Current Archaeological Projects in the Central Andes: Some approaches and results 9780860542711, 9781407336480

Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Introduction
Abstracts in English
Abstracts in Spanish
PERUVIAN POTTERY IN THE MANCHESTER MUSEUM
PREHISTORIC ROADS IN THE CARAHUARAZO VALLEY, PERU
HUARI URBAN PREHISTORY
REPORT ON THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE CHICHA/SORAS VALLEY
ANCIENT HIGHLAND CONNECTIONS WITH SELVA AND COAST EVIDENCE FROM UCHUCMARCA, PERU
COCHABAMBA - AN INCAIC ADMINISTRATIVE CENTRE IN THE REBELLIOUS PROVINCE OF CHACHAPOYAS.
LA ARQUITECTURA Y CERAMICA KILLKE DEL CUSCO
ARCHITECTURAL FORM AND SOCIAL FUNCTION IN INCA TOWNS NEAR CUZCO
SECUENCIA CRONOLOGICA DE OLLAITAYTA BO
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF LATE INTERMEDIATE PERIOD AND LATE HORIZON PERIOD AT CUSICHACA, PERU
EARLY OCCUPATION ON THE HUILLCA RACCAY PROMONTORY SITE, CUSICHACA: The Archaeological Evidence
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE POTTERY FROM THE EXCAVATIONS AT CUSICHACA, DEPARTMENT OF CUZCO, PERU
SOIL STUDIES IN THE CUSICHACA VALLEY, PERU
THE CUSICHACA PROJECT: ASPECTS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE - THE LUCUMAYO AND SANTA TERESA VALLEYS

Citation preview

44

Proceedings International Congress of Americanists Congreso Internacional de Americanistas Manchester 1982

General Editor: Norman Hammond

Current Archaeological Projects in the Central Andes Some approaches and results edited by

Ann Kendall BAR International Series 210 1984

B.A.R. 122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK

GENERAL EDITORS A.R Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R Walker, M.A.

B.A.R.-S210, 1984: 'Current Archaeological Projects in the Central

Andes'.

© Thc Individual Authors, 1 a . ) 0 t H r I o e 0 r d g : 1 4 r d • • r d r d •

r d

c e r i d C . ) •

c d

0 4 -)

S

t V

O • 4 ) • H • H 4 -) C )

4 )

( 1 ) 4 > 4 4 O C D • H

\ O

h i ) • H g r 4

2 86

. = 4 )

O U

* 1 —D t u r i

" AA . .

c i p

, 4 C I ) 4 )

e

e

g f c . ) 0

a )

r e 0 › •

4 ) • H • H 0 r 1

4 a ,

F ig .

7 A erial v iew o f P atallacta a nd C usichaca v alley t errace s ystems.

2 87

0 . 4 )

P aucarcancha

4 ) e

00 • 1 2

. 0

f r .4

2 88

2 89

I nca c anal a round t he b ase o f C usichaca.

F ig.

1 0

P re-Inca c anal o n H uillca R accay t ableland .

2 90

E ARLY O CCUPATION O N T HE H UILLCA R ACCAY P ROMONTORY S ITE , C USICHACA

T he A rchaeological E vidence

G illian H ey

I ntroduction N ature o f t he E xcavation A s a n i ntegral p art o f t he C usichaca A rchaeological P roject, e xcavations h ave b een c onducted o ver t he l ast f ive y ears a t t he s ite o f H uillca R accay ( Q2-1). D uring t he I nca p eriod t his w as u sed a s a p romontory f ort. T he p rimary i ntention o f o ur w ork w as t o e stablish o ccupation a ctivities o n t his s ite ( see K endall, t his v olume). T wenty-two b uildings a nd o pen a reas h ave b een e xcavated. T he E xtent o f t he P re-Inca P eriod O ccupation I t c ame a s n o s urprise t o f ind s ome e vidence o f e arlier o ccup ation b eneath t he I nca l evels. T wo t est p its d ug i n 1 969 a nd 1 975 b y D r. A nn K endall ( Kendall 1 976 a nd 1 977, u npublished r eport) r evealed e vidence o f t he v ery e arly u se o f t he s ite. A lso q uite a q uantity o f b oth l ate p re-Inca a nd E arly H orizon p eriod p ottery c an b e s een i n t he m ud m ortar w ithin t he I nca w alls. N evertheless, t he e xtent a nd v ariety o f t hese r emains w as n ot e xpected. O f t he t wenty-two s ites e xcavated, o nly f our h ad n o e arlier m aterial a nd o f t hese f our, a ll h ad b een t runcated b y t he I nca t erracing o f t he s ite. O n t hirteen o f t hese t wenty-two s ites, t here i s m ore t han o ne p hase o f o ccupation . T he N ature o f t he P re-Inca P eriod O ccupation I n g eneral, i mmediately b eneath t he I nca l ayers f eatures h ave b een f ound, p robably d ating t o t he L ate I ntermediate p eriod, s uch a s: h ouse s tructures o f c ircular o r e lliptical f orm , p its, p osth oles a nd g ullies c ontaining a s o-called l ocal v ariety o f p ottery , " K illke-related" w ares, a nd i mported K illke p ottery . S ome c ontexts, i ncluding t he f loor o f o ne s tructure, h ave y ielded v arious " local w ares" w hich b ear l ittle r esemblance t o K illke, a s i t i s k nown i n C uzco ( Lunt, t his v olume). I t i s p ossible t hat t his m ight r epresent a n e arlier p eriod o r p hase o f o ccupation . B eneath t hese d eposits, f loors, p its, p ost-holes a nd e xternal s urfaces h ave b een f ound , y ielding p ottery o f C hanapata t ype, r epresenting t he E arly H orizon p eriod. P ottery o f t he P aqallomoqo t ype i s a lso f ound i n s ome c ontexts m ixed w ith C hanapata. B etween t wo f loors c ontaining C hanap ata p ottery, l evels 1 a nd 1 3, K endall o btained a r adio c arbon d ate o f 4 14 B C +7 0 y ears ( Kendall 1 982).

F ig.

1

L ocation M ap

2 92

T he I mportance o f t he S ite A lthough L ate I ntermediate p eriod o ccupation i s e vident t hroughout t he v alley , e arlier s ites a re u nknown e xcept a t Q 2-1. T he n earest s ite a t w hich E arly H orizon p ottery i s f ound i s a t M iradorpata i n t he S illque v alley ( Kendall 1 976), s ome t hirteen k ilometres a way, a nd t his p ottery w as r esidual i n c ontext. C ons equently t he H u illca R accay s ite i s o f g reat i nterest a s i t f ills a n e normous g ap i n o ur k nowledge o f t he e arly p rehistory o f t he a rea. W hat i s n ot k nown , a s y et, i s w hat, i f a nything , f ills t he g ap b etween t he E arly H orizon p eriod o ccupation a nd t he L ate I nterm ediate p eriod. O nly t wo u nstratified s herds o f M iddle H orizon p ottery h ave b een f ound i n t he l ower v alley - n one f rom e xcavated c ontexts a nd n one o n o r n ear H uillca R accay ( but s ee L unt, t his v olume). I f t he s ite h ad c eased t o b e o ccupied i n t his p eriod, a nd t his s eems u nlikely , o ne m ight e xpect t o f ind s ome t races o f o ccup ation o f t his d ate e lsewhere. I t i s p ossible t hat w e a re u nable a t t he m oment t o r ecognise s urviving a ssemblages f rom t he " Cusichaca D ark A ges". I t i s r are t o f ind s tratified s ites i n t he a rea a nd u nique t o f ind s uch a q uantity a nd l ongevity o f m aterial. A s K endall h as a lready s tated ( Kendall, t his v olume), L ate I ntermediate s ites a re n ormally s urface s urvivals a nd h ave s uffered t he a ttendant r avages o f r oot, a nimal a nd h uman d isturbance, i ncluding t he p ossibility o f p ost-Late I ntermediate o ccupation . T hus w e c an s ee a t Q 2-1, a m uch m ore c omplete p icture o f o ccupation a nd a ctivity w ithin a s tratified s equence. T o b e a ble, a lso, t o e xcavate t he d eposits o f t he E arly H orizon p eriod b eneath t he l ater o ccupations w ill g ive u s a m uch c learer i dea o f t he c hronological s equences o f o ur a ssemblages t hrough t ime a s w ell a s ab etter i dea o f e conomics a nd l ife s tyle i n ap eriod a bout w hich w e k now s o l ittle. T he P reliminary S tate o f E xcavation I t m ust b e s tated h ere t hat o ur w ork i s i n ap reliminary s tage. M uch o f t he e xcavation s o f ar c ompleted h as b een w ithin t he c onfines o f I nca b uildings. C onsequently , a lthough i t h as b een p ossible t o e xcavate e arly d eposits i n s equence, i t h as n ot a lways b een p ossi ble, i n t hese c ircumstances, t o l ook a t o ccupation h orizons a nd d etermine w hich f eatures m ay b e a ssociated o r r elated t o s tructures l y ing o utside t he e xcavation l imits. E xcavations a re c ontinuing b elow I nca p laza a reas i n 1 983. T hese o pen a rea e xcavations w ill p rovide a mple o pportunity t o r eveal w ider a ctivity a reas a s w ell a s t o d etect m ore s ubtle s tratigraphic r elationships. T he P reliminary S tages o f P ottery a nd E nvironmental R esearch E xamination o f t he c eramics h as b een c onducted d uring t he f ield s easons a nd t here h as n ot b een t ime t o s tudy a ll t he m aterial. T hus t he d ating o f s ome o f t he c ontexts i s p rovisional a nd m ay h ave t o b e r evised. F lotation o f s oil f rom p it f ills, p ost-holes, e tc., h as b een c onducted b ut, a gain , a nalysis o f t he c arbon a nd s eeds r ecovered i s

2 93

n ot y et c omplete. T he E ffects o f I nca T erracing A nother r estriction t o t he e xtent o f o ur r esearches i nto t he p re-Inca d eposits w as c reated b y t he I ncas. T hey c ompletely r em odelled a nd t erraced t he s ite b efore t hey b uilt o n i t. S eventeen o f t he t wenty-two s ites e xcavated h ad b een a ltered i n s ome w ay : e ight h ad b een l evelled u p , u p t o o ne m etre i n d epth i n p laces ( a h elp t o u s a s t his h as s erved t o p rotect t he l ayers b eneath), b ut u nfortunately n ine h ad b een l evelled o ff . H owever, i n o nly f our o f t hese c ases h as t his r esulted i n t he c omplete l oss o f d eposits a nd i n o nly o ne m ore h as i t m eant t he c omplete l oss o f L ate I ntermediate l evels, i f t hese h ad e ver b een p resent. N evertheless, t he a ltera tions d id t runcate s ome o f t he i ntrusive f eatures, r emoving t he s urface f rom w hich t hey w ere c ut a nd m aking i t d ifficult t o r elate t hem o ne t o a nother . T he p attern o f I nca d isturbance i s n ow m uch m ore c learly u nders tood a nd t he a reas a t p resent u nder e xcavation a re t hose l east a ffected. T he O ccupation A reas H ouse C onstruction T ypes F ive g ood e xamples o f p re-Inca h ouse s tructures h ave b een f ound a t H u illca R accay , w ith t hree p robable a nd t wo p ossible s tructures. T he g ood e xamples a re a ll o f s ub-circular o r o val s hape a nd h ave s tone f oundations. I t i s w ell k nown t hat t he o ther L ate I nterm ediate p eriod h ouse t ypes i n t his a rea a re o f s imilar d esign . W hat i s n ot k nown i s h ow l ong t his t radition o f b uilding w as i n u se. L arge a nd g ood b uilding s tone i s a bundant i n t he m oraine u pon w hich t he s ite s tands. N evertheless, t here i s ap rofusion o f p ost a nd s take-holes i n t he e arly l evels, s ome o f w hich f orm i nteresting a lignments. T his a rea u sed t o b e c eja d e m ontana ( forested m ount ain) a nd s upported a g ood r ange o f n ative w ood. I nterestingly ,our e thnographic s tudies h ave s hown t hat, d espite t he r eady a vailability o f s tone, m odern h ouses a re o ften b uilt o f a dobe, i n c ontrast t o t he m ajority o f e arlier t wentieth c entury h ouses w hich a re o f s tone; t he t wo m ost r ecent h ouses c onstructed i n t he v alley a re o f w attle a nd d aub w oven a round u pright p oles. M any s mall f ragments o f p ink c lay b earing t he i mpresssions o f g rass a nd t wigs h ave b een f ound i n t he e xcavations. T his, p lus t he e vidence o f p ost-holes, i ndicates t hat w ooden h ouse s tructures c ould h ave b een i n u se t hen . T he L ate I ntermediate P eriod O ccupation A reas A rea 6 P robably t he t wo b est e xamples o f h ouses s tructures a re t hose f ound o n A rea 6 , w hich w as a n o pen p laza a rea d uring t he I nca o ccupation . T he f irst, l ocated n orth o f c entre, h ad r etained p art o f t he r emains o f s tone f oundations w ith a n e ntrance, p robably i n t he n ortheast. I t h ad a n i nternal d iameter o f 3 .25m . Ag ood h ard

2 94

a )

c o

Z

•

• N ••• C 1 2

4C 1 ;

2 0

C . ,

• • - 1 3 :4 • •

L .

