Coptic: A Learning Grammar (Sahidic) (Subsidia Et Instrumenta Linguarum Orientis) 3447058943, 9783447058940

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Jo h a n n a B rankaer

A Lea r n i ng G ra m ma r (Sa h id je)

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Brankaer · Coptic Learning Grammar

This textbook is written for students who are new to Coptic and for those who already have a first understanding of the language. The approach allows for classroom teaching as well as for private study. The book consists of two main parts, elements and con­ structions, followed by application exercises and a selection of texts. The student gradually learns the Coptic constructions (nominal articulation and different kinds of sentences) with reference to the elements that are relevant for each construction. The Coptic learning Grammar is not only a teaching method for Sahidic, the »classical« Coptic dialect, it can also be used as a reference tool for students who are already familiar with the language. The con­ cept of the book allows for a systematic use, as well as for didactic purposes. It offers a clear survey of the basics of Coptic grammar and the exercises necessary to master those basics.

Harrassowitz

Subsidia et Instrumenta Linguarum Orientis (SILO) Herausgegeben von /Edited by Reinhard G. Lehmann 1

2010

Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden

Johanna Brankaer

Coptic A Learning Grammar (Sahidic)

2010

Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden

Text on the cover: Gospel of Thomas 2, 92a, 94: Jesus said: let him who seeks not stop seeking until he finds. And when he finds, he will be disturbed. And when he is disturbed, he will be astonished And he will rule over the all. Jesus said: seek and you will find. Jesus said: he who seeks will find And he who knocks, it will be opened to him.

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Bibliographie information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.

For further information about our publishing program consult our website http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de © Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden 2010 This work, including all of its parts, is protected by copyright. Any use beyond the limits of copyright law without the permission of the publisher is forbidden and subject to penalty. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. Printed on permanent/durable paper.

Logo: Semitic inscription on the top of a foundation nail. Period of the Amorite Kingdoms (2004-1595 BCE). Larsa, Babylon. © akg-images/Erich Lessing. Printing and binding: AZ Druck und Datentechnik GmbH, Kempten Printed in Germany ISSN 1867-8165 ISBN 978-3-447-05894-0

Table o f contents Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................... VII Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 References....................................................................................................................... 7 Part I: E l e m e n t s ...............................................................................................................

13

Pronouns and determiners............................................................................................... N ouns.............................................................................................................................. Numerals......................................................................................................................... Prepositions................................................................. Adverbs........................................................................................................................... Verbs ...................................................................

15 19 29 31 35 37

Part II: C onstructions ...................................................................................................

45

Nominal articulation ....................................................................................................... The nominal sentence .............................................................. The durative sentence ........................................... The suffixically conjugated verboid............................................................................... The existential and the indicational sentence ................................................................. The non-durative sentence.............................................................................................. The causative infinitive...................................................................................................

47 51 57 65 67 69 81

Part III: Complex sentences ..........................................................................................

83

Main clauses ................................................................................................................... Subordinate clauses ........................................................................................................ Relative clauses .............................................................................................................. Cleft sentences ................................................................................................................

85 87 95 99

Part IV: Ex er c ises ............................................................................................................ 101

Exercise 1 ................................................... Exercise 2 ........................................................................................................................ Exercise 3 ........................................................................................................................ Exercise 4 ........................................................................................................................ Exercise 5 ........................................................................................................................ Exercise 6 ........................................................................................................................ Exercise 7 ........................................................................................................................ Exercise 8 ........................................................................................................................ Exercise 9 ........................................................................................................................ Exercise 10...................................................................................................................... Exercise 11......................................................................................................................

103 105 106 108 108 109 110 Ill 112 112 112

VI

Table of contents

Part V: Selection of t e x t s ............................................................................................ 113

Luke 15:11-32: the prodigal son .................................................................................... The apophthegmata patrum ............................................................................................. A catechesis of Theodoras .............................................................................................. The Homily on the Church o f the Rock, attributed to Timothy TEluros.......................... Anti-chalcedonian fragment............................................. Shenoute, on the Ethiopian invasions ....................................................... Shenoute, On women’s piety .......................................................................................... The three steles of Seth (NHC VII, 5) ............................................................................ The Gospel of Mary (BG 1 ) ...........................................................................................

115 117 122 125 129 131 133 136 139

Glossaries & In d e x ........................................................................................................... 143

Coptic glossary................................................................................................................ Greek glossary................................................................................................................. Glossary of proper nouns ................................................................................................ Glossary of nomina sacra............................................................................................ Grammatical index..........................................

145 175 185 186 187

C oncordances & Paradigm s .......................................................................................... 191

Concordance with some existing grammars ................................ 193 Concordance of grammatical terms ................................................................................ 197 Grammatical paradigms .................................................................................................. 199

Acknowledgments A first version of this textbook has been conceived as a syllabus for the course Coptic, elementary level, at the Oriental Institute of the Universite Catholique de Louvain-laNeuve. It was prepared under the direction of Jean-Marie Sevrin, whom I’d like to thank for taking the initiative for this book. While working at this project we had many stimulating discussions, which I’m also grateful for. I would also like to thank Hans-Gebhard Bethge and Uwe Karsten-Plisch who have both supported me with their revision of the text, their suggestions and critical remarks. Katharina Greschat has been a great supervisor in both allowing me to write this gram­ mar and encouraging me from the beginning till the end. Diane Abs revised the English text of this grammar, which I am really greatful for. Any remaining mistakes are mine own. I am furthermore grateful to the people of Harrassowitz-Verlag, especially Julia Guthmiiller, who made this text look good. I would also like to thank my editor, Reinhard Lehmann, chief editor of the series SILO, for accepting this book in this great series and for supporting me during the whole prepar­ ation of the learning grammar. I am finally indebted to all my students of Coptic, at the Universite Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve and at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, who allowed me to test and improve this method. Jena and Overijse, November 2009

Johanna Brankaer

Introduction About this book Initially, a French version of this book was conceived as a textbook for the course Coptic I taught at the Universite Catholique de Louvain (30 hours). It should be useful as well for teaching Coptic as for learning it yourself. The book consists of five parts. The first three are concerned with learning Coptic grammar. Part four consists of exercises to apply what you have learned in the corres­ ponding grammatical chapters. Finally there is a selection of texts, which will allow you to gain more in-depth knowledge of the language as well as of some aspects of Coptic culture. Both the exercises and the texts have cross-references to the grammatical part of this book. The grammatical part is conceived as a systematic synthesis of what one finds in the existing basic grammars, textbooks and some unpublished workbooks. Since this book was conceived first, the Coptic Grammar by Bentley Layton has established itself as the reference grammar. In order to make it easier for students to use this grammar, the same terminology has been used here. In annex, however, you will find a glossary with the equivalents of some terms used in other grammars and textbooks. The grammatical part of this textbook consists of three main sections, elements, con­ structions and complex sentences. I suggest that in a teaching context, you start with the constructions and learn the elements as they show up in the constructions and the complex sentences. This will allow you to progress steadily without having too much baggage to carry along from the start. A system of cross-references makes it possible to ‘commute’ between both grammar parts and the exercises and texts. The elements are in way the buil­ ding stones you use when learning Coptic sentence constructions. The exercises are also conceived in this way. They follow the rhythm of the constructions. If you work in this way, you will also have dealt with all the elements at the end of the constructions. The systematic presentation of elements and constructions is also conceived for later reference. This book should be useful as a basic grammar for students who have already familiarised themselves with the Coptic language. This course is meant to familiarize the students progressively with the different kinds of Coptic sentences. This is done in the constructions part, after a first chapter on nominal articulation. All of the examples given in this book are analysed. The separators used to distinguish all elements are * for the prepersonal bound state, - for the prenominal bound state and a full stop to separate all other elements (e.g. article and noun). There is no method to learn the Coptic vocabulary in this book. At the end you will find a glossary of all the Coptic and Greek words used in the book, in the grammatical examples as well as in the exercises and texts. It is recommended to learn the vocabulary gradually as

2

Introduction

you find it in the examples and exercises, so you can draw up a list of the words you have encountered.

Coptic The term ‘Coptic’ The word ‘Coptic’ is derived from the Arabic term qubti, which was used by the Arabs to refer to the (mostly Christian) inhabitants of Egypt. The Arabic is on its turn a loan word from the Greek, αίγύπτιος (Aigyptios). Originally the term Coptic referred to the descendants of the ancient Egyptians, to distinguish them from foreign, more recent, groups of the population. The Coptics from Antiquity referred to their language as T.MNT-pM.NK H M e (tementremenkeme), which signifies an abstract category (mnt -) in relation to the humans (pM) of Egypt (Κ Η Μ β). The term Coptic gradually lost its ethnic and linguistic meaning to refer specifically to the Christians of Egypt - in order to distinguish them from e.g. Muslims. The Egyptian Church played an important role in the first centuries of the Christian era. The patriarchs of Alexandria were among the most powerful. The monachism that was bom on Egyptian soil with inspiring figures, such as Anthony, influenced similar movements all over the Chris­ tian world. In the aftermath of the Council of Chalcedon (451) the Egyptian church was the first ‘national church’ to break with byzantine authority. The term ‘national church’ does not imply that the authority of this church was confined to the borders of Egypt. It extended to Libya (the region of Pentapolis) and Ethiopia (around Axum). One should take care not to identify the Coptic church with the Coptic language. In Antiquity the official language of the ‘Coptic’ church remained Greek, even though important texts, like the Easter Letters of the Alexandrian bishops were immediately translated into Coptic for the use of the local bishops. An important part of Coptic literature of all sorts was actually translated from Greek. It was above all the monastic environment that produced a rich original Coptic literature, as it was the case with the Pachomian mo­ nasteries in Tabbenese and Pbow and the White monastery of Shenoute. The use of the Coptic language was progressively abandoned in favour of Arabic after the muslim conquest of Egypt (642). After the 10th century, Coptic documents become very rare. From the 13th century onwards, however, there was a growing interest from Arabic scholars in the Coptic language. They published Coptic grammars in Arabic, as well as works dealing with philological, literary and cultural topics. The last important examples of Coptic as a spoken language have been attested in the 15th century1. Most of the Copts today speak Arabic. Only in liturgy some traces of Coptic (mixed up with Greek formulas) are preserved. The situation of Coptic in Egypt is in a way similar to that of Latin in the Christian West.

1 Cf. J. Vergote, Grammaire Copte, t. Ia, 1-2.

Coptic

3

The Coptic language From a linguistic point of view Coptic represents the last stage of ancient Egyptian (ca. 300-1000 A.D.)· Egyptian is a linguistic group in itself, which presents some affinities with Semitic languages and some African languages. One should not confound the Coptic language and the Coptic writing (that is, the Greek alphabet with some supplementary signs). Language and writing have not evolved simul­ taneously in Egypt2. The most ancient writing systems, hieroglyphic and hieratic, were still used in later periods, up to the Ptolemaic, Roman and Byzantine time (332 B.C. - 641 B.C.). From the late Empire on, Middle Egyptian was at that time still used as a literary language, but it was not spoken anymore. From the New Empire onwards (ca. 1570 B.C.) New Egyptian became the dominant language, which evolved into Demotic (the ‘popular’ language) and eventually into Coptic in Christian times. There are, however, already before that period some attestations of Egyptian in Greek writing. Linguistically this language does not correspond with the Coptic stage, but still with Demotic, even though these texts or words are often qualified as O ld Coptic’. Greek letters were mostly used instead of Egyptian signs where pronunciation matters. The previous Egyptian writing systems have no notation of vowels. It is thus no surprise to find ‘Coptic’ writing in e.g. magic texts. Coptic is of great interest for the study of the Egyptian language. It is the first time in its history that the vowels are written. The use of a simple writing system, consisting of the Greek alphabet with some supplementary signs, made written Egyptian more accessible than it was before. As the final stage of the Egyptian language, Coptic has also been considerably influen­ ced by Greek, which was the official language of the Coptic church. This influence is most­ ly limited to the vocabulary. Greek words are not only used for technical terms or in trans­ lations. They also very often occur in orginal Coptic writings, such as the works of Shenoute. On a purely grammatical level the influences are less conspicuous. Some Greek conjunctions are used to introduce certain Coptic adverbial subordinate clauses. Later Coptic texts can also show an influence of Arabic. This has however very few consequences for the vocabulary and was never as important as the Greek influence. Dialects Coptic dialectology has developed over the last decades into a discipline in itself. There was hardly any real standardisation in Coptic. Many dialects existed next to one another. Each one of these dialects has its own variants and many texts have a very mixed dialectical profile. The overview you find here is limited to the dialects mentioned in Crum’s Coptic Dictionary. S Sahidic is the main southern dialect of Egypt, but it spread very quickly to the entire Nile Valley. It became the dominant literary language in the ‘classical’ period. The oldest Sahidic texts are dated around 300 A.D. Of all Coptic dialects Sahidic has the least particularities and the most in common with the others. It therefore offers a good introduction in Coptic. 2 Cf. Cl. Obsomer, Egyptien hiiroglyphique. Grammaire pratique du moyen egyptien et exercices d ’application (Langues et cultures anciennes, 1), Bruxelles 2003, 10-11.

4

Introduction

B Bohairic is the main northern dialect, spoken originally in the Nile Delta. It is played a predominant role from the 9th century onwards, due to the importance of the monas­ teries in the Wadi Natrun. Since the 11th century, Bohairic is the official language of the Coptic liturgy. F Fayumic is the dialect spoken in the oasis of Fayum (ttiom). M Middle Egyptian or Oxyrhynchic was mainly spoken around Oxyrynchus. A2 or L Subakhrtiimic or Lycopolitanic was a southern dialect that was probably over­ shadowed by the spread of Sahidic. A Akhmimic is another southern dialect. It represents probably the most ancient linguistic stage of all known Coptic dialects. It is probably originary from the surroundings of the Town of Akhmim (Nord of Thebes). Like A2/L this dialect has probably been abandoned in favour of Sahidic. Alphabet and orthography Coptic uses the Greek alphabet with some supplementary signs taken from Demotic. The letters can also have numeral value (cf. 085). The order of the Greek alphabet is preserved. The supplementary Coptic signs are put at the end. Here is a list with the alphabet, the names of the individual letters and their English equivalents. X B

r Λ. e 2 H Θ

1 K Λ M N S O

π P c T Y

Φ X

Φ CD

alpha beta gamma delta epsilon zeta eta theta iota kappa lambda mu nu xi omicron pi rho sigma tau upsilon phi khi psi omega

a b(v) g d e z e th i k 1 m n X

0 P r s t u ph kh ps Ö

Coptic

φ

q j> 2 2 X 6 Ί*

shai phai khai khai hori djandja kjima ti

5

ch f kh (only in B) kh (only in A) h dj

tch, ky (palatalyzed) ti

The snperlinear stroke is another orthographical element. When it is written above a consonant (e.g. N), it indicates the existence of a muted vowel preceding this consonant. In many manuscripts the use of the superlinear stroke is not entirely consistent. Sometimes the superlinear stroke seems interchangeable.with e. Γ, Λ. and Z only occur in words of Greek origin. In some cases Z is used as an equivalent of c (XNCHBe and XNZHBe, school). Γ can also be used instead of K. (often after N, e.g. Γ for K, the suffix pronoun of the 2nd pers. m. sg.). Some letters are the equivalent of two other letters:

θ =τ +2 φ =π +2 x = κ. + 2 £ = K. + C

φ =π +c φ = τ + i. φ ο = ΤΤ·2θ, the face; pox = ροκ.2, to be burned·, ACUS = xcdkc, to bite; φρΗΝΗ = T.eipHNH, the peace In Greek words these letters usually keep their original value and they are not neces­ sarily counted as two letters (this is important e.g. in knowing which article has to be used). I and ei can both represent the phoneme [i] (eiNe, to bring; cib t , pea) or the semivocal [j] (eicOT,father; XOI, ship). ο γ can also function as a vowel (moyn , to stay) and as semivocal (ο γ χ , a, one). The semivocal is written as a simple γ after X, e and H (NAY, to see). N is assimilated before Μ, π, φ , φ and becomes M (m.hxo hthc m- mcuychc, Moses ’ disciples). There is no assimilation when M or π have the superlinear stroke (N.MCX2> l^e crocodiles) or if the Mwas originally a N. N can be completely assimilated before B, p or λ. (p.pcUMe for N.pcuMe, the humans). Haplography: a doubled consonant is often only written once (MNTH for mnt - t h , fifteen). Dittography: more rarely a consonant is doubled for no apparent reason. This is often the case of N followed by a vowel.

6

Introduction

Bibliography Textbooks and Grammars Aufrere, Sydney H./Bosson, Nathalie (eds.), Guillaume Bonjour, Elementa linguae copticae, grammaire inedite du XVJIe siede (Cahiers d’orientalisme 24), Geneve 2005. Lambdin, Thomas O., Introduction to Sahidic Coptic, Macon, GA, Mercer University Press, 1983. Layton, Bentley, A Coptic Grammar, (Porta Linguarum Orientalium, 20), Wiesbaden 2000; Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Wiesbaden 2004. — , Coptic in 20 Lessons. Introduction to Sahidic Coptic with Exercises and Vocabularies, Leuven/Paris/Dudley, MA 2007. Mallon, Alexis, Grammaire Copte. Bibliographie. Chrestomathie. Vocabulaire, Quatrieme έάίίϊοη revue par M. Malinine, Beyrouth 1956 (1907). Plisch, Uwe-Karsten, Einführung in die Koptische Sprache. Sahidischer Dialekt, (Sprachen und Kulturen des Christlichen Orients, 5), Wiesbaden, 1999. Polotsky, Hans Jakob, Collected papers, Jeusalem 1971. — , Grundlagen des koptischen Satzbaus (American Studies in Papyrology 27-28), Decatur, Georgia 1987, 1990. Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Coptic Grammatical Categories. Structural studies in the syntax of Shenoutean Sahidic (Analecta Orientalia 53), Roma 1986. — , Coptic Grammatical Chrestomathy, (Orientalia Lovaniensa Analecta, 30), Leuven 1988. Steindorff, Georg, Koptische Grammatik mit Chrestomathie , Wörterverzeichnis und Literatur (Porta Linguarum Orientalium, 14), Hamburg 1979 (Berlin 1894). Sterling, Gregory E., Coptic Paradigms: A Summary o f Sahidic Coptic Morphology, Leuven 2008. Stem, Ludwig, Koptische Grammatik, Osnabrück 1971 (Leipzig 1880). Till, WalterC., Koptische Grammatik (saudischer Dialekt), Leipzig 1955, 19612, 19663, 19866. —, Koptische Dialektgrammatik, München 19612. Vergüte, J., Grammaire Copte I a/b, II a/b (Parties synchronique et diachronique), Leuven 1973, 1983. Walters, C.C., An Elementary Coptic Grammar o f the Sahidic Dialect, Oxford 1972. Garitte, G., Cours de copte (unpublished syllabus), Universite catholique de Louvain. Quaegebeur, J., Koptisch: elementaire grammatica van het Sahidisch (unpublished syllabus), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven 1994.

Dictionaries Crum, W. E., A Coptic Dictionary, Oxford, Clarendon Press 1939 (reprint en 2000). Kasser, Rodolphe, Compliments au Dictionnaire Copte de Crum, (Bibl. d’Etudes Copies 7), Le Caire 1964. Smith, Richard H., A Concise Coptic Dictionary (SBL dissertation series 13), Grand Rapids, Michigan 1983. , Westendorf, Wolfhart, Koptisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg 1965-1977. Cemy, Jaroslav, Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge 1976. Vycichl, Werner, Dictionnaire Etymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven 1983. Böhlig, Alexander, Ein Lexikon der Griechischen Wörter im Koptischen (Studien zur Erforschung des christlichen Aegyptens), München 19583. Förster, Hans,Wörterbuch der griechischen Wörter in den koptischen dokumentarischen Texten (Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur 148), Berlin 2002.

References Acts

Homer, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise Called Sahidic and Thebaic, 1-7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol 6.

Aeg

Lagarde, P. de, Aegyptiaca, Göttingen, 1883.

lApocJames

Brankaer, J./Bethge, H.-G., Codex Tchacos (Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur 161), Berlin 2007.

2ApocJames

Funk, W.-P., Die zweite Apokalypse des Jakobus aus Nag- Hammadi-Codex V (Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur 119), Berlin 1976.

ApocPeter

Havelaar, H.W., The Coptic Apocalypse o f Peter (nag-Hammadi-Codex VII,3) (Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur 144), Berlin 1999.

Apoph.Patr.

Chaine, M., Le manuscrit de la version copte en dialecte sahidique des «Apophthegmata patrum» (Institut franfais d’archeologie orientale, Bibliotheque d’etudes coptes, 4), Le Caire, 1960.

Besa

Kuhn, K.H., Letters and Sermons o f Besa (Corpus scriptorum Christianorum orientalium, 313), Louvain, 1970.

BG

Till, W., Die gnostische Schriften des koptischen Papyrus Berolinensis 8502, Berlin, 1955.

BHom

Budge, E.A.W., Coptic Homilies in the Dialect o f Upper Egypt, London, 1910.

BMis

Budge, E.A.W., Miscellaneous Coptic Texts in the Dialect o f Upper Egypt, London, 1915.

Br

Schmidt, C., Gnostische Schriften in koptischer Sprache aus dem Codex Brucianus (Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur 8, 1/2), Leipzig, 1892.

C.O.

Crum, W.E., Coptic Ostraca (Special Extra Publication of the Egypt Exploration Fund), London, 1902.

ICor

Homer, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise Called Sahidic and Thebaic, 1-7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol. 4.

2Cor

Homer, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise Called Sahidic and Thebaic, 1-7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol. 4.

Deut

Ciasca, A., Sacrorum Bibliorum fragmenta copto-sahidica Musei Borgiani issu et sumptibus S. Congregationis de Propaganda Fide edita, vol. 1, Roma, 1885; Kasser, R., Papyrus Bodmer XVIII: Deuteronome I-X, 7 en sahidique, Cologny-Geneve, 1962.

DialSav

Letoumeau, P., Le dialogue du sauveur (NH III,5) (Bibliotheque Copte de Nag Hammadi, section Textes 29), Quebec/Louvain-Paris 2003.

8

References

Eph

Horner, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise CalledSahidic and Thebaic, 1-7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol. 5;

ExAn

Kulawik, C., Die Erzählung über die Seele (Nag-Hammadi Codex 11,6) (Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur 155), Berlin 2006.

Gal

Homer, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise Called Sahidic and Thebaic, 1-7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol. 5.

Gen

Ciasca, A., Sacrorum Bibliorum fragmenta copto-sahidica Musei Borgiani issu et sumptibus S. Congregationis de Propaganda Fide edita, vol. 1, Roma, 1885; Maspero, G., Fragments de la version thebaine de I'Ancien Testament (Memoires publies par les membres de la mission archeologique frangaise au Caire, 4/1), Paris, 1892; Wessely, C., Griechische und koptische Texte theologischen Inhalts, vol. 4 (Studien zur Palaeographie und Papyruskunde, 15), Leizig, 1914.

GosJud

Brankaer, J./Bethge, H.-G., Codex Tchacos (Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur 161), Berlin 2007.

GreatSeth

Painchaud, L., Le deuxieme traite du grand Seth (NH VII,2) (Bibliotheque Copte de Nag Hammadi, section Textes 6), Quebec 1982.

Heb

Homer, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise Called Sahidic and Thebaic, 1-7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol. 5.

HM

Till, W., Koptische Heiligen- und Martyrerlegenden : Texte, Übersetzungen und Indices, 1-2 (Orientalia Christiana analecta 102, 108), Roma, 1935, 1936.

Jas

Homer, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise Called Sahidic and Thebaic, 1-7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol 7.

Jer

Feder, F., Biblia Sahidica: Ieremias, Lamentationes (Threni), Epistula Ieremiae et Baruch (Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristliche Literatur, 147), Berlin-New York, 2002.

John

Horner, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise Called Sahidic and Thebaic, 1-7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol. 3.

lJohn

Horner, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise Called Sahidic and Thebaic, 1-7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol. 7.

3John

Homer, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise Called Sahidic and Thebaic, 1-7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol. 7.

Job

Ciasca, A., Sacrorum Bibliorum fragmenta copto-sahidica Musei Borgiani issu et sumptibus S. Congregationis de Propaganda Fide edita, vol. 2, Roma, 1889

Judg

Thompson, H., A Coptic Palimpsest containing Joshua, Judges, Ruth, Judith, and Esther in the Sahidic Dialect, London, 1911.

K

Unpublished Coptic text from the Wiener Papyrussammlung, taken from Till.

LetPetPhil

Bethge, H.-G., Der Brief des Petrus an Philippus. Ein neutestamentliches Apokryphen (Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur 141), Berlin 1997

References

9

LibThom

Schenke, H.-M., Das Thomas-Buch (Nag-Hammadi-Codex 11,7) (Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur 138), Berlin 1989.

Luke

Homer, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise Called Sahidic and Thebaic, 1-7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol. 2.

Mark

Homer, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise Called Sahidic and Thebaic, 1-7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol. 1.

Morgan

Manuscript from the Pierpont Morgan Library (New York), taken from Layton.

Matt

Homer, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise Called Sahidic and Thebaic, 1-7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol. 1.

Mun

Munier, H., Catalogue general des antiquites egyptiennes du musee du Caire, n° 9201-9304: manuscrits copies, Le Caire, 1916.

Num

Schleifer, J., bruchstücke der Sahidischen Bibelübersetzung (Sitzungsberichte der kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, philosophisch-historische Klasse, 170/1), Wien, 1909, 1911, 1912.

P

Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, fonds copte (unpublished manuscripts).

Pach

Lefort, L.Th., S. Pachomii vitae sahidice scriptae (Corpus scriptorum Christianorum orientalium, 99), Paris, 1933.

ParSem

Roberge, M., La paraphrase de Sem (Bibliotheque Copte de Nag Hammadi, section Textes 25), Quebec/Louvain-Paris 2000.

IPet

Homer, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise Called Sahidic and Thebaic, 1-7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol. 7.

2Pet

Horner, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise Called Sahidic and Thebaic, 1—7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol. 7.

PCod

Crum, W.E., Der Papyruscodex saec. VI—VII der Philippsbibliothek in Cheltenham (Schriften der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft in Straßburg, 18. Heft), Straßburg, 1915.

Phil

Homer, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise Called Sahidic and Thebaic, 1-7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol. 5.

ProtTrim

Poirier, P.-H., La Pensee premiere a la triple forme (NH XIII, 1) (Bibliotheque Copte de Nag Hammadi, section Textes 32), Quebec/Louvain-Paris 2006.

Prov

Worrell, W., The Proverbs o f Solomon in Sahidic Coptic according to the Chicago Manuscript (University of Chicago, Oriental Institue Publications, 12), Chicago, 1931.

Ps

Budge, E.A.W., The Earliest Known Coptic P salter: The Text, in the Dialect o f Upper Egypt, Edited from the Unique Papyrus Codex Oriental 5000 in the British Museum, London, 1889; Worrell, W., The Coptic Psalter in the Freer collection, New York, 1916.

PS

Schmidt, C., Pistis Sophia (Coptica 2), Kobenhagen, 1925.

PSFA

Elanskaya, A.I., Coptic literary texts o f the Pushkin State Fine Arts Museum in MoscoVv (Studia Aegyptiaca 13), Budapest 1991.

10

References

Rev

Homer, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise Called Sahidic and Thebaic, 1-7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol. 7.

Rom

Homer, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise Called Sahidic and Thebaic, 1-7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol. 4.

Rossi

Rossi, l.,Ipapiri copti del Museo egizio di Torino, Torino, 1887-1892.

ISam

Kuhn, K.H., The Coptic (Sahidic) Version o f Kingdoms I, II (Samuel I, II) (Corpus scriptorum Christianorum orientalium, 313), Louvain, 1970.

Sextus

Poirier, P.-H., Les sentences de Sextus (NH XII,1), Fragments (NH A//,3),Painchaud, L., Platon, Fragment de la R0publique (NH VI, 5) (Bibliotheque Copte de Nag Hammadi, section Textes 11), Quebec 1983.

Shill

Leipoldt, J., Sinuthii Archimandritae Vita et Opera Omnia (Corpus scriptomm Christianorum orientalium, 42), Paris, 1908.

ShIV

Leipoldt, J., Sinuthii Archimandritae Vita et Opera Omnia (Corpus Christianorum orientalium, 73), Louvain, 1954.

ShAmel

Amelineau, E., CEuvres de Schenoudi, 1-2, Paris, 1907, 1914.

ShChass

Chassinat, E., Le quatrieme livre des entretiens et eptlres de Shenouti (Institut fran^ais d’archeologie orientale du Caire, Memoires, 23), le Caire, 1911.

ShEnch

Shisha-Halevy, A., “Unpublished Shenoutiana in the Britisch Library”, Enchoria 5, 1975, p. 149-185.

ShLefort

Lefort, L.Th., “Catechese christologique de Chenoute”, Zeitschrift für aegyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 80, 1955, p. 40-45.

ShMiss

Amelineau, E., Monuments pour servir ä l ’histoire de l ’Egypte chr0tienne aux ive et ve siecles (Mission Archeologique Frangaise au Caire, Memoires, 4), Paris, 1888.

ShOr

Shisha-Halevy, A., “Two new Shenoute Texts from the British Library”, Orientalia 44, 1975, p. 149-185.

ShRE

Guerin, H., “Sermons inedits de Senouti”, dans Revue Egyptologique 10, 1902, p. 148-164.

Silv

Zandee, J., The Teachings o f Silvanus (Nag Hammadi Codex VII,4), Text, Translation, Commentary, Leiden 1991.

Sir

Thompson, H., The Coptic (Sahidic) Version o f certain books o f the Old Testament from a papyrus in the British Museum, Oxford, 1908

Song

Thompson, H., The Coptic (Sahidic) version o f certain books o f the Old Testament from a Papyrus in the British Museum, London, 1908.

StelesSeth

Claude, P., Les trois steles de Seth (Bibliotheque Copte de Nag Hammadi, section Textes 8), Quebec 1983.

IThess

Homer, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise Called Sahidic and Thebaic, 1-7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol. 5.

Till

Till, W.C., Koptische Grammatik, Leipzig, 19612.

References

11

ITim

Homer, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise CalledSahidic and Thebaic, 1-7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol. 5.

2Tim

Homer, G., The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect Otherwise Called Sahidic and Thebaic, 1-7, Oxford, 1911-1924, vol. 5.

Tob

Maspero, G., Fragments de la version thäbaine de ΓAnden Testament (Memoires publies par les membres de la mission archeologique frangaise au Caire, 4/1), Paris, 1892.

TT

Crum, W.E., Theological Texts from Coptic Papyri (Anecdota Oxoniensia), Oxford, 1913.

V.A.

Garitte, G., S. Antonii vitae versio Sahidica (Corpus scriptorum Christianorum orientalium, 117), Paris, 1949.

Wess

Wessely, C., Griechische und Koptische Texte theologischen Inhalts, 1-5 (Studien zur Paläographie und Papyruskunde 9, 11, 12, 15, 18), 1909-1917.

Z

Zoega, G., Catalogus codicum copticorum manu scriptorum qui in Museo Borgiano Velitris adservantur: Avec une introduction historique et des notes bibliographiques par.Joseph-Marie Sauget, Hildesheim, 1973 (Roma, 1810).

Za

Maspero, G., Fragments de la version thibaine de l ’Ancien Testament (Memoires publies par les membres de la mission archeologique franqaise au Caire, 4/1), Paris, 1892.

