Dispotismo: genesi e sviluppi di un concetto filosofico-politico 8820731738, 9788820731731
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Table of contents :
Copertina
Copyright
Indice generale
TOMO PRIMO
Premessa
Dispotismo e politica in Aristotele
Introduzione
I. Dispotismo e tirannide in Aristotele
1. Lo scopo della politica
2. Le relazioni di potere all'interno dell'oikos e della polis. La despoteia
3. Dispotismo e tirannide
II. Il dispotismo necessario
1. Una basileia ideale per popoli liberi e popoli schiavi
2. L'uomo eccellente per virtù politica
3. Le trame della storia
Immagini del dispotismo: la Persia sassanide nella rappresentazione della cultura Ellenistico-Romana da Costantino a Ercolano (306-641 d.C.)
1. La percezione dell''altro' nella cultura ellenistico-romana della tarda antichità
2. La 'Nuova Roma' e la Persia sassanide
3. Politeia ideale e 'dispotismo' sassanide
4. L'utopia barbarica
5. Conclusioni: la 'Nuova Roma', la Persia sassanide e l'dea di 'dispotismo orientale' nella tarda antichità
Il pricipatus despoticus nell'aristotelismo basso medievale
Niccolò Machiavelli e la «monarchia del Turco»
1. La paura del Turco nel mondo machiavelliano
2. L'opposizione Oriente-Occidente nell'Umanesimo cristiano fino al Principe
3. 'Dispotismo orientale' e idea d'Europa
4. La nuova tipologia dei regimi politici «principati o repubbliche»
5. La virtù della città e la distruzione della civiltà
Signoria e tirannide nella «République» di Jean Bodin
Forza e diritto. Il dispotismo nel secondo trattato sul governo di John Locke
1. Governo illegittimo come governo dispotico
2. Il dispotismo, l'usurpazione e la tirannide
3. Il diritto dispotico e la conquista giusta
Contro un 'Sole' dispotico. Assolutismo e dispotismo nella Francia di Luigi XIV
Dispotismo e libertà nell'Esprit des lois di Montesquieu
Teocrazia e dispotismo in Nicolas-Antoine Boulanger
1. Boulanger e Montesquieu
2. La storia generale degli errori umani
3. Il dispotismo
4. Philosophie e engagement
Dispotismo, virtù e lusso in Claude-Adrien Helvétius
1. Il dispotismo secondo Helvétius e il debito verso Montesquieu
2. «Chacun veut être despote»: dispotismo, psicologia e interesse
3. Dispotismo e storia
Dispotismo e assolutismo illuminato
La morte del corpo politico: il dispotismo in Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1. Dispotismo e «societé bien ordonnée»
2. L'alienazione della volontà
3. Il dispotismo e la legge
4. Dispotismo e stato di natura
5. Dispotismo e sovranità
I fisiocrati e Mably: tra dispotismo legale e governo misto
TOMO SECONDO
Oriente ideologico, Asia reale. Apologie e critiche del dispotismo nel secondo Settecento francese
Premessa
1. Le Observations del fermier géneral Claude Dupin
2. Voltaire e il dispotismo orientale dell'Esprit des lois
3. Simon-Nicolas-Henri Linguet e il paradosso del «saggio» dispotismo orientale
4. Abraham-Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron e la Législation orientale. L'approccio etnologico e storico ad un «mito filosofico»
Dispotismo e 'Ideologia europea' nelle filosofie della storia di Turgot e Condorcet
«Despotisme de la liberté»: l'eccezione giacobina
Benjamin Constant e il ''dispotismo dei moderni''
1. Dispotismo e definizioni
2. Il ''dispotismo dei moderni''
3. Liberalismo e dispotismo
Hegel e lo spirito del dispotismo
1. Introduzione: il dispotismo tra politica e storia
2. Dispotismo e riflessione politica hegeliana
3. Stato e storia universale: le declinazioni del dispotismo
4. Conclusioni
Alexis de Tocqueville e il dispotismo ''di nuova specie''