0

t .-

_

L ATE I NTERMED IATE OCCUPAT ION

HU ILLCA RACCAY P ROMONTORY

N

, = .=; : • . , i t _ '

a s l ` c li % . , ‘ v i e ., ' , i _ — _ _-

, -:z , 1 :2 -. I _ , L .

L -

-

/

-

_

I

.

_

- 2 -

c v

2 95

f loor s urface w as p reserved i nternally , o f s oil a nd d ecomposed g ranite m ixed w ith p inkish c lay . T his h as n ot y et b een e xcavated a lthough c leaning o ver t he s urface o f t he f loor y ielded s ome p ottery o f L ate I ntermediate p eriod t ype. A nother s tructure o f s imilar s ize l ay t o t he s outheast a nd w as l ess c omplete. I t s eemed t o h ave b een s lightly c ut i nto t he s toney n atural o n i ts e astern s ide. T he f loor a rea w as c learly v isible d uring e xcavation . T he h ard r eddish e arth m ixed w ith d ecomposed g ranite o f t he f loor d ifferentiated t he e xtent o f t he b uilding m ost c learly f rom t he a djacent c ontexts. A t est s ection d ug i n t he n orth o f t he s ite r evealed a p osth ole a nd o ther f eatures c ut f rom a l ower l evel t han t hat o f t he s tructures b ut a lso c ontaining L ate I ntermediate p eriod t ype p ot. O bviously s everal p hases o f o ccupation a re p resent h ere a nd t his a rea i s t o b e f urther e xcavated i n 1 983. B uilding 1 a nd A rea 1 B eneath I nca B uilding 1 a nd s lightly u nder t he s urface o f A rea 1 , a t t he l ower w est e nd o f t he s ite, w as f ound a nother s ub-circular h ouse. I t h ad s tone f oundations a nd a n i nternal d iameter o f 3 .50m . E xcavated i n A rea 1 a nd a lmost c ertainly r elated t o t his b uilding, w ere f ourteen p its, s even p ost-holes, s ix i rregular a nd s hallow s coops a nd a g ully . M any o f t hese f eatures c ut e ach o ther . T here w ere n o a lignments t o i ndicate s eparate s tructures b uilt w ith p osts a nd t he a rea l ooked v ery m uch l ike a b ackyard. T he r eport o n t he p ottery f rom t his s ite i s n ot c omplete. M ost o f t he f eatures a re p robably o f t he L ate I ntermediate p eriod b ut w hether a ny t emporal s equence c an b e e stablished f rom t he r elative s tratigraphy o f t he f eatures r emains t o b e s een . B uilding 1 7 U nder t he n ortheast p art o f B uilding 1 7, i n t he u pper m iddle p art o f t he p romontory , o ne m ain h ouse s tructure w as f ound w ith a nother p ossibly a ttached a t i ts n ortheastern s ide. O nly t he e ast p art o f t he m ain s tructure s urvived, i ncluding s ome f oundation s tones a nd i ndications o f af oundation t rench . T here w as a f irm s urface, b oth i nside a nd o utside t he b uilding . P reliminary n otes o n t he c eramics s uggest a L ate I ntermediate p eriod d ate f or t his h ouse. Ap it w as r elated t o t hese s tructures. T his a rea w as n ot e xcavated f urther b ut a t est p it, a pproxim ately t wo m etres s quare, d ug t o t he s outhwest b y K endall i n 1 975 ( Kendall 1 982) r evealed a d eep s tratigraphy . T he a rea t o t he s outh o f t his e xcavation , A rea 2 2, i s a t p resent b eing d ug t o t ake f ull a dvantage o f t his s tratification . B uilding 2 0 N earby, u nder B uilding 2 0, f our h ard s urfaces w ere f ound b uried b eneath t he I nca l evelling d eposits. T hese w ere p repared s urfaces o f d ecomposed g ranite a nd c lay w ith o ccasional s mall s herds a nd

2 96

c harcoal t rampled i nto t he t op c rust. I t i s h ard t o a ccount f or t hem i n a ny o ther w ay t han a s f loor s urfaces. N o s tone f oundations w ere f ound. H owever , a round t he n orthern l imits o f ah ard s urface t o t he s outh w ere t hree s take h oles ( two o ther f eatures l ay o n t his a lignment a nd c ould h ave c ut a nd r emoved a ny e vidence o f f urther s takes). T hree o ther s take h oles w ere a lso f ound t o t he s outh o f a nother s urface. T hese s uggest a p ossible w ooden s uperstructure, u nless t he s tones b elonging t o t he w alls o f t he b uildings h ad n ot b een p ositioned i n f oundation t renches a nd h ad b een s ubsequently r emoved. T he u se o f w ood f or t he s uperstructure h as p arallels i n m odern h ouses, a s m entioned a bove, a lthough n one h ave y et b een c onfirmed f or t he p re-Inca p eriods. T here w as e vidence f or a g reat d eal o f a ctiv ity i n t his a rea w ith a t l east t hree, a nd p ossibly f our, s tratigraphic p eriods r epres ented. A side f rom t he s urfaces a nd s take h oles m entioned a bove, t here w ere t wo f urther p ost-holes, t hirteen p its, ah earth a nd a h earth p it, a g ully a nd e ight b urials. T he f inds' r eport f orm t his a rea i s a gain n ot y et c omplete b ut l ittle p ottery w as o btained a nd m ost o f i t l acks d iagnostic f eatures. D iagnostic m aterial s uggests a L ate I ntermediate p eriod d ate f or t hese c ontexts, t hough t he d ate o f t he l owest s urface i s n ot y et k nown. T his a rea s hould p rovide a n i nteresting c hronological s equence f or s tudy o f t he c eramics. B uilding 2 7 B eneath B uilding 2 7, i n t he e astern p art o f t he p romontory, t wo e arly f loor s urfaces w ere f ound, o ne o f c ompact e arth a nd t he o ther o f c ompact e arth w ith p atches o f c lay a nd a b urnt s urface. N o r el ated w all, p ost-holes o r p its w ere f ound, t hough s ix p its a nd t wo p ost-holes w ere e xcavated n earby. N evertheless, i t w ould b e s urp rising i f t he s urfaces w ere n ot a ssociated w ith s ome k ind o f s truct ure. T he c ontexts i n t his a rea c ontained l ittle d iagnostic p ottery b ut s ome o f t he s herds f rom t he p its w ere o f t he L ate I ntermediate p eriod. B uilding 2 6 B uilding 2 6, n ext t o B u ilding 2 7, o verlay a m ass o f p its, p osth oles a nd a s take h ole ( fifty-one i n a ll) m ostly y ielding L ate I ntermediate p eriod t ypes o f p ottery. I t i s t empting t o c reate s tructures o ut o f g roups a nd a lignments o f t hese f eatures. Ap ossi ble c ircle o f t en p ost a nd s tokeholes e nclosed a n a rea 3 .50m i n d iameter i n t he s outh o f t he s ite, a nd f our o ther s take h oles i n t he n ortheast c orner f ormed a n a rc ( to c omplete t he c ircle t he r est w ou ld l ie t o t he w est o f t he e xcavated a rea). H owever, n o f loor s urface w as f ound i n t he v icinity a nd t he s tructure m ust r emain h ypothetical.

A rea 3 0

n orth

O ne p re-Inca p eriod h ouse s tructure w as f ound i n A rea 3 0 t o t he o f t he h ighest t errace. T his i s o f g reat i nterest, b ecause

2 97

t he r emoval o f t he u pper f loor a nd a s ection t hrough a l ower f loor p roduced p ottery w hich s hows l ittle s im ilarity t o K illke p ottery . T hese s urfaces w ere c ut b y a p it a nd p ost-ho le, b oth o f w hich c ont ained t he m ore u sual " Killke-related" p ottery . I t i s f elt, a t t his s tage, t hat t he b uilding c ould h ave b een o ccupied i n t he e arly L ate I ntermediate p eriod o r e ven i n t he M iddle H orizon p eriod. I n t he a bsence o f a r adio c arbon d ate i t m ay n ot b e p ossible t o f ix a c hronological p osition. T he h ouse, w hich w as o val i n s hape w ith a d oorway e xtension t o t he w est, w as s lightly c ut i nto t he n atural o n i ts e astern e dge. O nly s ome o f t he f oundation s tones r emained. T hirteen p its, t wo p ost-ho les, t wo l inear f eatures, a g ul ly a nd a d itch e xcavated t o t he w est c ontained L ate I ntermediate t ype p ottery a nd s ome o f t he f eatures, a t l east,were c ontemporary w ith t he h ouse. T he a rea i s s till t o b e f ully e xcavated a nd t he p resence o f r esidual C hanapata s herds w ith t he p resence o f a t l east t wo p hases o f L ate I ntermediate p eriod o ccupation ( or o ne L ate I ntermediate a nd o ne M iddle H orizon) s hould e nsure t hat f urther e xcavation w ill b e w orthw hile. O ther L ate I ntermediate P eriod F eatures E vidence o f t he L ate I ntermediate p eriod o ccupation w as f ound o n s ix o ther s ites. M ostly, h owever, t his w as o nly r epresented b y s cattered p its a nd p ost-holes. I n t wo i nstances t he p aucity o f r emains w as p robably d ue t o t he t runcation o f e arly l evels a t t he b eginning o f t he I nca o ccupation. T he E arly H orizon P eriod D eposits T he N ature o f t he D eposits E arly H orizon p eriod d eposits a re m uch m ore e lusive a nd t hinly s cattered t han t hose o f t he o ther p re-Inca p eriod d eposits. T his i s p artly d ue t o t he f act t hat, w hereas t he r emoval o f a ll t he I nca d eposits h as r evealed a t l east s ome o f t he L ate I ntermediate p eriod m aterial o n t he s urface b eneath, t he l ack o f f urther e xcavation o n a bout o ne t hird o f t he s ites m eans t hat e ar lier o ccupation h as n ot y et b een d etected. N evertheless, t he e vidence i s w ell s pread a nd i t i s o nly i n t he e asternmost p art o f t he s ite t hat n o E arly H orizon p eriod m aterial i s f ound. B u i ]d ing 1 7 S o f ar o nly o ne s tructure h as b een r evealed. T his w as i n t he t est p it d ug b y K endall i n 1 975 ( Kendall 1 977). H ere f our s ucc essive, p repared f loor s urfaces w ere f ound w ith a n o rangey c oloured h ard s kin m ade o f d ecomposed g ranite a nd c lay a nd s eparated b y l ooser s oil. I t i s b etween t he l owest f loor ( level 1 3) a nd t he o ne a bove ( level 1 ) t hat t he r adio c arbon d ate o f 4 14 B C 4 7 0 y ears w as o btained. O nly a s mall a rea o f t he f loors w as f ound C O. b e p reserved a nd s ince t he t est p it w as l imited i n s ize a nd c lose t o t he f ront w all o f B u ilding 1 7, i t w as d ifficult t o e stablish t o w hat s ort o f b uilding t hey b elonged. H owever, o n t he e astern e dge t he f loors r an u p t o t he n atural r ock w hich a ppears t o h ave b een c ut a way i n s teps, p ossibly i n o rder t o p lace s tones f or t he w alls. T hese l evels, a nd

2 98

Z • •

„ , •

•• . " . •

• ,

•,

\; '

\

. 7 ; •

' ' I

t . I

I -

-

1 = i n _

r i

7 . : 7_

I

i

1

-

7

-

I T -t -_ -_ -_t I -

1 t

----1 -C . 1 - ,

EARLY HOR IZON OCCUPAT ION

HU ILLCA RACCAY PROMONTORY

I

II -

I I s•1 t e r Z . , 1 1 I e j ,s 1 I 1%

0%

>

« 3

C 1 7 1

U)

11 1

b . .

