Archaeological Investigations in Central Colombia 9780860547853, 9781407349107

Table of contents :
Cover
Copyright
Contents
Foreword
ABBREVIATIONS AND KEY TO ILLUSTRATIONS
Chapter 1: The Quindio
Chapter 2: Geographic Setting and Natural Resources
Chapter 3: The Archaeological Sequence
Chapter 4: The Survey
Chapter 5: The Excavations
Chapter 6: Other Archaeological Features of Quindio
Chapter 7: Conclusions
Appendix
Bibliography

Citation preview

Archaeological Investigations in Central Colombia

Karen Olsen Bruhns

BAR International Series 606 1995

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 606 Archaeological Investigations in Central Colombia © Karen Olsen Bruhns and the Publisher 1995 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860547853 paperback ISBN 9781407349107 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547853 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Tempvs Reparatvm in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1995. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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C O N T E N T S

F oreword

v

1 : The Qu ind io

1

2 : G eograph ic S ett ing a nd Natura l Resources 3 : The Archaeo log ica l S equence

9

2 1

4 : The S urvey Armen ia 3 5 L a T eba ida 6 0 Montenegro 7 2 C a larcä 9 4 S a lento 9 5 C ördoba 9 8 Ca icedon ia 9 9 5 : The E xcavat ions

1 07

6 : O ther Archaeo log ica l F eatures o f Qu ind io 7 : C onc lus ions

1 41

1 47

Append ix : Lu is Arango Cano 's Act iv it ies i n Qu ind io a nd Va l le References C ited

i ü

1 99

1 53

FO R E W O R D

The r eport wh ich f o l lows c oncerns f i e ldwork wh ich was d one 2 0 y ears a go . I n s ummer 1 970 I b egan t h is p ro ject a s a l og ica l o utgrowth o f my d isser tat ion f i e ldwork i n c entra l C o lomb ia i n 1 966 . A t t ha t t ime I h ad t r ied t o l ay t he f oundat ions f or a s c ient if ic i nvest iga t ion o f t he p reco lumb ian c u ltures o f t he d epar tments o f Qu ind io , R isera lda a nd C a ldas, a n a rea a lmost t ota l ly u nknown a rchaeo log ica l ly . Th is p re l im in ary r esearch c ons isted o f s ystema t ica l ly c o l lect ing a nd c onso l ida t ing t hose f ew d ata t hat e x isted c oncern ing t he p reh ispan ic r ema ins o f t h is p art o f t he C ord i l lera C entra l . Th is a rea i s , o f c ourse , f amous a s t he h ome t err itory o f s ome o f t he f inest a nd m ost a esthet ica l ly p leas ing g o ld w ork o f p reh ispan ic Amer ica . The a nc ient t ombs o f t he a rea h ave b een t he f ocus o f a ttent ion f rom t reasure h unters b eg inn ing w ith t he t ime S pan ish i nvas ions o f t he 1 6th c entury . Museums a nd p r ivate c o l lect ions a round t he wor ld c onta in many e xamp les o f t h is m eta lwork : m ost p ieces i n t he s o-ca l led Qu imbaya , D ar ien , T ol ima , C al ima a nd " Invas ion ista" s ty les a re f rom t h is r eg ion . There a lso e x ist s ome s ma l ler c o l lect ions o f t he c lay a nd s tone a r t i facts f ound w ith t he meta l o b jects. My d isser ta t ion r esearch b as icaly c ons isted o f r ecord ing a s m any o f t hese c o l lect ions o f n on-meta l a rt i facts a s p oss ib le a nd c o l lati ng whatever a rchaeo log ica l i nformat ion c oncern ing t he a r t ifacts a nd t he r eg ion t ha t c ou ld b e g leaned . Th is i nformat ion w as t hen u sed t o t ry t o s et up s ome l og ica l a r t ifac tua l g roups wh ich , p erhaps, c orres ponded t o a rchaeo log ica l c u ltures a nd t o s uggest a v ery g enera l r e lat ive c hrono logy f or t hese g roups ( Bruhns 1 967). The d isser tat ion was s upposed t o b e t he f i rst s tep i n a s er ious i nvest igat ion o f t he p reh ispan ic c u ltures o f c entra l C o lomb ia . I n 1 970 , I w as a b le t o c ont inue w ith t he n ex t l og ica l s tep o f t h is i nvest iga t ion , a n a rchaeo log ica l s urvey o f t hose a reas wh ich my museum a nd l i brary r esearch h ad i nd icated were p robab ly t he m ost i mpor tant c enters o f t he a rt ifactua l c um c u ltura l g roups I h ad d el inea ted . The 1 970 s urvey w as p lanned t o b e t he f irst s eason o f al ong-term f i e ld i nvest igat ion i n t he D epar tment o f Qu ind io , f ur ther f i e ld i nvest iga t ions wh ich , f or v ar ious r easons, n ever t ook p lace . I w ent o n t o d o f i e ldwork i n C entra l Amer ica a nd E cuador , s ome o f wh ich was r e la ted t o my C o lomb ian r esearch , b ut w as n ever a b le t o r eturn t o C o lomb ia a nd Qu ind io t o c ont inue w ith t h is p ro ject , n or e ven t o f in ish t he a na lys is o f t he c o l lect ions . The p ubl icat ion o f t he r esu l ts o f t h is s urvey s uf fered a s im i lar f ate .

Ih ad m ade a g enera l p rom ise t o pub l ish f irst i n S pan ish , i n C o lomb ia . Th is p roved n ot t o b e p oss ib le, a s v eh ic les f or l ong , d eta i led f i e ld r eports d id n ot, a t t hat t ime, r ea l ly e x ist . P arts o f t he i nvest igat ion were publ ished , o f c ourse . The b otan ica l j ourna l C espedes ia publ i shed a s pec ia l i ssue o n t he a rchaeo logy o f c entra l C o lomb ia i n 1 976, i nc lud ing a mod if ied v ers ion o f my d issertat ion w ith s ome o f t he s urvey a nd e xcavat ion d ata a nd a n a r t ic le o n a p reh ispan ic s a lt works we d iscovered d ur ing t he s urvey ( Bruhns 1 976a a nd b ). A s em ip opu lar a rt ic le o n g uaquer ia c ame o ut i n Archaeo logy i n 1 974 a s d id a p opu lar o ne i n t he L ondon Even ing S tandard i n 1 978. However , t he b as ic d ata f rom t he Qu ind io p ro ject h ave r ema ined unpubl ished a nd g enera l ly unava i lab le . I n t he t wo d ecades y ears s ince t h is s urvey a g reat d ea l o f a rchaeo logi ca l i nvest igat ion h as b een d one i n C o lomb ia . L ong t erm p ro jects h ave b een c arr ied o ut i n an umber o f r eg ions, i nc lud ing t he Va l le d e C al ima j ust t o t he s outhwest o f o ur s urvey a rea ( Bray e t a l 1 979, 1 981, 1 983, 1 985, 1 988). A pub l icat ion s er ies s ponsored by t he Banco d e l a Repübl i ca ( under t he Fundac iön d e I nvestigac iones Arqueo lög icas Nac iona les), a s we l l a s s evera l n ew s er ia l publ icat ions f rom t he Museo d e l Oro a nd a n umber o f d epartmenta l un ivers it ies h ave g reat ly e xpanded t he publ ished c orpus o f mater ia l o n t he p reh istory o f t hat c ountry . Unfor tunate ly , a s f ar a s c entra l C o lomb ia , a nd e spec ia l ly Qu ind io , i s c oncerned, a l though g uaquer fa h as c ont inued unabated, l i tt le f ur ther s er ious f ie ldwork h as b een a ttempted . I n 1 985 I a ttended t he I nternat iona l C ongress o f Amer ican ists i n Bogotä , t he f irst t ime I h ad b een b ack i n C o lomb ia s ince t he Qu ind io s urvey . I n t a lk ing w ith my o ld f r iends a nd c o l leagues a nd w ith t he n ew g enerat ion o f C o lomb ia n a rchaeo log ists, I d iscovered t hat t here was s t i l l ar ea l n eed f or o ur s urvey d ata a s t hey were t he o n ly r ea l f ie ld d ata a va i lab le f or t he a rea . A s s uch, t hey c ou ld s t i l l s erve t he ir o r ig ina l f unct ion : a s t he f irst s tage i n more f ocussed a nd i ntens ive i nvest igat ions. Hence t h is publ icat ion . I wou ld l i ke t o r em ind my r eaders t hat t h is f i e ldwork i s 2 0 y ears o ld . W ith t wo d ecades more f i e ld e xper ience I most c erta in ly wou ld o rgan ize a nd c arry o ut t he s urvey s omewhat d ifferent ly , e ven t hough t he b as ic p rob lems o f h eavy v egetat ion, p ol i t ica l unrest, r eca lc itrant weather a nd unre l iab le t ransportat ion wou ld c ont inue t o mod ify a ny p ro ject . One s er ious p rob lem w ith t h is p ro ject, a nd o ne wh ich c ou ld n ot h ave b een f oreseen, was t hat o f c u ltura l d ifferences a nd c ond it ion ing . I was s upreme ly l ucky t o h ave t he h e lp o f t hree wonderfu l C o lomb ian s tudents: C lemenc ia P lazas d e N ieto , O scar O sor io Gömez a nd J orge Mora les G ömez . They h ad o ther emp loyment, h owever , a nd were w ith t he p ro ject i n t he f i e ld f or l im ited p er iods . O f t he t hree C anad ian s tudents, t wo c ou ld n ot b e c onv inced t ha t c eram ics were i mportant s ources o f i nformat ion . When c eram ics a re y our ma in s ource o f i nformat ion t h is c an b e d isastrous. I t was. As ide f rom p rob lems i n a ctua l f i e ld c o l lect ion, I d iscovered b e lated ly t hat t hese s tudents were, when unsuperv ised, t hrow ing o ut undecorated s herds r ather t han c ata logue t hem . Th is h as, I am a fra id, s er ious ly s kewed s ome c o l lect ions, e spec ia l ly s ince I c ou ld n ot f ind o ut a ny s pec if ics o f wh ich s i tes h ad s uffered t h is f ate . The r eader s hou ld b ear t h is i n m ind when l ook ing a t t he d escr ipt ions o f s urface c o l lect ions . Another p rob lem i s t hat t he c o l lect ions a re n o l onger a va i lab le . The s urvey p lan was t o d o a s much f i e ld work a s p oss ib le a nd t o f in ish w ith a more i ntens ive a na lys is a nd s ome make-up s urvey t he n ext f i e ld s eason . P ol i t ica l a nd v i

monetary c ons iderat ions made t h is f o l low-up s eason i mposs ib le t o c arry o ut . The c o l lect ions h ad b een d el ivered t o t he I nst ituto C o lomb iano d e Antropo log ia , Museo Nac iona l d e Antropo log ia i n August 1 970 . By t he l a te 1 970 's o r e ar ly 1 980 's t hey were n o l onger t here a nd n o o ne knew what h ad h appened t o t hem . S o t hat t he a dm itted ly i ncomp lete f i e ld n otes, d raw ings, photographs a nd c ata logues a re a l l t hat i s l eft . Th is i s s t i l l much more t han i s c urrent ly a va i lab le o n t he a rchaeo logy o f Qu ind io , h owever , a nd s o t hese mater ia ls a re publ ished h ere i n t he h ope t hat t he ir b e lated a ppearance w i l l p rove o f u t il i ty t o my c o ll eagues i n n orthern Andean s tud ies a nd, j ust maybe, i nsp ire s ome o f t hem t o c ont inue w ith t he i nvest igat ion o f what i s t ru ly o ne o f t he most i nterest ing a reas i n Andean a rchaeo logy . I wou ld l i ke t o e xpress my most s incere, i f b e lated , t hanks t o t he f o l low ing p eop le, w ithout whose a dv ice, i nformat ion , h osp ital i ty a nd h e lp i n t he f i e ld t h is p ro ject wou ld n ever h ave b een a ccompl ished : The s tudent f ie ld a ss istants o n t he Qu ind io p ro ject : C lemenc ia P lazas — t hen a t t he Banco d e l a R epüb l ica , Museo d e l Oro a nd n ow D irector o f t he Museo d e l Oro O scar O sor io Gömez — t hen o f t he I nst ituto C o lomb iano d e Antropo log ia , n ow a t t he Un ivers idad d e l Qu ind io , Armen ia J orge Mora les G ömez — t hen o f t he I nst ituto C o lomb iano d e Antropo log ia , n ow a t t he Depto . d e Antropo log ia , Un ivers idad d e l os Andes, Bogotä O le Chr ist iansen ( deceased), Un ivers ity o f C a lgary P atr ic ia Chr ist iansen — t hen o f t he Un ivers ity o f C a lgary Dav id H i l lman — t hen o f t he Un ivers ity o f C a lgary Sy lv ia H . F orman — t hen o f t he Un ivers ity o f Ca li forn ia , Berke ley , n ow a t t he D ept . o f Anthropo logy , Un ivers ity o f Massachusetts, Amherst The p ersonne l o f t he Museo Nac iona l d e Antropo log ia , I nst ituto C o lomb iano d e Antropo log ia — s ome o f whom h ave n ow r et ired —, e spec ia l ly Dr . F ranc isco Marquez Ya i iez Maestro V icente Rozu Dr . Gonza lo C orrea l Urrego a nd Dr . Dr . Mr . Dr .

Dr . Dr . S r . Dr . S r . S r . S r . Dr .

G erardo Re iche l-Do lmatoff , t hen o f t he Un ivers idad d e l os Andes Lu is Barr iga d e l D iestro , t hen D irector o f t he Museo d e l Oro A lec Br ight, Museo d e l Oro Lu is Duque G ömez , t hen a t t he Un ivers idad Nac iona l , Bogotä , n ow D irector o f t he F undac iön d e I nvest igac iones Arqueo l e icas Nac iona les F el ix Henao Toro , Man iza les ( deceased) Rafae l Henao T oro , Man iza les ( deceased) A lfonso Va lenc ia Z apata a nd t he s taff o f t he Museo Arqueo lög ico d e l Qu ind io , Armen ia E ucl ides J aram i l lo Arango a nd f am i ly , Armen ia A le jandro Arango C ano , Armen ia ( deceased) S a lvador Arango C ano, Armen ia J av ier O sor io G ömez a nd f am i ly , Armen ia A . G a l lego, t hen D irector d e E ducac iön, D epto . d e l Qu ind io v i i

a nd

t he many r es idents o f Qu ind io a nd Va l le whose f r iendsh ip a ss istance dur ing o ur f i e ldwork i s g ratefu l ly a cknow ledged .

a nd

L ast, but c er ta in ly n ot l east D r . Warw ick Bray , I nst itute o f Archaeo logy , Un ivers ity o f L ondon a nd T om We l ler , who d es igned a nd d id t he l ayout o f t h is b ook a nd who p repared many o f t he i l lustrat ions a nd g enera l ly made t h is publ ic at ion p oss ib le . The mater ia ls e xcavated f rom T -LP-1 a nd a l l mater ia ls f rom t he s urvey w ere d epos ited w ith t he Museo N ac iona l d e Antropo log ia , I nst ituto C o lomb iano d e Antropo log ia, B ogotä . The mater ia ls e xcavated f rom t he C ordoba t ombs r ema in i n p r ivate h ands.

v iü

ABBREVIATIONS AND KEY TO I LLUSTRATIONS MDO : MAQ : MAC: MNB: FM :

Museo d e l Oro , Banco d e l a R ep t ibl ica , Bogotä Museo Arqueo lög ico d e l Qu ind io, Armen ia Museo Arqueo lög ico d e C a ldas, Man iza les. Museo N ac iona l d e Antropo log ia, I nst ituto C o lomb iano d e Antrop o log ia , B ogotä F ie ld Museum o f Natura l H istory , Ch icago

Two a nd t hree c o lor p a inted c eram ics h ave t he wh ite s l ip l ef t wh ite, t he r ed s l ip s t ipp led, a nd t he b lack o rgan ic r es ist p a int s hown i n s ol id b lack . A l l s herd d raw ings a re a t a s ca le o f 1 :2, who le v esse ls 1 :4. p a inted amphora o f C -LS i , Tomb # 2 i s 1 :6 .

The l arge

S herds, l i th ics, v esse ls, t omb p lans a nd e levat ions d rawn by C lemenc ia P lazas a nd i nked by Tom We l ler a nd P au l S tempen, F igure 1 d rawn b y Tom We l ler , F igures 2 a nd 3 by t he a uthor , a nd F igure 1 29 by Al ice Wood . A l l photographs by t he a uthor e xcept F igure 3 6, by Warw ick Bray , a nd F igures 6 7 a nd 6 8 wh ich a re c ourtesy o f t he F ie ld Museum o f Natura l H istory , Ch icago, I ll ino is.

i x

K i lome ters

0

F igure 1

3 00

C o lomb ia w ith t he s tudy a rea i nd icated .

x

1:

TH E

Q UI N DI O

The D epartment o f Qu ind io l i es b etween 7 4° a nd 7 5° west l ong itude a nd 4 °-4 .5° n orth l a t itude o n t he w estern s lopes o f t he C ord i l lera C entra l, t he c entra l r ange o f t he C o lomb ian Andes, i n t he g eograph ic a l c enter o f t he m odern r epubl ic o f C o lomb ia . A lthough t h is r ange i s f l anked by t he t wo g reat r iver v a l leys o f t he C auca a nd t he Magda len a , n e ither o f t hese r ivers a ctua l ly b orders Qu ind io, wh ich i s l arge ly l ocated w ith in t he s lope o f t he mounta ins a nd t he h i l ly d epress ion o f t he s o-ca l led " Hoya d e l Qu ind io" ( F igure 1 ). Unt i l 1 966 Qu ind io was t he s outhern p ar t o f t he D epartment o f C a ldas. I t b ecame a s eparate p ol i t ica l u n it i n r esponse t o t he g row ing p opu lat ion a nd t he c offeeb ased w ea lth o f t he r eg ion . The Qu ind io i s a rchaeo log ica l ly o ne o f t he l east known a reas o f t he n orthern Andes. A ccord ing t o t he s canty r ecords o f t he c ontact a nd e ar ly c o lon ia l p er iods i t s upported a v ery d ense p opu lat ion wh ich r ap id ly v an ished u nder t he o ns laught o f t he E uropean c onquerors a nd t he ir i ntroduced d iseases ( Duque G ömez e t a l 1 963, Duque G ömez 1 970 , F r iede 1 963, Tr imborn 1 949 i nter a l ia). E ven t hough S pan ish s ett lement i n Qu ind io was s parse a nd r estr icted t o t he n orthern a nd s outhern f ront iers o f t he d epartment , t he p ract ice o f e ncom iendas, g ather ing t he I nd ians t ogether , by f orce i f n eed b e, t o work f or t he S pan ish l andho lders, h astened t he w i ldf ire o f e p idem ics. E scap ing I nd ians a pparent ly i ntroduced p lagues o f meas les, t ubercu los is a nd s ma l lpox i nto a reas n ot y et i nvaded by t he E uropeans. Another f ar f rom n egl ig ib le f actor i n t he a bandonment o f Qu ind io , by b oth I nd ians a nd E uropeans, was t he b e l l icose n ature o f t he I nd ian g roups o f t he h igh p äramos a nd t he e ast s ide o f t he C ord i l lera C entra l . These g roups, t he P anches a nd t he P i jaos, were warl ike a nd c ann ibal ist ic ; t hey c omb ined t he ir t rad it iona l r iva lr ies w ith a h atred o f t he i nvaders a nd a n e v ident d es ire t o e xp lo it t h is n ew p rote in s ource . A f ter c ons iderab le t roub le w ith r a ids a nd g uerr i l la warfare b y t hese g roups t he t own o f Ant iguo C artago ( now P ere ira), wh ich was l ocated o n t he n orthern b order b etween Qu ind io a nd R isera lda , was m oved t o a more d efens ib le s i te a nd t he S pan ish who l i ved i n Qu ind io p roper a bandoned t he ir l ands ( Duque G ömez e t a l 1 963:333-334). Qu ind io r ema ined a lmost c omp lete ly d epopu lated unt i l t he m id-19th c entury , when t he p opu lat ion o f C o lomb ia b egan t o r ecover f rom t he 1

d emograph ic c o l lapse c aused by t he E uropean i nvas ions o f t hree c entur ies b efore . F armers f rom t he n or thern d epar tment o f Ant ioqu ia a nd I nd ian g roups f rom t he r efuge a rea o f t he Choc6 t o t he n or thwest b egan t o m ove i nto t he empty l ands o f t he C ord i l lea C entra l , e stabl ishi ng f arms a nd f ound ing t owns i n t he Qu ind io d epress ion ( Arango C ano 1 924, 1 967 , Duque G ömez e t a l 1 963, P arsons 1 949). A s t he f armers c l eared t he f orests f or p lant ing t hey d iscovered t he r ema ins o f l ongf orgotten c u ltures. The d iscovery t hat t he t ombs o f Qu ind io c onta in g o ld s et o ff a f ever o f g uaquer ia t hat h as n ever c eased ( Perez d e B arradas 1 958-1966, R estrepo T irado 1 929, U r ibe Ange l 1 885, i nter a l ia). Many o f t he t owns o f Qu ind io were f ounded o n p ueb los d e g uaquer ia , t he ir o r ig ina l r eason f or e x istence b e ing t he wea lth o f t he t ombs under t hem . Much o f t he wea l th i n meta l o rnaments o bta ined f rom t he t ombs was s ummar i ly m e lted d own a nd t he c eram ics a nd o ther o b jects f rom t he t ombs were b roken u p a s b e ing " pagan", u sed f or d omest ic purposes, o r s imp ly l e f t where t hey were f ound . The f oundat ion o f t he Museo d e l Oro i n 1 939 p rov ided a market f or a nc ient a rt ifacts wh ich was m ore l ucra t ive t han t he wor th o f t he i t ems a s b u l l ion a nd t h is, c omb ined w ith a g row ing i nterest i n t he p ast o f C o lomb ia by numbers o f l oca l c i t izens, i n it iated a n e ra o f c o l lect ing a nc ient a r t ifacts wh ich h as c ont inued t o t he p resent . U s ing t hese c o l lec t ions o f mater ia ls f rom m any d ifferent s i tes a nd a reas, a n umber o f s cho lars t r ied t o c lass ify t he a r t ifacts, u s ing a s a mode l i nforma t ion d er ived f rom c onquest p er iod d ocuments. Most o f t he a rchaeo log ica l mater ia l h as t hus b een a ttr ibuted t o h istor ica l g roups whose n ame a nd g enera l g eograph ic l ocat ion w as known ; p eop les s uch a s t he C al ima , t he P i jao a nd t he Qu imbaya . The l a tter n ame c ame t o b e a ppl ied t o a l l a rchaeo log ica l r ema ins f rom t he C ord i l lera C entra l , r egard less o f whether t he o r ig in p o int f or t hese mater ia ls was Ant ioqu ia , R isera lda , Qu ind io , T o l ima o r e ven Va l le .' I t i s e v ident f rom e ven t he most c ursory i nspect ion o f s uch a rchaeol og ica l ma ter ia ls t ha t many d ifferent a rt ifact s ty les a re r epresented a nd t ha t t hese s ty les p robab ly r ef lect c u ltura l a nd c hrono log ica l d iff erences, b ut l i tt le e ffor t was made t o d ea l w i th t h is a spect o f C o lomb ian p reh istory unt i l t he 1 960 's . A ma jor p rob lem h as b een ( and r ema ins) t he l ack o f s c ient if ic f i e ldwork i n t he a rea . The ma jor p ubl i shed a rchaeo log ica l s ource f or t he Qu ind io i s t he m emo irs o f a p rof ess iona l t reasure h unter , L u is Arango C ano , who worked i n t he e ar ly p ar t o f t h is c entury ( Arango C ano 1 924). I n t he e ar ly 1 940 's L u is Duque G ömez e xcava ted a m idden i n t he mun ic ip io o f S up ia ( Depar tm ent o f C a ldas) a nd e xcavated t wo t ombs o n t he Hac ienda L a Argent i-

1 .

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c ultural

n a i n L a T eba ida , Qu ind io .2 G erardo R e iche l-Do lma toff e xcavated i n s evera l h ab ita t ion s i tes n ear P ere ira ( Depar tment o f R isera lda) i n t he e ar ly 1 960 's, b ut n ever publ ished h is f ind ings . N e ither p ro ject p rov ided a ny c u l tura l c ontext f or t he v ast m a jor ity o f l ooted ma ter ia ls i n museum a nd p r iva te c o l lect ions . Wassen 's e xcava t ions i n t he D epartment o f Va l le t o t he s outhwest , f o l lowed by t hose o f Bray a nd Mos ley , a nd t hen by B ray a nd a n i nternat iona l E uropean a nd C o lomb ian t eam y ie lded s ome much-needed i nforma t ion o n t he C al ima c u lture a rea , a r eg ion whose r ema ins a re r e la ted t o t hose o f Qu ind io , b ut n o s uch i nvest iga t ions h ave b een under taken i n Qu ind io p roper ( Wassen 1 936, 1 976, Bray 1 980-88, B ray a nd M ose ley 1 969-1970 , 1 976, R e iche l-Do lmatoff , p ersona l c ommun icat ion 1 966). I n 1 966 t he a uthor a ttempted t o d ea l w ith t he mass o f ( large ly) undocumented ma ter ia l r est ing i n v ar ious museum a nd p r iva te c o l lect i ons i n C o lomb ia a nd t he Un i ted S ta tes. By u t il iz ing t he sma l l amount o f a rchaeo log ica l d ata , t he memo irs o f Arango C ano , unpubl i shed i nforma t ion i n n otes, c ata logue a ttr ibut ions, a nd p eop les ' m emor ies c oncern ing mun ic ip io o r l and-ho ld ing p roven ience o f i nd iv idua l p ieces, t he n ature o f t he t ombs, p oss ib le a ssoc iat ions o f p ieces i n g rave l ots, e tc., i t proved p ossib le t o c onstruct a t ypo logy o f " Qu imbaya" c eram ics a nd t o s uggest b oth a t enta t ive c u ltura l s equence a nd s ome p ossib le l inkages b etween o ne o f t he c eram ic g roups ( Brownware I nc ised) a nd t he f amous " Qu imbaya" g o ld work ( 1969-70). I t was e v ident f rom t h is work t ha t t he n ext s tep i n u nravel ing t he p reh istory o f Qu ind io was s urvey a nd c ontro l led e xcava t ions a nd i n 1 970 , w i th t he a ct ive c oopera t ion o f t he I nst i tuto C o lomb iano d e Antropo log ia a nd t he Museo d e l Oro a nd f und ing f rom t he C anada C ounc i l , t hree a nd o ne h a lf m onths ' f i e ld work was u nder taken i n Qu ind io a nd a long t he n ortheast f ront ier o f t he D epar tment o f Va l le . The D epar tment o f Qu ind io was c hosen t o b e t he f ocus o f t h is i nvest ig at ion b ecause t h is a rea s eemed , f rom p roven ienced v esse ls, t o y ie ld ma ter ia ls i n m ost o f t he s ty les o f c eram ics r epresented i n t he a uthor 's i n it ia l t ypo logy a nd m eta l o b jects i n mogt o f t he s ty les k nown f rom p reh ispan ic C o lomb ia ( Banco d e l a R epüb l ica 1 944, 1 964, 1 968, P erez d e B arradas 1 965, P lazas d e N ieto 1 975). The l i terary g uaquero , L u is Arango C ano , who was a r es ident o f Armen ia , t he d epar tmenta l c ap it a l , h ad b een v ery a c t ive i n t he a rea a nd t he ma jor ity o f d eta i led d escr ipt ions o f t ombs h e l oo ted a re t hose w ith in Qu ind io . B ecause t he d epar tment i s p roverb ia l ly r ich i n c emeter ies i t s eemed l i ke ly t hat i t h ad s uppor ted a l arge a nc ient p opu la t ion a nd/or h ad b een o ccup ied f or m any c entur ies. Th is i n t urn s uggested t hat i t m igh t b e p oss ib le t o o bta in a f a ir ly c omp lete c u ltura l s equence . The s urvey o f Qu ind io was o rgan ized t o g et max imum i nforma t ion f rom an umber o f s ubreg ions w ith in t he d epar tment . The o n ly s i tes known

2 .

D uque

o pened

s everal

t ombs

a lthough

o nly

o ne

h as

been

p ublished.

T his t omb w as l ocated o n t he f inca L a S ierra i n t he v ereda o f t he n ame.

I n D uque G ömez e t

a l

t he m unicipio o f Armenia, a s

La

T ebaida.

Antropologia c eramics Armenia.

i n

Notes B ogotä

i n D uque G ömez

i n a nd

1 963:148-149, t he

t his f inca 1 943

c atalogue

l abels

w hich

o f

w ere

i s

t he m unicipio t he ( in

Museo 1 966)

r eputedly f rom t hese t ombs s ay Hacienda T his l andholding h as s ince b een d ivided.

3

s ame

s aid t o b e i s

Nacional p asted

La

i n

l isted o n

d e t he

Argentina,

i n 1 970 were c emeter ies a nd w e w ished t o s ee what o ther k inds o f s i tes e x isted a nd, i f p oss ib le , t o o bta in i nformat ion o n s ett lement p atterns, e nv ironmenta l z ones u t il ized , a nd d if ferences i n s i tes a nd a rt ifacts b etween d ifferent z ones . We were a lso h op ing t o f ind s tra t if i ed s i tes, s ince t he v ery g enera l s equence a va i lab le h ad b een worked o ut e nt ire ly u pon f unerary r ema ins . I n f act Qu ind io was v ir tua l ly a t abu la r asa, a rchaeo log ica l ly s peak ing , i t s p ast r epresented o n ly by what r ema ined o f t he t housands o f t ombs l oo ted t here . W ith t hese p rob lems i n m ind , t he s urvey was d es igned t o c over a s many d ifferen t p arts o f t he d epar tment a nd t o i nvest igate o n f oo t a s many d ifferent e nv ironmenta l z ones a s p ossib le. Archaeo log ica l p ro jects, h owever , a re n ever c arr ied o ut i n av acuum a nd , a l l t heory a s ide , t here w ere a n umber o f l im it ing f actors t o t he p ro ject . W e w ere l arge ly d ependent o n publ ic t ranspor tat ion ( busses a nd t rucks). The Qu ind io a t t he t ime o f t he s urvey was t he s cene o f c ons iderab le p o l it ica l unrest ; i t h ad n ot r ecovered f rom t he V io lenc ia, t he s econd wave o f wh ich h ad s er ious ly a ffected t he d epartment , a nd b and itry , k idnap ings a nd r andom i nc idents o f v io lence were c ommonp lace . S ince a reas o f e xtreme unrest were l oca l ized , t h is m eant t hat a n umber o f s ubreg ions c ou ld n ot b e s urveyed . An a dd it iona l l im it ing f actor w as t hat t he r a ins were h eav ier t han n orma l : t he d ry s eason was v ery s hor t a nd h eavy r a ins b egan much e arl ier t han e xpected . F or t hese r easons n o e laborate a p r ior i s ampl ing s trategy was u t i l ized . An e ffort was m ade t o a t l east b r ief ly s amp le m ost e nv ironmenta l z ones a nd t o v is it a reas wh ich were k nown t o b e o r t o h ave b een g ood t i erra d e g uaquer ia . Most o f o ur a ct iv i ty t hough was w ith in t he c ore mun ic ip ios o f Armen ia , L a T eba ida a nd Montenegro ( F igure 2 ). S a lent o , i n t i erra f r ia was d iff icu lt o f a ccess, a s was C ördoba , a nd v ery l i tt le i nvest igat ion was d one t here . The s outhern t ip o f Qu ind io was n ot v is ited a t a l l , n or w as t he a rea t o t he n or th o n t he b order i n t he d epar tment o f R isera lda . The s urvey w as c arr ied o ut by f i rst work ing o ut t he l og ist ics o f v is i ti ng a g iven a rea b ased u pon w ea ther , t ranspor tat ion , i nforma t ion f rom a cqua intances, a nd c urrent p o l it ica l c ond it ions . The s urvey was t hen d one by l andho ld ing w i th in a g iven a rea . A m a jor p rob lem h ere w as v egetat ion . Qu ind io i s a n a rea o f s ubtrop ica l h um id t o v ery h um id f orest , n ow l arge ly d estroyed f or p lantat ions o f c offee a nd o ther c ommerc ia l c rops a nd f or c att le p asture . The m odern v egeta t ion , b oth c ommerc ia l a nd n atura l , i s e xtreme ly d ense w i th t h ick b rush , g uadu a les ( groves o f t he g iant b amboo Gyne ium s ag itatum) a nd s econdary f orest c over ing t he l and t ha t i s n ot h idden u nder c rops o r h igh g rass . I n p ract ice t he o n ly a reas t hat w e c ou ld s urvey w ere c uts f or r oads a nd c onstruct ion o r l and t ha t h ad b een v ery r ecent ly c leared . F ortunate ly t he p ro jec t c o inc ided w ith t he i ntroduct ion o f a n ew t ype o f c offee wh ich d oes n o t r equ ire a h eavy s hade c over a nd m any f armers were t ear ing o ut o ld c offee p lantat ions t o p ut i n t h is n ew v ar iety o f c offee . I n t hese f i e lds, f or t he s pace o f af ew w eeks, t he g round was c lear e nough t o e xam ine i t f or s herds, l i th ics, a nd o ther c u l tura l r ema ins. W e t r ied t o s urvey s ome unc leared a reas, c rawl ing u nder t he c offee t rees, wa lk ing s tream c ourses, e roded a reas a nd a ny o ther p laces where w e c ou ld r emove o r s ee b e low t he t h ick c ap o f l i ve

4

a nd d ecayed v egeta t ion wh ich s o l uxur iant ly c overs Qu ind io .3 When a nc ient a r t i facts w ere s een o n t he s urface o r e xposed i n a c ut o f s ome s or t t he a rea was f irst l oca ted o n t he 1 :10 .000 s er ies o f maps o f Qu ind io . L a ter w e t r ied t o l ocate t he s i tes o n a er ia l photographs o f Qu ind io a s w e l l , a l though t h is was u nsuccessfu l ow ing t o t he d ense t ree a nd c loud c over o f t he r eg ion . W e t hen a ttempted t o e st imate t he s ize o f t he a r t i fac t b ear ing a rea . I n e very c ase , s i te s ize e st ima tes were v ery a pprox ima te, s ince modern c lear ing a nd a nc ient s ett lement n ever s eemed t o e xact ly c o inc ide . A s ketch map was t hen made o f t he a rea a nd g enera l c omments a s t o l and f orms, e co log ica l z one , a va i lab i li ty o f r esources, d ens ity o f a r t ifacts e tc . w ere wr itten u p a nd r ecord photographs w ere t aken . F ina l ly a c o l lect ion o f c eram ics a nd l i th ics was m ade, t ry ing t o n ote a ny d ifferent ia l d istr ibut ions o f t hese . I n a reas w i th f ew a r t ifacts a l l mater ia ls v is ib le were c o l lec ted s ave f or s herds wh ich w ere s o s ma l l o r e roded a s t o b e o f n o a na lyt ica l v a lue . S ites wh ich w ere v ery l arge a nd h ad d ense c oncentrat ions o f a r t i facts were m ore s e lect ive ly c o l lected , b ut a d ist inct e ffor t was m ade t o c o l lect a l l d iagnost ic ma ter ia ls. M etates w ere g enera l ly m easured , d escr ibed a nd l e f t o n s i te . I n a dd i t ion t o t he c o l lect ions, t he a uthor v is ited a s many h ouseho lds a s p oss ib le o n e ach l andho ld ing , t a lk ing t o h ousew ives a nd t o l aborers a bout g uaquer ia , ma ter ia ls f ound i n t ombs, f o lk lor ic b el iefs a nd e vents, e tc . I n a dd it ion s he p a id c lose a ttent ion t o t he f l ower g ardens a nd p otted p lants i n t hese h ouseho lds s ince mater ia ls f rom s i tes a nd t ombs a re o f ten r ecyc led i nto f l ower b ed e dg ings a nd c on ta iners f or t he p otted p lants a nd f l owers wh ich o rnament t he p orches a nd v erandas o f e ven t he h umb lest h ouseho lds. The a r t ifacts c o l lected w ere w ashed , n umbered , c ata logued a nd a na lyzed a s s oon a s p oss ib le a nd a p rel im inary a na lys is o f a l l ma ter ia ls w as c omp leted b efore t he f i e ld s eason was f in ished . S ome 6 5 s i tes w ere i nvest iga ted a nd many more were l oca ted ( Tab le 1 ). Most o f t hese s i tes a re t he r ema ins o f p reh istor ic s ett lements, a l though o ther f ea tures s uch a s r idged f i e ld s ystems a nd a reas o f

3 .Most o f t he c offee b eing g rown i n Q uindio i n

1 970 w as

C afea a rabica

o r a s ubvariety o f a rabica c alled b ourbön. T his g rows i nto d ense b ushy t rees a bove 2 m i n h eight w hose f oliage e xtends t o t he g round a ll a round t he t ree. C afea a rabica n eeds s hade a nd m any o f t he o riginal f orest t rees a re u sually l eft i n n ew p lantations. T o s upplement t hese o ther t rees a re p lanted a nd/or t he c offee b ushes a re p lanted a lternating w ith p lantain ( Musa p aradisiaca v ar.). P lantain g rows i n a c ircle, e xtending o utwards e ach g rowing s eason, l eaving a c enter c overed i n r oots, d ecaying s tems a nd l itter. B etween t he c offee a nd t he p lantain, w herever t here i s s ome l ight f iltering d ownwards, a re s maller b ushes, d ense g rass a nd b racken. I n s haded a reas a nd u nder t he c offee t he g round s urface i s c overed w ith a 5 -20 c m t hick l ayer o f t ree l itter. C offee p lantations h ouse i nnumerable s tinging i nsects i ncluding f ire a nts, s corpions, p oisonous s piders, m osquitos, g nats a nd s o o n. L ooking f or s urface r emains i n s uch s ituations i s n ot o nly u ncomfortable, b ut d ifficult i n t he e xtreme, s ince i t i s n ot p ractical t o u ncover a ny l arge a rea o f t he g round s urface. S mall a reas w ere c leared w here w e h ad n oted r emains i n r oad c uts, t he s ide w alls o f l ooted t ombs a nd s imilar s ituations. P lanting c offee a nd p lantain a lso d isturbs t he g round s ufficiently t o b ring a rtifacts t o t he s urface. H ence n ew p lantings w ere i nvariably v isited.

5

TABLE 1 S ITES LOCATED AND COLLECTED I N THE DEPARTMENTS OF QUINDIO AND VALLE ARMENIA A -UQ-1: Un ivers ity o f Qu ind io O ther s i tes l ocated b ut n ot c o l lected A -LM-1-5 ( 3-5 n ot c o l lected): F inca L a Mar ina , Puerto E spe jo a rea A -PE-1 ( sma l l m ixed c o l lect ion): P uerto E spe jo r oad c uts A -ECA-1&2: E l C a imo Acequ ia a rea A-EE-1-4 : E l E den A irpor t a nd a d jacent f i e lds A -HLA-1-3 ( 3 n ot a na lyzed): Hac ienda L a Argent ina A -AND-1-4: F inca Andu luc ia A -LDB-1: F inca L a Du lcera Ba ja TEBAIDA T -AA-1: m isce l laneous s herd c o l lect ion ( unana lyzed) T -MA-1-5: Hac ienda Marabe las T -RE-1-3 : R io E spe jo T -LP-1-3 ( 3 n ot a na lyzed): F inca L a P onderosa T -LR-1&2: F inca L a R ivera TLUF 1-4: F inca L ufan MONTENEGRO M-ELCAS-1: F inca E l C ast i l lo M-EC-1-3 : F inca E l C ap itol io M -I-1-3: F inca I ta l ia M-LP-1-5: F inca L a P er la M -MI-1&2 : F inca M i lan M-ST-1: F inca S anta T eresa SALENTO S -MA-1&2: Hac ienda L as Margar itas CORDOBA C -LSI-1: Tombs # 1 &# 2, F inca L a S iber ia C -LSI-2 : F inca L a S iber ia C -LSI-SD-Tombs: F inca S an D iego CALARCA CAL-FB-1: F inca Barce lona VALLE-CA ICEDONIA V -EAL-1: E l A lumbrado Br idge a rea V -CA I-PAL-1: F inca P a lermo V -CAI-PIJ-1: R io P i jao , F inca L os Qu ingos

6

p etrog lyphs were o f ten g iven s eparate numbers f or e ase o f l ocat ion. S ites a re d es ignated by a l e tter c orrespond ing t o t he mun ic ip io i n wh ich t hey a re l ocated, f o l lowed by a g roup o f l e tters i nd icat ing t he n ame o f t he modern l andho ld ing o r n e ighborhood . They a re t hen n umbered i n t he o rder o f d iscovery s o t hat, f or e xamp le, T -LR-2 i s l ocated i n t he mun ic ip io o f T eba ida , f inca L a R ivera , t he s econd s i te d iscovered o n t ha t f in c a .

7

2: A N D

G E O G R A P HI C N A T U R A L

SE T T I N G

RE S O U R C E S

The D epar tment o f Qu ind io i s l ocated o n t he western watershed o f t he C ord i l lera C entra l. H ere t he l and i s h i l ly t o mounta inous w ith a l t it udes r ang ing f rom o ver 3 500m a bove s ea l eve l , w ith a f ew h igher p eaks o n t he e ast ( such a s t he a ct ive v o lcano N evado d e l Qu ind io), r each ing o ver 4 000m t o l ess t han 1 500m i n t he v a l ley b ottoms. The t opography i s v ery b roken, w ith m any s treams a nd q uebradas s eparati ng n umerous r idges. The w ider o f t hese sma l l r iver v a l leys a re f ound i n t he s omewhat l ower a nd l ess b roken western t h ird o f t he d epartment, but t he Hoya d e l Qu ind io i s i n n o s ense a f l at, o r e ven a f a ir ly l eve l , b as in . A l l r ivers d ra in e ventua l ly t o t he w est o r s outhw est i nto t he r ios Barr igän , L a V ie ja d e l Oro , o r o ne o f t he o ther t r ibutar ies o f t he r io C auca ( F igure 2 ). Th is l a tter emerges f rom a l ong g orge n ear C artago , c lose t o t he l im its o f Qu ind io, b ut t he C auca Va l ley p roper i s c omp lete ly o uts ide t he l im its o f t he d epar tment . R a infa l l i n Qu ind io a verages 2 -3000mm a y ear . The h ighest e levat ions r ece ive e ven h eav ier p rec ip itat ion . R a in f a l ls t hroughout most o f t he y ear w ith t he h eav iest r a ins c om ing J u ly t hrough S eptember . The v egetat ion p attern o f t h is a rea i s e xtreme ly v ar iegated ow ing t o t opog raph ica l d ifferences wh ich l ead t o t he e x istence o f a g reat many l oca l ized m icroenv ironments. The a bor ig ina l v egetat ion, n ow l arge ly d estroyed , c onsisted ma in ly o f ( accord ing t o a l t itude a nd s tr ict ly l oca l c ond it ions), s ub-trop ica l hum id f orest , s ubtrop ica l r a inforest , v ery h um id l ow mounta in f orest a nd mounta in r a inforest . These g eneral ized e nv ironments r ough ly c orrespond t o a l t itude, b ut i nterd ig itate i n a c omp lex manner w i th s ma l l warmer o r c o lder a reas o f m ore o r l ess r a infa l l a nd b etter o r worse d ra inage l ead ing t o a c omp lex e nv ironment a l mosa ic ( Esp ina l a nd Montenegro 1 963:122-130 , 1 53) ( F igure 3 ). The p eaks o f t he C auca-Magda lena watershed, wh ich f orm t he e astern b oundary o f Qu ind io, a re c apped w ith p äramo, s uba lp ine wet h igh land b as ins a nd wet a lp ine t undra . These z ones, wh ich a re v ery l im ited i n e xtent, n ever s eem t o h ave b een p opu lar h ab itats f or h umans, a lt hough c ross ing t hem was, i n s ome t imes a nd p laces, e ssent ia l . A t s l ight ly l ower e leva t ions o n t he w estern s lope o f t he C ord i l lera C entra l t here i s a n arrow b and o f v ery h um id mounta in f orest g iv ing way t o c loud f orest . Aga in t hese z ones a re l im ited i n e xtent a nd d o n ot s eem t o h ave b een i mportant i n e i ther p reh istor ic o r modern e conom ies. N one o f t hese a reas h as b een we l l-stud ied by e i ther a rchaeo log ists o r 9

F igure 2 The D epartment o f Qu ind io s how ing t he l oca t ions o f mun ic ip ios a nd t he l andho ld ings i n e ach s urveyed ( crosses).

1 0

F igure 3 Qu ind io .

E levat ion c ontours a nd m a jor p eaks o f t he D epartment o f

1 1

n atura l s c ient ists . I n g enera l t hey a re t oo w et a nd c o ld t o s uppor t a gr icu l ture, a l though t hey d o s upport a u n ique f auna l c ommun ity wh ich m ay h ave b een o f s ome i nterest t o t he a nc ient i nhab itants o f t he c ont iguous l ower e leva t ions . A much l arger a rea o f Qu ind io f a l ls i nto t he z one o f v ery h um id l ow mounta in f orest , a v egetat ion t ype r estr icted t o t he 1 800-2800m c ont our . A l though e ros ion a nd l ocal ized f l ood ing h ave a lways b een p robl ems, t h is z one s upports a l ush a nd v ar ied f lora . The s pec if ic g round c over v ar ies w ith l oca l c ond it ions b ut i nc ludes s uch i mpor tant s pec ies a s Quercus ( occurr ing i n m ed ium t o l arge s tands), n umerous g enera o f E uphorbaecae , E r icacae , e tc . Th is z one i n h istor ic a nd modern t imes h as p roven u sefu l f or c o ld l and h or t icu lture emphas iz ing r oot a nd t uber c rops o f i nd igenous o r ig in . T oday much o f t h is l and i s b e ing t urned i nto c a tt le p asture a nd t he f orests h ave l arge ly b een s acr if iced t o t he e verincreas ing n eed f or f ue l ( F igure 6 ). B etween 1 -2000m i n a l t i tude t he d om inant v egetat ion f orma t ions a re t hose o f v ery h um id s ubtrop ica l f orest , a ga in a t ype o f r ich a nd v ar ied s y lvan f l ora . Th is v egeta t iona l z one i s t he l argest i n Qu ind io a nd s eems t o h ave a lways b een t he ma jor a gr icu l tura l a rea . F ru i t g row ing h as l ong b een i mportant i n t he z one , a l though a ga in much l and h as r ecent ly b een d enuded o f t rees t o f orm c a tt le p asture . The s outhwestern p or t ion o f Qu ind io , s ome o ne q uar ter o f t he d epar tment , l i es b etween 9 00-2100m i n e leva t ion . Th is z one was o r ig ina l ly c overed i n h um id s ubtrop ica l f orest , b ut n ow c ompr ises t he b est c offee g rowi ng l and o f t he C ord i l lera C entra l . The o r ig ina l f orest c over h as a lmost e nt ire ly v an ished , e xcept f or g uadua les a nd b rush i n t he s ma l le r q uebradas a nd t here may h ave b een s ome l ocal ized c l ima t ic c hanges d ue t o d eforesta t ion . These h ave b een c arefu l ly d ocumented i n t he n e ighbor ing d epar tment o f Va l le ( Lehmann 1 957). Th is e leva t iona l z one h as b een i ntens ive ly e xp lo ited a gr icu ltura l ly by b oth t he a bor ig in a l p opu lat ion a nd t hen by t he m odern N at ive Amer ican a nd An t ioq u ian c o lon ists . C offee ( Cafea s pp .) i s t he ma in c ommerc ia l c rop , b e ing r ep laced by s ugar c ane ( Sacharum o ff ic inarum L .) i n s ome o f t he l ower , warmer v a l leys. Nat ive c rops s uch a s ma ize ( Zea m ays), b eans ( Phaseo lus s pp .), man ioc ( Man iho t e scue lenta k rantz), a nd f ru i ts a re a lso c ommon ly g rown a s s ubs istence c rops a nd f or l ocal ized sma l l-sca le t rade . Th is z one h as b een l i tt le s tud ied i n i t s n a t ive s ta te a nd t he c ompos it ion o f t he o r ig ina l f orest c over c an b e r econstructed o n ly f rom r emnant a ssoc iat ions i n t hose s ma l l a reas wh ich h ave n ot b een c leared f or a gr icu lture . H ere C at iabrava ( Gyne ium s ag itta tum , a g iant b amboo), M imosa , a nd s ome l arger t rees s uch a s C a l l iandra s p ., S a l ix h umbo ldt iana, C edre la s p . a nd Guarea s p . ( Dorm idero , c arboner o , s auce , c edro a nd c edr i l lo i n l oca l t er m ino logy ) a re t he d om inant s pec ies F igures 4 , 5a nd 7 ). B ecause o f t he d ense p opu la t ion a nd i ntens ive m odern u se o f t he Qu ind io l ands, b oth t he n at ive v egetat ion a nd t he n a t ive f auna a re n ear ly e xt inct . A lthough s ome o f t he n at ive v egeta t ion d oes s urv ive, a nd h as b een q u i te e xtens ive ly s tud ied , f ew , i f a ny , z oo log ica l s tud ies h ave b een c arr ied o ut i n Qu ind io p roper . R econstruct ion o f t he p reco lumb ian f auna i s i mpor tant t o a ny u nderstand ing o f a nc ient s oc iet i es i n t h is a rea a s i t i s g enera l ly a greed u pon t hat l oca l g roups w ere d ef ic ient i n d omest ic a n ima ls t o p rov ide a n ima l p rote in i n t he ir d iets . The r econstruc t ion o f t he f auna p resented h ere r ests u pon a c arefu l s urvey o f a va i lab le e nv ironments, b oth macro a nd m icro , h ab itats a nd 1 2

F igure 4 The Qu ind io d epress ion f rom t he r idge o f E l C ap itol io i n Montenegro .

F igure 5 Va l ley o f t he r io E spe jo a bove t he p etrog lyph s i tes T -RE-2, & 3 . The c leared a rea o n t he r idge i n t he c enter o f t he photograph s hows t he r ema ins o f ar idged f i e ld s ystem . 1 3

F igure 6 Va l ley o f t he r io Qu ind io i n t i erra f r ia n ear S a lento .

F igure 7 A -AND-2 & 3 . c hard.

A " f lat land" s i te, c leared f or p lanta in o r-

1 4

s pec ies e xp lo ited by t he v ar ious a n ima l g enera l , known p ast a nd p resent d istr ibut ions o f a n ima ls, a nd i nformat ion t aken f rom v ar ious h istor ic d ocuments. On t he b as is o f t h is s urvey i t s eems v ery p robab le t hat Qu ind io o r ig ina l ly s upported a r ich a nd v ar ied f auna . Tab les 2a nd 3 p resent t hose a n ima ls wh ich c an b e s a id, w ith a h igh d egree o f p robab i l ity , t o h ave r anged i n t h is a rea . Among t hose a n ima ls wh ich a re known t o b e h unted a nd e aten by s urv iv ing I nd ian g roups i n t he Andean a nd Amazon ian r eg ions a nd wh ich were a lmost c er ta in ly f ound i n Qu ind io a re 4 s pec ies o f d eer , 1 , p erhaps 2 , s pec ies o f t ap ir, t he wh itel ipped p eccary , 5 s pec ies o f r odents, a number o f s pec ies o f monkeys, r abb its, o possums, a nd p orcup ines. W ith t he e xcept ion o f s ome o f t he monkeys a nd t he wh ite-l ipped p eccary , t hese a re a l l s pec ies wh ich a re s o l itary o r wh ich f orm sma l l , o f ten s easona l, g roups a nd wh ich must b e hunted a ccord ing ly . The wh ite-ta i led a nd b rocket d eer , p aca , a gout i , a nd t he sma l ler mamma ls a nd marsup ia ls w i l l s urv ive i n a reas u sed by humans, e ven when t hey a re i ntens ive ly p reyed upon, a s t hey c an u t i l ize s econdary a nd r emnant f orest a nd f a l low g ardens a s r efuges. The s ame i s t rue o f many monkeys. O f t hese a n ima ls a rmad i l lo, o possum a nd a gout i o r p aca a re r epresented i n t he p reh istor ic c eram ic e ff ig ies o f t he r eg ion . The o n ly s pec ies wh ich s urv ive t oday a re t he wh ite-ta i led d eer ( rare), a rmad i l lo, o possums a nd, p erhaps, p orcup ines. Anc ient p redators, a s ide f rom humans, i nc luded t he s pectac led b ear , t he puma a nd t he j aguar , a l l o f whose r ange s t i l l i nc ludes t he e nt ire Andean c ha in. S ome sma l ler c ats, t he o ce lot , o nc i l la , margay , a nd j aguarund i , p robab ly were a lso f ound i n Qu ind io a s w e l l a s a s er ies o f sma l l f oxes, wease ls a nd t he c oat imund i . Numbers o f t hese p redators a re known t o b e o r t o h ave b een i mportant i n n at ive S outh Amer ican r el ig ions a nd my tho log ies, but t he f ew c eram ic a nd meta l e ff ig ies f rom Qu ind io , s how o n ly t he s pectac led b ear a nd t he c oat imund i . S ome f el ine-l ike d ep ict ions a re known i n meta l o rnaments, but f ew o f t hese h ave s ure p roven ience. C o lomb ia e ven t oday s upports o ne o f t he r ichest a v ifaunas i n t he wor ld . E thnograph ic d ata s uggest h ow i mpor tant e xp lo itat ion o f t h is r esource i s t o n at ive e conom ies. Qu ind io , w ith i t s v ar ied h ab itats a nd i t s l ocat ion a long t he North Amer ican-South Amer ica f lyway , a pparentl y s uppor ted a l arge n umber o f p ermanent a nd m igratory s pec ies. Among t hese s eem t o h ave b een a number o f macaws, p arrots, p arak eets, d oves, p igeons, a nd g uans. Doves a re t he o n ly s pec ies t o s urv ive i n a ny n umber . A p lethora o f sma l ler b irds s t i l l a re f ound but t he r aptors s uch a s t he c ondor a nd t he k ing v u lture a nd v ar ious s pec ies o f h awks a nd f a lcons, a re a lmost e xt inct . L arge numbers o f waterb irds were o nce t o b e f ound, a lthough t hey t oo a re n ow g one ( Tab le 3 ). A lthough r iver ine r esources a re known t o b e i mportant i n n at ive d iets, t here i s l i tt le t hat c an b e s a id a bout t he f i shes o f c entra l C o lomb ia . Most s tud ies o f C o lomb ian f i shes h ave b een i n t he l arge r iver v a l leys o r i n t he t rop ica l l ow lands o f t he Amazon d ra inage . F ish a re p lent ifu l e ven t oday i n many o f t he watercourses o f Qu ind io . F rom t he a bove i t c an b e s een t hat Qu ind io must h ave b een v ery a ttract ive t o p reco lumb ian h unters a nd f armers. I ts r ich , we l l wat ered s o i ls, v ar ied f l ora a nd f auna a nd c lement c l imate make t he e ar ly E uropean a ccounts o f a d ense p opu lat ion c lear ly u nderstandab le . 1 5

TABLE 2 ANIMALS PROBABLY PRESENT I N PREHISPANIC QUINDIO DEER Odo lo i lus v irg in ianus: wh ite-ta i led d eer Mazama r uf ina , M . amer icana ( poss ib le): b rocket Pudo meph istoph i les : pudu TAPIR T ap ir is b a ird i : t ap ir T ap ir is p inchaqu i : mounta in t ap ir ( probab le) PECCARY T ayassu a lb iros l iss : wh ite-l ipped p eccary RODENTS Hydrochaer is h ydrochaer is: c apybara ( now Co lomb ia) Agout i p aca : a gout i D inomys b arn ick i i ( h igher e levat ions) S t icomys t ackzanowsk i i ( h igher e levat ions) Dasyprocta f u l ig inosa, D .var iegata

n ear ly e xt inct

i n

Andean

RABBITS S y lv i lagus b ars i l iens is , S . f lor idanus ( poss ib le) ARMADILLOS C abassou s pp . D asypus n ovemc intus OPOSSUMS C a luromys d erb ianus P hy lander o pposum D ide lph is marsup ia l is Ch ironactes m in imus PORCUPINES E chn ioprocta r efrescens : r ed p orcup ine, t oday c onf ined t o o ne mun ic ip io i n Va l le a nd a nother i n Cund inamarca Coendu p rehens i l is MONKEYS S agu inus l eucopus : wh ite-footed t amcu in Aeo tus t r iv irgatus : ow l o r n ight monkey A .t. l emurensus: h igh a lt itude s ub-spec ies o f n ight monkey A louetta p a l l iata : mant led h ow ler monkey C ebus c apuc inus c apuc inus : wh ite-throated c apuch in ( probab le) C .c. n igr ipectus : s t i l l f ound i n Va l le C . a lb ifrons : wh ite-fronted c apuch in C . a pe l la : b lack-capped o r t uf ted c apuch in ( probab le) L ago thr ix s pp : woo ley monkey . Most e astern s pec ies o f monkeys o ccurred, i n h istor ic t imes, o n t he e astern s lope o f t he Cord i l lera C entra l. A te les p ans iscus : s p ider monkey 1 6

A .

p . h ybr id is : F ound t oday i nto b een r eported f arther s outh .

C a ldas

a round

Man iza les

a nd

h as

PREDATORS T remarctos o rnatus : s pectac led b ear F e l is c onco lor : puma F . o nca: j aguar F . p arda l is: o ce lot F . w ied i : margay ( probab le) F . t igr inus: o nc i l la . S t i l l f ound i n Cauca r eg ion . F . y aguarrund i : j aguarund i Dus icyon t hous : Andean f ox S peothus v enat icuus : Andean bush d og S . p anamens is g o ldman: Th is s pec ies i s known t oday i n t he C ord i l lera C entra l; i t s ma jor p rey i s p aca . Nasua n asua: c oat imund i P rocyon c ancr ivous : r acoon Muste la muste la : wease l G a l ict is v ittata: r iver o tter

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TABLE 3 AVIAN RESOURCES OF THE QUINDIO PARROTS Ara m i l itar ia L inn .: m i l itary macaw . Not f ound i n c entra l C o lomb ia t oday a lthough i t o ccup ies s im i lar e nv ironmenta l z ones e lsewhere A . amb igua : Buffon 's macaw . Th is s pec ies a vo ids i nhab ited a reas. Arat inga wag ler i : r ed-fronted c onure L eptus ittacea b ran ick i i : g o ld-p lumed c onure Ornorhynchus i c terot is: y e l low-eared c onure ( h igh land s pec ies) P yrrhura mea lnura c hapman i a nd P . m . p ac if ica Bu lborhynchus l i neo la c ass inand B . 1 . s ouanc : b arred p arakeet ; b oth s ubspec ies p refer montane r a in f orest a nd c loud f orest B .ferrug ine ifrons : r ufous-fronted p arakeet F .consp ic i l latus a nd F . c . c aucae: s pectac led p arrotlets, f ound t hroughout C ord i l lera C entra l a nd a d jacent v a l leys. T ou it d i lect iss ima a nd T . d . d i lect iss ima : r ed-w inged p arrot let P ionops itta p u lchra: r ose-faced p arro t Amazona mercenar ia : v inaceous-breasted p arro t, s t i l l f ound i n r eg ion TOUCANS a nd TOUCANETS Au locohynchus s pp.: t oucanets Ramphastos swa inson i i : c hestnut-mand ib led t oucan And igena h ypog lauca: g rey-breasted mounta in t oucan A . n igr irostr is swa inson i i: b lack-b i l led t oucan . The t oucans a re v irtua l ly e xt inct i n c entra l C o lomb ia , ow ing b oth t he t he w ides pread d estruct ion o f t he ir p referred h ab itat ( forest) a nd t o t he ir e d ib il i ty . OTHER EDIBLE B IRDS Rup ico la s pp .: Andean c ock-of-the-rock Orta l is motmot c o lomb iana : v ar iab le c hacha laca P ene lope p ersp icas : Cauca g uan P . motagn i i: Andean guan Chamaepetes g oudo t i i : s ick le-w inged g uan C o lomb ina t l apacot i c aucae : r uddy g round d ove , a lthough unceas ing ly hunted . C o lomba f asc iata : b and-ta i led p igeon Z ena ida a ur icu lata c aucae : e ared d ove

s t i l l e x ists i n Qu ind io

WATER B IRDS ( Exc lud ing t he many s pec ies o f c ranes) D endrocygna b ico lor : f u lvous wh istl ing d uck D . v iduata : wh ite-faced wh istl ing d uck ( h igh ly s oc ia l) D . a utumna l is d isco lor : s outhern b lack-be l l ied wh istl ing duck ( breeds i n t he t emperate up lands, a g razer wh ich p reys o n g ardens) C a ir ina moschata : muscovy d uck ( both w i ld a nd d omest icated) Amazonetta b ras i l iens is: Braz il ian t ea l A . b . b ras i l iens is : l esser Braz i l ian t ea l , v ery c ommon. Merganetta a rmata c o lomb iana : C o lomb ian t orrent d uck, a c o ld water b ird v ery p r ized a s f ood . Anthya a ff in is : p ochard Netta e rythroptha lama e rythroptha lama: t he S outh Amer ican p ochard, a bundant i n t he r a iny s eason. Oxyura d om in ica : t he Dom in ican s t iff-ta i led d uck, was f ormer ly v ery 1 8

c ommon i n swampy a reas. Anas a cuta L inn .: c ommon p inta i l , f ormer ly m igrated t hrough t he a rea i n l arge f locks a long w ith a bout a d ozen o ther s pec ies. S evera l l oca l s pec ies a re known t o b e e xt inct .

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H owever, i t i s qu ite p oss ib le t hat e nv ironmenta l d egradat ion, c aused by t he l arge n umber o f p eop le, was a lready u nderway i n l a te p reh ist ory . The e thnograph ic e v idence a va i lab le s uggests t ha t t he p eop les who i nhab ited t he c ord i l leras a nd l arge r iver v a l leys o f c entra l C o lomb ia were d iv ided i nto numerous sma l l t r ibes c ont inuous ly a t war w ith o ne a nother . S ome o f t hese t r ibes, e spec ia l ly t hose i nhab it ing t he h igher a nd e nv ironmenta l ly l ess a ttract ive e levat ions, s uch a s t he P i jao , h ad i nst itut iona l ized c ann ibal ism i n a manner t hat s uggests t hat h uman f lesh h ad a ssumed a n i mportant p lace i n t he d iet . Cann ibal ism a s a n e conom ic a daptat ion h as b een more s ub ject t o emot iona l t han s er ious c ons iderat ion, but t here i s a g row ing b ody o f e v idence wh ich s uggests t hat t h is f ood s ource may h ave b een s tead i ly e xp lo ited i n s i tuat ions where o ther s ources o f a n ima l p rote in were s carce ( C ieza d e L eön 1 553 [ 1984], S taden 1 557 [ 1983], P asztory 1 976, Harner 1 977. C oe a nd D ieh l 1 980 i nter a l ia). A lthough t here i s ay et n o a rchaeo logi ca l e v idence t o b ack up t he h istor ic a ccounts, i t s eems q u ite p oss ib le t ha t humans ( Homo s ap iens s ap iens) were a n i mportant p rote in s ource t o b e numbered among t he o n ly o ther d omest icated a n ima ls a va i lab le, t he muscovy d uck ( Ca ir ina moschata) a nd t he d og ( Can is v u lgar is).

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T H E

A R C H A E O L O GI C A L

SE Q U E N C E

The a rchaeo log ica l m ater ia ls r esu lt ing f rom t he Qu ind io s urvey l arge ly f a l l i nto t wo p rev ious ly d escr ibed g roups, t hose o f M idd le C auca a nd C a ldas. Archaeo log ica l e v idence d rawn f rom o ur e xcavat ions, f rom e xam inat ion o f g rave l o ts, a nd f rom e xcavat ions undertaken i n t he v ic in ity o f Buga a nd i n t he Va l le d e C al ima i n t he D epar tment o f Va l le s uggest t hat t he M idd le Cauca C omp lex , o r s ome p art t hereof , i s a ntecedent t o t he C a ldas C omp lex . Ma ter ia ls p erta in ing t o o ther c erami c g roups c ommon ly a ttr ibuted t o t he " Qu imbaya c u lture", s uch a s Brownware I nc ised, Tr ico lor , Appl iqué I nc ised , a nd H eavy Wh ite a nd N egat ive o n Orange , were n ot f ound i n Qu ind io o r were f ound i n s uch m inute q uant it ies t hat i t i s e v ident t hat t hey were r are i mports. Buga Ware, a n i mportant c eram ic g roup f rom n orthern Va l le was n ot f ound d ur ing t he s urvey , a l though a number o f p ieces i n l oca l c o l lect ions were r eputed ly f ound i n t ombs i n Montenegro, s pec if ica l ly a g roup o f t ombs l ocated o n t he f irst t errace o f t he r io E spe jo o n t he f inca E l C ap itol io . As ide f rom t hese r es ist-decorated c eram ics, r epresentat ives o f most o f t he d omest ic o r u t il i tar ian wares o r ig ina l ly d ef ined by Bruhns i n 1 967 were f ound, s uggest ing e ither t hat t here were r ap id ly c hang ing f ash ions i n c ook ing p ots o r s imp ly t hat t he d ecorat ion o f u t il i tar ian v esse ls was e xtreme ly v ar ied . O ther c eram ic g roups d es cr ibed i n t he s canty l i terature o n c entra l C o lomb ian a rchaeo logy , s uch a s Upper C auca s ty le c eram ics, h ave b een f ound ( by o thers) a s o ccas iona l g rave o ffer ings, but a re a pparent ly n ot i nd igenous t o Qu ind io ( Bennett 1 944, Bray a nd Mose ley 1 976, Bruhns 1 967, 1 969-70 , 1 976, F ord 1 944). M idd le C auca c eram ics f orm a h eterogeneous g roup o f v esse ls d ecorate d i n b lack o rgan ic r es ist p a int ing i n e laborate g eometr ic mot ifs o n a r ed a nd wh ite f i red s l ip b ackground . These wares a re known t o o ccur i n a rchaeo log ica l c ontexts f rom t he C a ldas/Ant ioqu ia b order t o t he n or th s outh i nto t he C auca Va l ley p roper a nd t he a d jacent v a l leys o f t he western c ord i l lera . There a re e v ident ly a number o f t empora l a nd r eg iona l s ubsty les. The s ubsty le wh ich h as b een i dent if ied o n t he b as is o f b oth t omb a nd m idden e xcavat ion i s t he Yotoco s ty le o f Va l le . The h a l lmark o f t h is e laborate ly d ecorated ware i s t he " Yotoco b ow l", a h em ispher ica l v esse l d ecorated i ns ide a nd o ut w ith a s er ies o f s pec ia l d es igns i nc lud ing s p ira ls a nd z igzags ( F igures 8 a nd 9 ). Yotoco b ow ls, whether o f l oca l manufacture o r i mpor ted, a re f ound n or th o f Va l le a ssoc iated w ith o ther M idd le C auca s ty le c eram ics i n t ombs a nd a re f ound i m itated i n c eram ics o f l oca l ( and l a ter?) manufacture . The Yotoco s ty le a lso i nc ludes a s er ies o f mode led a nd p a inted d oub le s pout a nd b r idge b ott les a nd s ing le s pout, o f ten wh istl ing , b ott les 2 1

F igures 8 & 9 Yotoco s ty le b ow l . The s hape a nd t he r es ist p a int ing , w ith i t s d es igns o f s cro l ls a nd d ots, i s t yp ica l o f t h is s ty le . MDO.

F igures 1 0 & 1 1 Yotoco s ty le t oad e ff igy a lcarraza . The p a inted d es igns a nd t he s ub ject a re v ery c ommon i n t h is s ty le . MDO.

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r epresent ing h umans a nd a n ima ls ( F igures 1 0 a nd 1 1). These h ave a lso b een f ound i n Qu ind io t ombs ( Bray a nd Mose ley 1 969-70 , Bray e t a l 1 980-88). The M idd le C auca C omp lex i n Qu ind io ( and a lso i n R isera lda a nd C a ldas, where i t w as f i rst i dent if ied o n t he b as is o f g rave l o ts i n l oca l c o l lect ions), f ea tures a s er ies o f h igh ly d ist inct ive f orms . These i nc lude a nnu lar b ase c ups w ith h em ispher ica l o r c on ica l b ow ls, c on ica l v ases, amphora s haped j ars, s ome r arer g lobu lar j ar f orms, t he o ccas iona l b o tt le o r s t irrup b ott le a nd f igur ine v ases. These l a tter a re m ode led h o l low f igur ines d ep ict ing n ude h umans . They h ave a l arg ish o va l o pen ing i n t he t op o f t he h ead . These v esse ls a re p a inted w ith r ed a nd wh i te s l ip o r , r are ly , w ith wh ite o r r ed a lone, i n a s et o f h igh ly s tandard ized c o lored z ones . A f ter f i r ing t he v esse ls were f urt her d ecorated w i th b lack o rgan ic r es ist p a int i n as er ies o f g eometr ic mot i fs . The m ost c ommon o f t hese mot ifs a re s tr ipes, s tr ipes w ith r eserved d ots, L s haped f orms, s ol id o r d otted , c irc les , s ol id d ots, r osettes o f d ots, t r iang les o f v ar ious k inds a nd t he l i ke . The a rr angement o f t hese p a tterns i s s ymmetr ica l a nd s pec if ic a rrangements o f t he d es igns a re s hape s pec if ic , w ith t he c avea t t ha t p otters o r p a inters a pparent ly c ons idered s im i lar s hapes e qu iva lent d es ign f i e lds . Thus h em ispher ica l b ow ls o n f ooted c ups a nd t he h em ispher ica l s hou ld ers o f amphoras b ear t he s ame d ecorat ions, a s d o c on ica l v ases a nd c on ica l c up b ow ls , o r t he a nnu lar b ases o f c up a nd t he s im i lar-shapes n ecks o f amphoras a nd j ars . The s pec if ic ity o f d es igns t o s hapes m eans t ha t v esse l f orms c an b e s ecure ly i dent if ied f rom a v ery s ma l l s herd . E ven when d eal ing w ith e qu iva lent d ecora t ive d ev ices, by u s ing t he i nter ior f in ish ing o f t he v esse l o ne c an e as i ly d ist ingu ish b etween a n amphora n eck ( inter ior s moothed a nd b urn ished) a nd a c up b ase ( inter ior w iped) o r h em ispher ica l b ow l a nd amphora s hou lder ( smoo thed a nd b urn ished i nter ior v s. f inger-smoothed) ( F igures 1 2-16 a nd 1 8-21). O ther v esse ls a ssoc ia ted w ith t h is c omp lex i nc lude a n umber o f p last ic d ecora ted f orms, u sua l ly uns l ipped o n t he e xter ior , w ith r ed s l ipped g rooved r ims wh ich a re burn ished a nd i nter iors wh ich a re l i kew ise s l ipped ( red o r wh i te) a nd b urn ished . The f orms wh ich c an b e d ef in ite ly a ssoc iated w i th t he r es ist p a inted c eram ics o f t he M idd le C auca C omp lex a re t he s ar t& t , a c ompos ite s i lhouette o l la d ecorated w i th l i near i nc ised p a tterns o n t he mu lt ip le " shou lders", a nd S lurry Ware , a t an t o g rey c eram ic wh ich i s f ormed i nto v ar ious s hou ldered b ow ls a nd p lates d ecora ted w i th r a ised p atterns f ormed f rom m an ipu lat ing t he t h in l ayer o f w et c lay s lurry l ef t o n t he s urface o f t he n ew ly f ormed v esse l . These p atterns a re made u p o f v ery d ist inct ive wavy r idges . G rave g roups a lso c onta in n umbers o f p la in , u sua l ly r ed , s l ipped v esse ls a nd o range t o t an s e lf-sl ipped v esse ls i n av ast v ar iet y o f d ifferent s hapes o f o l las a nd j ars . B ecause o f t he p auc i ty o f d ocumented g rave l o ts c onta in ing u t il i tar ian v esse ls ( these a re u sua l ly r emoved by t he g uaquero f or d omest ic u se , e ven when t he d ea ler o r c o l lec tor h as s pec if ied t hat h e wants e nt ire g rave l o ts) a nd t he d ivers i ty o f f orms a nd d ecora t ive t ypes a ssoc ia ted w ith t he m ore u t il i tar ian v esse ls i t i s n ear ly i mposs ib le t o a ssoc iate m any f orms s pec i f ica l ly w ith t he M idd le C auca C omp lex ( F igures 2 5-28). Ar t i facts o f t he M idd le C auca C omp lex h ave b een f ound i n c eme ter ies c onta in ing a n umber o f d ifferent t ypes o f s haf t a nd c hamber t ombs. D escr ipt ions g iven by Arango C ano a nd o ther g uaqueros s uggest t hat 2 3

F igure 1 2 M idd le C auca a nnu lar b ase c up. The r ounded b ow l i s t yp ica l o f t h is c eram ic s ty le . MAQ .

F igure 1 3 M idd le C auca c on ica l v ase . The a ppl ied f i l let i s c ommon i n b oth c on ica l v ases a nd h em ispher ica l b ow ls. MAQ .

F igure 1 4 M idd le C auca a nnu lar b ase c up. The s l ight ly i ncurv ing t op a nd d iv is ion i nto t wo ma jor d es ign a reas i s c ommon o n t hese c ups. MAQ .

F igure 1 5 M idd le C auca punctate a nd r es ist p a int d ecorated c up . The sma l l s ize a nd v ert ica l s ides a re c haracter ist ic o f c ups o f t h is ware . MDO .

F igure 1 6 M idd le C auca punctate a nd r es ist p a inted o l la . Sma l l o l las w ith e laborate t ab h and les a nd r im t abs a re o ccas iona l ly f ound i n t h is ware. MDO .

F igure 1 7 M idd le C auca f igur ine v ases. Th is ma le-fema le p a ir c omes f rom a s ing le t omb i n Qu ind io . The meta l e arr ings may b e o r ig ina l . MAQ. 2 4

F igure 1 9 M idd le C auca l a tera l ly f l attened f ace n eck j ar . N ote t he t orsa l n ose o rnament a nd t he b ib n eck lace o f b eads. P r ivate c o l lect i on .

F igure 1 8 M idd le C auca s t irrup b ott le . Th is s hape, c lose ly a ll ied t o t he f igur ine-vases, i s v ery uncommon . MAQ .

F igure 2 1 M idd le C auca s harp s hou lder a ng le amphora . Th is i s ac ommon v ar iat ion o n t he amphor a f orm . P r ivate c o l lect ion .

F igure 2 0 M idd le C auca amphora w ith f rog a dorn° . Th is i s t he c ommon s hape f or M idd le C auca amphoras, a lthough t hey v ary g reat ly i n s ize . MDO .

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F igure 2 2 F igur ine v ase s how ing as eated f ema le . The h ead t reatment a nd b ody p a int a re t yp ica l o f t h is f orm . P r ivate c o l lect ion .

F igure 2 4 Square "Qu imbaya" f igur ine . A lthough t hese f igur ines o f ten h ave r es ist p a int ing , t hey c annot b e a ssoc iated w ith a ny known s ty le a nd a re v ery uncommon i n Qu ind io . N ote t he i nc ised l igatures a nd wr ist lets/ a nk lets. MNB.

F igure 2 3 S eated f ema le f igur ine v ase, M idd le Cauca . Note t he s im i lar it ies o f f ace a nd h eaddress among t hese f igures. MAQ .

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F igure 2 5 Open v esse l w ith s ca l loped s hou lder . Th is f orm may b e r e lated t o Brownware I nc ised , known ma in ly f rom Ca ldas a nd a ssoc iated w ith t he " Qu imbaya" g o ld s ty le . N IAQ .

F igure 2 7 S ar t &I. Th is e xamp le a typ ica l ly h as s lurry d ecorat ion, but i n t he s ame d es igns a s t he more c ommon i nc ised p atterns. FM # 65412.

F igure 2 6 S lurry Ware o pen p late o r b ow l . The g rooved r im w ith t abs a nd a dornos i s t yp ica l . MAQ .

F igure 2 8 S lurry Ware v esse ls. Th is g roup o f v esse ls e ncompasses t he r ange o f s hapes f ound w ith t h is p ecu l iar d ecorat ion. MAC. 2 7

t here was a g rea t d ea l o f l oca l v ar ia t ion i n t omb f orm a nd t hat t his i n t urn was l i nked t o b oth c hrono log ica l d ist inc t ions a nd t o s ta tus d if fere nces among t he bur ia ls. B oth s ing le a nd mu lt ip le bur ia ls a re r ecorde d; a n umber o f t hese l a tter s eem t o r epresent r eta iner b ur ia ls, s uch a s h ave b een d escr ibed by C ieza d e L eon f or t he 1 6th c entury i nhab it ants o f t he r eg ion ( 1553 [ 1984] c ap . x v i , x xv). I t a ppears t ha t t he mu lt ip le b ur ia ls a re f ound i n t he d eeper t ombs ( shaf ts u p t o 2 0m d epth h ave b een r eported) a nd t hese a re t he t ombs wh ich c onta in g o ld o rnaments i n q uant ity . Most t ombs, i f t here i s a ny g o ld p resent , c onta in b ut a s ma l l o rnament o r t wo . L arge mu l t ip le b ur ia ls, o n t he o ther h and , s eem t o o f ten c onta in g reat q uant i t ies o f p rec ious m e ta ls i n t he f orm o f o rnaments a nd v esse ls; o f ten t h is i s d ifferent ia l ly d ist r ibuted a bout t he c adavers. A s f ar a s c eram ics a re c oncerned , t he o n ly f orms wh ich s eem t o h ave b een o f a s pec ial ized f unerary n ature a re t he f igur ine v ases . These r epresent b oth ma les a nd f ema les, n ude s ave f or a h eadband a nd , p erhaps, a n ose o rnament ( F igures 1 7, 2 2 a nd 2 2). The f igures a re s hown s eated c rosslegged o r , m ore r are ly , s eated o n a b ench w ith t he l egs d angl ing d own ( ma le f igures o n ly ). These , a ccord ing t o g uaqueros i nterv iewed, a re c ommon f ound p laced i n r ows f l ank ing t he b ody o r b od ies i n a t omb o r p os it ioned a t t he h ead o f t he c orpse . O ther c eram ic a rt ifacts, s uch a s s tamps, c y l inder " sea ls", s p ind le whor ls, a nd " head d eformers" a re f ound i n m idden a s w e l l a s g raves ( F igure 3 5) . 1 The d istr ibut ion o f c eram ics r e la ted t o t he M idd le C auca C omp lex a nd t he o bservab le v ar iat ions i n t hese s uggests t hat w i th in t h is b road a rea t here w ere a n umber o f g roups wh ich w ere a l l q u ite c lose ly r e lated — a t l east i n c eram ic s ty les — t ha t t rade i n t he m ore e labora te ly d ecor ated v esse ls was c ommon , a nd t hat t h is " cu lture" may h ave h ad c ons iderab le t ime d epth . Ow ing t o t he a lmost c omp lete l ack o f d ocumented e xcavat ions i n M idd le C auca s ett lements o r t ombs, n o more i nd epth d iscuss ion o f t h is c u lture i s r ea l ly p oss ib le . The M idd le C auca C omp lex i s , i n Qu ind io , a pparent ly s ucceeded by t he C a ldas C omp lex . Th is i s a nother g roup o f c lose ly r e la ted c eram ic s ty les m ore c lose ly c onf ined t o t he a rea e ncompassed by t he n ow d iv ided D epar tment o f C a ldas . C a ldas d ecorated c eram ics a re p a inted i n a much r educed a nd , l arge ly , more s tandard ized s er ies o f d es igns t han t hose o f t he M idd le C auca C omp lex . The d ecora t ion i s a ga in o f b lack o rgan ic r es ist p a int ing , t h is t ime u pon a p la in r ed s l ip b ackg round . A lthough t he f orms o f t he v esse ls a re s im i lar t o t hose o f M idd le C auca , t here i s a t endency t owards m ore c on ica l b od ies o n a nnu lar b ase c ups a nd b ow ls, a n e laborat ion o f b ott le a nd f ace n eck j ar f orms, a nd a much g rea ter v ar iety i n f igur ine a nd f igur ine v ase t ypes a ssoc iated w i th t h is t wo c o lor p ottery . C a ldas p a inted m ot ifs c an b e d iv ided i nto t wo g roups : a we l l d ef ined " C lass ic C a ldas" a nd a much m ore h eterogeneous g roup wh ich i s s imp ly a c atch-a l l c ategory f or t wo c o lor c eram ics f or t he p resent . C lass ic C a ldas v esse ls e xh ib i t ah igh ly f ormal ized a nd d ist inct ive s er ies o f p atterns wh ich a re f ormed o f w ide s ol id s tr ipes ( ac tua l ly t r iang les o r s em i-para l le lograms) f l anked by mu lt ip le n arrow s tr ipes. These a re a ssoc iated w ith v ar ious t ypes

1 .

