n d e n ts b e lie v e d a s h o r t p e r io d o f t h r e e o r s i x m o n th s r e n d e r e d a p p l i c a t i o n d a t a v a l u e l e s s , 1 7 . 1 p e r c e n t o f th e C a l i f o r n i a and 1 6 .3 p e r c e n t o f th e o u t - o f - s t a t e r e s p o n d e n t s so i n d i c a t i n g . V e ry few r e s p o n d e n t s s i g n i f i e d t h a t a p e r i o d l o n g e r t h a n tw o y e a r s w o u ld be p r o d u c t i v e .
The c e n t r a l o f f i c e f o r
t h e L os A n g e l e s j u n i o r c o l l e g e s r e t a i n s some t y p e s o f a p p l ic a tio n p a p e rs p e rm a n e n tly .
Two o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s
a l s o r e t a i n a p p l i c a t i o n p a p e rs p e rm a n e n tly .
O th e r th a n t h i s ,
TABLE XLVI
LENGTH OF TIME IN WHICH APPLICATION DATA CEASE TO BE VALUABLE ENOUGH TO KEEP AS REPORTED. FOR CALIFORNIA AND OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES
Length of time
California: a. 3 months b. 6 months o. 1 year d* 2 years e. Varies with teacher and/or position f. Varies with kind of data Totals Out-of-states a* 3 months b. 6 months c. 1 year d. 2 years e, Variable f . Permanently g. Other Totals
Size of college as measured by equivalent full-tim e teachers 1 - 29 30 - 59 60 and over Totals Num -Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent
1 1 6
7.7 7.7 46.2
4.
3 0 .8
1 0
7.7
13 1 2 *8
3
0 .0 1 0 0 .1
7.1 14.3 57.1 21.4
0 0 0
0 .0 0 .0 0 .0
14
99.9
4
3 0 .8
1
7.7 53*8 7.7
7
1 0 0
13 0 1 8
5
0 1 1
16
0 .0 0 .0 100.0 0 .0
0 0 6
5 2 2
15
6.3
1 2
31.3
3 3
0 .0 0 .0
40.0 33.3 13.3 13.3 99.9
6.3 6.3
2 1 1
7.7 15.4 23.1 23.1 15.4 7.7 7.7
100.2
13
1 0 0 .1
5 0 .0 0 .0
5 2
19
10
3
2
41 2
5 19
12.2
4.9 46.3 24.4 7.3 4.9
1 00.0
4.7
1 1 .6
44.2
11 2 2 2
25.6
43
100.2
4.7 4.7 4.7
V>J
o
vo
310 s i z e o f sc h o o l a p p e a rs to have l i t t l e
i f any b e a r i n g on t h e
tim e v a l u e o f su c h m a t e r i a l s . CHAPTER SUMMARY S o u rce o f q u a l i f i e d a p p l i c a n t s .
In C a lifo rn ia th e
m e th o d s m o s t u s e d i n o b t a i n i n g nam es o f a p p l i c a n t s i n t h e o rd e r o f freq u en cy re p o rte d a r e : tra in in g in s titu tio n s ,
(1 ) r e q u e s t s t o t e a c h e r
(2) r e q u e s t s to s t a t e te a c h e r s
a s s o c i a t i o n , a n d (3 ) v o l u n t a r y a p p l i c a t i o n s . sta te
Among o u t - o f -
s c h o o l s , t h e m e th o d s m o s t u s e d i n o r d e r o f f r e q u e n c y
re p o rte d a re :
(1) v o l u n t a r y a p p l i c a t i o n s ,
(2) r e q u e s t s to
s ta te te a c h e r tra in in g i n s t itu ti o n s . The f o l l o w i n g m e th o d s o f o b t a i n i n g nam es o f q u a l i f i e d a p p l i c a n t s a r e s e ld o m o r n e v e r u s e d by t h e C a l i f o r n i a sc h o o ls:
(1 ) r e q u e s t s t o c o m m e r c ia l a g e n c i e s ,
(2 ) i n q u i r y
a t o t h e r s c h o o l s , a n d (3 ) p u b l i s h e d a n n o u n c e m e n ts o f p o sitio n .
The f o l l o w i n g a r e s e ld o m o r n e v e r u s e d by t h e
o u t-o f-sta te in s titu tio n s :
(1) r e q u e s t s t o s t a t e t e a c h e r s
a s s o c i a t i o n s a n d ( 2 ) p u b l i s h e d a n n o u n c e m e n ts o f p o s i t i o n s . In C a lif o r n ia , th e ran k o rd e r o f e f f e c tiv e n e s s o f m e th o d s o f o b t a i n i n g nam es o f q u a l i f i e d a p p l i c a n t s i s e x a c t l y t h e same a s t h e r a n k o r d e r o f e x t e n t o f u s e o f t h e same m e t h o d s .
Among t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e
sc h o o ls th e ran k
o r d e r o f t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e m e th o d s i s t h e same a s t h e r a n k o r d e r o f e x t e n t o f u s e e x c e p t f o r t h e f i r s t tw o
311 i te m s * The m o s t e f f e c t i v e m e th o d s o f o b t a i n i n g nam es o f q u a l i f i e d a p p l i c a n t s b o th i n C a l i f o r n i a and o u t - o f - s t a t e i s t h a t o f m a k in g r e q u e s t s t o t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s . D e v ic e s and p r o c e d u r e s used in d e te r m in in g t h e p re lim in a ry e l i g i b i l i t y of a p p l ic a n ts .
In C a l i f o r n i a 4 4 .1
p e r c e n t o f th e sc h o o ls u t i l i z e th e o r a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n a s t h e d o m in a n t p r a c t i c e i n i n f o r m i n g t h e a p p l i c a n t a n d / o r th e p la c e m e n t o f f i c e
c o n c e rn in g v a c a n t p o s i t i o n s ; in th e
re m a in in g s c h o o ls , o r 5 5 . 1 p e r c e n t,
p r e f e r e n c e i s g iv e n
to th e w r i t t e n s p e c i f i c a t i o n . Among o u t - o f - s t a t e
i n s t i t u t i o n s , 4 8 . 7 Pe r c e n t
u t i l i z e t h e o r a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a s t h e d o m in a n t p r a c t i c e i n in fo rm in g th e a p p l i c a n t a n d /o r th e p la c e m e n t o f f i c e c o n c e rn in g v a c a n t p o s i t i o n s ;
5 1 .3 p er c e n t o f th e o u t - o f - s t a t e
i n s t i t u t i o n s fa v o r th e w r itte n s p e c if ic a tio n . An a n a l y s i s o f s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n s s e n t to th e p la c e m e n t o f f i c e o f th e U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a by t w e l v e C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s r e v e a l e d t h a t c o m p l e t e i n f o r m a t i o n w as f u r n i s h e d on two o f t h e e i g h t m a j o r d i v i s i o n o f j o b s p e c i f i c a t i o n s s u g g e s t e d by c o m p e te n t a u t h o r i t i e s . In C a lifo rn ia ,
1 9 .0 p e r c e n t o f th e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s
do n o t u s e a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k s ; 3 8 . 6 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f -
312 s t a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s do n o t u s e ' t h e m .
T h e s e s c h o o l s do n o t
m eet th e s ta n d a r d p ro p o s e d . The m o s t - u s e d i t e m s on a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k s o f 35 j u n i o r c o l l e g e s may be c l a s s i f i e d in g s:
under f iv e g en e ra l head
(1 ) p e r s o n a l a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l d a t a
p re p a ra tio n
(3) t e a c h i n g e x p e r ie n c e
(2 ) e d u c a t i o n a l
( 4 ) a c t i v i t i e s an d
e x p e r ie n c e s o t h e r th a n t e a c h i n g an d (3) r e f e r e n c e s . A p p l i c a t i o n f o r m s u s e d by j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , o n l y , a r e i n d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e fro m th o s e u sed j o i n t l y
by j u n i o r c o l l e g e s
a n d h i g h s c h o o l s a n d e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s on t h e b a s i s o f m ost used ite m s . S e v e n t y - s i x and f i v e t e n t h s p e r c e n t o f th e C a l i f o r n i a and 7 7 . 8 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s f i l e a l l c o m p leted l o c a l a p p l i c a t i o n b la n k s u n t i l c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s g iv e n to f i l l i n g a v a c a n c y .
The r e m a i n i n g s c h o o l s f i l e
o n ly t h e c o m p le te d fo rm s o f l i k e l y p r o s p e c t s . 1 § ig h ty -fiv e and s e v e n - te n th s p e r c e n t o f th e C a l i f o r n i a an d 8 4 .1 p e r c e n t o f o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o ls f i l e a l l c o n f id e n tia l p ap ers of th e s u c c e s s fu l c a n d id a te a t th e s c h o o l. The p l u r a l i t y
ju d g m e n t o f r e s p o n d e n t s f a v o r o n e y e a r
a s t h e o p tim u m t i m e t o k e e p d a t a on a p p l i c a n t s .
CHAPTER XX
ASSEMBLING AND EVALUATING PERSONAL DATA THE INTERVIEW P u rp o se of th e c h a p t e r .
The f u n c t i o n o f s e l e c t i o n i n
e s s e n c e may b e r e g a r d e d , a s t h e c a r e f u l m a t c h i n g o f j o b r e q u i r e m e n t s an d human c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
H a v in g e s t a b l i s h e d
th e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f th e p o s i t i o n to be f i l l e d ,
it
th e n
b ecom es n e c e s s a r y t o o b t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t p r o s p e c t i v e t e a c h e r s a n d t o d e v i s e m e a n s o f e v a l u a t i n g t h e d a t a so t h a t u l t i m a t e l y t h e p e r s o n b e s t q u a l i f i e d may b e o f f e r e d e m p lo y m e n t. I t i s th e p urpose of t h i s c h a p te r to i n v e s t i g a t e t y p e s , s o u r c e s , a n d m e th o d s o f e v a l u a t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t c a n d i d a t e s a n d t o make a n a p p r a i s a l o f t h e i r u t i l i t y e ffe c tiv e n e ss. c o n sid e re d :
S p e c ific a lly ,
an d
th e fo llo w in g to p ic s a re
(1 ) th e in te rv ie w ,
(2 ) referen ces,
e x a m in a tio n s, and o b s e r v a tio n o f te a c h in g ,
(3 ) reco rd s,
(A) r e l a t i v e
e m p h a s i s p l a c e d on c e r t a i n m a j o r t e a c h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s f o r p u rp o se s o f s e l e c t i o n , and ( 5 ) r e l a t i v e v a lu e o f te a c h e r s e le c tio n d e v ic e s. C rite ria fo r u se.
One d e v i c e w h ie h i s a l m o s t u n i
v e r s a l l y used i n p e rs o n n e l s e l e c t i o n i s t h a t o f th e in te r v ie w . I t s u se i n te a c h e r s e l e c t i o n i s o f such re c o g n iz e d im p o rta n c e t h a t c e r t a i n s t i p u l a t i o n s r e g a r d in g i t w ere s t a t e d a s
314 P r i n c i p l e X I. E v en w hen i t
i s a c c e p te d t h a t th e in te r v ie w i s a u se
f u l d e v ic e in te a c h e r s e l e c t i o n ,
th e p o t e n t i a l s h o rtc o m in g s
a r e o f su c h m a g n itu d e t h a t i f
its
c e rta in q u a lific a tio n s in i t s
u s e seem i m p e r a t i v e .
an d M oore ( 1 5 : l # - 3 3 )
p u r p o s e s a r e t o be r e a l i z e d Bingham
p r e s e n t s e v e n t y - f i v e s u g g e s t i o n s on
" l e a r n i n g how t o i n t e r v i e w ” ; some o f t h e s e o v e r l a p e a c h o t h e r because o f th e d i f f e r e n t p u rp o ses under c o n s id e r a tio n . R y a n s ( 1 1 9 : 5 - 6 ) , who h a s m ade a r e c e n t s t u d y o f t h e i n t e r v ie w i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e N a t i o n a l C o m m ittee on T e a c h e r E x a m in a tio n s, p r e s e n ts a t l e a s t s ix t e e n g e n e r a l s u g g e s tio n s f o r im p r o v i n g t h e i n t e r v i e w . tw e lv e s u g g e s tio n s .
C o u lb o u r n (3 7 :7 9 -& 0 ) i t e m i z e s
P erhaps n o t a l l o f th e su g g e s tio n s a re
o f such im p o rta n c e t h a t th e y can be e l e v a t e d t o t h e s t a t u s of a p rin c ip le .
I t seem ed n e c e s s a r y , t h e r e f o r e ,
to in q u ire
i n t o t h e p u r p o s e s a n d m e th o d s i n o r d e r t o a s c e r t a i n t h e s a l i e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e i n t e r v i e w a s an e f f e c t i v e d e v ic e in te a c h e r s e l e c t i o n . Ryans h a s p o in te d o u t t h a t th e te r m " i n t e r v i e w ” c o v e r s a w id e r a n g e o f s i t u a t i o n s . ( 1 1 9 : 2 ) fo rm i t
c o n s ists,
In i t s
cru d er
t h i s a u t h o r i t y m a i n t a i n s , o f l i t t l e m o re
th a n s u b je c tiv e e v a lu a tio n s o f th e in d iv id u a l in l i g h t o f t h e i n t e r v i e w e r ’ s own p o i n t s o f v ie w o r p r e j u d i c e s , a n d t h e ju d g m e n ts made a r e l i k e l y t o b e d o m i n a t e d by s u p e r f i c i a l c o n s id e ra tio n s.
I n i t s m o re r e f i n e d s t a g e s , h e c o n t i n u e s ,
315 th e in te rv ie w i s
c a r e f u l l y p la n n e d and c o n d u c te d by i n t e r
v i e w e r s who h a v e b e e n t r a i n e d t o o b s e r v e a c c u r a t e l y , who a r e w e ll-in fo rm e d re g a rd in g th e t r a i t s
t o b e j u d g e d , a n d who a r e
c a p a b le o f i n t e r p r e t i n g th e r e s p o n s e s and r e a c t i o n s o f th e in te r v ie w e e and o f o b j e c t i f y i n g th e r e q u i r e d ju d g m e n ts. (1 1 9 :2 )
A " w e l l - c o n d u c t e d i n t e r v i e w " i s f a r rem o v e d fro m
t h e n a i v e em p lo y m en t i n t e r v i e w u s u a l l y c o n d u c t e d a n d may c o n t r i b u t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o o n e ’ s k n o w le d g e o f t h e c a n d id a te • ( 1 1 9 : 2 ) I t i s la r g e ly a g a in s t th e f i r s t ty p e o f in te rv ie w d e s c r i b e d by R y a n s t h a t much o f t h e c r i t i c i s m
o f th e i n t e r
v ie w h a s b e e n d i r e c t e d . ( 1 1 9 : 3 ; 7 9 : 3 6 3 ; 9 2 : 2 2 2 ; 3 6 : 6 7 5 - 7 8 ) T h a t s c h o o l p e o p l e c o n t i n u e t o m i s u s e t h e i n t e r v i e w w as b r o u g h t o u t b y W oodburne i n h i s b o o k e n t i t l e d F a c u l t y P e r s o n n e l P o l i c i e s i n H ig h e r E d u c a tio n , p u b lis h e d i n 1950. (1 4 8 :1 4 -1 6 )
A f te r an in te n s iv e stu d y of f o r t y - s i x c o lle g e s
a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s h e f o u n d t h a t o n l y a fe w i n s t i t u t i o n s v i s i t e d w ere ev en c o n s c io u s o f w hat th e y w ere lo o k in g f o r i n t h e p e r s o n n e l i n t e r v i e w . (1 4 8 :1 5 )
O n ly o n e p e r s o n w as a b l e
t o g i v e a c l e a r s t a t e m e n t o f p e r s o n a l q u a l i t i e s f o r w h ic h h e lo o k e d i n i n t e r v i e w i n g c a n d i d a t e s . (1 4 8 :1 5 )
W o odburne c o n
c lu d e s t h a t " th e a r t o f th e in te r v ie w h a s been b ad ly o v e r lo o k e d i n th e c o l le g e and u n i v e r s i t y w o r l d ." ( 1 4 8 :1 5 )
It
w o u ld seem t h a t i n t e r v i e w s c o n d u c t e d i n t h i s m a n n e r f a l l i n t o t h e f i r s t o f Ryans* c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s a n d t h a t a d v e r s e
316 c r i t i c i s m s c o u l d c e r t a i n l y i n a l a r g e p a r t be d i r e c t e d a g a in s t th e u s e r r a t h e r th a n a g a in s t th e d e v i c e . (9 7 1 6 7 ; 9 2 : 222)
Much o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e in g th e in te rv ie w
c o n c e r n i n g m e th o d s o f im p r o v
i s fo u n d in c o n n e c tio n w ith p u b lic and
in d u s tr ia l p erso n n el s e le c tio n .
M a n d e ll,
c h ie f o f a d m in is
t r a t i v e a n d m an ag em en t t e s t i n g o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s C i v i l S e r v i c e C o m m issio n , su m m a riz e d r e c e n t im p r o v e m e n ts i n o r a l t e s t i n g m e th o d s a s
(1 ) o b t a i n i n g m o re d e f i n i t e i n f o r m a t i o n
i n r e g a r d t o t h e c a n d i d a t e s b e h a v i o r by s u c h m e an s a s t h e ' s t r e s s in te r v i e w and g ro u p o r a l p e r f o m a n c e t e s t , d a rd iz in g th e in te rv ie w
by t h e u s e o f p r e a r r a n g e d r a t h e r
th a n sp o n ta n e o u s q u e s tio n s , r a tin g s h e e ts,
(2 ) s t a n
(3 ) u s i n g c a r e f u l l y p r e p a r e d
(4) and c a r e f u l s e l e c t i o n and t r a i n i n g o f
r a t e r s . (8 6 :2 0 9 -1 2 )
Y oder e v a lu a te d c e r t a i n in te r v i e w
te c h n iq u e s and c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h e f o llo w in g w o u ld .c o n t r ib u t e m o st to w a rd o b t a i n i n g b e t t e r r e s u l t s :
(1 ) t h e p u r p o s e o f
t h e i n t e r v i e w s h o u l d be c l e a r l y d e f i n e d i n t h e m in d o f t h e in te rv ie w e r,
( 2 ) t h e i n t e r v i e w e r m u s t r e c o g n i z e h i s own
te n d e n c i e s to w a rd b ia s o r p r e j u d i c e , s h o u ld be p r i v a t e ,
(3 ) t h e i n t e r v i e w
(4 ) i n t e r v i e w s s h o u l d be u n h u r r i e d a n d
sh o u ld a llo w th e c a n d id a te th e in f o r m a li t y n e c e s s a r y f o r h im t o a p p e a r a s h i s u s u a l s e l f ; l i s t h a s been found u s e f u l ,
(3) th e i n t e r v i e w ch eck
e s p e c ia lly i f
sev eral in te r
v i e w e r s a r e e m p lo y e d , a n d (6 ) i n t e r v i e w e r s s h o u l d b e
t r a i n e d .(1 5 0 :1 7 3 -7 3 ) One o f t h e m o s t c o m p r e h e n s iv e t r e a t m e n t s o f t h e i n t e r v i e w h a s b ee n p r e s e n t e d by M o sh e r a n d K i n g s l e y . a u t h o r i t i e s m ake many r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , seem t o be t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t :
but th e fo llo w in g
(1) th e o r a l t e s t sh o u ld
n o t n o r m a l l y be u s e d i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t r a i t s r e v e a l e d by o t h e r m e t h o d s ;
T hese
b e tte r
(2 ) t h e f a c t o r s t o b e a p p r a i s e d
s h o u l d be c a r e f u l l y c h o s e n , a n d t h e m e th o d s o f i m p l e m e n t a t i o n p la n n e d i n ad v an ce;
( 3 ) a th ree -m e m b er b o a rd , w ith
a p p ro p ria te s p e c ia lis t s ,
i s p re fe ra b le to a sin g le i n t e r
v ie w e r;
(4) i n t e r v i e w e r s s h o u ld be t r a i n e d ;
(5 ) t h e a t m o s
p h e re o f th e in te r v i e w s sh o u ld be su ch a s to en c o u ra g e th e ty p e of b e h a v io r b ein g e v a lu a te d ; a r e p r e f e r a b l e to gro u p r a t i n g s ;
(6 ) i n d e p e n d e n t r a t i n g s ( 7 ) a c o m p r e h e n s iv e r e c o r d
s h o u l d be m a d e . ( 9 2 : 2 1 3 - 2 3 ) A tk in s o n ’ s and C o u lb o u rn ’ s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a s p r e v i o u s l y m e n tio n e d have c o n t r i b u t e d c r i t e r i a f o r t h e u se of th e in te rv ie w .
In a s m u c h a s t h e p o i n t s made a r e i n
g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h o s e o f R y a n s ’ , who made a c r i t i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e i n t e r v i e w , R yans* l i s t i s p r e s e n t e d a s s u m m a r iz in g t h e l e s s c o m p r e h e n s i v e t r e a t m e n t g i v e n by A tk in s o n and C o u lb o u rn .
F u rth e rm o re , i t
i s b e lie v e d th a t
R y a n s’ s u g g e s t i o n s f o r im p ro v in g th e i n t e r v i e w a s a d e v ic e i n t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n w o u ld be s u p p o r t e d by t h e a u t h o r i t i e s
318 i n i n d u s t r i a l and p u b l i c p e rs o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n p re v io u sly c ite d .
R yans* c o m p l e t e l i s t o f p o s i t i v e s u g g e s t i o n s i s a s
fo llo w s: 1.
The i n t e r v i e w s h o u l d be c o n f i n e d , f o r t h e m o s t p a r t , to th e g a th e r in g o f in f o rm a tio n t h a t cann ot be o b t a i n e d fro m e x i s t i n g r e c o r d s . T h e r e i s no need to use th e in te rv ie w to g a in in fo rm a tio n t h a t c a n r e a d i l y be o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h r e f e r e n c e to a p p l i c a t i o n b la n k s , t e s t o r e x a m in a tio n re s u lts , tra n s c rip ts of c re d it, e tc .
2.
The f i n a l ju d g m e n t r e g a r d i n g a n a p p l i c a n t s h o u l d be c o n t r i b u t e d t o by s e v e r a l c o m p e te n t i n d i v i d u a l s who h a v e i n t e r v i e w e d h i m . In g e n e ra l, i t i s p r e f e r a b le to u t i l i z e th r e e to f iv e in d iv id u a ls , c o n d u c tin g in d e p e n d e n t in te r v ie w s w ith th e p r o s p e c tiv e t e a c h e r s , p ro v id e d th e s e in te r v i e w e r s a r e t r a i n e d and co m p e te n t.
3.
I n t e r v i e w e r s s h o u ld be c h o se n c a r e f u l l y . T h e ir v a lu e w i l l in c r e a s e w ith e x p e r ie n c e . R e g a rd le s s o f t h e i r e x p e rie n ce as e d u c a to rs o r a d m in is tra to rs , i n t e r v i e w e r s s h o u ld be th o r o u g h ly i n d o c t r i n a t e d o r t r a i n e d w ith r e s p e c t to t h e i n t e r v i e w and i t s p ro b le m s.
4.
The i n t e r v i e w e r m u s t u n d e r s t a n d t h o r o u g h l y t h e r e q u ir e m e n ts o f t h e t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n t o be f i l l e d and th e t r a i t s o r q u a l i t i e s t h a t b e s t s u i t th e re q u ire m e n ts of t h a t p o s i t i o n . I t is e s p e c i a l l y im p o r ta n t t h a t th e t r a i t s t o be c o n s i d e r e d be w e l l - d e f i n e d a n d t h a t t h e same d e f i n i t i o n s b e a c c e p t e d by t h e s e v e r a l i n t e r v ie w e rs.
3.
The i n t e r v i e w m u s t be s u f f i c i e n t l y a d e q u a t e w i t h r e g a r d t o tim e and c o v e ra g e t o p e r m it a r e l i a b l e s a m p le o f t h e i n t e r v i e w e e ’ s b e h a v i o r . A l t h o u g h th e in te r v ie w w i l l y i e l d d e m in ish in g r e t u r n s a f t e r a c e r t a i n p o i n t , i t s r e l i a b i l i t y an d v a l i d i t y w i l l , w i t h i n l i m i t s , be p r o p o r t i o n a t e t o t h e e x t e n t o f t h e b e h a v i o r s a m p le o b t a i n e d .
6.
The i n t e r v i e w s h o u l d b e d e v e l o p e d a r o u n d t h o s e t r a i t s t h a t e x p e rie n c e and r e s e a r c h i n d i c a t e
319 may b e m o s t r e l i a b l y a n d v a l i d l y j u d g e d by t h i s m e th o d , a n d c o n v e r s e l y , t h e i n t e r v i e w s h o u l d b e u s e d s p a r i n g l y i n s t u d y i n g t r a i t s f o r w h ic h t h e r e i s r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e i t is - l e s s r e l i a b l e a n d v a lid * 7.
I t i s u s u a l l y d e s i r a b l e t o u t i l i z e some fo rm o f a check l i s t , r a t i n g s c a l e , o r " a id to th e in te r v ie w " b la n k im m e d ia te ly fo llo w in g th e i n t e r v ie w f o r r e c o r d i n g a n d o b j e c t i f y i n g t h e r e s u l t s .
8.
The ju d g m e n ts r e n d e r e d by i n t e r v i e w e r s s h o u l d be m ade i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e k n o w le d g e o f t e s t o r e x a m in a tio n s c o r e s , t r a i n i n g r e c o r d s , e t c .
9.
I n s o f a r a s p o s s i b l e , t h e ju d g m e n ts made by in te r v ie w e r s sh o u ld r e f e r to s p e c i f i c ty p e s o f b e h a v i o r , r a t h e r t h a n t o t r a i t s a b s t r a c t l y an d lo o s e ly d e sc rib e d .
10.
T he i n t e r v i e w e r s h o u l d m ake e v e r y e f f o r t t o o b se rv e th e in te rv ie w e e o b j e c t i v e l y and w ith f r e e d o m fro m b i a s . ( 1 1 9 • 6 -7 1
O b je c tiv e s.
T a b l e s XLVII a n d X L V III su m m a riz e c e r t a i n
d a ta c o n c e rn in g th e o b j e c t i v e s of th e p e r s o n a l in te r v ie w in te a c h e r s e le c tio n .
R esp o n d en ts w ere a sk e d to r a t e t e n
o b j e c t i v e s on a f i v e - p o i n t s c a l e :
th e m ost im p o r ta n t,
h ig h ly im p o rta n t, m o d e ra te ly im p o rta n t, o f s l i g h t im p o rta n c e , a n d no i m p o r t a n c e .
I n c o m p u tin g t h e a v e r a g e r a t i n g t h e s e
f i v e s t e p s i n t h e r a t i n g s c a l e w e r e g i v e n a v a l u e fro m 1 t o 5 re sp e c tiv e ly . I t w i l l be o b s e r v e d t h a t f o r e v e r y i t e m t h e a v e r a g e r a t i n g i n t h e tw o t a b l e s i s 3 . 0 o r l e s s .
T h i s m ean s t h a t
re sp o n d e n ts a s groups c o n s id e r a l l o f th e o b je c tiv e s l i s t e d a s b ein g a s h ig h a s o r h ig h e r in v a lu e th a n t h a t in d ic a t e d
TABLE
X L V II
IMPORTANCE OF CERTAIN OBJECTIVES OF PERSONAL INTERVIEW IN SELECTION OF TEACHERS FOR CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES
O b jectives
a.
b.
’c .
d.
e. f.
g. h.
i. j.
S iz e o f c o lle g e as measured by eq u iv a len t f u ll- t im e tea ch ers 30 - 59 60 and over T otals 1-29 Average Average Average Average r a tin g r a tin g ra tin g r a tin g
To ap p ra ise a sp ects o f th e a p p lic a n t s p e r so n a lity such as p o is e , openmindedness, and common sen se
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
To gain in s ig h t in to th e a p p lic a n t s ed u cation al philosophy and p ro fes s io n a l outlook
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.7
To ap p raise th e a p p lic a n t s p h y sica l C h a r a c te r istic s such as v o ic e and appearance
1.3
2.0
1.9
1.9
To a s c e r ta in th e a p p lic a n t s back ground o f g en era l education and cu ltu re
1.3
2.1
2.1
2.0
To a p p ra ise th e a p p lic a n t s command o f h is tea ch in g f i e l d
2.4
1.9
2.6
2.3
To provide opportunity fo r th e a p p li cant to lea rn more about th e req u ire ments of th e p o s itio n
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.3
To a s c e r ta in th e a p p lic a n t s fu tu re plans and a s p ir a tio n s
2.5
2.3
2.6
2.6
To provide opportunity fo r the ex p la in in g and en largin g o f f a c t s o f the a p p lic a n t s papers
2.3
2.1
2.9
2.6
To d is c u s s probable sa la r y and con tra ct
2.2
2.5
3.4
2.7
To a s c e r ta in th e a p p lic a n t s m otives fo r d e s ir in g a change
2.3
3.0
3.1
3.0
Average number o f junior c o lle g e s con trib u tin g data (to th e n ea rest whole number) 13 1 - th e most im portant; 2 - h ig h ly im portant; 4 - o f s l i g h t importance; 5 - no im portance.
13
15
41
3 - m oderately im portant; 320
TABLE
X L V III
IMPORTANCE OF CERTAIN OBJECTIVES OF PERSONAL INTERVIEW IN SELECTION OF TEACHERS FOR OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES
Objectives
a.
To appraise aspects of the applicants personality such as poise, openmind- • edness, and common sense
Size of college as measured by equivalent full--•time teachers 30 - 59 60 and over Totals 1-29 Average Average Average Average rating rating ■rating rating
1.2
1.6
1.6
1.5
To gain insight into the applicants educational philosophy and professional outlook 1.3
1.6
1.6
1.7
To appraise the applicants physical characteristics such as voice and appearance
2.0
2.2
1.5
1.9
To provide opportunity for the appli cant to learn more about the require ments of the position
2.1 *
1.3
2.5
2.1
To appraise the applicants command of his teaching field
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.0
To ascertain the applicants back ground of general education and culturei 2.4
1.3
2.0
2.0
g.
To discuss probable salary and contract 2.1
2.1
2.3
2.2
h.
To ascertain the applicants future plans and aspirations
2.7
2.4
2.4
2.5
To ascertain the applicants motives for desiring a change 2.7
2.4
2.6
2.6
To provide opportunity for the .ex plaining and enlarging of facts on the applicants papers
3.3
2.6
2.3
b.
c.
d.
e. f.
i. j.
Average number of junior colleges contri buting data (to the nearest whole number)
2.6
14
12
42
3 - moderately important; 321
1 - the most important; 2 - highly important; 4 - of slight importance; 5 - no importance.
16
322 by the term "moderately important," It.will also be observed that both in-state and outof-state respondents are in agreement concerning the relative order of the first three items; not only that but in virtual agreement as to their importance.
There is also
agreement as to the last four items with only slight differences to be observed in their rank and importance. Although the significance of differences of the means was not computed for this part of the data, it is believed on the basis of calculations made on the combined data that certain of the differences are not significant. Hence it seems unnecessary to point out differences among items d, e, and f, but rather to point out that on the basis.of average rating of importance both California and out-of-state respondents agree on their relative placement as a group. It does not appear from the data revealed in Tables XLVII and XLVIII that school size influences in a consistent manner the relative importance of the interview objectives listed. It seemed desirable to summarize the data in Tables XLVII and XLVIII in such a manner as to indicate the rank order of importance of the objectives of the interview according to all respondent schools; it also seemed desir-
323 a b l e t o c a l c u l a t e t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s among t h e o b t a i n e d m ean s i n o r d e r t o m ake a b e t t e r a p p r a i s a l o f t h e d ata*
S u ch i n f o r m a t i o n i s
f o u n d i n T a b l e XLIX.
T h is t a b l e r e v e a ls t h a t ite m a , " to a p p r a is e a s p e c ts o f t h e a p p l i c a n t ’ s p e r s o n a l i t y s u c h a s p o s e , o p e n m in d e d n e s s , a n d common s e n s e , " i s n o t o n l y t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t o f t h e o b je c tiv e s li s t e d
but is
a ls o s t a t i s t i c a l l y h ig h ly s i g n i f i
c a n t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m e th o d u se d #
G a r r e t t ’s fo rm u la ,
m^ - m2 = V d '2m i + cf 2m2 , w as u s e d i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n two u n c o r r e l a t e d m e a n s .(5 1 :2 1 0 -1 3 )
The c h a n c e s i n 1 0 0 w as t h e m e a s u r e u s e d
to in d ic a t e d eg ree o f s ig n if ic a n c e in acco rd an c e w ith G a r r e t t ’ s t a b l e . (5 1 :2 1 3 ) Ite m b , " to g a in i n s i g h t i n t o t h e a p p l i c a n t ’ s ed u c a t i o n a l p h ilo s o p h y and p r o f e s s i o n a l o u t l o o k , " a l s o a p p e a r s t o be p l a c e d r a t h e r d e f i n i t e l y a s s e c o n d o b j e c t i v e o f t h e i n t e r v i e w in a s m u c h a s t h e r e a r e 98 c h a n c e s i n 100 t h a t i t s m ean r a t i n g i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a t o f i t e m c.
A lth o u g h ite m e ,
"to a p p ra is e th e a p p l i c a n t ’s p h y s ic a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s u c h a s v o i c e an d a p p e a r a n c e " e n j o y s a s m a l l e r d e g r e e o f c o n f i d e n c e o v e r i t e m d , n a m e ly 93 c h a n c e s i n 1 0 0 , y e t t h e c l e a v a g e b e tw e e n t h e s e i t e m s i s much s h a r p e r th a n i n t e r s i g n i f i c a n c e o f ite m s d, e , o r f .
T here
se e m s t h e n t o be some s t a t i s t i c a l j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r c o n -
TABLE
XLIX
RELIABILITY OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEAN RATINGS OF PERSONAL INTERVIEW OBJECTIVES ACCORDING TO EIGHTY-FOUR CHECK-LIST RESPONDENTS
1 - the most important; 2 - highly important; 4 - of slight importance; $ - no importance
3 - moderately important; Mean
Objectives
a.
To appraise aspects of the applicant’s personality such as poise, open-mindedness and common sense
1.40
To gain insight into the applicant’s educational philosophy and professional outlook
1.67
To appraise the applicant’s physical characteristics such as voice and appearance
1.87
To ascertain the applicant’s background of general education and culture
2.06
e.
To appraise the applicant’s command of his teaching field
2.1 6
f.
To provide opportunity for the applicant to learn more about the requirements of the position
2.13
g*
To discuss probable salary and contract
2.45
h.
To ascertain the applicant’s future plans and aspirations
2.58
i.
To provide opportunity for the explaining and enlarging of facts on the applicant’s papers
2.73
To ascertain the applicant’s motives for desiring a change
2.77
b. c. d.
Items a
b
c 100
a
❖
100
b
100
*
98
c
100
98
d
100
e
d
e
f
.- g
h
i
,1
100 1100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
*
93
97
99
100
100
100
100
100
93
*
73
80
99
100
100
100
100
100
97
73
*
55
95
99
100
100
f.
100
100
99
80
55
*
96
100
100
100
g
100
100
100
99
95
96
*
79
96
97
h
100
100
100
100 . 99
100
79
*
84
87
i
100
100
100
100
100
100
96
84
*
60
3
100
100
100
100
100
100
97
87
60
#
.
This table should be read as follows: concerning items b and c, the chances are 98 in 100 that the obtained difference in means is significant. (The formula for the standard error of the difference between two uneorrelated means was used in the computations: , 2 mq
\j$
+ J
TO
VG
every way; th ese junior c o lle g e s have s ig n if ie d th at the in terview i s mandatory.
I t seems probable th a t the remaini
ing sch ools u t i l i z e th e in terv iew , perhaps to con siderable e x te n t, but do not make i t mandatory.
To th e exten t th a t
th ese la t t e r in s t it u t io n s do not in terv iew a l l s e r io u s ly considered candidates, to th a t extent they do not measure up th e the p r in c ip le proposed.
On t h is b a sis, 7 .1 per cent
of the C aliforn ia and 27.9 per cent o f the o u t -o f -s ta t e sch ools do not meet the standard proposed. In order to obtain information concerning such fa c to r s as the degree to which a p p lica n ts had been screened p rior to the in terv iew and the magnitude of the task o f conducting in terv iew s, respondents were asked, "How many a p p lica n ts are u su a lly interview ed fo r each p osition ?" Tables LI and L I I summarize the data c o lle c te d .
A ll but
one o f the e ig h ty -s ix cooperating junior c o lle g e s answered t h is q u estio n .
I t w i l l be observed th at only s ix ty -fo u r
in s t it u t io n s are represented in the ta b le s , tw enty-nine of them in C aliforn ia and t h ir t y - f iv e out of s t a t e .
Only those
responses in d ic a tin g a d e fin ite range o f numbers were tab u lated .
Responses not tabulated t y p ic a lly in clu d e the
follow in g:
"varies w ith the a v a ila b ilit y o f a p p lica n ts,"
"too va ria b le to answer,'" " a ll a v a ila b le ," or "no s e t number."
TABLE LI
NUMBER OP APPLICANTS USUALLY INTERVIEWED FOR EACH POSITION IN CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES
Number
Size of college as measured by equivalent f u ll-tim e teachers 1-29 30 - 59 66 and over Totals Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent
a. One to three
3
30.0
1
11.1
2
20,0
6
20.9
b. Four or fiv e
4
40.0
4
44.4
2
30.0
11
37.9
c. Six or seven
2
20.0
2
22.2
3
30.0
7
24.1
d. Eight or nine
1
10.0
1
11.1
1
10,0
3
10.3
e. Other
0
0.0
1
11.1
1
10,0
2
6.9
10
100.0
9
99.9
10
100.0
29
99.9
Totals
The above percentages are computed on the basis of rep lies where d efin ite numbers were indicated. Forty-one of the forty-two schools answered the question. Typical rep lies not tabulated were “varies with the a v a ila b ility of ap p licants," “too variable to answer,” ”enough to get a qualified teacher.”
H
TABLE L II HUMBER OF APPLICANTS USUALLY INTERVIEWED FOR EACH POSITION IN OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES
Number
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 1 - 29 30 - 59 60 and over Totals Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber
a. One to three
10
71.4
7
63.6
6
60.0
23
6 5 .7
b. Four or fiv e
3
21.4
1
9.1
3
30.0
7
20.0
c. Six or seven
0
0.0
3
27.3
0
•0.0
3
8.6
d. Eight or nine
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
e. Other
1
7*1
0
0.0
1
10.0
2
5.7
14
99.9
11
100.0
10
100.0
35
100.0
Totals
The above percentages were computed on the M s l s of "replies where d’ ei'lnite numbers were indicated. All forty-four respondents answered this question. Typical replies not tabu lated were ”varies with the number of applicants,” ”all available,” and ”no set number.”
ro
333 I t w i l l be n o t ic e d
th a t in
C a lifo r n ia
s c h o o ls none
o f t h e i n t e r v a l s r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e L I d e n o t e d o m in a n t u s a g e , a lth o u g h th e p l u r a l i t y
p r a c tic e su p p orts in te r v ie w
in g fo u r o r f i v e
E le v e n ,
a p p lic a n ts .
th e resp on d en t C a lifo r n ia as th e u su al p r a c tic e .
sc h o o ls ta b u la te d ,
H ow ever,
o f th e se sc h o o ls in te r v ie w o r 2 0 .7 p e r c e n t ,
tw e lv e ,
per cen t,
41.3
or
th ree or l e s s
am ong o u t - o f - s t a t e
of
in d ic a te t h is
6 o r m ore a p p l i c a n t s ,
in te r v ie w
The s i t u a t i o n
37*9
or
per c e n t, and s i x ,
a p p lic a n ts .
in stitu tio n s d iffe r s
m a r k e d ly from t h a t d e s c r i b e d a b o v e f o r C a l i f o r n i a
sc h o o ls.
I n t w e n t y - t h r e e , o r , 65.7 p e r c e n t , o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t o u t - o f sta te
s c h o o l s r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le L I I ,
are u s u a lly in te r v ie w e d .
The r a t i o
c o l l e g e s in t e r v ie w in g one to ju n io r c o lle g e s
41.3
so d o in g i s
per cen t o f
one to th r e e a p p lic a n ts
of o u t-o f-sta te
th r ee a p p lic a n ts to in
excess of 3 :1
;
C a lifo r n ia
how ever in
t h e C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s s i x o r m ore a p p l i
c a n ts a r e u s u a lly in te r v ie w e d , w h ereas in o n ly 1 4 .3 of th e o u t- o f - s ta t e d a ta i n d i c a t e ,
it
sc h o o ls i s
seem s,
sta te,
per cen t
th is a usual p r a c tic e .
th a t c o n sid e r a b ly l e s s
a p p lic a n ts are in te r v ie w e d in o u t - o f - s t a t e T he s i z e
ju n io r
T hese
num bers o f
ju n io r c o l l e g e s .
o f th e s c h o o ls , w h eth er i n - s t a t e o r o u t - o f -
appears to have l i t t l e
o r no b e a r in g on t h e num ber o f
a p p lic a n ts in te r v ie w e d . It
does n o t appear th a t a c r it e r io n
can be p r o p o s e d t o
t h e e f f e c t t h a t a d e f i n i t e num ber o f c a n d i d a t e s s h o u ld
be
334
interview ed fo r a given teaching p o s itio n .
The a v a ila b ilit y
of promising candidates, tim e, and adequacy o f previous screening are some of th e fa c to r s which a f f e c t t h is number. I f the number interview ed i s too low i t seems probable th at a p o te n tia lly strong candidate may be elim inated w ithout a f a ir chance.
On the other hand, i f too many are interview ed
i t seems th a t an in ord in ate amount o f time may be sp en t, time which perhaps can be saved by more adequate screen in g. Just what are d esira b le lim it s i s not revealed by the sources of inform ation a v a ila b le . Number and p o s itio n o f persons conducting in te r v ie w s. Tables LIII and LI7 summarize data concerning persons charged w ith r e s p o n s ib ility fo r in terview in g ap p lican ts for teaching p o s itio n s .
I t w i l l be observed th a t in both
C aliforn ia and o u t - o f -s t a t e junior c o lle g e s , the superin tendent, p ercentage-w ise, in terview s a p p lica n ts to a much greater extent in the small in s t it u t io n s than in the la r g e , w ith medium-sized sch ools assuming a p o s itio n between the sm all and the la r g e .
I t appears th at at le a s t two fa c to r s
are working to produce t h is e f f e c t :
(1) the superintendent
in some large sch o o ls, fo r example, a c tu a lly does not in t e r view ap p lican ts but has delegated t h is fu n ction and (2) the la r g er sch ools are more o ften headed by a person who i s both the superintendent and the c o lle g e d ir e c to r .
The respondents
in the l a t t e r case would check the " co lleg e director" on the
TABLE L I I I
PERSONNEL CHARGED WITH RESPONSIBILITY OF INTERVIEWING APPLICANTS FOR TEACHING POSITIONS IN CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES
Personnel
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 1-29 30-59 60 and over Totals Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber cent ber cent ber cent cent ber
a. b. c. d. e.
12 9 0 0
100.0 75.0 0.0 0.0
12 9 1 1
92.3 §9.2 7.7 7-7
7 11 5 4
43.8 68.8 31.3
31
2 5 .0
6 5
2
16.7
1
7.7
1
6.3
4
9.8
2 1 0
16.7 8.3 0.0
6 0 2
46.2 0.0 15.4
11 3 2
68.8 18.8 12.5
19 4 4
46.3 9.8 9.8
Superintendent College director Personnel director Director of instruction School board member or members of the board f . Department head, for teachers in his department only g. Special examining board h. Other
Number of junior colleges contributing data 12
13
16
29
75.6 70.7
14.6 12.2
41
Percentages do not equal 100 per cent because in some cases more than one response was applicable.
Ul
TABLE LIV
PERSONNEL CHARGED WITH RESPONSIBILITY OF INTERVIEWING APPLICANTS FOR TEACHING POSITIONS IN OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES
Personnel
Size of college as measured by equivalent full-tim e teachers 1-29 30-59 60 and over Totals Num Per Hum Per Hum Per Hum Per cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber
a. b. c. d. e.
