A Higher Sanskrit Grammar for the Use of Schools and Colleges

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SANSKRIT

.

CO

[

R KALE

OT!LAL BANAR8IDAS:;3

DELHI

u

PATNA

H

VARANASI

HIGHER SANSKRIT

GRAMMAR

FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES, BY

LATE MORESHWAR RAMGHANDRA KALE, Author

of

the

'Sahityasarasangraha? &c. &c.

MOTILAL BANARSIDASS DELHI

::

PATNA

I:

VARANASI

B.A.,

Publisher

Printer

:

Snii clap

Motilal Banarsidass,

:

Shantl Lai Jain

Lai Jain

Shri Jainendra Press,

-,

Bungalow Road,

Bungalow Road,

Jawahar Nagar, Delhi-6.

Jawahar Nagar, Delhi-6.

1961 By a.rangement with

M/S Gopal

f+

Narain

&

Co.

\

Books available at

:

Motilal Banarsidass, Bungalow Road, Jawahar Nagar, Box 1586, Delhi-6.

Post

Motilal Banarsidass, Nepali Khapra, Post Motilal Banarsidass, Bankipur, Patna-4 .

Box

75, Varanasi.

PREFACE The

Grammar

has been prepared with a the Indian University students. The University examiners have been, of late, evincing a desire to exact a more thorough knowledge of the obscurer and therefore more difficult parts of Sanskrit Grammar, than was required formerly. In fact, a student of the present day, with Sanskrit for his second language, must, if he wishes to pass his University Eaxminations with credit, acquire more than a general knowledge of the various departments of Sanskrit Grammar, while none of the grammars now accessible to the Indian student, with the exception of one or two, supply him with the necessary information on the various topics discussed in Dr. Bhandarkar's books, the original Sanskrit works. though ingeniously sketched and^Jadmirably executed, are admittedly meant to introduce a student to the vast field of Sanskrit Grammar. Dr. Kielhorn's Grammar aims more at brevity and perspicuitv than at fullness of treatment

view

to

present

meet the growing wants of

with conciseness. Prof. Whitney's grammar is too elaborate, and therefore too high for the ordinary student. Prof. Monier Williams' grammar and others, though excellent in themselves, are expressly written for European students and are more suited to them than to the Indian students. I have, therefore, done my best to bring the present Grammar upto the requirements of the high standard.

Now, a few words on the scope and arrangement of the work and I will conclude. As remarked by Dr. (Now Sir) Bhandarkar* "Grammar was not an empiric study with Panini and the other ancient grammarians of India." In fact in the hands of the ancient Grammarians of India, Sanskrit Grammar rose to the dignity of a science and must "Introduction to the 3rd Ed. of the 2nd

Book

of Sanskrit.

>

ii

be studied as such. To quote the words of the learned Doctor again "its study possesses an educational value of the same kind as that of Euclid and not much inferior to it

in degree.

of the

For

student

to

make up

a particular

from the mind

has to

go through a certain process of synthesis." To split up, therefore, a general rule of the ancient Indian grammarians into a number of the cases it comprehends, as is done by some praticular modern writers on Sanskrit grammar, is not to build up but to destroy, not to simplify the difficulties of the

student but to embarrass him.

For a Grammar, then, to be practical and correct, in my humble opinion, it must be based on indigenous words understood and studied in their genuine scientific spiiit. In writing the various chapters of this book (except the one on the 'Conjugation of Verbs') I have closely followed Panini as explained by Bhattoji Dikshit (the Ka^hika of Vamana being also occasionally referred to). Many of the rules given are translations of the Sutras of Panini, much matter being thus compressed into a small compass. The original Sutras where necessary, are given in foot-notes as help to memory. Sandhis and declensions are very fully treated.

Compounds which

c play such an important part in San krit

literature, and which, yet, are very summarily disposed of in many grammars, have received special attention,

almost everything in the Siddhanta Kaumudi being included. The formation of feminine bases which is not considered separately in other grammars has been treated of here in a separate chapter (VI). The seventh chapter deals with the Taddhita affixes (i. e. affixes forming secondary nominal ba&es) which, for the convenience of the student and the occassional referer, have been arranged here in an alphabetical order, each followed by a number of the derivatives formed by it. The question of gender which so much perplexes the foreigner has been dealt with in the eighth chapter, while the ninth treats of "Indeclinables." The first nine chapters thus form what may be called the first part of the book, in as much as they deal with all that relates to the noun (declinable and indeclinable) But a special feature of the pres nt Grammar is the chapter on the 'Conjugation of Verbs/ No part of Sanskrit Grammar is more difficult and

iii

perplexing and therefore more calculated, to tire out the patience of the young student, than the conjugation of Verbs. It is, therefore, written with a special attention The general rules given are to th3 student's difficulties. amply illustrated by example. Almost all the roots which are likely to puzzle the student in conjugating '

them

in

a

conjugated.

particular tense or mood have been fully In the eleventh chapter, all the verbs which

change their pada when preceded by particular prepositions are given in an alphabetical order with illustrations where necessary. Two more chapters, one on syntax and the other on prosody, have also been added. The chapter on syntax contains almost everything given in the first Apte's 'Guide to Sanskrit Composisame original having been followed by the both. The chapter on prosody is based on the Chhanclomanjari and the Vrittaratnakara. The book closes with a list of

2G chapters of Prof. tion,' the

verbs (added at the suggestion of my publishers) containing almost all the roots in Sanskrit and giving the 3rd pers. sing, in the important tenses and moods.