Part I: Elements

Pronouns and determiners f^.'/The personal pronoun·„■.·f The independent personal pronoun 001. The independent personal pronouns are only used in apposition to make the subject explicit or to emphasize it (cf. 202). They can also express the predicate (cf. 208). 002. The independent personal pronoun can in some cases be used instead of the suffixed

pronoun. This can imply a shift in meaning. E.g. Nca. NToq (except for him) and NCCD^Cj (after him). pi)3v' These are the full forms of the independent personal pronoun: 1 2 m. 2 f. 3 m. 3 f.

sg. Ä.NOK ΝΤΟΚ ΝΤΟ NToq NTOC

pl. λΝΟΝ NTCOTN Ν τοογ

004. The unstressed (reduced) form of the independent personal pronoun is used as the

prefixed subject of the nominal sentence (cf. 191,200). 1 2 m. 2 f. 3 m. 3 f.

sg. λΝΓ NTK

pl. 3lN(N) NTCTN

Ν τε NTq

(ΝΤΟΟγ)

(NTOC)

The prefixed personal pronoun These personal pronouns are used for the subject of the durative sentence (cf. 224). sg. 1 2 m. 2 f. 3 m. 3 f.

t K (r)

pl. TN τε τΝ

τ β (τρ)

q

ce

c

006. The K of the 2nd pers. sg. is often assimilated to r after the N of negation.

Elements

16

t-,The personal suffixes ^ The pronominal suffixes can be attached to: - prepositions in the prepersonal state (cf. 093); - certain common nouns (cf. 048); - transitive infinitives (cf. 119); - the possessive pronoun and article (cf. 020, 021); - the conjugation bases of the non-durative sentence (cf. 308); - the conjugation bases of the four converters (cf. 145-148). 1 sg. 2 sg. m. 2 sg. f.

Ά

0 *τε

3 sg. m. 3 sg. f. lp l. 2 pi. 3 pi.

after a simple vowel after a doubled consonant (after T: (after N often r ) after a simple vowel after a consonant after a doubled vowel

> ρλτ)

*TN *THYTN *ογ

008. For the 2nd pers. pi. a short vowel preceding the suffix ^TN becomes long, e-, epo* (prep, to) > eptu^TN 009. The suffix t h y t n for the 2nd pers. pi. is usually used after T. It can express a re­ flexive meaning (gCDTTHYTN, you yourselves). Normally THYTN is treated as a nomen after the prenominal status. 010. The suffix for the 3rd pers. pi. *ογ sis written

after X, e , and H.

011. The suffix #coy, *ce for the 3rd pers. pi. is used with certain verbs ( χ ο ο γ , to send; TNNOOY, to send; τ ο ο γ , to buy) and with the imperatives λρΕ, do!, and ΛΝΙ^, bring! (cf. 136). It is also used for the object of o y n t ^ / mnt * (cf. 157).

"Li. Dcnionstrativdf There are two sets of demonstrative pronouns in Coptic. Each set has three forms: - masculine starting with π ; - feminine starting with T;

- plural (both masculine and feminine) starting with N. There is a whole set of determiners following this pattern (cf. 018-021).

Pronouns and determiners

17

IE •Πhe independent demonstrative pronouns are: - ΤΤΛ.Ι, ΤΛΙ, NAI (this, these) - TTH, ΤΗ, NH for a more remote person or object (that, those) There is also an unstressed form (without emphasis) of this pronoun: n e , T e, Ne This form of the demonstrative pronoun is used for the 3rd pers. subject of the nominal sentence (cf. 191, 206). V***■'■'■%% * emonstratne article ,1 | j The demonstrative article is always placed before a (common) noun. Its forms are: - n e i, Tei, ngi (this, these) - TTI, Ί", Nl (that, those) 016. The unstressed form of the demonstrative article is ττ/ n e t / t g n/ng . This form is

actually the definite article (cf. 054). Other demonstrative elements

017. The relative sentence 6ΤΜΜΛ.Υ (that is there) is used to refer to a more distant person or thing. It can be preceded by the article.

, C IW cssiw p u .n o im ^

iM S I The possessive pronoun is always followed bv the possessor. This can be a noun (with article) or a personal pronoun (suffixed). J i n the pronominal state the possessive pronoun has the form of the possessive prefix: ΤΓ2ι- Τ λ-, N2lThe possessive pronoun is followed by a noun with article (article phrase). This form is used to express filiation and is often an element of proper nouns. ΤΤΛ-ΤΤ.ρο, doorkeeper (the one o f the door) v TTA-T.cyeAGGT, bridegroom (the one o f the bride) TTA-MIN, Pamin (the one o f Min) NA-NGCTopiOC, the doctrines ofNestorius. 020. The prepersonal state of the possessive pronoun is: π α >#,

t c d *, n o y

*.

The pronominal suffix refers to the possessor (cf. 007). Νθγ=Ί THp^OY NOY^K. NG (John 17:10). Everything that is mine is yours.

18

Elements

J || p o ssessiv e a r tic lfg

III The possessive article,expresses the possessor of the word it determines. It consists basically of the article ne^, Te what about...? why? What about you?) Indefinite elements

024. The following are the most common indefinite pronouns and modifiers: ice (6e) (m.), κ ε τ β (f.), κ ο ο γ ε (pi.), other (cf. 075) ...NIM, every... (cf. 078) λ λ λ γ , someone, something-, with negation nobody, nothing oyoN, someone, something ο γ λ /o y ei (cf. 85), someone·, oya. ο γ λ , each £oeiN e, some

025. The noun is a lexeme (L a y to n ) or semanteme (VERGOTE), that is, an element of the vocabulary with specific meaning. There are but two classes of semantemes in Coptic: the noun and the verb. Though both classes are distinct, there are some interesting correspondences between them. Just like the verb some nouns also exist in a prenominal and/or a prepersonal state. Just like the object of a verb the genitive can be directly connected or through the preposition N-. On top of that, most infinitives can also function as a noun. 026. Nouns are lexemes or semantemes that can be actualized in two ways: - independently (with an article or other determining element). The noun then refers to a thought object (to be distinguished from a process, action, or relation). - as attribute.

027. There are only a small amount of ‘real’ adjectives in Coptic. One could therefore refer to gendered nouns and non-gendered nouns (L ayto n ) instead of substantives and adjectives. In fact many ‘substantives’ can also function as ‘adjectives’. C £lM e (f.), woman, wife·, eicuT (m.), father, bto con, bad, wicked', no 6, big. 028. One should distinguish between a denotative function and a descriptive function of a noun. The denotative function can only be fulfilled by gendered nouns, proper nouns and possessives. They denote one or more entities as particular instances of a class or a unique individual. v The descriptive function can be fulfilled by gendered nouns and non-gendered nouns. In this function they describe an entity referring to one or more of its characteristics. 029. Only gendered nouns can fulfil both functions. Normally however, they have a denotative function. When these nouns have a descriptive function the article does not necessarily correspond with the grammatical gender of the noun. E.g. M e {truth) is a feminine noun, but one can find the form TT.Me, which translates the Greek adjective ό άλητινός, the truthful. 030. As for the Greek words, the substantives are gendered nouns, the adjectives nongendered. 031. The neuter form of the Greek adjectives is however used to refer to ‘inanimates’ or things, the masculine form (or the feminine) is used with regard to persons. ΛΑΙΜΟΝΙΟΝ (m.), demon', ^eATTlc (f.), hope (=έλπις); ttictoc , faithful

Elements

20

Ν.εττίθγΜίΑ N-CApK.lK.ON (1 Pet 2:11), carnal desires. ογψγΧΗ M-TTICTH ν- αγαθη (Sextus 30:19f) a faithful good soul Comparative and superlative

032. There are no distinct forms for the comparative and the superlative in Coptic. They can mostly be inferred from the context. The second member of the comparison can be introduced by the prepositions e-, epo* and π α ρ α -, ττχρχρο». 033. The preposition e - can be emphasized by the word 2 ° Y ° (more). We find the following combinations: N-goyo e-, N-goye, e -^o y o e -, or e-^oye. λ φ tre ττ.Νοό (Matt 23:17). Which one is the biggest? ττ.κογι epo^q (Luke 7:28). The one who is smaller than him. q.ÖMÖOM N-goye epo^N (BHom 54:11). He is stronger than us.

034. Gender and number of a noun can normally be inferred from the article or some other determiner.

There arc^wo^gendcrsjin Coptic: masculine and feminine. Masculine Coptic nouns often end on a consonant or a short vowel, feminine nouns on e or a long vowel. 037. Greek masculine and feminine nouns keep their gender in Coptic. Greek neuter substantives are treated as masculine. TT;CCDMA (m.), the body (the Greek σώμα is neuter). 038. The infinitive as a verbal noun is masculine, π ε ^ , χ π ο , his birth. A certain number of Coptic nouns have masculine as well as feminine forms: CON φΗ ρε

eoq cabc

2ÄAO Ν ο γτε

brother son snake wise man old man god

εα>Νε ορ εερ ε

2o>q CX.BH 2ÄACU ΝΤίυρε

sister daughter snake wise woman old woman goddess

040. A noun is only gendered when it has a denotative function! (cf. 028)

Nouns

21

H In most cases the plural of a noun is only indicated by the article or some other deter­ miner. 042. There are, however, a number of nouns that have a separate form for the plural. In some cases this plural form exists as an alternative to the unchanged form and can express a specific nuance. aiigl This list contains some of the most frequent plural forms: ne

ττΗγε

λπε

ATTHye PTTHYG cypHY (often N.cyHpe)

pne cyHpe ροΜττε

ρΜττοογβ £ΒΗγβ

ecuB eicuT CON

eiOTe CNHY

CglMC

2ΙΟΜΘ

heaven head temple child year work, thing father brother woman, wife

044. Most of the Greek nouns do not have a special plural form. The frequent plural ending o o y e can however also be used for Greek words, ψ γ χ ο ο γ ε , souls enicT O A O oye, letters 045. The dual form as such does no longer exist in Coptic. There are however some traces of the use of the dualis. Some words, expressing a duality, can be treated as a singular or as a plural form. c tto to y

TTAeoY

oyepHTe

φΗΤ

lips buttocks feet two hundred (dualis of eye)

i

C. Bound state 046. There are three bound states in Coptic: the absolute state, the prenominal state and the prepersonal state. A noun can have one or more of these forms, which are listed under the absolute state in a dictionary. The absolute state is the noun in itself, independently. A noun in the prenominal state is followed by another noun that determines it. This is the genitive, expressing the possessor of the first noun. The prenominal state is indi­ cated by the marker -.

Elements

22

A noun in the prepersonal state has a personal pronoun immediately suffixed to it. This suffix often refers to the possessor. The prepersonal liaison is represented by the marker #. B M . Most of the Coptic nouns only exist in the absolute state fate. They 048. A limited number of Coptic nouns have a[prenomina only occur in combination with a determiner, that is another nouh' dr^ more often, the personal pronoun suffix. This category of nouns can be referred to as ‘possessed nouns’ (L ayto n 138-140). The possessor and the possessed are linked by an inherent, unalienable possession (S hisha - H alevy 171.1). This construction is however often replaced by the indirect genitive construction with the preposition(N- (cf. 175-178). Many of these words are used in the construction of complex prepositions (cf. 100). absolute

prenominal

prepersonal

translation

a.na.#

will end outside

ΚΟΥΝ(Τ)#,

eye bosom

ΚΟΥΟΥΝ# ΛΙΚ.Τ#

cover

BOA

Βλ-, ΒΛΝ-

AlPHX(Fj)# ΒΛΛ.Α#

eiA.

(eiep-, eiA.Fi-)

eiA/r#

po

pFi-

\\ 3 c_

pa.N

ρβΝ-

pFjT#

mouth name

PÄ.T# ΟΟγϋΐτ#

foot worth

TOOT# TOYCO#

hand breast, womb

φΑ,ΝΤ# 2HT#

nose foreside

ΖΗΤ*

belly face

coyeN Tcope

™ -, τ β ΤΟΥΝ-

φλ

2H 2H eo

2PN-, 2N-

2ΡΛ#

2POoy

ΖΡΟΥΝ(2 )τ ε -, (e)TN-

2ΡΑ.# 2HT#

voice

JCN-

2TH# XCU#

peak, spike head

2HT

heart

Nouns

23

D. Composite nouns 049. There are many composite nouns that consist of a noun in the |prenominal state\followed by a (non-gendered) noun. Here are some of the more frequent examples! MNT- (used to build abstract nouns):

MNTgaao, (old) age\ MNTgeepaioc, Hebrew ΜΝΤφλ eNeg, eternity MNTppo, rule, kingdom

PMN- (ptDMe N-), man of. PMNK.HMG, Egyptian pMpaKOTe, man from Alexandria ρΜΝΝογτβ, god-loving, pious φΒρ- (φΒΗρ,friend, companion): φΒρ2Μ2λλ,_/έ//ονν slave (σύνδουλος) φΒρΜλθΗΤΗΟ, classmate e ie n - (eione, work) (can also be linked to a noun with the preposition N - ) :

ε ι ε π φ ε , wooden, timber, ε ιε Π φ ο υ τ, commerce, merchandise e ie g - (eiiDZe ,field ) : e ie g e a o o a e , Vineyard·, εΐε^φΗ Ν , orchard pa.- (is used in words expressing a place or substantives with general meaning): pa.THY, air, heaven·, pa, state, condition c f - ( c t o i , odour): C'J'NOYqe, perfume·, C'J'BCUCUN, bad smell, stench φ ο γ - (φ a γ , useful, valuable): φΟγΜερίΤί), amiable·, π.φογτρε^Μογ, he who deserves to die

φ Ν - (φΗρε, child) sometimes φ ρ - : φΝεοΝ, son o f a brother (nephew)·, φρΒΟΧΟΝ, bad son φ ε Ν - ( c a φ , blow, strike, wound) sometimes ε φ - : φ C N a a c , punch·, φεΝΛΟΓΧΗ, lance stab gaM~, worker: gaMφe, carpenter, gaMNOYB, goldsmith aN-, chief: aNXCDJX, chief, captain

050. Other words are composed with the preposition N-. BCU, tree: BCD N- K.NTe,jig- tree; BCU Ν -ελΟ Ο λε, vine

Elements

24

Μλ, place'. M i M-ncUT, refuge', Μλ Ν- 6 λ Ο Ο λ 6 , vineyard MAC, small, little'. MAC M-Moyi, lion cub CA, man of. CA N-N62, oil merchant', CA n ~x i ~6 o x , liar

051. Still other words are composed with a prefix that is not a noun on itself. A T (negation), un-, without: α θ η τ ( a t - ^ h t ), foolish, unwise ATNAY epo^q, invisible (m.) 6 in - (+ infinitive; forms feminine nouns): όΐΝφΑΧε, word, conversation, story 6 iNcyo)Ne, illness

peq- (+ infinitive), man who...: peq'j'-^ATE /Wge; peqp-NOBe, sinner peqxi-ό θ Λ , liar__________________________________

052. The construct participle is a descriptive noun ( ‘adjective’) that expresses a generic verbal action. It is used to build non-gendered nouns. It is always applied to the cate­ gory of animates. Usually, it is linked with a noun without article (undetermined) (cf. 069). Here are some of the most common examples (the infinitive is given in brackets) MAI- (Me, to love): ΜΑΐΝΟγτβ, pious (loving God) X A C l- (X ice, to elevate): ■XACI 2h t >arrogant (high hearted) M A C T - (M O C T e ,

to hate)'.

M ACTNoyTe, impious (hating God) OYAM- (oycDM, to eat): OYAMpcUMe, cannibal (eating men)

qAi- (qi, to carry): qAiNA2 B, beast o f burden (carrying a yoke) 2 Α Λ 0 - ( 2 A o 6 , to be sweet): 2

x x 6 q j x x e , eloquent (of sweet words)

053. The construction with invariable Π 6 Τ - (substantivated relative sentence, cf. 466) is another way to build nouns. TT.eT.NANOY^q, the good (that, which is good)

Nouns

25

E'Delefrruncis f e r tig ©The definite article is the unstressed form of the demonstrative pronoun (cf. 016). m.

π (Tie)

f. pi.

T (τβ )

N (nb )

Hjfjjfc'One should pay attention to some particularities of Coptic orthography: TT+2 = φ T+2 = θ

τ +1 = φ Assimilation: N becomes M when followed by ττ/Β/φ/Μ. Before B, λ and p, the definite article can be completely assimilitated to B, Λ or p. 056. The longer forms πε-/τε-/Ν6- are used when the following noun begins with two consonants. TTB.gTO, the horse. ο γ and ι (ει) are considered as consonants: π ε -ο γ > ττεγ. θ , φ, X, φ, 2Ρ are considered as two consonants. Ν ε.θ γείχ, the offerings 6, X are each considered as one consonant. If one of the initial consonants is a sonant, both π and πε are possible. ττ.ρπε/πε.ρπε the temple ppo {king) and 2 ^ λ θ {old man) always have π. Words composed with MNT and pR (cf. 049) always have π. 057. The longer forms are also used with a number of words expressing time: π ε .ο γ ο ε ίφ , the time·, τε.ροΜ πε, the year, π ε .2 θ ο γ , the day·, τ ε .γ φ Η , the night·, τε.γ Ν ο γ , the hour. 058. Exception: ΤΤ.ΝΧγ, the time

059. The definite article is used to determine gender and number of nouns or nominal expressions. φα>Β (TT.gtUB), the thing, the work T.MB, the truth τ τ . π ε τ . ο γ χ χ Β , the saint (the one who is saint) 060. The definite article is used with certain proper nouns when these are familiar to the interlocutor. T.cxMxpix, Samaria 061. The definite article is used before the names of gods. π ,Ν ογτε, God Π Λ Π Ο λ λ ω Ν , Apollo

26

Elements

H The definite article is also used with a vocative. Te .c g lM e (John 2:4), Wife!

The indefinite article is derived from some indefinite pronouns. sg. ο γ (< ο γ λ , one) (cf. 085) pi. 2eN (< 2oeiN e, some) (cf. 024)

fggf. Please pay attention to Coptic orthography: e /λ + o y > e y /λ γ e of the indefinite ai tide

065. The indefinite article is used with abstract nouns: ογ.κλΚβ, darkness ογ,Μ Ν ΤλΤΤλΚ Ο , indestructibility 066. It is often used with material nouns: ογ.ΜΟΟγ, water 067. It is also used in adverbial expressions introduced by the preposition £N~ (cf. 098): ^ Ν -ο γ .Μ β , truly. 068. The indefinite article is also used with the predicate of the nominal sentence (cf. 192): λΝΓ ΟΥ.προφΗΤΗΟ, 1 a m a prophet(ess)

069. There is no article used before the second term in composites (prenominal state of a verb or noun followed by an undetermined noun or construct participle [cf. 052]). In some cases also after the preposition N-: n.peq.txi-cyoXNe, adviser 070. The negated term in negative sentences has no article. This is especially the case of non-existence or deprivation. 2βΝ.πΗΓΗ... βΜΝ-ΜΟΟγ N gtm oY (2Pet 2:17), springs without water N^r-TM-XIT^N egOYN e-TTeip^CMOc (Matt 6:13). And lead us not in temptation. M epe.peqxioye ga>N epo^q (Luke 12:33). No thief came close to him. 071. Undetermined elements in enumerations have no article: e iT e κογι e r r e n o 6 (HM 1 159:9), either small or big. 072. After certain prepositions, followed by undetermined elements, there is no article: φ λ - 6 ΝΒ2 , forever, until eternity 073. The predicate, after the preposition of identity N- has no article: Ν-ρΜΜλο (ShChass 85:34). Make yourself rich. Τλλ*Ύ Μ-ΜΝΤΝλ (Luke 12:33). Give them as alms. 074. After the preposition 2 cue (like, just as), there is no article: 2 cue OIK.ONOMOC (HM I I 11:22), as manager.

-

Nouns

27

Other determiners 075. K.e, other pi. 2eN.K.e ττ.κβ, the other K e can also mean also, too or more. It can also be used in combination with numerals (cf. 086). Ke.xcoOJHe, another book TT.Ke.OY2i, the other (one) Ne^y.Ke.c^p?., their flesh too 076. The possessive article (cf. 015) 077. The demonstrative article (cf. 021) 078. ...NIM'.every OYON NIM, everyone 2COB NIM, everything 079. The suffixed personal pronoun (cf. 007).

s

Ä

'Cardinal numbers

080. Just like in Greek, the letters are also used with numeric value. They have a supralinear stroke when used as numbers. For the number six, the Greek sign stigma (ζ) is used. 081. The numbers from 1 to 9 and 10, 20, and 30 have distinct forms for the feminine and

the masculine. 082. Some numbers have a secondary form (V ergote : etat construit), which is a kind of prenominal form used in composed numbers.

083. The numbers 1-9 have a special form, which is used in combination with decades. It is immediately attached to the preceeding decades. If the decade has a secondary form, this is used in the composite number. 084. The multiples of 100 and 1000 are written with the secondary form of the cipher

followed by φ β / φ θ , or with the absolute form of the cipher followed by the preposition n - and φ β / φ θ . 085. Table: 1 2

m OYA

f.

secondary form

with decades

A

ογβι

ογ-

ο γ ε (m )/oYei (f.)

B

CNAY

cN Te

CNOOYC (m.)/ c N o o Y c e (f.) φ Ο Μ τε

3 4

Γ &.

φΟΜΝΤ

φ Ο Μ τε

φ Μ Τ -, φ Μ Ν Τ -

qTooY

q T O (e )

q T O Y -, qTG Y-

5 6 7 8 9

e

to y

t(e )

s z H Θ

COOY c Α φ (}

c o (e ) CAφ qe

φ Μ ΟΥΝ

Φ Μ Ο ΥΝ 6

ψ ιο/ψ ιτ

ψ ιτε/ψ ιο ε

10 20 30 40 50

1

ΜΗΤ χο γα ττ ΜΑΑΒ

ic

Λ M N

Μ ΗΤβ jco Y C U Te MAABe 2 MG T A e io Y

A q Te

TH c e \-

Ace c A φ q (e ) φΜΗΝβ

M N Tχο γτMAB2 M e-, 2 M6 T Τ Α β ΙΟ γ -

Elements

30

60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 1000 2000 3000 10 000

s Ö π Me (BG 29:10), the first man n.Meg-CNAy N -gooy (Num 7:18), the second day rr.Meg-TAioy mn o ya m- ^ a a m o c , Psalm 51 ττ.Μογ M.Meg-CNAy (Rev 2:11), the second death M-TT.Meg-cen CNAy (Deut 9:18), the second time

Prepositions 093. Prepositions normally have a nominal or pronominal complement. They usually have two bound states: (1) the prenominal state, when they introduce a noun, a nominal locution or an independent pronoun (except for the personal pronoun); (2) the prepersonal state when they introduce a personal pronoun suffix. 094. There are however some ‘defective’ prepositions, that is preposition that do not have both bound states. They are linked with their complement by a periphrastic expression for the missing bound state, (cf. 101-102) 095. There are two sorts of prepositions: (1) the simple prepositions (cf. 98-99); and (2) prepositions composed of a simple preposition in combination with a noun (cf. 100). 096. Both bound states of certain prepositions might have another origin, e.g. 2N~, 2 HTN* (in). In this case, the form of the prepersonal state is the prepersonal form of gn, belly. 097. Preposition that have a prepersonal bound state ending in a short vowel, often have a long vowel before the suffix of the 2nd pers. pi. MMO* > MMCUTN NX* > NHTN.

A. Simple prepositions 098. This is a list of the most common simple pepositions, which should be memorized. λΧΝ-, λΧΝΤί (often e x ii-): without e -, epo*: to; for; than (second term of the comparison); introduces the object of some verbs denoting sense perception (cf. 282). GTBe-, βΤΒΗΗΤ*: about, because o f N-, MMO*: in, on, from (locative); at, in (temporal); by, through (instrumental), of (partitive genitive, cf. 178); link with the object of many verbs (cf. 280); attribution and identity (cf. 161, 165-172). N-, NX*: for, to (dative). MN-, ΝΫΛΜΧ*: with; and (cf. 186). ο γΒβ-, ογΒΗ*: against ο γ τ ε -, ογτο)*: between; in the middle o f φ χ -, φ χ ρ ο : to, till ZX~, 2 -λ.ρο*: under, from under; outside of; starting with; with regard to; about 2.NT* : before, in front o f 21-, 2 ico(co )*: upon; and (cf. 187) 2 N~, Ν2 ΗΊν: in XCIN-:from... on

Elements

32

099. A number of Greek prepositions are also used in Coptic. Most of them only have the prenominal state. A N T I- : against; instead of eiMHTi (e )- : except, unless K A T A - , KATApo*: after, following TTApA- , TTApApo*: in comparison, more than , TTpoc- , npocpo*: corresponding to, more than xtopic- : without ecuc- : as, like

B. Composite prepositions 100. Many preposition are made up of a simple preposition followed by a noun at the prenominal or prepersonal state (cf. 048). These nouns are usually body parts, but lose their concrete meaning to assume a more abstract sense. ( b o a ) outside NBA- , NBAA A*: exceptfor; further than (eiAT*) eye 2 AeiAT*: before, in front of (AIKT^) cover NAIKT*: on top of, covering (po) mouth epN-, epcm: towards, to £ApN- , gApco*: under; in front of 2·ΡΝ- , 2ιΡα>^: towards, to (pAT*) foot epAT*: towards, to (a person) £ApAT#: under, underneath 2 IPAT*: towards, to ( c a ) side NCA- , ncco *: after; except for MNNCA-, mnncco *: after (Ttope) hand eTN - , ε τ ο ο τ : towards, to NTN- (N Te- ), N T O O T : in, at, by, with, next to, from 2A TN -, 2ATOOT^: next to, with 2ITN-, glTOOT^: by (agens); from, o f ( t o y c o - ) bosom ε τ ο γ Ν -, βτογα)^: next to; for; with 2 ITOYN- ( 2 ΐτ ο γ ε - , 2 ΐτο γβ Ν - ), 2ΐτογα}*: next to

Prepositions

33

(Z») front egHT*: in front of 2 HT*: in front o f (gH) belly ( 2 N-) N2 HT^: in, at, on (the prenominal state is the simple preposition 2 N-, cf. 098)

(2 ° ) face eepN- (eeN-/2N-), e e r ^ : toward; facing; between NÄ.2PN- , Νλ2 Ρλ#: in the presence of, facing, in front o f (2HT) heart

2A.2TN- (2 λ 2 τ ε -/2 λ Τ Ν -/2 λ τ ε -), 2 ^ 2 Τ 2 # (2λΤ2*) : with, near to (JCN-) head e x ii- (xcu~), exoj*: on; for; against; to; after 2 XXO>!: before, in front of

2IXN- (2IXCU- ), 2 l-^tu g t .o y a a b (GosJud 36:25s.), the strong and holy race

(the race that is strong and that is holy) TT.eT.ccDTM epco^TN G*q.cct)TM 6 po*i (Luke 10:16). He who listens to you (pi.),

he is listening to me. 244. The focalising conversion (present II) is introduced by epε-/ε* 6 *γ.κ.ρΐΝε MMO*l eTBe GGATTIC MN T.A N A C TA C IC N -N .eT .M O O Y T (Acts 23:6). It is because o f the hope and the resurrection o f the dead that I am judged (that

they judge me). 245. The negation is N...

an

.

246. The pronominal conjugation base with the suffix of the 2nd pers. f. sg. is epe.

II. The future Structure 247. definite subject — NA — infinitive q.NA.ccUTTT, he will choose TT.ptOMe n a .c c d t t t , the man will choose 248. The negation is N... AN. 249. Remarks: cf. present (cf. 233-237). t t .k a k .6 N A .T T A pA re (1 John 2:8). The darkness will pass by. N.q.NA.MOY AN (Luke 2:26). He will not die. 250. The future can also express an approximation ε*γ.ΝΑ.ρ ογ.ΤΒΑ ογ.όοο N-pcuMG (Judg 8:10). They are about 15,000 men.

Conversions 251. The preterit conversion (imperfect of the future) is introduced by Ν6 ρε-/Ν6 * AYCU CABHA X 6 A^q.XI ΝΝ-ΟΥ.ΒΟΗΘ6 ΙΑ GBOA N-TJTG NG*q.NA.Cp.lCOT*q AN ε-ττG^q.'J’MG (ExAn 136:33-35). And if he had not received help from heaven,

he would not return to his town. 252. The negation is . . . a n . 253. Just like the preterit conversion of the present (cf. 240), the preterit conversion of the future can be accompanied by an invariable ne. N G ^q .N A .M o y TTG (John 4:47). He was going to die.

Constructions

60

254. The circumstantial conversion is introduced by 6 -/6 ". NIM N -p p o e NB^q.MBg n - m c a ?... NToq a b φ λ Η λ ^ q xio o p (V A 21:7—9). He had come by the canal and this was filled with

crocodiles..., but he prayed and crossed (it). 314. The circumstantial conversion is normally preceded by 6 . The orthography of he circumstantial conversion of the negative past might be reduced to the superlinear stroke. ογ.επιοτοΛΗ e.x*q.cx 2 / c φ λ - nb .cnh y b t ~2 N- t b .xynb (V A 1:3-4). A letter

he has written to the brethren abroad. ΝΝΒ^γ.Βφ .ρ-λλλγ N- 2 CDB ε;χα>*ογ Μπ^ογ-ΧΝογ^ογ (ShIV 44:27). They

won’t be able to do anything unless they ask it to them. 315. The relative conversion is introduced by (ε )Ν Τ.λ-, (Β)ΝΤλ* and ετε.Μ ΠΒ-, BTB.MTT*. π,ΧΟΒίο BNTΑ ^ κ .Α ΐ .ο γ Bpo^q (ShChass 42:34-35). The Lord whom you cursed. TT.pCDMB BTB.MTT^q.BCOK 2Μ-π.φθ.ΧΝε N~NACBBHC (Ps 1:1). The man who has

not walked according to the advice o f the impious. 316. The focalising conversion is introduced by (ε)~Ν Τε-/(ε)-Ν Τ 2ιΑ πει.2 θ)Β ν τ ^ ι.ν λ υ Bpo^q 2 M-tt.b b o t εττι-ιπ (ShTV 198:15). It is in the month

Epep that I have sent this thing. 317. The negation of the focalising conversion is... 3lN NTa/I.COYCUN^B Γλ,ρ ΛΝ Ν-βρρΒ λ Λ λ ! 'f-COOYN MMO ΧΙΝ-Ν.φΟρπ (Shill 21). It is not recently that I ’ve come to know you (f. sg.), but I know you since the

beginning. 318. In a negative sentence one might find the normal form of the past tense instead of an expected focalising conversion (alternatively the relative conversion ε τ ε MTTB might be used). ετε.Μπε.Χίϋ2Μ 2 Ν_λ φ m - ma. (Jer 3:2). Where (in which place) haven’t you (f.sg.) been defiled?

II. “Not yet” Structure 319. Μ ΠλΤε-/Μ ΠλΤ^ - subject - infinitive MTTa.T^q.ccüTTT, he hasn ’t chosen yet MTTATB-TT.pcDMB CCDTTT, the man hasn’t chosen yet 320. This tense is always negative. Μ ΤΓλτε-ΤΑ ο γΝ ο γ.εΐ (John 2:4). My hour has not yet come.

Conversions 321. The preterit conversion is introduced by NB. It can be accompanied by an invariable π ε (cf. 207).