( f)

•• •

: *

0 00 o

< Pa

o

4

Q

TER RACE

TERRACE

CA RPAMA YOC

0

c u " c 1 5 9

_ J

0—

3 26

0 E )

0 0 ÷ C 0

3 27

t errace. P ot f rom t he s ections w as u ndiagnostic e xcept i n t he l atter w here t wo p ieces o f p re-Inca p ot ( one p robably L ate I nterm ediate) w ere f ound i n t he r ubble a t t he b ase; I nca p ot o ccurred o n t he s urface. A bove H uillca R accay, Q uishuarpata ( about 2 ,900m ) t he n atu ral s lope i s a bout 5 t o 1 0- a nd t erraces a re l arge w ith v ery e roded w alls. A s ection w as p ut t hrough t he e dge o f an orth-west f acing t errace n ow a bandoned. T he m id-terrace s oil w as a bout 5 0 c m d eep , w ith t opsoil f airly s imilar t o m id-terrace i n t he H uillca R accay p ampa s ection . T here w as s light r eddening a nd c oncretion o f t he s ubsoil b y i ron/manganese o xides, w hich m ay b e d ue t o w ater p ercola tion b ut c ould a lso i ndicate f erruginisation. T he t errace e dge s oil h ad a s ubsurface h orizon w ith s lightly m ore c lay a nd h umus t han t he t opsoil a nd w as q uite h eavily c oncreted ( Fe/Mn o xides) i n p arts o f t he l ower h orizons. Ap ossible L ate I ntermediate p ot s herd w as f ound a t 3 0cm d epth. A s t he H uillca R accay p ampa a nd Q uishuarpata a reas c omprise t he t erraced s oils w hich t he C usichaca P roject h as a signed f or a gricultural r edevelopment, al imited a mount o f a nalytical w ork h as b een c arried o ut ( Keeley 1 980 a nd 1 982) o n s amples f rom p rofile p its. R esults c onfirm t he s andy n ature o f t he s oils ( 73 t o 9 2% , m ean 8 1.43% s and) w ith g enerally l ow s ilt ( 10 t o 2 1% , m ean 1 5.03% ) a nd c lay ( 1 t o 1% , m ean 4 .10% ) c ontents. O rganic m atter ( 0.40 t o 6 .50% , m ean 2 .20% l oss o n i gnition) a nd t otal n itrogen ( 236.0 t o 3 252 .4 p pm , m ean 7 52.9 p pm) c ontents a re l ow , a vailable p otassium ( molar a mmonium n itrate s olution) i s m ainly l ow ( 25 .9 t o 2 54 .8 m ean 1 06.4 p pm); a vailable p hosphorus ( sodium b icarbonate s olution) i s m oderate ( 21.5 t o 6 4.6 p pm , m ean 2 6.3 p pm) a nd m agnesium ( extractant a s f or K ) i s l ow t o m oderate ( 22.8 t o 2 60.7 p pm , m ean 1 37 .4 p pm). P hosphorus l evels m ay r eflect a s light b uild u p f rom p ast m anuring . b )

I nca T erraces ( Plates 3 , 4 , 5a nd 6 )

A s ection w as c ut t hrough n arrow I nca t erraces i mmediately b elow t he t own o f P atallacta , a djacent t o a n i rrigation c hannel . T he t erraces f ace e ast/north/east, a re a bout t hree m etres w ide a nd h ave w alls a bout t wo m etres h igh. T he n atural s lope i s a bout 3 5 t o 4 0o a nd s ome e rosion o f w alls a nd t opsoil h as t aken p lace, t he s oil b eing r edeposited o n l ower t erraces. T he u ppermost s ection h ad a c oarse s andy/gravelly f ill , c harcoal i n t he s econd l ayer d own, a nd c ontained s herds o f I nca p ot. T he s econd t errace ( Figure 3 ) w as s imilar, c ontaining a l ot o f c harcoal i n t he u pper p art o f t he p rofile a nd I nca p ot f ragments. T he p rofile d escription i s a s f ollows:0t o 2 0 c ms: V ery d ark g rey ( Munsell c olour 1 0 Y R 3 /1) f riable h umic c oarse l oamy s and/gravel w ith w eak f ine g ranular s tructure . S tones 3 0% g ravel t o m edium ( mainly g ravel); r oots a bundant, c oarse t o f ine f ibrous a nd w oody . C harcoal p resent. 2 0 t o 3 6 c ms: V ery d ark g reyish b rown ( Munsell c olour 1 0 Y R 3 /2) f riable c oarse l oamy s and w ith m oderate m edium a ngular b locky

3 28

3 29

s tructure. S tones 3 0% , g ravel t o s mall ( mainly g ravel); r oots c ommon, c oarse t o f ine, f ibrous a nd w oody . A bundant c harcoal a nd p ot s herds o ccurred. 3 6 t o 5 0 e ms: F riable d ark b rown ( Munsell c olour 1 0 Y R 3 /2) c oarse l oamy s and w ith w eak f ine g ranular s tructure. R oots m any c oarse t o f ine, f ibrous a nd w oody ; s tones a bout 4 0% , g ravel t o m edium ( mainly g ravel). 5 0 t o 6 2 e ms: L ens o f g ravel . 6 2 t o 7 0 e ms: F riable b rown/dark b rown ( Munsell c olour 1 0 Y R 4 /3) c oarse l oamy s and w ith w eak f ine s ubangular b locky s tructure . S tones a bout 6 0% , g ravel t o l arge ( mainly g ravel t o s mall); r oots c ommon , c oarse t o f ine, f ibrous a nd w oody ; c harcoal p resent. 7 0 e ms t o 1m etre: G ravel w ith s ome l arger s tones a nd l enses o f d arker f iner m aterial n ear t he b ack o f t he t errace; s ome i ron o xide s taining o n s tones. U ndiagnostic p ot s herd p resent. B elow 1 m etre: G ravel t o l arge b oulders. A ll M unsell c olours a pply t o m oist s oil. T he l ower t errace w as v ery e roded a t t he f ront a nd a t t he b ack w as c overed w ith m aterial f rom t he t erraces a bove. C harcoal o ccurred i n t he u pper p art o f t he p rofile . T hese t erraces d id n ot s how a ny i ncrease i n c lay o r h umus w ith d epth , w ere v ery s tony a nd c ontained a l ot o f p ot s herds. T hree p its w ere d ug n a l arge t errace b elow P atallacta, o n a n atural s lope o f a bout 1 0 w hich w as a bout 2 5m w ide w ith w alls a bout 2 m h igh. T he p rofile a t t he b ack o f t he t errace w as s hallow a nd a ppeared t o h ave a d rainage c hannel a t t he b ase. T he m id-terrace s oil ( Figure 4 ) w as a bout o ne m etre d eep , s howed a n i ncrease i n c lay a nd h umus a t 2 5 c m d epth ( with a f urther i ncrease i n c lay a t 4 5 c m ), a nd a ppeared t o b e d isturbed. T he s oil a t t he f ront o f t he t errace h ad a s light i ncrease i n h umus a nd c lay a t 3 0 c m , w here a p ot s herd ( pre-AD 1 600) w as f ound, a nd b ecame d arker a nd m ore h umic a t 7 0 c m . A t t he b ase c harcoal a nd b one w ere f ound a nd i ron o xide c oncretions o ccurred ( probably d ue t o w ater p ercolation). S oil p its e xamined i n t he Q uente r egion i ndicated t hat s ome I nca t erraces h ad f illed, a t l east i n p art, b y c olluviation w hile o thers, e g : a t H uayna Q uente, w ere d eliberately b uilt u p b y t he I ncas. D iscussion E xamination o f p re-Inca t erraces a t Q uishuarpata a nd o n H uillca R accay p ampa, a ssociated w ith t he Q uishuarpata c anal, i ndicated t hat f illing w as m ainly b y d ownward s lope m ovement s oil. T he t erraces a pparently c ontinued t o b e w orked d uring I nca p eriod, a s s uggested b y F arrington ( 1979), b ut w ere

3 30

t he h as o f t he n ot

F igu re 4

S o i l p ro f i le i nt he m idd le o f al a rge I n ca t e r race b e low P a ta l lac ta.

3 31

s ubjected t o t he e xtensive r emodelling s een e lsewhere i n t he v alley . A nalysis o f s oil s amples f rom t his a rea h as s hown t hat t he s oils a re l ow i n o rganic m atter a nd n itrogen , i n p articular, a nd n ot v ery w ell s upplied w ith o ther p lant n utrients. C onsequently t he f irst s tage i n a gricultural r edevelopment o f t he a rea m ust i nclude b uilding u p t he o rganic m atter a nd n utrient s tatus o f t he s oils. I nca t erraces i mmediately b elow t he t own o f P atallacta a ppear t o h ave b een t otally c onstructed a nd f illed b y m an , a nd a ppear t o c ontain o ccupation d ebris f rom u pslope ( including m aterial f rom a p re-Inca o cupation o f t he s ite), w hile l ower t erraces m ay h ave b een b uilt u p w ith m aterial f rom t he v alley b ottom , i n a ddition t o e xploiting r iver t errace s ites. I n g eneral i t a ppears t hat n arrow t erraces o n s teep s lopes, p articularly w here t hey a re c losely a ssociated w ith a n o ccupation s ite, o ften h ave s oils w hich a re a nthropogenic i n o rigin ( ie: a nthrosols) a s a t P isac a nd M achu P icchu , w hile o n g entle s lopes d eliberate f illing, e specially a t t he f ront o f t he t errace, h as b een c ombined w ith s oil m ovement t hrough n atural p rocesses. S oil s tudies i n t he C usichaca v alley h ave p rovided a b ackground a gainst w hich t o s et t he a gricultural d evelopment o f t he a rea i n t he p re-Inca a nd I nca p eriods. C ontour t erracing ( the p re-dominant f orm i n t he C usichaca v alley) w as d eveloped t o s tabilise v alley a nd b asin s ide c ultivation a nd p reserve t he a dvantages o f s lope, i e: g ood s oil d rainage a nd r elatively f rost-free s urfaces. I n p re-Inca t imes a c ompressed v ertical e conomy w as o perating ( Farrington 1 979) a nd c onsiderable e ffort w as p ut i nto c onstructing c anals a nd t erraces. A fter I nca o ccupation o f t he a rea t he e conomic s ystem w as a ltered a nd p opulation d istribution p robably c hanged . S ome m odifications w ere c arried o ut i n t he m iddle/upper v alley , e g : c analisation o f t he C usichaca a t H atunpampa b ut t hese w ere m inor c ompared w ith t he w holesale l andscape r emodelling a nd l and e xpropriation w hich o ccurr ed i n t he l ower v alley , e g: c omplete s uperimposition o f n arrow t rench t erraces ( similar t o t hose a t P isac) u pon t he s teep s lope b elow t he t own o f P atallacta a nd a t H uayna Q uente, t erracing o f l arge r iver t errace a reas a t Q uente a nd b elow P atallacta a nd s traightening o f t he C usichaca r iver a bove t he P atallacta g orge, w ith a ssociated t errace c onstruction . I t i s q uite c lear t hat m ore l and w as u nder c ultivation i n p rehistory t han a t p resent a nd t he a rea o f r elict f ields i ndicates t hat a gricultural p roduction h as n ot r eached i ts p re-historic l evels. E xamination o f s oil p rofiles h as a lso p rovided s pecific e vidence o f t errace c onstruction t echniques, p edogenesis a nd a gricultrual p otential. T he d egree t o w hich t he r esults o f s oil s tudies c an b e i nterpreted h as b een s omewhat l imited b y t he d ifficulty o f o btaining o ther c orroboratory e nvironmental e vidence, w hich i s n eeded t o c onfirm w hat c rops w ere g rown , c rop r otations e mployed, e tc. D ating o f t he C usichaca t errace s ystems r emains g eneralised d ue t o t he u ndiagnostic n ature o f m uch o f t he p ottery r ecovered d uring e xcavation b ut S ara L unt 's p etrographical a nalysis o f f abric m ay e ventually p rovide t he n ecessary c riteria. E lsewhere i t m ay b e p ossible t o d ate t erraces b y t he a ssociation o f c haracteri stic p ottery t ypes.

3 32

C ertainly t he p otential o f t he p edological a pproach h as b een c learly d emonstrated a nd i mplications f or f uture i nvestigations a re o bvious, b oth i n t he C usichaca a rea a nd e lsewhere i n t he A ndes. F ollow-up l aboratory w ork c ould u sefully b e e xpanded t o i ncrease t he r ange o f c hemical a nd m ineralogical i nvestigations c arried o ut, i ncluding i n p articular s oil m icromorphological s tudies, i n o rder t o m aximise t he a mount o f i nformation w hich c an b e r ecovered. C ONCLUSIONS 1 . T he d istribution o f s oil t ypes i n t he C usichaca v alley c onforms t o t hat n ormally e ncountered i n t he A ndean m ountain r egion ; f actors h aving t he g reatest e ffect o n s oil v ariation a ppear t o b e p arent m aterial, t opography a nd a ltitude. 2 . E xamination o f t erraces i n v arious p arts o f t he v alley h as c onfirmed t he a nthropogenic n ature o f s ome o f t hese s oils a nd t he d istribution o f p re-Inca a nd I nca t erraces h as b een r eaffirmed, a s f ar a s p ossible, a s t hat o riginally d escribed b y K endall ( 1974 , 1 976).