Thus

be seen that I have spared no pains to useful and as complete as possible. Also such of the technical terms used in original Sanskrit Grammars as the student always meets with in Sanskarit commentaries, are given in their proper places with their

make

the

it

will

book

as

explanations.

In writing this

Grammar,

I

have occasionally used

Monier Williams's, Dr. Kielhorn's and Whitney's grammars to ail of whom I make ample acknowledgements. My special thanks are due to Dr. Bhandarkar whose two books of Sanskrit were my chief guide in writing out the chapter on the 'Conjugation of Verbs,' and to the late Prof Apte to whose excellent 'Guide to Sanskrit Composition,' I am indebted for some of the illustrations given in tha Thirteenth chapter. I have also to thank

my

friend Mr. IJUdhavacharya Ainapure for his occasional and for the pains he took in preparing for this Grammar the list of Verbs added at the end and carrying it through the press.

help

into

This being th? first attempt of the Author to bring one volume che various departments of Sanskrit

iv

Grammar as full and as concisely as possible, the Author hopes that the public will take an indulgent view of the work, and pardon him for any of the inaccuracies,. mistakes of typography, &c., that might have crept in notwithstanding his best care.

It

is

a sufficient

excuse

whole volume was written and Before carried through the press in less than a year. concluding I have also to thank Mr. Vinayaka Narayana, for these to say that the

Proprietor of the firm of Messrs. Gopal Narayen & Co., my publishers of this Grammar, for the care with which he passed the sheets through the press.

Lastly I beg to say that I shall be very grateful for any corrections and suggestions that may be sent to me by my indulgent readers and critics and will try to profit by them if the book reaches a second edition.

1894.

CONTENTS. CHAPTER. I.

II.

PAGE.

The Alphabet

...

Rules of Sandhi :-

...

1

Svarasandhi

2

Halsandhi

...

...

and adjective

IV.

V. VI. VII.

2 3

Irregular bases

...

22

32 34

II)...

54

4

Words

...

...

28

...

of irregular declension

...

65

...

82

Pronouns and their Declension

...

...

87

Numerals and

...

...

102

...

...

HO

...

...

113

...

115

their Declension

Degrees of Comparison

Compounds 1 Dwandwa

...

or copulative

3

compounds

Tatpurusha or the Determinative com-

pounds

...

...

...

121

Karmadharaya or the Appositional compounds

...

...

...

133

...

147-

144

4

Upapada compounds

5

Bahuvh! or Attributive compounds

6

compound 1 6fr General rules applicable to all compounds 16& Other changes in connection with com-

7 8

Avyayibhava

pounds IX.

12

...

...

...

Bases ending in vowels (Section I) Bases ending in consonants (Section

2

VIII.

12

...

3 Visargasandhi Subanta or Declension of nouns, substantive

1

1

...

...

...

...

III.

...

...

...

or the Adverbial

..,

Formation of Feminine Bases

...

...

...

...

171

180

Secondary Nominal Bases derived by the addition of the

Taddhita or Secondary

affixes.

194

2

CHAPTER X. Gender XI.

XII.

PAGE ...

...

...

219

Avyayas or Indeclinables

.-,

...

223

...

...

224

...

...

228

...

1

Prepositions

...

2

Adverbs

...

3

Particles

...

4

Conjunctions

...

...

...

231

5

Interjections

...

...

...

231

...

...

Conjugation of Verbs 1

230

... Active Voice (Section I) with Bases unchangeable (a) Roots

4th, 6th and 10th classes) (b) Roots of the classes

1st,

which from

2

233

235

...

24]

(1st,

...

6th and 10th

their bases irregu-

248

...

larly (c)

4th,

... ...

Roots with changeable bases (2nd, 3rd, ... 254 5th, 7th, 8th and 9th classes) General

or,

Non-conjugational tenses and moods

...

295

...

298

The two futures and conditional (a) First

Future

...

...

(b)

Second future and conditional

...

300

(c)

Perfect

...

306

...

...

(1)

Irregular bases

(2)

Periphrastic Perfect

(d) Aorist 1st Variety

...

...

321

...

329

...

...

...

332

...

...

...

332

2nd

...

...

...

333

3rd

...

...

...

340

6th

...

...

...

344

7th

...

...

...

354

4th

...

...

...

5th

.

347 352

PAGE

CHAPTER (e)

Bencdictivc

...

...

...

356

Section II

...

...

...

359

...

...

...

359

...

364

(a) Passive (b)

Non-conjugational tenses and moods 1

Perfect

2 Aorist

...

...

...

364

...

...

...

365

...

367

2 Derivative Verbs (Section

III)

...

368

...

...