Non-durative sentence

71

Νε.Μπλτ*ογ.Νβ.χ-ια>22ιΝΝΗο rx p n e ε -π ε .φ τ ε κ ο (John 3:24). For John had

not yet been thrown in prison. 322. The circumstantial conversion is usually introduced by e. Orthographically this can be reduced to the superlinear stroke. The circumstantial conversion is translated: before. λ -τβ * ς .γγχ Η p -N o e e ε.ΜΤΤΧτε*ε.ει x-n e ^q .ctU M X (Wess 9, 144c). His soul

has sinned before it came to his body. Μ Π Λ τ β -ο γ .χ λ 6 κ.τα>ρ μ ο υ τ θ N -ce n c n x y κ .να .- α.τγα.ρνα. m m o ^i n qjMNT-ccocon (Mark 14:72). Before a cock crows twice, you will deny me thrice. 323. The relative conversion is introduced by C T e . ογοΝ rx p NiM ετε.ΜΤΤΑ.τΝΜε.εα>τττ, the man is not used to choose, doesn’t choose Use 326. This tense expresses a repeated action, a habit or a general truth without implying any temporal aspect. The negation can also express incapacity (T ill 305). φ λρε-ο γ.φ Η ρε Ν -εο φ οε εγφρχΝε Η -π ε ^ .ε ιω τ (Prov 10:1). A wise child

pleases his father. tt.c o o y n

φ λ ^ ,χ ι ε ε

τ .α.γα .ττη

Α ε φχ*ε.κα>τ (ICor 8:1). Knowledge elevates

and love builds. Μ ερε-ιογΛΛί τ α >2 MN-CA.MA.piTHC (John 4:9). Jews do not mix with the

Samaritans. Conversions 327. The preterit conversion is introduced by Νε. ν τ ο κ Λ,ε Νε.φΑ^κ.πωρχ εΒΟλ μμο *ν (LetPetPhil 133:1s.). But you were

separatedfrom us. 328. The circumstantial conversion is introduced by ε. Ν -β ε 6 ε Ν-Ν.ΤΒΝθογε εφΑ.ρε-ττ*ογ.εα>ΜΑ. τ ε κ ο τ ε ε ί τ ε β ε ν Νεει πλΑΟΜΑ. (LibThom 139:6-8). In the way o f the beasts when their body is

destructed, in that way these mouldedfigures (will). 329. The relative conversion is introduced by ε τ ε (or ε).

Constructions

72

π .τ ο ο γ ε τε .φ χ/γ-Μ ο γτε epo*q x e

ττχ-Ν ΐ.χοειτ (LetPetPhil 133:14s.).

The mountain that is called the one o f the olives. 330. The focalising conversion is introduced by e. It is only attested for the affirmative form. eBOA. 2 · τ ο ο τ e.cya^c.ei NÖl-'j'.rNCUCic (ProtTrim 36,9s.). It is through me that

the gnosis comes. IV. The optative Structure 331. Affirmative epe-/e* - subject - e - infinitive e^q.e.ccuTTT, he shall choose epe-TT.pCDMe CCDTTT, the man shall choose

332. The prepersonal conjugation base with the suffix of the 2nd pers. f. sg. is epe. 333. With a nominal subject the e before the infinitive might be omitted. In that case the optative has the same form as the focalising conversion of the present. epe-TT.Xoeic tcdcdbg NX*q Κ Α Τλ-Ν ε^^Β Η γε (2Tim 4:14). The Lord will

requite him according to his works. 334. In this case, the predicate might help to distinguish between both forms. If it is a stative or an adverbial expression, we certainly deal with the focalising conversion of the present. If the predicate is an infinitive which has the prepersonal bound state, or a causative infinitive, we certainly deal with an optative. In other cases the ambiguity remains. 335. Negative NNe-/NNe* - subject - infinitive NNe^q.ccoTTT, he shall not choose NNe-TT.pcDMe CCDTTT, the man shall not choose 336. The usual form of the prepersonal conjugation base with the suffix of the 1st pers. sg. is n n j . (NNe^i is a rare variant). After :χεκ.λ(λ)ε one might find the variant eNNG*.

Use 337. This tense expresses a future reality without connection to the actual situation of the speaker. This use includes orders, promises, predictions, wishes, etc. In a main clause it is used to formulate a precept, an order or a moderate prohibition. It also expresses a deliberative question at the 1st person. In the subordinate clause introduced by x e or χ ε κ .χ (χ )ε it expresses a goal or result (cf. 447). e^i.e.KCD Ν -ο γ .Μ Ν Τ -χ λ Χ 6 2 Ν-τε*κ..ΜΗτε mn - t g ^k .c ^ img (Gen 3:15). I will

put animosity between you and your wife. NNG^K-gCDTB (Deut5:17). You shall not kill.

Non-durative sentence

73

ΝΝε^γ.κρίΝε MMCU^TN (Matt 7:1). Do not judge in order not to be judged. λ λ λ λ x e K iC e^y.e.XCUK gboa. Νόΐ-Νε.τρλφΗ (Mark 14:49). But in order that the Scriptures are fulfilled... MTT.p-K.piNe

338. In the works of Shenoute and other Sahidic authors the focalising conversion of the future can be used with the same meaning (cf. 256-259). ε*γ.Ν λ.Τ λλ^ u x ty ΖΜ-ττ.φΐ ε τ -Τ Η φ (Shiv 55:20). It will be given to them in the fixed measure. Conversions 339. There are no conversions of the positive form. 340. The negative form can be converted to a circumstantial sentence introduced by e (which can be omitted for orthographic reasons). e^cj.TCOM N-Ne^Titmioce χ ε κ λ λ ο ε,Νε^γ.οευτΜ e-Te.cMH ΰ τ ε ττλ.φΑ Χ ε (2ApocJames 60:7—10). He closes your (pi.) ears so that you may not hear the sound o f my word. 341. The relative conversion of the negative form is introduced by ε τ ε (ετε.ΝΝε* with a variant orthography ε τ ε Νε*). π.ετε.Ν Ν ε^.εογΝ -τ.Ν ογΝ ε Ν-τ.κ.λκΐλ Ν-ογ.φΜΜΟ ε ρ ο ε λΝ π ε (DialSav 134:17-19). The one who will not have known the root o f the darkness, he will be no stranger to it. V. The jussive Structure 342. Affirmative Μλρε-/Μλρ(ε)^ - subject - infinitive Μλρε#^.οα>τττ, may he choose Μλρε-ττ.ρατΜε c c d t t t , may the man choose 343. This tense is only used for the 1st and 3rd persons. For the 2nd person the imperative is used instead (cf. 135-143). 344. An ε is intercalated in the prepersonal conjugation base of the 3rd pers. m. and f. sg. 345. Negative Μττρ-τρε-/Μττ.ρ-τρε* Μ τ τ ρ - τ ρ ε ^ . ε α τ τ π , may he not choose Μ Τ Τ ε ρ - τ ρ ε - π .ρ α > Μ ε c c u t t t , may the man not choose 346. The negative form is actually the negation of the causative infinitive (cf. 132). 347. The prepersonal conjugation base with the suffix of the 1st pers. sg. is Μ

π ρ -τρ λ .

348. There exists also an absolute form of the negative jussive: MTTCDp ε -τ ρ ε .

74

Constructions

Use 349. The jussive normally expresses an order at the 1st or 3rd person. With the 1st person it often has an exhortative meaning. Sometimes it has a causative meaning. It rarely expresses a wish. M2k .p e * q .p - o Y o e iN Ν0 ι - π ε * Τ Ν . ο γ ο ε ΐ Ν (Matt 5:16). That your (pi.) light might shine! MTTp.Tpe^N.ctucy N-Te.xx.pic χ λ λ χ MX.p^N.'j’-eo o Y NToq Μ-ττ.Νογτε TT.eNTX.^q.K.x.x/N 2Χ.-ττε#Ν.χ.γτε2θγαθΝ (ShIV 24:8-10). Let us not despise the grace, but let us praise God, who has put us under our free will. Conversions 350. There are no conversions.

See exercise 6

Non-durative sentence

75

B. Subordinate clause bases 351. The ‘tenses’ belonging to this category normally occur in subordinate sentences. They express ‘relative time’ (L a y t o n 343) or an adverbial relation to the main clause (e.g. goal, condition). 352. The conjunctive bases are used to continue or extend other constructions. Unlike the precursive, the conditional and the limitative they can’t precede the main clause. Some of these tenses can also be used in an independent sentence. 353. The conjugation bases of this category have no separate negative forms. The negation TM - is intercalated after the personal subject or before the nominal subject. 354. The subordinate clause conjugations have no conversions.

I. The precursive Structure 355. Ντερε-/Ντερ(ε)* - subject - infinitive NTepe^cj.ctDTTT, when he has/had chosen NTepe-TT.ptOMe c c d ttt , when the man has/had chosen 356. The prepersonal conjugation base with the suffix of the 2nd pers. f. sg. is Ν τερ ε or

Ντερερ. Use 357. This construction expresses a singular event preceding the reality expressed in the main clause (cf. 422) or a concomitant circumstance. The main clause with the precursive occurs normally has a past tense (past or a preterit conversion) or the verb n e x e (cf. 149). a.ycd Νβ^γ.ρ-φΠΗρε NTepe^q.cucK 2 Ν-ττ.ερττε (Luke 1:21). And they were

wondering, when he had been delayed in the sanctuary. TTAI ε-λ-Α Α γείΛ . Ντερε=^.£Κθ (Luke 6:3). ... that what David has done when he was hungry. Ν τ ε ρ ε - ^ τ ο ο γ ε a c cyam e n c .y n - o y .n o 6 Ν -φ τ ο ρ τ ρ φ ο ο π £ n M.MA.TOI (Acts 12:18). When the morning had come there was a great confusion among the soldiers. II. The conditional Structure 358. ερ(ε)φλ.Ν- - subject / e* - subject - φΑΝ - infinitive

β^.φ Λ Ν .εαιτττ, if he chooses/chose ερφΑΝ-ΤΤ.ρα>Με CCDTTT, if the man chooses/chose 359. The prepersonal conjugation base with the suffix of the 2nd pers. f. sg. is ερφΑΝ or

ερεφΑ Ν .

Constructions

76

360. There exists a shorter form e*. This form rarely occurs and if so, mostly with negation. ε*τβτΝ.ΤΜ.ογα>Μ n - t .c a p s Ν-π.φΗρε M-n.pcuMe... m n t h ^t n Pim a y m TT.CDN2 N^HT^THYTN (John 6:53). I f you (pi.) do not eat the flesh o f the Son o f Man... you (pi.) will not have the life in yourselves.

Use 361. The conditional can have a conditional or a temporal meaning. 362. When it has conditional meaning it can be introduced by the conjunctions ecyctme, ecyxe, k.a n (cf. 429,440).

b im h t i ,

TT.CBBe ΓΑρ p-Noqpe e^K.cy^N.p-n.NOMOC (Rom 2:25). For the circumcision is

useful if you practice the Law. K.AN ε*ΊφΑΝ.Κ.ρΐΝε Λ 6

anok.

TA-K.picic ογ.Με T 6 (John 8:16). Even if I

judge, my judgement is true. ecycune A e ε ^ φ λ Ν ,π ω ρ χ MApe^c.öcu N-Tei.ge (1 Cor 7:11). But when she

divorces, let her remain like this. 363. When the conditional is used in a temporal clause it expresses a general meaning, contrary to the precursive (cf. 425). 2^-2 N -c o n ε*ΊφΛΝ.τα>ογΝ... φΑ*Ί.φτορτρ 2ΡλΙ n 2 h t 2 n ~o y .m k a 2 N2 HT (Shill 150:14-17). Often when I stood up... I was troubled by suffering. Αγα> ερφΑΝ-πε/ΠΝΑ μ - ττονηρον ει ε 2 ΡΑΐ ε,ΧΝ-εΑογΛ. Λ Α γείΛ . φ Α ^ .Χ i Ν-τεΜε c c u ttt , until the man chooses/chose 365. The prepersonal form of the conjugation base with the suffix of the 2nd pers. sg. f. is

φ λΝ τε. 366. The persersonal form of the conjugation base with the suffix of the 1st pers. sg. is φΑΝ*}% but there is also a variant φΑΝΤΑ.

Use 367. This construction denotes a temporal limitation. It has the same temporal value as the main clause. It is usually translated “until”. φ Α Ν τε can also be used to express a goal or consequence (cf. 450). φΑ^ι.φλΗλ φ α ν Ί α ν α υ ε-ττ.2 θ Μ-πε.κε (ShAmel I 467:8-9). I usually pray

until I see the face o f Christ. φ Α Ν τε -ο γ φ ίυπε ττ,,χοειε ετ.ογΑΑΒ Pi-Με ε.Ν-Γ.κρίΝε Until what happens, Lord, saint and truthful, do you notjudge?

an (Rev 6:10).

Non-durative sentence

OY.TT.eT*N.N3L..2k.A/q φ ^Ν Τ^ο γ TTOONe^q

gboa

77

2n

n - k.o a a c i c

(PS 276).

What will we do in order to make the punishments stop? IV. The conjunctive Structure 368. N Te-/N * - subject - infinitive N^q.ccDTTT, he (will) choose(s) NTe-TT.pcUMe C O T f r , the man (will) choose(s) 369. The prepersonal forms are as follows: 1 2 m. 2 f. 3 m. 3 f.

n t a /t a

N^r/N’T/Ne^K.

N*TN Ν ^ΤεΤΝ

N Te N*q/N*q/Ne*q

N*ce

N*c/N*c/Ne*c

Use 370. The conjunctive occurs in coordination with some other element. In itself it has no connotation of time or mode. It takes the aspect of time or mode from the verb it extends. The conjunctive can occur after a verbal construction or after some other element. After a verbal construction: 371. The conjunctive can follow after a certain number of verbal constructions. It can be preceded by a paratactic conjunction like λ λ λ λ , λγα>, e-π,Μλ, Η, TO Te, but more often it is connected to the preceding clause without any conjunction (asyndeton). The conjunctive is used to describe an action that immediately follows the preceding verb or is similar to it. It can also express a goal or result (cf. 445). 372. The following constructions can be followed by a conjunctive: - a non-durative sentence (except the past and ίϊπ λ τε ); - an imperative: in this case the conjunctive makes the gender or number implied in the imperative explicit; - the infinitive as a noun, including the use in prepositional expressions (cf. I ll); - the future and NHY (the stative of ei, which has often a future meaning). e^q.cya.N.'j’-^HOY m- tt.icocmoc THp*q N^cjcopM^eq A e ^cutü^q h N^q.'l'oce MMO^q (Luke 9:25). I f he gains the entire world, but looses himself or lays fine upon himself... ty A .p e -rr.p e q p -N O B e x \ e jx tu ^ q N ^q.TM .TA.a/Y (Ps 36 (37):21). The sinner borrows and does not render. CCUTe MMO^l N=T.NA. NA.^1 (Ps 25 (26): 11). Save me and have mercy on me. e^l.NA.p- ο γ ΤΑ,.κ,λΗ ροΝ ΟΜ ΐ M-TT.CüNg φ Α .-ε Ν β £ (Luke 18:18). What shall I do to inherit the eternal life? (This construction can also be identified as a future conjunctive cf. 382.)

Constructions

78 ο υ .νοβθ

n e OYCDM-n.oeiK. N-oY.pcuMe N*r.TM.p-ne*q.£CüB (ShChass 104:28-31). It is a sin to eat the bread from a man and not to do his work (and that

you do not do his work). τε.ΝΑ.ω Ν Τ β .χπ ο (Luke 1:31). You will conceive and give birth. Ne^q.N^.poeic n e Ν^.τΗ.κ,λλ^γ e-öcuTg e-ne#q.Hi (Matt 24:43). He would

have kept guard and he would not have let them intrude his house.

2 HAIAC H6 N NHY N*q.ATTOK.AOiCTA N-gCüB NIM (Matt 17:11). Eliah will come and he will restore everything 373. In a circumstantial or relative subordinate clause, or a clause introduced by ε φ χ ε or ecyome, the conjunctive can also extend the past tense, Μ Πλτε, a durative sentence in the present, and OYNTe (cf. 154). m t t a t - oycom (= ε,Μ Π λπ ο γ.ο γω Μ ) c b o a . 2 Μ~ττ.οεικ. ^.ycu N^ce.cco εΒΟΛ M -n .A n oT (ShIV 66:17-18). ...before eating bread and drinking the cup. ογ. 2ιθΗΤ A e n e τ τ .ε τ ε .ο γ Ν Τ Α ^ ε ο γ N^q.TM.NA n ^ h t ^o y (ShChass 194:57-195:2). It is a fool who possesses them (richnesses) and doesn’t give alms

from them. After other elements: 374. The conjunctive can be used in subordinate clauses introduced by certain conjunctions (ε-ττ.ΜΑ, instead of, είΜΗΤί, if not, except; H, or, K.AN, even if, mhttcoc , lest, in order not to', ΜΗηοτε, so that not', m n n c a , after, n o a b h a , if not, except', 2INA,

order to, so that', £CUCTO, so that). AAAA KAN ANON Η Ογ.ΑΓΓεΑΟΟ εΒΟΑ ^Ν-Τ/Πε Ν*ζ.ΤΑφε-θεΐφ NH^TN π.Βθλ Μ-η.εΝΤΑ^Ν.ΤΑφε-οΐφ MMo^q νη^τ ν ΜΑρε^φωττε ε^,ΒΗΤ (Gal 1:8). But if we (ourselves) or an angel from heaven announces to you (pi.) another (Gospel) than the one we have announced to you, let him be damned.. 375. The conjunctive can be used after :χεΚΑ(Α)ε instead of the optative when an adverbial construction or a subordinate proposition is intercalated between :χεκΑ(Α)ε and the verb. •Χεκ,ΑΑε ε.Α*τετΝ.ΝΑγ epo*q ϊΤ'τετΝ.ρΑφε o n (Phil 2:28). That, once

having seen him again, you may rejoice. 376. The conjunctive can be used in a completive clause where it makes the subject or the object of the preceding expression explicit (λ ^ .φ ω π ε , it has happened', a a a o ... a a a o , on the one hand, ... on the other, ΓεΝΟίτο, might... (wish); κε.κογι ττε,

still a little more (time) and...·, ΜΗ.ΓεΝΟίτο, might... not', ΝΑΝογ^ε ττε, it is good/better, ογ.Μθΐ£ε τε/ογ.φίττε ττε/..., it is a miracle/a shame', 2 ^.MOl, it should be). κε.κογει ττε ίΤτετΝ.ΑΟ ε^τετΝ.ΝΑΥ ερο*ει (John 16:16). A little more (time) and you will cease to see me. 377. The conjunctive can also occur in a main clause. In this case it is usually preceded by a particle or an adverb (ApA, Α ρ Η γ , Mono, Μ εφΑ κ). APA Ν τε-ο γ.Ο Υ Χ Α Ι φ ω π ε N~2A2 (ShChass 168:7-9). Will salvation come for

the many?

Non-durative sentence

79

378. The conjunctive can function as apodosis after a subordinate clause expressing a

factual presupposition. epe.cyiNe Ncx-piMe e-oy.ccuN e NTe.ToeiT epo-MMiNMMO (ShAmel I 204:14-205:1). When you are busy (f. sg.) crying over a sister, you are mourning yourself. 379. The conjunctive can substitute a (causative) infinitive. nh^tn N-T.esoYcia. e-£o>M e x it N -^oq... ν τθ .τμ λ χ χ υ XITφ (ShChass 74:45-58). He could not make a man sin against his will. π.Νογτε ne^N.ccoTHp ττχι βτ-ογεφ.τρε-ραΐΜβ nim con2 (ITim 2:3-4). God, our Saviour, the one who wants that every man lives.

B. The causative infinitive as verbal noun 391. The causative infinitive can be a masculine noun. In that case, it has no causative

meaning. 392. It can also be used after certain prepositions. The most common ones are the

following: ΛΝΤΙ-, against, in exchange for, λΧ Ν -, without; e~, in order to, for, eic-, towards, for, e -π,Η λ e -, instead of, eiHHTi e -, without, if not, m nncx - (e), after, xcopic-, without, 2 ΧΘΗ e -, before·, 2 N_, while; 2 CTe e -, so that; 2 · τ μ , because of, through. ΝΛΝθγ-τρβ-ττ.ρα>Μβ μ ο υ Ν2 ο γο e-cuN2 e^q.p-Noee (ShAmel I 52:59). It is betterfor the human to die than to live in sin (while sinning). ειο-πββ(ι).τρβ^ΤΝ.λγπι rxp κ χ τχ-π ,Ν ο γτε a.*q.p~2 COB nh^t n e-γ.Νθό Ν-οπογΛΗ (2Cor 7:11). Behold, that you (pi.) suffer according to God has made you very zealous. 2Μ-ττ.τρβ*γ.Νκ.οτκ. jc e NÖi-N.pcoMe a*q.ei N0 i-ne*q..xx.xe (Matt 13:25). While the people slept, his enemy came.

82

Constructions

393. The expression e-Tpe- is often used to build a subordinate clause of goal or consequence (cf. 449). τό τε

A^q.ei Ν ό ι-ϊβ β Β Ο λ ^ Ν - τ , Γ λ λ ί λ λ ί λ

β ^ ρ χ ι β χ Ρ ϊ-π .ιο ρ Α λ Ν Η ο φ λ -

e-Tpe*q.xi-BX.TTTicMA. β Β Ο λ e'TöOTvq (Matt 3:13). Jesus then went from Galilea to the Jordan, to John, in order to be baptised by him. ic o ^ x n n h c

394. β -τ ρ β - can also complete verbs of incomplete predication. These are verbs that need to be completed by another verb (cf 412) (LAYTON 363). It can also be used to extend the optative or the imperative (L ayto n 341). λ ^ .θ γ β 2 " Ο λ 2 Ν β

Αβ

β -Τρ β -Μ .Μ Η Η φ β Ν Ο Χ ^Ο γ β £ ρ λΙ β Χ Μ -Π β .Χ Ο ρ Τ Ο β

(Matt 14:19). He ordered the crowd to sit down on the grass.

See exercise 8

Part III: Complex sentences

Main clauses Cf. supra: the nominal sentence (191-194), the durative sentence (223-225), the nondurative sentence (308).

A. Coordination 395. Different sentences can be connected with each other by mere juxtaposition, without a conjunction. Asyndetic linkage is often encountered in narrative, especially with the past tense (which can follow another past tense or the precursive). The asyndeton can express a closer link between both sentences than the coordination with a conjunction. λ -Ν .Λ .λ ΙΜ ίϋ Ν ΙΟ Ν

C O O Y N -T T .X O e i C

Μ -Π β Ι .Ο Υ Ο β Ι φ

^ Υ .Τ Τ ^ ΐν ο γ

Α * γ.

ογα>φτ NX^q χ*γ.χφκ.χκ. β β ο λ 2 *ν - ο υ .ν ο 6 n - c m h (Shill 85:23-86:1). At that moment the demons recognized the Lord, kneeled, worshipped him, and cried out with a loud voice. 396. Different sentences can also be linked with conjunctions, such as χγα> (and), H (or), eiTe (either, or), XN - (or else, whether), ο γ Λ 6 (nor), λ λ λ λ (but), A e (and, but), o n (also). 397. χγα> can also occur at the beginning of a main clause, even if it is preceded by a subordinate clause (apodotic χγα>). Μπρ.τρβ^Ν,ΝΚΟΤΚ χγα> -fze a.YCU 6 cu 2 Ν-π.κ.χκ.β (ShChass 165:30-33). Let ’s not fall asleep, let ’s not get drunk and let ’s not stay in the dark. H r x p q .N X .M e c T e - ο γ χ N * q.M e p e -O Y X h N*q.6oA*q Ν - ο γ χ N ^ q x x T x φ ρ ο Ν β ι Ν - π χ β . ο γ χ (Matt 6:24). For either he will hate the one and love the other,

or he ’ll devote himself to the one and despise the other. K.GTOI N G .O YN TX ^N g X g MM A Y Π 6 XYCU Ν β ^ γ .ρ ίϋ φ β MMO^N AN

(Z 328:4).

Even though we had many, they were not enough for us.

B. The interrogative sentence 398. The full interrogative sentence usually has the same form as the affirmative sentence. 399. It can however be indicated by the presence of interrogative particles, such as eie, ε φ χ ε , x p x , MH (rhetorical questions), m h t i (expresses wonder or doubt). 400. A deliberative question at the first person can be expressed by the optative (cf. 337).

Complex sentences

86

πχι n e πε*ΤΝφΗρε (John 9:19). Is this your (pi.) son? e ie N.xrreAOC xpx oyFi cxpg ΜΜΟ^ογ (Pcod 6:8). Do the angels have flesh? 6 φ Χ ε K..COOYN (Matt 25:26). Do you know? MH e^q.NX.'f NX^q N -O Y . c d n b (Matt 7:9). Wouldn’t he give him a stone? HH't’ e^q.NX.MOYOYT MMO^q (John 8:22). He wouldn ’t kill himself, would he? 401. In a partial question interrogative pronouns (cf. 023) and adverbs (cf. 104) take the place of their syntactic equivalents in the sentence. 402. If an interrogative pronoun (ο γ , λ φ , n i m ) or adverb (neue, t c d n , t n x y ) occurs after the verb, the latter has the focalising conversion. βΤ Β β-ογ ΤβΤΝφίΝβ N C O > T (Luke 2:49). Why are you (pi.) looking for me? ε ^ τ ε τ Ν . φ ί Ν ε N C X n i m (John 18:4). Who are you lookingfor? 403. The conjunction XN (xeN , X I N ) (or) can be used to separate the different parts of a disjunctive question. The disjunctive conjunction H is less frequent. XN MMON. Or not? ΝΤΟΚ ττ.βτ,ΝΗγ XN εφΤ 2 HT*q ίτ-κ,ε.ογχ (Luke 7:19). Are you the one who will come or shall we look out for another one? 404. There is no formal difference between the direct and the indirect question. N.q.Nx.^Mooc XN Ν -φ ο ρ π N^q.xi- φ ο χ Ν ε x e o y n 6 o m MMO*q 6 - t .m n t Ν-ογ.ΤΒΧ e-TT.eT.NHY excu^q MN t b x c n x y (Luke 14:31). Will he not sit first and take counsel whether it is possible for him to meet with a 10 000 him who comes upon him with two 10 000 ’s?

See exercise 9

Subordinate clauses A. The completive clause Object clause

405. The object clause is generally introduced by the conjunction χ ε . This conjunction can also introduce indirect as well as direct speech. Ί'.Νλγ x e ΝΤΟΚ NTK ογ.ττροφΗΤΗΟ (John 4:19). I see that you are a prophet. 406. When it expresses a goal the object clause can take the form of a final clause introduced by χ ε Κ Α ( Α ) ε (cf. 447). This is mostly the case with the main verb expressing some application, effort, or care. ^q.cerrcCDmq χ ε κ Α ε e^q.e.ei (John 4:47). He prayed him to come (that he might come). 407. The completive clause after verbs expressing fear is usually introduced by mhttcdc, ΜΗΠΟΤβ, sometimes combined with x e . Α -π.χίλίΑ ρχοε p-£OTe mhucuc ϊ Τ ο ε . Μ ο γ ο γ τ m- t t x y a o c (Acts 23:10). The tribune was afraid that Paul might be killed. 408. The conjunctive can have the value of an object clause (cf. 376). τετΝ .ο γ α χρ 6 e t a .kco nh^ n g b o a Μ.ττ.ρρο (John 18:39). Do you (pi.) want me to release the king to you? oycocy n*t .t n n o o y πε^κ.φΗρε (C.O. 257:6). Be willing to send your son. 409. The prenominal state of the verb 6 ing , 6 n - is directly followed by the object clause without x e when it occurs in a negative sentence with the meaning “to ignore, not to understand”. Ν.φ.όΝ an e p e x c u MMO*c x e ο γ (Mark 14:68). I don’t understand what you (f. sg.) say. 410. Some element of the object clause can be inserted as a cataphoric pronoun in the main clause, usually as its object. Ν.φ.εοογΝ mmclvtn an x e NT6TN 2eN eßOA TCUN (Luke 13:25). / don’t know (you) where you (pi.) come from. 411. The entire object clause can also be substituted by a pronoun in the main clause. This is always the case with the verb XtD {to say). NiM TT.eT.XCD mmo ^c x e Ayei^c t a .ccu (John 4:10). Who is he who says (it): give it (= the water), so I can drink? A^i.ge e p o c Α -τε^κ.Ν ογτε TA^O^q (Aeg 17:8). I have found (it) that your divinity has reached him.

88

Complex sentences

412. After verbs of incomplete predication, such as

k c u , to let, leave·, o y t ü N g b b o a , to appear, and in particular those expressing permanence or cessation, such as ΛΟ, to stop, quit·, oycu, to stop, finish·, 6 cu, to continue, to persist; to stop, to cease·, c d c k , to delay, to continue, the object clause can be expressed by a circumstantial clause. A*=q.6 cu e.N.cj.K-iM a n (Acts 27:41). He remained immobile (while he was not moving).

413. Another possible construction of the completive clause after these verbs is the future

conjunctive (cf. 386), the causative infinitive (cf. 394) or the conjunctive. KA-NAI THp^oy FLce.BtUK βΒΟΛ (John 18:8). Let all o f these go. Subject clause 414. There is no special construction for the subject clause in Coptic. The subject clause can come after the main verb without a conjunction. 415. Every kind of sentence can function as a subject clause, including the conjunctive and the causative infinitive preceded by the preposition e -. 416. The grammatical subject of the main clause is normally the personal pronoun of the

3rd pers. f. sg. (with neutral meaning). The masculine pronoun is less Often used in the main clause. 417. In that case the subject clause can be introduced by x e . 418. The expression A ^c.cyam e followed by a subject clause usually opens a new narrative unit. Literally it means “it happened that...”, but A ^c.cyom e can usually

remain untranslated. A/c.cyCDTre x e A^q.BCDK (Luke 7:11). And he went (and it happened that he went). NA*q eNe.yN oy.tuNe N-cnce Atpe e.TT*q.MAice (Mark 9:42). It would be better for him that there was a grinding stone hanging around his neck. e^c.cpAN.qjtune x e rTce.eiNe NA*q Ν-^βΝ.ΤΒΤ (Pach 5:1). Because they used to bring him some fish (it used to happen that they brought...). q.oyoN2 b b o a x e epe-TT..AiKAioc.NA.cuNe b b o a 2 n - t .t t ic t ic (Gal 3:11). It is manifest that the righteous one will live through faith. n a n o y ^c

419. In a nominal sentence the subject n e / τ ε can be explicated through a completive

clause introduced by x e , through a (causative) infinitive preceded by e-, or through a conjunctive. ΟΥ.ΑΝΑΓΚΑΙΟΝ n e e~C6 TTC Ne.CNHy (2Cor 9:5). It is necessary to comfort the brothers. 420. A certain number of ‘impersonal predicates’ (L a y to n 487) occur with a subject clause. ΑΝΑΓΚΗ it ’s necessary it ’s enough ecu _ e ^ -T Tc it ’s necessary e N e -^ N A * it pleases

Subordinate clauses

89

ΓβΝΟίτο (negation: μ η γ β ν ο ιτ ο ) that... might (happen) esecTi (negation: OYK.B5.ecTl) it’s possible, it’s allowed (ε )φ φ ε (negation: Μ Βφφ ε) 2AMOI

it suits, it’s becoming it would be good

Λ.ΝλΓΚΗ ΓΑρ e-Tpe-NB.CK2k.NJSL2k.AON Bl (Matt 18:7). For it is necessary that the

scandals come. 2 0 AN epo^q x e A^q.p-NOBB (ShMiss 4 822:14). It is not enough for him that he

has sinned. OYKB2BCTI

n a *N

ε-Μ εγτ-ΛΑ Α γ (John 18:31). We are not allowed (it is not

allowed to us) to kill someone. 421. A subject clause can be replaced by a final clause when it expresses a goal. c.p-Noqpe nh *t n x b k a c a n o k b ^i.b .bcuk (John 16:7). It is useful to you (pi.)

that I go.

B. The temporal clause 422. The following constructions can be used to express a temporal relation with regard to the main clause. - The precursive (cf. 355) expresses anteriority. - The circumstantial conversion of m t t a t b (cf. 322), meaning before., also expresses anteriority. - The limitative conjugation base φ Α Ν Τε means until... (cf. 367). - The circumstantial conversion can be used in a subordinate sentence with temporal meaning. Its connotation depends on the conversed ‘tense’. 423. Temporal clauses can also be introduced by a range of Coptic conjunctions, such as XIN (since; with the focalising conversion of the past tense XINTA^ etc.), MNNCA (after), or Greek conjunctions such as 2 cue, 20 C0 N, 20 TAN (when). The Greek conjunctions are often followed by a focalising conversion. 424. The preposition m n n c a ( b - ) with the causative infinitive expresses anteriority, the preposition 2 N~ with the causative infinitive expresses a synchronic action. This construction is less often encountered with a simple infinitive. 425. If the conditional is used with temporal meaning (cf. 363), often introduced by the conjunction 20 TAN, it has a general sense with regard to a past tense (cf. 363). AIINTA-NB^N.BIOTB ΓΑΡ NKOTK 2ω Β NIM ΜΗΝ ΒΒΟΛ Ν-Τ6Ι-2Β (2Pet 3:4).