3 . T erraced s oils o n t he H uillca R accay p ampa , a ssociated w ith t he Q uishuarpata c anal a gricultural r edevelopment a rea , w ere f ound t o b e d eep , w ith f airly g ood s tructure a nd t exture b ut l ow i n o rganic m atter a nd m ost m ajor p lant n utrients a nd w ould c onsequently r equire i mprovement p rior t o e conomic c ropping. 4 .

T he v alue o f t he s oil s tudies i n A ndean a rchaeology h as b een c learly d emonstrated a nd, i n f uture, e ven m ore a ttention s hould b e d rawn t o t he i mportance o f f ollow-up l aboratory w ork i n a ddition t o f ield i nvestigations.

33

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I w ould l ike t o t hank t he R oyal S ociety, t he B ritish A cademy a nd t he R . R . J essel C haritable T rust f or f inancial s upport w hich e nabled t his w ork t o b e c arried o ut; a lso t he D irector a nd m embers o f t he C usichaca A rchaeolog ical P roject f or h elp a nd e ncouragement d uring t he f ield s easons a nd p rovision o f f unding b y T he L everhulme T rust a nd O .D.A. f or f ollow-up l aboratory s tudies, t he l atter b eing e ffected t hrough t he k ind a uspices o f s tudents a nd s taff a t W ye C ollege o f A griculture a nd t he I nstitute o f A rchaeology ( University o f L ondon). I a m a lso m ost g rateful t o M rs. P enny B eams f or a ssistance i n p reparing t his p aper f or p ublication .

34

B IBLIOGRAPHY

B ertrand, D . 1 968 Q uelques r emorques a u s ujet d es t echniques c ultural d es a nciens h abitants d es h autes v allees d es A ndes d ans l 'ancien e mpire d es I ncas ( Perou , B olivie). C omptes r endus d e s eances d e l 'Academie d 'Agriculture d e F rance 5 4 , p p . 9 96 -1 000 . C ook, O .F . 1 916 S taircase F arms o f t he A ncients. M agazine, 2 9. 0 0. 4 74 -5 34 .

N ational

G eographic

D enevan, W .M . 1 980 T ipologia d e c onfiguraciones a gricolas A merica I ndigena X L . N o. 4 ., p p. 6 19-652.

p rehispanicas.

D onkin, R .A .

1 979

A gricultural T erracing U niversity o f A rizona P ress.

i n t he A boriginal

N ew

W orld.

D rosdoff, M ., Q uevedo, F ., a nd Z amora, C . 1 960

S oils o f P eru .

T ransactions o f t he 7 th

I nternational

C ongress o f S oil S cience, p p. 9 7-104. E de, J . 1 982 P roject 7 : E xcavation o f p re-Inca T erraces. U npublished r eport f or t he C usichaca A rchaeological P roject. F .A.O. - U NESCO 1 971 S oil U nesco-Paris. F arrington ,

M ap o f t he W orld.

V olume

I V .

S outh

A merica.

I .S.

1 979 T he V ertical E conomy o f t he C usichaca V alley ( Prov. C uzco, P eru) a nd i ts p rehistoric i mplications. P aper r ead a t t he X LIII C ongreso I nternacional d e A mericanistas, V ancouver, C anada. 1 980 L and u se a nd i rrigation r esearch C ontemporary a griculture a nd t he v ertical e conomy . r eport f or t he C usichaca A rchaeological P roject. F ield,

r eport:2. U npublished

C .

1 966

A

R econnaissance

o f

35

S outhern

A ndean

A gricultural

T erracing. P h.D . A ngeles, U .S.A.

T hesis,

U niversity

o f

C alifornia,

L os

G ilardi, C .A. 1 948 L a e rosiön d e l os s uelos p or e l r iego e n l a C osta y S ierra d el P ais. C entro N acional p ara I nvestigaciones A griculturas, L a M olina, I nformaciön . 6p p. J ones, C .M .

1 977 A G eological S tudy o f t he C usichaca a nd H uallancay A reas, C uzco P rovince, P eru. U npublished r eport f or t he C usichaca A rchaeological P roject. K eeley , H .C.M . 1 978 T he S oils o f t he C usichaca V alley , P eru. U npublished i nterim/preliminary r eport f or t he C usichaca A rchaeological P roject.

1 979 R esultados p reliminares d e u n l evantamiento d e s uelos n aturales y a rtificiales e n e l a rea d e C usichaca, p rovincia d e U rubamba. P aper r ead a t t he I V C ongreso P eruana d el H ombre y l a C ultrua A ndina, C uzco, P eru . 1 980 S oil S tudies i n t he C usichaca V alley, P rovince o f U rubamba, P eru . U npublished r eport f or t he C usichaca A rchaeological P roject. 1 982 S oil S tudies i n t he C usichaca V alley , C uzco, P eru . U npublished r eport ( 2) f or t he C usichaca A rchaeological P roject. ( forthcoming) S oils o f P re-Hispanic T errace S ystems i n t he C usichaca V alley , P eru . P aper p resented a t c onference " Prehistoric I ntensive A griculture i n t he T ropics", C anberra , A ugust 1 981, t o b e p ublished b y B ritish A rchaeological R eports, O xford. K endall, A .

1 974 A rchitecture a nd P lanning a t t he I nca s ites i n t he C usichaca a rea: B aessler A rchiv . B eitrage z ur V olkerkunde, N F ., B and X XII: 7 3 -1 37 , B erlin . 1 976 P reliminary r eport o n C eramic D ata a nd A rchitectural r emains o f t he U rubamba V alley, C uzco. A rchiv . N F ., B and X XIV : 4 1-159, B erlin.

p re-Inca B aessler

L a M olina ( Lima) 1 964 F acultad d e A gronomica, s uelos d e P eru , 1 :3,000,000.

3 36

U niversidad A graria.

M apa

d e

P atrick, L .L . 1 980 L os o rigines d e l as t errazas I ndigena X L , N o. 4 . p p. 7 57-77 2 .

d e

c ultivo.

A merica

S pencer, J .E . a nd H ale, G .A. 1 961 T he O rigin, N ature a nd D istribution o f A gricultural T erracing. P acific V iewpoint, 2 . N o. 1 ., p p . 1 -40. S wanson, E arl H ., J r. 1 955 T errace A griculture i n t he C entral J ournal o f A nthropology 1 ., N o. 1.

A ndes.

D avidson

T osi, J .A. 1 960 Z onas d e v ida n atural e n e l P eru . I nstituto I nteramericano d e C iencias A gricolas d e l a 0 .E .A., Z ona A ndina. B oletin T ecnico, N o. 5 . V argas,

C .

1 950 L a a gricultura P recolombina T ropical B ogota, 6 . N o. 1 2. p p. 9 -16.

P eruana .

A gricultura

W ickes, D .R.and L owdermilk, W .C. 1 938

4 .

S oil c onservation i n A ncient P eru .

S oil

C onservation

p p .91 -9 4 .

W right, A .C.S. 1 963 T he n orth C hile.

S oil p rocess a nd t he e volution o f a griculture P acific V iewpoint, 4 . p p . 6 5 -7 4 .

i n

W right, A .C.S. a nd B ennema, J . 1 965 T he S oil r esources o f S outh O ctober 1 965 , F AO/Unesco.

A merica.

S econd

d raft,

Z avaleta, A .

1 974 C ontribution t o t he K nowledge o f t he S oils o f U npublished P h.D . T hesis, U niversity o f G hent, B elgium .

37

P eru .

P l ate

No. 1 .

E r oded p reInca T e r race s o n t he H u i l lca R accay p ampa.

3 38

P l ate No . 2: P a r t o f t he Qu ishuarpata c ana l a nd a s soc iated t e r race s.

3 39

P l ate No. 3 :T he I nca t own o f P ata l lac ta a nd a s soc iated t e r race s.

3 40

P l a te N o . 4: T he R ive r U rubamba w i th I n ca t e r race s a t Quen te i nt h e f o reg round .

3 41

P l ate ND . 5: H uayna Quen te

3 42

P l a te N o . 6:N a r row I n ca t e r race s a t H uayna Quen te .

3 43

T HE C USICHACA P ROJECT : A SPECTS O F A RCHAEOLOGICAL R ECONNAISSANCE T HE L UCUMAYO A ND S ANTA T ERESA V ALLEYS

D avid D rew

I ntroduction B efore 1 978, t he f irst f ull-scale f ield s eason o f t he C usichaca P roject, K endall ( *1) u ndertook m uch d etailed r econnaissance b etween 0 11antaytambo, H uarocondo, L imatambo a nd M achu P icchu . I n t he l ast f ive y ears, w ork c arried o ut b y t eams f rom t he P roject ( *2) h as b oth f ollowed u p t hese o riginal s tudies a nd a lso b roadened t he r ange o f r econnaissance b y b reaking n ew g round t o t he w est o f t he A obamba r iver a nd t o t he n orth o f t he U rubamba ( see M ap). T hus C usichaca a nd i ts c omplex o f s ites c an n ow b e s een w ithin a w ider r egional p icture o f s ettlement p atterns a nd c ommunications s ystems f or b oth t he L ate H orizon a nd e arlier p eriods ( for t he l atter, t o d ate, t his w ould a ppear t o b e p rincipally f or t he L ate I ntermediate). T hough s ome a reas r emain l argely i naccessible, ag reat p art o f t he m ore h abitable r egion b ounded b y L imatambo, 0 11antaytambo a nd t he L ucumayo a nd S anta T eresa r ivers h as n ow b een e xplored. A r ange o f e vironmental a nd e thnographic s tudies a re b eing c arried o ut o n r econnaissance. R elated a rchival w ork i s a lso b eing u ndertaken ( *3). B ut t his p aper w ill d eal m ore s pecifically w ith t he f ield a rchaeological c ontent. I n p articular, d iscussion w ill c entre o n t he e vidence f or t he n ature o f t he I nca p resence a nd I nca i nfluence w ithin t he m ost r ecently i nvestigated r econnaissance a rea , t he p reviously l ittle-documented r egion b etween t he L ucumayo, A obamba a nd t he e astern p art o f t he V ilcabamba a rea t o t he w est o f C usichaca . B etween M achu P icchu a nd 0 11antaytambo, t he w ork o f B ingham , F ejos a nd K endall h as s hown t he I nca p resence t o h ave b een e xtensive, f ormal a nd s ystematic. T hose I nca r outes c onnecting C uzco a nd 0 11antaytambo w ith C usichaca a nd M achu P icchu p ossess c oherent p atterns o f d ifferent t ypes o f c lassical I nca s ites - f or e xample, l ook-outs, c ontrol p oints, t ambo-type s ites, f ortified, h abitational, c eremonial s ites a nd a reas o f a gricultural d evelopment. T hese c an b e f ollowed a long t he U rubamba i tself a nd t hrough t he Q uesca v alley b y t he m ountain r oute f rom H uarocondo a nd Z urite, p assing t hrough t he C edrobamba g roup o f s ites t o M achu P icchu . T hey a re c onnected a lso b y m ore l ocal, t raditional s ystems t hat c ross-cut t he m ain r outes a nd l ink t he t wo m ajor r iver s ystems o f t he U rubamba a nd A purimac a nd d ifferent e cological z ones. T here m ay r emain p roblems o f d ating w ithin t he L ate H orizon p eriod i tself b ut t o t he e ast o f M achu P icchu , L ate H orizon s ites a re l argely o f u nquestionable c lassical I nca p roportions, c onstruction a nd d etail. T he e xtent o f I nca d evelopment o f t he a rea a nd t heir i mprint u pon i t c an b e s een t o o verwhelm a nd d rastically a lter p revious t raditions. T here a re a lso q uestions a s t o w hat t his i nvolved i n c ultural a nd e conomic t erms a nd w hether c ontinuities i n s ome l ocal t raditions c an

3 45

°

t

3 c \ J

c a

c a

0

0 C . )

2 c o •

0-

0

I t o 7 C 3

•

c a

cc

c

«2

• • ••

•■■• •O e

•

I nca R accay

-

c a

e r r e

e t ) e saaal e

0 e -

3 46

Land above 4000 m .

