Convite à filosofia 850813469X, 9788508134694
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Convite à Filosofia Marilena Chaui
#ONVITEßgß&ILOSOFIA I]nehaj] ?d]qe
Canajpa A`epkne]h I]nc]napa Ckiao ?kkn`aj]k `] a`ek a a`ek `a patpk O]ien Pdki]v Nareok Dhe] `a Faoqo Ckjo]c] $can*% Gpe] O_]bb I]nmqao $_kkn`*% Chkne] ?qjd] Fkk ?]nhko Ne^aenk Fn* I]qn_ek >]lpeop] Reaen] L]pn_e] Pn]r]j_] Nkojcah] Iqne_u O]j`n] Nacej] `a Okqv] Laomqeo] e_kjkcnÚ_] Ohrek Ghecej $oqlanr*% ?]ek I]vvehhe A`ek `a ]npa Nkoeiaena P]`] $_kkn`*% =j`n Ckiao Rep]ha Lnkcn]i]k reoq]h Dkiai `a Iahk " Pnke] @aoecj A`epkn]k ahapnje_] Dkiai `a Iahk " Pnke] @aoecj ?]l] Dkiai `a Iahk " Pnke] @aoecj
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/ /. // /1 /1 /2 /3 /6
= n]vk6 ej]p] kq ]`mqene`];
45
Nrbpqbp
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Ej]peoik kq aileneoik; K ej]peoik K aileneoik
56 56 6.
5NIDADEßßßß= behkokbe]
0.
#APqTULOß
#APqTULOß
.. ./ .0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6
=o mqaop ao `eo_qpe`]o lah] behkokbe] _kjpailkn ja] Pai]o( `eo_elhej]o a _]ilko behko be_ko
= knecai `] behkokbe]
/.
= l]h]rn] cfilplcf^ K hac]`k `] behkokbe] cnac] l]n] k K_e`ajpa aqnklaq
0/
#APqTULOß
00
K j]o_eiajpk `] behkokbe]
/4
Kqrej`k ] rkv `ko lkap]o K mqa lancqjp]r]i ko lneiaenko beh okbko K j]o_eiajpk `] behkokbe] Jai kneajp]h( jai ieh]cna Iepk a behkokbe] ?kj`e ao deop ne_]o l]n] k oqnceiajpk `] behkokbe]
05 1 1. 1/ 10
#APqTULOß
13
?]ilko `a ejraopec]k `] behkokbe]
04
Ko lank`ko `] behkokbe] cnac] Behkokbe] cnac]
15 16
#APqTULOß
Lnej_el]eo lank`ko `] deopne] `] behkokbe]
13
= behkokbe] j] deop ne] Ko lnej_el]eo lank`ko `] behkokbe]
24 25
#APqTULOß
=ola_pko `] behkokbe] _kjpailknja]
2/
#APqTULOß = n]vk
34
Ko rneko oajpe`ko `] l]h]rn] o^wl Knecai `] l]h]rn] o^wl Ko lnej_leko n]_ekj]eo
45 46 5-
#APqTULOß
= ]pere`]`a n]_ekj]h
4/
= ]pere`]`a n]_ekj]h a oq]o ik`]he`]`ao Na]heoik a e`a]heoik
50 55
#APqTULOß
Ko lnk^hai]o `k ej]peoik a `k aileneoik6 okhqao behkobe_]o
51
Ej]peoik a aileneoik6 mqaop ao a naolkop]o = okhqk `a Hae^jev jk o_qhk TREE = okhqk g]jpe]j] jk o_qhk TREEE = naolkop] `a Dacah Aileneop]o( g]jpe]jko a dacahe]jko
#APqTULOß
62 62 63 .- .-/
= n]vk j] behkokbe] _kjpailknja]
-,/
= n]vk j] bajkiajkhkce] `a Dqooanh N]vk a ok_ea`]`a N]vk a `ao_kjpejqe`]`a pailkn]h Lkn mqa ]ej`] b]h]iko ai o^wl; N]vk a na]he`]`a
.-0 .-1 .-1 .-3 .-4
Nrbpqbp
.-5
5NIDADEßßßß= ran`]`a
...
#APqTULOßß
Ecjknj_e] a ran`]`a
--.
= ran`]`a _kik qi r]hkn Ecjkn j_e]( ej_anpav] a ejoacqn]j] @ebe_qh`]`ao l]n] ] ^qo_] `] ran`]`a
../ ../ ..1
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>qo_]j`k ] ran`]`a
0
--2
@kci]peoik a ^qo_] `] ran`]`a =o pno _kj_al ao `] ran`]`a
#APqTULOß
..3 ./.
=o _kj_alao `] ran`]`a
-..
Cnack( h]pei a da^n]e_k @ebanajpao pakne]o ok^na ] ran`]`a Ran`]`a a b]hoe`]`a Qi] kqpn] pakne] `] ran`]`a = _kj_alk `] ran`]`a j] behkokbe] ]j]hpe_] = _kj_alk ln]cipe_] `] ran`]`a =o _kj_al ao `] ran`]`a a ] deop ne]
.// ./0 ./1 ./4 ./6 ./6 .0-
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.0.
5NIDADEßßßß= h ce_]
.00
#APqTULOß
K j]o_eiajpk `] hce_]
-/0
h ce_k Dan_hepk a L]nije`ao K ]l]na_eiajpk `] h ce_]
.01 .02 .03
#APqTULOß
Ahaiajpko `a hce_]
-/4
Lnej_el]eo _]n]_panope_]o = lnklkoek K oehkceoik K oehkceoik _eajpbe_k
.05 .05 .1. .10
#APqTULOß
= hce_] oei^he_]
-02
= h ce_] i]paipe_] Hejcq]cai a iap]hejcq]cai H ce_] `ko lna`e_]`ko a h ce_] `]o nah] ao
.13 .16 .2-
Nrbpqbp
.21
5NIDADEßßßßK _kjda_eiajpk #APqTULOß
.24
= lnak_ql]k _ki k _kjda_eiajpk
-14
K _kjda_eiajpk a ko lneiaenko beh okbko Ko beh okbko ik`anjko a k j]o_eiajpk `] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk >]_kj a @ao_]npao Hk_ga N]_ekj]heoik a aileneoik = _kjo_ej_e]6 k oqfaepk( k aq( ] laook] a k _e`]`k Oq^fapere`]`a a cn]qo `a _kjo_ej_e]
.25
#APqTULOß
.3/ .31 .34 .35 .36 .4.
= lan_alk
-3.
Oajo]k a lan_alk Aileneoik a ejpaha_pq]heoik Loe_khkce] `] bkni] a bajkiajkhkce] K mqa ] lan_alk Lan_alk a pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk
.4/ .40 .40 .42 .44
1
#APqTULOß
= ei]cej]k
-35
?kpe`e]jk a ei]cej]k = ei]cej]k j] pn]`ek behko be_] = bajkiajkhkce] a ] ei]cej]k @ao_naraj`k ] ei]cai =o ik`]he`]`ao kq pelko `a ei]cej]k Ei]cej]k a pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk
.46 .5 .5 .5/ .50 .51
#APqTULOß
= hejcq]cai
-41
= eilknp j_e] `] hejcq]cai = bkn] `] hejcq]cai = kqpn] `eiajok `] hejcq]cai = knecai `] hejcq]cai K mqa ] hejcq]cai; Aileneop]o a ejpaha_pq]heop]o `e]jpa `] hejcq]cai Lqnebe_]n ] hejcq]cai ?npe_] ]k aileneoik a ]k ejpaha_pq]heoik = hejcqope_] a ] hejcq]cai = atlanej_e] `] hejcq]cai
.52 .53 .54 .55 .56 .6 .6. .6/ .6/ .61
#APqTULOß
K lajo]iajpk
-52
Lajo]j`k*** K mqa `evai ko `e_ekjneko Atlanej_e]o `a lajo]iajpk = ejpahecj_e] Ejpahecj_e] a hejcq]cai Ejpahecj_e] a lajo]iajpk = ja_aooe`]`a `k ipk`k Lajo]iajpk ipe_k a lajo]iajpk h ce_k ?kik k iepk bqj_ekj] ?kik bqj_ekj] k lajo]iajpk _kj_aepq]h
.63 .64 .65 .66 /- /-. /-/ /-1 /-2 /-4
#APqTULOß
= _kjo_e j_e] lk`a _kjda_an pq`k;
.,5
?kjo_ej_e] a _kjda_eiajpk K ej_kjo_eajpa = loe_]jheoa = re`] lomqe_] = ]heaj]k ok_e]h =o pno bkni]o `] ]heaj]k = e`akhkce] Ancqaj`k k rq( pen]j`k ] io_]n]
/-6 /-6 /. /.. /.1 /.3 /.5 //-
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5NIDADEßßßß= iap]boe_]ß
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=o ej`]c]ao iap]boe_]o
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= mqaopk iap]boe_]6 ÎK mqa ;Ï = lancqjp] lahk mqa ?]n]_panope_]o `] iap]boe_] ai oaqo lank`ko
//3 //3 //4
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K j]o_eiajpk `] iap]boe_]
..4
K na]heoik `] behkokbe] j]o_ajpa @] _koikhkce] iap]boe_] Iap]boe_] kq kjpkhkce]; K oqnceiajpk `] kjpkhkce]6 L]nije`ao `a Ahae] Lh]pk a k iqj`k `]o aooj_e]o
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= iap]boe_] `a =neoppahao
//5 //6 //6 /0. /0/
./1
@ebanaj] ajpna =neop pahao a oaqo lna`a_aooknao /02 = iap]boe_] ]neopkphe_] /04 Ko lnej_el]eo _kj_aepko `] iap]boe_] ]neopkphe_] /04
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=o ]rajpqn]o `] iap]boe_]
.0,
K _neope]jeoik a ] p]nab] `] ar]jcahev]k =o pn]`e ao iap]boe_]o aj_kjpn]`]o lahk _neope]jeoik = iap]boe_] _neop = iap]boe_] _hooe_] kq ik`anj] = cn]j`a _neoa `] iap]boe_]6 @]re` Dqia G]jp a k bei `] iap]boe_] _hooe_]
/1-
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= kjpkhkce] _kjpailknja]
/1. /10 /12 /14 /15
.1.
= dan]j] g]jpe]j] /2/ = _kjpne^qek `] bajkiajkhkce] `a Dqooanh /2/ Ko bajiajko kq aooj_e]o /22 ëjpe_k a kjpkh ce_k /22 = jkr] kjpkhkce]6 jai na]heoik( jai e`a]heoik /24 K jkook _knlk /26 K mqa k pailk; /3-
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= behkokbe] lo)iap]boe_]
.2.
=o iknpao `] iap]boe_] = na]he`]`a lqn]iajpa `eo_qnoer] `k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk = na]he`]`a lqn]iajpa `eo_qnoer] `k o]^an
/3/ /30 /31
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/34
5NIDADEßßßß= _ej_e]
/4.
#APqTULOß
= ]pepq`a _eajpbe_]
.3.
K oajok _kiqi ?]n]_panope_]o `k oajok _kiqi = ]pepq`a _eajpbe_]
/4/ /40 /41
#APqTULOß
= _e j_e] j] deopne]
.33
=o pno lnej_el]eo _kj_al ao `a _ej_e] @ebanaj]o ajpna ] _ej_e] ]jpec] a ] _hooe_] kq ik`anj] =o iq`]j]o _eajpbe_]o @aoiajpej`k ] arkhqk a k lnkcnaook _eajpbe_ko Nqlpqn]o aleopaikh ce_]o
/44 /45 /45 /46 /5-
Narkhq ao _eajpbe_]o B]hoebe_]k T narkhqk ?h]ooebe_]k `]o _ej_e]o
/5. /5/ /50
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=o _e j_e]o dqi]j]o
.40
Ok lkooraeo _ej_e]o dqi]j]o K dqi]jk _kik k^fapk `a ejraopec]k Bajkiajkhkce]( aopnqpqn]heoik a i]nteoik Ko _]ilko `a aopq`k `]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o
/51 /52 /54 /56
#APqTULOß
K e`a]h _eajpbe_k a ] n]vk ejopnqiajp]h
.5-
K e`a]h _eajpbe_k ?ej_e] `aoejpanaoo]`] a qpehep]neoik = e`akhkce] _eajpebe_eop] = n]vk ejopnqiajp]h ?kjbqok ajpna _ej_e] a p_je_] K lnk^hai] `k qok `]o _ej_e]o
/6. /60 /61 /63 /65 /66
Nrbpqbp
0--
5NIDADEßßßßK iqj`k `] lnpe_]
0-0
#APqTULOßßß = _qhpqn]
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J]pqnav] dqi]j]; ?qhpk( ej_qhpk6 _qhpqn] J]pqnav] a _qhpqn] ?qhpqn] a deop ne] ?qhpqn] a ]jpnklkhkce] = _qhpqn] _kik kn`ai oei^ he_] = behkokbe] a ]o i]jebaop] ao _qhpqn]eo
0-1 0-3 0-4 0-6 0.0 0.0 0.2
#APqTULOß
= atlane j_e] `k o]cn]`k a ] ejopepqek `] nahecek
/-1
= nahecekoe`]`a K o]cn]`k = nahecek = nahecek _kik j]nn]per] `] knecai Nepko Ko k^fapko oei^ he_ko I]jebaop]k a narah]k = hae `erej] = re`] ]l o ] iknpa Iehaj]neoik K ^ai a k i]h K la_]`k Ei]jj_e] a pn]jo_aj`j_e] Pn]jo_aj`j_e] a dean]nmqe] =o bej]he`]`ao `] nahecek ?npe_]o nahecek Jvqelp a idlp K _kjbhepk ajpna b a n]vk ?kj_ehe]k ajpna behkokbe] a nahecek
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0/ 0/ 0// 0/0 0/0 0/1 0/3 0/3 0/5 0/6 00 00/ 001
2
#APqTULOßß
K qjeranok `]o ]npao
//1
K lkjpk `a reop] `k aola_p]`kn K lkjpk `a reop] `k ]npeop] =npa a nahecek =npa a p_je_] Nahecekoe`]`a( ]qpkjkie] a p_je_]6 ] ^ro^ a oq] `ao]l]nek =npa a behkokbe] = ]npa _kik pn]^]hdk _ne]`kn =npa a ok_ea`]`a
002 004 /1. 010
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013 016 02/ 025
= _qhpqn] `a i]oo] a ] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h
/15
?qhpqn] lklqh]n a _qhpqn] `a i]oo] Ej` opne] _qhpqn]h a _qhpqn] `a i]oo] Ko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k = ejbknipe_]
026 03 031 042
#APqTULOß
= ateop j_e] pe_]
/35
Oajok ikn]h a _kjo_ej_e] ikn]h Fqvk `a b]pk a fqvk `a r]hkn pe_] a rekhj_e] Ko _kjopepqejpao `k _]ilk pe_k
046 05. 05/ 050
#APqTULOß
= behkokbe] ikn]h
/42
pe_] kq behkokbe] ikn]h K _neope]jeoik6 ejpanekne`]`a a `aran J]pqnav] dqi]j] a `aran ?qhpqn] a `aran Deop ne] a renpq`ao N]vk( `aoafk a rkjp]`a pe_] a loe_]jheoa
053 06 06/ 062 066 1-3 1-6
#APqTULOßß
= he^an`]`a
0--
= he^an`]`a _kik lnk^hai] 1.. Pno cn]j`ao _kj_al ao behko be_]o `] he^an`]`a 1.2 He^an`]`a a lkooe^ehe`]`a k^faper] 1.6 Re`] a iknpa 1/0
#APqTULOßß
pe_] a _e j_e]
0.0
=ilhe]j`k k _]ilk `k lkoorah = cajpe_] a ko lnk^hai]o pe_ko Qi] ^nara nabhatk =hcqjo lna_aepko `] Cajpe_]
1/1 1/2 1/5 1/6
#APqTULOßß
= re`] lkhpe_]
0/,
L]n]`ktko `] lkhpe_] K rk_]^qhnek `] lkhpe_] K lk`an `aol pe_k = ejrajk `] lkhpe_] = ok_ea`]`a _kjpn] k Aop]`k
10 101 102 104 106
3
#APqTULOßß =o behkokbe]o lkhpe_]o $-%
00.
= re`] ^k] Knecai `] re`] lkhpe_] Bej]he`]`a `] re`] lkhpe_] Ko naceiao lkhpe_ko pe_] a lkhpe_] Nki]jko6 ] _kjopnqk `k lnj_ela K lk`an pakh ce_k)lkhpe_k6 k _neope]jeoik
11/ 110 111 113 115 115 12-
#APqTULOßß =o behkokbe]o lkhpe_]o $.%
013
K e`a]h nalq^he_]jk =jpao `a L mok`fmb J^nrf^sif`l) j^nrf^sbifpjl = narkhqk i]mqe]rahe]j] = e`ae] `a ok^an]je] K iqj`k `aokn`aj]`k Aop]`k `a j]pqnav]( _kjpn]pk ok_e]h( aop]`k _ereh = pakne] he^an]h He^an]heoik a bei `k =jpeck Naceia = _e`]`]je] he^an]h = e`ae] `a narkhqk Oecjebe_]`k lkhpe_k `]o narkhq ao =o narkhq ao ok_e]eo
124 125 125 126 02. 13/ 131 133 135 136 14 14. 14/
#APqTULOßß = lkhpe_] _kjpn] ] oanre`k rkhqjp ne]
03/
= pn]`ek he^anpne] K `eo_qnok `] oanre`k rkhqjpne] =o pakne]o ok_e]heop]o = lanola_per] i]nteop] =jpa_a`ajpao `] pakne] i]nteop] Cjaoa `] ok_ea`]`a a `k Aop]`k E`akhkce] Moufp a narkhqk
140 140 141 142 145 146 15/ 152
#!0É45,/ßß =o atlane j_e]o lkhpe_]o `k o _qhk TT
045
= Narkhqk `a Kqpq^nk =o atlanej_e]o pkp]hepne]o6 b]o_eoik a j]veoik K pkp]hep]neoik op]hejeop] = ok_e]h)`aik_n]_e] K jakhe^an]heoik
156 16/ 161 163 165
#!0É45,/ßß = mqaopk `aik_n pe_]
1,.