For since our Fathers passed, everything remains like this (in this way). 20 TAN ερε.ττ.όοΛ Ν Α .φ Α χε ε ,φ Α ^ .φ Α χ ε

b b o a 2 ν - ν .β τ β .ν ο υ ^ nb (John 8:44). When the liar speaks, he (usually) speaks from what is his own. μη ογΝ-όοΜ ε-τρε*γ.Ν Η οτεγε ΰόι-Ν.φΗρε m - tt.m a ν - φ β α β β τ 2 o c o n ε ρ ε -π Α -τ .φ Β λ Β Β Τ nm m a ^y (Mark 2:19). Can the children o f the groom (the

sons o f the bridal chamber) fast while the groom is with them?

Complex sentences

90

2 M-TT.TPA.CCDTH (HM I 142:3). While I was listening... 6ΒΟΛ 2Ν-Νβ.Μ 2λλγ Μ ΝΝΟλ-τρε^ς.ΤίυογΝ (Matt 27:53). They came out

o f the tombs after he was resuscitated. 20 ΤΛΝ epty^N-TT.pcuMe Mepe-rr.NOBe φ Αρε-ττ.Νογτβ Ί'-ό ο Μ m - tt-nobg e2P^l exiD *q (ShChass 68:30-35). When man loves the sin, God gives the sin power over him. (This sentence can also be understood as a conditional: if he loves sin...) 2M-TT.ei 6ΒΟΛ μ- ττ.'ϊηλ. 2N~K.HMe (Ps 113:1). When Israel came forth from Egypt... (literally: in the coming forth from Israel...) 426. After a temporal subordinate clause the main clause can be introduced by TOTe {then). 20T3 lN ΓΑρ 6*Ί.φΑΝ.ρ-ΑΤ.6θΜ τ ο τ β φ α m h t t c u c , and M H TTO Te mostly occur with the conjunctive (cf. 129, 392). 449. The preposition e - with the infinitive or causative infinitive can express a goal. This is also the case with 2 < U C T e e - followed by the causative infinitive (cf. 392-393).

Subordinate clauses

93

450. The limitative tyANTe can be used with the meaning in order that, so that (cf. 364). 451. The circumstantial conversion without conjunction can have final or consecutive meaning. A*q.-f· NA/N Ν-ογ.ΜΝΤ-ρΜΝ-^ΗΤ x e β^Ν.β.εογΝ-ττ.Με (lJohn 5:20). He gave us understanding, so that we may know the truth. Α γω π,Α,ΙΑΒΟλΟΟ M6N Νε.φΑ^.,ΧΙ Μ -Π .2ΡΒ N-Te.C2IM0 Ν-Τβ.γφΗ... X6KAC e#q.NA.p-2AA NN-ANTONIOC (V.A. 8:17-20). And the devil usually took the appearance o f a woman during the night... in order to deceive Antony. A^Y.MB2-n.XOei CNAY 2CTe e-Tpe^Y.CDMC (Luke 5:7). They/died two ships (so much) that they sank. A^N.ei e-OYCUcyf NA^q (Matt 2:2). We have come to worship him.

See exercise 10

Relative clauses A. The ‘real’ relative 452. The relative clause is always introduced by the converters eT, eT e, (ε)ΝΤλ. If the relative clause has the aorist or a preterit conversion, it can alternatively have the relative converter e or eTe. 453. The antecedent of the relative clause is always definite. It can function as the subject or the relative clause or in any other grammatical function. 445. The relative converter is normally the first element of the relative clause. In some rare cases however, it can be preceded by another element in extraposition. n.Mi 3lNOK β.Τ·Νλ.Βθ)Κ e p o q (John 8:21). The place 1 will go to. The antecedent is the subject of the relative clause 455. The converter eT is normally used when the antecedent is the subject of the relative clause. cyHpe cyHM nim ετ.2Ν-ΒΗθΛ.εεΜ (Matt 2:16). All the little children, which are in Bethlehem. 456. The converter eT e occurs with negative clauses, with ΜΠλτε and oyN(Te) and with nominal sentences. e T e can also be used with the preterit conversion of the present or with the aorist. 457. The expression ε τ ε

ttx.1

rre means that is.

TT..2C2UBeice eT e Ν.ογ.φίυο a.N ire (John 10:12). The mercenary who is not a shepherd.

2^peg epco^TN

e .n e o x B

eT e T2li Te eynoicpicic (Luke 12:1). Refrain (pi.)

from the leaven, that is, the hypocrisy. 458. The converter (e)N TA. is used as conjugation base for the relative past, ττλ.εοοογ eNT^q.ccupM (Luke 15:6). My sheep that was lost. 459. The antecedent can occur as the subject of the relative clause. This is always the case if the relative clause has a suffixally conjugated verboid or if it is a negative durative clause. Non-durative sentences always have the subject expressed. 460. The subject does not occur in relative clauses containing a durative sentence introduced by eT.

ττλ.εοοογ eNTA^q.ccupM (Luke 15:6) My sheep that was lost.

96

Complex sentences

N.geeNOc ε τ ε Ν -εε.εοογΝ λΝ Μ -π.Ν ογτε (Κ 9777 r° a 1). The nations which do not know God. TT.cycuc ετ.ΝλΝΟγ^ί] (John 10:11). The good shepherd (the shepherd who is good). The antecedent is not the subject of the relative clause 461. When the antecedent is not the subject of the relative clause, the latter must contain a pronoun that refers to the antecedent. This anaphoric pronoun can only be omitted when the function of the antecedent in the relative clause is obvious. 462. The relative converters for this kind of clauses are the same as when the antecent functions as the subject of the relative clause. The suffixally conjugated verboids expressing qualities (cf. 150) however are introduced by the converter ε τ ε . τ.Μ λλγ ε τ ε Ν λ φ ε-π ε^ ε,Ν λ (BG 71:6). The mother whose mercy is great. π.Μλ ε τ ε Μ Ν-£θτε N£HT*cj (Ps 13:5). The place where there is no fear: 463. If the relative clause is a durative sentence, the pronominal subject is immediately attached to the relative converter (ε*}% ετ*κ, etc.). 464. The converter with a nominal subject has the form ε τ ε ρ ε - . ΤΤΛΙ ε |.ε ω τ Μ ε-Ν λΐ 8TBHHT»cj (Luke 9:9). This one, about whom I hear these things. π.Μλ ετ^ογ.Ν ^Η Τ ^ (Shill, 151). The place where they are. π,Μλ ε τ ε ρ ε -π .ε ω Μ λ Η λ φ ω π ε mmo^cj (Matt 24:28). The place where the body will go. Some remarks 465. The grammatical antecendent of a relative clause might be a demonstrative pronoun that refers to the real antecedent, which precedes. In this construction the real antecedent might be indefinite. Μλρΐλ τ λ ΐ ε Ν Τ λ ^ γ .χ π ε -ϊε ε β ο λ n^ h t ^c π λ ί ε.φ λ ^ γ ,Μ ο γ τε ε ρ ο ^ χ ε π ε .χ ε (Matt 1:16). Mary, the one from whom Jesus was born, the one who is called the Christ. ογ.Ν οό Ν -ρ λ φ ε π λ ί ε τ .Ν λ .φ ίυ π ε Μ -π.λ.λοε THp^q (Luke 2:10). A great joy, the one that will come to be for the entire people. 466. A relative clause can function as a noun if it is preceded by a determining pronoun (Po lo ts k y , Gl, 8£), which expresses its grammatical antecedent.

The substantiated relative clause might itself in its totality (with the determining pronoun) be considered as a noun. In that case it can have an article itself. Π .ε τ φ ω Ν ε the sick one π.ετ.ΝλΝΟγ^ί] the good 2 εΝ .π.ετ.Ν λΝ ογ^ good deeds π .π .ετ.ο γ λ λ Β the saint 467. Nouns derived from a relative clause often have a general meaning.

Relative clauses

97

TT.eT.cooYN, (every one) who knows MN Tr.eT.£C>BC (Mark 4:22). There is nothing hidden 468. Several relative clauses can be connected with one another with conjunctions or in an asyndetic way. When more than one relative sentence modify the same antecedent it is not necessary to repeat the converter. 469. The definite article does not have to be repeated when more than one substantivated relative clauses define the same element. ΤΤ.ετ.ρΑφε NMMAW H eT.CMoy ε ρ ο ο γ (ShAmel I 8:4). The one who rejoices with them and blesses them. 470. A relative clause can be extended by an independent clause or by a conjunctive (cf. 373) or a circumstantial conversion. n.g n ta ^n.nay ερ ο ^ ο γ aycd a *n.c otm *oy (Acts 4:20). What we have seen and heard. n.g t .cooyn ε-Ν6*γ.2ΒΗγε Ν*εε.2 ττ ex cu ^o y (ShAmel I 8:5s.). Those who know their works and hide them.

B. The circumstantial conversion 471. If the antecedent of a relative clause is indefinite, the circumstantial conversion introduced by e - is used instead of the relative conversion. oy.pcuMe e.A^q.xo N-OY.6po6 (Matt 13:24). A man who has sown a seed. 472. If the antecedent is a demonstrative noun, one might find a circumstantial conversion, although the relative conversion is more frequent (cf. 453). TTAI e.A-ΛΑγβΐΛ. AA^q (Luke 6:3). That what David did. 473. The circumstantial conversion can be used instead of the relative if the converted sentence has the aorist or a preterit conversion, even if the antecedent is definite. ce.NA.6iNe Μ-ττ.φΗΝ 6T.M-may e.A^YTTOpic^q (Shill 141). They will find that tree that they have plucked. π Al ε.φΑ ^γ.Μ Ο γτε epo^q χε.ττε.χε (Matt 1:16). The one who is called the Christ. 474. In this case we alternatively find the relative converter ε τ ε . 2 εβ Ν ο ε NiM N-pcoMe ετε.Μ ΤΤ*ογ.εογΝ -π.Ν ογτε (ShChas 180). Every nation o f men, who have not come to know God. 475. When the subject of the relative clause is different from the antecedent, the circumstantial conversion is often used with nominal sentences and negative durative sentences. ττ.26θΝθε e.TT.Xoeic ττε τ τ ε ^ .Ν ο γ τ ε (Ps 42:12). The nation o f which the Lord is his God.

98

Complex sentences

476. If the defined antecedent expresses an element of time or manner the relative clause might alternatively be introduced by the relative converter or by the circumstantial converter. If the meaning is obvious, the anaphoric pronoun can be omitted. TT.N X Y e N TX / q .M TO N N£HTvq (John 4:52) The hour, in which he was relieved. Ν-Ν6-2θογ rxp e*N.2 N-T.ca.px (Rom 7:5) The days that we are in the flesh.

See exercise 11

Cleft Sentences 477. A cleft sentence is a sentence with focalising meaning. It consists of a focal point, the first term or expression in the sentence, followed by a topic element, a relative or circumstantial sentence that expands the focal point. A Basic sentence is: TeTN.NX.xe-nxi (Mark 13:11). You shall say this. The corresponding cleft sentence is: π χ ι n e T e T N X -x o o ^ q (Mark 13:11). It is this that you (pi.) shall say. 478. A cleft sentence can be formed with the focal point + ne/T e/N e followed by a relative clause or by a circumstantial clause. n e / Te / N e can correspond to the focal point. In that case it is endophoric. Or it can correspond with the topic element and then introduces some new information. In that case it is presentative. A sentence with endophoric Ne is: NXl Λ 6 N.eT.2 ^TN-Te£iH (Mark 4:15). It is these that are along the path. Ne.NToq Mxyxx^q n e e^q.xNxxcopei ;>μ - π .μ χ ετΜ Μ χγ (ApophPatr 43:2122), It was he alone who was living as an anchorite in that place. A sentence with presentative n e is: OYptUMe N-pM-Mxo ne.NTX^q-Ttüöe Ν-ογΜΧ N - e x o o x e (Matt 21:33). There once was a rich man who planted a vineyard. OY.ptDMe n e e^q.iccoT Ν -ο γ .τ ο π ο ο e-Te^q.xpix (Shill 27:9). There once was a man who was constructing a place for his own use. 479. The form of ne/T e/N e is usually contracted with the relative marker e T or the circumstantial marker e. This is called the elided form: n e T e , n e T e p e -, π ε τ * , π ε τ - , n e c p x - (for ne.e.cyx) etc. 480. When the focal point of the cleft sentence is a personal independent pronoun (xnok , ΝΤΟΚ., etc.), the relative topic element is connected without ne/T e/N e. ντοκ ε τ , χ ω MMO^c (Matt 27:11) Λ is you who say it.

Part IV: Exercises

Exercises The following exercises will allow you to control your understanding of the grammar and to repeat it by induction. One should always start with the analysis of the forms in their components as it has been done in the examples in the grammatical exposition. The last chapters have relatively few exercises. At this stage of the learning process the student should be able to read the texts in an increasing order of difficulty. The Coptic syntax can be appropriated inductively by translating the texts and refering back to the last chapter of Grammar, which does not have to be learned by heart. All the words of the excercises are integrated in the Coptic and Greek glossaries.

Exercise 1 1.

ttc a b g

17. ΜΜβρχτε

2.

MMAOHTHC

18. TTM2J2H.a.ONH

3.

OY2HK.e

19.

4.

ey noK picic

20. φρΗΝΗ

5.

Ν κ ο ο γ ε THpoy

21. NGCOOY

6.

T eeecep ix

22. geNKXTX-cxpx

7.

OYXpXCDN

23. CMOY NIM ΧρβΤΗ NIM TXGIO

8.

Ν βΓρχφ Η

9.

NeppcuoY

ng

^

io m g

NIM 24. 0Υ φ2ιΧ 6 NCBCU

10. ττ ε ^ ο ο γ

25. TTAOrOC MTTNOYTG

11. τ ε γ φ Η

26. OYTTNX NOJN2 OYNOÖ ΜΜΗΗφβ

12. ΟΥΡΗΜΧΟ

27. φΗ ρε

13. 2βΝ £ΐοογβ 14. ο γ 2 ΗΤ Ν ο γ ω τ 15. NegBHYe 16. ΑΒ6Λ TT.2JK.2JOC

NTGTTOYOGIN.

φΗ ρε

Ν τεπκλκε. 28. NGYgBHYG

ΤΗρογ

CYNH 29. NG2BHYG ΜΠΚΧΚ6

ΝΛ,ΙΚΑΙΟ

Exercises

104

30. NÖIJ3C NoypcuMe 31. ( i ) X X e

32.

42. neNCTAypoc

ncabg

NIM MN2 CÜB NIM

43.

T e T N ^ e a t t ic TH p c

N Α ΓΑ Θ Ο Ν

44. TAMNTKoyi

Ο Υ 2 ΗΓ 0 ΜΟ)Ν N T e N g e O N O C

45. TCOK

33. eye

46. pcocu

naixmaacdtoc

34. oycyHpe Α γ ω Ntyeepe

47.

TA TTC C Ü TH p

35. Τ β π Λ ΑΤΟΝΙΚΗ AIAACKAAIA

48.

to o t

36. ΠΚΑ2 Npeq-f KApnoc

49. neq^M^AA

37. γ ο γ N^OBOAOc

50. TA2e

38. reNOC NIM N^eAAHN 2'2^ipe

51. nAeicüT

cn tg

TIKOC

52. NeicyAxe

39.

CNAY CNAY

53. oycyeepe cyHM NTAq

40.

AN ON N e iX p iC T IA N O C

54.

41. neireN oc

cnay

ο γ τ ε ΐΜ ίΝ ε

55. NeipcuMe NXAxe

Exercises

105

Exercise 2 1.

ΧΝΓογποΝΗροο NpcuMe (Shill 123).

2.

ΝΤεογΜΧχγ

3.

xnok

4.

ν το κ

5.

π ο γχ π ο γχ (163)

6.

Tegpe MirpcDMe πβ ογοβικ

7.

ογττοΝΗροΝ ne (ShChass 95).

xn

(Shill 22).

(061) XNrneqgMg^x (Shill 38). 6 e NTKNIM (John 1:22). xnon

8. π ε Ν Χ λ ο γ φΗΜ π ε 9.

ΝΝβΝερΗγ (211) (Eph 4:25).

m noym ooy

n x t c o o y n (P

ΜΝΝκετροφΗ (Rossi I I 3,90b, 6-9).

130.1 133 329).

ο γ (023) τ ε τεΝ£6;\.ττιε (ShChass 82).

10. rrtoK (020) πε 11.

m m gaoc

χγχ θ ο ν

π νο υβ

πα>κ πε π £ χ τ τα>κ τ ε τοικογΜεΝΗ (Shill 117).

ΝΙΜ (024) NOYq

(Shill 72).

Ne

12. πείΗΐ rxp πχπραίΜε (019)

χν

πε

χ λ λ χ

π χπ Ν ογτε πε (Ρ 130,4)

13. OYpcDMe Ν ο γω τ ε τε π Ν ο γ τε πε ογΜΧχγ Νογα>τ ετεθϊλΗΜ 1 Ντεπε τ ε (ShIV 129). 14. ογΗΟογ εΜπωκ

χν

πε (ShOr 155).

15. ΝεΝΧφΒεερ rxp Ne (ShChass 108). 16. π£α>Β

n n x ik x io c

π ε 2 U>b

νιμ ν χ γ χ θ ο ν

π ^ω κ NNXceBHC π ε 2β

ΜποΝΗροΝ (Wess 9,177b).

17. ΝεπεχΒΒΧτοΝ χ ε πε πε2θογ ετΜΜχγ (John 5:9). 18. ΧΝΟΝ Neq2M2XA χγα> NToq πε neNxpxcoN χγα> πεΝρρο (ShIV 34). 19. ο γπ ο χιε επεερχΝ (021) πε Nxzxpeo (Luke 1:26). 20. Νχι Ne TBCU FhcoeiT CNTe. (Rev 11:4).

1

θ ϊλ η μ

for Τ.2 ΐερογοΧΛ 6 Μ : Jerusalem (cf. glossary of nomina sacra).

νιμ

Exercises

106

Exercise 3 1.

aNicoY eneiMa (Luke 19:27).

2.

Ma.Ta.eie (138) nexeicüT MirreiCMaaY (Matt 15:4).

3.

Mirpei eBOA (Matt 24:26).

4.

cpctme NTa^e (Gal 4:12).

5.

NTMe 2MTTXI

6.

cecooYN rap x e

7.

ceccuBe Nccuq

8.

TNPOK2 THPN 2ΜΠ€Ν2ΗΤ aYCÜ T6TNNHY gCDTTHYTN1(ShIII 24).

9.

ncpaxe eTCH2 (ShIII 153).

10. MTreqMeeYe

an

(lJohn 2:4). α γα θ ό ν

nöinaaim onion

c o y tc d n

eNqcooYN aN (ShRE 10,164).

mmin

MMoq (291) (ShIII 95).

m mooy n n axim on io n

13. N-j-Naicaatc

cboa

(020) Ne (ShIII 72).

aN 62ογΝ επ Ν ο γτε (ShIII 44).

11. NeqpnMeeYe MneqeBBio 12. eYcpcucüT

nim noycj

(ShAmel 1380).

aN αλ λ α -J-NAMicye

ουβηκ.

Ν^ογο (ShIII 38).

14. TeNacoYtuNOY (ShIII 191). 15. TT2a.TT eTepenxoeic ic1 2 NaicpiNe

nnai

16. epen2oq

(ShChass 28).

Ν Α φ 2 ε λ -ΜΟ° Υ 3*φ λ τ ω Ν

17. pcüMe rap

nim

NTeiMiNe N2HTq (Mun 99).

ογ€φπα>Ν2 aYCD NceoYcucp aN

cmoy

(ShEnch 93).

18. ογΝ26ΝΜΗΗφε -J-eooY NaN 2'βολ . (ShIII 199). 19. MNpaN ογΛ,ε cxHMa ΝΑφΒΟΗθει epoN(ShIV3). 20. ceoYacycj 2|TNN2HKe ceMe MMoq 2ι'™ ^ κ·6ΡΡω ο γ

m m a in o y tc

(ShChass

106). 21. aNON

T N N 20Y N

NNeNTOTTOC (ShIII 24).

22. -tTlMMaq 2NTetle *-lclc (Ps 90 (91):15).

1 gcuTTHYTN is a form of giocu* (162) with the suffix of the 2nd pers. plural. 2 ic for i’HCOYC : Jesus (cf. Glossary of the nomina sacra). 3 φ ist he short form of the auxiliary ecy, to be able to, can. geA.- ist he prenominal form of the verb 2CUA, to throw, to bring, followed by the object m o o y , water. W. E. Crum, Coptic Dictionary 666b, .v.v. 2 tUA, suggests that one should understand 'poison ’ here.

Exercises

23. ΜΤΤλ£λΐ ra.p ^ΜπλΗΐ λΝ (Prov 7:19). 24. π ετερ ο ο γ (Shiv 43, 28). 25. q^NOYNOÖ Nepra.ciA. (Wess 9,145). 26. npcüMe ετερετεττλΗ Γ Η 2'u>a>q (Wess 9,138). 27. q g iX ^ e ie (Matt 24:26). 28. ΘΟΤ6 ΜΠΝΟγτε ΟΝΜΜλΚ. Νογοβίφ NIM (Shill 101). 29. Ν6Ν2ΝΤβΙφλΐρβ 30. epeNeNiceec

Ν Ο ΥΟ ΤΓ

tcun

NMMHTN (Shill 220).

(ShAmel 1212).

31.

ΠΜ λ ε τ ε ρ ε τ φ ε λ ε ε τ

32.

ε τ Β ε Ν ΙΜ η ε τ Β ε ο γ ε τ β Η Η Τ ΝΜΜε

33. ερεττΜΟΥ

mnttcün 2

mm^ y ε q M M λ γ

2 N T '6 i x

ΝόιπΝΥΜφιοε (ShChass 138).

(Wess 9,112).

ΜΤΤΛλε (Besä 85,23).

34. Νεΐ2 ΜΠφτεκο πε (Matt 25:36).

108

Exercises

Exercise 4 1. NxcyeNeKxooA.e (Shill 31). 2.

nxno yc

3.

2eN2BHYe eNXNoyoy

4.

Νθε eTe^NHTN (Shill 82).

5.

MNTexxxy

6.

TeyxrxTTH

7.

xnon

8.

geNqjxqTe THpoy rrejcxy Ne(ShIII 118).

nxn

eMoy N^oyo (033) etON2 2Ν26ΝΘΛ-ιΊ,|ε (Wess 9,174).

χγχττη b tb

xn

(P 131,7 40).

CNXxxq eT xei (John 15:13).

oyNTxyc (ShIV 52,20)

oyNTXNCK MMXy ?tu c eitUT (Morgan 576, f. 2 v°, b :13-15).

Exercise 5 1.

MMN 2^2 NeyreNHC (ICor 1:26).

2.

e ic 2 HHTe 'f’NX'J'xoroc

3.

ΟΥΝ ΟΥΧ ΝλΤΟλΜλ ΒΒΟΛ. Ν2ΗΤΤΗγτΝ (ICor 6:1).

4.

e ic 2 HTe x e eic oypcoMe ε φ χ γ Μ ο γ τ ε βρόφ x e

5.

NeoyN

6.

ΜΝλχχγ ΝφΒΗρ oyx.6 mR

o yn o

6

nxk

x e Χ2 Nccuei MTTX2 ei (ExAn 128,35s.).

z x k .x x .i o c

x e FioyoeiN eqKCDTe ep o o y (ApocPeter 82,9s.). con

eperroyx ττογχ φίΝβ Nex TcqNoqpe

(Silv 98,3-5). 7.

eic n e x c π β 2 ΐβΐΒ ΜΤΤΝογτβ (John 1:36).

8.

eic ττχι ΚΗ eY2 e

1

ιηλ

(Luke 19:2).

m n o ytco o yn

for icpxHX (cf. List of nomina sacra).

Ν2Χ2 2 μττϊηλ.1(Luke 2:34).

Exercises

109

Exercise 6 1.

xqTtuoYN xqxcTTxze

2.

xrreN^HT φ ο ο γε

m m ooy

x 2h t n

xqcMOY epooY(ShIV 198).

φ ο ο γε χ,ΝεΝεχρχ φ ο ο γε ΜπεΝΝΟΒε pcu

MMINe NIM ϊϊπ χ λ χ ε ΝΛΧΙΜΟΝΙΟΝ φΟΟΥβ 2Ρ^· N^HTN (ShIV 23). 3.

εογΝττχοειε 2ΜΤτε·°Υ°ειΦ χγπχ.2τ °Υ χγογα>φφ

x n a x im o n io n

nxo>

ΧγΧφΚΧΚ. 6ΒΟΛ. 2ΝΟΥΝ00 NCMH (Shill 85). 4.

XKMepiTN πχρχπεΝΜΤΤφχ εχκφ Μπεκ,ΜΟΝΟΓεΝΗε ΝφΗρε 2λ Ρ°Ν (ShRE 10, 162a).

5.

ΝΤ^ΥρφΜΜΟ epcüTN βτΒβΝ6Υ2ΒΗγε ββοογ (124) (Shill 143).

6.

2cüb

7.

φχρεπΜ οετε rxp τογΝεεογφτα>Ν (Shill 122).

8.

Μεγεφ0Μ0θΜ ε φ λ Η λ Νθε ΝογφΗρε φΗΜ (ShIV 52).

9.

φ χγχοοε

nim

NTxqxxY (119) NTxqxxY ΤΗρογ ετΒεπεΝ ογχχι (ShAmel I I 436).

χ ε φ 2^ ρ 2θ τ ε

ετBεπ2oq

2ΗΤ^Ϊ ΜΤτρωΜε

εqκ.H κ.Χ2ΗΥ

(ShAmel 1,260). 10.

τγμχ

ετεΜ ερεχο ο χεε ο γ τ ε 2θ θ λ ε τχ κ ο N2HTq (ShAmel II 237 = Mt

6 :20).

11. Μεγογα>2 2ühi εΜττχτογκ.οτ^

χγα> Μεγκ.χ2εΝ2Ν λλΥ

νχνχγκ ,χιον

N2HTq (ShAmel II, 147). 12. εεογα)Μ

mttxtoybcuk .

ετεττροεφορχ (ShChass 50).

13. ετετΝεΜΟΟφε 2ΐττχ2°Υ ΝΝεεΝΗΥ (ShIV, 62). 14. xqxoopoY

εΒΟΛ

εΝεχευρχ

χεκχε

εγεφα>πε

2Ν°Υμντ Φ μμο

MNOYMNT2HKe (Shill 99). 15. ΝΝεκωρκ.

ννουχ

εκ.εφ χ,ε ΝΝεκχΝΧφ Μττχοειε (Shill 66).

110

Exercises

Exercise 7 1.

χιρχφε βΜλτε Ντεριχι ΝΝεε2Χΐ ΝτεκΜΝτεκυτ (Shill 13).

2.

χγ,χιόοΛ rxp ειωεΗφ1 2ΜπΗΙ ΜπρΜΝΚΗΜε φΧΝτζει ε^ρχι ε^εΝΝοό Νθλίψιε (Shill 103).

3.

Nεqφooπ Λ.ε ^Ργπμχ ετίΪΜ χγ φΧΝτε^ΗρίϋΛΗε

4.

XNTCDT Ν2ΗΤ ΝτερΝεωτΜ ε Ν φ χ χ ε Ν τ ε ο φ ιχ Μ ΠΝογτε (Shill 14).

5.

εΝφΧΝειρε rxp ΝΤΜε ΧΝΤχειετΜε ΧΝεα>φ Μπόολ εΝφΧΝειρε χ,ε ΜΤΤΝΧ

μ ου

(Matt 2:15).

ΧΝΤλείε ΤΜΝΤΝΧΗΤ ΧΝΟΟ>φ ΝΤΜΝΤΑΤΝΑ (Shill 112).

6.

εΝφΧΝΤΜείΜε

7.

6α>φτ

8.

εερ2θτε

ν γν χ υ

rx p

ετχΓΧΠΗ Μττεχε1 2 Tc

qN xxm oN

(ShRE 10,164).

ετειφ γχΗ (ShIV 200).

ζ ΗΤ

NqMOOYTOY (ShIV 21). 9.

φχρεΝεοοΝε ει ΝεεεγΛΧ MMoq ^icεqει MTreqxpHMX THpq (ShIV 25).

10. εεΝΗγ Λ.ε Ν0ΐ£εΝ2θογ 2θτχΝ eγφANqι Η π χ τ φ ε χ ε ε τ

ν το ο το υ

(Matt

9:15). 11. ΜχρΝπροεεχε εN εqφ xχε τχρΠείΜε επετΝφίΝε Nctuq (ShLefort 41). 12. χΜογ ετεκκλΗ ειχ τχρεπ Ν ο γτε

εροκ. 2ΰτεκΜΝτρΜΜΧο (Ρ 131.6

ο μ ου

13). 13. ...φ Χ Ν τεπεχτχΝ χε

Me2eiXTq

mmcütn

χγα> NM ε χ ω τ ϋ (Besä

86,14). 14.

kxn ε ΐ φ Χ Ν Μ ο γ Ν φ Ν χ χ ι φ π ε

15. HNNCcec Λ ε

ον

χν

Ν λχ χ γ

P m x T c jp N X Y

(ShChass 107).

φΝΧΝχγ ερα>ΤΝ ΝτεπετΝ2ΗΤ ρχφε (John 16:22).

1 eicucmj) is a proper noun: Joseph. 2 x c for xpiCTOC : Christ (cf. glossary of nomina sacra).

Exercises

111

Exercise 8 1.

χκ,τρβΝοογωΝΓ (Shill 90).

2.

xneipcoMe

3.

NNeyexiee Νρα>Μβ eTMTpeyTMMoq (ShIV 92).

4.

e io y e c y o y n t o o t t h y t n ΝβχτρβτΝφ2ΗΥ mmcdtn (ShAmel 1,267).

5.

XNXy

h

X62N

NeipcoMe pNoee χγτρχρΝΟΒβ 2ω ' (ShAmel 1,79).

Z^Z

MMX

£ΝΝβΓρχφΗ XY2CÜN

βΤΟΟΤΝ

GTMTpeNCUpK

Ν λλλΥ NXNAcy (Shill 182). 6. χγα) Νθβ εΤ6ΤΝθγβφΤρβρρα)Μβ AAC ΝΗΤΝ xpic 2CUTTHYTN ΝΧΥ (Luke 6:31). 7.

Fiee

N o yo e ic y

ν ιμ

qN XX ixi

ον

τβΝογ Νόιπβχβ 2Μπλοα)Μλ eiTe

2Μπτρχα>Ν2 ειτβ 2ΜτττρχΜογ (Phil 1:20). 8.

xqKTO

NTeqopm

βττχ2°Υ

eTMTpeqKOAXze

mmon

HTTipxcMOC (ShIV 206).

1

£W

is a variant form of

(cf. W.E. CRUM, C optic D ictio n a ry 6 5 1b, j .v. gCDCD*).

z ^ Z eNN° ^

112

Exercises

Exercise 9 1. 2^2 rxp Ficon φλρεπόερΗό cepe ε 2ογΝ ϊΜ ε τ φ ιε ε γ ε ερ ο ο γ εό ο π ο γ χγα> 2.

ου

e2pxi excooY 2NTeq6oH ΝφΆ2°°Υ (Shill 78).

N c jn c D T

ne TTNoee

h

Χφ ne nxiNÖONc

c n t x i x i t h y t Fi

nöonc

N2 HTq

NTCDTN NpeqK.pMpM FipcqöFixpiKC (Shill 144).