•

I nca Routes

V,

b e r ecognised - h ence t he u se o f t he t erm ' non-Inca ' a t C usichaca a s w ell a s p re-Inca a nd I nca . H owever, b ecause o f t he e xtent o f t he I nca i mpact i n t he C usichaca r egion , t he d efinition o f ' non-Inca ' i s e lusive a nd a d ifficult p henomenon t o r ecognise a rchaeologically . T he b road a nd s imple p re-Inca a nd I nca c ontrasts i n a rchitectu ral s tyles, s ettlement p atterns a nd e conomic o rientations a re m ost s triking. T hus i n t he v icinity o f C usichaca , p re-Inca s ites ( *4) a re c omposed p redominantly o f c lusters o f b uildings o f c ircular o r o void g round p lan . T hey a re m ost o ften l ocated o n l ow r idges o verl ooking t he v alley , a bove t he l evel o f p lanned I nca o ccupations a nd m aize g rowing a reas, w ell p ositioned f or d efence a nd f or t he e xploitation o f b oth m aize a nd r oot-crop z ones, a nd w ith g ood a ccess t o h erding a reas f or c amelids. T his s cheme o f a rchitectural a nd p ositional d istinctions b etween p re-Inca a nd I nca i s a pplicable i n o ther a reas a nd f orms a g ross, s implified r eference p oint f or r econnaissance f urther a field a nd f or p atterns w hich m ay b e e xpected i n o ther a reas. I t m ay p redict w here a s ite o f ap articular p eriod i s l ocated w ithin a l andscape. H owever , i t i s c lear t hat r econnaissance i n t he l arger r egion m ay w ell e ncounter p roblems o f i dentification i n a reas o utside t he m ainstream o f I nca c oncentration a nd d evelopment w here, w hether f or p olitical o r e conomic r easons, a n I nca p resence i n t he f orm o f c lassical s ites w as c onsidered l ess n ecessary o r d esirable. A t C usichaca t here i s e vidence t hat p re-Inca p opulations w ere r elocated d uring t he L ate H orizon p eriod a nd t heir s ites l argely a bandoned , b ut t his c an b e s een a s a n e xtreme e xample o f I nca p lanning a nd ' social e ngineering.' I n o ther a reas i t c an b e e xpected t hat d iffe rent r elationships m ay h ave e xisted b etween t he l ocal p opulations a nd t he n ew a dministration , d epending u pon p olitical c onsiderations a nd t he p otential o r s trategic i mportance o f a p articular a rea . T hus i n s ome p arts a c ontinuity o f l ocal a rchi-tectural t raditions a nd s ettlement p atterns m ay b e e xpected t o p ersist w ith d iffering d egrees o f a lteration , a nd q uite p ossibly w ith l ittle i ndication o f c entralised c ontrol, f rom t he L ate I nter-mediate i nto t he e arly C olonial p eriod. I n o rder t o i llustrate h ow r econnaissance h as s uggested s ome v arieties o f I nca a pproach t o d ifferent a reas, a t o nly a s hort d istance f rom t he c oncentration o f I nca d evelopment w ithin t he h eartland o f t he U rubamba, e vidence e ncountered i n t wo v alleys, t o t he n orth a nd w est o f M achu P icchu , w ill b e d iscussed . A long t he L ucumayo v alley t here a re s igns o f ap urposeful a nd e xtensive o ccup ation b ut t he S anta T eresa a ppears t o o ffer a g ood e xample o f m ore l imited o r i ndirect I nca i nfluence w here m anifestations o f t heir c ontrol o r p resence a re f ew . F or b oth v alleys t he p ossibility o f d ifferent f orms o f n eo-Inca o ccupation w ill a lso b e d iscussed. T his f actor, w hich c an b e d isc ounted i n t he C usichaca a rea, f urther h ampers t he d rawing o f e asy c onclusions o n t he n arrow r econnaissance b asis o f s ite d ocumentation , s urface c ollections a nd l imited t est e xcavation .

3 47

NM

I

S cale/Escala 1 :200 0

2

4

6

F ig.

8

2 ,

P lan 1 :

I nca R accay a t T astayoc

T he L ucumayo V alley T his v alley s ystem r uns f rom 4 316m a t t he M alaga , o r P anticalla , p ass t o 1 200m a t C haullay a nd t he L ucumayo 's c onfluence w ith t he U rubamba . T here i s c onsiderable d ocumentary e vidence w hich i ndicates t hat t he 0 11antaytambo/Vitcos r oad , v ia t he L ucumayo a nd t he C huquichaca b ridge, w as t he m ain I nca r oute b etween C uzco a nd V ilcabamba . C obo ( *5) f or e xample, r elates h ow P achacuti c onquered t he v alley e arly i n h is r eign d uring I nca e xpansion n orthwards i nto t he V ilcabamba r egion . M anco I nca w as p ursued o ver t he M alaga p ass t o V itcos i n 1 537 ( * 6). A lthough t races o f t he o riginal r oad h ave n ot b een f ound t o t he w est o f t he M alaga p ass t here a re c lear r emains o f i t o n t he 0 11antaytambo s ide. Al ittle b eneath t he p ass i s t he s ite o f I nca R accay ( Plan 1 ), c onsisting o f t wo s ingle r ectangular s tructures w ith r egularly s paced n iches, s ingle e ntrances a nd c onstructional a nd d esign d etails o f c lassical I nca t ype. I t w ould h ave s erved a s a c ontrol-point r egulating a ccess t o t he p ass. T he o utlines o f a p ossible l arger t ambo s ite h ave b een n oted a l ittle l ower d own o n t he 0 11antaytambo s ide. G iven I nca p ractice, i t w ould s eem l ikely t hat a s imilar c ontrol-point m ay h ave e xisted o n t he L ucumayo s ide. T hough r econnaissance s o f ar h as n ot l ocated a nything o f t his n ature, B ingham n otes t he e xistence o f as mall s ite h ere i n 1 915 ( *7). T he r oad w ould h ave c ontinued t he l ength o f t he v alley t o m odern-day C haullay a nd t he C huquichaca b ridge. A lthough n o I nca s tructures h ave b een d ocumented a t C haullay , s ome o f t he f oundations o f t he o riginal b ridge s till e xist. H ere t he r oad c rossed t he U rubamba a nd l ed o n u p t he V ilcabamba r iver t o V itcos. M aria R ostworowski ( *8) h as f ound e vidence f or a f urther , d ifferent t ype o f I nca o ccupation o f t he v alley i n d ocuments o f c . 1 570 d escribing l egal d isputes o ver L ucumayo v alley l and. T hese i nclude t estimonies t o t he p re-Hispanic h istory o f l and-ownership i n t he r egion . T hus t raditionally t he m id-valley s ite o f H uaman M arka h ad b een b uilt b y P achacuti a s a s mall p alace o r c entre f or h is o wn p ersonal r ecreation. I n 1 961 s he v isited t he o vergrown a nd m uch d eteriorated s ite, b riefly d escribed b y t he l ate 1 9th c entury t rave ller C harles W iener ( *9 ). I n 1 980 a P roject t eam r ediscovered i t, o rganised i ts c learance, a nd m ade a t horough d ocumentation . I t o ccupies a n e levated p osition o n al arge, l evelled p iece o f l and a t ab end i n t he L ucumayo s ome 1 50 m etres f rom t he r iver i tself . A s c an b e s een f rom t he p lan ( Plan 2 , P late l a) s ix d ouble s tructures w ith s hared d ividing w alls a re g rouped i n o rdered f ash ion a round a l arge c ourtyard a rea . M uch o f t he s ite i s i n v ery b ad c ondition b ut m ost o f i ts d iagnostic f eatures a re c lear. C orners a nd d ouble-jamb e ntrances p ossess l arge g ranite b locks t hat a re f inely c ut t o f orm s trong, t rapezoidally-inclined p rofiles. O ne e ntrance a lso d escribed b y R ostworowski a nd s till i n t he s ame c ondition a s a t t he t ime o f h er v isit, s till s tands t o ah eight o f a bout t wo m etres ( Plate l b). H uaman

M arka

w ould c ertainly a ppear t o

3 49

f it

t he

d ocumentary

A L T ITUDE 1 , 820 me t res

g i

4 ,

I II I I

9 2

L i

9 , 3 < 1 >

\ I I 4

g

--[

,

2 ?

3I _ i_ . 1

F ig.

3 ,

P lan 2 :

3 50

t I L

gg

J

H uamanmarka

1;

s uggestion t hat i t w as b uilt b y P achacuti, o r i n h is t ime, a nd i s c omparable i n s tyle t o o ther s ites i n t he U rubamba r iver a nd n earer C uzco. S ome 5 00 m etres b eneath H uaman M arka, t he s ite o f U masbamba a lso p ossesses t wo s imilar b uildings r elated t o a f ormal t errace s ystem , a nd a t C hilcachaca a cross t he L ucumayo t here i s a n i mpressive, s mall s ection o f t erracing t hat i s v ery s imilar t o s ystems a long t he U rubamba. B oth t he m ain r uins a nd t he s urrounding s ites a nd t errace s ystems a ppear c ontemporary . T he a rea a s aw hole i s w ithin a z one w hich w ould p rovide a bunda nt m aize a nd a r ange o f s ub-tropical c rops. A t t he j unction o f a t ributary w ith t he L ucumayo, i t a ccords w ell w ith t he p icture o f a s mall, u nfortified s ite b uilt a t at ime w hen s ecurity h ad a lready b een b rought t o t he v alley a fter t he i nitial I nca c onquest o f t he r egion. R ostworowski a lso d iscovered d ocumentary i ndications t hat s ome 1 500 o r s o m itimae f rom t he C hachapoyas r egion w ere s ettled i n t he v alley a fter t heir c onquest b y T opa I nca . N o d etails a re g iven o f t he c ircumstances o f t heir e stablishment i n t he a rea a nd w hether t hey w ere p laced t here f or p olitical o r e conomic r easons. R ostworowski's s ources s ay t hat t hey b rought w ith t hem s eeds o f t heir o wn d omesticated p lants s uch a s m aize, a vocados, l ucma a nd o ther f ruits. I t i s s aid t hat t he C hachapoyas w ent o ver t he S paniards v ery q uickly i n 1 537 , a lthough m any w ere f orcibly t aken b y M anco I nca t o V ilcabamba. I t i s s till u nclear w here t he C hachapoyas m ay h ave b een h oused, s ince n o h abitational z ones o f c lassical s tyle, w hich m ight h ave b een b uilt f or a n i mported p opulation , h ave b een d iscovered. I ndeed, t he f ormal e xtent o f a ny I nca p lans f or e conomic d evelopm ent o f t he v alley a ppears, f rom t he p hysical e vidence s o f ar r ecord-ed , t o h ave b een l imited i n c ontrast t o w hat i s a pparent a t C usichaca . A s w ith t he m itimae, i t i s n ot p ossible t o s uggest h ow l ocal p re-Inca p opulations m ay h ave b een h andled. P re-Inca-type s ites o f c ircular s tructures l ocated o n r idges a bove t he l evel o f t he I nca o ccupation , c omparable t o t hose a t C usichaca , h ave b een f ound a bove H uaman M arka a nd I nca T ambo ( Plate 2 a). F rom a c hullpa ( Plate 2 h) a t I nca T ambo h as c ome a n o lla , t ypical o f aL ate I nterm ediate p eriod s tyle, a gain c omparable t o m aterial f rom C usichaca ( *10). T hus t here w ould a ppear t o b e t he s ame a rrangement a s a t C usichaca, o f p re-Inca t ype s ites a nd I nca v alley-bottom s ettlement. B ut t he e xtent o f t he l atter i n t he w ay o f c lassical I nca s ites i s, a s s tated , m uch m ore l imited t han a t C usichaca . I nstead , o ne l arge s ite , I nca T ambo, i n ag ood p osition f or a n I nca o ccupation , p oses a n umber o f p roblems. I t s tands a t 2 100m , s ome f ive k ilometers u p r iver f rom H uaman M arka, i ts p rincipal s ection o n a s loping p iece o f l and a bove t he Q 'urqu r iver c lose t o i ts j unction w ith t he L ucumayo. A lthough c ertain e lements o f t he l ayout o f t he m ain s ite a ppear I nca , t he r elationships o f s tructures a re e xtremely h aphazard , a s c an b e s een f rom t he p lan ( Plan 3 ). T hey a ppear e ither t o h ave b een c onstructed i n ah urry a t t he s ame t ime, w ith l ittle r egard t o m ore u sual I nca p lanning l ogic, o r t o h ave b een b uilt c omponent b y

3 51

22 1 7 t ,

N

J , 9 P H

nb

3 52

4 e

I nca T ambo

8

9

•• c r ) c d r i

c omponent o ver a p eriod o f t ime. T here i s i n f act o f l ater m odifications t o s tructures.