9 12 2 1
64.3 85.7 14.3 7.1
2 2 1 0
Superintendent College director Personnel director Director of instruction School board member or members of the board f. Department head, for teachers in his department g. Administrative dean h. Other
Number of junior colleges contributing data 14
6 6
23.5 100.0 35.3 35-3
1 13 0 6
7-7 100.0 0.0 46.2
14 42 8 13
31.8 95.5 18.2 29-5
14.3
0
0.0
0
0.0
2
4.5
14.3 7.1 0.0
15 3 0
88.2
11 2 2
84.6 15.4 15.4
28 6 2
63.6 13.1 4.5
4 17
17
1 7 .6
0.0
13
44
Percentages do not equal 100 per cent because in some cases more than one response was applicable.
v*i
G\
337 check l i s t
r a t h e r t h a n " s u p e r i n t e n d e n t . rf
T h is s i t u a t i o n
p r e v a ile d
e s p e c i a l l y among m any o u t - o f - s t a t e
w here t h e
t e r m " s u p e r i n t e n d e n t ” , a c c o r d i n g t o n o t a t i o n s made
o n a nu m ber o f
check l i s t s ,
w ith th e l o c a l p u b lic
ju n io r c o lle g e s ,
had m ea n in g o n l y i n
sc h o o l sy stem .
c o n n e c tio n
I t m ay b e r e c a l l e d
t h a t so m e o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t o u t - o f - s t a t e
ju n io r c o lle g e s
are s ta te
s u p p o r t e d a n d a r e n o t b o u n d by l o c a l f i n a n c e o r
c o n tr o l.
The p e r c e n t a g e s i n
be i n t e r p r e t e d w i t h
c a u tio n
The d a t a i n i t e m
ite m a ,
i t w o u ld se e m , n e e d t o
and r e s e r v a t i o n s .
b r e fe r r in g to
th e d ir e c t o r * s
r e s p o n s ib ilit y fo r in te r v ie w in g a p p lic a n ts th a t th e d ir e c t o r s o f th e C a lifo r n ia le s s r e s p o n s ib ility in o u t-o f-sta te
se e m t o
in d ic a te
ju n io r c o lle g e s have
t h i s r eg a r d th an t h e d i r e c t o r s o f
in s titu tio n s.
In C a lif o r n ia ,
tw e n ty -n in e ,
th e or
7 0 .7 p e r c e n t , o f t h e d i r e c t o r s i n t e r v i e w a p p l i c a n t s ; among o u t-o f-sta te School s iz e It o ften
sc h o o ls,
fo rty -tw o ,
appears to have
a lso
little
appears th a t
th a n t h e i r C a lif o r n ia
a s s ig n t h i s d u ty t o
u tiliz e
b o th in
do s o .
t o do w i t h i t .
c o u n terp a rts charge th e d ep a rt fo r in te r v ie w in g a p p lic a n ts .
or 46 .3 per c e n t,
o f th e sc h o o ls
t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d ; am ong o u t - o f - s t a t e
sc h o o ls tw e n ty -e ig h t, sc h o o ls,
per c e n t,
o u t - o f - s t a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s m o re
m ent h ea d w it h r e s p o n s i b i l i t y In C a lif o r n ia , n in e t e e n ,
or 9 5 .3
sta te
o r 63 .6 p er c e n t, and o u t o f s t a t e ,
t h e d ep a rtm en t h ead i n t h i s w ay.
do s o .
T he l a r g e r
a r e m o re l i k e l y
to
33S I t m ay b e o b s e r v e d a s a c o r r o b o r a t i o n o f t h e d a t a p resen ted e a r lie r
th a t in
s ix of e ig h ty -fiv e
t r i b u t i n g t h e d a t a i n T a b l e s L I I I a n d L IV , m em b ers i n t e r v i e w
sc h o o ls
con
s c h o o l board
a p p lic a n ts .*
I t a p p e a r s f r o m n o t a t i o n s made by r e s p o n d e n t s o n t h e check l i s t
th at th e a c tu a l t i t l e s
in v a r io u s
sc h o o ls
o f a d m in istr a tiv e o f f i c e r s
d i f f e r w id e ly .
In one s c h o o l,
t h e c h i e f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c e r s may b e c a l l e d d e n t ” an d " v i c e - p r e s i d e n t . "
f o r e x a m p le,
th e " p r e si
In a n o t h e r s c h o o l t h e o f f i c i a l s
who w o u ld s e e m t o p e r f o r m s i m i l a r f u n c t i o n s m ay b e c a l l e d " p r i n c i p a l " and " d e a n ."
T here i s
a lso
th e
c o m p lic a tio n
b r o u g h t a b o u t by t h e a m p h o t e r i c c h a r a c t e r o f t h e t i t l e " d e a n .”
Some r e s p o n d e n t s ,
g e n e r a lly o u t - o f - s t a t e ,
th a t th e sc h e d u le o f answ ers
to th e q u e s tio n n e c e s s i t a t e d
som e c o m p r o m i s e ; o t h e r s s i m p l y f i l l e d a d m in is tr a tiv e o f f i c e r m ost o f t e n w r i t t e n
q u e s tio n in
in th e t i t l e
d o in g t h e i n t e r v i e w i n g .
of
th e
The t i t l e s
i n w e r e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d ea n and d i v i s i o n
a l dean or ch a irm a n . th is
sa id
B e ca u se o f th e p a r t i c u l a r r e s p o n s e to
th e check l i s t ,
it
is
b e lie v e d th a t a
c l e a r - c u t d i s t i n c t i o n b e tw e en t i t l e s w as n o t a c h ie v e d and th a t th e in te r p r e ta tio n
s h o u ld be tem p ered a c c o r d in g ly *
T a b l e LT s u m m a r i z e s t h e C a l i f o r n i a d a ta w ith r e s p e c t to
* C h a p te r T I
and o u t - o f - s t a t e
t h e nu m ber o f p e r s o n s who c o n d u c t i n t e r -
TABLE LV NUMBER OF PERSONS CONDUCTING INTERVIEWS WITH APPLICANTS FOR TEACHING POSITIONS IN CALIFORNIA AND OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES
Number of persons
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 1 - 29 30 - 59 60 and over Totals Num Per Hum Per Num Per Num Per cent ber ber cent ber cent ber cent
California: a. One b. Two o* Three d. Four or more Totals
12
Out-of-state: a* One b. Two c. Three d. Four or more
4 7 0 3
Totals
3 5 1
14
2 5 .0
41.7 8.3 25.0 100.0
28.6 50.0
0.0 21.4 100.0
2 4 6 1 13
0 5 9 3 * 17
31.3 43.8 100.1
3 13 12 11 4l
12.2 31.7 29.3 26.8 100.1
15.4 7.7 69.2 7*7
6 13 18 7
1 3 .6 2 9 .5
17.6
.2 1 9 1
99.9
15
100.0
44
99.9
15.4 30.8 46.2 7-7 100.1
0 4 ■5 7 16
29.4 52.9
.
0.0 2 5 .0
40.9 15.9
v*i vo
V>J
views w ith candidates fo r teaching p o s itio n s .
I t w ill be
observed that in C aliforn ia the sch ools are almost equallydivided concerning item s b, e, and d; hence no p a rticu la r number of in terview ers represent a d e c is iv e p lu r a lity of p r a c tic e .
Among the o u t- o f-s ta te c o lle g e s i t appears th at
item c and item b in that order, rep resen tin g three and two in terview ers r e s p e c tiv e ly , are most t y p ic a l.
When the
C aliforn ia and o u t -o f-s ta t e data are summarized, i t i s found that two out of three sch ools use e ith e r two or three in terv iew ers, w ith th ree being used s l i g h t l y more often than two, A small number o f sch ools u t i l i z e only one person to in terview teacher candidates.
One person does the in t e r
viewing in f iv e , or 12.2 per cen t, of the C aliforn ia sch ools and in s ix , or 1 3 . 6 per cen t, o f the o u t-o f -s t a te sch o o ls. On a combined b a s is , t h is means that in one out o f eig h t sch o o ls, a l l the in terv iew in g i s done by one person. I t should be pointed out that the main fa cto r co n tri buting to the r e l a t iv e ly high percentage of sm all sch ools u t ili z in g four or more in terv iew ers, as shown by the data fo r item d, Table LV, a r is e s from the f a c t th at board members more freq u en tly in terview candidates in sch ools of th is s iz e .*
Other than th e exception ju st noted, the la rg er
* C h a p te r V I
341
sch ools both in s ta te and out o f s t a t e , tend to use three or more in terv iew ers, whereas the sm aller sch ools tend to use one or two♦ 'The a u th o r itie s favor the use of sev era l competent in terview ers rather than o n e .(49:6; 37:79; 92:217)
The
number proposed as being most serv ic ea b le in public personnel i s th r e e .(92:217)
Byans (119:6) and Coulbourn (37:79)
have suggested th at not l e s s than three and not more than f iv e in terview teach er candidates.
Other a u th o r itie s have
suggested that at le a s t two persons conduct in terv iew s. (8:147; 107:133) Mosher and K ingsley recommend th at the in terview in g board c o n s is t of (1) a s p e c ia lis t in o ra l examining, (2) an expert in the s p e c ia lty involved in th e p o sitio n to be f i l l e d , and (3) a rep resen ta tiv e o f the operating agency in which the p o s itio n i s lo c a t e d .(92:217) Educational w riters ty p ic a lly have suggested that the superintendent, the p r in c ip a l, and th e department head a l l have a share in th e s e le c tio n procedures.
In essen ce,
th ese in d iv id u a ls correspond to the board proposed by Mosher and K in gsley. I t i s g en era lly agreed th a t a t le a s t the prelim inary ra tin g be made independently by the in te r v ie w e r s ;(92:221; 66:269; 37:80) Byans has recommended th a t in terview s be conducted in d iv id u a lly by ea
On
42?
b a s e d on r e s p o n s e s fro m e i g h t y - s i x s c h o o l s , i t w i l l b e o b s e r v e d t h a t i t e m s a a n d b r e f e r t o p r a c t i c e s w h ic h a r e u s e d by a c o n s i d e r a b l e m a j o r i t y o f s c h o o l s ; i t e m s e , d , an d c t o p r a c t i c e s u s e d by a b o u t h a l f t h e s c h o o l ; a n d t h e r e m a i n i n g ite m s to p r a c t i c e s u sed in l e s s th a n h a l f th e s c h o o ls . C a l c u l a t i o n s n o t shown i n t h e t a b l e r e v e a l t h a t on t h e a v e r a g e e a c h s c h o o l u s e s 4 * 4 m e th o d s f o r t h e p u r p o s e s p re v io u sly in d ic a te d .
The u s e o f f o u r o r f i v e m e th o d s b y
i n d i v i d u a l s c h o o l s w as t h e p r e v a i l i n g p r a c t i c e . C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l a n d tw o o u t - o f - s t a t e u s e o f o n l y o n e o f t h e m e th o d s l i s t e d
One
sc h o o ls r e p o r te d th e i n th e check l i s t and
t h r e e C a l i f o r n i a and t h r e e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o ls r e p o r te d th e u s e o f two o f t h e o r i e n t a t i o n m e th o d s l i s t e d . A m o s t s t r i k i n g f e a t u r e o f t h e d a t a i n T a b l e LXXXV" p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e a p p r a i s a l o f t h e o r i e n t a t i o n m e th o d s l i s t e d , a p p e a rs to be th e f a c t t h a t th e th r e e ite m s ran k ed h ig h e s t i n e f f e c t i v e n e s s , a c c o r d in g t o th e p r o c e d u r e u s e d , a r e fou n d n e a r t h e b o t t o m o f t h e l i s t i n t e r m s o f t h e d e g r e e t o w h ic h th e y a r e u se d .
I t w o u ld seem t h e n t h a t h e r e a r e i n d i c a t e d
t h r e e p o t e n t i a l l y v a l u a b l e d e v i c e s w h ic h c o u l d be u t i l i z e d t o a g r e a t e r e x t e n t by t h e s t a f f s o f t h e v a r i o u s j u n i o r c o lle g e s. I t a l s o a p p e a r s t h a t t h e r e i s no o n e o r tw o m e th o d s . w h ic h may be r e g a r d e d a s s u p e r i o r t o o t h e r s .
The t a b l e
r e v e a ls t h a t th e f i r s t sev en ite m s i n th e l i s t ran k ed a s o f
4 28
" o u ts ta n d in g v a lu e " f a l l w ith in a span o f e le v e n p e rc e n ta g e p o in ts .
C a lc u la tio n s o f c r i t i c a l r a t i o s re v e a le d th a t i n
no c a s e w as t h e o b t a i n e d d i f f e r e n c e s u f f i c i e n t t o w a r r a n t , s ta tistic a lly ,
co n fid e n c e a t th e te n p e r ce n t l e v e l .
T h e r e se e m s t o b e some j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r r e g a r d i n g ite m s f and g a s t h e l e a s t v a l u a b l e . s ta te d a s,
T hese ite m s a r e
"new t e a c h e r s a r e g i v e n l e s s r o u t i n e a s s i g n m e n t s "
a n d " a home v i s i t by t h e c o l l e g e d i r e c t o r o r m em bers o f t h e a d m in istra tiv e s t a f f . ”
Ite m k i s a c a t c h - a l l f o r m i s c e l
l a n e o u s m e th o d s o f o r i e n t a t i o n s u g g e s t e d b y t h e r e s p o n d e n t s , hence th e p e r c e n t reco rd ed a s o f " o u ts ta n d in g v a lu e " h as no m e a n in g f o r t h e i t e m a s a w h o l e . T h e r e a r e c o m p a r a t i v e l y few s o u r c e s o f d a t a r e g a r d i n g i n d u c t i o n p r a c t i c e s w h ic h may s e r v e a s a f r a m e o f r e f e r e n c e , a n d s u c h a s a r e a v a i l a b l e p r o v i d e o n l y a few p o i n t s i n common w ith th e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n . (6 8 :2 6 -3 3 ) p u b lic a tio n
One r e s e a r c h
(9 7 :7 4 ) r e p o r t s th e fo llo w in g p e r c e n ta g e u se o f
i n d u c t i o n m e th o d s by e l e m e n t a r y a n d h i g h s c h o o l s y s t e m s i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s :
(1 ) c o n f e r e n c e s o f new t e a c h e r s a r e h e l d
s h o r t l y a f t e r s c h o o l s o p e n , a t w h ic h t h e i r s p e c i a l p r o b l e m s a r e d i s c u s s e d , — 71 p e r c e n t ;
(2 ) new t e a c h e r s a r e p r o v i d e d
w ith p e r s o n a l c o p ie s o f r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s g o v e rn in g t h e s c h o o l s y s te m , 67 p e r c e n t ;
(3 ) a r e c e p t i o n , t e a ,
or o th e r
s o c i a l f u n c t i o n s a r e h e l d e a r l y i n t h e y e a r t o w elco m e new
429 t e a c h e r s , 47 p e r c e n t ; a n d ( 4 ) new t e a c h e r s r e p o r t s e v e r a l d a y s e a r l i e r t h a n o t h e r t e a c h e r s f o r s p e c i a l m e e t i n g s an d d i s c u s s i o n s , 24 p e r c e n t .
The p e r c e n t a g e s on c o m p a r a b le
ite m s a s fo und i n t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n a r e 5 1 .1 p e r c e n t , 5 1 .1 p e r c e n t, 7 7 .3 p e r c e n t, and 3 1 .8 p e r c e n t. w o u ld seem t h a t m o s t n o t e w o r t h y d i f f e r e n c e s a r e : use o f s o c ia l f u n c tio n s i n th e ju n io r c o lle g e ,
It
(1 ) g r e a t e r
(2) l e s s u se
o f p o s t - o p e n i n g d a y c o n f e r e n c e s w i t h new t e a c h e r s i n t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e , b a l a n c e d i n p a r t by (3 ) m o re u s e o f p r e s c h o o l o p e n i n g - d a y c o n f e r e n c e s w i t h new t e a c h e r s . T h e r e a r e v e r y few b a s e s f o r j u d g i n g t h e a d e q u a c y o f s c h o o l a n d c l a s s r o o m i n d u c t i o n o f new t e a c h e r s a s i n i t i a t e d by t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t a f f s o f t h e c o o p e r a t i n g j u n i o r c o lle g e s.
What may b e a d e q u a t e i n o n e s c h o o l may n o t be
a d e q u a te a t a n o th e r . sc h o o l, sch o o l s i z e ,
V a r i a b l e s such a s l o c a t i o n o f t h e p e r s o n a l i t y and l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e
a d m in istra tiv e o f f ic e r s ,
c h a r a c te r o f th e perm anent s t a f f ,
may p r o d u c e s i t u a t i o n s r e q u i r i n g a d i f f e r i n g p a t t e r n s a s w e l l a s am o un t o f i n d u c t i o n p r a c t i c e s . lik e ly th a t th e
A lth o u g h i t seem s
j u n i o r c o l l e g e s u t i l i z i n g o n l y o n e o r two
of' t h e ' m e th o d s c i t e d h a r d l y p r e s e n t a " p l a n n e d p r o g ra m " o f t e a c h e r i n d u c t i o n a s p r o p o s e d i n P r i n c i p l e XV, y e t i n t h e absence o f s p e c if ic
c rite ria ,
th re e o r fo u r o r any o th e r
n u m b e r l i k e w i s e may p r o v e t o b e i n a d e q u a t e .
S u ch d i f f i c u l -
430
t i e s p re c lu d e any f u r t h e r e v a lu a tio n . E f f o r t s o f t h e t e a c h i n g s t a f f i n th e s c h o o l and c l a s s room o r i e n t a t i o n o f new t e a c h e r s .
T a b l e s LXXXVI an d LXXXVTI
su m m a riz e C a l i f o r n i a a n d o u t - o f - s t a t e d a t a r e g a r d i n g t h e e x t e n t o f u s e a n d e v a l u a t i o n o f c e r t a i n m e th o d s e m p lo y e d by th e te a c h in g s t a f f i n th e sc h o o l and classro o m o r i e n t a t i o n o f new t e a c h e r s . In te rm s o f th e t o t a l fre q u e n c y o f u se i n C a l if o r n i a a s c o m p ared w i t h o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s ,
p e rh a p s th e o n ly
n o te w o rth y d i f f e r e n c e p e r t a i n s t o ite m b, " in d iv id u a l t e a c h e r s c h o s e n b y t h e f a c u l t y g r o u p a s su m e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a s n e e d e d .”
T h i s p r a c t i c e w as u s e d i n t e n o u t - o f - s t a t e
j u n i o r c o l l e g e s a s c o m p ared w i t h f o u r C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s . The m o s t - u s e d p r a c t i c e , d e s c r i b e d a s a t e a , r e c e p t i o n , o r s o c i a l f u n c t i o n , w as t h e o n l y o n e t o b e u s e d by o n e - h a l f o r m o re o f t h e i n - s t a t e a n d o u t - o f - s t a t e c o l l e g e s .
T w e n ty -
s e v e n , o r 6 4 .3 p e r c e n t , o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a and tw e n ty -tw o , o r 5 0 .0 p e r c e n t, o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s s u b s c r ib e d to t h i s p r a c tic e .
The p r a c t i c e o f v a r i o u s d e p a r t m e n t s t o
a s s i g n a t e a c h e r w i t h i n th e d e p a rtm e n t t o a c t a s a te m p o ra ry a d v i s o r , l i s t e d i n t h e t a b l e s a s i t e m d , w as u t i l i z e d by n in e ,
o r 2 1 .4 p e r c e n t, o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a , and t h i r t e e n , o r
2 9 .5 p e r c e n t , o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s .
The e x t e n t o f
u se o f th e re m a in in g d e v ic e s l i s t e d i n t h e t a b l e s c o n tin u e s
TABLE
431
IXXXYI
METHODS USED BY THE TEACHING STAFFS OF CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES TO HELP NEW TEACHERS IN SCHOOL. AND CLASSROOM ORIENTATION AND EVALUATION OF THEIR EFFECTIVENESS
Method
Size o f c o lle g e as measured by eq u iv a len t fu ll-tim e teach ers 60 and over r - .? 9 ------W ' - W ’Methods Out t e r cent Methods QutPer cen t Methods Out Per cent Methods used stand outstand used stand- outstand used stand outstand used ing . in g ing ing in g ing methods methods methods 6
-
-
7
-
-
2
0
0 .0
2
0
75.0
7
5
7 1 .4
12
0
0 .0
2
2
100.0
0
0
-
0
0
O f f i c i a l r e p r e se n ta tiv e s o f the te a c h e r s' club make home v i s i t s
0
0
-
0
Other (u n c la s s ifie d )
0
0
-
0
a.
There i s no organized program
5
-
£>.
In d iv id u a l tea ch ers chosen by the fa c u lty group assume r e s p o n s ib ilit y as needed
0
0
The te a c h e r s' club holds a t e a , r e c e p tio n , or oth er s o c ia l fu n ctio n
8
6
The v a rio u s departments asdign a tea ch er w ith in the department to a c t as a temporary a d v ise r
1
The f a c u lty club p u b lish es a year book p rim arily fo r th is purpose
c. d.
e. f. g.
Number o f ju n io r c o lle g e s c o n trib u tin g data This ta b le should be read as fo llo w s:
13
-
13
t o t a ls Out Per cent stand outstand ing ing methods
18
-
-
0 .0
4
0
0 .0
6
50.0
27
17
63.0
6
4
66.7
9
6
66.7
-
1
0
0 .0
1
0
0 .0
0
-
2
1
50.0
2
1
50.0
0
-
1
1
100.0
1
1
100.0
16
42
o f the 8 ju n ior c o lle g e s using item c , 6 or 7 5 .0 per cen t re gar 3” i t as o f outstanding value'.'
432 TABLE
LXXXYII
METHODS USED BY THE TEACHING STAFFS OF OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES TO HELP NEW TEACHERS IN SCHOOL AND CLASSROOM ORIENTATION AND.EVALUATION OF THEIR EFFECTIVENESS
Method
S iz e o f c o lle g e as measured by eq u ivalen t fu ll-tim e teachers I -2 9 60 and over 3TT - T 9 Methods Out Per cent Methods Out Per cent Methods Out Per cent Methods used stand outstand used stand outstand used stand outstand used in g ing ing ing ing ing methods methods, methods
a.
There i s no organized program
5
-
-
8
-
-
7
-
b.
In d iv id u a l tea ch ers chosen by the fa c u lty group assume r e s p o n s ib ilit y as needed
5
2
4 0 .0
1
0
0.0
4
3
The te a c h e r s’ club hold s a te a , r e c e p tio n , or oth er s o c ia l fu n ctio n
8
4
50 . 0 ,
9
4
44.4
5
The variou s departments a s s ig n a teach er w ith in the department to a c t as a temporary a d v iser
4
3
75.0
4
3
75.0
The f a c u lty club p u b lish es a year book p rim arily fo r t h is purpose
2
2
100.0
0
-
O f f ic ia l r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s o f the te a c h e r s’ club make home v i s i t s
1
1
100.0
0
Other (u n c la s s ifie d )
2
0
0 .0
2
c. d.
e. f. g.
Number o f ju n io r c o lle g e s co n trib u tin g data This ta b le should be read as fo llo w s:
14
17
20
-
75 .0
10
5
50.0
4
80.0
22
12
54.5
5
3
60.0
13
9
69.2
-
1
0
0 .0
3
2
66.7
-
-
1
,0
0 .0
2
1
50.0
0
0 .0
0
-
-
4
0
0 .0
13
-
tfotals Out Per cent stand outstand ing ing methods
44
o f the 5 ju n ior c o lle g e s using item b, 2 or 40 per cen t regard i t as o f outstanding v a lu e .
-
433
t o d e c r e a s e s h a r p l y b o th i n - s t a t e and o u t - o f - s t a t e . S c h o o l s i z e i n C a l i f o r n i a a p p e a r s t o make a d i f f e r e n c e . E ven t h o u g h t h e e x t e n t o f o r i e n t a t i o n c o n d u c t e d by t h e o l d t e a c h e r s f o r t h e new se e m s s m a l l on t h e b a s i s o f t h e d a t a p ro c u re d , n e v e rth e le s s th e la r g e C a lif o rn ia sc h o o ls u t i l i z e a g r e a t e r v a r i e t y a s w e l l a s a g r e a t e r n u m b er o f o r i e n t a t i o n m e th o d s t h a n do t h e s m a l l o r t h e m e d i u m - s i z e d s c h o o l s . A c c o rd in g t o t h e d a t a r e v e a l e d i n T a b le L 2X O T I, s c h o o l s i z e does n o t a p p e a r to be a s s o c i a te d w ith any d i s c e r n i b l e p a t t e r n o f d i f f e r e n c e s among t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e
ju n io r c o lle g e s.
T a b l e L2QQCVTII s u m m a r iz e s c e r t a i n p a r t s o f T a b l e s LXXXVI a n d LXXXVII; i t a l s o p r e s e n t s i n r a n k o r d e r t h e m e th o d s u s e d by t h e t e a c h i n g s t a f f i n t h e s c h o o l a n d c l a s s room o r i e n t a t i o n o f new t e a c h e r s , a s w e l l a s t h e r a n k o r d e r a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r d e s i g n a t i o n by t h e r e s p o n d e n t s a s b e in g of " o u ts ta n d in g v a lu e ."
S in c e th e t a b l e i s
b a s e d on t h e
r e s p o n s e s f r o m e i g h t y - s i x s c h o o l s , i t may be o b s e r v e d t h a t ite m a r e g a r d in g th e t e a c h e r s ’ clu b h o ld in g a t e a , r e c e p tio n , o r o th e r s o c ia l fu n c tio n , i s
t h e o n l y o n e u t i l i z e d by m ore
th a n o n e - h a lf o f th e s c h o o ls .
F o r t y - n i n e , o r 5 7 .0 p e r c e n t ,
of th e ju n io r c o lle g e s su b sc rib e to t h i s p r a c t ic e .
I t a lso
may be o b s e r v e d t h a t i t e m a i s u s e d by a s many s c h o o l s a s u s e a l l o t h e r m e th o d s c o m b in e d . C a l c u l a t i o n s n o t i n c l u d e d i n T a b l e LXDCVTII show t h a t t h e s c h o o l s i n w h ic h t h e t e a c h i n g s t a f f a s s u m e s a n y o f t h e
434 TABLE
LXXXVIII
SUMMARY DATA CONCERNING EXTENT OF USE AND RELATIVE VALUE OF METHODS EMPLOYED BY THE TEACHING STAFFS OF EIGHTY-SIX JUNIOR COLLEGES TO HELP NEW TEACHERS IN SCHOOL AND CLASSROOM ORIENTATION
M etho d
Number R ank u sin g o rd e r m e th o d o f use
Per c e n t sp e c ify in g m e th o d a s o f ”o u tsta n d in g v a lu e ”
Rank o r d e r i n te rm s o f ”o u tsta n d in g v a lu e ”
a* The t e a c h e r s c l u b h o l d s a te a , re c e p tio n , or o th e r s o c ia l fu n c tio n
49
1
5 9 .1
2
h . The v a r i o u s d e p a r t m e n t s a s s ig n a te a c h e r w ith in th e d ep a rtm en t t o a c t a s a te m p o ra ry a d v i s e r
22
2
6 S .2
1
c • In d iv id u a l te a c h e rs chosen by th e f a c u lty g r o u p a s su m e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a s needed
14
3
3 5 .7
5
d . The f a c u l t y c l u b p u b l i s h e s a y earb o o k p r im a r ily f o r t h i s p urpose 4
4i
5 0 .0
3i
e. O ffic ia l re p re se n ta tiv e s o f th e t e a c h e r s 1 c lu b make home v i s i t s
4
ki
f . O th e r ( u n c l a s s i f i e d )
5
g* T h e r e i s no o r g a n i z e d p ro g ra m
3#
5 0 .0 20.0
435
o b lig a tio n s f o r o r ie n ta tio n a s l i s t e d in th e t a b l e , 2 .0 m e th o d s.
av erag e
One o f t h e s e m e th o d s i s i t e m a .
I t sh o u ld be n o te d w ith r e f e r e n c e to e x te n t o f u se t h a t t h i r t y - e i g h t , o r 4 4 .2 p e r c e n t, o f th e s c h o o ls r e p o r t no o r g a n i z e d p r o g ra m o f o r i e n t a t i o n f o r t h e new t e a c h e r s by t h e p o r t i o n o f t h e t e a c h i n g s t a f f s a l r e a d y on t h e j o b . S e v e ra l sc h o o ls re p o r te d m is c e lla n e o u s p r a c t i c e s . Two r e s p o n d e n t s s t a t e d t h a t t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d w o rk e d w i t h t h e new t e a c h e r , two o t h e r r e s p o n d e n t s s t a t e d t h a t f a c u l t y c l u b o f f i c e r s a ssu m e d d u t i e s i n t h i s a r e a , a n d o n e r e p o r t e d t h e u s e o f i n t e r v i s i t a t i o n among t e a c h e r s . w e r e n o t i n c l u d e d on t h e c h e c k l i s t ,
T hese p r a c t i c e s
hence i t ap p ears
p r o b a b l y t h a t t h e w r i t e - i n r e s p o n s e s may n o t r e f l e c t a c c u r a t e l y t h e e x t e n t t o w h ic h t h e s e p a r t i c u l a r d e v i c e s are used. The d a t a i n T a b l e LXXXVIII p e r t a i n i n g to e v a l u a t i o n o f th e o r i e n t a t i o n p r a c t i c e s i n d i c a t e t h a t ite m b ra n k s f i r s t i n e f f e c t i v e n e s s by t h e m e th o d u s e d .
S i x t y - e i g h t an d
t w o - t e n t h s o f th e s c h o o l s , w here t h e p r a c t i c e i s re g a rd i t a s of "o u ts ta n d in g v a lu e ."
used,
On a p e r c e n t a g e b a s i s
t h i s c o m p a r e s w i t h 5 9 . 1 p e r c e n t who r e g a r d t h e t e a c h e r ’ s clu b s o c i a l f u n c tio n a s of " o u ts ta n d in g v a l u e . ”
The
d i f f e r e n c e i n p e r c e n t b e t w e e n t h e s e tw o i t e m s i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t t o p l a c e much c r e d e n c e i n t h e p o s i t i o n t h a t a re a l d iffe re n c e e x is t.
The m e th o d d e s c r i b e d a s " i n d i v i d u a l
436
t e a c h e r s c h o s e n b y t h e f a c u l t y g r o u p a s su m e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a s n e e d e d ,” l i s t e d a s ite m a i n t h i s t a b l e ,
seem s t o
be
l e s s v a l u a b l e t h a n t h e m e th o d s p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d in a s m u c h a s 35*7 p e r c e n t o f t h e s c h o o l s u s i n g i t ,
reg ard ed i t as of
"o u tsta n d in g v a l u e .” The o t h e r m e th o d s l i s t e d fo u r o r le s s sc h o o ls. b e lie v e d th a t l i t t l e
i n t h e t a b l e a r e u s e d by
I n v ie w o f t h e s m a l l n u m b e rs i t
is
s i g n i f i c a n c e can be a t t a c h e d t o d a t a
p e rta in in g to e v a lu a tio n . W h e th e r o r n o t t h e s c h o o l a n d c l a s s r o o m i n d u c t i o n p ra c tic e s in itia te d
by t h e o l d t e a c h e r s f o r t h e new t e a c h e r s
a r e a d e q u a te c a n n o t be answ ered c a t e g o r i a l l y . t h e i m p o r t a n c e new t e a c h e r s h a v e im p u te d t o
I n v ie w o f
th e h e l p g iv e n
by t h e i r o l d e r - i n - s e r v i c e c o - w o r k e r s , ( 5 4 : 2 3 3 ; 6 8 : 3 2 ) a n d i n v ie w o f t h e n e c e s s i t y o f a p l a n n e d p r o g r a m , * i t se e m s t h a t th e t h i r t y - e i g h t sc h o o ls,
o r 4 3 .2 p e r c e n t , o f th e t o t a l ,
by t h e i r f a i l u r e t o u t i l i z e i n a n o r g a n i z e d p r o g r a m t h e e f f o r t s w h ic h a r e p o t e n t i a l l y f o r t h c o m i n g f o r t h i s p u r p o s e by t h e t e a c h i n g s t a f f ,
a re d e lin q u e n t i n t h i s r e s p o n s i b ilit y .
The f a c t t h a t s c h o o l s r e p o r t a n a v e r a g e o f 2 . 0 i n d u c t i o n m e th o d s i n t h i s c a t e g o r y w o u ld seem t o i n d i c a t e l i t t l e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o n t h e p a r t o f o l d t e a c h e r s f o r t h e new i n th is reg ard .
N e v e rth e le s s in th e absence o f s u ita b le
* P r i n c i p l e XV, C h a p te r V .
437 c r i t e r i a no d e f i n i t e a n d f i n a l a p p r a i s a l o f a d e q u a c y by k i n d a n d am ou nt i s p r o p o s e d . E f f o r t s t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e co m m un ity o r i e n t a t i o n o f new t e a c h e r s .
T a b l e s LXXXIX a n d XC su m m a riz e C a l i f o r n i a a n d
o u t - o f - s t a t e d a ta r e g a r d in g th e e x t e n t o f u se and e v a lu a t io n o f c e r t a i n m e th o d s em p lo y e d i n t h e co m m u nity o r i e n t a t i o n o f new t e a c h e r s . In te rn s o f th e t o t a l freq u en cy o f u se , th e d if fe re n c e b e tw e e n C a l i f o r n i a a n d o u t - o f - s t a t e d a t a a p p e a r s t o be slig h t.
The i t e m s d e s c r i b i n g o r i e n t a t i o n p r a c t i c e s , when
r a n k e d a c c o r d i n g t o f r e q u e n c y o f u s e , o c c u r i n t h e same o rd e r in s t a t e and o u t o f s t a t e . n u m b e rs i n v o l v e d l i t t l e d iffe re n c e s.
B ecause o f th e s m a ll
s ig n if ic a n c e i s a tta c h e d to ite m
Some s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e may b e n o t e d w i t h
r e f e r e n c e t o t h e num ber o f s c h o o l s w h ic h s i g n i f i e d t h a t " t h e r e i s no o r g a n i z e d p r o g r a m . ”
A c c o rd in g to t h e t a b l e s ,
t w e n t y - f o u r o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s , r e p r e s e n t i n g 57*1 p e r ce n t o f th e t o t a l , s ta te ,
su b sc rib e d to t h i s p r a c t i c e .
O u t-o f-
t h e c o m p a r a b le d a t a a r e e i g h t e e n s c h o o l s , r e p r e s e n t
in g 4 0 .9 p e r c e n t o f t h a t g ro u p .
The o n l y p r a c t i c e t o
be
u s e d by m ore t h a n o n e - h a l f o f e i t h e r t h e i n - s t a t e o r o u t - o f s t a t e s c h o o l s w h ic h p r o v i d e some s e r v i c e i n t h i s a r e a w as t h e o n e d e s c r i b e d i n i t e m b a s " s p e c i f i c h e l p i s g i v e n new te a c h e rs in se c u rin g liv in g 6 1 .4 p er c e n t,
q u a rte rs .”
T w e n ty -se v e n , o r
of th e o u t - o f - s ta te i n s t i t u t i o n s s u p p lie d
TABLE
LXXOX
438
METHODS USED TO HELP NEW TEACHERS IN CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES IN COMMUNITY ORIENTATION AND EVALUATION 0‘F THEIR EFFECTIVENESS
Method
S iz e o f e o lle g e as measured by eq u ivalen t fu ll-t im e teach ers 1 - 2'9 60 and over 0-59 Per cent Methods Out Methods Out Fer cent Methods OutPer cen t Methods stand outstand• used used stand outstand- used stand- . outstand used ing ing ing ing ing ing methods methods methods
a.
There i s no organized program
5
-
b.
S p e c if ic h elp i s g iv en new teach ers in secu rin g liv in g quarters
7
3
10
New tea ch ers are given a brochure co n ta in in g inform ation about the community
c.
d.
e.
f.
-
11
-
42 ,9
3
2
5
50.0
2
3
3
100 .:o
Some sch ool or c iv ic group conduct a planned program o f "know your community"
0
0
Other ( u n c la s s ifie d )
1
0
The PTA, Chamber o f Commerce, or sim ila r group holds a t e a , r e c e p tio n , or other sim ila r s o c ia l fu n ctio n s prim arily fo r the new teach ers
Number o f ju n ior c o lle g e s co n tr ib u tin g data This ta b le should ‘be read a s fo llo w s:
13
8
-
66.7
8
4
0
0 .0
4
0
0
_
_
1
1
0 .0
0
0
13
-
24
-
50.0
18
9
50.0
3
75.0
16
8
50.0
3
2
66.7
6
5
83.3
0 .0
2
2
100.0
3
3
-
1
0
0 .0
2
0
16
-
T otals Out Fer cent stand outstand ing ing methods
42
o f the 7 ju n ior c o lle g e s using item b, 3 or 4 2 .9 per” cent regard i t as o f outstanding v a lu e .
-
100.0 0 .0
439 TABLE
XC
METHODS USED TO HELP HEW TEACHERS IN OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES IN COMMUNITY ORIENTATION AND EVALUATION OF THEIR EFFECTIVENESS
Method
c.
d.
e.
f.
Methods used
S ize o f c o lle g e a s measured by eq u iv a len t TT- W " 60 Out Per cen t Methods stand outstand- used ing in g methods
Out Per cent Methods stand outstand used ing ing methods
6
-
S p e c ific h elp i s given new tea ch ers in secu rin g liv in g quarters
9
4
The PTA, Chamber o f Gommerce, or sim ila r group holds a t e a , r e c e p tio n , or other sim ila r s o c i a l s im ila r s o c i a l fu n c tio n s p rim a rily fo r the new tea ch ers
5
New tea ch ers are g iven a brochure co n ta in in g inform ation about the community
a.-~ There i s no organized program b.
r
7
-
8 1.8
7
6
3
75.0
2
2
0
0 .0
50.0
3
0
66.7
2
1
5
-
44.4
11
9
2
40.0
4
4
2
50.0
Some sch o o l or c iv ic group conduct a planned program o f "know your community"
2
1
Other (u n c la s s ifie d )
3
2
Number o f ju n io r c o lle g e s co n trib u tin g data This ta b le should be read as fo llo w s:
14
fu ll-tim e teach ers and over Out Per cent Methods stand outstand used ing in g methods
-
17
T otals Out Per cent stand outstand ing in g methods
18
-
8 5 .7
27
19
7 0 .4
0
0 .0
11
5
45.5
4
2
5 0.0
10
4
4 0 .0
0 .0
1
0
0 .0
6
1
16.7
50.0
0
-
5
3
60.0
-
13
-
44
o f fh e 9 ju n ior c o lle g e s u sin g item b, 4 or 4 4 .4 per cen t regard i t as o f outstanding v a lu e .
440 th is a id .
A l t h o u g h t h e same i t e m d e s c r i b e d t h e m o s t - u s e d
co m m u n ity o r i e n t a t i o n p r a c t i c e i n C a l i f o r n i a , o n l y e i g h t e e n , o r 4 2 .9 p e r c e n t, o f th e sc h o o ls p ro v id e d t h a t h e lp . S c h o o l s i z e a p p e a r s t o make l i t t l e i n g t o t h e d a t a i n T a b l e s LXXXIX a n d XC.
d iffe re n c e acco rd The n u m b e r o f
s c h o o l s n o t p r e s e n t i n g a n " o r g a n i z e d p r o g ra m " a n d t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f o r i e n t a t i o n d e v i c e s u s e d by t h e r e m a i n i n g s c h o o l s , seem g e n e r a l l y t o i n d i c a t e a u n i f o r m p a t t e r n a s f a r a s s i z e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s concerned.
The m e d i u m - s i z e d C a l i f o r n i a
s c h o o l s a p p e a r t o be d e f i n i t e l y d i v e r g e n t in a s m u c h a s e l e v e n o u t o f th e t h i r t e e n sc h o o ls in t h i s s iz e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s i g n i f i e d "n o o r g a n i z e d p r o g r a m . " The d a t a i n T a b l e s LXXXIX a n d XC w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o w h ic h o f t h e d e v i c e s f o r t h e co m m unity o r i e n t a t i o n o f new t e a c h e r s i s r e g a r d e d a s o f " o u t s t a n d i n g v a l u e ” r e v e a l some d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n C a l i f o r n i a a n d o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s . C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s a p p e a r t o a t t a c h m ore v a l u e t o i t e m s d a n d e , w h i c h d e a l w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e c o m m u n ity , w h e r e a s o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s a p p e a r t o a t t a c h m o re i m p o r t a n c e t o h e l p i n g t h e new t e a c h e r s s e c u r e l i v i n g q u a r t e r s . T a b l e XCI s u m m a r iz e s c e r t a i n p a r t s o f T a b l e s LXXXIX a n d XC; i t of use,
a ls o p r e s e n ts in ran k o rd e r a c c o rd in g to fre q u en cy
t h e m e th o d s e m p lo y ed i n t h e co m m un ity o r i e n t a t i o n o f
new t e a c h e r s ,
and a l s o th e ran k o r d e r a c c o r d in g t h e i r
d e s ig n a ti o n by th e r e s p o n d e n ts a s b ein g o f " o u ts ta n d in g v a l u e ."
441 TABLE
XCI
SUMMARY DATA CONCERNING EXTENT OF USE AND RELATIVE VALUE OF METHODS EMPLOYED IN EIGHTY-SIX JUNIOR COLLEGES TO HELP NEW TEACHERS IN COMMUNITY ORIENTATION Number R ank u sin g o rd e r m e th o d o f use
M ethod
Per cen t sp e c ify in g m e th o d a s o f "outr* sta n d in g v a lu e "
a . S p e c i f ic h e lp i s g iv e n new t e a c h e r s i n s e c u r in g liv i n g q u a r te rs
45
62 #2
b . The PTA, Chamber o f Commerce, o r s i m i l a r group h o ld s a t e a , r e c e p tio n , o r o th e r s o c ia l fu n c tio n p rim a rily fo r t h e new t e a c h e r s
27
46 1
e . New t e a c h e r s a r e g i v e n a b rochu re c o n ta in in g in fo rm a tio n about th e co m m un ity
16
56.3
d . Some s c h o o l o r c i v i c g r o u p c o n d u c t a p l a n n e d p r o g ra m o f "know y o u r co m m u n ity " 9
44*4
(u n c la ssifie d )
7
4 2 .9
f . T h e r e i s no o r g a n i z e d p ro g ra m
42
e.
O th e r
#
Rank o r d e r i n te rm s o f "o u t s ta n d in g v a lu e "
442
O nly i t e m a , r e f e r r i n g t o h e l p g i v e n new t e a c h e r s i n s e c u r in g l i v i n g q u a r te r s , i s s ix sc h o o ls.
u s e d by o v e r o n e - h a l f o f t h e e i g h t y -
F o rty -fiv e ,
o r 52*3 P©r c e n t , s u b s c r i b e t o t h i s
p ra c tic e . I t may b e o b s e r v e d t h a t f o r t y - t w o , o r 4 3 . 9 p e r c e n t , o f t h e e i g h t y - s i x s c h o o l s s t a t e t h a t t h e y h a v e "no o r g a n i z e d pro g ram . ” S e v e ra l sc h o o ls re p o rte d m is c e lla n e o u s p r a c t i c e s . T h ree o f t h e s e p e r t a i n t o e f f o r t s o f s e r v i c e c lu b s and c h u r c h e s , o n e t o a t o u r o f t h e c o m m u n ity , a n d two t o m u n ity s o c i a l f u n c t i o n s .
com
One r e s p o n d e n t i n d i c a t e d t h a t
e v e r y a p p l i c a n t w as a s k e d t o s p e n d some tim e v i s i t i n g a n d i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e co m m u n ity a s a p a r t o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n pro ced u re. The d a t a i n T a b l e XCI p e r t a i n i n g t o e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e o r i e n t a t i o n p r a c t i c e s i n d i c a t e t h a t ite m a ra n k s f i r s t in e f f e c t i v e n e s s by t h e m e th o d u s e d .
T h is ite m , r e f e r r i n g to
th e g iv in g o f h e lp i n s e c u rin g l i v i n g q u a r t e r s , a ls o ran k ed f i r s t i n te rm s of u s e . sc h o o ls u sin g i t
S ix ty -tw o and tw o - te n th s o f th e
r e g a r d t h i s m e th o d a s o f " o u t s t a n d i n g v a l u e . "
A l t h o u g h t h e s e tw o o r i e n t a t i o n m e th o d s l e a d t h e o t h e r s l i s t e d i n t h e t a b l e i n te rm s o f p e r c e n ta g e , th e d i f f e r e n c e , i n v ie w o f t h e n um b er o f c a s e s i n v o l v e d , i s r e g a r d e d a s p o s s e s s i n g some b u t n o t h i g h s i g n i f i c a n c e . I t may b e s e r i o u s l y d o u b t e d t h a t n e a r l y o n e - h a l f o f
443
t h e s c h o o l s s i g n i f y i n g t h a t t h e y h a d no o r g a n i z e d p r o g r a m o f co m m u n ity o r i e n t a t i o n , f o r t h e i r new t e a c h e r s .
p ro v id e a d e q u a te ly in t h i s re g a rd T h is a p p r a i s a l i s f u r t h e r s t r e n g t h
e n e d by n o t a t i o n s made by r e s p o n d e n t s t h e m s e l v e s . o n l y a few o f th e m saw f i t t o a ll,
A lth o u g h
com m ent, a l l who d i d ,
s ix in
s t a t e d t h a t n o t en o u g h w as b e i n g d o n e o r t h a t p l a n s
w e r e u n d e r way t o a u g m e n t t h e p r o g r a m .