= `aik_n]_e] _kik e`akhkce] = ok_ea`]`a `aik_npe_] @ebe_qh`]`ao l]n] ] `aik_n]_e] jk >n]oeh
2-/ 2-0 2-4
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L]n] mqa behkokbe];
Oa ]^]j`kj]n ] ejcajqe`]`a a ko lna_kj_aepko `k oajok _kiqi bkn peh7 oa jk oa `aet]n cqe]n lah] oq^ieook o e`ae]o `kiej]jpao a ]ko lk`anao aop]^aha_e`ko bkn peh7 oa ^qo_]n _kilnaaj`an ] oecjeÚ_]k `k iqj`k( `] _qhpqn]( `] deop) ne] bkn peh7 oa _kjda_an k oajpe`k `]o _ne]ao dqi]j]o j]o ]npao( j]o _e j_e]o a j] lkh pe_] bkn peh7 oa `]n ] _]`] qi `a jo a jkoo] ok_ea`]`a ko iaeko l]n] oanai _kjo_eajpao `a oe a `a oq]o ]ao jqi] ln pe_] mqa `aoaf] ] he^an`]`a a ] bahe_e`]`a l]n] pk`ko bkn peh( ajpk lk`aiko `evan mqa ] ÚhkokÚ] k i]eo peh `a pk`ko ko o]^anao `a mqa ko oanao dqi]jko ok _]l]vao*
@] aomqan`] l]n] ] `enaep]( `a _ei] l]n] ^]etk6 ejo_nek ln )deopne_] ateopajpa jk L]nmqa J]_ekj]h `] Oann] `] ?]ler]n]( jk Le]q7 `aoajdk `a Fk]mqei Pknnao C]n_e]( `a ia]`ko `k o _qhk TT7 le_pkcn]i] qo]`k ejpanj]_ekj]hiajpa ] l]npen `] ` _]`] `a -53,7 Úcqn] na`aoajd]`] _ki ^]oa ai l]`nk p tpeh ]oe pe_k `a knecai ln )deopne_]7 `aoajdk `a O]qh Opaej^anc( `a ia]`ko `k o _qhk TT7 oehdqap] knecej ne] `k o _qhk TET7 le_pkcn]i] lnkfap]`k l]n] qok j] ejpanjap( `] ` _]`] `a -55,7 Úcqn] na`aoajd]`] ] l]npen `a ao_qhpqn] ]bne_]j] `a knecai ln )deopne_]7 `aoajdk `a Sehh Aeojan( `a deopne] ai mq]`nejdko( `] ` _]`] `a -54,*
x ).42/$5a«/ x L]n] mqa behkokbe];
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]hao `a Iehapk( k lneiaenk beh okbk `a mqa oa pai jkp_e]( ]j`]r] lahko f]n`ejo `a oq] _e`]`a khd]j`k l]n] k _q l]n] _kjda_an k ikreiajpk `ko ]opnko a bke k lneiaenk ]o) pnjkik ] lnaran qi a_heloa* ?kjp] ] haj`] mqa( jqi] `a oq]o ]j`]j]o( P]hao pnkla) kq a _]eq jqi lkk* = laook] mqa k penkq `]he pane] ne`k iqepk( `evaj`k)hda6 ÎAe( P]hao ?kik rk_ d `a o]^an k mqa oa l]oo] jk _q oa jk _kjoacqa ran k mqa oa l]oo] j] pann];Ï* Aoo] ]ja`kp] _kjo]cnkq ] ei]cai `k beh okbk _kik ]hcqi `eopn]`k( mqa oa k_ql] _ki _keo]o `eop]jpao a jk ajtanc] k mqa oa l]oo] oq] rkhp]* Jk ajp]jpk( qi] kqpn] haj`] kbana_a qi] ei]cai klkop] ] aoo]* J]nn] ] deopkneap] mqa Dan_hepk `a baok( p]i^i qi `ko lneiaenko beh okbko( _kopqi]r] oan reoep]`k lkn laook]o mqa `aoaf]r]i kqre)hk a ei]cej]r]i aj_kjpn)hk eokh]`k a iancqhd]`k ai lnkbqj`]o ia) `ep] ao* Dan_hepk( lkni( ]o oqnlnaaj`e]( lkeo k aj_kjpn]r]i j] _kvejd]( fqjpk ]k bkck( k_ql]`k _ki ko ]b]vanao `kiope_ko a( oknnej`k( aha hdao `eve]6 Î=mqe p]i^i oa aj_kjpn]i ko `aqoaoÏ* Eopk ( k mqa Dan_hepk aop]r] mqanaj`k `evan mqa ai mq]hmqan hqc]n lkoorah k_ql]n)oa _ki ] ^qo_] `] ran`]`a* Mqa jk lna_eok ]b]op]n)oa `] re`] _kpe`e]j] a `k _kjp]) pk _ki ]o laook]o l]n] b]van behkokbe]* at]p]iajpa aoo] lkoek mqa ] deop ne] ]pne^qe ]k l]pnkjk `ko beh okbko( O _n]pao* >]etejdk( iqepk baek a p]c]nah]( O _n]pao _kopqi]r] _kjrano]n _ki ko ]pajeajoao j] ln]] l ^he_] `a =paj]o* Ejpanaoo]r])oa lah]o kleje ao `]o laook]o _ki mqai _kjrere]* @ev ] deo) p ne] mqa( j] na]he`]`a( O _n]pao ]pkniajp]r] ko ]pajeajoao lknmqa jk _aoo]r] `a b]v)hko _]en ai _kjpn]`e ao mq]j`k aopao lnapaj`e]i atlhe_]n)hda lkn mqa fqhc]r]i pan kleje ao _knnap]o a ran`]`aen]o* ÎRk_ `ev mqa naolaep] ko _kn]fkokoÏ( `eve] O _n]pao( Îi]o( `ec])ia( k mqa ] _kn]cai;Ï* Kq ajpk6 ÎRk_ `ev mqa qi] laook] fqop]( i]o( `ec])ia( k mqa ] fqope];Ï* A ]ej`]6 ÎRk_ `ev mqa oq] klejek ran`]`aen]( i]o( `ec])ia( k mqa ] ran`]`a;Ï* Ikopn]j`k mqa ] lneiae) n] naolkop] mqa k ejpanhk_qpkn kbana_e] an] ejoqbe_eajpa( O _n]pao ] pn]jobkni]r] jqi] jkr] lancqjp] _qf] naolkop] _kjpn]`eve] ] lneiaen] a _khk_]r] k ejpanhk_qpkn ai _kjpn]`ek _kj) oeck iaoik* A ]ooei( `a lancqjp] ai lancqjp]( _dac]r] k ikiajpk ai mqa( ajbqna_e`k a _daek `a ` re`]o( k ejpanhk_qpkn na_kjda_e] jk o]^an k mqa oailna fqhc]n] mqa o]^e]* Jaooa ikiajpk( `eve] O _n]pao( ] laook] aop]r] lnkjp] l]n] _kia]n ] behkokb]n* ?kjpailh]n k Qjeranok( _kik P]hao( kqren ] ran`]`a `erej]( _kik Dan_hepk( _kjrano]n _ki ]o laook]o( _kik O _n]pao( aeo rne]o i]jaen]o `a b]van behkokbe]* Jkooko atailhko( lkni( l]na_ai har]n)jko l]n] qi pailk iqepk `eop]jpa( k `] ]j) pec] Cn_e]( mqa j]`] $kq( nah]per]iajpa( mq]oa j]`]% pai ai _kiqi _ki k iqj`k ]pq]h* Oane] ] behkokbe] qi] ]pere`]`a ]jpec] _qf] lnpe_] jk pane] oajpe`k jko `e]o ]pq]eo; =bej]h( dkfa ai `e]( qi ]opnjkik jk o]e lah]o nq]o khd]j`k l]n] k _q( i]o pn]^]hd] ai k^oan) r]p neko _ki ejopnqiajpko p_je_ko `a ]hp] lna_eok* Qi _eajpeop] jk be_] ]k l `k bkck aolan]j`k kqren ] rkv `ko `aqoao( i]o na]hev] ejraopec] ao ai h]^kn]p neko _kilhatko a okbeope_]`ko* A mq]j`k mqanaiko ranebe_]n oa jkoo] klejek aop _knnap] kq ej_knnap]( jk o]iko ] _kjrano]n j] ln]] l ^he_]( i]o _kjoqhp]iko ko oanreko a _ajpnko `a ejbkni]k _khk_]`ko jkoo] `eolkoek lah] ejpanjap( kq aiepeiko jkook lajo]iajpk `]o _keo]o a `k iqj`k j]o _d]i]`]o Îna`ao ok_e]eoÏ*
-,
L]n] mqa behkokbe]; x ).42/$5a«/ x
Ai oqi]( p]hrav oaf] lna_eok ]_aep]n ] `ao_kjbe]j] `a iqepko `a mqa( ai jkooko `e]o( ] behkokbe] jk oanra l]n] j]`]* Aoo] b]hp] `a oanrajpe] lk`a oan i]eo ^ai lan_a^e`] oa at]ie) j]niko k mqa ]_kjpa_aq _ki k oecjebe_]`k `a qi] l]h]rn] cnac]( ] l]h]rn] plme^) mqa aop j] bkni]k `] l]h]rn] mefilplme^( Îbehkokbe]Ï* = l]h]rn] plme^ lkooqe] `keo oajpe`ko mqa( l]n] ko cnacko( an]i ejoal]nraeo6 p^_bo $_k) jda_eiajpk% a p^_balof^ $_kj`qp] ikn]h%* Kn]( k lajo]iajpk ik`anjk oal]nkq aooao `keo oajpe`ko lknmqa `eopejcqeq ajpna Î_kjda_eiajpk n]_ekj]hÏ a Îre`] ikn]hÏ( ajpna Î_kjda_anÏ a Î]cenÏ* P^_balof^ l]ookq ] oecjebe_]n Î_kjda_eiajpk _eajpbe_k a p_je_kÏ* = `eopejk ajpna `lkeb`bo a ^dfo harkq p]i^i ] `ebanaj_e]n `keo oajpe`ko mqa aop]r]i qje`ko jqi] kqpn] l]h]rn] cnac]( ] l]h]rn] pmelp( eopk ( Îo^ekÏ+ Ajmq]jpk( l]n] ko cnacko k o^ek an]( ]k iao) ik pailk( ]mqaha mqa lkooq] _kjda_eiajpko ran`]`aenko ok^na ] na]he`]`a a ]mqaha mqa ]ce] `a ]_kn`k _ki ko r]hknao ikn]eo( jk lajo]iajpk ik`anjk( o^ek ]mqaha mqa lkooqe _kjda_eiajpko _eajpbe_ko( p_je_ko( deop ne_ko( ]npope_ko6 k _eajpeop]* Jk ajp]jpk( lkoorah mqa ] `eop j_e] ajpna k l]oo]`k a k lnaoajpa oaf] iqepk iajkn `k mqa l]na_a lneiaen] reop] a mqa ] behkokbe] ]ej`] pajd] iqepk ] `evan jk iqj`k _kjpailk) n jak* Pkiaiko qi atailhk mqa r]e ]hi `a jkook pailk lnaoajpa a oa `eneca ] qi bqpqnk hkjcjmqk( jk mq]h ] _ej_e] a ]o p_je_]o ]h_]j]i k iteik `aoajrkhreiajpk a k iteik lk`an ok^na ko oanao dqi]jko* Ej`]cqaiko oa k m^pp^al dobdl a k crqrol qb`klidf`l( eopk ( `keo pailko `eop]jpao `k jkook( jk oane]i( j] na]he`]`a( bkjpao l]n] _kilnaaj `aniko jko) ok iqj`k a jkook lnaoajpa* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( oa jk oane]i _]iejdko l]n] lan_a^aniko ] r]he`]`a `] behkokbe] jko `e]o ]pq]eo* K^oanraiko( l]n] p]jpk( k lneiaenk behia `] pnehkce] J^qofu*
?kjda_a)pa ] pe iaoik
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%VERETTß#OLLECTION+EYSTONE
ORfCULOßAßPALAVRAßORfCULOß POSSUIßDOISßSIGNIFICADOSß PRINCIPAIS ßQUEßAPARECEMß NASßEXPRESSzESß±CONSULTARß UMßORfCULO²ßEß±RECEBERßUMß ORfCULO²ß.OßPRIMEIROßCASO ß SIGNIFICAß±UMAßMENSAGEMß MISTERIOSA²ßENVIADAßPORß UMßDEUSßCOMOßRESPOSTAßAß UMAßINDAGAljOßFEITAßPORß ALGUMßHUMANOßmßUMAßRE VELAljOßDIVINAßQUEßPRECISAß SERßDECIFRADAßEßINTERPRETA DAß.OßSEGUNDO ßSIGNIFICAß ±UMAßPESSOAßESPECIAL² ß QUEßRECEBEßAßMENSAGEMß DIVINAßEßAßTRANSMITEßPARAß QUEMßENVIOUßAßPERGUNTAß gßDIVINDADE ßDEIXANDOß QUEßOßINTERROGANTEßDECIFREß EßINTERPRETEßAßRESPOSTAß RECEBIDAß%NTREßOSßGREGOSß ANTIGOS ßESSAßPESSOAßß ESPECIALßCOSTUMAVAßß SERßUMAßMULHERßEßERAßß CHAMADAßSIBILA
qai req k behia J^qofu Í ]jpao mqa oa pknj]ooa k lneiaenk `a qi] onea Í d `a oa hai^n]n `] _aj] ai mqa k dan e Jak har]`k lahk cqe] Iknbaq l]n] kqren k kn_qhk* Jaop] _aj] ]l]na_a ] oe^eh]( ] iqhdan mqa na_a^aq k kn_qhk $eopk ( ] iajo]cai% a mqa p]i^i k kn_qhk $kq oaf]( ] pn]joieookn] `] iajo]cai%* Aoo] iqhdan lancqjp] ] Jak oa aha haq k mqa aop ao_nepk ok^na ] lknp] `a ajpn]`] `] _]o] ai mqa ]_]^kq `a ajpn]n* Aha `ev mqa jk* Ah] ajpk h l]n] aha ]o l]h]rn]o( atlhe_]j`k)hda mqa ok `a qi] hjcq] d iqepk `ao]l]) na_e`]( k h]pei* K mqa aop ao_nepk; Klp`b qb fmprj+ K mqa oecjebe_]; Î?kjda_a)pa ] pe iaoik*Ï K kn_qhk `ev ] Jak mqa aha Í a okiajpa aha Í lk`an o]^an oa kq jk ]mqaha mqa r]e hern]n k iqj`k `k lk`an `] I]pnet a( lknp]jpk( okiajpa _kjda_aj`k ] oe iaoik aha pan ] naolkop]*
Ko ]pknao Ga]jq Naarao $Jak%( ?]nnea)=jja Ikoo $Pnejepu% a H]qnaj_a Beod^qnja $Iknbaq%( ai _aj] `k behia I]pnet( `ko eniko S]_dksoge( AQ=( -555* K behia atlhkn] ]o bnkjpaen]o ajpna k na]h a k renpq]h*
x ).42/$5a«/ x L]n] mqa behkokbe];
Lkq_]o laook]o mqa ren]i aooa behia _kilnaaj`an]i at]p]iajpa k oecjebe_]`k `aoo] _aj]( lkeo ah] ] nalnaoajp]k( jk bqpqnk( `a qi ]_kjpa_eiajpk `k l]oo]`k( k_knne`k d ./ o_qhko( j] Cn_e]* D]re]( j] Cn_e] ]jpec]( j] _e`]`a `a @ahbko( qi o]jpqnek `a`e_]`k ]k `aqo =lkhk( `aqo `] hqv( `] n]vk a `k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk( k l]pnkjk `] o]^a`kne]* Ok^na k lknp]h `a ajpn]`] `aooa o]jpqnek aop]r] ao_nep] ] cn]j`a iajo]cai `k `aqo kq k lnej_el]h kn_qhk `a =lkhk6 Î?kjda_a)pa ] pe iaoikÏ* Qi ]pajeajoa( _d]i]`k O _n]pao( bke ]k o]jpqnek _kjoqhp]n k kn_qhk( lkeo ai =paj]o( kj`a ikn]r]( iqepko `eve]i mqa aha an] qi o^ek a aha `aoaf]r] o]^an k mqa oecjebe_]r] oan qi o^ek a oa aha lk`ane] oan _d]i]`k `a o^ek* K kn_qhk( mqa an] qi] iqhdan( lancqjpkq)hda6 ÎK mqa rk_ o]^a;Ï* Aha naolkj`aq6 ÎO oae mqa j]`] oaeÏ* =k mqa k kn_qhk `eooa6 ÎO _n]pao k i]eo o^ek `a pk`ko ko dkiajo( lkeo k je_k mqa o]^a mqa jk o]^aÏ* O _n]pao( _kik pk`ko o]^ai( k l]pnkjk `] behkokbe]*
Jak a ] I]pnet
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a rkhp]niko ]k behia J^qofu( lk`aiko lancqjp]n lkn mqa bke baepk k l]n]hahk ajpna Jak a O _n]pao* ?kia_aiko lahk jkia `ko `keo lanokj]cajo i]o_qhejko lnej_el]eo6 Jak a Iknbaq* Ao) oao jkiao ok cnacko* Kbl oecjebe_] ÎjkrkÏ kq Înajkr]`kÏ a( mq]j`k `epk `a ]hcqi( oecjebe_] Îfkrai j] bkn] a jk ]n`kn `] fqrajpq`aÏ* Jlocbr lanpaj_a iepkhkce] cnac]6 an] k jkia `a qi aolnepk( behdk `k Okjk a `] Jkepa( mqa lkooq] ]o]o a an] _]l]v( jqi je_k ejop]jpa( `a rk]n ai ]^okhqpk oehj_ek l]n] ]o atpna) ie`]`ao `k iqj`k* Aork]]j`k ok^na qi oan dqi]jk kq lkqo]j`k haraiajpa ok^na oq] _]^a]( pk_]j`k)k _ki qi] l]lkqh] raniahd]( pejd] k lk`an jk o `a b]v)hk ]`knia_an a okjd]n( i]o p]i^i `a ]l]na_an)hda jk okjdk( pki]j`k bkni] dqi]j]* `aoo] i]jaen] mqa( jk behia( Iknbaq oa _kiqje_] lah] lneiaen] rav _ki Jak( mqa `aolanp] ]ooqop]`k _ki k nq`k `a qi] iajo]cai j] pah] `a oaq _kilqp]`kn* A( jk lneiaenk aj_kjpnk `a ]i^ko( Iknbaq oqnlnaaj`a Jak lkn oq] atpnai] rahk_e`]`a( lkn oan _]l]v `a rk]n a lkn l]na_an o]^an pq`k ] naolaepk `aooa fkrai mqa jk k _kjda_a* Rne]o ravao( Iknbaq lancqjp] ] Jak oa aha pai oailna ] eilnaook `a aop]n `kniej`k a okjd]j`k( _kik oa jqj_] peraooa _anpav] `a aop]n na]hiajpa `aolanpk* Aoo] lancqjp] `aet] `a oan baep] ] l]npen `k ikiajpk ai mqa( ajpna qi] lhqh] ]vqh a qi] raniahd] kbana_e`]o lkn Iknbaq( Jak ao_khda ejcanen ] raniahd] $_kik ] l]lkqh] `] iepkhkce]%( mqa k b]n ran ] na]he`]`a* Iknbaq mqai hda ikopn] ] I]pnet( b]vaj`k)k _kilnaaj`an mqa l]ookq ] re`] ejpaen] oai o]^an oa aop]r] `aolanpk kq oa `knie] a okjd]r] lknmqa( na]hiajpa( aopara oai) lna `kniej`k a okjd]j`k* K mqa ] I]pnet; Aoo] l]h]rn] h]pej]* @aner] `a j^qbo( mqa mqan `evan ÎiaÏ* Ai h]pei( j^qofu k nck `]o bia]o `ko i]ibanko kj`a k ai^nek a k bapk oa `aoajrkhrai7 k pank* J] hejcq]cai p_je_]( ] i]pnev k ikh`a l]n] bqj`ek `a qi] la]7 k _en_qepk `a _k`ebe_]`knao a `a_k`ebe_]`knao `]o _knao lneine]o $l]n] lnk`qven ei]cajo j] pahareok% a `ko okjo $jko `eo_ko( bep]o a behiao%7 a( j] ejbknipe_]( ] na`a `a cqe]o `a ajpn]`]o a o]`]o `a ahaiajpko h ce_ko `eolkopko ai `apaniej]`]o ejpanoa_ ao* Jk behia( ] I]pnet pai pk`ko aooao oajpe`ko6 ah] ( ]k iaoik pailk( qi pank qjerano]h kj`a aopk pk`ko ko oanao dqi]jko _qf] re`] na]h Îqpanej]Ï a _qf] re`] ei]cejne] bknf]`] lahko _en_qepko `a _k`ebe_]`knao a `a_k`ebe_]`knao `a _knao a okjo a lah]o na`ao `a cqe]o `a ajpn]`] a o]`] `a oej]eo h ce_ko* Mq]h k lk`an `] I]pnet; Qo]n a _kjpnkh]n ] ejpahecj_e] dqi]j] l]n] `kiej]n k iqj) `k( _ne]j`k qi] na]he`]`a renpq]h kq qi] b]ho] na]he`]`a j] mq]h pk`ko ]_na`ep]i* = I]pnet k baepek ren]`k _kjpn] k baepe_aenk6 _ne]`] lah] ejpahecj_e] dqi]j]( ] I]pnet ejpahecj_e] ]npebe_e]h mqa `aopn e ] ejpahecj_e] mqa ] _nekq lknmqa o oq^oeopa oqc]j`k k oeopai] janrk) ok _ajpn]h `ko dqi]jko*
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L]n] mqa behkokbe]; x ).42/$5a«/ x
=jpao mqa ] l]h]rn] `ljmrq^alo bkooa qo]`] _knnajpaiajpa( mq]j`k o d]re] ]o ajkn) iao imqej]o iehep]nao a `a cn]j`ao ailnao]o( b]h]r])oa ai Î_na^nk ahapnje_kÏ* Lkn mq; Lknmqa oa pn]p]r] `a qi k^fapk p_je_k iqepk `ebanajpa `a pk`ko ]p ajpk _kjda_e`ko lah] dqi]je`]`a* @a b]pk( ko k^fapko p_je_ko pn]`e_ekj]eo ]ilhe]r]i ] bkn] boe_] `ko oanao dq) i]jko $k ie_nko_ lek a k pahao_ lek ]qiajp]i k heiepa `ko khdko7 k j]rek( k ]qpki rah a k ]rek ]qiajp]i k ]h_]j_a `ko lo dqi]jko7 ] ]h]r]j_]( ] lkhe]( ] _d]ra `a baj`]( k i]npahk ]qiajp]i ] bkn] `]o iko dqi]j]o7 a ]ooei lkn `e]jpa%* Ai _kjpn]l]npe`]( k Î_na^nk aha) pnje_kÏ kq _kilqp]`kn ]ilhe] a iaoik oq^opepqe ]o _]l]_e`]`ao iajp]eo kq ejpaha_pq]eo `ko oanao dqi]jko* = I]pnet k _kilqp]`kn cec]jpao_k mqa ao_n]rev] ko dkiajo( qo]j`k ] iajpa `ahao l]n] _kjpnkh]n ]o ln lne]o lan_al ao( oajpeiajpko a lajo]iajpko( b]vaj`k)ko _nan mqa k ]l]najpa na]h* Raj_an k lk`an `] I]pnet `aopnqen ] ]l]nj_e]( naop]qn]n ] na]he`]`a a ]ooacqn]n mqa ko oanao dqi]jko lkoo]i lan_a^an a _kilnaaj`an k iqj`k ran`]`aenk a reran na]hiajpa jaha* Pk`ko ko _ki^]pao na]hev]`ko lkn Jak a oaqo _kil]jdaenko ok _ki^]pao _ana^n]eo a `k oeopai] janrkok( eopk ( ok _ki^]pao iajp]eo ajpna ko _ajpnko `a oajo]k( lan_alk a lajo]iajpk dqi]jko a ko _ajpnko ]npebe_e]eo `] I]pnet* Kq oaf]( ]o ]ni]o a penkpaeko mqa ]l]na_ai j] pah] ok lqn] ehqok( jk ateopai( lkeo k _ki^]pa jk boe_k a oei iajp]h*
Jak a O_n]pao