S ee

Bruhns

1 976

for

a f uller

d escription

a ssociated w ith t he M iddle C auca C omplex.

2 8

o f

c eramic

a rtifacts

F igure 3 0 " C lass ic Ca ldas" h em ispher ica l b ow l . MNB 4 2-1V3 740 . F ound i n t he t omb a t L a S ierra e xcavated by Duque i n 1 942.

F igure 2 9 I ncensar io . The e xc ised d ecorat ion i s t yp ica l o f o ne ma jor s ty le o f t hese p la in o range t o t an v esse ls. MAQ .

F igure 3 1 Ca ldas a nnu lar b ase c up. The more c on ica l b ow l s hape i s t yp ica l o f C a ldas f ooted c ups a nd c on ica l v ases. MAQ .

F igure 3 2 C a ldas f ooted c up . The r osette p attern a nd r im t abs a re c haracter ist ic o f o ne g roup o f C a ldas c eram ics. MAQ.

F igure 3 3 C a ldas a lcarraza. The q uadrupeda l " f it iform" s hape a nd r ounded p atterns a re t yp ica l o f t he f ew a lcarrazas known f rom t h is g roup . MDO .

F igure 3 4 C a ldas f ace n eck j ar . The r es ist p a int ing a nd s hape o f t h is j ar s uggest i t s c lose r e lat i onsh ip w ith t he S onso phase o f Va l le . MAQ. 2 9

o f t r iang les a nd a r eserve l a tt ice p attern i n t he t r iangu lar s paces l ef t b etween t he s tr ipe g roups . There i s a much r educed c orpus o f m o t ifs f rom M idd le C auca a nd t he p lacement o f t hese i s v ery h igh ly s tandardi zed a s t o s hape a nd p lacement ( F igures 3 0-34). The s econd , c atch-a l l g roup i nc ludes v esse ls wh ich c annot b e p laced i n t ime , b ut wh ich a re d ecorated w i th t wo c o lor r es ist o n r ed p a inti ng . The d es igns s een o n t hese v esse ls v ary g rea t ly f rom t hose o f C lass ic C a ldas a nd i nc lude c urv il inear a nd s p ira l p atterns i n a rrangements wh ich a re d ist inct f rom e i ther C a ldas o r t he M idd le C auca r e la te d Y otoco mater ia ls . E laborate f igur ine v ases a re n ot u sua l ly a ssoc ia ted w i th C a ldas c erami cs i n t ombs, b ut a re r ep laced by t rue f igur ines . These a re ma in ly s lab b u i l t a nd o ccur i n a v ast n umber o f h o l low a nd s ol id v ar iants, i nc lud ing t he f amous " Qu imbaya" r ectangu lar s lab t ype ( F igure 2 4). 2 F rom t he s ma l l n umber o f f igur ines w ith s ure p roven ience a nd a ssoc iat i ons i t s eems e v ident t ha t e very v i l lage o r v ery sma l l a rea h ad i t s own s ty le o f f igur ines. The v ar iat ion o f p ottery a long a s ma l l n umber o f t hemes a lso e xh ib its a d istr ibut ion wh ich s uggests much t he s ame, a l though g ood a ssoc iat ions b etween v esse ls a nd f igur ines a re f ew a nd f ar b etween . A f orm wh ich i s d ef in ite ly a ssoc iated w i th t he C a ldas C omp lex i s t he i ncensar io . I ncensar ios, i n l oca l t erm ino logy , a re o range t o t an o pen c on ica l b ow ls . They a re d ecorated w ith g eometr ic p a tterns i nc ised a nd e xc ised i nto t he e xter ior a nd h ave 2 -4 p ierced l ugs o n t he r im a nd s hou lder . S omet imes t he l ug h and les a re f ormed i nto b a trach ian o r r ept il ian a dornos . D esp ite t he ir n ame, wh ich s eems t o r efer t o t he p lacement o f t he h and les wh ich s uggests t ha t t hey w ere s uspended f rom a c ord, n one o f t he i ncenar ios s eems t o h ave b een u sed f or burn ing a nyth ing ( F igures 2 9, 1 11 a nd 1 12). O ther u t il i tar ian f orms c annot b e c lear ly a ssoc iated w i th t he C a ldas C omp lex . A s w ith t he M idd le C auca C omp lex t here s eems t o b e ag rea t d ea l o f l oca l a nd t empora l ( ?) v ar iat ion . The C a ldas C omp lex , a t l east i n i t s C lass ic C a ldas m an ifesta t ion , s eems t o b e s tyl ist ica l ly r e lated t o t he S onso Phase o f t he C auca Va l ley . S onso Phase p ottery h as b een f ound i n Qu ind io a s w e l l , b ut i n s ma l l q uant i t ies s uggest ing t hat i t was i mpor ted . R ecent work by Bray a nd o thers i n t he Va l le d e C al ima s uggests t hat t he s outhern t wo c o lor r es ist s ty les c an b e s pl i t i n t wo s epara te t empora l man i festat i ons, o f wh ich t he e arl iest , E ar ly C ol ima o r l ama , i nc ludes b oth f ine l i ne i nc ised a nd mode led v esse ls a nd s ome v esse ls w i th b lack o rgan ic r es ist p a int ing ( F igure 3 6). These c eram ics p receded t he Y otoco Phase t hree c o lor p a inted c eram ics. l ama c eram ics h ave b een f ound i n Qu ind io , a l though n ot i n g rea t q uant it ies . S ome o f t he C a ldas

2 .

T hese s lab f igurines,

d ecades,

s eem

t o

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border,

come

w hich h ave b een c ommonly f aked

f rom

a r estricted

c onsiderably

e xample m ay c ome f rom f arther

n orth

s outh.

o f

a rea

Q uindio,

T here

i s n o

a long

f or t he

a lthough r eason

t hem w ith e ither t he h istoric Q uimbaya c ulture o r t he

t o

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t wo

Caldast he

r are

a ssociate

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o f g oldwork--itself a pparently d ating t o a t ime w ell b efore e ither t he M iddle C auca o r C aldas c eramics.

3 0

F igure 3 5 Ro l lers ( "p intaderos") a nd s tamps. These i mp lements, u sed f or t ext i le o r b ody d ecorat ion a re c ommon f inds i n Qu ind io . FM .

F igure 3 6 Hama s ty le b ird e ff igy a lcarraza. The Hama phase i s t he e arl iest y et i dent i f ied i n Vale . The f ine i nc is ion i s t yp ica l . P r ivate c o l lect ion . Photo : W . Bray .

3 1

c eram ics s eem c lose ly r e lated s tyl ist ica l ly t o t hose a ssoc ia ted w i th l ama s ty le m ode led a nd i nc ised v esse ls ( wh ich o f ten a lso h ave b lack o rgan ic r es ist p a int o n t hem). H owever , n o t omb g roups c onta in ing s uch m ater ia l a re k nown f rom t he n orth n or h ave m any l ama s ty le s herds b een f ound i n Qu ind io m iddens t o d ate ( Bray 1 980 :2-3). 3 C a ldas p o ttery i s a lso a ssoc ia ted w ith a n umber o f d ifferent s haf t a nd c hamber t omb s ty les . F rom g uaquero r epor ts t here i s n ot o n ly a c ons iderab le v ar iety i n d epth o f t he t omb a nd t he f orm o f t he c hamb er , b ut i n t he c ontents a s w e l l . There i s s ome e v idence o f r eta iner b ur ia l a nd/or f am i ly t ombs. The b od ies a ssoc ia ted w ith C a ldas c eram ics w ere a pparent ly c ommon ly e xtended , o f ten w i th t he ir h eads r est ing o n a g r ind ing s tone , b ut c rema t ion b ur ia ls, b oth s ing le a nd mu l t ip le, a ppear w i th s ome f requency . I t s eems f rom t he known t ombs a nd t he ir c ontents t ha t t here was c ons iderab le r eg iona l v ar iat ion i n t he d isposa l o f t he d ead a nd t ha t t he s oc iet ies wh ich made t he C a ldas s ty le c eram ics w ere a lso s tra t if ied . C erta in ly t he e x istence o f d eep t ombs w i th r eta iners, m eta l o b jects a nd o ther v a luab le o ffer ings s uggest t ha t s ome p eop le h ad g reater a ccess t o w ea lth t han t hose who w ere b ur ied i n t he much more c ommon s ha l low t ombs a ccompan ied by o n ly a c ook ing p ot o r t wo . I n 1 970 w e w ere a b le t o e xcavate o ne t omb o f t he C a ldas C omp lex a nd t o w i tness t he e xcavat ion ( by g uaqueros) o f t wo o ther t ombs wh ich c onta ined c eram ic a ssemb lages i ntermed ia te b etween M idd le C auca a nd C a ldas . These t ombs were r ather d ifferent f rom e ach o ther , a l though t hey y ie lded r ough ly e qu iva lent c arbon d a tes ( see b e low Ch .5 a nd T ab le 1 2). The g enera l c lass if icat ion o f c eram ics p resented a bove was u sed a s a b as is f or t he a na lys is o f ma ter ia ls u sed i n t he s urvey . F or t he p urposes o f t he i n it ia l c lass if icat ion , p ottery r ecovered i n t he f i e ld w as d iv ided i nto t hree c ategor ies: f ine ware , s em i-f ine ware , a nd u t il i ty w are . Th is l a tter c ategory was s ubd iv ided i nto d ecora ted a nd p la in v esse ls. W i th in t hese b road c ategor ies s ome f iner d ist inct ions w ere m ade when p oss ib le ( i e ., S lurry Ware w i th in t he d ecora ted u t i l ity c ategory ). F ine w are was i n i t ia l ly d ef ined o n t he b as is o f t h ickness, s urface t reatment a nd d ecora t ion . B ecause o f t he r ig id s tandard izat i on o f much p a in ted d ecorat ion , t he ma jor i ty o f t hese s herds c ou ld a lso b e a ss igned a s hape c a tegory . S em i-f ine w are i s a pure ly a rb it rary c a tegory d ev ised t o i nc lude v esse ls wh ich a re a l i tt le t h icker t han t he f ine ly ware o nes, n ot p ol ished o r o n ly p ar t ly p ol ished , b ut u sua l ly w e l l m ade a nd s l ipped . The s hapes r epresented a re l arge ly t he s ame a s t hose o f t he f ine ware v esse ls a nd t hese undecora ted v esse ls a re k nown f rom t ombs, where t hey h ave b een a ssoc ia ted w ith b o th t he M idd le C auca a nd t he C a ldas c omp lexes. Th is g roups i nc ludes t he f iner b rown wares, u sua l ly d ecora ted w ith i nc is ion . These a re f ound b oth i n m idden a nd i n t ombs. They s e ldom a ppear i n museum o r p r iva te c o l lect ions . The u t il i ty ware c a tegory was e stab l ished f or t hose v esse ls wh ich a pparent ly w ere u sed f or d omest ic p urposes. Many o f t hese v esse ls

3 .

W e

f ound e xactly 2 : l lama

1 p iece

f rom

a n

I lama

s tyle

modeled

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v essel

o pen l lama v essel a t A -AND-1.

3 2

a t

i n

t he c ourse o f

M -EC-1

a nd

t he

s urvey,

a f ragment

o f

a n

have carbon deposits on the exterior, although some forms, notably large jars, do not. Whole vessels from tombs exhibit a plethora of forms including hemispherical, shouldered, and composite silhouette ollas, open vessels in a number of shapes including shallow shouldered bowls, oval bowls, rounded bowls and plates, ovoid and globular bodied jars, conical and cylindrical containers, etc. Most of these vessels are decorated with a red (occasionally white) slipped rim which has one or more medial grooves and is polished. Many open Other vessels are slipped and burnished on the interior as well. decorative techniq.ues include incision in simple geometric patterns, applied fillets, applique ticked or notched fillets, applique swags, plain and zoomorphic adornos and so on. Because of the almost infi­ nite variety of shapes and the common occurrence of composite shapes, it was not possible to assign most small sherds to a definite shape category. Most of these sherds were, perforce, lumped under the rubric of olla or jar, although it is evident that there were gross differences in size, shape and decoration. Other ceramic objects located in the survey include plain and decorat­ ed spindle whorls, stamps, and solid and hollow roller or cylinder "seals". These artifacts are common both in tombs and in midden and it is not possible as yet to associate differences in form or decoration with any known ceramic group (Cerezo Lopez 1962). The lithics of Quindio were largely an unknown quantity at the initia­ tion of the survey. Lithic materials in collections, largely from tombs, include trapezoidal celts in a number of sizes and stones, narrow trapezoidal celts (called "chisels"), and grinding stones of a number of forms, including both manos and metates. Chipped stone artifacts were extremely rare and it seems that chipped stone projec­ tile points are nearly absent (Bruhns, Osorio, Christiansen 1976). This agrees with historical accounts which state that the peoples of the Cordillera Central used wood for darts and other projectiles and for the large clubs (macanas) used in aggressive activities. Other lithic materials in collections included ground stone beads of various fine grained hard stones and rock crystal, small pendants and "head deformers", curved rectangular objects pierced at the ends or the four corners (known also in ceramic). Stationary stones with petro­ glyphs had also been reported as common in Quindio, although no stone architecture or statuary is known (cf. Arango Cano 1924: 184185, Arango Cano 1967: 116-117, Duque Gomez et al 1963, plate facing p. 128 inter alia).

33

4:

T H E

SU R V E Y

ARMENIA

N ow t he c ap ita l o f t he D epartment o f Qu ind io , Armen ia was f ounded by i mm igrants f rom t he n orth i n 1 889. F or many y ears t he ma in c ash i ncome o f t he n ewcomers c ame f rom r obb ing a nc ient t ombs. Arango C ano d escr ibes s ome o f t he a rchaeo log ica l r ema ins f rom t he t own a nd i t s s uburbs, m ent ion ing s pec if ica l ly t hat p reh istor ic c emeter ies were d iscovered i n t he P laza Bo l ivar , t he P laza C ervantes ( both i n t he m idd le o f t own), i n t he P laza S ucre — where t he bu l l r ing n ow s tands — a nd i n t he P arque Ur ibe a nd t he C atho l ic c emetery . He a lso ment i ons t ombs t hat h e h imse lf l ooted i n t he B arr io L a P o la , a n e ighborh ood a bout l km f rom t he t own c enter t owards t he Ho E spe jo , i n P uerto Armen ia a nd i n T res E squ inas, n ow o n t he o utsk irts o f t own . On t he b as is o f Arango 's v ery b r ief d escr ipt ions most o f t he t ombs s eem t o h ave b een c a jones, a f orm w ith a r ectangu lar s haft a nd c hamber , o f ten f i l led w i th s tones a f ter t he b ur ia l a nd i t s o ffer ings were i n p lace ( F igures 9 7 a nd 9 8). On ly t he Tres E squ inas t omb c an b e g iven a c u ltura l a ttr ibut ion f rom h is d escr ipt ion : i t s eems t o h ave c onta ined M idd le C auca c eram ics a s w e l l a s a n umber o f sma l l a n ima l e ff ig ies i n g o ld a nd a c up d ecorated w ith g o ld i n lay . S evera l b od ies were f ound i n t h is t omb . The c emetery i n t he P laza S ucre c onta ined a n umber o f t ombs w ith l i tt le o r n o p rec ious meta l a nd a l arge c a jön w ith a mu lt ip le c remat ion bur ia l . I n t h is c ontext Arango ment ions t ha t c remat ion bur ia ls a re q u ite c ommon i n t he Qu ind io . The t omb w e e xcavated i n L a T eba ida c onta ined c remat ions, a l though t he f orm o f t hese was a pparent ly s omewhat d ifferent t han t hose f ound by Arango . Our i nvest igat ions w ith in t he t own o f Armen ia were n ot e xhaust ive a s i t was e v ident t hat t he e xtens ive modern c onstruct ion, p av ing o f s treets, e tc . h ad o bscured a nd/or d estroyed a ny a nc ient v est iges. We d id v is it a l l t he s i tes t hat Arango m ent ions a nd i n t he P laza S ucre w ere r ewarded by t he d iscovery o f a sma l l number o f n on-d iagnost ic ( a l though d ef in ite ly p re-h ispan ic) s herds i n t he f l owerbeds a nd t he t ra ins worn i nto t he l awn . Th is s i te was n ot g iven a number s ince t he mater ia ls w ere s canty , e roded a nd o bv ious ly v ery d isturbed. The r ema ins were, h owever , h ab itat ion d ebr is. O ther i nd icat ions o f a bor ig ina l u se o f t he s i te o f modern Armen ia c ons ist o f a n e xtens ive s ystem o f r idged f i e lds a long t he Armen iaC a larcä h ighway n ortheast o f t own . These c over (ed) t he upper s lopes 3 5

o f t he r idges a long t he n arrow g orge o f t he r io Qu ind io e xtend ing s ome km a long t he r iver 's c ourse . The Qu ind io r idged f i e lds c ons ist o f swa les o f a pprox ima te ly l m i n w idth r unn ing v er t ica l ly a long t he s lopes o f t he u pper r idges. The f i e ld s ystems a nd t he r idge t ops a bove t hem were c overed w ith g rass a nd b racken a lmost l m i n h e ight a nd n o h ab itat ion r efuse c ou ld b e f ound . There a re , h owever , s evera l a reas o f l ooted c emeter ies i n t h is s ector a nd r es ident ia l s i tes d oubtl e ss e x ist .

A -UQ-1 Th is s i te i s l ocated o n t he g rounds o f t he Un ivers idad d e l Qu ind io , o n t he t op o f t he h i l l wh ich i s b ordered by a d eep q uebrada . The h i l l was mod if ied f or t he c onstruct ion o f t he un ivers ity bu i ld ings, b ut p art o f t he s urround ing g arden a rea was s imp ly c leared a nd p lan ted . F acu lty a nd l oca l workers r epor ted t hat s evera l t ombs h ad b een f ound d ur ing t he c onstruct ion o f t he u n ivers ity a nd t ha t o thers h ad b een o pened o n t he f arm d irect ly a cross t he q uebrada . N o o ne c ou ld r emember a ny d eta i ls o f t he c ontents o f t hese t ombs. The A -UQ-1 s i te c ons ists o f a l i ght s catter o f s herds, a l l sma l l a nd e roded , p lus s ome c h ipp ing d ebr is o f g reenstone . N o c u ltura l a ttr ibut ion c ou ld b e m ade o n t he b as is o f t hese ma ter ia ls.

A -LM-1 The f inca L a Mar ina i s l ocated i n t he v ereda o f P uer to E spe jo , s hort ly d own t he r oad f rom t he i nterna l c ustoms p ost o f t he s ame n ame ( F igure 2 ). T ombs o n t h is f inca a nd i n t he v ic in i ty o f P uer to E spe jo a re d escr ibed by Arango , who was q u ite a ct ive i n t h is n e ighborhood . The t ombs h e l oca ted were o f d ifferent f orms a nd most s eem t o h ave c onta ined mu lt ip le b ur ia ls. One t omb y ie lded a v esse l w ith a p ound o f m an ioc s tarch i n i t . N o c u ltura l a ttr ibut ions a re p oss ib le o n t he b as is o f Arango 's d escr ipt ions. I nspect ion o f t he c uts a nd c leared p laces a long t he P uerto E spe jo r oad r evea led l i tt le c u l tura l d ebr is, b ut t h is i s a n o ld r oad a nd was q u ite o vergrown . A -LM-1 i s l ocated a long t he t rack l ead ing f rom t he ma in r oad t o t he f arm b u i ld ings o f t he f inca . Th is i s a f a ir ly l eve l a rea o n t he t op o f t he r idge a nd was c overed w i th w e l l g rown p lanta ins a nd c offee t rees . W e n oted f our r ecent ly l ooted t ombs i n t he c offee p lantat ion a nd t he o wner o f t he f inca s a id t ha t m any m ore h ad b een t aken o ut o ver t he y ears. Cu ltura l mater ia l i n t he r oad c ut t hrough t he c offee p lanta t ion w as f ound i n a s er ies o f n on-con t inuous c lusters o f s herds a nd l i th ics e rod ing o ut o f t he b anks o f t he f arm t rack a t a pprox imate ly 3 0cm b e low t he m odern g round l eve l . More ma ter ia l was f ound o n t he s urface n ear t he f arm bu i ld ings s ince t here h ad b een a f a ir amount o f c lear ing a nd l evel ing i n t h is a rea . I n t he f inca g arden w ere a n umber o f worked s tone a rt i facts, i nc lud ing q uant it ies o f t rapezo ida l c e l ts a nd v ar ious g r ind ing s tones . S evera l t ombs h ad b een f ound where t he h ouse a nd i t s o utbu i ld ings n ow s tand a nd t he workmen r es ident o n t he f inca c la imed t hat t here was a v ery r ich , u n looted , t omb underneath o ne o f t he c h icken h ouses ( F igure 9 3). They a lso r ecounted h ow myster ious l i ghts were s een a t n igh t a long t he r oad i nto t he f inca . I n g uaquero f o lk b el ief l i ghts s upposed ly h over o ver a nc ient t ombs . B etween t he t wo c h icken h ouses a c irc le o f s tones s ome 1 -1.5m i n 3 6

diameter was found when the ground was being leveled for construc­ tion. These stones had been thrown down the hill in back of the houses and inspection of them showed that they were slightly worked slabs of local stone approximately 1 x O. 5m or slightly smaller. Slabs this size and exhibiting the same sort of minimal shaping and trimming are commonly found also as the caps for the chamber of cancel tombs and as doors separating tomb chambers from the shafts (Figure 133 and Table 4). A single trough metate, which workers said had been found within the circle, was found with the stones. The artifact collection from A-LM-1 is not large and non-diagnostic body sherds were not collected. Lithics

A single large flake of greenstone and two smaller flakes of the same material were collected as being representative of the lithic debris on the site. A small flake of white quartzite and one of obsidian were also collected. No ground stone artifacts were found as workers had been collecting them for years to edge the flower beds in the finca house garden. Ceramics

Fine ware: Four small fragments of very thin, highly polished red cups and a Middle Cauca amphora shoulder decorated with organic resist triangles. This latter has clear fingerprints on the interior, showing how the coils had been smoothed. Semi-fine ware: Four body sherds from cups or bowls, all with car­ bonized exteriors. Two had slipped interiors (1 red, 1 white). Utility ware: Twenty-four sherds among which are represented sar­ tenes, Slurry Ware, and some decorated forms which include an orange olla with applique fillet, several red slipped grooved rims, 2 heavy jar rims, and some body sherds from very large and heavy urns or ollas. An unusual sherd is a fragment of a thick (1. 2cm) vessel with white paste. These large, heavy urns and ollas, which are often found in tombs, are identified by local people as chicha­ making vessels, since their size and form is similar to the vessels used locally to make the now-outlawed home brew. A-LM-2 This site is located in the pasture to the southeast of the finca build­ The pasture covers a low hill with steep slopes flanking a ings. small, winding creek. The hill on the other side of this creek was briefly surveyed and the site appears to continue on both sides of the The pasture was covered in very thick short grass and waterway. bare ground was visible only in the cattle trails. Sherds and lithic material in this pasture seem to have been largely confined to the flatter, more elevated areas. No remains of looted tombs were seen in the pasture. Lithics Three flakes of greenstone and a single black obsidian flake were located. Ceramics

Fine Ware: Eight sherds representing a punctate negative cup, a red 37

slipped cup with an everted grooved rim, 3 other small red cups and 2 amphora necks of the same color. Utility Ware: Eleven sherds including a small tan jar neck, a red washed rim from a tecomate-like vessel with a thickened exterior rim, a red sarten rim and a small body sherd with incised cross-hatching. Five body sherds from ollas or jars are characterized by a very heavy micaceous temper showing through the exterior red slip. Discussion

Both A-LM-1 and A-LM-2 appear to have been habitation sites. The lithic materials, taking into consideration the ground stone tools in the garden, are typical of those found in other village sites. The ceramic collection is also typical of habitation refuse. Both sites seem to be Middle Cauca affiliated as they yielded numbers of types known to be diagnostic of this complex. No sherds diagnostic of the Caldas Com­ plex were found and vessels reputed to come from tombs looted on the finca La Marina are all Middle Cauca types. Unusual artifacts are the very micaceous temper seen on some olla sherds and the two obsidian flakes. Obsidian tools are very rare in this part of Colombia and the nearest known source is far to the south, near Quito, Ecuador. The volcanoes of the Cordillera Central of Colombia are ashy and do not produce obsidian (G. Herd, personal communication). Only A-LM-1 shows any clustering of cultural debris aside from the inevitable groups of sherds around the mouths of looted tombs. These latter were not collected since all were non-diagnostic olla and jar bodies. The shafts of the looted tombs on the finca La Marina exhibited some sherds and lithics in a thin layer approximately 30cm below the modern ground surface. It is quite possible that A-LM-1 and A-LM-2 formed a single settlement. A-EE-1 The El Eden sites are located around the airport on the road connect­ ing Armenia and Pereira. This land was formerly part of the hacienda El Eden. Part of the land is now public property (airport, soccer field, reform school, childrens' playground). A large cemetery was discovered in the process of constructing the runway and airport buildings. Bulldozers leveling the undulating ridge top uncovered the marks of many tomb shafts and local people flocked to loot this ceme­ tery. A small amount of gold was reportedly discovered in some of the tombs: the pieces seen by the author were small ornaments with no distinguishing characteristics (plain gold bands, small cast animals, see Figure 94). A number of vessels from the tombs had been donat­ ed to the Museo Arqueol6gico del Quindio in Armenia; the majority of These these vessels are Middle Cauca, although a few are Caldas. vessels corroborate the observations of people who participated in the looting; all of these say that most of the tombs (that they can remem­ ber) had three-colored vessels and figurines in them. The El Eden area is mentioned a number of times by Arango as a place which contained many cemeteries. The tombs in these cemeteries were of various forms, but those for which relatively detailed descrip­ tions are furnished seem to have contained Middle Cauca ceramics. Among these was a tambor containing six bodies laid out of blue­ painted cotton mantles and a caj6n which yielded 10 lbs. of gold and tumbaga ornaments. Many of the pieces were cast spatulas (bastones) 38

w ith a n ima l f in ia ls . Arango i l lustra tes s ome o f t hese ( 1924 V o l . I , photographs 2 -7 a nd 1 0). They a re o f t he s ty les wh ich h ave b een c a l led D ar ien, T ol ima , T a irona , C al ima , a nd Qu imbaya by v ar ious p eop le . A -EE-1 i s t he a rea a round t he r oad b etween t he a irpor t a nd t he r eform s choo l . There w ere t wo c lusters o f m a ter ia l c lear ly v is ib le i n t he r oad c ut a nd t he r oad b ed . The l argest c luster i s s l ight ly more t han h a lfway b e tween t he a irpor t a nd t he s choo l where a l arge a rea was l eve led t o c onstruct a s occer f i e ld . The r ema ins o f a l ooted t omb were s een o n t he n or thwest marg in o f t he p lay ing g round . L ith ics A l arge c hopper a nd 5 u nretouched f lakes o f g reenstone w ere c o l lecte d . C eram ics F ine ware : F ive s herds, i nc lud ing a r ing b ase f rom a c up, a sma l l o l la r im w i th a t iny v ert ica l s trap h and le , a r ed a nd wh ite c up r im , a p iece o f r ed c up b ody a nd t he b urn ished s hou lder o f a smal l r ed amphora w ere c o l lected . U t i l ity ware : F our b ody s herds w i th a ppl iqué t i cked f i l let d ecorat ion a nd 2 0 r im s herds; 3 o f t hese a re d oub le g rooved a nd s l ipped r ed were c o l lected a long w i th t hree l arge c oarse b ody s herds o f h eavy u rns o r o l las a nd a h eav i ly c arbon ized b ody s herd w ith a n a ppl ique h and . D iscuss ion Th is a rea was h igh ly d isturbed b ut s eems t o h ave c onta ined a s ett lement a s we l l a s a c emetery . The most unusua l f ind was t he b ody s herd w ith a n a ppl iqué h and . Th is i s n ot o f a l oca l t ype , but i s c haracter ist ic o f t he Appl iqué-Inc ised c eram ic g roup wh ich i s i nd igen ous t o t he a rea a round Man iza les i n t he Department o f Ca ldas ( Bruhns 1 976:160-167). H ere i t h as b een f ound i n t ombs a long w ith a l oca l v ar iant o f t he C a ldas C omp lex t wo c o lor r es ist p o ttery . Appl iquéInc ised p ot tery i s a pparent ly r are t h is f ar s outh a nd t he 1 V luseo Arqueo l6g ico d e l Qu ind io c onta ins i n i t s c o l lect ions o n ly t wo v esse ls o f t h is t ype, b o th w ithout p roven ience. L oca l p r ivate c o l lec t ions h ave v ery f ew p ieces a s we l l . Th is a rea a lso y ie lded a s ma l l r etouched y e l low c her t f lake o f p a leo ind ian t ype . Th is w as f ound i n t he a rea where much o f t he o verburden f rom l eve l ing t he a irstr ip h ad b een d epos i ted . Th is un ique f ind may we l l b e o f t he s ame a ge a s t he c her t p ro ject i le p o int f ound o n t he s urface a t t he o ther e nd o f t he a irstr ip ( F igure 5 7). N e ither h ave a ny a na logues i n t he l i th ic a ssemb lages o f t he p eop les who made M idd le C auca o r C a ldas p ottery . 1

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A -EE-2 Th is v ery l arge s i te b eg ins a t t he n or th e nd o f t he a irstr ip where i t i s f i rst v is ib le a s c lusters o f a rt ifacts i n t he r oad a nd r oad c ut . I t c ont inues i nto a s er ies o f c offee p lantat ions t o t he n or th . The m a ter ia l i n t he r oad c ut i s l ocated a pprox imate ly 3 0cm b e low m odern g round s urface , b ut i s p resent o n t he s urface i n t he p lowed a nd c l eared p lanta t ions . The p lanted a reas h ad b een v ery d isturbed by a gr icu lt ura l a ct iv it ies a nd n o c lear c luster ing o f c eram ics , l i th ics o r f i rec racked r ock was n oted . H owever , c u ltura l m ater ia l c ou ld b e s een t o c ont inue o ver a v ery l arge a rea . I t was t h ickest o n t he t ops o f t he h i l ls, t h inn ing o ut o n t he s teeper s lopes. I t a ppears t hat t he ma jor o ccupa t ion was o n t he f latter t ops o f t he undu lat ing h i l ls o f t h is r idge a nd t ha t m a ter ia l f ound o n t he s lopes was t he r esu l t o f e ros ion a nd p low ing . Numbers o f l ooted t ombs were n o ted w i th in t he c offee p lant a t ions . L i th ics A -EE-2 c onta ined a bundant l i th ic m ater ia l a nd o n ly a r epresen tat ive s amp les c ou ld b e c o l lected. Among t he mater ia ls c o l lected were n umerous m ano f ragments, most ly o f a r ounded o vo id f orm . S evera l c h ise ls w ere f ound a long w ith a l arge n umber o f s mal c hoppers a nd a g reat d ea l o f d eb itage . L arge q uant i t ies o f f i re-cracked r ock w ere a lso p resent ( F igure 3 7). C eram ics F ine ware : Two h undred s eventy s ix s herds o f p a inted a nd p unctate f ine wares w ere c o l lected . These i nc lude 9 0 r im a nd b ody s herds f rom r ed c ups o r b ow ls ( 2 w ith o rgan ic r es ist p a int p reserved), 1 5 r im a nd b ody s herds f rom r ed a nd wh ite p a inted c ups o r b ow ls ( 8 w ith o rgan ic r es ist p a int ing ), 8 wh ite r im a nd b ody s herds f rom c ups o r b ow ls, 1 3 r im a nd b ody s herds f rom p unctate d ecorated v esse ls, a nd 4 2 a mphora s herds. Three i ncensar io f ragments were a lso f ound . S em i-f ine ware : There i s a c omp lete g radat ion b etween f ine a nd s em if ine wares a nd many o f t he p la iner s herds w ere a rb itrar i ly a ss igned t o o ne c a tegory o r t he o ther . The 6 r im s herds wh ich d ef in ite ly b e long i n t h is c a tegory a re a l l p la in o range-red a nd a ppear t o b e f rom c ups. U t il i ty ware : F ive h undred e ighty t wo s herds o f v ar ious t ypes o f u t il it y wares w ere r ecovered, l eav ing many h undreds o f n on-d iagnost ic b ody s herds b eh ind . Among t he d ecorated t ypes a re 3 6 s ar t& I f ragm ents ( a l arge n umber), a l l b ear ing t he t yp ica l i nc ised d ecorat ion , a ppl iqué a dornos , g rooved r im a nd s l ipped i nter ior o f t h is f orm . R ed a nd wh ite s l ipped i nter iors w ere e qua l ly r epresented . S lurry Ware t ota led 3 4 s herds, c ons iderab ly m ore t han i s c ommon . Both h em is pher ica l a nd s hou ldered o pen f orms were p resent . A g rea t d ea l o f d ecora ted u t il i ty ware w ith o ther t ypes o f d ecorat ion was f ound , i nc lud ing 4 8 s herds w ith i nc ised m ot ifs ( some o f t hese may b e f rom s ar tenes). A l l v ar iat ions o f i nc ised d ecora t ion , j abb ing , punctat ion , c ircu lar i mpress ion , a nd f ine g roov ing were f ound a nd a n umber o f r ims h ad a pp l ied p e l lets a s we l l a s b e ing g rooved a nd s l ipped. Twenty-f ive o f t hese v esse ls h ad r ed-sl ipped i nter iors, 3 h ad ( unusua l ) r ed a nd wh ite s l ipped i nter iors, a nd 3 wh ite s l ip o n ly . N ineteen w ere s e l f-sl ipped ( orange-tan). Undecorated u t il i ty wares a ccounted f or t he r est o f t he c o l lect ion . L arge a nd s ma l l j ars a nd o l las w ere t he m ost c ommon f orms; s ome o f t hese h ad a b i t o f r ed s l ip o n t he r im . F igures 3 8-43 s how a s er ies o f r epresenta t ive r im p rof i les. I n most i nstances r ims c ou ld n o t b e m atched w ith s pec if ic b ody s hapes . 4 0

v i

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F igure 3 8 A -EE-2: R im p rof i les o f sma l l f ine ware a nd d ecorated u t i l ity v esse ls, sma l l r es ist p a inted a nd punctate a nd r es ist v esse ls, a n i ncensar io f ragment, t wo i nc ised p ieces, a nd a s herd f rom a s em if ine , t an i nc ised c yl indr ica l v esse l . 4 1

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7 F igure 4 2 A -EE-2: R im p rof i les o f v ar ious u t il i tar ian f orms, a s p ind le whor l f ragment, a r ed t ab-l ike a dorno, a nd t hree unusua l , n onloca l , p a inted s herds.

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F igure 4 4 A -EE-2: P rof i les o f a nnu lar b ases f rom c ups o r b ow ls, s p ind le whor ls, a f ragment o f at iny v esse l w ith s p ind le whor l d ecorat i on a nd t wo a dornos(?).

4 4

C eram ic a r t ifacts S even s p ind le whor ls were f ound s ca ttered a bout t he s i te . These w ere a l l o f t he u sua l f ine t ann ish r ed p aste w ith wh ite-f i l led i nc ised g eometr ic d es igns ( F igure 4 4). One was h o l low a nd c onta ined a c lay p e l let . Two f igur ine f ragments were a lso f ound . These c ame f rom t he e dge o f a s er ies o f l ooted t ombs a nd p robab ly r epresent g uaquero d iscards s ince f igur ine f ragments were n ot o therw ise f ound i n h ab itat i on r efuse . One o f t hese f ragments was p art o f a s ma l l t an f igure; t he o ther a s o l id f oot o f t he t ype e ncountered o n h o l low s lab f igur ines. Unusua l c eram ic r ema ins Th is s i te y ie lded t he r ema ins o f s ome c eram ics wh ich a re unusua l i n Qu ind io a rchaeo log ica l s i tes. These i nc lude a l arge , s harp ly a ng led s herd, r ed s l ipped o n t he i nter ior a nd v ery t h ick ( 2cm) w ith f ire s corch ing a nd r es ist pa int ing o n t he i nter ior , 2 f ragments o f a wh ite f ace n eck j ar w ith r ed s l ip s tr ipes b etween i nc ised l i nes, a v ery sma l l a nd t h in c up f ragment w ith s im i lar d ecorat ion , a nd a n e xtreme ly t h in s herd w ith a r ed s l ipped i nter ior a nd r ema ins o f r ed , d ark r ed a nd y e l low s l ip o n t he e xter ior . D iscuss ion A -EE-2 i s p robab ly c ont iguous w ith A -EE-1. Th is i s t he o n ly l arge s i te we l ocated wh ich s hows a ny e v idence o f a n o ccupat ion wh ich we know t o b e e ar l ier t han M idd le C auca , a l though o ne s o much e arl ier a s t o b e o f l i tt le u t i l i ty i n t ry ing t o r econstruct a ny c u ltura l s equence. There i s a g rea t d ea l o f f ine ware r epresented i n t he c o l lect ions a s we l l a s a v ery l arge v ar iety o f d ecorated a nd undecorated u t i l ity wares. B oth t he s urface c eram ics a nd t he mater ia ls f rom t he c emetery i nd icate t hat t h is w as a t wo c omponent ( or more) s i te, a s mater ia ls r e lated t o b oth C a ldas a nd M idd le C auca a re f ound . The amount o f mater ia l wh ich c an b e d ef in ite ly a ss igned t o t he C a ldas C omp lex i s much sma l ler t han M idd le C auca r e lated mater ia ls. A lthough we c ou ld n ot p inpo int a ny a rea l l im itat ions o n t h is mater ia l , i t s eems p robab ly t hat t he C a ldas o ccupat ion was s ma l ler o r s horter l i ved t han t hat o f M idd le C auca . Th is i nference i s s upported by a ccounts o f t he l ooted t ombs o f t he c emetery . Many f ewer t ombs w ith C a ldas m ater ia l a ppear t o h ave b een f ound . The l arge q uant ity o f d ecorated s herds c annot b e s o le ly a ttr ibuted t o g uaquero d iscards ( except f or t he f igur ine f ragments) s ince t hey were f ound t hroughout t he s i te a rea , n ot j ust i n t he v ic in ity o f t ombs. The unusua l c eram ics s uch a s t he p iece o f App l iqué-Inc ised ware f rom A -EE-1, t he r ed s tr iped i nc ised s herds a nd t he Tr ico lor s herd f rom A -EE-2 s uggest c ontact w ith t he n orth a nd e ast, s ince a l l t hese wares a re known t o b e c ommon i n t he v ic in ity o f Man iza les.

A -EE-3 A lthough c o l lected s eparate ly , t h is s i te, wh ich i s l ocated a cross a s ha l low d ip b etween t wo h i l ls a nd a d jacent t o t he r oad, wou ld a ppear t o b e ac ont inuat ion o f A-EE-2 . The h eav iest c oncentrat ion o f c u ltura l mater ia l was o n as er ies o f sma l l l eve l a reas p ara l le l t o t he a irstr ip . S evera l l ooted t ombs were n oted . Mater ia l f rom t h is s i te was i ncorpor ated i nto t he A -EE-2 c o l lect ion.

4 5

A -EE-4 Th is s i te i s l ocated i n af i e ld j ust t o t he n or th o f t he P arque I nfant i l , p ara l le l t o t he Armen ia-La T eba ida h ighway . The f i e ld h ad b een n ew ly p lowed a nd m an ioc was a bout t o b e p lanted . A lthough n ear t he a irport , t h is f i e ld h ad n o t b een l eve led a nd was f a ir ly f l a t w ith a g ent le s lope t o t he n or th a nd w est . The c leared a rea was a pprox imate ly 1 50m l ong a nd a bout h a lf a ga in a s w ide . W ith in t h is a rea c u ltura l m ater ia l was f ound i n c lear ly d emarca ted c lusters. L ith ics Th is s i te c onta ined i mmense q uant it ies o f f ire-cracked r ock . Th is was f ound ma in ly a long t he n ortheast s ide a nd e nd o f t he f i e ld . Apar t f rom t h is l i th ics w ere s carce . A b roken mano o f c oarse, p orous r ock ( the u sua l mater ia l f or manos a nd m etates) w as c o l lected . Th is h ad b een r ecyc led i nto a c hopper . The mano was f ound t ogether w i th a nother l arge g rey c hopper a nd a sma l ler c hopper o f t he s ame s tone . Two water worn p ebb les wh ich s howed e v idence o f h av ing b een u sed a s g r ind ing s tones a nd 1 2 g rey s tone f l akes ( apparent ly d eb itage) make up t he r ema inder o f t he c o l lect ion . C eram ics F ine ware was a bundant , much o f i t p uncta te a nd r es ist o n r ed . Two r ing b ases ( 1 b r ight r ed a nd 1 a p ol ished b rown , p robab ly f rom a n i nc ised c up) w ere f ound a long w ith 1 7 p la in r ed r im a nd b ody s herds, a l l f rom s mal c ups . S even r ed a nd wh ite s herds f rom s im i lar f orms, 4 wh ite s herds a nd 2 5 p uncta ted d ecorated p ieces were a lso c o l lec ted . None p reserved r es ist d es igns. S ixteen s herds f rom M idd le C auca s ty le amphoraswere f ound ; 6 o f t hese h ad r es ist s tr ipes a nd 1 h ad t yp ica l Y o toco s ty le s p ira ls. R ema ins o f t wo d ifferent r es ist p a inted j ars, o ne b lack a nd wh i te a nd o ne r ed a nd wh ite , e xh ib ited a n unusua l d ecora t ion o f l arge, i rregu lar b locks o f r es ist p a int o n t he c o lored s l ip . Th is p attern i s n ot k nown o n a ny who le v esse ls . S em i-f ine ware : Two p ierced r ed c up t abs a nd 1 1 i nc ised s herds f rom c ups a nd j ars, a l l w i th d es igns f eatur ing c ross-hatched t r iang les, f a l l i nto t h is c a tegory a long w i th 3 l arge r im s herds f rom a n o pen v esse l . U t il i ty wares: These w ere a ga in q u ite v ar ied a nd i nc lude 4 4 s ar th i s herds, s how ing a s l ight p redom inance o f r ed o ver wh ite i nter iors. S even s herds f rom i nc ised v esse ls, o ne w ith a c arbon ized e xter ior , a ppear t o p erta in t o l arge o las. One o f t hese h ad s l ip p a int ing o n b oth s urfaces ( red i nter ior , wh i te e xter ior , a c o lor c omb inat ion a lso f ound o n s ar tenes). Two t ecomate f ragments w ere n oted ; o ne w ith a med ia l g roove o n i t s upr igh t r im . S lurry Ware i s r epresented by 2 3 s herds; 1 5 a re r ims a nd e xh ib i t t he u sua l w ide r ange o f d ecora t ive t echn iques t yp ica l o f t h is ware , i nc lud ing p e l let a dornos . O ther s herds o f d ecorated u t i l ity wares s how g rooved r ims, c aste l la ted r ims, t i cked r ims, p a inted a nd g ouged s hou lders, e tc . S pec if ic s hape a ss ignments c ou ld n ot b e made a s a l o f t hese d ecora t ive t echn iques a re t yp ica l o f u t il i tar ian v esse ls a ssoc ia ted w ith t he M idd le C auca C omp lex . P la in u t i l i ty wares were a lso a bundant a nd l i kew ise e xh ib i te d a g reat v ar iety o f r im f orms. S eventy-four s herds, most f rom l arge a nd sma l l o l las, w ere c o l lected . S ix o f t hese h ad e x ter ior c arbon d epos its ( F igures 4 5 a nd 4 6). C eram ic a r t ifac t A p iece o f as tamp w ith a n e xc ised d es ign o f p ara l le l l i nes was f ound . 4 6

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F igure 4 5 A-EE-4: F ine a nd d ecorated u t i l ity wares, i nc lud ing s em if ine i nc ised t an s herds, a nd punctate r es ist c up f ragments, s ar tenes, S lurry Ware a nd o ther p last ic d ecorated u t il i tar ian wares.

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) ‘ F igure 4 6 A -EE-4: A g rooved s tamp, d ecorated u t il i ty wares, a n unusua l punctate c up(?) f ragment a nd a s herd w ith Yotoco r e lated d ecorat ion .

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F igure 4 7 A-And-1: R im p rof i les o f d ecora ted u t il i ty wares, t yp ica l d ecorated u t i l ity wares, i nc lud ing a s art & I a nd a f ragment o f as p ind le whor l .

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D iscuss ion A -EE-4 i s a n u nusua l s i te b ecause o f t he amount o f f ine wares, t he v ar iety o f u t i l itar ian wares, a nd, e ven m ore, b ecause o f t he c lear d istr ibut ion o f t hese . A lmost a l l t he f ine ware f ragments, a nd a l l o f t hose w i th a ny d ecorat ion, w ere f ound i n a r estr icted a rea i n t he m idd le o f t he f i e ld . Th is a rea was o va l a nd a pprox imate ly 5 0-55m i n l eng th . The f i re c racked r ock a nd a l l o f t he l arger , c oarser v esse ls were c onf ined t o t he n orthern a nd e astern marg ins o f t he f i e ld, wh i le a long t he s outhern e nd t here was a s ca tter o f s herds ma in ly f rom sma l ler , t h inner o l las a nd j ars. The f i re c racked r ock a nd l i th ics were f ound c lear ly c lustered i n sma l l , d iscrete a reas w ith n o a rchaeol og ica l r ema ins b etween t hem . N o l i th ics a t a l l were f ound a ssoc iated w ith t he f ine ware s herds.

A -HLA-1 The r oad wh ich c uts t hrough A -EE-1 a nd A -EE-2 c ont inues more o r l ess s outheast o nto t he Hac ienda L a Argent ina . Th is h ac ienda , n ow c ut i nto s evera l sma l ler l andho ld ings, h as l ong b een k nown l oca l ly f or i t s wea lth o f p reh ispan ic c emeter ies. Arango r epor ts h av ing l ocated n umbers o f d ifferent t ypes o f t ombs t here i n wh ich o rgan ic p reservat i on s eems t o h ave b een much b etter t han i s c ommon i n t he warm , h um id Qu ind io . One t ambor c onta ined a n o l la f i l led w ith " food" a nd by i t a nother , l i dded, c onta iner was f i l led w ith p otatoes " the s ize o f a h en 's e gg" a nd b eans. Duque G ömez e xcavated t wo t ombs o n t h is p roper ty , b oth t ambores . The o ne o f t hese wh ich h as b een publ ished c onta ined C a ldas p ottery ( Duque G ömez e t a t 1 963:148-150). The L a Argent ina r oad c onta ins c lusters o f s herds a nd sma l l l i th ics i n t he r oad b ed a nd c uts . N one o f t hese was c o l lected b ecause o f d isturba nce a nd h eavy v egetat ion, wh ich made i t i mposs ib le t o c o l lect a s amp le o f a ny s ize w ithout e xcavat ion . Much o f t he Hda . L a Argent in a was p lanted i n o ld, h eav i ly o vergrown c offee p lantat ions. L oca l workmen r eport t hat t he c offee c overs a h uge c emetery wh ich t hey h ave b een s tead i ly l oot ing o ver t he d ecades. The o n ly p arts o f t he h ac ienda c lear e nough t o s urvey were t wo n ew ly p lanted man ioc f i e lds, b oth o f wh ich were o n t he s lopes o f l ow h i l ls whose t ops were c hoked w ith c offee a nd b rush . A -HLA-1 i s t he l arge f i e ld l ocated d irect ly b eh ind t he ma in b u i ld ings o f t he o ld h ac ienda . A v ery t h in s catter o f a rtifacts was v is ib le a t t he b ase o f t he h i l l . These b ecame c ons iderab ly more n umerous a s t he s lope was a scended . L ith ics Th is s i te d id n ot y ie ld many l i th ics, a l though w e were a b le t o r ecover as amp le o f unretouched f lakes. The r est o f t he c o l lect ion c ons ists o f ab roken t rapezo ida l c e lt o f wh it ish v o lcan ic s tone, t wo c hoppers a nd 9f lakes o f g reens t one . C eram ics F ine ware : A sma l l c o l lect ion was made o f 9b ody s herds, 8 r ed a nd 1 r ed a nd wh ite, o f c ups o r b ow ls, a punctate c up r im , a nd a s ing le p iece o f i ncensar io . U t il i ty ware: Th is was l i kew ise s carce; d ecorated p ieces f ound c ons ist o f ar im w ith d eep c ircu lar i mpress ions a nd a b ody s herd o f a s ar te 'n. Three m isce l laneous r ed g rooved r im s herds were f ound a s w ere 7 r ed 4 9

s l ipped r ims f rom d ifferent f orms, 4 j ar n ecks a nd 1 1 b ody s herds, i nc lud ing a p iece o f av ery h eavy r ed a nd wh i te s l ipped j ar b ody . C eram ic a r t ifac t On t he e dge o f t he c offee, e rod ing o ut o f t he e xposed m idden e dge , was a b roken s tamp w ith a n e laborate d es ign o f c irc les a nd l i nes . D iscuss ion I t i s o bv ious t hat w e were n ot a b le t o s urvey t he m a in s i te a rea o f A HLA-1. N ot o n ly was t he u pper p ar t o f t he h i l l c overed i n d ense v egetat ion , t he h il was s urrounded by g uadua l o n t hree s ides . There a re t wo a l l s eason s treams f l ank ing t he s i te a rea . I t was e v ident t ha t t he mater ia l p icked u p o n t he l ower s lopes h ad l arge ly b een moved d owns lope by e ros ion a nd a gr icu l tura l d isturbance . A l l s herds w ere v ery e roded a s we l l . T owards t he t op o f t he h i l l t he s herds, l i th ics, a nd f i re-cracked r ock b egan c luster ing i nto s ma l l , d iscrete a reas. The s i te c ont inues i nto t he p astures o n t he o ther s ide o f t he s treams, where i t i s v is ib le o n ly a s s ma l l s catter o f c rushed a rt ifacts i n t he t ra i ls worn by t he c att le .

A -HLA-2 Th is s i te i s l ocated i n a f i e ld t o t he s outheast o f A -HLA-1. Most o f t he a rea c o l lec ted was o n t he h i l l s lope a nd a ga in t he h eav iest c oncent rat ions o f m idden were t owards t he t op o f t he h i l l . Th is s i te a lso h as e asy a ccess t o a g ood w a ter s ource ; t he s tream a t t he b o ttom o f t he h i l l i s w ide e nough t ha t i t h as a b r idge . A -HLA-2 c ons ists o f a v ery t h ick s herd s catter w ith s ome f i re-cracked r ock a nd a n umber o f mano f ragments . The s herd s ca tter was m ore o r l ess c ont inuous a t t he t op o f t he h i l l , where t he s i te d isappeared u nder a nother c offee p lantat ions, b ut s eemed t o f orm c lusters a long t he s lopes. L ith ics A n umber o f m etates w ere n oted b ut n ot c o l lected . A f ragmentary t rapezo ida l c e lt , a wh ite q uartz ite c ore , a nd 1 0 c hoppers a nd f l akes o f g reens t one w ere g athered . C eram ics F ine ware : A b ody s herd o f a p uncta te c up , a wh i te amphora s hou ld er , a p iece o f a r ed a nd wh ite c up , 9 r ed b ody s herds o f c ups o r b ow ls a nd a r ed r ing b ase w ere c o l lec ted . An u nusua l p iece i s a wh ite s l ipped b ody s herd w ith a n i nc ised a nd t icked p attern o f s tr ipes. Th is p iece most c lose ly r esemb les m a ter ia l f rom t he Ca icedon ia s i tes d escr ibed b e low . U t i l i ty ware : Most u t i l ity ware o bserved o n t he s i te was undecora ted a nd n on-d iagnost ic . 2 8 o l la a nd j ar s herds w ere c o l lected . The d ecorated u t il i ty ware c ons ists o n ly o f 2b ody s herds o f S lurry W are, ar ed a nd wh ite p a inted j ar b ody a nd a v ery s ma l l b ody s herd w i th a b roken a dorno . D iscuss ion B oth o f t he H ac ienda L a Argent ina s i tes a re a pparent ly M idd le C auca i n a ff il ia t ion . There i s s ome s ma l l i nd ica t ion o f a C a ldas c omponent t o A -HLA-1 a nd , o f c ourse, C a ldas t ombs h ave b een e xcavated o n t he h ac ienda . S herds i n t he t wo s i tes c o l lected a nd i n o utcrops n oted a long t he r oads w ere v ery b ad ly e roded , m ak ing c lassif icat ion , e spe5 0

c ia l ly o f t he s of ter p aste u t i l ity wares, q u ite d iff icu lt . Both s i tes w ere f ound o n t he s ame s ort o f t erra in, b oth h ave e asy a ccess t o a mp le c lean water a nd i n b oth c ases t he ma in o ccupat ion s eems t o h ave b een o n t he f l atter h i l ltops, t h inn ing o ut a long t he s lopes.

A -AND-1 The f in c a Anda luc ia i s l ocated i n t he s ame g enera l a rea a s L a Argent in a a nd E l E den ( F igure 2 ). Arango d oes n ot m ent ion t h is l andho ldi ng , p erhaps b ecause i t i s o f f a ir ly r ecent e stabl ishment . A l arge c emetery was l ocated by t he r es ident f arm workers. Th is was s a id ( by t he l ooters) t o h ave b een r ich i n g o ld . I nspect ion o f t he c emet ery a rea s howed t h is t o h ave b een v ery l arge, t o j udge f rom t he s evera l h undred o pen t omb s haf ts. The o n ly a rt ifacts d ef in ite ly k nown t o h ave c ome f rom t h is c emetery a re M idd le C auca i n s ty le. The c emetery a rea i t se l f was n ot f urther s urveyed , ow ing t o t he v ery t h ick v egetat ion a nd t he d anger o f f a l l ing i nto t he o pen p its i n t he u nderbrush . A -AND-1 i s l ocated i n what was t hen a n ew ly p lanted c offee p lantat ion a cross a s ma l l , y ear-round c reek , t o t he b ack o f t he f inca h ouse . The s i te a rea i s o n a med ium s teep h i l l a nd o nce m ore a l ight s catter o f a rt ifacts b ecame s tead i ly h eav ier a s o ne c l imbed t he h i l l . L ith ics L ith ic r ema ins were a bundant a nd i nc luded l arge q uant it ies o f f irec racked r ock . F our manos were c o l lected; o ne o f t hese h ad b een b roken i n a nt iqu ity a nd r ecyc led i nto a c hopper . A s ing le f ragment o f b roken c e lt was f ound , b ut t he f in c a f lower b eds were, a s u sua l , n eat ly e dged w ith n umerous c e lts, c h ise ls a nd manos f rom t he i mmed ia te v ic in ity . A s ing le q uartz ite f lake was r ecovered a long w ith a r etouched f l ake a nd 3 3 p ieces o f g reenstone d eb itage . C eram ics F ine ware : S eventy t wo s herds f rom c ups o r b ow ls w ere c o l lected . The ma jor ity o f t hese a re r ed, r ed punctate, a nd r ed a nd wh ite . Twenty t wo c lear ly i dent if iab le p ieces o f M idd le C auca amphoras were a lso c o l lected. U t il i ty ware : D ecorated u t i l ity f orms i nc lude a s ing le f ragment o f a r ed a nd wh ite p a inted b ow l w ith f i l let a pp l iqué d ecorat ion, 1 2 s ar t& I . s herds, 1 3 S lurry Ware s herds f rom h em ispher ica l a nd s hou ldered b ow ls ( 3 w ith h eavy c arbon d epos its o n t he e xter ior), 1 0 o l la s herds w ith v er t ica l i nc ised l i nes, a nd 9 p ieces o f f i l let d ecorated j ars o r o l las. A s ing le b ody s herd w ith r ed p a int b etween t he i nc is ions a nd wh ite o n t he r est o f t he b ody was a lso f ound . Undecorated wares w ere a bundant a nd 1 05 s herds were c o l lected. These p erta in t o a n umber o f d ifferent f orms, a l though j ars a re q u ite c ommon . Many o f t hese o therw ise u ndecorated v esse ls h ave a l i tt le r ed s l ip o r wash o n t hem ( F igures 4 7 a nd 4 8). C eram ic a rt ifacts A f ragment o f a s p ind le whor l w ith a n u nusua l d es ign o f c ircu lar m ot ifs i n wh ite f i l led i nc is ion o n t an p aste was f ound . A s ing le s herd o f a n onloca l ware was a lso c o l lected . Th is i s a b ody s herd f rom a r ounded c up o r sma l l, f inely made o l la, d ecorated w ith d el icate g rooved i nc is ion o n r ed s l ip c overed w ith r es ist ( F igure 4 7). 5 1

F igure 4 8 A -And-1: A s em i-f ine t an i nc ised v esse l , punctate a nd r es ist c ups, d ecorated sma l l u t il i ty f orms a nd t wo r es ist p a inted s herds i n t he C a ldas s ty le .

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A-And-2: D ecorated u t il i ty wares, ma in ly s ar tenes .

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D iscuss ion A -AND-1 a ppears t o b e t he r ema ins o f a l arge v i l lage w ith t he ma in s i te a rea o n t op o f t he h i l l . The v i l lage was a lmost c erta in ly M idd le C auca i n a ff i l iat ion . The f ore ign s herd, h owever , i s i n t he l ama s ty le o f V a l le, a nd d ates t o c a . 8 00-100 B .C. ( Bray 1 985:2-9). Th is i s c ons iderab ly o lder t han t he M idd le C auca s ty le a nd i s s uggest ive o f , p erhaps, e i ther a nt ique c o l lect ing o r o f t he d isturbance o f a much o lder m idden o r t omb i n t he a rea .

A -AND-2 Th is s i te i s l ocated o n as er ies o f r o ll ing h i l ls a cross a sma l l q uebrada t o t he e ast o f t he f inca h ouse . The l and was c lear a nd p lanted t o p lanta in , w ith a f ew s cattered f ru i t t rees l ef t f rom e ar l ier l and u se ( F igure 7 ). Much o f t h is s i te i s a ctua l ly o n n e ighbor ing l andho ld ings, b ut, a s we e ntered i t f rom Anda luc ia , w e g ave i t t he n ame o f t he f inca o n wh ich w e h ad f irst i dent if ied t he s i te . No r ema ins o f t ombs were n oted i n t h is a rea , wh ich i s o ver l km l ong a nd n ear ly 2 km w ide. A s e ven l ong-ago l ooted t ombs a re u sua l ly v is ib le a s a c ircu lar d ep ress ion i n t he e ar th wh ich n o amount o f p low ing c an t ota l ly o bscure, t here p robab ly were n o t ombs i n t h is a rea . I t i s , h owever , p oss ib le t hat t he l ooted c emetery n ear t he f in c a bu i ld ings was a ssoc iated w ith t h is s i te . A -AND-2 c onta ined a f a ir ly h eavy s herd s catter a s we l l a s a bundant l i th ics a nd f ire-cracked r ock . The s herd a nd r ock s ca tter i s h eav iest o n t he f latter a reas o f t h is r o l l ing t erra in a nd o n t he g ent le s lopes m id-h i l l, t h inn ing o ut o n t he s teep s lope d own t o t he q uebrada . The t op o f t he h i l l i n t he c enter o f t he s i te h ad h ad a h ouse o n i t n ot t oo many y ears p rev ious ly a nd e v idences o f p reh istori c o ccupat ion h ere were o bscured by s ome l evel ing a nd by modern r efuse . L ith ics Numbers o f manos a nd metates were n oted , b ut n ot c o l lected . The metates w ere a l l o f t he c ommon o vo id-rectangu lar a nd t rough t ypes. A sma l l r ound g r ind ing s tone was c o l lected a s, e ven t hough i t was o f t he u sua l p orous v o lcan ic r ock , i t was p o l ished a s t hough by v ery h eavy g r ind ing o n t he f l atter s urface . Three wh ite q uar tz i te f l akes a nd a f ine ly r etouched c hert b lade w ere unusua l f inds. A lso c o l lected a s t yp ica l o f t he l i th ics o f t h is s i te were 4 c ores a nd 4 3 g reenstone f l akes. C eram ics F ine ware : Th is w as q u ite a bundant a nd 1 24 s herds were c o l lected, i nc lud ing 1 4 r ings b ases f rom c ups ( 6 o f wh ich h ad a v ery b r ight r ed s l ip). One o f t hese was v ery h eavy a nd c rude a s we l l a s b e ing s omewhat l arger t han t he n orm . Most o f t he o ther b ases were t oo e roded t o s ee a ny o r ig ina l s l ip . A t ecomate s herd w ith t he s ame e xtreme ly b r ight r ed s l ip, s ome wh ite s l ip a nd i nc is ion may n ot b e o f l oca l manufacture . On ly 5 s herds s t i l l h ad a ny o rgan ic r es ist p a int : a r ed a nd wh ite c up , 3r ed c ups a nd a n amphora f ragment . Th is l a tter i s a pparent ly C a ldas i n a ff il iat ion . A n umber o f r ed a nd r ed a nd wh ite amphora f ragments were c o l lected a s w ere 2 9 p ieces o f punctate d ecorated c ups. Two s herds f rom t an, h igh ly p o l ished , i nc ised, c y l ind r ica l v esse ls were f ound. Th is i s a ware s e ldom f ound i n t ombs. U t i l ity ware : Th is was a ga in a bundant a nd c ons isted o f f a ir ly l arge s herds . Two unusua l p ieces a re t he r im a nd a b ody s herd o f a 5 3

b r igh t r ed a nd wh ite t ecomate w ith a n a pp l iqué f ace a nd a r ed a nd wh ite b ody s herd w i th a s ing le, d eep ly punched, h o le . 9 s herds o f p unctate d ecorated u t il i ty wares w ere c o l lected , a l l f rom d ifferent f orms . S ome o f t hese e xh ib i t t r iangu lar i mpress ions s im i lar t o t hose o f i ncensar ios, a l though t he p aste , c o lor a nd f orms a re n ot t hose o f i ncensar ios . F if ty-f ive p ieces o f s ar tenes a nd 4 7 s herds o f S lurry W are w ere a lso c o l lected . The s ar tenes s how t he u sua l c ompos i te s i lhouette s hape, b ut h ave a g reater v ar iety o f r im f orms t han i s c ommon ( F igures 4 9 a nd 5 0). A v ar iat ion o n t he s ar t& I a ppears i n 2 2 b ody s herds o f l arge v esse ls wh ich h ave t he d iagnost ic s ar tAn i nc ised a nd a ppl iqué d ecorat ion d one i n a c oarser manner . S ome o f t hese v esse ls a ppear t o b e j ars, o thers, p erhaps, a re f rom v ery l arge s ar tenes . Undecora ted u t i l ity wares were e xtreme ly c ommon a nd e xtreme ly v ar ied . L arge a nd smal j ars w ith f l ar ing n ecks, o l las o f d ifferent f orms, t ecoma tes, a nd s ome l arge, h eavy c ups o r b ow ls a re t he c ommonest f orms r epresented . About h a lf o f t hese s herds h ave a r ed s l ip o r wash o n t he e xter ior s urface . Most o f t he j ar s herds e xh ib ited e xter ior r ed s l ip a ppl ied i n b ands o n t he u nsl ipped t an f abr ic . Open f orms were o ccas iona l ly s l ipped , but more c ommon ly h ad as l igh t ly b urn ished s e lf s l ip o r a re s imp ly w iped . The s herds wh ich c ou ld b e a ttr ibuted t o s pec i f ic f orms c ons isted o f 6 1 j ar f ragments ( a lways b ear ing i n m ind t ha t t here i s a g radat ion b etween j ars a nd a n o l lal ike v esse l w ith a s l ight ly h igher o ut-turned n eck t han t he m ore c ommon l ow n ecked c ook ing p o ts), 2 t ecoma te f ragments ( 1 w ith wh i te p aste) a nd 7 o l la s herds . S eventy-one m isce l laneous r im a nd b ody s herds a lso a pparent ly w ere p ar t o f o l las ( F igures 4 9-51). C eram ic a r t ifacts A -AND-2 was r ich i n c eram ic a r t ifacts a nd s herds f rom unusua l v ess e ls. A s ing le f ragment o f a s p ind le whor l was f ound . Th is i s r ed w ith wh i te f i l led i nc is ions o n t he l ower s urface , but h as a n u nusua l r ocker s tamped d es ign o n t he u pper o ne . A s ing le a lcarraza ( doub le s pout a nd b r idge b o tt le) s pout , t he o n ly o ne f ound i n t he s urvey , w as a lso l ocated among t he m idden , f ar f rom a ny e v idence o f a l ooted t omb . Th is s pout was v ery e roded a nd c annot b e a ttr ibuted t o a s pec if ic c eram ic c omp lex , a l though i t i s wor th n ot ing t hat a lcarrazas w ere r ea l ly o n ly a c ommon s hape i n l ama a nd Yotoco c eram ics, t ha t i s t o s ay , t hey were m ore c haracter ist ic o f t he c u ltures o f n e ighbor ing V a l le t han o f t hose o f t he Qu ind io . Two e laborate s tamps w ere a lso f ound , a s was a n i nsect a dorno ( probab ly f rom a s ar t &). O ther a dornos i nc luded a n ose w i th a t orsa l ( a t w isted, c orkscrew-l ike n ose o rnament) f rom a f ace n eck j ar a nd a p iece o f a f ace n eck amphora ( F igures 5 2-56). D iscuss ion A -AND-2 i s a pparent ly t he r ema ins o f a l arge v i l lage wh ich d id n ot h ave a c emetery w i th in i t s l im its, o r wh ich h ad i t s c emetery a ssoc iated w ith o n ly p art o f t he h ab ita t ion a rea . The c eram ics f ound s uggest t hat t he ma in o ccupa t ion w as M idd le C auca w ith a much sma l ler , l a ter C a ldas c omponent . S ome u nusua l f orms o f c eram ics were f ound , e spec ia l ly among t he more u t il i tar ian f orms, a nd t here was a h igh p ercentage o f t he f iner d ecorated wares. The c o l lect ion was made f rom what was p robab ly t he c enter o f t he v i l lage, u n l ike c olect ions m ade a t L a Argent ina a nd o ther s i tes.

5 4

I

1 F igure 5 0 A -And-2: D ecorated u t il i ty wares, i nc lud ing S lurry Ware, s ar tenes a nd v ar ious p last ic d ecorated wares.

5 5

F igure 5 1

A -And-2: R im prof i les o f d ecora ted a nd p la in u t il i ty wares.

1 F igure 5 2 A -And-2: r aza s pout .

S tamps, whor ls, a nd e xot ica , i nc lud ing a n a lcar-

5 6

F igures 5 3 & 5 4

F igures 5 5 & 5 6

A -And-2: S ea l f ragments.

A -And-2:

S p ind le whor ls.

F igure 5 8 T -HMa-2 : S herds o f unsl ipped u t il i tar ian v esse ls, i nc lud ing a l arge j ar w ith t r iang u lar punctat ions.

F igure 5 7 A-EE-2 : Cher t p ro ject i le p o int o f P a leo ind ian t ype .

5 7

A -AND-3 Th is c o l lect ion was made a long t he r oad wh ich r uns f rom t he ma in r oad t o t he f inca b u i ld ings. The r oad i s p ara l le l t o t he e nd o f t he a irstr ip a nd i s f l anked by n ew c offee p lanta t ions o n o ne s ide a nd t he o ld c offee p lantat ion wh ich c overs t he l oo ted c emetery o n t he o ther . S evera l l ocal ized c oncentrat ions o f s herds a nd l i th ics were n oted i n t he r oad b ed a nd e rod ing o ut o f t he wa l ls o f t he c ut . The a reas b etween t hese sma l l ( 2-4m l ong ) l enses o f m idden were s ter i le . A lt hough d isturbed a nd s ca ttered , t here was a f a ir amount o f f i rec racked r ock a s we l l a s o ther d omest ic d ebr is . L i th ics S even f l akes w ere c o l lected : 2o f wh i te q uar tz ite a nd 5 o f g reenstone . C eram ics F ine ware : One r ed a nd r es ist C a ldas s ty le c up , 1r ed c up t ab a nd 6 o ther c up s herds a nd 1 unusua l c up o r b ow l f ragment w ith r ed s l ipped s urfaces a nd i nc ised e xter ior c ross h a tch ing were c o l lec ted . U t il i ty ware : A v ar iety o f s ar t& I r ims a nd r ims f rom S lurry Ware p lus a s ing le s herd w ith a n a ppl iqué t i cked f i l let w ere f ound . S ixteen s herds o f p la in u t il i ty wares, a l l q u i te t h ick a nd f rom p la in o l las o r j ars were a l so c o l lected . D iscuss ion Th is s i te i s a pparent ly t he r ema ins o f s evera l h ouses o r h ouseho ld c lusters . B oth M idd le C auca a nd C a ldas ma ter ia ls a re r epresented .

A -AND-4 Th is s i te i s l ocated i n a p lanta in f i e ld t o t he west o f A -AND-2 . A s eparate c o l lect ion was made o n t he w estern s lope o f t he h i l l where a m odern h ouse h ad r ecent ly s tood . A v ery t h in s herd s ca tter c omb ined w i th a n e xtraord inary amount o f s tone d eb itage was f ound c oncentra ted o n t he upper s lopes o f t he n ext l ow r ise , where s ugar c ane r ep laced t he p lanta ins . The s i te a rea c ont inued i nto t he s ugar c ane a nd s outh a long t he r idge o f t he h i l l ( wh ich i s s eparated f rom A AND-2 by a v ery s teep l i tt le q uebrada), b ut much o f t h is a rea was c overed w ith d ense p asture a nd c ou ld n o t b e c o l lected . L i th ics Two mano f ragments : 1 h a lf o f a n o vo id-rectangu lar mano a nd t he o ther r ecyc led i nto a c hopper were c o l lected a long w ith a wh ite q uar tz ite f l ake a nd 1 3 g reenstone f l akes, a s amp le o f t he d eb itage . C eram ics F ine ware : The c o l lect ion i nc ludes 2 r ing b ases f rom r ed c ups, 1 7 r im a nd b ody s herds o f p la in r ed v esse ls , 1 5 r ed a nd wh ite b ody s herds, 3 wh ite a nd 1 0 punc tate a nd r ed r im a nd b ody s herds . Two o f t he b ody s herds h ad t yp ica l C a ldas r es ist d es igns o n t hem . On ly 2 a mphora s herds were f ound , t he r est o f t he f ragments a re f rom c ups, b ow ls a nd c on ica l v ases . U t il i ty ware : 5s herds f rom s ar tenes , 3p ieces o f S lurry Ware , 2f i l let d ecorated b ody s herds, a nd t wo s herds w i th t iny p unched h o les c ompr ise t he d ecorated u t i l i ty wares . P la in u t i l ity wares w ere v ery c ommon o n t h is s i te a nd 1 27 s herds w ere c o l lected . These r epresent 5 8

o l las a nd j ars w ith many d i fferent r im a nd b ody f orms . D iscuss ion I n t erms o f a rti facts A -AND-4 s eems t o b e c ontemporary w ith A -AND-2 a nd may we l l b e a c ont inuat ion o f t ha t s i te . I t s eems, i n f act, q u ite l i ke ly t hat a l l o f t he a reas s urveyed o n t he f in c a Anda luc ia a re t he r ema ins o f a s ing le v ery l arge s ett lement w ith i t s c emetery l ocated i n o ne s ector o f t he s i te a rea . A -AND-3, o n t he e dge o f t he c emetery , c onta ins t yp ica l h ab itat ion r efuse , a nd i t i s e v ident t ha t t he c emetery was w ith in t he c onf ines o f t he s ett lement . Ma ter ia ls p er ta in ing t o b oth t he M idd le C auca a nd C a ldas C omp lexes were f ound a l though , a s s eems t yp ica l o f Qu ind io , C a ldas ma ter ia l was much l ess a bundant i n t h is s i te .

A -LDB-1 L a Du lcera Ba ja i s l ocated n ear t he f amous c emetery o f P ueb lo Tapado where Arango l ooted a l arge n umber o f t ombs. These i nc luded b oth c a jones a nd t ambores; o ne o f t he c a jones may h ave c onta ined t he Qu imbaya s ty le g o ld f igure o f a woman . Arango l ooted o n ly o ne t omb a t L a Du lcera , a t ambor whose s haf t was f i l led w ith b lack e ar th a nd t he f ront h a lf o f whose c hamber was f i l led w ith s ma l l s tones. The t omb c onta ined s ome o l las a nd g o ld t o t he v a lue o f 5 0 c aste l lanos . T oday b oth L a Du lcera Ba ja a nd L a Du lcera A lta ( the o r ig ina l h ac ienda h as b een d iv ided) a re d ense ly p lanted t o c offee a nd c overed i n d eep p asture . Both f incas a re we l l k nown l oca l ly a s p ueb los d e g uaquer ia a nd e v idence o f t h is a ct iv ity i s f ound a l l o ver t he l andho ld ings. A s er ies o f l ooted c ance les was v is ib le j ust p ast t he f in c a h ouse i n a n o ld c offee p lanta t ion. One o f t hese c ance les was s a id ( by t he m an who l ooted i t ) t o h ave h ad a l i n ing o f l arge a nd s mal s tones, i nc ludi ng much wh ite q uartz ite . The s tones were f i tted t ight ly t ogether t o f orm t he wa l ls a nd g ab led r oof o f t he c hamber . S tones f rom t hese t ombs, n ow b e ing u sed a s g arden d ecorat ions, s howed s igns o f t r imm ing a nd smooth ing . S ome o f t he s tones w ere r eused m etates ( cf . F igure 1 33). Th is c emetery was s a id t o h ave b een v ery p oor i n o fferi ngs a nd t he ma jor ity o f t ombs c onta ined n o g rave f urn iture a t a l l . A s econd g roup o f c ance les, i n t he s ame a rea, c onta ined " very r ough" ( i e . n ot p a inted) p ottery a nd s ome g o ld. These l a tter t ombs w ere a rranged i n a l i ne a nd marked o n t he s urface by a s er ies o f h uge s tones a t t he b ottom o f a h i l l . The o ther s et o f c ance les was l oca ted a long t he t op o f a r idge, s eparated f rom o ther r idges by v ery d eep V -shaped q uebradas . These c ance les t oo were a rranged i n a s ing le l i ne . D iscuss ions w ith b oth f arm workers a nd p rofess iona l g uaqueros y ie lded t he i nformat ion t hat w ith in a c emetery o f t he s ame t ypes o f t ombs t here a re b oth r ich a nd p oor b ur ia ls. However , t he r ich b ur ia ls a re u sua l ly g rouped t ogether a part f rom t he p oorer o nes. N o c o l lect ions were made a t L a Du lcera Ba ja b ecause o f t he v ery d ense v egetat ion a nd i nc lement weather . S ome s herds a nd l i th ics w ere n oted i n r oad a nd t ra i l c uts, but t hese were sma l l a nd n on-d iagnost ic . A l l t hat c ou ld b e t o ld was t ha t t here was d ef in ite ly a s ett lement a s we l l a s c emeter ies i n t h is a rea .

5 9

A -CA-1 The l andho ld ing c a l led E l Ca imo i s m ent ioned o nce by Arango . H e l ooted a c a jön wh ich h ad t he c hamber e n c laro , t ha t i s , n ot f i l led w ith d ir t . Th is t omb was r emarkab le b ecause t he b ody i n i t h ad p art ly mumm if ied . The mummy was c overed w i th a c otton mant le a nd a ccomp an ied by t wo c ups . T oday t he E l C a imo a rea i s c overed i n o ld, e xtreme ly d ense c offee p lanta t ions a nd d eep g rass p astures. The t opography h ere i s e xtreme ly b roken w i th n umerous s teep q uebradas . Very l i tt le c u l tura l d ebr is was c o l lected a long t he E l C a imo r oad , wh ich was s urveyed a s f ar a s t he hydroe lectr ic p lant . The c ana l was f o l lowed b ack f rom t he r oad s ome 5 km t hrough v ery b roken c ountry . The m ater ia l g athered c ame f rom s evera l a reas a long t he c ana l a nd c ons ists o f s ome sma l l p ieces o f u t il i ty wares a nd a s ing le g rooved r im . On ly a f ew s tone f l akes w ere n oted .

A -CA-2 A s ma l l c o l lect ion was made f rom t he r oad c ut a long t he E l C a imo r oad . S herds were v is ib le h ere a nd t here i n t he c ut , w ithout d ef in ite c luster ing . The p resence o f m odern r efuse i n t he c ut s hows t hat t here h as b een c ons iderab le m ix ing a nd d isturbance . A-CA-2 i s t he sma l l c o l lect ion o f n on-d iagnost ic s herds f rom t h is a rea .