F u rth e rm o re a l l o f
t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s t h a t m ake some e f f o r t s a l o n g t h i s l i n e a v e r a g e d b u t 2 . 3 i n d u c t i o n m e th o d s i n t h i s c a t e g o r y . I n v ie w o f t h e i m p o r t a n c e a t t a c h e d t o t h e n e c e s s i t y o f a n a d e q u a t e p r o g r a m ,* r e a s o n a b l e d o u b t
may be e x p r e s s e d
as to th e adequacy o f p r a c tic e s r e p o r te d .
The d i f f i c u l t i e s
p r e v i o u s l y m e n tio n e d p r e c lu d e f u r t h e r a p p r a i s a l . CHAPTER SUMMARY
A p p o in tm e n t.
The p e r s o n a l l e t t e r i s t h e m o s t - u s e d
m edium o f n o t i f y i n g t h e s u c c e s s f u l c a n d i d a t e o f h i s a p p o i n t m e n t.
T w e n t y - f o u r , o r 5 1 . 1 p e r c e n t , o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a an d
th irty -fo u r,
o r 7 7 .3
c e n t, o f th e o u t- o f - s ta te ju n io r
c o l l e g e s r e p o r t e d t h i s a s t h e d o m in a n t p r a c t i c e .
The fo rm
l e t t e r e n j o y s i t s g r e a t e s t u s e among t h e l a r g e i n s t i t u t i o n s . P e r s o n a l c o n t a c t by l e t t e r o r t e l e p h o n e i s t h e
* P r i n c i p l e XV, C h a p te r V
444
m o s t - u s e d medium o f n o t i f y i n g t i i e u n s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a n t s . F i f t e e n , o r 3 5 .7 p e r c e n t , o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a and t w e n t y - t h r e e , o r 53*5 p e r c e n t , o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s i n d i c a t e d t h i s a s t h e d o m in a n t p r a c t i c e .
One o u t o f e i g h t s c h o o l s
do n o t n o t i f y t h e u n s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a n t s c o n c e r n i n g t h e d is p o s itio n of th e ir a p p lic a tio n s.
T h is p r a c t i c e i s
ju d g e d
th e l e a s t d e s ir a b le o f th e ones r e p o r te d . T h i r t y - s i x , o r 87• & p e r c e n t , o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a and th irty -th re e ,
o r 75*0 p e r c e n t , o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o ls
i n d i c a t e t h a t n e w ly a p p o i n t e d t e a c h e r s s i g n c o n t r a c t s a s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e a f t e r t h e o f f i c i a l b o a r d a c t i o n on a p p o i n t m e n t . T h re e , o r 7 .3 p e r c e n t, o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a and e i g h t , o r 1 8 .2 p er c e n t,
o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s u s e no c o n t r a c t
d o c u m e n t. The u s e o f " n o t i c e o f e m p lo y m e n t” f o r m s i n d i c a t e t h a t it
s e r v e s p r i m a r i l y e i t h e r o f tw o p u r p o s e s ( 1 ) a s t h e o f f i c i a l
c o n t r a c t d o cu m en t o r (2 ) t o b r i d g e t h e g a p b e tw e e n b o a r d a c t i o n on a p p o i n t m e n t a n d s i g n i n g o f t h e f o r m a l c o n t r a c t ag ree m en t.
E i g h t , o r 1 9 .0 p e r c e n t , o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a and
e i g h t e e n , o r 4 0 . 9 Ve r c e n t , o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e
ju n io r
c o l l e g e s do n o t u s e t h i s o r s i m i l a r f o r m s . In d u c tio n . tiv e
M e th o d s u s e d m o s t o f t e n by t h e a d m i n i s t r a
s t a f f s o f th e ju n io r c o lle g e s f o r th e purpose o f h e lp in g
t h e new t e a c h e r i n h i s s c h o o l a n d c l a s s r o o m o r i e n t a t i o n ,
in
445
o rd e r o f freq u en cy of use a re
(1) r e c e p t i o n , a t e a ,
or o th e r
s o c i a l f u n c t i o n h e l d e a r l y i n t h e y e a r t o w elco m e new te a c h e rs ,
( 2 ) new t e a c h e r s p r o v i d e d w i t h p e r s o n a l c o p i e s o f
a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s , o r a f a c u l t y handbook, ( 3 ) c o n f e r e n c e s o r m e e t i n g o f new t e a c h e r s a f t e r t h e o p e n i n g o f sc h o o l,
(4 ) new t e a c h e r s p r o v i d e d w i t h p e r s o n a l c o p i e s o f
b o a r d r u l e s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s , a n d ( 5 ) new t e a c h e r s r e p o r t e a r l i e r th a n o th e r te a c h e r s f o r c o n fe re n c e w ith th e ju n io r c o lle g e d ir e c to r . A d m i n i s t r a t i v e e f f o r t s w h ic h w e r e m o s t o f t e n r e g a r d e d by r e s p o n d e n t s a s o f o u t s t a n d i n g v a l u e i n h e l p i n g new t e a c h e r s i n t h e i r sc h o o l and c la ssro o m o r i e n t a t i o n in c lu d e , i n th e o r d e r o f d e c r e a s i n g v a l u e b y t h e m e th o d u s e d ,
(1 ) a s s i g n
m ent o f a " b ig b r o t h e r o r s i s t e r " o r s p o n s o r to h e l p i n school o rie n ta tio n , new t e a c h e r s ,
(2 ) b u l l e t i n s i s s u e d s p e c i a l l y f o r
(3 ) new t e a c h e r s r e p o r t e a r l i e r t h a n o t h e r
te a c h e r s f o r group m e e tin g s,
(4 ) new t e a c h e r s p r o v i d e d w i t h
p e rs o n a l c o p ie s o f a d m in is tr a tiv e r u l e s and r e g u la tio n s , o r f a c u l t y h a n d b o o k , a n d (5 ) c o n f e r e n c e s o r m e e t i n g s o f new t e a c h e r s a f t e r th e o p en in g o f s c h o o l. T h ir ty -e ig h t of th e e ig h ty - s ix resp o n d en t sc h o o ls, 43*2 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l ,
do n o t u t i l i z e
th e h o ld -o v e r
t e a c h i n g s t a f f i n t h e s c h o o l a n d c l a s s r o o m i n d u c t i o n o f new te a c h e rs.
A te a , re c e p tio n ,
o r s o c i a l f u n c t i o n co n d u c te d
446
by t h e t e a c h e r s *
c l u b w as u s e d i n a l l s c h o o l s w h e r e r e s p o n s i
b i l i t y f o r i n d u c t i o n o f new t e a c h e r s h a d b e e n a s s u m e d by t h e "o ld ” te a c h e rs.
The a s s i g n a t i o n by t h e v a r i o u s d e p a r t m e n t s
o f a te a c h e r w ith in th e dep artm en t to a c t a s a tem p o rary a d v i s o r f o r new p e r s o n n e l was r a t e d h i g h e s t i n v a l u e a c c o r d in g to th e c h e c k - lis t resp o n d e n ts. F o rty -tw o , o r 4 8 ,9 Pe r c e n t, o f th e e i g h t y - s i x r e s p o n d e n t s c h o o l s h a v e no o r g a n i z e d p r o g r a m f o r t h e co m m u n ity i n d u c t i o n o f new t e a c h e r s .
The m o s t - u s e d e f f o r t o f t h e
s c h o o l s a t t e m p t i n g some s e r v i c e i n t h i s a r e a i s d i r e c t e d t o w a r d h e l p i n g new t e a c h e r s s e c u r e l i v i n g q u a r t e r s .
S ix ty -
two a n d t w o - t e n t h s o f t h e s c h o o l s u s i n g t h i s m e t h o d r e g a r d e d i t as "of o u tstan d in g v a lu e .” A c c o r d i n g t o t h e c r i t e r i a d e v e l o p e d , 43* 2 p e r c e n t s c h o o l s w h i c h h a v e no o r g a n i z e d p r o g r a m by w h i c h t h e t e a c h e r s t h e m s e l v e s may a i d i n t h e i n d u c t i o n p r o c e s s a n d 4 8 . 9 p e r c e n t o f t h e s c h o o l s w h i c h h a v e no o r g a n i z e d p r o g r a m o f co m m u n ity i n d u c t i o n o f new t e a c h e r s a r e n o t f u l f i l l i n g t h e i r o b l i g a t i o n in th is reg ard .
CHAPTER X I
FACTORS AFFECTING- RETENTION BOARD POLICIES Purpose of th e c h a p t e r .
S ince th e p ro c e s s o f te a c h e r
s e le c tio n as defin ed in t h i s in v e s tig a tio n i s not reg ard ed as c o m p l e t e u n t i l r e t e n t i o n on some p e r m a n e n t b a s i s h a s b een effected ,
th e n th e p r a c t i c e s and p o l i c i e s o f t h i s i n t e r i m
p e r i o d become i m p o r t a n t i n t h e d e g r e e a n d m a n n e r t o w h i c h th ey c o n trib u te to th e refin em en t o f s e le c ti o n .
Among t h e
f a c t o r s w hich have r e l e v a n c e a r e such a s p e c t s o f p e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a s board and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p o l i c i e s r e g a r d in g te a c h e r te n u re ,
e f f o r t s t o prom ote more e f f e c t i v e p r o
batio n ary te ach e r s e rv ic e ,
s ta n d a r d s o f com petency, and
m ethods o f a p p r a i s a l s Not a l l t h e f a c e t s o f t h e f a c t o r s m e n tio n e d a b o v e a r e co nsidered in t h i s c h a p te r.
W ith r e f e r e n c e to t e n u r e , f o r
e x a m p l e , no e f f o r t i s m ade i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n t o e x a m in e and a p p r a i s e v a r i o u s s t a t e la w s u n d e r w h ich t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e ju n io r co lleg es o p erate.
The t r e a t m e n t a c c o r d e d e f f o r t s t o
im prove t e a c h e r s e r v i c e i s l i k e w i s e l i m i t e d .
A co m p lete and
e x t e n s i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e s e s u b j e c t s w ould, p e r h a p s , n e c e s s ita te sep arate s tu d ie s .
Yet f a c t o r s su c h a s t e n u r e
and e f f o r t s i n t e a c h e r im provem ent a r e o f su ch im p o r ta n c e t o
44S t h e p r o b l e m t h a t a g e n e r a l an d t o some e x t e n t a s e g m e n t a l o v e r v i e w seem ed d e s i r a b l e . I t i s th e purpose of t h i s c h a p te r, s u b je c t to c e r t a in d e l i m i t a t i o n s , t o i n v e s t i g a t e and e v a l u a t e p r a c t i c e s and p o lic ie s a f f e c tin g th e r e te n tio n of te a c h e rs . t h e f o l l o w i n g t o p i c s w i l l be c o n s i d e r e d : (2) g e n e r a l a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p o l i c i e s ,
S p ecific ally
(1) b o a rd p o l i c i e s ,
( 3 ) i m p r o v e m e n t o f-
p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r s e r v i c e , and ( 4 ) e v a l u a t i o n o f p r o b a tio n a ry te ach e r se rv ic e . A p p l i c a b i l i t y o f m andatory and o p t i o n a l p r o v is io n s o f C a lifo rn ia ten u re l e g i s l a t i o n .
S ince th e sch o o l b o ard s
o p e r a te under th e law s of th e s t a t e ,
it
seem ed p e r t i n e n t i n
view o f t h e f a c t t h a t h a l f o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t s c h o o l s w ere lo cated in C a lifo rn ia ,
t o d e te r m in e t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y of
c e r t a i n varying p ro v is io n s of th e te n u re l e g i s l a t i o n in t h i s sta te . T a b l e XCII s u m m a r i z e s t h e C a l i f o r n i a d a t a c o n c e r n i n g t h e n um be r o f . y e a r s t h e a v e r a g e d a i l y a t t e n d a n c e i n t h e v a r io u s j u n i o r c o l l e g e s h as been in e x c e ss o f 850.
These
d a ta have p e c u l i a r s i g n i f i c a n c e i n C a l i f o r n i a because th e E d u c a t i o n Code c o n t a i n s p r o v i s i o n s t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t i n d i s t r i c t s o f t h i s s i z e i f t h e t e a c h e r i s e m p lo y e d f o r t h e f o u r t h y e a r , perm anent te n u re s t a t u s f o r th e t e a c h e r i s a u t o m a t i c a n d o b l i g a t o r y on t h e d i s t r i c t . ( 1 3 0 : 3 6 5 )
In
TABLE XCII NUMBER OF YEARS THE AVERAGE DAILY ATTENDANCE HAS BEEN IN EXCESS OF 850 IN CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES
Number o f y e a r s
S i z e o f c o l l e g e a s measured by e q u i v a l e n t f u ll- tim e teachers 1-29 30-59 60 and o v e r T otals Num P e r Num P er Num P e r Num P e r ber cent ber cent cent ber cent ber
a . None
6
50.0
3
23.1
0
0.0
9
2 2 .5
b . One
1
8.3
0
0.0
0
0.0
1
2.5
e. Two
0
0.0
2
15.4
0
0.0
2
3.0
d. Three
1
8.3
2
15.4
2
13.3
5
12.5
e. F o u r t o s i x
1
8.3
1
7.7
2
13.3
4
10.0
f . Seven t o n in e
0
0.0
1
7.7
0
0*0
1
2 .5
g . Ten o r ov er
3
25.0
4
30.8
11
7 3 .3
18
4 5 .0
12
9 9 .9
13
100.1
15
9 9 .9
40
100.0
T otals
4r VO
450
d i s t r i c t s w h e r e t h e a v e r a g e d a i l y a t t e n d a n c e i s u n d e r 850 t h e g r a n t i n g o f p e r m a n e n t t e n u r e a s d e f i n e d by l a w i s o p tio n a l w ith th e d i s t r i c t . ( 1 3 0 : 3^5)
F o r t h e tw o j u n i o r
c o l l e g e s l o c a t e d i n Los A n g e l e s C i t y a n d t h e o n e i n S an F ran cisco c e r ta in s p e c ia l p ro v isio n s are a p p lic a b le ,
in
c l u d i n g an o p t i o n a l tw o - y e a r p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d . ( 1 3 0 : 3 6 5 )
Xt may be o b s e rv e d by r e f e r e n c e to T ab le XCH, t h a t sev en o f t h e s m a ll s c h o o l s , and r i v e o f t h e m ed iu m -sized s c h o o ls h av e f o r t h e l a s t two y e a r s , i n t h i s ca se 1947-48 and 1 9 4 8 -4 9 , ka & l e s s th a n 8 5 0 a v e r a g e d a i l y a t t e n d a n c e .
For
t h e s e tw e lv e s c h o o l s , 3 0 ,0 p e r c e n t o f t h e g r o u p , perm anent t e a c h e r t e n u r e i s n o t l e g a l l y c o m p u lso ry .
What t h e s e s c h o o l s
do i n a p o s i t i v e way a b o u t r e t e n t i o n i s done on t h e i r own v o litio n .
F o r t h e re m a in in g s c h o o ls r e s p o n d in g to t h e ch eck
l i s t q u e s t i o n , t w e n t y - e i g h t i n number r e p r e s e n t i n g 7 0 .0 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l g ro u p , th e com pulsory t e n u r e law s h o l d . The p o l i c i e s o f t h e s e s c h o o l s m u s t o f n e c e s s i t y c o n f o r m t o th e m andatory p r o v i s i o n o f t h e a p p l i c a b l e t e n u r e la w s . Even t h o u g h o u t - o f - s t a t e r e s p o n d e n t s p r o v i d e d a n s w e r s to th e q u estio n ,
b e c a u se t h e number 850 i n a v e ra g e d a i l y
a t t e n d a n c e i s r e l e v a n t o n l y i n C a l i f o r n i a , no a t t e m p t i s made t o s u m m a r i z e a n d a n a l y z e c o m p a r a b l e d a t a p r o c u r e d f r o m th e o u t - o f - s t a t e
sch o o ls.
G -eneral p o l i c i e s o f C a l i f o r n i a b o a r d s .
T ab le X C III
T A B LE
X C III
BOARD PO L IC IE S IN EFFECT CONCERNING THE GRANTING OF PERMANENT TENURE IN CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES S iz e B oard p o lic y
a. b.
c•
d.
e.
f .
1 Num ber
The b o a rd h a s no d e f i n i t e p o lic y
o f c o l le g e a s m easu red b y e q u iv a le n t f u l l -tim e te a c h e r s 30 - 59 6 0 and o v e r T o ta ls 29 P er Num P er N um P er P er Num b er c eat ber cent c eat ber cent
sta te d
4
33.3
T he b o a r d p l a c e s r e s t r i c t i o n s on t h e n um bers o r p e r c e n t a g e s o f t e a c h e r s w ho c a n b e m ade p erm a n en t 1
S.3
The b o a r d m ak es c e r t a i n s t i p u l a t i o n s o f a g e , p la c e o f r e s id e n c e , e t c . , a s p r e r e q u is it e s f o r p erm anency 1
S.3
1
7.7
2 3 .1
5
33.5
1
6.3
io
2 4 .4
1
6.3
2
4.0
2
12.5
4
9.a
6.3*
39.6
12.3
In l i e u o f s t a t e d p o lic y , th e s u p e r in te n d e n t i s e x p e c te d t o n o m in a te f o r p e rm a n en cy a l l p r o b a tio n a r y t e a c h e r s w h o se s e r v ic e s a r e ju d g e d t o b e s a t i s f a c t o r y
3
25.0
3
The s u p e r in t e n d e n t i s e x p e c te d t o n o m in a te f o r p e r m a n e n c y a l l p r o b a tio n a r y t e a c h e r s w h o se s e r v i c e s a r e ju d g e d t o b e a b o v e average
2
25.0
1 •5**:11.5
4.3*
27.1
The s u p e r in te n d e n t i s e x p e c te d t o n o m in a te f o r p e r m a n e n c y a l l p r o b a tio n a r y t e a c h e r s w h ose s e r v ic e s a r e ju d g e d to b e o u t s ta n d in g
5
62.5
4.5** 34.6
2.3*
1 4 .6
N um ber o f j u n i o r d a ta
c o lle g e s
30.0
7-5/6 19.1
11-5/6
23.9
c o n tr ib u tin g
w as a p p lic a b le * *!* O n e r e s p o n d e n t c h e c k e d i t e m s d , s{s>;s T h r e e r e s p o n d e n t s c h e c k e d i t e m s
12
e , and f . e and f .
13
16
41
-p~
vn
452
sum m arizes t h e C a l i f o r n i a d a t a w i t h r e s p e c t t o b o a r d p o l i c i e s w hich a f f e c t t h e g r a n t i n g o f perm anent te n u r e to t e a c h e r s . Ten, o r 2 3 . 8 p e r c e n t ,
of C a lifo rn ia ju n io r c o lle g e boards
h a v e , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d a t a p r o c u r e d , no d e f i n i t e p o lic ie s in th is regard. lists
stated
I n f o r m a t io n d e r i v e d from t h e check
b u t n o t shown i n t h e t a b l e s r e v e a l s t h a t f i v e o f t h e
t e n s c h o o l s a r e u n d e r 850 a v e r a g e d a i l y a t t e n d a n c e a n d t h e r e f o r e do n o t q u a l i f y u n d e r t h e c o m p u l s o r y f e a t u r e s o f t h e s t a t e law f o r a t l e a s t t h r e e more y e a r s , i f t h e n . Two o f t h e t e n h a v e s u r p a s s e d t h e 8 5 0 m a r k f o r two y e a r s ; t h e s e w i l l p r o b a b l y b e more i n n e e d o f some p o l i c y s t a t e ment i n a n o t h e r y e a r th a n a t p r e s e n t .
In th e rem aining
t h r e e of th e te n s c h o o ls , a d m in is t r a tiv e o f f i c e r s a r e expected to nom inate p r o b a tio n a r y te a c h e r s f o r perm anent te n u r e i n absence o f s t a t e d board p o lic y . Item b i n T able X C III r e f e r s t o b o ard r e s t r i c t i o n s on t h e n u m b e r s o r p e r c e n t a g e o f t e a c h e r s who may b e g i v e n perm anent s t a t u s .
O n ly two C a l i f o r n i a r e s p o n d e n t s s i g n i f i e d
t h a t . t h i s was t h e . c a s e .
I n o n e s c h o o l , w hose a v e r a g e d a i l y
a t t e n d a n c e w as l e s s t h a n 8 5 0 , t h e r e s p o n d e n t s t a t e d t h a t t e a c h e r s w e r e p l a c e d on p e r m a n e n t t e n u r e a t t h e t i m e t h e l a w f i r s t was i n e f f e c t ,
but th a t in sev eral in sta n c e s unfor
t u n a t e c h o i c e s h a d b e e n m a d e ; t h e b o a r d now r e f u s e s t o t a k e ad v a n tag e o f th e o p t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n of t h e t e n u r e law . th e second in s ta n c e ,
t h e b o a r d h a s r u l e d t h a t i n no e a s e
In
453
w i l l a l l o f t h e t e a c h e r s i n a g i v e n d e p a r t m e n t b e made perm anent.
I t seems th e n t h a t t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e b o a r d s
in C alifo rn ia,
t a k e n a s a g r o u p , p l a c e v i r t u a l l y no
b a r r i e r o f n u m b e r s o r p e r c e n t a g e o f t e a c h e r s who may be g r a n te d l e g a l perm anency. Item c i n T a b le X CIII r e f e r s to o t h e r b o ard r e s t r i c t i o n s w hich s e r v e i n d i r e c t l y t o l i m i t t h e number o f t e a c h e r s who may be g i v e n p e r m a n e n t s t a t u s . t a i n to age of th e te a c h e r , facto rs.
These r e s t r i c t i o n s p e r
p la c e o f r e s i d e n c e , and s i m i l a r
O n ly f o u r o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s ,
of th e group r e p r e s e n te d ,
9 . 8 pel* c e n t
im p o s e s u c h r e s t r i c t i o n s .
Two o f
t h e s e a r e t h e Los A n g e l e s j u n i o r c o l l e g e s i n w h i c h a g e r e s t r i c t i o n s a r e a p r e r e q u i s i t e t o a p p o i n t m e n t ; no t e a c h e r who h a s r e a c h e d t h e a g e o f 45 i s appointm ent.
e lig ib le for in itia l
I t may be q u e s t i o n e d t h e r e f o r e w h e t h e r t h e
r e s t r i c t i o n no ted i s p ro p e rly c l a s s i f i e d .
I n an e a r l i e r
• c h a p t e r * i t w as f o u n d t h a t c o m p a r a t i v e l y f e w o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s im pose age r e s t r i c t i o n s a s a c o n d i t i o n of i n i t i a l appointm ent.
I t a p p e a r s l i k e l y t h a t t h e s e fe w
s c h o o l s do so i n p a r t b e c a u s e o f d i f f i c u l t i e s o f s u c h f a c t o r s a s r e t i r e m e n t an d t e n u r e .
arisin g out
I t se e m s t h e n
t h a t no p r e c i s e m e a s u r e c a n b e a p p l i e d a s t o t h e d e g r e e t o w h i c h b o a r d s r e s t r i c t t e a c h e r t e n u r e by i m p o s i t i o n o f
* C h a p te r V I
454
age q u a l i f i c a t i o n s .
H ow ever t h e f a c t t h a t o n l y f o u r o f
f o r t y - o n e r e s p o n d e n t s c h o o l s c h e ck e d t h i s i t e m seems to i n d i c a t e a r e l a t i v e l y lo w l e v e l o f r e s t r a i n t s o f t h i s k i n d by b o a r d a c t i o n . Item s d, e , and f i n T able X C III w ere i n te n d e d to r e v e a l in fo rm a tio n concerning th e r e l a t i v e s ta n d a rd te a c h e rs m u s t m e e t i n o r d e r t o b e recom m ended f o r p e r m a n e n c y . t h e s e s t a n d a r d s , f o r exam ple,
If
a r e so h i g h t h a t o n l y a fe w
t e a c h e r s can a t t a i n them , t h e n e t e f f e c t i s t o l i m i t s e v e r e l y t h e n u m b e r s o f t e a c h e r s r e t a i n e d on t h e p e r m a n e n t sta ff.
The a d j u d i c a t i o n o f t e a c h e r m e r i t may be a s s u m e d
t o be a n e x e c u t i v e f u n c t i o n ,
but s in c e th e board i s th e
p o lic y -m a k in g body, t h e s e ite m s have been in c lu d e d in T able X C III. R e sp o n d e n ts w ere a sk e d t o d e s i g n a t e w hich o f t h r e e a tta in m e n t s ta n d a rd s th e board e x p e c ts as a p r e r e q u i s i t e to t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s recom m endation f o r perm anency. These s t a n d a r d s w ere l i s t e d a s s a t i s f a c t o r y , above a v e ra g e , and o u t s t a n d i n g .
The d a t a r e v e a l c o n s i d e r a b l e u s e o f a l l
t h r e e g r a d a t i o n s , w i t h no p a r t i c u l a r s t a n d a r d p r e d o m i n a t i n g when t h e t o t a l s f o r a l l t h e s c h o o l s a r e c o n s i d e r e d .
It
a p p e a r s t h a t t h e s m a l l C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s m o re o f t e n r e q u i r e t h e t e a c h e r t o be " o u t s t a n d i n g ” b e f o r e perm anency i s t e n d e r e d w h e r e a s t h e l a r g e C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s more o f t e n a c c e p t th e " s a t i s f a c t o r y ” t e a c h e r f o r perm anency.
455
G eneral p o lic ie s of o u t - o f - s t a t e b o a r d s . v a r i a t i o n s o f la w s from s t a t e t o s t a t e ,
The
the f a c t th a t c e rta in
o f th e j u n i o r c o lle g e s a re a p a r t o f th e u n i v e r s i t y system , t h e f a c t t h a t t h e g o v e r n i n g b o a r d i n some c a s e s i s a s t a t e b o a r d , — a l l t h e s e f a c t o r s an d o t h e r s may h a v e a f f e c t e d t h e . r e p l i e s o f o u t - o f - s t a t e resp o n d en ts to th e c h e c k - li s t q u e s tio n p e r ta in in g to g e n e ra l board p o l i c i e s re g a rd in g t e a c h e r perm anency.
It is
b e lie v e d t h a t th e w ide v a r i e t y
o f s i t u a t i o n s p r e c l u d e d a d e f i n i t i v e s e t o f a n s w e rs from o u t - o f - s t a t e r e s p o n d e n t s t o q u e s t i o n s w h i c h w e r e m o re s u i t e d to th e C a l i f o r n i a group of j u n io r c o l l e g e s .
O ut-
o f - s t a t e r e s p o n d e n t s w e r e p a r t i c u l a r l y f r e e w i t h comments concerning t h i s c h e c k - l i s t q u e s tio n . stated ,
The s i t u a t i o n ,
as
h a s made a n a l y s i s d i f f i c u l t a n d p e r h a p s o f d o u b t f u l
v alid ity . T a b l e XCIV s u m m a r i z e s t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e d a t a w i t h r e s p e c t t o b o a rd p o l i c i e s w hich a f f e c t t h e g r a n t i n g o f perm anent te n u r e to t e a c h e r s .
T w e n ty - fiv e , o r 59 .5 p e r c e n t,
of th e o u t - o f - s t a t e boards have, acco rd in g to th e re sp o n d e n ts, no d e f i n i t e s t a t e d p o l i c i e s i n t h i s r e g a r d . o f t h e s e i n d i c a t e d by n o t a t i o n ,
or i t
c o u ld be i n f e r r e d from
resp o n ses to o th e r c h e c k - lis t q u e s tio n s , th is
A la rg e m ajo rity
th a t th e reason fo r
s i t u a t i o n o r i g i n a t e d i n s t a t e l a w s w h i c h do n o t p r o v i d e
f o r l e g a l perm anent te n u r e o f t e $ e h e r s .
T y p i c a l comments
TABLE
X C IV
BOARD PO LIC IES IN EFFECT CONCERNING THE GRANTING OF PERMANENT TENURE IN OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES ♦ Board p o l i c y
a. b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
S•
The b o a r d has no d e finite stated policy
Size of college as meas u r e d by equivalent full-time teachers 1 - 29 Totals _J0 - 59 . 60 and over N u m Per N u m Per Num N u m Per Per ber ber ber cent cent cent ber cent
10
71.4
10
66.7
5
3a . 5
25
59.5
The b o a r d places definite r e strictions on the numbers or p ercentage of teachers who can be ma d e p e r m anent
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
The board makes certain stipu lations o f age, place of r e s i dence, etc,, as prerequisites for p e r m a n e n c y
0
0.0
0
0.0
1
7.7
1
2.4
In lieu of state policy, the superintendent is expected to n o minate for p e r m a n e n c y all probationary teachers w h o s e services are judged to b e s a t i s factory
2
14.3
1
6.7
2
15.4
5
11.9
The s u p e rintendent is expected to n o m i n a t e a l l p r o b ationary teachers w h o s e services a re judged a bove a v er a g e
1
7.1
0
0.0
2
15.4
3
7.1
The s u p e r intendent is expected to nominate for p e r m a n e n c y a l l p r o b ationary teachers w h o s e ser vices are judg e d to b e o u tstand 0 ing
0.0
0
0.0
1
7.7
1
2.4
1
7.1
4
26.7
4
30.3
9
21.4
Other
Number of* junior tin g data
colleges contribu 14
15
13
42
vn o n
:
457 in c lu d e th e fo llo w in g :
"no p e r m a n e n t t e n u r e , " "no t e n u r e
p r o g r a m , s t a t e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l o w s c o n t r a c t f o r o n l y one y e a r , " "n o t e n u r e l e g i s l a t i o n , " a n d " e n t i r e s t a f f i s one y e a r a t a t i m e . "
elected
One o f t h e t w e n t y - f i v e r e s p o n d e n t s
s t a t e d t h a t a lth o u g h t e n u r e law s were o p e r a t i n g ,
th e board
i t s e l f made no s u p p l e m e n t a r y p o l i c i e s . I t a p p e a r s t h a t some o f t h e r e s p o n s e s c l a s s i f i e d a s i t e m g i n T a b l e XCIV m i g h t h a v e b e e n c l a s s i f i e d a s i t e m a . T h e s e a r e t y p i c a l comments o f r e s p o n d e n t s who c h e c k e d o n l y item g:
"we o p e r a t e on t h e Iow a c o n t i n u i n g c o n t r a c t l a w , "
" c o n t i n u i n g e m p lo y m e n t on s a t i s f a c t o r y s e r v i c e , " " s t a t e law --tw o y e a r p r o b a t i o n ," " i f a t e a c h e r i s
e m p lo y e d f o r t h e
t h i r d y e a r , h e becom es p e r m a n e n t , " o r " P r e s i d e n t o f t h e *
c o l l e g e p l a c e s t e a c h e r s on p e r m a n e n t b a s i s . " accepted as tr u e s ta te m e n ts ,
but i t i s n o t c l e a r w hether
th e board has or h as n o t a d e f i n i t e th e p r a c tic e s in d ic a te d .
T h e s e may be
s ta te d p o lic y concerning
N ine, o r 2 1 .4 p e r c e n t, o f th e o u t-
o f - s t a t e re s p o n d e n ts answ ered th e c h e c k - l i s t q u e s tio n i n t h i s m anner. O n ly one o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e m a k e s a g e , p l a e e o f r e s i d e n c e , and r e l a t e d f a c t o r s ,
a c o n d itio n o f perm anency.
A number o f r e s p o n d e n t s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e t e a c h e r s w e r e n o t p r o t e c t e d by l e g a l t e n u r e , h a v e w h a t may b e c a l l e d e f f e c t i v e t e n u r e .
th e teach ers
The f o l l o w i n g
45S rem arks a r e t y p i c a l o f t h i s group of e le v e n r e s p o n d e n ts : G e n e r a l l y i f a t e a c h e r i s e m p lo y e d a f t e r t h r e e y e a rs of te a c h i n g , he i s c o n s id e re d perm anent. E m ploym ent i s
c o n t i n u i n g a f t e r tw o y e a r s o f s e r v i c e .
No t e n u r e l e g i s l a t i o n , e ffe c tiv e te n u re .
b u t 90 p e r c e n t o r m o re h a v e
No s u c h t h i n g a s a p e r m a n e n t t e a c h e r . Many h a v e h a d 25 o r 3 0 y e a r s , b u t s t i l l n o t p e r m a n e n t . T eacher i s n o t c o n sid e re d perm anent u n t i l he h as taught s u c c e s s fu lly here fo r th re e y e a rs . 85 % o f o u r s t a f f p e r m a n e n t w i t h o u t t e n u r e . Xt seem s p r o b a b l e ,
i f t h e a b o v e comments a r e r e p r e
s e n ta ti v e o f th e o u t - o f - s t a t e schools o p e ra tin g under s t a t e law s n o t a l lo w in g l e g a l t e n u r e s t a t u s f o r t e a c h e r s , o u t-o f-sta te
th a t
school board p o lic ie s g e n e r a lly fa v o r th e
r e t e n t i o n of a perm anent s t a f f .
D ata sum m arized i n T a b le
XCIV seem t o p o i n t t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t i n s t a t e s w h e r e t e n u r e law s a p p ly ,
board-im posed b a r r i e r s t o perm anent
ten u re of te a c h e rs are v i r t u a l l y n o n -e x is te n t. C o n tro l o f p e r c e n ta g e o f t e a c h e r s allow ed perm anency. T a b l e XCV s u m m a r i z e s C a l i f o r n i a d a t a c o n c e r n i n g t h e a c t u a l p e r c e n t a g e o f t e a c h e r s i n i n d i v i d u a l j u n i o r c o l l e g e who may become p e r m a n e n t a s f a r a s t h i s f a c t o r i s o f f i c i a l board p o l i c y .
c o n t r o l l e d by
I t w as b e l i e v e d a t t h e t i m e t h e
c h e c k l i s t w as p r e p a r e d t h a t some j u n i o r c o l l e g e s by o f f i c i a l b o a rd a c t i o n l i m i t e d t h e num bers o r p e r c e n t a g e s o f t e a c h e r s
TABLE XCV
PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL TEACHING STAFFS OF CALIFORNIA AND OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES THAT MAY BECOME PERMANENT AS FAR AS THIS FACTOR IS NOW CONTROLLED BY OFFICIAL BOARD POLICIES S i z e o f c o l l e g e a s measured by e q u i v a l e n t f u ll- tim e teachers 1-29 30 - 59 60 and o v e r T otals Num P e r Num P e r Num P e r Num P e r cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber
Percentage t
C alifo rn ia: a . 100 p e r c e n t b. 0 p e r c e n t* c. Other** T otals
8 2 2 12
100.1
13
O u t-o f-state: a . 100 p e r c e n t b. 0 per cent c . O th er
8 3 ■3
57.1 2 1 .4 21.4
9 1 4
14
99*9
14
T otals
6 6 .7 16.7
10 0
16.7
,
80.0 5 .0
14 0 *1 15
100.0 • 0.0 0.0 100.0
32 2 6 5o
6 4 .3 ’■9 7 .1 . 0 28.8 3
75.0 0.0 25.0
26 4 10
•2 5 . 0
.12
100.0
40
100.0
76.9 0.0 23.1 100.0
100.0
'
15.0
100.0
6 5 .0 10.0
* I n c l u d e s two s c h o o l s where r e s p o n d e n t s c l a im s t a t e law d o e s n o t p e r m i t t e n u r e s t a t u s because of i n s u f f i c i e n t enrollm ent. **Includes fo u r schools i n o p e r a tio n l e s s than th r e e y e a r s , respondents claim ing th e p roblem t h e r e f o r e has n o t a r i s e n . -£=■ -
•
U l
who c o u l d b e made p e r m a n e n t .
I t was hoped t h a t th r o u g h
i t e m b , T a b l e X C I I I , t h e g e n e r a l s i t u a t i o n w o u l d be r e v e a l e d . I t seem ed d e s i r a b l e t o a s c e r t a i n t h e n u m b e r s o r p e r c e n t a g e s more d e f i n i t e l y . ever,
R e c e i p t o f t h e c h e c k - l i s t r e t u r n s , how
r e v e a l e d t h a t v e r y few b o a rd s had p ro p o s e d p o l i c i e s
in th is m atter.
The d a t a i n T a b l e XCV, t h e r e f o r e ,
add l i t t l e
i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t was n o t made known i n i t e m b , T a b l e X C I I I . It is cen t, of
shown i n T a b l e XCV t h a t t h i r t y - t w o ,
o r 80 .0 p e r
th e C a lif o r n ia schools re p ly in g to t h i s q u e s tio n
p e r m i t 100 p e r c e n t o f t h e t e a c h e r s t o becom e p e r m a n e n t a s f a r as p r e s e n t board p o l i c i e s d efin e d th e s i t u a t i o n .
By
i n c l u d i n g f o u r r e s p o n d e n t s who s t a t e d t h a t t h e p r o b l e m h a d n o t a r i s e n because th e s c h o o ls had n o t y e t been in o p e r a tio n lo n g enough f o r t h e t e n u r e la w s t o a p p l y , and t h a t t h e b o a r d a s a c o n s e q u e n c e h a d made no c o m m itm e n t,
th is fig u re
i s i n c r e a s e d t o 90 p e r c e n t .
O nly f o u r s c h o o l s , o r 10 p e r
cen t,
t o be a c c o u n t e d f o r .
of
of th e se
th e group a r e s t i l l
I n one
th e board p o lic y i s to keep th e p e rc e n ta g e of te n u r e
and n o n - te n u r e t e a c h e r s a p p ro x im a te ly e q u a l; i n a n o t h e r to p r o v i d e f o r c e r t a i n f l e x i b i l i t y by m a k i n g no d e p a r t m e n t co m pletely f i l l e d
by t e n u r e t e a c h e r s ; i n . t h e o t h e r two t h e
r e s p o n d e n t s c l a i m e d t h a t t h e s t a t e l a w d i d n o t p e r m i t th e m to p lace te a c h e rs in te n u re .
H ow ever, i t a p p e a r s t h a t i n
t h e l a s t two c a s e s , t h e r e s p o n d e n t s w e r e m i s i n f o r m e d . ( 1 3 0 :
461 T a b l e XCV a l s o s u m m a r i z e s t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e d a t a c o n cerning th e a c tu a l p ercen tag e of te a c h e rs in in d iv id u a l j u n i o r c o l l e g e s t h a t may become p e r m a n e n t a s f a r a s t h i s f a c t o r i s c o n t r o l l e d by o f f i c i a l b o a r d p o l i c y .
The m o s t
n o t e w o r t h y f e a t u r e a p p e a r s t o be t h e f a c t t h a t i n t w e n t y six ,
or 65.0 per cen t,
o f th e responding o u t - o f - s t a t e
c o l l e g e s , . b o a r d p o l i c i e s p e r m i t 100 p e r c e n t o f t h e t e a c h e r s to a t t a i n perm anency,
eith er le g ally or ex tra -le g ally .
Four,
or 10 .0 p er c e n t, o f th e resp o n d en ts s t a t e d t h a t 0 per cen t may a t t a i n p e r m a n e n c y .
In a l l fo u r cases le g a l te n u re
i s n o t p r o v i d e d by t h e s t a t e o f l o c a t i o n , h e n c e r e s p o n d e n t s may h a v e e x p r e s s e d t h e c o n f o r m a n c e o f t h e l o c a l b o a r d t o s t a t e l a w s a n d may h a v e t h o u g h t o f " p e r m a n e n c y ” a s l i m i t e d t o t h a t d e f i n e d by l a w . C l a s s i f i e d u n d er ite m c a r e s i x s c h o o ls w here re s p o n d e n ts claim ed t h e q u e s tio n d id n o t a p p ly .
Three o f th e
rem aining fo u r s c h o o ls c l a s s i f i e d under ite m c, a c tu a l p ercentage f ig u r e s . cen t,
85 p e r c e n t ,
expressed
T h e s e w e r e r e p o r t e d a s 85 p e r
a n d o v e r 90 p e r c e n t .
A f f i r m a t i o n o f t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t *s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n r e g a r d i n g permanency f o r t e a c h e r s .
A n o t h e r m e th o d by w h i c h
b o a r d s t h r o u g h t h e i r a c t i o n may i n f l u e n c e t h e n u m b e r o f t e a c h e r s who a r e r e t a i n e d on some p e r m a n e n t b a s i s i s
the
e x t e n t t o w hich th e board a f f i r m s th e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t ’ s
462 nom inations f o r r e t e n t i o n .
T a b l e s XCVI a n d XCVTI s u m m a r i z e
t h e a p p r o p r i a t e C a l i f o r n i a and o u t - o f - s t a t e d a t a r e s p e c t i v e l y . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e s p o n d e n t s who f u r n i s h e d d a t a ,
in s ix te e n ,
o r 4 4 * 4 P©3? c e n t , o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d t w e n t y - t h r e e , 7 1 .9 per cen t,
or
of th e o u t - o f - s t a t e sc h o o ls th e board
"alw ays" a f f i r m s t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t ’ s recom m endation.
In
s e v e n t e e n , o r 4 7 .2 p e r c e n t , o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a and i n n i n e , o r 28 .1 p e r c e n t, o f th e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o ls , th e boards " n e a r l y a l w a y s " do s o .
T hree, o r 8 . 3 p e r c e n t, o f th e
C a lif o rn ia respo n dents s ta te d th a t th e "g en erally ,
b o a r d s do s o
b u t w i t h some e x c e p t i o n s . "
I t w i l l be n o t i c e d t h a t fe w e r C a l i f o r n i a b o a rd s a p p e a r t o f o l l o w t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t ’ s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n on t h i s m a t t e r t h a n do t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e
boards.
T h i s s i t u a t i o n may i n p a r t
a t l e a s t be d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t m ore C a l i f o r n i a d i s t r i c t s m ust conform t o t h e com pulsory f e a t u r e s o f t e n u r e la w s th a n seem s l i k e l y f o r o u t - o f - s t a t e d i s t r i c t s . S c h o o l s i z e a p p e a r s t o make a d i f f e r e n c e b o t h i n s t a t e and o u t o f s t a t e .
I n C a l i f o r n i a , f o r exam ple, i n t h r e e
s m a ll s c h o o ls t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t ’ s recom m endation f o r r e ten tio n i s
"a lw ay s" f o llo w e d ; t h i s com pares w i t h t e n l a r g e
s c h o o l s w h i c h do s o . It
The o u t - o f - s t a t e d a t a a r e c o m p a r a b l e .
seem s c l e a r t h a t b o a r d c o n f i r m a t i o n i n t h i s m a t t e r i s
m o re o f a c e r t a i n t y i n t h e l a r g e s c h o o l s .
TABLE XCVI EXTENT TO WHICH BOARDS AFFIRM THE SUPERINTENDENT'S RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TEACHER RETENTION IN CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES
Extent
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 1 - 29 ' 30 - 59 . 60 and over Totals Hum Per Hum- Per Hum Per Hum Per cent cent ber cent ber ber cent ber
a. Always
3
27,3
3
33-3
10
62.5
16
44.4
b. Hearly always, Only an occasional exception
6
54.5
6
66.7
5
31,3
17
47,2
c. Generally, but with some exceptions
2
18.2
0
0.0
1
6,3
3
8.5
d. About half and half
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
11
100.0
9
100.0
16
io o .i
36
99.9
Totals Not applicable or not answered
2
4
0
6
TABLE XCVII EXTENT TO WHICH BOARDS AFFIRM THE SUPERINTENDENT* S RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TEACHER RETENTION IN OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers t 30 - _5S__ 60 and over Totals 1 - 29 Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber
Extent
a. Always
5
50.0
8
72.7
10
90.9
23
71-9
5
5 0 .0
3
27.3
1
9.1
9
28.1
c. Generally, but with some exceptions
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
d. About half and half
0
0 .0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
10
100.0
11
100.0
11
100.0
32
100.0
b. Nearly always, exception
Only an occasional
Totals Not applicable or not answered
4
6
2
12
4=* 4G\=*
465
ADMINISTRATIVE POLICIES Optimum p e r c e n t a g e o f p e r m a n e n t t e a c h e r s . a d d i tio n t o board p o l i c i e s i t
In
se e m e d r e a s o n a b l e t o a s s u m e
t h a t c e r t a i n a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p o l i c i e s w o u l d h a v e some i n f l u e n c e on t h e r e t e n t i o n o f t e a c h e r s .