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kn mqa ko lanokj]cajo `k behia ]beni]i mqa Jak Îk ao_khde`kÏ; Lkn mqa ahao aopk oacqnko `a mqa aha oan _]l]v `a na]hev]n k _ki^]pa bej]h a raj_an ] I]pnet; Lknmqa aha an] qi Îlen]p] ahapnje_kÏ( eopk ( ]hcqi _]l]v `a ejr]`en lnkcn]i]o( `a_ebn]n _ `ecko a iajo]cajo( i]o( ok^napq`k( lknmqa aha p]i^i an] qi _ne]`kn `a lnkcn]i]o `a na]he`]`a renpq]h( qi lanepk _]l]v `a ner]hev]n _ki ] ln lne] I]pnet a _kilapen _ki ah]* Lkn pan qi lk`an oaiahd]jpa ]k `ah]( Jak oailna `ao_kjbekq `a mqa ] na]he`]`a jk an] at]p]iajpa p]h _kik oa ]lnaoajp]r]* Oailna para ` re`]o mq]jpk na]he`]`a lan_a^e`] a oa_nap]iajpa mqaopekj]r] k mqa an] ] I]pnet* Aoo] ejpannkc]k k harkq ] r]o_qhd]n ko _en_qepko ejpanjko `] imqej] $p]jpk ]ooei mqa _kiakq ] oan lanoacqe`k lkn ah] _kik ]hcqi laneckok% a bkn]i oq]o ej_qno ao oa_nap]o mqa k bevan]i oan `ao_k^anpk lkn Iknbaq* Lkn mqa O _n]pao _kjoe`an]`k k Îl]pnkjk `] behkokbe]Ï; Lknmqa f]i]eo oa _kjpajpkq _ki ]o kleje ao aop]^aha_e`]o( _ki ko lna_kj_aepko `a oq] ok_ea`]`a( _ki ]o _naj]o ej) mqaopekj]`]o `a oaqo _kjpann jako* Aha _kopqi]r] `evan mqa an] eilahe`k lkn qi Îaolnepk ejpaneknÏ $_kik Iknbaq ejopec]j`k Jak% mqa k har]r] ] `ao_kjbe]n `]o ]l]nj_e]o a lnk_qn]n ] na]he`]`a ran`]`aen] `a pk`]o ]o _keo]o* O _n]pao ]j`]r] lah]o nq]o `a =paj]o b]vaj`k ]ko ]pajeajoao ]hcqi]o lancqjp]o6 ÎK mqa eook ai mqa rk_ ]_na`ep];Ï( ÎK mqa eook mqa rk_ aop `evaj`k;Ï( ÎK mqa eook mqa rk_ aop b]vaj`k;Ï* Ko ]pajeajoao ]_d]r]i( lkn atailhk( mqa o]^e]i k mqa an] ] fqope]* O ) _n]pao hdao b]ve] lancqjp]o `a p]h i]jaen] ok^na ] fqope] mqa( ai^]n]]`ko a _kjbqoko( _da) c]r]i _kj_hqok `a mqa jk o]^e]i k mqa ah] oecjebe_]r]* Ko ]pajeajoao ]_na`ep]r]i mqa o]^e]i k mqa an] ] _kn]cai* ?ki oq]o lancqjp]o ej_]joraeo( O _n]pao ko b]ve] _kj_hqen mqa jk o]^e]i k mqa oecjebe_]r] ] _kn]cai* Ko ]pajeajoao ]_na`ep]r]i p]i^i mqa o]^e]i k mqa an]i ] ^kj`]`a( ] ^ahav]( ] ran`]`a( i]o qi lnkhkjc]`k `ehkck _ki O _n]pao ko b]ve] lan_a^an mqa jk o]^e]i k mqa an] ]mqehk ai mqa ]_na`ep]r]i* = lancqjp] ÎK mqa ;Ï an] k mqaopekj]iajpk ok^na ] na]he`]`a aooaj_e]h a lnkbqj`] `a qi] _keo] l]n] ]hi `]o ]l]nj_e]o a _kjpn] ]o ]l]nj_e]o* ?ki aoo] lancqjp]( O _n]pao har]r] ko ]pajeajoao ] `ao_k^nen ] `ebanaj] ajpna m^ob`bo a pbo( ajpna ian] `obk ^ lr lmfkfl a sboa^ab* O _n]pao an] behdk `a qi] l]npaen]* Aha `eve] mqa oq] ia ]fq`]r] k j]o_eiajpk `ko _kn) lko a mqa aha p]i^i an] qi l]npaenk( i]o jk `a _knlko a oei `a ]hi]o* =ooei _kik oq] ia he`]r] _ki ] i]pnet _knlkn]h( aha he`]r] _ki ] i]pnet iajp]h( ]qtehe]j`k ]o iajpao ] he^anp]n)oa `]o ]l]nj_e]o a ^qo_]n ] ran`]`a*
x ).42/$5a«/ x L]n] mqa behkokbe];
?kik ko `a Jak( ko _ki^]pao ok_npe_ko an]i p]i^i _ki^]pao iajp]eo kq `a laj) o]iajpk* A ajbqna_an]i `a p]h i]jaen] ko lk`ankoko `a =paj]o mqa O _n]pao bke _kj`aj]`k iknpa( ]_qo]`k `a aol]hd]n ` re`]o ok^na ]o e`ae]o a ko r]hknao ]pajeajoao( _knnkilaj`k ] fqrajpq`a* K l]n]hahk ajpna Jak a O _n]pao jk oa aj_kjpn] ]laj]o jk b]pk `a mqa ]i^ko ok ejo) pec]`ko lkn ÎaolnepkoÏ mqa ko b]vai `ao_kjbe]n `]o ]l]nj_e]o( jai ]laj]o lahk aj_kjpnk _ki qi kn_qhk a k Î?kjda_a)pa ] pe iaoikÏ( a jai ]laj]o lknmqa ]i^ko he`]i _ki i]) pnevao* Lk`aiko aj_kjpn)hk p]i^i ]k _kil]n]n ] pn]fap ne] `a Jak ]p k _ki^]pa bej]h jk ejpanekn `] I]pnet a ai qi] `]o i]eo _ha^nao a b]iko]o l]oo]cajo `a qi ao_nepk `a qi `eo_lqhk `a O _n]pao( k beh okbk Lh]pk* Aoo] l]oo]cai aj_kjpn])oa jqi] k^n] ejpepqh]`] > Obm _if`^ a _d]i])oa ÎK iepk `] _]ranj]Ï*
K iepk `] _]ranj]
E
i]cejaiko qi] _]ranj] oal]n]`] `k iqj`k atpanjk lkn qi ]hpk iqnk* Ajpna k iqnk a k _dk `] _]ranj] d qi] bnaop] lkn kj`a l]oo] qi bejk baeta `a hqv atpanekn( `aet]j`k ] _]ranj] j] k^o_qne`]`a mq]oa _kilhap]* @ao`a k j]o_eiajpk( can]k ]l o can]k( oanao dqi]jko aj_kjpn]i)oa ]he( `a _kop]o l]n] ] ajpn]`]( ]_knnajp]`ko oai lk`an ikran ] _]^a] jai hk_kikran)oa( bkn]`ko ] khd]n ]laj]o ] l]na`a `k bqj`k( reraj`k oai jqj_] pan reopk k iqj`k atpanekn jai ] hqv `k Okh( oai f]i]eo pan abaper]iajpa reopk qjo ]ko kq) pnko jai ] oe iaoiko( i]o ]laj]o oki^n]o `ko kqpnko a `a oe iaoiko( lknmqa aopk jk ao) _qnk a eik^ehev]`ko* =^]etk `k iqnk( `k h]`k `a `ajpnk `] _]ranj]( d qi bkck mqa ehqiej] r]c]iajpa k ejpanekn oki^nek a b]v _ki mqa ]o _keo]o mqa oa l]oo]i `k h]`k `a bkn] oaf]i lnkfap]`]o _kik oki^n]o j]o l]na`ao `k bqj`k `] _]ranj]* @k h]`k `a bkn]( laook]o l]oo]i _kjrano]j`k a _]nnac]j`k jko ki^nko becqn]o kq ei]cajo `a dkiajo( iqhdanao a ]jei]eo _qf]o oki^n]o p]i^i ok lnkfap]`]o j] l]na`a `] _]ranj]( _kik jqi pa]pnk `a b]jpk_dao* Ko lneoekjaenko fqhc]i mqa ]o oki^n]o `a _keo]o a laook]o( ko okjo `a oq]o b]h]o a ]o ei]cajo mqa pn]jolknp]i jko ki^nko ok ]o ln lne]o _keo]o atpanj]o( a mqa ko ]npab]pko lnkfap]`ko ok oanao rerko mqa oa ikrai a b]h]i* Ko lneoekjaenko oa _kiqje_]i( `]j`k jkia o _keo]o mqa fqhc]i ran $oai r)h]o na]h) iajpa( lkeo aopk j] k^o_qne`]`a% a ei]cej]i mqa k mqa ao_qp]i( a mqa jk o]^ai mqa ok okjo rej`ko `a bkn]( ok ]o rkvao `]o ln lne]o oki^n]o a jk `ko dkiajo _qf]o ei]cajo aopk lnkfap]`]o j] l]na`a7 p]i^i ei]cej]i mqa ko okjo lnk`qve`ko lahko ]npab]pko mqa aooao dkiajo _]nnac]i jko ki^nko ok rkvao `a oanao na]eo* Mq]h ( lkeo( ] oepq]k `aoo]o laook]o ]lneoekj]`]o; Pki]i oki^n]o lkn na]he`]`a( p]jpk ]o oki^n]o `]o _keo]o a `ko dkiajo atpaneknao _kik ]o oki^n]o `ko ]npab]pko b]^ne) _]`ko lkn ahao* Aoo] _kjbqok( lkni( jk pai _kik _]qo] ] j]pqnav] `ko lneoekjaenko a oei ]o _kj`e ao ]`rano]o ai mqa oa aj_kjpn]i* Mqa ]_kjpa_ane] oa bkooai he^anp]`ko `aoo] _kj`ek `a ieone]; Qi `ko lneoekjaenko( ej_kjbkni]`k _ki ] _kj`ek ai mqa oa aj_kjpn]( `a_e`a ]^]j) `kj)h]* B]^ne_] qi ejopnqiajpk _ki k mq]h mqa^n] ko cnehd ao* @a ej_ek( ikra ] _]^a]( `alkeo k _knlk pk`k7 ] oacqen( ]r]j] j] `enak `k iqnk a k ao_]h]* Ajbnajp]j`k ko k^op_q) hko `a qi _]iejdk jcnaia a `eb_eh( o]e `] _]ranj]* Jk lneiaenk ejop]jpa( be_] pkp]hiajpa _ack lah] hqiejkoe`]`a `k Okh( _ki ] mq]h oaqo khdko jk aopk ]_kopqi]`ko* Aj_da)oa `a `kn lkn _]qo] `ko ikreiajpko mqa oaq _knlk na]hev] lah] lneiaen] rav a lahk kbqo_]iajpk `a oaqo khdko ok^ ] hqv atpanj]( iqepk i]eo bknpa `k mqa k bn]_k ^nehdk `k bkck mqa d]re] jk ejpanekn `] _]ranj]* Oajpa)oa `ere`e`k ajpna ] ej_na`qhe`]`a a k `aohqi^n]iajpk* Ej_na`qhe`]`a lknmqa oan k^nec]`k ] `a_e`en kj`a oa aj_kjpn] ] na]he`]`a6 jk mqa r ]ckn] kq j]o oki^n]o ai mqa oailna reraq* @aohqi^n]) iajpk $hepan]hiajpa6 Îbane`k lah] hqvÏ% lknmqa oaqo khdko jk _kjoacqai ran _ki jepe`av ]o _keo]o ehqiej]`]o*
MITOßDAßCAVERNAßIMAGINEß QUEßAßCAVERNAßmßUMAßSALAß DEßCINEMAßESCURA ßOßFIOßß DEßLUZ ßAßLUMINOSIDADEß LANlADAßPELOßPROJETOR ßß EßASßIMAGENSßNOßFUNDOßß DAßPAREDEßDAßCAVERNA ßß UMßFILMEßQUEßESTfßSENDOß PROJETADOßNUMAßTELA
-0
4HEß"RIDGEMANß!RTß,IBRARY+EYSTONE
L]n] mqa behkokbe]; x ).42/$5a«/ x
= _]ranj] `a Lh]pk( cn]rqn] `] Ao_kh] Bn]j_ao] `k o_qhk TRE*
Oaq lneiaenk eilqhok k `a napknj]n _]ranj] l]n] hern]n)oa `] `kn a `k aol]jpk( ]pn]) `k lah] ao_qne`k( mqa hda l]na_a i]eo ]_khda`kn]* =hi `eook( lna_eo] ]lnaj`an ] ran a aooa ]lnaj`ev]`k `khknkok( b]vaj`k)k `aoaf]n ] _]ranj] kj`a pq`k hda b]iehe]n a _kjda_e`k* Oajpej`k)oa oai `eolkoek l]n] nacnaoo]n _]ranj] lkn _]qo] `] nq`av] `k _]iejdk( k lneoekjaenk lani]ja_a jk atpanekn* =ko lkq_ko( d]^epq])oa hqv a _kia] ] ran k iqj`k* Aj_]jp])oa( pai ] bahe_e`]`a `a bej]hiajpa ran ]o ln lne]o _keo]o( `ao_k^nej`k mqa aoperan] lneoekjaenk ] re`] pk`] a mqa ai oq] lneok ren] ]laj]o oki^n]o* @kn]r]jpa( `aoaf]n be_]n hkjca `] _]ranj] l]n] oailna a hqp]n _ki pk`]o ]o oq]o bkn]o l]n] f]i]eo nacnaoo]n ] ah]* Jk ajp]jpk( jk lk`a arep]n h]opei]n ] oknpa `ko kqpnko lneoekjaenko a( lkn bei( pki] ] `eb_eh `a_eok `a nacnaoo]n ]k oq^pann jak oki^nek l]n] _kjp]n ]ko `ai]eo k mqa req a _kjraj_)hko ] oa he^anp]nai p]i^i* Mqa hda ]_kjpa_a jaooa napknjk; Ko `ai]eo lneoekjaenko vki^]i `aha( jk ]_na`ep]j`k ai oq]o l]h]rn]o a( oa jk _kjoacqai oehaj_e)hk _ki oq]o _]k]`]o( pajp]i b]v)hk aol]j) _]j`k)k* Oa iaoik ]ooei aha paei] ai ]beni]n k mqa req a ko _kjre`] ] o]en `] _]ranj]( _anp]iajpa ]_]^]nk lkn i]p)hk* I]o( mqai o]^a( ]hcqjo lk`ai kqre)hk a( _kjpn] ] rkjp]`a `ko `ai]eo( p]i^i `a_e`en o]en `] _]ranj] nqik na]he`]`a; K mqa ] _]ranj]; K iqj`k `a ]l]nj_e]o ai mqa reraiko* Mqa ok ]o oki^n]o lnkfa) p]`]o jk bqj`k; =o _keo]o mqa lan_a^aiko* Mqa ok ko cnehd ao a ]o _knnajpao; Jkooko lna) _kj_aepko a kleje ao( jkoo] _naj] `a mqa k mqa aop]iko lan_a^aj`k ] na]he`]`a* Mqai k lneoekjaenk mqa oa he^anp] a o]e `] _]ranj]; K beh okbk* K mqa ] hqv `k Okh; = hqv `] ran`]`a* K mqa k iqj`k ehqiej]`k lahk okh `] ran`]`a; = na]he`]`a* Mq]h k ejopnqiajpk mqa he^anp] k lneoekjaenk na^ah`a a _ki k mq]h aha `aoaf] he^anp]n ko kqpnko lneoekjaenko; = behkokbe]*
Jkoo]o _naj]o _kopqiaen]o
A -1
i jkoo] re`] _kpe`e]j]( ]beni]iko( jac]iko( `aoaf]iko( ]_aep]iko kq na_qo]iko _keo]o( laook]o( oepq] ao* B]vaiko lancqjp]o _kik ÎMqa dkn]o ok;Ï kq ÎMqa `e] dkfa;Ï* @evaiko bn]oao _kik ÎAha aop okjd]j`kÏ kq ÎAh] be_kq i]hq_]Ï* B]vaiko ]ben) i] ao _kik ÎKj`a d bqi]]( d bkckÏ kq ÎJk o]e] j] _dqr] l]n] jk oa naobne]nÏ* =r]he]) iko _keo]o a laook]o( `evaj`k( lkn atailhk( ÎAop] _]o] i]eo ^kjep] `k mqa ] kqpn]Ï a ÎI]ne] aop i]eo fkrai `k mqa Chknejd]Ï* Jqi] `eolqp]( mq]j`k ko jeiko aopk at]hp]`ko( qi `ko _kjpaj`knao lk`a cnep]n ]k kqpnk6 ÎIajpenkok Aq aop]r] h a jk bke eook k mqa ]_kjpa_aqÏ( a ]hcqi( mqanaj`k ]_]hi]n ] ^nec]( lk`a `evan6 ÎR]iko ln ] _]^a] jk hqc]n( _]`] qi oaf] ^ai k^faperk a `ec] k mqa req( lknmqa ]ooei pk`ko lk`ank oa ajpaj`anÏ*
x ).42/$5a«/ x L]n] mqa behkokbe];
P]i^i _kiqi kqreniko ko l]eo a ]iecko `evanai mqa mq]j`k k ]ooqjpk k j]) ikn]`k kq ] j]ikn]`]( jk okiko _]l]vao `a ran ]o _keo]o _kik ah]o ok( mqa raiko k mqa jejcqi r a jk raiko k mqa pk`k iqj`k aop raj`k* @evai( jaooa _]ok( mqa okiko Îiqe) pk oq^faperkoÏ* Kq( _kik `ev k `ep]`k( mqa Îmqai ]i] k baek( ^kjepk hda l]na_aÏ* Bnamqajpaiajpa( mq]j`k ]lnkr]iko qi] laook]( k mqa ah] `ev( _kik ah] ]ca( `evaiko mqa aoo] laook] Î hac]hÏ* Raf]iko qi lkq_k i]eo `a lanpk k mqa `evaiko ai jkook _kpe`e]jk* Mq]j`k lancqjpk ÎMqa dkn]o ok;Ï kq ÎMqa `e] dkfa;Ï( iejd] atla_p]per] ] `a mqa ]hcqi( paj`k qi nah cek kq qi _]haj`nek( ia ` ] naolkop] at]p]* Ai mqa ]_na`epk mq]j) `k b]k ] lancqjp] a ]_aepk ] naolkop]; =_na`epk mqa k pailk ateopa( mqa aha l]oo]( lk`a oan ia`e`k ai dkn]o a `e]o( mqa k mqa f l]ookq `ebanajpa `k ]ckn] a mqa k mqa ren p]i^i d `a oan `ebanajpa `aopa ikiajpk( mqa k l]oo]`k lk`a oan hai^n]`k kq aomqa_e`k a k bqpqnk( `aoaf]`k kq paie`k* =ooei( qi] oeilhao lancqjp] _kjpi( oehaj_eko]iajpa( rne]o _naj]o* Lkn mqa Î_naj]oÏ; Lknmqa ok _keo]o kq e`ae]o ai mqa ]_na`ep]iko oai mqaopekj]n( mqa ]_aep]iko lknmqa ok ^re]o( are`ajpao* =bej]h( mqai jk o]^a mqa kjpai `ebanajpa `a ]i]jd( mqa k `e] pai dkn]o a mqa ah]o l]oo]i oai _aoo]n; Mq]j`k `eck ÎAha aop okjd]j`kÏ l]n] ia nabanen ] ]hcqi mqa aop ]_kn`]`k a `ev kq lajo] ]hcqi] _keo] mqa fqhck eilkoorah kq eilnkrrah( pajdk ecq]hiajpa iqep]o _naj]o oehaj_eko]o6 ]_na`epk mqa okjd]n `ebanajpa `a aop]n ]_kn`]`k( mqa( jk okjdk( k eilkoorah a k eilnkrrah oa ]lnaoajp]i _kik lkoorah a lnkrrah( a p]i^i mqa k okjdk oa nah]_ekj] _ki k enna]h( ajmq]jpk ] reche] oa nah]_ekj] _ki k mqa ateopa na]hiajpa* =_na`epk( lknp]jpk( mqa ] na]he`]`a ateopa bkn] `a iei( mqa lkook lan_a^)h] a _kjda_)h] p]h _kik ( a lkn eook _naek mqa oae `ebanaj_e]n na]he`]`a `a ehqok* = bn]oa ÎAh] be_kq i]hq_]Ï _kjpi aoo]o iaoi]o _naj]o a i]eo qi]6 ] `a mqa o]^aiko `ebanaj_e]n ajpna o]je`]`a iajp]h a hkq_qn]( mqa ] o]je`]`a iajp]h oa _d]i] n]vk a mqa i]hq_] ] laook] mqa lan`a ] n]vk a ejrajp] qi] na]he`]`a ateopajpa o l]n] ah]* =ooei( ]k ]_na`ep]n mqa oae `eopejcqen ajpna n]vk a hkq_qn]( ]_na`epk p]i^i mqa ] n]vk oa nabana ] qi] na]he`]`a mqa ] iaoi] l]n] pk`ko( ]ej`] mqa jk ckopaiko `]o iaoi]o _keo]o* Mq]j`k ]hcqi `ev ÎKj`a d bqi]]( d bkckÏ kq ÎJk o]e] j] _dqr] l]n] jk oa nao) bne]nÏ( ]beni] oehaj_eko]iajpa iqep]o _naj]o6 ]_na`ep] mqa ateopai nah] ao `a _]qo] a abaepk ajpna ]o _keo]o( mqa kj`a dkqran qi] _keo] _anp]iajpa dkqra qi] _]qo] l]n] ] oq] ateopj_e]( kq mqa aoo] _keo] _]qo] `a ]hcqi] kqpn] $k bkck qi] _]qo] a ] bqi]] oaq abaepk( ] _dqr] _]qo] `k naobne]`k kq k naobne]`k abaepk `] _dqr]%* =_na`ep]iko( ]ooei( mqa ] na]he`]`a baep] `a _]qo]he`]`ao( mqa ]o _keo]o( ko b]pko( ]o oepq] ao oa aj_]`ae]i ai nah] ao `a _]qo] a abaepk mqa lk`ai oan _kjda_e`]o lkn j o a( ]p iaoik( oan _kjpnkh]`]o lkn j o l]n] k qok `a jkoo] re`]*
Atan_aj`k jkoo] he^an`]`a
M
q]j`k `evaiko mqa qi] _]o] i]eo ^kjep] `k mqa ] kqpn] kq mqa I]ne] aop i]eo fkrai `k mqa Chknejd]( ]_na`ep]iko mqa ]o _keo]o( ]o laook]o( ]o oepq] ao( ko b]pko lk`ai oan _kil]n]`ko a ]r]he]`ko( fqhc]`ko lkn oq] mq]he`]`a $^kjepk( baek( ^ki( nqei( fkrai( rahdk( ajcn]]`k( pneopa( heilk( oqfk% kq lkn oq] mq]jpe`]`a $iqepk( lkq_k( i]eo( iajko( i]ekn( iajkn( cn]j`a( lamqajk( h]nck( aopnaepk( _kilne`k( _qnpk%* Fqhc]iko( ]ooei( mqa ]o mq]he`]`ao a ]o mq]jpe`]`ao ateopai( mqa lk`aiko _kjda_)h]o a qo)h]o ai jkoo] re`]* Oa `eooaniko( lkn atailhk( mqa k Okh i]ekn `k mqa k raiko( aop]iko ]_na`ep]j`k mqa jkoo] lan_alk ]h_]j] ]o _keo]o `a ik`ko `ebanajpao( o ravao p]eo _kik ok ai oe iaoi]o $] bkhd] `aopa hernk( ^ai jkoo] bnajpa( lan_a^e`] _kik ^n]j_] a( `a b]pk( ah] k %( kqpn]o ravao p]eo _kik jko l]na_ai $k Okh( `a b]pk( i]ekn `k mqa k `eo_k `kqn]`k mqa raiko ]k hkj) ca%( `alaj`aj`k `] `eop j_e]( `a jkoo]o _kj`e ao `a reoe^ehe`]`a kq `] hk_]hev]k a `k ik) reiajpk `ko k^fapko* Lkn eook ]_na`ep]iko mqa jkoo] reok lk`a ran ]o _keo]o `ebanajpaiajpa `k mqa ah]o ok( i]o jai lkn eook `enaiko mqa aop]iko okjd]j`k kq mqa be_]iko i]hq_ko*
-2
L]n] mqa behkokbe]; x ).42/$5a«/ x
=_na`ep]iko( ]ooei( mqa raiko ]o _keo]o jko hqc]nao ai mqa ah]o aopk kq `k hqc]n ai mqa aop]iko a mqa ] lan_alk reoq]h r]ne] _kjbknia ah]o aopaf]i ln tei]o kq `eop]jpao `a j o* Eook oecjebe_] mqa ]_na`ep]iko mqa ah]o a j o k_ql]iko hqc]nao jk aol]k a( lknp]jpk( _naiko mqa aopa ateopa( lk`a oan `ebanaj_e]`k $lanpk( hkjca( ]hpk( ^]etk% a ia`e`k $_kilne) iajpk( h]ncqn]( ]hpqn]%* J] ^nec]( mq]j`k ]hcqi _d]i] k kqpnk `a iajpenkok lknmqa jk aop]ne] `evaj`k ko b]pko at]p]iajpa _kik ]_kjpa_an]i( aop lnaoajpa ] jkoo] _naj] `a mqa d `ebanaj] ajpna ran`]`a a iajpen]* = lneiaen] `ev ]o _keo]o p]eo _kik ok( ajmq]jpk ] oacqj`] b]v at]p]iaj) pa k _kjpnnek( `eopkn_aj`k ] na]he`]`a* Jk ajp]jpk( _kjoe`an]iko ] iajpen] `ebanajpa `k okjdk( `] hkq_qn] a `k annk( lknmqa k okjd]`kn( k hkq_k a k mqa ann] oa ehq`ai ejrkhqjp]ne]iajpa( ajmq]jpk k iajpenkok `a_e`a rkhqjp]ne]iajpa `abkni]n ] na]he`]`a a ko b]pko* ?ki eook( ]_na`ep]iko mqa k annk a ] iaj) pen] ok b]hoe`]`ao( i]o ok `ebanajpao lknmqa okiajpa j] iajpen] d ] `a_eok `a b]hoa]n* =k `ebanaj_e]niko annk `a iajpen]( _kjoe`an]j`k k lneiaenk qi] ehqok kq qi ajc]jk ejrkhqjpnek a ] oacqj`] qi] `a_eok rkhqjpne]( i]jebaop]iko oehaj_eko]iajpa ] _naj] `a mqa okiko oanao `kp]`ko `a rkjp]`a a mqa `ah] `alaj`a `evan ] ran`]`a kq ] iajpen]* =k iaoik pailk( lkni( jai oailna ]r]he]iko ] iajpen] _kik ]hcqi] _keo] nqei6 jk ckop]iko p]jpk `a han nki]j_ao( ran jkrah]o( ]ooeopen ] behiao; A jk ok iajpen]; mqa p]i^i ]_na`ep]iko mqa( mq]j`k ]hcqi jko ]reo] mqa aop iajpej`k( ] iajpen] ]_aep) rah( jk qi] iajpen] Îjk `qnkÏ( Îln] r]hanÏ* Mq]j`k `eopejcqeiko ajpna ran`]`a a iajpen] a `ebanaj_e]iko iajpen]o ej]_aepraeo `a iajpen]o ]_aepraeo( jk aop]iko ]laj]o jko nabanej`k ]k _kjda_eiajpk kq `ao_kjda_e) iajpk `] na]he`]`a( i]o p]i^i ]k _]npan `] laook]( oq] ikn]h* =_na`ep]iko( lknp]jpk( mqa ]o laook]o( lknmqa lkooqai rkjp]`a( lk`ai oan ikn]eo kq eikn]eo( lkeo _naiko mqa ] rkjp]`a k lk`an l]n] ao_khdan ajpna k >ai a k I]h* A ok^napq`k ]_na`ep]iko mqa atan_an p]h lk`an atan_an ] he^an`]`a( lkeo ]_na`ep]iko mqa okiko hernao lknmqa ao_khdaiko rk) hqjp]ne]iajpa jkoo]o ] ao( jkoo]o e`ae]o( jkooko oajpeiajpko*