LA TEBAIDA

The t own o f L a T eba ida was f ounded i n 1 905, a nother o f t he many t owns o f Qu ind io t o h ave h ad g uaquer ia a s i t s ma jor c ash i ndustry . Arango r emarks t ha t t here w as a p ueb lo d e g uaquer ia w ith many t ombs w i th in t he t own c enter , a l though h e o n ly d iscusses t hree t ombs i n a ny d eta i l a nd t wo o f t hese were i n o ther c emeter ies o n t he o uts k ir ts o f t he s ett lemen t . The f amous p re-co lumb ian c emetery o f P ueb lo e l Muer to was l ocated o n ar idge t op a bout l km f rom t he c enter . Th is c onta ined v ar ious t ypes o f t ombs, many o f t hem a pparent ly r e la ted t o t he M idd le C auca C omp lex . Arango d iscusses o ne o f t hese wh ich a ccord ing t o h im h e ld o ver 4 0 b od ies w i th o ffer ings o f g o ld a nd g o ldwashed c opper o rnaments a nd s ome h undred c eram ic f igur ines, h a l f o f t hem f ema le . T oday l oot ing h as g iven way t o agr icu l ture a s a ma jor s ource o f i ncome , b ut t he r ema ins o f s acked c emeter ies a re l eg ion a nd a rchaeol og ica l s urvey i n b rushy a reas w as made r a ther d angerous by t he v ast n umber o f o pen p its l e f t by t he g uaqueros . We i nvest iga ted t hree a reas o f t he mun ic ip io o f L a T eba ida : t he f inca L a P onderosa ( see b e low Ch .5 ), t he n arrow v a l ley o f t he r io E spe jo a bove where i t j o ins t he Ho L a V ie ja a nd t he b road r idge a nd v a l ley o f t he r io L a V ie ja i t se l f .

T -LR-1 The f in c a L a R ivera l i es s ome 2 km d own t he r oad t owards t he r io L a V ie ja v a l ley f rom t he Hda . L a Argent ina ( F ig . 2 ). Th is s i te was 6 0

l ocated i n a n ew ly p lowed f i e ld a cross t he r oad f rom t he f in c a bu i ldi ngs o n t op o f t he r idge . The s i te a rea was f lanked by s teep f i e lds o f ma ize a nd g uadua l c hoked q uebradas w ith s ma l l p ermanent s treams i n t hem . Th is s i te h as a t h in s catter o f f ire-cracked r ock, E th ics a nd s herds wh ich s howed n o d iscern ib le c luster ing . The f i e ld h ad e v id ent ly b een p lowed many t imes a nd t he g round was d isturbed . L ith ics On ly 2 g reen s tone f l akes w ere c o l lected, a l though a n umber o f metate f ragments were n oted a nd t he f inca g arden h ad t he u sua l c o l lect ion o f g round s tone c e lts, manos, a nd s o o n a s f lower b ed e dg ings. C eram ics F ine ware : Th is was p resent , a l though n ot i n a ny q uant ity . P ieces c o l lected i nc luded a v ery t h in , h ard c up f ragment w ith a wh ite e xter io r a nd t races o f r ed pa int , a nother c up f ragment ( bad ly e roded) w ith a wh ite p aste a nd a s ing le f ragment o f a v ery f ine ly made punctate a nd r es ist d ecorated c up . U t i l ity ware : as ar tén f ragment was t he o n ly p iece o f d ecorated u t il i ty ware f ound . P la in u t i l ity ware c ons isted o f 2s ma l l p ieces o f t he n eck o f f lar ing r immed j ars, 2 o l la n ecks, a nd 9 b ody s herds f rom p la in o range a nd t an o l las. One o f t hese h ad v ery h eavy c arbon d epos its o n t he e xter ior a nd a nother , v ery t h ick, s howed c lear ly t he marks o f w ip ing t he d amp v esse l w ith a c loth b efore i t was d r ied a nd f ired .

T -LR-2 Th is i s w as l ocated a bout . 5km f rom T -LR-1, t owards t he Hda . L a Argent ina . A lso s i tuated o n t he f l a t r idge t op, i t t oo was f l aked by h igh ma ize f i e lds. The s i te a rea i t se lf h ad b een n ew ly p lanted i n c offee a nd t he l and s urface was undu lat ing . Th is s i te, l i ke t he p rev ious o ne, e xh ib ited i t se lf a s a t h in s catter o f f i re-cracked r ock, l i th ics a nd s herds. I n b oth t he L a R ivera s i tes t he s herds were sma l l a nd v ery e roded a nd o n ly p ieces wh ich c ou ld b e i dent if ied a s t o s hape a nd/or d ecorat ion w ere c o l lected . L ith ics Aga in o n ly 2 g reenstone f l akes were c o l lected a s r epresentat ive o f t he s canty l i th ic mater ia l o f t he s i te . C eram ics N o f ine ware was f ound . D ecorated u t i l ity ware was s carce a nd o n ly a s ar t& I r im w ith r ed s l ip o n b oth s urfaces a nd a s ing le s e lf-sl ipped, b urn ished s ar t& I b ody s herd were c o l lected . Th is l a tter , l i ke most s ar t& I b ody f ragments, h ad c arbon d epos its o n t he e xter ior . The r est o f t he mater ia l c o l lected was p la in u t i l ity ware . Among t hese p ieces w ere a r im a nd 3 n eck f ragments f rom sma l l , f l ar ing n eck j ars, a g rooved a nd v ery e verted l edge r im a nd 2 o ther r ims f rom o l las o r o pen u t i l itar ian v esse ls a nd 4 b ody s herds, o ne o f wh ich h ad r ema ins o f a r ed s l ipped i nter ior a nd 3 wh ich h ad v ery h eavy e xter ior c arbon d epos its o n t hem . C eram ic a rt ifact A s p ind le whor l o f a n u nusua l k ind was f ound. c ommon c on ica l s hape, b ut was u ndecorated a nd s and t emper, r ender ing i t q u ite f r iab le . 6 1

Th is s howed t he h ad a v ery h eavy

D iscuss ion The L a R ivera s i tes a re unusua l i n t ha t , d esp ite t he o rd inary l oca t ion ( on t op o f ar idge, c lose t o p ermanent w a ter), t he a r t i factua l m a ter ia l was v ery s canty . Moreover , t here was l i tt le f ine ware o n t hese s i tes. H owever , t he a reas s urveyed were n ot l arge a nd t here was n o o ther e ven s omewhat c leared l and a bout . I t i s v ery p oss ib le t ha t t hese s i tes, e spec ia l ly T -LR-2, r epresent t he r ema ins o f s i tes s im i lar t o A E E-4 , where t he f iner p ottery was c lustered i n a s ing le a rea o f t he s i te , s urrounded by c lusters o f f ire-cracked r ock , l i th ics a nd c oarser d omest ic w ares. N o c luster ing o f a r t ifac ts was n oted o n t he L a R ivera s i tes, but b oth were q u ite d isturbed a nd i t i s e nt ire ly p oss ib le t hat t he ma in s i te a reas w ere t o b e f ound u nder t he t h ick c offee , m a ize a nd b rush o f t he r idge t op f i e lds .

T -LUF-1 The f inca L ufan i s a lso l ocated o n t he r oad wh ich p asses t he Hda . L a Argent ina , b etween t hat l andho ld ing a nd t he f inca L a R ivera . The a reas s urveyed were o n t he f l at c enter o f t he r idge, wh ich i s c rossed by a n umber o f wa ter ( and g uadua l) f i l led q uebradas . TLUF 1 was c o l lected by t he s tudent c rew who t ook v ery s canty n otes. I t was l ocated o n t he l ower s lope o f t he r idge b eh ind t he t h ird t errace o f t he r io Qu ind io . The r idge h ere i s U -shaped a nd t he s i te a rea was f l anked by q uebradas . L ith ics A s ing le l arge wh ite q uartz ite c hopper was c o l lected a l though , a ppare nt ly , o ther l i th ics w ere a bundant . C eram ics F ine wares : These c ons ist o n ly o f 2 b ody s herds f rom r ed s l ipped c ups d ecora ted w ith a s ing le l i ne o f c ircu lar i mpress ions a round t he r im a nd a r im s herd f rom a s im i lar c up . U t i l i ty wares : Two r ims, 1 f rom a l arge g rooved u rn-l ike v esse l a nd o ne f rom a v ery c are less ly e xecuted j ar w ith s ome f lut ing o n t he n eck w ere c o l lec ted a long w ith 3 b ody s herds . One o f t hese l a tter m ay b e t he r ema ins o f a s ar tgn o r a S lurry Ware o pen v esse l a s i t h ad a r ed s l ipped i nter ior .

T -LUF-2 Th is s i te w as l oca ted i n a c leared ma ize f i e ld a nd n ew ly c ut a nd c leared p lanta in p lantat ion i n f ront o f t he f inca h ouse . A t h in s herd s ca tter was n oted t hroughout w i th l oca l ized c oncentrat ions o f f i rec racked r ock f ound i n v ery n o t iceab le c lusters a bout t he s i te a t d ist ances o f a pprox imate ly 1 5-20m . Many o f t hese c lusters i nc luded b roken m ano a nd m eta te f ragments a s w e l l . A l l o f t he c eram ics were v ery e roded , a s s eems t yp ica l o f t h is e nt ire a rea . The s i te t erra in i s r e lat ive ly f l a t a nd t he s herd s catter was n oted t o b ecome much t h inner where t he l and b eg ins t o s lope d own t owards a s ma l l q uebrada w ith a p ermanent s tream i n i t s b ottom . The d imens ions o f t h is s i te were n ot e stabl ished s ince t he r oad c ut a cross o f t he f l a ttest , c enter , p or t ion o f t he r idge a nd b ecause much o f t he l and w as h eav i ly p lanted o r c overed w ith s econdary b rush a nd c ane b reak . 6 2

L ith ics The l i th ics o n t h is s i te were a bundant a nd much b etter made t han i s c ommon o n Qu ind io s i tes. C o l lected were a w e l l worn m etate f ragment o f a g ran it ic s tone, 4 l arge f l ake-l ike h and a xes a nd 1 6 f lake t oo ls o f g rey s tone. These l a tter were c arefu l ly made a nd many e xh ib ited c lear u se marks. A wh ite q uar tz ite f l ake a nd a p o inted f l ake ( aw l? b ur in?) o f b lack c hert were a lso c o l lected . C eram ics F ine w are: Th is d id n ot s eem t o b e v ery c ommon , a l though o n ly p ieces wh ich c ou ld d ef in ite ly b e i dent if ied were c o l lected . These i nc luded a r ed s l ipped r ing b ase, 4 r ed c up r ims, a r ed a nd wh ite amphora r im a nd 4 r ed b ody s herds f rom c ups o r b ow ls. U t il i ty ware : D ecorated u t il i ty ware i nc luded 2 b ody s herds f rom s ar tenes, 3 p ieces o f a ppl iqué f i l let d ecorated o l las, 3 i nc ised s hou lder s herds f rom o l las, a nd 7 undecora ted b ody s herds f rom S lurry Ware o r h em ispher ica l b ow ls. E leven m isce l laneous r ed s l ipped, g rooved a nd r idged r ims a nd 6 p a inted, u ngrooved r ims a re a lso p robab ly f rom d ecorated u t il i tar ian f orms. P la in u t il i ty ware was l i kew ise a bundant . S ome 2 0 r ims r epresent ing o l las o f v ar ious f orms a nd a t l east 4 j ars w ere c o l lected a long w ith 3 h eavy b ases f rom o l las o r j ars. Th irtye ight m isce l laneous b ody s herds, o n ly t wo o f wh ich h ad c arbon ized e xter iors, were c o l lected . C eram ic a rt ifact One s p ind le whor l was f ound. Th is was o f f ine r ed c lay w ith i nc ised d ecorat ion a nd i s o f t he s temmed c on ica l t ype . D iscuss ion TLUF 2 i s a n i nterest ing s i te b ecause o f t he c eram ics a nd b ecause o f t he v ery d ef in i te c luster ing o f what wou ld a ppear t o b e t he r ema ins o f dwe ll ings. The l i th ics a re e xcept iona l ly w e l l made f or t h is a re a nd i nc lude s ome unusua l s tones, s uch a s a g ran it ic r ock a nd b lack c hert . The l arge n umber o f p ieces w ith u se w ear i s a lso unusua l . The d istr ibut ion o f a rt ifacts, e spec ia l ly t he h eav ier , l ess e as i ly d ist urbed c lusters o f f i re-cracked r ock , s uggest t hat t h is was a v i l lage w ith a n umber o f sma l l , s eparate h ouses l ocated a long t he r idge t op . I t i s i nterest ing t hat a l l t he f i re-cracked r ock c lusters c onta ined b roken g r ind ing s tones, p robab ly r ecyc led a s h ear thstones when t he ir u t i l ity a s g r ind ing i mp lements was o ver . The c eram ic mater ia ls s uggest t hat t h is s ett lement was M idd le C auca i n c u l tura l a ff i l iat ion .

T -LUF-3 Th is s i te was f ound i n a l arge, n ew ly p lowed f i e ld d own t he r oad a nd i n f ront o f t he f in c a h ouse. Aga in t he s i te was l ocated o n a f l at a rea o f t he r idge t op b ordered by s teep s lopes a nd f ramed by g uadua l f i l led q uebradas . A t h in s catter o f v ery e roded s herds a nd o ther c u ltura l d ebr is was f ound i n t h is f i e ld . The c u ltura l mater ia ls were t h ickest o n t he f latter a rea a nd n otab ly d ecreased n earer t he s lopes. N o a nc ient r efuse a t a l l was f ound o n t he more s teep ly s lop ing l and . A l arge r efuse p it was f ound a t o ne e nd o f t he s i te i n t he a rea where o ther d ebr is was d ense. Th is p it was v ery d eep a nd c onta ined s ome o rgan ic mater ia l a s we l l a s l arge s herds, f i re-cracked r ock a nd l i th ics. A t t he o ther e nd o f t he s i te a rea a n ew ly l ooted t omb was n oted. 6 3

Th is t omb s eems t o h ave b een e i ther a v ery l arge c a jön o r a n e xtremel y d eep t omb a s, a l though i t h ad c o l lapsed i nwards, t here was h igh ly v is ib le y e l low s ubso i l a l l a bout a nd t he c o l lapsed p i t o f t he d estroyed b ur ia l was s ome 4 m i n c ircumference . L ith ics A wh i te q uar tz i te f l ake a nd 1 1 g reenstone f l akes were c o l lected . C eram ics F ine ware : Th is was n oted t o b e f a ir ly a bundant . C o l lected w ere a r ing b ase f rom a c up, 5 r ed b ody s herds, p robab ly a lso f rom c ups, a r ed a nd wh ite r im f rom a c up o r ac on ica l v ase , a nd 8 r ed a nd wh i te b ody s herds . A p iece o f c ross-ha tched i nc ised w are , a b ow l o r a c up , was a lso f ound . U t il i ty ware : D ecorated u t il i ty wares were a lso a bundant ; t he c o l lect i on i nc ludes 9 s herds f rom s ar tenes ( 3 o f t hese a re r im f ragments), 6 p ieces o f S lurry Ware , a nd t hree c arbon ized b ody s herds f rom e i ther S lurry Ware o r s ar tenes . The s hou lder o f a n o l la d ecora ted w i th v er t ica l i nc is ions was a lso f ound . P la in u t i l i ty ware was r epresented by 1 1 r ather b roken r ims, o n ly 4 o f wh ich w ere g rooved , 2 w ide f l ar ing r ims f rom l arge o l las, a nd 1 4 b ody s herds f rom o l las o r j ars. Two o f t hese l a tter h ad a wh ite p aste ( F igure 5 9). C eram ic a r t ifacts The f oot(?) o f a f igur ine , v ery e roded a nd a long w i th t he l oop h and le f rom a f l at s tamp .

b roken ,

was

c o l lected

TLUF 3 REFUSE P IT Th is m a ter ia l was c o l lected s eparate ly a s t h is was t he o n ly r efuse p i t f ound d ur ing t he e nt ire s urvey . Unfor tuna te ly i t w as n ot p oss ib le t o e xcava te h ere . The p it was c haracter ized by i t s d ark b rown t o b lacki sh o rgan ic e ar th wh ich i nc luded p oss ib le v egeta l r ema ins a nd s ome v ery l arge s herds . These were v ery u nl ike t he s ma l l b its o f p ottery f ound i n t he r est o f t he s i te a rea . Th is p i t w as n ot t he f i l ledin r ema ins o f at omb a s l ooters d o n o t r ef i l l t he t ombs t hey o pen a nd t he m ater ia l f ound i s n o t c haracter ist ic o f e i ther t omb f i l l o r o ffer ings . L ith ics Three g reens t one f l akes were c o l lec ted . C eram ics F ine ware : Th is i s r epresented b y a s ing le r ing b ase a nd 4 b ody s herds o f r ed s l ipped c ups . U t i l ity ware : D ecorated f orms i nc luded 2 p ieces o f s ar tenes a nd a f ragment o f S lurry Ware, a l l w i th r ough , u nf in ished i nter iors ( a s trange f eature f or v esse ls o f t hese c a tegor ies). A p iece o f ar ounde d , i nc ised o l la w as a lso f ound . P la in u t il i ty w are , a l l i n v ery l arge p ieces , was a bundant . The c o l lect ion i nc luded 3 l arge , f l ar ing o l la r ims, 4 n arrower f l ar ing o l las r ims, a s ing le d eep ly g rooved r im , a lso f rom s ome t ype o f o l la , 1 0 o ther o l la r ims ( one a n e ver ted, s quared l edge s hape), a h eavy f l ange, 4 j ar n ecks, a nd 1 2 l arge b ody s herds f rom j ars o r o l las . C eram ic a rt ifact A s tamp w ith a p a ttern o f v er t ica l l i nes a nd w ith i t s h and le s t i l l i ntact 6 4

1 F igure 5 9 T -Luf-3: R im p rof i les o f d ecorated u t il i ty ware, a f igur ine f oot, a s ol id c on ica l v esse l f oot a nd a s tamp f ragment .

F igure 6 0 T -Luf-4: Two unusua l d ecorated s herds a nd a S lurry Ware r im p rof i le .

F igure 6 1 A g round s tone c e lt a nd a f ragment o f a n e laborate s tamp f rom T -HMs-4.

6 5

c ame f rom t h is p it a s w e l l .

T -LUF-4 Th is s i te i s c ont inuous w ith TLUF 3 a nd was s epara ted f rom i t o n ly f or e ase o f c o l lect ion , s ince i t s eems t ha t t here w ere s ome d ifferences b etween t he t ypes o f m ater ia l r epresented o n t he s urface o f t h is a rea a nd t ha t o f TLUF 3 . Th is w as t he a rea p ast t he s acked t omb a nd a d ip i n t he f l at r idge t op . The a r t ifact s ca tter h ere was t h in b ut s eparated i n to d iscrete c lusters o f s herds , l i th ics a nd f i re-cracked r ock w ith n o c u ltura l ma ter ia l a t a l l f ound b etween t hese c lusters . L ith ics F if teen g reens t one f l akes a nd 8 wh i te q uar tz i te f l akes w ere c o l lected . C eram ics F ine ware : Th is was s carce . A f ragment o f a wh ite b ow l w ith a r a ised b and o n t he upper s hou lder , 2 wh i te a nd 2 r ed c up r ims a nd 6 b ody s herds were c o l lected a s were 3 p ieces o f puncta te a nd r es ist d ecorated c ups a nd 4 amphora s herds ( 2 r ed , 1 wh ite a nd 1 r ed a nd wh ite). U t il i ty ware : D ecora ted u t i l ity ware was a bundant a nd t he c o l lec t ion i nc luded 1 7 p ieces o f s ar t& 1, a f ragment o f a wh i te s l ipped b ow l d ecorated w i th a ppl iqué f i l lets, 4 o l la s hou lders w i th b road i nc ised l i nes, 3 p ieces o f S lurry Ware , 2o ther a ppl iqué f i l let d ecorated b ow ls, a nd 1 m isce l laneous d ecorated r ims . P la in u t il i ty ware was a lso a bundant a nd i nc luded a l arge b ody s herd wh ich a ppears t o h ave h ad a n a pp l iqué b and a round t he c ircumference o f t he v esse l , 1 4 p ieces f rom f l ar ing n eck j ars ( 2 l arge , 2 s ma l l), 7 m isce l laneous g rooved r ims , 7p la in r ims f rom v ar ious o l las a nd j ars, 2 l ow n ecked o l la r ims, 2 t ecomate r ims, 1 0 o ther o l la r ims, 2 wh i te p a inted b ases a nd 2 5 o ther b ody s herds ( F igure 6 0). D iscuss ion I t a ppears t ha t TLUF 3 a nd TLUF 4 r epresent t he r ema ins o f a f a ir ly l arge M idd le C auca s ett lement . The c luster ing o f mater ia ls a ga in s uggests t ha t t h is was f ormed o f s ma l l h ouses l ocated a t d ist ances o f 1 5-20 m a par t . The s acked t omb m ay i nd ica te t ha t t here was a c emetery h ere a s we l l .

T -MA-1 The H ac ienda Marabe las i s l ocated i n a w ide , f l at v a l ley f ormed by t he r io Qu inc l io j ust u pstream f rom where i t j o ins t he r io L a V ie ja ( F igure 2 ). The s tream i s c urrent ly o n o ne s ide o f t he v a l ley a nd t he v a l ley f l oor i s g ent ly s lop ing f l a t l and w i th a t l east t hree d iscerni b le t erraces . One e nd o f t h is v a l ley was c l eared f or p asture a nd c overed w ith v ery t h ick g rass w i th f ew b are s pots. A s o ne p roceeded d ownstream t he l and was p lanted t o c ane a nd t hen t o ma ize . The h eavy g round c overed i mpeded l ook ing f or s i tes a nd t he f act t hat t he p asture l ands were b e ing u sed t o g raze f ight ing b u l ls made o ur i ns pec t ion o f t h is p ort ion o f t he v a l ley s omewha t c ursory . The r idges o n t he n or th s ide o f t he v a l ley a re c overed w ith r idged f i e ld s ystems, c over ing a n a rea o f s ome 5 -6km i n l eng th . These a re i dent ica l t o s im i lar s ystems o n n ear Armen ia a nd o n t he r io E spe jo . A g reat m any 6 6

t ombs h ave b een l ooted i n t h is v a l ley , most s eem t o h ave b een l ocated o n t he s econd t errace. The f i rst t errace a ppears t o b e o f r ecent o r ig in . T -MA-1 was l ocated o n t he s econd t errace o f t he v a l ley . Th is s i te was n ot v is ib le o n t he g round, b ut o n ly where i s was e rod ing o ut o f t he c ut o f t he r oad wh ich l eads f rom t he r idge t op t o t he v a l ley f loor . H ere, a t d epths o f 3 0-45cm b e low modern g round s urface, c u ltura l mater ia l c ou ld b e f o l lowed f or a pprox imate ly 1 50m i n t he c ut a long t he s econd t errace, unt i l t he r oad t urns d own o nto t he a ct ive f lood p la in . Th is a rea i s f l at t o g ent ly s lop ing i n t opography a nd may h ave b een a rt if ic ia l ly f lattened i n t he s i te a rea . L ith ics One c hopper a nd 2 f l akes ( one v ery l arge) o f g reenstone were c o l lecte d. C eram ics F ine ware : Most o f t h is a ppeared t o b e t he r ema ins o f c ups a nd b ow ls a l though 2 p ieces o f wh ite amphora n eck were a lso f ound. F ine ware was, i n f act, s canty a nd t he c o l lect ion c ons ists o f a r ing b ase, a r ed a nd a r ed a nd wh ite b ody s herd, a nd t he 2 amphora n eck s herds. A s ing le s herd o f a s omewhat c oarser c up, s l ipped r ed o n t he i nter ior b ut s e lf-sl ipped o n t he e xter ior was a lso r ecovered . U t i l ity ware: Three s ar t& t f ragments were f ound a nd s ome o f t he m isce l laneous b ody s herds ( a l l sma l l a nd v ery e roded) may a lso p ert a in t o t h is f orm . Two r im a nd 3 0 b ody s herds f rom p la in u t i l ity f orms w ere f ound; t hese s eem t o b e a l l t he r ema ins o f j ars a nd o l las. B oth o f t he r im s herds w ere d ecorated w ith s ha l low g rooves a nd o ne was s l ipped r ed . The l arge v esse ls r epresented i n t he s amp le a l l h ad av ery h eavy m icaceous t emper a nd were q u ite f r iab le . D iscuss ion The s amp le f rom t h is s i te i s q u ite sma l l , s ince i t was a l l p icked t he r oad c ut . I t a ppears t hat T -MA-1 i s t he r ema ins o f a M idd le C auca s i te, a l though n o punctate a nd r es ist d ecorated w ere f ound, p erhaps b ecause o f t he sma l lness o f t he s amp le . h eavy m icaceous s and t emper o f t he u t i l itar ian p ieces may we l l al oca l c lay s ource .

o ut o f t yp ica l wares The r ef lect

T -MA-2 Th is s i te was l ocated o n t he r oad a bove T -MA-1 a round a smal c reek. I t t oo c ou ld b e f o l lowed o n ly i n t he r oad c ut a nd a t t he s ame d epth a s t he p rev ious s i te ( of wh ich i t may w e l l h ave b een a p art). S ome c luster ing o f a rt ifacts was n oted . L ith ics A s ing le g reenstone f lake was c o l lected . C eram ics F ine ware : On ly 2 f ine w are s herds, a s ma l l b ody s herd o f a r ed p a inted c up a nd a nother o f a wh ite p a inted c up o r sma l l amphora , w ere c o l lected. A l l s herds w ere sma l l a nd e roded . U t il i ty w are: Two s ar t& t b ody s herds, b oth w ith r ed s l ipped i nter io rs, were c o l lected . P la iner u t i l ity wares i nc luded 2 r ims, 2 b ody 6 7

s herds f rom e i ther s ar tenes o r S lurry Ware ( red-sl ipped i nter iors), a j ar f ragment w i th wh ite s l ip o n t he e xter ior , a nd 3 2 t h ick b ody s herds. These l a tter a l l s eem t o r epresent t he r ema ins o f l arge j ars o r o l las o f v ar ious s hapes. A f ew o f t hese s herds s how s ome t races o f v ery e roded wh i te o r r ed s l ip, b ut t he p oor p reservat ion o f c eram ic s urfaces a t t h is s i te makes a ny more d ef in ite s hape o r ware a t tr ibut i ons i mposs ib le ( F igure 5 8). D iscuss ion The ma ter ia l c o l lec ted i nd ica tes t hat T -MA-2 i s a lso a M idd le C auca s i te . The f a ir ly t yp ica l c luster ing o f c u l tura l r ema ins i s s im i lar t o t ha t o f t he Lufan s i tes a nd p erhaps i nd icates t hat t he s ett lement was o ne o f s ma l l , i nd iv idua l h ouses.

T -MA-3 Th is s i te was l oca ted a bout 2 50m d ownstream f rom t he p rev ious t wo s i tes o n t he f l at f l oodp la in o f t he s tream a t t he l eve l o f t he s econd t errace . Th is i s t he a rea i n wh ich l oca l i nhab itants r eported t ha t a l arge a nc ient c emetery was l ooted . There w ere n ot c u ltura l r ema ins v is ib le o n t he s urface a nd t he c o l lect ion was m ade t hrough s ound ings m ade w ith a med ia c a l la ( a l ong p o le w ith a f l at b o ttomed , s l ight ly c urv ing s tee l b lade o n o ne e nd . The b lade i s much l i ke h a lf o f a N orth Amer ican m anua l p ostho le d igger [ F igure 9 6]). Ar t ifac tua l m a ter ia l w as a ga in f ound a t d epths o f 3 5-40cm b e low t he m odern s urface . Th is a rea h as e asy a ccess t o f resh wa ter f rom s evera l p ermanen t s treams wh ich c ourse d own t he r idge s lopes i n l i tt le q ueb radas , a s we l l a s f rom a n umber o f s easona l c reeks a nd t he r iver i t se lf . L ith ics Two l umps ( cores?) o f wh ite q uar tz ite a nd 2 f l akes o f g reenstone were r ecovered . C eram ics F ine ware : N one was f ound . U t il i ty w ares: E leven s herds o f f a ir ly c oarse s l ipped wares were f ound , a l l t he r ema ins o f h eavy c ups o r b ow ls . Two s herds f rom a b rown s l ipped c up , p robab ly t he f orm wh ich i s known t o h ave i nc ised d ecorat ion o n t he u pper b ody , was a lso c o l lected . The 4 r ims were a l l g rooved a nd s l ipped r ed . These r ims a re o f t he t ype c ommon ly f ound o n e i ther s ar tenes o r S lurry Ware . T en h eavy u t i l ity b ody s herds w ere r ecovered a s w e l l ; o ne o f t hese h ad t he r ema ins o f s ome r ed e xter ior s l ip . A l l wou ld a ppear t o h ave b een f rom j ars. D iscuss ion Th is s ma l l s amp le c omes f rom f ive s ound ings w ith t he med ia c at ia . The ma ter ia l i nd ica tes t hat o n t h is f l a t a rea t here w as a lso a M idd le C auca s ett lement , a ga in p erhaps p ar t o f t he o ne(s) f ound o n t he u pper p ar t o f t he s econd t errace . G iven t ha t t here was o nce a l arge c emetery h ere , t h is s i te p rov ides f urther e v idence t hat t he M idd le C auca p eop les l ocated t he ir c eme ter ies e i ther w ith in t he s ett lement o r i n ar ecent ly a bandoned o ne . The c eram ics f ound h ere a l l h ad a m icaceous s and t emper . The g round o n t he ( c leared) r idges a bove t h is v a l ley s park les w ith a h igh 6 8

s and a nd m ica c ontent, s uggest ing t hat t hese v esse ls were o f l oca l m anufacture . T -MA-3 a ppears t o b e a s ing le c omponent s i te, a s a l l s ound ing w ere c arr ied t o a d epth o f s l ight ly o ver l m a nd n o mater ia l was f ound b e low 4 5cm . A t t h is d epth a nd c ont inu ing d ownwards t here i s o n ly s ter i le a l luv ium .

T -MA-4 Th is s i te was l ocated a t t he t op o f t he r idge f l ank ing t he v a l ley o n t he n orth . On ly t he e dge o f t he r idge c ou ld b e s urveyed . Th is was t he a rea j ust a bove t he f irst ( v is ib le) o f a s er ies o f r idged f i e lds wh ich c ont inue t he l eng th o f t he v a l ley . The s i te was f irst n oted b ecause o f t he h uge q uant ity o f worked s tone l y ing o n t he n ew ly p lowed s urface . L ith ics F our m etate f ragments were c o l lected a s a s amp le o f t he many t hat w ere n oted o n t he s urface . S ix manos were a lso t aken a s a s amp le o f t he r ea l ly a bundant g r ind ing s tones l i tter ing t h is s i te . S ix c hoppers, ac e lt , 2 4 f l akes o f g reenstone a nd a sma l l b lack c hert f l ake c omp leted t h is c o l lect ion ( F igure 6 1). C eram ics F ine ware : A l l c eram ics a t t h is s i te were v ery e roded a nd most h ad a v ery s park ley a nd h eavy s and t emper i dent ica l t o t hose o f t he v a l ley s econd t errace s i tes . F ive r ing b ases, a wh ite s l ipped r im t ab f rom a c up, 2 r ed a nd wh ite b ody s herds a lso f rom c ups, 2 r ed b ody s herds f rom c ups o r b ow ls a nd a r im a nd a b ody s herd o f punctate a nd r es ist d ecorated c ups were c o l lected . U t il i ty ware: S even s ar te 'n s herds a nd a s ing le f ragment o f S lurry Ware were f ound a long w ith 2 a ppl iqué f i l let a nd i nc ised s herds f rom o pen v esse ls. F our b ody s herds p robab ly a lso p erta in ing t o d ecorated f orms were c o l lected . P la in u t i l ity wares a re r epresented by 7 b roken p la in r ims, a t h ickened e verted r im, 2 g rooved r ims, 5 f lar ing n ecks f rom o l las o r l ow n ecked j ars, 7 b ody s herds a nd a v ery h eavy s quare b ase, p robab ly f rom a n u rn-l ike v esse l . C eram ic a r t ifact A s ing le b roken a nd e roded s p ind le whor l f ragment o f a n e laborate s tamp ( F igure 6 1).

was

f ound

a long

w ith

a

D iscuss ion E xcept f or t he v ery l arge n umber o f g r ind ing s tones a nd c h ipped s tone a rt ifacts, T -MA-4 a ppears a s a t yp ica l M idd le C auca s i te . There i s n o i nd icat ion i n t h is, o r a ny o f t he Marabe las s i tes, o f a C a ldas c omponent . Th is s i te h ad b een p lowed r ecent ly , but i nvest igat ion o f a sma l l c reek c hanne l t o t he s ide o f t he s i te s howed mater ia ls e rod ing o ut o f t he c ut a t t he s ame 3 0-45cm l eve l a s t he o ther s i tes i n t h is r eg ion .

T -MA-5 Th is i s p robab ly p art o f T -MA-4 a nd h as a s eparate n umber o n ly b ecause o f b e ing c o l lected a t a nother t ime . I t was l ocated o n t he o ther s ide o f t he r oad f rom T -MA-4. These s i tes a re b oth o n a sma l l 6 9

U -shaped p ar t o f t he r idge , b ordered o n t wo s ides by a s ma l l c reek . Bo th a ppear t o c ont inue d own t o what s eems t o b e t he t h ird t errace o f t he v a l ley . L ith ics Th is a rea a lso c onta ined a bundant l i th ic ma ter ia ls o n t he s urface . On ly 1 m etate f ragmen t a nd a s ing le o vo id m ano w ere c o l lected a s b e ing t yp ica l o f t hese g round s tone a r t i facts . A c hopper a nd a s p l it wa ter worn p ebb le w ith u se marks o n o ne e dge were p icked u p , a s w ere 2 g reenstone f l akes a nd 3 wh ite q uartz ite f l akes. C eram ics F ine ware : Once a ga in a l l c eram ic f ragments w ere v ery e roded . O f t he p ieces wh ich r eta ined a ny d iagnost ic f ea tures 1 0 a ppear t o b e o f f ine wares . These i nc lude 1 r ed a nd 1 wh ite r im s herd f rom c ups o r b ow ls, 5 r ed a nd 1 wh i te b ody s herds f rom s im i lar f orms, a r ed a nd wh i te b ody s herd f rom a b ow l , a nd a s ing le i ncensar io s herd . S ix v ery e roded amphora s herds were a lso f ound . U t il i ty ware : A p iece o f a s ar t& i, a puncta te a nd g rooved r im , a d agged o r t i cked r im a nd a • b ody s herd w ith h or izonta l i nc is ion w ere c o l lec ted a long w ith 2 1 r im a nd b ody s herds f rom S lurry Ware a nd s im i lar o pen b od ied f orms . P la in u t i l ity wares w ere r epresented by a s ing le b roken r im a nd 1 7 m isce l laneous b ody s herds f rom v ery t h ick v esse ls. D iscuss ion A lthough much o f t h is c o l lect ion i s e v ident ly f rom t he M idd le C auca C omp lex, t he e x istence o f t he i ncensar io s herd s uggests t ha t t here may h ave b een a C a ldas c omponen t t o t h is s i te . Most o f t he i dent i f iab le v esse ls a re M idd le C auca i n a ff il ia t ion b ut b ecause m any o f t he p la iner u t il i ty wares c annot b e a ssoc iated w ith e i ther C a ldas o r M idd le C auca , i t i s d iff icu lt t o s ay a nyth ing m ean ingfu l a bout t he s upposed C a ldas c omponent , s ave t ha t i t s eems t o h ave e x isted .

T -RE-1 Th is s i te was l ocated i n an ew ly p lowed b ean f i e ld i n t he s mal n arrow v a l ley o f t he r io E spe jo n ear where i t j o ins t he L a V ie ja ( F igure 2 ). A lthough t h is v a l ley i s sma l l a nd s teep s ided h ere , t he u pper s lopes o f t he r idges e xh ib i t a bundant s igns o f h av ing b een c overed w ith r idged f i e lds ( F igure 5 ). Th is s ect ion o f t he r io E spe jo i s n oted f or i t s p etrog lyphs a nd t h is s i te i s l ocated v ery c lose t o where a n umber o f i mpor tant p etrog lyph r ocks w ere f ound o n t he b anks o f s ma l l s treams a nd o n a b ou lder i n t he r iver b ed . T -RE-1 i s o n t he l ow s econd t errace , c lose t o t he p etrog lyph b ou lder . L ith ics A p o l ished p iece o f v o lcan ic t uf f , p erhaps a m ano , f l akes o f g reenstone w ere f ound o n t he s urface .

a c hopper a nd 3

C eram ics F ine ware : Th is i s r epresented by a s ing le b ad ly e roded b ody s herd o f a wh ite p a inted c up a nd a t h icker r ed b ody s herd f rom a s em i-f ine c up . U t il i ty ware : Two r im s herds, o ne wh i te a nd o ne r ed , b oth g rooved, m ay h ave c ome f rom e i ther s ar tenes o r S lurry Ware . A s herd o f a 7 0

r ed a nd wh ite p a inted j ar , 5 wh ite b ody s herds a nd a r ed o ne a l l c ame f rom e i ther j ars o r o l las w ith s ome d ecorat ion . A l l s herds were s ma l l a nd p oor ly p reserved . D iscuss ion T -RE-1 s eems t o b e t he r ema ins o f a M idd le C auca s ett lement . Th is l i tt le v a l ley was n ear ly a l l c overed w i th h igh g rass a nd b rush a nd n o s i te s ize c ou ld b e e st imated . There i s , h owever , s o l i tt le f lat l and h ere t hat i t c ou ld n ot h ave b een a v ery l arge v i l lage, p erhaps n ot much more t han s evera l h ouseho lds.

T -RE-2 Th is a nd t he f o l low ing s i te a re p etrog lyph r ocks . They w ere g iven s eparate s i te n umbers b ecause w e h ad n o c lear e v idence t hat t hey were p ar t o f o r c ontemporary w ith a ny o f t he o ther r ema ins o f human u se o f t h is p ar t o f t he v a l ley . T -RE-2 i s a l arge b ou lder i n t he m idd le o f t he Ho E spe jo ( F igures 6 2 a nd 6 3). The r iver was v ery h igh i n t he s ummer o f 1 970 , ow ing t o t he e ar ly a nd h eavy r a iny s eason wh ich f olowed upon a v ery s hor t d ry s eason . I n d r ier y ears, a ccord ing t o l oca l f armers, t h is b ou lder i s o n t he b ank o f t he r iver . The b ou lder was l ocated a s hort d ist ance f rom T -RE-1, a pprox imate ly 3 00m d ownstream . I t i s c overed o n t he t op a nd o ne f ace w ith g eometr ic a nd a nthropomorph ic f igures. S ome o f t hese l a tter b ear a s trong r esemb lance t o f igures o n r epouss g o ld a nd c opper d isks f rom t ombs o f t he C ord i l lera C entra l, d isks wh ich h ave b een a ttr ibuted t o v ar ious " cu ltures", i nc lud ing t he hypothet ica l " Invas ion istas" (Krez d e Barradas 1 966:1:183-314, F igu res 8 9, 9 2, 9 9-103, I : p lates 2 37,239-242,277, a nd 2 80) a nd t o s ome sma l l c ast g o ld f igures f rom t ombs o pened i n Qu ind io i t se lf ( F igure 6 4). Unfortuna te ly n one o f t hese t ombs o r g o ld p ieces c an b e a ssoc ia ted w ith known s ty les o f c eram ics. A lthough t here were many l arge b ou lders i n t he i mmed iate v ic in ity o f t h is o ne ( we c hecked b oth ups tream a nd d ownstream f or a c ons iderab le d istance), n o o thers were f ound w ith mark ings.

T -RE-3 About 2 km upstream f rom T -RE-2 a long t he s ide o f a t iny s tream let t hat t r ick les i nto t he Ho E spe jo i s a s econd g roup o f p etrog lyphs. These a re l ocated o n a l arge s tony o utcrop a nd c ons ist o f s evera l a nthropomorph ic f igures ( F igures 6 5 a nd 6 6). The f igures a re s im i lar i n many r espects t o t hose o f T -RE-2 . Aga in, a l though n umerous o ther o utcrops e x ist a long t h is s tream let, n one o f t he o thers s eem t o h ave b een c arved . D iscuss ion P etrog lyphs a re q u ite c ommon i n Qu ind io a nd h ave b een ment ioned i n p ass ing by most p eop le who h ave h ad a nyth ing a t a l l t o s ay a bout t he a nt iqu it ies o f t he a rea . Bedoya ( 1939:829-830) s ays s pec if ica l ly t hat p etrog lyphs a re m ost a bundant i n t he mun ic ip io o f Montenegro . H is d escr ipt ions i nd icate t hat a nthropomorph ic f igures a re c ommon a nd t hat t hese i nc lude f igures w ith r ayed h eads, a long w i th s p ira l a nd c ross-l ike mot ifs, s im i lar t o t he p etrog lyphs o f t he Ho E spe jo . S ince 7 1

t here s eem t o b e a n umber o f c lose s tyl ist ic c orrespondences b e tween t he h uman f igures, i nc lud ing b oth t hose w ith r ayed h eads a nd a t ype w ith a d iamond s haped b ody , i n p etrog lyphs a nd o n s ome o f t he a nc ient m eta l o rnaments f ound i n t he t ombs o f Qu ind io , i t may e ventua l ly b e p oss ib le t o g ive s ome c u l tura l a ttr ibut ion t o t hese r ock e ngravi ngs ( F igures 6 7 a nd 6 8).

MONTENEGRO

Montenegro was f ounded i n 1 882, o ne o f t he e arl ier t owns whose i n it ia l p rosper ity w as b ased u pon t omb l oot ing . Th is a ct iv ity r ema ins a n i mportant s ource o f i ncome t o t he p resent , a l though m ore a s a r ecreat i ona l a ct iv ity ( for t he b etter o ff ) o r a s a s upp lementary s ource o f i ncome ( for t he l and less f arm l aborers). Arango ment ions Montenegro q u ite f requent ly i n h is m emo irs, b oth r egard ing c landest ine e xcavat i ons w ith in t he t own i t se lf a nd i n v ar ious s urround ing r ura l n e ighb orhoods. The t ombs e xcavated h ere w ere o f v ar ious f orms a nd m any s eem t o h ave c onta ined mu lt ip le b ur ia ls . A t ambor e xcavated w i th in t he c onf ines o f t he t own o f Montenegro c onta ined e igh t a rrobas ( ca 5 0k) o f g o ld a nd t umbaga . Th is t omb was a pparent ly o f t he M idd le C auca C omp lex b ecause i t was s a id t o h ave a lso c onta ined a s ta tuette g roup o f a woman g iv ing b ir th a ided by a man a nd a woman , a l l p a inted w ith b lack a nd wh ite p igments . The o n ly o ne o f Arango 's p ueb los d e g uaquer ia w ith in t he t own p roper t ha t c ou ld b e d ef in i te ly l ocated was t he C a thol ic c emetery o n t he o utsk irts o f t own . Th is, a ccord ing t o l oca l r es idents, i s o n t he s i te o f a v ery r ich c emetery a nd t he d igg ing o f modern g raves i s o f ten a ccompan ied by a l i tt le g uaquer ia .

M -ELCAS-1 Th is s i te was l ocated o n t he f inca E l C ast i l lo i n t he a rea o f G igante , b etween G igante a nd E l Cuzco ( F igure 2 ). Th is a rea i s f amous l oca l ly f or i t s g ood g uaquer ia . The s i te was f ound i n a v ery l arge p lan ta in p lan tat ion wh ich a lso h ad s ome n ew ly p lanted c offee t rees a nd m an ioc p lants i n t he s ect ions f ar thest f rom t he r oad . The s i te a rea , a s f ar a s c ou ld b e d eterm ined f rom t he c leared a reas ( wh ich w ere , a s u sua l , b ordered by a reas o f d ense v egetat ion), w as s ome 1 00m l ong a nd p erhaps 5 0m w ide . The s i te a rea i s t he f latt ish t op o f ar idge w ith a g ent le s lope d own t o a q uebrada w ith a p ermanent s tream i n i t s b ott om . The f i e ld was e v ident ly much d isturbed by agr icu ltura l a ct iv i t ies a nd c u ltura l r efuse was e as i ly s een . A l though b as ica l ly t h is c ons isted o f a t h in c ont inuous s ca tter o f s herds, f i re-cracked r ock a nd E th ics, t here were a f ew sma l l i so la ted c lusters o f c u ltura l m ater ia l wh ich m ight h ave b een t he r ema ins o f i nd iv idua l s tructures . No l ooted t ombs were f ound i n t he i mmed iate v ic in i ty . L ith ics The l i th ic c omponent o f t h is s i te was q u i te o rd inary i n t erms o f Qu ind io s i tes . W e c o l lected 2 manos, o ne b roken b ut n ot r e-used, a wh i te q uartz ite f l ake, a r ound g r ind ing s tone , 6 c hoppers a nd 1 3 f l akes o f v ar ious s izes .

7 2

F igure 6 2 g lyphs.

T -RE-2 : A b ou lder i n t he H .° E spe jo w ith e laborate p etro-

F igure 6 3 D eta i l o f o ne o f t he r ayed h eaddress f igures o n t he p et r og lyph r ock .

F igure 6 4 G o ld f igure w i th h eaddress s im i lar t o t hose worn by f igures s hown i n p etrog lyphs. Armen ia , p r ivate c o l lect ion . 7 3

F igure 6 5 T -RE-3: P etrog lyph o n a r ock b order ing a sma l l c reek t hat j o ins t he r io E spe jo j ust upstream f rom t he l arger p etrog lyph r ock .

F igure 6 6 Another f igure f rom t hese r ocks.

F igure 6 7 G o ld d isk f rom Qu ind io d ecorated w ith a f igure s im il ar t o t ha t o f t he p etrog lyphs. FM 7 023.

F igure 6 8 G o ld d isk w ith a nother t ype o f f igure s een c ommon ly i n Qu ind io p etrog lyphs . FM 6 853.

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C eram ics F ine ware : Mater ia l c o l lected i n t h is c ategory c ons isted o f 5 r ing b ases, 4 r ed a nd wh ite p lus a much l arger a nd h eav ier o ne wh ich was b ad ly e roded, 1 2 r ed b ody s herds f rom c ups o r b ow ls, a r ed c up r im a nd a s ma l l r im f rom a t iny j ar w ith a f lar ing n eck, 3 r ed a nd wh ite c up f ragments, 3 wh ite b ody s herds f rom c ups o r c on ica l v ases, a nd 2 p ieces o f punctate d ecorated c ups . U t il i ty ware : S ar tenes a nd S lurry ware were w e l l r epresented w ith 3 2 s art &1s herds a nd 1 0 S lurry Ware s herds b e ing d ef in ite ly i dent if ied . Three p ieces o f r ed s l ipped o l las w ith v ert ica l i nc is ions a nd 2 uns l ipped b ody s herds w ith g roups v er t ica l i nc is ions c omp lete t he d ecor ated u t il i tar ian v esse ls. F our teen r im a nd b ody s herds o f undecorate d v esse ls were c o l lected . These i nc lude a v ar iety o f o l la f orms w ith t he u sua l g rooved , s l ipped r ims o r w ith e verted , t h ickened r ims ( of ten a lso s l ipped r ed o r w ith a t h in r ed wash), a t l east 2 j ars, a nd a s er ies o f f ragments o f much l arger v esse ls o f undeterm ined s hape . On ly 1 1 s herds h ad h eavy c arbon d epos its o n t he e xter ior ; 1o f t hese h ad wh i te p aste ( F igure 6 9). C eram ic a rt ifact A c on ica l s p ind le whor l w ith i nc ised d ecorat ion was f ound . D iscuss ion The ma ter ia l f rom t he f in c a E l C ast i l lo s eems t o r epresent a M idd le C auca h ab itat ion s i te . The n umber o f c hoppers f ound was f a ir ly l arge, b ut o therw ise t here were n o unusua l f eatures i n e i ther t he c eram ic o r t he l i th ic c omponents o f t h is s i te.

M -EC-1 The f inca E l C ap itol io l i es a long t he ma in r idge o f Montenegro ( F igures 2 a nd 4 ), c over ing p ar t o f t he f lat r idge t op a s w e l l a s t he s lope d own t o t he Ho E l E spe jo a nd p art o f t he sma l l r iver v a l ley . Three s i tes w ere i mmed iate ly l ocated, a l l o f t hem o n t he m idd le r eaches o f t he h i l l s lope o n f l at s purs. The s lope was p lanted i n l ow p asture w ith p lanta in o n t he t erraces o f t he r iver v a l ley . The r iver r uns q u ite n ear t he b o ttom o f t he h i l l h ere, w ith a b roader b ut v ery swampy f l at a rea o n t he o ther s ide . L oca l f arm l aborers a nd l andowne rs r epor ted t hat o n t h is a nd t he n e ighbor ing f incas t he c emeter ies w ere l ocated o n t he r iver t erraces a s we l l a s o n t he t op o f t he r idge . A c o l lect ion o f v esse ls f rom t h is c emetery ( or t hese c emeter ies) i nc luded r ed s l ipped p uncta te a nd r es ist p a inted p ieces, i nc ised v esse ls, S lurry Ware, a nd a number o f r ather c rude c on ica l c ups. A n umber o f p ieces o f Buga Ware h ad a lso s upposed ly c ome f rom t hese t ombs. Th is i s ac eram ic t ype o f t he C auca Va l ley a nd i s r are t h is f ar n orth . I t s c u ltura l a ssoc iat ions h ad b een p rev ious ly unknown, a l though Bray a nd Mose ley ( 1969-70) s uggested t ha t i t m igh t b e c oeva l w ith t he S onso phase o f t he Buga a rea . H owever , a t E l C ap itol io , a l though n o g rave g roups w ere p reserved i n l oca l c o l lect ions, a l l o f t he mater ia ls wh ich c ou ld b e s ecure ly a ttr ibuted t o t he l oca l c emeter ies, i nc lud ing t he o ne w ith Buga Ware, c an b e a ttr ibuted t o t he M idd le C auca C omp lex . A sma l l c o l lect ion was m ade w ith in t he c emetery a rea , b ut o n ly af ew p la in s herds f rom u t il i tar ian v esse ls w ere f ound i n t he v ic in ity o f t he o pened t ombs . The s i te a rea p roper o f M -EC-1 c ons ists o f t he t hree l arge f l at m id-h i l l s purs.

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I1) F igure 6 9 M -E lCas-1: F ine a nd s em i-f ine d ecorated s herds, a s p ind le whor l a nd p rof i les o f d ecorated u t il i ty f orms.

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L ith ics L ith ics were r e lat ive ly s carce a t t h is s i te a nd o ut c o l lect ion c ons isted o n a s ing le f l ake o f a f ine p ol ish ing s tone, a s ma l l p ebb le t oo l , a c hopper a nd 2 1 f l akes o f t he l oca l g reenstone. C eram ics F ine ware : F ine ware was a bundant o n t he p lowed a nd d isturbed s urface . F our f ragments o f v ery s ha l low r ing b ases ( a f eature r es tr icted a lmost e nt ire ly t o M idd le C auca p a inted c ups), 8 r im a nd b ody s herds o f r ed c ups o r b ow ls, 3 wh ite s herds, 2 s herds o f c ups w ith r ed s l ip o n o ne s ide a nd wh ite o n t he o ther , 4 o ther r ed a nd wh ite s herds, a l l a pparent ly t he r ema in o f s ma l l c ups, a nd 2 punctate d ecorated s herds, a lso f rom c ups w ere c o l lected. The f ine ware c o ll ect ions a lso i nc luded a r ed, wh ite a nd r es ist p a inted s herd f rom a h em ispher ica l b ow l w ith a a pp l iqué b and o n t he s hou lder , 1 b ody s herd f rom a Y otoco b ow l a nd 1 8 punctate b ody s herds f rom sma l l c ups o r m in iature amphoras. Two s herds f rom i nc ised b rown c ups f a l l i nto t he s em i-f ine ware c ategory . U t il i ty ware: Th is was l i kew ise c ommon a nd t here was, a s u sua l , a n u nbroken g radat ion f rom v esse ls wh ich w ere q u ite t h in a nd a s f ine ly burn ished a s f ine ware v esse ls t hrough t o h eavy , c asua l ly f ormed a nd smoothed j ars a nd o l las. E ighty s ar t& I f ragments were f ound a long w ith 9 s herds o f S lurry Ware . S even o f t hese S lurry Ware s herds h ad r ed s l ipped i nter iors. S eventy s herds o f undecorated u t i l ity ware were c o l lected a nd t w ice a s much a ga in c ou ld h ave b een a dded t o t he c o l lect ion. Most o f t he s herds r epresented t he r ema ins o f j ars. Th is s i te h ad l arge q uant it ies o f s herds o f v ery l arge c oarse j ars a nd o las; t hese w ere n oted b ut n ot c o l lected a s w e h ad n o way o f t ranspor t ing mater ia l t h is l arge a nd h eavy . A number o f t he sma l ler s herds o f u t il i tar ian wares were f rom f orms r em in iscent o f Buga Ware a nd a v ery l arge p ercentage o f t he s herds o f l arger v esse ls h ad e xter ior c arbon d epos its ( F igures 7 1-73). C eram ic a r t ifacts a nd o dd it ies Two s p ind le whor l f ragments were f ound, b oth r ed w ith wh ite f i l led i nc ised d es igns . Two sma l l h and les w ith i nc ised d ecorat ion , o f a t ype n ot p rev ious ly known a s we l l a s a c one-shaped f oot o r a dorno w ith v ert ica l i nc is ions w ere a lso f ound . Th is was p robab ly a f oot f rom a n a nthropomorph ic v ase. A s ing le f igur ine f ragment was r ecovered, a l arge l ump o f o range c lay w ith a v ery h eavy s and t emper . The i dent i f icat ion o f t h is a s p art o f af igur ine i s t entat ive, s ince t he p iece was v ery b ad ly e roded, but a sma l l amount o f v ery f ine i nc ised d ecorat ion was p reserved , s uggest ing t hat t h is was e i ther a p iece o f a f igur ine o r o f a mode led v esse l . I t i s p oss ib le t hat t h is p erta ins t o t he l ama Phase o f t he C auca Va l ley ( F igure 7 0). D iscuss ion M -EC-1 a ppears t o b e t he r ema ins o f a M idd le C auca v i l lage . The t hree d iscrete c lusters o f mater ia l o n t he f lat s purs s uggests t hat t hese m ight b e t he r ema ins o f t hree h ouses o r h ouseho ld c lusters. A t est e xcavat ion p ut i nto t he ma in s i te a rea ( descr ibed b e low i n Ch .5) c orroborated i nformat ion f rom r oad c uts, t omb s haf ts e tc . t hat t he ma in p reh istor ic c u ltura l s tratum b eg ins a t a bout 2 5-30cm b e low t he modern g round s urface a nd t hat t h is s tratum i s r e lat ive ly t h in . A l l o f t he m ater ia l f ound a t M -EC-1, w ith t he e xcept ion o f t he p ieces o f Buga Ware a nd t he p oss ib le H ama Phase f igur ine f oot, i s o f M idd le C auca a ff il iat ion a nd, a t l east o n t h is p art o f t he s i te, t here i s n o 7 7

e v idence o f a C a ldas c omponent . The Buga Ware , s a id t o b e f rom t he a ssoc ia ted c emetery a nd r ef lected i n s ome o f t he u t i l itar ian v esse l s hapes, i s a n u nusua l f ea ture a nd may p oss ib le r ef lect i nterchange w ith t he C al ima a rea t o t he s outhwest ( see B ray 1 981-88 f or d iscuss ions o f t he a rchaeo logy o f t h is a rea). The l ama s ty le f igur ine o r mode led v esse l , h owever , i s o f a n e arl ier t ype a nd , a l though a lso d oubt less i mpor ted , may r epresent e i ther a n h e ir loom o r a c hance d iscard f rom a n e arl ier ( l ooted) t omb w i th in t he s i te a rea . Arango o f ten ment ions e ncounter ing t ombs e v ident ly l ooted by t he I nd ians i n p reh ispan ic t imes, s o t h is i s ap oss ib il i ty .

M -EC-2 Th is c o l lect ion was made o n t he s econd t errace ( the " p laya") o f t he r io E spe jo d ownh i l l f rom M -EC-1. I n t h is a rea o f n ew ly p lanted p lant a in s ome 8 0-90 t ombs h ad b een o pened . S ome o f t he c o l lect ion d es cr ibed h ere was r etr ieved f rom t he e dges o f t he l ooted t ombs. The p resence o f f i re-cracked r ock , l i th ic d eb itage a nd q uant it ies o f t he c oarser u t i l ity wares s uggests t hat t h is a rea was p art o f t he v i l lage a s we l l a s ac emetery . L ith ics A s ing le c hopper a nd 6 f l akes o f g reenstone were c o l lected a s a r epresenta t ive s amp le o f t he m a ter ia ls a bundant ly s trewn a bout t he a rea . C eram ics F ine ware : F if teen s herds o f f ine ware w ere f ound, i nc lud ing 3 l ow r ing b ases f rom c ups — 1 w i th a wh ite s l ipped i nter ior — a f ragment o f a v ery t iny t h in r ed a nd wh i te c up , 2 l arge r ed a nd wh ite c up r ims — 1 w ith r es ist h or izon ta l s tr ipes o n t he e xter ior a nd a r ed i nter ior p a inted w ith b lack r es ist t r iang les w i th r eserved r ed d ots — a c up b ody w i th v ert ica l r es ist s tr ipes o n a r ed s l ip, 4 r ed s herds f rom c ups o r b ow ls, a p iece o f a c up w ith a d ark e xter ior a nd a h igh ly p ol ished r ed i nter ior , a nd 3 amphora s herds . U t il i ty ware : N ine s ar tgn s herds , 2 S lurry Ware f ragments, 6 s herds o f l arge , c oarse o l las, a nd a n umber o f s herds f rom s ma l l o l las a c rude o pen v esse ls w ere c o l lected ( the n umber o f t hese c annot b e a scer ta ined , a s t h is i s o ne o f t he l o ts i n wh ich t he s tudent a ss istants t hrew o ut undecorated s herds w ithout t he a uthor 's know ledge). D iscuss ion A lthough M -EC-2 i s a much s maler c o l lect ion t hat t he f i rst s i te , t he mater ia l i s v ir tua l ly i dent ica l w ith M -EC-1. Th is s i te i s a lmost c erta inl y ac ont inua t ion o f t he M -EC-1 v i l lage .

M -EC-3 Th is s i te i s l oca ted i n what w as t hen a n ew ly p lanted c offee f i e ld d own s lope f rom t he f inca h ouse . A f a ir ly t h in s catter o f c u ltura l d ebr is was n o ted t o c over a b road a rea . Th is d ebr is was, a s u sua l , t h ickest o n t he f l a tter a reas a nd d isappeared o n t he s teeper s lopes. S ome f ire-cracked r ock was n oted .

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F igure 7 0 M -EC-1: S p ind le whor l , p a inted a nd p unctate s herds o f f ine a nd s em i-f ine wares .

F igure 7 1 M -EC-1: S em i-f ine d ecorated s herds, h eavy a nnu lar b ase f rom a u t il i tar ian f orm a nd a l ow a nnu lar b ase f rom a b ow l .

F igure 7 2 M -EC-1: F ragments o f s ar tenes a nd S lurry Ware .

F igure 7 3 M -EC-1: S lurry Ware , ac up r im w ith c ircu lar punctat i ons, a nd s evera l i nc ised d ecor a ted u t i l ity f orms p erhaps r e la te d t o s ar tenes . 7 9

L i th ics One c hopper a nd 2 f lakes w ere c o l lected a long w ith a n u nusua l p iece o f ( un ident if ied) f ine r ed s tone . C eram ics F ine ware : A s ing le f ine r ed p a inted b ody s herd f rom a c up was f ound . H owever 3 b rown c up r ims a nd 2 b rown j ar r ims f rom v esse ls o f t he t ype t ha t u sua l ly h ave i nc ised d ecora t ion were a lso f ound . U t i l ity wares : We o n ly c o l lected a s ing le e xter ior r idged r im o f s ome o pen v esse l a nd a s herd f rom a n i ncensar io . D iscuss ion Th is a rea was v ery d isturbed a nd o n ly a f ew d iagnost ic p ieces w ere c o l lected d ue t o t ime l im itat ions. T h is a rea i n t erms o f i t s l oca t ion a nd a rt ifacts wou ld a ppear t o b e p ar t o f t he p rev ious ly d escr ibed s i te . The s ing le p iece o f i ncensar io h owever i nd icates t ha t t here was p robab ly a C a ldas o ccupa t ion s omewhere w ith in t he M idd le C auca s i te a rea .

M -I-1 The f inca I tal ia i s l ocated o n t he r oad f rom Armen ia t o Montenegro ( F igure 2 ). M -I-1 was l oca ted i n a f i e ld p lanted t o s i lage t o t he n or theast o f t he ma in f inca b u i ld ings a nd i s c ut by t he r oadway . The s i te d oubt less c ont inues a cross t h is m odern b arr ier , b ut t he r est o f t h is a rea was p lanted i n o ld c offee p lantat ions a nd v ery h igh g rass, m ak ing s urvey i mposs ib le . A n umber o f t ombs h ad r ecent ly b een t aken o ut o f t he p asture a nd o ne , d escr ibed b e low i n Ch . 5 , was b e ing l ooted when w e a ppeared . The p asture/f ie ld a rea o f t h is s i te i s q u ite f l a t a s i t i s l ocated o n t he t op o f t he r idge . The e ast s ide o f a l l t he I ta l ia l oca t ions i s f ormed by a v ery s teep b arranca wh ich e ventua l ly b ecomes t he Quebrada B ras i l . The r ema ins o f a n " Ind ian r oad", a v ery s teep , s tra ight , a nc ient f ea ture l ead ing f rom t he t op o f t he r idge t o t he b o ttom o f t he q uebrada was p o inted o ut t o u s o n t he s outheastern marg in o f t he p asture a rea . Th is was p robab ly a d ra in a s i t i s i den t ica l t o s im i lar f eatures, i dent if ied a s d ra ins, i n t he V a l le d e C a l ima ( Bray 1 981:21, F ig 4 4). There a lso a ppeared t o h ave b een s ome a nc ien t t errac ing o n t he much o vergrown s ides o f t h is r av ine . M -I-1 h ad a t h in s catter o f f ire c racked r ock, l i th ics a nd s herds w ithout a ny v is ib le c luster ing o f r ema ins. L i th ics E leven manos, b oth who le a nd b roken, were c o l lected a s w ere 9 f l akes . One o f t hese was o f a v ery f ine g ra ined b asa lt ; t he o thers w ere o f o rd inary g reenstone . C eram ics A l l o f t he c eram ics were d e l iberate ly c o l lected a s f ar away f rom g uaquero h o les a s p oss ib le . F ine ware : E ight s herds o f f ine ware were f ound : 4 r im a nd 4 b ody s herds . Two b ody s herds w ere f rom a h igh ly b urn ished amphora a nd 2o thers, wh ich p reserved r ed s l ip , w ere p robab ly f rom c ups . The s herds w ere a l l v ery e roded , a s w as o bserved t o b e t he c ase w ith m a ter ia l f rom much o f t he Montenegro a rea , a nd o n ly d iagnost ic p ieces w ere c o l lected . Numerous s herds w ere s een wh ich f rom t he ir t h inness w ere p robab ly t he r ema ins o f f ine wares, b ut t hese w ere n o t c o l lec ted 8 0

ow ing t o t he ir s ma l l s ize a nd p oor p reservat ion. U t i l ity ware : Once 2 s herds f rom s ar tenes a nd 1 s herd o f S lurry Ware w ere f ound . H owever , t here was a f a ir amount o f t he f iner q ual i ty p la in u t i l ity wares i nc lud ing a n umber o f s ma l l j ars w ith b urn ished r ed r ims. Most o f t he 1 6 s herds o f u t i l ity ware c o l lected r epresents t he p la iner , c oarser t ypes . Th is was v ery s e lect ive ly c o l lected but f ormed i n t oto t he b u lk o f t he m ater ia l o bservab le o n t he s urface o f t he s i te. Many o f t he u t i l itar ian p ieces s eem t o b e t he r ema ins o f j ars. There wou ld a ppear t o b e ac omp lete r ange o f t he n orma l s izes o f j ars f rom q u ite sma l l v esse ls t o l arge ( storage? water? b eer?) j ars a lmost a m eter i n h e ight . Many o f t he f inca I tal ia c eram ics h ave a v ery h eavy s and t emper a nd a re e xtreme ly f r iab le .

M -I-2 Th is s i te was l ocated i n a f i e ld n ext t o M -I-1. The f i e ld h ad b een p lowed s hort ly b efore w e a rr ived. I t i s v ery s teep a nd w e c ou ld s ee n o n atura l o r a rt if ic ia l f l attened a reas. A v ery t h in s herd s catter m ixed w ith s ome f i re-cracked r ock was f ound i n a n umber o f s eparate c lusters. C eram ics F ine ware : S ixteen s herds o f f ine ware w ere c o l lected . These i nc lude a r im s herd w ith c ircu lar punctat ions, a wh ite i nter ior a nd a r ed e xter ior , 3t h in p ieces o f c ups o r j ars, a l l much e roded a nd o n ly o ne p reserv ing a ny t races o f r ed s l ip , a nd 1 3 s herds o f c ups o r b ow ls. U t il i ty ware : F our s ar t& I s herds w ith r ed s l ipped a nd burn ished i nter iors a nd 1 p iece o f S lurry Ware were f ound . P la in u ti l ity ware c o ll ected c ons isted o f 1j ar b ody s herd a nd 6 f ragments o f h eavy l ight t an v esse ls. An unusua l s herd , f rom a n u nknown s hape, e xh ib ited a n e xter ior d es ign o f g rass i mpress ions. The g rass was a pparent ly b unched; i t was d ef in ite ly n ot m att ing ( F igure 7 4).

M -I-3 Th is s i te was l ocated i n av ery l arge a rea p lanted i n c offee . Cu ltura l mater ia l was d istr ibuted a l l o ver t he s urface, w ithout i nterrupt ion, f or n ear ly a km t o where m odern b u i ld ings o bl i terated a ny a nc ient r ema ins. A f a ir ly d ense s catter o f s herds, f i re-cracked r ock a nd l i th ics was n oted, b ut t he o n ly d ifferent ia l d istr ibut ion o f c u ltura l d ebr is wh ich c ou ld b e s een was t hat t he c u ltura l mater ia ls b ecame s parser n ear t he e dge o f t he q uebrada . Across t he r oad, o n t he f inca R isera lda , a l arge c emetery h ad b een d iscovered s ome y ears p rev ious ly . Th is c emetery i s p robab ly a lso p art o f t he I ta l ia s i te(s) s ince t he n earer a rea o f l ooted t ombs i s s eparated f rom M -I-3 o n ly by t he modern r oad . I t was n ot p oss ib le t o s urvey o n t he f inca R isera lda a nd n o mater ia ls d ef in ite ly t aken f rom i t s c emetery w ere l oca ted . L ith ics A b roken g round s tone c h ise l , 3 mano f ragments ( 2 p ers), 1 c hopper , a nd 4 f l akes were c o l lected . c hoppers w ere a l l o f g reenstone . C eram ics F ine ware :

Three r ing b ases —

1v ery h eavy a nd 8 1

r eused a s c hopThe f l akes a nd

c oarse ly

f in ished

F igure 7 4 M-I-2: Decora ted u t i l i ty wares a nd t wo sma l l pa inted c up(?) f ragments.

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w ith wh ite s l ip o n a l l s urfaces a nd 3 f rom v ery sma l l t h in c ups — w ere f ound a long w ith 1 5 r im s herds a nd 2 3 b ody s herds f rom c ups, b ow ls o r c on ica l v ases. N ine o f t hese s herds a ppeared t o h ave b een f rom punctate d ecorated c ups, o ne p reserved a b it o f r es ist p a int ing . F our teen amphora s herds w ere a lso c o l lected; more o f t hese w ere r ed t han wh ite . Two o f t hese s t i l l h ad s ome r es ist p a int ing , I s howed a r eserved c ross h atch p attern, t he o ther h or izonta l s tr ipes. A s ing le r ed a nd wh ite c on ica l v ase f ragment was f ound ; t h is was l arge e nough f or a d ef in ite s hape a ttr ibut ion t o b e made . Sma l ler f ragments o f c on ica l v ases a re i nd ist ingu ishab le f rom t he r ema ins o f c ups o r b ow ls. One s herd o f a s em i-f ine v esse l , a l arge s tra ight-s ided c up w ith a n o rd inary c ross h atch d es ign was a lso f ound . U t il i ty ware: Th irty o ne p ieces o f s ar tenes a nd 2 6 p ieces o f S lurry Ware were c o l lected . A s ing le s herd o f a punctate d ecorated t ecomate was a lso f ound . P la in u t il i ty ware i nc luded 2 v ery l arge p ierced t ab h and les w ith wh ite s l ip o n t he u pper s urface , 9 9 r im s herds a nd 3 0 b ody s herds. These r epresented a l arge number o f d ifferent s hapes a nd p ract ica l ly a l l o f t he r ims w ere d ifferent. A h igh p ercentage o f t hese r ims h ad r ed s l ip a nd a f ew o f t he l arger j ar f ragments s howed t he r ema ins o f ar ed wash o n t he e xter ior ( F igure 7 5). C eram ic o dd it ies A sma l l, unf in ished p inched v esse l wh ich a ppeared t o h ave b een a c h i ld 's e ffort a nd a g rooved s herd w ith a h and i nc ised o n t he e xter ior — p robab ly p art o f a n e laborate i ncensar io , were c o l lected . D iscuss ion I t i s p robab ly t he M -I-1, M -I-2, a nd M -I-3 a re a l l p art o f t he s ame s i te . The a rt ifacts c o l lected i n e ach l oca l ity a re v ery s im i lar , a lt hough t he t h ickness o f r ema ins d iffers, e spec ia l ly w ith p rox im ity t o s lopes. N o c luster ing o f c u ltura l d ebr is was n oted e xcept, p erhaps, o n M -I-2, but a l l a reas h ad b een r epea ted ly p lowed . The e x istence o f l arge n umbers o f t ombs o f d ifferent t ypes s uggests t ha t t here may h ave b een s evera l s oc ia l a nd t empora l c omponents t o t h is v ery l arge s i te . S herds o bserved o n t he s ide wa l ls o f l ooted t ombs a nd i n t he f i l l o f t he c a jön M -I-4 s uggest t hat t he c emeter ies w ere c oterm inous w ith t he h ab itat ion a reas . The bu lk o f t he s herds f ound p erta in t o t he M idd le C auca C omp lex, a l though i t s eems p robab le t hat t here was a sma l l C a ldas c omponent a s we l l .

M -LP-1 The f in c a L a P er la i s o n t he s ame s ide o f t he r idge a s E l C ap itol io but s ome 5 -6km c loser t o Montenegro ( F igure 2 ). Th is a rea i s s teep ly s lop ing w ith a n umber o f f l att ish s purs j utt ing o ut f rom t he r idge; a t t he b ase i s t he f l ood p la in o f t he Ho E spe jo . A t L a P er la , h owever , t here i s a sma l l , d eep c reek a t t he v ery f oot o f t he r idge . Th is s eparates t he s lope f rom t he h igher , t erraced f l ood p la in o f t he r iver . Most o f L a P er la was p lanted i n f u l ly g rown c offee a nd f ru i t p lantat i ons a nd t he l and was d ense ly c overed w ith v egetat ion . Many t ombs h ave b een f ound o n t h is l andho ld ing , most o f t hem were l ocated o n t he t ops o f t he h i l ls o r t he s purs. These a re t he a reas wh ich h ave t he most e v idence o f s ett lement a s we l l . M -LP-1 i s a v ery s teep ly s lop ing f i e ld wh ich h ad j ust b een p lowed . There were t he r ema ins o f t wo l ooted t ombs o n t he t op o f t he h i l l a nd o ne a t t he f oot. Most o f t he c u ltura l mater ia l was f ound o n af l a t a rea a pprox imate ly 2 /3 o f t he 8 3

way d own t he s lope . H ere t here was a t h in t o m ed ium s herd s cat ter , f i re-cracked r ock , r ema ins o f g r ind ing s tones a nd l i th ic d ebr is . The s herds a nd o ther mater ia ls c lustered i n a manner t hat s uggests g roups o f h ouses l ocated f a ir ly c lose t ogether o n t he m ore l eve l b its o f l and . L ith ics On ly a s ma l l s amp le o f g r ind ing s tones w as c o l lected . Th is c ons isted o f a s ing le m etate f ragment a nd 2 manos, o ut o f t he many a va i lab le . Th is s i te h ad a l arge amount o f g round s tone o n t he s urface a nd we c o l lected a b roken b asa lt c h ise l , a b roken t uff (?) c h ise l , a p ol ished c e l t t hat h ad b roken a nd s ubsequent ly b een m od if ied i nto a c hopper , a nd t he e nd s ect ion o f a c e lt o f s tr iated s tone . F if ty-one g reens t one f l akes, many w ith u se w ear marks a nd 4 w i th c lear e v idence o f r et ouch ing , were f ound a long w ith 4 smal c hoppers o f t he s ame s tone a nd 4 wh i te q uar tz ite f l akes ( F igure 7 6). C eram ics A l l t he c eram ics f rom t h is s i te w ere v ery e roded a nd c lass if icat ion was e xtreme ly d iff icu l t a s p aste, t h ickness a nd g enera l f orm among t he v ar ious f ine , s em i-f ine a nd u t il i tar ian wares o ver lap c ons iderab ly . F ine ware : Twe lve f ragmentary r ing b ases, a l l r ed, 8 r ed c up r ims, 2 0 r ed c up/bow l b ody s herds, 2 r ed a nd wh i te r ims, 7 r ed a nd wh ite b ody s herds — a l l f rom c ups — 6 r ed a nd 2 r ed a nd wh ite amphora s herds, 6 r im s herds f rom a n u nusua l c up w i th a p ronounced o utcuri ng r im ( there i s a sma l l o l la t ha t i s s im i lar i n f orm a nd t hese s herds — a l l f rom d ifferent v esse ls — c ou ld b e f rom t h is s hape a s w e l l), 1 r ed o utwards f l ar ing r im f rom a f ine j ar , 9 s herds o f p uncta te a nd r es ist c ups a nd a b ody s herd f rom a n u nknown s hape w ith a n i nc ised l adder-l ike d es ign were c o l lected . One o f t he c up s herds h ad p res erved o n t he e xter ior t he f ine mu lt ip le r es ist b lack l i nes t ha t a re t yp ica l o f C lass ic C a ldas d ecorat ion . U t il i ty ware : Twenty-one s herds wh ich were t oo e roded f or s ecure a ttr ibut ion b ut wh ich s eem t o b e f rom s ar tenes o r S lurry Ware v esse ls were c o l lected a long w ith 3 5 s ar ten s herds — a l l w ith r ed r ims a nd 7 w ith wh ite i nter iors — 2 p ieces o f i nc ised a nd a ppl iqué f i l let d ecora ted v esse ls w ith r ounded b od ies a nd 7 i nc ised b ody s herds o f v ar ious f orms . F our p unched r im s herds a nd 2 8 d ecorated ( red p a inted, g rooved , p e l let a dornos) r ims f rom v ar ious t ypes o f u t i l ity v esse ls w ere a lso f ound . P la in u t il i ty ware i s r epresented by 1 48 s herds f rom r ims , n ecks, b ases a nd b od ies o f v esse ls . On ly t hose s herds wh ich w ere l arge e nough t hat t hey c lear ly i nd ica ted t he s hape o f a v esse l o r v esse l p ar t w ere c ol lected . Most o f t he p la in u t il i ty ware s herds were f rom l arge j ars a nd/or o l las w ith g lobu lar b od ies a nd s l igh t ly f l at tened b ases. A sma l l p ercentage o f t hese l arge, p la in v esse ls s howed a l i tt le d ecorat ion , u sua l ly i n t he f orm o f a s ha l low g roove o r s ome punched c irc les o n t he r im . Many a lso a pparent ly h ad r ed s l ip o n t he r im a nd a t h in r ed wash ( made f rom a s l ip wh ich was v ery wa tered d own) o n t he u pper e xter ior p or t ion o f t he v esse l ( F igures 7 7, 7 8 a nd 9 5). C eram ic a rt ifacts a nd o dd it ies C eram ic a rt ifacts i nc luded 2 s p ind le whor ls o f t he o rd inary c on ica l f orm a nd d ecora ted w i th i nc ised p a tterns f i l led w ith wh ite p igment . A lso c o l lected was a s ma l l r im s herd w i th s ha l low v ert ica l i nc is ions a nd af l ange f rom a n u nusua l v esse l o f unknown t ype . An a rrow-shaped a dorno , p robab ly f rom a s ar t& i, a s ma l l s em i-c ircu lar s herd wh ich a ppeared t o b e e i ther a n e ar s poo l f rom a f ace n eck j ar o r , p erhaps, 8 4

p art o f a sma l l h and le f rom a n o l la r im , a nd a y e l low ish s herd w ith f inger i mpress ions f rom s ome m ode led v esse l ( F igure 7 7). D iscuss ion The mater ia ls f ound a t M -LP-1 a re t yp ica l o f h ab itat ion r efuse a nd t he c luster ing o f t h is r efuse s uggests t hat t he o r ig ina l s i te h ad n umerous sma l l h ouses. M ater ia l f rom t he M idd le C auca C omp lex was most a bundant , but t here were s ome p ieces c o l lected wh ich s trong ly s ugg est t hat t here was a sma l ler C a ldas o ccupat ion o f t he s i te a rea a s w e l l .