Exercise 10 1.

x q c o Y C O N tj

2.

ΜϋΧΓΧΠΗ N2HTOY 620YN ε ο γ χ NOYCUT NNeT'j'CBCO

3.

cycune

.χ ε π χ ο ε ιο π ε (ShChass 69).

ντοκ

m t t ic t o c

εκογχχΒ 1 χ γ ω

n x y

(Wess 9, 162).

εκφΧΝΒίυκ 2λ 2ΤΗ9

κ,νχνχυ

ε π ε ο ο γ Μ ΠΝογτε (ShIV 189).

Exercise 11 4.

Ν έ το

Νφορπ

χ γρ 2 ^ε

β τΒ ετΜ Ν Τχτε ω τΜ

Ν έτο

Ν2^ε

χγρφ ορπ

eTBGTMNTC^MHT (Ρ 130.2).

5.

πβΤΝΧ2λ Ρε 2

ε 2 θΝ κογι

Ν ζφ ω πε

εqεN 20 T

εροογ

ΦΧΥΫ26ΝΝ° 6

ε τ ο ο τ ^ F ^ T X N 20 YTq ε ρ ο ο γ (ShIV 113). 6.

εΝεΝΤχιειρε ΝείΝΧΠχρχιτι

7.

rxp

Ν ο γχ ι

χν μ πμ ου

nöonc

η

o y 2 cub

εqFϊπφ x

(Acts 25:11).

ΜΝροΜε ε ο γ Ν τ ε Ν εε2ΐοογε

nbcuk

ε2ογΝ φ χ ρ ο ο γ χ ε ε ε ε ο Β τ ε

Ν26 ΝΜΧ Ν φ ω π ε 2 ΜπεγΗει Νχρόρα>2 (Sh IV 17).

8.

χ γ ε ίΜ ε rx p x o N T x q x o T o m x p x B o x H

1 κογχχβ.

μπμου

o tb h h to y

(Mark 12:12).

nxc

Part V: Selection o f texts

1

•I i

Selection o f texts The following texts belong to different domains of Coptic literature. Some texts are translated from a Greek original, others have been originally written in Coptic. This selection embraces biblical texts, monastic literature, homiletic and polemic texts and Gnostic writings. Some grammatical elements are marked by references to the paragraphs of the grammar. Other particularities of the texts are treated in the footnotes.

Luke 15:11 -3 2: the prodigal son We reproduce the text from the edition of G. Homer, The Coptic Version o f the New Testament in the Southern Dialect otherwise called Sahidic and Thebaic; vol. II, Osnabrück, 1969 (reprint of 1911-1924). In this edition you will also find an English translation of the Coptic text.

"rrBJXxq x e oypcuMe πετεγΝΤΧΧ] (299) mmxy (155) Ntyttpe cnxy . I2n e x e ττκογι νοητού MTTeqeicDT. x e π χ εια χ τ mx (136) nxi HrrxMepoc εττχ ;> ο MMOi 2N τ ο γ ε ιχ . xqncuüj x e e x a t o y NNeqNKx. 13Fittxtb (322) £X£ x e NgooY ογείΝβ. x π κ ο γ ι ΝφΗρβ c e y z Fi^x nim eTNTxq. xqxnox.HMei β γ χ ω ρ χ ecoYHY1. xqxcocope e e o x mmxy NTeqoYcix. eqMOOcye (>N ογΜΝΤφΰχ (108). 14N Tepeqxe nk.x nim bboa xyno6 NgeecucoN qpcune gFi Texcopx ετΜΜχγ. NToq x e xqxpxei ΰ φ α χ υ τ . 15xqBCOK xqToöq ε ο γ χ nnpm^ mg

(049) NTexcupx ετΜΜχγ. xqxooY q eTeqccocye bmoonb (449)

N^eNpip. 16xycd NeqenieYMei (238) Fici cboa £Fi ΰ ό χ ρ χ τ ε ε τ ε ρ ε Fipip oycüm

ΜΜΟογ. χγα> ΝεΜΝ χ χ χ γ -J* Nxq. 17xqMeK.MOYK.q x e n e x x q . x e

ο γ ΰ ογΗρ Νχχιβεκ,ε ΰ τ ε π χ ε ια ιτ chy Μποεικ (464).

χνοκ.

x e είΝΧΜογ

ΜπείΜΧ £ χ ττε^κο. ' ^ nxtcooyn txbcok. (382) cyx π χ ε κ υ τ τ χ χ ο ο ε Nxq. x e π χ ε ια ττ χιρΝΟΒε ε τ π ε χγα> mttbkmto bboa . ‘^Ί-Μ ττφχ χν xcin

τεΝ ο γ εΜ ο γτε εροι x e πεκφΗ ρε. χ χ τ (119)12 ϊϊθ ε Fioyx Finbk..xxibbk.b . 1 Stative of ο γ ε . 2 The pronominal form of the infinitive is used here instead of the imperative Xpl.

116

Texts

20ΛΧ|τα>ογΝ A e Aqei φΑ n eq eio rr. ε τ ι eqPmoYe3. a neqeicuT nay epoq. AqφN2THq45egpAi excoq. AqncuT AqnAgTq e x ii neqMAKg. Aq'fni epcuq. 21n e x e πeqφH pe NAq. x e πΑβια>τ AipNoee ε τ π ε Αγα> ΜττεκΜτο eeox. ΝφΡϊπφΑ an xin τθνου βΜ ογτβ epoi x e πεκφΗ ρε. 22n e x e neqeicuT Ae NNeqgMgAX. x e όεττΗ anbing e e o x Ν τεετο λΗ ετΝΑΝογε. ntgtntaac (371) gitucuq. Ν τετΝφ NOYSOYp eT e q ö ix aycu ο γ τ ο ο γ ε eNeqoYepHTe. 23ΝΤεΤΝΒΝ3 TTMACe εΤΟΑΝΑφΤ. NTeTNKONCq. NTNOYCÜM. ΝΤΝεγφρΑΝε. 24χ ε (443) πΑφΗρε epoq.

a y Αρχει

π α ι

eNeqMOOYT (472) π ε. AqcuFig. NeqcopH π ε. Alge

χ ε ΝεγφρΑΝ6. 25Nepe neqNoö x e ΝφΗρε gN τ ε α > φ ε (263).

eqNHY x e egpAi AqgcoN egoYN επΗί. AqccuTM εγεγΜφθΝΐΑ 26AqMOYTe εογΑ NNgMgAX. AqxNOYq χ ε ο γ Ne NAq. x e πεκεοΝ neNTAqei (466).

a

n ai .

mn

ο γ χο ρ ο ε.

27NToq x e nexAq

π ε κ ε ιω τ φ ίυα>τ epoq ΜΠΜλεε

ετεΑΝΑφΤ. x e (443) Aqge epoq eqoYox (412). 28AqNOY6e x e Μπ^ογα>φ bbcuk

egoYN.

a

neqeiarr ei eeox Aqoenocunq. 29NToq x e AqoYtt^B

nexA q RneqeicuT. x e eie ογΜΗΗφε FipoMne φ ο NgMgAx NCCDI 6Neg ΝΟγεΝΤΟΛΗ NTOOTK. AYCU

ετρΑεγφρΑΝε (449) eNTAqoYeM N6K.NK.A

mn mn

Μ πκφ

nak.

Μπικω

NAI NOYMAC NBAAMTTe

ΝΑφΒεερ. 30NTepe πεκ,φΗρε x e ei.

π αι

FmopNoe. Α Κ φ αχυτ epoq MTTMAee ετεΑΝΑφΤ.

31NToq x e nexA q NAq. x e πΑφΗρε

ν το κ

κφοοπ

nmmai6 Ν ο γο είφ nim.

AYCÜ NOYI (020) THpOY ΝΟγΚ NB. 32φ φ ε Χ6 epON ΒρΑφΒ ΝΤΝ6γφρΑΝ6. Χ 6

π εκ εοΝ

π α ι

eNeqMOOYT π ε. AqcoFig. NeqeopM π ε. Alge epoq.

3 e*q.M-TT.OYe. 4 φ Ν -gHT 6XN- means to have pity, to have compassion. Here we find the prepersonal form of gHT {heart), which corresponds to the subject (Crum, Coptic Dictionary, 716b, .v.v. 2 HT). 5 ΘΝ- is the prenominal form o f eiNe. 6 NMMA* is the prepersonal form of mn- {with).

Apophthegmata patrum

117

The apophthegmata patrum We reproduce some passages from the edition of M. Chaine, Le manuscrit de la version copte en dialecte sahidique des « Apophtegmata patrum », Le Caire 1960. This edition is accompanied by a French translation. 3.

a o yco n

N ijp g o T e

XNe

o y

2ä

x e 1 n A e ic o T β τ β ε ο γ

a o

R gH Tcj Ν Π Ν ο γ τ ε · n e x e

an

Π2α

α ο

anok

NAq x e

n p co M e A M A g T e M n e x n i o 2M n e q g H T q N A x n o N A q nexe

n c o N NAq x e

ογ ne nexm o- nexe

N A x m e (2 5 6 ) T e q 'p Y X H

2 cob

n im

eqxco

.

π α

pco M e· e p q jA N ο γ Α

xe

Μ ογΝ

eeoA

2^

Ν λφ τ

τ

T M e e Y e -X e ε ρ φ Α Ν Μ Π Ν ο γτε·

ν θ ο τβ

n g Ä A o x e K x c e p e npcoM e

mmoc

nac

xe

2 A n c e p o N n e ε τ ρ ε Ν Α Π Α Ν Τ Α (1 3 4 ) ε π Ν ο γ τ ε · N q x o o c mn

2η

ναι cnhy

Α ρ ιΠ Μ ε ε γ ε 1 2 xe on

3 NAq

xe

n6i

A2Poi

anok

(2 3 5 ) θ ο τ ε

Μ Π Ν ο γτε.

5. ΑγοΑ XNe OY2ÄAO x e ετΒ εο γ ei2MOOc (422) 2M ΠΑΜΑΝφα>α>Π64 ΠΑ2ΗΤ KCOTe

c a c a 5 nim·

eBOAxe οεφωΝε

n6 i

τόΐΝφίΟΑΜ τόΐΝφ ΑΧε

A q o Y ü ^B NAq n6 i n2ÄAO x e eeoA x e

NeicecoHTHpioN6 eT2iBOA ναι

t ö in n a y

(051)

tö in cco tm

6e ε φ ω π ε εκφ ΑΝΧηο (429) ΝτεγεΝερπΑ 2Ν

ΟγΜΝΤΚ,ΑΘΑρΟΟ φΑρε NKeeCOHTHpiON 6Τ2Ι20ΥΝ φ ίυπε 2Ν θγ6ρΑ2Τ ΜΝ ΟγογΧΑΙ.

6. ΑογΑ

ον

XNe OY2ÄAO x e ετΒ εογ T2MOOC 2^ ΠΑΜΑΝφωαητε

Τ 2 Λ-ΤΓΛ-α,ττ' *χ|ογαίφΒ NAq x e eeoAxe ΜΠΑτεκεια>ρ2 eTN2eAnize epoq (463)ογχε

t k o a a c ic

μ π μ το ν

ετΝΑφοπτε- eNe AKeiep2 (436)

ΝΑΙ 2N OYCUpX AYCO NTC ΠεΚΜΑΝφίΟίΟΠε MOY2 (371) NBNT εροκ

1 2 3 4 5 6

x e can introduce an indirect discourse as well as a direct discourse. Imperative of p-M eeye. C.NHY.

Μλ N-O)curre: literally: place o f being. The expression refers to the monk’s cell. ( N -) C A -C X e c e H T H p iO N

for the Greek αισθητήριον.

.

118

Texts

φ ΧΝΤογπευ2 e2PXi eneK[MOTe] ΝεκΝχόευ e ^ P ^ i [n ^ h j t o y n e (253) N rqi (371) 2λρ[οογ] Ν ΓΤΗ 2λοπλ[π],

34. ογεοΝ eq^Mooc 2Ü Fipi MXYXxq a.qqjTopTp xqBCDK a e φ λ λ π λ eecoAopoc νγθββιθ

xq6cu

n tg

ngepMHc7 x q x o o c Nxq· n e x e

(371) πεκ,^ΗΤ NrötD

mn

20iNe 2M

ttto o y

MTTim to n βιογΗ2

mn

MneKMTON (432)

m xyxxk

mn

π ^α λ ο

χ ε Nxq x e

2ΝΚθογε eK2YnoTXcce

xqKOTq

on

bcdk

n x y xqecDK

ae

xqei φ χ n2 Ä xo n e x x q x e

NpcuMe- n e x e n2ÄAO x e Nxq x e εφ θ)πε ογχε

ον

εκφ οοπ

βΤΒβ ο γ χκει βΒΟλ epMONXXoc (449) χ ε κ χ ε x x ic (136) epoi x e eic ογΗρ ϊϊροΜηε

mn χν

ΝΚθογε

ν γν χ μ το ν xn

εκΝΧτευογΝ 2^ Νθχιψιε

ν χ ι 8 n t x k -J-

ΜπειεχγΜΧ9 2'tDtüK·

n e x x q x e eic φΜογΝ NpoMne· n e x e Π 2 λ χ ο Nxq x e

nxm c

eic cpqe

NpOMne XINTXipMONXXOC MTTI0N ΟγΜΤΟΝ N0Y200Y NOYCÜT XYCD ΝΤΟΚ κογευφ eeMTON1012n τείφΜΟΥΝε NpoMne

37. x q x o o c n 6 i χ π χ ποιμην eTBe χ π χ icü2XNNHC η κ ο χο Β ο ε x e xqTCUB2 Μ ΠΝογτε xqqi μ π ο λ υ μ ο ο eeox MMoq χγα> xqφ α)π e NXMepiMNOCxqBtuK x e x q x o o c Ν ο γχ N2Äxo x e -(-n x y epoi m x y x x t x e 'J’MOTNe11 mn tto x y m o c

2 ΐ·Χωι· n e x e

h 2ä x o Nxq x e bcdk nxpxKXxei Μ ΠΝογτε

X6KXC epe RnoxYM Oc ei n xk 2α>ογ2 eyMX noycdt χγα> χγκίΜ e n c y x x e eTBe txckhcic mn TMNTpeqcpRcpeNOYTe21 χγα> x e cycye epxNxq22 ΜΠΝογτε- nxi x e e y c y x x e Ν2ΗΤογ χγογα>ΝΧ2 e e o x n6 i x r r e x o c cnxy NNX2 peN 2 °iNe n6 N2 ä a o 23 ετΝ 2 Η τογ eoytS 2 Neno>Mic24 Ν το ο το γ ey't’eooY Μπογχ π ο γ χ ε τ φ χ χ ε eTBe ΤΜΝτρρο ΜΠΝογτε χγα> χγκχρω ογ ν6 ι ngntxynxy en2opoMx· R neqpxcT e xyccüoy2 enMX ετΜΜχγ χγκ,ΐΜ ey q p x x e eTBe ο γ χ nngcnhy exqepN oee25 χ γ ω χυκχτχαχαι nc'J’bcucdn

HMoq xqoycüN2 x e e e o x nn2 ä a o Νφορη n6 i ογριρ eqM62

eq o ΝχκχοχρτοΝ THpq NeNTxYNXY x e enöcoxff e e o x

NTepoyeiMe enN oee ε τφ ο ο π χ γ χ ω eNecNHY R n eo o y n e eBOA2N N xrreA oc mn neiNe Rnpip·

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

N-N.pa>M e.

ογα)ΝΧ2 (e e o x ) is the equivalent of ογα>Ν2 (ee o x ). T .M N T -p e q -c y M c y e -N O Y T e (cf. 049, 051). p-XNA*q.

gOINe Ν-Μ·2λλΟ. 2eN.encuMic. e.x^q.p-NOBe.

121

Apophthegmata patrum

240. Α λ Π λ CApATTICUN NAY ΒγΤΤΟρΝΗ n e X A q X e 'J'NHY φΑρΟ MTTNAY NpoYge cBTtDTe (007) g b o a aycu NTepeqei n a c g ^ o y n n e x A q n a c x e

6CU epOl ΝΟΥΚΟΥΙ X e ΟΥΝΤΑΙ OYNOHOC RmAY φΑΝ^ΧΟΚ^ CBOA NTOC nexA c x e

x e

kaacuc

TTAeicuT- NToq x e AqApxei M^AAAei

πφορπ

x in

M^AAMOC φANTeqXCυK eBOA ΜΤΤφ6ΤΑΙθΥ M^AAMOC AYCU KATA COÜ26 NKApeuq eBOA φA qelpe ΝφΟΜΝΤ27 ΝΚΑΧΤΓΑΤ NTOC gOXOC AC0CU εΟφΑΗΑ 2ΐπΑ 2ογ MMoq28 2N ο γ 2 θ τ ε 2Apoc TApecoYXAi (387) a c t ta 2T c

nAeicuT γαρ

mn o y c t c d t ·

aycu a

Π Ν ογτε

AqMOYN x e c c u tm

2 λ Ρ λ το γ NNeqoYepHTe ecpiMe ecx c u

πμα

bboa

eqφAHA

epoq- Tec2iMe x e m m oc

x e Αρι

ετ εκ ο ο ο γ Ν x e •J'n a o y x a i N2HTq χ ι τ 29 b m a y

τα γ α ττη

ν τα

Π Ν ογτε

ΤΝΝΟογκ (316) φΑροι εττΑΓ AYCD AqxiTc eY2GNeeTe fmApoeNOc

nexAq x e

n tm aa y

NoeNeeTe x e x i NTeiccuNe

aycu

M npTAAe (142)

NA2B e x c o c Η 6NTOAH AAAA ΝΘ6 6 Τ 6 0 0γΑ φ 0 MApeCAAC (349) KAAC 2^ n x o e ic AYCU MNNCA 2NKOYI N200Y neXAC x e ANOK OYpeqpNOBe ε ι ο γ ω φ eoYcuM

n o y c o tt

MMHNe

ε ιο γ α ίφ eoYCUM

n o y c o t t k a t a c a b b a t o n mnnccuc o n t t c x a c

mnnca

κ ε ο γ ο ε ίφ

on

nexA c x e x e εττιχΗ

Alp 2^2 NNOBe ΟΠΤ30 620YN εγρι AYCU ne'J'NAOYOMq TAAq ΝΑΙ 2N ΟΥφΟΥφΤ MN TTA2CUB NÖIX' AYCU AYeipe 2'NAI AYCU ACpANAq MTTNOYTe AceNKOTK31 x e 2 m

26 27 28 29 30

ttma θ τμ μ α υ

2 m n x o e ic -

The Greek preposition κατά has a distributive meaning here: every time. φΜ ΝΤ-

2 ι ττλ2°Υ MMO*q: literally: behind his buttocks, meaning behind him. A*q.xiT*T. ο π τ τ (= o t t t *t ) , see α )Τ Π .

31 A^C.N KOTK.

122

Texts

A catechesis o f Theodorus The next text is taken from a catechetic fragment attributed to Theodoras, the coadjuvant of Horsiesis, Pachomius’ successor in Tabbenese. We reproduce the texte from the edition of L. Th. Lefort, (Euvres de S. Pachöme et de ses disciples, Louvain 1956, 41:13-43:12. The French translation is published in a separate volume. ετΒεπΑΐ ΜΑρΰροειε N Te N ^p e ^1 επεχΑριεΜΑ eNTxqei1 2excoN ΠΑρΑπεΝΜΤΓφΑ NNeNgBHye, NTeNgxpeg επΝΟΜοε, ερεττογΑ rroyx.

o

nkcot

PineqepHy (292) A y tu

n ^ ih nbcuk

mmon3

egoyN επρΑφε ΰτΜΰτερο 4

NMTTHye (043). ΜΑρεΝ'|’πεΝ 2Ητ 6ε 5eMOoqje 2ΜπΝΟΜΟε Tttpq

n t k o in c o n ia ,

ΝΤβΝΟίφΜ MniCCOgT ΜΝΤΚΑΤΑΛΑΛΙΑ ΜΝΤΤβΚρΜρΜ 2NTÖOM ΜπβΤΤΝβγΜΑ εΤΟΥΑΑΒ, βΤβΤΜβΛβΤΗ 6ΝΝφΑΧε ΜΤΓΝΟγτε ΜΠε200γ ΜΝΤεγφΗ, A ytD ε ο τ ε ΝΐΜ ΝτεττττοΝΗροε ετχερ ο , ΝτεΝόΜόοΜ

2Μττεθγροε

ΝτεΝττιετιε,

χ ε κ Α ε ερφΑΝπκΑΐροε φα>πε ΝτεττΝογτε όΡϊπεΝφίΝε, Νεε2ε εροΝ εΝΟΒΤίυτ

2ίτ>ετε

ΜΑρεΝΒίοκ

φ α ττη ι

ετρεΝίχοοε ιχεΑίεγφρΑΝε ΜΝΝεΝΤΑγχοοε

ναι x e

Μττ,χοειε.

ΤΝφττ2Μθτ NTOOTq ΜΠΝογτε π ε ιω τ ΜπεΝχοειε ίε πεχε, χ ε ^ χ χ Ν ΝΜΠφΑ 2ÜJCTe βτρεΝρπα>Βφ ΜπεΝ2ΐεε ΜΝπεΝ2θΧ2^ 2MTTec1'N°Yde NTMNTCMHT ΜΝΤΑΧρΟ ΝΤΤΤίεΤΙε εΤΤΑΧρΗγ 2M ™ O M OC NTK.OINCUNIA

ετογχΑ Β xyco ΜΜε, τ α α ττα

ι

επεεχρχΗΓοε (472,475) ΜΝΝεΑΝΑΠοετοΛ,οεπε

TTA2C0MO7, γ γ α ι εΝΤΑΝεΒΤοοτΝ εκ,ΑΗροΝΟΜει ΝΝερΗΤ εΝΤΑΠΝογτε

ερΗΤ MMOoy NAq, 2ΜπτρεΝ2Αρε2 (134,424) ε N ε q ε N T O λ H , εΝΤΒΒΗγ εβΟΛ 2NTCÜAM ΝΙΜ ΝΤετεΑρΧ ΜΝΤΤεΤΤΝεγΜΑ, CNIXCUK. εΒΟλ ΝΟΥΤΒΒΟ 2ΝΘΟΤε

ΜΠΝογτε, εΝΟ ΝΑΤχιροπ ΝΝεΝερΗγ Φ

α ο υ 2Ν, π χ ο ε ι ε π ε πεΝρρο, π χ ο ε ι ε NToq πετΝΧΤΧΝ2Ν8, ΧΥΟ> 6NTHT N2HT 2Μ20Χ2·Χ MTTAIOK.HOC9 GNXCU MMOC XG2NNXI ΤΗρογ ΒΝΤΧγεί G2PXI BXCÜN MneNpneKCÜBCy101, XYCÜ HneNXINÖONC 2 n t g k .a .ix o h k .h

ο γ Λ ε ίϊπεπεΝ2ΗΤ BX2coa>q ε π χ 2 ο γ Π, εΝεοογΝ

χ ε ε Ν τ χ χ χ ρ ίζ ε 12 ν χ ν ε π ι ε τ ε γ ε ε π κ ε Bxcuq, BNCtm Ν2θΧ2Χ ΡϊπετφόοΜ

νχν

νιμ

μ μ χ τ β χ ν , χ λ .χ χ

2 ' ö ^-I'1/ ic (187)

ε φ Ρ 2 ΐο ε 13 ο ν

νιμ x g 2 £ nxxxyng

π ε χ ε ϊε π εΝ χ ο ειε, εΝΜ εεγε

bboa.

2 >ΤΜπε2 Μθτ

εΝ π ε ο ο ο γ (466)

MNN2ICG ΒΝΤΧγΧΧγ ΜΤΤεΤΜΜΧγ14 ΜΝΝΒΤΟΥΧΧΒ ΤΗρογ, ΝΧΙ ΒΝΤΧΥΜΟΟφΒ 2Ν26ΝΒΧλΟΤ ΜΝ26ΝφΧΧρ ΝΒΧΧΜπε, εγρ6ρα>2, εγθλΙΒΒ, εγΜΟΚ2, ΝΧΙ ετεΡϊπκοεΜ Οο ΜΠφχ

μ μ ο ο υ χ ν , χγα>

Ν εγ ρ χ φ ε εΜΧτε εγ εο ο γ Ν

χ ε ε ρ ε π ε γ ο γ χ χ ι 2 ΰ ο γ ο γ ο ε ΐφ Ν θλίφιε, χ γ ω π2·οε ϊτ π ε ο γ ο ε ίφ τεΝ ο γ ΜΠφΧ ΧΝ Μ πεοογ ετΝ χό ω χττ εροΝ. π ε τ ε ρ ε π χ ο ε ι ε (464) rxp Με MMoq φ x q π x ιx ε γ ε MMoq, φxqMXGTlΓoγ χ ε ΝφΗρε

νιμ

ε τ φ ιχ φ ο τ τ ο γ opoq, χγα>

εφ χ εΝ Ο Υ ρ χ φ ε Ν ογκ χρποε

χν

x g g b c u νιμ

π ε (432), χ λ .λ .χ ο γ χ γ π Η τ ε ,

νηρηνικον 15 n x ik x io g y n h

π ρ ο ε τε γ Ν ο γ

mnngcüg

ΝΝεΝΤχγΓγΜΝΧζε

μβν

φ χεφ μμοου β β ο λ

2ITOOTG. χ ρ χ NTGNCOOYN16 ΧΝ ΝΤΓΥΜΝΧΟΙΧ ΝΝΤΒΝΟΟγε Χ Β φΧ γρογ ΝΧΥ, ε φ χ γ τ ε χ Β θ ο γ Νβε ε τ ε 2 Ν ε π ε γ χ ο ε ιε ; εχΝείΜ εόε επ εο ο γ Ν ε τ ο γ ο χ 17 ΝτεΝεΓρχφΗ ε τ ο γ χ χ Β

μ ν τ 6 ινρ 2 2 ΰ τεΝ τχπ ρ ο xgoymonon 18 8 TT.e T.N X .TX N g O N .

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

xiOKMOc for the Greek διωγμός. Orthographic variant for MTT*N.p-TTe*K.CDBcy. c o o g e e-nxgO Y : to bow backwards (literaly: to erect backwards). Since the subject is not expressed, we can translate impersonally. cy- is an auxiliary {to be able, can, cf. ecy). Μ-ττ.ετ.ΜΜχγ HpHNlKON for the Greek ειρηνικόν. Read n.TN.c o o y n . ο γ ο χ is the Stative of ο γ χ χ ι. OYMONON for the Greek ού μόνον.

124

Texts

ετρεγΜορΝ, λ λ λ λ ετρθΝΜογ £ΜΜΛ Ν|Μ ^λπρλΝ ΜπεΝχοειε ϊε πεκε, κγα> ΝτεΝΧοοε 19

ΝΝκτεχρικ 20(019) Μπεα>ΜΧ ΜΝΠΝοόΝεό

ΝΝεΤΝΟόΝεό ΜΜΟΝ εΤΒεπφ ΟΧϋΤ ΜΝπεΜΚΧ2 -Χ6ΝΙΗ πεΤΝΧφπορΧΝ ετχΓχπΗ ίϊπΝογτε, ογβχιψ ιετε, o ykcdkx 2 hY> η

ογκίΝΛ,γΝοε,

η

η

ογΛ.α>.Χ2, η ογΛίωΓΜοε,

η

ογ^κο,

ογεγΒε 21 ΜΝΤΤκεεεεπε22, κ χ τ χ TÖiNpgcuB

ΤΗρε Μ πχποετοΛοε, πεα>τττ ΜΠΝογτε, πεΝΤ 2φ.χοοε

νχν

χετΝ ΤΝ ΤΗ γτΝ 23εροι κ χ τχ θ ε εΝΤλίΤΝΤίΟΝΤ εττεχε, ε τ ε τ ε ι 6ΐΝρ2« 2Β ΝΟΥίΟΤΤε ΝΝεΤΟγΧΧΒ ΤΗρογ ΜΝΝείΟΤε NTKOINCDNIX ΝΧΙ

2^ογΜΝΤΓεΝΝΧιοε, εχγΗΤΟΝ μ μ ο ο υ ε 2ογΝ επεγΜΧ ν η τ ο ν φχεΝε2

εΝτχγχεκ.πεγχΓθ>Ν εΒΟλ

2ΝΝεγ2ΐοε 2ΜτττρεγΒα>κ.

19 20 21 22 23

Read N-TN.XOO^c. XplX for the Greek χρεία. CYBe is a variant of CHC|e (from the Greek ξίφος). MN-n.Ke.ceene: etcetera (literally: the rest also). t n t n ^t h y t n

η

instead o f TNTCUN^TN (for euphonic reasons).

εΒΟΛ.

Church of the Rock

125

The H o m ily o n th e C h u rc h o f th e R o c k , attributed to Timothy Tiluros The homily on the Church of the Rock tells the story of a church consecrated to the Virgin Mary, situated on the east bank of the Nile. The legend retraces the history of the church to the dwelling of the Holy Family in Egypt. The passage we quote tells the story from the point of view of Mary. The text i staken from the edition of A. Boud’hors, L ’Homilie sur I’Eglise du Rocher attribuee ä Timothee JElure (Patrologia Orientalis 49, 1, n° 217), Tumhout 2001. The text is published with a French translation. XCDK (382) eBOA

[p]

φΑΝΤΑπε

NTGpeN

g it a

ceeNTNCooNe1

AeöneipACMOc (364)

GBOA Νογκογι (107)

Nim Ντεπει

ΝτερεπΑ

KocMoc· x e

aycu

φΗρε

npCDMG NAIA

jxgnai

ΝΑΙ 23lTTAYC

BOAIA4 ΟΥΛ.ΙΑ

t h c 2·

BOAocne

mg

Aqei

cuq

εττΑΜοκ

mgk

τεΝογόε

neJCAq

cü5 t a

Μπερ

NAI' A6MA

m aay

PIA TAMAAY

MKA2 N2HT

Μπερρκογι (142)

ετβεπεθΒΒίο

N£HT epoi

N TA ^onq

(443)

2^ t g n t o

AiANeixe

epoi

φΑΝΤβπ

AH MTTAeiCUT

AYCTHC ep

2ΥΠΟΜΙΝε CU TA

ΝΑΙ ΝΑΙ· M

MAAY NMMAI

MON TOI1CO

εΝεθΑίψιε

NOMIA MTTA

MneiKoc

icut

excoi

τα

3 πελεό- for πελό-, the prenominal form of ttcdaö.

-------------------------------

4 The Greek noun διαβολία (hostility) is used

1 c e e N T - for c e N T - , the prenominal state of the verb c iN e . 2 AYCTHC fort he Greek ληστής.

with decriptive function (as an adjective, cf. 028). It could be translated diabolical. 5 ώ introduces a Greek vocative..

126

Texts

Moc· χβΝΤΟ (003)

[p£]

ne τπ γΛΗ

ΑΤΤΑφΗρβ T e sc "

ΝΘΪΑΗΜ6

THHB0 epoi

ΤΑΝεΐφΑ (019) ε γ

6YMA NÖOIAe

ροογτ· Τλ

xeMApoN12 e

NICTOAH NAT

πείΜΑ CD TA

ACDCOM'

MAAY' χ επ Α Τ εφ γ Α Η N

ΟΥΜΗΗφε Ν

ιογΑ Α πε- T

φΑ ,Χ ε NCOA

NOYNe NTAI

C0A7 ΑΤΤΑφΗ

φΑ eBOA N2HTC

pe χ ο ο γ epoi %ι

χ ε ε ε Μ Π φ Α (443)

Τ62ΙΗ φ Α

MTTACMOY

π τ ο ο γ NKCUC8·

ΜΝΠΑ2ΜΟΤ

eiTA ΝτερΝ

ΜΤΓΑρΑΑΑΝ (032)13·

όοΐΑ β β π τ ο

Ν τερεΝ όοΐΑ ε epoq

ο γ NKCDC'

ANÖIN0 NOYCA

ΑΝΜΟΟφβ

ΜΠφωι· epe

Κ.ΑΤΑΜΑ9 2'

ΟΥφΟΥφΤ K.