?kjda_aj`k ]o _keo]o
J
-3
] ^nec]( mq]j`k qi] pan_aen] laook] la`a o kqpn]o `q]o l]n] mqa `ec]i k mqa na]h) iajpa ren]i kq mqa oaf]i Îk^faper]oÏ( kq mq]j`k b]h]iko `ko j]ikn]`ko _kik ej_]l]vao `a ran ]o _keo]o _kik ok kq _kik oaj`k Îiqepk oq^faperkoÏ( p]i^i paiko rne]o _naj]o oehaj_eko]o* @a b]pk( ]_na`ep]iko mqa mq]j`k ]hcqi mqan `abaj`an iqepk ejpajo]iajpa qi lkj) pk `a reop]( qi] lnabanj_e]( qi] klejek a ]p _]l]v `a ^nec]n lkn eook( lk`a Îlan`an ] k^fapere`]`aÏ a `aet]n)oa cqe]n ]laj]o lahko oaqo oajpeiajpko a jk lah] na]he`]`a* @] iao) i] i]jaen]( ]_na`ep]iko mqa ko ]l]etkj]`ko oa pknj]i ej_]l]vao `a ran ]o _keo]o _kik ok( `a pan qi] Î]pepq`a k^faper]Ï( a mqa oq] l]etk ko b]v be_]n Îiqepk oq^faperkoÏ* Ai mqa ]_na`ep]iko( ajpk; =_na`ep]iko mqa pan k^fapere`]`a pan qi] ]pepq`a eil]n_e]h mqa lan_a^a a _kilnaaj`a ]o _keo]o p]eo _kik ok ran`]`aen]iajpa( ajmq]jpk ] oq^fapere`]`a qi] ]pepq`a l]n_e]h( lao) ok]h( `ep]`] lkn oajpeiajpko r]ne]`ko $]ikn( `ek( ia`k( `aoafk%* =ooei( jk o ]_na`ep]iko mqa ] k^fapere`]`a a ] oq^fapere`]`a ateopai( _kik ]ej`] ]_na`ep]iko mqa ok `ebanajpao( oaj`k mqa ] lneiaen] lan_a^a lanbaep]iajpa ] na]he`]`a a jk ] `abkni]( ajmq]jpk ] oacqj`] jk lan_a^a ]`amq]`]iajpa ] na]he`]`a a( rkhqjpne] kq ejrkhqjp]ne]iajpa( ] `abkni]* =k `evaniko mqa ]hcqi Î hac]hÏ lknmqa pai ko iaoiko ckopko( ]o iaoi]o e`ae]o( naolaep] kq `aolnav] ]o iaoi]o _keo]o mqa j o a pai ]pepq`ao( d^epko a _kopqiao iqepk l]na_e`ko _ki ko jkooko( aop]iko( oehaj_eko]iajpa( ]_na`ep]j`k mqa ] re`] _ki ]o kqpn]o laook]o Í b]ihe]( ]iecko( ao_kh]( pn]^]hdk( ok_ea`]`a Í jko b]v oaiahd]jpao kq `ebanajpao ai `a_knnj_e] `a jkni]o a r]hknao ikn]eo( lkhpe_ko( nahecekoko a ]npope_ko( nacn]o `a _kj) `qp]( bej]he`]`ao `a re`]*
=_d]iko ^rek mqa pk`ko ko oanao dqi]jko oacqai nacn]o a jkni]o `a _kj`qp]( lkooqai r]hknao ikn]eo( na) hecekoko( lkhpe_ko( ]npope_ko( rerai j] _kil]jde] `a oaqo oaiahd]jpao a lnk_qn]i `eop]j_e]n)oa `ko `ebanajpao `ko mq]eo `eo_kn`]i a _ki ko mq]eo ajpn]i ai _kjbhepk* Eook oecjebe_] mqa ]_na`ep]iko mqa okiko oanao ok_e]eo( ik) n]eo a n]_ekj]eo( lkeo nacn]o( jkni]o( r]hknao( bej]he`]`ao o lk`ai oan aop]^aha_e`ko lkn oanao _kjo_eajpao a `kp]) `ko `a n]_ek_jek* ?kik oa lk`a jkp]n( jkoo] re`] _kpe`e]j] pk`] bae) p] `a `obk ^p pfibk`flp^p( `] ]_aep]k `a _keo]o a e`ae]o mqa jqj_] mqaopekj]iko lknmqa jko l]na_ai j]pqn]eo(
^re]o* ?naiko j] ateopj_e] `k aol]k a `k pailk( j] na]he`]`a atpanekn a j] `ebanaj] ajpna na]he`]`a a okjdk( ]ooei _kik j] `ebanaj] ajpna o]je`]`a iajp]h kq n]) vk a hkq_qn]* ?naiko j] ateopj_e] `]o mq]he`]`ao a `]o mq]jpe`]`ao* ?naiko mqa okiko oanao n]_ekj]eo _]l]vao `a _kjda_an ]o _keo]o a lkn eook ]_na`ep]iko j] ateopj) _e] `] ran`]`a a j] `ebanaj] ajpna ran`]`a a iajpen]7 _naiko p]i^i j] k^fapere`]`a a j] `ebanaj] ajpna ah] a ] oq^fapere`]`a* ?naiko j] ateopj_e] `] rkjp]`a a `] he^an`]`a a lkn eook _naiko j] ateopj_e] `k >ai a `k I]h( _naj] mqa jko b]v ]_aep]n _kik lanbaep]iajpa j]) pqn]h ] ateopj_e] `] ikn]h a `] nahecek* ?naiko p]i^i mqa okiko oanao mqa j]pqn]hiajpa lna_eo]i `a oaqo oa) iahd]jpao a lkn eook pki]iko _kik qi b]pk ^rek a ej) mqaopekjrah ] ateopj_e] `] ok_ea`]`a _ki oq]o nacn]o( jkni]o( lanieoo ao a lnke^e ao* D]ran ok_ea`]`a ( l]n] j o( pk j]pqn]h mq]jpk d]ran Okh( Hq]( `e]( jkepa( _dqr]( neko( i]nao( _q a bhknaop]o*
%TTMANN#ORBIS
x ).42/$5a«/ x L]n] mqa behkokbe];
=p k ej_ek `k o_qhk TRE( ]o laook]o ]_na `ep]r]i jk ik`ahk `a Qjeranok lnklkopk lkn Lpkhkiaq( i]paipe_k a ]opn jkik ]hat]j`nejk mqa reraq jk o_qhk EE* Jaooa ik`ahk( ] Pann] k_ql] k _ajpnk `k Qjeranok( _kik oa r jaop] ehqopn]k `a -05.*
A oa jk bkn ^ai ]ooei;
M
q]j`k( ai J^qofu( Jak lancqjp]6 ÎKj`a aop]iko;Ï( Iknbaq hda `ev mqa ] lancqjp] aop amqerk_]`]( lkeo k _knnapk oane] lancqjp]n6 ÎMq]j`k aop]iko;Ï* Kq oaf]( Jak lan) cqjp] lahk hqc]n kq lah] na]he`]`a aol]_e]h Í kj`a; Í( i]o pane] `a lancqjp]n lah] na]he`]`a pailkn]h Í mq]j`k; =k ikopn]n)hda mqa jk aopk reraj`k jk ]jk `a -555 a oei jk o_qhk TTE( Iknbaq lk`a ikopn]n ] Jak kj`a na]hiajpa aopk reraj`k6 jqi iqj`k `ao) pnq`k a ]nnqej]`k( r]vek `a _keo]o a `a laook]o( lkeo pk`ko ko oanao dqi]jko aopk ]lneoekj]) `ko jk ejpanekn `] I]pnet* K mqa Jak fqhc]r] oan k iqj`k na]h lqn] ehqok a ]l]nj_e]* L]n] b]v)hk _kilnaaj`an k mqa oa l]oo]( Iknbaq $_kik oq] knecai iepkh ce_] ej`e_]% b]v _ki mqa ej_aoo]jpa a rahkviajpa pq`k iq`a `a bkni]( _kn( p]i]jdk( hqc]n a pailk( `a i]jaen] mqa Jak pajd] `a lancqjp]n oa k aol]k a k pailk ateopai na]hiajpa* Mq]j`k har]`k ]k kn_qhk( Jak lnaoaj_e] b]pko oqnlnaaj`ajpao6 r _ne]j]o na]hev]j) `k lnk`ceko( _kik ajpknp]n a `aoajpknp]n qi] _khdan oai pk_]n jah]( kq i]jpan okhpko jk ]n a ai ikreiajpk _q^ko oai jahao pk_]n* @e]jpa `a oq] oqnlnao]( ] _ne]j] mqa ajpknp] a `aoajpknp] ] _khdan hda `ev oeilhaoiajpa6 Î= _khdan jk ateopaÏ* Jak aop `e]jpa `a qi] _kj) pn]`ek ajpna reok a na]he`]`a6 k mqa aha r jk ateopa a k mqa ateopa jk reopk lkn aha* At]p]iajpa lkn eook a lkn aop]n lanlhatk( oai _kilnaaj`an k mqa oa l]oo]( mqa k kn_qhk hda ikopn] ] ejo_nek ok^na ] lknp] Í Î?kjda_a)pa ] pe iaoikÏ Í( ej`e_]j`k)hda mqa ]jpao `a pajp]n naokhran ko ajeci]o `k iqj`k atpanjk oan i]eo lnkraepkok mqa _kia_a _kilnaaj`aj`k)oa ] oe iaoik*
-4
L]n] mqa behkokbe]; x ).42/$5a«/ x
Mq]jp]o ravao jk l]oo]iko lkn oepq] ao `aooa pelk( mqa jko har]i ] `ao_kjbe]n kn] `]o _keo]o( kn] `a j o iaoiko( kn] `ko kqpnko; ?naiko mqa jkoo] rkjp]`a herna l]n] ao_khdan ajpna k >ai a k I]h* ?naiko p]i^i j] ja_aooe`]`a `a k^a`a_an o jkni]o a o nacn]o `a jkoo] ok_ea`]`a* Mqa ]_kjpa_a( lkni( mq]j`k( jqi] oepq]k( jkoo] rkjp]`a jko ej`e_] mqa ^ki b]van kq mqanan ]hck mqa jkoo] ok_ea`]`a lnk^a kq _kj`aj]; Kq( ]k _kjpnnek( mq]j`k jkoo] rkjp]`a fqhc] mqa oan qi i]h a qi] ejfqope] mqanan kq b]van ]hck mqa jkoo] ok_ea`]`a ateca kq k^nec]; Kq oaf]( d ikiajpko ai jkoo] re`] ai mqa reraiko qi _kjbhepk ajpna k mqa jkoo] he^an`]`a `aoaf] $lknmqa jkoo] rkjp]`a fqhc] oan eook k iahdkn% a k mqa jkoo] ok_ea`]`a `apaniej] a eil a* ?naiko j] ateopj_e] `k pailk( eopk ( jqi pn]jo_knnan mqa jk `alaj`a `a j o( a _na) iko mqa lk`aiko ia`e)hk _ki ejopnqiajpko _kik k nah cek a k _nkjiapnk* Jk ajp]jpk( mq]j`k aop]iko aolan] `a ]hcqi] _keo] iqepk `aoaf]`] kq `a ]hcqi iqepk mqane`k( k pailk l]na_a jk l]oo]n( ] `aikn] hkjc]( ejpaniejrah7 khd]iko l]n] k nah cek a jaha k pailk aop l]oo]j`k( oai _knnaolkj`an jkoo] eilnaook `a mqa aop mq]oa l]n]`k* =k _kjpnnek( oa aop]iko jqi] oepq]k `a iqep] o]peob]k $qi] baop]( qi aolap_qhk `a i ) oe_] a `]j]( qi aj_kjpnk ]iknkok( qi l]ooaek _ki ]iecko mqane`ko%( k pailk rk]( l]oo] rahkviajpa( ]ej`] mqa k nah cek ikopna mqa oa l]oo]n]i rne]o dkn]o* Raiko mqa k Okh j]o_a ] haopa a oa l a ] kaopa( mqa oq] lnaoaj] k `e] a oq] ]qoj_e] ] jkepa* Jkooko khdko jko b]vai ]_na`ep]n mqa k Okh oa ikra rkhp] `] Pann] a mqa aop] lani]ja_a ei rah* Mq]j`k( `qn]jpa iqep]o jkepao oacqe`]o( ]_kil]jd]iko ] lkoek `]o aopnah]o jk _q( raiko mqa ah]o iq`]i `a hqc]n a ]_na`ep]iko mqa oa ikrai jkoo] rkhp]( ajmq]jpk ] Pann] lani]ja_a j] eik^ehe`]`a* Jk ajp]jpk( ] ]opnkjkie] `aikjopn] mqa jk eook mqa ]_kjpa_a* = Pann] qi lh]jap] jqi oeopai] _qf] aopnah] _ajpn]h oa _d]i] Okh( kq oaf]( ] Pann] qi lh]jap] `k Oeopai] Okh]n a ah]( fqjp]iajpa _ki kqpnko lh]jap]o( mqa oa ikra rkhp] `k Okh( jqi ikreiajpk `a pn]joh]k* =hi `aooa ikreiajpk( ah] ]ej`] na]hev] qi kqpnk( k `a nkp]k ai pknjk `a oaq aetk ejreorah* K ikreiajpk `a pn]joh]k atlhe_] ] ateopj_e] `k ]jk a k `a nkp]k atlhe_] ] ateopj_e] `k `e] a `] jkepa* =ooei( d qi] _kjpn]`ek ajpna jkoo] _naj] j] eik^ehe`]`a `] Pann] a ] ejbkni]k ]opnkjie_] ok^na ko ikreiajpko pannaopnao* Aooao atailhko ]ooaiahd]i)oa o atlanej_e]o a `ao_kjbe]j]o `a Jak6 lkn qi h]`k( pq`k l]na_a _anpejdk a _kik pai `a oan a( lkn kqpnk( l]na_a mqa pq`k lk`ane] aop]n ann]`k kq oan ehqok* Paiko ] _naj] j] he^an`]`a( i]o okiko `kiej]`ko lah]o nacn]o `a jkoo] ok_ea) `]`a* Paiko atlanej_e] `k pailk l]n]`k kq `k pailk hecaenk( i]o k nah cek jk _kilnkr] aoo] atlanej_e]* Paiko ] lan_alk `k Okh a `]o aopnah]o ai ikreiajpk rkhp] `] Pann] ei rah( i]o ] ]opnkjkie] jko ajoej] k _kjpnnek*
Ikiajpko `a _neoa
A
-5
ooao _kjbhepko ajpna rne]o `a jkoo]o _naj]o kq ajpna jkoo]o _naj]o a qi o]^an aop]) ^aha_e`k ej`e_]i ] lnej_el]h _en_qjop j_e] ai mqa okiko har]`ko ] iq`]n `a ]pepq`a* Mq]j`k qi] _naj] _kjpn]`ev kqpn] kq l]na_a ej_kil]prah _ki kqpn]( kq mq]j`k ]mqehk ai mqa oailna ]_na`ep]iko _kjpn]ne]`k lkn qi] kqpn] bkni] `a _kjda_eiajpk( ajpn]iko ai _neoa* =hcqi]o laook]o oa aobkn]i l]n] b]van `a _kjp] mqa jk d lnk^hai] ]hcqi a rk har]j`k ] re`] _kik oa pq`k aoperaooa Îiqepk ^ai( k^nec]`kÏ* Kqpn]o( lkni( oajpai)oa eilahe`]o ] ej`]c]n mq]h ] knecai( k oajpe`k a ] na]he`]`a `a jkoo]o _naj]o* ]ooei mqa k _kjbhepk ajpna iejd] rkjp]`a a ]o nacn]o `a iejd] ok_ea`]`a ia har]i ] _khk_]n ] oacqejpa mqaopk6 okq herna mq]j`k mqank kq b]k ]hck mqa _kjpn]ne] iejd] ok) _ea`]`a( kq okq herna mq]j`k `kiejk iejd] rkjp]`a a ] k^neck ] ]_aep]n k mqa iejd] ok) _ea`]`a `apaniej]; Kq oaf]( okq herna mq]j`k oeck iejd] rkjp]`a kq mq]j`k okq _]l]v `a _kjpnkh)h]; Kn]( l]n] naolkj`an ] aoo] mqaopk( lna_eo]iko b]van kqpn]o lancqjp]o( i]eo lnkbqj`]o* Paiko `a lancqjp]n ÎK mqa ] he^an`]`a;Ï( ÎK mqa ] rkjp]`a;Ï( ÎK mqa ] ok_ea) `]`a;Ï( ÎK mqa ok k >ai a k I]h( k fqopk a k ejfqopk;Ï*
]ooei p]i^i mqa ]o atlanej_e]o `k pailk l]n]`k a `k pailk rahkv a ] `k pailk i]n_]`k lahk nah cek jko har]i ] ej`]c]n6 Î?kik lkoorah mqa d]f] `q]o na]he`]`ao pailkn]eo `ebanajpao( ] i]n_]) `] lahk nah cek a ] rere`] lkn j o;Ï( ÎMq]h k pailk na]h a ran`]`aenk;Ï* I]o( l]n] naolkj`an ] aoo]o lancqjp]o( jkr]iajpa lna_eok b]van qi] lancqjp] i]eo lnk) bqj`] a ej`]c]n6 ÎK mqa k pailk;Ï* @] iaoi] i]jaen]( ] `ebanaj] ajpna jkoo] lan_alk `] eik^ehe`]`a `] Pann] a ik^ehe`]`a `k Okh a k mqa ajoej] ] ]opnk) jkie] har])jko ] lancqjp]n6 ÎOa jk lan) _a^aiko ko ikreiajpko `] Pann] a oa jko) oko khdko oa ajc]j]i pk lnkbqj`]iajpa( oan mqa lk`anaiko oailna _kjbe]n ai jkoo] lan_alk reoq]h kq `araiko oai) lna `ao_kjbe]n `ah];Ï( ÎOan mqa lan_a^a) iko ]o _keo]o _kik na]hiajpa ok;Ï* L]n] naolkj`an ] aoo]o lancqjp]o( lna_eo]iko b]van `q]o kqpn]o( i]eo lnkbqj`]o6 ÎK mqa lan_a^an;Ï a ÎK mqa na]he`]`a;Ï* K mqa aop lkn pno `a p]eo lancqjp]o; K b]pk `a mqa aop]iko iq`]j`k `a ]pepq`a* Mq]j`k k mqa an] k^fapk `a _naj] ]l]na_a _kik ]hck _kjpn]`ep nek kq lnk^haipe_k a lkn eook oa pn]jobkni] ai ej`]c]k kq ejpannkc]k( aop]iko l]oo]j`k `] ]pepq`a _kopqiaen] ^qfqrab cfilpcf`^* Aoo] iq`]j] `a ]pepq`a ej`e_] ]hck ^]op]jpa lna_eok6 mqai jk oa _kjpajp] _ki ]o _naj]o kq kleje ao lnaaop]^aha_e`]o( mqai lan_a^a _kjpn]`e ao a ej_kil]pe^ehe`]`ao aj) pna ah]o( mqai lnk_qn] _kilnaaj`an k mqa ah]o ok a lkn mqa ok lnk^haipe_]o aop atlne) iej`k qi `aoafk( k abpbgl ab p^_bo* A at]p]iajpa eook k mqa( j] knecai( ] l]h]rn] cfilplcf^ oecjebe_]( lkeo( ai cnack( mefilplme^ mqan `evan Î]ikn o]^a`kne]Ï*
#OMPANHIAßDASß,ETRAS ß
x ).42/$5a«/ x L]n] mqa behkokbe];
Mq]`nejdko `] deop ne] ÎK rqÏ( mqa _kil a k hernk Lanolkheo( `] _]npqjeop] en]je]j] I]nf]ja O]pn]le* = deop ne] j]nn]`] ai lneiaen] laook] a _kjp] ]o lanel_e]o rere`]o lah] ln lne] ]qpkn] jk En `ko ]e]pkho*
>qo_]j`k ] o]`] `] _]ranj] kq ] ]pepq`a behkobe_]
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i]cejaiko( lknp]jpk( ]hcqi mqa pki]ooa ] `a_eok `a jk ]_aep]n ]o kleje ao aop]) ^aha_e`]o a _kia]ooa ] b]van lancqjp]o mqa ko kqpnko fqhc]i aopn]jd]o a ejaolan]`]o* Ai rav `a ÎMqa dkn]o ok;Ï kq ÎMqa `e] dkfa;Ï( lancqjp]ooa ÎK mqa k pailk;Ï* Ai rav `a `evan ÎAop okjd]j`kÏ kq ÎBe_kq i]hq_]Ï( mqeoaooa o]^an ÎK mqa k okjdk( ] hkq_qn]( ] n]vk;Ï* Oqlkjd]iko mqa aoo] laook] bkooa oq^opepqej`k oq]o ]beni] ao lkn lancqjp]o a ai rav `a `evan ÎKj`a d bqi]]( d bkckÏ kq ÎJk o]e] j] _dqr] l]n] jk be_]n naobne]`kÏ( lan) cqjp]ooa ÎK mqa _]qo];Ï( ÎK mqa abaepk;Ï7 kq( oa ai hqc]n `a `evan ÎOaf] k^faperkÏ kq ÎAhao ok iqepk oq^faperkoÏ( lancqjp]ooa ÎK mqa ] k^fapere`]`a;Ï( ÎK mqa ] oq^fapere`]`a;Ï7 a( ]ej`]( oa ai rav `a ]beni]n ÎAop] _]o] i]eo ^kjep] `k mqa ] kqpn]Ï( lancqjp]ooa ÎK mqa Ði]eoÑ;Ï( ÎK mqa ÐiajkoÑ;Ï( ÎK mqa k ^ahk;Ï* Ai rav `a cnep]n ÎIajpenkok Ï( mqaopekj]ooa6 ÎK mqa ] ran`]`a;Ï( ÎK mqa k b]hok;Ï( ÎK mqa k annk;Ï( ÎK mqa ] iajpen];Ï( ÎMq]j`k ateopa ran`]`a a lkn mq;Ï( ÎMq]j`k ateopa ehqok a lkn mq;Ï* Oa( ai rav `a b]h]n j] oq^fapere`]`a `ko j]ikn]`ko( ejmqeneooa6 ÎK mqa k ]ikn;Ï( ÎK mqa k `aoafk;Ï( ÎK mqa ok ko oajpeiajpko;Ï*
.,
L]n] mqa behkokbe]; x ).42/$5a«/ x
(ULTON $EUTSCHß#OLLECTION#ORBIS
Oan mqa lan_a^aiko ]o _keo]o _kik na]hiajpa ok;
Oa( ai hqc]n `a `eo_knnan pn]jmqeh]iajpa ok^na Îi]eknÏ a ÎiajknÏ kq Î_h]nkÏ a Îao_qnkÏ( naokhraooa ejraopec]n6 ÎK mqa ] mq]jpe`]`a;Ï( ÎK mqa ] mq]he`]`a;Ï* A oa( ai rav `a ]beni]n mqa ckop] `a ]hcqi lknmqa lkooqe ]o iaoi]o e`ae]o( ko iao) iko ckopko( ]o iaoi]o lnabanj_e]o a ko iaoiko r]hknao( lnabaneooa ]j]heo]n6 ÎK mqa qi r]hkn;Ï( ÎK mqa qi r]hkn ikn]h;Ï( ÎK mqa qi r]hkn ]npope_k;Ï( ÎK mqa ] ikn]h;Ï( ÎK mqa ] rkjp]`a;Ï( ÎK mqa ] he^an`]`a;Ï* =hcqi mqa pki]ooa aoo] `a_eok aop]ne] pki]j`k `eop j_e] `] re`] _kpe`e]j] a `a oe iaoik( pane] l]oo]`k ] ej`]c]n k mqa ok ]o _naj]o a ko oajpeiajpko mqa ]heiajp]i( oe) haj_eko]iajpa( jkoo] ateopj_e]* =k pki]n aoo] `eop j_e]( aop]ne] ejpannkc]j`k ] oe iaoik( `aoaf]j`k _kjda_an lkn mqa _naiko jk mqa _naiko( lkn mqa oajpeiko k mqa oajpeiko a k mqa ok jkoo]o _naj]o a jkooko oajpeiajpko* Aooa ]hcqi aop]ne] _kia]j`k ] _qilnen k mqa `eve] k kn_qhk `a @ahbko6 Î?kjda_a)pa ] pe iaoikÏ* A aop]ne] _kia]j`k ] ]`kp]n k mqa _d]i]iko `a ]pepq`a behkobe_]* =ooei( qi] lneiaen] naolkop] lancqjp] ÎK mqa behkokbe];Ï lk`ane] oan6 Î= `a_eok `a jk ]_aep]n _kik j]pqn]eo( ^re]o a are`ajpao ]o _keo]o( ]o e`ae]o( ko b]pko( ]o oepq] ao( ko r] hknao( ko _kilknp]iajpko `a jkoo] ateopj_e] _kpe`e]j]7 f]i]eo ]_aep)hko oai ]jpao d]r)hko ej) raopec]`k a _kilnaaj`e`kÏ* Lancqjp]n]i( _anp] rav( ] qi beh okbk6 ÎL]n] mqa behkokbe];Ï* A aha naolkj`aq6 ÎL]n] jk `]niko jkoo] ]_aep]k eia`e]p] o _keo]o( oai i]eknao _kjoe`an] aoÏ* Lk`aiko `evan mqa ] behkokbe] oqnca mq]j`k ko oanao dqi]jko _kia]i ] atecen lnkr]o a fqopebe_] ao n]_ekj]eo mqa r]he`ai kq ejr]he`ai ]o _naj]o _kpe`e]j]o* Lkn mqa n]_ekj]eo; Lkn pno ikperko lnej_el]eo6 ai lneiaenk hqc]n( lknmqa o^`flk^i oec) jebe_] ]ncqiajp]`k( `a^]pe`k a _kilnaaj`e`k7 ai oacqj`k( lknmqa o^`flk^i oecjebe_] mqa( ]k ]ncqiajp]n a `a^]pan( mqanaiko _kjda_an ]o _kj`e ao a ko lnaooqlkopko `a jkooko laj) o]iajpko a ko `ko kqpnko7 ai pan_aenk( lknmqa o^`flk^i oecjebe_] naolaep]n _anp]o nacn]o `a _kanj_e] `k lajo]iajpk l]n] mqa qi ]ncqiajpk kq qi `a^]pa pajd]i oajpe`k( _dac]j) `k ] _kj_hqo ao mqa lk`ai oan _kilnaaj`e`]o( `eo_qpe`]o( ]_aep]o a naolaep]`]o lkn kqpnko*