m uch

e vidence

U nfortunately m ost o f t he b uildings a re i n a n e xtremely b ad s tate o f p reservation , p articularly t hose t o t he n orth, a nd f or m any o f t hem l ittle m ore t han t he o utlines o f w alls r emain ( Plate 3 a). T he m ajority w hich a re i n b etter c ondition d o n ot d isplay d iagnostic f eatures a lthough m any o f t hem a re o f c lassical I nca d imensions, w ith s ymmetrically p laced d ouble o r s ingle e ntrances. N o n iches o r w indows a re e vident, t he w idths o f w alls a re a pproximately o f c lassical d imensions, a lthough c orners a re s omewhat a rbitrarily c ons tructed a nd a re n ot w ell-bonded. T he s tructures a re b uilt o f r oughly h ewn s late, w hich i s a vailable n earby , w ith t he a ddition o f s ome g ranite r iver b oulders, f ew o f w hich h ave b een w orked . I n c ontrast, o n t he u pper l evel o f t he s ite, s tand f our v ery d ifferent s tructures w hose c haracteristics a re n ot I nca ( Building 3 6 o n t he P lan , P lates 3 b a nd 4 a). A lmost s quare i n p lan , t heir w alls s till s tand t o s ome 4 .8 m etres a nd a n o riginal h eight o f n o l ess t han f ive m etres c an b e p resumed. T hey p ossess s ingle, v ertic ally-unbroken e ntrances. C onstruction i s p redominantly o f r oughly c ut s lates i n m ud m ortar, f latter s lates b eing m ore r egularly l aid a round t he e ntrances. S ome r iver b oulders h ave b een i ncorporated i nto t he l ower c ourses. W all w idths a re g enerally o f a bout o ne m etre. T here i s l ittle r egularity i n t he c onstruction o f c orners, b oth r ounded a nd s quarer o nes a ppearing i n t he s ame b uilding . I rregularly-spaced n iches, r ectangular r ather t han t rapezoid , a re f ound i n t hree o f t he b uildings: i n t wo o f t hem a t a h eight t hat w ould p resume a s econd s torey ( though n o e vidence o f s uch i s n ow d iscernible). I t i s c lear t hat t hese f our b uildings d o n ot p ossess a ny c lassical I nca f eatures. T hey a re q uite a lien t o a nything e lse i n t he v alley s o f ar d iscovered. F urther w alls h ave b een a dded t o a nd b etween t hese s tructures. An umber o f o ther , p lainer r ectang ular b uildings, m ore s imilar t o b ut b etter p reserved t han t hose i n t he l ower p art o f t he s ite, s urround t hese f our c entral s tructures. C omparable t o t hese i s a nother s ingle l ook-out t ype s tructure a bove t he s ite, a t t he e nd o f ag ently d escending n arrow r idge. T his i s a lso o f m ore I ncaic d imensions t hough a gain l acking t he f iner d iagn ostic f eatures. T he s ite i s p roblematic. G iven R ostworowski's s ources a nd t he f act t hat t he f our l arger s tuctures a pproach i n s cale s ome f orms o f C hachapoyas a rchitecture, i t w as t empting i nitially t o m atch t he s ite w ith t he d ocuments. I t c ould b e i magined t hat a g roup o f m itimae w ere p laced h ere a nd g iven l imited l icence t o c onstruct a f ew b uildings i n t heir o wn s tyle, s et a mongst s ome h urriedly a nd c arelessly b uilt s tructures o f m ore c lassical I nca t ype w hich m ay h ave b een a dded t o o r m odified o ver t ime. H owever, t he c omparison w ith a rchitecture f rom t he C hachapoyas r egion d oes n ot t ruly s tand u p n or s quare w ith t he r esults o f t est e xcavation. T hese s uggest t hat t he f our s tructures m ay d ate f rom t he E arly L ate I ntermediate o r e ven f rom t he M iddle H orizon p eriods, l ittle u nderstood f or t his a rea ( *11). T he m ajority o f t he o ther s tuctures m ay h owever b e o f t he I nca p eriod. A n a bundance o f I nca

3 53

p ottery f rom s urface c ollections a nd f rom t he e xcavation , w ould s uggest t his. A t a s hort d istance f rom t he m ain s ite t o t he w est, t he o utlines o f a nother f our r ectangular s tructures ( not o n t he p lan) h ave b een f ound o n t he h illside o verlooking t he s ite . T hese m ay h ave f ormed a n I nca c ontrol-point. F rom h ere h as c ome s urface p ottery o f e xclusively I nca t ype, b oth f ine a nd u tilitarian w ares. T he t ype o f I nca o ccupation i ndicated b y t his c omplex i s o pen t o q uestion s ince t he a rchitecture i s s o u ndiagnostic. C ertainly , a s h as b een n oted , a dministrators w ould h ave b een f aced w ith t he t ask o f o rganising s ubject p opulations w ithin t he v alley . T hus I nca T ambo m ay e ither h ave h oused g roups o f m itimae o r n ative p opu lations m oved f rom t heir e arlier l ocations a bove t he v alley b ottom : p erhaps f rom t he r idge a bove t he m ain c omplex w here a p re-Inca t ype s ite i s l ocated. T he b uildings c ould o f n ecessity h ave b een p ut u p s wiftly b y t he s ubject p opulation . H owever, t he e xistence o f a q uantity o f f ine I nca p ottery i s h ard t o e xplain i n t he a bsence o f a d istinctive I nca c ontrol-point, g arrison-block o r a dministrator 's q uarters. A n a lternative h ypothesis i s t hat t he m ajority o f b uildings a t t he s ite m ay r epresent a n eo-Inca o ccupation , f rom t he p eriod b etw een M anco 's s eige o f C uzco i n 1 536 o r s lightly e arlier , a nd h is f light i nto V ilcabamba i n 1 537. T heoretically t his c ould a ccount f or t he c onstructional h aste v isible i n t he a rchitecture. F or i t b eing a m ore e xclusively n eo-Inca s ite, t he p ottery e vidence m ay h owever c onflict. I t i s n ot k nown h ow f ar I nca e conomic s ystems w ere s till f unctioning e ffectively a t t his t ime a nd w hether t hey w ould h ave b een a ble t o p roduce a g ood e nough q uantity o f f ine I nca w ares t o r epresent t he a mount a nd t ype o f m aterial t hat h as b een f ound . N eo-Inca o ccupations h ave b een d ocumented f or t he 0 11antaytambo a rea ( *12) a nd E spiritu P ampa s tands a s a n e xample o f t he a rchitect ure o f a n eo-Inca s tyle. H owever, a n o ccupation b y a n I nca p opulation ' on t he r un ' o r o f at ransient n ature h as n ot a s s uch b een i dentified b efore. T he p ossibility t hat I nca T ambo w as s omet hing o f t his k ind c an o nly r emain s peculation , b ut i t e xists f or t his p articular v alley . C ertainly a n eo-Inca o ccupation , e ven i f o nly s mall , m ay a ccount f or m uch o f t he e vidence o f m odification t o t he s ite. T here m ay h ave b een t wo d istinct I nca o ccupations a t t he s ite. T he p ossibility o f a n e arly C olonial, o r l ater, r e-occupation o r e nlargement o f i t m ust a lso b e c onsidered a lthough i t h as n ot y et b een d efined b y e xcavation n or s uggested b y d ocumentary s ources o r l ocal i nformants. T hus p revious w ork i n t he v alley a nd P roject r econnaissance a long t he L ucumayo r eveals e vidence o f I nca c ontrol o f t his m ajor r oute a nd o f o ccupation a long i t. T he r oad w as a v ital o ne, b oth f or c ommunications w ith V ilcabamba a nd p robably f or t rade w ith t he j ungle a reas ( *13), a nd i t w as i mportant t hat p assage v ia t he M alaga p ass a nd t he C huquichaca b ridge b e s ecured. T he c omplex a t H ua i nan M arka a nd n earby a ttests t o p eaceful I nca o ccupation o f t he v alley .

3 54

H owever, o ther k inds o f e vidence f or e conomic d evelopment o r p olitic al r elations a re m inimal o r c onfusing. S ites o f c ircular s truct ures o n r idges a nd h illsides a bove t he v alley b ottom a re s imilar a rchitecturally t o L ate I ntermediate s ites a t C usichaca . H owever, t here i s n o e vidence y et b y w hich t o j udge h ow t heir i nhabitants m ay h ave b een o rganised d uring t he L ate H orizon p rovided t hat t hese s ites a re a ll o f t he L ate I ntermediate p eriod. I f m itimae w ere m oved i nto t he v alley i t i s a lso p ossible t hat s ections o f t he l ocal p opulation w ere m oved o ut a t t he s ame t ime. I nca T ambo p rovides c lear e vidence o f a n I nca o ccupation b ut t he p ossible i nterpret ations o f i t a re v arious. I n t he s ub-tropical e nvironment o f t he l ower L ucumayo i t m ust a lso b e n oted t hat m any b uildings m ay h ave b een m ade o f p erishable m aterials. T his i s af urther f actor w hich m akes t he a nalysis o f r econnaissance e vidence h ere n ot a s s traightforward a p rocess a s i t m ight s eem t o b e c loser t o C usichaca . T he S anta T eresa V alley T he v alley e xtends f rom a n a ltitude o f s ome 2 700m a t t he c onf luence o f t he r ivers C hallan , T otora a nd S alcantay t o 1 800m a t m odern S anta T eresa a nd t he j unction w ith t he U rubamba ( see M ap). I t i s c overed f or m uch o f i ts l ength i n m ontana, m ore s o t han t he m ore d eveloped L ucumayo, a nd o ur v iew o f i t m ay s till b e p artial . A lso, a nalysis o f m aterial f rom t est e xcavation i n 1 982 h as n ot y et b een c ompleted. B ut, d espite t hese l imitations, a g eneral p icture o f t ypes o f o ccupations c an b e g iven . A s y et n o a rchival r esearch h as b een a ble t o e lucidate e lements o f t he v alley 's h istory d uring t he L ate H orizon o r E arly C olonial p eriods. I t i s n ot r eferred t o d uring t he n eo-Inca p eriod a nd t here i s n o e vidence t hat a n a ncient r oute o f m ore t han l ocal i mportance r an a long i t. H owever, a s econd m ajor r oad l inking C uzco w ith V ilcabamba p assed b ehind M ount S alcantay a t t he h ead o f t he C usichaca v alley , t hrough C olpapampa a t t he t op o f t he S anta T eresa a nd o n t hrough T otora a nd Y anama t o V itcos. T here a re g ood r emaining s ections o f i t b eneath t he S alcantay p ass, c lose t o T otora a nd n ear t he C hoquetacarpo p ass b etween Y anama a nd V itcos. I t w ould a ppear , h owever , f rom t he r esults o f r econnaissance, t hat a r oad o f I nca d ate m ay h ave c rossed t he l ower S anta T eresa , l inking M achu P icchu w ith V itcos v ia t he s ites o f L lactapata , C haqui O rcco a nd O chopata . T he c lear o utline o f ar oad d escends i nto t he j ungle f rom S ayac M arka t o c ross t he A obamba v alley , a nd t he s igns o f a nother s ection h ave b een f ound b eneath L lactapata d escending t o t he S anta T eresa o pposite C haqui O rcco a nd O chopata . T he e xtent o f r oad s ystems t o t he w est a nd s outh o f M achu P icchu , l inking w ith t he s trategic c lassical I nca s ite o f P allcay , a nd t hrough t his v alley t o L imatambo, t ends t o c ounter t he v iew t hat M achu P icchu w as i solated a nd o rientated m ore e xclusively t owards C uzco t hrough t he C edrobamba s ites. G iven s ome p roblems o f r elative d ating w ithin t he I nca p eriod ( *14), i t w ould s eem t hat M achu P icchu m ay a t l east h ave b ecome a s e asily a ccessible f rom t he w est a nd s outh a s f rom t he e ast i n t erms p erhaps o f s upply a nd a ccess t o t he f ormal a pproach s ystem .

3 55

II

I

L_ I L ".

I

I

I

F ig.