ΝβΜΑ101Ν00Ι

thy e n e q c A

Α 6·

ΘΙφΙΝβ

NM2IT· AN

NCAOYMA GNANOYq

tPB] 6iNe NNexpiA ΤΗρογ· ΝφΑ

Jerusalem (cf. the glossary o f nomina sacra). 7 COAC6A is an orthographic variant for COACA. 6 ΪΑΗΜ for T .g ie p o y c A A H M ,

8 Kös is a toponym. 9 K .A TA -M A : from one place to the other (κατά has a distributive meaning here).

10 Read N.MA.

11 T e s c - is an orthographic variant for Τ β κ ο , the prenominal form of the verb TCUKC. 12 MApoN is the absolute form of the conjugation base of the jussive (M A p e -). It is translated: let us (go) (Crum, Coptic Dictionary 182b). 13 Dan is the name of one of the 12 tribes of Israel.

Church of the Rock

127

peNegioMe pxpiA14

βττοογ NgooY21

MMOOY NCG-XtO

[pf]

KM ΝΝβΥφΗ

AYCU M TTATe

pe· t a g k a n h

cock

M N T A i K O C 15

χΐΝβπεφ

ΜΝπεκρχκ

ΤΟρΤβρ 22 MMCO

T H p 16' AYCO T

YCHC· φΑΝ

φ Ο Τ Γ β M MOOY·

ΤβΤΤφΜΝΟΥ B e 23

φω πε

ΝΓΑΒρίΗλ

2AHACOC Alp

TA g O N · N TA q

COOY N0BOT

94 — 9^ ΟΥΜλΝβ Νλ

ciöaahy 171 8e n

MTTTACCe26 N

τ ο ο γ eTM

2YPCDA.HC27·

MAY MNTTA

AYCU ANKCOTN

cyHpe φ α ν

eneN K A 2

1s

TeMCOYCHC

~° φΑΤΤβ^ΟΟΥ N

eiNe ΜΠφΐ

T A Y C - f o Y 28 MTTA

Ne Μπβφτορ

φΗρβ

τερ

Τ β Ν Ο γ ό β CO Α ΙΜ Ο

ν α ι 19·

Aq

M M ep iT

epApXH20 NTCO

o e o c 29· AOYCON N T e C O Y C IC 30

M0C 2MTTTO

Μπεκ2ΗΤ

ο γ eTMMAY

AYCD ΦΑ2ΡΑΙ

14 The relative conversion is introduced by N instead of eT e. 15 A A K O C for the Greek δάκος. 16 KfAKTHp for the Greek κρατήρ. 17 6 α λ η υ is the stative o f 6 o e ix e . 18 MCoycHC is a proper noun: Moses. 19 N-N2 lI. 20 p-A p X H . This verb can be translated with an adverbial locution: since the beginning. (Literally, it means: he made a start with.)

21 π ο ο γ Ν -^ ο ο γ: until now. 22 X ing is a variant of the preposition X I N -. 23 φ Μ -N O Y B G is an orthographical variant for c yM -N O Y q e (see cyiNe). 24 CYMÄ.NG for the Greek σημαίνω. 25 NA*N. 26 T A C C G for the Greek verb τάσσω. Used as a noun, it can mean punishment. 27 2 YPCOAHC is a proper noun: Herod. 28 C T A Y p o y for the Greek σταυρόω. 29 A lM O e e o c is a proper noun: Timothy. 30 e c e y c i c for the Greek αϊσθησις.

128

Texts

[pa.]

ΠΜ βεγβ ΝΤλ

NreiMe eNe-J-

6 inoycü2 2··ΧΝ

XCD (463) HMOOY N3lK-

τε ιπ ε τ ρ λ ·

Nrc2^.icoy (006) noy on

NiM· eyep

Anti-chalcedonian fragment

129

Anti-chalcedonian fragment The following text is transmitted on a sheet of parchment from the 10th or 11th century. It belongs to the collection of the Universite Catholique de Louvain. The fragment has been published by L. Th. Lefort, Les manuscrits copies de I ’UniversM de Louvain, t. 1: Textes littiraires, Louvain 1940,140-143. This edition includes a French translation. (flesh) p. 90 nga-ie1 a .g xqNoxq enecHT επ εχχιο ε1 2 NNG2oq· MNNeoyoo^e:ΧΝβΝβΙΟΤβ XOOC JCexqpMNTH3 NpOMTTe 2ΜΠΜΧ εΤΜΜΧΥ' λ λ λ λ ΑΓΓΝΟγτε qi PmeqeiNe

Aq^ Nxq

2 ··Χ μ ττ ^ 2 0 ·

n o yc m o t

Rpip NgooYT

n to o y

ΜΝΟΥλΙΒβ NAAIMCDNION:- xqei BBOA 2MfrnAAAATION XqBCOK [ε]ΝεΜΑΝΚ.Αφ [M]NNGMANK.AM [gilCOYpe (187) ΜΝΝερΗΜΙΑ' eqeNKOTK4 gNNGgeAOC ΜΝΝχροογ5 Νθε NNepip· gtocAe6 Nqd'2OTe βτΜΜχγ GTBeNepcuMe

μ ν ν θ θ η ρ ιο ν

noyon

eqTXKo

ep2NA.q ecToq GTeqxpxH Νκεεοπ 2^|φΐΝε xq2e epoq eqoN2 NTxqeNTcj ε2ΡΑΐ

o bo a

2 μ ττμ α

n im

m m ooy

:-

ε τφ ο ο π

ΝτερεπΝογτε

n c a t t t t g t o y a a .b

rpHrcupioc

χεεγ2Αρε2 (443) epoq 2·ΤΜΤΓΝογτβ:g tm m a y

2M t t m a

n tg yn o y

ΑΧίρφττΗρε ΜπείΝοό Νογοεΐφ NTxqxxq7

Μπεπβθοογ (466) ΤΑ2θφ- NToq Λ.ε Α^φίΝε Νεχττρρο xyTAMoq ετττα>φ Ν τ^ φ α τπ ε MMoq:β ν κ ο τκ

.

n tg y n o y

N2 HTq· xqMoyTB

(1 1 0 )

xqTtooYN xqecoK επΜχ ερπρρο

jx g tg p h a a th c

8

αμ ο υ

(136) β β ο λ

ν τν ν α υ

εροκ.·

2ITNTÖOM ΜΠΧΝΟΥΤε:- NTGYNOY XqGI GBOA GqOYCDXTT NCANK.AM ΜΝΝεογρε φa^.Nτεq (hair) ρ. 91 ει φΑπττετογΑΑΒ (466):- ττπετογΑΑΒ Α ε rpHrcupioc AqctjjpAriZG MMoq c a b o a

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2M t t m a g in

MnGC'foc·

a t t g in g

εβ ο ο γ ττα>τ

MMoq· χπείΝε ΜΤΓΝογτε KOTcj Gpoq Νκ.εεοττ· Aq't’Gooy ΜΠΝογτε:-

gAie for 2 -xe. X A lo c for the Greek κατάγαιος. eipe with the meaning to pass. eqeN K O T K . for eqNKOTK.. x p o o y e. f°r the Greek ώστε. p oyoeity: to spend time T ep H A X T H C for the Greek τερατώδης or τερατίας.

130

Texts

xknxy

TGNOY χ ε π ε τ Ν ^ β ο ο γ ΜΠΝογτε φ χρεπΝογτε ^ ε ο ο γ Nxq

NcjKo9 Ρ ^ ^ ε ΐΝ ε εqτH6 (412) εpoq:- ερφΧΝπρα>Με zoxoq -f-iTeqoYOi c ttju x b o x o c

φλρεπΛ,ίλΒΟλοε κα> rö^qcMOT ε τ ε ο ο γ 101gi-xcoq κ χ τχ θ ε

ΝΤλκ,Μεεγε εροε· 2^ΝεΐΜΐΝε

n 2IK.con

ΝραίΜε ετφΟΒε:-

χκνχυ

εχχΜ11

NTxqxi Μττεχ^ογ Mττεqεια>τ■ λ^φαπτε Νε6α>φ MN^qcTrepMX φΧ2Ρλ| ε π ο ο γ Ν2θογ (1 ΙΟ)12:- τ χ ιτ ε θ ε ΝΝεικεΜΗΗφε ΜΜίΝε Νρα>Με ΝΤχγεΝΠφίΒε νχι

νχυ

Μ χγλχγ:-

Λ ε Ντερεπεχχλκγτα>Ν13 ccdtm εροογ n c x x q χεειεογΜΗΗφε

Ν2θογ ε.χΐΝτχπ2[ [εττοιογ

Ν2θογ:- π ε χ ε π ε χ χ λ κ γ τ ο Ν χεΜττερόωΝτ εροι τχφ ίΝε (382)

μμοκ.

2χπεικε2Β ερετχψγχΗ επειβγΜει εpoq (472):- εΒΟΛ χεχιεω τΜ (443) .xexYqi Ντχπε

nicü2XNNHc

ΤΓΒχπτιετΗΟ

9 Sic for NcjlCX-. 10 Sic for e e o o y . 11 Proper noun: Cham. 12 e n o o Y Ν £ θ ο γ : (everyday) up till today. 13 Χ λ .Λ Κ γτα > Ν , for the Greek χαλκηδωνικός.

Shenoute, Invasions

131

Shenoute, on the Ethiopian invasions The text is taken from the edition by J. Leipoldt and W. Crum, Sinuthii archimandritae vita et opera omnia, Leipzig, 1908, vol. Ill, text nr. 21: De Aethiopum invasionibus II. A separate volume has the Latin translation. τ ο γ Α γ τ ο γ 1. Ncptoxn ΝΝφ λχε MneixcDcoMe gNTMegpoMne

cn tb

h ttkgcggttg g n t a n x o o y 1 2 Αγα> a n c a 20 y

(087), m n n c atp g n k cu t (134)

mttihgi

^Μπκ^ιροο

GNTANBApBApOC φ ϋ )λ φΑΝΤΟΥΒΟΚ β^ΟΥΝ GTTTOAIC ΒΤΟΥΜΟγΤβ epOC JCGKOeiC3, 2MTTCHY GNTATTGINOÖ ΜΜΗΗφε ÖOGIAG ερΟΝ (461) ΒΥΤΤΗΤ 2ΗΤΟΥ ΝΝβόΟΟφΒ GTMMAY ΒΝΤΑΥφΟΥφΟΥ ΜΜΟΟΥ 2ΝθΥ6θΜ GTBGTMNTATÖOM N2GNK.OMGC4 Ν26ΛΛΗΝ5 GNCGCOOYN ρω AN 2NTGYMNTATTICTOC MTTGNTAqTAMIOOY Αγθ> ΤΓεΤΝΑφόΟΜ NAY IC. ΜλλλΟΝ A.G NGNNOBG 6TP20Y0 KIM GTOIKOYMGNH NTOOY NGTpTTKGTOYNOC ΜΜΟΟΥ G2PAI GJCCON. GMMON6. 2eNOY 2U>ÜX)NG GTTTHpq NNA2PMTTNOYTG; H GCJTCUN7 πGTqlpOOγφ 2ΑΝε2ΒΗγε ΜΠΝογτε ττογΑ ττογΑ KATATcqMiNG jCGGqNA'J’öoM

ναν ; νιμ

TTGTGpGTTXOGIC (463) ΠΝΟγτε NAXNOYq 2ΜΠ6200Υ ΜΤΤ2ΑΠ Nq-f-AOrOC 2AπGNTAγτoφq Gpoq; ΑΝΟκπε

η

κεογΑ

n t a 2G8.

2εΝκερρα>ογΝε

N6NTAYXING9 Ν26ΝΑρΧΗ Η 2eNGSOYCIA. MMATOGING NGTApXGI THpOYNG, OY ΜΟΝΟΝ XGN6NTAYTAN20YTOY 62eN2BHYG AYCJÜ 26ΝφγΧΗ, ΑΛΛΑ φΑ2ΡΑΙ ON GNAAOC. ΠΤΒΒΟ MTT6NCOJMATTG ΑγΟ) TTGN2HT. ΤΜΝΤφΑΥ ΜΤΤΓΑΜΟΟΤ6. npocKApTepeine εττεφλΗΛ Τ Α ΐτε οε

mn2Cüb νιμ

ετερεΝΒΓρΑφΗ 2ωΝ

g tbh h to y.

g t g n a g ia t o y n n g tn aön o yttapph cia μ π ν α υ ν τα ν α γ κ η .

ο γ ο ε ι10

1 Greek incipit, meaning of the same. This writing was preceded by another text from Shenoute in the Codex. 2 ENTAforNTA. 3 K.OIC is the Coptic name of the town Cynopolis {town of the dog). 4 Comes is a Latin title attributed to the high functionaries of the State. 5 The Greek word ελλην (derived from the adjective ελληνικός) refers to the Greek as well as to the pagans in Coptic. (The same usage is attested for Byzantine Greek.) 6 MMON. 7 TCON for TCOOYN. 8 N-TA.ge: like me (literally: in my way). 9 N.ENTA'YXI NE.

10 ογοει: cry of sorrow.

132

A 6 NAN ANON NpOJMC

Texts

eTC |0U

ΜΠΝΟΥΤβ H ACeqNAXNOYN {...1

11 qo for qi.

AN ΝρΟΟγφ NAY, XeCONHY 6 £PAI ΘΝ0ΙΧ

Shenoute, Women’s piety

133

Shenoute, On women’s piety The following text is taken from the edition of J. Leipoldt & E. W. Crum, Sinuthii archim andritae vita et opera omnia, t. IV, Louvain 1954, text nr. 52: D e p ie ta te fem inarum . A separate volume has the Latin translation.

... btbj τ Ν φ ο π ο γ

β π :χ ι ν :χ η

, btbtnmhn bboa

2 nmma gtmb 2

ν α π α τη

nim

xiNgTooYe cyapoYge, btbtnci an nccdtm ay 2μ νββολ.9 2Ν τπε

n c b ö n tn

BPBNBN2HT ΜΝΝ6ΝφγΧΗ φΟΥΒΙΤ AYCO ΒΥ2ΚΑΒΙΤ 2ΝΝΑΜπΗΥΒ. ΚΑΙΤΟΙ ΝΑφίΟΟΥ Ν0ΙΝΑΓΑΘΟΝ ΒΤΚΗ 62pAI. ANON Α.Β ΤΒΝΑΜΒλΒΙ ΒΒΟλ, XBCBCOOYN Ν0ΙΝΒΤΟΥΑΑΒ, ΧΒΝΑφΒΝΒΤΝΑ Β20ΥΝ ΒΠΗΙ ΜΠΝΟΥΤΒ, ερεπ6Υ2ΗΤ cÖHp, BMBYnpocBXB noyb 2 ca 2 nb b to y 2 con mmooy BTOOTOY. MApNCnOYA-AZBÖB ΒΝΒΤΝΝΑφ2ΗΥ epOOY, AYCO ΜΠρΤρΒΠΟγΑ ΠΟΥΑ MMON10 φΙΝΒ NCA2eNAOBI06, 2UJC NCpoqT Β2εΝΠ6ΤφθγΒΙΤ11, OY-AB 1 CKOTTTIA is an unknown Greek word probably derived from σκέπτω, to mock. H. Wiesmann (CSCO, script, coptici 12) translates it by the Latin ludibria {mockery). 2 2coco*q functions here as an adverb and means even. 3 ο φ β Λ Ί Α for the Greek ώφέλεια. 4 Read t n .o . 5 ώ introduces a Greek vocative. 6 φΤΓΝΟΝ for the Greek δείπνον. 7 x e introduces an indirect question here. 8 The editor suggests that we omit KAN (cf. 431), because it seems unappropriate before the jussive. 9 Sic. The editors suggest that we read glT N N eT T A gM N g b o a . 10 N-, MMO* can introduce a partitive genitive (cf. 183).

Texts

134

ΜπρπχρΧΙΤεί MTTTCD2M 6TCMONT ΜΤΤΛΙΤΓΝΟΝ112 ΜπεΝΟΥΧΧΙ βΤΒεπεΜΤΟΝ MTTKOCHOC GTNXTXKO, Νθβ ΝΤΧπεγΧΓΓελΙΟΝ XOOC, χ ε ο γ χ MGN xqnxpxiTGi eTBegeNcoeicy Nege, κ ε ο γ χ ετΒ εο γεα > φ ε, κ ε ο γ χ :χεχΐ2Μ θοε MNOYCgiMe. π χ ι

& .G

φ Μ εεγε .xoqöxiHY Ν2ογο ε π κ ε ε ε π ε 13,

εΒΟλ , χ ε π ε τ ε φ φ ε π ε (443) GTpoqqi ΝΤκεε2Με MNTGqcgiMG; χγα> ε τ Β ε ο γ ΝΓΝχει

XYCO NTOC: ΧρΧ MGKOYCOM ^NNIOOIK NOYCOT ΝΜΜΧε

XYCO niöinoycom noycot; ε τ Β ε ο γ ngnxgi χν νμμχκ οπλιπνον χγα> πχριετα>Ν14 Μ πεχε; χ ρ χ Νερχριχ χν ντοο εφ λΗ Λ χγα> gccotm ε π χ ο Γ ο ε χγα> ερεγεεΒΗ ε 2Ν2^>β νιμ; η ερετΜ Ν τερο15 ΝΜΠΗγε cbtcot NNgooYT ΜΧΥΧΧΥ, GNGCCBTCOT ΧΝ NNGglOMG GTpGYBCOK GgOYN GpOC; ΜεφλΚ ντοκ ,

π ετερ επ εκ ^ Η Τ 2 ° Ρ Φ η GqMG2 ετΜτρεκογα>Μ (449) εΒΟΛ

2ΜΠΧ.ΙΠΝΟΝ Μ πεχε, εχκΝτχφορΜΗ16 εχΝ τεε^ίΜ ε. nxmg nog ε τ ε ο γ Ν ^ χ ? Ν ^ο ο γτ ε φ χ γ φ ω π ε Ν.χα>α>ρε κ χ τ χ κ χ ιρ ο ε χγα> εΝΧφεΝε^ιοΜε ετρόω Β , ΟΥΝ2Χ2 on nc2 img ε φ χ γ ρ χ ω ω ρ ε κ χ τ χ κ χ ιρ ο ε χγα> Ν εεχρο, Ν Χ φεΝ 2θογτ ον ε τ ο γ χ ρ ο ε ρ ο ο γ (463) χγα> ε τ ο nöcüb. nixrcoN noycot πετκΗ ε2ρχι ΝΝ2οογτ mnng2 iomg, xyco πεκχοΜ ε q φ o o π 2|0 Yc o n ΝΝ2θογτ ΜΝΝε2ΐθΜε ετΝΧΜογΝ gbox . Μ πρτρεογχ gcotm opoq 2ΜπεγχΓΓελΐθΝ, χ ε π ε χ ε κ ε ο γ χ , ,χ ε ε τ Β ε π χ ι xi2 moog ΜΝογε2ΐΜε· μμν6 ομ μμοι

εει. Νθε ον Ν τ χ π χ ο ε ιε ocooc, χ ε κ χ τ χ ο ε Ν τ χ ε φ ω π ε

2ΝΝε2θογ NNC02617, εγχιε2 GqNOYX, ε β ο λ ΜπΓΧΜοε- NToq rxp πεΝΤxqT χμιο χίΝ Ν φορπ Ν ο γ2 ο ο γ τ ΜΝογε2ΐΜε· χλ λ χ xqjcnio Ν Ν εφχριεεχιοε

The substantiated relative π . ε τ . φ ο γ ε ι τ is considered as a noun and can thus have the indefinite article, 2 eN· 12 χ ι π ν ο ν for the Greek δείπνον.

11

13 c e e n e . 14 xpiCTCDN for the Greek αριστον. 15 T .M N T -p p o . 16 NT** is the prenominal form of eiNe.

17 NCDge is a proper noun: Noah.

Shenoute, Women’s piety

135

cyaLqxooc, xeneNT^qccDNT χίΝ Ν φορπ Ν Τ 3^τχΜ ΐεογ2θογτ MNOYcgiMe· NToq rxp ΝΧΜεπε TTAiMiOYproc MTTTHpq, eq o Ν ογχ XiNNcyopn. λΜβΛ,ει qxcu

m m oc

noycdt

MNneqeicüT

χβπβΝΤΑ,πΝογτβ φONq18 MnpTpepcDMe

TTopxq. λ λ λ ί eq6Ni.piKe επ ετο γχΜ Α 2 τ ε MHoq 2ΐ'ΓΝπογα>φ νν2Υλ.ονη19 MnccuM^, eTMTpeqei εττχριετοΝ MMe,

θβολ

χεπετο

μ μοι 2 Υ·α.ον η 20

NqHπφλ ΛΝ ΜΤΤΛ.ΙΤΤΝΟΝ εΤΜΜΧΥ ΟΥΛ,ε Nqi^T^X ΧΝ MTTeNT2k.qCBTCOTq χγα> πεττα>2Μ MMoq epoq Tc κ.A.Tλπεqφx:χε n t xq jx o o c

mmg

NToq n jco eic, :χεΝ εττχ2Μ ΝεεΜΠφλ

βΥΝ^ρΒΟΛ ε π ε χ τ τ ιο N6lNβτccuφq

MXYXxq. ü e e

χν.

Ν λφ rxp N2e

n t m n t c m n o c 21 μ ιγ γ ιμ ο ο ; χ ν χ υ

βΝ βΝ ΤλγερλΝ ^22 ΜΠΝογτε 2ΝογΜε. εγκ,οίΝΟΝει εττΓΑ,Μοε λγα> ε ε τ ό χ ιο λΝ Μ πεχπεφ Η ρε. εεεΜΧΜΧλτ23 rxp 2ΝΝεγ2ΒΗγε τγ ρ ο γ , ε ί τ ε εγχιο2ΐΜ ε, ε ί τ ε ε γ 2 Μθοε ΝΤλΠΝογτε

μν 2 ^ ι, ε ί τ ε

c o n to y

ε γ χ ο , ε ί τ ε εγα>λ, ε ί τ ε 2 n £ cdb

χίΝΝφορττ.

χλλχ

νιμ

2Ν ογφΐ ΜΜε. 26ΝεΒΐΗΝ Λ ε 2N2B

ΝίΜΝε Νλΐ ετΝ λεττιχερει ε Ν ε τ ε Η ε φ φ ε (456), χεΜ πογεογΝ Π Ν ογτε NTa.qTXHiooY, εχα > ο γ, Νθε

νχι

ετεο γ Ν ο γ κ χτχ κ λ Η εΜ ο ε

n n ix t n o y t g

Μ π εγ ο είφ

xqTXKooY.

18 cyoNq^q. 19 2 ΥΛ.ΟΝΗ for the Greek ήδονή. 20 Μ.ΜλΙ-^ΥΛΟΝΗ. 21 cm n oc for the Greek σεμνός.

22 p-JiNJk/q. 23

cm xm xxt

is the stative of CMoy.

νοργη 2 >6 c d n t n x g i

ε2ρχι

n t x tt k .x t x k .a .h c m o c μ μ ο ο υ

ει

136

Texts

The three steles o f Seth (NHC VII, 5) The following Text has been taken from P. Claude, Les trois steles de Seth (Bibliotheque Copte de Nag Hammadi, section Textes 8), Quebec 1983. In this edition, the text is accompanied by a French translation. P. 118

10

ττογα>Ν2 e e o x Ν τε Λ χοειβε o c 1 NTe -jxyoMTe12 νοτηλ,η Ντ ε ehe- tticot ntb *}τεΝεχ 6TON2 ä-YCO NXTK.IM N3lI N τλί)Ν λγ epooY χγα> xqcoYco

15

Νθγ· 3lYCU ε τ χ ^ ο φ ο γ xqp πβγΜ ββγε· χγα> a.qT3iXY n n ic c ü t t t

ε γ φ ο ο π MTTipH

•fe- κ χ τ χ e e eT e nbyc^ h ο γ τ 3 μττιμλ. ετΜΜλγ· ο γ 20

MHHOje NCOTT χειρ φΒΗρ Ν -feooY 4 ΜΝ νι6 ομ· χγα> χιρ ΜΤΓφΧ ΒΒΟΛ. 2 'τ ο ο τ ο γ ννι ΜΝΤΝΟό ΝλΤ'Ι'φΙ ερθθγ· ε γ φ θ ο π Λ,ε Ν ^ ε - ^ φ ο

25

pff ΝΟΤΗλΗ Ν τε ΟΗΘ· "fCMOY εροκ. Νοκ

t t ic d t

ζ χ 6

εΜΜλΧλ

ττίΓερχΛΧΜΧ5· χ

πετε οηθ ·

ttc o k .

ΝφΗρε

ττχι NTXKxrroq

2 Ν οΥΜΝΤλΤΜίεε εγεΜ ογ

is a proper name: Dositheos.. In this text the dialectical variants TTl, T, Nl epop the definite article r r e , T e , N e are used. cgHOYT is a dialectal variant for cHg.

1

.a .a > c ie e o c

2 3 4 5 6

Ν - Ν .- ρ - ε ο ο γ .

repxAXMX is a proper noun: Geradamas. z x signifies in this context being, in the quality of.

Steles Seth

30

NTe πεΝ Ν ογτε x e anok π ε τ ε ncuK. ΝφΗρβ· Αγα> n

P. 119

τοκ n e

h an oy c

π λ ίω τ· aycu

ANOK MBN x e i x o AYCD ΑΒΙ-ΧΠΟ ΝΤΟΚ A.[e] AK[N]AY βΝΙΜΝΤΝΟό AKAgepATk [e]Ke7 natcuxn · -f 5

cH oy βροκ [tti]o )t ·

cmoy

epoi

niCOT· εΐφ[0]0Π eTBHHTK· ε κ φ ο ο π e[T]BB Π Ν ογτε e ΤΒΗΗΤΚ Ί - φ ο ο π ^ATOOTq

μ

ΤΤΗ BTMMAY' ΝΤΚ OyOBIN 10

εκΝΑΥ εγο γο είΝ · Ακογα>

Ν2 NNOYOeiN eBOA· ΝΤΚ ΟΥ MipCDOeAC8 ΝΤΟΚ ΠΒ ΠΑΜίρίϋ o eo c· Ί όμ ου εροκ νθβ n ογΝ ογτε· Ίόμ ου ε τ ε κ 15

ΜΝΤΝογτε· ογΝοό π ε

πια

ΓΑΘΟε ΝΑΥΤΟΓΒΝΗε BTAqA 2BpAT(j9 Π Ν ογτε BTAqp φορττ NA^BpATq...

P. 121

TNCMOY εροκ 2N (Ο)ΥΜΝΤφΑ εΝΒ2'

tncmoy

εροκ

bta n

ΝΟΥ2Μ [ΒΒ]0[Α] 2^· NIKA(T)A ΟΥΑ10 7 e is a dialectal variant of the stative of e i p e (o ). 8 M ip o e e A C and M i p t u e e o c are proper nouns. 9 In some dialects the form ε τ is used for the relative conversion of the past (instead of NTA-). 10 The expression k a t a OYA here means individually.

137

138

Texts

NT6AIOC' N[T6]AIOC GTBHH 5

TK· NH 6Τλ[γρ] TGAIOC NMMAK.' TTH GTJCHK [TT]H 6T6 φ2^χα>κ. TTITGAIOC GBOA 2>TN ΝΛΙ THpOY' TTAI GTGIN611 2M Μλ NIM' ΠΙφΜΝΤ 200YT- λΚλ26ρλΤΚ· ΑΚ,ρ φΟ

10

ρπ Νλ2ερλτκ· λκ.ττα>φ 2μ

μα

ΝΙΜ ΑΚ.6(Ι> GK.G NOYA' AYCD ΝΗ 6ΤΑΚ.θγΑφθγ 2lKN2l2MOY· κογουφ AG 6TPGYNOY2M ν6ι

15

νη

ΤΗρογ ο τίϊπ φ Α ·

ν τκ

OYTGAIOC ΝΤΚ OYTGAIOC ΝΤΚ OYTGAIOC: Ί'φορττ NCTHAH ΝΤ6 CHO:

11 Who is similar (to himself).

Gospel of Mary

139

The Gospel o f Mary (BG 1) This text is taken from the edition by A. Pasquier, L ’Evangile selon Marie (BG 1) (Bibliotheque copte de Nag Hammadi, section « textes » 10), Quebec 1983. There is a French translation of the text in this volume. P.9

5

NTa.peq.xe1 n x i xqBCDK.

xe

n to o y

Ν εγρ χ γπ ει χγρΐΜε Μ π α ^ ε γ XCU MMOC x e ΝΝΧφ Nge eNN2k.BCOK φ χ N^eeNOC NTNT2iq?eoeicy

n

Πεγ2ιΓΓελΙΟΝ NTMNTepO12 ΜΠφΗ 10

pe MnpcoMe ε φ χ ε ττετΜΜχγ μ π ο γ Τ ε ο epoq ΝΧφ N2 e

χνον

εγ

Nx-feo εροΝ τ ό τ ε ΧΜΧρΐ2λΜ3 TCO ΟΥΝ ΧεΧεΠΧΖε ΜΜΟΟγ ΤΗρογ τ τ ε χ χ ε NNeccNHY χ ε ΜττρρίΜε 15

χγα> Μττρρχγπει ο γ χ ε Μπρρ £ΗΤ εΝ χγ Teqxxpie rxp Ν Χ φ ω πε ΝΜΜΗΤΝ τ η ρ < τ

>ν

χγα> Ν ερεκεπχ

ze. MMCDTN ΜΧΛΛΟΝ Χ ε ΜΧρΝ

εΜογ ετεα>ΜΝΤΝο6 x e xqee 20

TCOTN

XqXXN

ρι^λΜ x e

nxi

NpCOMe NTXpeMX χ ε κ ,τε ττεγ 2 ΗΤ

[e^JOYN e n x rx e o N χγα> χ γ ρ χ ρ χ ε [eexi] NprYM[N]x2:e 2 ^ π ρ χ ΝΝφχ

[Χίε MfrieöJp]

1 N T X p e is a dialectal variant for N T e p e . 2 M NT-ppO. 3 MXpIgXM is a proper noun: Mary.

140

Texts

P. 10

n e x e π ε τ ρ ο ο MMApi2 AM x e Ne

tn c o o y n

Ngoyo

π α ρα

tc c ü

x e Nepenccup ο γ Α φ ε n ic e c e e n e NcgiMe

xcu nan Ν Ν φ λχε Rnccup eT eeipe 5

MneYMeeye

ναι

ετε ο ο ο γ Ν

mmo

ο γ NNANON AN ο γ χ ε ΜΠΝΟΟΤΜΟγ Α οογω φΒ

n6 i m a ppa m it c a ic

x e neoH n epcDTN Φ ναταμ α 4 thy tn

10

epoq

a y ACApxei nxcu nay

NNeicyAxe x e nay

ainok.5

n ex A c

ai

eTTXC 2M OYgOpOMA AYCÜ Aei

x o o c NAq x e n x c

ainay

epoic

m

π ο ο γ 2N OY2opoMA AqoycucyB n e

XAq 15

ναι

x e NAiATe x e

epeNAY epoei

πμα γαρ

ntckim an

ετερεπΝ ογε

MMAY eqMHAY n6 i π ε 2 θ 6 n ex A i NAq x e π χ ε τ ε Ν ο γ π ετΝ Α γ ε φ ο poMA eqNAY epoq < 2Ν > τεφ γχΗ nenN A AqoycDcyB Fi6i nccop n e 20

XAq x e eqNAY

x e 2M nenNA

an

2N τεφΥΧΗ ο γ

α λ α α πνουο

ετφ [ο η ]7

2N τεγΜ Η τε HneycNAY NTO[q π ε τ ] nay

4 5 6 7

εφοροΜΑ...