No s h a r p d i s t i n c t i o n
b e t w e e n b o a r d a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p o l i c i e s was c o n t e m p l a t e d . I t se em e d l i k e l y t h a t t h e b o a r d s f o r t h e m o s t p a r t w o u l d p l a c e a h i g h v a l u e on t h e a d v i c e o f t h e e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r , and t h a t b o a rd and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p o l i c i e s would be i n e x tr ic a b ly interw oven.
I n t h i s s e c t i o n o f t h e c h a p t e r , no
c l a i m i s made t h a t t h e t o p i c s c o n s i d e r e d a r e o f e x c l u s i v e a d m in is tra tiv e concern. E a c h r e s p o n d e n t w as a s k e d t o i n d i c a t e t h e optim um p ercentage of te n u re te a c h e rs in h is sch o o l.
T a b l e s X C V III
a n d XCIX s u m m a r iz e t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d o u t - o f - s t a t e d a t a resp ectiv ely .
P e rh a p s th e m ost s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e to
be n o t e d b e t w e e n t h e t o t a l s i n s t a t e a n d o u t o f s t a t e i s t h e h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e s f a v o r e d by o u t - o f - s t a t e r e s p o n d e n t s . Of t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e r e s p o n d e n t s o f f e r i n g a n o p i n i o n o n t h e su b ject,
tw enty-tw o,
o r 7 3 . 3 p e r c e n t , b e l i e v e t h e optim um
p e r c e n t a g e o f t e n u r e t e a c h e r s s h o u l d be i n e x c e s s o f 80 per cen t. in d ic ated .
In C a l i f o r n i a o n ly tw e lv e , o r 34.3 p e r c e n t,
so
H ow ever t h e mean p e r c e n t a g e g r o u p f a v o r e d by t h e
C a l i f o r n i a r e s p o n d e n t s i s t h a t o f 7 0 t o 80 p e r c e n t .
TABLE X C V I I I OPTIMUM PERCENTAGE OF TENURE TEACHERS ACCORDING TO CALIFORNIA RESPONDENTS
Optimum p e r c e n t a g e
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.
90 t o 100 80 t o 90 70 to 80 60 t o 70 50 to 60 40 to 50 30 to 40 20 t o 30 10 to 20 0 t o 10
T otals Not a p p l i c a b l e o r no o p i n i o n
S i z e o f c o l l e g e a s measured by e q u i v a l e n t f u ll- tim e teach ers 1-29 30 - 59 ^O and o v e r T otals Num P e r Num P e r Num P e r Num P e r cent cent ber ber cent ber cent ber 0 0 2 1 2 1 0 0 1 3 10 3
30.0
3 2 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 .0 2 0 .0 4 0 .0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
4 3 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 6 .7 2 0 .0 53*3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0
7 5 14 2 2 1 0 0 1 3
2 0 .0 14.3 4 0 .0 5.7 5.7 2.9 0.0 0.0 2.9 8.6
100.0
10
100.0
15
100.0
35
1 0 0 .1
0 .0 0 .0 2 0 .0 10.0 2 0 .0 10.0 0.0 0 .0 10.0
3
1
7
4? OS a n d o b s e rv a tio n of n on-classroom a c t i v i t i e s re c e iv e d o n ly a s l i g h t l y s m a lle r av e ra g e r a t i n g o f 2 .1 and 2 . 2 .
These
s o u r c e s o f s u b s t a n t i a t i n g e v i d e n c e may be d e s c r i b e d a s "g en erally re s p e c te d .” T hree o t h e r m ethods r e c e i v e d r a t i n g s w hich e n t i t l e th e m t o be d e s c r i b e d g e n e r a l l y a s " f o r c o r r o b o r a t i o n o n l y . ” " O p i n i o n o f f e l l o w t e a c h e r s ” w as g i v e n a r a t i n g s o f 2 . 6 and 2 . 7 ; s a m p lin g o f s t u d e n t o p i n i o n a s a l r e a d y m e n tio n e d , r a t i n g s o f 3 . 4 a n d 2 . 9 ; an d " u n s o l i c i t e d comments o f t h e l a y p u b l i c , ” 3 .3 and 3 .3 . " S o l i c i t e d comments o f t h e l a y p u b l i c ” a r e l i t t l e resp ected ,
r e c e i v i n g r a t i n g s from C a l i f o r n i a and o u t - o f -
s t a t e r e s p o n d e n ts o f 4 .0 and 4 .1 r e s p e c t i v e l y . When t h e d a t a a r e a n a l y z e d a c c o r d i n g t o s i z e c l a s s i fica tio n ,
th e d i f f e r e n c e s noted ap p e ar to p re s e n t l i t t l e
any d i s t i n c t i v e p a t t e r n .
if
In th e la rg e C a lifo rn ia sch o o ls,
t h e d i r e c t o r se e m s t o p l a c e g r e a t e r r e l i a n c e on t h e s u p e r v iso ry s t a f f .
T h is i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g i n view o f t h e more
505 l i m i t e d use o f such p e r s o n n e l i n th e sm a ll s c h o o l s .
I t is
n o t r e a d i l y e x p l a i n a b l e why t h e m e d i u m - s i z e d C a l i f o r n i a c o l l e g e d i r e c t o r s p l a c e a n a v e r a g e r a t i n g o f 2 . 7 on i t e m f , d e a l i n g w i t h o b s e r v a t i o n o f n o n - c l a s s r o o m a c t i v i t i e s by s u p e rv is o ry p e rs o n n e l, w hereas the d i r e c t o r s o f sm all sc h o o ls g i v e t h e same i t e m a r a t i n g o f 2 , 2 , a n d o f t h e l a r g e s c h o o l s , 1 ,6 .
N ev erth eless, in s p ite of th e d iffe re n c e s c ite d ,
s i z e a p p e a rs t o have l i t t l e
school
b e a r i n g on t h e r e l i a n c e w h i c h t h e
c o l l e g e d i r e c t o r p l a c e s on c e r t a i n m e t h o d s o f s u b s t a n t i a t i n g h is e v a lu a tio n of th e t o t a l s e rv ic e of p ro b a tio n a ry te a c h e r s . On t h e b a s i s o f t h e t o t a l s
c om pu ted f r o m t h e r e s p o n
d e n t C a l i f o r n i a and o u t - o f - s t a t e d a t a , t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e d i r e c t o r v a lu e s h is so u rces o f supplem ental in fo rm a tio n re g a r d in g th e e v a lu a tio n p r o b a tio n a r y te a c h e r s e r v ic e i n the follov; o r d e r of d e c re a s in g r e l i a n c e :
(1) d i r e c t c la s sro o m
o b s e r v a t i o n by t h e s u p e r v i s o r y s t a f f ,
(2) o b s e r v a t i o n o f non
c l a s s r o o m a c t i v i t i e s by t h e s u p e r v i s o r y s t a f f , of fellow te a c h e rs ,
(3) o p in i o n s
(4) sa m p lin g o f s t u d e n t o p i n i o n ,
(5 )
u n s o l i c i t e d comments o f l a y p u b l i c , a n d (6) s o l i c i t e d comments of th e lay p u b lic . resp ected ;"
(3),
The f i r s t t w o ,
(4),
( 1 ) and ( 2 ) ,
are "g en erally
and ( 5) a r e u s e d f o r " c o r r o b o r a t i o n
o n l y ; " and (6) i s "seld o m c o n s i d e r e d . ” I t w o u l d se em t h e n t h a t t h e t y p i c a l d i r e c t o r o f
the
ju n io r c o lle g e co o peratin g w ith t h i s in v e s tig a tio n fin d s v a r i o u s w ays o f s u p p l e m e n t i n g o r c o r r o b o r a t i n g h i s e v a l u a t i o n
506
of the se r v ic e s of probationary teach ers, and th at th e methods employ the judgment of a l l the major groups con cerned:
the stu d en ts, the fe llo w -te a c h e r s, the supervisory
and ad m in istrative personnel, and the la y p u b lic .
Although
the ty p ic a l d ir e c to r p laces l i t t l e r e lia n c e in the evalua tio n made by p u b lic in d iv id u a ls when th ese persons are questioned concerning teach ers, yet where the comments are u n so lic ite d the ty p ic a l d irecto r f e e ls j u s t if ie d in u t ili z in g such evaluations as corroborating h is own. Supervisory personnel making w ritten evaluation s of probationary te a c h e r s.
I t seems lik e ly , as was pointed out
e a r lie r in th is chapter, th at evaluation of the teaching serv ic e of probationary teachers i s always conducted, and that on the b a sis o f evalu ation of one kind or another, recommendations are made to re ta in or d ism iss in d iv id u a l teach ers.
One method o f obtaining an appraisal o f teaching
se r v ic e i s through the w ritten ra tin g s made by various super v iso ry personnel.
Tables CTIII and CXTV summarize the
C aliforn ia and o u t-o f-s ta te data concerning the exten t to which various supervisory personnel make w ritten reports^ to be used by the c o lle g e d ire cto r in a rriv in g a t h is f in a l d ecisio n to r e ta in or not to r e ta in s p e c if ic teach ers. By referen ce to the ta b le s i t may be noted that no supervisory or ad m in istrative personnel make such w ritten
TABLE CXIII
SUPERVISORY PERSONNEL HELPING CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGE DIRECTORS EVALUATE SERVICES OF PROBATIONARY TEACHERS BY MAKING WRITTEN RATINGS
Supervisory personnel
a. No supervisory or administrative personnel b. Department heads c. Dean of women d. Dean of men e. Dean of records f . Dean of guidance g. Dean of instruction h. D ivisional dean i . Administrative dean j . Comptroller k. Personnel committee members 1. Registrar m. Counselors
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 1-29 30-59 60 and over Totals Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per cent ber cent cent ber ber cent ber
8 0 1 1
0 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 0
61.5
6
7.7 7.7 0.0 7.7 15.4 0.0 7.7 0.0 7.7 0.0 0.0
5 4 3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
0.0
46.2 1 10 38.5 4 30.8 38.5 • 4 3 7.7 4 7.7 6 7.7 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 7.7 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 7.7
6.3 62.5
15 15 9
2 5 .0 25.0
10
18.8 25.0. 37.5 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.3 0.0
4 6 9 1 1 1 1 1 1
35.7 35.7 21.4 . 23.8 9.5 14.3 21.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2,4
Average number of junior colleges con 42 16 tributing data (to the nearest whole 13 13 number) Percentages do not equal 100 per cent because in some cases more than one response was applicable.
Ul on! —
TABLE CXI?
SUPERVISORY PERSONNEL HELPING OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGE DIRECTORS EVALUATE SERVICES OP PROBATIONARY TEACHERS BY MAKING WRITTEN RATINGS
Supervisory personnel
a. No supervisory or administrative personnel b. Department heads c. Dean of women d. Dean of men e. Dean of records f . Dean of guidance g. Dean of instruction h. Administrative dean i . Other
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers 1 - 29 30 - 59 60 and over Totals Num Per Num Per Num Per Num- Per ber cent cent ber cent ber cent ber
4 3 0 0 0 0 2
3 0
33.3 2 5 . 0. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.7 2 5 .0 0.0
4 5
1 1 1 1 6 0 2
2 6 .7
55.5 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 40.0 0.0
15.5
5 6 2 2 0 0
58.5 46.2 15.4 15.4 0.0 0.0
4
50.8
0 0
0.0 0.0
15 14 5 5 1 1 12
5 2
52.5 55.0 7.5 7.5 2.5 2.5 50.0
7.5 5.0
Average number of junior colleges con 12 40 tributing data (to the nearest whole 13 15 number) Percentages do not equal 100 per cent because In some cases more than one response was applicable.
ui o oo
509
r a t i n g s i n one o u t o f t h r e e C alifo rn ia,
ju n io r co lleg e s; f if te e n
o r 3 5 .7 p e r c e n t , and t h i r t e e n ,
o r 32.5 p e r c e n t ,
of th e o u t - o f - s t a t e c o lle g e s s t a t e t h i s as t h e i r p r a c t i c e . D e p a r t m e n t h e a d s , m ore o f t e n t h a n a n y o t h e r s u p e r v iso ry o r a d m in is tra tiv e p erso n n el,
e v a lu a te s e r v ic e s o f the
prob atio n ary te a c h e rs .
o r 35*7 p e r c e n t , o f t h e
C a l i f o r n i a an d f o u r t e e n ,
In f i f t e e n ,
o r 35*0 p e r c e n t , o f t h e o u t - o f -
s t a t e departm ent heads perform t h i s e v a lu a t io n .
F ollow ing
th e departm ent head in t h i s re g a rd i s th e dean o f i n s t r u c t i o n who p e r f o r m s t h i s f u n c t i o n i n n i n e , o r 2 1 . 4 p e r c e n t , o f t h e C a lifo rn ia,
and tw e lv e , o r 3 0 . 0 p e r c e n t , of t h e o u t - o f -
s ta te sch o o ls.
No o t h e r s u p e r v i s o r y o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e
o f f i c e r w as named by more t h a n t h r e e o f t h e f o r t y o u t - o f s t a t e respondents.
In C a lifo rn ia ,
however, t h e d e a n o f
women a n d t h e d e a n o f men p e r f o r m t h i s f u n c t i o n o f e v a l u a t i o n i n 2 1 . 4 p e r c e n t and 2 3 . 8 p e r c e n t o f t h e f o r t y - t w o co o p eratin g s c h o o ls. In C a lif o r n i a sc h o o l s i z e a p p e ars to be a d e f i n i t e f a c t o r r e g a r d i n g p e r s o n n e l who make w r i t t e n r a t i n g s o f p r o b atio n ary te a c h e rs ;
s c h o o l s i z e a p p e a r s t o be a n e g l i g i b l e
fa c to r in o u t- o f- s ta te ju n io r co lleg e s.
In th e la rg e
C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , f o r e x a m p l e , o n l y one o f t h e s i x t e e n s c h o o l s i n d i c a t e d t h a t no s u p e r v i s o r y o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p e r s o n n e l made w r i t t e n r a t i n g s ,
w hereas e ig h t o f
510
t h i r t e e n sm all sc h o o ls in d i c a t e d a l i k e p r a c t i c e .
A lso i n
C a l i f o r n i a , none o f th e s m a ll sc h o o ls i n d i c a t e d t h a t th e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d made s u c h r a t i n g s •whereas i n t e n o f t h e s i x t e e n l a r g e s c h o o l s t h i s w as t h e p r a c t i c e .
A sim ilar
t r e n d w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d may b e o b s e r v e d i n t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s , b u t t o a much l e s s p r o n o u n c e d degree.
I t i s a ls o n o t i c e a b l e t h a t d i r e c t o r s o f the sm all
C a lifo rn ia ju n io r co lleg e s o b tain l i t t l e
h e l p from o t h e r
s u p e r v i s o r y o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c e r s i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n of p ro b atio n ary te a c h e rs . U se and c o n t e n t o f r a t i n g f o r m s .
One o f t h e m o s t c o n
t r o v e r s i a l m ethods o f e v a l u a t i n g th e e f f i c i e n c y of p e r s o n n e l in v o lv e s th e use of a form al r a t i n g sc o re card o r s c a l e s . (7 9 :3 6 4 -7 0 ; 1 1 0 :2 3 5 -4 1 ; 9 2 :4 8 7 -9 9 ; 150:334)
A t t h e same t i m e
i t i s t h e one m e t h o d w h i c h h a s r e c e i v e d t h e m a j o r e f f o r t s o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l , b u s i n e s s , and g o v e rn m e n ta l p e r s o n n e l engaged in im p ro v in g m ethods o f e v a l u a t i o n . tie s,
Many a u t h o r i
both i n t h e e d u c a t i o n a l f i e l d and o u t s i d e of i t ,
b e l i e v e t h a t t h e g e n e r a l - i m p r e s s i o n m ethods o f e v a l u a t i n g th e e f f ic ie n c y o f p erso n n el i s n o t ad eq u ate; in f a c t i t has b e e n c r i t i c i z e d a s b e i n g no m e th o d a t a l l . ( 1 1 0 : 2 3 4 ; 2 7 : 3 6 0 61; 92 :4 8 0 )
I t seem ed d e s i r a b l e t h e n i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f ■
th e problem o f t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n
to i n q u i r e i n t o
e f f o r t s made by t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s i n d e v e l o p i n g m e ans o f
511 a p p r a i s a l o t h e r th a n w hat h a s been term e d th e g e n e r a l im p re s s io n m ethod.
A l t h o u g h o t h e r ways o f e v a l u a t i n g
teach er e ffic ie n c y ,
such a s t h e a d a p t a t i o n o f p u p i l -
a c t i v i t y and p u p i l - t e x t s u g g e s te d by C h a m b e r l a i n ,(2 7 :3 6 0 ) m i g h t h a v e b e e n s e l e c t e d f o r s t u d y , i t seem ed l i k e l y t h a t t e a c h e r r a t i n g s c a l e s w ould p r o v id e t h e m ost f r u i t f u l p o i n t of d ep a rtu re . A c c o rd in g ly r e s p o n d e n t s w ere a s k e d , assum ing t h a t s u p e r v i s o r y o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t a f f members made w r i t t e n ratin g s,
i f such r a t i n g s w ere n o t a t e d on a p r i n t e d form w h ich
c o u l d be made a v a i l a b l e f o r t h i s s t u d y .
T a b l e CXV s u m m a r i z e s
t h e C a l i f o r n i a and o u t - o f - s t a t e d a t a r e c e i v e d i n answ er t o th i s query. As w as shown i n t h e a n a l y s i s o f T a b l e s CXEII a n d CXIV, a b o u t o n e - t h i r d o f t h e s c h o o l s do n o t u s e w r i t t e n r a tin g s of te a c h e r perform ance. a few e x c e p t i o n s ,
For t h i s reaso n , but f o r
f i f t e e n C a l i f o r n i a and se v e n te e n o u t - o f -
s t a t e respondents s ta te d th a t th e q u e stio n d id not ap p ly . Of t h e r e m a i n i n g j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , a b o u t h a l f o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a and o n e - f o u r th o f th e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o ls s t a t e d t h a t such r a t i n g form s were a v a i l a b l e .
In a c t u a l num bers,
a t o t a l o f tw enty o f th e e i g h ty s i x sc h o o ls c o o p e ra tin g w ith t h e s t u d y were* t h e r e f o r e form u s e d .
e x p e c t e d t o s u b m i t a copy o f t h e
The t o t a l n u m b e r a c t u a l l y r e c e i v e d , h o w e v e r ,
TABLE CXV AVAILABILITY OP PRINTED FORMS USED -BY SUPERVISORY PERSONNEL MAKING WRITTEN RATINGS OP PROBATIONARY TEACHERS IN CALIFORNIA AND OUT-OP-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES
Size of college as measured by equivalent fu ll-tim e teachers '' 1 - 29 30 - 59 60 and over Totals -Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber cent ber cent cent ber cent . ber
A vailab ility
Californias a. Yes b. No Totals Not applicable Out-of-state: a. Yes b. No Totals Not applicable
1 JL
20.0 80.0
5 _2
73*4 28.6
JL
5
100.0
7
100.0
6
8
\ ’
14 S.
51.9 48.1
15
100.0 .27
100.0
1
15
8
53.3 46.7
0 8
0.0 100.0
3 7
70.0
3 5
37.5 62.5
6 20
23.1 76.9
8
100.0
10
100.0
8
100.0
26
100.0
.6
6
30.0
■5
17
513 w as t h i r t e e n ,
t w e l v e o f them f r o m C a l i f o r n i a *
By r e f e r r i n g t o T a b l e CXV i t may be s e e n t h a t r a t i n g f o r m s a p p e a r t o be l i t t l e
used in th e sm all s c h o o ls .
O n ly
one of a t o t a l o f t h i r t e e n C a l i f o r n i a and o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o ls u s in g w r i t t e n e v a l u a t i o n s s t a t e d t h a t r a t i n g form s were a v a i l a b l e f o r s t u d y .
On t h e o t h e r h a n d e l e v e n o f
tw e n ty -th r e e l a r g e sc h o o ls so i n d i c a t e d .
I t may be t h a t t h e
sm all sc h o o ls e x h ib ite d a g r e a t e r r e lu c ta n c e to p a r t w ith a co p y o f t h e f o r m . N ev erth eless i t
P e r h a p s o t h e r r e a s o n s may be a d v a n c e d .
seem s t h a t t h e m o s t l o g i c a l e x p l a n a t i o n l i e s
i n t h e f a c t t h a t r a t i n g form s a r e used i n few er s c h o o ls o f sm all s i z e th an l a r g e . Inasmuch a s o n l y one o u t - o f - s t a t e
ju n io r co lleg e
p r o v i d e d a copy o f a r a t i n g form u s e d i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f p ro b atio n a ry te a c h e rs , i t i s in clu d ed w ith th e C a lifo rn ia f o r m s i n t h e d e s c r i p t i o n a n d a n a l y s i s o f c o n t e n t w h ic h fo llo w s.
The p u b l i c s c h o o l s o f P a s a d e n a a n d Los A n g e l e s
i n c l u d e two j u n i o r c o l l e g e s e a c h , h e n c e t h e r a t i n g f o r m u s e d i n e a c h s c h o o l s y s t e m a p p l i e s t o two j u n i o r c o l l e g e s . One s m a l l , t h r e e m e d i u m - s i z e d , a n d n i n e l a r g e j u n i o r c o lle g e s fu rn is h e d co p ies o f t h e i r r a t i n g form s. A n a ly s e s o f t h e s e form s r e v e a l t h e f o llo w in g g e n e r a l c h a ra c te ristic s.
Seven o f th e t h i r t e e n
c o n t a i n two p a g e s ,
two c o n t a i n o n e p a g e , on e c o n t a i n s t h r e e p a g e s , a n d one
514 c o n t a i n s f o u r p a g e s , a n d two a r e v a r i a b l e .
The n u m b e r o f
p o i n t s o r s t e p s i n th e r a t i n g s c a l e v a ry from t h r e e to seven, th e p l u r a l i t y being f i v e .
The num ber o f i t e m s i n
w h ic h t e a c h e r s a r e r a t e d v a r y f r o m e i g h t t o t h i r t y - s i x ; e i g h t s c h o o l s em ploy f i f t e e n o r l e s s i t e m s .
The o r g a n i z a
t i o n a l l e v e l t o w hich t h e form a p p l i e s i s e i t h e r j u n i o r c o l l e g e o n ly o r t h e w hole c i t y s c h o o l s y s te m .
O nly f i v e
o f t h e t h i r t e e n s c h o o ls u se a form d ev e lo p e d s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e . . A l l b u t one o f th e form s i n c lu d e d s p a c e f o r c o m m en ts. The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s on w h i c h t e a c h e r s a r e r a t e d show a w ide v a r i a t i o n .
One o f t h e s h o r t e r f o r m s * , f o r e x a m p l e ,
l i s t s the fo llo w in g :
personal c h a r a c te r is tic s ,
co o p erativ e
n e s s , l e a d e r s h i p a b i l i t y , know ledge o f s u b j e c t m a t t e r , a b i l i t y o r s k i l l in teach in g ,
p e rs o n a lity to put teach in g
across, fa irn e ss or im p a rtia lity , and e f f o r t .
a b i l i t y t o m anage a c l a s s ,
The l o n g e s t f o r m c o n t a i n e d t h i r t y - s i x i t e m s
w hich w ere c l a s s i f i e d un d er th e f o llo w in g h e a d in g s : a b ility ,
p u p il guidance, p r o fe s s io n a l i n t e r e s t ,
ment and r o u t i n e s ,
teach in g
room m a n a g e
c o o p e ra tio n w ith p r i n c i p a l , and p e r s o n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .* * .Some i t e m s a p p e a r t o b e common t o b o t h o f t h e f o r m s
* O ra n g e C o a s t C o l l e g e ,
C o s t a M e sa, C a l i f o r n i a .
** M o n t e r e y P u b l i c S c h o o l s , M o n t e r e y , C a l i f o r n i a
515 d e s c r i b e d , n e v e r t h e l e s s o t h e r m a jo r i t e m s o r group o f i te m s a r e f o u n d on o n l y o n e o f t h e m .
T his g e n e r a l o b s e r v a tio n
seems t o a p p l y when a n y two o f t h e r a t i n g f o r m s s u b m i t t e d a r e com pared. There i s
some e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e f o r m s w h i c h a r e u s e d
th ro u g h o u t th e p u b lic sc h o o l system f o r th e e v a lu a tio n of p ro b a tio n a ry te a c h e r s c o n ta in item s n o t s u i t e d to th e ju n io r co lleg e.
F o r ex am p le, one form c o n t a i n s t h e s e ite m s w hich
seem t o h a v e p e c u l i a r r e l e v a n c e t o
the elem en tary sch o o l:
e ffe c tiv e c o n tro l o f p u p il t r a f f i c
in and o u t, h a l l s u p e r
v i s i o n , and t r a i n i n g p u p i l s i n e f f i c i e n t r o u t i n e s i n c l a s s room .*
T h e r e i s a l s o some e v i d e n c e t h a t f o r m s w h i c h a r e u s e d
o n l y on t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e l e v e l c o n t a i n i t e m s o f p a r t i c u l a r re le v a n c e to te a c h in g s e r v ic e a t t h i s l e v e l .
F or exam ple,
one of t h e form s c o n t a i n s t h e f o l l o w i n g i t e m s o n ly : sch o larsh ip ,
(2) t e a c h i n g t h a t l i f t s
(1 )
stu d e n ts to in c re a s in g
l y m a tu re l e v e l s o f a c h ie v e m e n t and judgm ent,
(3) t e a c h i n g
t h a t shows b r o a d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e ju n io r c o lle g e age l e v e l o f s t u d e n ts ,
(4) t e a c h i n g t h a t
ta k e s in to a c c o u n t th e d i f f e r i n g developm ental l e v e l of s t u d e n t s i n t h e same c l a s s ,
( 3 ) p e r s o n a l i n f l u e n c e on
s t u d e n t s w hich c o n t r i b u t e s t o t h e i r f u l l e r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f l o y a lty to the h ig h e r v a lu e s of l i f e ,
(6) i n t e r d e p a r t m e n t a l
* M onterey P u b l i c S c h o o ls , M onterey, C a l i f o r n i a
516
r e l a t i o n s w hich c o n t r i b u t e to f a c u l t y m o ra le and t o t h e sm o o th r u n n i n g o f d e p a r t m e n t a l m a t t e r s ,
(7) r e l i a b i l i t y
an d p r o m p t n e s s i n d i s c h a r g i n g n o n - t e a c h i n g d u t i e s , an d (6) t a k i n g d u e s h a r e o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r a s s i s t i n g s t u d e n t s t o m a i n t a i n a w h o le s o m e a n d e f f e c t i v e e x t r a - c u r r i c u l a r p r o g r a m on t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e l e v e l . * The r a t i n g f o r m s f o r e v a l u a t i n g t h e s e r v i c e o f p r o b a tio n a r y t e a c h e r s a l s o v a ry w id e ly in th e deg ree to w hich t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t o be r a t e d a r e d e f i n e d .
F o r e x a m p le
one o f t h e f o r m s l i s t s t h e f o l l o w i n g a s t h e f i r s t tw e n ty -th ree item s: in d isc ip lin e , v o ice,
(1) s k i l l a s an i n s t r u c t o r ,
(3) d a i l y p r e p a r a t i o n ,
(5 ) p o w e r o f e x p r e s s i o n ,
eight of (2)
sk ill
(4) p l e a s a n t n e s s of
(6) u se o f E n g l i s h ,
(7)
s e l f - c o n t r o l and p o i s e , a n d ( 8 ) s y m p a t h y an d t a c t . * * On the latter form teachers are to be rated on each of these items as superior, above average, average, below average, and poor.
On the other hand, another form***
devotes one page to "Definition and Interpretation of Factors Included in the Administrative Report on Teachers” and on the opposite page lists ten factors which may be
* Bakersfield Junior College, Bakersfield, California. ** Salinas.Public Schools (Hartnell College), Salinas, California. *** Sacramento City Unified School District, Sacramento, California.
517 c h e c k e d on a f o u r - p o i n t s c a l e . scale i s d escrib ed .
Each o f t h e p o i n t s i n t h e
F o r e x a m p l e , o n e o f t h e f a c t o r s t o be
co n sid ered i s "te a c h in g m eth o d s.”
The h i g h e s t p o i n t i n t h e
sc a le i s defined as "uses s k i l l f u l l y tech n iq u es in h is f i e l d . eag erly in te r e s te d ,
b e s t m ethods and
Leads and i n s p i r e s p u p i l s .
P u p ils
alw ays e x c e p t i o n a l l y w e l l p r e p a r e d .
A ll assignm ents c a r e f u l l y p la n n e d .”
The l o w e s t p o i n t i n
t h e s c a l e i s d e f in e d a s "Uses s t e r e o t y p e d m e th o d s. p la n n in g and p r e p a r a t i o n .
P u p ils no t in te r e s te d
No i n i t i a t i o n o r r e s o u r c e f u l n e s s .
Poor
in s u b je c t.
P u p ils in a tte n tiv e ."
The
i n t e r m e d i a t e p o i n t s a r e d e f in e d in a s i m i l a r m anner, a s a re t h e p o i n t s f o r a l l t h e o t h e r f a c t o r s l i s t e d on t h e r a t i n g form . T h is l a t t e r r a t i n g form* p o s s e s s e d t h e u n iq u e f e a t u r e o f r e q u i r i n g t h e s a t i s f a c t o r y t e a c h e r t o be r a t e d up t o a c e rta in stan d ard , facto rs lis te d .
i n d i c a t e d on t h e f o r m , o n e a c h o f t h e t e n F a i l u r e t o m e e t t h e s t a n d a r d on a n y o n e o f
t h e f a c t o r s w as i n t e r p r e t e d t o mean a n " u n s a t i s f a c t o r y " teach e r. I t i s d o u b t f u l w h e th e r any r e l i a b l e and v a l i d c r i t e r i a c a n be s e t up by w h i c h t h e r a t i n g f o r m s s u b m i t t e d by t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s may b e e v a l u a t e d . ( 7 9 : 3&5 I 1 1 0 : 2 3 5 - 3 7 ) literatu re
The
on t h e s u b j e c t p r e s e n t s a v e r y c o n f u s e d p i c t u r e .
* Sacram ento C i ty U n i f i e d S ch o o l D i s t r i c t , C alifo rn ia.
Sacram ento,
518 W r ite r s have p o in te d out t h a t th e f a c t t h a t m y riad s of d i f f e r e n t r a t i n g form s a r e used i s bu t one p i e c e o f evidence of la c k o f agreem ent a s to what c o n s t i t u t e s t e a c h e r e f f i c i ency . {79i 3 6 5 ; 1 1 0 :2 3 5 -3 7 )
F a i l u r e o f many a u t h o r i t i e s t o
s p e c if y w hether th e su g g ested c r i t e r i a a p p lie s to r a t i n g s c a l e s t o be u se d f o r s u p e r v i s o r y o r f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e purposes, o r b oth,
com plicates th e s i t u a t i o n .
Then t h e r e i s t h e s e r i o u s q u e s t i o n o f w h e t h e r t h e r a t i n g s c a l e s a c t u a l l y a r e m o re r e l i a b l e t h a n t h e g e n e r a l i m p r e s s i o n m e t h o d ; t h e r e seems t o b e a p a u c i t y o f e v i d e n c e to i n d i c a t e t h a t th e y a r e . (1 1 0 : 2 3 9 ; 35:347-48) Some o f t h e b e t t e r s t a t e m e n t s c o n c e r n i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e u s e o f f o r m a l r a t i n g s c a l e s was made by M organ who d i s c u s s e d th e m c h i e f l y f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f t h e i r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e u s e f u ln e s s .(1 0 8 :8 6 -9 9 )
I t i s n o t th e purpose h ere to prove
th e m , b u t t o p r e s e n t th e m a s s u b j e c t i v e o p i n i o n w h i c h h a s s t r o n g b u t n o t n e c e s s a r i l y unanimous s u p p o r t o f o t h e r a u t h o r i t i e s . • The f o l l o w i n g q u o t a t i o n s i l l u s t r a t e s t h e s e t t i n g i n w hich t h e s e r a t i n g s c a l e s w ere d e v e lo p e d : * . . . We a r e n o t i m p a r t i a l s c o r e k e e p e r s w h o se d u t y i s s i m p l y t o r e c o r d e v i d e n c e s u c c e s s o r f a i l u r e . We must be s y m p a th e t ic c o u n s e l o r s and a d v i s e r s , a s s i s t i n g a l l t h o s e who w o r k w i t h u s t o a v o i d t h a t w h i c h b r i n g s f a i l u r e and t o s e e k ways o f w o rk in g w hich i n s u r e s s u c c e s s . Now we c a n n o t do t h i s by g e n e r a l i t i e s and v a g u e s u g g e s t i o n s . We n e e d t o b e f o r t h r i g h t a n d d i r e c t , both i n o u r en c o u ra g em e n ts and i n o u r c r i t i c i s m s . We f e e l t h a t we owe i t t o e v e r y t e a c h e r who j o i n s o u r s t a f f t o l a y b e f o r e him a s i m p l e s t a t e m ent a s t o w h a t c o n s t i t u t e s s u c c e s s . ( 1 0 8 : 9 9 )
M organ s u g g e s t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a i n t h e u s e o f ra tin g sc ale s, (1)
I t s h o u l d be i n s u c h f o r m t h a t e v e r y o n e c o n c e r n e d w i t h a p p r a i s a l o f t e a c h e r s e r v i c e may h a v e c l e a r l y i n m in d w h a t i s b e i n g a p p r a i s e d a n d t h e s t a n d a r d s f o r t h e v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f achievem ent*
(2)
The p l a n s h o u l d n o t s e e k t o
se cu re any o b j e c t i v e
m easure of s u c c e s s , b u t r a t h e r t h a t i t
should
s e rv e a s a g u id e t o judgm ents i n s e c u r in g an achievem ent p r o f i l e * (3)
The e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f a t e a c h e r c a n n o t be m e a s u r e d i n te rm s o f an a v e ra g e o f p erfo rm a n ce s in th e v a rio u s a re a s but r a t h e r acco rd in g to a re a s o n a b le s ta n d a rd o f perform ance in a l l , w ith s u p e r i o r i t y o f achievem ent i n a c e r t a i n a r e a or areas,
(4)
The plan should be such th at i t w ill serve as a b a sis for f a ir d iscu ssio n of standards o f achieve ment between supervisor and teacher without any element of embarassment.
The standard should
be s e t i n t e r m s o f w h a t a t e a c h e r d o e s r a t h e r th a n what she i s . (3)
The p l a n s h o u l d be c l e r i c a l l y s i m p l e , p r o v i d e f o r e a s e o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , a n d n o t en c u m b e r th e r e c o r d s . (108:96-98)
5 20
A u th o ritie s
( 1 1 0 : 2 4 7 ; 5 0 : 8 4 ) who h a v e e x p r e s s e d
t h e m s e l v e s on t h e s u b j e c t a r e i n b a s i c a g r e e m e n t o n n u m b e r (1)
a n d n um be r ( 5 ) ; a n d o t h e r a u t h o r i t i e s a r e n o t o p p o s e d *
T h o s e who d i f f e r e n t i a t e d b e t w e e n t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a n d s u p e r v is o r y a p p r a i s a l o f te a c h e r s d e f i n i t e l y fa v o re d a sim ple form f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r a t i n g , p a r t i c u l a r l y s i n c e i t
served
no d i a g n o s t i c p u r p o s e . ( 2 7 : 3 7 4 ; 5 0 : 8 4 ) A l t h o u g h t h e r a t i n g f o r m s d i s p l a y e d i n t h e b o o k s an d o th er w ritin g of a u th o ritie s in personnel a d m in istra tio n or i n t h e more l i m i t e d p h a s e o f p e r s o n n e l e v a l u a t i o n o f t e n p r o vide a t o t a l o r average r a tin g ,
th e re are a con sid erab le
body o f e x p e r t s on t h e s u b j e c t who b e l i e v e t h a t t h e f a c t o r s w h i c h make f o r s u c c e s s a r e n o t a d d i t i v e . ( 7 9 : 3 6 8 ) h o listic
The
c o n c e p t o f man a l s o l e n d s p s y c h o l o g i c a l s u p p o r t
to t h i s l a t t e r p o in t of v i e w . (9 0 :4 2 ; 85:31-32)
D esirab le
f e a tu r e s of s u c c e s s fu l r a tin g s c a le s in i n d u s t r i a l a p p ra is a l o f p e r s o n a l i t y i n c l u d e th e g r a p h ic o r p r o f i l e s c a l e . (150:350) I t se em s t h e n t h a t M o r g a n ’ s c r i t e r i a n u m b e r (2) a n d ( 3 ) niay s ta n d th e t e s t o f agreem ent w ith th e b e s t a u t h o r i t a t i v e o p in io n a v a ila b le . M o r g a n ’ s n u m b e r ( 4 ) c r i t e r i a a c t u a l l y e m b o d ie s two a llie d su b jects.
No d i s a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e f i r s t p a r t o f
t h e s t a t e m e n t c o u l d be f o u n d .
Some w r i t e r s w o u ld d i s a g r e e
w i t h t h e s e c o n d s t a t e m e n t t h a t s t a n d a r d s s h o u l d be s e t i n term s o f what a t e a c h e r does r a t h e r th a n what she i s ;
rath er,
521 these writers would say, set the standard in terms of the* effect of teaching on the learner.(110:237-38; 28:314) Nevertheless appraisal of the teacher in terms of what she does is seriously advanced as a recent and better approach to this vexing problem** It is not presumed that the criteria described above is scientifically validated.
The only claim made is that
the criteria developed by Morgan represents a cogent expression of views held by other prominent authorities. Deficiencies in probationary teacher service.
It
seemed pertinent to inquire into the nature of the difficul ties and deficiencies of probationary teachers in order to identify factors which serve to terminate their employment. Respondents were therefore asked to indicate from a list the competences in which probationary teachers fail to meet the standards necessary for retention on some permanent basis.
Tables CXVI and CXVTI summarize the data procured
from the California and out-of-state junior colleges respectively.
No claim is made that the competencies listed
are mutually exclusive. It is believed that the percentages in the tables may be higher than the actuality of situation in the total group
* Chapter V. See section on Research and Literature on Teacher Competence.
TABLE
CXVI
TEACHER COMPETENCIES IN WHICH PROBATIONARY TEACHERS FAIL TO MEET THE STANDARDS NECESSARY FOR RETENTION IN CALIFORNIA JUNIOR COLLEGES
Teacher competencies
a.
Knowledge of subject matter
b.
Skill in teaching
Size of college as measured by equivalent full-time teachers 1 - 29 30 60 and over Totals Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent
>9
7
53.3
4
50.0
4
25.0
15
41.7
10
33.3
8
100.0
12
75.0
30
33.3
c* . Ability to inspire students
6
50.0
6
75.0
11
68.8
23
63.9
Ability to handle classroom discipline
8
66.7
6
75.0
9
56.3
23
63.9
e.
Understanding problem cases
5
41.7
4
50.0
4
25.0
13
36.1
f.
Ability to deal with individual differences
8
66.7
5
62.5
8
50.0
21
53.3
Cooperative attitude toward students
3
25.0
5
62.5
11
68.8
19
52.8
h.
Cooperation with colleagues
5
41.7
5
62.5
9
56.3
19
52.8
i.
Willingness to accept direction
4
33.3
5
62.5
4
25.0
13
36.1
j.
Punctuality and regularity of attendance
3
25.0
4
50.0
2
12.5
9
25.0
Promptness and accuracy of reports and records
3
25.0
3
37.5
1
6.3
7
19.4
Willingness to assume responsi bility
5
41.7
4
50.0
6
37.5
15
41.7
Effectiveness participation in co-curricular activities
7
53.3
5
62.5
5
31.3
19
47.2
d.
g.
k. 1. m.
Average number of junior colleges con tributing data (to the nearest whole number) 12
8
16
36
\j i
ro
?o
TABLE C I V I I
TEACHER COMPETENCIES IN WHICH PROBATIONARY TEACHERS FAIL TO MEET THE STANDARDS NECESSARY FOR RETENTION IN OUT-OF-STATE JUNIOR COLLEGES
Teacher competencies
Size of college as measured by equivalent full-time teachers 1 - 29 30 - 59 60 and over Totals Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber cent ber cent ber cent cent ber
a.
Knowledge of subject matter
4
36.4
4
30.8
2
15.4
10
27.0
b.
Skill in teaching
7
63.6
9
69.2
9
69.2
25
67.6
c.
Ability to inspire students
4
36.4
8
61-.5
6
46.2
18
48.7
d.
Ability to handle classroom di scipline
3
27.3
9
69.2
3
23.1
15
40.5
e.
Understanding problem cases
3
27.3
5
33.5
5
38.5
13
35.1
f.
Ability to deal with individual differences
7
63.6
8
61.5
5
33.5
20
54.1
Cooperative attitude toward students
2
IS.2
7
53.3
5
38.5
14
37.8
h.
Cooperative with colleagues
6
54.5
7
53.8
4
30.8
17
45.9
i.
Willingness to accept direction
3
27.3
8
61.5
6
46.2
17
45.9
j-
Punctuality and regularity of attendance
2
IS.2
5
38.5
3
23.1
10
27.0
Promptness and accuracy of reports and records
0
0.0
5
33.5
2
15.4
7
18.9
Willingness to assume responsi bility
6
54.5
6
46.2
5
38.5
17
45.9
Effective participation in cocur ricular activities
4
36.4
6
46.2
5
38.5
15
40.5
g.
k. 1. m.
Number of junior colleges contribu ting data
11
13
13
37
524 of e ig h ty -s ix ju n io r co lleg es j u s t i f i e s .
S ix respondents
made n o t a t i o n s t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t " t h e r e i s no p a t t e r n d e f i c i e n c i e s , " o r "cannot answer t h i s , ” o r o th e rw is e i n d i c a t i n g c o g n i z a n c e o f q u e s t i o n , b u t f u r n i s h i n g no d a t a .
The
t a b l e s do n o t r e f l e c t t h e o m i s s i o n o f d a t a f ro m t h e s e s i x r e s p o n d e n t s a n d s e v e n o t h e r s who d i d n o t a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n . When t h e t o t a l s f o r C a l i f o r n i a a n d t h e t o t a l s f o r t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s a r e compared, in th e ta b le s ,
i t may be n o t e d , a s shown’
t h a t ite m b, d e s c r ib e d a s " s k i l l i n t e a c h i n g , "
i s t h e c o m p e t e n c y w h i c h , more t h a n a n y o t h e r ,
p ro b atio n ary
t e a c h e r s f a i l to meet th e n e c e s s a r y s ta n d a r d s f o r perm anency. T w en ty -fiv e, o r 6 7 .6 p er c e n t, o r S3 . 3 p e r c e n t ,
o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a an d t h i r t y ,
of th e o u t - o f - s t a t e schools f u rn is h in g d a ta
on t h i s c h e c k - l i s t q u e s t i o n ,
s u b s c rib e d to t h i s view .
Only
o n e o t h e r i t e m , n a m e l y f , w as c i t e d by o v e r f i f t y p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e r e s p o n d e n ts a s a com petency, t h e s ta n d a r d f o r w h i c h w as n o t m e t .
The c o m p e t e n c y s t a n d a r d s m o s t o f t e n
a t t a i n e d a r e "p ro m p tn e ss and a c c u r a c y o f r e p o r t s and r e c o r d s " and " p u n c t u a l i t y and r e g u l a r i t y o f a t t e n d a n c e . "
One i n f i v e
t e a c h e r s f a i l t o r e a c h th e d e s i r a b l e s ta n d a r d f o r the f i r s t , and o n e i n f o u r f o r t h e l a t t e r ;
both C a l i f o r n i a and o u t - o f -
s t a t e r e s p o n d e n t s a g r e e on t h e s e i t e m s . The C a l i f o r n i a a n d o u t - o f - s t a t e d a t a d i s p l a y t h e g r e a t e s t v a r i a t i o n on i t e m d , d isc ip lin e ."
" a b i l i t y to h a n d le classroom
T w enty t h r e e , o r 6 3 . 9 p e r c e n t , o f t h e
525 C a l i f o r n i a a s com pared w ith, f i f t e e n ,
o r 40.5 p er c e n t, of
t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s r e g a r d t h i s c o m p e t e n c y a s one w hich p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r s g e n e r a l l y f a i l t o r e a c h th e stan d ard re q u ire d . The a n a l y s i s o f t h e d a t a i n T a b l e s CXVI a n d CXVII according to school s iz e r e v e a ls
(1) know ledge o f s u b j e c t
m a t t e r i s more o f t e n a s t u m b l i n g b l o c k f o r p r o b a t i o n a r y te a c h e rs i n th e sm all s c h o o ls ,
(2 ) no c o n s i s t e n t p a t t e r n
i n r e g a r d t o s p e c i f i c i t e m s c o u l d be f o u n d e x c e p t f o r ( 1 ) , a n d (3 ) i t i s s t r i k i n g l y n o t i c e a b l e t h a t t h e m e d i u m - s i z e d sc h o o ls f in d g r e a t e r d i f f i c u l t y th a n e i t h e r the sm a ll o r th e la rg e ju n io r co lleg e s in t h e i r p ro b atio n ary te ac h e rs a t t a i n ing th e sta n d a rd d e s ir e d .