I L_ I

I c e

I

II

I j

3 56 n r

L

I "

j

5 , P lan 4 :

UOI S Ol a

L lactapata

Undef ined Bu i ld ing Wa l l

Def ined Bu i ld ing Wa l l

LLACTAPATA

L lactapata m ay h ave b een a n o utlying c ontrol-point o n t he a pproach t o i t f rom t he w est, a nd p ossibly a lso a c learing-house f or g oods f or b oth M achu P icchu a nd C uzco. T he d ispersed s ite o f L lactapata, a bove t he m odern t own o f S anta T eresa t o t he s outheast, w as o riginally d iscovered b y B ingham ( *15). I t w as r elocated b y t he P roject i n 1 982 ( along w ith a n umber o f b uildings t hat B ingham d id n ot f ind). I t h as a n e xtremely g ood v iew o f M achu P icchu a cross t he r iver A obamba ( Plate 4 b). O ne m ain g roup o f b uildings ( Plan 4 ) i s c omposed o f t hree l arge r ectangular s tructures s ituated a round t wo p laza a reas. P arts o f t he s tructures a re s till i n g ood c ondition a nd a re o f c lassical I nca p roportions a nd d etail ( Plate 5 a), t hough n ot p ossessing t he q uality o f s tonework o r m ore e laborate a rchitectural f eatures c haracteristic o f t he C edrobamba s ites c loser t o M achu P icchu o n t he e astern s ide. O n d ifferent l evels a bove t hese a re o ther g roups o f r ectangular s tructures a nd o n t he r idge a bove t he s ite o verlooking b oth t he A obamba a nd S anta T eresa r ivers, i s o ne v ery l arge b uilding t hat m ay h ave s erved a s al ook-out o r g arrison b lock. B eneath t hese t he r oad d escends t o t he S anta T eresa. H owever, a lthough a r oad m ay l ead t o t he w est f rom L lactapata a cross t he S anta T eresa r iver, p atterns o f o ccupation w ithin t he v alley a re v ery d ifferent t o t hose d ocumented t o t he e ast. T hose s ites w hich i ndicate o ccupations o f L ate H orizon d ate w ill b e d escribed. T he s ites o f O chopata a nd C haqui O rcco b oth d isplay s imilar c haracteristics. E ach p ossesses a s ingle s torehouse o f I nca t ype. O chopata s eems t o b e t he m ore a ccurate n ame f or w hat m ay h ave b een t he s ite o f Y urak R ini m entioned b y B ingham ( *15). H e f ound t here a s ingle s torehouse w hose p lan a ccords i n z werall o utline, t hough n ot i n i nterior d etails, w ith a s torehouse w e f ound i n 1 982 ( Plates 5 b a nd 6 a). T he n ame Y urak R umi w ould d erive f rom t hat o f t he r idge a bove w hich O chopata s tands, s et u pon a b road, s heltered v antage p oint b etween t he S anta T eresa a nd S acsara r ivers. C haqui O rcco i s s ituated a t a s imilar a ltitude t hough n ot a t s uch a s trategic s pot, a l ittle h igher o n t he w estern v alley s ide. T he s torehouse h ere ( Plan 5 ) i s o f v ery s imilar c onstruction t hough l arger, p ossessing f ive i nterior c ompartments a s o pposed t o f our a t O chopata. I t i s s imilarly p ositioned o n a p latform , w ith c omparable a rrangements o f s mall f loor-level w indows ( presumably f or t he e xtraction o f g oods) a nd w ith a s ystem o f v entilation b eneath t he c ompartment f loor l evel. I t s till p ossesses t he r emains o f s teps t hat p robably g ave a ccess t o t he t op o f t he b uilding. S ome l imited e xcavation i ndicates t hat t he f loor o f e ach c ompartment w as s tonel ined. T he i nteriors w ere c oated w ith a s andy m ud m ortar. W e d o n ot k now w hat g oods w ere k ept i n t hem , w hether t hese w ere f or l ocal c onsumption o r, i f n ot, f or w here t hey w ould h ave b een b ound. T his l eads t o t he q uestion o f t heir d ate a nd b roader p ossible s ignificance. B ingham o mits t o m ention t hat c lose t o t he s torehouse a t O chopata a re a l arge n umber o f c onstructions o f c ircular g round

3 57

A lt itude

2 ,500 m

C . )

0 2

—— — r

3 58 C haqui O r cco

N i 311 F loor L eve l

Ex is t ing B u i ld ing Wa l l

C 7 .

p lan . S ome o f t hese, w hose w alls s till s tand i n p laces t o o ne a nd a h alf m etres, a re o f f ive t o s ix m etres i n d iameter. T hey a re b uilt o f f ieldstones, h ave n o i nterior d etails s uch a s n iches, a nd p ossess a s ingle e ntrance, o ne t o o ne a nd a h alf m etres a cross. S ome 2 00 m etres t o t he n orth o f t he s torehouse a re o ther c ircular s tructures a nd s ome o f m ore o val g round p lan. L ikewise, a t C haqui O rcco t here a re m ore b uildings o f c ircular f orm , i ncluding o ne c lose t o t he s torehouse a nd i n r elatively g ood c ondition. O thers h ave b een l ocated o n t he n earby h illside, a s h ave s ome r ectangular s tructures t hat a re n ot I nca. A s y et w e h ave n o m eans o f d ating t hese b uildings. N o s urface p ottery h as b een f ound, i nevitable g iven t he d epth o f h umus i n t he d ense m ontana, a nd n o d iagnostic s herds h ave c ome f rom t he w alls o f b uildings. M any , h owever, a re a rchitecturally o f r egional L ate I ntermediate t ype. I f w e a re n ot s ure o f t heir d ate, n either c an w e b e s ure o f t heir r elationship t o t he s torehouse. W hat i s m ost s triking, h owever, i s t hat n o s tructures o f c lassical I nca t ype h ave b een f ound a t t hese s ites a part f rom t he s torehouses. O ne p ossibility i s t hat t here w as a c ontinuity o f l ocal b uildi ng t raditions f rom t he p re-Inca p eriod i nto t he L ate H orizon , w ith a n I nca s torehouse s et w ithin a s ettlement t hat w as o therwise l eft t o c ontinue i n i ts o wn w ay u nencumbered b y f urther s ymbols o f I nca d ominance. O n t he p resent l imited e vidence, i t c annot b e p resumed t hat t he s torehouses n ecessarily r epresent a n I nca i nterest d uring t heir e stablished I mperial p hase o f c ontrol o f l ocal p opulations. T hey c ould r epresent e ither a n e arly , b rief s trategic i nstallation o f s uch b uildings, o r am uch l ater o ne. U p r iver f rom C haqui O rcco o ther c ircular s tructures h ave b een e ncountered o n t he w estern s ide o f t he v alley . H owever, t he o nly o ther e vidence w e h ave o f I nca i nfluence i s a t t he h ead o f t he v alley, a t t he s ite o f P lateriayoc, f acing t he m odern v illage o f C olpapampa. T his l arge a nd p reviously u ndocumented s ite w as f irst v isited i n 1 980 w hen a p reliminary s ketch-plan w as p repared ( Plan 6 ). I t i llustrates t he c omplexity a nd r andom-seeming l ayout o f s tructures, a t f irst i mpression p erhaps t ypical o f a n o rganically d eveloping m ulti-period s ite. T here i s ap redominance o f t he c irc ular ( Plate 6 h) o r o void f orm w ith t he m ain c oncentration l ocated o n ar ise a t t he c entre o f t he s ite a nd t o t he w est, s urrounding a s eries o f t erraces o f i nformal, r elatively s hallow p re-Inca t ype. T he c ircular s tructures d isplay i nconsistencies a nd a h aphazardness o f c onstruction, e ven w ithin t he s ame b uilding. L arge i n-situ b oulders a re m uch u tilised a nd a round t hese s ome s ections o f w all m ay b e r egularly c oursed w ith r oughly c ut s tone, w hile o ther p arts a re o ften a c ruder a rrangement o f f ieldstones. S ome l arger o val s tructures b uilt i n av ery s imilar a re a lso s ituated n ear t he c entre o f t he s ite.

t echnique

P lateriayoc a lso p ossesses a n umber o f r ectangular b uildings w ith r ounded c orners a nd o ne m ore e laborate g roup w ith s quarer c orners a nd a m ore I nca-like l ayout ( Plate 7 a). H owever, a ll t he

3 59

17 %

0

2

0 >-3 C d g .f

0 3

c d r I c d

f ag C d

8 ,600

F EET

0

0 c 7. 1

C d

( 0, t N 1

g ti

El d ?

3

6 0

b uildings o f e very f orm , b ear m any c onstructional s imilarities a nd t he r ectangular s tructures d o n ot n ow p ossess a ny d iagnostic d etails s uch a s n iches o r w indows w hich m ight h elp i n d ating t hem . S ome, w hose w alls s till s tand t o ah eight o f o ne a nd a h alf t o t wo m etres, a ppear n ever t o h ave p ossessed t hem . T here i s t hus n o o bvious a rchitectural i ndication o f a n I nca p resence a t t he s ite. H owever, s urface c ollections a nd p ottery f rom t he w alls o f s tructures w as f ound t o b e o f e xclusively I nca t ype, b oth C uzco I nca f ineware a nd u tilitarian w ares. A lthough t he m ateri al f rom t hem h as n ot y et b een a nalysed, t est e xcavations i n a s election o f d ifferent t ypes o f s tructure s uggest t hat t he m ajority o f t he b uildings a re o f t he I nca p eriod , o r l ater. T here a re o nly l imited s igns o f p re-Inca o ccupation i n u nderlying l evels. An umber o f r ectangular b uildings a re c learly o f am uch l ater d ate a nd t he s ite i s s till o ccupied b y o ne f armer o n a s easonal b asis. T he p osition o f t he s ite w ould n ot s eem t o b e at ypical o ne f or a m ajor L ate I ntermediate p eriod o ccupation . I n c ontrast, a bove P lateriayoc, o n ar idge o verlooking t he c onfluence o f t he r ivers, i s as ite o f p re-Inca c haracteristics m ore c omparable t o o ccupations i n t he C usichaca a rea . H ere, a t U nnuyoc, a bove t he l evel o f t he m ont ana, a re 3 5 s tructures o f b roadly c ircular g round-plan s pread o ut a long t he r idge i n s mall c lusters f or a bout h alf a k ilometer. T heir d imensions v ary f rom t wo a nd a h alf t o s ix m etres i n d iameter, r ather s maller t han t hose a t P lateriayoc. T heir c ondition i s n ot g ood a nd l ittle m ore t han t he o utlines o f w alls r emain . O ne l arger s tructure a mongst a c entral m ore e xtensive g roup p ossesses t wo a dditional e nclosing w alls w hich w ould a ppear t o f orm a d efined p atio a round a s ingle b uilding o r a n i nterior d ivision , w ithin o ne s tructure ( Plate 7 b). T his i s af eature n oted a t p re-Inca s ites c loser t o C usichaca a nd a t I nca T ambo. T he r esults o f t est e xcavat ion o f U nnuyoc w ould s uggest t hat t his i s as ite o f p re-Inca d ate. W hether i ts o ccupation m ay h ave c ontinued i nto t he L ate H orizon i s, h owever, u nclear. R eturning t o P lateriayoc, t he a mount o f I nca p ottery i n t he w alls o f s tructures i s p articularly i nteresting a nd c onfusing. B uildings o f d ifferent t ypes, f rom c ircular t o r ectangular, c ontain t his a nd f or m any i t i s n ot c lear h ow f ar t he p ottery w as n ecessa rily p art o f t he o riginal m ortar o r w hether i t w as m erely d iscarded b roken a nd p laced i nto h oles i n t he o ften i ll-constructed w alls o r e ven u sed i n r epairs. M any s herds o f I nca s torage v essels i n t he i nterior f aces o f t he w alls, f or i nstance, a re e xtremely l arge a nd i n g ood c ondition . A nalysis o f m aterial f rom t est e xcava-tions i n d ifferent t ypes o f b uildings m ay h elp t o g ive a c lear i ndication o f t heir r elative d ates. H owever , g iven t he d egree o f d isturbance a nd t he e xtent o f r e-occupation i ndicated, t he t est e xcavations m ay b e o f o nly l imited v alue. B ut, a t t he l east, aL ate H orizon p eriod o ccupation i s c ertainly i ndicated . M uch m ining a ctivity w as c entred i n t his a rea i n t he e arly C olonial p eriod a nd m any r e-occupations a nd a dditions, p erhaps r epresented h ere b y an umber o f r ectangular s tructures, m ay d ate f rom t his t ime. T hey v ery n ame P lateriayoc m ay d enote a p lace w here