TAMA is a dialectal variant o f t a m o . AINOK for ANOK.

e g o is a dialectal variant of Ago. φοττ is a dialectal variant of φοοττ.

Gospel of Mary

P. 17 7

... NTepeMa.pi£a.M x e N2J 2k.CK.a. p cu c 2tO C T e NT2k.nCCUp φ 2 ιχ ε

10

nmm 2lc

φ 2 ι neeiM2k.

2k.qoY tt^B x e

n6 i

2k.Nxpe2i.c nex2k .q

NNBCNHY x e 2ιΧΙ Π βΤ βΤ Ν Χ Ο ) MMOq 22 l TTp2k. NNeNT2k.CX[0]0Y 2k.NOK MBN Ί -ρ π ίΟ Τ β γ β 2k.N X e

2k.nca>p x e N2J ε φ χ ε

15

n ic b o o y

e r 2k.p 2 ΝΚ6 Μ εεγε Ne 2φ ο γ ιυ φΒ

n6 i

πετροε

n e x 2k.q 2 ^ np 2k.

N N eei2B H Y e trreeiM iN e 2tq

eTBe Trccop x e

Χ Ν ογογ

m hti

2 φ φ 2 ι χ ε MN O Y c2iM e Ν χ ι ο γ ε

20

epoN 2 n

oycdn2

e e o x 2k.N eNN2k.

KTON 2tUtf>N NTNCCUTM THpN NCCDC NTqCOTne Ν 2 ο γ ο epON

P. 18 τ ό τ ε 2k.[M]2k.pi2 ^M piMe n e x 2kC

m

π ε τ ρ ο ο < x e > Π 2ιο ο ν π ε τ ρ ε 8 z i e ε κ Μ ε ε γ ε ε ο γ (401) ε κ Μ ε ε γ ε x e NT2k.i Μ εεγε ερ ο ο γ 5

2 ht

h

α>φΒ

m 2lY2l2lT

2 m ττ2ι

e e i x i 6 o a e n c t u p 2φ ο γ n6 i

λ ε γ ε ι 9 n ex2k .q Μ π ε τ ρ ο ε

x e πετρε

x in

e N e 2 κ φ ο π 10 N peq

Ν ο γ ό ε '}'Ν2ι.γ ε ρ ο κ τ ε Ν ο γ ε κ ρ

8 Πετρε is the vocative of Πέτρος. 9 Λ ε γ ε ι is a proper noun: Levy. 10 φ ο π for ty o o T T .

141

142

Texts

Γ γ Μ Ν λ Ζ β e g N T e c g iM e N e e n 10

N IA N TIK e iM C N O C 6 φ Χ β JOT C O JTH p A 6 A A C NAXIOC NTK. NIM A e 2CUK 6 N O X C G B O A TTANTCDC e penccoTH p c o o y n m m o c a c ({j a a c o c e T B e t t a i λ ς ο γ ο φ ο Ν ^ ο γ

15

o e p o N Μ λ λ λ Ο Ν M A p N c ym e n t n *f* 2 ic ü c d n MTTpCDMe N T G A IO C N T N A T T O q NAN Κ Α Τ Α Θ 6 NTACJ 2CDN β Τ Ο Ο Τ Ν Ν Τ Ν Τ Α φ β Ο β Ι φ Μ π β γ Α Γ Γ β Λ ΙΟ Ν GNKCD AN 6 2 P A I

20

Ν Κ β 2 θ ρ θ Ο O Y A .6 K e N O M O C Π Α PA n e N T A T T c c u p j c o o q N T e p e

P. 19 [A e ]Y [e i A e

xe

n ]a i a y c ü

ΑγρΑ ρχει n

BCUK [e T p e Y T J A M O Ν 0 6 Τ Α φ 6 0 ε ΐ φ π [6 ]γ Α Γ Γ 6 Λ ΙΟ Ν Κ Α ΤΑ

ΜΑΡΙ2ΑΜΜΗ

Glossaries & Index

J

Coptic glossary The Coptic words that appear in the examples, the exercises and the texts appear in this glossary following the order of the consonants. They are arranged in the same way as in the Coptic Dictionary by W. E. CRUM. For each verb the existing prenominal and prepersonal forms and the stative are given. Composite words and derivations figure under the original or the most characteristic word. The double consonants Θ , 2, φ , X et ψ can be respectively fopnd under Τ£, K.c, n g , K-2 and ttc.

λ A:

precedes an approximate number (cf. 088)

A lA i: to increase; to grow

AAl, AAIT*: imper. o f cua a a o *: imper. o f A O λ λ ο γ : child, youngster aacu

(f .), pi. A A O o y e : p u p il, eye

a m h b i t n : imper. o f ei AMAgTe: to prevail, to rule ; to embrace; to restrict, to detain A N : negation particle

A M O Y , AMH,

A N - (m .): chief of, great one a n a

*: pleasure, w ill

p-ANA*: to please; to be pleased ANI-: imper.of eiNe x u r.se e ANOK ANOK., ΑΝΓ-:pers.pron .: I a n o n , a n ( n ) - : pers.pron.: we AN(B)iNe: imper. o f eiNe a n c h b b /AN2HBB (fi): school ANAY: imper. o f NAY ΑΝΑφ (m.): oath ATTA: Apa, Father (monastic title) ATTB (f.), pi. ATTHYB: head, chief ATTOT (m.), pi. ATTHT: cup ATTHYB: pi. o f ATTB Api-: imper. o f ειρ ε

146

Coptic glossary

Apnce (m.): blame, fault 6N-Apnce: to blame Apipe: imper. o f eipe A pooye {alwayspi..): burr, thistle ApH.x(N)*: limit, end -A.ee: -six (cf. 085) 2lT: negation: without 2k.T.2HT ( α θ η τ ): insensible a t .n a y

e p o * q : invisible

imper. particle: give! bring hither! come! AYCD: conj.: and 2k.YCUN-: imper. o f o y cD N 2 k.cy: interrogativepron.: which ? what ? who? ΑφΑί: to become many, to multiply; to be many 2 k.: before ειε : interrogative particle (cf. 399): if, either; particle introducing an apodosis: then, unless, without (cf. 438); interjection strengthening the following word: well then, surely ε ιω (εΒΟΛ), ε ίλ -, είλλ*, εΐΗ1) to wash είΜε: to know, to understand είΝε, (ε)Ν-, n t #: to bring, to carry είΝε: to resemble, to be like; nn m.: aspect, likeness; resemblance ειεττ-: see ε ιο π ε ε ι ο π ε (f.): work ε ι ε π - φ ε : wooden, timber ειεττ-φθ>Τ: commerce, merchandise ε ιο ο ρ (m.): canal Xioop: to ferry over, to ford river, to cross ειρ ε, (ε)ρ-, w * , O1: to do; to become; stative: to be εια>ρ2 , ε ιε ρ 2 -/εΐλ ρ 2 - , ειο ρ 2 #: to see, to perceive; nn m.: vision, view ε ιε: behold! Introduces existential sentences (cf. 300—307) ε ιε 2Η(Η)τε: behold! είλτ*: see ε ίλ εια>τ (m.), pl. ε ιο τ ε : father

Coptic glossary

eioTe: p i . o f eicoT eicye, λ φ τ - / 6 φ τ - , eicoge (m .): field eieg-exooAe:

to hang

vineyard

e i e ^ -c y H N . orchard

K *K, K - ( m . ) : p e r s . p r o n .: you

ice (m.), κ ε τ ε (f.), pi. κ ο ο γ ε : K.CO, K A _ , K A A ^ , K H 1 ( b

b o a

in d e f. p r o n .:

other, also (cf. 024)

): to put; to a llow ; to let; to leave; to forgive

κα> NCA-: to put, to leave behind; to renounce k a

pcu*, Κ Α ρ Α ε ι τ 1) to be silent

K A -p t u ^ q (m .): silence

KBO, K B e -, KHB*: to be cold; to freeze; n n m .: cold, freshness •j· KBO: to refresh, to make cold kcdk,

KHKt (often w ith A 2 H Y ): to peal, to strip naked

K t D K A ^ H Y : n n m .\ nudity

K A K e (m .): darkness Κ Α Κ ΙΑ : s a m e m e a n i n g a s K A K e Κ λ ο ο λ ε (£ ): cloud Κ λ Ο Μ (m .), pi. Κ Λ Ο Ο Μ : crow n Κ λ Ο Ο Μ p i. o f Κ λΟ Μ K C D A 2 , K A 2 - , κ θ Λ 2 #, Κ Ο Λ 2 ': to beat, to strike, to knock

κ ω λ χ , κ (6)λχ-, κολΧ^: to bend κ λ χ-π Α Τ : genuflexion K A M (m .): reed, rush

KIM, K G M T -, K e M T #: to

move; to be moved immovable (£): Egypt

A T.K IM : KHMe

KCUMcy, Κ Μ φ -, K O M O )#: to sneer; to m ock; to contemn; n n m .\ m ockery; contempt kcunc, κ ο υ ν (τ

K G N C -, K 0 (0 )N C * , K O N C f : to pierce, to slay )*,

κογογΝ*: bosom

K N T e (m .): fig κρΜ ρΜ : to m u rm ur; to be vexed; n n m . : m u rm uring, com plaint

Keec

(p i.): bones

s o y p (m .): ring KC UT,

κ β τβ ;

κ β τ-, κοτ*: see κε

to construct, to build, to form ; n n m .: construction; edification

149

150

Coptic glossary

K.CDT6 , Κ β τ - , κ ο τ # , k h t ': to tum, to go round; to look for; {with e - ) to surround; nn m. turning round, circuit, surroundings KTO, κτβ-, KTO#, k t h y ': to turn, to surround; to return

κοογε: see κβ κογι: little, small ρ-κογΐ: to be little, to be few, to be little time KAcy (£): reed M i it-Κ λ φ : bed, plantation of reeds KA£ (m.): land, earth KCDgT (m.): fire, flame

A λ θ : to stop, to cease AlBe, Λ.ΘΒΤ#, λΟΒβ1: to be mad; nn m.: madness a c d k c /acu s , Α£-, AOS#, AOSf: to bite, to pierce, to stab Λ.ΙΚΤ#: veil, covering Ν-ΛΙΚΤ#: on top of, covering A(D((D)M(e), λθ(θ)Μ 6 #/λ.λλΜ(6 )#: to wither, to fade; to be filthy nn m.: filth, witheredness λ Τ.λω ω Μ ( 6 ): unfading; immaculate λ λ ο (m.): tongue Λ λ Αγ: adv.: in nothing, no way λ A Α γ: indef. pron.: someone, something; adv.: at all ACDX2 >ABX2~, A O X 2 ^, A O X 2 t; to be cmshed, effaced; to be sticky, adhesive nn m.: anguish, oppression AO(e)i6e (f.): cause; excuse

M MA (m.): place e-TT.MA e~: instead of MA: imper. of M A I-: part. cstr. o f He: loving ΜΑΐ-Νογτβ: God-loving, pious Me (£): tmth M e , M e p e - , M e p iT # : to love M e p iT , pi. M e p A T e : beloved Μογ, Μοογτ1: to die; nn m.: death Μογΐ (m./f.): lion M AAB, Μ Α Α β ε, MAB- : thirty

Coptic glossary

151

Μ Ο ΚΜ βκ., Μ ε Κ Μ ο γ κ * : to think, to ponder; to meditate, to intend;

nn m.: thought

Μ λΚ .2 (m .): neck Η θ γ κ .2 ,

m o k .^

: to afflict, to oppress

Μ Κ λ 2 : to be painful, difficult; to be grieved;

nn m.: pain,

difficulty, grief, suffering

p -M K 2 c2 : to be pained, grieved

m m o : see

N(m)mn: there isn’t; introduces a negative durative sentence with indefinite subject (cf. 267) MMON: adv.: v e rily mmon : negation·, not (cf. 442) M M HN6: adv.: every day, da ily MMINMMOC reflexivity marker (cf. 291) (μ )μ

ν τθ

- , (μ )μ

ν τλ

^: to have not

MMaTe: adv.: o nly, exclusively MMay: adv.: there MN_, ΝΪΪΜλ^:prep.: w ith ; and MaeiN (m .): sign JCl-M2JeN: to predict peq.xi-MaeiN: fortune-teller HoyN(e),

M HN(e)*, μην1

(6ΒΟΛ):

to continue; to rem ain; to keep on doing

M lN e (f .): sort, quality, m anner

MOONe, H B N e - , M a N o y t o y )* : to pasture, to MNT: to build abstract nouns (cf. 049) MNT~: see MHT MNTpe (m .): witness; testimony

feed

p - M N T p e : to be a witness, to testify

negation o f the imper. (cf. 142) (e-): negation o f the imper. (cf. 143) Μ Π φ λ : to be w o rth y ; nn m.: w orth, desert, fate Μ Π φ λ : adv.: ve ry

MTTp-:

MTTCUp

M o y p , M (6 )p -, M op^, MHp1: to bind, to gird, to tie;

nn m.: band,

girth, strap

Mepe-: negative aorist (cf. 325) MepiT: see Me MepaTe: see Me Mac: see Mice Ma.ce: see Mice Mice, Ma.c-/Mec~, M acT^/M ecr^: aT.M ice: unborn

MNT.a.T.Mice: the Mac (m ) young

to bear, to bring forth;

fact o f not being b o m

nn m.: offspring,

generation

152

Coptic glossary

Μλο Μ-Μογι: lion cup M2i.ce (m.): young animal; calf, bull M2lC T - : part. cstr. o f MOCTe Μ λοτ-Ν θγτβ : God-hating, impious MOCTe, MecTe-, MecTtU#: to hate; nn m.: hatred Mcooy pi. o f m c 2l2 Mca.2 (m.), pi. Mcooy. crocodile MHT, MHTe, MNT-: ten Μ λτοι (m.): soldier MHTe (f.): middle MOTe (m.): neck MoyTe: to call, to speak MTO (m.): face, presence MTON, MOTNf: to rest; to be calm; nn m.: rest ΜλλΥ (£): mother MOOY (m.): water MA.Y2l2l(t )^: alone, only Μεεγε·. to think; nn m.\ thought, memory ρ-Μεεγε, p Μ-ττ.Μεεγε: to remind, to remember Μ ογογτ, M6YT-, Μοογτ*: to kill Mecye-, Mecyay: to ignore ΜεφΛ^κ.: maybe ΜΗΗφε (m.): multitude, mass Micye, Μ εφ -/Μ λφ -, Μ λφί: to fight; to attack ΜΟΟφε: to wander, to walk Μεφλκ: see ΜεφεΜεφφε: negation ο/(ε)φφε Μλ2 (m-): nest, shelter Me2_ : used to build ordinal numbers (cf. 091) MOY2, Me2/MA.2“>Μλ2#/Μ° 2 ί:. MC2f: to fill; to be full MOl2 e (f./m.): miracle M2IT (m): Nord Μ2 λ λ γ (m.): tomb Μ λ λ ΐ ε (m.): ear

N N-, MMOi: locative, temporal, instrumental preposition; connection with direct object; genitive; preposition expressing identity; introduces the object; partitive genitive N-, N3.C prep, dative

Coptic glossary

Na.: precedes an approximate number (cf. 089) Na: to have pity, m ercy; nn m.: p ity, charity aT.Na: w ithout compassion MNT.a.T.Na: lack o f compassion MNT.Na.: alms Na.: to go Na.a.-/Na.e-, Νλλ(λ)^: NOYB (m.): gold NOBe (m.): sin

to be great

Λ Τ .Ν Ο Β β : w itho ut sin

p-Noee: to sin peq.p-NOBe: sinner NKa. (m .): n k o tk

thing

: to sleep

NIM: indef. pron./art.: each, every (cf. 024, 169, 172) ογοΝ NIM: everyone NIM: interrogativepron.: who? NMMa*: see MNΝλΝογ-, Na.Noy*: to be good ττ.ετ.ΝλΝογ*Βφ oeiK (m.): bread ON: again, too OTTT: see CDTH oce (f.): loss, damage "{■-oce: to suffer loss, hurt, to be fined ο τπ : see cdttt oeicy: see τ ί φ ε οεΐφ 02 C (m.): sickle

Coptic glossary

155

π TU, Τ λ , ν α : poss. pron. (cf. 019) TTAl, t a i , n a i : dem. pron. (cf. 013) TT(e), T (e), N(e): def. art. (cf. 016, 054) ne, T e , Ne: dem. pron. (cf. 014) n e (f.), pl. ττΗγβ: heaven ΠΗ, TH, NH: dem. pron. (cf. 013) TT(e)i (f.): kiss t - TT(e)i: to kiss πει, T ei, Nei: dem. art. (cf. 015) TTCD=%tcü ^, Νογ*: poss. pron. (cf. 020) ttcdaö /ttcoak ., π(β)Α0-/πεΑΚ-, π ο λ .6 * /π ο \κ * /π \\6 * : to be agreed, to reach satisfaction, to decide; with 6 BOA: to reach conclusion, to make an end rrcutUNe, ττ(ε)εΝε-, tto o n g », tto o n g 1) to change, to turn ττίυρκ, π(β)ρκ.-, ττορκ*: to be plucked out, destroyed; to pluck out ncüpJC, π β ρ χ - , ττορχ^, ττορ,χ1: to divide, to separate; to be divided, separated Ϋιε/ψιτ, '(uTe/^ice: nine

ψΑΐτ-. see π ετΑ ίο γ TTCTAIOY, ψ Α ΐτ-: ninety t t a t (f.): knee TTCOT, TTHT1: to escape; to persecute; to run M i n - ttc u t : refuge π ο ο γ : today ττΗ ογε: p l . o / n e π ω φ (ε ), ττβφ-, ττοφ», ΠΗφ1) to divide; to separate; to part πα>φε, π ε φ ο -, ττοφο^, ττοφ ενττοεφ 1) to be amazed, beside oneself; to amaze; to turn aside TTCU2 , n e g - , nog*, tthjj1: to break, to burst, to tear; nn m.: division; piece; part πα>2 , π ε χ -, to reach, to attain to nAgpe (m.): medicament, drug, remedy p-TTAgpe: to use drugs, to heal π ω ^ τ , π ε ^ τ -, ττΑ2 'ΐν , n A 2 T f: to bend; to fall; to kneel TTAgOY (m., pl.): buttocks; back 2 ·- ττΑ2 ο γ : behind τ τ ε χ ε -, n e x i^ : to say (to have said)

Coptic glossary

156

P pa. (m.): state, condition; conferring a local or generic sense to the following noun 2a.-TT.pa.: concerning pa.-: component in the formation o f nouns: part of pa.-THY: sky pi (f.): cell (of a monk); room po, pR-, pcoc mouth; door, gate ica. pcoc to be silent TTa.-TT.po: doorkeper epR-, eptuc prep.: toward, to, upon; against 2a.pR-, 2a.ptuc prep.: beneath; before 2ipR_, 2 ipcOK prep.: at, upon

pcu-; see po pet): emphatic or explicative particle ροκ-2, p o x : to bum

PM-: see pcuMe ptDMe (m.), pPi(N)-: man pPi-Ma.o: rich ρΜ.Ν-ΚΗΜβ: Egyptian ρ Μ ,Ν -Ν ο γ τε: pious pM -pa.KOTe: Alexandrian piMe: to weep; nn m.: tear pMeiH (f.): tear

poMTTe (f.),

pm ttb- ,

pi. ρΜΤΤΟογε: y e a r

ρΜΤΤΟογβ: see poMTTe pR-: see po pa.N (m.), peN-, pRTC name pRTC see pa.N p n e (m.), pi. ρττΗγβ: temple ρ π Η γ ε : see p n e pip (m.): pig ppo (m.), pi. (Ρ)ρατογ: king MRT.ppo: kingdom p o e ic : to be awake; to watch p a,C Te (m.): morrow pa.T* (m.): foot

epa.TC prep.: to ( mostly o f persons) 2a.pa.TC prep.: beneath 2ipa.TC prep.: toward pHTe (m.): manner, fashion, likeness

Coptic glossary

157

ροογτ: see ογροτ ροογφ: to have care for, to be intent on; nn m.: care, attention, anxiety qi-ροογφ : to take care of paccye: rejoice; nn m.: gladness, joy pcucye, ρ εφ τ-/ρλφ τ-, ρΑφ(τ)^: to suffice, to be enough peq: man who (cf. 051) poy^e (m.): evening pco^T, pe^T-, pA^T^/pogT* ρ λ ^ τ1) to strike; to cast; to be struck; to fall; nn m.: stroke, blow

C

*c, c -: pers. pron.: she, her man of; maker of; dealer in c x N-NCg: oil seller c x N-χ ΐ -ό θ λ : liar c x : side, part Nca.-, nccd ^: behind, after; against φβ, ce -, c e T -: sixty c e -: pers.pron.: they ce: affirmative particle; in answers: yes C(C)I, c h y ”, CHY1) to be filled, satisfied; enjoy a t .c i : insatiate MNT.A.T.CI: unsatedness, greed CO: nn m., occurs only in the expression Ί ' -CO •j'-co (C-): to spare; to refrain; nn m.: forebearance; abstinence CO(C): see cooy c a b c (m.), C3lBH (f.): wise ccu bc : to laugh; to mock cbcu (f.), pi. c b o o y c /c b c u o y c : doctrine, teaching Xl-CBtu: to get teaching; to be taught CBBC, CBBC-, CBBHT-, c b b h y ^: circumcise; nn m.: circumcision c b o k : to become small, to be small; to make less c a b h a : see n c a b h a c o b t (m.): wall, fence c o b t c , CBTC-, c b t c u t #, c b t c d t 1: to prepare, to set in order; to be ready c b o o y c , c b c o o y c : pi. o f cbcu c ik c , CC KT-, C X K T * , c o ( o ) k c 1: to grind, to pound CONG n - c ik c : grinding stone c o a c a , c ä c a -, c a c c d a ^, c a c c u a ^ to be comforted; to comfort; nn m.: consolation

cx:

Coptic glossary

158

(f.): voice, sound C M o y , ΟΜλΜλλΤ^/οΜλλΤ^: to bless; to praise CMINB, CM(B)N”, c m n t =% CMONT1: to be established, set right; to establish, to construct; nn m.: confirmation, agreement, adornment cmh

cm h t

:

see c c u t m

(f.): form; character; likeness; pattern C3l€IN (m.): physician CON (m.), CCUNC (f.), pi. CNHy: brother; sister; sibling cmot

CINB, CN-/c(e)NT-/ca.(A)T-, CX(X)Tf/cO(0)T*/cuTt: to pass by, through; nn m.\ passing, decline (of day) co(0)Ne (m.): robber c c u n c : see c o n

CCU(CU)NT, C(6)NT_, co(0)NT^, c o n t 1: to be created; to create; nn m.: creature; creation CNTe: see CNA.Y CN3lY,

c n t c -:

-C N O O Y C cn h y

: pi.

(m.),

two -C N O O Y c e

(f.): - two (cf. 086)

of CON

caiANcy, CA.Ä.Ncy-, c^Noycy^, ΟλΝλφ Τ^: to make live; to be alive; to nourish; stative·. to be nourished, well fed

een-: see con

c o n , c e n - , pi. c o o n , CCDcun: occasion, time, turn 2 i_oy.con: at one time, together c o o n , ccucon: pi. o f c o n ceene: to remain over, to be remainder; to leave remaining, to spare; nn m. \ remainder cone, c e n c -: to pray; to comfort c o n c n , cnccon -, c(e)nccDn«!, c e n c c tm 1) to pray; to entreat; to comfort c n o T o y (m., pi.): lips co y p e (f.): thorn, spike, dart ccopM, cepM-, copM-, copM*: to go astray, to err; to lose; nn m.: error cpqe/cHpqe, cpoqT1) to be at leisure, inoccupied; with e-: to have leisure for, to be occupied with

C CT-: see ce ca.TC (f.): fire c i t c , c c t -/ca .t

-/c i t -, c ^ t ^/c c t ^/c i t #, c h t ^ (e-): to throw, to sow; to put C O T 6 (m./f.), pi. c o o t c : arrow, dart c c d t c , C C T-/CO T-, co(o)Tο λ2 α>(α>)’*: t0 be set up, upright; to set up c z x i, C62 ^|-/C2 e -, C2 ^i(c/T)=i/cx 2 (T ):i/ce 2 Ti:>CH2 +: to write; nn m: writing; letter C2IMC (f.), pi. 2IOMe: woman cX2Ne: t0 provide; to supply oye2~cx2Ne: to command C2l2°Y> C2°Y(e)p-, C2oyo>pTXX'< to give t na .-: to give to ■J* 2 1-» 2 ,CJCD*·to lay on; to clothe 'J’( e ): s e e "}o

y

THHBG (m.): finger TCDCDBG, T 6 B6 -, t o o b ^/t b b o c to repay, to requite TB 2l (m.): ten thousand TBBO, TBB6 -, t b b o ^, ΤΒΒΗγ1) to become pure, to be pure; purify; n n m . : purity; purification TBNH, pi. t b n o o y g : beast T B T (m.): fish TOBTB, TB T( 6 )B-, TBTCDB#: to form, to compound; to invent; n n m . : mix, compound TCOB2 , T(6)B2- , TOBgc to pray, to entreat; to console TA.K.O, Τ λ Κ 6 -, T3k.K.OC to destroy; n n m .: destruction λΤ.Τλ Κ Ο : indestructible Μ ΝΤ.λΤ.ΤλΚο: indestructibility TCDK.C, TG KC-, TOK.cτ*: to be struck, whetted; to strike; to cast; to lay 2io o y e : pi. o f 21H 2θ γ ο (m.): greater part, greatness; with N-/e-... e~: more than (cf. 033)

2θ ο γ

P~2 ° Y ° : to have more, to exceed

2ο γρ ε -/ 2ογρα>-, 2ογρ(α>)ίυ*/2ογρο*: 2ο γ ε ιτ (ε ): first 2θ ο γ τ (m.): male; husband

to deprive

2 tucy, 2 6 φ -/ 2 θ φ -, 2Xt: to be distressed, restricted, narrow; to straighten, to compel; nn m.: distress, need

X X W -. cstr.part. o f X I Χ λΐ-Ββκβ: one who receives a salary; mercenary X A e ie (m.): desert

X e : conj.: introduces a completive, causal or final sentence (###, ###, ###); introduces direct or indirect speech XH (m.): emptiness; vanity X IN - XH/6 in ~XH: emptiness; vanity X I, X I -/ X 6 -, X IT ^ : to receive; to take; to bring; to accept X O , X 6 -/ X O -, xo φ Τ , 6 θ φ Τ ^ : to lo o k , to se e ; to lo o k o u t, to w a it fo r; nn m .: lo o k , g la n c e 6 lX (f.): h a n d

Greek glossary This list contains all the Greek words encountered in the examples, the exercises and the texts. They are arranged in the Greek alphabetical order. The orthography of Greek words can be slightly deviant in Coptic. The initial aspiration (2 ) is rendered in Greek by the use of the spiritus asper above the first vowel or diphtongue of the word. Sometimes we find aspirations in Coptic where the Greek original has none. There is moreover a tendency to confuse l/Η/γ, o/cu and, more rarely, K/6.

A τό αγαθόν (n.): the Good αγαθός, -ή, -όν: good ή αγάπη (f.): love, charity ό άγγελος (m.): messenger, angel ό αγών (m.): fight; combat; competition αγωνίζομαι, xrcoNize: to fight ό ’Αιγύπτιος (m.): Egyptian αιρετικός, -ή, -όν, gxipenicoc: heretic αϊσθησις (f.), eceYCic: (sense) perception τό αισθητήριον (n.), eceHTHpiON: organ of sense αιχμάλωτος, -ον: prisoner (of war), captive άκάθαρτος, -ον: unclean, impure, foul 6 άλέκτωρ (m.): cock άληθινός, -ή, -όν: real, true, truthful άλλά: con):, but, on the other hand άλλος, -η, -o: other άλλο... άλλο...: on the one hand..., on the other.., άμέλει: adv: really, truly άμελέω, XMexei (βΒΟΛ): to have no care for; to be neglectful of; to allow άμέριμνος, -ον: free from care; unconcerned άναγκαϊος, -a, -ov: necessary ή άνάγκη (f.): necessity ή άνάστασις (f.): resurrection ή άναστροφή (f.): return; mode of life, behaviour ό άναχωρητής (m.), XNXXCDpiTHC: anchoret; hermit άνέχω, XNeixe: to hold up; to uphold; to maintain άντί: prep: opposite; instead of άντικείμενος, -η, -ov: concurrent; enemy άξιος, -α, -ov: worthy άπαντάω, χ π χ ν τ χ : to meet, to encounter

176

Greek glossary

ά π α ρ ν έ ο μ α ι, ATTApNA: to d en y , to re fu se ά π α τ ά ω , ΑΤΓΑΤΑ: to d e c e iv e ; to le a d a stra y ή ά π α τ η (f.): frau d , d e c e it, g u ile ά π ισ το ς, -ο ν : u n fa ith fu l m n t .a t t i c t o c : infidelity; unbelief απλώς, ^ATTAtuc: ac/v. : simply; absolutely; in a word άποδημέω, ΑΤΤΟΛ,ΗΜβΐ: to be away from home, abroad; to go abroad άποκαθίστημι, a t t o k a o i c t a : to restore; to hand over ό απόστολος (m.): apostle άρα: interrogative particle (cf. 399) ή αρετή (f.): virtue τό άριστον (n.), ApiCTCDN: breakfest αρπάζω, 2 -ΑρττΑΖβ: μ, snatch away; to carry off; to seize, to ravish αρχαίος, -a, -ov: old N-ApXAlOC: in the past ή άρχή (f-): beginning, origin; principle; government, power ό αρχηγός (m.): cause; founder, author άρχομαι, Apxei: to begin ό αρχιμανδρίτης (m.), ApxiMA-ApiTHC: archimandrite 6 αρχών (m.): governor, chief, archon ασεβής, -ές: impious ή άσκησις (f.): exercise; training; ascesis άσπάζομαι, ACTTA^e: to kiss, to embrace; to great ασφαλής, -ές: firm, safe, secure ασφαλώς: adv.: safely; without faltering αυτεξούσιος, -ov: free; in one’s own power ό αύτογενής (m.): autogenes (self-produced) αυτός, -ή, -όν: self, same; as dem. pron.: he, him; she, her τοϋ αύτοϋ: from (or by) the same {genitive) ή αφορμή (f.): starting-point; occasion; resources

B τ ό β ά π τισ μ α (n.): baptism β ά ρ β α ρ ο ς, -ov: barbarian, non-Greek β ο η θ έω , β ο η θ θ ι : to help

Γ ό γάμος (m.): marriage γάρ: enclitic conj.: for ή γενεά (f.): race; family; descent; generation γενναίος, -a, -ov: high-born, noble, excellent γένοιτο: (might it happen) that {expresses a wish)·, negation: μη γένοιτο (cf. 420) τό γένος (n.): race; offspring; generation; kind

Greek glossary ή γ ν ώ σ ις (£ ): k n o w le d g e ή γ ρ α φ ή (fV): w ritin g ; S c rip tu re γ υ μ ν ά ζ ω , ΓΥ Μ Ν λΖ β: tra in , e x e rc ise ; w ith 2 A : to d isp u te a b o u t ή γ υ μ ν ά σ ιά (£ ): ex e rc ise , p ra c tic e

D ό δ α ίμ ω ν (m .): d e m o n τ ό δ α ιμ ό ν ιο ν (n .), .A.2JMCDNION: d e m o n , d ev il δέ: en clitic c o n j.: an d ; b u t; (w ith μ έ ν ) o n th e o th e r h a n d τ ό δ ε ΐπ ν ο ν (n .), λ ,ιτ τ ν ο ν , Ί ή ν ο ν : m e a l ό δ η μ ιο υ ρ γ ό ς (m .), A l M l o y p r o c : a rc h ite c t, d e m iu rg e , c re a to r ή δ ια β ο λ ία (f.): e n m ity ; a v e rsio n ό δ ιά β ο λ ο ς (m .): d e v il ή δ ια θ ή κ η (f.): d isp o sitio n ; c o v e n a n t; te sta m e n t δ ια κ ο ν έ ω , AlAKONei: to se rv e , to m in is te r ή δ ιδ α σ κ α λ ία (f.): d o c trin e ; te a c h in g δ ίκ α ιο ς, -α, -ο ν : ju s t, rig h te o u s δ ικ α ίω ς : adv.: w ith re a so n ή δ ικ α ιο σ ύ ν η (f.): ju s tic e τ ό δ ικ α ίω μ α (n.): ju d g e m e n t; v e rd ic t; ju s tific a tio n ό δ ιω γ μ ό ς (m .), Λ-IOKMOC: h u n t; p e rs e c u tio n