M -LP-2 Th is s i te was l oca ted i n ac offee a nd p lanta in f i e ld t o t he n or theast o f t he f inca b u i ld ings a t t he s ame g enera l a l t itude a s M -LP-1. We d id n ot c o l lect a s f ar a s t he b ottom o f t he h i l l h ere , h owever . The a rea s urveyed was w ith in a l arge f l at a rea a bout m id-way d own t he h i l l s lope . Th is was s eparated f rom M -LP-1 by a d eep, f a ir ly l arge q uebrada . A n umber o f l ooted t ombs were c lear ly v is ib le w ith in t h is a rea . The s i te was r ecogn izab le by a m ed ium d ense s urface s catter o f a rt ifacts, i nc lud ing s omewha t more t han t he u sua l amount o f f irec racked r ock . L ith ics N ine g reenstone f l akes, were c o l lected .

a l l a pparent ly n on-ut il ized c h ipp ing d eb itage,

C eram ics F ine ware : Two r ing b ases, 4 r ims — 3 r ed, 1 r ed a nd wh ite — a nd 1 6 b ody s herds — 8 r ed, 8 r ed a nd wh ite — a l l f rom c ups o r b ow ls were f ound . S em i-f ine ware c ons isted o f 1 s herd o f a b rown i nc ised c up w i th a c ross h a tched d es ign . U t i l ity ware : S even s ar t& I s herds — o ne w ith a l ump a dorno — 7 p ieces o f S lurry W are, 1 b ody s herd f rom a n o pen v esse l w ith i nc ised d ecorat ion, 7 s herds f rom o l las w ith i nc ised d ecorat ion ( 4 o f wh ich must h ave b een q u ite o pen f orms a s t he i nter iors were s l ipped r ed a nd burn ished), a nd 1 3 o ther b ody s herds f rom s ar tenes o r S lurry Ware w ithout f urther d ecorat ion, b ut w ith s l ipped a nd burn ished i nter iors, w ere c o l lected . P la in u t i l ity wares were r epresented by 5 2 s herds f rom l arge p la in o l las a nd j ars. There was a g reat v ar iety o f r im a nd b ody f orms r epresented . D iscuss ion M -LP-2 a ppears t o b e a h ab itat ion s i te whose ma in o ccupat ion p erta ins t o t he M idd le C auca C omp lex .

M -LP-3 Th is was a v ery s ma l l c o l lect ion made a long t he s econd t errace o f t he r io E spe jo o n t he o ppos ite s ide o f t he r iver f rom t he f in c a L a P er la . The v egetat ion h ere was e xtreme ly d ense a nd t hese p ieces w ere c o ll ected where t hey w ere e rod ing o ut o f t he b ank o f t he r iver . The l ens o f c u ltura l d ebr is was l ocated a t a d epth o f a pprox imate ly 3 0cm b e low m odern g round s urface . On ly o ne e nd o f t he l ens was v is ib le; t he o ther b e ing o bscured by v egetat ion . 8 5

r

F igure 7 5 M -I-3: P rof i les o f a nnu lar b ases f rom c ups o r b ow ls, r es ist a nd punctate d ecorated c ups, r es ist d ecorated c up o r v ase f ragments a nd a n e laborate ly d ecorated o pen u t i l itar ian v esse l .

D h i

F igure 7 6 M -LP-1: Ground s tone c h ise ls a nd c e lts; t hree o f t hese h ave b een b roken a nd r eused i n t he f i re . 8 6

% k t e l t i n i i F igure 7 7 M-LP-1: F ine ware r im a nd a nnu lar b ase p rof i les, a n a dorno , r ed punctate a nd r es ist p a inted wares, b rown i nc ised s em if ine ware, a nd a s p ind le whor l .

F igure 7 8 M -LP-1: R im p rof i les o f u t i l ity wares, a h and le f rom a l arge j ar , ad ecorated r im a nd a s ar i-& " t s herd .

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C eram ics F ine ware : A r im s herd f rom a d ark h ued c up a nd 1 b ody s herd o f a r ed c up w ere t he o n ly p ieces o f f ine ware c o l lected . U t il i ty ware : A p iece o f t he n eck o f a c ompos ite s i lhouette o l la ( not a s ar tgn) a nd 7 b ody s herds f rom l arge p la in v esse ls w ere c o l lected . D iscuss ion I t a ppears f rom t h is c o l lect ion t ha t t he L a P er la s i tes c ont inue o n b oth s ides o f t he r iver , a s m ight b e e xpected ( the r iver h ere i s sma l l a nd more l i ke a c reek). The c emeter ies a lso c ont inue o n b oth s ides o f t he r iver , t o j udge f rom t he number o f l ooted t ombs v is ib le i n c learer a reas .

M -LP-4 Th is s i te was c o l lected by t he s tudent c rew who t ook v ery s canty n otes. I t was f ound l ocated p ara l le l t o t he r oad , s eparated by a q uebrada f rom t he r est o f L a P er la . A lso o n t he r idge s lopes a bove t he r io E spe jo , t h is s i te was f ound a s a s ca t ter o f s herds a nd l i th ics o n t he s econd a nd t h ird t erraces i n a n a rea p lanted t o c offee a nd p lanta in . S even l ooted t ombs w ere n oted o n t he r idge t op d irect ly a bove t h is s i te . A c er ta in amount o f f i re-cracked r ock was v is ib le o n t he s i te s urface a s was a s ing le l arge m eta te . The who le a rea was q u i te o vergrown a nd o n ly a sma l l c o l lect ion w as made . L ith ics Two c hoppers, a f lake a nd a c h ip f rom a p ol ished s tone c e lt were c o l lected . One o f t he c hoppers was o f a n u nusua l wh i t ish s tone; a l l o thers w ere o f g reenstone . C eram ics F ine ware : Th is was q u ite a bundant ( even t hough c o l lected p referent i a l ly ). A s er ies o f c up s herds i nc lud ing a r ing b ase, 1 3 r ed a nd 2 r ed a nd wh i te b ody s herds, 1 r im t ab a nd 3 o rd inary u pr ight r ims were f ound . An unusua l f ind was 7 b ody s herds, p robab ly a l l f rom t he s ame c up , o f a v ery f ine r ed ware w i th h eavy e xter ior c arbon d epos i ts . Amphora f ragments i nc luded 2 r ed a nd 1 r ed a nd wh ite r ims, 3 r ed a nd wh ite s hou lders, 2 wh ite s hou lders, a n af ragment o f t he l ower b ody o f o ne o f t hese v esse ls. S em i-f ine ware was r epresente d by a sma l l p iece o f j ar n eck w i th e xter ior c arbon d epos its a nd a p iece o f a n i ncensar io w ith s ha l low i mpressed g rooves . U t il i ty ware : These were a bundant a l though t he s tudent c rew c o l lected o n ly a s ma l l s amp le . Th is i nc luded 2 p ieces o f S lurry Ware, 3 s ar t M r ims , at ecoma te r im , 3o l la o r j ar r ims a nd 1 0 b ody s herds o f o l las o r j ars. One o f t hese l a tter was v ery t h ick a nd h ad a wh ite p aste . A l l o f t he j ar/o l la s herds h ad e xter ior c arbon d epos i ts. D iscuss ion Th is c o l lect ion was s omewhat unusua l i n i t s p ercentage o f f ine wares . H owever , t h is i s p robab ly e xp la ined by t he f act t ha t t he Un ivers ity o f C a lgary s tudents, unused t o c eram ics-bear ing s i tes, h ad t o b e c ont inu a l ly u rged t o c o l lect u ndecora ted p ieces a nd d id n ot d o s o when u nsuperv ised . O therw ise t he ma ter ia l a ppears n orma l f or a h ab ita t ion s i te w ith a ma in M idd le C auca c omponent a nd a s ma l l C a ldas o ne .

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M -LP-5 The f inca L a P er la b e longed t o d escendants o f Lu is Arango C ano, s ome o f whom o ccas iona l ly p art ic ipated i n t he o pen ing o f a t ombs f ound o n f am i ly l ands. We w ere p resent a t t he o pen ing o f o ne t ombs o n t h is p roperty , a mono w i th a n arrow c ircu lar s haf t s ome 1 .5m d eep w ith a s ma l l s em i-c ircu lar s ide c hamber . N o s ke leta l r ema ins were uncovered a nd t he s o le o ffer ing was a ( fragmentary) sma l l u t il i tar ian v esse l w ith a c on ica l b ody a nd n arrow s hou lder ( F igure 9 5). L a P er la was e v ident ly t he s i te o f a v ery l arge c emetery a nd l i tera l ly h undreds o f t ombs h ad b een o pened t here . These t ombs were c lustered s o c lose t o e ach o ther t hat wa lk ing i n t he c offee f i e lds was d angerous b ecause o f t he n umber o f o pen s hafts ( of ten o bscured by t he h eavy v egetat i on), s lumpedin p its f i l led w ith s of t d ir t e tc . ( F igure 1 32). No f orma l r ecords h ad b een k ept o f a ny o f t hese t ombs ' c ontents, but mater ia l i n p r ivate c o l lect ions r el iab ly s a id t o c ome f rom t he L a P er la c emeter ies i nc ludes b oth M idd le C auca a nd C a ldas r e lated mater ia ls. Th is s ubstant iates t he e v idence o f t he h ab itat ions s i tes, t hat t he p roducers o f b oth ma jor c eram ics c omp lex h ad o ccup ied t he a rea . Once more t he c emetery s eemed t o h ave b een p ar t o f a h ab itat ion s i te a s s herds were v is ib le i n t he s haf t c ut o f M -LP-5 a nd a round i t o n t he g round s urface where t h is was c leared . No c o l lect ion was made o f t hese mater ia ls.

M -M I-1 The f inca M i lan i s l ocated o n t he o ppos ite s ide o f t he r idge f rom L a P er la a bout h a lfway b etween L a P er la a nd Montenegro o n t he Monteneg ro-Pueb lo Tapado r oad ( F igure 2 ). The a rea s urveyed c ons isted o n as er ies o f n ew ly p lanted c offee a nd b ean f i e lds t o t he b ack a nd s ides o f t he f inca bu i ld ings . M -M I-1 i s a s teep s lop ing f i e ld a nd n arrow v a l ley b eh ind t he ma in h ouse . The t op o f t he h i l l h ere was d ense ly c overed w ith we l l-grown c offee p lanta t ion was c ou ld n ot b e s urveyed . The s i te was v is ib le a s at h in s herd s ca tter a nd s ome l i th ics a nd f irec racked r ock. Most o f t h is mater ia l a ppears t o h ave e roded f rom t he t op o f t he s lope where t he a rt ifactua l mater ia l was o bserved t o g et s tead i ly t h icker unt i l i t d isappeared u nder t he c offee t rees a nd b rush . L ith ics Two b ur ins — a n u nusua l f orm i n Qu ind io — a nd 1 wh ite quartz ite f lake w ere c o l lected .

,9 g reenstone

f l akes

C eram ics F ine ware : Th is w as f a ir ly a bundant , most o f t he mater ia l c o l lected was f rom c ups o r b ow ls a nd i nc luded 1 wh ite a nd 2 r ed r ing b ases, 2 r ed a nd wh ite r ims, 9 r ed a nd 2 wh ite b ody s herds, 2 s herds o f punctate d ecorated c ups — o ne w ith a wh ite i nter ior — a nd 1 wh ite amphora s hou lder . U t il i ty wares: A lso a bundant t hese i nc luded 4 s ar t& L s herds, 4 f ragments o f S lurry Ware, 6 o l la s hou lders w ith v er t ica l i nc ised l i nes ( 4 o f t hese h ad a wh ite p aste), 8 s herds f rom o l las d ecorated w ith a pp l ique t i cked f i l lets, a nd 2 3 b ody s herds f rom s ar tenes o r S lurry Ware, 1 0 w ith r ed s l ipped i nter iors. P la in u t il i ty wares i nc luded 1 08 s herds f rom l arge c oarse v esse ls, t he m a jor ity a pparent ly j ars. F if teen o f t hese s herds h ad h eavy c arbon d epos its o n t he e xter ior . On ly 2 g rooved r ims were f ound; o ne o f t hese h ad a f rog a dorno . A 8 9

c arbon ized h and le , 5 sma l ler j ar n ecks ( 1 w ith c arbon d epos its o n i t ), a nd a l arge b ody s herd w ith a v ery h eavy m icaceous s and t emper w ere c o l lected a long w i th 1 6 m isce l laneous r ims ( 1 w ith wh ite p aste) a nd 2 r ed r ims . The r ims p er ta ined t o a n umber o f d ifferent v esse ls f orms, m any o f t hese a pparent ly were o pen v esse ls o r l ow n ecked o l las ( F igure 7 9). D iscuss ion Th is s i te a ppears t o r epresent t he r ema ins o f a M idd le C auca v i l lage . N o c luster ing o f a r t ifacts was n ot iced o n t he s teep p lowed s lopes a nd i t s eems e v ident t hat t he ma jor s ett lement a rea was o n t op o f t he h i l l .

M -M I-2 Th is s i te was l oca ted i n t he f i e ld t o t he s outh o f M -M I-1. A h i l l top a rea i t h ad r ecent ly b een p lanted t o c offee . A d ense s herd s ca tter w i th q uant it ies o f f i re-cracked r ock a nd b roken l i th ics was n oted . A s ma l l q uebrada c onta in ing a p ermanent s tream i s l ocated a s hor t d ist ance f rom t he ma in a r t ifact s catter . L i th ics These i nc luded h a lf o f a g ran ite mano , a r ound p ol ish ing p ebb le , a l arge g round s tone c e l t, a nd 2 0 f l akes . One o f t hese l a tter was f ormed f rom a b roken mano a nd h ad c ons iderab le u se w ear . C eram ics F ine ware : Two r ing b ases, 2 r ed r ims ‚ 18 r ed b ody s herds, 3 r ed a nd wh i te r ims, 5 r ed a nd wh ite b ody s herds, a nd 2 f ragments o f punc ta te d ecorated p ieces a re a pparent ly t he r ema ins o f c ups a nd b ow ls . One o f t he r ed s herds h ad a s ing le r ow o f l arge c ircu lar p unctat ions , a c ommon f ea ture o f " sem i-f ine" l arger c ups . Another h ad a r ow o f h a lf c irc le puncta t ions. Two wh ite amphora s hou lders were f ound . U t il i ty ware : These wares were a bundant a t t h is s i te . F ive p ieces o f s ar t& i, 3 S lurry Ware r ims ( 2 p a inted wh i te o n b oth s urface a nd 1 p a inted r ed o n b oth s urfaces) a nd 2 S lurry Ware b od ies, o ne w i th e laborate d ecorat ion a nd a n a dorno .T en f ragments o f a ppl iqué t i cked f i l let d ecora ted o l las, 4 g rooved r ims a nd 1 6 b ody s herds ( 5 w ith wh ite i nter iors, t he r est r ed s l ipped) f ormed t he c o l lect ion o f d ecorate d u t il i ty wares. P la in u t il i ty p ieces i nc luded 2 3 s herds f rom l arge p la in j ars; 6 o f t hese h ad c arbon d epos i ts o n t he e xter ior . Two h and les, a l arge o ne f rom a n o uts ized v esse l a nd a sma l l o ne f rom a n o l la , 2j ar n ecks a nd 1 1 r ims — 2 g rooved — a nd a v ery l arge s herd w i th a f i l let o r f l ange b roken o ff c omp leted t he c o l lec t ions ( F igure 8 0) . C eram ic a r t ifacts a nd o dd it ies One s p ind le whor l w i th r ed s l ip a nd i nc ised d ecorat ion was f ound . Unusua l o b jects l oca ted i nc lude a l arge o range b ody s herd w ith a l arge a ppl iqué c irc le , a pparent ly t he n ose r ing o f a f ace n eck j ar o r o l la , a g rooved r ed r im w ith a pp l iqué p e l lets, a nother g rooved r im w i th a r ed e xter ior , wh ite i nter ior , a nd d eep c ircu lar i mpress ions, a nd a s herd w i th a g ouged p a ttern a t t he n eck-body j o in . A l l o f t hese s eem t o c ome f rom l ess c ommon f orms o f d ecorated u t i l ity wares ( F igure 8 0).

9 0

F igure 7 9 M 1 V 1 i-1: A l arge u t il i ty ware h and le, S lurry Ware a nd o ther d ecorated u t il i ty f orms, a f ragment o f ar ed punctate c up a nd t wo b ur ins.

11u F igure 8 0 M -M i-2: A l arge c ircu lar a dorn° , ar im f rom a punctate d ecorated sma l l s em i-f ine v esse l, a s p ind le whor l, S lurry Ware , a nd t wo r es ist p a inted c ups. 9 1

D iscuss ion M -M I-2 a ppears t o b e t he r ema ins o f a l arge M idd le C auca s e tt lement . The o n ly unusua l f eature i s t he r e lat ive ly l arge n umber o f u nusua l d ecora ted u t il i ty wares .

M -ST-1 The f inca S anta T eresa l i es a bout 2 km d own t he r oad f rom M i lan o n t he r oad t o Montenegro ( F igure 2 ). H ere a h uge n ew ly p lowed f i e ld was n o ted a nd i mmed ia te ly i nvest igated . Th is f i e ld i s f l att ish o n t op w ith a marked s add le a nd a p o int o n t he s ide o ppos i te t he r oad . A m odera te t o h eavy a rt ifact s catter i nc lud ing q uant it ies o f f i re-cracked r ock was n oted . Cu ltura l mater ia ls d isappeared i n t he d ip o f t he s add le a nd r esumed , n ot a s d ense ly , o n t he p o int . Art ifac ts d isapp eared under h eavy c offee p lant ings o n o ne s ide . There i s a p erman ent s tream a t t he s ide o f t he s i te . L ith ics A n umber o f manos were s een a nd 2 c o l lected . Two c hoppers, 2 0 g reenstone f l akes, a nd 1 wh ite q uar tz ite b lade w ith r etouch ing were c o l lected). C eram ics F ine ware : Th is w as f a ir ly c ommon . E ight r ing b ases , 8 w ith v ery b r igh t r ed s l ip , w ere f ound a long w ith 5 6 r im a nd b ody s herds . O f t hese 4 r epresented t he r ema ins o f puncta te c ups, 2 3 w ere p la in r ed , 2 8 r ed a nd wh ite a nd 1 wh ite . R es ist p a int ing was p reserved o n 2 s herds, b oth t yp ica l C a ldas c ups . A b roken b utton a dorno a nd a s ma l l r ed t ab r im a lso w ere f rom c ups. Three amphora r ims a nd 6 r ed a nd 5 wh ite s herds f rom s hou lders a nd b od ies o f amphoras were f ound . A r im a nd 1 b ody s herd f rom i ncensar ios c omp leted t he f ine a nd s em i-f ine ware c o l lect ion . U t il i ty ware : Th is was a lso a bundant . E igh t s ar t& I s herds a nd 1 8 S lurry Ware s herds — a lmost a l l f rom v er t ica l s ided b ow ls — were f ound a long w ith 2 7 r ims a nd b od ies f rom e i ther S lurry Ware b ow ls o r s ar tenes . A l l h ad s l ipped i nter iors a nd 1 9 h ad c arbon ized e xter iors a s we l l — t h is l a tter i s q u i te t yp ica l o f s ar tenes . Twenty sma l l f lari ng r ims, p robab ly f rom d ecorated o l las, w ere f ound a s were 5 2 r ims o f v ar ious u t i l itar ian f orms . One r im a nd 1 b ody s herd o f a n o l la w ith a ppl iqué t i cked f i l let d ecora t ion , 1 1 s herds f rom i nc ised o l las o r b ow ls, a nd 9 i nc ised o l la s herds c omp leted t he d ecora ted u t il i ty ware c o l lec t ion . P la iner u t il i tar ian v esse ls w ere r epresented by a f l at e verted r im w ith d eep c ircu lar i mpress ions, 1 5 f l ar ing r ims, 9 sma l l e ver ted r ims ( 4 o f t hese w ere g rooved), 1 6 s im i lar , b ut l arger , r ims, 9t h ickened r ims, a r ed a nd wh ite d eep ly g rooved r im , 7m isce l laneous r ims ( 1 w ith a r ed a nd wh ite f i l let b e low i t ), 4 h and les, 3 7 b ody s herds a nd 2 b ases . Most o f t hese a ppear t o h ave b een t he r ema ins o f o l las a l though t he b ases b e longed t o l arge j ars ( F igure 8 1). C eram ic a r t ifacts a nd o dd it ies Three p ieces o f i nc ised s p ind le whor ls were f ound , a s was a f i red c lay l ump — unf in ished a nd i rregu lar — a b ase f rom a d ark t an " f lower p ot", a nd a l arge d imp led s herd . D iscuss ion The S anta T eresa s i te a ppears t o h ave b oth M idd le C auca a nd 9 2

C a ldas

I F igure 8 1 M -ST-1: S lurry Ware a nd d ecorated u t i l ity ware s herds a nd ap iece o f r es ist p a inted s tr iped c eram ic f rom a c up(?) ; r im p rof i les o f d ecorated u t il i ty f orms.

9 3

c omponents. There was q u ite a l o t o f f ine ware w i th a s l igh t ly d iffere nt d istr ibut ion o f f orms t han i s u sua l o n M idd le C auca s i tes . V ery l i tt le punctate d ecora ted p ottery was f ound , b ut t here was a n unusua l amount o f r ed a nd wh ite p a inted wares . The r ema ins o f t wo C a ldas c ups a nd t wo i ncensar ios s how c lear ly t ha t t here was a C a ldas c ompon ent , but m ater ia l c lear ly a ttr ibutab le t o t he c omp lex was s can ty a s c ompared t o M idd le C auca ma ter ia l . Bo th M idd le C auca a nd C a ldas t ombs h ave b een o pened i n t h is v ic in ity .

CALARCA

The mun ic ip io o f C a larcä i s l ocated t o t he e ast o f Armen ia i n a n a rea o f e xtreme ly b roken h i l ly c ountry t yp ica l o f much o f Qu ind io ( F igure 2 ). Th is a rea s uppor ts a d ense p opu lat ion a nd much o f t he a rea was, a t t he t ime o f o ur s urvey , g iven o ver t o t he c u lt ivat ion o f c offee a nd p lanta ins. A l though Arango m ent ions s pec if ica l ly o n ly a f ew t ombs t ha t h e e xcava ted i n C a larcä , h is f amous c emetery o f E l D ragön , f rom wh ich h e r emoved q uant i t ies o f e laborate g o ld a r t ifacts i n an umber o f s ty les, was l ocated i n t h is mun ic ip io . One v is i t was made t o C a larcä a nd a s ing le s i te was l ocated d ur ing t h is v is it .

CAL-FB-1 Th is s i te was l ocated i n t he f inca Bol ivar i n t he v ereda B arce lona o f C a larcä . The s i te i s l oca ted o n t he t op a nd s lopes o f al ow h i l l o verl ook ing a s ma l l q uebrada wh ich c onta ins a p ermanent s pr ing-fed s tream . Th is h il h ad b een p lowed t he w eek b efore o ur a rr iva l a nd was c omp lete ly f ree o f v egetat ion o n t he c rest a nd upper s lopes. The s i te a ppeared a s a h eavy s ca tter o f s herds, l i th ics a nd f i re-cracked r ock s pread o ver t he e nt ire h il a nd d isappear ing w ithout d im inut ion i nto t he s urround ing c offee p lanta t ions . Cu l tura l d ebr is a ppeared t o c ont inue a cross t he r oad a t t he b ase o f t he h i l l where i t a ppeared i n t he r oad c ut a nd i n e roded p atches i n t he p asture wh ich c overed t h is a rea . The a rea wh ich was c arefu l ly i nspected c overed a pprox ima te ly 1 50x300m . W ith in t h is a rea , e xcept f or a n arrow , s teep s lope d es cend ing t o t he s tream , l i v ing d ebr is was e ven ly s cattered . L oca l i nhab itants s a id t ha t m any c emeter ies h ad b een l ooted i n t he i mmed iate v ic in ity . L ith ics A s ma l l s amp le o f t he a bundant l i th ics o n t he s i te was c o l lec ted . These i nc luded a n o va l m ano , 2b ur in-l ike f l akes, 9 g reenstone f l akes, 2 l arge g rey c hert l umps wh ich s eemed t o b e b ad ly b a ttered c ores, a nd 2 g round s late t oo ls ( F igure 8 2). C eram ics F ine ware : Th is i s r epresented by 4 r ing b ases, 5 amphora n ecks — 1 r ed , 1 wh ite , 3r ed a nd wh ite — 3 1 f ragments o f amphora b od ies a nd s hou lders — 1 6 r ed , 1 2 wh ite,3 r ed a nd wh ite — 4 0 b ody s herds f rom c ups o r b ow ls, m ost ly r ed a nd wh ite, a nd 5 s herds o f p unctate d ecor ated c ups. U t il i ty wares : These w ere a lso c ommon . D ecora ted u t il i ty f orms i nc luded 2 0 s herds f rom s ar tenes , 1 1 p ieces o f S lurry Ware , a nd 1 5 9 4

f ragments o f o l las w ith v er t ica l i nc ised d ecorat ions. The S lurry Ware a nd s ar t& t f ragments s howed a bout e qua l n umbers o f r ed a nd wh ite s l ipped i nter iors. P la iner u t i l ity f orms i nc luded 6 m isce l laneous r ims, o n ly 2 o f wh ich w ere g rooved, 3 6 b ody s herds f rom j ars o r o l las, 3 j ar n ecks, 2 v ery l arge p ieces o f a h eavy t an o l la , a nd 1 9 r ims f rom o l las o r more o pen v esse ls w ith m in ima l d ecorat ion ( F igure 8 2). C eram ic a r t ifact Th is was o ne p iece f rom a t h ick i nc ised c ircu lar s p ind le whor l . D iscuss ion CAL-FB-1 i s t he r ema ins o f a l arge M idd le C auca s ett lement . No c luster ing o f a rt ifacts was o bserved, e xcept f or t he u sua l t h inner s catter o n t he s lop ing p or t ions o f t he s i te . The s i te i s unusua l i n i t s q uant ity o f d ecora ted c eram ics. These a re d ef in ite ly f rom h ab itat ion a reas, n ot g uaquero d iscards. N one o f t he t e l l-ta le d epress ions o f o ld l ooted t ombs were v is ib le w ith in t he s i te a rea a nd l oca l p eop le i nd icate d c lear ly t hat t he c emeter ies were l ocated a t s ome d istance f rom t he a rea we c o l lected . The E th ics were unusua l a s we l l a nd i nc lude t he o n ly g round s late t oo ls f ound i n o ur s urvey . The d ifferences b etween t h is a ssemb lage a nd o thers c o l lected may w e l l , h owever , b e d ue t o s ampl ing . I t i s q u i te p oss ib le t ha t w e c o l lected t he v i l lage c enter o r , p erhaps, a r icher s ector o f t he s i te . Aga in i t i s p oss ib le t hat t h is v i l lage was more p rosperous o r i t s i nhab itants, f or whatever r eason, s imp ly h ad more d ecorated p ottery a nd unusua l i mp lements t han o ther p eop le a t t he t ime d id .

SALENTO

The t own o f S a lento i s o ne o f t he o ldest i n Qu ind io , h av ing b een f ounded i n 1 843 a s a p r ison t own . L ocated i n t he n ortheastern p ar t o f t he d epartment a long t he s lopes o f t he h igher r eaches o f t he C ord i l lera C entra l, much o f t h is mun ic ip io l i es w ith in t i erra f r ia a nd i s t oo h igh a nd t oo c o ld f or c offee g row ing . The ma jor a ct iv ity t oday i s c att le g raz ing , c oup led w ith s ome market g arden ing . Most o f t he f orest t hat o r ig ina l ly c overed t he r eg ion h as b een d estroyed a nd t he a rea h as s uffered g reat ly f rom e ros ion ( F igure 6 ). L oca l p eop le c la im t hat S a lento i s n ot g ood t i erra d e g uaquer ia r e lat ive t o t he r est o f Qu ind io . Arango m ent ions o n ly o ne t omb t hat h e l ooted i n t he mun ic ip io . Th is h e n oted b ecause t he c orpse h ad a n ose r ing o f s i lvered c opper , a r ar ity i n t h is r eg ion where g o ld, g i lded o r c opper a l loy a rt ifacts a re more c ommon . F ew p ieces i n l oca l o r n at iona l c o l lect ions c an b e d ef in ite ly a ttr ibuted t o S a lento . Among t hese f ew p ieces a re l oca l v ar iants o f b oth t he M idd le C auca a nd C a ldas c omp lexes a s we l l a s what a ppear t o h ave b een i mports f rom f arther a f ie ld, p erhaps e ven f rom t he s outhern C ord i l lera O r ienta l . S evera l p ieces r eputed ly f rom S a lento t ombs s how a n ear i dent ity w ith p ieces f ound a t S an Agust in ( Nacht iga l l 1 961:144 a nd P l . 2 80). Our s urvey i n S a lento w as c onf ined t o t he v a l ley o f t he r io Qu ind io i n t he v ic in ity o f t he t own c enter o f S a lento ( F igures 2 a nd 6 ). The s urround ing h i l ls a ppear t o h ave n umbers o f a rt if ic ia l ly f l attened l edges o n t hem , l oca l ly c a l led p at ios d e l os i nd ios, b ut we w ere n ot a b le t o r each a ny o f t hese . N o r ema ins o f r idged f i e ld s ystems, d ra ins o r o ther e ar thworks were n o ted, a l though t h is i s a s hort g rass 9 5

F igure 8 2 C a l-FB-1: Ground s late t oo ls, d ecorated u t il i ty wares i nc lud ing a s ar t& i, v ar ious i nc ised d ecorated u t i l ity wares, t yp ica l r im p rof i les a nd a n unusua l i nc ised a nd punctate c up s herd .

9 6

g raz ing a rea a nd, h ad t here h ave b een c lear ly v is ib le .

b een

Upstream f rom t he t own c enter f l oodp la in), t he v a l ley i s q u ite W e s urveyed a pprox imate ly 4 km s herds o f p re-h ispan ic p ottery . t here were n umbers o f c lean c ut was v is ib le i n t hese c uts.

a ny i n

t he

v ic in ity ,

t hey

s hou ld

( wh ich i s o n t he r idge, n ot o n t he w ide w ith we l l d eve loped t errac ing . o f t h is v a l ley , but f ound o n ly 2 A lthough t he g rass c over was t h ick, b anks o n a l l t he t erraces. Noth ing

S -HM-1 The Hac ienda L as Margar itas i s l ocated b e low t he t own o n t he s ame s ide o f t he v a l ley a s t he s ett lement. Here t he r oad c ut t hrough t he s econd t errace o f t he r iver v a l ley t o a c onsiderab le d epth . We f o ll owed t he r oad c ut f or a bout 5 km , l ocat ing o n ly o ne c oncentrat ion o f s herds. Th is mater ia l was a lmost a l l f rom a s ing le v esse l a nd was f ound a t ad epth o f a pprox imate ly 3 5cm b e low modern g round s urface, c overed by a h eavy s tone . L ith ics Two g reens t one f lakes were c o l lected . C eram ics F ine ware: Two s herds o f t h in f ine ware s l ipped o n b oth s ides i n a v ery b r ight r ed c o lor were f ound . These s eem t o h ave b een p art o f a s ma l l c up a nd were f ound s l ight ly a part f rom t he ma in c luster o f s herds, j ust a t t he d epth o f t he c over ing s tone, a t t he s ame d epth a s t he o ther s herds a nd f l akes. U t i l i ty ware : The o ther s herds were a l l f rom a s ing le u t i l ity v esse l , a g lobu lar b od ied o l la w ith a l ow f l ar ing n eck . The n eck was w iped a nd s howed t he r ema ins o f at h in r ed wash . The v esse l was c rude ly m ade w ith t he s crape marks f rom smooth ing t he c o i ls s t i l l v ery v is ib le o n b oth s urfaces. P inch marks were s t i l l p resent o n t he i nter ior a nd t he e xter ior h ad a h eavy d epos it o f c arbon o f t he l ower t h ird o f t he b ody . D iscuss ion Th is s i te s eems t o b e a sma l l t rash d epos i t o f s ome s ort . No o ther h ab itat ion r ema ins w ere f ound i n t he v ic in ity a l though , s ome 2 0m u ps lope o n t he t errace, t here were t he r ema ins o f s evera l l ooted t ombs . The d epth o f t he v esse l, t he a ssoc ia ted r ed s herds a nd g reenstone f l akes, a nd t he c app ing o f h eavy s tone, s uggest t hat t h is t oo i s t he r ema ins o f a l ooted t omb. d estroyed i n c utt ing t he r oad , o r t ha t i t r epresents s ome s ort o f c ache .

S -HM-2 Th is s i te was a lso f ound o n t he s econd t errace i n t he r oad c ut . A lthough h eavy g rass o bscured most o f t he l and ( wh ich was marshy o n t he l ower t erraces), v ery l i tt le c ou ld b e f ound i n a ny c leared a reas e i ther . S evera l l ooted t ombs o n t op o f t he s econd t errace s uggest t ha t t here must h ave b een a s ett lement n earby . However , we f ound o n ly t hese i so lated l o ts o f mater ia l . S -HM-2 was f ound e rod ing o ut o f t he c ut a bout 3 5cm b e low modern g round s urface . 9 7

C eram ics F ine w are : One p iece o f a wh ite s l ipped s em i-f ine c up was f ound . U t il i ty ware : A l arge p iece o f a n u rn o r a n o l la w ith v ery w ide h or iz onta l g rooves a nd 2 s herds o f p la in u t i l itar ian v esse ls, o ne w i th i nter ior s e lf s l ipp ing a nd s ome b urn ish ing , b o th a pparent ly o l la-l ike v esse ls w ere f ound . D iscuss ion Aga in t h is s i te i s v ery c lose t o s ome l ooted t ombs, s uggest ing t ha t t here w ere a s er ies o f s ett lements a long o r j ust a bove t he s econd t errace o f t he r iver v a l ley . The p auc i ty o f mater ia l f ound i n t hese r oad c uts, c ompared w i th wha t was f ound i n o ther a reas s urveyed , i nd ica tes e i ther t hat t he p reh ispan ic o ccupat ion o f t h is a rea was s parce o r , m ore l i ke ly , t hat t here was a d ifferent s ett lement i n t h is d ifferent e nv ironmenta l z one . C erta in ly t he p at ios d e l os i nd ios , i f t hey a re t he s ame a s t hose r eported f or t he D epartment o f Va l le , i nd ica te i so la ted h ouseho lds a long t he r idge s lopes r ather t han n uc leated v i l lages a long t he r idge t ops. The c eram ics f ound i n S a lento ( and t hose i n p r ivate c o l lect ions f rom t h is a rea) a re, h owever , c omp arab le i n t ypes, i f n o t i n q uant ity , t o t hose f rom o ther Qu ind io s i tes .

CORDOBA

The mun ic ip io o f C ördoba i s l oca ted i n t he s outh-centra l Qu ind io , a lmost d ue s outh o f Armen ia , i n a h i l ly a nd s omewha t i so lated a rea ( F igure 2 ). I n 1 970 t h is r eg ion was e xper ienc ing c ons iderab le s oc ia l a nd p ol i t ica l u nrest a nd we w ere r epea ted ly warned n ot t o t ry t o c onduct a ny s urvey t here . Accord ing ly w e made o n ly s evera l v is i ts w ith f r iends a nd s urvey was c onf ined t o t wo f incas , S an D iego a nd L a S iber ia . S an D iego i s l ocated b e low t he t own c enter a bout h a lfway b etween t he t own a nd t he t urn-off f rom t he ma in r oad t o Armen ia ; L a S iber ia i s a bove t he t own s evera l km . B oth t hese f incas a re l ocated i n t he sma l l v a l ley o f t he Ho V erde a nd b o th w ere f ound t o c onta in r ema ins o f b o th c emeter ies a nd h ab itat ions s i tes . The c emeter ies a re d escr ibed b e low i n Ch . 5 .

C -LSI-2 Th is l ocal i ty w as v is ited a t t he t ime g uaqueros were e ngaged i n l oo ti ng t he c emetery . We w ere a b le , wh i le o bserv ing t he g uaqueros a nd r ecord ing i nformat ion a bout t he t ombs t o d o ab it o f l im i ted s urvey i n t he v ic in ity o f t he t ombs b e ing o pened . The t omb s haf ts s howed t ha t t hese h ad b een d ug i nto a n a rea o f h ab i ta t ion r efuse . I nspect ion o f t he s econd t errace o f t he r iver ( wh ich i s where t he b ur ia ls w ere l oca ted) s howed t hat t he e nt ire t errace a long t he v a l ley was c overed w ith a t h in l eve l o f m idden . The e qu iva lent t errace o n t he o ther s ide o f t he r iver was n ot s urveyed , b ut l oca l r es idents s a id t ha t i t t oo h ad t he r ema ins o f a c emetery a nd h ab ita t ion d ebr is. The r efuse o f C -LSI-2 t h in ly c overs t he t errace , e nd ing a t t ha t p o int a t wh ich t he f l ank ing h i l ls b ecome v ery s teep . N o a nc ient r ema ins a t a l l w ere f ound o n t he s lopes o r o n t he t op o f t he h i l ls, a l though n umbers o f t ombs h ad b een o pened i n t hese a reas a s w e l l . The m idden l ayer w as c lear ly v is ib le i n t he r oad wh ich c ut t hrough t he s urface . I t b eg ins 9 8

a bout 1 8cm b e low m odern g round s urface a nd c ont inues t o a max imum d epth o f s ome 4 0cm . M idden was a lso r evea led i n t he r egu lar ly s paced h o les d ug t o p lant p lanta ins t hat c overed t he t errace . I t was t he c lear ing o f t he c offee f i e ld t ha t h ad p rev ious ly o ccup ied t he t err ace a nd t he p low ing a nd d igg ing t o p lant p lanta ins t hat h ad l ed t o t he d iscovery o f t he c emetery . L ith ics Th is s i te c onta ined a bundant l i th ics. C o l lected a s a s amp le w ere 4 c hoppers a nd 1 3 f l akes o f g reenstone a nd a n unretouched f l ake o f q uartz ite . C eram ics F ine ware : Th is was r epresented by t he c omp lete a nnu lar b ase o f a r ed s l ipped c up, 2 s l ight ly e verted r ed c up r ims, 1 3 r ed b ody s herds f rom c ups o r b ow ls — 3 o f wh ich h ad c arbon d epos its o n t he ir e xter io rs a nd 3 w ith r es ist s tr ipes — 1 wh ite a nd 1 t an b ody s herd f rom v esse ls o f unknown f orm a nd 2 amphora s hou lders, 1 wh ite a nd o ne r ed w ith r es ist b lack p a int ing . U t i l ity ware : N o d ecorated u t il i tar ian p ieces w ere f ound . P la in wares, h owever , were a bundant a nd i nc luded 5 r im s herds f rom f l ar ing n ecked j ars, a r im s herd f rom a n o l la w ith a l ow f l ar ing n eck, 4 s l ight ly e verted r ims, a lso f rom o l las, 5 j ar n ecks, 5 b ases f rom o l las o r j ars, a nd 3 3 b ody s herds f rom j ars o r o l las. A l l o f t hese l a tter w ere p la in w ith a n o range t o t an p aste a nd a h eavy s and t emper . A l l b ut o ne o f t hese h ad c arbon d epos its o n t he e xter ior ; t he e xcept h ad c arbon d epos its o n t he i nter ior . The c o l lect ion was c omp leted by 6 j ar b ody s herds w ith a s elf s l ip . D iscuss ion The mater ia ls were c o l lected f rom t he d isturbed s urface away f rom t he o pen ings o f t he r ecent ly o pened t ombs. A l l a re t yp ica l o f m idden a ccumu lat ion a nd s eem t o b e c ontemporary w ith t he m ater ia ls f ound i n t he t ombs . These s eem t o d ate t o a phase t rans it iona l b etween M idd le C auca a nd C a ldas.

CAICEDONIA

The mun ic ip io o f C a icedon ia l i es w ith in t he modern D epar tment o f V a l le, t o t he s outhwest o f Qu ind io . The o n ly a rea s urveyed i n Va l le w as t he e xtreme n orth o f t h is mun ic ip io a long t he b orders t o t he r ios P i jao a nd L a V ie ja a round where t h is l a tter j o ins t he r io C auca . A n umber o f s i tes were l ocated i n t h is g enera l a rea .

V -CAI-PAL-1 The f inca P a lermo i s f ound a pprox imate ly 2 km f rom t he b order s ett lem ent a nd t ra in s tat ion o f E l A lumbrado ( F igure 2 ). Th is f inca o ccup ies p art o f t he s ma l l v a l ley o f t he r io P i jao wh ich h ere i s s eparated f rom t he L a V ie ja by a s ing le l ow r idge . The f inca was l arge ly c ove red w ith d ense p asture a nd f i e lds o f mature ma ize . The s urround ing h i l ls h ave a f ew l oo ted t ombs o n b oth t he t ops a nd t he s lopes. These h i l ls a lso s how a n umber o f p at ios d e l os I nd ios . These a re i dent ica l t o t hose r eported by Bray f rom t he C auca V a l ley a nd f rom t he Va l le 9 9

d e C al ima ( Bray a nd Mose ley 1 969-70 , 1 976 a nd Bray 1 980 , 1 981). H ere b oth s urvey a nd e xcavat ion h ave i dent if ied t hese " pat ios" a s p la tforms ( ar t if ic ia l ly l eve led a nd , o ccas iona l ly b u i lt-up a reas) wh ich s upported t he r ema ins o f s ing le h ouseho lds ( Bray e t a l 1 980 , 1 981, 1 983, 1 985, 1 988). These a re e spec ia l ly c harac ter ist ic o f s ett lements o f t he Yotoco Phase ( ca . 8 00-1200 A .D .), a phase wh ich i s , i n p ar t a t l east , t empora l ly e qu iva lent a nd c lose ly r e lated t o t he M idd le C auca C omp lex o f Qu ind io . A l l o f t he m ater ia ls c o l lected o n t he f inca P a lermo c ome f rom t he s urfaces o f p at ios d e l os i nd ios . C o l lect ion w as d iff icu lt b ecause o f t he e xtreme ly d ense v egetat ion a nd a r t ifacts a nd o ther c u ltura l r efuse w ere o n ly v is ib le i n e roded a reas c aused by c a tt le o r by t he r un-off o f r a in wa ter . I t s hou ld b e n oted , h owever , t hat i n a dd i t ion t o t he a r t ifacts ( wh ich w ere n ot f ound i n e roded a reas n ot o n p at ios), t hese f l a ttened a reas c onta ined s ubstant ia l amounts o f f i e ld s tone, p erhaps t he r ema ins o f h ouse f oundat ions . L ith ics These were a bundant . Three c omp lete manos, o f t he t yp ica l o vo idr ec tangu lar f orm , 5 c hoppers, a p ound ing s lab ( a f l at s lab o f s tone w ith u se w ear i n t he f orm o f marks l e f t by p ound ing o n o ne s urface), 5f l akes, a b ur in , ag ran ite c e lt a nd 4 c e lt b lanks ( ce lt f orms c h ipped i nto r ough s hape b ut n ot y et g round o r o n ly p art ia l ly g round) f ormed t he r ather u nusua l c o l lect ion f rom t h is s i te ( F igure 8 3). C eram ics F ine ware : A l l o f t he c eram ics f ound w ere v ery e roded . Three s herds f rom 3 b ow ls w ith b lack r es ist s tr ipes o n t he r ed s l ipped i nter iors w ere f ound a s was a n i nc ised a nd i mpressed b ody s herd f rom a n u nusua l o pen f orm w i th c arbon d epos its o n t he i nter ior . F our teen f ine ware b ody s herds ( a l l b ut 1 r ed) a nd a b ody s herd w i th a n a ppl ied f i l le t o f t he t ype t yp ica l o f Yotoco b ow ls p lus a s ing le r ed a nd wh i te amphora s herd f ormed t he f ine w are o n t h is s i te . U t il i ty ware : D ecorated u t il i ty ware was r epresented by 4 s ar tAn-l ike b ody s herds. P la in u t i l ity wares c o l lec ted w ere 8 b ody s herds , 4 p ieces o f d i fferent f l ar ing n ecks, a nd 1 b ody s herd o f a wh ite p aste v esse l o f u nknown f orm ( F igure 8 3). D iscuss ion Th is s i te o r g roup o f s i tes ( the c o l lec t ion was made f rom a g roup o f c ont iguous p at ios wh ich s eemed t o f orm a d ist inc t a nd c ohes ive g roup) i s r ather d i fferent f rom c o l lec t ions made e ven q u ite n earby i n Qu ind io . The c losest a ff in i t ies i n s i te a nd i n t he c eram ics a re t o b e f ound w i th t he a rea t o t he s outh a round t he t own o f Buga ( Bray a nd Mose ley 1 969-70 , 1 976). The p at io d e l os i nd ios s i te t ype may a lso b e f ound i n t he t i erra f r ia a round S a lento , b ut t he k inds o f a rt ifacts a ssoc iated w i th t hese p at ios a re n ot known . The n umber o f g round s tone t oo ls w as u nusua l a nd t he p ound ing s lab ( For c e lt m anufacture? F or b reaki ng u p r oo ts?) i s u n ique i n o ur s urvey . The c eram ics s how f ew r esemb lances t o Qu ind io , M idd le C auca o r C a ldas r ema ins a nd t o m ater ia ls o f s im i lar a ge f rom Va l le , s ave f or t he Yotoco b ow l s herd . C ont inued s urvey u p t he r idge s eparat ing t h is v a l ley f rom t ha t o f t he L a V ie ja r evea led o n ly a f ew s catters o f v ery e roded s herds, a l l o f c rude , undecora ted t ypes, a nd a f a ir n umber o f l i th ics. O f t hese a no ther mano a nd 4 m ore c hoppers w ere c o l lected . 1 00

F igure 8 3 V -Ca l-Pa l-1: " B lanks" f or t wo g round s tone c e lts, t wo c hoppers, a n u nusua l " pound ing s lab", a b ur in, t wo b lack r es ist p a inted s herds, a d ecora ted r im o f u nusua l f orm a nd t he p rof i le o f a s ma l l j ar n eck .

1 01

V -CA I-P IJ-1 The f inca P i jao i s l ocated i n land f rom t he r iver o n t he r idge o ver looki ng t he r io L a V ie ja v a l ley . H ere a n umber o f t ombs h ad b een l oo ted o n t he r idge t op i n t he m id 1 950 's . Workers o n t he f inca who h ad p ar t ic ipated i n t he l oot ing c ou ld o n ly r emember t ha t t he t ombs h ad c onta ined s ome r ed c eram ics a nd a f ew g o ld o rnaments . The ma ter ia l we c o l lected was a l l f rom a round t hese t ombs . I t i s p oss ib le t ha t t h is r epresents g uaquero d iscards, b ut i t l ooked much m ore l i ke o rd inary m idden m ater ia l . Th is, o f c ourse , m ay h ave b een t hrown u p f rom t he f i l l o f t he t omb s haf ts . L ith ics One r ounded g r ind ing s tone , a g reenstone c hopper , f l akes, a nd a s ma l l wh ite q uar tz ite f l ake w ere c o l lected .

2 g reenstone

C eram ics F ine ware : On ly 3 e roded c up f ragments a nd a v ery h eavy a nd e roded r ing b ase f rom a f oo ted c up were f ound . U t il i ty w are : F our b ody s herds f rom e roded v esse ls, p oss ib ly s ar tenes were f ound , a s was 1 l edge-shaped r im a nd 6 b ody s herds f rom e i ther d ecorated o r u ndecorated u t il i tar ian v esse ls . D iscuss ion The ma ter ia l c o l lected h ere was s im i lar , t ha t f rom t he s i te o n t he f inca P a lermo .

a s f ar a s

w e

c ou ld t e l l ,

t o

V - CA I-EAL-1 Th is s i te i s l ocated o n t he f inca L os Qu ingos, a d jacent t o t he r io P i jao , a m ed ium s ized s tream wh ich j o ins t he Ho L a V ie ja o n t h is l andho ld ing ( F igures 2 , 8 4 a nd 8 5). The L os Qu ingos s i te i s s epara te d f rom t he L a V ie ja Va l ley by t he l ow r idge o f t he s i te V - CAI-PIJ-1 where t he r ema ins o f s even l ooted t ombs h ad b een n oted ( there m ay h ave b een more , but o n ly s even w ere c lear ly v is ib le). D escend ing t he s outhern s ide o f t h is r idge o ne f inds a s ma l l s tream wh ich f l ows e ast , p ast s ome f arm bu i ld ings, t o af lat a l luv ia l a rea .H ere t he s tream h as e roded a s ma l l b ad lands whose mu lt ip le c hanne ls a nd t he g enera l e ros ion h ave b een g reat ly s peeded up by c a tt le g ather ing h ere t o d r ink t he s a lty w aters o f t he s tream . E rod ing o ut o f t he s ides o f t hese c hanne ls , a t a d epth o f c a . 8 0cm t o l m i s as tra tum o f a rchaeo log ica l m a ter ia l . O ther t han t he s tream c uts t he e nt ire a rea was c overed i n e xtreme ly t h ick g rass a nd , b ecause t he c u ltura l l eve ls w ere c ons iderab ly b e low t he m odern g round s urface h ere, i t was n o t p oss ib le t o f ind m ater ia ls a way f rom t he s ma l l b adl ands. A s f ar a s c ou ld b e t o ld t he s i te c ont inues d ownstream f or more t han 1 00m , b ut n o t a s f ar a s where t h is l i tt le s tream j o ins t he r io P i jao n or c ou ld a ny a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia ls b e s een i n t he b anks o f t he P i jao i t se lf . No a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l was v is ib le i n a ny o f t he e roded a reas o r s tream c uts o n t he u pper t erraces o f t he s tream o r r iver . L ith ics The m ost unusua l f ea ture o f t he L os amount o f l i th ic ma ter ia l e rod ing o ut 1 02

Qu ingos s i te was t he i mmense o f t he s tream c uts a nd l y ing

w ith in t he s tream b eds. These s tone t oo ls were m ixed w ith l arge q uant it ies o f s herds a nd t ru ly h uge q uant it ies o f f ire-cracked r ock, p erhaps 8 -10 t imes t he amount n oted o n o ther s i tes. Most o f t he t oo ls w ere o f g rey b asa lt , w ith a v ery s ma l l n umber b e ing made o f a c oarse y e l low ish v o lcan ic s tone . As t here were l i tera l ly h undreds o f t hese c hoppers, o n ly a r epresentat ive c o l lect ion was made . A l l w ere v ery c rude, a lthough b oth un ifac ia l a nd b ifacia l p ieces were p resent ( F igures 8 6-91). S evera l d ist inct s izes o f c hoppers w ere n oted, t he s ize r ange was t he s ame a s t hat n oted e lsewhere. A f a ir n umber o f f l akes w ere a lso p resent . No g round s tone a rt ifacts were f ound, e i ther o n t he s i te i t sel f o r w ith in t he f inca g ardens. C eram ics N o f ine ware was s een o r c o l lected . D ecorated u t il i ty : o ne s ar t& I s herd was f ound w ith a wh ite i nter ior . U t i l ity ware c o l lected c ons isted o f 3 5 b ases a nd l arge b ody s herds o f t h ick, e roded a nn luar b ase c ups a nd 2 0 l arge, e roded s herds o f e ver ted r im o l las w ith r ound b od ies. Two j ar n ecks, b ad ly e roded, w ere a lso c o l lected ( F igure 9 1). D iscuss ion The abundant c eram ics o f t h is s ite were a l l v ery b adly e roded. A lmost a l l s herds p er ta ined t o o ne o f t wo g roups — b ased o n t he p aste — o f c oarse, undecorated f orms. The ma jor ity o f v esse ls h ad a l i ght o range p aste t empered w ith c oarse s and, w ith a s ma l ler g roup o f v esse ls made o f a s of t wh ite p aste , a ga in w ith a c oarse s and t emper . Most o f t he v esse ls a ppear t o h ave b een g lobu lar j ars o r o l las w ith l ow e verted r ims. They were a l l a pprox imate ly t he s ame s ize, w ith a n e st imated v o lume o f s evera l l i ters . Most o f t hese v esse ls h ad b een u sed i n t he f ire . N o v esse ls o f t h is t ype h ave e ver b een l ocated i n t omb o ffer ings. A f ew o f t he wh ite p aste v esse ls a ppear t o h ave b een h eavy c ups w ith a l ow r ing b ase a nd a h em ispher ica l b ody . D ecorated wares were v irtua l ly a bsent a t t h is s i te a nd n one was d iagnost ic o f a ny known c eram ic , s ave f or t he o ne s art n s herd , wh ich m ight s uggest a M idd le C auca a ff i l iat ion . The c eram ic a nd l i th ic c omp lex o f t he L os Qu ingos s i te a re v ery d iff erent f rom mater ia ls f ound o n o rd inary h ab itat ion s i tes. The p repond erance o f c hoppers, f i re-cracked r ock, a nd c oarse, undecorated o l las, a l l o f a pprox imate ly t he s ame s ize a nd most o f wh ich s how s igns o f h av ing b een u sed i n t he f i re , c omb ined w ith t he f act t hat t he s tream wh ich f l ows i nto t he r io P i jao i s s a lty , s uggests t hat t h is s i te may we l l h ave b een a s a lt manufactur ing s tat ion ( Bruhns 1 976b). S a lt s pr ings a re f a ir ly c ommon i n Qu ind io, e spec ia l ly a long t he r io P i jao , i f Arango i s t o b e b el ieved ( see Append ix). P reh ispan ic s a lt m anufact ur ing p ract ices i n C o lomb ia o f ten i nvo lved b o i l ing t he s a lty water t o e vaporate t he water a nd l eave t he s a lty r es idue ( Carda le d e S chr impff 1 981); t h is wou ld a ppear t o b e what was h appen ing a t L os Qu ingos. The sma l l amount o f d omest ic r efuse f ound s uggests f ur ther t hat t here may h ave b een a sma l l v i l lage h ere, a s d oes t he e x istence o f t ombs a long t he f l ank ing r idges. A sma l l e xcavat ion o f 1 .5m 2 was p laced i n what a ppeared t o b e t he a pprox imate s i te c enter , b etween t wo e ros ion c hanne ls a nd o ne o f t he ma in e ros ion c uts was c leared s l ight ly t o t he w est o f t h is. N o i nterna l s trat igraphy was v is ib le i n e i ther t he c ut o r t he t est p it a nd t he r ema ins a ppears t o f orm a s ing le s tratum a pproxi mate ly 2 8-30 cm . i n d epth .

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F igure 8 4 V -Ca i-EA 1-1: R idge b order ing t he L os Qu ingos s i te . L u is Arango C ano l ooted s ome t en t ombs o n t his sma l l r idge a nd s evera l o thers were o pened i n t he 1 960 's.

F igure 8 5 The L os Qu ingos s a lt e xtract ion s i te. The c hoppers a nd c oarse o l la s herds a re e rod ing o ut o f t he m in iature b ad lands c aused by t he s a lt s tream . 1 04

F igures 8 6-89

F igure 9 0

Choppers f rom t he L os Qu ingos s i te .

A s tone c h ise l f rom t he L os Qu ingos s i te .

1 05

F igure 9 1 An a ssor tment o f c hoppers a nd t he o n ly d ecorated s herds f ound a t t he L os Qu ingos s i te .

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5:

T H E

EX C A V A TI O N S

Dur ing t he c ourse o f t he Qu ind io s urvey we undertook s evera l t est e xcavat ions i n a dd it ion t o t he o ne d escr ibed f or t he r io P i jao s a lt s tream s i te . I n a dd it ion t o t hese f ew t est p its, we e xcavated i n i t s t otal i ty a p reh ispan ic t omb l oca ted o n t he f inca L a P onderosa i n t he mun ic ip io o f L a T eba ida a nd w ere p resent a t t he o pen ing o f t wo o ther t ombs i n t he mun ic ip io o f C ördoba a nd t wo i n t he mun ic ip io o f Mont enegro .

M -EC-1 Th is e xcavat ion was a sma l l — 1 m2 — t est p it p laced i nto a n a ppare nt ly und isturbed p art o f t he c entra l s i te a rea . The purpose o f t h is t est p it was t o a scerta in t he d epth o f t he c u ltura l l ayer a nd t o d isc over i f t h is a nd s im i lar s i tes m ight p reserve s ome s trat igraphy i n a reas where v is ib le d isturbance f rom p low ing , t ree p lant ing , a n ima ls e tc . was n ot a s g reat . E xcavat ion p roceeded i n 1 0cm a rb itrary l eve ls a s n o c u ltura l l ayer ing was o bservab le . The t urf l ayer was c omp lete ly s ter i le a nd was s imp ly p ee led o ff . A t 0 -10cm ( be low t he t urf) t he e arth was s een t o b e t he d ark l oamy t opso i l c haracter ist ic o f t he m odern Qu ind io A h or izon . The c ontents o f t h is l eve l were t he s ame a s t he mater ia ls c o l lected o n t he s urface : 2 g reenstone f l akes a nd 8 s herds, among wh ich were 1 r ed s l ipped c up, a d ecorated o l la w ith a c ompos ite s i lhouette ( not a s ar t& I), a r ed s l ipped e verted r im w ith 4 g rooves, a nd a b ody s herd w ith 2 g rooved a nd 4 t iny punctat ions, s l ipped wh ite o n t he e xter ior , 2 t h inn ish f ragments o f c rude c ups a nd 3 h eavy s herds f rom l arge o l las o r j ars. The 2 0-30cm l eve l was s im i lar i n s o i l c ompos it ion but c onta ined more a rti factua l mater ia l . Th is i nc luded 4 unretouched f lakes a nd 1 0 s herds. One r im s herd was f rom a n o l la o r j ar , b ut t he r est w ere f rom p a inted v esse ls i nc lud ing 2 r ed a nd wh ite c ups o r b ow ls, a p iece o f a c up d ecorated w ith v ert ica l i nc is ions, 1 f ragment o f a punctate d ecorated c up, a nd a b ody s herd o f av ery l arge M idd le C auca amphor a . A t 3 0-40cm b e low t he t urf l eve l o n ly 4 s herds were e ncountered . A l l w ere f rom a v ery h eavy o l la o r j ar w ith t races o f r ed s l ip o n t he e xter ior . B e low 4 0cm t he e arth h ad n o c u ltura l c ontents . S evera l p ieces o f f i re-cracked r ock w ere f ound a t t he 4 0cm l eve l , b ut n oth ing 1 07

F igure 9 2 M -EC-1: R ecent ly p lowed f ie ld s how ing s herds i n s i tu w ith in t he p low z one .

F igure 9 3 A -LM-2: F inca L a Mar ina , Armen ia . Two s imp le u t il i tar ian o l las a nd a c e lt, s upposed ly f rom a s ing le t omb . S uch o ffer ings a re t yp ica l o f monos .

F igure 9 4 G o ld n ose o rnaments, p ins a nd d isks, c ommon o rnaments f rom Qu ind io t ombs. Un ivers ity o f Qu ind io c o l lect ion . 1 08

b e low t hese . l m .

The p it was e xcavated t o a d epth o f s l ight ly m ore t han

These e xcavat ions c onf irmed t he e v idence o f t he s urvey : t hat t he ma in M idd le C auca a nd C a ldas c u ltura l l eve ls a re l ocated b e low t he i mmed ia te modern s o i l h or izon ( except where t h is i s d isturbed by p lant ing , e ros ion e tc .) a nd f orm a r e lat ive ly t h in a nd und ifferent iated c u ltura l s tratum .

M -I-4 Wh i le s urvey ing o n t he f inca I tal ia w e were a b le t o b e p resent a t t he o pen ing o f a t omb i n a f i e ld c lose t o t he ma in f inca b u i ld ings. Th is t omb was a c a jön w i th a s haf t o n ly s ome 5 0cm i n d epth . The f i l l o f t he s haf t c onta ined v ery s canty a ddden mater ia l , c ons ist ing o f a f ew s herds o f l arge c oarse j ars o r o l las a nd a sma l l amount o f f i re-cracked r ock . A t 5 0cm i n d epth a c ap o f h uge b ou lders c h inked w ith sma l ler s tones a ppeared ( F igures 9 7 a nd 9 8). Among t he c h ink ing mater ia ls w ere f i re-cracked r ock, c hoppers a nd metates. The g uaqueros r emoved s ome o f t he s tones t o l ook f or a c hamber , but t hen n ot iced t ha t a nother o f t he ir f ratern i ty h ad p receded t hem , c om ing i n f rom t he s ide a nd r emov ing whatever t here was t o r emove . A s ment ioned a bove , t he r idge u pon wh ich t he f inca I tal ia i s l ocated i s c overed w ith t ombs. Anc ient c emeter ies a pparent ly l i ned t he r idge c rest . A l l o f t he t ombs l ooted o n t he f inca I tal ia p roper , a ccord ing t o t he g uaqueros, w ere c a jones. H owever , t h is r eg ion i s a lso s upposed t o h ave y ie lded many c ance les a nd monos . A p ass ing , p art-t ime , g uaquero , who l i ngered t o o bserve t he p roceed ings, c ommented t o t he a uthor t hat h e h ad s hor t ly b efore l ooted a t omb o n t h is f inca wh ich c onta ined a M idd le C auca p a inted c up, a n o l la , a nd a s tone p ro ject i le p o int .

T -LP-1 The t omb wh ich w e a re a b le t o e xcavate e nt ire ly by o urse lves was l ocated o n t he f inca L a P onderosa i n t he mun ic ip io o f L a T eba ida ( F igure 2 ). The t omb w as l ocated by workmen o n t he f inca a nd t he owners o f t he p roper ty o ffered u s t he o pportun ity t o e xcavate t h is u ntouched bur ia l . The t omb was l ocated i n t he c offee p lantat ion d irect ly i n b ack o f t he f inca b u i ld ings, a pprox imate ly 1 5m i nto t he d ense ly p lanted a rea . P rev ious s urvey o f p ort ions o f t he f inca h ad s hown t hat t here w ere s evera l c lusters o f a nc ient r efuse w ith in t h is c offee p lantat ion a nd i n t he a d jo in ing f i e lds. R ema ins i n t hese r efuse c lusters p erta ined t o b oth t he M idd le C auca a nd C a ldas c eram ic c omp lexes. The e x istence o f a c emetery o f s ome s ize a ssoc ia ted w ith t he h ab itat ion r efuse was a ssumed b ecause o f t he e x istence o f n umbers o f g ap ing h o les i n t he c offee p lantat ion . The w orkmen h ad l ocated t he t omb w ith a med ia c ar ta a nd h ad made a n umber o f s ound ings t o a scer ta in t he a pprox im ate s i ze o f t he s haf t o pen ing . We l ocated t hese s ound ings a nd p laced a n e xcavat ion o f 1 m2 a round t hem , c lear ing t he s o i l w ith t rowe ls ( wh ich were u sed f or t he e nt ire e xcavat ion) i n 1 0cm a rb itrary l eve ls u nt i l t he s haf t b egan t o a ppear . 1 09

TABLE 4 LOCAL NAMES FOR SOME COMMON TYPES OF PREHISPANIC TOMBS T ambor : Any t omb w ith a c ircu lar s haf t a nd a s ide b ur ia l c hamber . Th is l a tter i s g enera l ly s em i-c ircu lar , b ut m ay b e r ectangu lar . C a jön : Any t omb w ith a r ectangu lar b ur ia l s haf t . Most h ave a s ide c hamber , b ut s ome d o n ot . C a jones o f ten h ave t he b ur ia l c hamber s ea led w ith r ocks. A c uadro i s s im i lar . C ance l : A t omb l i ned w ith s tone s labs . Most a re c ist g raves w i th t he s tone b ox l ocated a t t he b ottom o r s ide o f a v ert ica l s haft. S ome , h owever , s eem t o h ave b een m ore e labora te c onstruc t ions w ith t he s labs f orm ing s imp le g ab le c e i l ings o n al arger c hamber . Mono : A s ha l low ( usua l ly l ess t han 2 m d eep) t ambor . h ave v ery s canty , i f a ny , g rave g oods.

Monos u sua l ly

B ongo : A s haf t t omb w i thout a b ur ia l c hamber . V e lero : A t omb w i th a v ery n arrow s ha f t ( l ess t han c a 5 0cm i n d iamet er ). T a jo Ab ier to : A t omb whose s ha f t i s s tepped a nd whose r ectangu lar c hamber i s , i n e ssence, t he l owest s tep , a s i t i s a s w ide a s t he s haf t . These t ombs a re r eputed t o g enera l ly h ave t he s ke leta l r ema ins v ery w e l l-preserved . M ataca r iera : A t omb w i th a l arge c hamber l i ned w ith s labs a nd t wo s haf ts, o ne l arger t han t he o ther t hrough wh ich t he s tones w ere a pparent ly l owered i nto t he c hamber . These t ombs t end t o b e w ea l thy i n m eta l a nd o ther g rave f urn i ture . D e P abe l lön: A s haf t t omb whose u pper s haf t i s n arrow , w ider a s i t d escends .

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o pen ing o ut

F igure 9 5 Vesse l f rom a l ooted mono o n t he f inca L a P er la . Th is u t il i tar ian v esse l w ith h eavy c arbon d epos its o n i t s e xter ior was t he o n ly g rave o ffer ing .

F igure 9 6 The l a te D on A le jand ro Arango , s on o f t he f amous a uthor a nd g uaquero Lu is Arango Cano , d emonstrat ing t he u se o f t he med ia c a l ia, J u ly 1 970 .

F igure 9 7 M -I-4: C a jön t omb f i l led w ith c arefu l ly p laced l arge a nd sma l l s tones.

F igure ' 9 8 D eta i l o f t he c a jön f i l l . Th is c arefu l ly c onstructed s tone c ap c overs t he a rea where t he t omb c hamber o pens o ff . 11

The f i rst 3 0cm o f t he p it c ons isted o f s o i l i nd ist ingu ishab le f rom t he r est o f t he m ixed modern t opso i l o f t he c offee p lantat ion . Th is l eve l c onta ined s ome s herds a nd l i th ics, a l l o f wh ich w ere i dent ica l t o t hose c o l lected f rom t he s urface a nd f rom d isturbed a reas i n a nd a round t he p lantat ion . B etween 5 0-55cm t he s haf t b egan t o a ppear v ery c lear ly a ga inst t he s urround ing s o i l . Th is l a tter c hanged f rom a d ark l oamy s o i l w ith a h igh v o lcan ic a sh c ontent a nd c ons iderab le c u ltura l d ebr is m ixed i n t o a y e l low , s and s o i l wh ich h ad n o c u l tura l r ema ins . The s haf t i t se lf was marked by i t s f i l l o f t opso i l m ixed w ith l umps o f t h is s andy s o i l , unm istakab le t i erra d e g uaquer ia . Th is f i l l was a lso f i l led w ith s herds, l i th ics a nd f l ecks o f c arbon . T ab le 5 s ummar izes t he c ontents o f t he f irst 5 5cm o f t he p it a nd T ab le 6 t he c ontents o f t he n ext 6 5cm o f t he s ha f t o n ly . The t omb s haf t was a pprox imate ly 8 1cm i n d iameter , r ough ly c ircu lar i n o utl ine , a nd s lanted s l ight ly , r ather t han b e ing c omp lete ly v ert ica l . I t was a lso s tepped , a f eature wh ich Arango h as m ent ioned i n c onnect ion w ith o ther t ombs i n Qu ind io ( F igure 1 01). A t 6 0cm b e low t he modern g round s urface t he s urr ound ing s o i l c hanged t o a s ter i le r ed c lay ; t he s haf t w ith i t s m ixed t opso i l a nd s ubso i l f i l l b e ing v ery d ist inc t f rom t he s urround ing matr ix . A t a pprox ima te ly 1 10cm a l ayer o f h eav i ly c arbon ized ma ter ia l wh ich l ooked l i ke t he r ema ins o f a f i re , a l though h ard p acked , a pp eared . I mmed iate ly b e low t h is, i n a ma tr ix wh ich a lso c onta ined a bundant c arbon, a s er ies o f v ery l arge s herds a ppeared ( F igure 0 00). Th is d epos it c ons isted o f t he r ema ins o f s ome 1 3 v esse ls, n one o f t hem who le , wh ich w ere f i tted t igh t ly t ogether i n a manner s uggesti ng t ha t t he ir d epos it ion was a d el ibera te a nd c arefu l a ct r ather t han t hat t hey w ere t hrown d own t he s haf t a s t h is was b e ing f i l led . Most o f t he v esse ls r epresented i n t h is d epos it a re o f u t i l itar ian t ypes ( Tab le 7 ). H owever , a lso r epresented i n t he d epos it was a s ubstant i a l p or t ion o f a C a ldas s ty le o rgan ic r es ist o n r ed s l ip p a inted c up , a n e labora te o l la w ith a n a ppl iqué f ace , a nd 2 p ieces o f i ncensar ios . The m ost u nusua l p iece i n t h is d epos it was t he b ody o f a f igur ine , s l ipped d ark r ed a nd h igh ly p ol ished . The h ead , a rms a nd g en i ta ls w ere b roken o ff , a l though t he f igure was e v ident ly a r epresentat ion o f a ma le . The s ty le was o ne o f t he n umerous v ar iants o f C a ldas f igur ines a nd h as c lose a na logues i n many f ound i n c o l lect ions o f c landest ine ly e xcava ted a rt ifacts f rom t h is a rea . F igur ines, a l though r epute d ly v ery c ommon i n t he t ombs o f Qu ind io , w ere v irtua l ly n onex istent i n h ouseho ld r efuse . The f ew s herds f rom f igur ines t ha t we f ound i n o ur s urvey w ere a l l c o l lected i n t he i mmed ia te v ic in ity o f l ooted t ombs, s uggest ing t hat t h is f orm ( and t he c lose ly r e lated f igur ine v ases o f t he M idd le C auca C omp lex) w ere s pec ia l purpose i t ems manufac tured f or f unerary u se ( F igures 9 9 a nd 1 03). O ther i t ems i n t h is d epos it i nc luded a c hopper , a p iece o f a v o lcan ic t uff mano , a nd a b roken m eta te f ragment ( F igure 1 00). A s t he e xcavat ion c ont inued b e low t he l eve l o f t h is d epos it , t he p acked s herds w ere s een t o h ave b een p laced i n t he s haf t e xact ly a t t he l eve l where t he l i ne o f t he e ntrance i nto t he t omb c hamber b egan t o a ppear i n t he s haf t s ide . The f i l l b e low t he d epos it a nd i n t he upper c hamb er o f t he t omb was t yp ica l m idden w i th o n ly v ery sma l l f ragments o f s tone a nd p o ttery i n i t ( Tab le 6 ). I t a ppears t hat o nce t he b ur ia l was m ade , t he c hamber a nd s ha f t t o t he r oof l eve l o f t he c hamber w ere f i l led . The b roken p ottery a nd s tone p ieces were t hen c arefu l ly l a id d own i n a t igh t n est a nd a f ire w as b u i l t o ver o r a round t hem . Then t he r est o f t he s haf t was f i l led i n w ith t he e ar th wh ich h ad b een r emoved when i t was d ug , t h is b e ing t n idden a nd t he s andy a nd 1 12

c layey s ubso i ls m ixed t ogether . Th is unusua l s equence o f e vents was d oubt less c onnected w ith t he f unerary o r mourn ing r i tes. F unera l r i tes wh ich i nvo lved t he r i tua l d estruct ion o f p ersona l b e long ings o f t he d eceased o r o b jects wh ich t he d ead h ad u sed i n l i fe a re o ften r i tua l ly d estroyed among c ontemporary p eop les o f t he n or thwest Amazon, o ne o f t he f ew r eg ions o f C o lomb ia i n wh ich n on-western c u ltures s urv ived s ubstant ia l ly u nchanged i nto t he 2 0th c entury . Many o f t hese p eop les w i l l bury s ome p ersona l b e long ings w ith t he b ody , d estroy ing o thers d ur ing o r j ust a f ter t he f unera l . The f act t ha t t he s herds o f t h is d epos it w ere v ery l arge, but t hat n o who le v esse ls were r epresented, s uggests p erhaps t hat c eremon ia l " k i ll ing" o f t he p ieces h ad t aken p lace . The l ayer o f h eav i ly c arbon ized e arth i nd icates t hat a f i re h ad b een k ind led among t he s herds a nd l i th ics, p erhaps t o burn p er ishab le i t ems b e long ing t o t he d ead . The c erami cs a nd l i th ics wh ich r ema in r epresent a r ather t yp ica l s amp le o f t he n on-per ishab le c u l tura l i nventory o f t he M idd le C auca a nd C a ldas p eop les, w ith u t i l itar ian a nd d ecorated p ottery a nd v ar ious s tone t oo ls b e ing r epresented . B e low t he f i re a nd a rt ifact d epos it w as more f i l l t o t he b ottom o f t he s haf t . The f l oor o f t he s haf t was c overed w ith c lean y e l low s and, w e l l s tamped d own a nd w ith s ome t iny b its o f d arker m idden g round i nto i t , p erhaps c arr ied i n o n t he f eet o f t he p eop le who f i l led t he c hamber . The s haf t s tepped i nwards, f orm ing a d oorway t o t he c hamber , a r ectangu lar c av ity s ome l m i n h e ight a t i t s h ighest p o int ( F igure 1 04). The c hamber h ad b een c ut o ut o f t he h ard r edd ish c lay w ith w ooden o r s tone t oo ls whose marks were c lear ly v is ib le o n t he wa l ls, c e i l ing a nd f l oor ( F igure 1 05). There was n o s tone s lab o r a ny v is ib le r ema ins o f a wooden, c ane o r b asketry d oor c over i n t he c hamber o pen ing , a l though t hese h ave b een r eported by Arango a nd o ther g uaqueros work ing i n Qu ind io . As c an b e s een f rom F igure 1 01, t he s haf t was s et s omewhat o b l ique ly t o t he c hamber o f t he t omb. The c hamber measured a pprox imate ly 1 .40m i n l eng th . The l eft wa l l ( enter ing t he c hamber f rom t he s haf t) was s ome .7 0cm a nd t he r ight wa l l .7 2cm i n l eng th . The c hamber p roved t o h ave t hree n iches i n t he wa l ls, t wo o n t he s ide o ppos ite t he d oor n ext t o e ach c orner , o ne i n t he s ame wa l l a s t he d oorway , a ga in n ext t o t he c orner . The n iches were empty . The wa l ls o f t he r ectangu lar c hamber were more o r l ess v ert ica l, s lop ing g ent ly i nto t he r ounded c e il ing . The f l oor , when c leared, p roved t o h ave t wo d epress ions i n i t : a g utter a pprox imate ly 5 cm w ide a nd t he s ame d eep, f i l led w ith r otted , b lack o rgan ic r efuse, l ocated a t t he b ase o f t he e ntrance i nto t he c hamber , a nd a sma l l c ircu lar d ep ress ion t o t he l ef t i nter ior o f t he t omb . Th is l a tter d epress ion c onta ined t wo s p ind le whor ls ( F igure 1 02). The c hamber f i l l was d ifferent iated v er t ica l ly . The bur ia ls a nd o fferi ngs h ad b een l a id o n t he f l oor a nd w ere p art ly embedded i n t he c lay ow ing t o t he we ight o f t he e ar th o ver t hem a nd t he h igher mo isture c ontent o f t he l ower c hamber . The l ower f i l l a nd t he f l oor o f t he c hamber were c ons iderab ly s of ter , a nd s t ick ier , t han t he upper f i l l a nd wa l ls. The d irt a round t he v esse ls a nd o ther a rtifacts was l oam m ixed w ith s andy y e l low s o i l . Th is was c overed w ith a c lear ly d emarc ated l ayer o f c lean s andy s o i l . N e ither o f t hese t wo b ottom l ayers o f f i l l c onta ined a ny s herds o r l i th ics. Above t he c lean s andy s o i l was a l ayer o f f ibrous a sh . Th is a ppeared t o b e t he r ema ins o f a mat o r 1 13

F igure 9 9 T -LP-1: C eram ics f rom t he " offer ing" a t t he b ase o f t he s haf t, j ust a bove t he o pen ing t o t he t omb c hamber , i nc lud ing t he b ody o f ar ed s lab f igur ine, s evera l d ecorated a nd undecorated o l la f ragments, t wo i ncensar io s herds a nd r im p rof i les o f t hree l arge u ndecorated u t i l itar ian v esse ls.

14

1

F igure 1 00 T -LP-1: Mano a nd b roken m etate f rom t he " offer ing", c e lt a nd a mano f rom t he t omb c hamber .