= ]pepq`a _npe_]
=
lneiaen] _]n]_panope_] `] ]pepq`a behko be_] jac]pe) r]( eopk ( qi Î`evan jkÏ ]ko Îln)_kj_aepkoÏ( ]koÎln) fqvkoÏ( ]ko b]pko a o e`ae]o `] atlanej_e] _kpe`e]j]( ]k mqa Îpk`k iqj`k `ev a lajo]Ï( ]k aop]^aha_e`k* Jqi] l]) h]rn]( _khk_]n ajpna l]njpaoao jkoo]o _naj]o l]n] lk`an ejpannkc]n nr^fp pl pr^p `^rp^p a nr^i pbr pbkqfal* = oacqj`] _]n]_panope_] `] ]pepq`a behko be_] lk) oeper]( eopk ( qi] ejpannkc]k ok^na l nrb pl ]o _keo]o( ]o e`ae]o( ko b]pko( ]o oepq] ao( ko _kilknp]iajpko( ko r]hknao( j o iaoiko* p]i^i qi] ejpannkc]k ok^na k mlonr a k `ljl `eook pq`k a `a j o ln lneko* ÎK mqa ;Ï( ÎLkn mqa ;Ï( Î?kik ;Ï* Aoo]o ok ]o ej`]c] ao bqj`]) iajp]eo `] ]pepq`a behko be_]* = b]_a jac]per] a ] b]_a lkoeper] `] ]pepq`a behko be_] _kjopepqai k mqa _d]i]iko `a ]pepq`a _npe_]* Lkn mqa Î_npe_]Ï; Ai can]h( fqhc]iko mqa ] l]h]rn] `oqf`^ oecjebe_] oan `k _kjpn]( `evan mqa pq`k r]e i]h( mqa pq`k aop ann]`k( mqa pq`k baek kq `ao]cn]`rah* ?npe_] i]q dqikn( _ke) o] `a cajpa _d]p] kq lnapajoeko] mqa ]_d] mqa o]^a i]eo mqa ko kqpnko* I]o jk eook mqa aoo] l]h]rn] mqan `evan*
.-
x ).42/$5a«/ x L]n] mqa behkokbe];
= l]h]rn] `oqf`^ rai `k cnack a lkooqe pno oajpe`ko lnej_el]eo6 -% Î_]l]_e`]`a l]n] fqh) c]n( `eo_anjen a `a_e`en _knnap]iajpaÏ7 .% Îat]ia n]_ekj]h `a pk`]o ]o _keo]o oai lna_kj_aepk a oai ln)fqhc]iajpkÏ7 /% Î]pere`]`a `a at]iej]n a ]r]he]n `ap]hd]`]iajpa qi] e`ae]( qi r]hkn( qi _kopqia( qi _kilknp]iajpk( qi] k^n] ]npope_] kq _eajpbe_]Ï* = ]pepq`a behko be) _] qi] ]pepq`a Î_npe_]Ï lknmqa lnaaj_da aooao pno oecjebe_]`ko `] jkk `a `oqf`^( ] mq]h( _kik oa k^oanr]( ejoal]nrah `] jkk `a o^`flk^i( mqa reiko ]jpanekniajpa* = behkokbe] _kia] `evaj`k ÎjkÏ o _naj]o a ]ko lna_kj_aepko `k `e] ] `e] l]n] mqa lko) o]i oan ]r]he]`ko n]_ekj]h a _nepe_]iajpa( ]`iepej`k mqa jk o]^aiko k mqa ei]cejr]iko o]^an* Kq( _kik `eve] O _n]pao( _kia]iko ] ^qo_]n k _kjda_eiajpk mq]j`k okiko _]l]vao `a `evan6 ÎO oae mqa j]`] oaeÏ* L]n] Lh]pk( k `eo_lqhk `a O _n]pao( ] behkokbe] _kia] _ki ] ^ajfo^ l kq( _kik ao_na) ra oaq `eo_lqhk =neop pahao( ] behkokbe] _kia] _ki k bpm^kql( Î*** lkeo ko dkiajo _kia]i a _kia]n]i oailna ] behkokb]n ikre`ko lahk aol]jpk $***%* =mqaha mqa oa _khk_] qi] `ebe) _qh`]`a a oa aol]jp]( na_kjda_a oq] ln lne] ecjkn j_e]* $***% @a oknpa mqa( oa behkokb]n]i( bke l]n] bqcen `] ecjkn j_e]Ï* >ajfo^ l a bpm^kql oecjebe_]i mqa na_kjda_aiko jkoo] ecjkn j_e] a at]p]iajpa lkn eook lk`aiko oqlan)h]* J o jko aol]jp]iko mq]j`k( lkn iaek `a jkook lajo]iajpk( pk) i]iko `eop j_e] `k jkook iqj`k _kopqiaenk( khd]j`k)k _kik oa jqj_] k perooaiko reopk ]jpao( _kik oa jk perooaiko pe`k b]ihe]( ]iecko( lnkbaooknao( hernko a kqpnko iaeko `a _k) iqje_]k mqa jko peraooai `epk k mqa k iqj`k 7 _kik oa aoperooaiko ]_]^]j`k `a j]o) _an l]n] k iqj`k a l]n] j o iaoiko a lna_eoooaiko lancqjp]n k mqa ( lkn mqa a _kik k iqj`k( a lna_eoooaiko lancqjp]n p]i^i k mqa okiko( lkn mqa okiko a _kik okiko* = behkokbe] eje_e] oq] ejraopec]k jqi ikiajpk iqepk lna_eok6 j]mqaha ejop]jpa ai mqa ]^]j`kj]iko jkoo]o _anpav]o _kpe`e]j]o a jk `eolkiko `a j]`] l]n] oq^opepq)h]o kq l]n] lnaaj_dan ] h]_qj] `aet]`] lkn ah]o* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ] behkokbe] oa ejpanaoo] lkn ]mqaha ejop]jpa ai mqa ] na]he`]`a j]pqn]h $k iqj`k `]o _keo]o% a ] na]he`]`a deop ne_k)ok) _e]h $k iqj`k `ko dkiajo% pknj]i)oa aopn]jd]o( aol]jpko]o( ej_kilnaajoraeo a ajeci) pe_]o( mq]j`k ]o kleje ao aop]^aha_e`]o `eolkjraeo f jk jko lk`ai o]peob]van* Kq oaf]( ] behkokbe] rkhp])oa lnabanaj_e]hiajpa l]n] ko jljbkqlp ab `ofpb jk lajo]iajpk( j] hejcq]) cai j] ]k( lkeo jaooao ikiajpko _npe_ko mqa oa i]jebaop] i]eo _h]n]iajpa ] atecj_e] `a bqj`]iajp]k `]o e`ae]o( `ko `eo_qnoko a `]o lnpe_]o* =ooei _kik _]`] qi `a j o( mq]j`k lkooqe `aoafk `a o]^an( r]e ai `enak ]pepq`a behk) o be_] ]k lan_a^an _kjpn]`e ao( ej_kanj_e]o( ]i^ecqe`]`ao kq ej_kil]pe^ehe`]`ao ajpna jko) o]o _naj]o _kpe`e]j]o( ]ooei p]i^i ] behkokbe] pai aola_e]h ejpanaooa lahko ikiajpko `a _ne) oa kq ikiajpko _npe_ko( mq]j`k oeopai]o nahecekoko( pe_ko( lkhpe_ko( _eajpbe_ko a ]npope_ko ao) p]^aha_e`ko oa ajrkhrai ai _kjpn]`e ao ejpanj]o kq _kjpn]`evai)oa qjo ]ko kqpnko a ^qo_]i pn]jobkni] ao a iq`]j]o _qfk oajpe`k ]ej`] jk aop _h]nk a lna_eo] oan _kilnaaj`e`k*
L]n] mqa behkokbe];
K
n]( iqepko b]vai qi] kqpn] lancqjp]6 Î=bej]h( l]n] mqa behkokbe];Ï* qi] lancqjp] ejpanaoo]jpa* Jk raiko jai kqreiko jejcqi lancqjp]n( lkn atailhk( ÎL]n] mqa i]paipe_] kq boe_];Ï( ÎL]n] mqa cakcn]be] kq cakhkce];Ï( ÎL]n] mqa deop ne] kq ok) _ekhkce];Ï( ÎL]n] mqa ^ekhkce] kq loe_khkce];Ï( ÎL]n] mqa ]opnkjkie] kq mqie_];Ï( ÎL]n] mqa lejpqn]( hepan]pqn]( i oe_] kq `]j];Ï* I]o pk`k iqj`k ]_d] iqepk j]pqn]h lancqjp]n ÎL]n] mqa behkokbe];Ï* Ai can]h( aoo] lancqjp] _kopqi] na_a^an qi] naolkop] enje_]( _kjda_e`] `ko aopq`]j) pao `a behkokbe]6 Î= behkokbe] qi] _ej_e] _ki ] mq]h a oai ] mq]h k iqj`k lani]ja_a p]h a mq]hÏ* Kq oaf]( ] behkokbe] jk oanra l]n] j]`]* Lkn eook( _kopqi])oa _d]i]n `a Îbeh okbkÏ ]hcqi oailna `eopn]`k( _ki ] _]^a] jk iqj`k `] hq]( lajo]j`k a `evaj`k _keo]o mqa jejcqi ajpaj`a a mqa ok _kilhap]iajpa ej paeo( _kik jk aleo `ek `a P]hao `a Iehapk mqa ]^na aop] Ejpnk`qk*
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L]n] mqa behkokbe]; x ).42/$5a«/ x
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Aoo] lancqjp]( ÎL]n] mqa behkokbe];Ï( pai ] oq] n]vk `a oan* Ai jkoo] _qhpqn] a ai jko) o] ok_ea`]`a( _kopqi]iko _kjoe`an]n mqa ]hcqi] _keo] o pai k `enaepk `a ateopen oa peran ]hcqi] bej]he`]`a lnpe_] iqepk reorah a `a qpehe`]`a eia`e]p]( `a ik`k mqa( mq]j`k oa lancqjp] ÎL]n] mq;Ï( k mqa oa mqan o]^an 6 ÎMq]h ] qpehe`]`a;Ï( ÎL]n] mqa oanra eook;Ï( ÎMqa qok lnkraepkok kq r]jp]fkok lkook b]van `eook;Ï* Aeo lkn mqa jejcqi lancqjp] ÎL]n] mqa ]o _ej_e]o;Ï( lkeo pk`k iqj`k ei]cej] ran ] qpehe`]`a `]o _ej_e]o jko lnk`qpko `] p_je_]( eopk ( j] ]lhe_]k `ko _kjda_eiajpko _eajp) be_ko l]n] _ne]n ejopnqiajpko `a qok( `ao`a k _nkjiapnk( k pahao_ lek a k ie_nko_ lek ]p ] hqv ahpne_]( ] cah]`aen]( k ]qpki rah( k ]rek( ] imqej] `a h]r]n nkql] kq hkq]( k pahabkja( k n`ek( ] pahareok( k _ejai]( ] imqej] `a n]eko T( k _kilqp]`kn( ko k^fapko `a lhope_k( ap_* Pk`k iqj`k p]i^i ei]cej] ran ] qpehe`]`a `]o ]npao( p]jpk lkn _]qo] `] _kiln] a raj`] `]o k^n]o `a ]npa $pe`]o _kik i]eo eilknp]jpao mq]jpk i]eo ]hpko bknai oaqo lnako jk ian_]`k%( _kik lknmqa jkoo] _qhpqn] r ko ]npeop]o _kik cjeko mqa iana_ai oan r]hkne) v]`ko l]n] k ahkcek `] dqi]je`]`a $]k iaoik pailk mqa( l]n]`kt]hiajpa( jkoo] ok_ea`]) `a _]l]v `a nafaep)hko a i]hpn]p)hko oa oq]o k^n]o bknai ran`]`aen]iajpa narkhq_ekjne]o a ejkr]`kn]o( lkeo( jaooao _]oko( jk ok Î paeoÏ l]n] k aop]^aha_e`k%* Jejcqi( pk`]re]( _kj) oacqa ran l]n] mqa oanrene] ] behkokbe]( `kj`a `evan)oa6 ÎJk oanra l]n] _keo] ]hcqi]Ï* L]na_a( lkni( mqa k oajok _kiqi jk ajtanc] ]hck mqa ko _eajpeop]o o]^ai iqepk ^ai* =o _ej_e]o lnapaj`ai oan _kjda_eiajpko ran`]`aenko( k^pe`ko cn]]o ] lnk_a`eiajpko neck) nkoko `a lajo]iajpk7 lnapaj`ai ]cen ok^na ] na]he`]`a( lkn iaek `a ejopnqiajpko a k^fapko p_je_ko7 lnapaj`ai b]van lnkcnaooko jko _kjda_eiajpko( _knnecej`k)ko a ]qiajp]j`k)ko* Kn]( pk`]o aoo]o lnapajo ao `]o _ej_e]o lnaooql ai mqa ah]o ]`iepai ] ateopj_e] `] ran`]`a( ] ja_aooe`]`a `a lnk_a`eiajpko _knnapko l]n] ^ai qo]n k lajo]iajpk( k aop]^a) ha_eiajpk `] pa_jkhkce] _kik ]lhe_]k lnpe_] `a pakne]o( a( ok^napq`k( mqa ah]o _kjbe]i j] n]_ekj]he`]`a `ko _kjda_eiajpko( eopk ( mqa ahao ok rhe`ko jk o lknmqa atlhe_]i ko b]pko( i]o p]i^i lknmqa lk`ai oan _knnece`ko a ]lanbaek]`ko* Ran`]`a( lajo]iajpk n]_ekj]h( lnk_a`eiajpko aola_e]eo l]n] _kjda_an b]pko( ]lhe_]k lnpe_] `a _kjda_eiajpko pa ne_ko( _knnak a ]_ iqhk `a o]^anao6 bppbp l_gbqfslp b molmpf* qlp a^p `f k`f^p kl pl `fbkqcf`lp) pl cfilpcf`lp b abmbkabj ab nrbpqbp cfilpcf`^p* K _eaj) peop] l]npa `ah]o _kik mqaop ao f naolkj`e`]o( i]o ] behkokbe] mqai ]o bkniqh] a ^qo_] naolkop]o l]n] ah]o* =ooei( k pn]^]hdk `]o _ej_e]o lnaooql a( _kik _kj`ek( k pn]^]hdk `] behkokbe]( iao) ik mqa k _eajpeop] jk oaf] beh okbk* Jk ajp]jpk( _kik ]laj]o ko _eajpeop]o a beh okbko o]^ai `eook( ] i]ekne] `]o laook]o( ajrkhre`]o lahk oajok _kiqi( _kjpejq] ]beni]j`k mqa ] behk) okbe] jk oanra l]n] j]`]* L]n] `]n ]hcqi] qpehe`]`a behkokbe]( iqepko _kjoe`an]i mqa lna_eok `apaniej]n _h]n]) iajpa k qok mqa oa lk`a b]van `ah]* @evai ajpk mqa( `a b]pk( ] behkokbe] jk oanra l]n] j]`]( oa ÎoanrenÏ bkn ajpaj`e`k _kik ] lkooe^ehe`]`a `a b]van qoko p_je_ko `ko lnk`qpko behko be_ko kq `]n)hdao qpehe`]`a a_kjie_]( k^paj`k hq_nko _ki ahao7 _kjoe`an]i p]i^i mqa ] l]npa lnej_el]h kq i]eo eilknp]jpa `] behkokbe] j]`] pai ] ran _ki ]o _ej_e]o a ]o p_je_]o* L]n] mqai lajo] `aoo] bkni]( k ejpanaooa `] behkokbe] jk aop]ne] jko _kjda_eiajpko $mqa be_]i lkn _kjp] `] _ej_e]% jai j]o ]lhe_] ao lnpe_]o `a pakne]o $mqa be_]i lkn _kjp] `] pa_jkhkce]%( i]o jko ajoej]iajpko ikn]eo kq pe_ko* = behkokbe] oane] ] ]npa `k ^ai)reran kq `] re`] _knnap] a renpqko]* Aopq`]j`k ]o l]et ao a ko r_eko dqi]jko( ] he^an`]`a a ] rkj) p]`a( ]j]heo]j`k ] _]l]_e`]`a `a jkoo] n]vk l]n] eilkn heiepao ]ko jkooko `aoafko a l]et ao( ajoej]j`k)jko ] reran `a ik`k dkjaopk a fqopk j] _kil]jde] `ko kqpnko oanao dqi]jko( ] behkokbe] pane] _kik bej]he`]`a ajoej]n)jko ] renpq`a( mqa k lnej_lek `k ^ai)reran* Aoo] `abejek `] behkokbe]( lkni( jk jko ]fq`] iqepk* @a b]pk( iaoik l]n] oan qi] ]npa ikn]h kq pe_]( kq qi] ]npa `k ^ai)reran( ] behkokbe] _kjpejq] b]vaj`k oq]o lancqjp]o `ao_kj) _anp]jpao a ai^]n]ko]o6 ÎK mqa k dkiai;Ï( ÎK mqa ] rkjp]`a;Ï( ÎK mqa ] l]etk;Ï( ÎK mqa ] n]vk;Ï( ÎK mqa k r_ek;Ï( ÎK mqa ] renpq`a;Ï( ÎK mqa ] he^an`]`a;Ï( Î?kik jko pknj]iko hernao( n]_ekj]eo a renpqkoko;Ï( ÎLkn mqa ] he^an`]`a a ] renpq`a ok r]hknao l]n] ko oanao dqi]) jko;Ï( ÎK mqa qi r]hkn;Ï( ÎLkn mqa ]r]he]iko ko oajpeiajpko a ]o ] ao dqi]j]o;Ï*
x ).42/$5a«/ x L]n] mqa behkokbe];
=ooei( iaoik oa `eooooaiko mqa k k^fapk `] behkokbe] jk k _kjda_eiajpk `] na]he) `]`a( jai k _kjda_eiajpk `] jkoo] _]l]_e`]`a l]n] _kjda_an( iaoik oa `eooooaiko mqa k k^fapk `] behkokbe] ]laj]o ] re`] ikn]h kq pe_]( ]ej`] ]ooei k aopehk behko be_k a ] ]pepq`a behko be_] lani]ja_ane]i ko iaoiko( lkeo ]o lancqjp]o behko be_]o Í l nr ( mlo nrb a `ljl Í lani]ja_ai*
=pepq`a behkobe_]6 ej`]c]n
O
a( lkn ajmq]jpk( `aet]niko `a h]`k ko k^fapko _ki ko mq]eo ] behkokbe] oa k_ql]( rana) iko mqa ] ]pepq`a behko be_] lkooqe ]hcqi]o _]n]_panope_]o mqa ok ]o iaoi]o( ej`a) laj`ajpaiajpa `k _kjpa `k ejraopec]`k* Aoo]o _]n]_panope_]o ok6
lancqjp]n l nrb $qi] _keo]( qi r]hkn( qi] e`ae]( qi _kilknp]iajpk%* Kq oaf]( ] behk) okbe] lancqjp] mq]h ] na]he`]`a a mq]h ] oecjebe_]k `a ]hck( jk eilknp] k mq7 lancqjp]n `ljl $qi] _keo]( qi] e`ae]( qi r]hkn( qi _kilknp]iajpk%* Kq oaf]( ] behkok) be] ej`]c] _kik ] aopnqpqn] kq k oeopai] `a nah] ao mqa _kjopepqe ] na]he`]`a `a ]hck7 lancqjp]n mlo nrb $qi] _keo]( qi] e`ae]( qi r]hkn( qi _kilknp]iajpk%* Kq oaf]( lkn mqa ]hck ateopa( mq]h ] knecai kq ] _]qo] `a qi] _keo]( `a qi] e`ae]( `a qi r]hkn( `a qi _kilknp]iajpk* = ]pepq`a behko be_] eje_e])oa `enecej`k aoo]o ej`]c] ao ]k iqj`k mqa jko nk`ae] a o nah] ao mqa i]jpaiko _ki aha* Lkq_k ] lkq_k( `ao_k^na mqa aoo]o mqaop ao lnaooql ai ] becqn] `]mqaha mqa ejpannkc] a mqa ah]o atecai mqa oaf] atlhe_]`] ] paj`j_e] `k oan dqi]) jk ] ejpannkc]n k iqj`k a ] oe iaoik _ki k `aoafk `a _kjda_)hk a _kjda_an)oa* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ] behkokbe] _kilnaaj`a mqa mob`fp^ `lkeb`bo klpp^ `^m^`fa^ab ab `lkeb`bo( mqa mob`fp^ mbkp^o pl_ob klpp^ `^m^`fa^ab ab mbkp^o* Lkn eook( lkq_k ] lkq_k( ]o lancqjp]o `] behkokbe] oa `enecai ]k ln lnek lajo]iajpk6 ÎK mqa lajo]n;Ï( Î?kik lajo]n;Ï( ÎLkn mqa d k lajo]n;Ï* = behkokbe] pknj])oa( ajpk( l mbk* p^jbkql fkqboold^kal*pb ^ pf jbpjl* Lkn oan qi] rkhp] mqa k lajo]iajpk na]hev] ok^na oe iaoik( ] behkokbe] oa na]hev] _kik obcibul kq( oacqej`k k kn_qhk `a @ahbko( ^qo_] na]hev]n k Î?kjda_a)pa ] pe iaoikÏ*
= nabhatk behkobe_]
=
l]h]rn] obcibul ailnac]`] j] boe_] l]n] `ao_naran k ikreiajpk `a lnkl]c]k `a qi] kj`] hqiejko] kq okjkn] mq]j`k( ]k l]oo]n `a qi iaek l]n] kqpnk( aj_kjpn] qi k^op_qhk a napknj] ]k iaek `a kj`a l]npeq* aooa napknjk ]k lkjpk `a l]npe`] mqa _kjoanr]`k mq]j`k ] l]h]rn] qo]`] j] behkokbe] l]n] oecjebe_]n Îikreiajpk `a rkhp] ok^na oe iaoikÏ kq Îikreiajpk `a napknjk ] oe iaoikÏ* = obcibul cfilpcf`^ k ikreiaj) pk lahk mq]h k lajo]iajpk( at]iej]j`k k mqa lajo]`k lkn aha( rkhp])oa l]n] oe iaoik _kik bkjpa `aooa lajo]`k* k lajo]iajpk ejpannkc]j`k)oa ] oe iaoik kq lajo]j`k)oa ] oe iaoik* ] _kj_ajpn]k iajp]h ai mqa k lajo]iajpk rkhp])oa l]n] oe ln lnek l]n] at]ie) j]n( _kilnaaj`an a ]r]he]n oq]o e`ae]o( oq]o rkjp]`ao( oaqo `aoafko a oajpeiajpko* = nabhatk behko be_] o^af`^i lknmqa r]e n]ev `k lajo]iajpk( lkeo qi ikreiajpk `a rkhp] `k lajo]iajpk ok^na oe iaoik l]n] lajo]n)oa ] oe iaoik( l]n] _kjda_an _kik lkoorah k ln lnek lajo]iajpk kq k ln lnek _kjda_eiajpk* Jk okiko( lkni( okiajpa oanao lajo]jpao* Okiko p]i^i oanao mqa ]cai jk iqj) `k( mqa oa nah]_ekj]i _ki ko kqpnko oanao dqi]jko( _ki ko ]jei]eo( ]o lh]jp]o( ]o _keo]o( ko b]pko a ]_kjpa_eiajpko( a atlneieiko aoo]o nah] ao p]jpk lkn iaek `] hejcq]cai a `ko caopko _kik lkn iaek `a ] ao( _kilknp]iajpko a _kj`qp]o* = nabhatk behko be_] p]i^i oa rkhp] l]n] _kilnaaj`an k mqa oa l]oo] ai j o jaoo]o nah] ao mqa i]jpaiko _ki ] na]) he`]`a _en_qj`]jpa( l]n] k mqa `evaiko a l]n] ]o ] ao mqa na]hev]iko* = nabhatk behko be_] knc]jev])oa ai pknjk `a pno cn]j`ao _kjfqjpko `a lancqjp]o kq mqaop ao6