376

Frequentatives

...

...

3S4

Nominal Verbs

...

...

392

(a)

Gausals

(b)

Desideratives

(c)

(d)

... ...

...

XIII.

Parasmaipada and Atmanepada

XIV.

Verbal Derivatives or Primary Nominal Bases

XV.

Syntax

...

399

...

...

...

...

416

:

...

...

...

468

Concord Government

...

...

...

470

2

...

...

...

475

3

Pronouns

...

...

...

508

4

Participles

...

...

...

510

5

Tenses and moods

...

...

518

6

Indeclinables

...

...

532

...

...

1

1

APPENDIX

I

:-Prosody

1

Samavrittas

2

Vishama Vrittas

APPENDIX

II

:

Dhatukosha

...

...

...

...

3

...

...

24

...

...

24

..15-61

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE WORK. OF

THE NAMES OF THE WORKS AND GRAMMATICAL, &C.

Amara. Bhatt.

Amarakosh. or

Sis.

Bhatti-

Bhatti.

kavya. Bhartrihari. Ni. Sa.

Bh.

Sisupalavadha.

Uttar.

Utcararamacharita. or

Vop. A- or

Vopadeva.

Bop.

Atm

Atmanepada.

AbL

Ablative.

Ace.

Accusative.

Dev.-Devibhagavata Purana

Adj.

Adjective.

Hit.

Adv.

Adverb.

Avy.

Avyayibhava.

Nitisataka.

Vai.

Sa.

Variagyasataka.

Hitopadesa.

Kad.

Kadambari.

Katya Katyayana. D. Kav Dandin's Kavyadarsa Kir.

Mb.

Pan.

Rag.

Meghaduta.

Compare.

Compound. Dative.

Dat.

Den.

Denominative.

Des.

Desiderative.

Freq

.

Frequantative. Indeclinable.

Indecl.

Panini's Sutras.

Inst.

Instrumental.

Raghuvamsa of Kali-

Loc.

Locative.

dasa.

Ram.ch. Sak.

Cau.

Comp.

Malavikagnimitra. Mahaor Mah. Bhas.

bhashya of Patanjali. Mah. Bhar. Mahabharata.

Meg.

Bahuvrihi. Causal.

Cf.

Kiratarjuniya.

Mai.

Bah.

Nom. Ramacharita.

Abhijnanasakuntala of Kalidasa.

Nominative.

P. or Par.

Pass.

Parasmaipada.

Passive.

Pot. P. -Potential participle.

Sid.

Kau.

Sidhantakau-

mudi, shita's

Bhattoji

commentary on

Panini's

&c.

&c.

Present participle.

Pres.p.

Pron.

siitras.

&c.

P.P.-Past Passive participle.

Dik-

Pronouns. c.

&c'

&c.

A

HIGHER

SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. Chapter I. THE ALPHABET. Sanskrit, or the refined language, is the language of

1.

Devas or gods * and the alphabet called Devanagari, or

The

(a)

correct

that- em ployed

name

in

which

written is

is

it

in the cities of gods.

for the Sanskrt alphabet is

Daiva-

nagari sometimes abbreviated into Ndgari, Perhaps in the word Devanagari we have a history of the times when the

Aryans entered and

who

settled in

The Aryans

Northern India.

were much fairer in colour than the aborigines of India

are the Devas referred to in the

name Devanagari

shine, those of a brilliant complexion

Aryan settlements within the

);

(

from r%g^to

and Nagari means the

precincts oi

which the sacred

language was spoken. (6)

The Sanskrit language

is

generally written in different

parts of the country, in that alphabet which is used for the

Vernacular ever, in

( e. g.

Bengali, Marathi &c.

).

That

character,

which the earliest monuments are written

(

how-

such as the

inscriptions containing the edicts of Asoka ) and which is employed throughout Upper India is generally considered to

be the real Devanagari. *

Wf

f 'TIT

?Cr ^TCFifUcqrai qf fffi:

I

Dandin,

2

SANSKRIT GBAMMATI.

The Devanagari alphabet

2.

^

[

2

consists ot forty -two letters

or varnas, nine vowels or svaras,

and

consonants

thirty-three

or vyanjanag.*

These express nearly every gradation of sound, and every letter stands for & particular and invariable sound. (a)

Note

This explains

:

there are no names, as in Greek -

why

for the different letters oi the alphabet.

*

Thus given by Pamni

Vowels:

gr^or

Consonants :

The

=s,

letter;

e.

ar^Tt the letter

g.

&c.

11. A vowel by itself or a consonant, simple or conjunct, with a vowel added to it, is called an Akthara or a syllable.

The form* which

12.

the vowel signs

to consonants and the changes which

when compounded (a) 3?

are given below, under

added to a consonant

is

assume when added

some (a)

letters

and

undergo

(b).

denoted by the rein ova I of

the nether stroke; as 3? +37=91 ka. The remaining vowela when compounded with a consonant become r, p , *r> ^ > t> ^> c > ft

%%>,1, respectively; as ^+an=^fea,^+f =foki; t

ku.,

Exception : *>^t.

k,