1 15

o ther o rgan ic s hroud , b ut a na lys is s howed i t t o h ave n o s ign i f icant o rgan ic c ontent . I t a pparent ly was f ormed o f v o lcan ic a sh . S im i lar t h in a sh l ayers a re r eported by Arango t o h ave b een f ound i n s ome o f t he t ombs h e o pened a nd w e o bserved t hem i n t wo o f t he t ombs whose e xcavat ion w e w i tnessed ( see b e low). The e ar th c over ing t he a sh l ayer was t i erra d e g uaquer ia i dent ica l t o t he f i l l o f t he s haf t : m ixed t opso i l , s andy y e l low s o i l , a nd r edd ish c lay w i th m idden m ixed i n . The c u l tura l d ebr is i n t he c hamber f i l l h owever w as r a ther s parse a nd t he p ieces o f p ottery a nd s tone w ere s ma l l , s uggest ing t ha t l arger , more v is ib le , p ieces o f t rash h ad b een p icked o ut b efore t he s o i l w as u sed t o f i l l t he c hamber . The t omb c onta ined 9 c eram ic v esse ls, 4 s p ind le whor ls, 1 c yl inder " sea l", a l arge s herd , a s tone c e lt . a nd a mano ( Tab le 9 ). These i t ems w ere c arefu l ly a rranged i n t wo r ows, o ne p arale l t o t he l ong a x is o f t he c hamber , t he o ther p erpend icu lar t o t h is l i ne, a long t he r igh t wa l l o f t he t omb . I n a dd i t ion t here was a s ma l l c luster o f a rt if acts a round t he f i rst ( l ef t h and) o l la o f t he h or izonta l f i le . Th is c luster c ons isted o f t he t wo s p ind le whor ls i n t he c ircu lar d epress ion o f t he f l oor , a n o vo id mano a nd , s l ight ly a bove t h is a nd l y ing o n i t s s ide w ith i t s t op away f rom t he e ntrance t o t he c hamber , a smal , p la in r ed c up w i th a n a nnu lar b ase a nd t wo r im t abs ( F igure 1 13). Th is c up c onta ined d ecayed o rgan ic m ater ia l , s ome o f wh ich was t aken f or r ad iocarbon a na lys is . These o b jects m ore o r l ess s urrounded t he f ar thest t o t he l e f t o f t he v esse ls; t h is a ppeared t o b e t he f ocus o f t he t omb d epos it . The f i rst v esse l i n t he r ow was a s ma l l , u nadorned s hou ldered o la ( F igures 1 07 a nd 1 08). The o l la was f i l led w i th e ar th wh ich h ad a marked c arbon c ontent a nd was t ipped o n i t s s ide w ith i t s n eck away f rom t he e ntrance a s was t he c ase w ith t he o ther t wo v esse ls i n t h is r ow . N ext t o t he o la was a l arger v esse l o f t he s ame g enera l s hape , a ga in u nsl ipped a nd r ough ly f in ished ( F igures 10 a nd 1 22). The f i l l o f t h is v esse l was a ga in h eav i ly o rgan ic e ar th , t h is t ime m ixed w ith s ome c lear t races o f d ecayed b one . The t h ird , a nd l argest , o f t hese v esse ls was a l arge c on ica l u rn , r ough ly f in ished o n t he e xter ior , b ut r ed s l ipped a nd b urn ished o n t he i nter ior ( F igures 1 10 a nd 1 22). Th is a lso was f i l led w i th a shy e ar th , d ecayed a nd/or b urned o rgan ic mater ia l a nd s hreds o f b one . The b one s herds w ere c oncentrated o n o ppos ite s ides o f t he u rn , s eparated by h eav i ly o rgan ic e ar th . On t he b ottom o f t he u rn , l y ing o n i t s s ide , w as a r ed-orange i ncensar io w ith d oub le t ab h and les a nd a nthropomorph ic a dornos ( F igures 1 11, 1 12 a nd 1 22). Ly ing i n a f i le p erpend icu lar t o t he r ow o f l arge , r ough ly f in ished v esse ls was a s er ies o f s ma l ler , f iner o nes . F rom t he r ear o f t he t omb t o t he e ntrance t hese were : a s ma l l s hou ldered o l la w ith s imp le i nc ised d ecorat ion ( F igure 1 17), a r ed s l ipped c up w ith a n a nnu lar b ase a nd b lack o rgan ic r es ist p a int ing o n t he e xter ior ( F igures 1 15 a nd 1 16), a l arge s herd f rom a t h ick , c oarse o l la o r u rn , p laced o n i t s e dge a nd w edged b etween t he t wo v esse ls t o s epara te t hem ( F igure 1 09), a n o pen, s hou ldered v esse l f i l led w ith e ar th wh ich h ad a h igh o rgan ic c ontent , i nc lud ing s ome l ong c arbon ized s hreds, p erhaps o f wood o r f iber , a n i nc ised r o l ler a nd t wo s p ind le whor ls ( F igures 1 02, 1 19 a nd 1 20); a s ma l l r ed-orange c up w ith a l ow a nnu lar b ase a nd , under t h is f ina l c up , at rapezo ida l c e lt o f c oarse d ior i te ( F igures 1 06 a nd 18). 16

The a rrangement o f t he v esse ls a nd t he ir c ontents s uggests t hat T -LP-1 was where a mu lt ip le c remat ion bur ia l was m ade . A lthough p reservat ion was e xtreme ly p oor , ow ing t o t he h igh h um id ity w ith in t he t omb c hamber , t he v ery a shy f i l l a nd h igh o rgan ic c ontent o f t he m ater ia l i n a l l o f t he v esse ls — ma ter ia l v ery d ifferent f rom t he matr ix i n wh ich t hese v esse ls were l a id — s uggests t hat t he o l las a nd u rn h e ld t he r ema ins o f o ne o r more i nd iv idua ls. A l l o f t he v esse ls were t oo sma l l t o e as i ly c onta in s econdary bur ia ls. A lthough n o b one f ragments w ere i so lated i n t he sma l lest o l la , t he p lacement o f a n umber o f o b jects c lose ly a round i t may i nd icate t hat i t t oo h e ld t he r ema ins o f a h uman b e ing , p erhaps a n i nfant o r aj uven i le ( to j udge f rom t he s ize o f t he v esse l a lone). The o ther t wo v esse ls a pparent ly h e ld t he r ema ins o f t wo o ther i nd iv idua ls. Th is i s d educed f rom t he c ontents o f t he l arger o l la a nd c on ica l u rn a nd t he p os it ion o f t he o ther g rave g oods. The sma l l d ecorated o l la a t t he e nd o f t he f i le was c arefu l ly s eparated f rom t he o ther a rt ifacts by t he l arge s herd wedged b etween i t a nd t he o ther v esse ls. Th is s herd was d el iberate ly p laced , s ince t he f i l l a bout a nd o ver t he v esse ls was s ter i le a nd n eat ly s trat if ied, s how ing t hat t he b ur ia ls a nd t he ir o ffer ings were c arefu l ly c overed w ith s pec ia l mater ia ls b efore t he r est o f t he t omb was f i l led i n . I t s eems r easonab le t hat t h is s herd was meant t o s eparate t he d ecorated o l la , a n o ffer ing f or t he i nd iv idua l i n t he l arger o l la , f rom t he o ther g rave g oods, p resumab ly t he o ffer ings t o t he i nd iv idua l i n t he c on ica l u rn . Th is l a tter p erson wou ld a ppear t o h ave b een t he most i mport ant i nhab itant o f t he t omb . The u rn was t he o n ly bur ia l v esse l t o h ave a ny f urther o ffer ing i ns ide i t . Th is was a n i ncensar io , a v esse l wh ich a pparent ly h ad a s pec ia l , p erhaps a r i tua l, p urpose. I f t h is i nd iv idua l w ere t he most i mportant o f t he p ersons bur ied i n t he t omb, i t wou ld f o l low t hat t he ma jor ity o f t he g rave g oods w ere t o a ccompany h im o r h er . A l l o f t he v esse ls i n t he t omb o r ig ina l ly c onta ined o rgan ic ma ter ia l . Th is was d ecayed i nto b lack l umps a nd f l ecks a nd was c omp lete ly u nrecogn izab le . The t omb c hamber i t se lf was s o hum id t hat t he v ess e ls h ad t he c ons istency o f a s of t c heese a nd were v ery h ard t o h and le w ithout d amage . Under t he c ircumstances ( wh ich i nc luded r a in f a l l ing d ur ing most o f t he e xcavat ion) we were unab le t o r ecover s amp les o f t he v esse l c ontents f or f urther a na lys is. The o ne s amp le wh ich was g athered was l ost a long w ith t he t omb c ontents a f ter t hey h ad b een r emoved t o t he Museo N ac iona l d e Antropo log ia i n B ogotä . Arango a nd many o ther g uaqueros r eport f ind ing v esse ls c onta in ing b eans, ma ize, p otatoes, s tarch a nd o ther o rgan ic s ubstances a s we l l a s p ieces o f ma t a nd o f c otton c loth p reserved i n d r ier t ombs . Based o n t hese r eports a nd t he f ibrous n ature o f t he f i l l , t he o pen s hou ld ered v esse l o f T -LP-1 may we l l h ave c onta ined f iber , t hread o r c loth . The l ong , woody s herds i n t he d ir t f i l l o f t he v esse l were n ext t o t he s p ind le whor ls a nd c y l inder " sea l" f ound i ns ide i t . I t s eems l i ke ly t hat t h is v esse l t hen was bur ied w ith t ext i le manufacturi ng a nd/or d ecorat ing e qu ipment i n i t , a l though i t m ay s imp ly h ave c onta ined s ome p ersona l b e long ings o f t he d eceased . I n many s urv ivi ng i nd igenous c u ltures r o l lers a nd s tamps a re u sed f or b ody p a inti ng , n ot f or t ext i le d ecorat ion . A s ide f rom t he t entat ive i dent if icat ion o f t he c ontents o f t he s ma l lest o l la a s t he r ema ins o f a n i nfant o r s ma l l c h i ld, n o a ge o r s ex d eterm in at ion o f t he h uman r ema ins f ound i n T -LP-1 c an b e made. I t s eems l i ke ly t ha t t h is t omb was a f am i ly bur ia l o r t hat i t r epresents s ome 1 17

. 70

. 72

F igure 1 01

T -LP-1:

F igure 1 02 T -LP-1: w ith in t he o l la .

P lan a nd e levat ion o f t he t omb .

The s p ind le whor ls f ound i n t he d epress ion a nd

18

F igure 1 03 T -LP-1: A l arge s herd f rom t he o ffer ing i n s i tu .

,F igure 1 04 T -LP-1 s haf t a nd e ntrance t o t he bur ia l c hamber .

F igure 1 05 The c e il ing o f t he b ur ia l c hamber o f T -LP-1 s how ing t he marks o f t he t oo ls u sed t o c onstruct i t .

F igure 1 06 Three c ups i n s i tu i n t he b ur ia l c hamber o f T -LP-1.

F igure 1 08 F igure 1 07 i n s i tu.

T -LP-1:

Bur ia l o l la

19

D eta i l o f 1 07.

F igure 1 09 T -LP-1: L arge s herd wh ich d iv ided o ne s et o f bur ia l g oods f rom t he o thers.

\ A e

F igure 1 10

The t hree b ur ia l u rns o f T -LP-1 i n s i tu. 1 20

F igures 1 11 & 1 12 Two v iews o f t he i ncensar io f ound i n t he l arge c on ica l u rn o f T -LP-1.

F igures 1 13 & 1 14

T -LP-1: Undecorated a nnu lar b ase c ups.

F igures 1 15 & 1 16

T -LP-1:

Organ ic r es ist p a inted c up .

1 21

• , _

F igure 1 17 Sma l l i nc ised o l la f rom T -LP-1.

F igures 1 19 & 1 20 s p ind le whor ls.

F igure 1 18

C e lt f rom T -LP-1.

Two v iews o f t he r o l ler s tamp f ound w ith t he

1 22

F igure 1 21

The t wo l arger b ur ia l u rns o f T -LP-1.

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o o o 0 o 0

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o

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o o o 0

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o

,

F igure 1 22 Two v iews a nd a c ross s ect ion o f t he r o l ler s tamp , t he s ma l l o l la o f F igure 1 17, a n o rgan ic r es ist o n r ed a nnu lar b ase c up, a sma l l , p la in o l la , t wo p la in r ed a nnu lar b ase c ups w ith r im t abs, t he i ncensar io , a nd a l arger , undecorated o l la f rom T -LP-1.

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s or t o f r eta iner b ur ia l , s ince t he d epos it i n t he t omb c hamber was v ery d ef in i te ly d one a s as ing le a ct ( or t he c over ing a nd f in ing o f t he t omb was). The c eram ics o f T -LP-1 i nd icate t ha t t he b ur ia l p er ta ins t o a l oca l v ar iant o f t he C a ldas C omp lex . Two r ad iocarbon d eterm inat ions w ere made o n s amp les t aken f rom t h is t omb : o ne f rom t he c up n ext t o t he s ma l lest b ur ia l o l la a nd t he o ther f rom t he l ayer o f c arbon ized m a ter ia l s urround ing t he d epos i t i n t he s haf t a bove t he c hamber e ntrance ( Tab le 1 2). The d a tes g otten f rom t hese s amp les a re , a pprox ima te ly , 1 1th c entury A .D . a nd s hou ld c orrespond t o a n e ar ly f acet o f t h is c u l ture o r g roup o f c lose ly r e lated c u ltures . The d a tes a lso a gree w i th t he d a tes f or r e lated m a ter ia ls o f t he S onso Phase o f t he C auca V a l ley p roper ( Bray a nd Mose ley 1 969-70 ,1976).

TEST P IT T -LP-2 I n o rder t o h ave a c ompara t ive s amp le o f h ab i ta t ion r efuse t o c heck a ga inst t he m ater ia l f rom t he f i l l o f t he s haf t o f T -LP-1 a nd a lso t o t est t he hypothes is t ha t c emeter ies w ere p laced i nto h ab itat ion a reas, w e p laced a s ma l l t est e xcava t ion i nto t he c offee p lantat ion a s hor t d istance f rom T -LP-1. The s i te f or t h is e xcavat ion was s e lec ted b ecause i t d id n ot c onta in a ny v is ib le e v idence o f l ooted t ombs c lose by a nd b ecause i t w as i n a n a rea i n wh ich t here was e nough r oom b etween t he c offee a nd b anana t rees t o p erm i t a n e xcavat ion wh ich w ou ld n o t d amage t he r oots o f t he p lants . The c lose p lant ing o f t he p lantat ion r estr icted t h is e xcava t ion t o 1 m 2 , wh ich w as t he max imum s ize wh ich c ou ld b e f i tted i nto t he u np lanted a rea . The e xcava t ion was l ocated a pprox ima te ly 6 m n orth o f T -LP-1 — t he d istance was a pprox ima te b ecause i t i s n ear ly i mposs ib le t o make l i near measurem ents i n t h is t h ick v egetat ion . The u n i t was e xcavated i n 1 0cm a rb it rary l eve ls b ecause o f t he l ack o f v is ib le s trat igraphy . The f i rst 5 cm b e low t he modern s urface c ons isted o f l oose d ir t , f a l len l eaves a nd o ther d ebr is o f t he modern c af e ta l . The s o i l matr ix o f a l l c u l tura l l eve ls was t he s ame : a d ark l oamy s o i l w i th a h igh c onten t o f v o lcan ic a sh , t yp ica l o f t he m odern s o i l h or izons o f t h is p ar t o f Qu ind io . M idden m a ter ia ls were f ound e ven ly s ca ttered t hroughout t h is s o i l t o a d epth o f a pprox imate ly 5 5cm b e low t he s urface . Th is i s where t he y e l low s andy s tra tum o bserved i n t he p it p ut a round t he t omb s haf t b eg ins. Th is y e l low s andy s o i l c onta ins n o c u ltura l mater ia l . W e d id , h owever , e xcava te t hrough t h is l eve l a nd i nto t he f o l low ing r ed c lay s tra tum , t o b e c erta in o f t he s ter il i ty o f t hese s o i ls. L i th ics 1 5-25cm : 1s ma l l g reenstone f l ake 2 5-35cm : 1s ma l l mano ( ?), 1 wh ite q uar tz ite f l ake C eram ics 5 -15cm : 3 f ragments f ine r ed s l ipped c ups, 1 amphora b ody , 2 r ims undecora ted o l las, 3 u nsl ipped a nd 1 r ed s l ipped i nter ior o l la b ody s herds. 1 5-25cm : 2 t iny b ody s herds f rom r ed c ups, 1 b ody s herd s ar t& L , 3 v ery b roken r ims f rom u t i l i tar ian v esse ls 2 5-35cm : 1e verted r ed c up r im , 2b ody s herds f rom s ar tenes , 1s ma l l b roken r im a nd 3 b ody s herds f rom undecora ted u t il i ty v esse ls , 1 o range p aste s p ind le whor l . 1 24

TABLE 5 T -LP-1: F IRST 5 5CM OF EXCAVATION L ITHICS 1g reenstone f lake CERAMICS F ine Wares: 1e verted r im o f as ma l l t an j ar 1c up b ody w ith punctate d ecorat ion 1r ed s l ipped j ar b ody 3t an j ar b od ies — n ot f ur ther i dent if iab le U t i l ity Wares: 1r im a nd 1 s hou lder S lurry Ware; r ed s l ipped i nter iors 3h eavy j ar r ims 3b ody s herds f rom u rns o r j ars 1f ragment j ar n eck

TABLE 6 FELL OF SHAFT OF T -LP-1 F rom b e low m idden l eve l t o t he t op o f t he c eremon ia l d epos it . NO L ITHICS CERAM ICS F ine Ware : 5b ody s herds f rom r ed c ups U t il i ty Ware : 1e ver ted r im w ith a burn ished i nter ior 1p la in e verted l edge r im 2b ody s herds f rom j ars o r amphoras w ith r ed s l ipped e xter iors 1b ody s herd w ith r ed s l ipped i nter ior 1b roken r im w ith d eep c ircu lar i mpress ions 1 4 b ody s herds, 3 o f wh ich were v ery t h ick a nd p robab ly f rom l arge u rns

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TABLE 7 T -LP-1: CEREMONIAL DEPOSIT I N SHAFT AT TOP OF CHAMBER ROOF LEVEL L ITHICS 1 l arge metate f ragment o f g rey g ran ite; a pprox imately 1 /3 al arge t rough m etate 1f ine g rey b asa lt c hopper r ecyc led f rom a p ol ished mano o r c e lt 1f ragment o f av o lcan ic t uff mano 1 sma l l g reenstone f l ake 1l arge p iece f i re-cracked r ock

o f

CERAM ICS 1f igur ine b ody : 1 3cm h igh , 8 .6cm w ide, 2 .7cm t h ick . Orange p aste, m icaceous s and t emper , d ark r ed s l ip, c arefu l ly p o l ished . F ire c loud o n c hest . 2f ragments o f ar ounded o l la w i th a ppl iqué t i cked f ilet d ecorat ion i n swags a round a n a ppl iqué f ace . R ed s l ipped r im a nd i nter ior , e xter ior i s e roded . H or izonta l b urn ish ing marks . Orange p aste, m icaceous wh ite s and t emper . Th ickness o f v esse l 1 .5cm . 1 l arge s herd o f a n o rgan ic r es ist o n r ed s l ip d ecorated c up . F ine o range t o t an p aste w ith v ery l ight s and t emper . V er t ica l burn ish ing s trokes o n i nter ior . 2r im s herds f rom d ifferent i ncensar ios. 5 s herds f rom a s ing le l arge o l la w ith a v ery h eavy s and t emper . Wa l l t h ickness: 1 -1.8cm . N o r im ; f i re c l oud ing o n e xter ior a nd v ery h eavy c arbon d epos its o n t he i nter ior . 3b ody s herds f rom a nother l arge o l la , s omewhat s maler a nd t h inner t han o ne a bove . These s herds w ere f ound n ested i n t he s herds o f t he f i rst o la . A l l h ave c arbon d epos its o n t he e xter ior . L igh t o range p aste w ith a h eavy m icaceous s and t emper . E xter io r f in ished w ith v er t ica l s crap ing . 1 s herd f rom a t h ird o l la w ith a n o range p aste a nd h eavy s and t emp er . Wa l l t h ickness :1 .8cm . C arbon d epos i ts o n i nter ior . 1b ody s herd o f af our th o l la . B r ight o range p aste w i th h eavy m icac eous s and t emper . Th ickness o f wa l l : 2 cm . C arbon d epos i ts o n e xter ior ; i nter ior w iped . 1 l arge b ody s herd f rom a v esse l w ith t h ick s tra igh t s ide wa l ls. L igh t o range p aste w ith s ome f i re c loud ing . G rave l t emper ; e xter ior w iped . Th ickness o f w a l l :1 .7cm . 1 f ragmen t o f a n o l la s hou lder , h eav i ly e roded . O range p aste w ith s and t emper . F ire c loud ing a nd c arbon d epos its o n e xter ior ; i nter ior c lear ly s hows f inger m arks. 1 r im s herd f rom a l arge o range o l la w ith a r ed s l ipped i nter ior . F inger marks o f maker a lso v is ib le o n t he i nter ior . O range p aste , h eavy s and t emper , w iped e xter ior w ith unpa inted r im . L arge s ect ion o f a s ma l l t h in ( lcm) o l la w ith h eavy e xter ior c arbon d epos its . O range p aste, g rave l t emper , w iped e xter ior . Most o f as ma l l , v ery c rude ly made o l la . f inger marks o n b oth e xter io r a nd i nter ior . I nver ted r im w i th t r iangu lar p unc tat ions. Most o f a l arge g lobu lar o l la w ith c arbon d epos its o n b ase . O range p aste , h eavy s and t emper , w iped i nter ior a nd e xter ior d oes n ot o bscure f inger marks o f maker . 1 26

S cattered i n e ar th f i l l a round o ffer ing ( sherds l arge, b ut n o t e xtremel y s o , p robab ly f rom f i ll ing t he s haf t) 1r ing b ase f rom a t h in t an c up 1b ody s herd o f at h in b rown j ar 1e roded b ody s herd f rom a c up o r b ow l 1l i gh t t an b ody s herd f rom a c up o r v ase 1b roken t an r im s herd f rom a t h ick v esse l w ith c arbon o n e xter ior 1 v ery h eavy b ody s herd w i th r ed s l ipped i nter ior , h eavy c arbon d epos its o n e xter ior 1e roded b ody s herd w i th a wh i te s l ipped e xter ior , r ed s l ipped i nter io r a nd c arbon d epos its o n b oth s urfaces 1t h in f l ar ing r im s herd w ith t he r ema ins o f wh ite s l ip 1b roken r im s herd f rom a s ma l l o l la : c arbon ized e xter ior , r ed b urn ished i nter ior 1 r im s herd f rom a l arger o l la , h eavy wh i te m icaceous s and t emper , c arbon ized e xter ior 1 l arge r im s herd f rom a v esse l whose e xter ior was d ecorated w ith s hal v er t ica l i nc ised l i nes

TABLE 8 F ILL OF SHAFT BELOW CEREMONIAL DEPOSIT AND OF BURIAL CHAMBER ABOVE BURIALS AND GRAVE GOODS L ITHICS 1 2 g reenstone f l akes CERAM ICS F ine Ware : 1r ing b ase 1h em ispher ica l h and le 2r ims f rom r ed c ups o r b ow ls 2r ed a nd wh ite r ims f rom c ups o r b ow ls 4b ody s herds f rom r ed a nd wh i te c ups o r b ow ls 1 wh ite amphora s hou lder U t il i ty Wares: 4e ver ted r ims f rom j ar o r o l la h and les 2b ody s herds f rom sma l l j ars o r o l las 1t h ick r im f rom a n unknown f orm w i th sma l l i nc is ions 2s a r i t M r ims, r ed s l ipped i nter iors 1 s ar t& I b ody s herds, 3 w i th wh ite s l ipped i nter iors, 8 w ith s l ipped i nter iors, a nd 8 w ith c arbon d epos its o n t he e xter ior 4b roken o l la o r j ar r ims 2c arbon ized b ody s herds 2t h ick r im s herds f rom j ars o r o l las, a l l unsl ipped

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r ed

TABLE 9 T -LP-1, GRAVE GOODS MANO : C oarse g ra ined d ior ite . Ly ing o n t he f l oor p art ly under t he r ed c up . More o r l ess o vo id i n s hape v ery we l l worn a nd w ith s harp e dges. L eng th 1 6cm , w idth 1 3cm . PLAIN RED CUP W ITH ANNULAR BASE . F ound l y ing p art ly o ver mano . Br ight o range p aste ; s and t emper c onta ins a bundant wh ite p art ic les. Sl ipped a r ed-orange much t he s ame c o lor a s t he p aste . L ow burn ish a nd a f ire c loud o n o ne s ide. Two p ierced t abs o n t he s l ight ly e verted r im . H e ight 1 0 .6cm ; h e ight o f b ase 3 .8cm ; t h ickness .0 5cm . TWO S PINDLE WHORLS. F ound i n d epress ion c ut i nto f l oor o f t omb c hamber . Tan w ith e laborate i nc ised d es igns f i l led w ith a wh ite p igment . Both h ad r ema ins o f b lack o rgan ic r es ist p a int ing b etween t he i nc is ions. H e ight 2 .7 cm ; d iameter 5 .5 cm . H e ight 3 .2cm ; d iameter 4 .3cm . OLLA 1 . Sma l l s hou ldered o l la w ith o range p aste a nd h eavy s and t emper c onta in ing m ica o r b iot ite . Smoother s urface, n o s l ip. Very h eavy c arbon d epos its o n e xter ior s ides, n o c arbon o n b ase . H e ight 1 6.5cm . OLLA 2 . A l arger s hou ldered o l la w ith a s l ight ly r ounded b ottom . The s ame p aste a nd s urface t reatment a s # 1. Extreme ly h eavy c arbon d epos its o n t he s hou lder but n ot o n t he b ase . H e ight 2 7.9cm . CONICAL URN. Orange p aste a nd h eavy s and t emper w ith h eavy c arbon d epos its o n t he e xter ior . Rounded b ase . The i nter ior was r ed s l ipped a nd burn ished . H e ight 2 6cm ; d iameter o f t op 3 4.5cm . I NCENSARIO . F ound wedged o n i t s s ide i n t he b ottom o f t he c on ica l u rn . S ha l low g eometr ic i mpressed d ecorat ion d one when v esse l was l eather-hard . Orange-red ( same c o lor a s i nter ior o f u rn) s l ip i ns ide a nd o ut a nd b urn ished o ver a t an p aste w ith a f ine s and t emper . The i ncensar io h ad t he t yp ica l b anded d ecorat ion o rgan ized i n h or izonta l s tr ipes s eparated by g roups o f v ert ica l l ines. B oth t he l i nes a nd t he s halow t r iang les wh ich made up a lternate r ows o f t he b ody d ecorat ion a nd t he b an o f d ecorat ion o f t he s hou lder were i mpressed, p erhaps w ith a c ut s t ick . The s hou lder b ore 2 s ets o f d oub le-p ierced t ab h and les a nd, h a lfway b etween t hese, 2 mode led a dornos ( one b roken i n a nt iqu ity) r epresent ing h umans o r monkeys. He ight 1 1cm ; d iameter o f s hou lder 1 9.5cm ; d iameter o f t op o pen ing 1 6 .5cm . SMALL OLLA . Gray t o o rang ish t an p aste w ith a s l ight ly r educed e xter ior . Ever ted r im w ith a r ow o f d eep punctat ions . The s hou lder was d ecorated w ith 4 g roups o f 3i nc ised l i nes e ach . A h eavy c arbon d epos it was f ound o n t he l ower b ody , a l though n ot o n t he b ase . LARGE THICK SHERD. Th is was f ound s eparat ing t he c up d escr ibed n ext f rom t he o l la . The s herd h ad a d ark o range p aste a nd h eavy s and t emper . The i nter ior was r ed s l ipped a nd t he e xter io r h ad c arbon d epos its a s i f i t h ad b een u sed i n t he f ire . The s herd a pparent ly c ame f rom a v esse l s im i lar t o t he c on ica l u rn . RED SLIPPED CUP W ITH ANNULAR BASE . T an p aste w ith a s and t emper a nd b r ight o range-red s l ip o n t he e xter ior a nd i nter ior . 1 28

The e xter ior was f urther d ecorated w ith ( bad ly f aded) b lack o rgan ic r es ist pa int ing i n a d es ign o f mu lt ip le s tr ipes a nd t r iang les . Two sma l l t ab h and les w ere f ound o n t he s l ight ly e verted a nd g rooved r im . Th is v esse l was o f t he s ame p ast a nd t emper a s t he o ther c ups, b ut was more c arefu l ly made a nd was f ound i n p erfect c ond it ion . A l l o f t he c ups i n t he TLP-1 g rave o ffer ing w ere s l ight ly i rregu lar i n f orm . H e ight 1 1.5cm ; h e ight o f b ase 3 .2cm ; d iameter 1 6.2cm ; t h ickness o f c up .0 7cm . OPEN VESSEL . Th is v esse l h ad a n e ver ted r im , n arrow s hou lder , c on ica l b ody a nd a f l at b ase . T an p aste w ith a s and t emper ; t he i nter ior was s e lf-sl ipped a nd b urn ished . C arbon d epos its w ere f ound o n t he e xter ior . H e ight 1 1cm ; d iameter 1 5.7cm . SOL ID CLAY CYLINDER S EAL . Th is was f ound i n t he o pen v esse l a long w ith t he 2 f o l low ing s p ind le whor ls. The r o l ler o r s ea l was o f l i ght t an c lay w ith p a tches o f b lack s ta in ing i t h ere a nd t here a s i f i t h ad b een u sed t o a pp ly b lack p a int . The r o l ler h ad a d eeply i ncised d esign o f c irc les, l ines a nd s ty l ized a n ima ls (m onkeys? ). L eng th 1 0 .6cm ; d iameter 2 .2cm . S PINDLE WHORL . F ound i n o pen v esse l . P ol ished r ed c lay w i th a d arkened s urface; i nc ised d ecorat ion f i l led w ith wh ite p igment c overed t he s ides a nd b ase . H e ight 2 .5cm ; d iameter 3 cm . S PINDLE WHORL . A lso f ound i n o pen v esse l . M ore e laborate ly d ecorated t han t he p rev ious o ne, wh ich i t s trong ly r esemb led . B lack o rgan ic r es ist pa int ing was f ound b etween t he wh ite-f i l led i nc is ions. H e ight 3 .3cm ; d iameter 5 cm . CUP W ITH ANNULAR BASE . Th is c up was b roken b efore i t was p laced i n t he t omb . R ed s l ip o ver a r edd ish o range p aste w i th a s and t emper . The s l ip was s omewhat e roded a nd a f i re c loud was f ound o n t he e xter ior . Two t ab h and les o n t he e verted r im . Th is c up was f ound l y ing o n i t s s ide w ith t he c e lt under i t . H e ight 1 1.7cm ; h e ight o f b ase 3 cm ; d iameter 1 5.7cm , t h ickness o f c up . 05cm . CELT. An i rregu lar g round s tone i mp lement o f a c oarse r ock w ith p rom inent i nc lus ions. The t op was r ough ly g round; t he c utt ing e dge m ore h igh ly p ol ished a nd s how ing s igns o f c ons iderab le wear . L eng th 1 3.8cm ; w idth o f t op 3 .5cm ; w idth o f c utt ing e dge 5 .7cm .

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3 5-45cm : 1r ed a nd wh ite c up f ragment , 1r ed s ar t& L r im a nd 1 s ar t& I b ody s herd , b oth w i th wh ite i n ter iors, 2 v ery e roded wh ite s l ipped r ims a nd o ne unsl ipped b ody s herd f rom u t il i ty v esse ls . 4 5-55cm : 1e roded c up r im , 1c up b ody s herd w ith a r ed i nter ior a nd wh ite e xter ior , 1 wh ite amphora s hou lder . 3s ar t& I b ody s herds, 2 wh ite a nd 1 r ed i nter iors, a l l w ith e xter ior c arbon d epos i ts , 3 t h in , u nsl ipped , j ar f ragments, 1 u t i l i ty b ody s herd . The a r t ifacts r ecovered f rom t he e xcava t ion a re t yp ica l o f a M idd le C auca o r Ca ldas l iv ing s ite. Both p la in r ed a nd r ed a nd wh ite s l ipped w ares were p resent , a s were t he r ema ins o f s ar tenes a nd a v ar iety o f s herds p er ta in ing t o o l las a nd j ars o f v ar ious s izes a nd f orms . The n umber o f l i th ics e ncoun tered i s n otab le a nd, w i th t he e xcept ion o f o ne p oss ib le mano, n o g round s tone t oo ls were e ncount ered . Th is may w e l l b e d ue t o t he s mal s ize o f t he e xcavated un i t a s w e l l a s t o t he u sua l c o l lect ion o f wha tever g round s tone i mp lements a ppear o n t he s urface by t he l oca l f arm workers. The s urface c o l lect i on made i n t h is c offee p lanta t ion a nd t he f inca g arden c onta ined t he u sua l a ssor tment o f g round s tone c e lts, c h ise ls, manos a nd metates. The c ontents o f t he e xcava ted u n i t w ere i dent ica l t o t he r efuse f ound i n t he f i l l o f t he t omb s haf t a nd upper c hamber . I t i s v ery e v ident, i n f act , t ha t t he t omb was d ug t hrough t h is m idden a nd t hen p ar t ly f i l led w ith t he e xcavated e ar th . Mater ia ls wh ich a re t yp ica l o f b oth t he M idd le C auca a nd C a ldas c omp lexes were f ound i n t he s urface c o l lect ion , t he e xcavat ion a nd t he t omb s haf t f i l l , a l though , a s u sua l , m a ter ia l p er ta in ing t o t he C a ldas C omp lex , i s d ef in ite ly s cant ier t han t hat wh ich i s d ef in i te ly p ar t o f t he M idd le C auca C omp lex .

EXCAVATIONS I N THE MUNICIPIO OF CORDOBA

F our o ther t ombs w ere o bserved by o ur g roup . A l l o f t hese h ad b een l ocated by g uaqueros a nd h ad b een p art ly t o c omp lete ly e xcava ted by t he t ime w e w ere a b le t o v is i t t he a rea . F or t h is r eason t he d a ta c oncern ing t hese t ombs a re i ncomp lete , e spec ia l ly a s r egards t he p os it i on a nd t he f i l l o f t he s haf ts a nd t he p os i t ions o f o ffer ings i n t he t ombs . I n t wo c ases w e w ere a b le t o b e p resent d ur ing t he c lear ing o f t omb c hambers a nd i n o ne i nstance t he a uthor was p erm itted by t he g uaqueros t o e nter t he t omb a nd t o r ecord t he p os it ions o f t he r em a ins i n s i tu . Unfortuna te ly , a t t he t ime o f t he d iscovery o f t he o ther t ombs, t he a uthor was a bsent i n B ogota a nd v ery i ncomp lete r ecord ing was d one by t he C anad ian s tudent c rew . A l l f our o f t hese t ombs w ere l ocated i n t he mun ic ip io o f C ördoba , t o t he s outh o f Armen ia i n a n a rea o f h i l ls a nd n arrow r iver v a l leys ( F igure 2 ). Th is a rea was e xper ienc ing c ons iderab le p ol i t ica l a nd s oc ia l t urmo i l i n 1 970 a nd w e w ere n o t a b le t o d o a ny s urvey i n t he r eg ion p r ior t o o ur v is i ts t o t he r ecent ly d iscovered c emeter ies . The f i rst g roup o f t ombs was l oca ted o n t he f inca S an D iego , o n t he ma in r oad i nto t he c abecera o f C ördoba . H ere a c emetery h ad b een l oo ted d ur ing N ovember o f t he p rev ious y ear a nd s ome 1 5 t ombs h ad b een f ound a nd l oo ted . L oca l r es idents s a id t hat t hese t ombs y ie lded a pprox imate ly 1 50 who le v esse ls , b ut t hat t he g uaqueros h ad l e f t b roken v esse ls a nd p la in v esse ls i n t he t ombs o r a round o n t he 1 30

g round by t he o pen s haf ts. B ecause o f t hese s tatements we f e lt i t m ight b e u sefu l t o i nvest igate t he c emetery a nd t o t ry t o r elocate s ome o f t he o pened t ombs. The S an D iego c emetery was l ocated o n a t errace o n t he s ide o f t he h i l l by t he r oad wh ich p asses e ast o f t he f inca . A l l t ombs l ocated w ere a pprox imate 5 -70m ups lope . A lthough t he g uaqueros a verred t hat t he t errace was a rt if ic ia l , i t was i mposs ib le t o c heck t h is b ecause o f t he d ense p lant ings o f c offee a nd p lanta ins. Two t ombs w ere r e located a nd i nvest igated a nd a n umber o f o ther l ooted t ombs were o bserved . A l l t he t omb s hafts c onta ined s herds a nd l i th ics i n t he t op 3 0-60cm o f t he s ide wa l ls a nd t here i s l i tt le d oubt t hat t he S an D iego c emetery was a lso a h ab itat ion s i te . The f irst t omb r e located was uncovered t o t he d epth o f t he c hamber , a pprox imate ly 4 m b e low modern g round s urface . The s haf t i t se lf was s ome 8 0cm i n d iameter , but was t he t yp ica l c ircu lar g uaquero s haf t, f o l low ing , but n ot n ecessar i ly t he s ame s hape a s, t he o r ig ina l o ne . About 3 m t o t he s outh o f t h is t omb a s econd o pen s haf t was f ound . Th is was c leared a nd f ound t o b e 3 m d eep w ith a c hamber a pprox im ate ly 2 m i n l eng th . Th is c hamber c onta ined b roken p ottery v esse ls o f t he c oarser d omest ic wares f orm ing a l ayer o f s herds s ome 2 0cm t h ick . The g uaqueros h ad a lso c oncentrated t he l i th ics f ound i n t he t omb i nto a p i le t o t he f ront o f t he c hamber . A t h ird t omb j ust d ownh i l l o f t he s econd was a lso c leared . The t omb c hamber h ad c o l lapsed, but a ppeared t o h ave b een r ounded a nd a pprox imate ly 2 m i n d iameter . The s ha ft was a pprox imate ly 2 .5m i n d epth . A l arge ( 80x50x16cm) m etate was p resent i n t he s haf t . A l ayer o f s herds, a ga in o f t he c oarser u t i l ity wares, s ome 4 0cm d eep was r emoved f rom a round t he m etate a nd t he c hamber f l oor . The t ombs a lso c onta ined t hree l arge s tones w ith s ome s igns o f h av ing b een p ecked i nto s hape. The g uaqueros who e xcavated t h is t omb s a id t hat t wo o f t he s tones were f ound u nder t he h ead a nd f eet o f t he p owdered s ke leta l r ema ins. The a rea a round t he l ooted t omb c ont a ined a n umber o f t hese s l ight ly w orked s tones, a pparent ly f rom o ther t omb c hambers. S ome weeks l a ter i t was p oss ib le t o v iew a n umber o f t he v esse ls f rom t he S an D iego c emetery a nd t o t a lk t o more o f t he p eop le who h ad b een i nvo lved i n t he l oot ing . The v esse ls w ere i n p oor c ond it ion, ow ing t o t he h um id ity o f t he t ombs, but a l l were o f t yp ica l M idd le C auca t ypes. These v esse ls i nc luded t wo e laborate ly p a inted c ups w ith a nnu lar b ases a nd a h em ispher ica l b ow l w ith a m ed ia l r idge, a s w e l l a s t wo d ecorated o l las ( F igure 1 23). The e xact p roven ience o f t hese v esse ls w ith in t he c emetery c ou ld n ot b e a scerta ined, but s herds o f s im i lar c eram ics were f ound o n t he s urface a nd i n t he r oad c ut . A s econd l ocat ion i n C ördoba was a lso v is ited . H ere, o n t he f inca L a S iber ia , a nother c emetery h ad r ecent ly b een d iscovered a nd was i n t he p rocess o f b e ing l ooted . Th is c emetery was l ocated o n t he s econd t errace o f a sma l l v a l ley f ormed by t he r io V erde . We w ere a b le t o s urvey t he a rea o f t he c emetery i n t h is v a l ley a nd n oted t hat a l l v is ib le m idden mater ia ls were l ocated o n t h is t errace . V ery l i tt le e v idence o f h ab itat ion was f ound l ower o n t he v a l ley f l oor o r o n t he s lopes o r t ops o f t he f lank ing h i l ls. 1 31

F igure 1 23 C -SD-1: Vesse ls f rom t he l ooted t omb: A r es ist o n r ed a nnu lar b ase c up , ar es ist o n wh ite h em ispher ica l b ow l w ith a med ia l a ppl ied r idge, t hree d ecorated u t i l ity v esse ls, unsl ipped but w ith r ed p a inted r ims, a nd a r es ist o n r ed f ooted c up . The p a inted v esse ls a re a l l i n s tandard M idd le C auca s ty le.

d l e

e-

.8 0

->

1 . 20

F igure 1 24

C -LS i-1, Tomb # 1:

P lan a nd e leva t ion . 1 32

C -LSI-TOMB # 1 The s haf t o f Tomb 1 a nd a l arge p art o f t he f ront a nd upper f i l l o f t he c hamber h ad b een r emoved by t he t ime w e a rr ived a t t he c emet ery . The l ower f i l l o f t he c hamber c ons isted o f a l ayer o f f ine c layey a sh a pprox imate ly 2 0cm t h ick wh ich c overed t he e nt ire c hamber f l oor . Th is t ype o f l ower f i l l i s s a id t o b e v ery c ommon i n t ombs i n t h is a rea . The s haft o f t he t omb was a pprox imate ly 2 .5m d eep a nd t he c hamber was s em i-c ircu lar w ith a r ounded c e i l ing ( F igure 1 24). The c hamber m easured a pprox imate ly 1 .5m i n l eng th a nd 1 .20m i n w idth . The e ntrance t o t he s haf t was c ut i nto t he f l at wa l l . The v esse ls w ere b e ing r emoved f rom t he t omb a s w e a rr ived . The c eram ics w ere i n ap oor s tate o f p reservat ion d ue t o t he d ampness o f t he t omb c hamber a nd many c rumb led a s t hey w ere b e ing h anded o ut . The g rave g oods w ere p laced i n t wo c lusters o n e i ther s ide o f t he e ntrance t o t he t omb c hamber . A l arge f l a t s tone was l ocated t o t he l e ft r ear a nd i t s eems p oss ib le t hat t he h ead o f t he b ody h ad b een p laced o n t h is s tone w ith t he b ody e xtended a nd t he g rave g oods r anged o n e i ther s ide o f t he b ody . There were n o s ke leta l r ema ins, e xcept f or a b i t o f s ta in ing , b ut s uch a p os it ion ing o f t he b ody h as b een r eported f or o ther t ombs i n t h is r eg ion . T o t he r ight o f t he b ody , i n t wo i rregu lar r ows, were a M idd le C auca c on ica l v ase, a b roken c up w ith a n a nnu lar b ase — a lso p a inted i n t yp ica l M idd le C auca s ty le — , t hree a nnu lar b ase c ups i n a t rans it iona l M idd le Cauca/ C a ldas s ty le, a p la in b rown c up w i th a n a nnu lar b ase a nd a r ow o f c ircu lar punctat i ons b e low t he r im , t wo sma l l o l las w ith a ppl iqué d ecorat ion, a s im il ar , s l ight ly l arger o l la a nd a p la in r ed amphora ( F igure 1 25 a nd T ab le 1 0) .

C -LSI-TOMB # 2 The s econd t omb was o pened t he n ext d ay . A t t he t ime o f o ur a rr iva l t he g uaqueros h ad c leared t he s haf t a nd were b eg inn ing t o o pen t he c hamber . The a uthor was p erm itted t o e nter t he c hamber w ith a g uaquero a nd t o s ketch a nd t ake n otes a s h e c leared t he c hamber a nd r emoved t he v esse ls. Th is s econd t omb h ad a s haf t 3 .6m d eep, a ga in o pen ing o nto a s em ic ircu lar c hamber ( F igure 1 26). The c hamber h ad ar ounded c e i l ing s ome 1 .4m h igh a t t he c enter . The s ide wa l ls were v ert ica l a nd o n ly t he r ear wa l l was r ounded . The l ength o f t he c hamber was 1 .8m, t he w idth ( inc lud ing t he s haf t) was 2 .34m . The f i l l o f t he c hamber was a f ine y e l low ish c lay c onta in ing f ew , i f a ny , s herds. About 1 6cm a bove t he f l oor o f t he c hamber was a l ayer o f c arbonaceous e arth s ome 3 cm t h ick a nd b e low t h is a nd r each ing t o t he f l oor was a f ine g rey p owder . These t wo l eve ls were f ound t hrougho ut t he c hamber . The f loor a rea was v ery d amp a nd n o s ke leta l o r o ther o rgan ic r ema ins were f ound . The t omb c onta ined n o l i th ics. The c eram ic v esse ls were a rranged i n much t he s ame manner a s t hose o f TLP-1 , t hat i s , t hey were f ound i n a c luster t o t he l ef t o f t he s haf t a t t he r ear o f t he c hamber , i n a l i ne t hrough t he c enter o f t he c hamber , a nd t hen i n al i ne p erpend icu lar t o t h is by t he r ight wa l l o f t he c hamber . I t a ppears f rom t he p os it ion o f t he o ffer ings t hat t hey h ad b een l a id o ut t o t he h ead, f eet, a nd a long t he l e f t s ide o f a n e xtended b ody . Th is o bservat ion w as made t o me by t he g uaquero, a m an who h ad e xcavated many t ombs i n C ördoba . T o

t he f ar l e f t o f t he t omb a ga inst t he wa l l was a l arge ( 36cm 1 33

h igh)

• •• •

F igure 1 25 C -LS i-1, Tomb # 1: Vesse ls f rom t he t omb c hamber : R es ist o n r ed a nd wh ite s ha l low h em ispher ica l b ow l , c on ica l v ase a nd r ound b ow led c up, t wo d ecorated sma l l o l las a nd a p la in r ed amphora, t hree m ore pa inted c ups, t he f irst t wo i n a s ty le i ntermed ia te b etween t he M idd le C auca a nd Ca ldas s ty le, a p la in r ed c up w ith punctat ions a round t he r im a nd t wo sma l l u t il i tar ian v esse ls .

1 34

. 80

CO C el

2 .34

1

F igure 1 26 C -LS i-1, Tomb # 2: P lan a nd e levat ion .

F igure 1 27 C -LS i-1, Tomb # 2: V esse ls f rom t he t omb c hamber , i nc lud ing a b rown f l at b ottomed v esse l , ar es ist o n r ed a nd wh ite a nd ar es ist o n r ed f ooted c ups a nd t hree d ecorated u t i l itar ian v esse ls.

1 35

F igure 1 28 C -LS i-1, Tomb # 2: v esse ls f rom t he t omb c hamber , i nc ludi ng a r es ist o n r ed p a inted c up o f C a ldas t ype a nd t hree s im i lar c ups i n r es ist o n r ed a nd wh ite s l ip, t wo sma l l u t il i tar ian j ugs, a l arge, u nsl ipped , r ough ly w iped u rn, a nd a s ide a nd t op v iew o f aM idd le C auca s ty le amphora w ith f rog a dornos .

1 36

TABLE 1 0 C -LSI-TOMB # 1, GRAVE GOODS HEMISPHERICAL BOWL . Bow l h ad a s l ight ly i ndented t op a nd a l ow f lar ing r im . Wh ite s l ip w ith a r ed s l ipped s hou lder b and a nd a r ed b and c utt ing t he wh ite d es ign f i e ld i n h a lf a cross t he b ody . The p a inted d ecorat ion c overed t he e nt ire e xter ior s urface, a s i s c ommon w ith t h is t ype o f b ow l . S hou lder b and o f r eserved d ots, c entra l r ed b and w ith p attern o f i soce les t r iang les w ith r eserved d ots o n b oth h a lves o f t he body . Height 6 .5cm; d iameter 1 5.8cm CONICAL VASE . R ed s l ipped r im a nd b ody b and c utt ing b ody i nto t wo e qua l p arts. P la in b lack s tr ipes o ver r ed b and, r im d ecorat i on o f b lack s tr ipes w ith r eserved d ots, b ody p attern o f b lack s tr ipes a nd L -shaped mot ifs w ith r eserved d ots, mu lt ip le p la in b lack s tr ipes a nd s ol id b lack t r iang les. H e ight 1 1cm ; d iameter 1 3cm . CUP W ITH ANNULAR BASE . I ncurv ing t op a nd e ver ted r im . A r ow o f punctate d ots was l ocated b e low t he r im o n t he e xter ior . R im a nd n arrow s hou ld b and o f r ed s l ip . Two e qua l d es ign f ie lds s eparated by mu lt ip le b lack s tr ipes c onta ined i dent ica l p atterns o f i soce les t r iang les w i th r eserved d ots. The p a inted d ecorat ion c ont inued o nto t he a nnu lar b ase . H e ight 8 cm ; d iameter 1 4.6cm . CUP W ITH ANNULAR BASE . R ounded b ow l w ith i ncurv ing t op a nd l ow e ver ted r im . R ed s l ip w ith a b lack r im b ad w ith r eserve d ots a nd a t yp ica l C a ldas p attern o f l arge s ol id b lack i soce les t r iang les s eparated by g roups o f mu lt ip le p la in b lack l ines a nd b ands o f n egat ive c ross-hatch ing . He ight 9 .5cm; d iameter 1 5.5cm . CUP W ITH ANNULAR BASE . Open h em ispher ica l b ow l w ith n arrow e rect r im a nd 2 r im t abs, t hese l a tter p a inted s ol id b lack . The b ody was d iv ided i nto 4 e qua l z ones by s ol id b lack s tr ipes a nd w ider s tr ipes f lanked by n arrower l i nes. Body p attern o f a ltern at ing L -shaped e lements w ith r eserved d ots f lank ing d iamonds o f r eserved c ross-hatch ing a nd s o l id U -shaped e lements a nd s tr ipes c omb ined w ith t r iang les o f n egat ive c ross-hatch ing . He ight 9 cm ; d iameter 1 4 .8cm . BROKEN CUP W ITH ANNULAR BASE . P la in b rown s l ip w ith a h em is pher ica l b ow l a nd a s l ight ly t h ickened e verted r im . A s ing le r ow o f c ircu lar puncatat ions a round t he e xter ior , b e low t he r im . Too b roken a nd f rag i le t o a ccurate ly m easure . SHOULDERED OLLA . I ncurv ing , unth ickened r im , 2 h or izonta l l oop h and les a nd 2 sma l l knobs o n t he s hou lder . Unsl ipped . He ight 1 1cm ; d iameter o f s hou lder 1 6cm . SMALL H IGH OLLA . F lat b ase a nd t i cked f i l let a pp l ied a round n eck w ith t he e nds h ang ing d own i m itat ing r ope o r c ord . L ow f lar ing n eck; f lat b ase. Height 1 0.5cm; d iameter o f n eck o pening 1 0 .5cm SMALL OLLA . L ow f lar ing r im a nd 2 s ma l l e rect h and les o n t he s hou lder j ust b e low t he r im . S hou lder d ecorat ion o f g roups ( 6) o f i nc ised l i nes. The c entra l l ine o n t he c enter g roup o n e ach s ide i s d ashed . H e ight 8 .5cm ; d iameter 1 0 .5cm .

1 37

TABLE 1 C -LSI-TOMB # 2, GRAVE GOODS LARGE ULLA OR JAR. Unsl ipped g rey p aste w ith a l ow e verted r im . Smoothed e xter ior s urface a nd c arbon d epos its o n t he s hou lder . Th is, a s d id t he o ther u ti l ity wares i n t he t ombs, c onta ined s ome d irt m ixed w ith r otted o rgan ic mater ia l . H e ight 3 6.70cm . SMALL SHOULDERED ULLA . L ow f lar ing r im c onnected t o upper s hou lder by 2 sma l l h and les. I nc ised d ecorat ion o f s hou lder o f g roups o f 3i nc ised l i nes f orm ing a z igzag p attern . E xter ior i s unsl ipped , g rey ish r educed t an p aste w ith s and t emper . F ire c louds a nd c arbon d epos its o n t he e xter ior . He ight 1 3.5cm . ULLA . C onstr icted , r ed s l ipped n eck . Ver t ica l n eck w ith h or izonta l r idged e xter ior , sma l l p o inted v ert ica l h and les o n n eck/shou lder j o int . Shou lder i nc ised w ith 8 e qu id istant s ets o f 2i nc ised v ert ic a l l i nes e ach w ith a sma l l t i cked f i l let i n t he c enter o f e ach s hou lder . H e ight 1 3.2cm . OPEN SHOULDERED ULLA OR PLATE. D oub le g rooved a nd r ed s l ipped i nter ior r im a nd s e lf-sl ipped i nter ior . Tan p aste w ith a s and t emper , e xter ior r educed a nd g rey ish . Two smal v ert ica l h and les o n s hou lder , e ach w ith 2 v ert ica l i nc ised l i nes o n e i ther e nd . HE ight 9 .6cm ; d iameter 1 8cm . AMPHORA . Red s l ipped w ith b lack o rgan ic r es ist pa int o n s hou lder a nd b ody . Two mode led f rog a dornos o n o ppos ite s ides o f t he s hou lder . The s hou lder d es ign was o f s tr ipes s eparat ing 2 i dent i ca l p atterns o f t r iang les w ith r eserved d ots. B ody d es ign c ons isted o f a l ternat ing b ands o f mu lt ip le s tr ipes a nd w ide s ol id s tr ipes p laced h or izonta l ly . The s hou lder s tr ipes c ont inued d own t he b ody , d iv id ing i t i nto 2 d es ign z ones. The b ody p attern i s c omp lete ly t yp ica l o f t he Ca ldas C omp lex whi le t he s hou lder p a ttern i s a m ixture o f c ommon C a ldas a nd M idd le C auca m ot ifs. The b ase o f t h is amphora was f ound r est ing i n t he o pen o l la o r p late d escr ibed a bove . He ight 3 4.2cm . CUP W ITH ANNULAR BASE . H em ispher ica l b ow l c onstr icted b e low n arrow upr ight r im wh ich h ad 2 t iny t abs. Wh ite s l ipped b ody w ith r ed b and a round upper a nd b ody d es ign o f t r iang les w ith l arge r eserved d ots s eparated by 2 b ands o f v ert ica l s tr ipes. B ase s tr iped . Th is v esse l c onta ined c arbon wh ich f ormed o ne o f t he 2 s amp les a na lyzed f rom t h is t omb. H e ight 1 2.3cm . SMALL SHOULDERED OLLA . Grey r educed s urface a nd l ow burn ish . Two sma l l v ert ica l knobs o n t he s hou lder . H e ight 1 3.2cm . OBLATE S PHEROID ULLA . Red s l ipped i nter ior r im w ith 2 sma l l v ert ica l h and les a t t he r im/neck j o in . S hou lder d ecorated w ith 6 g roups o f 3i nc ised v ert ica l l i nes e ach a nd a sma l l v ert ica l t i cked f i l let a t t he c enter ( more o r l ess) o f e ach s ide . H e ight 9 .6cm . ANNULAR BASE CUP . Br ight r ed-orange s l ip w ith b lack o rgan ic r es ist pa int ing i n a p attern o f sma l l b ars a nd t r iang les w ith r eserved d ots s eparated by g roups o f mu lt ip le v ert ica l l i nes. The b ase was p a inted w ith w ide v ert ica l b lack s tr ipes . H e ight 1 1.1cm . CYLINDRICAL VASE . L ight b rown c lay w ith a l ow burn ish a nd a w ide f lat b ase . H e ight 1 0 .2cm . ANNULAR BASE CUP . H em ispher ica l b ow l w ith s l ight t op c onstr ict ion a nd a l ow f l ar ing r im . Wh ite s l ipped e xter ior w ith a r ed s l ip 1 38

b and a round t he upper 1 /3 o f t he b ody a nd a r ed a nnu lar b ase . Sma l l mode led b oss o n o ne s ide o f t he b ow l . B lack o rgan ic r es ist d es ign o f t r iang les w ith r eserved d ots s eparated by 2 g roups o f w ide a nd n arrow v ert ica l b lack s tr ipes . B lack s tr ipes o n b ase . He ight 9 .9cm . ANNULAR BASE CUP . Rounded b ow l c onstr icted a t t he t op a nd t wo t iny r im t abs. Red s l ipped e xter ior w ith wh ite b and a round t he upper o f b ody . B lack o rgan ic r es ist p attern o f t r iang les a nd T 's w ith r eserved d ots a nd b ands o f n egat ive c ross-hatching s eparated by l ong i soce les t r iang les a nd mu lt ip le l ines . F our d es ign z ones. W ide b lack s tr ipes o n b ase . He ight 9 .6cm . ANNULAR BASE CUP . W ide r ounded b ow l c onstr icted a t t op a nd n arrow upr igh t r im . Red s l ipped b ody w ith e laborate p attern o f t r iang les w ith r eserved d ots, sma l l s ol id s quares a nd w ide bands c ont inu ing up f rom b ase s tr ipes. Two d es ign z ones s eparated by mu lt ip le v ert ica l l ines. He ight 1 2cm . ANNULAR BASE CUP. Rounded c on ica l b ody w ith c onstr ict ion b e low n arrow v er t ica l r im . Red s l ipped b ody w ith b lack o rgan ic r es ist pa inted r im w i th r eserved d ots, b ody d ecorated w ith more t yp ica l Ca ldas p atterns o f s ol id b ands, mu lt ip le s tr ipes a nd a reas o f n egat ive c ross-hatching . H e ight 1 1.7cm .

TABLE 1 2 RADIOCARBON DATES OBTAINED FROM TOMBS T-LP-1 AND C -LSI, TOMB # 2 N o .

GaK-3320

V egetab le c arbon f rom t he l ower f i l l o f T -LP-1

3 0±90 BP

AD 1 025-1325

N o .

GaK-3321

V egetab le c arbon a nd d ecayed b one f rom t he l ayer c over ing t he v esse ls o n t he f loor o f T -LP-1. Th is s amp le was v ery sma l l a nd h ad v ery l i tt le a ctua l o rgan ic c arbon c ontent . The Gakushu in L aboratory s uggested t hat t he s amp le was c ontam inated .

1 ±120 BP

AD 1 270-1665

N o .

GaK-3322

V egetab le c arbon f rom t he v esse ls o f T -LP-1.

8 50±80 BP

AD 9 10-1270

N o .

GaK-3323

V egetab le c arbon f rom t he v esse ls o f C -LSI-Tomb # 2 .

5 0±70 BP

AD 9 35-1315

N o .

GaK-3324

V egetab le c arbon f rom a c up i n C -LSI-Tomb # 2.

9 00±120 BP

AD 1 320-1425

1 39

o l la /jar , p la in g rey i n c o lor a nd w ith s ome c arbon d epos i ts o n t he e xter io r . Th is was v ery c rude ly f in ished a nd t he c o i ls were v is ib le i ns ide a nd o ut . I t c onta ined a l i tt le o f t he f ine y e l low ish d ir t o f t he c hamber f i l l , b ut n oth ing e lse . B eh ind t he j ar t o t he r ear was a s mal ler o l la w ith a c onstr icted n eck a nd a ppl iqué d ecorat ion . A l arge ( 34 .5cm h igh ) amphora was f ound r est ing i n a n o pen , s hou ldered o la /p late w ith a g rooved r ed r im . C omp let ing t h is c luster o f v esse ls was a s hou ldered o l la w i th i nc ised a nd a ppl iqué d ecora t ion a nd a v ery b roken g ray undecora ted v esse l . T o t he r ight o f t h is g roup o f v esse ls was a r ed , wh ite a nd b lack p a inted c up w ith a n a nnu lar b ase , l y ing o n i t s s ide . Th is c up c onta ined a g reat d ea l o f b lack o rgan ic ma tter a nd a s amp le f or r ad iocarbon a na lys is w as t aken f rom i t . N ext were t wo s mal o l las w i th s imp le d ecora t ion a nd , i n l i ne w ith t hese , ar ed a nd b lack p a inted c up w ith a n a nnu lar b ase a nd a p la in b rown s l ipped c yl indr ica l v ase . N ext i n l i ne were t hree more p a inted c ups. A l l o f t hese v esse ls w ere i n a n e xtreme ly f rag i le c ond it ion ow ing t o t he h um id i ty o f t he t omb . They w ere r emoved t o a n earby h ouse t o d ry s low ly a nd t wo weeks l a ter w e w ere p erm itted t o r eturn , c lean , d raw a nd photograph t he v esse ls ( F igures 1 27 a nd 1 28 a nd Tab le 1). The mater ia ls f rom t he t ombs, a s we l l a s t he m id d en mater ia ls c o l lected f rom t he s urface o f T -LSI-2 a ppear t o d ate t o a phase t rans it iona l b etween M idd le C auca a nd C a ldas . The p a inted c eram ics h ave b oth r ed a nd r ed a nd wh ite s l ipped s urfaces a nd t he o rgan ic r es ist p a int ing o n t hese i s s omewhat m ore e labora te t han i s c ommon o n C a ldas s ty le p ottery ( a lthough c lear ly r e la ted t o t h is mater ia l) a nd y et n ot a s e laborate a s t he m ot ifs o f M idd le C auca s ty le v esse ls . The i nd iv idua l mo t i fs a nd t he ir d ispos i t ion o n t he s urfaces o f t he v esse ls s hows c lear ly t he t rans i t iona l n a ture o f t he p ieces a s d o t he f orms o f t he v esse ls t hemse lves . A lthough a nnu lar b ase c ups o r b ow ls a re t yp ica l o f b oth M idd le C auca a nd C a ldas, t he p referred f orm o f t he b ow l i s d ifferent . M idd le C auca c ups s how more v ar ia t ion i n f orm a nd i n d ecora t ion , a l though t here i s a p reference f or r ounded b ow ls a nd a l ow r ing b ase . C a ldas c ups, o n t he o ther h and , a re u sualy more c on ica l a s t o b ody a nd t he a nnu lar b ase i s h igher . The d ecorat ion i s v ery r egu lar , i n s imp le g eometr ic p atterns w ith n one o f t he e xuberance o f L 's , d iamonds, f lorets a nd d ot c lusters o r t he a pp l ique b osses a nd med ia l b ands, s o c ommon i n M idd le C auca . Two r ad iocarbon d ates were o bta ined f rom C -LSI-Tomb # 2 ( Tab le 1 2). The s amp les were t aken f rom t he b lack o rgan ic l ayer o ver ly ing t he a shy e ar th wh ich s urrounded t he g rave g oods a nd f rom mater ia l i ns ide o ne o f t he c ups, a s n oted a bove . These d ates c orrespond q u ite we l l t o t hose o f T -LP-1, t hat i s t o s ay , c a . 100 A .D . a s we l l a s t o d a tes a ssoc iated w ith r e la ted ma ter ia ls f rom t he C auca Va l ley ( Bray a nd Mose ley 1 976). The c loseness o f t he d a tes f rom t hese t wo t ombs a nd t he o bv ious ly t rans it iona l n a ture o f t he c eram ics f rom t he L a S iber ia t ombs d oes n o t s o lve o ne o f t he m a jor c hrono log ica l p rob lems o f Qu ind io , wh ich i s t ha t o f t he p rec ise r e lat i onsh ip b etween t he t wo a nd t hree c o lor p a inted c eram ic c omp lexes .

1 40

6:

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Q UI N DI O

Archaeo log ica l r ema ins wh ich a re c onstruct ions a re q u ite c ommon i n what e n igmat ic a s t o p urpose, n one l y i nvest igated , a nd f ew c an b e c u lture.

n e ither s ett lements n or mortuaryQu ind io . Most o f t hese a re s omeh as b een c arefu l ly o r s ystemat ica la ttr ibuted t o a ny s pec if ic e ra o r

The most c ommon n on-hab itat ion , n on-funerary r ema ins, i n t erms o f s heer s ize, a re t he r ema ins o f r idged f i e ld s ystems ( F igure 1 29). These l i ne t he upper s lopes o f r idges a long b oth l arge a nd sma l l v a l leys a nd q uebradas. I n t he c ourse o f o ur s urvey w e o bserved t hese s ystems a long t he r io Qu ind io o uts ide o f Armen ia ( see a bove Ch . 4 ), a l l a long t he v a l ley o f t he r io L a V ie ja o n t he h ac ienda Marabe las, a nd a long t he r io E spe jo a bove t he a reas o f p etrog lyphs o bserved i n L a T eba ida ( F igure 6 ). An a rea o f n ear ly d estroyed r idged f i e lds was s een i n t he c leared p astures a cross f rom t he c ountry c lub i n Armen ia a nd n umerous o ther f ragments o f t hese s ystems were o bserved i n a reas where t hey w ere a lmost t ota l ly o bscured e i ther by e ros ion o r by v egetat ion . The r idged f i e ld s ystems a re a lways l ocated upon s teep ly s lop ing l and, most o ften a long t he u pper p ort ions o f r idges. They c ons ist o f v ert ic a l swa les a pprox imate ly l m w ide s eparated by d itches wh ich s urv ive t o a d epth o f 3 0-40cm ( F igure 1 31). These f i e lds were a pparent ly c onstructed by c utt ing swathes o f t urf a nd l ay ing t he t urves upon t he g round i n p ara l le l r ows, a method s t i l l u sed by t he Guamb ian p eop les o f t he D ept . o f C auca , w ith s im i lar v is ib le r esu lts. The f i e lds i n Qu ind io a re a ppear t o b e a ssoc ia ted w ith r ema ins o f t he M idd le C auca c u lture a nd were p robab ly u t i l ized f or g row ing r oot o r t uber c rops i n a s i tuat ion o f a h igh water t ab le ( Bruhns 1 981). S im i lar r idged f i e ld s ystems h ave b een r eported f or t he Va l le d e C a l ima , i n much t he s ame e nv ironmenta l s ett ing ( Bray , H errera , C arda le d e S chr i rnpff 1 983:2-36, B otero 1 985). H ere t hey a re a ssoc iated w ith t he r ema ins o f t he Yotoco c u lture, a c u lture c lose ly r e lated t o M idd le C auca , i f i ndeed, n ot l arge ly c oterm inous w ith i t o r p art o f i t . A t ype o f f eature wh ich may b e r e lated t o t he r idged f i e lds a re t he s o-ca l led " Ind ian r oads", d eep ly c ut p athways o r d itches wh ich u sua ll y g o s tra ight up a nd d own h i l ls. W e o bserved a n umber o f t hese f eatures a nd were t o ld o f many more, u ncovered i n t he c ourse o f 1 41

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F igure 1 29 N orthern Qu ind io : t he s haded a reas i nd icate t he d istr ibut i on o f known r idged f i e ld c omp lexes i n t h is r eg ion .

1 42

F igure 1 30 " Ind ian Road" o n t he Armen ia-Teba ida h ighway , a cross f rom t he c ountry c lub . The r oad a ppears a s an ear v ert ica l d epress ion o n t he upper p art o f t he h i l l . F a int i nd icat ions o f ar idged f i e ld s ystem a re a lso v is ib le .

F igure 1 31 R idged f i e ld n ear Armen ia . One o f t he d eep c uts t hat d iv ide t he swa les i s v is ib le i n t he t h ick b racken . 1 43

c lear ing f or t ree p lanta t ions o r f i e lds . One o f t hese l ocated o n t he f inca I ta l ia i n Montenegro , a cross a smal , d eep q uebrada f rom t he ma in f arm b u i ld ings, was s een t o b e a f a ir ly d eep d itch o r iented up a nd d own s lope . Th is s eemed t o r each t he t op o f t he h i l l , where i t d isappeared i nto t he t rees a nd d ense u nderbrush . A m ore v is ib le " Ind ian r oad" i s f ound o n t he Armen ia-Teba ida r oad a cross f rom t he c ountry c lub . Th is o ne r uns more d iagonaly t o t he s lope o f t he h i l l a nd i s a ssoc iated w ith a s et o f n ear ly o bl i tera ted r idged f i e lds . I t i s v is ib le a s a w ider , d eeper d epress ion b etween s ets o f r idges ( F igure 1 30). Bray h as i dent if ied i dent ica l f ea tures i n t he Va l le d e C al ima a s d ra ins, a ga in t o e xtend t he amoun t o f a rab le l and i n a reas o f v ery h igh water t ab les ( 1981:10-12). E xcavat ions i n h ouse p latforms a ssoc iated w i th t he r idged f i e ld s ystems a nd d ra ins o n t he H ac ienda L a A lcas ia i nd icated t ha t t hese f eatures w ere a ssoc iated w i th r ema ins i n t he Yotoco s ty le ( ib id. : 14-15). A l though b o th Arango a nd , m ore r ecent ly , B ray a nd h is c o l leagues, h ave r epor ted e xtens ive a bor ig ina l r oad s ystems i n t h is r eg ion o f C o lomb ia , w e were n ot a b le t o l oca te a ny s uch s ystems i n t he c ourse o f o ur s urvey . Th is i s most l i ke ly r e la ted t o n ot b e ing p art icu lar ly aware t ha t s uch s ystems m ight e x ist , but a lso t o t he f act t hat Qu ind io was much more h eav i ly c overed w ith v egetat ion t han t he Va l le d e C al ima . S uch f ea tures, when n ot i n u se , a re v ery d iff icu lt t o s pot e ven i n c l eared a reas. A t t he t ime o f o ur s urvey t here w ere n o r ecent l ow a l t itude a er ia l photographs a va i lab le f or Qu ind io ; t hose wh ich we w ere a b le t o o bta in , c our tesy o f t he I nst ituto G eogrä f ico " August in C odazz i", were t aken f rom a h igh a l t itude a nd , b ecause o f f orests a nd c louds, w ere v ir tua l ly u se less f or t he purposes o f f ind ing a rchaeo log ica l f eatures . I t i s p oss ib le t hat m any o f t he modern f oot p aths, e spec ia l ly t hose wh ich c onnect t he sma l ler v a l leys where e x isti ng motor r oads a re n ot a s e ff ic ient f or f oot o r h orse t rave l , r epres ent t he r ema ins o f a nc ient r oad s ystems . G iven t he l ong a bandonm ent o f much o f Qu ind io h owever , s uch a n a bor ig ina l s urv iva l s urv iva l i s most p rob lemat ica l . The o ther ma jor c a tegory o f m isce l laneous a rchaeo log ica l r ema ins i s p etrog lyphs . P etrog lyphs w ere f ormer ly q u ite c ommon i n Qu ind io a nd h ave b een e xtens ive ly c ommented u pon by m any o f t hose who h ave wr i tten a bout " Qu imbaya" r ema ins, whether i n Qu ind io o r i n a d jacent a reas ( cf . Arango b e low , Arango C ano 1 967, B edoya 1 939, Duque e t a l 1 963, Bray 1 981 a nd 1 983, i nter a l ia), Many o f t hese p etrog lyphs a re n ow l ost o r e ndangered by a c ommon b el ief i n c entra l C o lomb ia : t hat s uch c arv ings mark b ur ied t reasure . Dynam i te i s u sed t o r emove t he r ocks t o g et a t t he g o ld s upposed t o b e d epos i ted u ndernea th . D es p ite a r emarkab le l ack o f s uccess ( at f ind ing g o ld), t h is b el ief h as l ed t o w idespread d estruct ion o f p etrog lyphs i n t he p ast 3 0-40 y ears. A lthough w e h ad m any , many g roups o f p etrog lyphs r epor ted t o u s by l oca l i nhab itants, t he o n ly s i tes w ere r ecorded were a long t he r io E spe jo where a s er ies o f l arge r ock o utcrops a long s ubs id iary s tream b eds a nd a l arge b ou lder i n t he m idd le o f t he r iver , w ere r ecorded ( F igures 6 2 , 6 3, 6 5 a nd 6 6). A s ide f rom t he s crol ls, c irc les, c rosses, z igzags, a nd o ther d es igns f ound o n p etrog lyphs t he wor ld o ver , t hese p etrog lyphs f eature o utl ine f igures w i th r ayed h eaddresses. These f igures a re q u ite s im i lar t o n umbers o f s ma l l c ast m eta l f igures f ound i n t ombs o f t he r eg ion ( F igure 6 4). O thers, w ith p endant m ot i fs b etween t he l egs, r esemb le f igures s een o n r epoussé g o ld o r 1 44

F igure 1 32 L ooted t omb i n Montenegro , at yp ica l h azard i n t he c offee p lantat ions a nd underbrush o f Qu ind io . Th is t omb h ad r eported ly b een l ooted a bout s ix months b efore t he photograph was t aken .

F igure 1 33 Archaeo log ica l f ounta in i n Montenegro . The l arge upr ights o f t he f ounta in a re made f rom s labs t aken f rom c ance l t ombs; m etates a re s trewn d ecorat ive ly a bout . 1 45

t umbaga p laques f rom t ombs ( F igures 6 7 a nd 6 8). No d ate c an a s y et b e a ss igned t o e i ther t he meta l o r t he p etrog lyphs. I n t he c ase o f t he r io E spe jo p etrog lyphs, a M idd le C auca s ett lement was c lose ly a ssoc iated , but t here i s , o f c ourse, n o g uarantee t hat t he p eop le who l i ved i n t he s i te a lso c arved t he p etrog lyphs.

F igure 1 34 Sma l l a lcarraza i n t he C a ldas s ty le s how ing a r ectangul ar h ouse w ith a l arge, s teep ly p itched, g ab le r oof . The f our c o lumned b ody b e low t he h ouse may r epresent a p latform o f s ome s ort , p erhaps o f wood a s n o e arthen p latforms h ave b een d iscovered i n Qu ind io . MDO .

1 46

7:

C O N C L U SI O N S

Our a rchaeo log ica l r econna issance o f Qu ind io , wh i le o bv ious ly v ery i ncomp lete a nd p re l im inary , i nd ica tes t hat w e l l b efore t he S pan ish i nvas ions a nd c onquest o f C o lomb ia t h is a rea s upported a l arge, p ermanent p opu lat ion. R ema ins o f a nc ient s ett lements a nd t he ir c emeter ies were f ound t o b e e xtreme ly d ense i n a l l a reas s urveyed , w ith t he p oss ib le e xcept ion o f t he t i erra f r ia a round S a lento . E ven h ere ( and i n c omparab le e nv ironmenta l z ones e lsewhere i n Qu ind io) g uaqueros h ave r ecovered s uff ic ient f unerary r ema ins t o s uggest t hat t hese a reas s upported c ons iderab le p opu lat ions. Most o f t he r ema ins r ecovered c ou ld b e a ss igned t o o ne o f t he t wo p rev ious ly d ef ined c eram ic/cu ltura l g roups: M idd le C auca o r C a ldas. These c an b e d ated r ough ly t o a pprox imate ly AD 8 00-1300, p erhaps c ont inu ing i n s ome man ifestat ion t o s l ight ly l a ter . The d ef in it ion o f t hese p er iods i s q u ite g enera l , u nfortunate ly , a nd i t i s e v ident t ha t t here a re a n umber o f l oca l v ar iants a nd t empora l s ubphases. N o r ema ins wh ich c ou ld b e d ef in ite ly a ss igned t o t he p rotoh istor ic p er iod, j e , a r t ifacts a ssoc iated w ith t he Qu imbaya , Qu ind io o r P i jao " tr ibes" c ou ld b e i dent if ied . S ome m ater ia ls f rom E l Oro i n t he mun ic ip io o f R iosuc io ( Dept . o f R isera lda) t o t he n orth s how s ome s tyl ist ic c orrespondences w ith p rotoh istor ic r ema ins e xcavated by Bray a nd Mose ley ( 1969-70), but n oth ing s imi lar was l ocated by u s e i ther t hrough s urvey o r i n c o l lect ions o f c landest ine ly e xcavated mater ia ls f rom t he a rea . Two e arl ier o ccupat ions may h ave b een l ocated , a lthough t he ir r ema ins a re s o s canty a s t o b e o n ly a t antal iz ing h int . A s ing le s tone p ro ject i le p o int a nd c hert s craper o f P a leo ind ian t ype were f ound d ur ing f i e ld work ( Bruhns, O sor io a nd Chr ist iansen 1 969-1970). These were b oth p icked up i n ar eg ion wh ich h ad b een c ons iderab ly d isturbed a nd wh ich h ad h ad s ome 6 -8m o f e arth r emoved w ith bu l ldozers d ur ing t he c onstruct ion o f t he E l E d& I a irpor t . N o o ther r ema ins c ou ld b e a ssoc ia ted w ith t he p o int a nd s craper . Two s herds r e lated t o t he C al ima H ama phase, wh ich i s q u ite f irm ly d ated t o t he f i rst m i l lenn ium BC w ere a lso f ound . N o o ther d ef in ite ly e ar ly mater ia ls w ere f ound i n t he s i tes where t hese s herds were l ocate d . I t i s q u ite p oss ib le, o f c ourse , t hat s ome o f t he p la in a nd/or u t il i tar ian v esse ls p er ta in t o e ar l ier phases o r , i ndeed , t hat s ome o f t he r es ist pa inted s ty les wh ich c an b e s tyl ist ica l ly d el ineated f rom t he 1 47

m ore s tandard M idd le C auca , Y otoco , o r C lass ic C a ldas p ieces a lso p erta in t o t h is e arl ier phase . The lama phase i s t he e arl iest c eram ic phase i dent i f ied i n V a l le, a l though p o l len c ores a re c la imed t o s how a much e ar l ier p resence o f h umans i n t he a rea . ( Bray , H errera a nd C arda le d e S chr impf f 1 985:9). The P ro C al ima p ro ject h as y et t o f ind e v idence o f a P a leo ind ian o ccupat ion o r u t i l izat ion o f t hat a rea, a l though t he e ar ly w ork o f Wassdn i n t he Va l ley o f E l D orado d id l ocate a g rave l o t wh ich c onta ined a s tone p ro ject i le p o int s im i lar t o t he Qu ind io o ne, i n t h is i nstance a ssoc iated w ith o rgan ic r es ist p a inted a nd p last ic d ecorated p ottery wh ich c an b e r e lated t o t he S onso s ty le ( Wassdn 1 976:23-25). S tone p ro jecti le p o ints a re o ccas iona l ly f ound i n t ombs t hroughout c entra l C o lomb ia , a l though i n a l l c ases t hey s eem t o h ave b een c o l lected by t he a nc ients a s o dd it ies. S uch p ro ject i le p o in ts d ef in ite ly d o n ot f orm p ar t o f t he n orma l s tone t oo l i nventory o f t he c eram ics-mak ing c entra l C o lomb ian p eop les . One p rob lem i n i so la t ing e arl ier c u ltures i n t he C ord i l lera C entra l m ay w e l l b e t ha t Qu ind io a nd a d jacent r eg ions l i e i n a z one o f a ct ive , a shy v o lcan ism . The h igh p eaks wh ich f orm t he b ackbone o f t he C ord i l lera C entra l a re most ly v o lcan ic i n o r ig in a nd a n umber o f t hese a re t i l l a ct ive , i nc lud ing t hose o f t he " Qu ind io C luster" ( the n evados o f Qu ind io , Ru iz, 0 1 1eta , E l C igne , S ta . I sabe l , a nd T ol ima ). The v o lcan ic h istory o f t h is a rea i s n ot p ar t icu lar ly w e l l-known , s ave f or t he h istor ic ( and r ecent) e rupt ions, but o ne v o lcano , a t l east , s pewed i t s a sh p lume o ver Qu ind io w ith s ome r egu lar i ty t hroughout t he p ostP le istocene t o e ar ly h istor ic p er iod ( Gera ld H erd , Un ited S ta tes G eol og ica l S urvey , p ersona l c ommun icat ion). A c haracter ist ic o f Qu ind io s o i ls i s t he e x istence o f n umerous a shy s trata a nd a sh l enses a t v ary ing d epths b e low t he modern g round s urface . These d o n ot f orm t he h uge d eep d epos i ts c over ing w ide a reas s uch a s t hose c over ing , s ay , P ompe i i i n I ta ly , o r much o f E l S a lvador , but t he e v idence o f f a ir ly c ont inuous a sh d epos its, c over ing a l ong p er iod o f t ime, i s amp le . I t i s p oss ib le t ha t Qu ind io , a s d id h igh land N ar i f io i n s outhe rn C o lomb ia a nd s ome o ther a reas o f t he Amer icas, e xper ienced s ome v o lcan ic e rupt ions w ith f i re c louds a nd h eavy a shy f a l ls wh ich t empor ar i ly i nterrupted t he h uman o ccupat ion o f t he a rea . A t t h is p o int t here i s n o e v idence e i ther f or o r a ga inst t h is i dea . I t i s a lso q u ite p oss ib le t ha t e v idence o f e arl ier o ccupat ions i s t here , b ut b ur ied d eep ly b e low t he modern s urface . Chance f inds o f c eram ics wh ich a re s ty l ist ica l ly unre la ted t o a ny o f t he known l a ter t rad it ions o f t he r eg ion h ave b een made , a nd c ou ld c once ivab ly p erta in t o t h is hypot het ica l e arl ier o ccupat ion . A s n one o f t hese k nown p ieces o f e xot ic p ottery h as e ven s ure mun ic ip io p roven ience , h owever , i t i s d iff icu lt t o s ay . L ater o ccupat ions a re , o f c ourse , we l l a ttested t o . The a rea w as d ense ly o ccup ied when t he S pan ish f i rst c ame t hrough a nd f or s ome t ime a f ter t hat . Guaqueros r epor t h av ing e xcava ted t ombs wh ich c onta ined a r t ic les o f E uropean manufacture o r i nsp irat ion ( such a s Chr ist ian r el ig ious a rt ifac ts), b ut n one was a b le t o g ive t he a uthor a c lear d escr ipt ion o f t he c eram ics o r t omb t ypes a ssoc iated . I was a b le t o s ee a s ing le g rave l o t , s upposed f rom a s haf t a nd c hamber t omb o f c ommon s or t ( a t ambor), wh ich h ad a lso c onta ined a s ma l l s ta tuette o f t he V irg in Mary . The v esse ls i n t h is g rave l o t were a l l p la in a nd u ndecorated o l las a nd j ars w ith n o d ist ingu ish ing c harac ter ist ics. A lso a ssoc iated was a g iant s em i-hem ispher ica l v esse l wh ich t he g uaqueros i dent if ied a s a c h icha b rew ing v esse l . The m ater ia ls w ere 1 48

n ot e spec ia l ly l i ke t hose o f t he e ar ly C o lon ia l Mora lba D ept . o f V a l le ( Bray a nd Mose ley 1 969-1970 , 1 976).