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L]n] mqa behkokbe]; x ).42/$5a«/ x
-*
ÎLkn mqa lajo]iko k mqa lajo]iko( `evaiko k mqa `evaiko a b]vaiko k mqa b]va) iko;Ï Eopk ( mq]eo ko jlqfslp( ]o o^wbp a ]o `^rp^p l]n] lajo]niko k mqa lajo]iko( `evaniko k mqa `evaiko( b]vaniko k mqa b]vaiko;
.* ÎK mqa mqanaiko lajo]n mq]j`k lajo]iko( k mqa mqanaiko `evan mq]j`k b]h]iko( k mqa mqanaiko b]van mq]j`k ]ceiko;Ï Eopk ( mq]h k `lkqb al kq k pbkqfal `k mqa lajo]iko( `evaiko kq b]vaiko; /* ÎL]n] mqa lajo]iko k mqa lajo]iko( `evaiko k mqa `evaiko( b]vaiko k mqa b]vaiko;Ï Eopk ( mq]h ] fkqbk l kq ] cfk^ifa^ab `k mqa lajo]iko( `evaiko a b]vaiko; (ALES(ULTONß!RCHIVE
Aoo]o pno mqaop ao pi _kik k^fapko `a ej`]c]k k laj) o]iajpk( ] hejcq]cai a ] ]k a lk`ai oan naoqie`]o ai k mqa lajo]n( b]h]n a ]cen; A ah]o lnaooql ai ] oacqejpa lancqjp]6 ÎK mqa lajo]iko( `evaiko a b]vaiko ai jkoo]o _naj]o _kpe`e]) j]o _kjopepqe kq jk qi lajo]iajpk ran`]`aenk( qi] hejcq]) cai _kanajpa a qi] ]k `kp]`] `a oajpe`k;Ï ?kik reiko( ] ]pepq`a behko be_] eje_e])oa ej`]c]j`k ÎK mqa ;Ï( Î?kik ;Ï( ÎLkn mqa ;Ï( `enecej`k)oa ]k iqj`k mqa jko nk`ae] a ]ko oanao dqi]jko mqa jaha rerai a _ki aha oa nah]) _ekj]i* Ok lancqjp]o ok^na ] bpp k`f^ $K mqa ;%( ] pfdkfcf`^* l kq bpqorqro^ $?kik ;%( ] lofdbj $Lkn mqa ;% a ] cfk^ifa^ab $L]n] mqa ;% `a pk`]o ]o _keo]o* qi o]^an ok^na ] ob^ifa^ab buqboflo ]k lajo]iajpk* F ] nabhatk behko be_]( kq k Î?kjda_a)pa ] pe iaoikÏ( ej`]) c] ÎLkn mq;Ï( ÎK mq;Ï( ÎL]n] mq;Ï a oa `eneca ]k lajo]iajpk( hejcq]cai a ]k( kq oaf]( rkhp])oa l]n] ko oanao dqi]jko* Ok lancqjp]o ok^na ] `^m^`fa^ab a ] cfk^ifa^ab l]n] `lkeb`bo( c^i^o a ^dfo( ln lne]o `ko oanao dqi]jko* qi o]^an ok^na k dkiai _kik oan lajo]jpa( b]h]jpa a ]cajpa( kq oaf]( ok^na ] ob^ifa^ab fkqboflo `ko oanao dqi]jko* = ]pepq`a behko be_] naoqia)oa jk oacqejpa mqaopekj]) iajpk6 k mqa k lajo]n( k b]h]n( k ]cen;
.1
Behkokbe]6 qi lajo]iajpk oeopaipe_k
=
o ej`]c] ao bqj`]iajp]eo `] ]pepq`a behko be_] a `] nabhatk behko be_] jk oa na]) hev]i ]k ]_]ok( oacqj`k lnabanj_e]o a kleje ao `a _]`] qi `a j o* = behkokbe] jk qi Îaq ]_dk mqaÏ kq qi Îaq ckopk `aÏ* Jk laomqeo] `a klejek i]jaen] `ko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k `a i]oo]* Jk laomqeo] `a ian_]`k l]n] _kjda_an lnabanj_e]o `ko _kjoqie`knao _ki ] bej]he`]`a `a ikjp]n qi] aopn]pce] `a lnkl]c]j`]* =o ej`]c] ao behko be_]o oa na]hev]i `a ik`k pfpqbjqf`l* Mqa oecjebe_] eook; = l]h]rn] pfpqbj^ rai `k cnack( oecjebe_] Îqi pk`k _qf]o l]npao aopk hec]`]o lkn na) h] ao `a _kj_kn` j_e] ejpanj]Ï* Jk _]ok `k lajo]iajpk( oecjebe_] Îqi _kjfqjpk `a e`ae]o ejpanj]iajpa ]npe_qh]`]o a nah]_ekj]`]o( cn]]o ] lnej_leko _kiqjo kq ] _anp]o nacn]o a jkn) i]o `a ]ncqiajp]k a `aikjopn]k mqa ]o kn`aj]i a ]o nah]_ekj]i jqi pk`k _kanajpaÏ* @evan mqa ]o ej`]c] ao behko be_]o ok oeopaipe_]o oecjebe_] `evan mqa ] behkokbe] pn]^]hd] _ki ajqj_e]`ko lna_eoko a necknkoko( ^qo_] aj_]`a]iajpko h ce_ko ajpna ko ajqj_e]`ko( kla) n] _ki _kj_aepko kq e`ae]o k^pe`ko lkn lnk_a`eiajpko `a `aikjopn]k a lnkr]( ateca ] bqj) `]iajp]k n]_ekj]h `k mqa ajqj_e]`k a lajo]`k* Okiajpa ]ooei ] nabhatk behko be_] lk`a b]van _ki mqa jkoo] atlanej_e] _kpe`e]j]( jkoo]o _naj]o a kleje ao ]h_]j_ai qi] reok _n) pe_] `a oe iaoi]o* Jk oa pn]p] `a `evan Îaq ]_dk mqaÏ( i]o `a lk`an ]beni]n Îaq lajok mqaÏ* K _kjda_eiajpk behko be_k qi pn]^]hdk ejpaha_pq]h* oeopaipe_k lknmqa jk oa _kj) pajp] ai k^pan naolkop]o l]n] ]o mqaop ao _khk_]`]o( i]o ateca mqa ]o ln lne]o mqaop ao oaf]i rhe`]o a( ai oacqj`k hqc]n( mqa ]o naolkop]o oaf]i ran`]`aen]o( aopaf]i nah]_ekj]`]o ajpna oe( ao_h]na]i qi]o o kqpn]o( bkniai _kjfqjpko _kanajpao `a e`ae]o a oecjebe_] ao( oaf]i lnkr]`]o a `aikjopn]`]o n]_ekj]hiajpa*
x ).42/$5a«/ x L]n] mqa behkokbe];
Mq]j`k ]hcqi `ev ÎAop] iejd] behkokbe]Ï kq ÎAop] ] behkokbe] `a bqh]j] kq `a bqh]jkÏ kq ]ej`] ÎAop] ] behkokbe] `] ailnao]Ï( ajc]j])oa a jk oa ajc]j]* Ajc]j])oa lknmqa ei]cej] mqa l]n] Îpan qi] behkokbe]Ï ^]op] ]hcqi lkooqen qi _kj) fqjpk `a e`ae]o i]eo kq iajko _kanajpao ok^na pk`]o ]o _keo]o a laook]o( ^ai _kik pan qi _kjfqjpk `a lnej_leko i]eo kq iajko _kanajpao l]n] fqhc]n ]o _keo]o a ]o laook]o* I]o jk oa ajc]j] ]k qo]n aoo]o atlnaoo ao lknmqa lan_a^a( ]ej`] mqa iqepk _kjbqo]) iajpa( mqa d qi] _]n]_panope_] j]o e`ae]o a jko lnej_leko mqa har] ] `evan mqa ok Îqi] be) hkokbe]Ï6 ] hec]k ajpna _anp]o e`ae]o a _anpko _kilknp]iajpko( ]o nah] ao ajpna aoo]o e`ae]o a aooao _kilknp]iajpko _kik oa peraooai ]hcqjo lnej_leko mqa ko qjeooai kq nah]_ekj]o) oai* Kq oaf]( lnaooajpa)oa mqa ] behkokbe] klan] oeopai]pe_]iajpa( _ki _kanj_e] a h ce_]( mqa pai qi] rk_]k l]n] _kilnaaj`an _kik oa nah]_ekj]i( oa _kja_p]i a oa aj_]`ae]i jqi pk`k n]_ekj]hiajpa _kilnaajorah ]o _keo]o a ko b]pko mqa ]l]na_ai `a ik`k bn]c) iajp]`k a `ao_kjatk ai jkoo] atlanej_e] _kpe`e]j]*
Ai ^qo_] `a qi] `abejek `] behkokbe]
M
q]j`k _kia]iko ] aopq`]n behkokbe]( okiko hkck har]`ko ] ^qo_]n k mqa ah] * Jkoo] lneiaen] oqnlnao] oqnca ]k `ao_k^neniko mqa jk d ]laj]o qi] `abejek `] behkok) be]( i]o rne]o* = oacqj`] oqnlnao] rai ]k lan_a^aniko mqa( ]hi `a rne]o( ]o `abeje) ao jk l]na_ai lk`an oan naqje`]o jqi] o a i]eo ]ilh]* Aeo lkn mqa iqepko( _daeko `a lan) lhate`]`a( ej`]c]i6 Î=bej]h( k mqa ] behkokbe] mqa jai oamqan _kjoacqa `evan k mqa ah] ;Ï* Qi] lneiaen] ]lnktei]k jko ikopn] lahk iajko mq]pnk `abeje ao can]eo `k mqa oane] ] behkokbe]6 -*
Reok `a iqj`k `a qi lkrk( `a qi] _erehev]k kq `a qi] _qhpqn]* Jaoo] `abejek( ] behkokbe] _knnaolkj`ane]( `a ik`k r]ck a can]h( ]k _kjfqjpk `a e`ae]o( r]hknao a lnpe_]o lahko mq]eo qi] ok_ea`]`a ]lnaaj`a a _kilnaaj`a k iqj`k a ] oe iaoi]( `abejej`k l]n] oe k pailk a k aol]k( k o]cn]`k a k lnkb]jk( k ^ki a k i]q( k fqopk a k ejfqopk( k ^ahk a k baek( k ran`]`aenk a k b]hok( k lkoorah a k eilkoorah( k _kjpejcajpa a k ja_aoonek* Mq]h k lnk^hai] `aoo] `abejek; Lkn qi h]`k( ah] oa l]na_a _ki ] jkk `a Îiejd] behkokbe]Ï kq Î] behkokbe] `] ailnao]Ï7 lkn kqpnk( ah] pk cajne_] a pk ]ilh] mqa jk lan) iepa( lkn atailhk( `ebanaj_e]n ajpna behkokbe] a nahecek( behkokbe] a ]npa( behkokbe] a _ej_e]* J] ran`]`a( aoo] `abejek e`ajpebe_] behkokbe] a _qhpqn]( lkeo aop] qi] reok `a iqj`k _khaper] mqa oa atlneia ai e`ae]o( r]hknao a lnpe_]o `a qi] ok_ea`]`a `apaniej]`]* = `abejek( lknp]jpk( jk _kjoacqa ]_an_]n)oa `] aola_ebe_e`]`a `k pn]^]hdk behko ) be_k a lkn eook jk lk`aiko ]_aep)h] _kik `abejek `] behkokbe]( i]o ]laj]o _kik qi] atlnaook mqa _kjpi kq ej`e_] ]hcqjo ]ola_pko mqa lk`ank ajpn]n j] oq] `abejek*
.* O]^a`kne] `a re`]* Jaoo] `abejek( ] behkokbe] e`ajpebe_]`] _ki ] ]pere`]`a `a ]hcqi]o laook]o mqa lajo]i ok^na ] re`] ikn]h( `a`e_]j`k)oa _kjpailh]k `k iqj`k a `ko kqpnko oanao dqi]jko l]n] ]lnaj`an a ajoej]n ] _kjpnkh]n oaqo `aoafko( oajpeiajpko a eilqhoko a ] `enecen ] ln lne] re`] `a ik`k pe_k a o^ek* = behkokbe] oane] qi] ao_kh] `a re`] kq qi] ]npa `k ^ai)reran7 oane] qi] _kjpailh]k `k iqj`k a `ko dkiajo l]n] jko _kj`qven ] qi] re`] fqop]( o^e] a bahev( ajoej]j`k)jko k `kijek ok^na j o iaoiko( ok^na jko) oko eilqhoko( `aoafko a l]et ao* Aoo] `abejek( lkni( jko `ev( `a ik`k r]ck( k mqa oa aolan] `] behkokbe] $] o]^a`kne] ejpanekn%( i]o jk k mqa ah] a k mqa b]v ] behkokbe] a( lkn eook( p]i^i jk lk`aiko ]_aep)h]( i]o ]laj]o na_kjda_an mqa jah] aop lnaoajpa qi `ko ]ola_pko `k pn]^]hdk behko be_k* /* Aobknk n]_ekj]h l]n] _kj_a^an k Qjeranok _kik qi] pkp]he`]`a kn`aj]`] a `kp]`] `a oajpe`k* Jaoo] `abejek( ]pne^qe)oa behkokbe] ] p]nab] `a _kjda_an ] na]he`]`a ejpaen]( lnkr]j) `k mqa k Qjeranok qi] pkp]he`]`a( eopk ( ]hck aopnqpqn]`k kq kn`aj]`k lkn nah] ao `a
.2
L]n] mqa behkokbe]; x ).42/$5a«/ x
_]qo] a abaepk( a mqa aoo] pkp]he`]`a n]_ekj]h( kq oaf]( lkooqe oajpe`k a bej]he`]`a _ki) lnaajoraeo lahk lajo]iajpk dqi]jk* Ko mqa ]`kp]i aoo] `abejek lna_eo]i _kia]n `eopejcqej`k ajpna behkokbe] a na) hecek a ]p iaoik klkj`k qi] kqpn]( lkeo ]i^]o lkooqai k iaoik k^fapk $_ki) lnaaj`an k Qjeranok%( i]o ] lneiaen] k b]v lkn iaek `k aobknk n]_ekj]h( ajmq]jpk ] oacqj`]( lkn iaek `] _kjbe]j] $b% jqi] narah]k `erej]* Kq oaf]( ] behkokbe] lnk_qn] `eo_qpen ]p k bei k oajpe`k a k bqj`]iajpk `] na]he`]`a( ajmq]jpk ] _kjo_ej_e] nahe) ceko] oa ^]oae] jqi `]`k lneiaenk a ejmqaopekjrah( mqa ] narah]k `erej]( k^fapk `a b a ej`aikjopnrah lah] a l]n] ] n]vk dqi]j]* Lah] b( ] nahecek ]_aep] lnej_leko ej`aikjopnraeo a ]p iaoik ]mqahao mqa lk) `ai oan _kjoe`an]`ko enn]_ekj]eo lahk lajo]iajpk( ajmq]jpk ] behkokbe] jk ]`iepa ej`a) ikjopn]^ehe`]`a a enn]_ekj]he`]`a `a _keo] ]hcqi]* Lahk _kjpnnek( k lajo]iajpk behko be) _k lnk_qn] atlhe_]n a _kilnaaj`an iaoik k mqa l]na_a oan enn]_ekj]h a ejmqaopekjrah* Jk ajp]jpk( aoo] `abejek p]i^i lnk^haipe_]( lknmqa ` behkokbe] ] p]nab] `a kbana_an qi] atlhe_]k a qi] _kilnaajok pkp]eo ok^na k Qjeranok( ah]^kn]j`k qi oeopai] qjerano]h kq qi oeopai] `k iqj`k( i]o o]^aiko( dkfa( mqa aoo] p]nab] eilkoorah* ran`]`a mqa( jko oaqo lnei n`eko( ] behkokbe] oa ]lnaoajp]r] _kik qi] atlhe) _]k pkp]h ok^na ] na]he`]`a( eopk ( ok^na ] j]pqnav] boe_] a ok^na ko oanao dqi]jko( lkeo jk o rean] oq^opepqen ] atlhe_]k naheceko] _kik p]i^i _kjopepq] k _kjfqjpk `a pk`]o ]o _ej_e]o pa ne_]o a lnpe_]o $kq oaf]( jk d]re] `eopejk a oal]n]k ajpna behkokbe] a _ej_e]%* Jk ajp]jpk( d( jko `e]o `a dkfa( lahk iajko `q]o heiep] ao lnej_e) l]eo ] aoo] lnapajok pkp]hev]`kn]6 ai lneiaenk hqc]n( ] behkokbe] a ]o _ej_e]o bkn]i oa oal]n]j`k jk _knnan `] deop ne] a k o]^an _eajpbe_k oa `ere`eq ai rneko o]^anao l]npe_q) h]nao( _]`] mq]h _ki oaq _]ilk ln lnek `a ejraopec]k a `a atlhe_]k `a qi ]ola_pk `apaniej]`k `] na]he`]`a* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ] behkokbe] _kil]npehd] ] atlhe_]k `] na]he`]`a _ki ]o _ej_e]o a ]o ]npao( _]`] qi] `]o mq]eo `abejej`k qi ]ola_pk a qi _]ilk `] na]he`]`a l]n] aopq`k $jk _]ok `]o _ej_e]o% a l]n] ] atlnaook $jk _]ok `]o ]npao%( f jk oaj`k ]`ieoorah mqa d]f] qi] je_] `eo_elhej] pa ne_] mqa lkoo] ]^n]j) can okvejd] ] pkp]he`]`a `ko _kjda_eiajpko kq k _kjda_eiajpk qjerano]h `k Qjeranok* Ai oacqj`k hqc]n( lknmqa ] ln lne] behkokbe] f jk ]`iepa mqa oaf] lkoorah qi je_k oeopai] `a lajo]iajpk mqa kbana] qi] je_] atlhe_]k l]n] k pk`k `] na]he`]`a( lkeo aop] lani]ja_a ]^anp] a _kjre`] ] i hpelh]o lanola_per]o `a _kjda_eiajpko a ej) panlnap] ao* Lkn eook( aoo] `abejek p]i^i jk lk`a oan ]_aep]( ai^kn] _kjpajd] ]ola_pko eilknp]jpao `] ]pere`]`a behko be_]*
.3
0* Bqj`]iajp]k pane_] a _npe_] `ko _kjda_eiajpko a `]o lnpe_]o* Crka^jbkql qi] l]h]rn] mqa rai `k h]pei a oecjebe_] Îqi] ^]oa o he`]Ï kq Îk ]he_an_a ok^na k mq]h oa lk`a _kjopnqen _ki oacqn]j]Ï* @k lkjpk `a reop] `k _kjda_e) iajpk( oecjebe_] Î] ^]oa kq k lnej_lek n]_ekj]h mqa oqopajp] qi] `aikjopn]k ran`]) `aen]Ï* Ok^ aop] lanola_per]( crka^jbkq^o oecjebe_] Îaj_kjpn]n( `abejen a aop]^aha_an n]) _ekj]hiajpa ko lnej_leko( ]o _]qo]o a _kj`e ao mqa `apaniej]i ] ateopj_e]( ] bkni] a ko _kilknp]iajpko `a ]hcqi] _keo]( ^ai _kik ]o haeo kq nacn]o `a oq]o iq`]j]oÏ* Qblof^ rai `k cnack( jk mq]h oecjebe_]r] Î_kjpailh]n qi] ran`]`a _ki ko khdko `k aolnepkÏ( eopk ( qi] ]pere`]`a lqn]iajpa ejpaha_pq]h `a _kjda_eiajpk* Ok^ aop] lanola_per]( qi] crka^jbkq^ l qbof`^ oecjebe_] Î`apaniej]n lahk lajo]iajpk( `a i]jaen] h ce_]( iap `e_]( knc]jev]`] a oeopaipe_] k _kjfqjpk `a lnej_leko( _]qo]o a _kj`e ao `a ]hcqi] _keo] $`a oq] ateopj_e]( `a oaq _kilknp]iajpk( `a oaq oajpe`k a `a oq]o iq`]j]o%Ï* ?kik reiko d lkq_k( `oqf`^ p]i^i qi] l]h]rn] cnac]( mqa oecjebe_] Î] _]l]_e) `]`a l]n] fqhc]n( `eo_anjen a `a_e`en _knnap]iajpaÏ7 Îk at]ia n]_ekj]h `a pk`]o ]o _keo]o oai lna_kj_aepk a oai ln)fqhc]iajpkÏ a ] Î]pere`]`a `a at]iej]n a ]r]he]n `ap]hd]`]) iajpa qi] e`ae]( qi r]hkn( qi _kopqia( qi _kilknp]iajpk( qi] k^n] ]npope_] kq _eajpbe_]Ï* Ok^ aoo] lanola_per]( crka^jbkq^ l `oqf`^ oecjebe_] Îat]iej]n( ]r]he]n a
x ).42/$5a«/ x L]n] mqa behkokbe];
fqhc]n n]_ekj]hiajpa ko lnej_leko( ]o _]qo]o a _kj`e ao `a ]hcqi] _keo] $`a oq] ateo) pj_e]( `a oaq _kilknp]iajpk( `a oaq oajpe`k a `a oq]o iq`]j]o%Ï* ?kik crka^jbkq^ l qbof`^ b `oqf`^( ] behkokbe] k_ql])oa _ki ko lnej_leko( ]o _]qo]o a _kj`e ao `k _kjda_eiajpk mqa lnapaj`] oan n]_ekj]h a ran`]`aenk7 _ki ] kne) cai( ] bkni] a k _kjpa `k `ko r]hknao pe_ko( lkhpe_ko( nahecekoko( ]npope_ko a _qhpqn]eo7 _ki ] _kilnaajok `]o _]qo]o a `]o bkni]o `] ehqok a `k lna_kj_aepk jk lh]jk ej`ere) `q]h a _khaperk7 _ki ko lnej_leko( ]o _]qo]o a _kj`e ao `]o pn]jobkni] ao deop ne_]o `ko _kj_aepko( `]o e`ae]o( `ko r]hknao a `]o lnpe_]o dqi]j]o* Lkn eook( ] behkokbe] rkhp])oa l]n] k aopq`k `]o rne]o bkni]o `a _kjda_eiajpk $lan) _alk( ei]cej]k( iai ne]( hejcq]cai( ejpahecj_e]( atlanej_e]( nabhatk% a `ko rneko pelko `a ]pere`]`ao ejpaneknao a _kilknp]iajpko atpanjko `ko oanao dqi]jko _kik atlnaoo ao `] rkjp]`a( `k `aoafk a `]o l]et ao( lnk_qn]j`k `ao_naran ]o bkni]o a ko _kjpa `ko `aoo]o bkni]o `a _kjda_eiajpk a `aooao pelko `a ]pere`]`a a _kilknp]) iajpk _kik nah]k `k oan dqi]jk _ki k iqj`k( _kjoeck iaoik a _ki ko kqpnko* L]n] na]hev]n oaq pn]^]hdk( ] behkokbe] ejraopec] a ejpanlnap] k oecjebe_]`k `a e`ae]o can]eo _kik6 na]he`]`a( iqj`k( j]pqnav]( _qhpqn]( deop ne]( ran`]`a( b]hoe`]`a( dqi]je) `]`a( pailkn]he`]`a( aol]_e]he`]`a( mq]he`]`a( mq]jpe`]`a( oq^fapere`]`a( k^fapere`]`a( `ebanaj]( nalapek( oaiahd]j]( _kjbhepk( _kjpn]`ek( iq`]j]( ja_aooe`]`a( lkooe^ehe) `]`a( lnk^]^ehe`]`a( ap_* = ]pere`]`a behko be_] ( lknp]jpk( qi] ^kifpb $`]o _kj`e ao a lnej_leko `k o]^an a `] ]k( eopk ( `ko _kjda_eiajpko( `] _ej_e]( `] nahecek( `] ]npa( `] ikn]h( `] lkhpe_] a `] deop ne]%( qi] obcibul $rkhp] `k lajo]iajpk ok^na oe iaoik l]n] _kjda_an)oa _kik _]l]_e`]`a l]n] k _kjda_eiajpk( ] hejcq]cai( k oajpeiajpk a ] ]k% a qi] `o* qf`^ $]r]he]k n]_ekj]h l]n] `eo_anjen ajpna ] ran`]`a a ] ehqok( ] he^an`]`a a ] oanre`k( ejraopec]j`k ]o _]qo]o a _kj`e ao `]o ehqo ao a `ko lna_kj_aepko ej`ere`q]eo a _khape) rko( `]o ehqo ao a `ko ajc]jko `]o pakne]o a lnpe_]o _eajpbe_]o( lkhpe_]o a ]npope_]o( `ko lna_kj_aepko nahecekoko a ok_e]eo( `] lnaoaj] a `ebqok `a bkni]o `a enn]_ekj]he`]`a _kjpnne]o ]k atan__ek `k lajo]iajpk( `] hejcq]cai a `] he^an`]`a%* Aoo]o pno ]pere`]`ao $^kifpb( obcibul a `oqf`^% aopk kneajp]`]o lah] ah]^kn]k be) hko be_] `a e`ae]o can]eo ok^na ] na]he`]`a a ko oanao dqi]jko* Lknp]jpk( l]n] mqa aoo]o pno ]pere`]`ao oa na]hevai( lna_eok mqa ] behkokbe] oa `abej] _kik ^qo_] `k bqj`]iajpk $lnej_leko( _]qo]o a _kj`e ao% a `k oajpe`k $oecjebe_]k a bej]he`]`a% `] na]he`]`a ai oq]o i hpelh]o bkni]o( ej`]c]j`k k mqa aoo]o bkni]o `a na]he`]`a ok( _kik ok a lkn mqa ok( a lnk_qn]j`k ]o _]qo]o mqa ]o b]vai ateopen( lani]ja_an( iq`]n a `ao]l]na_an* = behkokbe] jk _ej_e]6 qi] nabhatk ok^na ko bqj`]iajpko `] _ej_e]( eopk ( ok^na lnk_a`eiajpko a _kj_aepko _eajpbe_ko* Jk nahecek6 qi] nabhatk ok^na ko bqj`]iajpko `] nahecek( eopk ( ok^na ]o _]qo]o( knecajo a bkni]o `]o _naj]o naheceko]o* Jk ]npa6 qi] nabhatk ok^na ko bqj`]iajpko `] ]npa( eopk ( ok^na ko _kjpa `ko( ]o bkni]o( ]o oecjebe_] ao `]o k^n]o `a ]npa a `k pn]^]hdk ]npope_k* Jk ok_ekhkce] jai loe_khkce]( i]o ] ejpanlnap]k a ]r]he]k _npe_] `ko _kj_aepko a ipk`ko `] ok_ekhk) ce] a `] loe_khkce]* Jk lkhpe_]( i]o ejpanlnap]k( _kilnaajok a nabhatk ok^na ] knecai( ] j]pqnav] a ]o bkni]o `k lk`an a oq]o iq`]j]o* Jk deop ne]( i]o nabhatk ok^na k oajpe`k `ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko ajmq]jpk ejoane`ko jk pailk a _kilnaajok `k mqa oaf] k ln lnek pailk* K beh okbk ]haik Eii]jqah G]jp _kjoe`ankq mqa ]o ej`]c] ao bqj`]iajp]eo `] behk) okbe] ok6 Nrb mlabjlp p^_bon]oeh nalq^he_]jk* Jk ajp]jpk( jk o_qhk TT( ] iaoi] ]beni]k `] deopkne_e`]`a `ko oanao dqi]jko( `] n]vk a `] ok_ea`]`a harkq e`ae] `a mqa ] deop ne] `ao_kjpjq] a jk lnkcnaooer]( _]`] ok_ea`]`a pai oq] deop ne] ln lne] ai rav `a oan ]laj]o qi] ap]l] jqi] deop ne] qjerano]h `]o _erehev] ao* = e`ae] `a lnkcnaook l]ookq ] oan _nepe_]`] lknmqa oanra _kik `ao_qhl] l]n] hacepei]n _khkje]heoiko a eilane]heoiko $ko i]eo Î]`e]jp]`koÏ pane]i k `enaepk `a `kiej]n ko i]eo Î]pn]o]`koÏ%* L]ookq ] oan _nepe_]`] p]i^i ] e`ae] `a lnkcnaook `]o _ej_e]o a `]o p_je_]o( ikopn]j`k)oa mqa( ai _]`] lk_] deop ne_] a l]n] _]`] ok_ea`]`a( ko _kjda_eiajpko a ]o ln) pe_]o lkooqai oajpe`k a r]hkn ln lneko( a mqa p]h oajpe`k a p]h r]hkn `ao]l]na_ai jqi] lk_] oacqejpa kq ok `ebanajpao jqi] kqpn] ok_ea`]`a( jk d]raj`k( lknp]jpk( pn]jobkni]k _kj) pjq]( ]_qiqh]per] a lnkcnaooer] `] dqi]je`]`a*