3 61

m ining o f s ome s ort w as t raditionally c entred. L ead w as e xtracted u ntil r ecently f rom a m ine a l ittle w ay u p t he T otora v alley a bove C olpapampa . A nother f actor w hich m ay h ave c ontributed t o t he c onfused n ature o f t he s ite i s an eo-Inca o ccupation . E ven i f M achu P icchu w as n ot o ccupied b etween 1 537 a nd 1 572 , t he S anta T eresa v alley c ould h ave b een a f airly s ecure p art o f t he V ilcabamba e nclave, i mmune f rom S panish i ncursions, w hich c ame p rincipally v ia t he L ucumayo v alley o r f rom t he A purimac f urther t o t he s outh-west. T he p eriod o f t he n eo-Inca s tate a nd i ts s patial d imensions r emain l ittle r esearched a nd i ll-defined. H owever , i n c ontrast t o w hat i s k nown a bout t he L ucumayo a nd t he C usichaca a rea, t he p ossibility o f al engthy n eo-Inca o ccupation a long t he S anta T eresa m ust b e c onside red w hen p atterns o f I nca o ccupation a nd i nfluence a re d iscussed. T his w ould n aturally a pply a s m uch t o O chopata a nd C haqui O rcco a s t o P lateriayoc. U ntil m ore e xtensive e xcavation h as b een u ndertaken a t P lateriayoc a nd a t o ther s ites i n t he r egion , t he o nly g eneral o bservation t hat c an b e m ade i s t hat P lateriayoc d isplays c lear s igns o f I nca i nfluence o n ap rovincial l evel b ut w ithout t he a rchitectural e vidence w hich w ould d enote a n o fficial I nca p resence o r c ontrol. S ince a m ajor r oad p assed t hrough C olpapampa i t i s u nusual t hat t here a re n o c lassical I nca c onstructions a pparent a t t his i mportant r iver j unction . N o i ndications o f a ny f oundations o f I nca b uildings h ave b een n oted c lose b y o r w ithin t he m odern s ettlem ent o f C olpapampa . I t i s o f c ourse p ossible t hat t hese w ere e xtensively q uarried l ater a nd a re n o l onger v isible . H owever , t here i s n o e vidence o f I nca s tonework i ncorporated i n m ore m odern s tructures. I ndeed, f or t he w hole l ength o f t he r oad b etween t he S alcantay p ass a nd T otora t here i s n o c lear s ign o f c lassical I nca o ccupation . A lthough t his a bsence m ay b e d ue t o t he l ow s urvival r ate o f s ites i n a n a rea o f h igh e rosion , i t m ay a lso t o s ome e xtent b e ar eflection o f t he b road I nca a ttitude t o t he r egion . O verall , i t m ay b e s uggested t hat t he S anta T eresa v alley , a nd p erhaps t he w hole r egion b etween t he A obamba a nd t he i mmediate V itcos a rea, d id n ot h old a ny p articular e conomic a ttraction o r o ffer a ny p olitical o r m ilitary r eason f or m ore o bvious I nca d evelopment, o ccupation o r c ontrol. I t i s n otable t hat o n t he A obamba a nd M achu P icchu s ide o f t he S anta T eresa v alley , f ew s igns o f p re-Inca o ccupation h ave b een f ound u ntil o ne r eaches t he C usichaca v alley . M achu P icchu a nd i ts c omplex o f r elated s ites s eem t o h ave b een b uilt i n a n a rea l argely u noccupied. I n t he S anta T eresa a p re-Inca o ccupation i s i ndicated a t s everal s ites a nd f urther e xamples h ave b een f ound i n t he T otora v alley . L lactapata a nd P allcay , M achu P icchu 's f urthest o utlying s ites t o t he w est a nd s outh , m ay h ave t hus b oth s erved a s f rontier p osts b eyond w hich a c onsiderable a nd p eaceful p re-Inca p opulation m ay h ave b een a llowed t o c ontinue t heir p revious c ultural t raditions w ith m inimal i nterference.

3 62

C oncluding R emarks P roblems h ave b een e ncountered d uring r econnaissance a long t he L ucumayo a nd S anta T eresa r ivers w hich m eans t hat l imited s peculation i s l argely a ll t hat c an b e m ade a t p resent. H owever , d ocumentation o f n ew s ites i n t hese v alleys h as i ntroduced c ontrasts t o p atterns i n o ther a reas a nd h as p rovided a g ood b asis a nd r ich s timulus f or f urther r esearch. S ites s uch a s I nca T ambo a nd P lateri ayoc d emand r esearch p rojects i n t heir o wn r ight t o f ocus m ore p recisely o n p roblems s uch a s t he v ariability o f I nca r elations w ith l ocal p opulations i n d ifferent a reas, a nd , i n p articular f or t his r egion, o f h ow a rchaeologically d efinable a n eo-Inca o ccupation m ight b e. I n 1 979 t he P roject u ndertook a n i nvestigation o f r emains i n t he M apillo r iver a rea o f s outhern V ilcabamba a nd d iscovered t he d ocumented n eo-Inca s ite o f A cobamba . B ut E spiritu P ampa, t he f amous s ite f irst v isited b y B ingham a nd l ater m ore t horoughly e xplored a nd m apped b y S avoy , s till r emains t he i deal s tarting-point f or a s tudy o f s ites k nown t o h ave b een c onstructed d uring t he n eo-Inca p eriod.

3 63

R EFERENCES A ND F OOTNOTES

1 .

A . K endall:

1 974 - A rchitecture a nd P lanning a t t he I nca S ites i n t he C usichaca A rea : B aessler A rchiv. B eitrage z ur V olkerkunde N F., B and X XII : 7 3-137 , B erlin. 1 976a - P reliminary R eport o n C eramic D ata a nd p re-Inca A rchitectural r emains o f t he U rubamba V alley , C uzco : B aessler A rchiv . N F ., B ank X XIV : 4 1-159 B erlin .

2 .

C usichaca P roject R econnaissance R eports, u npublished .

3 .

C usichaca P roject R eports, u npublished.

4 .

A . K endall:

o p . c it.

A . K endall:

1 983.

A . K endall:

1 983/4 . I n p ress.

P . B ernabe C obo:

" Historia d el N uevo M undo" T omo X CII, p .79 ( Madrid 1 964).

5 . 6 .

M . d e M urua:

1 976a.

I n p ress E DIVA, C aracas.

" Historia G eneral d el P eru" p p . 2 07, 2 14 ( Madrid 1 962).

7 .

H . B ingham :

" Inca L and" p . ( Boston 1 922).

2 07 a nd 2 08,

8 .

M . R ostworowski:

" Hua i nan M arka, P alacio d e I nca ( El C omerico, L ima 1 961).

2 10,

a nd m ap p .202

Y upanqui"

" Dos M anuscritos I neditos .." N o. 1 . O rgano d el D epartamento d e H istoria d e S an M arcos, L ima ( n .d .).

9 .

C . W iener:

" Perou

e t

P P.346-347.

B olivie:

r ecit

d e

v oyage."

( Paris 1 880).

1 0.

A s imilar i ntact s pecimen, t hough i ts p ainted d ecoration w as n ot v isible, w as n oted a t 0 11eriayoc T rancapata, C usichaca, b y A . K endall, o p. c it. 1 976a, p . 6 3 a nd f ig. 4 6.

1 1.

D . D rew :

" The A rchaeology o f I nca T ambo" M .A . d iss. U niv . o f L ondon 1 982).

1 2.

A . G ibaja O viedo:

" La O cupaciön U rubamba."

N eo

I nca

" Arqueologia d el C uzco" 1 982).

3 64

d el

P P.

( unpubl.

V alle

8 1-96

d el

( Cuzco

1 3 .

D .

G ade:

" Comercio y c olonizaciön e n l a z ona d e c ontacto e ntre l a s ierra y l as T ierras b ajas d el v alle d el U rubamba e n e l P eru". ( Actas y M emorias d el X XXIV C ongreso I nt. d e A mericanistas. V ol. 4 , p . 2 07-221, L ima 1 982).

1 4 .

A . K endall:

1 976a a nd 1 980/3.

1 5 .

H .

" In t he W onderland o f P eru" 5 56. ( 1913).

1 6 .

H . B ingham :

B ingham :

p p .

5 34 , 55-

" Inca L and" p p. 2 21-225 ( Boston 1 922).

3 65

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

G rateful a cknowledgement i s m ade t o t he W inston C hurchill T rust, w ho g ranted a T ravelling F ellowship t o t he a uthor i n o rder t o u ndertake r econnaissance i n t he L ucumayo v alley a nd p reliminary w ork i n t he S anta T eresa v alley i n 1 980. P roject r econnaissance d uring 1 980-1982 h as a lso b een s upported a nd p artially f unded b y t he R oyal G eographical S ociety . P roject m embers a nd a rmy v olunteers h ave p articipated i n t he f ield w ork a nd m any t hanks a re d ue t o t hem . T he a uthor i s a lso e xtremely g rateful f or t he v ital a ssistance a nd g enerous h ospitality e xtended t o p roject t eams b y t he l ocal c ommunities i n t he v alleys v isited, i n p articular b y t he R osas a nd D elgado f amilies o f I nca T ambo a nd C olpapampa .

3 66

B IBLIOGRAPHY

B ingham, H iram 1 913 " In t he W onderland M agazine 2 4, N o. 4 . 1 922

o f

P eru"

N ational

G eographic

" Inca L and" H oughton M ifflin & C o., B oston .

1 930 " Machu P icchu C itadel o f t he I ncas" M emoirs N ational G eographical S ociety, Y ale U niversity . 1 948

o f

t he

" Lost C ity o f t he I ncas" N ew Y ork.

C obo, P . B ernabe 1 653 " Historia v ols. M adrid .

d el N uevo M undo" E diciones

A tlas

1 964.

4

C usichaca P roject 1 978-1982 R econnaissance R eports. D os M anuscritos I neditos 1 560-1570 D os M anuscritos I neditos c on d atos s obre M anco t ierras p ersonales d e l os I ncas. N o. 1 - O rgano D epartamento d e H istoria d e S an M arcos, L ima.

I I, d el

D rew , D avid 1 982 " The A rchaeology o f I nca T ambo, P eru" A p reliminary r eport ( unpublished M .A. d issertation, U niversity o f L ondon). D rew a nd K endall 1 980-1982 R econnaissance R eports p repared f or t he C usichaca A rchaeological P roject, T he R oyal G eographical S ociety a nd t he I nstituto N acional d e C ultura, P eru . F ejos,

P aul

1 944 " Archaeological E xplorations i n t he C ordillera V ilcabamba, S outheastern P eru" - V iking F und P ublications i n A nthropology N o. 3 , N ew Y ork. G ade

D aniel W . 1 972 " Comercio y C olonizaciön e n l a Z ona d e C ontacto e ntre l a S ierra y l as T ierras B ajas d el V alle d el U rubamba e n e l P eru" A ctas y M emorias d el X XXIX C ongreso A mericanistas, V o. 4 , p p . 2 07-221, L ima.

3 67

I nternacional

d e

G ibaja O viedo A rminda 1 982 " La O cupaciön N eo I nca d el V alle d el U rubamba" ' Arqueologia d el C usco ' E diciones I nstituto N acional d e C ultura, p p . 8 1-96, C uzco. K endall, A nn 1 974 " Architecture a nd P lanning a t t he I nca s ites i n t he C usichaca A rea". B aessler A rchiv . S erie I I, B and X XII, B erlin . 1 976a " Preliminary R eport o n C eramic D ata a nd t he P re-Inca A rchitectural R emains o f t he ( Lower) U rubamba V alley , C uzco . B aessler A rchiv . N .L . B and X XIV, B erlin . 1 976b " Descripciön e I nventario d e l as F ormas A rquitectoni cas I nca" R evista d el M useo N acional, V ol. X LII. L ima . 1 980 " Inca P lanning N orth o f C uzco, b etween A nta a nd M achu P icchu a nd a long t he U rubamba V alley". P aper g iven a t t he 3 rd C ongreso P eruano d el H ombre y l a C ultura A ndina . I n p ress, 1 983 E DIVA C aracas. M urra, J ohn 1 956 " Economic O rganisation o f t he I nca d issertation , C hicago, I llinois.

S tate"

D octoral

M urua, M artin d e 1 590 - " Historia G eneral d el P eru , O rigen y D escendencia l os I ncas" 1 611 2 v ols. 1 962, 1 964 , M adrid. R ostworowski

d e

M aria

1 961 " Hua i nan M arka, P alacio d e I nca Y upanqui" 1 0 S eptember 1 961, L ima.

' El C omercio '

R owe, J ohn H . 1 944 " An I ntroduction t o t he A rchaeology o f C uzco" M useum P apers, H arvard U niversity , V ol . X XVII, C ambridge.

P eabody N o. 2 .

1 946 " Inca C ulture a t t he T ime o f t he S panish C onquest" H andbook o f S outh A merican I ndians, B ureau o f A merican E thnology , B ulletin 1 43, V ol . 2 , p p . 1 83-330 , W ashington . T itu C usi Y upanqu i " Relaciön d e l a C onquista d el P eru" L ima 1 973 . W iener, C harles 1 880

" Perou e t B olivie

:R ecit d e V oyage." P aris.

3 68

P late l a

P late l b

H uaman M arka. D ouble s tructures 5 a nd 6 .

H uaman M arka. D ouble-jamb e ntrance b etween B uildings 5 a nd 6 .

3 69

P late 2 a

P late

2 b

I nca T ambo. D ivided c ircular s tructure o n t he r idge a bove t he m ain s ite.

I nca T ambo. m ain s ite.

C hullpa f rom t he h illside a bove t he

3 70

P late 3 a

P late 3 b

I nca T ambo. E ntrance, B uilding 3 7 .

I nca T ambo. B uildings 5 a nd 6 f rom t he s outh-east.

3 71

P late 4 a

P late 4 h

I nca T ambo.

B uilding 6 , f rom t he n orth-east.

L lactapata. B uilding 2 a nd v iew a cross t he A obamba a nd S anta T eresa t owards M achu P icchu .

3 72

P late 5 a

P late 5 b

L lactapata. B uilding 1 , n orth-west c orner.

O chopata. S torehouse,

e ast w all a nd e ntrance t o v entilation

s haft.

3 73

P late 6 a

P late 6 b

O chopata. S torehouse, w indows b etween c ompartments.

P lateriayoc. E ntrance t o c ircular s tructure.

3 74

P late 7 a

P lateriayoc. N orth-east c orner o f r ectangular s tructure G roup 1 .

P late 7 b

U nnuyoc. D ivided C ircular S tructure.

3 75