P hase

o f

t he

S ince t here e v ident ly was a c ontact p er iod p opu lat ion o f c ons iderab le s ize, i t i s u nfortunate t hat we c annot a s y et i dent ify i t a rchaeo log ica ll y . Th is i s e spec ia l ly s o s ince t he c onquest p er iod e thno logy o f Qu ind io i s v ery p oor ly known . The ma in S pan ish i nvas ions s k irted t he Qu ind io d epress ion a nd f o l lowed t he ma jor r iver v a l leys o f t he C auca a nd Magda lena . A l l t hat c an r ea l ly b e g arnered f rom t he S pan ish r eports i s ag enera l i mpress ion o f ad ense p opu la t ion, p ract ici ng agr icu ltura l b ased upon b oth c orn ( Zea mays) a nd r oot c rop c u lt iv at ion, l i v ing i n s ma l l v i l lages r u led by a n h ered itary e l i te, a nd a l l m ore o r l e ss e terna l ly a t war w ith e ach o ther . S ome o f t hese g roups w ere a nthropophagous; i t i s n ot c erta in i f a l l p ract iced c ann iba l ism . O f t he g roups wh ich h ave b een g iven n ames, t he Qu imabayas, t he P i jaos, t he Qu ind ios, a nd t he G orrones s eem t o h ave h ad t err itor ies whose b oundar ies c o inc ided w ith in t he a rea o f t he modern D epartment o f Qu ind io . A 1 585 l i st o f e ncom iendas f rom C artago V ie jo ( now P ere ir a) g ives o ther I nd ian g roups a s we l l , a l l o f wh ich a re g iven s eparate n ames. Th is m igh t i nd icate t hat, a l though t he S pan iards t ended t o s ee p eop les o f s im i lar s peech a nd s im i lar l i festy les a s b e long ing t o t he s ame g roup , t he l oca l i nhab itants c erta in ly d id n ot h ave t he s ame b e l iefs, b ut r ather i dent if ied t hemse lves by a s pec if ic g eograph ic a rea wh ich t hey l i ved i n a nd by t he ir a l leg iance t o a s pec i f ic g roup o f n ob les o r c ac iques . L ingu ist ic e v idence i s a s s canty a s t he o ther e thnograph ic d eta i ls a nd s uch v ocabu lar ies a s h ave b een r ecorded a re o f a f ew words o n ly . F rom t hese t he t r ibes o f t he 1 6th c entury Qu ind io h ave b een v ar ious s a id t o h ave b een a ff i l iated w ith t he C ar ib a nd w ith t he Ch ibchan l i ngu ist ic g roups ( cf . Guh l 1 975:111:7, Duque e t . a l . 1 963:167-169, i nter a l ia). A s mater ia l c u lture a nd l i ngu ist ic a ff i l iat ion a re n ot l i nked v ar iab les, d esp ite t he w ishfu l t heor iz ing o f s ome p reh istor ians, t here i s n o p art icu lar e v idence a va i lab le a t t h is t ime wh ich wou ld p erm it u s t o d el ineate e i ther c u ltura l o r l i ngu ist ic g roups i n t h is a rea . H owever , t h is i s b egg ing t he q uest ion . I n v ery f ew a reas o f t he wor ld h as i t b een d emonstrated t hat a g iven c u ltura l s i tuat ion h as r ema ined e nt ire ly s tat ic o ver t he c entur ies. Due t o t he p auc ity o f s c ient if ic i nvest igat ion i n Qu ind io, t he c ontact p er iod c u lture h as n ot b een i dent i f ied a rchaeo log ica l ly a nd most o f t hese a rchaeo log ica l r ema ins wh ich c an b e g athered i nto s tyl ist ic/cu ltura l g roups c an b e s hown d ef in i te ly t o d ate t o s ome c entur ies b efore t he a ppearance o f t he E uropeans. The a rchaeo log ica l r ema ins o f Qu ind io c an , a s d iscussed a bove, b e g enera l ly l umped i nto t wo ma jor g roups. H owever , w ith in e ach g roup t here i s e nough s tyl ist ic v ar iat ion t o s uggest l oca l , p erhaps e ven v i l lage, s ty les w ith in a ma jor c eram ic t rad it ion . Th is i s e spec ia l ly m arked i n t he f igur ines a l though a lmost a l l o f t hese l ack s ure a ssoc iat i ons a nd w ith in t he t wo-co lor ( organ ic b lack p a int o n r ed s l ip) c erami cs o f t he C a ldas C omp lex . These l a tter s how t remendous v ar iat ion i n m otifs, i n a rrangement o f d es ign e lements, a nd i n t he s hapes o f t he v esse ls t hemse lves, a l though d ef in ite ly r e lated o ne l eve l . Whether t h is s tyl ist ic m icro-var iat ion r ef lects a h igh ly f ract ionated p o l it ica l s i tuat i on, s uch a s was e v ident d ur ing t he 1 6th c entury , i s n ot, a t t h is t ime, d iscoverab le . 1 49

There i s s ome s uppor t ing e v idence , h owever , f or s uch a r e la t ionsh ip . The d escr ipt ions o f b ur ia ls l ooted i n t h is r eg ion i nd ica te t ha t t here was s ign if icant v ar iat ion i n b oth t omb t ypes a nd i n t he ir c ontents. Ma in ly i t was t he l argest a nd d eepest t ombs wh ich h ad u nf i l led ( "en c laro") c hambers i n wh ich t he i nhab itants were l a id o ut . These t ombs a lso s eem t o h ave c ommon ly b een t he s cene o f r eta iner b ur ia ls ( I h ave i dent if ied t hose t ombs w ith mu lt ip le b ur ia ls o f a du l ts i n wh ich t he ma jor i ty o f o ffer ings a re a ssoc iated w ith a s ing le b ody a s b e ing e v id ence o f r eta iner bur ia l . Th is p ract ice i s a lso r epor ted by C ieza d e L eön a nd o thers f or t he c entra l C o lomb ian t r ibes i n t he 1 6th c entury), a nd t o h ave h ad t he l argest amounts o f wea l th d epos i ted i n t hem . The poorest t ombs s eem t o h ave b een e ither t he s ha l low o nes ( " monos") o r s ome t ypes o f c i st b ur ia ls ( "cance les"). These e i ther h ave n o o ffer ings o r h ave o f fer ings o f o n ly o ne o r a f ew u t i l i tar ian v esse ls. I n b etween t hese t ypes t here e x isted a p lethora o f t ombs t ypes wh ich v ar ied i mmense ly i n t he ir f orm , d epth , p lacement a nd n umber o f d ead , c ontents , e tc . I t i s p oss ib le t ha t t h is v ar ia t ion i s r e la ted t o b oth t he s ta tus o f t he p ersons) e ntombed a nd t o v ery l oca l c u ltura l d ifferences . T ime i s a lso d oubt less i nvo lved a s w e l l , a nd w ithout more d eta i led i nformat ion o n t he t ombs, t he ir d istr ibut ions a nd t he ir c ontents, i t i s i mposs ib le t o s ay m ore .1 S ett lement p atterns more c lear ly i nd icate b oth r eg iona l a nd t empora l v ar iat ions i n c u lture . O f t hose s i tes i n wh ich s ome d ifferent ia l ly d istr ibut ion o f a rchaeo log ica l r ema ins was n o ted , e leven s howed c lust er ing o f mater ia ls i n s ma l l , d iscrete a reas. Two m ore e xh ib i ted a c ont inuous s pread o f m ater ia l a long t he t op o f ar idge w ith c luster ing o n t he s lopes. These c lusters a re p robab ly t he r ema ins o f s epara te h ouseho lds . A l l c onta ined M idd le C auca p ottery , a l though t wo s howed s ome C a ldas c eram ics a s we l l . Another M idd le C auca s i te, A -EE-4, s howed a v ery d ifferent d istr ibut ion p a ttern . H ere a lmost a l l t he r ema ins o f t he f iner wares ( wh ich s eem t o b e ma in ly s erv ing v esse ls a nd i nd iv idua l e at ing a nd d r ink ing v esse ls) w ere f ound i n ar estr icted a rea i n t he s i te c enter . Th is s harp ly d emarca ted a rea o f f ine ware was s urrounded by s ma l l i so la ted c lusters o f f i re-cracked r ock , s tone i mp lements a nd s herds o f u t il i tar ian v esse ls. I t i s p oss ib le t ha t A -EE4 r epresents a v i l lage t ypes w ith a c entra l " men 's h ouse" o r " f iesta h ouse" s urrounded by o rd inary d omest ic s truc tures . Th is t ype o f s ett lement i s s hown o n a un ique l ama s ty le a lcarraza i n t he Museo d e l Oro ( Bray 1 981:7). I t i s p oss ib le t ha t t h is t ype o f v i l lage was a lso f ound i n Qu ind io , a nd t ha t w e w ere l ucky e nough t o l oca te o ne . G iven t he s urvey s i tuat ion, i n wh ich w e were f orced t o c onf ine o ur i nvest iga t ions t o n ew ly c leared a nd p lowed a reas , i t i s v ery l i ke ly t ha t we e ncountered m ore e xamp les o f t h is s ett lement t ype b ut c ou ld n o t i dent ify t hem b ecause a l l we f ound were t he s ma l ler s tructures. S ince A -EE-4 i s p robab ly t he o n ly e nt ire s ett lement w e were a b le t o s urvey , we r ea l ly c annot s ay much m ore a bout s ett lement p a tterns . E x ist ing h ouse mode ls i n p ottery f rom Qu ind io s how o n ly s ing le s tructures

1 .

S ee

Q uindio

t he A ppendix f or A rango C ano's a nd

C aicedonia

( Valle)

t hat

d escriptions h e

h ad

d escriptions a re mainly o f t he c onstructions b odies a nd t he a mount o f g old t hey c ontained; i n t he c eramics i n t he t ombs, h is

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a mount

o f

t hus making i nformation

w ith a rchaeological d ata o f o ther s orts.

1 50

o f

t ombs

k nowledge t hemselves, h e w as

o f.

i n

A rango's

t he n umber o f

s eldom i nterested

i t v ery d ifficult c oncerning

l ooted

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( F igure 1 34). These a l l a re r ectangu lar a nd h ave g ab led r oofs. They were e v ident ly m ade o f w ood, c ane, wa tt le a nd d aub, a nd t hatch , s ince n o r ema ins o f more p ermanent s tructures o r o f a cc ident a l ly f i red a dobes h ave b een f ound . The c irc le o f s tones f rom L a Mar ina may r e late t o s ome more p ermanent c onstruct ion, but t here i s n o c orroborat ing e v idence f rom r es idents o f t he a rea o r f rom Arango 's d escr ipt ions o f r eported r eported n on-funerary r ema ins. The a reas s urveyed d o i nd ica te t hat s ome o f t he Qu ind io s ett lements c overed q u ite l arge a reas, e i ther a l l a t o nce o r , p erhaps, t hrough a p rocess o f movement e i ther o f t he s ett lement i t se l f o r o f a bandonment a nd r econstruct ion o f h ouses w ith in a r e lat ive ly r estr icted a rea . A s we d o n ot know what t ype o f agr icu lture was p ract iced i n p re-co lumb ian t imes a nd t he c eram ic c hrono log ies a re t oo g enera l t o a l low a ny d iffere nt iat ion o f s i te o ccupat ions w ith in s evera l c entur ies, we c annot t e l l whether s ett lements were p ermanent o r w ere moved i n r esponse t o s hift ing c u lt ivat ion . The a ssoc iat ion o f s ome M idd le C auca s ett lements w ith l arge r idged f i e ld s ystems, h owever , m ay b e t aken a s a n i nd icat i on o f ac erta in p ermanence o f s ett lements. A d ifferent t ype o f s ett lement was l ocated i n b oth t he " t ierra f r ia" o f S a lento a nd i n t he mun ic ip io o f C a icedon ia ( Va l le). Here we e ncount ered t he r ema ins o f s eparate h ouse p latforms, t he s o-ca l led " pat ios d e l os i nd ios". Th is t ype o f s ett lement i s v ery c ommon i n Va l le where i t s eems t o p er ta in t o s evera l d ifferent c u ltura l phases. The c eram ic a nd l i th ic c omponents o f t he s i tes we i nvest igated i n Va l le s eem t o b e more c lose ly r e lated t o t hose r epor ted by Bray a nd h is a ssoc iates f rom Buga a nd f rom t he Va l le d e Cal ima t han t hey d o t o t he o ther r ema ins we l ocated i n Qu ind io . The o ccurrance o f Yotoco mater ia ls i n s ome M idd le C auca s i tes a nd t ombs ( espec ia l ly t hose o f t he g uaca E l Dragön i n C a larcä), s uggests t ha t t here m ay h ave b een a Y otoco o ccupat ion o f a t l east p art o f Qu ind io . The Yotoco Phase o f Va l le s eems t o h ave b een a t ime o f d ense p opu lat i on a nd c ons iderab le p rosper ity , t o j udge f rom t he a bundance o f Yotoco r ema ins i n c o l lect ions a nd f rom t he n umber o f s i tes r ecorded by Bray a nd h is c o l leagues. I n Qu ind io i t i s worth n ot ing t hat M idd le C auca mater ia ls, m ater ia ls wh ich a re b oth s tyl ist ica l ly r e lated t o a nd a rchaeo log ica l ly a ssoc iated w ith t he Yotoco phase a re m ore a bundant t han t he s omewhat l a ter C a ldas c eram ics. We d id n ot l ocate a ny o f t he v ery d eep a ccumu lat ions o f r efuse t hat Bray h as r eported f rom Va l le ( 1976, 1 980, 1 981), but M idd le C auca c eram ics a re f ound t hroughout most o f Qu ind io, whereas C a ldas p ottery i s much l ess c ommon . Ca ldas t ombs a ppear t o b e l ess f requent t han M idd le C auca o nes, t o j udge f rom c landest ine ly e xcavated r ema ins i n c o l lect ions a nd museums, a nd w ith in t he a rea o f s urvey C a ldas mater ia ls w ere much f ewer i n number a nd t ended t o b e r estr icted t o s ing le a reas w ith in a l arger M idd le C auca s i te . Th is m ight b e i nd ica t ive o f f luctuat ing p opu lat ions i n t he a rea , s ometh ing wh ich I nd ians i nterv iewed by C ieza a l luded t o ( 1553: C ap .xx i i i i .) . I n a ny e vent, i t s eems f rom t here was c ons iderab le c u ltura l p ol i t ica l a nd e conom ic c hange, o f a rchaeo log ica l r ema ins w ith t o s ay t he l east, d esp i te t he f rom t h is a rea a s Qu imbaya .

t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence a lone t hat c hange a nd, p resumab ly c orrespond ing o ver t he c entur ies. Any i dent if icat ion h istor ic t r ibes i s , h owever , p rema ture s tandard i dent if icat ion o f a l l mater ia ls

1 51

The 1 970 Qu ind io s urvey h as b are ly e stabl ished t he p arameters o f t he p rob lems c oncern ing t he c u lture h istory o f t h is a rea . The i nformat ion we w ere a b le t o g a ther o n b ur ia l f orms , s ett lement p atterns, t he n ature o f a rchaeo log ica l s i tes a nd t he ir c hrono logy , i s , a l though c ons iderab ly m ore t han w e p rev ious ly p ossessed , s imp ly s hows h ow p it ifu l ly s ma l l o ur understand ing o f b oth c u lture h istory a nd c u l tura l dynam ics i n t h is a rea i s . S ince t he f in ish ing o f t h is r econna issance g uaquer ia h as c ont inued unaba ted ; but v ery l i tt le f ur ther a rchaeo log ic a l w ork h as b een undertaken . W e h ope t ha t t he n ew g enerat ion o f t ra ined C o lomb ian a rchao log ists w i l l s oon t urn t he ir e nerg ies t o t h is f asc ina t ing r eg ion a nd r enew i nvest iga t ion i nto i t s c u ltures .

1 52

A P P E N DI X: L UI S

A R A N G O IN

C A N O' S

Q UI N DI O

A N D

A C TI VI TI E S V A L L E

Recuerdos d e l a Guaquer ia e n e l Qu ind io by Lu is Arango C ano ( Lu is T amayo C ia ., B ogotä 1 924) i s o ne o f t he most amaz ing d ocuments o f Amer ican a rchaeo logy . Arango was a p rofess iona l g uaquero who , w ith h is b rothers, f ounded t he f am i ly f ortunes t hrough h is e xcavat ions i n a nc ient c emeter ies i n C o lomb ia . H e was ma in ly a ct ive i n a r e lat ive ly r estr icted a rea o f Qu ind io, a l though h e v is ited a nd w orked b r ief ly i n t he Qu ind io-R isera lda b order a rea , a round Man iza les, i n n or thern C o lomb ia a nd i n t he Magda lena a rea . Unl ike h is c o l leagues i n g uaquer ia, many o f whom h e c ast igates f or t he ir i gnorance a nd d estruct ive t endenc ies, Arango was i nterested i n t he r ema ins h e r emoved a nd s eems t o h ave k ept s ome n otes c oncern ing t he v ar ious n oteworthy t ombs a nd f inds . These h e c omb ined i n h is memo irs, a long w ith s pecu lat ions c oncern ing t he a nc ient c u ltures o f t he a rea , a nc ient a nd modern h istory , t heosophy a nd o ther t op ics. I t i s h is d escr ipt ions o f t ombs h e o pened , h owever , wh ich f orm a un ique b ody o f i nformat ion c oncern ing t he a nc ient i nhab itants o f c entra l C o lomb ia . These r ema in , a f ter n ear ly 7 0 y ears, o ur ma jor s ource o f i nformat ion c oncern ing a nc ient r ema ins i n t h is a rea a nd i t i s Arango 's memo irs, c omb ined w ith • b its a nd p ieces o f i nformat ion c u l led f rom e ar ly S pan ish a ccounts ( above a l l t he c hron ic les o f C ieza d e L eön) wh ich h ave f ormed t he b as is f or m ost o f what h as b een p ub l ished c oncern ing t he a rchaeo logy o f Ca ldas, R isera lda, a nd Quindio, t he r ema ins o f t he s o-ca l led " Qu imbaya" c u lture . A lthough R ecuerdos... h as b een r epr inted a n umber o f t imes i n C o lomb ia , i t i s n ot r ead i ly a va i lab le t o s cho lars e ven t here a nd n o m odern e d it ion h as y et b een p ub l ished . The f o l low ing e xtracts f rom Arango a re t he d escr ipt ions o f t he t ombs h e l ooted w ith in t he a rea o f o ur s tudy a nd a re p resented h ere f or t he c onven ience o f t he r eader . I t s hould b e n oted t hat t he v ar ious r epr int ings o f Arango h ave s omewhat d ifferent p ag inat ions a nd a re i ncons istent a s t o d ate o f p r int ing ( my own c opy h as a p ubl icat ion d ate o f 1 924, a l though i n t he t ext i t r efers t o e vents o f 1 928! ) . The p age n umbers g iven b e low a re f rom t he T amayo 1 924 ( t it le p age d ate) e d it ion, wh ich i s t wo v o lumes 1 53

b ound a s o ne .

1

I h ave d one l i tt le e d it ing a nd h ave p reserved Arango 's s omewha t i nd iv idua l a bbrev ia t ions, s pe ll ings a nd punctuat ion . Ih ave r estr ic ted t hese e xcerpts ma in ly t o t he f actua l d ata p resented wh ich c oncerns t ombs a nd t he ir c ontents, t ak ing o ut s pecu la t ions a nd d igress ions. Many o f t hese a re v ery i nterest ing a nd c onta in s ubstan t ia l i nformat ion c oncern ing a spects o f t he a rchaeo logy o f Qu ind io , a lbe it i n a l ess c lear ly d ocumented manner ; t he i nterested r eader i s u rged t o p rocure a c opy o f Arango , i f a t a l l p oss ib le , s ince my purposes h ere a re s tr ict ly l im ited t o mak ing a va i lab le a s omewhat d iff icu lt o f a ccess b ody o f a dd it iona l i nformat ion o f t he a rchaeo logy o f Qu ind io f or c omparat ive p urposes . Ih ave a lso r earranged t he v ar ious l ocal i t ies a nd o rgan ized t hem by r nun ic ip io , i nsofar a s t h is c ou ld b e d eterm ined . I n an umber o f c ases t here a re s evera l l andho ld ings o r l oca l i t ies w ith t he s ame n ame . W i th t hese , when t here i s r eason t o t h ink , ma in ly by t he ir c ontext, t hat o ne o r t he o ther s i te i s m eant , Ih ave p laced t hem i n t hat g roup , t ak ing t he s tand t ha t , g iven Arango 's ma in a reas o f a ct iv i ty ( the mun ic ip ios o f Armen ia , C a larcä a nd L a T eba ida) t ha t l ocal i t ies i n t hese a reas a re more l i ke ly t han , s ay , t hose i n o therw ise u ndescr ibed a reas o f Va l le o r C a ldas, o r e ven t he f ar n orth a nd f ar s outh o f Qu ind io , a reas wh ich Arango s eems t o h ave n ot v is i ted i n t he l i ne o f g uaquer ia . A t t he e nd o f t h is l i st i s a c a tch-a l l c a tegory o f t hose p laces whose e xact l ocal i ty I w as n ot a b le t o d eterm ine a l though a l l s eem t o h ave b een i n t he g enera l a rea o f c entra l Qu ind io a nd ( perhaps) e astern Va l le .

ARMEN IA

1 :122 . E n Armen ia hubo pueb los d e g-u aquer ia , p or l os s epu lcros h a l lados e n l a h oy P laza d e B o l ivar , P laza d e C ervantes, P arque Ur ibe y e l C ementer io c atöl ica . C erca d e l c ementer io c atöl ico , e n Armen ia , s acaron un c a jön d e d os v aras d e l argo , 1 8 pu lg . d e a ncho y 6 v . d e p .; b öveda d e 3p or 4 v .; a l tura d e l a m isma 1 y m ed ia v .; a ncho d e l a p uerta 1 6 pu lg . D os i nd ios t en ian , b ien a costados s obre g-u asca , c on d os p a tos b ien h echos d e o ro f ino , q ue p esaron 2 5c . 1 :123 . A un k i lömetro d e l a p laza d e Armen ia , h ac ia e l r io E spe jo , f ue s acado una mataca t iera ; e l c a jön d e a träs t en ia 1 0 v . d e l argo p or m ed ia d e a ncho ; d e e sca la y e n p abe l lön ; e l c a jön d e lantero d e 2 v . d e l argo p or m ed ia d e a ncho y 7 d e p . ( Esta c lase d e g uacas e stän s eparadas p or un i s tmo g rueso d e t i erra s ana y s o lo p or e l f ondo d e l a g uaca s e u nen p or un o r if ic io , e ntrando l os i nd ios p or e l c a jön d e a träs c on p iedras p ara f orrar l a b oveda , c omo l o h ab iamos d icho e n l a p ar te p r imera). L a b ase d e l a b oveda e ra d e 2y m ed ia v . d e a nchur a , l argo 3 v .; t oda l a b öveda e staba f orrada c on g randes l a jas d e p iedra , q ue a l un irse p or l a p arte a l ta f ormaban un t r iäng-u lo o b longo ; t odas l as d iv is iones d e l as p iedras e staban c ementadas c on b arro

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b lanco , l o r n ismo q ue l a p iedra d e l a puerta d e l a b öveda , q ue e ra un a ncho l astre, y q ue e staba c ementada p or l as e xtre rn idades c ontra l a p ared . E sta c lase d e b övedas n unca s e d es lanchan . E n e ste b öveda h ab ia un s o lo i nd io , q ue t en ia d os a rgo l las p equer ias d e o ro d e 2 c . una m ed ia d e 2 7 c . y 2 24 i nd ios d e o ro f ino, d e c ara b ien h echas, f orma o va lada , q ue p esaron 1 00c . 1 :144 . E n Armen ia , e n l a p laza d e S ucre, h ab ia un pueb lo d e g uaq uer ia p obre, c on s epu lcros muy e nc imeros. Entre e l los h ab ia un c a jön d e 4m . d e l ong itud p or 1 m . d e d ., y 4 pu lg . d e p . E l p lan d e l a g-u aca e staba t end ido d e h uesos d e i nd ios quemados; s egün e l nümero d e huesos p arece n o h ayan r eba jado d e 2 0 l os q uemados; n o t i ene mäs d e r aro que e l h aber s ido h a l lados e n una p laza d e e sta c iudad , p orque e ste s istema d e q uemar c adäveres e ra t an n atura l e n l os i nd ios d e e sta r eg iön c omo h agar agua . 1 :161. E n l a c iudad d e Armen ia , e n e l b arr io d e L a P o la , s acaron un c a jön d e l x2 v s. d e P . Böveda d e 2 x2. E staba t end ida d e l astres d e p iedra , l os a justes c a lc inados c on b arro b lanco q ue l os a bor igenes h ab ian t ra ido d e una c ar iada y q ue mol ieron e n una p iedra d e mo l ino, pues e staba a ll i m ismo e l r es iduo ; c on e l b arro q ue l es s obrö h ic ieron una b o la , q ue pus ieron e n l a puer ta d e l a b öveda . S ö lo s e h a l lö un c adäver a costado . 1 :180 . A un k . d e d istanc ia d e Armen ia s . un t . d e 1v . d e d . p or 8 d e p .; b . una c huspa , c adäveres 1 . Tumbaga 2 0 r ea les e n una p ieza q ue p arece una b ov ina y a l a v ez g uarda c ierta a na log ia c on un t ambor c on c intura d epr im ida . E s h ueca l a p ieza y p or d entro t i ene un g u i jarro d e g ran ito , y l i bramente g ira d entro d e l a p ieza . Una d e l as puntas d e l a b ov ina e s una t apa l i sa , y l a o tra t i ene e n e l c entro un o r if ic io c ircu lar ; e l c entro l ong itud ina l e s d e f orma a nu lar e n b a jo r el ieve d ibu jada y c on v ar ias c isuras c uadrangu lares q ue s e c omun ican c on l a p arte hueca ; e l t raba jo e s d el icado y a rt ist ico . E sta p ieza e s n otab le e ntre l os g uaqueros p or s er e l ün ico e jemp lar q ue s e c onocen; s i movemos l a p ieza , l a p iedra l e h ace p roduc ir a l a b ov ina un s on ido ä spero y d estemp lado . 1 :200 . C erca d e Armen ia , e n Tres-Esqu inas, s . un c a jön 1 p or 2 v . d e d . x 1 0 d e p . E ste c a jön t en ia 4 x b .; e n c ada punta t en ia una y e n c ada c ostado t en ia d e a una , y c ada b . v . 2 x 2v . y e n c ada b . v ar ios c adäveres; o ro f ino mäs d e 2 £ e n l agartos, r anas y n ar ig ueras. D e t odo l o c ur ioso s obresal iö una t aza d e b arro , l aborada y d e r egu lar t ama f io . Toda l a t aza t en ia v e inte c lavos d e o ro f ino , que c ruzaban l a t aza d e l ado a l ado ; c ada c lavo e ra d e r egu lar t amar io y e n c ada punta t en ian c abeza e n f orma d e r emache, y n o a l teraban e l o rden d e l g rueso d e l a t aza . E ste t raba jo t an d el icado , p arece q ue l a p ersona q ue l o h izo , f ue a s i p r imero h izo l os c lavos y l uégo p r inc ip iö a mo ldar l a c eräm ica; y e n l as p ar tes q ue l e p arec iö o por tuno , g uard ando c ierta s im itr ia , i ba c o locando c lavos; l u go s igu iö c on e l pul imento d e l a c eräm ica, y e n s egu ida e l e ndurec im iento d e l a a rc i l la , p ara d espu s s ometar la a l f uego y e n s egu ida d ibu jar la c on t intas r o ja , n egra y c en ic ienta . E n e sta m isma r eg iön y a p oca d istanc ia , s acaron unos c ance les d e p iedra d e 1 x 2 v . d e d . x 2 v . d e p . y e n c ada uno d e e stos s epu lcros e ncontraron muchas a lha jas d e o ro f ino , e n p equer ias f igur as, a s i c omo r anas, ägu i las y f ig-u ras h umanas, t odas e l las d e t raba jo o rd inar io . P ero g-u ardaban c ier ta s im itr ia , L as p iedras d e l as c a jas 1 55

f ueron l evadas a l r io Qu ind io , l as s ub ieron p or u na f a lda c as i p erp end icu lar ; l o s b loques mayores p esaban v ar ious q u inta les ; e sto e s l o q ue m äs s orprende a l o s g uaqueros, d e ( Am° pud ieron l os i nd ios l evar e sas e normes p iedras p os e sos c am inos t an i ncl inados s in t ener e l a ux il io d e l as m äqu inas; l udgo e se t raba jo f ue a pura f uerza d e s ang re , t a lvez d e e sc lavos o p r is ioneros d e g uerra . 1 :189 . E n P uerto-Armen ia s . u n c a jön d e 2v . d e l ong ., 2 4 pu lg . d e d . y una y m ed ia v . d e p . L a b . e ra u na s ombra d e l l argo d e l c a jön y d e m ed ia v . d e d . Un c adäver c on 2 8 c . d e o ro f ino , e n c ocuyos y c hapo las. 1 :144 . E n l a Argent ina s . un t . d e 1v . d e d . p or 6 d e p .; b . 2v . p or 2 y m ed ia c on a l tura d e u na y m ed ia . E staba e n c laro , n o l e h ab ia c a ido n i un s o lo t errön . D os d ifuntos, una a rgo l la d e o ro f ino , d e p eso un c . L a p ar t icu lar idad d e e sta g auca e ra q ue l o s i nd ios n o l e e charon t i erra a l b uque n i a l a b . M ed ia v ara a ntes d e s a l ir a l a s uperf ic ie , l os i nd ios f ueron c o locando t e jos e n d erredor d e l b uque , q ue i ban f ormando u n a n i l lo c ada v ez mäs p equef io , un idos c on a rena e n f orma d e c emento , h asta h acer t an b ien e l t raba jo q ue p arec ia u n c uerpo s ö l ido t oda l a t apa d e l a g uaca . 1 :145. E n l a Argent ina s . un t . d e 1m . d e d . p or 6 d e p ., y b . d e 4 p or 4 . D ifuntos 3 c on 3 c . d e o ro , o l las d e b arro 3 , c on u na s ustanc ia q ue p arec ia c om ida ; l a o tra o l la e staba t apada ; l ena d e p apas d e l t ama i lo d e u n h uevo d e g a ll ina , c on f r i jo les o g arbanzons a ll i r evue ltos . 1 :167. E n l a Argent ina ( H . d e l Q .) s . una g uaca r obada , a donde e ntrö e l l adrön p or u na l umbrera , y c uando s a l ia c on e l o ro , q u idn s abe q ud l e p as( ) y mur iö ; a h i e ncontraron l os h uesos y e l o ro . 1 :168 . E n l a Argent ina s . un c a jön d e 2v . d e l ong ., 2 4 p u lg . d e d . p or 7 v aras d e p .; b . d e 4p or 4 v .; l os c adäveres t en ian t orza les d e c obre b a f iados c on o ro , y o tro c ua jado ; o l las y e statuas d e b arro ; e ntre d stas h ab ia 7 b ien h echas; un c ac ique d e d stos p arec ia e staba c antando , pues t en ia l a b oca a b ier ta y p or a l l i s e l e v e ia e l c entro q ue e staba h ueco , y l a c abeza t apada ; s e h alaron 5 c ac iques m äs, c on l a c abeza t apada , uno d e e los c on una d iadema d e b arro y s obre d sta u n l agar t i jo q ue t en ia l a c abeza c erca d e l a f ren te d e l a e sta tua , t erm in and° l a c o la e n e l c erebe lo d e e l la ; h ab ia una e sta tua v est ida d e c ura , c on s o tana n egra d e r ayas b lancas. L a c ur ios idad d e e sta g uaca f ue q ue s e h a l lö u na c abe l lera d e 8v . d e l ong . Macuenco y T igrero 2 s . e n l a Argent ina u na g uaca , e n c uya b öveda n o h ab ia c a ido n i u n s o lo t errön ; e n e l la s e h a l laban d os c adäveres s eparados u no d e l o tro , c ada u no e nvue lto e n u na t e la g ruesa d e a lgodön , t a l c omo l o s h ab ian puesto l os i nd ios; l os c adäv eres s e p udr ieron y l a s t e las q uedaron p aradas e n l as e xtrem idades. Macuenco r omp iö l as t e las p or d onde t en ian l as c abezas l o s d ifuntos y b arr iö d stos, h a l ländo les una n ar iguera y u na a rgo l la d e t umbago , p ero n o q u iso s egu ir b arr iendo ; e ntonces T igrero c og iö e l r eca tön y s in m iser icord ia v o lv iö p edazos e sas d os c aparazones , q ue e staban

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1 :169: E l 2 0 d e a br i l d e 1 921 s . e n l a Argent ina un n icho , t . d e 1m . d e d . p or 8 d e p .; b . d e 2 m . d e a ltura ; e n e l f ondo d e d sta t en ia d os c adäveres s entados e n una p lataforma d e t i erra , c on l as e spa ldas r ecostadas a l a p ared y l os p ies c o lgando e n e l h oyo d e l n icho ; l a ü n ica r iqueza q ue t en ian e ra un r ecatön d e p iedra . E l s istema q ue l os i nd ios t en ian p ara e nterrar l os c adäveres v ar ia h asta e n c ada pueb lo, n ada mäs v emos a qu i . A 5m . d e d istanc ia d e l n icho a nter ior s . u n t . d e 3 /4 d e v . d e d . p or 9 v . d e p ., y b . d e 6p or 6 v ,; d sta e staba b ien b arn izada c on c arm in. D iez c adäveres, unos a costados s obre g uasca y o tros s obre t i erra n egra ; d e l a puerta p or e l c entro d e l a b öveda a l a p ared d e l f rente e staban l as o l las d e b arro e n h i lera ; l os c adäveres e staban d iv id ios p or l as o l las, a s i : c uatro h ac ia l a d erecha c on l as c abezas r ecostadas a l as o l las; s e is h ac ia l a i zqu ierda , t ocando c on l as c abezas l as o l las. Meta l una n ar iguera d e t umbaga , d os p atenas d e c obre y 4 0 a rgo l las d e l o m ismo . 1 :161-162. E n l a Argent ina s acaron un t . d e 1 x 1d e P . B öveda d e 7 x7. D e l a puerta d e d sta h ac ia l a p ared d e l f rente, p or c entro d e l a b öveda s e h a l laban l as a lha jas d e b arro , 1 9 c adäveres d iv id ios e n d os t andas, una d e 1 0 y o tra d e 9 ; c ada p arc ial idad t en ia l os p ies r ecost ados h ac ia e l c ostado l a tera l q ue l e c orrespond ia , c on l as c abezas j unto a l as p iezas d e b arro . L os 9 c adäveres s e h a l laban h ac ia l a d erecha ; e l d e l c entro l o h ab ian q uemado l os i nd ios a l l i m ismo , a s i : f ue e l p r imero q ue a costaron , s in t end ido , c on e l c uerpo r ig ido ; l udgo l e pus ieron e nc ima c ombust ib le y l o q uemaron ; l os s obrev iv ientes r espetaron e stas c en izas, pues s e h a l laron t a l c omo h ab ian s ido d e jad as p or e l f uego . Despues d ieron s epu ltura a s us c ompaf ieros mortec inos; t odos e stos o tros c adäveres t en ian y a una a rgo l la d e c obre , un t orza l d e d ste f orrado e n o ro , m enos e l d e l h o locausto . 1 :164 . L os i nd ios t amb ien s ufr ieron a lgunas e qu ivocac iones, c omo s e y e p or e l s igu iente e jemp lo : e n l a Argent ina s . un t . d e 1 x 1 0 v s. P . y b öveda d e 5 x 5 . E sta g uaca e ra r obada p or e l t ambor ; a lgün a bor igen q ue s eguramente s ab ia q ue e n e ste s epu lcro h ab ian e nterrado c adäveres c on o ro , s e a usentö p robab lamente d e e se pueb lo p or a lgün t i empo , y m ientras t anto v in ieron o tros i nd ios y r obaron l a g uaca . E l a usente n o l o s upo , y c uando v o lv iö r eso lv iö r obar la , p ract icando un a ngosto o r if ic io ; b a jö a una e squ ina d e l a b öveda , r ebarr iö l a g uaca , e ncontrando s o lo una p equer ia a rgo l la d e o ro f ino ; l udgo p r inc ip iö a s ub ir p or e l h ueco q ue h ab ia h echo , y c omo e ra t an a ngosta s e t ranc ö , y a l l i mur iö , c on l a mano d erecha r ig ida y d ir ig ida h ac ia a rr iba ; e n e l la l evaba l a p equena a rgo l la . 1 :165. E n l a Argent ina s . un t . d e 1 m . d e D . x 2 d e P . A l l i s e h a l laron 4 c adäveres e n f orma d e c ur ia , q ue f ueron e nterrados p arados e n l a c abeza . 1 :165. E n l a Argent ina s . u n t . d e 1v . D . p or 1 0 d e P . y b öveda d e 4x 4v s. A lha jas d e b arro 6 y 4 e statuas; s e is c adäveres, t res d e e l los a costados h ac ia l a i zqu ierda , s in n inguna r iqueza p ersona l , y t res s entados h ac ia l a d erecha ; e l que e staba mäs c ercano a l a puerta t en ia 1 2 c s. d e o ro f ino y t umbaga ; l os o tros d os s o lo t en ian c obre e n a rgo l las y n ar igueras. T antos l os c adäveres a costados c omo l os s entad os s e m iraban c ara a c ara , c omo quer iendo i nd icar q ue s e r es ignaban c on s u s uerte . P arece q ue n o h aya s ido u na s o la f am i l ia , p ues q ue 1 57

l os r estos, a s i c omo l os c räneos y mo lares, e ran d e p ersonas v ie jas, y a prox im idamente d e una m isma e dad . 1 :147. E n e l E den s . u n c a jön d e 3 v . d e p ., c uya b . e ra u na c huspa t aqueada p or l os i nd ios c on t i erra d e g uaca y a p uro p isön . Un c adäver y u n c ac ique d e o ro d e 8c .; t raba jo r egu lar . T amb ien s e h a l laron d os s o ledades d e b arro , p aradas s obre u n p a lo n udoso d e b arro ; s u t ama r io e ra a l n atura l , p a los, c uerpo y a las; l as c abezas u n p oco v o lteadas y s e un ian p or e l p ico; p intados c on t inta n egra y b lanca ; p or e nc ima d e l a c o la t en ian un o r if ic io , y a l s op lar p or e l s a l ia e l v iento p or e l p ico d e ambas , c antando c omo l a s o ledad s e lvät ic a . 1 :148 . E n e l E den s . u n c a jön d e una v . d e d . p or 4 d e p . y d e b .; o ro f ino 1 20 c . T en ia u na p atena d e 1 0 pu lg . d e d . y e n e l la l a c ara d e una p ersona e n a l to r el ieve; o jos, n ar ices, b oca , p ömu los y f rente ; c ara o va lada muy b ien h echa . 1 :168-169. E n e l E den s . un c a jön d e 3v . d e l ong . y e ra d e e sca la , u na v . d e d . p or 5 d e p .; b . d e 5p or 4 v ., e staba c a lzada ; s e l e h a l laron 1 0 l i bras d e o ro f ino y t umbago . E ntre l as p iezas p r inc ipa les f iguraron 5 b astones d e 1 5 pu lg . d e l ong i tud ; h ab ia u no l i so q ue t en ia l a f orma d e un a nt iguo c lavo r omano ; e l s egundo b astön t en ia e n l a c abeza un p ä jaro , d e p ie , p equet io y b ien h echos c uerpo , c o la y c abez ; e l t ercero t en ia l a c abeza d e u n c ac ique d e p ie , q ue t en ia e n u na mano u na p luma c omo d e a ve y e n l a o tra u na v e la ; s u c ara e ra l arga , n ar iz a f i lada y o jos r edondos y p ärpados r eagados; e l c uar to b astön t en ia u n mono s entado s obre l a c abeza d e l b astön , e ste m ono e staba a dornado c on un icorn ios p arados e n d erredor d e l a c abeza y t en ia e n e l v ientre una p iedra c on o r if ic io , p or e l c ua l p asaba u na v ar i l la d e o ro q ue c ruzaba e l c uerpo d e l mono y q ue s al ia p or e ntre e l c erebe lo y e ncefa lo ; e l a n ima l t en ia l a c o la s obre e l e sp inazo ; e l q u in to b astön t en ia e n l a c abeza un p ä jaro d e p ie , b ien h echo y h ueco , t en iendo p or d entro unas b o las d e t umbago . Un c araco l d e t umbago d e l a f orma d e l o s mar inos, una a gu ja c apo tera c on o jo , d os t o tumas, d os d ama juanas p eque i las d e o r f ino y u na d e t umbago , c ada u na h ac iendo 4 o nzas d e a g-u a ; p atos y b ande jas d e b arro b ien d ibu jados c on t intas n egra y b lanca f ormaban e l e xedente . 1 :87 . E n e l E den s acaron una g uaca s uperf ic ia l , c on d os p a lomas d e b arro d e t ama t io n atura l , p aradas s obre u na p lancha d e l o r n ismo ; e stos a n ima les e staban u n idos p or l as a las, l os c uerpos p intados c on t intas n egra y c en ic ienta ; l os p icos n egros . L a b öveda e ra u na s omb ra . 1 :138. E n e l E den s acaron u n c a jön d e 2 m . d e l ong i tud , 3 /4 d e d iämetro p or 2 m . d e p rofund idad . L a b öveda e ra u na c huspa , u n c adäver y a e ste s e l e h a l lö 2 t ör to las m ac izas d e b arro , p aradas s obre una p lancha d e l o m ismo y un a rco d e a lcarraza , t odo d ibu jado c on t inta n egra y amar i l la . 1 :139 . E n e l E den s . u n c a jön d e 3v . d e l ong , 1m . d e d . y 8 d e p . S eg i in e l t erreno e staba a trevesado y t en ia d os b . E l o ro e ra f ino y p eso 6 l i bras. E ntre l as p iezas d e o ro s obresal ia u n ä g-u i la muy b ien h echa , c on l as a las a b iertas, p eso 7 5 c . A m enos d e 1 0 m etros d e e ste c a jön h ab ia o tro s acado p or l os i nd ios y p robab lamente e se h ab ia s ido r ico , p orque l os i nd ios s iempre p rocuraban s acar l as g uacas q ue 1 58

m ayor c ant idad d e o ro t uv ieron . 1 :185. E n " E l E dö 'n" s . un t . d e 1p or 1 v . d e d . p or 8 d e p . L a b . t en ia d e b ase 4 p or 4 v . y t erm inaba e n l a p arte a lta e n f orma d e l c abe l lete d e una c asa . Toda l a b . e staba f orrada c on madera p arada ; e sta madera e ra d e d ist intos a rbo les. E n l a b . s e h a l laron s e is c adäv eres, y c ada uno d e e l los e staba t end ido s obre mantas d e a lgodön; t odas l as mantas e staban p erfectamente b ien c onservadas, y e ran p intados e n c uadro c on t inta a zu l . L os o b jectos e ncontrados e n p erf ecto e stado e n e sta r eg iön l o f ueron p or l as r ocas, q ue c ont ienen c ierta r eacc iön q u i tn ica q ue l os p roteg iö . L a p intura , e l t e j ido d e l as mantas y l a a rqu itectura f unerar ia n os a sombran p or l a pureza d e l a r te . 1 :203. E n e l E s z l n s . un t . d e 1 m . d e d . x 1 2 d e p . L a b . e ra una s ombra d e 2 x 2 m . E sta g uaca e ra r obada o s acada p or l os i nd ios, a s i a nt iguos h ab itantes h ab ian e nterrado a t res d e s us d eud os; l u eo d e l f ondo h ac ia a fuera d e l t ambor r e l lenaron o cho m etros, c on t i erra b ien c lasif icada d e l a q ue s acaron c uando h ic ieron l a b öved a , y l os ü lt imos c uatro metros l os l enaron c on t ierra n egra ; e n e ste e stado p asaron l os a i los, l u eos l os i nd ios l a s acaron p or e l t ambor , p ract icando un p equef ro t ambor r ecostado a una p ared, h asta q ue b a jaron e n d irecc iön d e l a b öveda ; l os s obrev iv ientes q ue p ract icaron e ste r obo s e l evaron t odas l as r iquezas mov ib les d e l os q ue a ll i d escansaban e n p az, l o m ismo q ue t odos l os huesos d e l os d i funtos, l evados q u ign s abe a qug l ugar ; s o lo d e jaron e n l a puerta d e l a b öveda , t res c räneos humanos, s in l as mand ibu las i nfer iors n i s uperi ores. P arece s e h ub ieran d esl izado v ar ios a f ios s in t apa e ste h oyo ; p orque s e v e ian l os c horreaderos d e l a gua , y e ste h oyo f ue p or un t i empo d onde l as s obrev iv ientes d epos itaban b asuras d e l pueb lo , t i erra n egra , t i estos, p iedras e tc ., y l u eo l a t aparon muy b ien c omo l as d emas g uacas, y a s i p asaron p or d e lante v ar ios s ig los h asta h oy q ue l os g auqueros l a v ue lvan a s acar , y e ncuentran l os t res c räneos e n l a puerta d e l a b öveda, l enos d e t i erra n egra ; l o m ismo q ue l os huesos d e l os c räneos, e stän p asados d e n egro, c omo l a t i erra , y e stos c räneos t i enen e l a specto d e un c oco . 1 :120 . E n l a Mar ina un t a jo a b ierto d e 1 0 v . d e l argo p or 2 d e a ncho y 4 d e p .; b öveda d e 3 v . d e a ncho p or 1 0 d e l argo; a lto d e l a b öveda 2 m ; l os i nd ios d ifuntos e ran 1 2, a costados s obre un s obresuel o d e un m etro d e a ltura ; t en ian 5 0 c aste l lanos d e o ro f ino; e l s ue lo n o l o b arr ieron l os g uaqueros a un c uando l evaba p iso . 1 :163. E n L a Mar ina s . un c uadro d e 1m . d e d . que e ntrö 1 3 v . a s i : 4 v aras e n un c uadro muy b ien h echo ; e n e sa p rofund idad f ormö un t ambor a ngosto y b ien h echo y p lom h asta l a b .; d onde t erm in6 e l c uador , q uedö una s uperf ic ie p lana . A ll i m ismo h ic ieron l os i nd ios un t end ido d e madera , q ue l enaron h ac ia a fuera c on t i erra p isada c omo u n t ap ia ; l os g uaqueros s acaron l a t i erra d e l c uadro y h a l laron e l t ambor y l a b öveda e n c laro ; b öveda d e 3 p or 3 v . c on a ltura d e un m . y a nchura d e l a puer ta d e med ia v . Dos c adäveres a costados s obre g uasca y un icorn ios; l os d ifuntos t en ian l as c abezas h ac ia l a i zqu ierda ; e l i nd io q ue e staba h ac ia l a puerta e ra e l mas r ico, y ambos t en ian 4 y m ed ia l i bras d e o ro f ino e n d os pu lseras b astante a nchas d e 8 pu lg . d e l ong .; u n c adäver t en ia e n c ada mano una a rgo l la , y ambas p esaron 1 60c .; e l r esto e ra p atenas; h ab ia un c araco l mar ino d e r egul ar t amaf ro , q ue e n l a s egunda e sp ira l t en ia un o r if ic io c ircu lar , c on 1 59

b orde n egTo; e ste c araco l e staba l i eno d e a rgo l las y c uentas d e o ro . 1 :168. E n l a Mar ina s . un t . d e 1 . d e d . p or 4 d e p .; b . d e 2p or 3 v . Cadäveres 3 ; o l la d e b arro , y d entro d e una d e e l las s e e ncontrö mäs d e una l i bra d e a lm idön d e yuca . 1 :184 . E n L a Mar ina s . una guaca d e 8 v . d e p . Tres c adäveres, y s e l es h a l laron 2 £ d e o ro f ino e n p atenas y n ar igueras. L a p art icul ar idad d e e sta g uaca e s q ue empezö e n un c uadro d e 1 p or 1 m . d e d . y a l os 3 metros d e p . l os i nd ios l a s igu ieron e n un t . h asta e l f ondo , y d onde t erm in6 e l c uadro l os i nd ios l e h ic ieron un t end ido d e m adera; d e a l l i h ac ia a fuera l o r e l lenaron c on t i erra q uedando e l t . y l a b . e n c laro . 1 :124. C erca d e l r io E spe jo y e n un t ambor d e p oca p rofund idad , f ue s acado un o so d e p iedra , c uyas f ormas r eve laban s er d e p oca e dad e l a n ima l ; l a p iedra e ra mas b ien f ina , d e t a l manera q ue e l o ro p esaba una l i bra . En o tra guaca c ercana a l a a nter ior f ue e ncontrada una p iedra p equer ia d e 2l b ., l amada t ibes, d e l as que n o h ay s ino e n e l Murr i , c ord i l lera o cc identa l , c erca d e l F ront ino ; e sta p iedra e s s umamente f ina y s irve p ara amo lar h erram ientas. Hoy l a e stän e xportando p ara E uropa . Luego e sta p iedra v ino d e mano e n mano , ou n i nd io d e a qu i f ue a t raer la , o d e e sa r eg iön v ino un i nd io c on l a p iedra y mur io a qu i d onde f ue h a l lada . E n un t ambor d e 1m .d e d . p or 8 d e p ., g uaca r obada p or l os i nd ios, f ue h a l lada una l anza d e p iedra ; e sta p ederna l p arec ia d e c h ispa y f ue v end ida a un p art icu lar p or $ 4 o ro . 1 :147. E n E l E spe jo s . un t . d e 1v . d e d . p or 9 d e p .; b . d e 4p or 6v . Cadäveres 9 , a costados s obre g uasca una p arte d e l os d ifuntos, y o tra s abre c haqu iras; o ro f ino 1 50 c . F iguraba e ntre s us p iezas u na p echura que f ormaba e l f rente d e un c ha leco; t res e statuas d e b arro p equer ias d ibu jados c on t intas n egra y b lanca ; una a lcarraza d ibu jada, o l las y t azas; d os p iedras c on mol ino . Hab ia un p a lo d e 2 4 p u lg . d e l ong . p or 3 d e d .; e staba c ar iado e n t res c aras; l a m itad d e e ste p a lo h ac ia una punta e staba c onvert ido e n p iedra y l a o tra m itad e n madera f ina; l os guaqueros s i jeron q ue e se p a lo e ra g uayacän p o lv i l lo , e staba e nvue lto e n g rueso k i lo d e a lgodön o c ascara d e b retar io . 1 :160 . E n l a r eg iön d e E l E spe jo s . un c a jön d e 2 y med ia v . d e l ong . p or 2 d e a ncho y 3 d e p .; l a b . e ra una s ombra d e 4 v . d e l argo p or 1 m . d e d . ( estaba a trevesada) c an a ltura , c erca d e l a p uerta d e una v . E n e l la h ab ia un c adäver q ue t en ia t odos l os h uesos un idos p or l os c art i lagos; e l g uaquero d esbaratö t odo e ste e sque leto b uscändo le o ro p or d entro , p ero n o t en ia n ada . E n E l E spe jo un c a jön d e 2 y med ia v . d e l ong . p or 2 d e a ncho y 3 d e p rofund idad ; l a s ombra d e l l argo d e l c a jön; a ltura d e l a b ., e n l a puer ta , una y m ed ia v . y a nchura d e l a s ombra un m . E ntre l a s ombra h ab ia t res p iedras c lavadas y e nc ima d e A stas una o l la d e b arro c on mazamorra , pues a ll i t en ia e l ma lz p i lado ; g rueso y menudo e l a rroz; ün ica r iqueza d e e ste d ifunto . E n E l E spe jo s . un t . d e 2v . d e d . p or 1 0 d e p .; b . d e 4p or 4 v .; o ro f ino 1 0 c . E ra una t rastera , t en ia t azas, a l ias, c äntaros; e ntre l as p iezas p r inc ipa les d e b arro f iguraba una p lancha y s abre g sta una i nd ia d e p ie, d ando a l uz ; e l embr iön s e l e v e ia l a c ara ; l a i nd ia t en ia una p ierna un p oco l evantada , y a s u f rente y s abre l a 1 60

r n isma p lancha h ab ia un i nd io y una i nd ia d e p ie; l a i nd ia e staba d ando a l uz a poyadas l as manos s obre l os h ombros d e l os q ue l a ayudaban, q ue d eb ieron s er una p artera y s u mar ido p robab lamente . E sta r epresentac iön e ra a l n atura l ; l as f ormas d e l a i nd ia d e l n uevo s er e ran b on itas y e staba p intada c on t intas n egra y c en ic ienta ; d e c ara un p oco r edonda y mäs b ien j oven s egün e l t ipo . ( En l a r eg ion d e Monteg-r ande e s d onde s e h an s acado g uacas muy r icas e n c obre). 1 :160 . C erca d e E l E spe jo , e n una g uaca h a l laron 3 0 f l echas d e macana , amarradas e n un s o lo mano jo c on una c uerda d e p ita ; e stas f l echas e ran unos c huzos d e 3 pu lg . d e l ong . p or 1 /4 pu lg . d e d . Una punta e ra r edonda y l a o tra t erm ina e n punta . 1 :167. C erca d e l E spe jo e n e l D anub io , s . un t . d e 1v . d e d . p or 5 d e p .; b . d e p abe l lön, a s i : c era d e l a puerta med ia l a b öveda 2 4 pu lg ., y e n l a p ared d e l f rente med ia 3 y med ia v aras; l as o l las e staban a trevesadas e n l a m itad d e l a b öveda ; e n l a puerta a ngosta d e l a b öveda y c erca a l a puerta h ab ia e nterrados d os i nd ios s entados, q ue n o t en ia r iqueza; a de lante d e l as a l ias y e n un r icön un i nd io b ien a costado , e n f orma d e mom ia , pues l os huesos e staban un idos p or l os c art i lagos; a l os guaqueros l es d io t raba jo d espegar l os h uesos p or l as a rt icu lac iones; t en ia una d iadema d e t umbago, d e d . d e 1 0 pu lg . p or 3 d e a nchura . 1 :187. E n E l E spe jo s . un t . d e 2 0 pu lg . d e d . p or 6 v . d e p .; a l as c uatro v aras d e p . s e h a l laba un t errön l abrado p or l os i nd ios, d e l a ncho d e l t ambor y d e una v . d e l ong ., que f ormaba c oma una t apa d e c orcho e n e l p ico d e una b ote l la ; b . d e 5p or 5 v ., y l a puerta d e l a m isma d e 2 v . d e a ltura , 1 6 pu lg . d e d ., e staba t apada c an t err ones l abrados d e una v ara d e l ong itud y d e l a ncho d e l a puerta . Ocho c adäveres, o ro f ino 1 5 c . y d os pu t ios d e c obre, f orma d e pu ls eras. 1 :190-191. En l a r eg ion d e l E spe jo s . un c uadro d e 1m . d e d . p or 8 d e p .; e n c ada e squ ina d e l c uadro p araron un c adäver e n l a c abeza , q uedando l os c uerpos r ecostados a l a p ared , y l os c u i laron c on t i erra d e g uaca ; l o p r imero que h a l laron l os guaqueros f ueron l os p ies d e l d ifunto y p or ü lt imo l as c abezas, e nconträndo los e n c ada una d e e l las un t orza l d e c obre b a l lad° c an o ro . 1 :84. E n E l E spe jo s . u n c ance l d e p iedra un c adäver , q ue t en ia un b astön d e t umbaga d e p eso 6 c s. L a c abeza d e l b astön e ra un c ac ique b ien h echo , y t en ia e n una mano una l anza y e n l a o tra un c äl iz ( vaso s agrado). 1 :84. E n Puerto-Espe jo s . una g uaca una i nd ia d e l b arro q ue d aba a l a l uz un i nd io d e t umbaga . 1 :85. C erca d e l E l E spe jo s . un t . d e 1 v . D . p or 1 0 d e P . — Böveda d e 3 x4 v s. — E sta g uaca e ra r obada , y e n e l e nc ie lada d e l a b öveda s e e ncontrö una o l la d e b arro , g rande, l eno d e huesos human os q uemados. 1 :123 . C erca d e l E spe jo s . un t . d e 1 /4 d e D . p or 8 v s. d e B oveda d e 2 x2 v s. L a m itad d e l a b öveda , h ac ia e l r incön o s ea f rente , f ormaba u na mesa d e 1 v . d e a ltura , y s abre e ste a ltar s uperf ic ie p lana d e 1 x 2 v s. s e h a l laba un c adäver ; c oma t oda 1 61

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b öveda e staba e n c laro , d esde l a p uerta d e d sta s e v e la e l e sque leto , p erfectamente a rmado , s in f a ltar le un s o lo h ueso ; l os g uaqueros d esde l e jos v ieron q ue e l c adäver n o t en ia meta l , y l o d e jaron t a l c omo e staba ; t amb idn l e d e jaron unas t as itas d e b arro que t en ia . L a p art i cu lar idad d e e sta guaca p rov iene d e que s u a rqu itectura y e l a l tar e staban e n t i erre f irme, l o m ismo q ue e star t odav ia a rmado e l c adäver d e l d ifunto m i lenar io . 1 .138. E n l a r eg ion d e l E spe jo s acaron un c uadro d e un m . d e d . p or uno y med ia d e p ., o ro f ino d e 5 0 c ., e n d os c ac iques q ue med ia c ada uno 1 2 pu lgadas d e l ong itud , c ara o va lada y n ar iz p erforada , c on l as a las a b iertas c omo a ve, y e staban r ayadas f ormando p lumas. Dos a rgo l las t opas y 3 00 c uentas p erforadas, un s o lo c adäver y d ste t en ia una p iedra d e c abecera . 1 :139. E n e l E spe jo s , un c a jön-cance l d e p iedra d e 1 v . d e d ., 2 v . d e l ong . y 3d e p . S e l e e ncontrö una c ruz d e o ro f ino q ue p eso 2 5 c . E n e l la y e n r etab lo c omo g rabado u n Cr isto , b ien h echo e l t raba jo; h ab ia un s o lo c adäver . 1 :183. E n l a r eg ion d e " E l E spe jo" s . un c uadro d e 1p or 1 v . d e d . y 4v . d e p ., l a b . e ra una c huspa 1 p or 2 v . y e staba c a lzada . Un c adäver . Oro f ino 1 10 c ., e n c uentas q ue f ormaban una g argant i l la d e 2 00 p ep itas; a rgo l las y n ar igueras, y t res h ermosas e statuas, c ada una d e l as c ua les p esaba 1 5 c .; e ran mac izas, d e c ara a f i lada , n ar iz agu i le f ia y o jos r asgados, p arece q uedstas l a s h ub ieron h echo e n un m ismo mo lde, pues e ran d e un m ismo p eso y a nä logas e n s us f ormas; c ada una v est ida d e s aco lev ita , c oronadas, y e n e l b orde s uper ior d e c ada c orona un t r idente d e f orma p ir im ida l . 1 :200-201. E n l a r eg ion d e l E spe jo s . un c a jön d e 1x 2 v . d e d . x 2 d e p .; d ste e ra una c a ja d e p iedra , y t en ia d os c adäveres; e l d e mayor e statura n o t en ia r iqueza y e l mäs p equet io, q ue s o lo d aba a l p echo a l mas l argo, t en ia 1 5 c . d e o ro f ino e n c uatro p latos q ue e n n ada s e p arecen a l os nudstros, y d os n ar igueras q ue e n l a p arte s uper ior t en ian unos t entäcu los. D e t odo e sto l os q ue mäs n os s orp rende s on l os p latos, q ue s on u tens i l ios d e c onc ina e n m in iatura; l os p latos n o s on ün icamente d escubr im iento d e l os h ab itantes d e l a nt iguo mundo; e n e l n uevo t amb idn l os i nventaron d esde e pocas l e janas. 1 :161. E n Pueb lo-r ico d e l E spe jo s . un t . d e 2v . d e d . p or 1 4 d e p .; b . d e r egu lar t amaf io; l os i nd ios e staban a costados s obre unas v igas d e l aure l p er ia , v erdes; med ian d stas 3 v . d e l ong . p or 4 pu lg . d e d . E stos p a los e ran l abrados, b ien p ul imentados y r ectos; o ro e ncontrado 1 0 l i bras. 1 :106-107. E n P ueb lorr ico d e l E spe jo f ue d onde mäs t raba jaron l os I nd ios h ac iendo a raderos. C as i t oda l a l anura ( 30 .000 metros c uadrad os), l a r evo lv ieron h asta t res m etros d e p rofund idad . E sos a raderos l evan t i erra d e g uaca , menos l a c orteza d e t i erra v egeta l; l os s epu lc ros s on c ircu lares y muy h ermosos; h ay t ambores p ara l os q ue l os I nd ios t uv ieron u na med ida e spec ia l p ara h acer los, puesto que s on d e una c ircunferenc ia p erfecta y c omo p ar t idos e n c ruz ; b a jan c uatro r anuras d e l x1 p lg ., h asta e l f ondo; p arece q ue p or a ll i hub ieron puesto p lo rnada . L as puertas d e l a b öveda s on muy h ermosas y g uardan p erfecta s im itr ia . L as b övedas d e 1 0x10 v s. l as h ay c uadrad as y d e c a ir izo , p ero l as mäs q ue l aman l a a tenc iön s on l as d e c aba l1 62

l e te, c omo e l d e u na c asa ; a l h acer lo t uv ieron e l c u idado d e d e jar d e a c uatro g ruesas c o lumnas d e t i erre f i rme, d esde e l p lan d e l as b övedas h asta l as c umbreras, p ara s opor te . E stas s on g ruesas, c ircu lares y muy b ien pul imentadas. L as b övedas, c on e stas c o lumnas, q uedaban d iv id idas e n d os n aves, c ada u na c on s us t end ido d e madera , y a d e g uayacän p o lv ilo , o d e l aure l p e r ia ; e sta madera e staba t oda c as i v erde , una p arte f orrada e n c obre . E stos p a los med ian 4 v s. d e l ong . y 6p u lgs. d e D . L os h ab ia d e f orma u n t anto c ircu lar , p ero t amb ien s e e ncontraban a lg-u nos c uadrados; s obre e ste t end ido d e madera a costaban l os c adäveres, q ue g enera lmente e ran p ersonas r icas; o tros c adäveres l os a costaban s obre un t end ido d e p atenas d e much imba , muy d e lgadas. E n e ste pueb lo n o s e h a l laron n i b övedas r esum idas n i c a lzadas, pues l as r ocas s on d e buena c ons istenc ia . A lg-u nos g-u aqueros c reen q ue e n e ste l ugar h ubo un c ac icazgo puesto q ue e stos p ersona jes f ueron h ombres r icos, y q ue l a m ov ida d e l a t i erra e n t anto e spac io d eb iö c ostar e l t i empo a muchos o breros, l o m ismo q ue l a h echura d e l as b övedas, c on t i erra l evada d e o tros l ugares. C ierto e s q ue l os s epu lcros e ran p ocos y muy a partados u no d e o tro . L a c or teza d e t i erra mov ida p or l os i nd ios e s d e u n o rden e spec ia l y p resenta un c o lor ido t a l q ue d igo c on f ranqueza q ue e s l a mäs h ermosa q ue h aya v isto , y q ue d esp ier ta e l e ntus iasmo mäs g rande e ntre l os g-u aqueros. A 2 00 metros, p asando u na v ega , h ay una l anura l amada P ueb logrande, d onde h ay mayor n ümero d e g-u acas y d e v ar ias f ormas, p ero p obres. L os g-u aqueros d icen q ue a l l i v iv ian l os p a jes d e l os c ac iques d e P ueb lorr ico . D e c ua lqu ier modo q ue s ea , l o c ier to e s q ue a l o s r icos l i e s g ustaba q ue l o s e nterraran a parte d e l os p obres, p orque é stos t en ian ma l d orm ir y e n u n momento d ado p od ia e l o ro c amb iar d e d uef io ; e sta e s l a i dea q ue m e h a f ormado a cerca d e e sta d iv is iön. 1 :165. E n P ueb lorr ico , mäs a l lä d e l r io Rob le, s acaron d e un c a jön d e g-u aca u na ägu i la d e o ro f ino ( 20 c s.); t en ia l as a las a b ier tas y l os o jos e ran d e t umbaga . Tamb i6n e ncontraron una a lha ja d e t umbaga , d e p eso d e 1 0 c s .; e ra u n ä rbo l c i l indr ico , c on 4 t ravesa i los, f ormand o a s i un g a ll inero ; e n l a punta d e l p a lo p r inc ipa l t en ia u n g a l lo d e monte , p arado; a s i q ueda p erfectamente p robado p or l os i nd ios a csot umbraban a h acer g a ll ineroa d e madera y a un d e o ro, p ara q ue a ll d urm ieron c iertas a yes d om4st icas. 1 :121. C erca d e P ueb lo-tapado s acaron u n t ambor d e un v . d e d . p or 9 d e p .; a nchura d e l a puerta d e l a b öveda una v ara ; a l tura d e l a b öveda una y m ed ia v aras. A l p asar p or l a puerta c odeaba l a b oveda , y e l f rente d e l a m isma f ormaba u na c ircunferenc ia ; c apac idad 5 p or 5 v aras. L os i nd ios l os a costaron e n p al izada , e n n ümero d e mäs d e c incuenta . L a r iqueza d e 6 stos e ra n inguna . 1 :121. C erca d e P ueb lo-tapado , e n una g-u aca d e 6V . d e p .; h a l laron s iete i nd ios d ifuntos e n l a b öveda , y c omo n o l i e s h ab ian c a ido t i erra , s e v e ian l os c adäveres t a l c omo l os h ab ian a costado , p ero e staban t ambMn c omo e spuma y s in h uesos; l a r iqueza d e e stos i nd ios e ra n u la . 1 :146. E n P ueb lo-tapado s . u n c a jön c on 7l b . d e o ro f ino y t umbag o; e ntre s us p iezas f iguraban d os c ama leones muy b ien h echos. 1 :216.

E n P ueb lo T apado ,

s . u n c a jön d e 1x 2v . 1 63

d . p or 1 4 d e p .

L a b . d e 4 x 4 v .; c adäveres , uno o ro f ino , 7l bs .; d ste s e h a l laba d entro d e u n c äntaro d e b arro ; e n e ste o ro s obresa l ia l a f igura d e u na c ac ica , m ac iza , q ue p esaba c as i u na l i bra , d e s enos b ien f ormad os, b oca e ntreab ier ta , d e m odo q ue s e v e ian l os d ientes; d e c ara a f i lada , l os o jos g randes y r edondos, p ärapedos r asgados y b ien d ef in idos; l os s urcos d e l as c e jas, unas p rotuberanc ias; e l p e lo d e l a c abeza , r etorc ido e n l a c orona , f ormando u n h ermoso mono . T odos l o s r asgos c aracter ist icos d e l a f iguras r eve lan e l a l to g rado d e p erfecc iön c orpörea a q ue l egaron l os a bor igenes q u ind ianos; t amb idn n os l ama l a a tenc iön e l p e inado d e l c abe l lo , q ue e s muy c onoc ido d e l os a nt iguos d e l V ie jo mundo , c omo l o d emuestran l a s a nt iqu is imas e statuas. 1 :122-123 . E n Mur i l lo f ue s acado un t ambor d e 1v . d e d . p or 1 0 d e p ., y a l tura d e 1 y m ed ia v .; c ap ic idad d e l a b öveda 4 p or 4 v .; a ncho d e l a p uerta 2 4 pu lg . C inco i nd ios c on l as c abezas a l f rente d e l os c adäveres ; e n l a p ared h ab ia c inco c uadr i tos v ac ios . L as o l las e staban c o locadas e n u n b a lcön d e t i erre f i rme q ue l os i nd ios h ab ian h echos a p orpös ito e ntre l a b öveda . Un d ifunto t en ia u na l i bra d e c ara f ia . E l ä rbo l q ue p roduce e sta r es ina m ed ic ina l n o e x iste e n e ste c omarca . 1 :150 . E n Mur i l lo s . un t . d e 1y m ed ia v . d e d . p or 7 d e p .; b . d e 1y m ed ia p or 3 v . Un d ifunto c on 2 0 d ed i l los d e b arro e n l os d edos d e l a s m anos y l os p ies; e stos d ed i l los t en ian u na pu lgada d e l ong . c on e l d iämetro s egün e l d edo a q ue d eb ia j r a justado , p ues e staban d e m ayor a m enor y t erm inaban d e una u f ia c urva y pun tuda c omo l a d e l t igre , y u na a rgo l la d e o ro f ino q ue p esaba m ed io r ea l ; l a t en ia e n u n d edo q ue l e s erav ia d e a n i l lo ; t amb idn u na d ama juana d e r egu lar t amar io , c on t ubo d e m ed ia v . d e l ong . y t erm inaba e n una p unta , c omo t ubo d e a lcarraza o d e mücura ; e staba s umamente b ien d ibu jada c on t intas b lanca y n egra , s iendo e l b arro d e l a v as i ja d e p r imera c lase . 1 :149 . E n S an P edro s . un t . d e una v . d e d . p or 1 0 d e p .; b . d e 5 p or6 v aras c on a l tura 2 y med ia , s iendo d e c aba l lete . Un c . d e o ro , 2 0 p iezas d e c obre e n a rgo l las y n ar igueras . T rastos d e b arro b on it os; s e is c adäveres q ue t en ian l as c abezas h ac ia l a puer ta ; h ab ia u n d i funto c on l a c aebza d entro d e una o l la , y a ll i e staba e l p e lo q ue s a l ia d e e ntre l a o l la h asta a furer ; c o lor d e l c abe l lo mäs b ien r ub io , s edoso y l i so c on l argo d e 8p u lg . Una o l la d e b arro e s l a d iadema o c aparazön d e l a mu jer ; p obre n ada i mpor ta s us c abe l los r ub ios y s u j uventud d e 1 5 p r imaveras y s us s enos p erfumados y p ronunc iados y l as f ormas d e s us c arnes, p rop ios p ara e l m o lde d e u na e sta tua d e m ärmo l . 1 :146 . E n S an P edro s . un c ance l d e p iedra d e 2 v . d e l ong . p or u na y m ed ia d e d . y 3d e p . Un d i funto , o ro u n c aste l lano e n c uatro c ocuyos, b ien h echas l as p atas y e l c uerpo . 1 :146 . E n S an P edro s . un c a jön d e 1m . d e d . p or 6 d e p . y 2d e v . y m ed ia d e l ong .; l a b . e ra u na c a ja f orrada c on l a jas d e p iedra ; l a p uer ta d e l a b . e staba t apada c on u n a ncho l astre d e p iedra ; d os d i funtos; o ro f ino 2 l b .; f iguras p r inc ipa les u n c ac ique d e o ro b ien h echo , d e c ara t ab leada , d e n ar iz g rande y a ncha , q ue p eso 3 c .; u na i nd ia d e o ro d e 8 pu lg . d e l ong , c on u na g argant i l la q ue l e b a jaba a l p echo d ibu jada a ll i m ismo . C uerpo , p iernas y b razos u n p oco a l n atura l ; c ara o va lada , n ar iz u n p oco r edonda , p ömu los a lgo 1 64

s al ientes, o jos r asgados y f rente e spac iosa ; e n l a c abeza t en ia una c orona e n f orma d e c inta y e n e l b orde d e e sta d iadema q ue p isaba e sos h ermosos c abe l los s e e levaban t res c huzos e n f orma p ir im ida l ; s us f ormas r epresentaban una p ersona t odav ia j oven . C omo o bra d e a rte p od ia f igurar c omo r e ina d e l a b e l leza ; a l a manera d e l as j övenes g-r iegas d e l a a nt igüedad . 1 :190 . E n l a r eg ion d e S an P edro s . un c uadro d e 1p or 1 v . d e d . p or 3 d e p . L a b . e ra un a rrecostadero d onde a penas c ab ia un c äntar o d e b arro q ue s e h a l lo l eno d e h uesos q uemados d e i nd io , q ue e n n ümero n o r eba jö d e 1 0 . 1 :191. E n l a r eg ion d e S an P edro s . un c ance l d e p iedra , c uyas p iedras d e l os c ostados s a l ian a fuera , pues s e v e lan d e l e jos; 1 m . d e l ong ., 1 6 pu lg . d e d iämetro p or 1 4 d e p .; n o s e l e h a l lö i nd io ; o ro f ino 9 c . e n una c hagua la y 3 s apos. E n e sta m isma r eg ion s . un c a jön d e 2 v . d e l ong . 1 d e d . y 7 d e p .; l a b . e ra una c huspa f orrada c on a nchos l astres d e p iedra . Un c adäver c on 2 5 c uentas d e t umbago q ue c as i e ran c arbon y un p ä jaro d e t umbago , p arado s obre una b arra c i l indr ica ; e n c ada una d e l as puntas d e l a b arra t en ia una r ueda , t odo d e l m ismo meta l ; t oda l a p ieza e ra p equena y muy b ien h echa ; t amb i& I u na t otuma d e b arro , que p or d entro t en ia u n d ibu jo c on t inta n eg-r a , y e n e l la un e scr ito c on l e tras d e n uestra i d ioma . 1 :195. E n S an P edro s . un c a jön d e 2v . d e l ong ., 3 /4 d e d . y 6 d e p ., c on b öveda d e 4 p or 4 v . C inco c adäveres; o ro f ino y t umbago 3 l i bras, f igurando e ntre s us p iezas p r inc ipa les un c lar inete d e 8 pu lg . d e l ong ., 1 pu lg . d e d .; h ueco, buena b oqu i l la , e nc ima c on 5 o r if ic ios c ircu lares; s op laba uno, h ac ia p osturas y p roduc ia s on idos v ar ios. 1 :161. E n l a r eg iön d e S an P edro h ay un pueb lo d e g uaquer ia , e n e l q ue t odas l as g uacas t ienen t orza les h echos d e macana y f orrados e n o ro f ino . S orprende v er q ue l os i nd ios s in h erram ientas, pud ieron h acer t orza les d e l a c orteza d e p a lma r ea l o c uesco , s in q ue s e r omp ie ran, y q ue q uedaran t an n atura les c omo s i f ueran d e c obre . E l t raba jo d e f orrar e stos t orza les c on o ro e s t odav ia mayor q ue e l d e h acer los s in h erram ienta ; q u ien c rea q ue e sto e s f äc i l , p ongo mano a l a o bra y aguarde l a d errota . En e sta m isma r eg iön s . un t . d e 1x 6 v . b öveda d e 3x 2v . Tres c adäveres, d os d e é stos a costados b oca a rr iba y e l o tro b oca a ba jo ; e ste ü lt imo e ra e l r ico; t en ia una p iedra o rd inar ia y d os d ientes d e guagua ; e stos i nd ios q ue a costaron b oca a ba jo f ueron t ra idores a s u d ios e l s o l . E n o tro pueb lo d e l a m isma r eg iön s . un c a jön d e 2 x 1 v . y 7 d e P . Un c adäver ; d e o ro f ino una e statua d e 5p igs. d e l ong , e n r etab lo ( 20cs.) E sta r epresentaba un h ombre, que s e h a l laba s entado s obre u n p edesta l d e p lata , t amb ie n e n r etab lo . E l i nd io t en ia p ampan i l la e n a lto r el ieve, y d os p atenas e n e l p echo , q ue e ran mov ib les, s u jetadas p or unos g anchos; l as p atenas c ubr ian l as t et i l las d e l h ombre, un f orma d e v o luta . L a e statua e staba p erfectamente s o ldada a l p edesta l, y l os g uaqueros mandaron f und ir . E ste p ara c omprobar s i e ra d e p lata ; a t a l e stado d e i gnoranc ia h an l egado l os g uaqueros . 1 :180 . E n S an P edro, r eg ion d e l r io Qu ind io s . un t . d e 1m . d e d . p or 8 d e p . b . 3p or 3m . L a f orma d e e sta b . e ra c omo e l c abe l lete d e una c asa c on c umbrera y l imatones. A lha jas d e b arro v ar ias. L a p art icu lar idad d e e sta guaca e s que e n e l l ugar e n d onde d eb ian e star l os c adäveres s e h a l laba una b uena c ant idad d e m inera l b lanco , 1 65

pu lver izado, que d e l e jos p arec ian huesos d escarnados. 1 :201. D e un c ance l d e p iedra s acaron e n l a r eg ion d e S an P edro unos 6 0 c . d e o ro f ino , e n una p equef ias t otumas y unas mascaras que r epresentaban f iguras humanas, c on l os d ien tes d escarnados y unos l argos c o lm i l los q ue g uardan s im il i tud c on o tros s acados e n l as g uacas e n l a r eg ion d e l Qu ind io, y a d e p iedra, y a d e o ro . 1 :216. E n l a r eg ion d e S an P edro, s . un t . d e 1m . d e d . p or 8 d e p .; l a b . p odrä t ener una c apac idad d e 3x 3v .; p ero d e med ia l una , c adäveres, 4 ; o ro f ino y t umbaga , 6l bs. L as p iezas mäs c ur iosas que e x ist ian e ran 2 4 o ve jas d e o ro f ino, h uecas, y p esaba c ada una una 3 c . A m l manera d e e ntender e stas o ve jas p resentan un s imbol ismo r e l ig ioso; u n r ecuerdo d e l C ordero P ascua l , y s i n o e s a s i , e s e l r emedo d e l a a lpaca o v icuf la , c uadrüpedo d e l os Andes e cuator ianos y p eruanos, r um iante d ste muy a petec ido p or s u h ermosa y f in is ima l ana . L os p i jaos e st imaban mucho l as o ve jas, s eg t in e l g ran nümeros que h emos h a l lado e n l as guacas mäs o menos a nt iguas. L os r emedos d e o ve jos q ue y o c onozco , s iempre l as h e v isto d e o ro f ino . 1 :120 . E n l a Du lcera s acaron un t ambor d e mas d e 1m . d e d . p or 1 0 d e p .; b öveda c uadrada , 3 p or 3 v .; a l tura d e l a m isma 2 v .; l a c arga d e l b uque y d e l a b öveda e ra d e t i erra n egra s uc ia . H echa l a b öveda , l os i nd ios l a l enaron h asta l a m itad d e p iedras p equef ias, e s d ec ir l a p ar te d e l a i zqu ierda d e l a b öveda , y l a o tra m itad h ac ia l a d erecha e staba h asta e l c ie lo l ena d e t i erra ; e n e l r incön d e l f rente met ieron f orzado a l i nd io c ontra e l a s iento d e l a b öveda ; t oda l a t i erra e staba t aqueada a p isön . E l o ro f ino p eso 5 0 c aste l lanos y e n e l p lan d e l a b oveda t en ia o l las. 1 :188 L os s epu lcros menos p rofundos q ue h ayamos v isto , f ueron: uno e n L a Du lcera ; e ra una c a ja d e 2v . d e l ong . p or 8 pu lg . d e p . A ll i e staba e l c adaver s in mas r iqueza q ue s us p rop ios h uesos. O tro e n S abanazo ; un c a jön d e 1 y med ia v . d e l ong . p or 1 0 pu lg . d e p .; t en ia un c adaver q ue t en ia una o l la d e b arro y d os t orza les d e c obre b a r iados c on o ro . 1 :147-148 . En H o jas Anchas s . e n un c a jön d e 3 v . d e p . y e n e l f ondo una b . d e s ombra , u n c adaver q ue t en ia t odos l os huesos s in f a ltar le u no y t odav ia f inos, e l g uaquero t r iturö a que l los h uesos b uscando o ro, n o h a l lando s ino una l igera d ecepc iön . 1 :184. E n l a r eg ion d e Ho jas Anchas s . un t . d e 1p or 5 v . d e p . L a b . 2p or 2 v . A ll i s e e ncontrö e l e sque leto d e u n i nd io r egu larm ente b ien c onservado y e l p e lo l o t en ia un ido a l c räneo . E stos c abe ll os t en ian 1 0 pu lgadas d e l ong itud, y s e h a l laron s ue ltos; e ras n egros y ä speros; e sta g uaca t en ia d os f r i jo les, uno d e t umbago y o tro d e o ro f ino ; p or e sto s e d e ja v er q ue e l i nd io d ue l lo e ra agr icu ltor y l e g ustaban l os f r i jo les . E n e l m ismo p ueb lo , s . u n t . d e 1p or 6 v . d e p . L a b . 2p or 2 v . y d entro s e h a l lö una o l la d e b arro l ena d e c h icha, y e staba t apada c on una p atena d e b arro . L a c h icha e staba b ien c onservada , y l a o l la n o c ab ia p or e l buque d e l a g uaca . P robab lamente l os i nd ios l a h ic ieron d entro d e l a b öveda o l a e ntraron p or o tra p arte . L os g uaqueros q uebraron l a o l la e n s u a fän d e d estrucc iön . E n e l m ismo pueb lo, e n una g uaca c omo l a a nter ior , e ncontraron d entro d e l a b öveda t res p iedras y e nc ima una o l la d e b arro, y d eba jo 1 66

d e l a o l la t res t i zones d e p a lo d e c a imo ; d entro d e l a o l la s e e ncontrar on r estos d e l a c abeza d e una g uag-u a , una u f ra d e p er ico y una c uenta d e c r ista l d e r oca ; e sa c om ida f ue b otada p or l os g-u aqueros c on c ierta s onr isa b u lreaca , d izque p or l a c al idad d e a l imentos d e e sos s a lva jes d e a ntaf io . 1 :145. E n P ortuga l s . un c a jön d e 1 2 v . d e l ong . p or 3 d e a nchura y 9d e p .; b . d e 5p or 5 c on a ltura d e 2 y med ia c .; puerta d e r egu lar c apac idad; 3 3 c adäveres c on l as c abezas h ac ia l a p uerta y e n p al izada . E sta t anda e staba d iv ida e n d os p art idas d e 1 6 a l a d erecha y 1 6 a l a i zqu ierda , q ue n o t en ian r iqueza d e n ung-u na c lase; e n e l c entro d e l as d os p art idas e staba e l t re inta y t revaso i nd io , b ien a costado , c on 6 0 c . d e o ro f ino e n c lavos, e tc .; e staba mäs d e m ed ia v ara d e r et irad o d e l os p obres; t en ia t azas y una a lcarraza d e b arro, b ien d ibu jada , c on una c abeza d e c urrucao g-r adaba e n med io d e l os d os t ubos. S enc i l lamente p arece q ue e sta g-u aca e ra d e l r ico , p ara que l os e nterr aran a e l s o lo ; p ero e n un momento d ado mur ieron l os o tros, y s e l es r ecostaron a ll c omo c ompaf reros d e v ia je . V eanme y n o me t oquen, p odr ia p ensarse q ue d i jo e l r ico . 1 :163. E n P or tuga l ( Hoya d e l Qu ind io), s . un t . d e 2 v . d e d . p or 1 5 d e p .; b . d e 4 p or 4 v . L a p ar te d e l f rente d e l a b . e ra d e b a lcön, d e 1 m . l a m esa , c on s artenes y t azas d ibu jadas; e ntre una o l la o l la h ab ia u na c o rn ida q ue p arec ia s er f r i jo les. D ifuntos 7 . Ten ia mas d e 1 00 l anzas d e 1 med ia v . d e l ong itud , d e c abo r edondo, 1 pu lg . d e d .; l a p a la d e l a l anza e ra d e 8 pu lg . d e l ong itud c on a nchura d e 3 pu lg . y t er rn inaba e n buena punta ; e l c abo y l a l anza r ectos, b ien h echos y pul imentados. 1 :87. E n P or tuga l s . un t . d e 2 v s. D p or 1 8 P . L a b öveda e ra una s ombra . D os c adäveres; s e h alaron c uatro e statuas d e p iedra d e mayor a menor ; l a i nter ior med ia 1 2 p lgd ., p iedra d e man i ; l as c aras e ran o va ladas, y c ada una t en ia una n ar iguera d e b arro q uemado . Cuerpo, p iernas y b razos a l n atura l ; una d e e stas e statuas r epresent aba una mu jer . E stas e statuas f ueron t ra idas d e o tra t r ibu, pues l os P i jaos n o s ab ian h acer e statuas d e p iedra d ura , a j uzgar p or l as h a l ladas e n d ist intas l ugares d e s us a nt iguos d om in ios. 1 :152. C erca a l a Argel ia s . un t . d e una v . d e d . p or 1 6 d e p .; l a ün ica part icu lar idad d e e sta g-u aca e ra que t en ia c inco n ichos y e n c ada uno d e e l los h ab ian un c adäver d e p ie . 1 :86. E n l a Argel ia s . un t . d e 1 0 v s. d e P . Böveda d e 5 x5 v s. Cadäveres 5 0 , q ue s e h a l laban e n p a l izada . No t en ian r iqueza d e n inguna e spec ie . E stos i nd ios e ran a g igantados, c omo t odos d e e sta r eg iön, pues s egün p arece e stos e ran l os mas c orpu lantos d e l os que h ab itaban e n l a Hoya d e l Qu ind io . ( La Argel ia h ace p arte d e l c entro d e l a Hoya). 1 :145. E n e l C a imo s . un c a jön d e 2v . y med ia d e l ong . p or una y med ia d e d . y 6 d e p .; b . d e 2 y m ed ia p or 2 y med ia ; e staba e n c laro y l imp ia d e t i erra c a ida . Ten ia un s o lo d ifunto a costado s obre g-u asca; d e l os mus los h ac ia l os p ies c ub ierto d e c haqu iras p or a lmudes; l a c abeza y r esto d e l c uerpo h asta l l os mus los c ub ier tos p or una t e la g ruesa c omo d e a lgodön . L os g-u aqueros r omp ieron e ste t e la y l e s acaron a l i nd io 5 c . d e o ro f ino . E ste c adäver e ra una e spec ia d e m om ia , pues e staban t odos l os h uesos un idos p or l as c oyunturas, 1 67

d e t a l m anera q ue n i l os h uesos d e l os d edos e staban d esun idos ; g uaqueros a rrastraron e ste e sque leto s in q ue s e l e d esun ieron h uesos . T en ia a demäs d os t azas d e b arro .

l os l os

1 :193 . E n G erman ia s . u n c a jön d e 3m . d e l ong ., 1 6 pu lg . d e d . y 5 m . d e p .; l a b . e ra s ombra d e l l argo d e l c a jön, d e 3 p or 2 m . y e staba e n c laro . T res c adäveres; 2 8 c . d e o ro f ino . E l c adäver d e l c entro s e h a l laba c ub ier to c on un g rueso m anto c omo d e g uasca d e p a lo t e i l ida c on t inta c o lorada ; e l c adäver s e pudr iö y e l manto c ons ervaba l a f orma e n q ue l o h ab ian c o locado l os I nd ios; d entro d e l a c aparazön s e h a l lö u na c abe l lera d e i nd io , v ue lta t res d ob leces, y a l e st irar la m ed ia u n m etro . E n e sta m isma r eg iön s . u n c a jön d e 6v . d e l ong ., 1 2 pu lg . d e d . y 1 4 v . d e p .; e ntrö a p lomo , y 3v aras a ntes d e l egar e l p lan h izo u n a ncho p abe l lön; l a b . e ra u na c huspa d e 1 p or 2 m . S e is c adäveres a costados a s i 3 c on l as c abezas h ac ia l a puer ta y 3 c on l as c abezas r ecostadas a l a p ared d e l f rente ; l as p iernas d e l os d ifuntos d e l a puer ta l as t en ian montadas s obre l as p iernas d e l os d e l r incön, y s obre l as r od i l las d e t odos s e h al lö u na a rgo l la d e c obre, q ue p eso 5 0 c . O ro f ino 6 3 c . e n 2 70 s abe letas e n f orma d e t ab la , p or d eba jo d e l c uerpo c on u nos p eque i los h uecos c omo p ara c o lgar las, y u n d i je d e 6c ., a s i c abeza y b oca d e c a imän e ntrevi dndose l os d ientes, c uerpo d e mar iposa c on l as a las a b ietras, y c o la d e t ör to la . 1 :193 . E n l a F lor ida s . un c a jön d e 2v . d e l ong ., 3 /4 d e d . y 3m . d e p .; l a b öveda e ra s ombra d e l l argo d e l c a jön y 1 6 p u lg . d e d . Un c adäver , c on 2 y m ed ia l b . d e o ro f ino e n u na g argant i l la , 2t orza les, u n v aso y una c inta d e u na pu lg . d e a nchura , muy d e lgada y l arga , a s i l e d ieron d os v ue ltas a l c ue l lo d e l c adäver , l udgo c on e sas p untas l e d ieron d os v ue l tas a l a c intura , y l udgo e sas punta b a jaban a l as r od i l las d e l d ifunto ; e n c ada punta h ab ia u n p eque l lo o r if ic io d e d onde c o lgaban d os c ac iques d e una pu lg . d e l ong i tud c ada uno ; d os a lcarr azas y d os c äntaros d e b arro; t odo b on ito y b ien h echo . 1 :194 . E n Aguacate l s . u na mataca f iera d e 2c a jones d e 3v . d e l ong . c ada u no , 1 6 p u lg . d e 1 4 y 1 4 v . d e p .; l a b . e ra c huspa f orrada c on l astres d e p iedra . c inco c adäveres; 2 8 c . d e o ro f ino e n una b a lanza , a s i : e l b a lanc in 3 p u lg . d e l ong ., e n e l c entro d e d ste un o r i f ic io y e n l as e xtrem idades d os huecos; d os t o tumas, c ada u no c on t res o r if ic ios c ircu lares p or d onde d eb ieron p asar les u n h i lo p ara u n ir las a l b a lanc in ; u n p isa-corbata ; d os t o tumas, t en iendo c ada u na c erca d e l b orde u n o r if ic io ; p or e stos o r if ic ios t en ia c ada u na u na a rgo l la d e o ro , h ueca ; t odo muy b ien h echo ; d os a lcarrazas d e b arro d ibu jadas c on t inas; h a l ländose e n c ada a lcarraza d ibu jadas e n r el ieve d os c aras h umanas, c ada c ara e n d irecc iön d e c ada t ubo , y d os p astas d e a l i bra , u na d e c arm in y o tra d e b arro c en ic iento .