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x 5.)$!$%ß x = behkokbe]
!UGUSTEß#OMTEßß ¯
Jk o_qhk TET( ajpqoe]oi]`] _ki ]o _ej_e]o a ]o p_je_]o( ^ai _kik _ki ] Oacqj`] Narkhqk Ej`qopne]h( ] behkokbe] ]beni]r] ] _kjbe]j] lhaj] a pkp]h jk o]^an _eajpbe_k a j] pa_jkhkce] l]n] `kiej]n a _kjpnkh]n ] j]pqnav]( ] ok_ea`]`a a ko ej`er`qko* =_na`ep]r])oa mqa ] ok_ekhkce]( lkn atailhk( jko kbana_ane] qi o]^an oacqnk a `abejepe) rk ok^na k ik`k `a bqj_ekj]iajpk `]o ok_ea`]`ao a mqa ko oanao dqi]jko lk`ane]i knc]) jev]n n]_ekj]hiajpa k ok_e]h( arep]j`k narkhq ao( narkhp]o a `aoecq]h`]`ao* =_na`ep]r])oa( p]i^i( mqa ] loe_khkce] ajoej]ne] `abejeper]iajpa _kik bqj_ekj] ] loemqa dqi]j]( mq]eo ]o _]qo]o `ko _kilknp]iajpko a ko iaeko `a _kjpnkh)hko( mq]eo ]o _]qo]o `]o aik ao a ko iaeko `a _kjpnkh)h]o( `a p]h ik`k mqa oane] lkoorah hern]n)jko `]o ]jc ope]o( `k ia`k( `] hkq_qn]( ]ooei _kik oane] lkoorah qi] la`]ckce] ^]oa]`] jko _kjda_eiajpko _eajp) be_ko a mqa laniepene] jk o ]`]lp]n lanbaep]iajpa ]o _ne]j]o o atecj_e]o `] ok_ea`]`a( _kik p]i^i a`q_)h]o oacqj`k oq]o rk_] ao a lkpaj_e]he`]`ao loe_kh ce_]o* Jk ajp]jpk( jk o_qhk TT( ] behkokbe] l]ookq ] `ao_kjbe]n `k kpeieoik _eajpbe_k)pa_) jkh ce_k `k o_qhk ]jpanekn ai renpq`a `a rneko ]_kjpa_eiajpko6 ]o `q]o cqann]o iqj`e]eo( k ^ki^]n`aek `a Denkodei] a J]c]o]ge( ko _]ilko `a _kj_ajpn]k j]veop]o a aop]hejeop]o( ]o cqann]o `] ?knae]( `k Reapj( `k Kneajpa I`ek( `k =bac]jeopk( ]o ejr]o ao nqoo]o `] Dqj) cne] a `] P_da_kohkrmqe]( ]o `ep]`qn]o o]jcnajp]o `] =ine_] H]pej] a `] ãbne_]( ] `ar]o) p]k `a i]nao( bhknaop]o a pann]o( ] lkhqek `k ]n( ko lanecko _]j_ancajko `a ]heiajpko a nai`eko( k ]qiajpk `a `eop n^eko a okbneiajpko iajp]eo( ko lnk^hai]o pe_ko a lkhpe_ko oqnce`ko _ki k `aoajrkhreiajpk `] cajpe_] a `] ajcajd]ne] cajpe_] $] ejoaiej]k ]npe) be_e]h( ] _hkj]cai( ] ]hpan]k `] aopnqpqn] `a lh]jp]o a ]jei]eo% ap_* =hi `eook( ]o _ej_e]o a ]o p_je_]o bkn]i ej_knlkn]`]o ] cn]j`ao _kilhatko ej`qopne]eo a iehep]nao( mqa bej]j_e]i ]o laomqeo]o a `abejai k mqa `ara oan laomqeo]`k a _kik oank qpehev]) `ko ko naoqhp]`ko* K _d]i]`k Î_kilhatk ej`qopne]h)iehep]nÏ `]o cn]j`ao lkpj_e]o a_kjie_]o lkooqe lk`an `a re`] a iknpa ok^na k lh]jap]( jk aop oq^iape`k ] ckranjko jai ] ]ook_e] ao l ^he_]o( i]o klan] oa_nap]iajpa( oacqj`k oaqo ln lneko ejpanaooao( `aoaj_]`a]j`k cqann]o( `ep]`qn]o( rekhj_e]o ai pk`] l]npa( mq]j`k eook _kjri o oq]o bej]he`]`ao* Qi] ao_kh] ]hai `a behkokbe]( ] Ao_kh] `a Bn]jgbqnp( ah]^knkq qi] _kj_alk _k jda) _e`] _kik Pakne] ?npe_]( j] mq]h `eopejcqa `q]o bkni]o `] n]vk6 ^ o^wl fkpqorjbkq^i a ^ o^ wl `oqf`^*
(ULTON $EUTSCHß#OLLECTIONß #ORBIS,ATINSTOCK
=o _e j_e]o a ]o p_je_]o
%SCOLAßDEß&RANKFURTß3EDEß DOß)NSTITUTOßDEß0ESQUISAß 3OCIAL ßQUEßABRIGAVAßUMß GRUPOßDEßPENSADORESßß ALEMjESßMARXISTASß NAßDmCADAßDEß ß RESPONSfVEISßPELAß FORMULAljOßDAß4EORIAß #RqTICA
20
=ola_pko `] behkokbe] _kjpailkn ja] x #!0É45,/ß x
= n]vk ejopnqiajp]h ] n]vk p_je_k)_eajpbe_]( mqa b]v `]o _ej_e]o a `]o p_je_]o jk qi iaek `a he^an]k `ko oanao dqi]jko( i]o qi iaek `a ejpeie`]k( ia`k( pannkn a `aoao) lank* =k _kjpnnek( ] n]vk _npe_] ]mqah] mqa ]j]heo] a ejpanlnap] ko heiepao a ko lanecko `k lajo]iajpk ejopnqiajp]h a ]beni] mqa ]o iq`]j]o ok_e]eo( lkhpe_]o a _qhpqn]eo o oa na]hev]) nk ran`]`aen]iajpa oa peranai _kik bej]he`]`a ] ai]j_el]k `k cjank dqi]jk a jk ]o e`ae]o `a _kjpnkha a `kijek p_je_k)_eajpbe_k ok^na ] j]pqnav]( ] ok_ea`]`a a ] _qhpqn]*
Ko e`a]eo lkhpe_ko narkhq_ekjneko
4HEß-UNCHß-USEUM4HEß-UNCH %LLINGSENß'ROUP!RTISTSß2IGHTSßSOCIETYß!23 ß.EWßYORK
Jk o_qhk TET( ai `a_knnj_e] `k kpeieoik pn]ve`k lah]o e`ae]o `a lnkcnaook( `aoaj rkh) reiajpk p_je_k)_eajpbe_k( lk`anek dqi]jk l]n] _kjopnqen qi] re`] fqop] a bahev( ] be hk okbe] ]lkopkq jko e`a]eo lkhpe_ko narkhq_ekjneko Í ]j]n mqeo ik( ok_e]heoik( _kiqjeoik Í mqa _ne]ne]i( cn]]o ]k lk h pe_] _kjo_eajpa `ko atlhkn]`ko a klneie`ko( qi] ok_ea`]`a jkr]( fqop] a bahev* Jk ajp]jpk( jk o_qhk TT( _ki k oqnceiajpk `]o _d] i] `]o ok_ea`]`ao pkp]hepne]o kq `ko naceiao pkp]hepneko Í b]o_eoik( j]veoik( op]hejeoik( i]koik Í a _ki k ]qiajpk `k lk`an `]o ok_ea`]`ao ]qpknepne]o kq `ep]pkne]eo $_kik ]o `] =ine_] H]pej]( `]o Behelej]o a `] ãbne_] `k Oqh%( ] behkokbe] p]i^i l]ookq ] `ao_kjbe]n `k kpeieoik narkhq_ekjnek a `]o qpkle]o a ] ej`]c]n oa ko oanao dqi]jko( ko atlhkn]`ko a ko `kiej]`ko( oane]i _]l]vao `a _ne]n a i]jpan qi] ok_ea `]`a jkr]( fqop] a bahev* K _nao_eiajpk `]o _d]i]`]o ^qnk_n]_e]o Í mqa `kiej]i ]o knc]jev] ao aop]p]eo( ai) lnao]ne]eo( lkhpe_k)l]npe`ne]o( ao _k h]nao( dkolep]h]nao Í harkq ] behkokbe] ] ej`]c]n _kik ko oanao dqi]jko lk`ane]i `annq^]n aooa eiajok lk`anek mqa ko ckranj] oa_nap]iajpa( mqa ahao `ao_kjda_ai a mqa `apaniej] oq] re`] _kpe`e]j]( `ao`a k j]o_eiajpk ]p ] iknpa*
21
K Cnepk $-45/%( mq]`nk `a A`q]n` Iqj_d $-42/Ì-500%* Jk o_qhk TET( ]_na`ep]r])oa mqa ] loe_khkce] atlhe_]ne] k bqj_ekj]iajpk `] loemqa dqi]j]( `a ik`k ] hern]n)jko `]o ]jcope]o( `k ia`k a `] hkq_qn]*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = behkokbe]
= _qhpqn] Jk o_qhk TET( ] behkokbe] `ao_k^na ] _qhpqn] _kik k ik`k ln lnek a aola_be_k `] ateopj) _e] `ko oanao dqi]jko* Ko ]jei]eo ok oanao j]pqn]eo7 ko dqi]jko( oanao _qhpqn]eo* = j]pqnav] ckranj]`] lkn haeo ja_aoone]o `a _]qo] a abaepk7 ] _qhpqn] k atan__ek `] he^an`]`a* = _qhpqn] ] _ne]k _khaper] `a e`ae]o( oi^khko a r]hknao lahko mq]eo qi] ok_ea`]`a `abeja l]n] oe iaoi] k ^ki a k i]q( k ^ahk a k baek( k fqopk a k ejfqopk( k ran`]`aenk a k b]hok( k lqnk a k eilqnk( k lkoorah a k eilkoorah( k ejareprah a k _]oq]h( k o]cn]`k a k lnkb]jk( k aol]k a k pailk* = _qhpqn] oa na]hev] lknmqa ko dqi]jko ok _]l]vao `a hejcq]cai( pn]) ^]hdk a nah]k _ki k pailk* = _qhpqn] oa i]jebaop] _kik re`] ok_e]h( _kik _ne]k `]o k^n]o `a lajo]iajpk a `a ]npa( _kik re`] naheceko] a re`] lkhpe_]* L]n] ] behkokbe] `k o_qhk TET( ai _kjokj j_e] _ki oq] e`ae] `a lnkcnaook `] dq) i]je`]`a a `a qi] deop ne] qjerano]h `]o _erehev] ao( d]rane] qi] je_] cn]j`a _qhpqn] ai `aoajrkhreiajpk kq ai lnkcnaook( `] mq]h ]o `ebanajpao _qhpqn]o oane]i b]oao kq ap]l]o* L]n] kqpnko( _d]i]`ko `a beh okbko nki jpe_ko kq ]`alpko `] behkokbe] `k nki]jpeoik( ]o _qhpqn]o jk bkni]r]i qi] oamqj_e] qjerano]h lnkcnaooer]( i]o an]i _qhpqn]o l]npe) _qh]nao( eopk ( j]_ekj]eo* =ooei( _]^e] behkokbe] _kjda_an k Îaolnepk `a qi lkrkÏ _k jda) _aj`k ]o knecajo a ]o n]vao `a _]`] _qhpqn]( lkeo( l]n] aooao beh okbko( k i]eo eilknp]jpa `a qi] _qhpqn] jk oa aj_kjpn]ne] ai oaq bqpqnk $jk oaq lnkcnaook%( i]o jk oaq l]oo]`k( eopk ( j]o pn]`e ao( jk bkh_hkna j]_ekj]h* Jk ajp]jpk( jk o_qhk TT( ] behkokbe]( ]beni]j`k mqa ] deop ne] `ao_kjpjq]( p]i^i ]beni] mqa jk d ^ `riqro^( i]o `riqro^p `ebanajpao( a mqa ] lhqn]he`]`a `a _qhpqn]o a ]o `e) banaj]o ajpna ah]o jk oa `arai j]k( lkeo ] e`ae] `a j]k qi] _ne]k _qhpqn]h a jk ] _]qo] `]o `ebanaj]o _qhpqn]eo* Kq oaf]( ] j]k jk _]qo] `] `ebanaj] _qhpqn]h( lknmqa ] ln lne] e`ae] `a j]k qi] ejrajk _qhpqn]h `a qi] _qhpqn] `apaniej]`] $jk _]ok( ejraj) k baep] lah]o _qhpqn]o bn]j_ao] a ]hai `k o_qhk TET%* ?]`] _qhpqn] ejrajp] oaq ik`k `a nah]_ekj]n)oa _ki k pailk( `a _ne]n oq] hejcq]cai( `a ah]^kn]n oaqo iepko a oq]o _naj]o( `a knc]jev]n k pn]^]hdk a ]o nah] ao ok_e]eo( `a _ne]n ]o k^n]o `a lajo]iajpk a `a ]npa* ?]`] qi]( ai `a_knnj_e] `]o _kj`e ao deop ne_]o( cak) cnbe_]o a lkhpe_]o ai mqa oa bkni]( pai oaq ik`k ln lnek `a knc]jev]n k lk`an a ] ]q pk ne) `]`a( `a lnk`qven oaqo r]hknao*
!NTONIOß2IBEIRO%DITORAß!BRIL
æj`ek U]jki]ie _ki k behdk jk _khk( `aep]`k jqi] na`a( `ajpnk `] i]hk_]( j] nacek `k nek @aieje( ai Nkn]ei]*
22
=ola_pko `] behkokbe] _kjpailkn ja] x #!0É45,/ß x
?kjpn] ] behkokbe] `] _qhpqn] qjerano]h( ] behkokbe] `k o_qhk TT jackq mqa dkqraooa qi] je_] _qhpqn] ai lnkcnaook a ]benikq ] ateopj_e] `] lhqn]he`]`a _qhpqn]h* ?kjpn] ] behkokbe] nki jpe_] `]o _qhpqn]o j]_ekj]eo _kik atlnaook `k Îaolnepk `k lkrkÏ a `k _kjfqjpk `a pn]`e ao( ] behkokbe] `k o_qhk TT jackq mqa ] j]_ekj]he`]`a bkooa _]qo] `]o _qhpqn]o $]o j]) _ekj]he`]`ao ok abaepko _qhpqn]eo pailknneko% a ]benikq mqa _]`] _qhpqn] oa nah]_ekj] _ki kqpn]o a aj_kjpn] `ajpnk `a oe oaqo ik`ko `a pn]jobkni]k* @aoo] i]jaen]( k lnaoajpa aop rkhp]`k l]n] k bqpqnk( a jk l]n] k _kjoanr]`kneoik `k l]oo]`k*
0HILIPPEß(ALSMAN-AGNUMß0HOTOS,ATINSTOCK
K bei `] behkokbe]
"ERTRANDß2USSELßß ¯
Jk o_qhk TET( k kpeieoik _eajpbe_k a p_je_k harkq ] behkokbe] ] oqlkn mqa( jk bqpqnk( o d]rane] _ej_e]o( a mqa pk`ko ko _kjda_eiajpko a pk`]o ]o atlhe_] ao oane]i `]`ko lkn ah]o* =ooei( ] ln lne] behkokbe] lk`ane] `ao]l]na_an( jk paj`k ikperk l]n] ateopen* Jk ajp]jpk( jk o_qhk TT( ] behkokbe] l]ookq ] ikopn]n mqa ]o _ej_e]o jk lkooqai lnej_leko pkp]hiajpa _anpko( oacqnko a necknkoko l]n] ]o ejraopec] ao( mqa ko naoqhp]`ko lk`ai oan `qre`koko a lna_neko( a mqa( bnamqajpaiajpa( qi] _ej_e] `ao_kjda_a ]p kj`a lk`a en a mq]j`k aop ajpn]j`k jk _]ilk `a ejraopec]k `a qi] kqpn]* Ko lnej_leko( ko ipk`ko( ko _kj_aepko a ko naoqhp]`ko `a qi] _ej_e] lk`ai aop]n pk) p]hiajpa amqerk_]`ko kq `aolnkre`ko `a bqj`]iajpk* ?ki eook( ] behkokbe] rkhpkq ] ]ben i]n oaq l]lah `a _kilnaajok a ejpanlnap]k _npe_] `]o _ej_e]o( `eo_qpej`k ] r]he`]`a `a oaqo lnej_leko( lnk_a`eiajpko `a laomqeo]( naoqhp]`ko( `a oq]o bkni]o `a atlkoek `ko `]`ko a `]o _kj_hqo ao ap_* Bkn]i lnak_ql] ao _ki ] b]hp] `a neckn `]o _ej_e]o mqa har]n]i k beh okbk ]haik Dqooanh ] lnklkn mqa ] behkokbe] bkooa k aopq`k a k _kjda_eiajpk necknkok `] lkooe^ehe`]`a `k ln lnek _kjda_eiajpk _eajpbe_k( at]iej]j`k ko bqj`]iajpko( ko ipk`ko a ko naoqh) p]`ko `]o _ej_e]o* Bkn]i p]i^i lnak_ql] ao _kik aoo]o mqa har]n]i beh okbko _kik >anpn]j` Nqooahh a Mqeja ] aopq`]n ] hejcq]cai _eajpbe_]( ] `eo_qpen ko lnk^hai]o h ce_ko `]o _ej_e]o a ] ikopn]n ko l]n]`ktko a ko heiepao `k _kjda_eiajpk _eajpbe_k*
= i]ekne`]`a `] n]vk
23
Jk o_qhk TET( k kpeieoik behko be_k har]r] ] behkokbe] ] ]beni]n mqa( ajbei( ko oanao dq) i]jko d]re]i oqlh]jp]`k ] oqlanopek( ]o atlhe_] ao ice_]o a b]jpope_]o `] na]he`]`a a ]h_]j]`k ] i]ekne`]`a n]_ekj]h* =_na`ep]r] p]i^i mqa ] n]vk oa `aoajrkhre] lhaj]iajpa l]n] mqa k _kjda_eiajpk _kilhapk `] na]he`]`a a `]o ] ao dqi]j]o bkooa ]pejce`k* Jk ajp]jpk( I]nt( jk bej]h `k o_qhk TET( a Bnaq`( jk ej_ek `k o_qhk TT( lqoan]i ai mqaopk aooa kpeieoik n]_ekj]heop]* I]nt a Bnaq`( _]`] mq]h ai oaq _]ilk `a ejraopec]k a _]`] mq]h rkhp]`k l]n] `ebanajpao ]ola_pko `] ]k dqi]j] Í I]nt( rkhp]`k l]n] ] a_kjk) ie] a ] lkhpe_]7 Bnaq`( rkhp]`k l]n] ]o lanpqn^] ao a ko okbneiajpko lomqe_ko Í( bevan]i `ao_k^anp]o mqa( ]p dkfa( _kjpejq]i eilkj`k mqaop ao behko be_]o* Mqa `ao_k^nen]i ahao; I]nt `ao_k^neq mqa paiko ] ehqok `a aop]niko lajo]j`k _ki jkoo] ln lne] _]^a] a ]cej`k lkn jkoo] ln lne] rkjp]`a `a i]jaen] n]_ekj]h a herna( `a ]_kn`k _ki jkook ajpaj) `eiajpk a jkoo] he^an`]`a( lknmqa `ao_kjda_aiko ]o _kj`e ao a_kjie_]o a ok_e]eo j]o mq]eo ] _h]ooa ok_e]h mqa `kiej] ] ok_ea`]`a atan_a oaq lk`an ok^na ] iajpa `a pk`ko( b]) vaj`k _ki mqa oq]o e`ae]o l]na]i oan ran`]`ao qjerano]eo( rhe`]o l]n] pk`ko ko iai^nko `] ok_ea`]`a a l]n] pk`]o ]o _h]ooao ok_e]eo* Aooa lk`an ok_e]h ejreorah mqa jko bkn] ] lajo]n _kik lajo]iko a ]cen _kik ]ceiko bke _d]i]`k lkn aha `a e`akhkce]* Bnaq`( lkn oq] rav( ikopnkq mqa ko oanao dqi]jko pi ] ehqok `a mqa pq`k mq]jpk lajo]i( b]vai( oajpai a `aoaf]i( pq`k mq]jpk `evai kq _]h]i aop]ne] ok^ k lhajk _kjpnk) ha `a jkoo] _kjo_ej_e] lknmqa `ao_kjda_aiko ] ateopj_e] `a qi] bkn] ejreorah( `a qi lk`an Í mqa lomqe_k a ok_e]h Í mqa ]pq] ok^na jkoo] _kjo_ej_e] oai mqa ah] k o]e^]* = aooa lk`an mqa `kiej] a _kjpnkh] ejreorah a lnkbqj`]iajpa jkoo] re`] _kjo_eajpa aha `aq k jkia `a ej_kjo_eajpa*
$AVIDß3EYMOUR-AGNUMß0HOTOS,ATINSTOCK
x 5.)$!$%ß x = behkokbe]
@e]jpa `aoo]o `q]o `ao_k^anp]o( ] behkokbe] oa req bkn]`] ] na]^nen ] `eo_qook ok^na k mqa a k mqa lk`a ] n]vk( ok^na k mqa a k mqa lk`a ] _kjo_ej_e] nabhater] kq k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiaj) pk( ok^na k mqa ok a k mqa lk`ai ]o ]l]nj_e]o a ]o ehqo ao* =k iaoik pailk( ] behkokbe] para `a na]^nen ]o `eo_qoo ao pe_]o a ikn]eo6 ÎK dkiai na]hiajpa herna kq ejpaen]iajpa _kj`e_ekj]`k lah] oq] oe) pq]k lomqe_] a deop ne_];Ï7 ÎOa bkn ejpaen]iajpa _kj`e_ekj]`k( ajpk ] deop ne] a ] _qhpqn] ok _]q) o]he`]`ao ja_aoone]o _kik ] j]pqnav];Ï* Kq oane] i]eo _kn napk ej`]c]n6 Î?kik ko oanao dqi]jko _kjmqeop]i ] he ^an `]`a ai iaek ] pk`ko ko _kj) `e_ekj]iajpko lomqe_ko( deo p ne_ko( a_kjie_ko( _qhpqn]eo ai mqa rerai;Ï*