T h i s d i f f i c u l t y o f t h e medium
s iz e d s c h o o ls a p p l i e s to b o th i n - s t a t e and o u t - o f - s t a t e respondent i n s t i t u t i o n s .
T h e r e i s no e v i d e n c e a v a i l a b l e
w hich w ould e x p l a i n t h i s s i t u a t i o n .
As a m a t t e r o f c o n
j e c t u r e t h e a b o v e - n o t e d d i f f e r e n c e may b e d u e t o a num ber of r e a s o n s in c lu d in g (a) h ig h e r s ta n d a r d s i n m edium -sized sch o o ls,
(b ) d i f f e r e n c e i n p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r p o p u l a t i o n ,
and (c) t h e g ro u p o f m e d iu m -siz ed s c h o o l s p r o v i d i n g t h e sam pling. By t o t a l i n g t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d o u t - o f - s t a t e d a t a i n T a b l e s CXVI a n d CX7IX, i t i s f o u n d t h a t t h e c o m p e t e n c i e s in decreasing o rder of d i f f i c u l t y f o r prob atio n ary te ach e rs to a t t a i n th e sta n d ard s d e s ire d are
(1) s k i l l i n t e a c h i n g ,
526
(2)
a b i l i t y to d eal w ith in d iv id u a l d if f e r e n c e s ,
to in s p i r e s tu d e n ts , cip lin e,
(4) a b i l i t y t o h a n d l e c l a s s r o o m d i s
(5) c o o p e r a t io n w ith c o l l e a g u e s ,
a t t i t u d e tow ard s tu d e n t s , sib ility ,
(7 i)
activ ities,
(6) c o o p e r a t i v e
(7) w i l l i n g n e s s t o assume r e s p o n
effe c tiv e p a rtic ip a tio n in co -cu rricu lar
(8 ) w i l l i n g n e s s to a c c e p t d i r e c t i o n s ,
s t a n d i n g o f problem c a s e s , (11)
(3) a b i l i t y
(9) u n d e r
( 1 0 ) k n o w le d g e o f s u b j e c t m a t t e r ,
p u n c t u a l i t y and r e g u l a r i t y o f a t t e n d a n c e , and (12)
p rom ptness and a c c u ra c y o f r e p o r t s and r e c o r d s . I t w i l l be o b s e r v e d t h a t i t
i s the o p e ra tio n a l asp ect
o f c l a s s r o o m a c t i v i t i e s o r m a n ag em en t t h a t h e a d t h e l i s t o f d i f f i c u l t i e s w hich a r e most o f t e n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e f a i l u r e of p ro b a tio n a ry te a c h e rs to ren d e r e f f e c tiv e s e rv ic e .
On
t h e o t h e r hand i t i s th e i n f o r m a t i o n a l and m e c h a n ic a l a s p e c t s o f t h e t e a c h i n g s e r v i c e w hich f i l t e r to t h e bottom o f t h e l i s t a n d w h i c h t h e r e f o r e a r e m o re o f t e n s a t i s f a c t o r i l y p e r form ed. CHAPTER SUMMARY Board p o l i c i e s .
I n C a l i f o r n i a tw o, o r 4 . 8 p e r c e n t ,
o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e b o a r d s i m p o s e r e s t r i c t i o n s on t h e n u m b e r s o r p e r c e n t a g e o f t e a c h e r s who c a n be made p e r m a n e n t ; f o u r , o r 9.& p e r c e n t , restric tio n s.
im p o s e a g e , r e s i d e n c e ,
or s im ila r
C a l i f o r n i a b o a r d s by p o l i c y o r i n l i e u t h e r e
527 of,
ex p ect v a ry in g r e l a t i v e s ta n d a rd s of t e a c h e r perform ance
t o be m e t , a n d a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l l y d i v i d e d on t h e t h r e e s t a g e s o f r e l a t i v e s t a n d a r d s p r o p o s e d , n a m e ly " s a t i s f a c t o r y , ” "above a v e r a g e ," and " o u t s t a n d i n g . " Among o u t - o f - s t a t e
ju n io r co lleg es,
board-im posed
b a r r i e r s t o r e t e n t i o n o f t e a c h e r s on a p e r m a n e n t b a s i s a s a m atter of o f f i c i a l p o licy are v i r t u a l l y n o n -e x iste n t. Boards o f t h i r t y - t w o ,
o r 80 .0 p e r c e n t, o f t h e
C a l i f o r n i a , and t w e n t y - s i x , o r 6 5 . 0 p e r c e n t, o f o u t - o f s t a t e ju n io r c o lle g e s p erm it 100 p er cen t of th e te a c h in g s t a f f t o become p e r m a n e n t i n s o f a r a s t h i s f a c t o r i s c o n t r o l l e d by o f f i c i a l p o l i c y . S i x t e e n , o r 44 p e r c e n t , o f th e C a l i f o r n i a , and tw e n ty -th re e , or 7 1 .9 per c e n t, of th e o u t - o f - s t a t e schools f u r n i s h i n g d a ta s t a t e t h a t th e board "alw ays" a f f ir m s th e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t ’s recom m endation r e g a r d i n g perm anency of te ach e rs.
S eventeen, o r 47.2 p e r c e n t, o f th e C a l i f o r n i a ,
and n i n e , o r 2 8 .1 p e r c e n t , o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o ls s t a t e t h a t th e board " n e a r ly alw ays" does so .
B o a rd c o n
f i r m a t i o n i n t h e m a t t e r i s m ore o f a c e r t a i n t y among t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s t h a n t h e C a l i f o r n i a , a n d among t h e l a r g e th a n th e sm all s c h o o ls . G-eneral A d m i n i s t r a t i v e P o l i c i e s . Twelve C a l i f o r n i a re sp o n d e n ts, o r 3 4 .3 p e r c e n t, o f th e group in d ic a t e d t h a t
52 8
t h e optim um p e r c e n t a g e o f t e n u r e t e a c h e r s s h o u l d be i n e x c e s s o f BO p e r c e n t a s co m p a re d t o t w e n t y t w o , o r 7 3 * 3 p e r c e n t , o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e r e s p o n d e n t s c o n t r i b u t i n g d a t a so i n d i c a t ing.
The m o d a l p r e f e r e n c e o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a r e s p o n d e n t s was
from s e v e n ty to e i g h t y p e r c e n t . I t a p p e a r s t h a t f o u r C a l i f o r n i a and one o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s w h i c h c o n s i d e r a n optimum p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e p e r m a n e n t t e a c h e r s t o be l e s s t h a n 20 p e r c e n t , do n o t m e e t t h e r e commended s t a n d a r d . The s t a n d a r d s n e c e s s a r y f o r r e - e m p l o y m e n t o f a t e a c h e r who h a s s e r v e d two y e a r s i s d e f i n i t e l y h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f a t e a c h e r who h a s s e r v e d o n l y o n e y e a r . The m o d a l p r a c t i c e w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e m o n th d u r i n g w hich p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r s a r e n o t i f i e d o f n o n -re n e w a l o f c o n t r a c t s i s M arch.
One s c h o o l i n f i v e ,
both i n s t a t e
a n d o u t o f s t a t e , n o t i f y p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r s who a r e n o t t o be r e h i r e d b e f o r e M arch. of th e C a lifo rn ia ,
However t e n , o r 2 5 . 6 p e r c e n t ,
and f o u r , o r 1 0 . 3 p e r c e n t , o f t h e o u t -
o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s d e l a y t h i s n o t i f i c a t i o n u n t i l some t i m e b e t w e e n May 1 a n d May 1 5 . I m p ro v e m e n t o f P r o b a t i o n a r y T e a c h e r S e r v i c e -
G reat
v a r i a t i o n s e x i s t w ith r e f e r e n c e to th e k in d and e x t e n t of use o f m e t h o d s e m p lo y ed i n t h e p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r i m p r o v e m e n t program .
The m e t h o d s , i n d e c r e a s i n g o r d e r o f u s e a c c o r d i n g
529
t o t h e number o f s c h o o l s em ploying t h i s m ethod, and t h e m e d i a n number o f t i m e s u s e d p e r s e m e s t e r , dual conferences w ith co lleg e d ir e c to r , m e e tin g , 4; 4;
3;
are:
(1) i n d i v i
(3) f a c u l t y
(3) i n d i v i d u a l c o n f e r e n c e s w i t h d e p a r t m e n t h e a d ,
(4) c l a s s r o o m v i s i t a t i o n s by m em bers o f t h e s u p e r v i s o r y
s t a f f o th e r than th e d i r e c t o r , by t h e c o l l e g e d i r e c t o r , m eetin g s,
3;
2;
2;
(5) c la s s r o o m v i s i t a t i o n s
(6) b u l l e t i n s ,
5;
(7) d e p a r t m e n t
(8) i n d i v i d u a l m em o ra n d a, 3 .
The m a j o r i t y o f s m a l l s c h o o l s r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e d e p a rtm e n t head a c te d p r im a r il y as a c o - o r d in a to r ; th e m a j o r i t y o f t h e m e d iu m -siz ed s c h o o ls and t h e p l u r a l i t y o f th e la r g e re p o rte d t h a t th e departm ent head a c te d p r im a r ily i n a s u p e r v i s o r y c a p a c i t y such a s t e a c h i n g a s s i s t a n c e and ev alu atio n *
F u l l " l i n e " a u t h o r i t y w as r e p o r t e d by one o u t
of seven sc h o o ls, m o stly l a r g e ones. " I n c o n f e r e n c e f o r t h e p u r p o s e " w as d e s i g n a t e d o v e r w h e l m i n g l y a s t h e f i r s t c h o i c e o f m e t h o d s by w h i c h t h e p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r s h o u l d be n o t i f i e d o f d e f i c i e n c i e s o f serv ice. E v alu a tio n of P ro b atio n ary Teacher S ervice *
Ju n io r
c o l l e g e d i r e c t o r s p l a c e r e l i a n c e on t h e i r s o u r c e s o f s u p p l e m entary in f o r m a tio n r e g a r d in g th e q u a l i t y of p r o b a tio n a r y te a c h e r s e rv ic e in th e fo llow ing rank o rd e r of d e c re a sin g relian ce:
(1) d i r e c t c l a s s r o o m o b s e r v a t i o n by t h e s u p e r
530 v iso ry s ta f f ,
( 2 ) o b s e r v a t i o n o f n o n - c l a s s r o o m a c t i v i t i e s by
th e su p e rv is o ry s t a f f ,
(3 ) o p i n i o n s o f f e l l o w t e a c h e r s ,
sam pling of s tu d e n t o p in io n , l a y p u b l i c , a n d (6) s o l i c i t e d
( 5 ) u n s o l i c i t e d comments o f t h e comments o f t h e l a y p u b l i c .
f i r s t two ( 1 ) a n d ( 2 ) a r e g e n e r a l l y r e s p e c t e d ; (5)
(4)
a r e used " f o r c o r r o b o r a tio n o n ly ;"
(3)>
(4),
The axid
(6) i s " s e l d o m
co n sid ered ." I n one o u t o f t h r e e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s ,
superv iso ry
p e r s o n n e l make no w r i t t e n e v a l u a t i o n o f p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r serv ice.
I n l e s s t h a n o n e o u t o f f o u r s c h o o l s do t h e e v a l u a
tio n s u t i l i z e a form al w r i t t e n r a t i n g card or s c a le .
Only
f i v e o f th e e i g h t y s i x p a r t i c i p a t i n g j u n i o r c o l l e g e s have d e v e lo p e d a r a t i n g form g e a re d s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r th e j u n i o r co lleg e. I t i s th e o p e r a tio n a l a s p e c ts of i n s t r u c t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s t h a t h e a d t h e l i s t o f d i f f i c u l t i e s w h ic h a r e m o s t o fte n a s s o c ia te d w ith th e f a i l u r e of p ro b a tio n a ry te a c h e rs to render e ffe c tiv e se rv ic e . in s k i l l in te ach in g ,
Lack o f com petence i s d i s p l a y e d
a b i l i t y to d e a l w ith in d iv i d u a l d i f f e r
e n c e s, a b i l i t y to i n s p i r e s t u d e n t s , and a b i l i t y t o h an d le classroom d i s c i p l i n e .
On t h e o t h e r h a n d i t
i s th e inform a
t i o n a l a n d m e c h a n i c a l a s p e c t s o f t e a c h i n g w h i c h a r e m ore o f te n s a t i s f a c t o r i l y perform ed.
U n d e rs ta n d in g of problem
c a s e s , know ledge of s u b j e c t m a t t e r ,
an d r o u t i n e c o n n e c t e d
w i t h r e p o r t s and r e c o r d s i l l u s t r a t e t h e s e a s p e c t s .
CHAPTER Z I I
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS THE PROBLEM AND METHOD OF INVESTIGATION Purpose of th e c h a p te r .
T his c h a p te r p r e s e n t s a b r i e f
e x p o s i t i o n o f th e problem and m ethods o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n , and a g e n e r a l summary, by t o p i c ,
of th e f i n d i n g s and c o n c lu s io n s
of t h i s in v e s tig a tio n . Im portance of th e problem .
The s e l e c t i o n a n d r e t e n
t i o n of q u a l i f i e d p e rs o n n e l i s e s s e n t i a l to th e p ro p e r f u n c tio n i n g o f any o r g a n i z a t i o n ,
b u t n o w h e r e i s t h i s m ore
c r u c ia l than in th e te ach in g s e rv ic e .
The r e a l i z a t i o n o f
t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f th e s c h o o l program , i n c l u d i n g th o s e o f the ju n io r c o lle g e ,
d e p e n d t o a l a r g e e x t e n t on t h e t r a i n i n g ,
experience, i n t e g r i t y , p erso n n el.
i d e a l i s m , and s k i l l o f t h e t e a c h i n g
,
S in ce th e te a c h e r p la y s such a v i t a l r o l e i n th e
developm ent o f y o u th ,
e f f o r t s t o im prove t h a t p h a s e o f
p e rs o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n r e l a t i n g to th e s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n o f t e a c h e r s o f h i g h q u a l i t y seem a p p r o p r i a t e a t a n y tim e. The j u n i o r c o l l e g e i s a r e l a t i v e l y r e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t i n A m erican p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n .
The t r e m e n d o u s v i g o r a n d v i t a l
i t y o f t h e movement p o r t e n d s a f u t u r e o f s u c h p r o p o r t i o n s t h a t even t h e p r e s e n t expanded p rogram o f e d u c a t i o n a t t h i s
533 l e v e l i s l i k e l y to be d w arfe d .
During t h i s e x p a n sio n p e r io d
j u n i o r c o l l e g e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s a r e f a c e d w i t h th e problem o f a d a p t i n g p o l i c i e s a n d p r a c t i c e s d e v e l o p e d by and f o r o t h e r o rg an izatio n al le v e ls .
T h e r e was a n e e d t h e r e f o r e f o r
d e t e r m i n i n g and e v a l u a t i n g t h e p o l i c i e s and p r a c t i c e s o f t h i s p h a s e o f p e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and e f f e c t i n g an i n t e g r a t i o n o f th e m i n t o a c o m p r e h e n s i v e p r o g r a m . D e f i n i t i o n o f th e problem .
More s p e c i f i c a l l y , t h i s
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o u g h t (1) t o a s c e r t a i n t h e c u r r e n t p o l i c i e s a n d p r a c t i c e s e m p lo y e d i n t h e s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n o f ju n io r co lleg e te a c h e rs,
(2) t o e f f e c t an e v a l u a t i o n o f
t h e s e p o l i c i e s and p r a c t i c e s ,
and (3) t o p r o p o s e c r i t e r i a
f o r a co m p lete program o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n . Scope.
I n a s m u c h a s no r e s e a r c h s t u d y h a d p r e v i o u s l y
b e e n made o f t h i s s u b j e c t on t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e l e v e l i t was b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h o u l d be o n e o f b r o a d coverage.
I t w as n o t p r e s u m e d t h a t a l l o f t h e f a c t o r s i n
v o l v e d c o u l d be t h o r o u g h l y e x p l o r e d .
L i m i t a t i o n s o f tim e
and r e s o u r c e s p r e c lu d e d su c h t r e a t m e n t .
I t was h o p e d I n
such i n s t a n c e s t h a t th e f i e l d o f re s e a r c h * b e c ir c u m s c r ib e d , a n d t h e e x p l o r a t i o n s be s u f f i c i e n t l y r e v e a l i n g t o p e r m i t f u rth e r stu d y .
5 34 P ro c ed u re and tr e a tm e n t o f d a t a .
To a c c o m p l i s h t h e
p u rp o ses o f th e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n c e r t a i n ^ s t e p s were tak en .
F i r s t a r e v i e w was made o f p e r t i n e n t l i t e r a t u r e .
From t h i s
s o u r c e , s u p p l e m e n t e d by i n f o r m a t i o n p r o c u r e d f r o m
a s e l e c t e d g r o u p o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , w as d e v i s e d a ch e ck l i s t w hich p u r p o r t e d t o o b t a i n d a t a r e g a r d in g t h e p o l i c i e s and p r a c t i c e s o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n and rete n tio n .
The i n s t r u m e n t a l s o s o u g h t t o o b t a i n j u d g m e n t s
c o n c e r n in g s p e c i f i c p h a s e s o f th e p ro b lem i n a r e a s where s t a n d a r d s w ere b e l i e v e d t o be u n c e r t a i n .
The c h e c k l i s t
was s e n t t o a l l C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s a n d a m a t c h e d group o f o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s .
U sab le com pleted
check l i s t s w ere r e c e i v e d from f o r t y - t w o C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o ls and f o r t y - f o u r o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s . To a i d i n t h e a p p r a i s a l o f t h e p r a c t i c e s a n d p o l i c i e s r e p o r t e d by t h e r e s p o n d e n t s ,
c e r t a i n b a s i c c r i t e r i a w ere
d e v e lo p e d from th e m ost a u t h o r i t a t i v e l i t e r a t u r e and r e search. tio n ,
As t h e n e e d a r o s e i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e i n v e s t i g a
o t h e r s t a n d a r d s , where a v a i l a b l e , were i n t r o d u c e d . ^ M a j o r f i n d i n g s a n d c o n c l u s i o n s r e s u l t i n g f ro m t h i s
s t u d y a r e s u m m a r iz e d i n r e m a i n i n g p a r t s o f t h i s c h a p t e r . RESPONSIBILITY- FOR SELECTION R esp ective r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r th e su p erin ten d en t and th e s c h o o l b o a r d .
The m o s t common w o r k i n g a r r a n g e m e n t
was f o r t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t t o n o m i n a t e one t e a c h e r c a n d i d a t e f o r a given p o s i t i o n , m ent.
t h e board a f f i r m i n g o r denying a p p o i n t
T h i s p r a c t i c e w as c o n c u r r e d i n by 88 p e r c e n t o f t h e
C a l i f o r n i a a n d 68 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s . The r e l a t i v e l o w p e r c e n t o f o u t - o f - s t a t e
sch o o ls su b sc rib in g
t o t h i s p r a c t i c e se em e d f o r t h e m o s t p a r t a t t r i b u t a b l e t o th e f a c t th a t f i f t e e n ,
o r 34 p e r c e n t , o f t h e s e s c h o o l s a r e
g o v e r n e d by a s t a t e e d u c a t i o n a l body r a t h e r t h a n a b o a r d m ore l o c a l i n c h a r a c t e r .
In ele v e n o f th e se sc h o o ls the
s u p e r in te n d e n t s e l e c t e d and a p p o in te d th e te a c h e r s ; t h e a p p r o v a l o f t h e s t a t e body w as a v i r t u a l c e r t a i n t y . I n one s c h o o l o u t o f f o u r t e e n t h e s c h o o l b o a r d a s a u s u a l p r a c t i c e made a n a p p r a i s a l o f t e a c h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s i n c id e n t to appointm ent.
T h e r e i s some e v i d e n c e t h a t t h i s
p r a c t i c e was a t t i m e s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f a g r e a t e r num ber o f ju n io r co lleg e s,
t h a n i s i n d i c a t e d by t h i s r a t i o .
Grovern-
i n g b o a r d s o f s m a l l s c h o o l s more o f t e n a s s u m e d r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e t e c h n i c a l t a s k o f t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n f o r w h ic h t h e y a r e u n f i t t e d t h a n do b o a r d s o f t h e l a r g e r s c h o o l s . T h is p r o c e d u r e r e p r e s e n t s an e v a s io n o f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y on p a r t o f t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t a n d a s s u m p t i o n o f i t by t h e b o a r d . I n j u n i o r c o l l e g e s where p r a c t i c e d ,
th e d e c is io n to
recommend more t h a n on e t e a c h e r c a n d i d a t e p e r p o s i t i o n h a s
536 come a b o u t l a r g e l y t h r o u g h a d m i n i s t r a t i v e j u d g m e n t ; i n a d e c i s i v e m a j o r i t y o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s w h e r e t h i s was t h e p r a c t i c e , th e board a c c e p te d th e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t ’s ran k in g w ithout f u r th e r in v e s tig a tio n .
N o m in atio n o f more th a n one
c a n d i d a t e p e r p o s i t i o n on t h e b a s i s o f t h e c r i t e r i o n e m p lo y ed a n d t h e u s e w h i c h i t
s e r v e d se em e d u n w a r r a n t e d .
R esp ectiv e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of th e su p e rin ten d en t and th e j u n i o r c o l le g e d i r e c t o r .
I n more t h a n h a l f o f t h e
s c h o o l s s u r v e y e d t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t and t h e d i r e c t o r a r e n o t t h e same p e r s o n .
T his i s t r u e i n ab o u t 3 out of 4
C a l i f o r n i a a n d s l i g h t l y m ore t h a n 1 o u t o f 2 o u t - o f - s t a t e ju n io r c o lle g e s. The j u n i o r c o l l e g e d i r e c t o r i n s c h o o l s w h e r e h e was n o t a l s o t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t h as been g iv e n c o n s i d e r a b l e i n d iv id u al r e s p o n s ib ility fo r se le c tio n of teach ers fo r h is school.
T h i s p o i n t was i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e f a c t t h a t t h e
p l u r a l i t y p r a c t i c e i n C a l i f o r n i a and m a j o r i t y p r a c t i c e o u to f - s t a t e a l lo w s t h e d i r e c t o r to s e l e c t one c a n d i d a t e f o r whom h e s e r v e s t h e a p p r o v a l o f t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t . p ractice is
T his
c o n s o n a n t w i t h th e view , e n d o r s e d a growing
num ber o f a u t h o r i t i e s ,
th a t th e " p r in c ip a l,” called th e
d ire c to r in t h i s in v e s tig a tio n ,
be r e g a r d e d a s t h e r e s p o n s i
b le head o f h i s s c h o o l. The director in schools where he was subordinate
537 o f f i c e r t o a v e ry l i m i t e d e x t e n t p e r s o n a l l y nom inated p r o s p e c tiv e te a c h e r s to th e board a s a p re lim in a ry to a p p o in t ment . R e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of th e departm ent h e a d .
I n 46 p e r
c e n t o f th e o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s w hich hav e such p e r s o n n e l i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n , t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d h a s no r e s p o n s ib ility fo r th e s e le c tio n of te ach ers in h is d e p a rt m ent.
The f a c t t h a t C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s u t i l i z e d t h e
d epartm ent head to a f a r l e s s e x t e n t than t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s l e n t some s u p p o r t f o r t h e c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h e C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o ls were n o t t a k i n g f u l l ad v a n tag e of th e departm ent h e a d ’s departm ent.
p e c u l i a r know ledge of th e n e e d s o f h i s
T h a t t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d m i g h t w e l l be u s e d i n
t h i s m a n n e r i s a t t e s t e d t o by t h e a u t h o r i t i e s i n t h e f i e l d . N o t o n l y was t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d more o f t e n a s s i g n e d r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r the s e l e c t i o n of t e a c h e r s in o u t - o f state
ju n io r co lleg es,
b u t when so a s s i g n e d , h i s ju d g m e n t
was g i v e n m ore w e i g h t i n t h e d e c i s i o n t o em ploy a s p e c i f i c can d id ate. When t h e . d e p a r t m e n t h e a d was a s s i g n e d some r e s p o n s i b i l i t y in te a ch e r s e le c tio n ,
it
t y p i c a l l y t o o k t h e fo rm o f
i n t e r v i e w i n g c a n d i d a t e s a n d p u t t i n g h i s s ta m p o f a p p r o v a l on t h e two o r t h r e e c a n d i d a t e s whom h e j u d g e d b e s t q u a l i f i e d . The d e g r e e t o w h i c h j u n i o r c o l l e g e s u t i l i z e d t h e
538
d e p a r t m e n t h e a d i n t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n w as f o u n d t o be a s s o c i a ted w ith school s iz e .
I l l u s t r a t i v e o f t h i s w as t h e f a c t
t h a t t h e departm ent head in te rv ie w e d c a n d id a te s i n fo u r sm all sc h o o ls,
e i g h t m edium -sized s c h o o ls , and e le v e n l a r g e
schools. M e m b e r s h ip a n d f u n c t i o n o f f o r m a l s e l e c t i o n com m ittees.
F o rm a lly o r g a n iz e d s e l e c t i o n com m ittees i s a
phenomenon a s s o c i a t e d f o r t h e m o s t p a r t w i t h l a r g e s c h o o l s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n C a l i f o r n i a where the l a r g e s t j u n i o r c o l l e g e s a re not independent d i s t r i c t s but a re a d m in iste re d as a p a r t of th e p u b lic school d i s t r i c t o f th e a re a .
E x cep t f o r such
l a r g e s c h o o l s , f o r m a l l y o r g a n i z e d s e l e c t i n g c o m m i t t e e s do n o t a p p e a r t o be a u n i q u e l y u s e f u l d e v i c e i n t e a c h e r se lectio n . T h e r e i s some e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e t y p i c a l f o r m a l s e l e c t i o n c o m m i t t e e make e f f e c t i v e u s e o f d i f f e r e n t i a l l y q u a l i f i e d c o m m i t t e e m e m b ers.
The t y p i c a l c o m m i t t e e i n c l u d e s
the su p e rin te n d e n t o r h is ag e n t, th e d ir e c to r o f th e ju n io r c o l le g e , and th e d epartm en t o r d i v i s i o n h ead. FACTORS QJJALIFYIMG ELIGIBILITY Personal f a c t o r s .
Three o u t o f f o u r j u n i o r c o l l e g e s
p r e s c r i b e d no minimum a g e a t w h i c h a p p l i c a n t s become i n e l i g i b l e f o r ap p ointm ent.
539 C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s v /h ic h s t i p u l a t e d a g e b a r r i e r s t o a p p o in tm e n t h a v e , w i t h one e x c e p t i o n , s e t t h i s age a t f o r t y f iv e y ea rs o r younger.
O u t - o f - s t a t e sc h o o ls have p r e s c r ib e d
a g e s w h i c h s p r e a d t h r o u g h t h e s p a n o f y e a r s fro m f o r t y t o six ty -fiv e.
The l a r g e s c h o o l s more o f t e n t h a n t h e s m a l l o r
m e d i u m - s i z e d s c h o o l s h a v e made s u c h a g e r e q u i r e m e n t s . T w e n t y - s e v e n a n d on e h a l f p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a and 14 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s d i d n o t e m p lo y t e a c h e r s o f 50 y e a r s o r o l d e r ; t h i s r e q u i r e m e n t a p p e a r s t o e l i m i n a t e f r o m c o n s i d e r a t i o n many t e a c h e r s who s t i l l h a v e y e a r s o f a b l e s e r v i c e a h e a d o f th e m . On t h e b a s i s o f t h e c r i t e r i o n t h a t t e a c h e r s s h o u l d be chosen b e c a u se o f m e r i t r a t h e r t h a n f a c t o r s w hich h a v e l i t t l e i f a n y t h i n g t o do w i t h q u a l i t y o f s e r v i c e ,
17 p e r c e n t o f
t h e C a l i f o r n i a an d 32 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e c o l l e g e s w e r e f u l l y up t o s t a n d a r d i n t h a t r a c e , lie f,
ju n io r
color,
be
ec o n o m ic a n d m a r i t a l s t a t u s d i d n o t a f f e c t i n a
n e g a t i v e way t h e d e c i s i o n t o a p p o i n t .
A lthough i t
cannot
be s a i d t h a t t h e re m a in in g s c h o o l s c a t e g o r i c a l l y s u p p o r te d d i s c r i m i n a t o r y p r a c t i c e s , y e t c o n d i t i o n s were such a s to o ffe r g re a te r p o te n tia lity fo r d iscrim in atio n . The two f a c t o r s w h i c h o f f e r e d c o n s i d e r a b l e p o t e n t i a l i t y fo r d iscrim in ato ry p ra c tic e s in te ach er s e le c tio n w e r e ( 1 ) h u s b a n d o r w i f e a l r e a d y a t f u l l - t i m e em ploym ent i n
540 t h e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t a n d (2 ) r a c e o r c o l o r .
In C a lifo rn ia
n e a r l y o n e - h a l f o f a l l t h e f a c t o r s c h e c k e d by t h e r e s p o n dents in clu d e
(1) a b o v e ; o u t o f s t a t e n e a r l y o n e - h a l f o f a l l
t h e f a c t o r s c h e c k e d by t h e r e s p o n d e n t s i n c l u d e d
(2).
I n 46
p e r c e n t of a l l th e r e s p o n d e n t s c h o o ls th e f a c t of husband o r w i f e a l r e a d y a t f u l l - t i m e em ploym ent i n t h e d i s t r i c t w o u ld a f f e c t the d e c is io n to a p p o in t.
I n 42 p e r c e n t o f a l l t h e
r e s p o n d e n t s c h o o l s , r a c e o r c o l o r w ould s i m i l a r l y a f f e c t t h e d e c is io n to a p p o in t. M a r i t a l s t a t u s and t h e f a c t o f h a v in g a husband o r w i f e a l r e a d y i n f u l l - t i m e em ploym ent i n t h e com m unity o f f e r e d some b u t s m a l l p o t e n t i a l i t y f o r d i s c r i m i n a t o r y p r a c t i c e . N e g l i g i b l e f a c t o r s in c lu d e d r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f and f a m ily statu s. • G -eographical f a c t o r s .
P l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e w as n o t a
f a c t o r one way o r a n o t h e r a s a p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r a p p o i n t m e n t i n 88 p e r c e n t of. t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d 84 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t o f-sta te
ju n io r c o lle g e s.
T his s a t i s f i e d th e c o n d itio n s o f
the c r i t e r i o n proposed. I n a d d i t i o n t o r e s i d e n c e r e s t r i c t i o n p e r s e , t h e r e w ere o t h e r f a c t o r s w hich te n d e d t o l i m i t t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a from w hich t e a c h e r s w ere draw n.
S ince an in te r v i e w i s n e a r l y
a l w a y s d em anded, t r a v e l d i s t a n c e f o r i n t e r v i e w i s o n e s u c h facto r.
The d a t a r e v e a l e d a w i d e s p r e a d o f o p i n i o n c o n c e r n
i n g t h e maximum d i s t a n c e f r o m w h i c h t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s f e e l
541 j u s t i f i e d in asking*an a p p l ic a n t to t r a v e l f o r in te rv ie w a t h i s own e x p e n s e . ,
I n t h e o r d e r o f f r e q u e n c y named w e r e ( 1 )
any d i s t a n c e t h e a p p l i c a n t w i s h e s , m i l e s , a n d (4) 50 m i l e s . q u e s t i o n w as 200 m i l e s .
( 2 ) 200 m i l e s ,
(3) 100
The m e d i a n o f t h e r e p l i e s t o t h i s A l t h o u g h no s t a n d a r d i n t e r m s o f
s p e c i f i c m i l e s seem s d e f e n s i b l e , y e t t h e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l a r e a e n c l o s e d by c i r c l e s o f r a d i i 5 0 , 1 0 0 , o r e v e n 200 m i l e s .s e r v e to exclude q u a l i f i e d a p p l i c a n t s o u ts i d e th e s e lim its. T w e n t y - n i n e p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a an d t h i r t y s e v e n p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s by o n e m e an s o r a n o t h e r i m p o s e d no r e s t r a i n t s i n d u c e d by g e o g ra p h ic a l d ista n c e as a co n d itio n fo r in te rv ie w .
On t h e
b a sis of the c r ite r i o n t h i s re p re s e n ts th e best p r a c tic e . P ro fessio n al f a c t o r s .
The r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e
m a s t e r ’ s d e g r e e a s a p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r em p lo y m e n t w a s t h e d o m i n a n t p o l i c y c o n c u r r e d i n by 33 p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d 37 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s .
This r e q u i r e
m e n t i s commonly a c c e p t e d a s t h e b e s t p r e s e n t minimum sta n d a rd f o r te a c h e r s of academ ic-type s u b j e c t s .
C alifo rn ia
j u n i o r c o l l e g e s a p p e a r e d t o be l e s s i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e a c t u a l p o s s e s s io n o f a m a s t e r ’ s degree th a n were th e o u t - o f s ta te sch o o ls.
F ifty p er cent of th e C a lifo rn ia ju n io r
c o lle g e s as c o n tra s te d w ith s ix te e n p e r cent of th e o u t- o f
542 s t a t e s c h o o l s r e q u i r e d t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f one y e a r o f g r a d u a t e stu d y r a t h e r th a n th e m a s t e r ’ s d eg ree; t h i s approxim ates th e sta n d a rd proposed. Even i n s c h o o l s w h i c h a s a m a t t e r o f p o l i c y r e q u i r e d th e m a s t e r ’s d e g re e o r com parable t r a i n i n g ,
e x c e p tio n s were
common; t h i s w as p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e f o r t e a c h e r s o f v o c a tio n a l or tech n ical-ty p e su b jects.
T h e r e i s some e v i d e n c e
t h a t t h e t r a i n i n g s t a n d a r d s f o r t h e s e t e a c h e r s s h o u l d be d i f f e r e n t i n c h a r a c t e r and am ount. Three o u t o f f o u r j u n i o r c o l l e g e s d i d n o t r e q u i r e p r e v i o u s e x p e r i e n c e a s a c o n d i t i o n o f e m p lo y m e n t.
T his
p o l i c y w as i n a c c o r d w i t h t h e c r i t e r i o n d e v e l o p e d .
A lthough
a s i g n i f i c a n t m a j o r i t y o f the s c h o o ls s u b s c r i b e d t o t h i s p o licy ,
comments o f r e s p o n d e n t s s u g g e s t t h a t a s a m a t t e r o f
p r a c t i c e t h e e x p e r i e n c e d t e a c h e r w as p r e f e r r e d .
Two y e a r s
was m o s t commonly m e n t i o n e d a s t h e minimum w h i c h w o u l d n o r m a l l y be a c c e p t e d . The p r e f e r r e d l e v e l o f p r e v i o u s t e a c h e r e x p e r i e n c e w as t h a t i n a n o t h e r j u n i o r c o l l e g e .
The i n - s t a t e and o u t -
o f - s t a t e sch o o ls as w e ll as schools of th e v a rio u s s iz e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s a l l a g r e e d on t h i s p o i n t .
In C a lifo rn ia the
s e c o n d p r e f e r r e d l e v e l o f p r e v i o u s t e a c h e r e x p e r i e n c e w as t h e h i g h s c h o o l , w h e r e a s o u t o f s t a t e t h e p r e f e r e n c e w as f o r th e se n io r c o lle g e .
These d a t a s u g g e s t t h a t t h e r e i s
543 some g r o u n d f o r b e l i e v i n g t h a t C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s more o f t e n t h a n t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s t e n d t o v i e w t h e i r f u n c tio n a s se c o n d a ry a s opposed to c o l l e g i a t e . M ajor o b s t a c l e s i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f q u a l i f i e d t e a c h e r s . An o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d a l l b u t o n e of th e o u t - o f - s t a t e
ju n io r co lleg es s ig n ifie d th a t th e re
w as a t l e a s t o n e m a j o r o b s t a c l e i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f q u a l i f i e d te ach e rs. The f a c t o r w h i c h more t h a n a n y o t h e r c o n s t i t u t e d a m a j o r o b s t a c l e t o s e l e c t i o n w as t h e d e a r t h o f q u a l i f i e d ap p lican ts in c e rta in f ie ld s .
The e x t e n t t o w h i c h t h i s was
a p r o b l e m w a s a t t e s t e d t o by t h e f a c t t h a t 60 p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d 82 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e c o n s i d e r e d t h i s a m ajor o b s t a c l e .
Low s a l a r y s c h e d u l e s w e r e m e n t i o n e d
by 21 p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a and 34 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t o f - s t a te resp o n d en ts.
D e f i c i e n c i e s i n c o n f i d e n t i a l d a t a was
th e t h i r d m a jo r o b s t a c l e most o f t e n m e n tio n e d ; however t h e p e r c e n t a g e f i g u r e s w e r e much l o w e r , n a m e l y , 7 an d 12 p e r c e n t i n - s t a t e an d o u t - o f - s t a t e r e s p e c t i v e l y . a n a l y s i s o f t h e d a t a r e v e a l e d t h a t most o f t h e m a jo r o b s t a c l e s i n s e l e c t i n g q u a l i f i e d t e a c h e r s w ere e x t e r n a l to the ju n io r co lleg es as i n s t i t u t i o n s .
Two o u t of t h r e e
w ere e x t e r n a l f a c t o r s n o t am enable to t h e d i r e c t c o n t r o l of th e ju n io r co lle g e s as se p a ra te i n s t i t u t i o n s .
I n o n l y one
544 o u t o f n i n e c a s e s were t h e s e m a jo r o b s t a c l e s w h o lly o r f o r t h e m o s t p a r t c o n t r o l l a b l e by t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s t h e m s e l v e s . Sources.
The e x t e n t t o w h i c h C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r
co lleg es u til iz e d c e rta in sources of a p p lic a n ts v arie d c o n s i d e r a b l y from t h a t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s . On a s c a l e w h e r e t h e n u m e r i c a l v a l u e o f 1 m e a n t " a l w a y s u s e d " a n d 5 m e a n t " n e v e r u s e d , " r e q u e s t s made t o t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s r e c e i v e d an a v e ra g e r a t i n g 1 .3 i n C a l i f o r n i a and 1 .9 o u t - o f - s t a t e .
R equests to s t a t e te a c h e rs
a s s o c i a t i o n r e c e i v e d an a v e r a g e r a t i n g o f 1 . 8 an d 3 . 9 ; vo lu n tary a p p lic a tio n s ,
2 .3 and 1 .7 .
The m a j o r d i f f e r e n c e
t o be i n f e r r e d f r o m t h e d a t a seemed t o b e r e l a t i v e t o te ach e rs a s s o c ia tio n s . u tilize d
T his so u rce of te a c h e r s i s
by o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s .
seldom
The i m p l i c a t i o n i s t h a t
t e a c h e r s a s s o c i a t i o n s o u t - o f - s t a t e do n o t a s a r u l e p r o v i d e th is serv ice, o r i f
they do, t h a t an extended use o f t h e
o f f i c e s of th e a s s o c i a t i o n has n o t been w a rra n te d . The s o u r c e s o f a p p l i c a n t s w h i c h w e r e f o u n d t o
be
alw ays o r g e n e r a l l y used in C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , ranked in th e o r d e r o f e x t e n t o f u se, train in g in s titu tio n s , ciatio n s,
(1) r e q u e s t s t o t e a c h e r
(2 ) r e q u e s t s t o s t a t e t e a c h e r s a s s o
and (3) v o l u n t a r y a p p l i c a t i o n s .
in fo rm atio n f o r o u t - o f - s t a t e sch o o ls i s ap p licatio n s
The c o r r e s p o n d i n g
(1) v o l u n t a r y
(2) r e q u e s t s t o t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s .
545 The f o l l o w i n g s o u r c e s w e r e s e l d o m o r n e v e r u s e d by C alifo rn ia ju n io r co lleg e s: agencies,
(1) r e q u e s t s to com m ercial
(2) i n q u i r y a t o t h e r s c h o o l s , a n d (3) p u b l i s h e d
announcem ents o f p o s i t i o n *
The f o l l o w i n g w e r e s e l d o m u s e d
by o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s .
(1) r e q u e s t t o s t a t e
t e a c h e r s a s s o c i a t i o n a n d (2 ) p u b l i s h e d a n n o u n c e m e n t s o f p o sitio n s. T h e r e seem s t o be a g r o w i n g n u m b e r o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e s i n w h ich f r i e n d s and a s s o c i a t e s a r e u t i l i z e d a s a s o u r c e o f in fo rm a tio n concerning p o t e n t i a l a p p l ic a n ts . In a d d i t i o n to a d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e e x t e n t to w hich c e r t a i n s o u r c e s o f a p p l i c a n t s w ere u se d i t
seemed d e s i r a b l e
to a s c e r ta in t h e i r r e l a t i v e e f f e c tiv e n e s s in p ro v id in g q u alified ap p lican ts.
On a s c a l e o f v a l u e s i n w h i c h t h e
num ber 1 r e p r e s e n t e d t h e s i n g l e m o s t e f f e c t i v e s o u r c e a n d 5 a s o u rc e w hich was n o t e f f e c t i v e ,
t h e a v e ra g e r a t i n g s were
f o r t h e m o s t p a r t v e r y n e a r l y t h e same a s t h e a v e r a g e r a t i n g s c o r e d on e x t e n t o f u s e .
No p o t e n t i a l l y v a l u a b l e o r
e f f e c t i v e s o u r c e whose u s e was n o t c o m m e n s u r a t e w i t h i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s w as d i s c o v e r e d . D evices and p ro c e d u re s used in d e te rm in in g th e p r e lim in ary e l i g i b i l i t y of a p p lic a n ts .
In i n d u s t r y and c i v i l
s e r v i c e job a n a l y s i s and jo b s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a r e c o n s id e r e d i n d i s p e n s i b l e p r o c e d u r e s w h i c h m u s t be u n d e r t a k e n b e f o r e
546 s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n c a n be g i v e n t o t h e s e l e c t i o n o f inrd i v i d u a l em ployees.
E d u c a t i o n a l w r i t e r s h a v e from tim e t o
tim e proposed t h a t a s i m i l a r p r o c e d u r e , ad a p te d f o r th e use of ed u catio n al in s t i t u t i o n s ,
c o u l d be p u r s u e d w i t h c o n
sid e ra b le value. I t was f o u n d t h a t a l i t t l e
l e s s th a n o n e -h a lf of th e
respondent Ju n io r c o lle g e s u t i l i z e d o ra l s p e c if ic a tio n s as t h e d o m i n a n t m e th o d o f n o t i f y i n g t h e a p p l i c a n t o r t h e placem ent o f f i c e co n c ern in g th e n a t u r e o f th e v a c a n t p o s i tio n .
S l i g h t l y more t h a n o n e h a l f o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s
used th e w r i t t e n .
Two o u t o f t h r e e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s s t a t e
th e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s in g e n e ra l term s r a t h e r th a n s p e c i f i c . A s p e c i a l s t u d y w a s made o f t w e l v e C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l le g e s w hich h ad, sta ff,
through t h e i r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e
su b m itte d s p e c i f i c a t i o n s i n w r i t i n g to t h e placem en t
bureau o f th e U n iv e r s ity o f S outhern C a lif o r n ia d u rin g th e p e rio d Ja n u ary to June o f 1949.
T h e s e w e r e f o u n d t o be
c o n s i d e r a b l y b e lo w t h e s t a n d a r d p r o p o s e d .
S in ce t h i s group
of tw elve d id n o t ap p e ar u n lik e th e rem aining ju n io r c o l le g e s , a n d e s p e c i a l l y i n v ie w o f e x t e n s i v e u s e o f o r a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , i t ap p eared t h a t th e j u n io r c o l le g e s a s a group d id n o t m e a s u r e up t o a d e s i r a b l e s t a n d a r d i n t h i s r e g a r d . A n o th er d e v ic e w hich i s used i n d e te r m in in g t h e p r e l i m i n a r y e l i g i b i l i t y o f an a p p l i c a n t i s t h e a p p l i c a t i o n blank.
I t w as f o u n d t h a t 19 p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a , a n d
547 39 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s d i d n o t u s e th e m .
The u s e o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k i s r e g a r d e d a s a n
i n d i s p e n s i b l e t o o l in s e l e c t i o n p ro c e ss acco rd in g to the b e s t ju d g m e n t o f a u t h o r i t i e s c i t e d .