LA TEBAIDA

1 :146. A c ien m e tros d e l a p laza d e L a T eba ida s . u n t . d e 1m . d e d . p or 8 d e p .; b . d e 4p or 4 v . T en ia o ro y d oce i nd ios d e b arro d e c aras o va ladas y p lanchas; e ntre l as e sta tuas f iguraban u n i nd io y u na i nd ia e n e stado d e c o ito ; ambos s e a brazaban, v e ianse c ara a c ar . E sta tura d e ambos 1 6 p u lg . d e c ara t ab lada y n ar iz a ncha ; l a i nd ia t en ia l a p ampan i l la a lzada . Obra muy b ien h echa , s e l es p od ian a prec1 68

j ar t odas l as f ormas . Uno d e l os g-u aqueros d i jo : v ean q ue l o q ue e stän h ac iendo e stos p icaros, y c on e l r ecatön l os v o lv io p edazos. 1 :172-173. E n e l pueb lo d e l C edro ( Teba ida), h ay una g uaca d e t a labardön d e 1 5 v aras d e p . y 1m . d e d .; e n e l p r imer t a labardön , q ue s e e ncuentra a 9 v . d e p rofund idad , n ude 4 v . d e d .; e n e l f ondo d e l s eg-u ndo t a labardön s e e ncuentra una b öveda c uya c apac idad n o c onozco, n i s e s abe q ué l e s acaron l os g-u aqueros, pues h ace t i empo f ue s acada . 1 :123. A c inco k i lömetros d e L a T eba ida y h ac ia e l r io Qu ind io, s acaron u n c a jön d e 2 v . d e l argo , 1 0 pu lg . d e a ncho y 8 m . d e p . E ste s e f ue a p lomo h asta e l f ondo ; e n l a punta d e l c a jön d onde d eb ia e star l a puer ta d e l a b oveda e staba t end ido e l p lan c on unas l argas y g randes p iedras y f orrados l os l ados l a tera les y e l f rente c on a nchos l astres d e p iedra ; menos e l e nc ie lado y l a puerta d e l a b öveda q ue t en ian c ementados c on b arro b lanco l os a justes d e l as p iedras. L a p uerta d e l a b öveda e ra un o r if ic io c ircu lar d e 1 2 pu lgadas d e d . L os i nd ios l abraron u n p edazo d e t i erra d ura d e l a ncho d e l o r if ic io p ara q ue g ste s irv iera d e t apa , y p or s us b ordes l o c ementaron c on b arro b lanco . L os g-u aqueros n o s up ieron c ömo e ntraron l os i nd ios e sas p iedras, s e s upus ieron q ue h abr ia s ido p or d eba jo d e l a b öveda . D os i nd ios d ifuntos s in h a l lazgo d e n inguna c lase . I : 1 24-125. A 1 0 m . d e d istanc ia d e d onde f ueron h a l lados l os h uesos a nter iores ( La T eba ida), f ue s acado un c a jön d e 3 v . d e l argo p or 1 d e a ncho y 3 d e p . T en ia una S ombra y e n e l la un i nd io c on o l las, t azas d e b arro , n ar igueras, a rgo l las y g randes c anut i l los d e c obre ; g stos s u jectos p or g ruesos c ordones d e a lgodön; una n ar iguera d e t umbago , d e p eso m ed io c ., una p iedra g rande c on mo l ino y v ar ias p iedras p equer ias d e d ist intos c o lores, l abradas e n f orma o va l y c on o r if ic ios p eque l los p or e l c entro ; u nos c r ista les d e r oca d e l t ama i lo d e u n g rano d e c acao , p erforados p or l a punta a t rav6s d e l a l ong itud . C on e stas p iedras f ormaban g argant i l las p ara c o lgar las a l c ue l lo c omo a dorno p ersona l . 1 :144. E n A lban ia s . u n c ance l d e p iedra d e 1m . d e p . c on 4 l b . d e o ro f ino; l as p iezas p r inc ipa les e ran d os b astones, d os t otumas y b astante n ümero d e s aba letas b ien h echas; e sta g uaca f ue e ncontrada p or u n h ombre q ue buscaba un a rmad i l lo q ue s e h ab ia met ido d e h u ida d e un p erro . C erca e sta g uaca s acaron o tro c ance l d e 3v . d e p . D os d ifuntos c on 1 2 c . d e t umbago ; e n e ste o ro h ab ia d os s aba letas b ien h echas y 4 8 c abezones c omo l os d e a g-u a . 1 :194. E n l a A lban ia s . una matacaf iera d e 2 c a jones, c ada uno d e 2 m . d e l ong itud , 2 0 pu lg . d e d . y 7 v . d e p .; l a b . e ra una c huspa f orrada c on l astres d e p iedra . D os c adäveres c on 4 l i bras d e o ro f ino , f igurando e ntre s us a lha jas 2 p atenas d ob ladas p or t odas s us e xtrem idades, h a l ländose e n e l c entro d e 6 stas un b otön n egro d e p iedra . 1 :108-110 . E n e l p ueb lo d e l Muerto , e l 2 4 d e e nero d e 1 921, s acaron u n t ambor d e u n m . d e d iämetro p or 8 d e p .; b öveda , 4m . c ada u no d e l os c ostados l a tera les, f rente y c entro , 3 y m ed io m .; a l tura , u no y m ed io m .; a ncho d e l a puerta , 2 4 pu lgadas; a l tura d e l a m isma , u n m ., f orma l a puer ta c orn isa , 1 0 i nd ios d ifuntos t en ian l a c abeza a l a d erecha , e s d ec ir , c uando uno s e p are e n e l b uque d e l a g uaca y m ira 1 69

a l f rente d e l a b öveda , l a p ar te q ue q ueda h ac ia l a d erecha . T odos e staban b ien a costados y e n e l o rden s igu iente ; 6 e staban t end idos s obre g uasca d e una p u lgada d e g-r ueso ; é stos t en ian n ar igueras y a rgo l las d e o ro f ino y t umbago d e e scaso v a lor . E n e l n üsmo o rden v en ian t res i nd ios q ue t en ian t end idos d e g uasca y s obre e sta un icorn ios y t res g randes c araco les m ar inos . E l p r imer i nd io q ue e staba a costado d espu6s d e l os p obres t en ia v asos, n ar ig-u eras y a rgo l las e n l a c abeza , e n e l p echo 9 p atenes d e 4p u lgadas d e d ., e n l os b razos d os pu lseras, e n l a c intura un f a jön, e n l as p iernas d os p o la inas t odo e sto d e r egu lar t amaf ro y d e o ro f ino P eso 4 00c . L os i nd ios q ue s egu ian h ac ia e l r incön t en ian e n l a c abeza z arc i l los, n ar ig-u eras, a rgo l las, una c inta e n f orma d e d iadema p ero s in d ibu jo, p atenas e n e l p echo , y e n l as p iernas p o la inas; t odo e sto d e t umbago d e 1 4 q u i lates. P eso mäs d e 4 00 c . E l i nd io d e l r incön, c on t end ido d e g uasca d e una pu lgada d e e spesor y s obre e ste un t end ido d e u n icorn ios ( un icorn io : n ombre c apr ichoso q ue l os g uaqueros d an a u nas r oda jas d e d ist intos m ateri a les y t ama i lo y c o lores muy v ar iados; l as mas g randes s on d e una pu lg . d e d ., y c ada una l eva p or e l c entro d e l a s uperf ic ie u n o r if ic io c ircu lar , p or d onde p arece l e p asaban una c uerda). L as p iezas metäl icas d e c obre e staban a s i : e n l a c abeza a rgo l las y n ar ig-u eras; c anut i l los d e pu lgada d e l ong itud p or u n c uar to d e d iämetro y c on un o r if ic io c ircu lar p ract icado a l a l ong itud, e staban d isem inados e n e l p echo f ormando a s i una g argant i l la . T res e squ i lones ( t ienen é stos l a f orma d e u na f ruta d e aguacate d e a que l los q ue s on un p oco l argos: e n e l p ezön l eva una a rgo l la p or d onde l e p asaban una c uerda d e a lgodön, c omo s e y e a ün e l h i lo e n a lgunos e squ i lones. E l e squ i lön e s v ac io , a l a manera d e l a c av idad q ue t i ene l a c ascara d e u n h uevo d e g a ll ina , d espu6s d e s acado e l a l imento . E n l a c av idad l eva una f ruta d e l r n ismo m eta l q ue g ira l i bremente y h ace p roduc ir e l s on ido c uando s e mueve e l e squ i lön). Tre inta y c inco p atenas, d esde c ua tro pu lgadas h asta 1 2 d e d ., y q ue p esaban 2 4 l b .; d os d e e stas p atenas t en ian a dher idas a l h errumbre d e c obre d os p edazos d e t e la d e a lgodön d e m äs d e 1 0 pu lgadas d e d . E l t e j ido e ra f ino y g rueso e l h i lo c omo t e la d e c osta l d e e stopa . L os g uaqueros v o lv ieron p edazos e stos r estos d e m anta , p ara t ener d e qué r e irse . Todas e sta p atenas t en ian o r if ic ios e n e l b orde , t anto mäs g randes c uanto mas g randes y p esada e ra ( esto s e y e e n t odas l a p atenas d e o ro , c obre y b arro). D esde e ste pun to d e v ista , v emos q ue l os i nd ios c onoc ieron p erfectamente e l p eso d e l os c uerpos y l a r es istenc ia d e l os c ab les, p roporc iön matemä t ica . S e v e p or l os h a l lazgos q ue e sta p atenas l as c o lgaban a l c ue l lo c on c uerdas d e a lgodön, p ita , c abuya , e tc ., d e t a l m anera q ue l a c uerda e ra c a lcul ada a l p eso q ue t en ia s opor tar . Var ios h uso d e b arro, e ntre l as c ua les h ab is uno g rabado c on t inta n egra ; unos c incos d e u n p ar d e d ados q ue h oy s er ia i mpos ib le h acer los me jor . D iez y s e is e statuas d e b arro , l a m itad d e machos, q ue e staban o rdenados a s i : 1 0 e sparc idos d e t oda l a b öveda ; e ran d e u na c ara o va lada y a lgunos d ibu jados, y a c on r ayas e n e l m ismo b arro , y a c on t inta b lanca y n egra . C erca d e l a c abeza d e l os d ifuntos h ab ia s e iz e statuas p aradas; c omo r n irando a l os muertos; y c ada uno d e e stos t en ia una a rgo l la d e o ro f ino y d e e scaso v a lor . E stos g uaqueros s e a rro jaron s obre l os c ac iques a l a manera d e l os c onqu istadores y l es a rrancaron l a s n ar ices a l as e statuas p ara l evarse e l o ro . T ambMn s acaron s artenes y t otumas d e b arro , a lgunos c on d ibu jos d e t inta n egra . 1 70

E l 2 8 d e e nero d e 1 921, a 2 5 metros d e d istanc ia d e l a g-u aca a nter ior , s acaron u n t ambor d e u n m . d e d iämetro p or 1 0 d e p .; b öveda c uadrada d e 3p or 3 m .; a l tura , un m .; a nchura d e l a puerta d e l a b öveda , 2 0 p u lgadas; a l tura d e l a m isma , 3 0 p u lg ., f ormando c orn isa . L as p aredes y e l e nc ie lado d e l a b öveda e staban r ayados c omo c on u r ias ( a l a manera d e l a s r ayas q ue t i enen l os t rap iches d e h ierro). E l t end ido d e l a b öveda e ra d e g-u asca d e una pu lgada d e e spers o, y s obre e ste e staban t res d ifuntos v est idos d e o ro f ino, a s i : n ar igueras y a rgo l las e n l a c abeza ( por n o d ec ir d önde t en ia l as n ar ices e l c adäver). E n e l p echo 6 2 p atenas d e 6 pu lg . d e d ., c uent as o c anut i l los p or c entenares, u n f a jön d e t res pu lg . d e a nchura , 6 pu lseras, 6 p o la inas, e tc ., c on p eso a prox imado d e m ed ia a r . E s d e a dvert ir q ue l os g uaqueros e ntran d e n oche y b orrachos a b arrer l a g uaca y a c ua l m äs p od ia r obar , s us c ompa i leros n o d ec ian n ada p orque e l los s e c ons ideraban me jorados. E stos d atos m e s um in istraron g uaqueros q ue e ran t est igos p resenc ia les y d uef ios d e l os h a l lazgos, c omo t amb idn d estructores d e l os m ismos. 1 :125. A c inco k i lömetros d e l pueb lo d e l Muerto e n un t a jo a b ierto d e 6 metros d e p ., e n e l f ondo d e l a b öveda h ab ia un p an g rande q ue s im i laba una e spon ja v aporosa o una e spuma ; s e p od ia c oger e n l a mano, p ero c on una l igera f uerza s e r educ ia a una masa muy p equer ia . S egün a lgunos g uaqueros e ra un p an d e ma iz, y s egün o tros e ra d e a lm idön d e yuca . C au lqu iera c osa q ue f uera , l o c ierto e s q ue l o d estruyeron t ota lmente . 1 :148. E n e l f amoso pueb lo d e l Muer to s . u n c a jön d e 4 v . d e l ong . y una v ara d e d . S e f ue e n p abe l lön; 1 1 v . d e p . y a l lä e n e l f ondo t en ia e l c a jön 3 v . d e d . E n c ada p unta d e l c a jön t en ia una b . d e 4 p or 4 v . T odas l as c abezas d e l os c adäveres e staban p ara l a puerta . Una b . t en ia 3 l b . y l a o tra 4 l b . d e o ro f ino . E ntre l as p iezas p r inc ipa les s e e ncontraba una d iadema d e o ro f ino, c uya c inta e ra d e 3 pu lg . d e a nchura , y e n e l la una ä gu i la d ibu jada e n a l to r el ieve, c on uf ias, p atas, c uerpo , d edos y l as a las a b iertas; l a c abeza s obresal ia d e l b orde d e l a d iadema h ac ia a rr iba . E ra d e r egu lar t ama t io y c omo o bra d e a r te s e l e p od ia j uzgar a l as ä gu i las d e l n orte que v ienen e n l as monedas amer icanas. S esenta c ac iques d e o ro d e menos d e un c aste l lano d e p eso c ada u no , d e c ara u n p oco o va lada , c uerpo , p iernas y b razos, l a p arte d e l f rente y s in e spa ldas, v eradera o bra d e a rte . 1 :107. E n l a H oya d e l Qu ind io , e n e l pueb lo d e E l Muerto , s . un t . d e 1 v . D . p or 7 d e P . b oveda d e 5 x 5 v s. S e h a l laba p erfectam ente e n c laro, p ues s e v e ian l os r estos h umanos; o ro f ino y t umbaga 1 8 c s. C adäveres 6 ; uno d e e l los t en ia l a c abeza s obre una g ruesa manta d e a lgodön , e n l a c ua l e staba e l p e lo d e l a c abeza d e l d ifunto; l a c abe l lera que e staba s ue lta , m ed ia 8 p lgds. d e l ong ., a bundante, n eg-r a, g ruesa y ä spera . Tamb idn s e h a l lö u n huso d e b arro , e ncabad o e n una v ar i l la d e t umbaga y s obre d sta u n h i lo d e a lgodön e nvue lt o , e n b uen e stado . L os g uaqueros l o t r ituraron t odo p ara s acar le l a t umbaga q ue t uv iera y v ender lo y h acerse a d inero c on que h artarse d e l i cor y d e s ensua l idades c arna les. 1 :159. E l 6 d e a br i l d e 1 821 ( s ic), e n e l pueblo d e E l Recurso ( nombre q ue l os g uaqueros d ieron a e ste pueb lo p orque c uando n o e ncontraban o ro e n o tra p arte, s e v en ian a d ste d onde s i e ncontraban p ara s egu ir h ac iendo g astos y s egu ir a o tra p arte s us e xped ic iones), 1 71

s . u n c a jön e n l a c abecera d e l p ueb lo , a travesado e n l a c uch i l la , d e 2 m . d e l ong . p or 1 d e d . y 5 d e p .; b . e n u n c ostado d e l c a jön , m irando l a g uaquer ia p r inc ipa l , d e 3p or 2 v . c on a l tura d e una V . y a ncho d e s u p uer ta un metro . T res c adäveres; meta l , u n t orza l d e c obre b a t iado c on o ro , q ue p eso 2 r ea les . U tens il ios d e b arro , o l las y s ar tenes y u n c äntaro g rande d e b oca p equef ia , muy b ien h echo , q ue t en ia d ibu jos d e l i neas y f ormas c un ieformes h echas c on t inta n egra ; l a b öveda e staba e n c laro , y l os i nd ios h ab ina h echo u na z an ja e n l a puer ta d e l a b öveda y l uggo p araron a ll madera r edonda y r ecostaron a e sa madera u na e stera d e m imbre ; s eguramente p ara q ue e sto i mpe d iera la e ntrada d e t i erra a l a b öveda ; l a t i erra d e l c a jön l a p isaron a p isön , q uedando c omo una t ap ia ; s eguarmente l a t i erra e staba h ümeda y s e g rabö e l t e j ido d e l a e stera y l a d es igual idad d e e spesor d e l a madera ; e l t e j ido e ra i gua l a l a nter ior ( en l a E smera lda). A 3 00 m etros d e d istanc ia y p asando una v ega , e stä e l pueb lo d e l Muer to; l a g uaca q ue t en ia e l c ac ique m i trado ( F igura 1 ) h ab ia t en ido u n c ercado d e madera ( como e l a nter ior), y a 6 ste l e h ab ian r ecostado u na e stera d e m imbre d e t e j ido c omo l as a nter iores .3 I : 1 52. E n e l R ecreo s . u n t . d e una v . d e d . p or 1 4 d e p .; e ra d e n icho , q ue t en ia 3 v . d e a l tura y un c adäver d e p ie; 6 ste t en ia un p ar d e p o la inas d e c obre, un c araco l m ar ino y u na l echuza d e c obre , d e r egu lar t ama t io , b ien h echos e l c uerpo y a las, t odo a l n atura l , l a c abeza a l o v ivo , c on o jos d e much imba ( oro b a jo). 1 :158-159 . E n E l R ecreo s . un t . d e 3 /4 v . d e d . p or 7 d e p .; l a b . e ra una s ombra a trevesada d e 4 p or 3 v . c on a l tura , c erca d e l a p uerta , d e 1m ed ia v .; e n c ada c odo d e l a s ombra un b a lcön, 5 o las y t azas d e b arro . T en ia t res d ifuntos, c on l as c abezas h ac ia l a p uerta ; e l i nd io d e l c entro e staba f orrado e n b arro c rudo d e b uena c al idad, c omo l os a nter iores ( La Arenosa , C a icedon ia); c or te d e l a c oraza 4 p u lg .; e ste i nd io , q ue e ra e l r ico , t en ia t res u n icorn ios u n unas a rgo ll i tas d e c obre . E n e l m ismo p ueb lo s . un n icho d e 2 y m ed ia v . d e d . p or 1 4 d e p rofund idad . L os q ue s e l ama n icho t en ia 6v . d e a l tura y 2 p or 2 d e c apac idad ; e n e l f ondo d e l n icho h ab ia u n h oyo d e u na v . d e p ., y e ntre ( e ste un i nd io d e p ie , f orrado e n b arro c rudo d e b uena c al idad c omo l os a nter iores; e l c or te d e l a c oraza t en ia u na pu lgada ; r oto e ste b arro y b arr idos l os r estos d e l c adäver s e h a l laron u na n ar iguera d e t umbago d e m eta l d e buena c al idad , q ue p eso 1 2 c ., y una c oron i l la c omo l a q ue s e p onen l os c uras c a tö l icos e n l a c abeza , d e o ro f ino , q ue p eso 1 6 c .; t en ia l a f orma d e u na t otuma c on d . d e 1 0 pu lg . E l d ibu jo q ue t en ia e ran muchos h und i tn ie ntos h echos c omo c on e l d edo , g uardando t odos c ierta s im itr ia . 1 :191. E n l a P opa s . un t . d e 2v . d e d . p or 9 d e p . L a b . e ra u na s ombra d e 2p or 1 m . D os c adäveres; o ro f ino 3 c . e n d os t or tugas, t en iendo l o s a n ima les s acada l a c abeza d e d eba jo d e l a c aparazön ; p a tas y t odo e ra una l a ta . 1 :141-142 .

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O ro, 1 966:

1 m . d e d . y 1 2 e n p abe l lön . E n e l f ondo t en ia 3 v . d e d . E n e l p lan t en ia d os c a jones y e n c ada c a jön un d ifunto ; ambos c a jones t en ian 4 l b. d e o ro f ino y t umbago . E ntre s us a lha jas f iguraba un c ruz d e d ob le t revesat io y un p oco s eparados uno d e o tro ; e l ä rbo l p r inc ipa l t en ia 8 pu lg . d e l ong ., l argo d e c ada b razo 4 pu lg .; a ncho d e l os p o los a travesados y p r inc ipa l una y med ia pu lg . L a c ruz e ra s umamente b ien h echa y d e lgada ; p eso 5 c . Ademäs un e squ i lön d e t umbago , c uatro p ares d e p atos, c ada p ar d e p ie s obre untrevesaf ro d e l m ismo meta l ; t odo muy b ien h echo, c ada p eso 1 6 c . L o d emäs e ran c ucatas y pu ls e ras. E n e l f ondo d e l a g uaca y e n d erredor d e l p abe ll ön h ab ia 5 t rozos d e l aure l c o rn ino , que e staban v erdes p a lo y c äscar a ; e stos p a los m ed ian 1 6 pu lg . d e l ong ., 8 d e d .; t en ian l as puntas d e l os p a los p odr idas. E ste ä rbo l s o lo s e c ons igue a 3 0 k i lömetros d e a qu i . E n e ste m ismo pueb lo s . un c a jön d e 4v . d e l ong ., 1 v . d e d . y 5d e p . T en ia una s ombra t aqueada ; e ra p equef ia y e n e l la h ab ia un c adäver ; é ste t en ia t res p iedras d e t amat io d e un c orozo c ada una , y r edondas; una b lanca, l a o tra a zul y l a t ercera un poco n egra. Tamb ign h ab ia un mono d e b arro d e t ama i lo n atura l y d e r egu lar t raba jo ; l a c ara p resentaba un a specto f e is imo; e sta e ra l a (m ica r iqueza d e l d ifunto . 1 :186. E n l a Hoya d e l Qu ind io , e n e l C ac ique d e l a C oqueta , s . un c a jön d e 2m . d e l ong . y 1 v . d e d . p or 2 m d e p .; e n c ada punta d e l c a jön t en ia una b öveda , m id iendo c ada una d e e l las 3 p or 3 v .; ambas e staban c lazadas, y c onten ian 6 c adäveres, a lha jas d e b arro, c inco s o ledades d e f orma y t amaf ro n atura l , p intadas c on t intas n egra y c en ic ienta ; d os g uac c ies muy b on itos y n atura les, p intadas c on t intas n egra y c arm in ; s op lando p or unos huecos q ue t en ian e n l a c orona , s onaba p or e l p ico . Oro f ino 3 l i bras, a s i un b astön d e 1 2 pu lg . d e l ong . d e lgado , y t en iendo l a c abeza l a f orma d e l a b oca d e una c ornet a ; 8 8 c ocuyos y 7 7 mar iposas, a n ima les t odos d e t amaf io n atura l ; 3 27 c uentas d e g argant i l las y 1 6 g rana l las, c ada una d e t amat io y f orma d e una mun ic iön d e r egu lar t ama t io , q ue s e h a l laban un idas d e a c ua tro e n f ondo ( formando a s i c omo u na c asa d e c orozos), y p or e l m ed io d e e stas c asas t en ian un o r if ic io c ircu lar , p or d onde d eb ieron p asar le una c uerda ; e l d emäs o ro e ra n ar igueras, a rgo l las, e tc . 1 :147. E n e l C ac ique s . e n un c a jön d e 2 y med ia v . d e l ong ., a nchura 1 v ara , p rofund idad 2 v ., 7 5 c . d e o ro f ino y t umbago ; e ntre s us p iezas s e e ncontraban 1 80 c ocuyos muy b ien h echos; p or l a b arr ig a t en ian una a rgo ll ita p or d onde l es p asaban una c uerda d e lgada p ara c o lga los e n f orma d e g argant i l la . E stos c ocuyos f ueron v end idos c omo a lha jas p or s u d el icado t raba jo . Ademäs u n c ac ique d e 6 pu lg . d e l ong .; 6 ste l evaba un i nd io c argado e n e l h ombro i zqu ierdo, y e n l a mano d erecha l evaba un b astön c og ido p or l a m itad, d e 1 2 pu lg . d e l ong .; d e c ara b on ita y un p oco r edonda ;cuerpo, p ies y manos un p oco a l n a tura l . Dos f amosas a lcarrazas d ibu jadas c on t intas b lanca y n egra . L a mayor ia d e l as g uacas d e e ste p ueb lo s on c a jones e nc imeros y p or r eg la g enera l c ada c a jön t i ene p or l os menos un c ac ique d e o ro y d e a ll l e v iene e l n ombre a l pueb lo . 1 :1 66-167. E n e l C ac ique ( Hoya d e l Qu ind io), pueb lo d e L a C oqueta , s . un c a jön d e 1 y med ia v . d e l ong . p or 3 d e p .; t en ia l a b . c a lzada y e n e l la 9 c adäveres a costodos s obre g uasca c on 1 50 c . d e o ro f ino y t umbago . E l o ro f ino e staba e n c ama leones, c hapo las c on a las a b iertas y c ocuyos, t odos muy b ien h echo ; un b astön d e 1 2 pu lg . d e l ong . c on 1 73

c abeza p lana , 7a lcarrazas d e b arro b ien d ibu jados c on t inta b lanca y n egra 4 g uacöes d e b lanco e l p echo y t amat io d e una p a loma , muy b ien h echos y huecos; p or l a c orona t en ian o r if ic ios c ircu lares y p or e l p ico unas c isura , d e modo q ue a l s op lar p or e l o r if ic io s a l ia e l v iento p or e l p ico y s i lbaba; s e h a l laron v ar ios p iedras b lancas d e c r ista l d e r oca , p erforadas y g argant i l las d e o ro e nsar tadas e n h i lo d e a lgodön, q ue e staba t odav ia f ino . 1 :167. E n e ste m ismo pueb lo s . un c a jön d e 2 v . d e l ong . p or 1 d e d . y 2d e p .; l a b . e ra una c huspa t aqueada d e t i erra p or l os i nd ios, y e n ia d os c adäveres a costados s obre g uasca . S e l es h a l lo una a lcarr aza d e b arro d ibu jada c on t intas n egra y c arm in, y un c ac ique d e o ro f ino d e 2 pu lg . d e l ong ., d e c ara o va lada y b ien h echa ; e l c uerpo l o t en ia f orrado c on un manto d e l m ismo m eta l ; e n l a c abeza una c achucha d e v isera y e n l a punta d e d ste d os c ac iques d e p ie, d e menos d e una pu lgada d e e statura . En e ste m ismo pueb lo s . un t . d e 1c . d e d . p or 9 d e p ., c on b . d e — p or 3 v . No s e l e h a l laron i nd ios; e n c amb io t en ia o l las d e b arro , y e n e l buque un c ac ique d e o ro f ino d e med ia pu lg . d e l ong . A p ocas v aras d e a qu i s . u n c a jön d e 2 v . d e l ong . p or 1 d e d . y 4 d e p .; b . d e 5p or 5 . Nueve c adäveres; 7 5 c . d e o ro f ino e n c uentas y c anut i l los, y una mascara que t en ia o jos, b oca , n ar ices, y q ue l e s erv ia e n l a c ara a una p ersona d e r egu lar t ama r io; d os p o la inas, d os pu lseras, e tc . Aqu i c era s . un c a jön d e 2p or 2 y med ia v aras y 2 d e p .; l a b . e ra una c huspa l enada d e t i erra p or l os i nd ios, y e n e l la un c adäver q ue t en ia un m ico d e märmo l d e l t ama r io d e un r atön, d e c o la e nroscada y l evantada h ac ia a rr iba , b ien p arado. y m irando h ac ia un l ado , d e c ara r edonda y b ien f ormada . 1 :146. E n l a C oqueta S . u n t . d e 3v . d e s . y 1 0 d e p .; b . d e 4p or 4c on a ltura d e 2v .; d ifuntos 4 ; o ro f ino 6 l b . F iguras p r inc ipa les: 5 e squ i lones; 3 p atos d e p ie s obre un p a lo, muy b ien h echos; 4 t otumas, e tc . E l t end ido d e l os c adäveres e ra d e g uasca y c haqu iras p or a lmudes; t azas y o l las d e b arro h ab ia muchas; 1 2 macanas d e 1 6 pu lg . d e l ong .; c ada una d e u na pu lgada d e d .; r edondas y c on d os puntas e n f orma d e c huzos, e staban b ien d ibu jadas. 1 :148. E n e l C ac ique s . un c a jön d e 2 v . d e l ong . p or 1 d e d .; b . d e P . L a b oveda e ra una s ombra , d e l argo d e l c a jön c on un c adäver que t en ia 5 0 c . d e o ro f ino ; e ntre s us p iezas f iguraba una d iadema s in d ibu jo . Ancho d e l a c inta una pu lgada ; d os c ucharas d e l t amar io d e l as s operas un idas p or una s er ie d e r emaches d e o ro e n d erredor d e l a c uchara y l a p a la . 1 :148. E n e l C ac ique s . una guaca y e n e l la e ncontraron un v aso d e o ro f ino d e 2 c ., l ong itud 8 pu lg .; s us puntas f ormaban una h o ja c omo e l h e lecho d e p e ine . 1 :163. E n e l C ac ique s . u n c a jön d e 1 m . d e d . p or 3 d e p ., y b . d e 3p or 3 v . N o s e l e e ncontrö i nd io ; o ro 7 0 c ., c on t umbago ; e sto e n c o l lares y mar iposas, u n b astön d e 1 8 pu lg . d e l ong . y t rastos d e b arro, e ntre e i los t otumas b ien d ibu jadas c on t intas. En e l m ismo pueb lo s . un c a jön d e 2 y med ia v aras d e l ong ., una d e d . y 2 y med ia d e p . L a b . e ra una s ombra d e 1v . d e d iämetro y d e l l argo d e l c a jön; c adäveres uno, q ue t en ia u n a n ima l d e p iedra p izarra que p arec ia una c omadre ja d e t ama i lo n atura l y b ien h echo .

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1 :119-120 . E n e l p ueb lo d e P e läez e n u n c a jön d e 4v . d e l argo p or 1 d e p ., e staba e l s ue lo d e e ste t end ido d e c obre e n p atenas, a rgo l las, n ar igueras y g randes p lanchas d e e ste meta l , d est inadas p ara h acer a lha jas. N o s e e ncontrö i nd io d ifunto . E ste pueb lo f ue r ico e n o ro ; e n l as g uacas p r inc ipa les s obresal i6 un t ambor , f eo d e p aredes, d e 1 m . d e d . p or 1 2 d e p .; b oveda c uadrada d e 2p or 2 m .; a l tura d e l a m isma 1 m .; t en ia t res i nd ios. S egán l os e sque letos e ran d e t amar io m äs b ien p equer io , y t en ian p atenas,fa jones, p o la inas, pu lseras, e tc .; p esando e n o ro f ino c erca d e 2 0 l b. E sa g uaca f ue c ateada p or una mu jer . 1 :160 . E n e l p ueb lo d e P e läez, s . un t . d e una v . d e d . p or 1 0 d e p .; b öveda d e 6p or 6 v . D ifuntos 6 , p ero e l mero t ronco , n o t en ian c abezas; o ro 1 0 c aste l lanos e n a rgo l las q ue e staban e n una e squ ina d e l a b . 1 :215-216 . 1v . d e d . d e c ur ioso h echa y t an n atura l idad .

C erca d e l r io E spe jo , e n e l pueb lo d e P e läez, s . un t . d e p or 8 d e p ., l a b . d e 3x 3v ., c adäveres 4 . S o lo t en ia una g uanabana d e b arro , h ueca , c on p ezön y t an b ien a l n atura l, que t odo e l q ue l a n i iraba , l a a dm iraba p or s u

1 :124. E n e l p ueb lo d e L a S o ledad f ue s acada una matacar iera , h onda , q ue t en ia b öveda g rande, y e n e l c entro d e é ste h ab ia t res h i leras d e c o lumnas d e t i erra d istr ibu idas a s i un c ada u no d e l os c ostados l a tera les una h i lera d e t res y e n e l c entro d e l a b öveda q ue s erv ia d e s opor te a l c ie lo , o tras t res. Tota l n ueve c o lumnatas. L os e xtrem id ades d e l a b öveda f ormaban d os n aves; e sta b öveda e staba e n c laro y s in u n s o lo t errön d e d es lanche. L as c o lumnas h ab ian s ido l abradas a ll i m ismo e n l a t i erra f irme; t oda l a b öveda y l as c o lumnatas e staban p intadas c on c arm in y s obre e sta p intura g rabados c on t inta b lanca s apos, m ar iposas, g r i l los e tc ., y unos e scr itos s imböl icos. L os h uesos d e l os d i funtos e staban q uemados j unto c on e l o ro , y d epos itados e n g randes c äntaros d e b arro . E l o ro d e e sta g uaca p eso mas d e 3 a r ., y e ntre s us p iezas s obresa l ian t res c oronas d e o ro f ino , q ue un d ia l e jano h ab ian l uc ido p or l as c abezas d e e stos r eyes; l as c oronas, h er idas p or e l s o l d e l os t röp icos, p roduc ian un t inte d e r efracc iön h ermos is imo , a parte d e l a s ugest iön. 1 :151. E n l a S o ledad s acaron un a rmad i l lo muy a l n atura l t odo e l c uerpo y l a c abeza . L a m itad d e l c uerpo d e l a n ima l e ra d e o ro f ino y l a o tra m itad d e t umbago ; n o s e n otaba e l a f iad ido . P eso 8 0 c . 1 :194 . E n l a r eg ion d e L a S o ledad s acaron u n c a jön d e 1p or 3 v . y 6d e p . y l a b . d e 2 p or 3 v ., un s o lo c adäver ; o ro f ino 6 0 c ., e n una a lha ja q ue t en ia un ä rbo l q ue s e p arec ia a una t usa d e ma iz . S obre e ste ä rbo l y a l t rav6s s e h a l laban d os f iguras h umanas, q ue t en ian m ed io c uerpo , d e l os p echos a l os p ies, e n f igura d e p escado , a s i c omo l a s l eyendas c uentan d e l as s irenas d e l mar : m itad p ez, m itad c uerpo h umano . 1 :119. E n E l Arco , e l 2 4 d e f ebrero d e 1 921, s acaron u n t ambor d e u n m . d e d . p or 6 d e p .; b öveda c uadrada d e 3p or 3 m .; a l tura d e l a m isma 2 v aras; p uerta d e r egu lar t amar io . E l t end ido d e l a b öveda e ra d e g uasca , t en iendo s o lo u n c adäver q ue e staba e n e l c entro d e l a b öveda , b oca a rr iba c on l a c abeza d escansando e n un h oyo un p oco mäs g rande q ue e l c räneo t apändo le l a c abeza y e l h oyo c on una o l la . 1 75

Ten ia t res t orza les d e c obre b af iados c on o ro ; e l c adäver e staba c irc u ido c on 8 0 o l las y 6 e statuas d e b arro d e r egu lar t ama t io ; e ntre l as a lha jas s obresa le un c äntaro, e n c uyos h ombros n acen d os p ies, d espuds p iernas, o s ea una e statua que r epresenta u na p ersona , c on l a c ara o va lada ; e l o r if ic io e staba e n l a c orona ,que r odeaba una d iadema d e b arro ; t en ia v ar ios d ibu jos e n l a c ara f ormando una c areta b lanca , y s obre d sta un v aso muy b ien h echo c on t inta n egra . 1 :168. En e l Arco s . un t . d e 2 4 pu lg . d e d . p or 6 v . d e p ., c on b . d e 4p or 4 v . Ten ia p oco o ro, y un ägu i la d e e squ isto c on l as a las a b iertas, l as p atas e st iradas, b on ita c o la , c uerpo y c abeza huecos; t en ia un o r if ic io p or l a c abeza y una a bertura p or e l p ico , y s op lando p or e l o r if ic io s i lbaba e l p ico . 1 :145. E n S an J osé, e n un c uadro y e n un t ambor a ngostos d e 1 0 v . d e p .; b . d e 5v . d e a nchura p or 2 0 d e c entro , ambas g uacas t en ian mäs d e 5 00 c räneos; l os c adäveres e n p al izada y e n d esorden ; uno d e e i los, e l r ico , t en ia una t aza d e b arro . 1 :146. En S an J osé s . un t . d e 1m . d e a nchura , 8 d e p .; b . d e 4 p or 4 v ., t aqueada d e t i erra p or l os i nd ios. O cho c adäveres, o ro 5 c . e n t orza les d e c obre b a f iados c on o ro ; d os t orza les c ua jados d e o ro ; o l las, s artenes, t azas d e b arro, e stas ü lt imas d ibu jadas c on t inta n egra y b lanca . Un o so d e p iedra , s entado, s irv idndo le l as manos d e punta l ; c on 1 8 pu lg . d e l ong . y 1 0 d e d ., p esaba c erca d e 3 a r .; e ran a l n atura l o re jas, t rompa, c uerpo ; e sta o bra maestra e ra d e g ran ito . En e l m ismo S an J osé s . un c uadro d e un . m etro d e d . p or 1 0 d e p .; b . 8p or 8 c on a l tura d e s u puer ta d e 2v ., f ormaba c orn is a . L a b öveda e staba e n c laro ; d e l a puerta l a p ared d e l f rente t en ia una h i lera d e o l las; d oce d ifuntos, 6 a l a d erecha y 6 a l a i zqu ierda ; ambas h i leras d e i nd ios d aban l as c abezas a l a o r i l la d e l as o l las, t odos l os i nd ios t en ian a rgo l las o t orza les, p eso d e l o ro 1 0 c . 1 :121. E n l a C ascada s acaron un t ambor d e 2 4 pu lg . d e d . p or 7 v . d e p .; b öveda c uadrada d e 2p or 2 m .; a l tura 2 m ., f ormando c aba ll e te c omo e l d e una c asa . T en ia un i nd io d ifunto; a d ste l o e nterrar on d e p ie e n f rente d e r incön d e l a b öveda , t en iendo una mano e st ir ada h ac ia a rr iba, m et ida e n un o r if ic io p equef io p ract icado e n e l c ie lo d e l a b öveda ; e n l a mano t en ia una a rgol la d e o ro f ino , q ue p eso c uatro r ea les, ün ica r iqueza . L udgo q ue l os i nd ios e nterraron e l c adäver a s i , l o f ueron r odeado c on t i erra y p isändo la h asta l enar l a b öveda . C erca a e ste pueb lo , s acaron d e un t ambor p e lo d e i nd io ; e ra un p oco n egro, g rueso y ä spero, d e s e is pu lg . d e l argo, ün ica r iquez a d e l d ifunto . 1 :147. En l a C ascada s . un t . d e 1 m . d e d . p or 1 d e p .; puerta g rande; l uego un p oco a dentro a bandonaba e sta a nchura y s egu ia una puerta un p oco a ngosta ; b . d e 6p or 6 v .; l os i nd ios l a t aquearon c on t i erra d e g uaca ; 3 5 c adäveres, unos t orza les d e o ro f ino , q ue p eso 1 0 c . Trastos muchos; 5 0 e statuas d e b arro d e r egu lar t raba jo . 1 :119. E n P ad i l la s acaron un t ambor d e una y med ia v aras d e d . p or 5 d e p .; e ra r esba lön q ue t en ia u n 2 5 p or 1 00 d e i nc l inac iön; a l lä e n e l f ondo n o t en ia b öveda , s o lo t res e sca las, d onde s e h a l lö un i nd io d ifunto, s entado e n e l s egundo p e ldat io; l os p ies d escansaban s obre e l t ercer e sca lön, y l a c abeza s obre e l p r imero . Una p a tena d e c obre, 1 76

un c äntaro d e b arro q ue p arec ia u n i ncensar io , e ran t oda s u r iqueza . 1 :193. E n l a r eg iön d e l D iamante c as i t odos l o s n ichos t i enen una p lataforma d onde s e h a l lan uno o d os c adäveres s entados, r ecostados a p ared, y c on l os p ies c o lgando e n e l h oyo d e l n icho ; ö -s tos n o t i enen r iqueza n inguna . I : 1 95. E n R omel ia s . un c uadro d e 1v . d e d . p or 8 d e p ., c on b . d e 5p or 6 v . D e l a puer ta h ac ia l a p ared d e l f rente d os h i leras d e c o lumnas, a s i : 3al a i zqu ierda y 4 a l a d erecha ; 1 2 pu lg . d e d . c ada una d e e l las p or 2 v aras d e a l tura ; e l c ie lo d e l a b öveda d e s uperf ic ie p lana ; s e h a l laron l as o l las d e b arro e n l a n ave d e l c entro . C inco c adäveres, a l a i zqu ierda d os y a l a d erecha t res, d ando t odos l os p ies a l as p aredes l a tera les y l as c abezas h ac ia l a n ave d e l c entro .

MONTENEGRO

1 :217. E n Montenegro , s . un t . d e 1v . d e d . p or 1 0 d e p . L a b . 4 x 4v . E sta g uaca t en ia mäs d e 4a rrobas d e o ro f ino y t umbaga ; una d e l as p iezas mäs c ur iosas e ra un i nd io y una i nd ia , d e o ro f ino , s entados e n u na s i l la d e l m ismo m eta l , y l a i nd ia s entada e n una n a lga e n c ier ta p os ic iön, d ando a l uz . 1 :209-210 . A mäs d e d iez k i lömetros d e d istanc ia a l s uroeste d e Montenegro , e n u n pueb lo s o lo e ncontraron un c a jön d e 1 x 2 v . y c uatro d e p . L a b . d e 2x 3 v . y d os c adäveres, c on 4 00 c . d e o ro f ino e n a lha jas; s obresal ian un c inturön d e o ro f ino , q ue n o e ra ma leab le, y p or e so s e r omp iö p or v ar ias p artes; l u eo e sas p iezas l as c os ieron c on una c into d e o ro d üct i l , q uedando e l t raba jo muy b ien h echo y muy i ngen ioso . Una c into d e lgada y a ngosta e n f orma d e un c respo q ue m ed ia m äs d e t res m etros d e l ong itud, y p esaba m enos d e 1 0 c .; y e n c ada p unt ica d e l c respo un o ja l d e r egu lar t amar io ; s obre l os f i letes d e l as c intas d e l os o ja les l evaban una c inta e nvue lta e n f orma d e e ntorchado , q uedando a s i l os n udos g ruesos. Un c ac ique d e c ara d e s uperf ic ie p lana y a s i t odo e l c uerpo, p ero muy a l n atura l , p orque r epresentaban a un h ombre d esnudo y c uyo p eso e ra d e d iez c aste l lanos. T amb ign s e h a l laron un p ar d e t otumas p equef ias; muchos c anut i l los p ara g argant i l las; un icorn ios y c haqu iras; d e e ste o ro c ompré unos t resc ientos c aste l lanos e n pu lseras, c inturones y una d iadema q ue e s una h ermosa c inta d e lgada y a ncha . L os i nd ios d ifunt os d ue i los d e e ste o ro , e n v ida d eb ieron s er p ersonas d e a lguna c atagor ia e ntre l os s uyos, c omo l o d emuestra e l o ro y e l q ue n o l os h ayan e nterrado e n e l c ementer io c omün d e l p ueb lo ; s e v e q ue e n e stas a nt iguas é pocas a l os r icos l es g ustaba q ue l os e nterraran un p oco r et irados d e l o s p obres, d e m iedo t a l v ez d e l os c omun istas, q ue d ef ienden l a i gual idad e n e l t raba jo y e n e l c ap ita l 1 :212-213. A 5k . d e d istanc ia d e l a p ob lac iön d e Montenegro , s . u n c uadro d e 1x 2m . y 1 0 d e p . L a b . d e 2x 2m . y e n e l c entro d e l a b . e x ist ia u n c a jön d e 1x 2v . y 3d e p . y e n c ada punta d e l c a jön e x ist ia un n icho; e n c ada n icho un c adäver h umano e nterrado, p arado y s in r iqueza p ersona l . E n l as e xtre rn idades d e l a b öveda s e h a l laba u n c adäver b ien a costado , y c omo r iqueza ü n ica , c uatro r egat ones d e p iedra , d e g igantes p roporc iones, o l las y c äntaros d e b arro, y una p atena d e o ro f ino, d e 4 2 c . machacada p or t odas l as e xtrem i1 77

d ades, q ue f ormaba c omo una b o la d e f orma i rregu lar . L a p ar t icu lar id ad d e e ste s epu lcro e s e l s er u na g uaca d e e scuadra , y a l a v ez t ener un c a jön e n e l c entro d e l a b . y q ue e ste ü lt imo h aya s ido un n icho ; e ste e s u n c aso r aro , pues e s e l ü n ico e jemp lar q ue c onocemos; p orque p or r eg la g enera l , t odos l o s n ichos s on d e f ormas c ircu lares. L os g uaqueros h ab lan mucho , p ero h asta e l p resente n o h an p od ido d ef in ir s i l os c adäveres q ue e nterraban p arados e ran h ombres o muj eres; t anto p od ian s er d e u n s o lo s exo c omo d e s exos o puestos; d icen e l los q ue e ran s acerdotes, p ero f a lta p robar e ste t eor ia ; l o q ue s e h emos o bservado e s q ue e n n ingün n icho s e h a e ncontrado p arado e l c adäver d e u n new ; t odos l os c adäveres s epu l tados a s i h an s ido d e p ersonas u n p oco maduras e n a f los, s egün l o s c adäveres y l os mol ares . A p oca d istanc ia , e n l a m isma r eg iön, s . un t . d e una v . d e d . p or 8 d e p .; l a b . d e 2x 3v . c uatro c adäveres; o ro f ino , 3 00 c . e n a rgo l las, n ar igueras y p atenas; a lha jas d e b arro , c äntaros, t azas y un e squ i lön d e u na f amosa a rc i l la , e sma ltado c on u n n egro y f ino t apön; e l e squ i lön e ra t an f ino , q ue a l m ovar lo s e o ia e l s on ido a b astante d istanc ia . Uno d e l os c adäveres d e l c entro s e h a l laba s epu ltado s obre unas p atenas d e c obre , y d eba jo d e l a c abeza h ab ia c o locado o tra d e l m ismo meta l , d ob lada e n f orma d e a lmohada ; e n e l p echo , u na p atena d e o ro f ino , d e d oce pu lgadas d e d iämetro . A e ste c adäver s e l e h a l laron r estos d e un v est ido d e g dnero muy b ien t e j ido y d ibu jado c on t inta n egra , d ibu jo q ue , a j u ic io d e p ersonas d e c ienc ia q ue h ab ian v isto l os museos d e Menf is, Damasco , y e l C a iro , e ra t raba jo a nä logo a l d e l os a nt iguos e g ipc ios, i gua l o m e jor L os g rabados d e e ste t e la , l a f inura d e d e l icadeza d e l d ibu jo s on d e i n im itab le h ermosura : f i letes, t r iängu los, c uadr i läteros, e scuadras, muchas l i neas , y o tros d ibu jos, f ormando c äl ices, t odos g uardando g ran s im it r ia y una d el icadeza q ue s orprende a l os o jos d e l o bservador . 1 :215. C erca a Montenegro s . u n c a jön d e 1x 2v . d e d . p or 5 d e p ., l a b . d e 2x 2 , c adäveres, d os; o ro f ino , u n t orza l y un f r iso l d e 2 2 r ea les d e p eso , y u na mücura c on d ibu jos u n d entro d e d sta unas f rutas d e a ch ir i l la b ien c onservadas ; 1 :149 . E n l a H oya d e l Qu ind io , c erca d e Mon tenegro , e n Machonegro , s acaron u n t . d e una v . d e d . y 9 d e p .; a nchura d e l a puer ta 1 6, a l to d e l a m isma una y m ed ia , a nchura d e l a b . 6 v . c on l argo d e 8 v .; d sta f ormaba c aba l lete c omo u na i g les ia ; t en ia d os h i leras d e a ct in a les, l abrados a l l i m ismo e n l a t i erra f irme; e ran r edondos d e 4 pu lg . d e d .; e staba e n c laro y s e p od ia a prec iar t odo c on f ac i l idad . L as h i leras d e a ct ina les p r inc ip iaban a l ada y l ado d e l a puer ta , h asta l a p ared d e e nfrente , q uedando , pues, a s i e l c entro y d os n aves h ac ia l a i zqu ierda d e l a b . e n t i erra f i rme ; t en ia u na s acr ist ia e n f orma d e n icho ; e n l a p ared d e l f ren te t en ia un a l tar , c on mesa d e u na v . d e a nchura p or 6 d e l argo ; e n c ada p unta d e l a m esa d e l a l tar d os s ac r ist ias o n ichos d e p oca c apac idad . D iez y s e is d ifuntos a costados e n l as n aves d e a o cho e n f ondo , l a s c abezas d ir ig idas h ac ia e l c entro . O ro d os a rgo l las p eque f ias, d iez y s e is i ncensar ios d e mayor a m enor ; e l m as g rande t en ia 4 pu lg . d e d . p or 3 d e a l tura ; r egu larmente d ibu jados e n e l m ismo b arro y h ac ia l os l ados o re jas c on o r if ic ios p or d onde d eb ian p asar le u na c uerda . 1 :191. E n e l p ueb lo d e Macho-negro s . un c adäver a 1 4 p u lg . q ue t en ia u n t orza l d e o ro f ino , q ue p eso 9 c . 1 78

d e p .,

1 :166. C erca a M achonegro , e n Montenegro , s acaron un c a jön d e 6 v s. d e l ong . 3 d e D . y 1 2 d e P . c on b öveda d e 4 x 4 v s. p or e l c entro d e e sta e ntraba un t ambor d e 1 m . c on s u c orrespond iente b öveda ; l as d os b övedas t en ian 1 0 l i bras d e o ro f ino . E ntre l as a lhaj as s obresal ian 2 0 c ruces e n f orma d e t ab la , c ada una d e e l las d e 3 p ig . p esando t odas i gua les. C on e sto s e y e c on c lar idad q ue e n e sta r eg iön h ab ia a doradores d e l a c ruz . E ntre l as a lha jas d e b arro s e h a l lö una i nd ia d e 1 5 p ig . muy b ien h echa , t oda b arn izada c on un t apön n egro ; s u f i s ico r epresentaba una p ersona d e r aza b lanca . H ab ia t ambMn u na a lcarraza c on d os t ubos; d onde d en ia j r e l a rco t en ia t res e sta tuas d e 6 p ig . s iendo l a d e l c entro mäs a l ta ; p or l a c orona d e 6 sta l enaban l a a lcarraza d e a gua . E stas e statuas e ran d e b on ita f orma , t odos d ibu jados c on t intas n egras, r o jas y c en ic ientas. 1 :142 . E n Naran ja l s . un c a jön d e 2v . d e l ong ., 1 d e a ncho y 5 d e p . L a b . e ra u na c huspa ; d os d ifuntos q ue s o lo t en ian una mesa d e b arro, p equef ia ; t en ia 7 t ina jas p egadas a l a p lancha , e staban a l h i lo y e ran d e l t amat io d e un h uevo d e g a l l ina, c as i c on l a m isma f orma ; a l tura d e c ada u na d e e l las 3 pu lg . p or 2 d e d . D ibu jadas c on t intas n egra y b lanca .4 1 :153. E n Naran ja l , r eg iön d e Ho jas-anchas, s acaron un c a jön d e b öveda , y e n e l la h ab ia una e smera lda d e 1 y med ia pu lg . d e l ong .; t en ia 4 c aras b ien pul imentadas q ue med ian m ed ia pu lg . d e d .; e n una punta t en ia un o r i f ic io r edondo , q ue l o p r inc ip iaron p or ambos l ados, y e n e l c entro s e u n ieron; p or e ste o r i f ic io d eb ieron p asar una c uerda p ara c agar la . 1 :190 . E n l a c uch i l la d e l C ap itol io, c as i e n t odas l as g uacas s e e ncue ntran l os c adäveres a costados s obre e steras d e guasca d e m imbre, pues s e y en l os g rabados d e l a g uasca e n l a t i erra , y a ün s e h an s acado p edazos d e e stera h asta d e 1 0 pu lg .; mantas d e a lgodön, c araco les mar inos, c uentas d e c oco, un icorn ios y c haqu iras, l o m ismo q ue v ar ios h uesos h asta d e 1 0 pu lg . d e l ong itud y 2 pu lg . d e d ., e n f orma d e c anut i l lo , p erforados a J o l argo c on un o r if ic io c ircu lar p ara p asar le un h i lo y c o lgar los a l c ue l lo . 1 :191. E n l a c uch i l la d e l C ap itol io s . u n t . d e una v . d e d . p or 7 d e p ., c on b . d e 4p or 4 v . C inco c adäveres; e ntre l as a lha jas d e b arro s e h a l lö u na t aza l ena d e f r i jo les. 1 :163. E n l a r eg iön d e l pueb lo d e l E nchantado, c erca d e Barragän , s e s acan d e l agunas g uacas l anzas d e l a c orteza d e p a lmas, d e 1y m ed ia v . d e l ong itud c on c abo d e una pu lg . d e d .; a ncho d e l a p a la e n e l e xtremo m ed iö 3 p u lg . p or 6 d e l ong .; l as l anzas t erm inaban e n f amos as puntas, t raba jo muy b ien h echo . 1 :84. E n Montegrande, e n e l pueb lo d e E nchantado s . una b öveda c a lzada d e 6v s., d e P .y d e 5 x5s. L os i nd ios, l u eo q ue t erm inaron l a b öveda , c lavaron d os s er ies d e h orcones d e c hontaduro , y s obre e l los e d if icaron un z arzo d e c hontas r a jadas a l a n i itad, c on l as e sp inas h ac ia a fuera ; d eba jo d e t a l z arzo a costaron d os c adäveres q ue t en ian

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t itle

8 0 c aste l lanos d e o ro f ino e n a rgo l las y p atenas . L os s obrev iv ien tes l es f orraron a l os muertos l as c aras y l o s p echos c on c era d e c o lmena . L os c adaveres e staban p erfectamente p odr idos y l a c era e n b uen e stado c on e l o ro b ien a dher ido a l a c era . L os g uaqueros d espegaron e l o ro y q uemaron l a c era . 1 :139 . C erca a P la tan i l la l s . u n t . d e 1v . d e d . p or 8 d e p .; b . 6 p or 8 v .; a l tura d e l a m isma 2 v .; puer ta d e r egu lar t ama f io . T en ia 6 0 c adäveres d e mayor a m enor , d iv idos e n d os t andas . D e l a p uer ta d e l a b . a l a p ared d e l f rente h ab ia u na h i lera d e a lha jas d e b arro . C ada t anda d e i nd ios s e c ompon ia d e 3 0 d iv id idos p or l as o l las, t ocänd ose d stas c on l a c abeza . T en ia 6 0 a rgo l las d e o ro f ino , d e mayor a m enor ; l a mayor d e e l las p esaba 1 2 r ea les, y l a m enor m ed io r ea l . L as o l las y l as t azas e ran d e p oca i mpor tanc ia . 1 :140 . E n P la tan i l la l s . un t . d e 1m . d e d . p or 1 2 d e p . E l t ambor b a jö c on e sa c apac idad h asta e l f ondo ; t en ia d esde e l f ondo h asta l a s uperf ic ie d e l t erreno u na a sp ira l e n f orma d e t uerca d e t orn ilo . L a r anura t en ia l a m isma c apac idad d e l f i lete ; l o s i nd iso e nterraron 6 c adäveres e n l a r anura , y l os f i letes l es s erv ian d e c ama d e t end ido ; l as c abezas e staban h ac ia a rr iba y l os p ies h ac ia a ba jo , d e t a l manera q ue e l i nd io d e l f ondo d escansaba l os p ies e n e l f ondo o p lan d e l a g uaca , a costado c on l a i ncl inac iön d e l f i lete ; l a c abeza d e d ste s erv ia d e punto d e a poyo o p edesta l a l s egundo c adaver , y a s i s uces ivam ente . E stos i nd ios e nterrados a s i e ran muy p obres; n o t en ian d e c ap ita l n i s iqu iera u n t e jo . L a b . d e e sta g uaca e ra d e 3 p or 4 v .; a l tura d e l a m isma 3 v .; s u p uer ta a ngosta y d e c orn isa . E n l a b . e ra v ar ious un icorn ios y u n c araco l mar ino muy g rande , q ue t en ia e n c ada punta un o r if ic io y a ll i e nsartada u na a rgo l la d e o ro f ino , c omo p ara p asar le u na c uerda p ara t erc iar lo ; l os d ifuntos d e l a b öveda t en ian 1 50 c . d e o ro f ino e n a rgo l las y p a tenas. 1 :141. ...aqu i e n l a H oya , e n P latan i l la l s . u n c a jön d e 1v . d e d .; 3 d e l ong . p or 8 d e p . b . d e 4p or 4 v .; a l tura 2 v .; a ncho d e l a p uer ta d e l a b . 1v .; a l tura d e l a m isma 1 y m ed ia v . E n e l c en tro d e l a b . d e jaron l os i nd ios u na mesa d e t i erra f i rme d e s uperf ic ie p lana d e 2p or 2 v .; y a l tura d e d sta m ed ia v . E n e sta m esa a costar on un c adaver d e p ersona d e r egu lar e statura y a l i l m ismo l o q uemar on . E ntre s us c en izas h ab ia c haqu iras y unos t ör to las d e o ro f ino c on l as a las a b iertas . E n c ada c ostado l a tera l y a l p ie d e l a m esa h ab ia a 2 c adäveres c on l as c abezas r ecor tadas a l a l tar d e l h o locausto . Oro f ino 5 l i bras. 1 :189 . E n P latan i l la l s acaron un c a jön d e 2m . d e l ong ., 1 v . d e d . y 3d e p . L a b . e ra u na s ombra d e 2p or 2 v . Un c adaver ; a leha jas d e b arro ; u n s ar tdn , t res t azas, d os c i l indros g rabadores d e 8 pu lg . d e l ong . y d e 1 y med ia pu lg . d e d .; u n s e l lo d e 8 p or 8 pu lg ., d e s uperf ic ie p lana ; p or d eträs t en ia u n c abo d e l o m ismo ; e ste s e l lo t en ia un e scr i to c on c aracteres d e n uestro i d ioma y c omo l os m e jores d e n uestras i mprentas; n o s e s upo q ud d ec ia n i e n q ud i d ioma o d ial ec to e staba e scr ito . 1 :145-146. E n Näpo les s . u na t . d e 1 m . d e d . p or 1 0 d e p .; b . a travesada d e 7p or 4 v ., d e c abe l lete , c on l imatones y a l fardas c omo l o s d e una c asa y c on d os c u latas; n o t en ia d es lanche , e staba e n c laro . S e is d i funtos c on 2 25 c . d e o ro f ino ; o l las y c äntaros, a lgunos c on d ibu jos. H ab ia u n c äntaro d entro d e l a b öveda d e l a a l tura d e u n 1 80

h ombre, muy a ncho . L a c orteza d e l c äntaro d e 4 pu lg ., y q ue n o c ab ia p or e l t ambor ; l os g uaqueros s upus ieron q ue e se c äntaro l o h ab ian e ntrado p or o tra p arte, a un c uando n o e ncontraron p or d önde; t uv ieron q ue a br ir le a l a t i erra f i rme p ara s acar lo . 1 :215. E n N äpo les s . u n t . d e 1v . d e d . p or 1 0 d e p . L a b . d e 4 x 4 v .; c adäveres 9 ; 1 25 c . d e o ro f ino y t umbaga ; 4 0 p a tenas d e c obre e nvue ltas e n a lgodön e n r ama , c on s u c orrespond iente s em i l la . E l a lgodön s e e ncontrö e n r egu la e stado d e c onservac iön, y n o r eba jab a d e u na a rroba d e p eso . 1 :216-217. E n N äpo les s . un c a jön d e 1x 2v . d e d . p or 5 d e p . L a b . e ra una s ombra d onde s o lo c ab ia un i nd io d e r egu lar e sta tura . L os s obrev iv ientes e nterraron un c adäver e n l a b . o s ombra ; l uggo l e r ecostaron una p iedra , y e l r esto l o t aparon c on t i erra h asta a fuera . E n e l s epu lcro e ncontraron 2 l i bras d e o ro f ino e n unas p iezas c ur ios as; un c inturön d e lgado d e 4 pu lgadas d e a ncho ; d e é ste, c o lgaban 7 l azos e n f orma d e c inta r etroc ida , q ue med ia c ada uno 3 0 pu lgadas d e l ong itud ; 6 stos c o lgaban d e unos g anchos d e g u itar y p oner ; una p echura un ida a l c intruön, d e g u itar y p oner p or m ed io d e d os g anc hos, y l a p echera p egaba un c ue l lo; d e e ste c ue l lo un iase un b arb oque jo , q ue f ue u n ido a l a v ez a una d iadema , q ue e ra a ncha y d e lgada c inta ; p or e nc ima d e l a d iadema c ruzäban le d os c intas e n f orma d e c ruz, q ue s u jetaban l a d iadema y a l a v ez p isaban e l c abe l lo d e una r e ina o g ran s et iora . E sta p ieza e staba d iv id ida y s e p od ia un ir p or med io d e g anchos; p or e so muchos g uaqueros s e l a p us ieron; d os t otumas d e r egu lar t amat io s u jectas c on unas c uerdas d e p ita , q ue s erv ian p ara c o lgar las d e l as o re jos d e l d uef lo d ifunto ; e n l as n ar ices d e l m ismo , e l f i e l d e unas b a lanzas, c on l o s ä st i les d e l n üsmo t amar io ; e n l os b razos d os g randes pu lseras, c on o r if ic ios e n l os b ordes p ara s u jetar las c on c ab les; e n e l empe ine d e l c adäver una p ampan i l la d e a lgodön o d e l a c orteza d e un ä rbo l f ibroso, p ues n o s e p od ia d ef in ir b ien d e q ué e ra , p or e star muy p odr ida ; d os g randes mazorcas d e ma iz q uemado , un p ar d e i nd ios g eme los d e t umbaga, un idos p or l os b razos y l as p iernas; y l os t est icu los d e c ada uno d e e l los, d e o ro f ino ; l os c uerpos a l n atura l , c ada uno d e e l los, c on s u s ombrero a l a p edrada ; e n l a e spa lda d e c ada uno , g rabado u n v est ido e n f orma d e c apa . L as c aras d e s uperf ic ie un p oco p lana , a s i c omo e l r esto d e l os c uerpos. 1 :217. E n Näpo les , s . u n t . d e 1v . d e d . p or 1 0 d e p . L a b . d e 3 x 3 , d os c adäveres, o ro f ino, 6 l bs. E n e ste o ro f iguraba u na ägu i la mac iza , c on l as a las a b iertas, y l evando e n e l p ico un p ar d e m onos c og idos d e l a c o la ; uno d e e l los e n e stado a gön ico a brazada a s u c ompar iero d e i nfortun io ;

QUIMBAYA

1 :147. E n l a Morel ia s . u n t . d e 1 y m ed ia v . d e d . p or 1 d e p .; b . d e 4p or 7 v aras. C adäveres 3 0 ; u n I nd io d e l c entro t en ia u nas p atenas d e much imba y una b a lanza d e o ro a manera d e f i e l . Un a n ima l d e b arro d e r egu lar t amat io ; e l c uerpo p arec ia s er d e u n p ato, l a c abeza y l a c ara c omo d e g ato , c o la c omo d e p ato ; p atas y manos c omo d e g ato ; e staba u n p oco s entado, muy b ien h echo e l t raba jo y p intado c on t intas b lanca y n egra . 1 81

1 :190 . E n l os L aure les s . v ar ias g uacas d e 2 v . d e d . p or 1 0 d e p rofund idad ; l as b övedas e ran s ombras d e 2 p or 2 m . c on d os c adäv eres e n c ada u na ; c ada c adäver t en ia d ed i l los d e c obre e n l os p ies y e n l as manos; t odos l os h uesos d e b arro s e e ncontraban e ncabados e n v ar i l las d e c obre y a ll i e staba e l a lgodön t orc ido .

P IJAO

I : 1 38 . E n B arragän s . u n t . d e 1 m . d e d . p or 1 2 d e p .; b . e ra s ombra d e 4p or 5 v .; a l tura d e l a m isma 3 v . c erca d e l a p uer ta d e l a b ., p orque e n e l r incön e ra d e 1 m ed ia v . E staba t aqueada c on t i erra d e g uaca . H a l lazgos, un t orza l d e o ro f ino d e p eso d e 1 2 c .; e n f orm a sp ira l q ue p arec ia a u n c araco l m ar ino d e r egu lar t ama i io . D e o ro 3 c ana letes e n f orma d e r emo , c uya p a la t en ia 3 pu lg . d e l ong . p or 2 d e a ncho ; c abo d e l c ana lete 4 pu lgadas; 1 2 c . D iez pu lseras, d os a rgo l las, t res p atenas. Todo e l o ro e ra f ino y p eso 2 50 c . Todos l o s t rastos d e b arro e ran f eos c omo l os d e t odas l as s ombras, c omo l o h emos v isto h asta e l p resente . 1 :160 . E n l a m isma r eg ion d e B arragän s acaron un c a jön d e 3 x 1 v s. y 6 d e P . b öveda d e 3 x 3v s . Un c adäver ; e n e sta g uaca s e h a l lo u na e sta tua d e b arro d e 1 2 p igs. d e l ong ., q ue r epresentaba a u n h ombre y u na mu jer e n e l e stado d e c o i to ; e l i nd io t en ia l a c ara d e s uperf ic ie p lana , c on l as m anos p uestas s obre l as mamas d e l a i nd ia ; e sta e ra d e c ara o va lada , d e b on i tas f ormas, s on s enos q ue p arec ian l abrados a t om b ; t odo e l c uerpo e ra d e f ormas n atura les, y t en ia p uesta l a mano s obre e l c ue l lo d e l a bor igen c erca d e l c erebe lo . E sta e statua , t an a l n a tura l , l a v o lv iö p edazos una mu jer , d izque p or d eshonesta . T odas l as o bras d e a r te h a l ladas e n l as g uacas h an t en ido i gua l s uer te, p or m anos d esp iadadas y " ebr ias d e i gnoranc ia", q ue l es h an p u lver izado p or c reer q ue n uestro t i empo e s mäs v irtuoso y puro q ue e l d e n uestros a ntepasados. E l c o ito e s un c r imen? " T ire l a p r imera p iedra e l q ue s e h a l le s in p ecado" d i jo C r isto . E n l a r eg ion a ntes d icha s e h an h a l lado muchas l anzas d e c ort exa d e p a lma y d e l aure l m ed io — c om ino , l a s m ismas q ue l a g ente h a h echo d esaparecer . E n e sa m isma r eg iön s . un t . d e 1 x 1 0 v s. d e P . q ue b a jö e n p abe l lön ; e n e l f ondo s e h a l laron d os c adäveres; o ro f ino 2 l i bras; f igura una s aba leta h ueca d e 4 p igs . d e l ong .; l as a letas f ormaban d os a rgo l las mov ib les .