1. Le opere e il loro contesto
2. Difficoltà interpretative
3. ''Tipologie'' dispotiche
4. Su alcune incertezze, debiti, affinità
5. Contro il dispotismo
Figure del dispotismo in Jhon Stuart Mill
I. Il dispotismo negli scritti e nei discorsi del giovane Mill
II. Il dispotismo nel pensiero politico e sociale del Mill maturo
Forma di produzione asiatica e dispotismo orientale in Karl Marx
Dispotismo e comunismo: il dispotismo orientale di Karl August Wittfogel
1. Premessa
2. L'Oriente e la rivoluzione: Die Theorie der orientalischen Gesellschaft
3. Lo stanilismo come fosse suprema del dispotismo
4. Qualche considerazione conclusiva
Dal dispotismo al totalitarismo: Hannah Arendt
1. Dispotismo e totalitarismo: continuità, discontinuità o metamorfosi?
2. Teoria delle forme di governo, potere e legge: da Montesquieu alla Arendt
3. Immagini del deserto: l'esperienza del totalitarismo
4. Filo di seta/filo di spada
Gli autori
Indice dei nomi
Quarta di copertina
Citation preview
MEMO 4 3
DISPOTISMO Genesi e sviluppi di un concetto filosofico-politico a cura di Domenico Felice
TOMO PRIMO
ISSN- 1972 - 070X
Liguori Editore
L’opera è pubblicata con il contributo del M.U.R.S.T.
Questa opera è protetta dalla Legge 22 aprile 1941 n. 633 e successive modificazioni. L’utilizzo del libro elettronico costituisce accettazione dei termini e delle condizioni stabilite nel Contratto di licenza consultabile sul sito dell’Editore all’indirizzo Internet http://www.liguori.it/ebook.asp/areadownload/eBookLicenza. Tutti i diritti, in particolare quelli relativi alla traduzione, alla citazione, alla riproduzione in qualsiasi forma, all’uso delle illustrazioni, delle tabelle e del materiale software a corredo, alla trasmissione radiofonica o televisiva, alla pubblicazione e diffusione attraverso la rete Internet sono riservati. La duplicazione digitale dell’opera, anche se parziale è vietata. Il regolamento per l’uso dei contenuti e dei servizi presenti sul sito della Casa Editrice Liguori è disponibile all’indirizzo Internet: http://www.liguori.it/politiche_contatti/default.asp?c=legal Liguori Editore Via Posillipo 394 - I 80123 Napoli NA http://www.liguori.it/ © 2002 by Liguori Editore, S.r.l. Tutti i diritti sono riservati Prima edizione italiana Maggio 2002 Felice, Domenico : Dispotismo. Genesi e sviluppi di un concetto filosofico-politico: Domenico Felice Tomo Primo/Domenico Felice Memo Napoli : Liguori, 2002 ISBN-13
5051 --X0 978 - 88 - 207 - 0000
ISSN- 1972 - 070X
1. Forme politiche 2. Oppressione I. Titolo. Aggiornamenti: ————————————————————————————————————— 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
INDICE GENERALE
VII
Ad Anselmo Cassani (1946-2001), il migliore Aristarco
INDICE GENERALE
IX
INDICE GENERALE
TOMO PRIMO XV
Premessa di Domenico Felice
1
Dispotismo e politica in Aristotele di M. Paola Mittica e Silvia Vida
33
Immagini del dispotismo: la Persia sassanide nella rappresentazione della cultura ellenistico-romana da Costantino a Eraclio (306-641 d.C.) di Umberto Roberto
71
Il «principatus despoticus» nell’aristotelismo bassomedievale di Claudio Fiocchi e Stefano Simonetta
95
Niccolò Machiavelli e la «monarchia del Turco» di Giorgio E.M. Scichilone
127
Signoria e tirannide nella Ré publique di Jean Bodin di Margherita Isnardi Parente
145
Forza e diritto. Il dispotismo nel Secondo trattato sul governo di John Locke di Marina Lalatta Costerbosa
165
Contro un ‘Sole’ dispotico. Assolutismo e dispotismo nella Francia di Luigi XIV di Davide Monda
X
DISPOTISMO. GENESI E SVILUPPI DI UN CONCETTO FILOSOFICO-POLITICO
189
Dispotismo e libertà nell’Esprit des lois di Montesquieu di Domenico Felice
257
Teocrazia e dispotismo in Nicolas-Antoine Boulanger di Giovanni Cristani
281
Dispotismo, virtù e lusso in Claude-Adrien Helvétius di Viola Recchia
309
La morte del corpo politico: il dispotismo in Jean-Jacques Rousseau di Edoardo Greblo
329
I fisiocrati e Mably: tra dispotismo legale e governo misto di Pietro Capitani
TOMO SECONDO 357
Oriente ideologico, Asia reale. Apologie e critiche del dispotismo nel secondo Settecento francese di Gianmaria Zamagni
391
Dispotismo e ‘ideologia europea’ nelle filosofie della storia di Turgot e Condorcet di Alessandro Ceccarelli