I t w as b e l i e v e d t h a t
t h e s c h o o ls n o t u s in g a p p l i c a t i o n b la n k s w ere d e p r i v i n g them selves of a v a lu a b le in stru m e n t; th e s e sc h o o ls d id n ot meet t h e s t a n d a r d p r o p o s e d . E v en s c h o o l s w h i c h u s e a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k s d i d n o t i n v a r i a b l y r e q u i r e a l l a p p l i c a n t s t o f i l l th e m o u t .
About
f o u r o u t o f f i v e s c h o o l s , h o w e v e r , d i d make t h i s r e q u i r e m ent. A s p e c i a l s t u d y w a s made o f t h i r t y - f i v e a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k s s u b m i t t e d by r e s p o n d e n t s .
The i t e m s w h i c h w e r e f o u n d
on a s many a s h a l f o f t h e b l a n k s s u b m i t t e d c o u l d be c l a s s i f ie d under f i v e g e n e ra l h ea d in g s: fe ssio n a l data, experience,
(1) p e r s o n a l and p r o
(2) e d u c a t i o n a l p r e p a r a t i o n ,
(3) t e a c h i n g
(4) a c t i v i t i e s and e x p e r i e n c e s o t h e r t h a n
t e a c h i n g , a n d (5 ) r e f e r e n c e s .
Y i r t u a l u n a n i m i t y was f o u n d
on t h e i n c l u s i o n o f t h e f o l l o w i n g i t e m s :
names a n d a d d r e s s ,
b i r t h d a t a , d a t e o f a p p l i c a t i o n , a n d m a r i t a l s t a t u s ; names o f a l l p o s t - e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s a t t e n d e d , d a t e s o f such a t t e n d a n c e , and d e g r e e s ; ty p e o f p r e v io u s t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n s h e l d , name a n d l o c a t i o n o f t h e s c h o o l s o f s e r v i c e , a n d d a t e s o f s e r v i c e ; a n d nam e, a d d r e s s , a n d p o s i t i o n o f r e f e r e n c e s . I t w as f o u n d t h a t e v e n when t h e r e s p o n d e n t j u n i o r
54S c o l l e g e s d e v e l o p e d t h e i r own a p p l i c a t i o n f o r m s , t h e s e w e r e i n d i s t i n q u i s h a b l e on t h e b a s i s o f m o s t - u s e d i t e m s f r o m t h o s e used j o i n t l y w ith th e
elem entary o r h ig h s c h o o l, o r both.
However t h e f o r m s w h i c h w e r e d e v e l o p e d an d u s e d e x c l u s i v e l y by t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s d i d c o n t a i n i t e m s o f u n i q u e p e r t i nence to t h i s l e v e l s c h o o l.
A p p lic a tio n blanks as a r u le
have n o t been c o n s t r u c t e d t o meet t h e p a r t i c u l a r n e e d s to - requirem ents of the ju n io r c o lle g e . Three o u t o f f o u r j u n i o r c o l l e g e s f i l e a l l com pleted l o c a l a p p l i c a t i o n f o rm s u n t i l c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s g i v e n t o f i l l i n g a vacancy.
The r e m a i n i n g s c h o o l s f i l e o n l y t h e
com pleted form s o f l i k e l y p r o s p e c t s .
F ive out o f s i x
ju n io r c o lle g e s f i l e a l l c o n f id e n tia l papers of the su c c e s sfu l candidate a t th e school.
The p l u r a l i t y j u d g m e n t
o f r e s p o n d e n t s f a v o r o n e y e a r a s t h e optim um t i m e i n w h i c h to r e t a i n d a ta about a p p l ic a n ts o th e r th an th e s u c c e s s f u l can d id ate. ASSEMBLING AND EVALUATING PERSONAL DATA The i n t e r v i e w .
The i n t e r v i e w h a s b e e n s o w e l l
e s t a b l i s h e d i n p r a c t i c e a n d so g e n e r a l l y a d v o c a t e d by e x p e r t s i n p e r s o n n e l s e l e c t i o n t h a t i t m u s t be r e g a r d e d a s a n i n disp en sab le to o l in th e s e le c tio n p ro cess.
The i n t e r v i e w
549 a s a d e v i c e h a s b e e n s u b j e c t t o a g r e a t num ber o f c r i t i c i s m s . S tu d e n t of th e in te r v i e w adm it th e r e s u l t s have n o t alw ays f u l f i l l e d e x p e c t a n c y ; n e v e r t h e l e s s t h e r e i s some g r o u n d f o r b e l i e v i n g t h a t much o f t h e c r i t i c i s m
c a n be d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t
the u se r r a t h e r than a g a in s t th e d e v ic e . V a r i o u s e x p e r t s h a v e s u g g e s t e d how t h e i n t e r v i e w m i g h t b e t te r serve i t s t a t i v e o p in io n ,
in ten d ed p u rp o ses.
On t h e b a s i s o f a u t h o r i
i t w a s b e l i e v e d t h a t Ryans h a d p r o p o s e d t h e
b e st c r i t e r i a p e r ta in in g to th e use of the in te rv ie w as a to o l in te ach e r se le c tio n . T h a t t h e i n t e r v i e w i s h i g h l y r e g a r d e d by t h e r e s p o n d e n t s i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y w a s d e m o n s t r a t e d by t h e i m p o r t a n c e w h i c h w a s p l a c e d on t e n o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e i n t e r v i e w . The r e s p o n d e n t ’ s j u d g m e n t o f t h e i r i m p o r t a n c e r a n g e d from ’’m o d e r a t e l y i m p o r t a n t ” t o ’’t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t . ”
The f o l l o w
i n g w e r e f o u n d t o be t h e t h r e e m o s t i m p o r t a n t o b j e c t i v e s : '(1)
to ap p ra ise a s p e c ts of th e a p p l ic a n t ’s p e rs o n a lity
s u c h a s p o i s e , o p e n m i n d e d n e s s , a n d common s e n s e ;
(2) to
g ain in s i g h t in to th e a p p l i c a n t ’s e d u c a tio n a l philo so p h y a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l o u t l o o k ; a n d (3) "bo a p p r a i s e t h e a p p l i c a n t ’ s p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s u c h a s v o i c e and a p p e a r a n c e . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e m e th o d u s e d , t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n r e s p o n d e n t ’ s judgment o f th e r e l a t i v e im p o rta n c e o f t h e s e o b j e c t i v e s w ere s ta tis tic a lly sig n ific an t. N i n e t y - t h r e e p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d 72 p e r c e n t
550
of th e o u t- o f - s ta te
ju n io r c o lle g e s re p o rt th a t th e p erso n al
i n t e r v i e w i s m andatory f o r a l l c a n d i d a t e s . meet th e s ta n d a r d p ro p o se d .
These s c h o o ls
The r e m a i n i n g s c h o o l s a l l
s t a t e d t h a t t h e i n t e r v i e w w as u s e d b u t n o t i n v a r i a b l y . The d e g r e e o f s c r e e n i n g p r i o r t o t h e i n t e r v i e w a n d an i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e m a g n itu d e o f t h e t a s k o f i n t e r v i e w i n g i s i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e f a c t t h a t two o u t o f t h r e e o u t - o f state
s c h o o l s i n t e r v i e w e d f r o m one t o t h r e e c a n d i d a t e s and
two o u t o f f i v e C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s i n t e r v i e w e d f o u r o r f i v e can d id ates.
T h is r e p r e s e n t s m a j o r i t y and p l u r a l i t y p r a c t i c e
resp ectiv ely . B oth C a l i f o r n i a and o u t - o f - s t a t e r e s p o n d e n t s a s g r o u p s b e l i e v e t h a t t h e i n t e r v i e w m e r i t s m o re t i m e t h a n i s s p e n t on i t .
The m e d i a n t i m e s p e n t i n C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s
was f o u n d t o b e f r o m t w e n t y t o t h i r t y m i n u t e s ; t h e m e d i a n t i m e o u t - o f - s t a t e w as f o u n d t o be f r o m t h i r t y t o f o r t y m inutes.
I t was b e l i e v e d t h a t f o r c a n d i d a t e s who m e r i t
s e r io u s c o n s id e r a tio n , t h i r t y m in u tes r e p r e s e n te d a bare minimum. R eferences.
I n f o r m a t io n s e c u r e d from p e r s o n s
com petent to judge a c a n d i d a t e ’ s f i t n e s s f o r a p o s i t i o n h as come t o be r e g a r d e d a s a n e c e s s a r y p a r t o f t h e t e a c h e r selec tio n process.
A ccording to th e r e s p o n d e n ts o f t h i s
s t u d y two c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f p e r s o n s a p p e a r e d t o be h i g h l y
551 d e sira b le as w rite rs of l e t t e r s of r e c o m m e n d a t i o n . w a s o f most im p o rta n c e t o h e a r from t h e a p p l i c a n t s a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s u p e r i o r and o n ly s l i g h t l y o f l e s s im p o rtan ce.w as i t to h e a r from a p e r s o n of r e c o g n i z e d i n t e g r i t y . tio n is
The i m p l i c a
t h a t i n an y e v e n t i t i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t t o o b t a i n t h e
j u d g m e n t o f t h e l a s t a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c e r an d t h a t i t m akes a g r e a t d e a l o f d i f f e r e n c e t o t h e e v a l u a t o r a s t o who w r i t e s l e t t e r s o f recom m endation. On a s c a l e o f v a l u e s w h e r e t h e n u m b e r 1 r e p r e s e n t s " i n d i s p e n s a b l e " an d 5 r e p r e s e n t s " o f no v a l u e , " an a v e r a g e r a t i n g o f 2 . 5 o r l e s s w as o b t a i n e d on e a c h o f e i g h t s u g g e s t e d p u rp o ses f o r p ro c u rin g such in f o r m a ti o n .
T h i s .was t a k e n t o
mean t h a t r e s p o n d e n t s a s a g r o u p p l a c e a h i g h v a l u e o n t h e i n f o r m a t i o n r e c e i v e d and t h a t r e f e r e n c e s s e r v e d t o a m p l i f y o r v e r i f y many a s p e c t s o f t h e t e a c h e r ’ s q u a l i f i c a t i o n s f o r the a p p lie d -fo r p o s itio n .
R espondents a s a group re g a rd e d
r e f e r e n c e s a s o f m o s t v a l u e i'n e v a l u a t i n g
(1) s u c c e s s f u l
t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e and (2) s a t i s f a c t o r y c o m b in a tio n o f train in g ,
e x p e rie n c e , and p e r s o n a l i t y .
C o n f i d e n t i a l i n f o r m a t i o n s e c u r e d f r o m r e f e r e n c e s was c o n s i s t e n t l y r e g a r d e d by C a l i f o r n i a r e s p o n d e n t s a s o f more v alu e in e v a lu a tin g te a c h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s th an d id th e o u to f - s t a t e resp o n d en ts. F o r t y p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s and 30 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s made no a t t e m p t t o c o n t a c t
552
r e f e r e n c e s when l e t t e r s o f r e c o m m e n d a t i o n a r e i n c l u d e d i n c r e d e n t i a l s r e c e i v e d from th e p la cem en t b u r e a u .
When
r e f e r e n c e s a r e c o n t a c t e d t h e p l u r a l i t y p r a c t i c e was t o do so p e r s o n a l l y o r by p h o n e . R e c o r d s , e x a m in a tio n s , and o b s e r v a t i o n o f t e a c h i n g . The two m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s , and o u t - o f - s t a t e r e s p o n d e n t s ,
c o n c u r r e d i n by C a l i f o r n i a
i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n of t r a n s
c r i p t s o f c r e d i t w e r e (1) u n i t s and g r a d e s i n t e a c h i n g m a jo r and (2) s t a t u s o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s e n d in g t h e t r a n s crip t.
The d a t a on t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f d i f f e r e n c e s o f o b
t a i n e d m eans i n d i c a t e d t h a t c o n s i d e r a b l e c o n f i d e n c e c o u l d be p l a c e d i n t h e p o s i t i o n t h a t r e a l d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t e d b e t w e e n ( 1 ) a n d (2) a n d b e t w e e n t h e s e i t e m s and t h e o t h e r f a c t o r s used i n e v a lu a t in g t r a n s c r i p t s . T h i r t y - t w o p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a and 44 p e r c e n t of the o u t- o f - s ta te
ju n io r co lleg e s did not u t i l i z e a
p h y s ic a l ex am in atio n r e c o rd of c a n d id a te s in th e te a c h e r se le c tio n process.
These s c h o o ls d i d n o t meet t h e s ta n d a r d
proposed. E i g h t y - s i x p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d 93 p e r c e n t o f the o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l le g e s s t a t e d t h a t th e w r i t t e n e x a m i n a t i o n a s a s e l e c t i o n d e v i c e w as n o t u s e d .
E ight of
th e n in e sch o o ls u sin g w r i t t e n exam inations o f v a rio u s k in d s were l a r g e s c h o o l s .
553
T hree o u t o f f i v e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s r e p o r t e d t h e use o f d i r e c t o b s e r v a t i o n o f t h e a p p l i c a n t a t w o rk a s a d e v i c e in ev alu atin g te ach g r q u a lific a tio n s . e s s a r i l y mean i t s
T his d id n o t n e c
use_ f o r a l l o r e v e n a m a j o r i t y o f t h e
leading can d id ates. R e l a t i v e e m p h a s i s p l a c e d on c e r t a i n m a j o r t e a c h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n f o r purposes o f s e l e c t i o n .
P rin te d w eighting
of te a c h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s a s a source of in fo rm a tio n r e g a r d i n g t h e r e l a t i v e e m p h a s i s p l a c e d on m a j o r g r o u p i n g s o f t e a c h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s f o r the p u rp o se s o f s e l e c t i o n proved t o be o f l i t t l e
v alue.
N inety-tw o p er c e n t o f the c o o p e ra t
in g sc h o o ls of th e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n d id n o t use such p rin te d w eig h tin g s. The d a t a o b t a i n e d f r o m r e s p o n d e n t s r e v e a l e d t h a t f o r t e a c h e r s o f s o c i a l s c i e n c e ' p r i m a r y i m p o r t a n c e w as a t t a c h e d t o (1)
s u c c e s s fu l teach in g ex p erien ce,
field ,
and (3) p e r s o n a l i t y f a c t o r s ;
a tta c h e d to
s e c o n d a r y i m p o r t a n c e w as
(4) g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n a n d c u l t u r e ; a n d t e r t i a r y
im portance to
( 5 ) r e c e n c y an d t y p e t r a i n i n g a n d (6 ) p r a c t i c a l
tra d e or b u siness e x p e rie n c e . arts,
(2) k n o w le d g e o f s u b j e c t
For te a c h e rs of v o c a tio n a l
p r i m a r y i m p o r t a n c e w as a t t a c h e d t o
(1 ) k n o w le d g e o f
s u b j e c t f i e l d and (2) p r a c t i c a l t r a d e o r b u s i n e s s e x p e r i e n c e ; s e c o n d a r y i m p o r t a n c e w as a t t a c h e d t o
(3) s u c c e s s f u l t e a c h i n g
e x p e r i e n c e a n d (4 ) p e r s o n a l i t y f a c t o r s ;
and t e r t i a r y im por-
554 tan ce to
(5) r e c e n c y and t y p e o f t r a i n i n g and (6) g e n e r a l
e d u c a t i o n an d c u l t u r e . R e la tiv e value of te a c h e r s e le c tio n d e v ic e s .
On a
s c a l e o f v a l u e s w h e r e one e q u a l s " i n d i s p e n s a b l e , " two e q u a l s " h ig h ly v a l u a b le ," th r e e e q u a ls "m oderately v a lu a b le ," fo u r e q u a l s " o f some b u t s l i g h t v a l u e , " a n d f i v e ,
" o f no v a l u e , "
th e m o st-u se d d a ta and d a t a g a t h e r in g d e v ic e s i n t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n r e c e i v e d t h e f o l l o w i n g r a t i n g s on t h e b a s i s o f t h e co m b in e d C a l i f o r n i a an d o u t - o f - s t a t e t a b u l a t i o n s : personal in te rv ie w , 1 .2 ;
(2) i n f o r m a t i o n from r e f e r e n c e s ,
c o n f id e n tia lly derived, 1 .8 ; (4) t r a n s c r i p t s o f c r e d i t , p erien ce,
2 .4 ;
(1)
(3) a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k s , 1 . 9 ;
2 .3 ;
(5) v e r i f i c a t i o n o f e x
(6) p r o o f o f c e r t i f i c a t i o n 2 . 4 ;
(7) o b s e r v a
t i o n o f t h e a p p l i c a n t a t w o r k , 2 . 5 ; a n d ( 8) p h y s i c a l exam ination r e c o r d ,
2 .8 .
The i m p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s e r a t i n g s seemed t o be t h a t a t l e a s t e i g h t t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n d e v i c e s w e r e r e g a r d e d on a s c a l e o f v a l u e s from " m o d e ra te ly im p o r ta n t" t o " i n d i s p en sab le ."
It
seem ed p a r t i c u l a r l y n o t e w o r t h y t h a t t h e
p e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w was e a s i l y r a n k e d by r e s p o n d e n t s a s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t a n d was a c c o r d e d a r a t i n g by m o s t r e s p o n dents as " in d is p e n s a b le ."
555 APPOINTMENT AND INDUCTION
A ppointm ent.
The p e r s o n a l l e t t e r was t h e m o s t - u s e d
medium o f n o t i f y i n g t h e s u c c e s s f u l c a n d i d a t e o f h i s a p p o i n t m ent.
F i f t y - o n e p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d 77 p e r c e n t
of th e o u t- o f - s ta te
ju n io r c o lle g e s re p o rte d t h i s as the
dom inant p r a c t i c e .
The f o r m l e t t e r was t h e o n l y o t h e r
medium s o e m p lo y e d by more t h a n 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e s c h o o l s s t u d i e d ; i t w as c h i e f l y u s e d among t h e l a r g e i n s t i t u t i o n s . P e r s o n a l c o n t a c t by l e t t e r o r t e l e p h o n e was t h e m o s t u s e d medium o f n o t i f y i n g t h e u n s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a n t s . T h i r t y - s i x p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d 53 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t-o f-state p ractice .
j u n i o r c o l l e g e s i n d i c a t e d t h i s a s t h e dom inant
Form l e t t e r s w e r e so em p lo y ed by 24 p e r c e n t and
12 p e r c e n t o f t h e r e s p e c t i v e g r o u p s . little
O th e r m eth o d s were
used. The p e r s o n a l a p p r o a c h i n n o t i f y i n g e i t h e r s u c c e s s f u l WA
c a n d i d a t e s o r u n s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a n t s was h e l d t o j m o r e c o n s o n a n t w i t h m o d e rn p e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n p r a c t i c e s th a n th e im p e rso n a l m ethods. One o u t o f e i g h t j u n i o r c o l l e g e s d i d n o t n o t i f y t h e u n s u c c e s s fu l a p p l i c a n t s o f the d i s p o s i t i o n of t h e i r a p p l i c a tio n .
T h i s w as n o t r e g a r d e d a s good p r a c t i c e . E i g h t y - e i g h t p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a a n d 75 p e r
c e n t o f the o u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t
556
n e w ly a p p o i n t e d t e a c h e r s s i g n c o n t r a c t s a s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e a f t e r o f f i c i a l b o a r d a c t i o n on a p p o i n t m e n t . d o c u m e n ts w e r e n o t u s e d i n 7 p e r c e n t o f
C ontractu al
t h e C a l i f o r n i a an d
18 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s . The u s e o f " N o t i c e o f E m ploym ent" f o r m s i n d i c a t e d t h a t i t s e r v e d p r i m a r i l y e i t h e r o f two p u r p o s e s :
(1) a s
t h e o f f i c i a l c o n t r a c t docum ent, o r (2) a s a te m p o ra ry agreem ent p r e lim in a r y to th e sig n in g of th e form al c o n t r a c t . O u t - o f - s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s u t i l i z e d t h i s o r s i m i l a r f o rm to a l e s s e r degree th an th e C a lif o r n i a ju n io r c o l le g e s . In d u ctio n .
The p r o p e r i n d u c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s was
c o n s id e r e d to be a n e c e s s a r y a s p e c t o f p e r s o n n e l a d m in is tratio n ,
a n a s p e c t w h i c h s h o u l d be c a r e f u l l y p l a n n e d .
The f r e q u e n c y w i t h w h i c h c e r t a i n e f f o r t s w e r e made by t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t a f f i n t h e s c h o o l a n d c l a s s r o o m o r i e n t a t i o n o f t e a c h e r s was f o u n d t o * n e a r l y t h e same i n t h e C a lif o rn ia ju n io r c o lle g e s as in th e o u t - o f - s t a t e group. The m e t h o d s w h i c h w e r e m o s t o f t e n u s e d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e i n th e o r d e r o f fre q u e n c y of use w ere:
(1) r e c e p t i o n , a t e a ,
o r o t h e r s o c i a l f u n c t i o n h e l d e a r l y i n t h e y e a r t o welcome new t e a c h e r s ;
(2) new t e a c h e r s p r o v i d e d w i t h p e r s o n a l c o p i e s
o f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s , book;
(3)
or a f a c u l ty hand
c o n f e r e n c e s o r m e e t i n g o f new t e a c h e r s a f t e r t h e
opening o f sc h o o l;
( 4 ) new t e a c h e r s p r o v i d e d w i t h p e r s o n a l
5 57
c o p i e s o f b o a r d r u l e s an d r e g u l a t i o n s ,
a n d (5) new t e a c h e r s
re p o rt e a r l i e r than o th e r te a c h e rs fo r conference w ith th e ju n io r co lleg e d ir e c to r. R e sp o n d e n ts were a s k e d t o i n d i c a t e w h ich o f t h e o r i e n t a t i o n e f f o r t s o f t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t a f f had p ro v e n t o be o f o u t s t a n d i n g v a l u e .
The d a t a r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e
r a n k o r d e r i n te r m s o f f r e q u e n c y o f u se d i d n o t m atch t h e ran k o rd e r in term s of v a l u e .
The v a l u e w as d e t e r m i n e d by
t h e r a t i o o f t h e n u m b e r o f r e s p o n d e n t s who r e g a r d e d t h e m e th o d a s o f o u t s t a n d i n g v a l u e t o t h e t o t a l n u m b e r who s a i d t h e m e th o d was u s e d .
On t h i s
b a s i s th e f o llo w in g m ethods
were found to be o f m ost v a lu e :
(1) a s s i g n m e n t o f a ” b i g
b ro th e r o r a s i s t e r ” o r sponsor,
(2 ) b u l l e t i n s i s s u e d
e s p e c i a l l y f o r new t e a c h e r s , a n d ( 3 ) new t e a c h e r s r e p o r t e a r l i e r th a n o t h e r t e a c h e r s f o r group m e e tin g s .
Inasmuch
a s t h e s e e f f o r t s o f t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s t a f f were l i t t l e used, i t
seemed t h a t t h e s e o r i e n t a t i o n m e t h o d s w e r e n o t
b e i n g u t i l i z e d t o t h e e x t e n t w a r r a n t e d by t h e i r p o t e n t i a l valu e. In f o r t y - t h r e e p e r c e n t o f the e i g h t y - s i x resp o n d en t j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , t h e h o l d - o v e r t e a c h i n g s t a f f made no e f f o r t i n t h e s c h o o l a n d c l a s s r o o m o r i e n t a t i o n o f new t e a c h e r s . The o n l y p r a c t i c e u s e d by m o re t h a n o n e - h a l f o f t h e s c h o o l s was t h e s p o n s o r i n g by t h e " o l d ” t e a c h e r s o f a t e a o r o t h e r s o c i a l f u n c t i o n f o r t h e new t e a c h e r s .
The a s s i g n a t i o n by t h e
55B
v a rio u s departm ents o f a te a c h e r w ith in th e departm ent to s e r v e a s a t e m p o r a r y a d v i s o r f o r new p e r s o n n e l was r a t e d 'h i g h e s t in term s of " o u ts ta n d in g v a l u e ."
As a m e th o d o f
o r i e n t a t i o n w h i c h w as a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f t h e t e a c h i n g s t a f f , it
ranked second in e x te n t o f u se .
O ther ty p e s o f e f f o r t s
on p a r t o f t h e t e a c h i n g s t a f f w e r e s e l d o m m ade. F o r t y - n i n e p e r c e n t , o r on e o u t o f tw o , j u n i o r c o l l e g e s s t a t e d t h a t t h e y h a d no o r g a n i z e d p r o g r a m f o r t h e com m unity o r i e n t a t i o n o f t e a c h e r s .
The m o s t - u s e d e f f o r t
o f t h e s c h o o l s a t t e m p t i n g some s e r v i c e i n t h i s a r e a was d i r e c t e d t o w a r d h e l p i n g new t e a c h e r s s e c u r e l i v i n g q u a r t e r s . S i x t y - t w o p e r c e n t o f t h e s c h o o l s u s i n g t h i s m e th o d r e g a r d e d i t as "of o u tsta n d in g v a lu e ." I t was p r o p o s e d a s a c r i t e r i o n t h a t t h e i n d u c t i o n o f new t e a c h e r s t o t h e i r new e n v i r o n m e n t s h o u l d be a c a r e f u l l y p lanned program .
The 43 p e r c e n t o f t h e s c h o o l s w h i c h h a d
d e v e l o p e d no o r g a n i z e d p r o g r a m by w h i c h t h e t e a c h e r s them s e l v e s may a i d i n t h e i n d u c t i o n p r o c e s s , t h e 49 p e r c e n t o f t h e s c h o o l s w h i c h h a d d e v e l o p e d no o r g a n i z e d p r o g r a m o f com m unity o r i e n t a t i o n , a n d t h e comments o f c h e c k - l i s t re s p o n d e n ts , a r e a p a r t of evidence le a d in g to th e con c l u s i o n t h a t t h e o r i e n t a t i o n n e e d s o f new t e a c h e r s w e r e t o la r g e e x t e n t n o t m et.
559 FACTORS AFFECTING RETENTION
B o a rd p o l i c i e s .
Because o f i n s u f f i c i e n t av e ra g e d a i l y
a t t e n d a n c e , t w e l v e C a l i f o r n i a j u n i o r c o l l e g e s c o m p r i s i n g 30 p e r c e n t o f sc h o o ls of t h i s s t a t e and c o n t r ib u t in g d a ta f o r t h i s p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n were a t th e s t a r t o f th e f u l l term i n 1949 o p e r a t i n g u n d e r t h e o p t i o n a l f e a t u r e o f C a l i f o r n i a te n u r e law .
In th e s e tw elve sc h o o ls l e g a l te n u re i s o p tio n a l
w ith th e board r e g a r d l e s s of th e le n g th o f te a c h e r s e r v i c e . In t h e re m a in in g j u n i o r c o l l e g e s except, f o r c e r t a i n s p e c i a l p ro v isio n s f o r sc h o o ls lo c a te d in la rg e c i t y school d i s t r i c t s , any t e a c h e r a t t h e s t a r t o f th e f o u r t h y e a r o f s e r v i c e h as o b ta in e d l e g a l te n u r e in th e d i s t r i c t o f such s e r v i c e .
The
b o a r d , by t e r m i n a t i n g em ploym ent a t t h e e n d o f t h e p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d , p r o v i d e d n o t i f i c a t i o n i s made on o r b e f o r e May 15 o f t h e t h i r d y e a r o f s e r v i c e , may d e n y t e n u r e s t a t u s t o teach e rs in th ese ju n io r c o lle g e s. In C a lifo rn ia fiv e per cent of th e ju n io r college b o a r d s im p o s e d r e s t r i c t i o n s on t h e n u m b e rs o r p e r c e n t a g e o f t e a c h e r s who c a n be made p e r m a n e n t ; t e n p e r c e n t im p o s e a g e , resid en ce,
or sim ila r r e s t r i c t i o n s .
in f i v e p e r c e n t o f the above c a s e s ,
Age r e s t r i c t i o n s may, be m ore r e l a t e d t o
i n i t i a l appointm ent th a n to perm anent ap p o in tm e n t. appeared, th e r e f o r e ,
It
t h a t C a lif o r n ia boards to a very
l i m i t e d e x t e n t , im p o s e d b a r r i e r s o f t h i s t y p e p r e v e n t i n g
560
th e r e te n tio n of te a c h e rs . C a l i f o r n i a b o a r d s d i d n o t im p o s e e x c e s s i v e l y h i g h s t a n d a r d s f o r t e a c h e r s a s p r e r e q u i s i t e s f o r r e t e n t i o n , an d by so d o i n g , n e g a t e t h e p r i n c i p l e o f t e n u r e .
As a m a t t e r
o f board p o l i c y o r in l i e u t h e r e o f , th e boards i n t h i s s t a t e su p p o rte d each o f t h r e e s ta n d a r d s e q u a lly w e ll ;
th ese
s t a n d a r d s w e r e " s a t i s f a c t o r y , ” " a b o v e a v e r a g e , " and " o u t stan d in g . ” Among o u t - o f - s t a t e
ju n io r co lleg es,
b a r r i e r s to perm anent r e t e n t i o n ,
board-im posed
s u c h a s t h e n u m b e rs o f
t e a c h e r s who c a n be made p e r m a n e n t o r a g e , w e r e f o u n d t o be p r a c t i c a l l y n o n - e x i s t e n t .
In th re e out of f iv e o u t- o f-
s t a t e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , t h e b o a r d h a d made no d e f i n i t e s t a t e d p o lic y o f any k in d .
T h i s w as b e l i e v e d t o r e f l e c t t h e f a c t
t h a t f o r a l a r g e group o f th e o u t - o f - s t a t e t e n u r e was n o t a m a t t e r o f l a w .
A
schools te a c h e r
In s c h o o ls w here a p p l i c a b l e ,
th e board r e g a r d e d " s a t i s f a c t o r y " and "above a v e ra g e " as d e s c r i p t i v e o f t h e s t a n d a r d s w hich t e a c h e r s s h o u ld a t t a i n
as a p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r perm anent a p p o in tm e n t. F o r t y - f o u r p e r c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a an d 12 p e r c e n t of th e o u t - o f - s t a t e schools fu rn is h in g d a ta s ta te d th a t th e bo ard " a lw a y s" a f f i r m e d t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t ’ s recom m endation r e g a r d i n g permanency o f t e a c h e r s .
F o r t y - s e v e n p e r c e n t and
28 p e r c e n t i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e b o a r d " n e a r l y a l w a y s " d i d s o . B o a rd c o n f i r m a t i o n was m ore o f c e r t a i n t y i n t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e
561
s c h o o l s th a n i n t h e C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s , and i n t h e l a r g e than th e s m a ll• Xt w as c o n c l u d e d t h a t s c h o o l b o a r d s , cep tio n s,
b u t f o r few ex
had p r o v i d e d , th r o u g h t h e i r p e r s o n n e l p o l i c i e s and
p r a c t i c e s , a clim a te fa v o ra b le to th e r e t e n tio n of te a c h e rs o n some p e r m a n e n t b a s i s . G eneral a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p o l i c i e s .
T h irty -fo u r per
c e n t o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a r e s p o n d e n t s an d s e v e n t y - t h r e e p e r c e n t of th e o u t - o f - s t a t e re sp o n d e n ts c o n t r ib u t in g d a ta i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e optim um p e r c e n t a g e o f t e n u r e t e a c h e r s s h o u l d be i n e x c e s s o f 80 p e r c e n t .
The m o d a l p r e f e r e n c e o f t h e
C a l i f o r n i a r e s p o n d e n t s w as f ro m 70 t o 80 p e r c e n t . s i z e d i d n o t a p p e a r t o be a f a c t o r o u t - o f - s t a t e ,
School
but in
C a lif o r n ia th e re sp o n d e n ts of th e sm all sch o o ls in d ic a t e d optim um p e r c e n t a g e s f r o m 4 0 t o 8 0 , e x c e p t f o r f o u r r e s p o n d e n t s who f a v o r e d 20 p e r c e n t o r l e s s .
I t appeared t h a t
t h e s e f o u r s c h o o l s a n d o n e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l i n w h i c h an optimum p e r c e n t a g e o f t e n u r e t e a c h e r s was r e g a r d e d a s l e s s t h a n 20 p e r c e n t d i d n o t m e e t t h e s t a n d a r d s u g g e s t e d . The s t a n d a r d s n e c e s s a r y f o r r e - e m p l o y m e n t o f a t e a c h e r who h a s s e r v e d two y e a r s i s h i g h e r , a s a n a v e r a g e h i g h e r , t h a n t h a t o f a t e a c h e r who h a s s e r v e d o n l y o n e y e a r .
The
p o s s i b i l i t y o f t e n u r e f o r t h e t e a c h e r w as n o t c o n s i d e r e d by t h e r e s p o n d e n t s t o h a v e much b e a r i n g o n t h e d e c i s i o n t o r e
562
em ploy t h e t e a c h e r a f t e r one y e a r o f s e r v i c e ; h o w e v e r , t h i s f a c t o r became more i m p o r t a n t i n t h e d e c i s i o n t o r e - e m p l o y a t e a c h e r a f t e r two y e a r s o f s e r v i c e . The m oda l p r a c t i c e w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e m o n th d u r i n g w hich p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r s w ere n o t i f i e d o f n o n -re n e w a l o f c o n t r a c t s i s M arch.
One i n f o u r o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o l s
and one i n t e n o f t h e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s d e la y e d t h i s n o t i f i c a t i o n u n t i l som e tim e b e t w e e n May 1 a n d May 1 5 . In C a l i f o r n i a th e j u n i o r c o lle g e d i r e c t o r i s given a g r e a t e r degree o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y in th e choice of te a c h e rs who w i l l make up h i s p e r m a n e n t s t a f f .
In alm ost h a l f o f th e
C a l i f o r n i a s c h o o ls w here a p p l i c a b l e th e d i r e c t o r p r e p a r e d t h e l i s t o f t e a c h e r s who a r e t o be n o m i n a t e d f o r p e r m a n e n c y , s u b je c t to the ap p ro v al o f the s u p e r in te n d e n t.
I n o n l y one
o u t o f f i v e o u t - o f - s t a t e s c h o o l s d i d t h e d i r e c t o r assum e equal r e s p o n s ib ility . Im p ro v e m e n t o f p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r s e r v i c e . v a r ia tio n s e x is t w ith re fe re n c e to
C reat
the k in d and e x te n t of
u s e o f m e t h o d s e m p lo y e d t o i m p r o v e t h e s e r v i c e o f t h e p r o batio n ary te a c h e r.
The m e t h o d s , i n d e c r e a s i n g o r d e r o f
e x t e n t o f u s e a c c o r d i n g to th e number o f s c h o o l s em ploying t h i s m e th o d a n d t h e m e d i a n n u m b e r o f t i m e s t h a t t h e s e s c h o o ls u s e d t h e method p e r s e m e s t e r , a r e : co n feren ces w ith the c o lle g e d i r e c t o r ,
3;
(1) i n d i v i d u a l (2 ) f a c u l t y m e e t
563 in g s, (4)
4;
(3) i n d i v i d u a l c o n f e r e n c e s w i t h d e p a rtm e n t h e a d , 4;
classroom v i s i t a t i o n
o th e r th an th e d ir e c to r , colleg e d ir e c to r ,
2;
by members o f t h e s u p e r v i s o r y s t a f f 2;
( 5 ) c l a s s r o o m v i s i t a t i o n s by t h e
(6) b u l l e t i n s ,
5; departm ent m e e tin g s ,
3; a n d i n d i v i d u a l m em oranda, 3* In g e n e ra l th e ju n io r c o lle g e s p rese n ted th e ap p ear ance o f s e r i o u s e f f o r t t o im prove t h e s e r v i c e o f th e p r o b atio n ary te a c h e r.
N o t e n o u g h w a s known o f t h e q u a l i t y o f
t h e t e a c h e r - i m p r o v e m e n t p r o g r a m t o p e r m i t an a d e q u a t e ap p raisal. The d e p a r t m e n t h e a d a s s u m e d v a r y i n g d e g r e e s o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r im provem ent.
In sm all
s c h o o l s w h e r e he t y p i c a l l y a c t e d a s a c o o r d i n a t o r , h e h a d little
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h i s program .
The m a j o r i t y o f
t h e m e d i u m - s i z e d s c h o o l s and t h e p l u r a l i t y o f t h e l a r g e sc h o o ls in d ic a t e d t h a t the departm ent head a c te d p r im a r ily i n a s u p e r v i s o r y c a p a c i t y o r m a n i f e s t e d by t e a c h i n g a s s i s ta n c e and t e a c h e r e v a l u a t i o n ; i n th e s e s c h o o ls t h e d ep artm en t h e a d a s s u m e d c o n s i d e r a b l e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e im p r o v e m e n t of p ro b atio n ary te a c h e r se rv ic e .
F u l l " l i n e ” a u t h o r i t y , and
t h e c o m m e n s u r a te r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , w a s f o u n d t o be t h e p r a c t i c e i n on e o f s e v e n s c h o o l s ,
c h ie fly th e la rg e ones.
" I n c o n f e r e n c e f o r t h e p u r p o s e " w as d e s i g n a t e d o v e r w helm ingly as th e f i r s t ,
a n d f o r many t h e o n l y ,
choice of
m e t h o d s by w h i c h t h e p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r s h o u l d be n o t i f i e d
564 of d e fic ie n c ie s of se rv ic e . E v alu atio n of p ro b atio n a ry te a c h e r s e r v i c e .
In th e
a p p ra is a l of p ro b atio n ary te a c h e r se rv ic e , the ju n io r co lleg e d i r e c t o r s p l a c e d r e l i a n c e on t h e i r s o u r c e s o f s u p p l e m e n t a l in fo rm atio n in th e fo llo w in g rank o rd e r:
(1) d i r e c t c l a s s
room o b s e r v a t i o n by t h e s u p e r v i s o r y s t a f f ,
(2) o b s e r v a t i o n
o f n o n - c l a s s r o o m a c t i v i t i e s by t h e s u p e r v i s o r y s t a f f , opinions of fe llo w te a c h e rs ,
(4) sa m p lin g o f s t u d e n t o p i n i o n ,
an d (5) u n s o l i c i t e d comments o f t h e l a y p u b l i c . tw o,
(3)
(1) and ( 2 ) , w ere " g e n e r a l l y r e s p e c t e d , "
The f i r s t
(3),
(4)> an d
( 5) w e r e u s e d " f o r c o r r o b o r a t i o n o n l y , " an d (6 ) was " s e l d o m c o n sid ered ." L e s s t h a n one o u t o f f o u r j u n i o r c o l l e g e s u s e d f o r m a l w ritte n ra tin g s of prob atio n ary te a c h e rs .
In only f i v e of
e i g h t y - s i x s c h o o l s h a d t h e s e f o r m s b een s p e c i f i c a l l y c o n s tr u c t e d f o r use in th e ju n io r c o lle g e .
The f o rm s s u b m i t t e d
f o r s tu d y d i s p l a y e d w ide v a r i e t y a s t o q u a l i f i c a t i o n s con s id e re d e s s e n t i a l , as to th e d e f in it io n of the q u a l if i c a t io n s t h e m s e l v e s , a s t o t h e m ethods o f r e c o r d i n g t h e a p p r a i s a l , and o t h e r p e r t i n e n t a s p e c t s o f such form s. An a n a l y s i s o f t h e d a t a s u b m i t t e d by r e s p o n d e n t s r e v e a l e d t h a t i t w as t h e o p e r a t i o n a l a s p e c t s o f i n s t r u c t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s t h a t p r o v e d t o be m o s t d i f f i c u l t f o r p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r s t o a t t a i n t h e s t a n d a r d r e q u i s i t e to perm anency.
The i n s t r u c t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s i n c l u d e d s k i l l i n t e a c h i n g , a b i l i t y to d ea l w ith in d iv id u a l d if f e re n c e s , a b i l i t y to in sp ire stu d en ts,
and a b i l i t y t o h a n d le c la s s ro o m d i s c i p l i n e
On t h e o t h e r h a n d i t w as t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a l a n d m e c h a n i c a l a s p e c t s o f t e a c h i n g t h a t w e r e more o f t e n s a t i s f a c t o r i l y perform ed.
These a s p e c t s i n c l u d e d u n d e r s ta n d i n g o f problem
c a s e s , k n o w le d g e o f s u b j e c t m a t t e r , w ith r e c o r d s and r e p o r t s .
and r o u t i n e c o n n e c te d
CHAPTER X I I I
RECOMMENDATIONS GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS R esp o n sib ility fo r s e le c tio n .
The j u n i o r c o l l e g e
s u p e r i n t e n d e n t n e e d s t o b e a r -in mind t h a t a s t h e c h i e f e x e c u t i v e o f th e s c h o o l he h a s th e f i n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r a d v i s i n g t h e b o a r d on t e c h n i c a l m a t t e r s s u c h a s t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n .
There is .s o m e ev id e n c e i n t h i s
s t u d y t h a t p o i n t s t o u s u r p a t i o n o f t h i s f u n c t i o n by t h e b o a r d ; an d f u r t h e r m o r e , t h a t t o some e x t e n t t h i s h a s been a b e t t e d by a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d e c i s i o n s .
Where s u c h c o n d i t i o n s
e x i s t t h e b o a r d a n d t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t n e e d t o w o rk o u t t h e i r r e s p e c tiv e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s along th e l i n e s suggested in the c r i t e r i a . A c tu a liz a tio n of th e m e r it p r i n c i p l e .
C onscious e f
f o r t s h o u l d be made by t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e p r o f e s s i o n a l ex ecu tiv es to a c tu a liz e in to p r a c tic e th e p r in c ip le th a t t e a c h e r s s h o u l d be s e l e c t e d on t h e b a s i s o f t h e e s t i m a t e d e f f i c i e n c y w i t h w hich t h e y w i l l p e rfo rm t h e i r p r o f e s s i o n a l d u ties.
The f o l l o w i n g s u g g e s t i o n s a r e p r o p o s e d :
(1) t h a t
t h e d i s t r i c t im p o s e no a r b i t r a r y a g e b a r r i e r s w h i c h p r e c l u d e t h e em ploym ent o f t h e t e a c h e r b e s t q u a l i f i e d b u t c a r e f u l l y f i t age r e q u ir e m e n ts i n t o a p la n n e d p e r s o n n e l p o l i c y ,
(2)
567 t h a t no r e s i d e n c e r e s t r i c t i o n o f a n y k i n d be s t i p u l a t e d a s a p r e r e q u i s i t e t o i n i t i a l o r c o n t i n u i n g e m p lo y m e n t, (3) t h a t f a c t o r s w h i c h do n o t r e l a t e t o t e a c h e r c o m p e t e n c e be e l i m i n a t e d f r o m a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k s , a n d ( 4 ) t h a t e f f o r t be made t o e n c o u r a g e t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s on t h e b a s i s o f m e r i t by a p r o p e r r e f l e c t i o n o f t h i s p r i n c i p l e i n t h e o f f i c i a l a c tio n o f th e board. There i s a need f o r b roadening th e g e o g ra p h ic a l base f ro m w h i c h a p p l i c a n t s a r e d r a w n . a re proposed:
The f o l l o w i n g s u g g e s t i o n s
( 1 ) t h a t no a r b i t r a r y g e o g r a p h i c a l l i m i t a
t i o n s o f a n y k i n d be i m p o s e d by t h e i n d i v i d u a l j u n i o r c o l l e g e s , (2)
t h a t t e a c h e r p l a c e m e n t o f f i c e s o v e r a w id e a r e a be c o n
t a c t e d an d t h a t i n no c a s e s h o u l d t h e a r e a be l e s s t h a n statew id e,
(3) t h a t t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f p o t e n t i a l a p p l i c a n t s
on a r e g i o n a l o r n a t i o n a l b a s i s s h o u l d be e n c o u r a g e d , a n d ( 4 ) t h a t a t t e n t i o n be g i v e n t o f i n a n c i n g i n w h o le o r i n p a r t t h e c o s t s c o n s e q u e n t t o i n t e r v i e w i n g c a n d i d a t e s who a r e u n u s u a l l y w e l l q u a l i f i e d b u t who l i v e a t a c o n s i d e r a b l e d istan ce. N a tio n a l c l e a r i n g house of in fo rm a tio n re g a rd in g t e a c h e r s and p o s i t i o n s . . There i s a need f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g a c e n tr a l c l e a r in g house o f in fo rm a tio n re g a rd in g a p p lic a n ts \ a n d p o s i t i o n s on a n a t i o n a l b a s i s . I t i s recommended t h a t ‘
t h e n a t i o n a l J u n i o r C o l l e g e A s s o c i a t i o n a s s u m e a s on e o f i t s
56 8
f u n c tio n s th e prom otion o f an agency to s e rv e t h i s p u rp o se. I t i s p a r t i c u l a r l y recommended t h a t t h e a g e n c y s u p p l y t h e follow ing s e rv ic e s :
(1) d e t e r m i n e t h e p a r t i c u l a r s h o r t a g e s
and a v e ra g e s i n t h e su p p ly o f t e a c h e r s f o r v a r i o u s f i e l d s and s u b j e c t s ;
(2 ) m a i n t a i n a c o n t i n u o u s i n v e n t o r y o f s u c h
s h o r t a g e s a n d o v e r a g e s a n d make t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e to te a c h e r t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s ,
to persons o r groups
i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e r e c r u i t m e n t o f p r o m i s i n g men and women t o t h e p r o f e s s i o n , a n d t o o t h e r s t o whom s u c h i n f o r m a t i o n w o u ld be u s e f u l ;
(3) f u r n i s h i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o t e a c h i n g
p o s i t i o n s t o i n t e r e s t e d t e a c h e r s and a d m i n i s t r a t o r s ; and (4) o p e r a t e a p l a c e m e n t s e r v i c e . I n s t i t u t i o n a l study o f te a c h e r p erso n n e l a d m in is t r a tio n . I t i s recommended t h a t j u n i o r c o l l e g e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s make a study of th e te a c h e r personnel a d m in is tra tio n in t h e i r re sp e c tiv e sch o o ls.