E Ε β ρ α ίο ς , -a , -ov: H e b re w M NT.2eBp2GOC: H e b re w έ γ κ α κ έ ω , erK.2iK.ei: to lo se h e a rt; to g ro w tire d τ ό έ θ ν ο ς (n.), 2 6 θ Ν θ θ : p e o p le , n a tio n ; p i. g en tile s, p a g a n s ή ε ίκ ώ ν (f.), 2IKCDN: im a g e , sta tu e , re p re se n ta tio n ε ίμ ή τ ι ( e - ) : p r e p .: e x c e p t fo r; c o n j.: i f n o t ή ε ιρ ή ν η (£ ), ιρΗΝΗ: p e a c e ; re s t ε ιρ η ν ικ ό ς , -ή , -ό ν , HpHNiKOc: p e a c e fu l ε ίτα : conj.: th e n , n e x t είτε... είτ ε: conj.: eith e r... o r ή ε κ κ λ η σ ία (f.): asse m b ly ; c h u rc h ό έ λ λ η ν , 26 Λ.λΗΝ: G re e k ; g e n tile , p a g a n ε λ λ η ν ικ ό ς , -ή , -ό ν : G re e k , H e lle n ic τ ό έ λ ο ς (n .), 2 e A O C : m a rsh -m e a d o w ε λ π ίζ ω , 2 6 λ π ΐ Ζ β : to h o p e ή ε λ π ίς , 2 eA T T ic (f.): h o p e ή έ ν ε ρ γ ε ία (£ ): a c tiv ity ε ν ια ύ σ ιο ς: a d v .: y e a rly ; d u rin g a y e a r ή ε ν τ ο λ ή (f.): c o m m a n d m e n t, o rd e r έ ξ εσ τι (n ): im p erso n a l verb: it is p o ss ib le ; it is allo w e d ; n egation: ο ύ κ έ ξ εσ τι

177

178

Greek glossary

ή εξουσία (f.): authority; power έπεί, έπειδή, εττίΛΗ: when; since έπιθυμέω, βπιβγΜ βι, eneieyMei: to desire ή έπιθυμία (f.): desire ή επιστολή (f.), pi. βττιστοΛ Ο ογε: letter έπιχειρέω, enixepei: to put one’s hand to; attempt; attack ή έπωμίς (f.): (monastic) scapular ή εργασία (f.): work; occupation; effort; function ή έρημία (f.): desert; desolate place; solitude έρημος, -ον: desolate, abandoned; nom m.: desert έτι: yet, still τό εύαγγέλιον (n.): good news; Gospel ευσεβής, -ές: pious; faithful ευφραίνω, ευφραίνομαι, εγφρΧΝβ: to rejoice; to be happy; to make happy

z H ή: c o n j or ό ήγεμών (m.): chief, leader ή ηδονή (f.), £ΗΛθΝΗ, gY-AONH: pleasure

Θ τό θέατρον (n.): theatre, spectacle ή θεωρία (f.): exam, inquiry; theory τό θηρίον (n.): wild animal θλίβω, ΘΛΙΒΒ: to oppress (in Coptic also: to be oppressed) ή θλίψις (f.): oppression, affliction; pressure ό θυρεός (m.), θ γρ ο ο : shield ή θυσία (f.): offering, sacrifice; offering festival

I ’Ιουδαίος, -α, -ον, ιογΛ λί: Jew(ish)

K ό κάδος (m.): jar, vessel; um καθαρός, -ά, -όν: pure ΜΝΤ-κ,Αθλροο: purity ό καιρός (m.): (right) moment, occasion καίτοι, KBTOi: and indeed, and further; and yet

Greek glossary κ α λ ό ς , -ή , -ό ν : b e a u tifu l κ α λ ώ ς : adv.: g o o d , w e ll κ α ν : conj.: e v e n i f ό κ α ρ π ό ς (m .): fru it κ α τά : p r e p .\ d o w n w a rd s; to w a rd ; in a c c o rd a n c e w ith ; a fter; a c c o rd in g to κ α τ ά γ α ιο ς , -ο ν , XAloc: su b te rra n e a n ; o n th e g ro u n d ό κ α τ α κ λ υ σ μ ό ς (m .), KATXKAHCM OC: d e stru c tio n , in u n d a tio n , d e lu g e κ α τ α λ α λ έ ω , Κ Χ Τ Α Λ Χ Λ Ι: to b la m e ; to ra il at ή κ α τ α λ α λ ία (f.): e v il re p o rt, sla n d e r κ α τ α φ ρ ο ν έ ω , κχτχφροΝ βι: to lo o k d o w n u p o n , to d e sp ise ; to d isre g a rd κ α τ ο ρ θ ό ω , κ,λτορθογ: to m a k e rig h t; to co rre c t; to b e rig h t, p e rfe c t τό κ ε ρ ά τ ιο ν (n.), θ χ ρ χ τ ε: p o d κ η ρ ύ σ σ ω , KYpiccxi: to a n n o u n c e ό κ ίν δ υ ν ο ς (m .): d a n g e r, risk ή κ ιν ν ύ ρ α (f.), όΐΝΗρχ: ly re κ λ η ρ ο ν ο μ έ ω , ΚλΗροΝΟΜΐ: to in h e rit, to re c e iv e κ ο ιν ω ν έ ω , k o i n o n g i : p a rtic ip a te ; jo in ή κ ο ιν ω ν ία (f.): (m o n a stic ) c o m m u n ity κ ο λ ά ζ ω , Κ Ο Λ Χ Ζ ε : to c h a stise ; to p u n ish ; to re p ro v e ή κ ό λ α σ ις (f.): c h a stise m e n t, p u n ish m e n t; c o rre c tio n ό κ ό μ η ς (m .): m a g istra te {from the Latin “comes”) κ ο σ μ ικ ό ς, -ή , -ό ν : c o sm ic ; b e lo n g in g to th e w o rld ό κ ό σ μ ο ς (m .): c o sm o s ή κ ρ α τ ή ρ (m .): v e sse l, b o w l κ ρ ίν ω , κρίΝβ: to ju d g e ή κ ρ ίσ ις (f.): ju d g e m e n t

Λ ό λαός (m .): people ή λεκάνη (f.): dish; pot; pan ό ληστής (m .), A Y C T H C : robber; thief 6 λόγος (m.): Logos; reason; Word; history ή λόγχη (f.): lance, spear λυπέομαι, Λ.γπ(ε)ΐ: to be sad, afflicted; to suffer ή λύπη (f.): affliction; suffering; sadness

M ή μ α γ ία (f.): m a g ic , m a g ic tric k ό μ α θ η τ ή ς (m .): p u p il, d isc ip le φ Β ρ -Μ Α θ Η Τ Η ε : c la ssm a te μ ά λ λ ο ν : adv.: m o re ; ra th e r μ α σ τιγ ό ω , Μ λετίΓογ: to w h ip ; to flo g ή μ ά σ τιξ (f.), μ α ο τ ι ν γ ?.: w h ip ; sc o u rg e

179

180

Greek glossary

ή μελέτη (f.): care; exercise το μέλος (n.): member, limb μέν: enclitic particle·, indeed; with δέ: on the one hand τό μέρος (n.): part μετανοέω, MeTANoei: to convert; to repent ή μετάνοια (f.): repentance μή: interrogative particle: not? (cf. 399) μητι: interrogative particle (cf. 399) μήποτε: conj.: lest ever μήπως: conj.: in order not to; lest in any way μόγις: adv.: scarcely; hardly μοναχός, -ή, -όν: alone; solitary; noun: monk, nun μονογενής, -ές: monogenes (the only-bom) μόνον: adv.: only μόνος, -η, -ον: alone τό μυστήριον (n.): mystery, secret

N νηστεύω, N H C T e y e : to fast ό νόμος (m.): law AXN-NOMOc: illegally ό νους (m.): intellect, spirit ό νυμφίος (m.): husband

ή ξένη ( f ): foreign country τό ξίφος (n.), ciqe, CHqe, CYBe: sword

0 ό οβολός (m.), gOBOAOc: obol ή οικονομία ( f ): household; government; Economy (of Salvation); design ό οικονόμος (m.): manager; administrator; house-steward ό οίκος (m.): house ή οικουμένη ( f ): (inhabited) world όλος, -η, -ον, 20 AOC: complete, whole δλως, 20 ACOC: adv.: completely ή όργή ( f ): anger; wrath τό όρομα (n.), 2 opOMA: vision τό όρος (m.), 2 opoc: limit; border; definition; rule δσον: conj.: so far as; so much as; as long as δταν, 2 °TAN: conj.: when; whenever ού: particle o f negation: not

Greek glossary

ουδέ: conj.: and not, neither ή ουσία (f.): being; substance; property ούτε: conj.: and not, neither

Π παιδεύω: to educate τό παλάτιον (n.), π χ Λ λ λ ΤίΟ Ν : palace πάντως: adv.: completely; certainly; absolutely παρά, TTxpxpo*: prep .: next to; in comparison with; beyond ή παραβολή (f.): comparison; parable παράγω, ττχρΑΓε: to transport; to pass παραδίδωμι, ττχρΑΑ.ι.Λ.ογ: to hand over, to deliver; to betray παραιτέομαι, ττχρΑΐτεί: to beg; obtain (a favour); decline, reject παρακαλέω, ττχρλΚλλ.εΐ: to invoke; to pray; to exhort παρθένος (f.): young girl; virgin ή παρρησία (f.): freedom of speech; frankness; freedom πατάσσω, π χ τ χ ε ε ε : to beat; to knock; to strike; to smite ό πατριάρχης (m.): patriarch πειράζω, πειρχΖ ε: to tempt ό πειρασμός (m.): temptation; trial περίχωρος, -ον (f.), π ερ ιχο ρ ο ε: the country round about ή πέτρα (f.): rock ή πηγή (f.): source πιστεύω, π ιε τ ε γ ε : to believe ή πίστις (f.): faith; belief; trust πιστός, -ή, -όν: faithful τό πλάσμα (n.): thing moulded or fashioned; figure πλατωνικός, -ή, -όν, t t a a t o n ik o c : platonic ή πληγή (f.): blow, stroke; plague τό πνεύμα (n.): spirit ό πόλεμος, πο λ γΜ ο ε (m.): war, combat, fight πολεμέω, ΤΓΟΑγΜεί: to be at war; to make war; to fight ή πόλις (f.): city πολλάκις: adv.: often πονηρός, -ά, -όν: evil, bad; criminal ή πόρνη (f.): prostitute; adulterous woman ό πόρνος (m.): fornicator; idolater προκόπτω, π ρ ο κ ο π τεί: to advance; to be advanced πρός, ττροερο*: prep .: toward; across; against; around; for προσέχω, π ρ ο ε ε χ ε : to be intent on; to be on one’s guard against; to attach oneself to προσκαρτερέω, π ρ ο εκ χρ τερ εί: to persist in; to devote oneself to; to wait for τό πρόσταγμα (n.): ordinance, command ή προσφορά (f.): offering; application ό προφήτης (m.): prophet

181

182

Greek glossary

ή πύλη (f.): door; gate; entrance πώς: adv.: how? In any way, at all

P Σ τό σάββατον (n.): sabbat; week Σαμαρίτης, -ες: Samaritan σαρκικός, -ή, -όν: fleshly, bodily ή σαρξ (f.): flesh σεμνός, -ή, -όν, CMNOC: honourable; solemn, exalted; worthy MNT-c(e)MNOc: dignity; sacredness σημαίνω, CYM2k.Ne: to indicate; to give signs; to appear; to be manifest; signify; declare σκανδαλίζω, CK2k.NA.2k.AlZe: scandalise; to be an obstacle τό σκάνδαλον (n.): obstacle; scandal σκεπάζω, CK.eTT2k.Ze: to cover; to shelter; to protect ή σοφία (f.): wisdom σοφός, -ή, -όν: wise τό σπέρμα (n.): semen, seed σπουδάζω, ο π ο γΛ ,λΖ ε: to be eager; to pay attention; to do hastily; to pursue zealously ή σπουδή (f.): haste; speed; zeal ό σταυρός (m.): cross σταυρόω, ο τ 2ιγρογ: to crucify ή στήλη (f.): stele τό στιχάριον (n.): tunic ή στολή (f.): robe, garment συλάω, c y a 2l: to strip off; to plunder; to take off ή συμφωνία (f.): harmony; music ό σύνδουλος (m.): co-slave σφραγίζω, cp2k.riZe: to seal; to certify; to confirm τό σχήμα (n.), cXYM2k.: form; figure; (fashion of) dress τό σώμα (n.): body σωματικώς: adv.: bodily, physically ό σωτήρ (m.): saviour

T τάσσω, T2k.cce: to arrange; to order; to rule; to impose τέλε(ι)ος, -a, -ov: complete, accomplished, perfect ό τερατίας (m.), TepHA.2k.THC (?): thaumaturge, worker of miracles τερατώδης, -ες, TepH A^TH C (?): miraculous, prodigious, monstrous τολμάω, ΤθΛΜ2ι: to dare, to have the courage

Greek glossary

ό τόπος (m.): place τότε: adv.: then, at that moment ή τροφή (f.): food

Y ή ύπόκρισις (f.): hypocrisy υπομένω, 2 YTTOMIN6 : to abide, to await; to be patient; to endure ή ύπομονη (f.): patience, endurance, perseverance υποτάσσω, 2 YTTOTXCce: to place under; to submit; to be obedient

Φ ο φαρισαΐος (m.), (J)xpiccxioc: pharisee τό φραγέλλιον (n.): whip ή φυλή (f.): tribe

X χαρίζομαι, xxpiZe: to grant a favour ή χάρις (f.): grace τό χάρισμα (n.): charisma; gift; grace ό χιλίαρχος (m.): commandant ό χορός (m.): dance ό χόρτος (m.): meadow, prairie; garden; grass ή χρεία (f.), xpix: need; commodity ρ-χριχ: to need, to be needy τό χρήμα (n.): thing; possession; money; richness ό χριστιανός (m.): Christian ή χώρα (f.): region; country; countryside, province (in Egypt) χωρίς: prep.: without

Ψ ψάλλω, ψ λ λ λ ε ΐ: to sing (to a harp), to psalm ό ψαλμός (m.): Psalm ή ψυχή (f.), pi. ψ γ χ ο ο γ β : soul

Ω ώς, 2 CDC: conj.\ since; when;prep.·, like ώστε, 2 tuCTe: conj.: so as, so that; in order that; prep.: like ή ώφέλεια (f.), οφεΛΙΧ: help, aid; profit, advantage

183

Glossary o f proper nouns This list contains all the proper nouns you’ll find in the exam ples, the exercises and the texts. They are presented in the ‘normal’ alphabetical order, that is, taking the vow els in account.

χ.Ββλ.: Abel

XN.x.pexc: Andrew XNTONioc: Antony λ π ο λ λ ω Ν : A pollon

BX.px.BBX.c: Barabbas ΒΗθΛβεΗ: Betlehem ΓλβρίΗλ: Gabriel ΓΧ.ΛΙΛΧ.ΙΧ.: Galilee

repx..a.x.MX.: Geradama rpHrcupioc: Gregory ΛλΝ: Dan Λ χ γ ε ί Λ : David

Λ,ΐΜΟγβοο: Timothy

Acucieeoc: Dositheus 6ΜΜΧ.ΧΧ.: Emmacha

eecoA-opoc: Theodore ix k c u b o c : ih c o y c :

James

Jesus

lop^X N H c: Jordan

ιογΑΧ.: Juda β ιω ο Η φ : Joseph icü ^ x n n h c :

John

ic ü ^ x n n h c

n .B X T t T i c T H c : John the baptist

icd^ xnnhc

π,κ,ΟλΟΒΟο: J o h n ofK olob os

KXNX: Cana K.HH6: Egypt

KYTtpoc: Cyprus kcuc:

K6s

λ,βγει·. Levy MX.KX.pioc: Macarius

ΜΧ,ρίχ.: Mary

186

Proper nouns

M A piA Τ .Μ Α Γ Α Α Α Η Α Η

Mary Magdalene

MApi2 AM(M): Mary μ α θ θ α ι ο ο : Matthew

M ip to e e x c : Mirötheas M i p c o e e o c : Mirötheos

M COycHC: Moi'se

Na.Za.pee: Nazareth tta y a o c

: Paul

na.2CU M O : Pachomius

π ε τ ρ ο ο : Peter TTOIMHN: Poimen

TT^epMHc: Phermes caM apia.: Samaria c a o y a

: Saul

c a p a n io tN : Serapion c a ta n a c

: Satan

CHG: Seth

TepTioc: Tertius xa m

: Cham

gHpcuAHC: Herod 2iepoYCAAHM : Jerusalem 2 Y P O )J lH c : Herod

Glossary o f nomina sacra N om ina sacra are abbreviations o f important Christian names and titles. fc: ihcoyc : Jesus

ΪΗΛ: icpAHA:Israel θϊλημ : T.2 iepoYCAAHM: Jerusalem ttnä: ττΝβγΜΑ: Spirit TTXC: n .x o e ic : the Lord ccop: ccuTHp: Saviour xc: xpicTOc: Christ

Grammatical index absolute bound state nouns 046-047 adjective 027 see attribution construct participle 052 adverb 103, 104-106, 377 adverbial predicate 225, 260-266, 271 conversions 263-266 negation 261-262 greek 105, 426 interrogative 402 noun 110 prepositional locution 067, 107-109 anaphroric see pronoun antecedent see circumstantial and relative conversion aorist 324-330, 456, 473 negation 325-326 apodosis see conditional clause appellative 159 apposition 158-163 subject 158, 209-213, 235-237 approximation 250 article 034, 041, 159, 200,466 definite 016, 054-062, 469 demonstrative 015-016 indefinite 064-068 possessive 021 zero-determiner 069-074, 160, 163, 166 assimilation 055 asyndeton 371, 395, 409, 414, 445, 468 attribution 026, 164, 176-177 with N- 086, 092, 101-102, 161, 165-172 without N- 173-175 bipartite construction see durative sentence bound state see noun, preposition, verb, prenominal bound state, prepersonal bound state cataphoric see pronoun causal clause 349, 390,443-444

causative infinitive 129-134, 379, 389-394, 415,424, 449 negation 132 noun 392-394 verb 133, 390 circumstance 357 circumstantial conversion 146, 422, 433, 440-441, 443,451, 470, 471^176 after the imperative 140 antecedent 471-472 before conjunctive 373 cleft sentence 477—480 durative sentence 228, 242, 254, 264, 273, 277 nominal sentence 197-198, 204, 216-217 non-durative sentence: 314, 328, 340 preterit 241, 343-436 suffixically conjugated verboid 296, 298299 verbs of incomplete predication 412 cleft sentence see circumstantial and relative conversion comparative 032-033 completive clauses object clause 405—413 subject clause 213, 414-421 with conjunctive 376 concessive clause 440 conditional 358-363, 425 conditional clause 361-362, 427^142 apodosis 434,438 comparative 441 contrafactual 434-437 factual 428-433 protasis 429-437 conjunction apodotic 397, 438 completive 405-407, 417, 419 disjunctive 189,403 enclitic 233 nominal coordination 186-190 paratactic 371, 395, 396, 468 subordinate clause c. 362, 374-375, 423425, 429-432,439-442, 443, 446-448

188

Grammatical index

conjunctive 352, 368-379, 382, 408, 415, 419,445,448,470 with verb 371-373, 413 without verb 374—379 consecutive clause 371, 445-448, 450-451 conversions 144 see circimstantial c., focalising c., preterit c., relative c. construct participle see adjective coordination see asyndeton, conjunctions dative delocutive see nominal sentence demonstrative see article, pronoun 6TMM2LY 017 denotative function 027-028, 040 deprivation 070 descriptive function 028-029, 052 determiner 075-079 see article direct speech 405 disjunctive see conjunction doubr 399 dual 045 durative sentence 223-292 see adverbial predicate, future, present before conjunctive 373 conversions 227-230,435,459-460 indefinite subject 152-153, 267-277 conversions 272-277 negation 226 object 278-292 predicate 126, 225 subject 005 endophoric see pronoun enumeration 071 exhortative 349 existential sentence 300, 302, 304, 435 conversions 306 extraposition 454 see apposition, nominal sentence fear 407 final clause 371, 387,406, 421, 445,447^151 focalising conversion 148, 423,447 durative sentence 230, 244, 256-259, 266, 276, 333-334, 338

non-durative sentence 316-318, 330, 436 question 402 suffixically conjugated verboid 298-299 future 247-259 auxiliary Νλ 225, 271 before conjunctive 372 conversions 251-259, 434, 447 negation 248, 475 subject 233-237 future conjunctive 380-388, 445 general truth 326 genitive 178-179 explicative 181 partitive 183 possessed nouns 048 with N- 048, 050, 180-183 with NT6~ 184-185 goal see final clause

habit 326 identity 161,219 ignore 409 imperative 135-141 before conjunctive 372 negation 142-143 impersonal predicate 420 incapacity 326 incomplete predication see verb indefinite see article, pronoun indicational sentence 300-301, 303, 305, 307, 435 indirect speech 405 infinitive 111-113,225,271,449 see causative infinitive, verb before conjunctive 372, 379 negation 118 intention 259 interjection 442 interlocutive see nominal sentence interrogative see adverb, particle, pronoun, question invariable ne 207, 240, 253, 263, 321, 434 irrealis 427 irreality 205, 437 see conditional clause iteration noun 163 predicate 219

Grammatical index jussive 342-350 negation 345-348 lexeme 025-026 limitative 364-367, 422, 450 narration 312, 387, 395,418 negation 070 nominal sentence 191-222 conversions 196-199, 204-205, 435, 475 delocutive 191, 206-218 extraposition 202-203, 209-213, 215, 217,221 interlocutive 191, 200-205 negation 195 periphrastic construction 194 predicate 068, 192-194 subject 004, 191, 200, 207, 220 three members 209-213 non-durative sentence 308-388 see aorist, conditional, conjunctive, future conjunctive, jussive, limitative, ‘not yet’, optative, past, precursive before conjunctive 372, 373 subject 007 subordinate clause bases 351-354 non-existence 070 ‘not yet’ 319-323,456 conversions 321-323, 422 noun 025-026, 233 see adverb abstract 065 bound state 046-048, 049, 100 common 213 composite 049-053, 056, 069 expressing time 057-058 gender 034-040, 059 gendered 027-030, 166 greek 030-031, 037, 044, 167 inanimates 031 infinitive 038, 111, 391 material 066 non-gendered 027, 028, 030, 052 number 034, 041-045, 059 prefix 051 proper nouns 060-061, 160, 213 numerals approximate 088 cardinal 080-088 ordinal 089-092 two 087 object

189

see durative sentence, prepositions, stemjemstedt optative 331-341, 413 negation 335-336, 340-341, 384, 447 order 337, 349, 385 particle 377, 399 past 310-318, 357, 395 conversions 313-318, 436, 458 negation 311,436 perspective 259 plural see noun-number possessive see article, noun, pronoun, suffixically conjugated verboids confusion between article and pronoun 022, 048 potentialis 427 precept 337 precursive 355-357, 422 prediction 337 prenominal bound state nouns 046, 048, 049 numerals 082 prepositions 093-096 verbs 119-120,149, 279, 283, 308 prepersonal bound state conjunctive 369 nouns 046, 048, 182 prepositions 094-097 verbs 119-120, 149, 286, 308, 334 prepositions see attribution, genitive, dative, object attributive 168 bound states 093-094, 096-097 composite 048, 100 defective 101-102 greek 099 object 278, 280-281, 282, 286 prepositional locution see adverb simple 098-099 with adverb 103 with causative infinitive 392-394 with independent personal pronoun 002 with personal suffix 007 with zero-determiner 072-074 present 231 conversions 238-246, 437 negation 232 subject 233-237

190

Grammatical index

preterit conversion 145, 357,473 durative sentence 227, 238-240, 251253, 263, 272, 277, 434,437,456 nominal sentence 196, 205, 214-215 non-durative sentence 313, 321, 327 possession 299 verbs o f quality 149, 295 prohibition 337 promise 337, 385 pronoun anaphoric 207, 210, 461, 476 cataphoric 211 demonstrative 012-014, 054, 192-193, 465, 472, 477-480 determinative 466 elided form 479 endophoric 207,478 indefinite 024, 063, 192-193 interrogative 023, 192-193,402 personal independent 001-004, 191, 193, 200, 202, 208,480 prefixed 005-006, 224 suffix 007-011, 048, 097 second suffix 287, 289 possessive 018-020,193 presentative 478 proleptic 410 with XCD 411 protasis see conditional clause question 387, 398^104 deliberative 388, 400 direct and indirect 404 partial 401 rhetorical 385,399 realis 427 reassurance 385 reciprocity 292 reflexivity 290-291 regret 437 relative conversion 147,452—470 antecedent 453, 455, 459, 461-462, 465466,472, 476 before conjunctive 373, 470 cleft sentence 477^180

durative sentence 229, 243, 255, 265, 274, 277, 463 nominal sentence 199, 218 non-durative sentence 315, 323, 329, 341 substantivated 053, 466^167, 469 suffixically conjugated verboid 297-299, 462 relative time 351 repeated action 326 result see consecutive clause rhetorical question see question semanteme 025-026 singular event 357 Stative 121-128, 225,271 stem-jemstedt rule 279-281 subject clause see completive clause suffixically conjugated verboids 149-157, 293-299 conversions 295-299,462, 459 double object 157 negation 294 periphrastic construction 293 possession 154-157, 299, 456 quality 150, 295, 462 superlative 032 supposition 259 temporal clause 361, 363, 367,422-426 tripartite conjunction see non-durative sentence ‘until’ 367 verb 025, 111-157 bound states 119-120, 278 causative 114, 285 composite 115 greek 116-117, 120 incomplete predication 386, 394, 412413 movement 123 periphrastic locution 126 vocative 062 wish 337, 349 wonder 399 zero-determiner see article

Concordances & Paradigms

Concordance with som e existing grammars paragraph 001-011

012-017 018-022 023 024 025-026 027-031 032-033 035-040 041-045 046-048 049-053 054-062 063-068 069-074 075 080-088 089-092 093-097 098-099 100-102

103 104-106 107-109 110 111-120

121-128 129-134 135-143 144-148 149-153 154-157 158-162 163 165-172 173-175 180-183 184-185

P lisch

L ayto n

75-90 56,58 54 91-140 50,51,60 91-93, 126 104,113 95 105-107, 117 108 138-140 109-112,118-122 43, 52, 159-167 162, 168 47, 59 51,55 66-70 112, 123 200-201,205,214 202-205 208-213 206 215 216-219,212

183-200

D E l-2 HI

201-202

B1 B1 B2 C C

11 12

K l, K3, K4 K2

V ergote

T ill

F

203-208 209-217 218-232 74 147-149 151-155 75-76 81-86 123-146 87-91,94-99 92-93,100-102 103-108 156-168 169-173 233-234, 236 235,237,239

129-135 127-128 136-137 145 141-144 79-80 189 81, 112 113, 173, 176 174-177 86-89 121-122

123 126 147-152 153-154

238

174, 177 175 176

240

176

253-256 257 335 297-300 327-331 281-288 289-296

90-91,93-94 92 161,6

220

159-161,167 162,168 359 163, 365-369 395-396 373-382 383-392 149 97 96-100,102,116

01 02 U

W X

110

162-168 169-170 170.8 188

N

109 114-119

189

N

121 111-112

V

R

101

147 148

113

190 190

Concordance with existing grammars

194

paragraph 186-190 191 192 200-205 206-208 209-213 214-218 219 221 222

223-226 227-230 231-237 238-246 247-250 251-259 260-262 263-266 267-271 272-277 278-281 282 283-284 285-289 290-291 292 293-299 300-307 308-309 general 310-312 313-318 319-320 321-323 324-326 327-330 331-338 339-341 342-350 351-354 355-357 358-363 364-367 368-370

PLISCH

L ayton

145

259-264 265-267, 280-283 268-270 256 273-274 279 257 305-311 317-318 320 317-318 320 317-318 320 322 324 171 171 172-173 176 177 373-382 476-485 325 334 334 336 336 337 337 338 338 340 342-343 344-345 346-348 349 350-351

PI PI P2 P3

VERGOTE

T ill

374-377 242 242 243 244-245 246

178

194 193,195-196 197-199

248

S5 SI S3 S

251,303 303,317 252, 306 306,318 249-250

158 163.1, 164.1,165.1 158 163.2, 164.2,165.2 192 192

S2

V

0

T T1 T1 T1 T1 T3 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2

258-259 263-264 260 262 206 281-296 387 301-302 313-315 316,327-328 320 327-328 304-305 327-328 308-309 327-328 310 319 447-448 312 321

186.1

169-170 183 159 159.1 163-166 159.2 163-166 159.3 163-166 159.4 163-166 160.2 161 161.3 161.5 161.4 161.1

Concordance with existing grammars

paragraph 371-373 374-379 380-388 389 390 391-394 395-397 398-404 405—413 414^421 422^126 427^133 434-437 438-442 443^144 445—451 452-454 455-460 461-464 465-470 471—476 477^180

L ayton

352-353, 355 354 357-358 359 360-361 362-363 234-237

P lisch

T3 U

X4

493 495—497 498 494, 500-501 493 502-504 399—402 405 407 411 404,430 461—475

X2

XI X3,X4

195

T ill

322 323-324 311 335 338,351 371-373 430—446 413-420 421-422 428-429 447-460 456-458 425-426,447455,459-460 427 423—424 461^163 464-468 469-474 476-481 475

V ergote

161.1 161.1 161.2 161.5

179 201.5 209 208 211.1 212 . 1-2

212.3-5 211.5,212.6 211.2

211.3—4 210

210

s

Concordance o f grammatical terms Pronouns and determiners demonstrative article: demonstrative adjective independent personal pronoun: absolute personal pronoun personal suffixes: suffix pronouns possessive article: possessive adjective prefixed personal pronoun: prefix pronouns

Verbs conversions: transpositions focalising conversion: second tenses prenominal state: nominal state prepersonal state: pronominal state stative: the qualitative suffixically conjugated verboids: suffixconjugation

The nominal sentence interlocutive sentence delocutive sentence

The durative sentence: a d v e r b i a l s e n te n c e , b ip a r tite p a tte r n present: present I preterit o f the present: imperfect focalising conversion o f the present: present II future: future I

198

Concordance of grammatical terms

preterit o f the future: imperfect o f the future focalising conversion o f the future: future II durative sentence with adverbial predicate: adverbial sentence

The non-durative sentence: v e r b a l s e n te n c e , te n s e - b a s e c o n ju g a tio n , tr ip a r tite p a t te r n past: perfect I focalising conversion o f the past: perfect II “not yet”: negative completive aorist: praesens consuetudinis optative: future III, energetic future jussive: optative, causative imperative precursive: temporalis limitative: “until” future conjunctive: finalis, causative conjunctive

Grammatical paradigms A. Pronouns Personal pronouns Independent personal pronouns, emphatic form sg. pi. 1 2 m. 2 f.

3 m. 3 f.

λΝΟΚ ΝΤΟΚ. ΝΤΟ NTOC) NTOC

ΛΝΟΝ NTCOTN Ν τοογ

Independent personal pronouns, reducedform pi. sg1 2 m. 2 f.

3 m. 3 f.

ΧΝΓ

NTK NT6 NT