419
«Despotisme de la liberté»: l’eccezione giacobina di Cristina Passetti
439
Benjamin Constant e il “dispotismo dei moderni” di Giovanni Paoletti
463
Hegel e lo spirito del dispotismo di Giorgio Bongiovanni e Antonino Rotolo
515
Alexis de Tocqueville e il dispotismo “di nuova specie” di Cristina Cassina
INDICE GENERALE
545
XI
Figure del dispotismo in John Stuart Mill I. Il dispotismo negli scritti e nei discorsi del giovane Mill di Anselmo Cassani
557
II. Il dispotismo nel pensiero politico e sociale del Mill maturo di Nadia Urbinati
575
Forma di produzione asiatica e dispotismo orientale in Karl Marx di Silvano Sportelli
599
Dispotismo e comunismo: Il dispotismo orientale di Karl August Wittfogel di Manlio Iofrida
625
Dal dispotismo al totalitarismo: Hannah Arendt di Thomas Casadei
675
Gli autori
683
Indice dei nomi
INDICE GENERALE
XIII
«Tutto viene dal vivere libero […] e […] dal vivere servo. Perché tutte le terre e le provincie che vivono libere in ogni parte […] fanno profitti grandissimi. Perché quivi si vede maggiori popoli, per essere e’ connubî più liberi, più desiderabili dagli uomini: perché ciascuno procrea volentieri quegli figliuoli che crede potere nutrire, non dubitando che il patrimonio gli sia tolto […]. Veggonvisi le ricchezze multiplicare in maggiore numero, e quelle che vengono dalla cultura, e quelle che vengono dalle arti […]. Il contrario di tutte queste cose segue in quegli paesi che vivono servi: e tanto più scemono dal consueto bene, quanto più è dura la servitù». (N. Machiavelli, Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio, II, 2)
«La servitù comincia sempre col sonno». (Montesquieu, De l’Esprit des lois, XIV, 13)
PREMESSA di Domenico Felice
Con prospettive ed esiti differenti, ma seguendo un metodo rigorosamente legato all’analisi dei testi, la presente opera ricostruisce – intrecciando riflessione filosofico-politica, antropologica e giuridico-istituzionale – la storia del concetto di dispotismo nelle sue molteplici accezioni, sia eminentemente analitiche, per cui esso si è configurato come lo strumento per eccellenza ai fini della comprensione e spiegazione delle realtà giuridico-politiche, economico-sociali e culturali soprattutto extraeuropee, sia polemiche o ideologiche, per cui è stato utilizzato come arma contro le varie ‘forme demoniache’ del potere e anche, sovente, quale dispositivo per fondare e legittimare visioni marcatamente eurocentriche della storia umana. L’analisi si sviluppa a partire dalla descrizione aristotelica – destinata ad avere immensa fortuna – della monarchia asiatica (o «barbarica») fino alla teorizzazione arendtiana del totalitarismo, che rappresenta per certi aspetti la versione «aggravata» del dispotismo, e per altri la sua definitiva «trasfigurazione». Più in specifico, i vari contributi si soffermano sull’origine e sulle vicissitudes − com’ebbe a scrivere un cinquantennio addietro Richard Koebner nel suo studio pionieristico sul tema − più significative del concetto, tanto sul piano linguistico-terminologico quanto, soprattutto, su quello teorico: dal mondo della Grecia classica (in particolare, la sistematizzazione teoretica e storica effettuata da Aristotele) alle immagini del dispotismo rinvenibili nella cultura ellenistico-romana della tarda antichità; dalla ricezione del concetto nell’aristotelismo bassomedievale al suo utilizzo agli albori dell’età moderna (Bodin); senza tralasciare l’ipotesi di una connessione ‘forte’ fra la «monarchia del Turco» e alcuni aspetti tipici della forma dispotica nelle opere di Machiavelli. E ancora: dall’uso, per molti versi originale, che ne fa Locke nel Secondo trattato sul governo all’accezione polemica che si riscontra nei testi dell’opposizione aristocratica all’assolu-
XVI
DISPOTISMO. GENESI E SVILUPPI DI UN CONCETTO FILOSOFICO-POLITICO