I t appeared to th e in v e s tig a to r t h a t
t o o o f t e n t h e d a t a o f p r a c t i c e s r e p o r t e d , t h e n o t a t i o n s on th e check l i s t ,
t h e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e , a n d t h e f o r m s an d o t h e r
m a t e r i a l s u b m i t t e d f o r s t u d y , a l l s u g g e s t e d a r a n d o m and m is c e lla n e o u s c o l l e c t i o n o f p o l i c i e s and p r o c e d u r e s .
When
t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a n d d a t a w e r e l o o k e d upon a s a n i n s t i t u t i o n a l r a t h e r t h a n m a s s p henom ena, i t a p p e a r e d f u r t h e r m o r e t h a t o f t e n t h e r e w e r e no p o l i c i e s o r p r a c t i c e s w h e r e t h e r e s h o u l d h a v e b e e n some, t h a t o f t e n s u c h a s w e r e e x i s t e n t d i d n o t
569 a t t a i n a d e s i r a b l e s ta n d a r d o r d id not.m ake an i n t e r n a l l y c o n siste n t personnel p lan . P e rso n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i s too im p o rta n t t o le a v e to chance and im p r o v i s a t i o n .
I t i s b eliev ed th a t in d iv id u a l
j u n i o r c o l l e g e s c o u ld p r o f i t from a th o ro u g h g o in g a n a l y s i s and e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e i r p r e s e n t p o l i c i e s a n d p r a c t i c e s w i t h t h e en d i n v i e w o f f o r m u l a t i n g a p l a n o f p e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w hich can be b e t t e r d e fe n d e d , w hich i s i n t e r n a l l y co n siste n t,
an d w h i c h c a n b e made t h e s u b j e c t o f c o n t i n u o u s
s tu d y and im provem ent. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH In d u ctio n in to s e r v ic e .
T his problem r e c e i v e d o n ly
m inor a t t e n t i o n i n th e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
The p r o b l e m
was a t t a c k e d p r i m a r i l y f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f d e v i c e s w h i c h w e r e u s e d a n d t h e i r r e l a t i v e w o r t h a s j u d g e d by t h e r e s p o n dents.
No a t t e m p t w as made t o a s c e r t a i n how t h e p r o g r a m o f
in d u ctio n a ffe c te d th e r e c ip ie n t. lim ite d ,
The e v i d e n c e , t h o u g h
seemed t o i n d i c a t e t h e l a c k o f a n y c o n s i d e r a b l e
amount o f p l a n n i n g ; r e s p o n d e n t s t h e m s e l v e s i n d i c a t e d by n o t a t i o n t h a t t h e y o u g h t t o do m o r e .
I t i s b e l i e v e d by
t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t o r t h a t an i n q u i r y w h i c h w i l l r e v e a l t h e r e a l c o re o f j u n i o r c o l l e g e i n d u c t i o n p r a c t i c e s , and w h i c h w i l l show how t h e y may be i m p r o v e d , i s n e e d e d .
570 T e a c h e r im p r o v e m e n t i n s e r v i c e .
T e a c h e r im provem ent
i n s e r v i c e may b e r e g a r d e d a s a p a r t o f t h e same p r o b l e m r e f e r r e d to above, o r a s an im p o r ta n t segment o f p e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n f o l l o w i n g t h e i n d u c t i o n o f a new t e a c h e r i n t o serv ice.
A stu d y i s needed to d elv e ben eath th e e x t e r n a l
t r a p p i n g s of th e i n - s e r v i c e program .
I t i s b eliev ed th a t i t
w o u l d be i m p o r t a n t t o a s c e r t a i n t h e e f f e c t p r o d u c e d ,
the
s p i r i t i n w h i c h i t i s e n g e n d e r e d , h i n d r a n c e s and h e l p s t o m o r a l e , a t t e n t i o n p a i d t o human r e l a t i o n s h i p s , a n d o t h e r f a c t o r s w hich w ere n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n . Teacher com petence.
There i s a need f o r d e f i n i n g
t e a c h e r c o m p e t e n c e on t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e l e v e l .
The t e a c h e r
e v a l u a t i o n f o rm s r e c e i v e d f r o m r e s p o n d e n t s s u g g e s t t h a t v e r y l i t t l e h a s b e e n d o n e t o d e f i n e w h a t i s m e a n t by c o m p e t e n c e . I n v i e w o f t h e c r i t i c a l i m p o r t a n c e o f kn o w in g t h i s i n r e l a t i o n to p e rso n n e l a d m in is t r a tio n a s w e ll a s f o r the g en eral improvement o f th e s c h o o l , a r e a l s e r v i c e w i l l hav e been done by r e s e a r c h e r s who e v e n b u t s l i g h t l y a d v a n c e t h e f r o n tie r s in t h i s area. I n te r n a l o r g a n iz a tio n of the a d m in is tra tio n s t a f f . The i n t e r n a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s p r e s e n t s a very confused p i c t u r e .
The t i t l e s o f p o s i t i o n s ,
for
e x a m p l e , f u r n i s h no a d e q u a t e b a s i s f o r d e t e r m i n i n g e v e n t h e
571 m ajor fu n c tio n s perform ed. p o in t.
The t i t l e
11d e a n " i s a c a s e i n
I n t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n i t p r o v e d t o be v e r y
d i f f i c u l t t o o b t a i n a c o n c e p tio n o f the o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s tr u c t u r e w ith in the c o lle g e i t s e l f .
There i s needed a
s t u d y w h i c h w i l l s e e k t o c l a r i f y t h e s i t u a t i o n a n d make recom m endations r e l a t i v e t o t h e i n t e r n a l s t r u c t u r e and f u n c t i o n s o f the j u n i o r c o l l e g e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . RECOMMENDED PROGRAM OF JUNIOR COLLEGE TEACHER SELECTION AND RETENTION R e s p o n s i b i l i t y and o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r s e l e c t i o n and reten tio n .
The b o a r d , a s a u n i t o r a s i n d i v i d u a l s ,
should
h a v e no p a r t i n t h e p r o c e s s d e s i g n e d t o a s c e r t a i n t h e
best
q u a lifie d teach er. The s u p e r i n t e n d e n t a s t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l h e a d o f t h e s c h o o l s h o u l d a s su m e t h e u l t i m a t e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r s e l e c tio n of te a c h e rs. The s u p e r i n t e n d e n t , o r h i s a g e n t , s h o u l d n o m i n a t e f o r ap p o in tm en t one c a n d id a te p e r p o s i t i o n . The b o a r d s h o u l d a f f i r m a p p o i n t m e n t u n l e s s r e j e c t e d by m a j o r i t y v o t e .
I f r e j e c t i o n i s m ade, t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t
s h o u l d be r e q u e s t e d t o n o m i n a t e a s e c o n d c a n d i d a t e . The b o a r d s h o u l d e l e c t a t e a c h e r o n l y on n o m i n a t i o n by t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o r h i s a g e n t .
572 The b o a r d s h o u l d f o r m u l a t e p o l i c i e s r e l a t i n g t o t h e selectio n ,
appointm ent, and r e t e n t i o n o f t e a c h e r s , u t i l i z i n g
w hatever p r o f e s s i o n a l a d v ic e i t n e e d s .
These p o l i c i e s
s h o u l d , when a p p r o v e d , be c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e
crite ria
s u g g e s t e d i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n a n d become a p a r t o f t h e o f f i c i a l re c o rd o f th e board. A ll a d m in is t r a tiv e p erso n n e l concerned sh o u ld have a ju s t share in th e s e le c tio n of te a c h e rs .
The d e g r e e o f
p a r t i c i p a t i o n s h o u l d be c o m m e n s u r a te w i t h t h e i r a s s i g n e d ad m in istrativ e r e s p o n s ib ilitie s . The d e g r e e o f d e l e g a t i o n o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n s h o u l d be i n v e r s e l y r e l a t e d t o c h a n g e s i n m a g n i tu d e of th e span of c o n t r o l ;
s i z e o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e and
s i z e o f d e p a r t m e n t s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a s one o f t h e f a c t o r s in v o lv e d i n each case* The j u n i o r c o l l e g e d i r e c t o r , than th e su p e rin te n d e n t,
i f a d if f e r e n t person
should have th e m ajor r e s p o n s i
b i l i t y fo r the s e le c tio n of te a c h e rs .
He s h o u l d i n i t i a t e
and a d m i n i s t e r t h e e a r l i e r p h a s e s o f t h e s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s , and assume such f u r t h e r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a s i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e d e g r e e o f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a u to n o m y d e s i r a b l e . The s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s s h o u l d be s o p l a n n e d and a d m in is te re d t h a t th e p e rso n o r p erso n s most a b le to e v a l u a t e t h e p o t e n t i a l s e r v i c e i n w hole o r s i g n i f i c a n t p a r t
573 are u tiliz e d . The d e p a r t m e n t h e a d s h o u l d h a v e a d e f i n i t e p a r t i n th e s e le c tio n of te a c h e rs f o r h is departm ent. The j u n i o r c o l l e g e d i r e c t o r s h o u l d s e e k ways i n w h i c h t h e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d ’ s a b i l i t y a n d u n i q u e k n o w le d g e o f h i s d e p a r t m e n t may m o st c o n t r i b u t e t o j u d i c i o u s and i n t e l l i g e n t a p p ra is a l of te a c h e rs f o r th a t d epartm ent. W herever p o s s i b l e t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n s h o u l d be i n f o r m a l . W hether th e o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n i s in fo rm al o r fo rm al, th e s e l e c t o r s sh o u ld re p r e s e n t v ario u s l e v e l s o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and should r e f l e c t d i f f e r e n t i a l expertness. N ot l e s s t h a n t w o , a n d w h e r e p o s s i b l e no l e s s t h a n th r e e p erso n s sh o u ld have a sh a re i n s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s . F actors q u alify in g
e m p lo y m e n t.
T e a e h e r s s h o u l d be
s e l e c t e d on t h e b a s i s o f t h e e s t i m a t e d e f f i c i e n c y w i t h w h i c h they w ill, perform t h e i r p r o f e s s io n a l d u tie s . t h e f o l l o w i n g s h o u l d be o b s e r v e d :
To do t h i s ,
( 1 ) t h e r e s h o u l d be no
a r b i t r a r y a g e r e s t r i c t i o n s w h i c h p r e c l u d e t h e em ploym ent o f the te a c h e r best q u a lifie d ;
(2) c a n d i d a t e s s h o u l d n o t be
d is c rim in a te d a g a in s t because of ra c e o r c o lo r, r e li g i o u s b elief,
p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e , a n d ec o n o m ic o r m a r i t a l s t a t u s ;
(3) g e o g r a p h i c a l f a c t o r s sh o u ld n o t p r e v e n t th e r e c r u i t m e n t
57k o f t h e b e s t q u a l i f i e d t e a c h e r ; a n d (4) t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e s h o u l d n o t be r e g a r d e d a s a n e c e s s a r y r e q u i r e m e n t f o r e l ig ib ility fo r a p o sitio n . The h i r i n g a u t h o r i t y s h o u l d a c t i v e l y s e e k d e s i r a b l e a p p lic a n ts f o r te ach in g p o sitio n s..
T h i s s h o u l d be r e g a r d e d
as a continuing fu n c tio n o f a d m in is tra tio n n e c e s s ita tin g a planned p ro c ed u re. F o r t h e t i m e b e i n g t h e m a s t e r ’ s d e g r e e may be r e g a r d e d a s t h e minimum t r a i n i n g r e q u i r e m e n t f o r t e a c h e r s o f a c a d e m i c type s u b je c ts . The b e s t p r e v i o u s t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e w h i c h a c a n d i d a t e may h a v e i s u s u a l l y i n a n o t h e r j u n i o r c o l l e g e ; i n l i e u o f s u c h ex p e rien ce , high school experience i s u s u a lly next b e s t. T r a i n e e s who e x p e c t e v e n t u a l l y t o t e a c h i n t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s h o u l d be a d v i s e d a s a m a t t e r o f j o b i n s u r a n c e t o o b t a i n t h e s e c o n d a r y c r e d e n t i a l w h i c h w i l l p e r m i t th e m t o t e a c h i n t h e h igh sc h o o ls . R e cru itin g the p e rso n n e l.
I t i s recommended t h a t t h e
s e l e c t i o n a u t h o r i t y ta k e cognizance of th e f a c t t h a t th e m o s t - u s e d a n d t h e m o s t e f f e c t i v e m e t h o d s o f o b t a i n i n g names of q u a lifie d a p p lic a n ts f o r teachin g p o s itio n s in C a lifo rn ia are in o rd er of decreasing m e rit: train in g in s titu tio n s ,
(1) r e q u e s t s t o t e a c h e r
(2) r e q u e s t s t o t h e s t a t e t e a c h e r ’ s
a s s o c i a t i o n , a n d (3) v o l u n t a r y a p p l i c a t i o n s .
575 The s a l i e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n s h o u l d be a m a t t e r o f r e c o r d p r i o r t o a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f in d iv id u al a p p lic a tio n s . T h e r e i s a n e e d f o r more i n c i s i v e d e t a i l i n p o s i t i o n s p e c if ic a tio n s subsequent to p o s itio n a n a ly s is .
It is
recommended t h a t t h e f o l l o w i n g i t e m s b e i n c l u d e d i n t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s w hich w ould s e r v e t o d e f i n e t h e p o s i t i o n f o r th e a p p l i c a n t a n d /o r th e placem ent o f f i c e : an d l o c a t i o n o f s c h o o l ,
(1) name
(2) p o s i t i o n t o be f i l l e d ,
d e s c r ip tio n of th e p o s it io n ,
(3) g e n e r a l
(4) s p e c i a l f e a t u r e s o f t h e
p o s itio n in clu d in g d u tie s o th e r than te a c h in g , t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s p r e f e r r e d o r dem anded,
(3) e d u c a
(6) p e r s o n a l
*
q u alificatio n s,
(7 ) e x p e r i e n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s ,
( 8)
salary
in fo rm atio n . The c o m p l e t i o n o f a f o r m a l a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k by t h e a p p l i c a n t s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a n e c e s s a r y r e q u i r e m e n t i n th e p ro c e d u re f o r the s e l e c t i o n o f t e a c h e r s . The a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k s h o u l d s e e k t o o b t a i n f ro m t h e a p p l i c a n t in f o r m a ti o n w hich i s m ost r e l e v a n t to t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n to perform th e s e rv ic e s r e q u ire d . The f o l l o w i n g s t i p u l a t i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h e u s e o f a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k s a r e recommended:
(1) I t s p u r p o s e s h o u l d
be p r i m a r i l y r e g a r d e d a s a m eans o f d e t e r m i n i n g t h e p r e lim in ary e l i g i b i l i t y of a p p lic a n ts ; instrum ent i t
( 2 ) a s an e v a l u a t i v e
s h o u l d be l i m i t e d f o r t h e m o s t p a r t t o j u n i o r
576 c o l l e g e s w h ic h h a v e t h e r e s o u r c e s o f a t r a i n e d p e r s o n n e l sta ff;
(3) i t
s h o u l d be c o n s t r u c t e d t o f i t
th e unique
c h a r a c t e r o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e a s an i n s t i t u t i o n ; s h o u l d be c o n s t r u c t e d t o f i t the p a r t i c u l a r school i t
(4 ) i t
t h e n e e d s and r e q u ir e m e n ts t o
i s i n t e n d e d t o s e r v e ; and (5) a l l
a p p l i c a n t s s h o u l d be r e q u i r e d t o f i l l i t o u t . A ssem bling and e v a l u a t i n g p e r s o n n e l d a t a .
Every
p e r s o n who m e r i t s s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r a t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n s h o u l d be i n t e r v i e w e d . The f o l l o w i n g s u g g e s t i o n s f o r u s i n g t h e i n t e r v i e w a s a t o o l i n t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n a r e r e c o m m e n d e d : . (1) t h e i n t e r v i e w s h o u l d be c o n f i n e d , f o r t h e m o s t p a r t , t o g a t h e r i n g i n f o r m a t i o n w h i c h c a n n o t be o b t a i n e d o r w h ic h i s n o t a s w e l l o b t a i n e d by o t h e r m e a n s ;
(2 ) t h e f i n a l j u d g m e n t
r e g a r d i n g a n a p p l i c a n t s h o u l d be c o n t r i b u t e d t o by s e v e r a l c o m p e t e n t i n d i v i d u a l s who h a v e i n t e r v i e w e d him ;
(3) i n t e r
v i e w e r s s h o u l d be t r a i n e d i n i n t e r v i e w t e c h n i q u e a n d b e c o g n iz a n t o f th e problem s in v o lv e d ;
(4 ) t h e i n t e r v i e w e e s
should th o ro u g h ly u n d e rsta n d th e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s of th e te a c h i n g p o s i t i o n and com petencies n e c e s s a r y f o r i t s p e r form ance;
(5) t h e i n t e r v i e w m u s t be a d e q u a t e w i t h r e s p e c t
to tim e and co v erag e to p e r m it a r e l i a b l e
sam pling of th e
com petencies th e i n te r v i e w i s d e s ig n e d to a s c e r t a i n ; i n t e r v i e w d a t a s h o u l d be r e c o r d e d .
It is
(6)
u su ally d e s ira b le
577 t o u t i l i z e some f o r m o f a c h e c k l i s t o r r a t i n g s c a l e on w h i c h t o r e c o r d a n d o b j e c t i f y i n t e r v i e w d a t a ; a n d (7) t h e f a c t o r s on w h i c h j u d g m e n t s a r e made by t h e i n t e r v i e w e r should a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e r e f e r to s p e c i f i c ty p e s of be h a v io r r a t h e r than to t r a i t s a b s t r a c t l y o r lo o s e ly d e fin e d . The i n t e r v i e w s h o u l d be p l a n n e d so a s t o a c c o m p l i s h t h e f o l l o w i n g m a jo r o b j e c t i v e s , t h e o r d e r i n w hich t h e y appear i s su g g e stiv e o f t h e i r r e l a t i v e im portance:
(1)
a p p r a is e a s p e c t s o f th e a p p l i c a n t ' s p e r s o n a l i t y w hich, a s f a r a s c a n be d e t e r m i n e d , h a v e an i m p o r t a n t b e a r i n g on c o m p e te n c e t o p e r f o r m t h e r e q u i r e d s e r v i c e s ;
(2) g a i n i n
s i g h t i n t o t h e a p p l i c a n t ’ s e d u c a t i o n a l p h i l o s o p h y and p ro fe s s io n a l o u tlo o k ;
(3) a p p r a i s e t h e a p p l i c a n t ’ s p h y s i c a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s u c h a s v o i c e an d a p p e a r a n c e ;
(4) a s c e r t a i n
t h e a p p l i c a n t ' s b a c k g r o u n d o f g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n and c u l t u r e ; a n d (5) a p p r a i s e t h e a p p l i c a n t ’ s command o f h i s t e a c h i n g field . In fo rm atio n concerning a c a n d id a te ’ s f i t n e s s f o r th e p o s i t i o n to be f i l l e d ,
s e c u r e d from p e r s o n s co m p eten t t o
j u d g e , s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a n e c e s s a r y p a r t o f t h e s e l e c t i o n process. R e g a r d l e s s o f t h e m e th o d u s e d i n e l i c i t i n g i n f o r m a tio n ,
c o n t a c t w i t h r e f e r e n c e s s h o u l d be p l a n n e d so a s t o
r e v e a l the s t r u c t u r e of c e r t a i n b a s ic te a c h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s . L is te d in th e o r d e r s u g g e s tiv e o f t h e i r r e l a t i v e im portance,
57S th ese q u a lif ic a tio n s are
(1) s u c c e s s f u l t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e ,
(2) s a t i s f a c t o r y c o m b in a tio n o f t r a i n i n g , p erso n ality ,
e x p e r i e n c e , an d
( 3 ) command o f t h e t e a c h i n g f i e l d ,
(4) s a t i s
facto ry p erso n ality ,
(5) s o u n d e d u c a t i o n a l p h i l o s o p h y a n d
e d u c a tio n a l o u tlo o k ,
(6) b r o a d b a c k g r o u n d a n d e d u c a t i o n
an d c u l t u r e ,
and (7) a b i l i t y t o p a r t i c i p a t e e f f e c t i v e l y i n
t h e l i f e o f t h e s c h o o l an d c o m m u n ity . T r a n s c r i p t s o f c r e d i t f o r a l l c a n d i d a t e s who a r e s e r i o u s l y c o n s i d e r e d f o r a p o s i t i o n s h o u l d be made a v a i l a b l e t o t h e em ploying a u t h o r i t y . F a c t o r s w h i c h may be g i v e n p r i m a r y i m p o r t a n c e i n t h e evalu atio n of tr a n s c r ip ts of c re d it are
(1) u n i t s an d g r a d e s
i n t h e t e a c h i n g m a j o r a n d (2) s t a t u s o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n sending th e t r a n s c r i p t ; to
s e c o n d a r y i m p o r t a n c e may be a t t a c h e d
(3 ) n um be r a n d k i n d o f g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n o r c u l t u r a l
s u b je c ts taken, m inor s u b j e c t s
(4) p a r t i c u l a r c o m b i n a t i o n o f m a j o r a n d (3) u n i t s and g r a d e s i n t e a c h i n g m i n o r , an d
( 6 ) g r a d e - p o i n t a v e r a g e o f a l l w o rk t a k e n . C e r t i f i c a t i o n o f p h y s i c a l f i t n e s s s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a p r e r e q u i s i t e t o e m p lo y m e n t. U nless th e ju n io r c o lle g e a d m in is tr a tio n has a v a i l a b l e th e re s o u rc e s of a perm anently o rg a n iz e d p erso n n e l d i v i s i o n , w r i t t e n exam inations a s a device f o r e v a lu a tin g te a c h e r c o m p e t e n c e s h o u l d n o t be u s e d . O b s e r v a t i o n o f a c a n d i d a t e i n a t e a c h i n g s i t u a t i o n may
579 be c o n s i d e r e d a u s e f u l ,
b u t n eed n o t be c o n s id e r e d a u n i
form ly n e c e ss a ry procedure in th e te a c h e r s e l e c t i o n p ro c e s s . F o r t e a c h e r s o f a c a d e m i c - t y p e s u b j e c t s p r i m a r y im p o r t a n c e may b e a t t a c h e d t o q u a l i f i c a t i o n s g r o u p e d u n d e r t h e fo llo w in g c a te g o rie s :
(1) s u c c e s s f u l t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e ,
(2) k n o w le d g e o f s u b j e c t f i e l d , secondary im p o rtan ce to
and (3) p e r s o n a l i t y f a c t o r s ;
(4 ) g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n a n d c u l t u r e ;
an d t e r t i a r y i m p o r t a n c e t o
(5) r e c e n c y a n d t y p e o f t r a i n i n g
an d (6 ) p r a c t i c a l t r a d e o r b u s i n e s s e x p e r i e n c e . For te a c h e rs of v o c a tio n a l-ty p e s u b je c ts , i m p o r t a n c e may be a t t a c h e d t o
(1) k n o w le d g e o f s u b j e c t f i e l d
a n d (2) p r a c t i c a l t r a d e o r b u s i n e s s e x p e r i e n c e ; im portance to
prim ary
secondary
(3) s u c c e s s f u l t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e a n d (4)
p e r s o n a l i t y f a c t o r s ; and t e r t i a r y im p o rta n c e t o
(5) r e c e n c y
and ty p e o f t r a i n i n g and (6) g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n and c u l t u r e . A ppointm ent and i n d u c t i o n .
The e m p l o y i n g a u t h o r i t y
s h o u l d n o t i f y a l l p l a c e m e n t b u r e a u s a n d a l l a p p l i c a n t s who have been a s s u r e d a c t i v e c o n s i d e r a t i o n a s soon a s a p o s i t i o n has been f i l l e d . The s u c c e s s f u l c a n d i d a t e f o r a t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n s h o u l d be n o t i f i e d o f h i s a p p o i n t m e n t by a p e r s o n a l com m u n i c a t i o n fro m t h e e m p l o y i n g a u t h o r i t y . The c o n t r a c t u a l a g r e e m e n t s h o u l d be e n t e r e d upon a s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e a f t e r t h e o f f i c i a l b o a r d a c t i o n on a p p o i n t -
5 SO
ment.
To f a c i l i t a t e t h e p e r s o n a l a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l a d j u s t m e n t o f t h e t e a c h e r t o t h e s c h o o l a n d community, .a c a r e f u l l y p l a n n e d p r o g r a m o f t e a c h e r i n d u c t i o n s h o u l d be i n s t i t u t e d . The p r o g r a m o f i n d u c t i o n o f new t e a c h e r s s h o u l d be conceived as a j o i n t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f th e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and t e a c h i n g s t a f f s o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e , a n d o f community o r g a n i z a t i o n s and i n d i v i d u a l s . The i n d u c t i o n p r o g r a m s h o u l d be a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e s c h o o l a n d com m un ity, and s h o u l d t a k e c o g n i z a n c e o f t h e new t e a c h e r a s an i n d i v i d u a l an d a s a p e r s o n . The s p i r i t o f a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h e i n d u c t i o n p r o g r a m s h o u l d be f r i e n d l y a n d p e r s o n a l . The f o l l o w i n g l i s t o f m e t h o d s w e r e u s e d by t h e j u n i o r c o lle g e s of t h i s stu d y i n i n d u c t i o n o f new t e a c h e r s .
t h e i r e f f o r t s to provide f o r th e In each case o v e r f i f t y p er ce n t
o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e s u s in g th e m ethod, r e p o r t e d i t a s o f o utstan d ing v alu e.
They a r e now p r o p o s e d a s c r i t e r i a :
(1) a s s i g n m e n t o f a ftb i g b r o t h e r o r s i s t e r ” o r s p o n s o r t o h e lp i n d i v i d u a l t e a c h e r s in t h e i r sc h o o l and classroom o rien ta tiv e s; teach e rs;
( 2 ) i s s u a n c e o f s p e c i a l b u l l e t i n s f o r new
(3) new t e a c h e r s r e p o r t i n g e a r l i e r i n t h e y e a r
t h a n o t h e r t e a c h e r s f o r g r o u p m e e t i n g s an d c o n f e r e n c e w i t h the d i r e c t o r ;
(4) p r o v i d i n g new t e a c h e r s w i t h p e r s o n a l c o p i e s
5B1 o f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and b o a r d r u l e s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s p e r t i n e n t to personnel a d m in istra tio n ;
(5) c o n f e r e n c e s and m e e t i n g s o f
new t e a c h e r s s h o r t l y a f t e r t h e o p e n i n g o f s c h o o l ;
(6) a r e
cep tio n , te a , o r o th e r s o c ia l fu n c tio n h eld e a rly in the y e a r t o welcome new t e a c h e r s ;
(7) r e n d e r i n g s p e c i f i c h e l p i n
s e c u r i n g a p p r o p r i a t e l i v i n g q u a r t e r s f o r t h e new t e a c h e r a n d f a m il y ., i f a n y ;
(8) d i s t r i b u t i o n o f b r o c h u r e s c o n t a i n i n g
in fo rm a tio n about the
community.
F actors a ffe c tin g r e te n tio n .
The p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d
s h o u l d be r e g a r d e d a s a p a r t o f t h e t e a c h e r s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s d u r i n g w h i c h e f f i c i e n c y o f s e r v i c e an d p o t e n t i a l i t i e s f o r c o n tin u e d grow th a r e c a r e f u l l y a s s e s s e d . T e a c h e r s who h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e i r c o m p e te n c e an d t h e i r p o t e n t i a l i t y f o r growth d u r in g th e p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d s h o u l d be a s s u r e d o f p e r m a n e n t t e n u r e c o n t i n g e n t on th e m aintenance of r e a s o n a b le e f f i c i e n c y . The s c h o o l b o a r d h a s an o b l i g a t i o n t o f o r m u l a t e and make a m a t t e r o f r e c o r d t h e b a s i c p o l i c i e s r e g a r d i n g t h e perm anent te n u r e o f t e a c h e r s ,
ir re s p e c tiv e o f the o p eratio n
of t e n u r e law s i f an y . The r e s p e c t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t an d t h e b o a r d ,
in t h e s e l e c t i o n and appointm ent o f te a c h e r s
f o r perm anent r e t e n t i o n ,
s h o u l d f o l l o w t h e same p a t t e r n a s
t h a t proposed f o r i n i t i a l s e l e c t i o n of te a c h e r s .
A minimum optimum p e r c e n t a g e o f t e n u r e t e a c h e r s may be r e g a r d e d a s v a r y i n g f r o m 6 0 p e r c e n t i n s m a l l j u n i o r c o l l e g e s e m p l o y i n g l e s s t h a n t h i r t y t e a c h e r s t o 80 p e r c e n t i n j u n i o r c o l l e g e s e m p l o y i n g more t h a n t h i r t y t e a c h e r s . As l o n g a s t h e s e r v i c e s o f t h e f i r s t - y e a r p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r a r e s a t i s f a c t o r y t o th e em ploying a u t h o r i t y , t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f f u t u r e t e n u r e s t a t u s n e e d n o t be c o n s id e re d in th e d e c is io n to re-em ploy. T e a c h e r s who h a v e c o m p l e t e d a p r o b a t i o n a r y p e r i o d o f two y e a r s s h o u l d n o t be r e - e m p l o y e d u n l e s s i t i s r e a s o n a b l y c e r t a i n t h a t t h e y w i l l be a c t i v e l y c o n s i d e r e d f o r p e r m a n e n t te n u re the fo llo w in g y e a r. The a d m i n i s t r a t i v e e x e c u t i v e o f t h e j u n i o r c o l l e g e h a s a n o b l i g a t i o n t o n o t i f y t e a c h e r s whom h e d o e s n o t e x p e c t to nom inate f o r r e -a p p o in tm e n t a s e a r l y i n th e sc h o o l y e a r as p o ssib le .
E f f o r t s h o u l d . b e made t o do so n o t l a t e r t h a n
M a rc h . The i n i t i a t i o n an d p r o m o t i o n o f p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r e d u c a tio n -in -se rv ic e i s a p ro fe ssio n a l o b lig a tio n of person nel ad m in istratio n ;
i t s h o u l d be c o o p e r a t i v e l y d e v e l o p e d a n d
c a r e f u l l y planned f o r th e purpose of f o s t e r i n g continuous g r o w t h and o p t i m a l u t i l i z a t i o n o f t e a c h e r p o t e n t i a l . P r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r s a r e e n t i t l e d t o know w h a t c o n s t i t u t e s c o m p e t e n c e , an d w hat i s r e g a r d e d a s a n a c c e p t a b le stan d ard of perform ance.
583
The t o t a l s e r v i c e o f t h e p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r s h o u l d be a p p r a i s e d p e r i o d i c a l l y .
For a d m in is tr a tiv e purposes the
p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r s h o u l d be i n f o r m e d o f d e f i c i e n c i e s w h i c h may p r e c l u d e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n f o r p e r m a n e n c y .
It is
recommended t h a t t h i s be. done i n c o n f e r e n c e w i t h t h e t e a c h e r . The j u n i o r c o l l e g e d i r e c t o r ,
i n s c h o o ls w here he i s
n o t a l s o t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t , s h o u l d be g i v e n t h e m a j o r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r d eterm in in g th e s p e c if i c
t e a c h e r s who
u l t i m a t e l y w i l l be recommended f o r p e r m a n e n c y . The j u n i o r c o l l e g e d i r e c t o r
should supplem ent h i s
p e r s o n a l a p p r a i s a l o f t h e p r o b a t i o n a r y t e a c h e r s e r v i c e by o th e r means.
The j u d g m e n t s o f t h e s u p e r v i s o r y s t a f f r e
g a r d i n g f i r s t - h a n d o b s e r v a t i o n o f c la s s r o o m and n o n - c l a s s room a c t i v i t i e s may be g e n e r a l l y r e s p e c t e d ; o p i n i o n s o f fello w te a c h e rs ,
s t u d e n t o p i n i o n , a n d u n s o l i c i t e d comments
o f t h e l a y p u b l i c may be u s e f u l f o r c o r r o b o r a t i o n . I f any e v a l u a t i o n form i s u t i l i z e d i n t h e a p p r a i s a l of p ro b a tio n a ry te a c h e r s s e rv ic e , t h e f o l l o w i n g be o b s e r v e d : h a v e c l e a r l y i n mind w h a t i s
i t i s recommended t h a t
(1) e v e r y o n e c o n c e r n e d s h o u l d being a p p r a i s e d and t h e
s ta n d a rd s f o r th e v a r io u s l e v e l s of achievem ent;
(2) i t
s h o u ld s e r v e a s a g u id e to judgm ents r a t h e r t h a n a s a q u a n tita tiv e assessm ent of success;
(3) th e t e a c h e r sh o u ld
be e x p e c t e d t o a c h i e v e a r e a s o n a b l e s t a n d a r d i n a l l a r e a s
5S4 c o n s i d e r e d w i t h s u p e r i o r i t y o n l y i n one o r a fe w a r e a s , an d no a v e r a g e s h o u l d be c o n t e m p l a t e d ;
(4) t h e s t a n d a r d s h o u l d
be i n t e r m s o f w h a t a t e a c h e r d o e s r a t h e r t h a n w h a t t h e teach er i s ;
a n d (5) t h e p l a n s h o u l d be c l e r i c a l l y s i m p l e ,
p r o v i d e f o r e a s e o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , a n d n o t encum ber t h e records*
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.
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2..
A m erican A s s o c i a t i o n o f S ch o o l A d m i n i s t r a t o r s , S ch o o l B oards i n A c t i o n . W ashington, D .C .: N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n , 1 9 4 6 . 404 PP.
3.
A m e r ic a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f S c h o o l A d m i n i s t r a t o r s , "The P l a t f o r m o f t h e AASA", N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n J o u r n a l , 36: 5 8 2 , November 1947*
4.
American Council on Education, Commission on Teacher Education, The Improvement of Teacher Education. Washington, D. C.: American Council On Education, 1946. 273 PP.
5.
A m e r i c a n C o u n c i l On E d u c a t i o n , T e a c h e r s F o r Our T i m e s . W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . : A m e r ic a n C o u n e i l On E d u c a t i o n , 1 9 4 4 . 178 PP.
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A n d e r s o n , W a l t e r , "The N a t i o n a l T e a c h e r E x a m i n a t i o n s - A C riticism * * , Childhood E d u c a t i o n . 1 8 :1 7 9 -8 1 , December 1 9 4 1 .
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A tk in s o n , C h a r l e s E . , T ech n iq u es and P r a c t i c e s i n t h e S e l e c t i o n o f T e a c h e r s As R e v e a l e d By P r e f e r r e d P r a c tic e s in S e le c te d S c h o o ls. D octoral D is s e r t a tio n , U n i v e r s i t y o f P i t t s b u r g h , 1 9 4 8 . 163 p p .
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B a g l e y , W. C . , " B e t t e r S e l e c t i o n o f B e t t e r T e a c h e r s " , S c h o o l a n d S o c i e t y . $ 8 : 4 0 4 - 5 , November 2 0 , 1 9 4 3 .
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Bagley, William C*, "Does the Junior College Movement Involve a Unique Teaching Problem?" Junior College Journal, 8 : 4 4 8 - $ 0 , May 1 9 3 8 .
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B a g l e y , W. C . , " P r o f e s s i o n a l S t a n d a r d s i n t h e A p p o i n t m e n t o f P u b l i c - S e h o o l T e a c h e r s " , S c h o o l and S o c i e t y , 6 2 :2 1 2 , O ctober 6 , 1945.
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B a l l o u , F r a n k W . , The A p p o i n t m e n t o f T e a c h e r s i n C i t i e s . C a m b r id g e , M a s s . : H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 1 5 . 202 pp.
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B a r r , A. S . and o t h e r s , The M e a s u r e m e n t o f T e a c h i n g A b i l i t y . M a d i s o n , W i s c o n s i n ! Dembar P u b l i c a t i o n s , I n c . , 1 9 4 5 . 205 PP.
14.
B e r r y , A u b r e y L e e , An E i g h t - Y e a r S t u d y o f T e a c h e r G u id a n c e a n d P l a c e m e n t ' th e O ffice o f Teacher P l a c e m e n t . U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a . Los A n g e l e s . D o c to r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a a t Los A n g e l e s , 1 9 4 8 . 471 p p .
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Boardm an, C h a r l e s W., P r o f e s s i o n a l T e s t s a s M e a s u r e s o f T e a c h i n g E f f i c i e n c y i n H ig h S c h o o l . T e a c h e r s C ollege C o n tr ib u tio n s to E d u ca tio n , n o . 327. T eachers C o l l e g e , Colum b ia U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 2 8 . p p . 8 5 .
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N a tio n a l E duction A s s o c ia tio n , R esearch D iv iso n , "The Q u e s t i o n n a i r e , " R e s e a r c h B u l l e t i n 8 : 1 - 5 1 , Jan u ary 1930.
B oston:
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1$0.
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APPENDIX
The Selection and Retention of Junior College Teachers To the Junior C ollege Adm inistrators ^)fafe ^
u n io v
A ll of us are interested in how others solve problem s sim ilar to our own. One such m utual problem is the selection and retention of teachers. In this investigation w e hope to determ ine the practices and procedures that can be recom m ended for use in the junior colleges. Hence, your cooperation is needed, not only to supply the data of the practices em ployed, but also to help in their evaluation. In order to m ake the study personally use ful to you, w e w ill be pleased to send you a digest. In addition, w e w ill send you at your request a report of findings on any particular item or item s arousing y o u r especial interest and curiosity. Sincerely, SELMER OSTLIE Compton College
^ ^ K .$ $ O c ia tio r )
O N . JO H N L . L O U N flB U P Y . p n e b io k n t ■AN .AENNANOIN (3 VALLEY C O t.lC Q C S A N S C X N A ftO IN O . C A L ir.
F ellow J u n io r C o lleg e A d m in is tra to rs : One o f th e m ost im p o rta n t problem s c o n fro n tin g u s concerns th e s e le c ti o n and r e t e n ti o n o f te a c h e r s . U r. Selm er O s t lie , member o f th e te a c h in g s t a f f o f Compton C o lle g e , i s making a thorough stu d y o f t h i s problem . He s eek s yo u r a i d i n s e c u rin g Judgments and o th e r p e r t in e n t d a ta on w hich to b ase h is fin d i n g s . The stu d y i s b ein g sponsored by th e School o f E d u c atio n , U n iv e rs ity o f S outhern C a lif o r n ia , and th e C a lif o r n ia S ta t e J u n io r C ollege A s s o c ia tio n . U r. O s t lie i s g a th e rin g t h i s in fo rm a tio n .b y mean3 o f a c h e c k - l i s t q u e s tio n n a ir e and, w here p o s s ib le , ex p e c ts to make a p e rs o n a l v i s i t to th e campus and , d is c u s s w ith you th e answ ers r e q u e s te d on th e q u e s ti o n n a ir e . I t i s hoped t h a t you w i l l co o p e ra te i n h e lp in g him to se c u re th e in fo rm a tio n needed to com plete th e s tu d y , th e r e s u l t s o f w hich w i l l b e o f v a lu e to a l l o f us i n a d m in is te rin g th e work o f a c o l le g e .
W ould you like to receive a digest of this study?...................Y es □
■ruly y o u rs ,
W ould you like a report of findings on par
ohn 1, Lounsbury, P re s id e n t, CSJCA
/
GENERAL I.
N a m e o f th e school district:.
I.
N a m e of the sch ool:.
J.
Location of the school:............................
No □
ticular items? (Specify) ...................... .................
INFORMATION
________________ _____________ ________________
........
-....................................... ............ .................... i........................... ........................
S tre e t A d d re ss
C ity
X.
N a m e and position o f person m ak in g this report:............. ............. .................... ............
j.
D ate of m aking this report: DIR ECTIONS
I. It is requested that the c h ie f adm inistrative officer of the junior co lleg e fill out this c h eck list. I. The title "college director" as used in this c h e c k list refers to th e ch ief adm inistrative o fficer of th e junior college. S. Q uestions should be answered in term s o f actu a l practices and conditions in your school, rather than in terms o f theoretical desirability. i. W here the respondent is forced to choose, th e d om in an t practice should be reported. >. Supplem ental com m en ts are encouraged; th ese m ay be noted below th e appropriate item or under "com m ents" at the en d .o f the c h e c k li^t. ). A self-addressed envelope is enclosed for use in returning th e com p leted c h eck list and rrtaterials used by your school in the process of selectin g and retaining teachers.
P a rt I R E S P O N S I B I L I T Y F O R S E L E C T IO N A N D A P P O IN T M E N T 1. W h a t w o rk in g a r r a n g e m e n t e x is ts b e tw e e n th e s u p e rin te n d e n t a n d th e sch o o l b o a rd con c e rn in g re s p o n s ib ility fo r th e se le c tio n a n d a p - circle one p o in tm e n t of te a c h e rs? response only a. T h e s u p e rin te n d e n t o r h is a g e n t n o m in a te s a on e c a n d id a te , th e b o a rd a ffirm in g o r d e n y in g a p p o in tm e n t. b. T h e s u p e rin te n d e n t o r h is a g e n t n o m in a te s a tw o c a n d id a te s r a n k in g th e m as to f irs t a n d seco n d choice, th e b o a rd m a k in g th e f in a l s e le c tio n a n d a p p o in tm e n t. c. T h e s u p e rin te n d e n t o r h is a g e n t n o m in a te s c tw o o r m o re u n r a n k e d c a n d id a te s, th e b o a rd m a k in g th e f in a l s e le c tio n a n d a p p o in tm e n t. d. T h e b o a rd , o r m e m b e rs of th e b o a rd , to d g e th e r w ith th e s u p e r in te n d e n t a c t a s a se le c tio n co m m itte e , in te rv ie w in g c a n d i d a te s a n d u ltim a te ly a g re e in g o n o n e re c o m m e n d e d c a n d id a te . e. O th e r: (E x p la in ). e
5. If m o re th a n one c a n d id a te is re c o m m e n d e d fo r a n y o n e p o sitio n , (S ee N o. 1 ab o v e) h o w does th e b o a rd ju d g e th e m e rits of th e p ro - appropriat po sed ca n d id a te s? responses a a. A ccep ts th e ra n k in g of th e s u p e rin te n d e n t o r h is a g e n t w ith o u t f u r th e r in v e stig a tio n . b. A sk s th e s u p e rin te n d e n t o r h is a g e n t to* d e sc rib e th e q u a lific a tio n s o f tw o o r m o re ca n d id a te s, a n d to re c o m m e n d h is p r e f eren ce. c. E x a m in e s th e c re d e n tia ls o f th e c a n d id a te s d. In te rv ie w s th e c an d id a te s. e. O th e r: (E x p la in ).
6. W h a t is th e c h ie f d e te rm in a n t of th e n u m b e r of c a n d id a te s p e r p o sitio n to b e re c o m m e n d e d circle one to th e b o ard . response on; a. O ffic ial b o a rd ru lin g . a b. In lie u of d e fin ite b o a rd ru lin g , th e b o a rd b e x p e c ts to h a v e som e choice. c. T h is is a n a d m in is tra tiv e decisio n ; th e c n u m b e r m a y b e o n e o r tw o , d e p e n d in g o n th e ju d g m e n t of th e su p e rin te n d e n t. d. T h is is a n a d m in is tra tiv e decisio n ; th e d n u m b e r is a lw a y s one, sin ce th e m a tte r of choice is a n a d m in is tra tiv e fu n c tio n . e. O th e r: (E x p la in ).