C IRCASIA

1 :159 . A p ocos k i lömetros d e . C ircas ia , e n T esor ito , s . un t . d e 1 m . d e d . p or 1 0 d e p ; b . d e 3p or 3 v ., c on a l tura d e 2 v . No s e s upo c uäntos c adäveres t en ia p orque t en ia much agua y s obre e l agua f l otaba u na c anoa d e madera d e 2 y m ed ia v . d e l ong .; d . d e l p a lo m ed ia v .; e ra d e l aure l c om ino y e staba c as i p odr ido . 1 :161. A p oco k i lömetros d e C ircas ia , e n M embr i l la l , s . un t . y e n l a b . e ncontraron u na c anoa d e madera c on u n c adäver d entro . A p ocos m etros d e a qu i s . una m a taca r iera c on o l las d e b arro y 5 l anzas d e m acana ; g stas s e p arec ian a l as a gu jas d e e nsartar h o jas v erdes d e t abaco . 1 82

SALENTO

1 :181. A p oca d istanc ia d e S a lento , e n l a m itad d e l a f a lda d e l os Andes, e n una p equer ia a lt ip lan ic ie, s . un c a jön c on 2 p or 1 m . ( 2 x 2 ) m . y 2 d e p . D entro d e é ste s e h a l laba un h ermoso s arcöfago d e s e is l astres d e p iedras pul imentadas y l abradas a c oda l y e scuadra y d entro d e e sta c a ja s e h a l laba un c adäver q ue p robab lemente e ra e l d e una mu jer , l u josamente v est ida c on a dorna p ersona l d e l a u sanza d e s u g poca ; a dorno q ue c ons ist ia e n un magn if ico c o l lar h echo d e p iedras l abradas d e c r ista l d e r oca d e d ist intos c o lores, t amar ios y f ormas. E squ i lones d e c obre d e f orma c uadrangu lar y e n l a b ase t en ia d e a t res t entäcu los, y l a p arte a l ta t erm inaba e n l a f orma d e l p ico d e una b ote l la c on a nu lares e n a l to r el ieve . E l c uerpo p r inc ipa l t en ia r a l las l ong itud ina les e n b a jo r el ieve; e n l os c ostados l a tera les mäs a ngostos t en ian d os g randes c isuras l ong i tud ina les q ue l egaban a l a p arte hueca ; d entro d e c ada e squ i lön s e h a l laban t res p equer ias p iedras ( gu i jarras d e c ua lqu ier r oca a luv ia l); a lacranes y a rat ias, h uecos e l t ronco ( gstos d e t umbaga), y d e f ormas n atura les, c on b astantes d ientes, u n p e in ita d e o ro f ino, c on d os g anchos e n l as e xtrem idades s uper iores. L os a n ima les y l a p e in ita e staban l u josamente d ibu jados. 1 80 c . p eso una p echera d e o ro f ino , e n l a p arte s uper ior t en ia una c adena d e l argo s uf ic iente p ara d ar l a vue lta a l c ue l lo d e una p ersona y s u jetar la d e u n g ancho d e l a a lha ja . L a p echera e staba p r iorosamente b ien d ibu jada , y e n e l c entro t en ia d os c av idades o va ladas e n f orma c ön ica , y e n e l c entro d e c ada c ono t en ia d ibu jos a nu lares, d esde l a b ase h asta l a a l tura . L a mu jer q ue d eb iö p onerse e sta p echera m et ia l o s s enos d entro d e l os c onos, y l os p ezones e n l as c av idades p equer ias d e c ada uno . 1 :194 . C erca d e S a lento , e n l a f a lda d e l os Andes c entra les, d e un s epu lcro i nd igena s acaron una n ar iguera d e c obre, e sma ltada d e p lata ; e ste e jemp lar e s muy c ur ioso, p orque l a p lata h a c onservado e n muy b ien e stado a l c obre, y l a p lata n o a taca l a a cc iön d e l t i empo , p or s er meta l s imp le . D e e stos t raba jos d e p lata s on muy e scasos e n l a r eg ion d e l Qu ind io .

CALARCA

1 :98. E n una a ngosta p ero h ermosa c uch i l la d e l a a l t ip lanac ie d e l a h ac ienda d e Buenos A ires e x iste un pueb lo d e g uaquer ia l amado e l Dragon, b a jo l a s e lva s ecu lar , e n m ed io d e l os r ios Qu ind io y B arrag än; s i n o f uero p or l o e levado d e l os ä rbo les d e l a z ona t rop ica l q ue c ubre l a m eseta , e l v ia jero p odr ia d om inar c on l a v ista l a i nmensa l anura q u ind iana , y p arte d e l c ontrafuerte a nd ino ; e n e sta c ord i l lera y s us p ampas, l i bro a b ierto p ara l os h ombres h acer e stud ios, e l g uaquero h urga l a t i erra e n busca d e l os t esoros e scond idos p or l os i nd ios; e l g eö logo e stud ia l a f ormac iön d e l a c ord i l lera y l as g randes z an jas y c av idades h echas p or l as aguas, a s i c omo l a f ormac iön d e l as m inas d e o ro, l a s f uentes s a ladas, e tc . D e l as g uacas d e e ste pueb lo n os o cuparemos l argamente . C orr ian l os m eses d e j ul io y a gosto d e 1 922, c uando s acaron un c a jön d e 1x 2v s. y 2 d e P . B oveda muy p equet ia . C adäveres uno . Oro 2 2 c s . e n d os n ar igueras. E n e ste s epu lcro s e h a l laron m äs d e d os a rrobas d e p er las d e c r ista l d e r oca , d e f ormas c i l indr ica y d e 1 83

s uperf ic ie p lana h ac ia l as puntas; l as h ab ia d e mayor a m enor , c ada u na p erforada p or l a p unta c on u n o r if ic io c ircu lar ; p arece q ue e l m odo d e l abrar t a les c r ista les e nfro tändo los s obre una p iedra a spera d e m ayor r es istenc ia ; l as r omp lan a l a e g ipc iaca , c on a rena , a gua , y u n p a lo c il indr ico , a l q ue c on l a mano i mpr im ian u n mov im iento r o ta tor io m äs o m enos f uer te : c uando e l o r if ic io s e h alaba e n l a m itad d e l c r ista l , p r inc ip iaban o tro hueco p or l a o tra p arte , j untändose ambos e n l a m itad . E ran t an p rec ios y ma temät icos e stos o r if ic ios q ue p arec en h echos a mäqu ina . E ste e s n uestra o p in iön s obre l a manera d e p erforar e stos c r ista les, p orque e n e l c entro , d onde s e unen l o s d os o r if ic ios f orma un a n i l lo c ircu lar m äs a ngosto . E stos c r ista les s on b lancos, y l o s t en ian e nsartados e n Ki lo d e a lgodön , p ues a ll i v emos s us r estos . 1 :99-100 . L as guacas d e E l D ragön , e n s u mayor ia s on c a jones d e 1x 4v s ., p or 6 d e P . L as b övedas d e 5x 5v s . C adäveres d e 1a 6 . E n e stos s epu lcros s e h al l6 u na b öveda c a lzada , q ue h ab ia s ido r obad a ; s o lo s e l e h a l laron unos 5 c s. d e o ro f ino , e n o bras d e f il igrana a dm irab lemente t raba jadas; muchas l a tas p equef ias f ormaban mar iposas d e r etab lo , y l as e xtremedades d e l as a las c on p intas e n b a jo-rel ieve . E n o tro s epu lcro h a l laron u n c ac ique e n r etab lo , d e o ro f ino , q ue p esaba 7 c s .; l e r odeaba l a c abeza una e spec ia d e d iadema , c on s u c orrespond iente p enacho . E n o tro s epu lcro h a l laron u n p e ine d e o ro , 1 0 c s ., q ue s e v a h ab ia s ido d est inado p ara p e inar l os c abe l los . E n o tro h a l laron v ar ios c ac iques, e sta tuas y r anas d e o ro . D e d os s epu lc ros s e e xtra jeron 1 2 l i bras d e o ro f ino y t umbaga ; s us p iezas p r inc ip a les e ran u nos c uerpos d e z ancudos, s in a las n i p a tas , c on p icos e n f orma d e agu ja , y d e l a c abeza y a l a p ar d e l a agu ja , s e v e ian u nos t entäcu los. D os b o las d e t umbaga y una d e o ro f ino , t an r edondas, q ue p arec ian a l as d e b i l lar , s iendo d e r egu lar t ama i lo . Una p ieza c uadrada d e o ro f ino , 2 00 c s ., p arec ia l a t en ian d est inada p ara a lhaj as, l agar tos y r anas d e v ar ios t ama r los. E sta tuas d e mayor a m enor y v ar ios b as t ones g randes y p equer ios; s obre l a p lata forma d e d stos s e v e ian , y a u na f igura h umana , y a a lgim a n ima l a legör ico , t odo a dm irab lamente e scu lp ido . E l c räneo d e u n a n ima l h echo d e o ro f ino, 5 c s ., e n a l to r el i eve ; s e l e v e ian l os d escarnados d ientes y l os g randes y a f i lados c o lm i l los c ruzandos, y l os i nc is ivos a l a p ar e n s u o rden . L os g uaq ueros d ieron a e ste e sque leto e l n ombre d e E l Dragön ( de a qu i e l n ombre d e l p ueb lo). S e h a l lö u na p a tena d e o ro f ino , d e 5 0 c s . y e n e l c entro u na f igura h umana e n r e l ieve , l o m ismo q ue h ac ia l os b ordes d e l a p atena s obresal ian r ayos c omo l os d e l s o l n ac iente . A l l os i nd ios d ue ii os d e e sto l es d ieron e l d ic tamen d e a doradores d e l s o ! . U na c areta d e o ro f ino , 4 0 c s ., d e l t ama t io d e l a c ara d e u na p ersona y d e l a m isma f orma , a s i : b oca c on l ab ios, n ar iz agu i let ia , o jos r asgados, p ömu los d e b on ita f orma , o re jas d e r egu lar t ama f io y d e e l las p end ian u nos c respos; f rente o va lada y e spac iosa , y e n e l d erredor u n d iadem a d ibu jada e n a ltore l ieve; p enacho c on r ayas, c omo e n e scr ito s imbö li co . Donde s e h a l lö e ste o ro e ra u na b öveda c a lzada . Cuando t raba jaban e ste p ueb lo , e nv id una c ompa i i ia d e g uaquero s ( despuds f u i p ersona lmente); m i c ompa i i ia s acö un c a jön d e 1 x 5 v s . p or 7 d e P . L a b öveda , d e 5 x 5 , e staba c a lzada . T en ia 6 c adäveres, a costados s obre u n t end ido d e p iedra a luv ia l ( como l os a nter iores, q ue f ueron r icas e n o ro). A e stas g uacas n o s e l e s h a l lar on r estos d e i nd ios; p ero e l g uaquero , p or s us p iezas d e o ro y l a c apac idad d e uno y o tro , y p or l a l arga p räct ica , s abe c uäntos c adäv eres hubo e n una y o tra . 1 84

I :1 00 . E n n uestra g uaca e x ist ia una p iedra mu lata f ina , d e 1 4 l i bras, q ue t en ia una s uperf ic ie p lana muy pul imentada , q ue a lgunos g uaquero s d i jeron s er un y unque; t amb ien s e h a l lö u n c a labozo d e p iedra , p arec ido a l os q ue a ctua lmente s e u san. L as a lha jas d e b arro q ue e x ist ian e ran muchas, p ero c as i t odas q uebradas p or e l d es lanche d e l a b oveda ; l a c eräm ica e ra d e p r imera c al idad; e n s u mayor p arte e sa l oza e ra d e lgada , p ero t an p are jo s u e spesor , q ue p arec ia l am inado e n m äqu ina ; d e un n otab le r es istenc ia y b ien c oc ido . A lgunas a lha jas p arec ian t otumas, d ibu jados p or d entro y p or f udra , c on t inta n egra ; l o s d ibu jos e ran f l ores c omo l os d e b atat i l la . E n mater ia d e t intas s on l as m ismas q ue v emos e n l as a lha jas d e b arro d e l os s epu lcros mas r ec ientes ( t inta n egra , r o ja y c en ic ienta). T amb idn h a l lamos s e l los d e b arro c on c abo d e l o m ismo , y e n e l los e scr itos s imböl icos. 1 :117. E n e l pueb lo d e E l Dragön s acaron u n c a jön d e 1 x 2 v s. B öveda d e 2x 2 y 3v s. d e P . Un c adäver . Tumbaga , 8 e s. e n un c ac ique o e statua , d e c ara a f i lada , n ar iz agu i lef ra p erforada p or l a t ern i l la , b oca r egu lar , l os o jos e ran u nas c isuras l argas, l as c e jas c urvas y r ayadas c on l i neas p erfectas q ue h ac ian l as v eces d e p e lo . L os m ostachos e ra e ncrespados, r etorc idos y e n a l to r el ive . E ra c a lvo , d e l a p arte f ronta l a l c erebe lo e staba s urcad d e r ayos c omo i r n itando p e lo l l as o re jas l as t en ia p erforadas y l a c ara d e buena a par ienc ia . E l c ue l lo, c omo e l r esto d e l c uerpo, e ra d e t raba jo i nfer ior . S eg r in e ste d ocumento , l os i nd ios s i t en ian b arba y s o lo s e d e jaban l os m ostachos, b ien a rreg lados y b on itos .5 1 :148. E n l a h ac ienda d e Buenos A ires, e n e l pueb lo d e E l Dragön, s acaron una b öveda c a lzada d e 4 x4 v s. y 3 d e P . Oro f ino y t umbaga mäs d e 1 50 e s. Un s o lo g uaquero b arr io l a b öveda , y s e r ob6 e l o ro , n o d ändo les n ada a l os c ompa r ieros. E n e se o ro s e h a l laban a rgo l las h uecas d e l g rosor d e l d edo . T odos l os b astongs d e l os c etros med ian d e 1 0 a 1 4 p u lgadas d e l ong .; e ran d e t umbaga , y e l g uaquero l os r omp iö h asta e n c uatro p edazos p ara p oder los g uardar e n e l b os i l lo ; s o lo p resentö a l os c ompaf ieros unas p iezas d e o ro f ino , unos 1 0 e s .; e stas t enac i l las med ian 6 pu lg . d e l ong .; l a a rt icu lac iön, e spesor , a ncho y t erm inac iön e n puntas e staban e n r e lac iön c on e l t amat io d e l as p iezas; e ntre l as a lha jas p r inc ipa les h ab ia una d e t umbaga

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e xactamente i gua l al a d e l a f igura 6 1 :98 . E n o tro pueb lo , a4 00 m s. d e E l Dragön , y e n l a m isma c uch i l la , s . u na b öveda c a lzada d e 2x 2v s . y 2d e P . D os c adäveres, uno d e l as c ua les t en ia 3 c s. d e t umbaga e n a rgo l las; a l o tro s e l e h a l laron 4 0 e s . d e o ro f ino e n unos c anut i l los d e 1p u lg . d e l ong ., y una p echera q ue t en ia l a f orma d e u n c ha leco , c on b ase o va lada y l as e ctrem idades s egu ian e n f orma d e c inta , e stas t erm inaban e n d os manos, c uyos d edos e n r el ieve e ran p erfectos, d e t a l m anera q ue p on iendose u no l a p echera , l a s manos a garraban l os h ombros d e u no ; c omo e ste o ro e ra ma leab le, p od ia uno a d justar lo o r et irar lo l os h ombros y p echo ; e ra d e g u i tar y p oner . L a s uperf ic ie p lana d e e sta p echera e staba p erfec tamente d ibu jada f ormando mostachos, y s obre e stos t en ia t raba jo d e f il igrana . P eso 2 0 e s. . 1 :116. C erca d e l pueb lo d e E l D ragön s . un c a jön d e 1x 2v s. y 3 . P . B öveda d e 2x 2v s . C adäveres, u no . O ro f ino , 1 0 c s. e n u nos c anut i l los y e n un p lato c ircu lar y d e c av idad e sfer ica ; e n l a e xtrem id ad l evaba t res f i letes y un s innümero d e p un t icos, q ue p arece h ayan s ido h echos c on p unzön . C as i p or e l c entro t en ia d os h uecos p or d onde l e p asaban un c ab le p ara c arga lo a l c ue l lo . C on f recuenc ia l os g uaqueros s acan s epu lcros c omo e ste, c on un s o lo c adäver y c on o ro , p ero s in o l las d e b arro n i p iedras c on mol ino ; c reemos q ue e stos I nd ios e ran t ur istas q ue n o n eces itaban u tens i l ios d omest icos, p ues d onde t raba jaban l es d aban l a a l imentac iön , ol a c ompraban ; c uando s e h a l laban e n e l l echo d e muer te d aban u na p ieza d e o ro p or u n s epu lc ro , p ara q ue l os e nterraran a l l i c on s u r esto d e r iqueza . 1 :155-156 . A 2 00 m etros d e l p ueb lo d e E l D ragön e x ist iö o tro p ueb lo r ico e n o ro ; e l o ro l abrado e ra d e h ermosura s in i gua l , y a lgunas a lha jas e ran a nä logas a l as h a l ladas e n e l D ragön . L a c iv il izac iön d e ambos pueb los e ra c ontemporänea ( E l p ueb lo t i ene una s uperf ic ie m enor d e 8 .000 m etros c uadrados). S on a nt iguas e sas g uacas d onde e nterraron e sos g randes h ombres, q ue a l lä e l e l h ondo s epu lcro n o s e h a l lan h uesos h umanos; t odos f ueron p resas d e l t i empo . A ll i s e h a l lar on g uacas c ircu lares y d e e scuadra . L as c ircu lares ( ve leros), h asta d e 6 v aras d e e scuadra ( monos), y 3 v aras d e P . L as b övedas d e e stas g uacas e ran d e m ayor a m enor , y t odas f ueron c a lzadas p or l os i nd ios d esde e pocas muy r emotas . L a r iqueza d e e ste p ueb lo n o c ons ist iö ü n icamente e n s us g andes c ant idades d e o ro , s ino e n q ue e sto e staba a dm irab lemente b ien l abrado , l o q ue l o h izo v a ler g randem ente . E n r esumen, n o s e s upo c uänto o ro s acaron , p or u n r azön muy s enc i l la : d os g uaqueros c on g astos d e u n f u lano d escubr ieron l as p r imeras g uacas ( a t io d e 1 922); e nfermaron y s e r et iraron ; q u ince d ias d espues l o s g uaqueros e nv iaron a o tros g uaqueros a s acar las; y e l g astero d i jo q ue e stas g uacas h e p er tenec ian a e l s o lamente , pues l os o tros h ab ian p erd ido e l d erecho p or h aberse r et irado . E l g astero s acö una g uaca d e mas d e d os l i bras d e o ro ; e n v isto d e e sto r eso lv iö a v isar e l p ueb lo a nte e l A lca lde, c onforme a l C öd igo d e m inas, y s e f ue a C a larcä ; e n c am ino l e e ncontrö c on u n am ingo a q u ien r ef ir iö e l c uento . E ste l e d i jo : y o v oy p ara C a larcä , y s i q u iere e v itarse e se v ia je, y o l e h ago e ste a v iso ; a s i l o c onv in ieron . E l t a l am igo d enunc iö e l p ueb lo e n s u p rop io n ombre , d e d onde s urg iö una d iferenc ia e ntre e l d enuc iante y e l d uer io d e l p ueb lo ( e l d uer io d e l a t i erra e ra o tra p ersona). Ambos q uere l lantes d aban p erm iso a l os g uaqueros, c on l a e xpresa c ond ic iön d e q ue t aparan b ien l os h oyos q ue h ic ieran, d änd o les l a c uar ta p arte d e l o q ue h a l laran . Cuando l os g uaqueros t en ian 1 86

v ar ias g uacas c ateadas a parece e l d enunc iante c on un e scr ito, d ic iendo q ue d e e l o rden d e l a a utor idad v en ia a n ot if icar q ue e l d erecho q ue t en ian q ue r econocer e ra l a t ercera p arte y n o l a c uarta ; q ue a l g uaquero q ue a s i p arec iera que f i rmara , d e l o c ontrar io n o d e jar ia g uaquear . ( E l d enunc iante n o s ab ia g uaquear). L os g uaqueros, h ombres a v isados y c urt idos e n e stos a suntos, f irmaron e l p ape l , mosträndo les muy c ontentos c on e l d enunc iante; p ero " ba jo c uerda" c onv in ieron e n n o d are n ada , pues l es h ab ia mod if icado e l n egoc io , d efend i& idose c ada c ua l c omo pud iera . E l d enunc iante i ba d onde l os g uaqueros c uando e staban t raba jando y l es p reguntaba " Ya e stän d e b arrer?" Unos g uaqueros c ontestaban " no h emos b a jado a l p lan"; o tros, " no e ntra l uz"; o tros, " esta g uaca h ay q ue s acar la p or p ar edes, p orque e stä muy p el igrosa"; o tros, " esto p arece un h orm iguer o". T ota l, q ue a s i f ueron l evando e l d enunc iante, h asta q ue b arr ie ron t odas l as g uacas, s acaron e l o ro , n o l o mostraron , n i d ieron un c entavo a l d enunc iante; p ero s i d e jaron muchas g uacas d estapadas p ara q ue n uestro c l iente l as t apara . Cuando e l d enunc iante c og ia un g uaquero l e d ec ia " hombre v aya a t apar a que l la g uaca"; e l g uaquero c ontestaba " esa g uaca e stä s in b arrer , e tc . " L as f iguras d e b arro e xtra idas d e e sos s epu lcros e ran d e i n imi t ab le h ermosura , d ibu jadas c on t intas n egra , r o ja y c en ic ienta , a s i s apos, t or tugas, l agar tos, r anas, m icos, monos, y s e l los d e s uperf ic ie p lana , y e n e l los g rabados d ragones mäs o m enos a legör icos y a lgunos s angu i jue las. Tamb ign v emos f iguras humanas c on c oronas, l a p arte s uperf ic ia l d e e stas, t erm inadas e n f orm d e t r idente; t entäcu los d e f orm p ir im ida l. L as f iguras e squemäticas e n a lto y b a jo r el ieve d emuestran un g ran t raba jo a r t ist ico; c ada s e l lo t i ene c abo d e l o m ismo , y d e f orma c il indr ica , t erm inando e n punta , q ue s irve p ara a garrar lo c uande s e v an a h acer l as i mpres iones. Tamb iö 'n h ay e stat uas d e p iedra h asta 4 pu lgs. d e l ong ., r epresentando f iguras human as, d e c ara o va lada y b razos y p iernas d iv id idos; l evan e n l a p arte f ronta l una d iadema y e n l a c intura p ampan i l la d e l o r n ismo . E stas e statuas r epresentaban p ersonas j ov & res, b ien muscu ladas y d e p echo a ncho . E l o ro s acado d e e sos s epu lcros l o v end ieron l os g uaqueros e n d ist intos l ugares y a l e scond ido . E ntre l as p iezas q ue a lgunos most raron a o tros g uaqueros, f iguran t otumas y p latos d e mayor a menor , c on g randes c ant idades d e d ibu jos v ar iados e n a l to y b a jo r el ieve; p echeras c on b otones p ara s ostenar las p or l a p ar te d e o tras d e l os h ombros a l a a l tura d e l c ue l lo ( en f orma d e c ha leco); r anas y s apos, unos mac izos y o tros h uecos, p ero a l n atura l . Un p araguas d e 6 pu lg . d e l ong ., c errado y vMndose le l as v an i l las e n f orma d e f i letes; e l c abo d e u na e xtrem idad t erm inaba e n p unta , m ientras q ue l a o tra f ormaba un a rco o c ayado . L agart i jos y c a imanes e n s us f ormas n atura les, e stos ü l t imos c on l a b oca a b ierta mostrando s u d entura d escarnada . Una e statua d e t res pu lg . d e l ong ., c on c harreteras e n l os b razos d e l os h ombros, t a l c omo l as u san l os m il i tares; e sta e statua t en ia u n s ombrero d e g u itar y p oner . E l g auquero v end iö l a e statua y g uardö p ara s i e l s ombrero c omo c osa c ur iosa ( estee r a d e l t amat io d e un d eda l). Un m ono p equer ro a l n atura l , c on l a c o la v ue lta un a rco y d escansändo le s obre l a c abeza ; b arras d e o ro s in l abrar , d e f orma c uadrangu lar . 1 :143-144 . E n p or 1 0 d e p .; l e te . T end ido f ino 2 5 c . e n

l a h ac ienda d e Buenos A ires s . u n t . d e 1 m . d e d . b . 5p or 5 c on a l tura d e 2 v .; e sta b . e ra d e c abe ld e g uasca c on 5 c adäveres, b astantes c haqu iras; o ro t orza les t enas; u n c äntaro d e b arro y t azas. L os 1 87

d ifuntos t en ian l as c abezas h asta l a d erecha , r ecostadas e n una c anoa d e guäs imo n oga l . E sta p a lo e staba a ün v erde y med ia 2 v . d e l ong . p or 3 /4 d e d . y med ia v . d e p . 1 :161. E n l a h ac ienda d e Buenos A ires s . un t . d e 1 y m ed ia v . d e d . p or 1 2 d e p ., e n e l buque t en ia una p iedra muy g rande; l a b . e ra una s ombra y d entro d e e l la h ab ia una c anoa d e l aure l c om ino , v erde , d e l ong . d e 4 v aras, p or med ia d e d . L a c anoa e staba b oca a rr iba , l ena d e agua , y d entro d e e l la e l c adäver d e un i nd io , e l q ue t en ia 7 5 c . d e o ro f ino . E n e ste o ro f iguraban unas b a lanzas y unas p esas; n o s e s upone p or d onde e ntraron l os i nd ios e ste c anoa ; p or e l b uque n o f ue, s e s upo q ue p or d eba jo d e l a b öveda ; e n e se c aso t en ian q ue h aber h echo o tro h oyo , a l a manera d e l a mateca f ieras p ara e ntrar l os l astres. 1 :127. Aba jo d e C a larcä, e n un c ance l ( ca ja d e p iedra) d e 3 m . d e p ., s e e ncontraron d os e spec ies d e mar iposas, d e t ama t io r egu lar ; c on l as a las a b iertas c ubr ian 4 8 s a ltones o g r i l los; t raba jo muy f ino 6 ste, q ue e ra d e t umbago , p esaron 1 2 c . 1 :198. E n P layar ica , r eg ion d e C a larcä , S . unos n ichos d e 8 v . d e p . L os i nd ios a l l i s epu ltados e ra d e r egu lar e statura , y c ada uno l o h ab ian s epu ltado p arado d entro d e un c anasto d e l a l tar d e l i nd io d ifunto; l os s epu ltureros p isaron b ien l a t i erra , y a l p odr irse l os b e jucos, q uedö g rabado e l t e j ido e n l a t i erra ; é ste t e j ido e ra muy b ien h echo , y e l b e juco d e c ada c anasto p arec ia s er d e c est i l lo . 1 :162. E n e l To lrä s . un c a jön d e 7v . d e l ong ., 3 d e d . y 8 d e p .; t en ia una s ombra d e 2 v . d e a nchura , y e n é sta una c anoa d e c edro n egro , d e 2 m . d e l arga p or 2 4 pu lg . d e d . y c on c av idad d e 1 8 pu lg ., b ien l i sa p or d entro y c on l as puntas d e l a c av idad d e l a c anoa c on un t anto p or c iento d e i ncl inac iön, l o m ismo q ue p or f uera ; c anoa p rop ia p ara n avegar . E staba b oca a rr iba , t en iendo d entro u n i nd io d ifunto y d os c ana letes d e macana e n f orma d e mecedor , c on c abos q ue med ian un metro d e l ong . y 2 pu lg . d e d .; l argo d e l a p a la 1 6 pu lg .; med ida p or l a p arte mäs a ncha d e l a p a la 6 pu lg . c on g rueso d e una pu lg . L a c anoa e staba c ur iada p or un l ado c on t res c ana letes, mäs a ngostas q ue l os a nter iores p ero mas l argos; l a c abeza d e l os c abos u n p oco v o lteada y e n e l la g rabada l a c abeza d e un a n ima l , un p oco c onfusa p or e l d esgaste n atura l . 1 :179 . E n l a r eg iön d e To lrä s acaron un c uadro d e 1 v . p or 1 0 d e P . B . 3 x 3 v . c adäveres 2 o ro f ino 1 10 c . e n 2 5 a lha jas y c ada u na d e a l ias r epresentaba un p erro hueco, c on p atas, manos y o re jas g randes y s obre l a p arte f ronta l t en ia c ada uno d e e l los una a rgo l la; e n t a l f orma , q ue p asändo le una c uerda a c ada uno d e e i los p or e sa a rgo l la , q uedaba un s arta l d e 2 5 p erros, a l n atura l . E sta g uaca f ue h a l lada p or una mu jer l e d i jo a un guaquero q ue e n e se pueb lo d e g uaquer ia s e o ia e l a u ll ido d e unos p erros; e fect ivamente e l g uaquero e ncontrö l a g uaca , y c uando l a e staba s acando o ia l os l adr idos d e unos p erros; y s acados q ue f ueron, n o s e v o lv ieron a o ir l os a u ll idos. 1 :139. E n Ca l le larga s . u n c a jön d e 1v . d e d . p or 3 d e 3s in b . E n e l p lan e nterrado un c adäver ; é ste t en ia 6 0 s ard inas, p esando c ada una d e e l las 2 c ., o ro f ino ; t raba jo muy b ien h echo . Todas l as g uacas d e e ste p ueb lo e ran c a jones, y t odas t en ian s ard inas d e o ro; c adäveres d e uno a d os; l as g uacas n o t en ian b . n i a lha jas d e b arro . 1 88

HOYA DEL QUINDIO

1 :171. E n L a H oya d e l Qu ind io e n B arbara, s . un t . d e 1m . d e d . p or 1 2 d e p rofund idad, y b . d e 4p or 5 v . D os c adäveres; o ro f ino 9 l i bras. E n e ste o ro f iguraban d os c l iostec i es p arados s obre una v ara y e staban t roncados; c uerpos, c abezas y p icos, muy a l n a tura l . E n C o lomn ia s . un c a jön d e 3v . d e l ong itud p or 1 d e d ., p . 7v ., y b . d e 3p or 4 v . C adäveres 4 ; s e h a l lö un d ifunto d e una y med ia v . d e l ong .; e ra j oven, y e n un mano t en ia l a p ie l p egada a l os h uesos, d isecada ; a costado s obre madera d e c arbön ; t en ia c abe l lera a bundante, r ub ia y s edosa , s ue lta y b ien a rreg lada , q ue l e b a jaba h asta l a c intur a ; l os g uaqueros l a p isotearon d espu s d e d ar ia la ; t amb ign s e l e h a l lo u n t apete d e p e los d e o so n egro y b lanco , c on e spesor d e u na pu lgada y d . d e 3 .4 p or 3 .4 d e v 1 :187. E n P ueb lo-negro s . un t . d e 2 4 pu lg . d e d . p or 1 1 v . d e p ., c on b . d e 6p or 6 v . D iez c adäveres; o ro f ino 5 c .; 12 a lha jas d e b arro , e ntre e l las 1 01 c äntaros d e mayor a m enor y 1 s artenes, uno d e e l los l eno d e manteca . L os g uaqueros d i jeron q ue e sta g rasa " era r estos d e l os i nd ios q ue s e h ab ian c om idos". 1 :150 . E n l a Hoya d e l Qu ind io, e n e l pueb lo d e L as P ataso las, s e h an s acado g uacas muy b on itas, h ondas d e b ., b ien h echas, d e a 1 0 d ifuntos e n q ue l os t roncos e stän s in l as c abezas; e n o tras g uacas s o lo s e e ncuentran d e una a d os p iernas, s in e l c uerpo . S ö lo e ncont raron 3 t . d e 1 y med ia v . d e d . p or 1 2 d e p ., c on b . d e 3p or 3 , c on a l tura d e l m .; l os i nd ios a costados s obre g uacas y un icorn ios y c araco les mar inos; y a l o mäs 3 d ifuntos e n c ada g-u aca ; l es h a l laron a l os t res s epu lcros 6 1 l i bras d e o ro f ino , e n n ar igueras, a rgo l las, p atenas e tc . 1 :189. E n l a H oya d e l Qu ind io, e n P ueb lo-negro, s . un t . 4 3 /4 d e d . p or 8 d e v . d e p .; n o t en ia b .; un c adaver q ue t en ia l os p ies m et idos e n un h ueco p ract icando e n l a p ared ; l os p ies d escansaban s obre d os t rozos d e b arro d e c arm in, s in c ocer . Oro f ino y t umbago 1 25 c ., f igurando e ntre s us p iezas p r inc ipa les un c ha leco d e much imba d e 1 4 pu lg . d e l argo, q ue l e s erv ia a una p erson d e r egu lar e statura ; t en ia t res b otones d e o ro f ino y , a l d esbotanar los q uedaban l as t e las s eparadas; un f a jön c uya c inta m ed ia 3 pu lgadas d e a nchura ; g ste, c omo l os b otones, t en ia l e tras d e n uestro i d ioma , s umamente b ien h echas. Tanto e l f a jön c omo e l c ha leco e ran d e t e la muy d e lgada . 1 :138. E n e l p äramo d e l a y erbabuena s acaron un t ambor d e 1m . d e d . p or 7 d e p .; e ste b uque e staba l eno d e c adaveres ma l a costados e n nümero d e 1 00 c räneos y uno d e e l los e ra c omo un g igante p or s us f ormas d esproporc ionadas, p ömu los a l tos y t en ia l a mand ibu la d e a ba jo 1 2 d ientes f uera d e mue las y c o lm i l los, y e se m ismo n ümero t en ia l a d e e nc ima . 1 :148. E n P ueb lo-hed iondo s . u n t . d e 1 m . d e d . p or 5 d e p .; s acaron p edazos d e manta d e a lgodön f inos, y d e l a a nchura d e l a p atena q ue l os c ubr ia . A p ocas v aras d e E l sta s acaron o tra g uaca c omo l a a nter ior ; t en ia o ro y t rastos d e b arro b on itos y u n mano jo d e p e lo d e i nd io d e 8p u lgadas d e l ong ., n egro , g rueso y ä spero . E n e l m ismo pueb lo s . u n c a jön d e 2v aras d e l ong . p or 1 m . d e d . y 3d e p . y s ombra d e l l argo d e l c a jön . T en ia u n s o lo c adaver , d os t orza les 1 89

d e o ro f ino c on 4 c . y un e squ i lön d e c obre ; d entro d e e ste u n p oco d e a lgodön b lanco; t azas y o l las d e b arro f eas . 1 :150-151. E n P ueb lo-hed iondo s . u n t . d e 1v . d e d . p or 1 2 d e p .; b . d e 4p or 6 v aras . D i funtos 4 0 , e n p al izada ; o ro 2 l b . e n a rgo l las, n ar igueras y p atenas. E n e l b orde d e c ada u na d e l as p atenas h ab ia u n s apo d e o ro , a punto d e b r incar . A e ste p ueb lo l e pus ieron l os g uaqueros e l n ombre d e h ed iondo p orque l as g uacas e ran h ed iondas y muy a tacadoras . Hubo g uacas a l as q ue l os g uaqueros g astäron le 1 2 d ias e chando les v iento p ara r efrescar les y p oder b arrer las. ( Por l os p roc id im ientos m odernos, c on l umbrera y e chändo le v iento , e n p ocas h oras e stä d e b arrer). E n e ste p ueb lo s . u n t . d e 1m . d e d . p or 1 3 d e p . L a e ntrada d e l a b . e ra d e g uargüero ; t en ia 4 p or 5 d e a nchur a , c on a l tura d e 2v . C incuenta d i funtos r egu larmente a costados; 2 l i bras d e o ro f ino ; d oce h uesos d e b arro c on v ar i l las d e c obre d e 8 pu lg . d e l ong .; una e statua d e b arro d e m ed ia v . d e a l tura , b ien h echa y c on u na n ar iguera d e c obre e n l as n ar ices. Hab ia d os i nd ios d e b arro , macho y h embra , un idos p or l as r od i l las, e staban a brazänd os y v idndose c ara a c ara . E staban b ien d ibu jados y e ran d e c ara t ab leada . 1 :194 . E n P ueb lo-hed iondo s . u n t . d e 1v . d e d . p or 1 0 d e p ., c on b . d e 3p or 3 v . D os c adäveres , l o m ismo q ue un a n ima l q ue p arec ia s er un p erro , d e 1 2 pu lg . d e l ong .; l os I nd ios f orraron e ste a n ima l c on una t e la d e lgada d e o ro f ino , c abeza , c uerpo , c o la y p a tas; p or e l v ientre t erm inaron l a f orrada d e l a n ima l , pues a l l i t en ia l os d os h o jas u na s obre l a o tra , a b ier tas d stas s e h a l laron l os h uesos d e l a n ima l , q ue h ab ia s erv ido d e mo lde ; e sto l amö mucho l a a tenc iön d e l os g uaqueros, m as q ue t odo p or p aracerse a un p erro . 1 :145. C erca d e P ueb lo-hed iondo s . u n t . d e 1 m . d e d . p or 8 d e p .; b . d e 5p or 4 v ., c on a l tura d e 2v . T en ia l as c abezas d e l os d ifuntos h ac ia l a puer ta e n n ümero d e 7 0 c räneos, s in meta l . E n e l r incön d e l a b öveda h ab ia un d i funto d e l m . d e l ong . c on 1 50 c . d e o ro f ino ; o l las y una p iedra c on m ol ino . E n v isto d e e sto l os g uaq ueros d eben b arrer t oda l a b öveda d e c ada g uaca , pues h emos v isto q ue l a mayor ia d e e l los a penas v en una p a l izada d e I nd ios n o b arren l a b öveda , d iz p orque e so n o t i ene n ada . E fect ivamente , n unco h emos v isto q ue u na p al izada d e c adäveres t enga o ro q ue p ague l a b arr ida ; p ero p uede s uceder q ue h aya un i nd io c omo e l a nter ior , b ien a costado y c on b astante o ro . 1 :148. C erca d e P ueb lo-hed iondo s . u n c a jön d e 3v . d e l ong . y una d e d . p or 8 d e p .La b . e ra s ombra l arga d e 2 m . y d e a nchura d e una v . Un s o lo d ifunto ; o ro f ino y t umbago 1 10c . E ntre s us p iezas p r inc ipa les h ab ia t otumas d e 3p u lg . d e d iämetro y c ada una d e e l las t en ia un o r if ic io p or e l f ondo ; 8 a n ima les q ue p arec ian ä gu i las , c on c uerpo , a las y c abeza p ero s in p a tas, y p or e l p echo un o r if ic io p or d onde l e p asaban u na c uerda ; c ada u na p esaba un c .; l a m itad d e l c uerpo e ra d e o ro f ino y l a o rta m i tad d e t u r nbago ; 3 d iademas c uya c inta t en ia u na pu lg . d e a ncho , 8 d e d . E staban u na d entro d e l a o tra , c uya u n idad c as i n o d ist ingu ia . L a p r imera d iadema e ra d e much imba , l a d e l m ed io d e t umbago y l a e nc ima d e o ro f ino . T en ia u na p echera c omo l a d e u na c am isa c on v ac io d onde d eb ian q uedar l as mangas y e l c ue l lo , e n l a p ar te d e a ba jo e ra c uadrada . Un c inturön q ue l e d aba a una p ersona d e r egu lar t ama t io t res v ue ltas p or l a c intura ; e sta c inta e ra c respa c omo v iruta d e madera ; d iez y s iete 1 90

g anchos c on l as p atas v o lteadas, p isar una t e la o e l c abe l lo , e tc .

c omo

l os

t endr ia

d est inados

p ara

1 :195. C erca d e P ueb lo-hed iondo s . un t . d e una v . d e d . p or 8 d e p ., c on b . d e 3 p or 3 v . T en ia un c adäver c on u na p atena d e o ro f ino, q ue p esö 7 5 c . y q ue med ia 8 pu lg . d e d .; e staba t oda e l la l ena d e o r if ic ios c ircu lares, q ue p asaban d e un l ado a l o tro , al a manera d e un c o lador .

CAICEDONIA ( DEPT.

OF VALLE)

1 :147. E n l a Arenosa s . un t . d e 2v . d e d . p or 1 2 d e p . S ombra d e 2p or 2 v . E sta g uaca t en ia 3 35 p iedras d e r egu lar t amat io ; 2 d ifunt os, o ro 1 4 c . e n d os v ar i l las; 3 p atenas q ue p arec ian d e machonga y c omo d erret idas; 8 pu lgadas d e d . p or 3 /4 d e e spesor . I : 1 58. E n l a r eg iön d e Ca icedon ia , e n l a Arenosa , s . un t . d e 1m . d e d . p or 7 d e p .; d e s ombra 2 p or 3 v ., c on a ltura d e l a puerta d e 1 y med ia v aras. Ten ia t res c adäveres, f orrados e n b arro c o lor d e c arm in, p ero s irve p ara h acer o l las, e s buena c eräm ica . L a c aparazön e staba p or e nc ima b ien pul imentada ; g rueso d e l a c orteza 3 pu lg . L os g uaqueros r omp ieron e ste v est idura , q ue e ra d e b arro c rudo ; e n l a c av idad s o lo e ncontraron unos huesos muy f inos; e l h ueco med ia d os v aras, q ue e ra e l t amar io d e l os d i funtos. 1 :85. E n Arenosa s . un t . d e 1v . D . p or 6 d e P . — Böveda d e 4 x4 v s. c a lzada , 4c adäveres — o ro f ino 3 6 c s. — Var ias a le jas d e b arro , una d e e l las d emostraba a un i nd io c ohab itando ; l os d os c uerpos e staban r ayados e n f orma d e c lavos y g argant i l las, e n b a jo r el ieve, c on c aras d e s uperf ic ie p lana . L os g uaqueros l as q uebraron d izque p or d eshonestas. 1 :194 . C erca d e Ca icedon ia s . un t . d e una v ara d e d . p or 1 4 d e p .; l a b . e ra un n icho d e 3 v . d e a l tura , y d entro d e g ste s e h a l lö un t ambor d e madera d e 2 m . d e l ong ., p arado , t en iendo d entro un p edazo d e c r ista l d e r oca, c uatro b astones d e n oga l d e 2 0 pu lg . d e l ong itud y una d e e spesor , c on l as c abezas c ircu idas d e l i neas r ectas, a demäs muchas l anzas d e macana , d e mayor a menor , d e 1 v . d e l ong ., l i sas y p lanchas t anto l os c abos c omo l as pa las, c on d ibu jos que p arec ian p equef las r anuras. 1 :96. E n e l a t io d e 1 877, a menos d e un k i lömetro d e d istanc ia d e l s a lado d e P i jao , s acaron un t ambor d e 1v . D . p or 1 0 P . B öveda d e 4 x 4v s. Tres a rrobas d e o ro f ino y t umbaga e n a lha jas, b astones c on c abeza , c etros c on d ibu jos, r anas, p atos, e statuas huecas unas y o tras mac isas; e ntre e stas f iguraba una i nd ia j oven , c on s us f ormas n atura les, r asgos d e f i s ionom ia q ue c aracter izaban una d e e sas b e l lez as s in i gua l ( en e l pueb lo d e L a S o ledad s acaron o tra e statua i gua l a s ta). L os I nd ios q ue t en ian e l o ro p robab lamente e ran l os d uet ios d e l s a lado y h ab ian c amb iado s a l p or o ro ; e s p robab le que e l o ro q ue r ec ib ian e ra e n p o lvo y e n p equet las a lha jas, p ero e stos a rt istas e nv iaban a d onde l os g randes o rfebres a que l es h ic ieran p iezas v erdaderamente g en ia les . E n e sta m isma c uch i l la , y h ac ia a ba jo, a un k i lömetro d e d istanc ia y c as i d onde s e j untan los r ios P i jao y P a lom ino s acaron 1 1 g uacas ( tambores v e leros), c on b övedas u nas c uadradas d e 1 91

4x 4v s . ,y o tras q ue n o f ormaban e squ inas h ac ia e l f rente , s ino q ue e ran o va ladas ( de e stos s epu lcros c omo l os a nter iores h ab lamos d e u na manera g enera l). L as b arr iendas e ran muy h ermosas; p or c entenares s e h a l laron l os u n icorn ios y p iedras p erforadas. y a l as h ab ian d e c r ista l d e r oca , y a b landas y d uras y b uena c ant idad d e c araco les mar inos y c onchas . E sta p arc ia l idad d e i nd ios d eb iö t ener p ar te e n e l s a lado , s iendo p ersonas d ecentes y d e g usto , c omo l o p rueba e l mob il ar io . L as o nce g uacas t en ian c inco l i bras d e o ro f ino y t umbaga , e n unas c intas l argas y a ngostas, s in o r if ic io e n l a s puntas, q ue p arec ian z unchos. T amb idn s e h a l laban r anas, l agar tos, a v ispas, y una r ana q ue p eso 2 0 e s ., q ue e ra d e p lata . ( en a lgunas g uacas d e l a c ord i l lera o cc identa l t amb idn h an s acado a rgo l las d e p la ta , q ue p arecen p roceder d e l P erü , d e l os a nt iguos p lateros I ncas). E ntre l as o nce g uacas s e h a l laron h ermosas a lha jas d e b arro , d ibu jados p or d entro y p or f uera c on t inta n egra , y s us d ibu jos e ran f l ores, e n e stas p iezas f iguraban unas c a labazas y una b o te l la . ( En e l pueb lo d e l a S o ledad t amb idn s acaron b ote l las, p ero d e o ro). L a p ieza d e b arro mäs c ur iosa q ue s e e ncontrö f ue u n i nd io y u na i nd ia un idos e n e l e stado d e l c o i to , r ayados c on t inta n egra , ambos d e b on i ta p resenc ia , t odo muy a l n atura l). L ong itud , o nce pu lgadas. A u no d e l os c adäveres s e l e e ncontrö e n l a n ar iz un t orza l d e o ro f ino ; c uando l a p arte b landa y c arnosa s e pudr iö , s e f ue e ste t orza l d entro d e l c räneo , y c omo e ste s e h a l laba f ino t odav ia , a l s acud ir lo l os g uaqueros s ent ian d entro e l t orza l . E l o jo p enetrante d e l g uaquero d escubre e se o ro e n e se l ugar , y s in p erd ida d e l t i empo p u lver iza e l c räneo . ( En e l p ueb lo d e C a t iad a , V a l le , s acaron una n ar iguera d e t umbaga d entro d e l c rane° d e un i nd io ; p ara q ue e ste o ro s e v aya a dentro b asta c o locar l a c abeza d e l d ifunto e n c ierta p os ic iön , y e l p eso d e l o ro busca e l f ondo). E n a lgunas d e e stas o nce g uacas s e h a l laron u nas b ancas d e madera v erde , l abradas e n f orma d e s i l las o t aburetes . Tamb ien h ab ia s e is v e l lones d e l ana d e v icur ia ( rum iante d e l P erü), d e c o lor p ardo , e n p erfecto b uen e stado ; e ran g ruesos y d e l ana b ien p isada , y t en ian l a f orma d e t apetes, s iendo l as e squ inas d e f orma mäs c ircu lar . P arece q ue l os i nd ios l os t en ia d est inados p ara s entarse . L as r ocas q ue c ont ienen s a l , c omo l as d e e sas r eg iones, p reserv an l as maderas, l os h uesos h umanos, y e l p e lo d e l os a n ima les; t amb idn s e h a l lö e n buen e stado l a c abe l lera d e una i nd ia , q ue m ed ia 1 4 p lgd. d e l og .; una s o la t renza, a bundante, r ub ia y s edosa. A lgunas i nd ias a costumbraban p e ines d e o ro , o tras d eb ieron a costumb rar los d e madera , y l as m äs c on c huzos d e p a lma ; o tras c on g anchos d e o ro , y f ina lmente, a lgunas d eb ieron a rreg lar s us c abe l leras c on l os d edos . Qud t i enen d e r aro e stos h alazgos p eruanos e n n uestro s ue lo? Que l os P i jaos t en ian r e lac iones c omerc ia les c on l os I ncas . 1 :194 . E n a lgunos pueb los d e g uaquer ia d e l as p layas d e l r io P i jao , l as g uacas s on c a jones d e 2 m . d e l ong ., 2 5 p u lg . d e d . y 4 v . d e p .; l as b övedas s on s ombras p eque t ias c on u no o d os c adäveres c ada u na , e ncondrändose d stos a costados s obre a nchas c ortezas d e p a lma d e l ong i tud d e l as b övedas; h ay c adäveres a costados h asta s obre 8 c or tez as u nas s obre o tras, c omo p ara i mped ir q ue e l c adaver s e mo jara d urante l as i ndundac iones d e l r io ; h ay p edazos d e p a lma c as i c arbon iz ados p or l a a cc iön d e l t i empo ( hay t urba ). L as p a tenas d e o ro s on p or l o g enera l c uadradas, e xtra idas, e so s i , d e l o s s epu lcros m äs a nt iguos, e sto s i s e c onoce; l as a lha jas d e b arro s on n egras, h echas c omo d e p izarra b landa . 1 :198 .

E n e sta m isma r eg ion S . u n t . d e u na v . 1 92

d e d .

p or 8 d e p .

l a b . 3p or 4 c . c adäveres t res; o ro , c uatro £ e n a lha jas. c ur ioso d e e sto e s q ue l od c adäveres e staban c ub iertos d e l a c intura h asta l a c abeza c on una d e lgada t e la d e much imba ( oro b a jo). En l a r eg iön d e l Qu ind io h emos v isto e n l as g uacas muchos c adäveres c ub iertos c on una c aparaza d e b arro , d e c era, mantas d e a lgodön y d e o ro . E l a lfero a pi laba l a a rc i l la p ara c uando f uera a l s epulcro; e l c o lmenero d epos itaba c era , p ara l o m ismo ; e l h i landero f abr icaba d e a lgodön s u c apa mortuor ia ( Las q ue h emos e ncontrado c arbon izadas p or l a a cc iön d e l t i empo). E l o rfebre f abr icaba c on n it idez una t e la d e c arbön , y l udgo l a c ubr ia c on una d e lgada t e la d e much imba q ue, d e s eg-u ero e n e l t iempo l a d escompuso por r eacciön quim ica, y h oy l a v emos r omperse c omo e l v idr io . E sta c apa d e d iferenc ia d e l as o tras p or e l l u jo y e sp lendor . T odas e stas c apas p ueden s er r emp lazadas p or l os a taüdes d e madera . 1 :210 . E n l a r eg ion d e Ca icedon ia , c erca a l r io P i jao , s . un t . d e r . una v . d e d . p or d iez d e p . L a b . 2x 2v .; un s o lo c adäver , y s e h a l laron a s u l ado m äs d e 2 00 l anzas y 1 00 d ardos, t odas e stas a rmas h echas d e l a c orteza d e p a lma ; t engo p ara n i l q ue e l i nd io e nterrado e n e sta g uaca e ra u n guerrero q ue d efend iö c ua lqu iera c ausa , p ero n o s e l e d io p or c onsegu ir o ro, puesto q ue n o l o t en ia , a l menos q ue s e l o hub ieran q u itado a l t i empo d e d are s epu ltura , c omo a v eces p arece q ue a contec iö s egün l os v est ig ios q ue h emos h a l lado e n l as t umbas. Var ias d e e stas a rmas t en ian d ibu jos burdos e n b a jo-rel ieve . 1 :210-211. E n l a m isma r eg iön , a un k i lömetro d e d istanc ia s e h al la un pueb lo d e g uaquer ia e n una e xtensa y h ermosa p laya , y a l l a o r i l la d e una q uebrada ; t odas l as g uacas q ue a l l i s e h an e ncontrado s on d e 3a 4m etros d e p rofund idad . E l a gua e s e l g uard iän d e l as r iquezas d e e stos s epu lcros, d e l a b arbar ie y d e l a v orac idad d e l os g uaquero s. L os i nd ios q ue h ic ieron e sas g uacas e n e se l ugar , d eb ieron t rabaj ar mucho s acando a gua m ientras h ac ian l os buques y l as b övedas; c iertamente q ue l os i ngen ieros i nd igenas s ab ian c uando c ostaba l a h echura d e c ada s epu lcro , p ero q ue una v ez d epos itada c ua lqu iera r iqueza e n e sas g uacas, e l agua s e e ncargaba d e s er e l g uard iän d e e sos t esoros; y p ara q ue l os l adrones n o l os pud ieron t omar d e a l l i s in t ener q ue t raba jar mucho . Guauqeros d e n uestros d ias h an h ab ido q ue h an s acado a lg-u nos muy s uperf ic ia les, y buenas c ant idades d e o ro , p ero h an t en ido q ue t aba jar mucho b otando agua , y p or e so n o l es h an p agado e l t raba jo; a lgunos g uaqueros d espues d e t raba jar mucho s acando agua e n unas g uacas, h an t en ido q ue t apar las a ntes d e l egar a l as b ovedas, p orque e l agua e s b astante y s e h an c ansado a ntes d e l egar a d onde e stä e l d orado m eta l ; o tros h a h ab ido q ue h an l ogrado s acar g uacas s uperf ic ia les, y h an h a l lados l as b övedas e n c laro, e s d ec ir , s in t i erra , p ero l enas d e a gua ; y s e h an met ido d onde l es d a e l agua a l p echo , l ogrando s acar c on l os p ies l o q ue h an e ncontrado e n o ro; y c omo e l c l ima e s un p oco ma lsano , h an t en ido q ue r enunc iar d e t a l g uaquer ia ; e n una d e d stas, q ue e ra un t . d e un m . d e d . p or t res d e p ., y l a b . d e 2 x 2 m .; y l os guaqueros c on l os p ies s acaron mäs d e s e is a rrobas d e c obre e n a lha jas; l o c ur ioso d e e sto e s q ue s e h a l lö una p i la d e 7 2 p atenas, y l a mas g rande med ia u na v ara d e d iämetro; l as d emasa lha jas e ran n ar igueras, a rgo l las, c inturones, p o la inas, pu lseras y c oronas. T odos s abemos q ue e se c obre e ra r iqueza y a dorno p ersona l d e e sos s ef iores d e a ntaf io; p or l as a rmas y c oronas h a l ladas e n e sas g uacas s e d e ja v er q ue e n e sa r eg iön e x ist iö un c ac icazgo , y p robab lamente d esde e sa d poca muy r emota , h asta l a l egada d e l os c onqu istadores e spar io les a C o lomb ia , 1 93

l os c ac iques y g randes s er iores t en ian a s u l ado y p ara s u d efensa g randes g uerreros, a s i e n p az c omo e n g uerra . E n l a m isma r eg iön S . un c a jön d e 1 x 2v . d e d . p or s e is V . d e p ., y e n e l p lan d e l c a jön e x ist ia una c a ja q ue m ed ia u na v . d e d . p or u na d e p . y d os d e l ong itud ; l os d eudos d e l d i funto c omo s äbana mor tuor ia e n e sa c a ja , pus ieron una c apa d e a rc i l la d e n atura leza p läst ica , q uedando t oda l a c a ja f orrada p or d entro d e a rc i l la ; l udgo a costaron a l l i d entro u n c adäver humano , y e n s egu ida l o c ubr ieron t odo c on a rc i l la . L os g uaqueros d estaparon e sta e spec ia d e s arc6fago c on f ur ia d estructora , y a l n o e ncontrar o ro m a ldec ian e sta c lase d e t umbas y d ifuntos . L os a nt iguos moradores d e e sa r eg iön t uv ieron c omo b uena c ostumbre f orrar e n b arro a muchos c adäveres h umanos, p orque y a l os h emos e ncontrado e n b övedas, y a e n c a jas p ract icadas e n e l p lan d e l as g uacas; a v eces uno s o lo y o tras, v ar ios j untos; q u idn s abe e stos i nd iv iduos a q ud d octr ina p er tenec ian , p ues h asta e l p resente n o h emos h a l lado s iqu iera uno r ico e n o ro , a c uyo l ado h aya h ab ido r iquezas, a s i c omo a rmas , c obre o u tens i l ios d omdst icos; a s im ismo t odos l o s c adäveres h umanos c uyo c uerpo l o h emos e ncontrado e nvue l to e n m antas d e a lgodön , a lgunas d e e l las c arbon izadas p or e l t i empo ; t ampoco h an t en ido r iquezas mov ib les o d e a quelas q ue l os g uaqueros q u ieren e ncontrar . 1 :153 . E n l a H oya d e l Qu ind io , e n l a r eg iön d e l a E smera lda , s . un t . d e 2 4 pu lg . d e d . p or 6 v . d e p .; b . d e 4p or 4 v . C adäveres 6 ; o ro f ino y t umbago 5 c ., o l las d e b arro , f igurö una d e a s iento d e s uperf ic ie p lana ; e l i nd io q ue l a h izo e l p uso s obre u na h o ja d e c hagua lo puesto a l r evds, y c omo e l b arro e staba b lando q uedö g rabad a l a h o ja e n s u t otal idad; l as v enas mayores y m enores d e l a h o ja s e v e ian e n l a o l la . 1 :159 . E n l a E smera lda s . u n t . d e 1m . d e d . p or 8 d e p .; l a b . e ra u n n icho d e 2m . d e a l tura ; e l c adäver e staba d e p ie y f orrado e n b arro c rudo ; r ota e sta c oraza s e v e la q ue l os i nd ios f orraron e l c adäver c on u na e stera d e m imbre t e j ido j aponds, t an f ino c omo e l m e jor q ue s e h aga h oy . E n l as c ercan ias d e l a H oya d e l Qu ind io n o h ay m imbre ; n o s e s abe s i e stas e steras s e t ra jeron h echos, o t ra jeron l a g uasca y a qu i l es h ic ieron . 1 :164 . E n l a E smera lda s . u n t . d e 1 v . d e d . p or 1 0 d e p .; l a b . e ra d e 3 p or 3 v ., q ue t en ia u na p iedra t ransparente d e c r ista l d e r oca . f ormando una p a tena muy b ien pul imentada ; m ed ia 8 p u lg . d e d . p or u na d e e spesor ; o bra v erdaderamente a r t ist ica .

OTHER ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS OF QUINDIO

1 :124 . E n u n pueb lo d e g uaquer ia , e n L a T eba ida , e n u n h oyo d e 1 m . d e p ., h ic ieron l os i nd ios e n l a p ared una c av idad muy b a j ita y d e u nos 2 m . d e s uperf ic ie p lana ; a ll i d epos itaron u nos h uesos f ös i les d e u n a n ima l s umamente g rande . E stos h uesos e staban t r i turados, p ero l os h ab ia d e l t amar io d e l h uevo d e g a ll ina ; n ad ie c onoc iö d e a ud a n ima l e ran , y o f u i e n ün ico q ue m e a trev i a d ec ir les a l os g uaqueros q ue p arec ian d e m astodonte , p orque h ab ia v isto o tros p arec idos a d stos e n e l Museo N ac iona l d e B ogo tä, e n e stado f ös i l . 1 :179 .

A u nos 2 00 m etros d e d istanc ia d e l r io E spe jo , 1 94

e n u na a l t i-

p lan ic ie, e x iste un a nt iguo pueb lo d e g uaquer ia , y e n e stos d ias, a m enos d e 1 0 pu lgadas d e p rofund idad ( s in s er g uaca), h a l laron una p equer ia t aza d e b arro y d entro d e e l la v ar ias p iedras p erforadas p or e l c entro y b ien p ul imentadas, q ue s erv ian d e g argant i l la ; d entro d e l a m isma t aza s e e ncontraron t amb idn d os e statuas d e p iedra . C ada m ide d e l ong itud c uatro pu lgadas, y d e d os d iämetro p or l os h ombros. C ada uno p esa un c uarto d e l i bra L as d os e statuas t i enen g ran s im i lt ud c on l as e ncontradas e n l a P lata y S an Agustin ( Sur d el T o l ima) 1 :167. C erca d e e ste pueb lo ( e l C ac ique) h ay una c hamba d e 3 50 m d e l ong . y 2 d e d . p or 3 d e p ., e n e l f ondo e s d e f orma o va lada ; e ste c am ino l o h a t raba jado l a g ente d e l e h a e ncontrado 4 r ecatones d e o ro f ino , q ue t i enen l a f orma d e l os d e p iedra q ue u saban l os m ismos i nd ios; e ste c am ino d iv ide e l p ueb lo , a trav iesa l a c uch i l la d e l E spe jo y v a at erm inar e n l a q uebrada d e l R eposo . 1 :188. E n l a H oya d e l Qu ind io , e n l as monta f ias d e S an J osé , h ay un c am ino d e l os i nd ios d e mas d e 2 00 m . d e l ong ., p asando d e una c uch i l la a o tra ; e n e l med io d e ambas h ay una v aga a s i d e l a v aga h ac ia a de lante e l c am ino e s d e 8 0 m . d e l ong ., e n c a ja s ubterränea d e 3 m . d e d . p or 3 v . d e p .; l as p aredes a p lomo q ue s e l es puede p oner p lomada , b ien pul imentadas y b arn izadas c on c arm in y e ste t apön d e m ed ia pu lg . d e e spesor ; e n e l c entro d e l a c a ja h ay t res p iedras c lavadas c omo p ara c o locar una o l la d e b arro s obre e l las y c erca d e l f rente d one t erm ina e l c am ino h ay una l a ja d e p iedra c lavad a , q ue m ide un m . d e l ong ., 2 5 pu lg . d e d . y 6 pu lg . d e e spesor ; 1 6 m .antes d e t erm inar e ste c am ino s ubterräneo y e n e scuadra s e h a lb o tro c am ino s uperf ic ia l d e 1 00 m . d e l ong ., 3 v . d e b ase, 2 v . d e a l tura f ormando c ame l lön, y e l g ordo d e e se s urco e s d e una v . d e s uperf ic ie p lana , q uedando h ac ia l os l ados un f orma o va lada . 1 :193-194 . D e l a o r i l la d e r io P i jao, e n l i nea r ecta y c on d irecc iön a u na l aguna , s e h a l lan t res c am inos h echos p or l os i nd ios, c ub iertos c on t i estos b oca a ba jo r evue ltos c on p iedras p equef ias; c ada uno m ide 3m . d e d . p or 2 50 d e l ong itud ; uno d e e l los c ruza e l r io y s igue e n l a m isma d irecc iön; e n t i empos d e l i nv ierno s e p onen e stas p layas un p oco f angosas, c ausa p or l a c ua l d eb ieron h acer e sta c lase d e c ame ll ones. L a r eg iön d e L a P opa t amb idn e s f angosa e n t i empo d e i nv iern o , y t i ene un c am ino e n f orma d e c ame l lön, d e 2m . d e d ., 1 6 pu lg . d e e spesor e n f orma o va lada , y 2 00 m . d e l ong . E n l i nea r ecta ; t odo e stä t end ido d e t i estos b oca a ba jo ; d onde s e h a l lan e stos c ame l lones l a s uperf ic ie d e t erreno e s t odo b arro, b ueno p ara h acer o l las y t e jas, e tc . 1 :194 . E n l a r ibera i zqu ierda d e l r io R ob le h as una e spec ie d e t üne l d e 2 p or 2 p or 8 d e c entro , f orrado c on un t apön c omo d e a rc i l la g e lat inosa d e 2 pu lg . d e e spesor . 1 :117-118. L a p r imera q uebrada q ue s e h a ha mäs i nmed iata a l pueb lo d e l Dragön e stä e n una z an ja h onda , a c uyo c ostado s e h a l lan d os s ocavones e n t i erra un p oco b landa ; u no d e e i los e ra mäs p rofundo q ue e l o tro y l a f orma d e c ada u no e ra 2 x 2 m tr . p or mäs d e 2 0 d e P .; e staba d e t raves ia e n f orma d e t üne l y s e h a l laban r e l lenados c on t i erra n egra y d e g uaca ; l os p isos e staban t end idos d e p iedras p equeh as. A lgunos g uaqueros c reyeron q ue a ll i e x ist ia a lgun t esoro d e o ro l abrado y e scond ido p or l os i nd ios, y p r inc ip iaron a t e jer le una 1 95

h istor ia a l o r q ue d eb ia e st ar e n e sos s ocavones, t odo c on e l f in d e v ender d erechos, c omo l o l ograron . E l t üne l p r inc ipa l e ra r ecto y muy b ien h echo ; d e t recho e n t recho , e n e l e nc ie lado d e l t üne l s e e ncontraban h uecos d e f orma p ir im ida l , c ausa p or l a c ua l a lgunos g uaqueros d ec ian q ue e n e sos l ugares l os i nd ios h ab ian p uesto c o lumn atas d e madera p ara s ostener e l c erro d uran te l a e xcavac iön . E ste e s un c ä lcu lo , p ero n o p arece r azonab le , p uesto q ue l os i nd ios c onoc lan p erfectamente l a r es istenc ia d e l as r ocas t erranas me jor q ue c ua lqu ier g uaquero . T amb idn h ay q ue t ener p resente q ue l os g uaq ueros q ue t a l d ec ian t en ian mäs i nterds e n o rdenar l os t raba jos i nd igenas p ara p oder v ender a cc iones, q ue c a lcu lar l a p arte c ient if ica d e l a a rqu i tectura . L os g uaqueros s acaron t oda l a t i erra y l as p ied ras d e ambas t üne les, d ando d e p ronto c on l os f rentes; c omo n o h a l laron t a les t esoros, l os c ompradores s al ian r enegando , y l os v endad ores, c omo y a t en ian e l d inero e n c a ja n o h ac ian m äs q ue r e irse y d ec ir " los i nd ios n os h an e ngar iado ." E stos n o s on l os ü n icos t üne les q ue s e h an h a l lado e n l a r eg iön q u ind iana . C erca d e R io-verde s e h a l lan o tros d os d e l a m isma f orma y c apac idades d e l os a nter iores, p ero mäs p rofundos . Al i l os g uaq ueros s ufr ieron o tro f racaso . C erca d e Montenegro e x isten o tros d os t amb idn c omo l os a nter iores ( de e l los h ab lamos e n l a s egunda p ar te). E n e l V a l le d e l C auca , a 1 5 k i lömetros d e l a V ictor ia , e n " E l E scud i l la l" s e e ncuentra o tro c omo l os d e M ontenegro ; d ste e stä e n c laro y f ue t end ido d e m adera p or l o s i nd ios. A lgunos g uaqueros h an e ntrado a e se t üne l h asta d onde h an l ogrado q ue e ntre l uz o cho v e las un idas; c omo e ste t üne l e s d e t raves ia , t i raban p iedras y s e d aban c uenta d e q ue l os t errones n o d aban c on e l f rente ; e stä , pues , s in e xam inar . A lgunos g uaqueros h an p retend ido r omper le l umbreras d e t recho e n t recho, p ero h asta a hora e sto s e h a q uedado e n p royecto . L a puer ta d e e ste t üne l e staba t apada p or l o s i nd ios c on p iedras. I gnoramos c on q ue f in h ic ieron l os a bor igenes t a les t raba jos, s acando l a t i erra y b otändo la a g randes d istanc ias , p ara l udgo r e l lenar c on t i erra d e o tra c al idad, o d e jar los e n c laro . L o c ier to e s q ue e n e sos l ugares n o h ay m ina n i v eta d e b arro d e a lfarer ia , l o q ue pdr ia e xpl ic ar lo e n p ar te ; n i e stos t üne les t i enen s al ida c omo l os c am inos s ubterr äneos. T ampoco p odemos s uponarnos l a c lase d e l uz e mp leada p or l os i nd ios p ara a lumbrarse e n e stas e normes p rofund idades, y p ara t rabaj ar c on t a l p erfecc iön ; a demäs, a e sta c lase d e t üne les e ntra p oco a ire, y d onde n o h ay a ire s uf ic iente n o s e p uede t raba jar . L os t ün e les s ubterräneos, l amadas a s i p or ma l n ombre, s on c hambas mäs o m enos a nchas, p rofundas y l argas, c on p iso d e f orma o va lada ; l udgo l os i nd ios r e l lenaron e sto c on t i erra n egra y d e g uaca . E l p iso d e t üne les y t r incheras e s d e s uperf ic ie p lana . Va le u na f ortuna d e t raba jo e jecutado p or l os i nd ios e n e sta c lase d e t raba jo . 1 :60 ( Tr incheras h ay e n d ist intas p ar tes; l a s p r inc ipa les e stän e n l a F lor ida , e ntre Amern ia y C ircas ia ; e stas t r incheras e stän a trevesadas e n l as c uch ilas. L as h ay d e c ien m etros d e l ong itud , y c on mayor s egur idad , t i enen d e l argo l a a nchura d e l a s c uch ilas . E stas t r inc heras s on u nos c a jones s ubterräneos, d e u n m etro d e a nchura y d os d e p rofund idad , y a c ier ta d istanc ia t i enen umbreras q ue s obresa len . L os g uaqueros h an s acado t i erra d e e stas t r incheras, c reyendo q ue s on g uacas, y p ronto s e h an c onvenc ido d e l o c ontrar io . E n e stas t r incheras n o h ay i nd ios e nterrados, n i r iquezas d e n inguna c lase . L os i nd ios n o c omba t ieron e n e l las; d isfrutaron d e u na p az mäs o m enos l arga , pues t uv ieron, t i empo d e v o lver a t apar l as t r incheras c on t i erra , l o m ismo q ue t apaban l a s g uacas). 1 96

1 :140 . E n " E l P ara iso", c erca d e L a S o ledad, h ay un l astre d e p iedra p ardo p or uno d e s us b ordes y q ue m ide 2 p or 2 ; e spesor 4 pu lg . E n e l la h ay unos g rabados; l os d os p r imeros t i enen l a f orma d e 2 c a laveras y e n u n c uadro un e scr ito q ue p arece u n g uar isom d e muchas un idades. L a p iedra e stä c lavada a l p ie d e l pueb lo d e guaq uer ia , y l a t ab la d a f rente a l a g uaquer ia . E n e ste pueb lo h an s acado muchas g uacas; a l a mäs r ica l e s acaron 10 c . e n o ro f ino . 1 :175. C erca d e P et ias-b lancas h ay t res l astres d e p iedra , c lavados e n l a t i erra , q ue m iden d e l a s uperf ic ie d e l s ue lo p ara a rr iba 2 v . d e l ong ., c on a nchura d e una v . y e spesor d e 6 pu lg .; c ada uno t i ene d os o r if ic ios e n l a p ar te a l ta , q ue p asan d e l ado a l ado l os p iedras; e stän d e s ur a n or te y d istan e ntre s i 4 0 m etros. 1 :193. E n e l C ast i l lo h ay d os l astres d e p iedra c lavados y d e mayor a menor ; e n e l los h ay g rabados e n a l to r el ieve c aras h umanas e n l i nea r ecta , a s i : b ocas, n ar ices y o jos m irando a l n orte . E n l a r eg ion d e Montegrande, s e h a l lan 8 l astres d e p iedras c lavados e n t i erra , d e 2 v . d e l ong itud, 1 d e d . y 6 pu lg . d e e spesor ; e n e l los s e e ncuentran g rabadas c aras h umanas, mäs b ien h echas q ue l as a nter iores. E n l a r eg ion d e L a P a loma s e h a l lan 3 c ercos d e p iedra d e med ia c ircunfere nc ia , d onde e l s ue lo e s un p oco i ncl inado , f ormando a s i t res a nchos p e ldat ios d istna tes e ntre s i 1 2 metros. 1:141. Entre e l agua d e l a quebrada d e L a J aram i l la ( en La T eba ida), h ay una p iedra q ue p esa mas q ue d os t one ladas, q ue t i ene s obre l a s uperf ic ie p lana un mol ino d onde mu l ian ma iz l os i nd ios. S i l a q uebrada h ub iera e stado e n l a g poca d e l os i nd ios c omo e stä a ctua lm ente, t en ian q ue m eterse e n e l agua c ada v ez q ue i ban a mo ler . 1 :98. S ee in i nforman, c erca d e l os n ac im ientos d e r io Qu ind io e x iste una m ina d e l c r ista l d e r oca ( fuente d e r iqueza p ara e l p roven ir). 1 :45-46. E l s istema d e e ntamborar l as f uentes s a ladas, l os i nd ios q ue h ab itaron e stas r eg iones n os h ac ian una g ran v enta ja ; p odemos d ec ir a b oca l ena q ue e l los e ran n uestros maestros. L os i nd ios n o l egaron a d anar n inguna f uenta s a lada ; h oy d ia s i s e h an d af iado muchas h ac iendo u so d e l a f uerza e xpans iva y d e o tros d isparates a l i gua l . Vemos, p or e jemp lo , e l s a lado d e Ur itä , ap ocas l eguas d e l c aser io d e C a larcä , e n l a f a lda d e l a montaf ia a nd ina , d onde l os i nd ios r ecog ieron b astantes f uentes d e aguasa l e n una s o la ; e s d ec ir : e n un c ampo d e b astantes metros, d onde h ab ia v ar ias f uentes d e a guasa l, a c ada una l e i ban h ac iendo u n c am ino t apado c on a rc i l la , c ontra l a p el ia , a l a manera c omo l as a be jas f abr icas l as b ocas d e s us c o lmenas r ecostadas a un ä rbo l : a s i l os h ic ieron l os i nd ios, h asta r ecoger t odas l as f uentes e n una s o la; l a b oca p r inc ipa l d e l a s al ida l e f ueron f ormando un c ono , y c on a rc i l la l e t aparon t odo e l c ampo d e l as f uentes, y a e n c am inos, h asta d are c ierta c ons istenc ia ; l uego l o e ntamboraron y f ueron c argändo le a rc i l la y p iedra a l os l ados d e l t ambor , h asta l a a l tura n ecesar ia d e s al ida . L a g ente d e h oy e ncontrö e l s a lado, l e q u itö e l t ambor p uesto p or l os i nd ios, d ic iendo q ue " esos i nd ios b rutos h ab ian t apado e l s a lado c on b arro", y mov ieron t odo e se c ampo c ub iert o c on a rc i l la , p erd ieron e l s a lado y n o f ueron c apaces d e v o lver a j untar l as f uentes; p orque a ll ia s e e ncontraban f uentes s a ladas y f uentes d e agua d u lce, l o q ue l os i nd ios h ab ian s eparado c on s u c orrespond iente a cueducto . L a g ente d e h oy , a l r emover t odo a que l lo , s e l es v o lv iö u n " mar d e l ägr imas". 1 97

Cuando p or una s o la g r ieta d e p er ia s a l ian d os f uentes, una s a lada u o tra d u lce, un idas e ntre S i , l os i nd ios l as d iv id ian c on a rc ila y c ada f uente l a e ntamboraban s eparadamente e n c ond ic iön t a l , q ue una f uente n o f uera a e jercer p res iön s obre l a o tra . L o q ue p refer ian l os i nd ios p ara h acer t ambores a l as f uentes s a ladas e ran t rozos d e p a lma ; l e s acaban l a p arte f ibrosa y s o lo d e jab an l a macana c il indr ica . E l a guasa l p reserva l as maderas; n ad ie p odr ia d ec ir c uäntos s ig los h ace q ue l os i nd ios pus ieron e stos t amb ores, q ue t odav ia e stän e n buen e stado . L os i nd ios t raba jaron c as i t odas l as f uentes s a ladas e n l a H oya d e l Qu ind io; c on l a c ond ic iön d e q ue h ay s a lados q ue p roducen mäs c a l q ue s a l . S in embargo, v emos que n o d e jaban p erder aguasa l c onoc ida p or e l los. C omo s e d e ja v er c erca d e Ur it icä , h ay una c av idad e n l a p er ia y p or a l l i una g r ieta p or d onde s a le aguasa l " gota a g ota". L os i nd ios l e pus ieron una o l la d e b arro ( que h asta h ace p oco e staba a l l i), s iendo a s i q ue s o lo p roduce c uatro l i tros d e a guasa l e n v e int icuatro h oras. E l los e chaban e l aguasa l e n v asos g randes d e b arro , d e g ran c ons istenc ia , y l a e vaporac iön l a h ac ian p or med io d e l f uego, a b astanate d istanc ia d e l as f uentes, c omo s e d e ja v er p or l os g randes amontonaderos d e t e jos y o tros v est ig ios, c omo c am inos, b anqueos, e tc . 1 :176 . E n e l C anadä h ab ia 8 f uentes s a ladas e stamboradas p or l os i nd ios c on t ambores d e c edro n eg-r o , v erde t odav ia; l os i nd ios l enaron l os t ambores d e p iedras y b arro h asta q uedar c omp letamente t apados . 1 :87 L as f uentes s a ladas t raba jadas p or l os n atura les l as v emos e n a lgunas p artes d e l os n ac im ientos d e l r io Cucuana y e n l a e ns i l lada p aramosa d e l os Andes; e n e l p äramo d e Barragän y e n e l d e Y erbab uena ; e n e ste ü lt imo v emos q ue d e una p er ia d esnuda n ace u na f uente s a lada , q ue l i bremente c ae a l a c orr iente d e l r io . L os i nd ios pus ieron e n med io d e l r io y l a f uente un f amoso d ique d e p iedra , q ue e l i mpetu d e l r io, e n e l t ranscurso d e l os s ig los, n o pudo d estru ir ; g igantesca o bra d e l os i ngen ieros i ndohumanos . Hace p ocos d ias u nos i ngen ieros d e l Va l le d e l C auca d i jeron q ue h ab ia q ue c omponer e sa f uente s a lada " que e sos i nd ios b rutos h ab ian d a i lado"; r omp ieron l a p e f ia c on d inam ita p ero l a s acud ida p arc ia l d e l a r oca y l a s uspens iön p or un momento d e l a c orr iente s a lada q ue s al ia c on p res iön, y c omo t odas l as r ocas d e n uestros Andes e staban r equebradas d esde s u l evantam iento, d ieron l as f uentes c on o tras v ias y a bandonaron s u a nt ig-u o c auce; y nuestros modernos i ngen ieros s o lo d i jeron " ye , e sta agua s a lada s e a sustö c on l a p ö lvora y s e f ue". 1 :99 . N o l e jos d e l pueb lo d e E l D ragön, h ac ia e l o cc idente, s e h a l lan l os s a lados d e l P i jao y Qu ind io, y h ac ia e l s ur , e l s a lado d e Bur i l la . P arece q ue l os g-u aqueros n o h an h a l lado l as g uacas d onde e stän s epu ltados l os d uer ios d e t a les s a lados. H ac ia e l o r iente d e l E l D ragön s e h a ha l a m ina s ed imentar io d e To lrä . L os i nd ios t raba jaron e sta m ina e n una manera e spec ia l; s orprende v er l os t aba jados e jecutados p or e l los. C ruzaron c as i t odo e l s ed imento c on p equef ios s ocavones, s igu iendo l a d irecc iön d e l os r icos y a ngostos f i lones d e c uarzo . L o t raba jado p or e l los g enera lmente l o r e l lenaban c on mater ia les e xtraf ros, p iedras, t e jos, e tc . Una d e l as c osas q ue mäs a d rn iramos e s l o a ngost o y t orc ido d e t a les s ocavones, p or d onde p arece n o c abe u na p ers ona ; t amb i& I p rovoca s aber c on q u6 s e a lumbraban e n e sas p rofund id ades . 1 98

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