tismo di Luigi XIV, fino ad arrivare a Montesquieu, che ne privilegia invece, nel quadro del suo grandioso e geniale progetto di costruzione di una ‘sociologia’ universale dei sistemi politici, l’accezione analitica e «consacra» − come ha sottolineato Norberto Bobbio in più occasioni − l’identificazione tra dispotismo e monarchie asiatiche, tra dispotismo e «dispotismo orientale». Il Settecento costituisce certamente il secolo aureo e di maggior diffusione del concetto, particolarmente nel contesto culturale e politico francese: di qui la necessità di dedicare saggi specifici anche a Boulanger, Helvétius, i fisiocrati e Mably, nonché a Rousseau, nel quale il dispotismo si configura come la «morte del corpo politico». Ma l’età dei Lumi è altresì l’epoca in cui il concetto in questione assume più nettamente i contorni dell’ideologia, aspetto che viene illustrato attraverso i contributi, speculari, su Turgot e Condorcet − fautori di una filosofia della storia in cui è centrale l’opposizione tra un’Asia dispotica ed un’Europa elevata a sede naturale dei governi liberi − e su autori poco noti ma importanti, come AnquetilDuperron, aspramente critici nei confronti del modello del dispotismo asiatico e del suo uso strumentale – in particolare, a fini colonialistici e imperialistici − nonché fortemente interessati (è, appunto, il caso di Anquetil) a promuovere un approccio «etnologico e storico» al mondo orientale, più rispettoso della sua realtà effettuale. Sempre in terra francese si rinvengono sia quella strana e, per certi aspetti, inquietante «eccezione» costituita dal despotisme de la liberté teorizzato dai giacobini sia, da un versante opposto, la concettualizzazione di un “dispotismo dei moderni” – il potere oppressivo esercitato «con l’autorità e a nome di tutti», ovvero attraverso le leggi e l’(apparente) autorità legittima dello Stato – ad opera di Benjamin Constant. Un altro momento importante nella storia del concetto in esame è segnato dalla monumentale opera di Hegel, il quale, riallacciandosi principalmente a Montesquieu, mette in atto il tentativo più articolato e sistematico di comprensione dello «spirito» del dispotismo; ma non meno rilevanti sono il dispotismo “di nuova specie” – il «potere immenso e tutelare» che «avvilisce gli uomini senza tormentarli» − da cui Tocqueville vede minacciate le moderne società democratiche, e le diverse figure del dispotismo che John Stuart Mill tratteggia nelle sue opere, con uno sguardo all’Oriente, nei Principi di economia politica, e uno sguardo al cuore dell’Occidente, nella fase più matura del suo pensiero politico e sociale. L’Oriente e i suoi assetti economici − segnatamente, il suo «modo di produzione» − sono al centro anche della concezione del dispotismo che emerge dagli scritti di Marx, così come veicolano la riflessione di un autore
PREMESSA
XVII
quale Karl A. Wittfogel, che in pieno Novecento, nel clima tormentato della guerra fredda, ha rilanciato con vigore, in riferimento all’esperienza storica del comunismo, il tema del dispotismo orientale. Un posto particolare, ed eccentrico, occupa, in una storia come quella che si propone, l’indagine di Hannah Arendt sul totalitarismo, nella quale, accanto all’assoluta novitas di tale forma politica, affiorano i cospicui debiti nei confronti della teorizzazione, soprattutto montesquieuiana, del dispotismo, di cui il fenomeno totalitario si configura, lo si anticipava più sopra, come la versione aggravata e, al tempo stesso, la definitiva «metamorfosi». Dunque, un tentativo di ricostruzione complessiva, che evidenzia l’autonomia categoriale del dispotismo, senza tuttavia tralasciare le sue inevitabili intersezioni e commistioni con altri concetti afferenti alle ‘forme demoniache’ del potere (tirannide, dittatura, assolutismo, cesarismo, ecc.), e che fa della presente opera – sorta di imponente ‘voce’ d’enciclopedia a più mani – un vasto repertorio di informazioni e conoscenze, nonché un utile punto di riferimento nella lotta incessante contro le ricorrenti minacce della illibertà e dell’oppressione. Desidero esprimere la mia più profonda gratitudine a tutti gli autori per aver condiviso il progetto di questa complessa impresa e per averne consentito, con la loro competenza e il loro rigore, la realizzazione. Un ringraziamento particolare rivolgo a Thomas Casadei per gli aiuti e i consigli che ha voluto costantemente fornirmi.
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