2. W h a t w o rk in g a rr a n g e m e n t e x is ts b e tw e e n th e ju n io r co lleg e d ire c to r a n d th e s u p e r in te n d e n t c o n c e rn in g th e re s p o n s ib ility fo r th e se le c tio n o f te a c h e rs ? (a n s w e r th is q u e stio n o n ly if th e s u p e rin te n d e n t a n d th e d ire c to r a re circle one n o t th e sa m e p e rso n ). , response only a. T h e college d ire c to r sc re e n s o u t th e u n lik e a ly c a n d id a te s, r e f e r r in g th e r e s t to th e s u p e rin te n d e n t. b. T h e d ire c to r u s u a lly re c o m m e n d s tw o c a n b d id a te s to th e s u p e r in te n d e n t w h o m a k e s th e f in a l selectio n . c. T h e d ire c to r u s u a lly c o n fe rs w ith th e su c p e r in te n d e n t r e g a rd in g tw o c a n d id a te s; th e fir s t a n d seco n d cho ice a re m u tu a lly a g re e d on. d. T h e d ire c to r se le c ts o n e c a n d id a te fo r d w h o m h e se c u re s th e s u p e r in te n d e n t’s Ap p ro v a l. e. O th e r: (E x p la in ). e
3. W ho m a k e s th e a c tu a l n o m in a tio n o r re c o m Circle one m e n d a tio n to th e b o a rd ? response only a. T h e s u p e rin te n d e n t. a b. T h e college d ire c to r. b c. O th e r: (N am e). c
W h a t a re th e fu n c tio n s of a “se le c tio n ” com m itte e , so m e tim e s n a m e d th e “sc re e n in g ” or “e x a m in in g ” c o m m ittee ? appropriate responses a. N o n e used. a b. In te rv ie w a p p lic a n ts, as a p a r t of th e e v a l b u a tio n of q u a lific a tio n s. c. G iv e a n d score e x a m in a tio n s of v a rio u s ty p e s. d. S c re e n o u t a p p lic a n ts w h o fo r v a rio u s r e a so n s a re n o t lik e ly p ro sp e cts. e. E sta b lish e lig ib ility lists, b u t h o t g ra d e d o r ra n k e d . f. E sta b lish e lig ib ility lists, th e a p p lic a n ts lis t ed in o rd e r of p re fe re n c e . g. O th e r: (E x p la in ).
8. If a sele c tio n c o m m itte e (S ee No. 7 ab o v e) is used, w h a t is its p re s e n t m e m b e rsh ip b y p o si tio n , a n d th e n u m b e r of m e m b e rs w h o h a v e th a t positio n ? (E x a m p le: D e p a rtm e n t h e a d s — 2). Position
Number
a .................................................................................................................. b ................................................................................................................ c .............. ....................................................................................................
4. W h a t re s p o n sib ilitie s a re a ssig n e d th e d e p a r t Circle all m e n t h e a d c o n c e rn in g th e s e le c tio n of te a c h appropriate e rs in h is d e p a rtm e n t? responses a. H a s n o re s p o n sib ility . a b. O p e ra te s n e g a tiv e ly b y re c o m m e n d in g th e b re je c tio n o f a p p lic a n ts w h o m h e ju d g e s to u n q u a lifie d o r o th e rw is e u n s u ita b le . c. P u ts h is sta m p of a p p ro v a l o n th e tw o o r th r e e m o st s a tis fa c to ry a p p lic a n ts. d. R a n k s a p p lic a n ts in th e o r d e r o f a c c e p ta b ility . e. S e rv e s o n a p e rm a n e n tly o rg a n iz e d se le c tio n co m m itte e . f. In te rv ie w s a ll a p p lic a n ts w h o m th e d ir e c to r h a s ju d g e d to b e lik e ly p ro sp e c ts. g. O th e r: (E x p la in ).
d............................................. e .................................................................................................................. C om m ents:
P a r t II F A C T O R S L I M I T I N G S E L E C T IO N 1.
A t w h a t m in im u m ag e do a p p lic a n ts b eco m e circle on in e lig ib le fo r a p p o in tm e n t? response on] a. A t n o p re s c rib e d age. a b. 50 y e a rs. b c. 45 y e a rs. c d. 42 y e a rs. d e. O th e r: (E x p la in ). e
I. W h a t is th e p ra c tic e w ith re s p e c t to th e a p p o in tm e n t of lo c a l re s id e n ts fo r te a c h in g p osi- circle one tio n s? response only a a. L o cal re sid e n ts a re g iv e n p re fe re n c e o v e r o u tsid ers, if o th e r q u a lific a tio n s a r e e q u al. b b. N o lo cal r e s id e n ts a re a p p o in te d as n e w te a c h e rs u n til th e y h a v e h a d c e rtific a te d te a c h in g e x p e rie n c e e lse w h e re . c c. R esid en ce is n o t a fa c to r o n e w a y o r a n o th e r. d d. N o n -lo ca l re s id e n ts a r e g iv e n p re fe re n c e . e e. O th e r: (E x p la in ).
3. A s a m a tte r of o ffic ia l p olicy , h o w m a n y y e a rs of p re v io u s c e rtific a te d e x p e rie n c e a re r e Circle one q u ire d fo r in itia l a p p o in tm e n t? response only a. N one a b. O ne. b c. Tw o. c d. T h ree. d e. O th e r: (E x p la in ). e
8. W h a t fa c to rs do y o u co n sid e r m a jo r o b stacle s Circle all in th e se le c tio n of q u a lifie d te a c h in g p e rs o n appropriate n e l in y o u r school? responses a. N o t e n o u g h q u a lifie d a p p lic a n ts in c e rta in a fields. b. C o m p a ra tiv e ly lo w s a la ry sch e d u le. c. L o cal sch o o l b o a rd a llo w s p o litic s to o v e r sh a d o w m e rit. d. D is tric t po licy d isc o u ra g es m a k in g te a c h e rs p e rm a n e n t. e. T e a c h in g co n d itio n s, su c h a s la rg e classes, lo n g h o u rs, p o o r fa cilities. f. D eficien cies in c o n fid e n tia l d a ta , su c h as e rro n e o u s o r m isle a d in g s ta te m e n ts of fa ct, in c o m p le te d a ta , fa u lty e v a lu a tio n s, etc. g- O b je c tiv e m e th o d s of se le c tin g te a c h e rs too co stly a n d tim e-co n su m in g , h . O th e r: (E x p lain ).
P a ri III R E C R U I T IN G T H E P E R S O N N E L Rank all items list ed in order of pre 4. W h ich le v e l o f p re v io u s e x p e rie n c e do ference. (1) 2 3 4 5 first prefer y o u p re fe r, o th e r q u a lific a tio n s b e in g denotes ence, circling (2) eq u al? denotes second pre ference, etc.
a. a. b. c. d. e.
5.
6.
7.
U n iv e rsity o r college U n iv e rsity o r college. J u n io r college. S e n io r h ig h school. J u n io r h ig h school. E le m e n ta ry school.
a. a. b. c. d. e.
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5
W h ich of th e fo llo w in g fa c to rs w o u ld m a k e a d iffe re n c e w h e th e r o r n o t a p p o in tm e n t b e Jr: offered , o th e r q u a lific a tio n s b e in g e q u a l? responses a. H u sb a n d o r w ife a lre a d y h a s a fu ll-tim e jo b in th e c o m m u n ity . b. H u sb a n d o r w ife a lre a d y h a s a fu ll-tim e p o sitio n in th e school d is tric t. c. R ace o r color. d. R elig io u s b elief. e. M a rita l s ta tu s . f. F a m ily sta tu s. g. O th e r: (E x p lain ).
A s a m a tte r of o fficial policy, w h a t m in im u m e d u c a tio n a l p re p a r a tio n m u s t b e m e t b e fo re th e a p p lic a n t is g iv e n c o n sid e ra tio n fo r ap p o in tm e n t? response only a. B a c h e lo r’s d e g re e . a b. B a c h e lo r’s d e g re e p lu s o n e y e a r of g ra d u b a te w o rk . c. M a ste r’s d e g re e . c d. No p a rtic u la r m in im u m as lo n g as th e a p d p lic a n t c a n g e t a n e m e rg e n c y c re d e n tia l. e. T h e m in im u m is d e te rm in e d b y c e rtific a e tio n , since .e m erg en cy c re d e n tia l h o ld e rs a re n o t a p p o in te d . f. O th e r: (E x p la in ). f
F ro m w h a t m a x im u m d is ta n c e do y o u fe e l ju s tifie d in a s k in g a n a p p lic a n t to tr a v e l fo r a n Circle one response only in te rv ie w a t h is o w n e x p e n se ? a. 50 m iles. a b. 100 m iles. b c. 150 m iles. c d. 200 m iles. d e. O th e r: (E x p la in ). e
Rate all items ac cording to the scale : 1. T o w h a t e x te n t a re th e fo llo w in g m e th (1) always used; (2) used; (3) ods u se d to o b ta in n a m e s of a p p lic a n ts generally used considerably; fo r te a c h in g p o sitions? (4) seldom used; (5) never used.
a. V o lu n ta ry a p p lica tio n s. a. b. P u b lis h e d a n n o u n c e m e n ts of p o si b. tions. c. R e q u e sts to te a c h e r tr a in in g in s titu tions. d. R e q u e sts to c o m m e rcial agencies. e. R e q u e sts to th e s ta te te a c h e rs ’ associ atio n . f. In q u iry a t o th e r schools. g. R e c o m m e n d a tio n of frie n d s a n d a s sociates. h. O th e r: (E x p lain ).
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
1
2
3
4
5
3 2
4 4
5 5
3 3
4 4
5 5
3
4
5
1
2
Rate all items used in No. 1 as follows: (1) The single most effective method; (2) very effective 2. E v a lu a te th e e ffe c tiv en e ss of th e sam e but less than 1; (3) moderately effect m eth o d s liste d in No. 1 ab o v e in se c u r ive; (4) partially or in g q u a lifie d a p p lic a n ts. sporadically effect ive; (5) not effect ive.
a. 1 b. c. d. e. f. g. h. 3. W h a t u se a n d d isp o sitio n a re m a d e of local Circle all appropriate a p p lic a tio n form s? responses a. N o t used. a b. A ll a p p lic a n ts m u s t fill o u t th is form . b c. A ll c o m p le ted fo rm s a re file d fo r u se w h e n c se rio u s c o n sid e ra tio n is g iv e n to f ill th e v a c a n t positio n s. d. O n ly th e co m p le te d fo rm s of p ro m isin g a p p lic a n ts a r e file d fo r su b s e q u e n t use. e. W h e n a p o sitio n is fille d o n ly th o se fo rm s a re k e p t w h e re th e a p p lic a n t sh o w s p ro m ise of fillin g a s im ila r v a ca n c y . f. W h e n th e p o sitio n is fille d o n ly th e fo rm of th e su cce ssfu l a p p lic a n t is re ta in e d . g. O th e r: (E x p la in ).
e. S chool b o a rd o r m e m b e rs o f th e b o a rd . f. D e p a rtm e n t h e a d , fo r te a c h e rs in h is o w n d e p a r tm e n t only. g. S p e cial e x a m in in g b o ard . h. O th e r: (E x p la in ).
Circle all
appropriate 4. H o w a r e c o n fid e n tia l p a p e rs p ro cessed ? responses a. T h o se o f o b v io u sly u n q u a lifie d a p p lic a n ts a a r e r e tu r n e d a t once. b. T h o se o f p ro m isin g , b u t la te r u n su c c e ssfu l a p p lic a n ts, a r e r e tu r n e d a s so o n a s th e p o si tio n is fille d . c. T h o se o f u n su c c e ssfu l a p p lic a n ts sh o w in g p ro m ise in fillin g f u tu r e v a c a n c ie s a r e file d fo r s u b s e q u e n t use. d . T h o se o f th e su c c e ssfu l a p p lic a n ts a re file d p e r m a n e n tly a t th e school. e. O th e r: (E x p la in ).
5.
I n w h a t le n g th o f tim e a f te r re c e p tio n d o a p p lic a tio n d a ta cease to b e u s e fu l e n o u g h to ' circle one k ee p ? response only a. 3 m o n th s. a b. 6 m o n th s. b c. 1 y e a r. c d. 2 y e a rs. d e. O th e r: (E x p la in ). e
6.
H o w is th e su c c e ssfu l a p p lic a n t n o tifie d ? a. B y r e g is te re d m ail. b. B y fo rm le t te r th ro u g h th e r e g u la r m a il. c. B y p e rs o n a l l e tte r to g e th e r w ith th e fo rm s n e c e s s a ry fo r h is sig n a tu re . d. O th e r: (E x p la in ).
response°oniy
a b c
2.
a b
3. H o w m a n y a p p lic a n ts a re u su a lly in te rv ie w e d circle one fo r eac h p o sitio n ? response on] a. 1-3. a b. 4 o r 5. b c. 6 o r 7. c d. 8 o r 9. d e. O th e r: (E x p la in ). e
Rate aU items ac cording to the fo! lowing scale: (1) th important; ( i 4. H o w im p o rta n t a re each of th e fo llo w most importanl in g o b je c tiv e s of th e p e rso n a l in te r highly (3) moderately imp v iew ? portant; (4) of sligt. importance; (5) n importance.
a. To a p p ra is e th e a p p lic a n t’s c o m m an d of h is te a c h in g field . b. To g a in in s ig h t in to th e a p p lic a n t’s e d u c a tio n a l p h ilo so p h y a n d p ro fe s sio n a l o u tlook. c. To a s c e rta in th e a p p lic a n t’s f u tu r e p la n s a n d a sp ira tio n s. d. T o a s c e rta in th e a p p lic a n t’s b a c k g ro u n d of g e n e ra l e d u c a tio n a n d c u l tu re . e. To a p p ra is e th e a p p lic a n t’s p h y sic a l c h a ra c te ris tic s su c h as v o ice, a n d a p p e a ra n c e . f. To a p p ra ise a sp ec ts of th e a p p li c a n t’s p e rs o n a lity su ch as poise, o p e n m in d e d n e ss, a n d com m o n sense. g. To p ro v id e o p p o rtu n ity f o r th e e x p la in in g a n d e n la rg in g of fa c ts o n th e a p p lic a n t’s p a p e rs. h. To p ro v id e o p p o rtu n ity fo r th e a p p lic a n t to le a r n m o re a b o u t th e r e q u ire m e n ts of th e p o sition. i. T o a s c e rta in th e a p p lic a n t’s m o tiv e s fo r d e sirin g a ch ange. j. T o discu ss p ro b a b le s a la ry an d co n tra c t. k. O th e r: (E x p la in ).
d
W h a t is th e d o m in a n t p ra c tic e in n o tify in g th e Circle one u n s u c c e s s fu l a p p lic a n ts? response only a. N o t n o tifie d . a b. B y p e rs o n a l le tt e r o r te le p h o n e . b c. B y fo rm l e tte r s e n t to a ll u n su c c e ssfu l a p c p lic a n ts. d. R e fe rre d to th e p la c e m e n t office. d e. B y r e tu r n in g th e a p p lic a tio n le tte r s w ith a e n o ta tio n to t h a t effect. f. O th e r: (E x p la in ). f
8, W h ic h o f th e fo llo w in g d e sc rib e th e “jo b sp e c i fic a tio n s” w h ic h m u s t b e g iv e n as a m a tte r of Circle all in fo rm a tio n to th e a p p lic a n t a n d / o r th e p la c e appropriate m e n t office? responses a. U su a lly o ral. a b . U s u a lly in w ritin g . b c. T h e se a re in g e n e ra l te rm s , su c h as s u b je c ts c to b e ta u g h t, d e s ira b le le v e l o f tr a in in g o r p e rie n c e , etc. d. T h e se a re s o m e w h a t specific. T y p ic a lly th e y m a y in c lu d e d e s c rip tiv e s ta te m e n ts of th e p u rp o se s, c o n te n t, a n d m e th o d s, of co u rse s to b e ta u g h t. e. O th e r: (E x p la in ).
Circle one response on]
Is a p e rso n a l in te rv ie w m a n d a to ry ? a. Y es. b. No.
a.
1 2
3
4 !
b.
1 2
3
4 J
c.
1 2
3
4 !
d.
1 2
3
4 J
e.
1 2
3
4 I
f.
1 2
3
4 I
g.
1 2
3
4 J
h. 1 2
3
4 I
i.
1 2
3
4 1
j.
1 2
3
4 I
k.
1 2
3
4
{
5. H ow m u c h tim e is a c tu a lly s p e n t in one response in in te rv ie w in g a sin g le a p p lic a n t? Circle each column. H o w m u c h tim e w o u ld b e d e s ir Actually ab le? Desirable spent a a. 10 m in u te s o r less. b b. B e tw e e n 10 a n d 20 m in u te s. c c. B e tw e e n 20 a n d 30 m in u te s. d d. B e tw e e n 30 a n d 40 m in u te s. e e. O th e r: (E x p la in ).
P a r t IV A S S E M B L I N G A N D E V A L U A T IN G P E R S O N A L DATA 1.
W ho in te rv ie w s th e a p p lic a n ts? a. b. c. d.
S u p e rin te n d e n t. C olleg e d ire c to r. P e rs o n n e l d ire c to r. D ire c to r o f in s tru c tio n .
Circle all appropriate responses
a b
c d
6.
W h ich of th e fo llo w in g is m o st u se d in re c o rd - circle one in g th e e sse n tia l fin d in g s of th e in te rv ie w ? response oni a. N o t re c o rd e d ; m o stly m em o ry . a b. N o tes o n th e a p p lic a tio n p a p e r. b c. S p e c ia l in te rv ie w form . c d. D ic ta tio n of n o te s fo llo w in g in te rv ie w . d e. O th e r: (E x p lain ). e
Rate all items ac cording to the following scale: (1) the most (2) 7. H o w im p o rta n t is e a c h o f th e fo llo w in g highlyimportant: important; fa c to rs in e v a lu a tin g college tra n s c rip ts (3) moderately im of c re d it of th e a p p lic a n ts? portant; (4) of slight importance; (5) no importance.
a. U n its a n d g ra d e s in th e te a c h in g m ajo r; b. U n its a n d g ra d e s in th e te a c h in g m in o r. c. G ra d e p o in t a v e ra g e of a ll w o rk ta k e n . d. S ta tu s o f th e in s titu tio n s e n d in g th e tra n s c rip t. e. N u m b e r a n d k in d o f g e n e ra l e d u c a tio n or c u ltu r a l su b je c ts ta k e n . f. P a r tic u la r c o m b in a tio n o f m a jo r a n d m in o r su b je c ts. g. O th e r: (E x p la in ).
8.
1 2
11.
3
12. d.
1
e.
1
f.
1
W h a t is th e scope of th e w r itte n exam ina^ a. N o t used. b. G e n e ra l te st, th e sa m e fo r a ll te a c h e rs. c. S p ecialized te s t fo r e a c h s u b je c t o r school d ivision. d. C o m b in a tio n of g e n e ra l a n d sp e cializ ed te s t e. O th e r: (E x p la in ).
W h a t p rin te d w e ig h tin g of te a c h e r q u a lific a - circle one tio n s is u se d to e sta b lish e lig ib ility lists? response only a. N one used. a b. A copy is a v a ila b le fo r stu d y . b c. O th e r: (E x p lain ). c
g- J
W h a t im p o rta n c e is a tta c h e d to w h o Sfrdiner'to^th^same w rite s le tte r s o f re c o m m e n d a tio n ? scale used in No. 7 above.
a. W ritte n b y a p e rs o n of re c o g n iz e d in te g rity . b. W ritte n b y th e a p p lic a n t’s a d m in istr a tiv e su p e rio r. c. W ritte n b y p ro fe ssio n a l asso c ia te s o th e r th a n th e a d m in is tra to r. d. W ritte n b y a p ro m in e n t la y le a d e r of th e c o m m u n ity . e. W ritte n b y a p ro fe sso r in th e a p p lic a n t’s m a jo r su b je c t. f. O th e r: (E x p la in ).
13. I n lie u of p rin te d w e ig h tin g of te a c h e r q u a lific a tio n s u se d in Rank all items in order of importance for each subject e sta b lish in g e lig ib ility lists, w h a t field. (1) 2 3 4 5 6 denotes re la tiv e im p o rta n c e do y o u a tta c h of first importance, circling to th e fo llo w in g in th e su b je c t 1 (2) 3 4 5 6 denotes second importance, etc. a re a s n am ed ? Social Science
a. 1 2
3
4 5
b. 1 2
3
4 5
c. 1 2
3
4 5
d. 1 2
3
4 5
e. 1 2
3
4 5
f.
3
4 5
1 2
a. b. c. d.
S u c ce ssfu l te a c h in g e x p e rie n c e K n o w led g e of su b je c t field . P e rs o n a lity fa cto rs. P ra c tic a l tr a d e o r b u sin e ss e x p erien c e. e. R ecency a n d ty p e of tra in in g , f. G e n e ra l e d u c a tio n a n d c u ltu re , g. O th e r: (E x p lain ).
a. b. c. d.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 22 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
e. e. g.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
a. b. c. d. e. f. g.
.1 1 1 1 1 X 1
Vocational Arts
9. W h a t use is m a d e of re fe re n c e s lis te d in Circle one a p p lic a n t’s p a p e rs? response only a. N one, sin ce th e c re d e n tia ls fro m th e p la c e m e n t office in c lu d e le tte r s o f re c o m m e n d atio n . b. R e fe re n c e s lis te d a re re q u e s te d to f ill o u t lo cal e v a lu a tio n fo rm . c. M ost re fe re n c e s a re p h o n e d o r c o n ta c te d p erso n a lly . d. O n ly th e a d m in is tra tiv e h e a d o f th e school is p h o n e d o r c o n ta c te d p e rso n a lly . e. O th e r: (E x p lain ).
Rate all items ac cording to the fol 10. H ow v a lu a b le is c o n fid e n tia l in fo rm a lowing scale: (1) ind i s p e n s a ble; (2) tio n se c u re d fro m re fe re n c e s in e v a lu highly valuable; (3) a tin g th e fo llo w in g te a c h e r q u a lific a moderately valua tions? ble; (4) of some but slight value; (5) of no value.
a. S u c ce ssfu l te a c h in g e x p e rie n c e. b. C o m m an d o f th e te a c h in g field . c. B ro a d b a c k g ro u n d o f e d u c a tio n a n d c u ltu re . d. S o u n d e d u c a tio n a l p h ilo so p h y an d p ro fe ssio n a l outlo o k . e. S a tisfa c to ry p e rs o n a lity . f. S a tis fa c to ry c o m b in a tio n of tra in in g , e x p e rie n c e, a n d p e rso n a lity . g. A b ility to p a rtic ip a te e ffe c tiv e ly in th e life o f th e scho o l o u tsid e th e classroom . h . P r a c tic a l e x p e rie n c e (tra d e o r b u s i ness). i. O th e r: (E x p la in ).
a. b. c.
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5
d.
1
2
3
4
5
e. f.
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
g.
1
2
3
4
5
h.
1
2
3
4
5
i.
1
2
3
4
5
(U se ite m s above)
14. H o w v a lu a b le , if u sed , a re th e fo llo w in g d a ta o r d a ta g a th e rin g d ev ices in te a c h e r Selection? A d d o th e rs w h ic h w h ic h y o u use, b u t w h ich a re n o t listed . a. A p p lic a tio n b la n k s. b. In fo rm a tio n fro m r e f e r ences, c o n fid e n tia lly d e riv e d . c. P e rs o n a l in te rv ie w . d. P h y sic a l e x a m in a tio n reco rd . e. G e n e ra l w r itte n e x a m i n a tio n . f. S p ec ialize d w r itte n e x am in a tio n . g. O b se rv a tio n o f th e a p p li c a n t a t w o rk . h. T ra n s c rip t of c re d it. i. V e rific a tio n of e x p e r ience. j. P ro o f of ce rtific a tio n , k. O th e r: (N am e).
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Rate all Items according to the following scale: (1) indispen sable; (2) highly valuable; (3) moderately valuable; (4) of some but slight value; (5) of no value. Not Used
a. b.
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
a b
c. d.
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
c d
e.
1
2
3
4
5
e
f.
1
2
3
4
5
f
g.
1
2
3
4
5
g
h. i.
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
h i
j. k.
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
j k
P a rt V A P P O IN T M E N T A N D IN D U C T IO N IN T O S E R V IC E 1. A t w h a t tim e do n e w ly a p p o in te d te a c h e rs Circle one sig n c o n tra c ts f o r th e ir serv ices? response only a. A s soon a f te r th e o ffic ia l b o a rd a c tio n o n a a p p o in tm e n t as po ssib le. b. T h e o ffic ia l o p e n in g d a y of school. b
r lir s t w e e k of school, p la in ).
I Pfich of th e fo llo w in g b e s t d e sc rib e s y o u r se of th e “N o tice o f E m p lo y m e n t” o r sim ila r Inform?
a. N o t used. b. U sed to b rid g e th e g a p u n til a n o ffic ia l contr a c t c a n b e d ra w n u p a n d sig n ed . c. U sed as th e o ffic ia l c o n tra c t a g re e m e n t. d. O th e r: (E x p la in ).
circle one response only
a b c d
3. W h a t e ffo rts a re m a d e b y th e a d all appropriate m in is tra tiv e s ta ff to h e lp n e w te a c h e rs Circleresponses in th e ir sch o o l a n d c lassro o m o rie n ta Efforts of tio n ? W h ich h a v e p ro v e d to b e of o u t outstanding Efforts value made s ta n d in g v a lu e ? a. N ew te a c h e rs re p o r t e a r lie r th a n o th e r te a c h e rs fo r a c o n fe re n ce w ith th e d ire c to r. b. N ew te a c h e rs r e p o r t e a r lie r th a n o th e r te a c h e rs fo r g ro u p m e e t-
ingsc. C o n feren ces, o r m e e tin g s o f n e w te a c h e rs a re h e ld soon a f te r school opens. d. N ew te a c h e rs a re p ro v id e d w ith p e rs o n a l copies of b o a r d ru le s a n d re g u la tio n s g o v e rn in g th e school sy stem . e. N ew te a c h e rs a re p ro v id e d w ith p e rso n a l copies of a d m in is tra tiv e ru le s a n d re g u la tio n s o r a fa c u lty h a n d b o o k . f. T h e a d m in is tra tiv e s ta ff assig n s a “b ig b r o th e r o r s is te r ” o r s p o n so r to h e lp in school o rie n ta tio n . g. N ew te a c h e rs a re g iv e n less r o u tin e assig n m e n ts. h. B u lle tin s issu e d e sp e c ia lly fo r n e w te a c h e rs. i A re c e p tio n o r te a o r o th e r so cia l fu n c tio n is h e ld e a rly in th e y e a r to w elco m e n e w te a c h e rs. j. H o m e v is it b y th e college d ire c to r o r m e m b e rs of th e a d m in is tr a tiv e staff. k . O th e r: (E x p la in ).
5. W h a t e ffo rts a re m a d e to h e lp n e w Circle all appropriate responses te a c h e rs in th e ir c o m m u n ity o rie n ta Efforts of tion? W h ich h a v e p ro v e d to b e o f o u t outstanding Efforts s ta n d in g v a lu e ? made value a. T h e re is no o rg a n iz e d p ro g ra m . a a b. S p ecific h e lp is g iv e n n e w te a c h b b e rs in s e c u rin g liv in g q u a rte rs . c. T h e P.T .A ., C h a m b e r of C om m erce, o r som e sim ila r g ro u p h o ld s a te a , re c e p tio n , o r o th e r so cial fu n c tio n p r im a rily fo r th e n e w te a c h e rs. d. N ew te a c h e rs a re g iv e n a b ro c h u r e c o n ta in in g in fo rm a tio n a b o u t th e c o m m u n ity . e. S om e school or civic g ro u p con d u c ts a p la n n e d p ro g ra m of “k n o w y o u r c o m m u n ity .” f. O th e r: (E x p lain ).
P a rt VI S E L E C T E D F A C T O R S A F F E C T I N G R E T E N T IO N 1. F o r h o w m a n y y e a rs h a s th e a v e ra g e d a ily a t- Circle one te n d a n c e b e e n in excess of 850? response only a. 0 a b. 1 b c. 2 c d. 3 d e. 4-6 e f. 7-9 f g. 10 or over. g Circle all 2. W h a t b o a rd p olicies a re n o w in effec t c o n c e rn appropriate in g th e g ra n tin g of p e rm a n e n t te n u re ? responses a. T h e b o a rd h a s n o d e fin ite s ta te d policy. a b. T h e b o a rd p la ce s d e fin ite re s tric tio n s on th e b n u m b e rs o r p e rc e n ta g e of te a c h e rs w h ic h ca n b e m a d e p e rm a n e n t. c. T h e b o a rd m a k e s c e rta in stip u la tio n s of age, p la c e of re sid e n c e ,etc., as p re re q u is ite s fo r p e rm a n e n c y . d. In lie u of s ta te d p o lic y th e s u p e rin te n d e n t is e x p e c te d to n o m in a te fo r p e rm a n e n c y all p ro b a tio n a ry te a c h e rs w h o se serv ice s a re ju d g e d to b e satisfactory. e. T h e s u p e rin te n d e n t is e x p e c te d to n o m in a te fo r p e rm a n e n c y a ll p ro b a tio n a ry te a c h e rs w h o se se rv ic es a re ju d g e d to b e above a v e r
age.
f. T h e s u p e rin te n d e n t is e x p e c te d to n o m i n a te fo r p e rm a n e n c y a ll p ro b a tio n a ry te a c h ers w h o se serv ic es a re ju d g e d to b e o u t
standing.
4.
W h a t e ffo rts a re m a d e b y th e all appropriate teaching s ta ff to h e lp n e w te a c h e rs in Circleresponses th e ir sch o o l a n d c lassro o m o rie n ta tio n ? Efforts Efforts of W hich h a v e p ro v e d to b e o f o u ts ta n d outstanding made in g v a lu e ? value a. T h e re is n o o rg a n iz e d p ro g ra m . a a b. In d iv id u a l te a c h e rs c h o se n b y b b th e fa c u lty g ro u p a ssu m e re s p o n s ib ility as n eed ed . c. T h e te a c h e rs ’ c lu b h o ld s a te a , re c e p tio n , o r o th e r so c ia l fu n c tio n . d. T h e v a rio u s d e p a rtm e n ts a ssig n a te a c h e r w ith in th e d e p a rtm e n t to a c t as a te m p o ra ry a d v iso r. e. T h e fa c u lty c lu b p u b lis h e s a y e a rb o o k p r im a rily fo r th is p u r pose. f. O fficial r e p re s e n ta tiv e s o f th e te a c h e rs ’ c lu b m a k e h o m e v isits. g. O th e r: (E x p la in ).
g. O th e r: (E x p lain ).
3. W h a t p e rc e n ta g e of th e to ta l te a c h in g s ta ff (see 2b above) m ay b ecom e p e rm a n e n t as fa r as th is fa c to r is n o w c o n tro lle d b y o fficia l Circle one b o a rd policy. response only a. 100% of th e te a c h e rs m a y becom e p e rm a a n e n t. b. 0% of th e te a c h e rs m a y becom e p e rm a b n e n t. c. O th e r: (E x p la in ). c
4. W h a t seem s lik e a n o p tim u m p e rc e n ta g e of te n u r e te a c h e rs a s c o m p a re d to th e o v e ra ll to - circle one ta l in y o u r school? response only a. 90 to 100%. a b. 80 to 90% . b c. 70 to 80% . c
d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k.
5.
60 to 70% . 50 to 60% . 40 to 50%. 30 to 40% . 20 to 30%. 10 to 20% . 0 to 10%. O th e r: (E x p la in ).
d e f g h i j k
To w h a t e x te n t does th e b o a rd a ffirm th e s u p e r in te n d e n t’s re c o m m e n d a tio n s fo r p e rm a n - circle one ency? response only a. A lw ays. a b. N e a rly a lw a y s. O n ly a n o ccasio n al ex c e p b tion. c. G e n e ra lly , b u t w ith som e e x c e p tio n s. c d. A b o u t h a lf a n d h a lf. d e. O th e r: (E x p la in ). e
H o w is th e lis t of p ro b a tio n a ry te a c h e rs to be Circle one re c o m m e n d e d fo r p e rm a n e n c y p re p a re d ? response on y a. P re p a r e d b y th e d ire c to r, su b je c t to th e a a p p ro v a l of th e s u p e rin te n d e n t. b. P r e p a r e d b y th e d ire c to r, b y t s u b je c t to b d e le tio n s o r a d d itio n s b y th e s u p e rin te n d e n t. c. T h e s u p e rin te n d e n t p r e p a r e s h is o w n lis t c a f te r c o n su ltin g w ith th e d ire c to r a n d / o r o th e r s u p e rv iso ry p e rso n n e l. d. O th e r: (E x p la in ).
7.
8.
9.
A t w h a t tim e a re p ro b a tio n a ry te a c h e rs n o ti- Circie ono fie d if th e ir c o n tra c ts a re n o t to b e re n e w e d ? response only a. U su a lly b e fo re J a n u a r y 31. a b. U su a lly in F e b ru a ry . b c. U su a lly in M arch . c d. U su a lly in A p ril. d e. U su a lly b e tw e e n M ay 1a n d M ay 15 e f. O th e r: (E x p la in ). f
W h a t is th e lin e a n d s ta ff re s p o n s ib ility of th e Circle one d e p a rtm e n t h e a d to p ro b a tio n a ry te a c h e rs? response only a. A ssu m es f u ll lin e re sp o n s ib ility b e tw e e n th e a d ire c to r a n d th e te a c h e rs. b. A ssu m es s u p e rv is o ry re s p o n s ib ility su c h as b te a c h in g a ssista n c e a n d e v a lu a tio n . c. A cts p rim a rily as a c o o rd in a to r. c d. O th e r: (E x p la in ). d
W h ich o f th e fo llo w in g m a k e w r itte n ra tin g s of p ro b a tio n a ry te a c h e rs th e r e b y h e lp in g th e appropriate college d ire c to r m a k e h is f in a l e v a lu a tio n ? responses a. N o s u p e rv is o ry o r a d m in is tra tiv e p e rso n n e l. a b. D e p a rtm e n t h e a d s. b c. D e a n of W o m en . c d. D e a n o f M en. d e. D e a n o f R eco rd s e f. D e a n o f G u id an ce. f g. D e a n o f I n s tru c tio n g h. O th e r s u p e rv is o ry p e rs o n n e l: (N am e). h
If a n y of th e s u p e rv is o ry p e rs o n n e l lis te d ab o v e in No. 9 m a k e ra tin g s , is th is n o ta te d o n a p r in te d fo rm w h ic h c a n b e m a d e a v a ila b le CIrcle ono fo r s tu d y b y th is in v e s tig a to r? response only a. Y es. a b. No. b
c.
11.
O th e r: (E x p la in ).
W h a t e ffe c t does th e le n g th of e x p e rie n c e w ith in th e s y ste m h a v e on Circle one response m th e r e te n tio n of p ro b a tio n a ry yjrst yearSecond year te a c h e rs? teacher teacher a. U su a lly o ffe re d re -e m p lo y m e n t a a if th e p o sitio n re m a in s o p e n a n d se rv ic e s a re n o t unsatisfactory, po ssib le p e rm a n e n c y h a v in g no in flu e n c e o ne w a y o r a n o th e r. b. U su a lly o ffe re d re -e m p lo y m e n t b b if th e se rv ic e s a re defin itely sa t isfactory, p o ssib le p e rm a n e n c y h a v in g n o in flu e n c e o n e w a y or a n o th e r. c. O ffe re d re -e m p lo y m e n t o n ly if c c th e serv ic es a r e sa tisfa c to ry to th e p o in t of te a c h e r q u a lify in g as a possible c a n d id a te fo r p e r m an en cy . d. O ffe re d re -e m p lo y m e n t o n ly if d d th e se rv ic e s a re sa tisfa c to ry to th e p o in t of th e te a c h e r q u a lify in g as a s tro n g c a n d id a te fo r p e rm a n e n c y . e. O th e r: (E x p la in ). e e
Rate all items ac cording to the fol lowing scale: (1) 12. T o w h a t e x te n t a re th e fo llo w in g re lie d highly respected; o n b y th e college d ire c to r in e v a lu a tin g (2) generally re spected; (3) for cor th e to ta l se rv ic e of th e p ro b a tio n a ry roboration only; (4) te a c h e r? seldom considered; (5) never consid ered.
a. b. c. d.
S a m p lin g of s tu d e n t opinion. O p in io n s of fe llo w te a c h e rs. S o lic ited c o m m e n ts of th e la y p u b lic . U n so lic ite d c o m m e n ts of th e la y pu b lic. . e. D ire c t c lassro o m o b se rv a tio n b y th e s u p e rv iso ry sta ff, o th e r th a n him self. f. O b se rv a tio n of n o n -cla ssro o m a c tiv itie s b y th e s u p e rv iso ry staff, o th e r th a n h im self. g O th e r: (E x p la in ).
a. b. c. d.
1 1 1 1
e.
1
2
3
4
f.
1
2
3
4 5
g.
1
2
3
4 5
5
Indicate approximate number per teacher per semester. 13. T o w h a t e x te n t a re th e fo llo w in g Exclusively m e th o d s of im p ro v in g th e se rv ic e s for .
of a. b. c.
th e p ro b a tio n a ry te a c h e rs u sed? F a c u lty m e etin g s. D e p a rtm e n t m e e tin g s. In d iv id u a l co n fe re n ce s w ith th e college d ire c to r. d. In d iv id u a l c o n fe re n c e s w ith th e d e p a rtm e n t h e a d . e. C lassro o m v is ita tio n b y th e colleg e d ire c to r. f. C lassro o m v is ita tio n b y o th e r m e m b e rs of th e s u p e rv iso ry staff. g. B u lle tin s. h. In d iv id u a l m e m o ra n d a .
prt°eba^ sa ry a .................... b .................... c....................
teachSs a ................. b ................. c .................
d .................. d .................. e .................. e.
..........
f ................... f .................... g .................... g ................. h .................... h .................. Rank according to amount of usage. (1) 2 3 4 5 denotes most
14. H o w a re th e p ro b a tio n a ry te a c h e rs n o tifie d o f d e fic ie n c ies in th e ir serv ice ? a. U su a lly n o t n o tifie d . a. b. In c id e n ta lly in c a s u a l c o n v e rsa tio n b. c. B y m e m o ra n d a . c. d. I n c o n fe re n ce s fo r th e p u rp o se . d. e. O th e r: (E x p la in ). e.
second.
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4
5
5 5 5 5
15. B elo w a re lis te d c e r ta in te a c h e r co m p eten cies. T o w h a t e x te n t do p r o b a tio n a ry te a c h e rs f a il to m e e t th e s ta n d a rd s n e c e s s a ry fo r p e r m a n e n c y ? (F o r d is tric ts of less th a n 850 A D A , co n sid e r t h e te a c h e rs re m a in in g in th e d is tric t m o re th a n th r e e y e a rs as y o u r p e r m a n e n t s ta ff) Circle all appropriate responses
a. K n o w le d g e of s u b je c t m a tte r . b . S k ill in te a c h in g . c. A b ility to in s p ire stu d e n ts . d. A b ility to h a n d le c lassro o m d iscip lin e. e. U n d e rs ta n d in g o f p ro b le m cases. f. A b ility to d e a l w ith in d iv id u a l d iffe re n c es. g. C o o p e ra tiv e a ttitu d e to w a rd stu d e n ts . h . C o o p e ra tio n w ith co lleag u es, i W illin g n e ss to a c c e p t d ire c tio n , j. P u n c tu a lity a n d r e g u la r ity of a tte n d a n c e , k . P ro m p tn e s s a n d a c c u ra c y o f r e p o rts a n d re c o rd s. m . W illin g n e ss to a ssu m e re sp o n sib ility , n. E ffe c tiv e p a rtic ip a tio n in c o -c u rric u la r activ itie s .
a b c d e f g
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Part VII B L A N K F O R M S /R E P O R T S , R U L E S A N D R E G U L A T IO N S 1. I t w o u ld b e h e lp fu l to re c e iv e copies of c u r r e n tly used b la n k form s, re p o rts, a n d ru le s a n d r e g u la tio n s re la tin g to th e p ro c e d u re s r e f e r r e d to in th is stu d y . W o u ld you en clo se th e fo llo w in g a lo n g w ith th is c h e c k list, a n d in c lu d e o th e rs w h ic h y o u b e lie v e u sefu l? a. A p p lic a tio n fo rm s. b. R e fe re n c e b la n k s. c. In te rv ie w fo rm s. d. E x a m in a tio n form s. e. C o n tra c t fo rm s. f. N o tice of e m p lo y m e n t form s. g. R a tin g sh e ets. h. P e r tin e n t ru le s a n d re g u la tio n s a n d / o r h a n d b o o k s.
COMMENTS
* A se lf-a d d re s s e d , s ta m p e d e n v e lo p e is p ro v id e d fo r y o u r co n v en ien ce in r e tu r n in g th is c h e c k -list. is m isla id , p le a se m a il to S e lm e r O stlie , 511 N. B u r ris A ve., C o m pton, C a lifo rn ia :
In case th e e n v elo p e
( F i r s t fo llo w -u p l e t t e r s e n t t o J u n io r C o lle g e A d m in is tra t o r s who h a d r e t u r n e d t h e c o m p le te d c h e c k l i s t b u t fro m whom a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n w as d e s i r e d . )
511 N. B u r r i s A venue Compton, C a l i f o r n i a November 1 , 1 9 4 9
J u n io r C o lle g e A d m in is tra to r s L e t me th a n k you f o r y o u r t h o u g h t f u l r e p l y t o my c h e c k - l i s t "The S e l e c t i o n And R e t e n t i o n o f J u n i o r C o lle g e T e a c h e rs " .
Y our h e l p i s t r u l y a p p r e c i a t e d .
T h e r e a r e a few q u e s t i o n s , h o w e v e r, w h e re a m p l i f i c a t i o n o r c l a r i f i c a t i o n w o u ld be d e s i r a b l e .
I am
th e re fo re ta k in g th e l i b e r t y o f r e d ir e c tin g your a t t e n t i o n t o t h e i t e m s on t h e e n c l o s e d s e p a r a t e s h e e t . W h e re v e r p o s s i b l e 1 h a v e t r i e d t o i n d i c a t e t h e n a t u r e o f t h e o r i g i n a l d i f f i c u l t y i n o r d e r t o make i t e a s i e r f o r y ou t o a n s w e r . A g a in , th a n k y o u f o r y o u r f i n e c o o p e r a t i o n . S in c e re ly ,
(S ig n ed )
S e lm er O s t l i e
601 ( L e t t e r s e n t t o J u n i o r C o l l e g e A d m i n i s t r a t o r s who h a d n o t r e t u r n e d t h e c o m p le te d c h e c k l i s t . )
511 N. B u r r i s Avenue Compton, C a l i f o r n i a November 1 , 1949
D ear S i r : A bout a m o n th ago u n d e r t h e s p o n s o r s h i p o f t h e s C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e J u n i o r C o l l e g e A s s o c i a t i o n , we s e n t you a check l i s t c o n c e rn in g th e s e l e c t i o n and r e t e n t i o n of ju n io r c o lle g e te a c h e rs . g r a t i f y i n g , and i t
The r e s p o n s e h a s b ee n m o st
a p p e a r s t h a t a s i g n i f i c a n t r e p o r t can
be m ad e. We a r e a n x i o u s , h o w e v e r, t h a t t h i s r e p o r t be a s c o m p le te a s p o s s i b l e .
We h a v e been d i s a p p o i n t e d ,
t h e r e f o r e , i n n o t r e c e i v i n g y o u r c o m p le te d c h e c k l i s t . We a r e e n c l o s i n g a n a d d i t i o n a l
cop y, h o p i n g t h a t you
w i l l f i n d t i m e t o c o m p le te i t i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e . S in c e re ly , (S ig n ed )
S e lm er O s t l i e
602 (S e c o n d l e t t e r s e n t t o J u n i o r C o l l e g e A d m i n i s t r a t o r s who h a d n o t r e s p o n d e d t o t h e f i r s t r e q u e s t f o r r e t u r n i n g c o m p le te d check l i s t .)
511 N. B u r r i s A venue Compton, C a l i f o r n i a November 1 , 1949
D ear S i r : We a r e w r i t i n g y o u a g a i n c o n c e r n i n g t h e c h e c k l i s t "The S e l e c t i o n a n d R e t e n t i o n o f J u n i o r C o l l e g e T e a c h e r s " * We h a v e h e a r d fro m m o s t o f t h e J u n i o r C o l l e g e A d m i n i s t r a t o r s o f th e s t a t e ,
b u t we h a v e n o t h e a r d fro m y o u .
It
i s h i g h l y d e s i r a b l e t h a t we d o . Won’ t you c o m p le te t h e c h e c k l i s t i n t h e n e x t few d a y s , a n d r e t u r n i t i n on e o f t h e e n v e l o p e s p r e v i o u s l y s e n t you? S in c e re ly ,
( S ig n e d )
S e lm e r O s t l i e