Ejbejepk a bejepk K o_qhk TET lnkooacqeq qi] pn]`ek behko be) _] mqa raek `ao`a ] =jpecqe`]`a a mqa bke iqepk ]he) iajp]`] lahk lajo]iajpk _neopk* Jaoo] pn]`ek( k i]eo eilknp]jpa oai lna bke ] e`ae] `k ejbejepk( eopk ( ] j]pqnav] apanj] $`ko cnacko%( k @aqo apanjk $`ko _neopko%( k `aoajrkhreiajpk lhajk a pkp]h `] deop ne] kq `k pailk _kik pkp]hev]k `a pk`ko ko oaqo ikiajpko kq oq]o ap]l]o $_kik j] behkokbe] `a Dacah( lkn atailhk%* Lnar]ha_e] ] e`ae] `a pk`k kq `a pkp]he`]`a( `] mq]h ko dqi]jko b]vai l]npa a l]npe_el]i* Jk ajp]jpk( ] behkokbe] `k o_qhk TT paj`aq ] `]n i]ekn eilknp j_e] ]k bejepk( eopk ( ]k mqa oqnca a `ao]l]na_a( ]k mqa pai bnkjpaen]o a heiepao* Aooa Pn]^]hd]`knao bn]j_aoao _kiaikn]i ejpanaooa lahk bejepk ]l]na_aq( lkn atailhk( jqi] ]lnkr]k `] fknj]`] oai]j]h `a _knnajpa behko be_] $ajpna ko ]jko -5/, a -51,% _d]) 0, dkn]o a bne]o naiqjan]`]o( ai -5/2( j]o eia`e] ao `a L]neo* i]`] ateopaj_e]heoik( mqa `abejeq k dqi]jk kq k dkiai _kik Îqi oan l]n] ] iknpaÏ( kq oaf]( qi oan mqa o]^a mqa pailkn]h a mqa paniej] a mqa lna_eo] aj_kjpn]n ai oe iaoik k oajpe`k `a oq] ateopj_e]* L]n] ] i]ekne] `ko ateopaj_e]heop]o( `keo an]i ko ik`ko lnerehace]`ko `a k dkiai ]_ae) p]n a ajbnajp]n oq] bejepq`a6 lkn iaek `]o ]npao a lkn iaek `] ]k lkhpe_k)narkhq_ekjne]* Jaoo]o bkni]o at_al_ekj]eo `] ]pere`]`a( ko dqi]jko oane]i _]l]vao `a `]n oajpe`k ^na) re`]`a a bejepq`a `a oq] re`]* Qi kqpnk atailhk `k ejpanaooa lah] bejepq`a ]l]na_aq jk mqa oa _kopqi] _d]i]n `a cfilplcf^ a^ afcbobk ^( eopk ( j]mqah] behkokbe] mqa oa ejpanaoo] iajko lah]o oaiahd]j]o a e`ajpe`]`ao a iqepk i]eo lah] oejcqh]ne`]`a a l]npe_qh]ne`]`a* ]ooei( lkn atailhk( mqa p]h behkokbe]( ejolen]j`k)oa jko pn]^]hdko `ko ]jpnkl hkcko( ejpanaookq)oa lah] `eranoe`]`a( lhqn]he`]`a( oejcqh]ne`]`a `]o `ebanajpao _qhpqn]o( ai hqc]n `a rkhp]n)oa l]n] ] e`ae] `a qi] _qhpqn] qjerano]h( mqa bke( jk o_qhk TET( qi] `]o ei]cajo `k ejbejepk( eopk ( `a qi] pkp]he`]`a mqa _kjpane] `ajpnk `a oe( _kik oq]o l]npao kq oaqo ikiajpko( ]o `ebanajpao _qhpqn]o oejcqh]nao* Ajbei( qi kqpnk atailhk `a ejpanaooa lah] bejepq`a ]l]na_aq mq]j`k ] behkokbe]( ai rav `a ^qo_]n qi] _ej_e] qjerano]h mqa _kjpane] `ajpnk `a oe pk`]o ]o _ej_e]o l]npe_qh]nao( ejpanaookq)oa lah] iqhpelhe_e`]`a a lah] `ebanaj] ajpna ]o _ej_e]o( lahko heiepao `a _]`] qi] `ah]o a ok^napq`k lkn oaqo eil]ooao a lnk^hai]o ejokh raeo*
24
=ola_pko `] behkokbe] _kjpailkn ja] x #!0É45,/ß x
Jkooko `e]o6 ] lo)ik`anje`]`a @ao`a ia]`ko `ko ]jko -52,( oqnca ] e`ae] `a mqa ] ik`anje`]`a paniejkq a mqa oa eje_ekq ] l o)ik`anje`]`a* @ev)oa mqa ] ik`anje`]`a _knnaolkj`a lk_] `] ok_ea`]`a ej`qopne]h $]mqah] ai mqa k lk`an a_kjie_k a lkhpe_k lanpaj_a o cn]j`ao ej` opne]o a ai mqa oa atlhkn] k pn]^]hdk lnk`qperk%( ajmq]jpk ] l o)ik`anje`]`a _knnaolkj`a ok_ea`]`a l o)ej`qopne]h $]mqah] ai mqa k lk`an a_kjie_k a lkhpe_k lanpaj_a ]k _]lep]h bej]j_aenk a ]k oapkn `a oanreko `]o na`ao ahapnje_]o `a ]qpki]k a ejbkni]k%* K mqa an] ] ik`anje`]`a; An] k _kjfqjpk `a e`ae]o a `a r]hknao mqa d]re]i jknpa]`k ] behkokbe] a ]o _ej_e]o `ao`a k bej]h `k o_qhk TREEE ]p ko ]jko -52, a mqa lk`aiko ^na ra) iajpa naoqien jko oacqejpao ]ola_pko6 -*
Jk _]ilk `k _kjda_eiajpk6
n]_ekj]heoik6 _kjbe]j] jk lk`an `] n]vk $oaf] _kik n]vk ejopnqiajp]h( oaf] _kik n]vk _npe_]% l]n] `eopejcqen ajpna ]l]nj_e] a na]he`]`a a l]n] _kjda_an a pn]jobkni]n ] na]he`]`a* K n]_ekj]heoik `abejen] _nepneko mqa laniepe]i `eopejcqen ajpna n]vk a hkq_qn]( oan a l]na_an kq na]he`]`a a ]l]nj_e]( _kjda_eiajpk a ehqok( ran`]`a a e`ak) hkce]( a ]ooacqn]r] ] r]he`]`a `k _kjda_eiajpk behko be_k a _eajpbe_k7 `eopejk ajpna ejpanekn a atpanekn kq ajpna oqfaepk a k^fapk6 _kjbe]j] ai _nepneko a lnk_a`eiajpko mqa laniepe]i `eopejcqen _h]n]iajpa ajpna k oqfaepk kq ] _kjo_ej_e] $k ejpanekn% a k k^fapk kq ]o _keo]o $k atpanekn%( `a i]jaen] ] ]ooacqn]n ] oq^fapere`]`a $eopk ( k lajo]iajpk _ki oaqo lnej_leko a haeo qjerano]eo a _ki oaqo lnk_a`eiajpko pa ne_ko ln lneko% _kik bqj`]iajpk ja_aoonek `k _kjda_eiajpk kq _kik _kj`ek ja_aoone] `] k^fapere`]`a _kik bkni] `k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk7 ]beni]k `] _]l]_e`]`a `] n]vk dqi]j] l]n] _kjda_an ] aooj_e] kq ] aopnqpqn] ejpanj] `a pk`ko ko oanao( `abejej`k ]o _]qo]o a _kj`e ao lah]o mq]eo `apaniej]`] ] e`ajpe`]`a `a _]`] _keo] a oq] na]he`]`a( `aikjopn]j`k ]o nah] ao ja_aoone]o mqa _]`] qi] `ah]o i]jpi _ki kqpn]o `a mqa `alaj`ai kq mqa `ah]o `alaj`ai a kbana) _aj`k ]o haeo ja_aoone]o `a iq`]j] kq ]hpan]k `a pk`]o ]o _keo]o*
+EVINß7INTER)MAGE&ORUM'ETTYß)MAGESSTF
K rk_]heop] `] ^]j`] Q.( >kjk Rkt( ai odks jk aop`ek Nkoa >ksh( jko Aop]`ko Qje`ko( pn]joiepe`k ]k rerk lahk Ukq Pq^a l]n] -5 l]oao* Bke k lneiaenk odks `aoo] i]cjepq`a pn]joiepe`k ]k rerk l]n] rneko l]oao( ]h_]j]j`k qi] ]q`e j_e] na_kn`a*
25
x 5.)$!$%ß x = behkokbe]
.* Jk _]ilk `] lnpe_]6 ]beni]k `] `ebanaj] ajpna ] ja_aooe`]`a mqa naca ] kn`ai j]pqn]h kq ]o haeo `] j]) pq nav] a ] kn`ai dqi]j] `] _qhpqn] $pe_]( lkhpe_]( ]npao%( lkeo jaop] ]o nacn]o a jkn) i]o `alaj`ai `] ]k a_kjie_]( ok_e]h a lkhpe_] `ko ln lneko dkiajo* =ej`] mqa ] kn`ai ok_e]h a lkhpe_] ]pqa ok^na ko ej`er`qko _kik oa peraooa ] iaoi] ja_aooe`]`a mqa ] kn`ai j]pqn]h( ah] lk`a oan iq`]`] a pn]jobkni]`] lahko oanao dqi]jko( k mqa lnkr] mqa ah] qi] ejopepqek dqi]j] a deop ne_]7 ]beni]k `a mqa ko oanao dqi]jko ok ej`er`qko a ]caj pao hernao lknmqa ok oanao n]_ek) j]eo `kp]`ko `a rkjp]`a( _]l]vao `a _kjpnkh]n a ik`an]n oq]o l]et ao a oaqo `aoafko a mqa ao_khdai lkn oe iaoiko ]o ] ao mqa ln]pe_]i( oaj`k lkn eook naolkjoraeo lkn ah]o7 `eopejk ajpna k l ^he_k a k lner]`k6 aop]^aha_eiajpk `a _nepneko mqa laniepe]i `eo) pejcqen ajpna ] aoban] l ^he_] kq lkhpe_] $kq k _]ilk `]o ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo a `a lk) `an% a ] aoban] lner]`] `] ikn]h ej`ere`q]h $] pe_]% a `] a_kjkie] `a ian_]`k $] lnk) lnea`]`a lner]`] `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk%7 ]beni]k `ko e`a]eo `] Narkhqk Bn]j_ao] Í ecq]h`]`a( he^an`]`a a bn]panje`]`a Í( na) _kjda_eiajpk `a qi] aoban] `a `enaepko _ereo Í k _]ilk `] _e`]`]je] Í a ]ilhe]k `ao) oao e`a]eo lah] ]beni]k `a `enaepko ok_e]eo( mqa `an]i knecai ]ko ikreiajpko ok_e]eo `a hqp] _kjpn] k n]_eoik( ]k ikreiajpk baiejeop] a ]ko ikreiajpko `a he^an]k oatq]h7 ]beni]k `a qi oajpe`k lnkcnaooerk `] deop ne] kq `a e`a]eo narkhq_ekjneko `a ai]j) _el]k `k cjank dqi]jk( _ki hqp]o ok_e]eo a lkhpe_]o _kjpn] ] klnaook a ] atlhkn]) k a_kjie_]( ok_e]h( lkhpe_] a _qhpqn]h* K lajo]iajpk l o)ik`anjk _nepe_] ]o e`ae]o ik `an j]o a ]o na_qo]* ?kjoe`an] ejbqj`]`]o a ehqo ne]o ]o lnapajo ao `] n]vk jk _kjda_eiajpk a j] lnpe_]( mq]j`k jk qi `eob]n_a l]n] k atan__ek `] `kiej]k ok^na ko dkiajo* Fqhc] mqa k _kjda_eiajpk jk oa `abeja lkn lnk_a`eiajpko ]npe_qh]`ko `eopejk ajpna ] ran`]`a a ] b]hoe`]`a a oei lahko _nepneko `] qpehe`]`a a `] abe__e]6 qi _kjda_eiajpk $behko be_k( _eajpbe_k( ]npope_k% rhe`k oa bkn peh $oa oanren l]n] ]hcqi] _keo] ]mqe a ]ckn]% kq oa bkn abe_]v l]n] ] k^pajk `a bejo `aoaf]`ko lkn mqai _kjda_a( jk eilknp]j`k mqa bejo oaf]i* ?kjoe`an] ejbqj`]`] ] `eopejk ajpna oqfaepk a k^fapk( lkeo p]jpk ]o behkokbe]o _kik ]o _ej) _e]o ok _kjopnq ao oq^faper]o `a oaqo k^fapko( ko mq]eo o ateopai _kik naoqhp]`k `]o klan] ao pa ne_]o a p_je_]o* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( k _kjda_eiajpk jk reo] ] qi] na]he`]`a ateopajpa ai oe iaoi] a oei ejrajk kq _kjopnqk `a k^fapko pa ne_ko a p_je_ko* Jk _]ok `] behkokbe]( aoo] _ne]k baep] lkn iaek `] hejcq]cai( ] mq]h( _kik j] hepan]pqn]( jk `ev k mqa ]o _keo]o ok a oei _ne] _keo]o ]k b]h]n `ah]o* Jk _]ok `]o _ej_e]o( aoo] _ne]k baep] lkn iaek `a lnk_a`eiajpko `a h]^kn]p nek( jk mq]h ko _eajpeop]o jk k^oanr]i na]he`]`ao( i]o ]o _kjopnkai* Jk ]`iepa ] `eopejk ajpna kn`ai j]pqn]h ja_aoone] a kn`ai deop ne_] kq _qhpqn]h ejopepq`] lahko dkiajo6 ]i^]o ok ejraj ao kq ejopepqe ao dqi]j]o( _kjpejcajpao( ab) ian]o( l]oo]caen]o* Jk ]`iepa ] `abejek `k oan dqi]jk _kik ]jei]h n]_ekj]h `kp]`k `a rkjp]`a herna( i]o k _kj_a^a _kik qi oan l]ooekj]h( `aoaf]jpa( mqa ]ca ikre`k lkn eilqhoko a ejopejpko( ai^kn]( ]k iaoik pailk( ejopepq] qi] kn`ai ok_e]h mqa nalneia oaqo `aoafko a l]et ao* = pe_]( lknp]jpk( jk oa `abeja lah] ]k n]_ekj]h rkhqjpne] herna mqa ^qo_] ] ]k ^k] kq renpqko]( i]o oa `abeja lah] ^qo_] `] o]peob]k `ko `aoafko( o]peob]k mqa `abeja ] bahe_e`]) `a a aop] oa na]hev] j] aoban] `] ejpeie`]`a ej`ere`q]h* @ao_kjbe] `] lkhpe_]6 ] `aik_n]_e] can] ] ]l]pe] _nao_ajpa `ko _e`]`ko7 k ok_e]heoik a k _kiqjeoik `aoai^k_]i ai naceiao a ok_ea`]`ao pkp]hepne]o* Lkn eook `ao_kjbe] `] `eo) pejk ajpna k l ^he_k a k lner]`k a ` eilknp j_e] aoban] `] ejpeie`]`a ej`ere`q]h* @ eilknp j_e] e`ae] `a afcbobk ^( kq oaf]( ai hqc]n `a pki]n ] ok_ea`]`a _kik qi] aopnqpqn] mqa klan] lah] `ereok ok_e]h `]o _h]ooao $_]`] qi] `]o mq]eo _ki qi] na]he`]`a a qi] e`ajpe`]`a `abeje`]o lah] a_kjkie] a lah] lkhpe_] a _kjpnne]o qi]o o kqpn]o kq ai
3,
=ola_pko `] behkokbe] _kjpailkn ja] x #!0É45,/ß x
hqp] _kjpjq]%( _kj_a^a k ok_e]h _kik qi] pae] bn]ciajp]`] `a cnqlko mqa oa `ebanaj_e]i lkn apje]( cjank( nahecek( _kopqiao( _kilknp]iajpko( ckopko a lnabanj_e]o*
Pai]o( `eo_elhej]o a _]ilko behkobe_ko
= "ETTMANN#ORBIS,ATINSTOCK
behkokbe] ateopa d .2 o_qhko* @qn]jpa qi] deop ne] pk hkjc] a `a p]jpko lank`ko `e) banajpao( oqncen]i pai]o( `eo_elhej]o a _]ilko `a ejraopec]k behko be_ko ajmq]jpk kqpnko `ao]l]na_an]i* @ao]l]na_aq p]i^i ] e`ae] `a =neop pahao `a mqa ] behkokbe] an] ] pkp]he`]`a `ko _kjda_eiajpko pa ne_ko a lnpe_ko `] dqi]je`]`a* P]i^i `ao]l]na_aq qi] ei]cai( mqa `qnkq iqepko o_qhko( j] mq]h ] behkokbe] an] nalnaoajp]`] _kik qi] cn]j`a nrkna bnkj`ko]( _qf]o n]vao an]i ] iap]boe_] a ] pakhkce]( _qfk pnkj_k an] ] h ce_]( _qfko n]iko lnej_el]eo an]i ] behkokbe] `] j]pqnav]( ] pe_] a ] lkh) pe_]( a _qfko c]hdko atpnaiko an]i ]o p_je_]o( ]o ]npao a ]o ejraj ao* = behkokbe]( reop] _kik qi] pkp]he`]`a knc je_] kq rer]( an] _d]i]`] `a În]ejd] `]o _ej_e]oÏ* Eook `ao]l]na_aq* Lkq_k ] lkq_k( ]o rne]o _ej_e]o l]npe_qh]nao bkn]i `abejej`k oaqo k^faperko( oaqo i pk`ko a oaqo naoqhp]`ko ln lneko( a oa `aohec]n]i `] cn]j`a nrkna* ?]`] _ej_e]( ]k oa `aohec]n( harkq _kjoeck ko _kjda_eiajpko lnpe_ko kq ]lhe_]`ko `a oaq _]ilk `a ejraopec]k( eopk ( ]o ]npao a ]o p_je_]o ] ah] hec]`]o* =o hpei]o _ej_e]o ] ]l]na_an a ] oa `aohec]n `] nrkna `] behkokbe] bkn]i ]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o $loe_khkce]( ok_ekhkce]( ]jpnklkhkce]( deop ne]( hejcqope_]( cakcn]be] ap_*%* Kqpnko _]ilko `a _kjda_eiajpk a `a ]k ]^nen]i)oa l]n] ] behkokbe]( i]o ] e`ae] `a qi] pkp]he`]`a `a o]^anao mqa _kjpane] ai oe pk`ko ko _kjda_eiajpko jqj_] i]eo na]l]na_aq* Jk o_qhk TT( ] behkokbe] bke oq^iape`] ] qi] cn]j`a heiep]k mq]jpk aoban] `a oaqo _kjda_eiajpko* Eook lk`a oan ]pne^q`k ] `keo ikperko lnej_el]eo6
)MMANUELß+ANTßß ¯
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3-
-*
@ao`a k bej]h `k o_qhk TREEE( _ki k beh okbk ]haik Eii]jqah G]jp( l]ookq)oa ] _kj) oe`an]n mqa ] behkokbe]( `qn]jpa pk`ko ko o_qhko ]jpaneknao( peran] qi] lnapajok en na]) hevrah* Mqa lnapajok bkn] aoo]; = `a mqa jkoo] n]vk lk`a _kjda_an ]o _keo]o p]eo _kik ok ai oe iaoi]o* Aooa _kjda_eiajpk `] na]he`]`a ai oe( `ko lneiaenko lnej_leko a `]o lneiaen]o _]qo]o `a pk`]o ]o _keo]o _d]i])oa iap]boe_]* G]jp jackq mqa ] n]vk dqi]j] peraooa p]h lk`an `a _kjda_eiajpk a ]benikq mqa o _kjda_aiko ]o _keo]o p]eo _kik ok knc]jev]`]o lah] aopnqpqn] ejpanj] a qjerano]h `a jkoo] n]vk( i]o jqj_] o]^anaiko oa p]h knc]jev]k _knnaolkj`a kq jk knc]je) v]k ai oe `] ln lne] na]he`]`a* @aet]j`k `a oan iap]boe_]( ] behkokbe] oa pknjkq k _kjda_eiajpk `]o _kj`e ao `a lkooe^ehe`]`a `k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk ajmq]jpk _kjda_eiajpk lkoorah l]n] ko oanao dqi]jko n]_ekj]eo* = behkokbe] pknjkq)oa qi] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk( kq qi] pakne] ok^na ] _]l]) _e `]`a a ] lkooe^ehe`]`a dqi]j]o `a _kjda_an( a qi] pe_]( kq aopq`k `]o _kj`e ao `a lkooe^ehe`]`a `] ]k ikn]h ajmq]jpk na]hev]`] lkn he^an`]`a a lkn `aran* ?ki eo) ok( ] behkokbe] `aet]r] `a oan _kjda_eiajpk `k iqj`k ai oe a pknj]r])oa ]laj]o _k) jda_eiajpk `k dkiai _kik oan n]_ekj]h a ikn]h*
.* @ao`a ia]`ko `k o_qhk TET( _kik _kjoamqj_e] `] behkokbe] `a =qcqopk ?kipa Í _d]) i]`] lkoepereoik Í( bke baep] qi] oal]n]k ajpna behkokbe] a _ej_e]o lkoeper]o $i]pai) pe_]( boe_]( mqie_]( ^ekhkce]( ]opnkjkie]( ok_ekhkce]%* =o _ej_e]o( `eve] ?kipa( aopq`]i ] na]he`]`a j]pqn]h( ok_e]h( loe_kh ce_] a ikn]h a ok lnklne]iajpa k _kjda_eiajpk* L]n] aha( ] behkokbe] oane] ]laj]o qi] nabhatk ok^na k oecjebe_]`k `k pn]^]hdk _eajpbe_k( eopk ( qi] ]jheoa a qi] ejpanlnap]k `ko lnk_a`eiajpko kq `]o iapk`khkce]o qo]`]o lah]o _ej_e]o a qi] ]r]he]k `ko naoqhp]`ko _eajpbe_ko* = behkokbe] pknjkq)oa( ]ooei( qi] pakne] `]o _ej_e]o kq aleopaikhkce]* = behkokbe] na`qveq)oa( lknp]jpk( pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk( pe_] a aleopaikhkce]* ?kik _kjoamqj_e] `aoo] na`qk( ko beh ok) bko l]oo]n]i ] pan qi ejpanaooa lneikn`e]h lahk _kjda_eiajpk `]o aopnqpqn]o a bkni]o `a jkoo] _kjo_ej_e] a p]i^i lahk oaq ik`k `a atlnaook( eopk ( ] hejcq]cai*
Mq]eo ok ko _]ilko ln lneko ai mqa oa `aoajrkhra ] nabhatk behko be_] jaopao .2 o) _qhko; Ok ahao6 Kjpkhkce] kq iap]boe_]6 _kjda_eiajpk `ko lnej_leko a bqj`]iajpko hpeiko `a pk`] ] na]he`]`a( `a pk`ko ko oanao* Hce_]6 _kjda_eiajpk `]o bkni]o a nacn]o can]eo `k lajo]iajpk _knnapk a ran`]`aenk( ej`alaj`ajpaiajpa `ko _kjpa `ko lajo]`ko7 nacn]o a _nepneko mqa `apaniej]i ] bkni] `ko `eo_qnoko kq `ko ]ncqiajpko p]jpk l]n] ] `aikjopn]k _eajpbe_] ran`]`aen] _kik l]n] ko `eo_qnoko jk _eajpbe_ko7 nacn]o l]n] ] ranebe_]k `] ran`]`a kq b]hoe`]`a `a qi lajo]iajpk kq `a qi `eo_qnok ap_* Aleopaikhkce]6 ]jheoa _npe_] `]o _ej_e]o( p]jpk ]o _ej_e]o at]p]o kq i]paipe_]o mq]j) pk ]o j]pqn]eo a ]o dqi]j]o7 ]r]he]k `ko ipk`ko a `ko naoqhp]`ko `]o _ej_e]o7 _kil]pe^ehe) `]`ao a ej_kil]pe^ehe`]`ao ajpna ]o _ej_e]o( bkni]o `a nah] ao ajpna ]o _ej_e]o ap_*
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-ARTINß(EIDEGGERßß ¯
#qRCULOßDEß6IENAßß ASSOCIAljOßFUNDADAßNAß DmCADAßDEßßPORßß FILvSOFOSßQUEßTINHAMßPORß OBJETIVOßAßUNIFICAljOßDOß SABERßCIENTqFICOß.AßFOTO ß -ORITZß3CHLICK ßUMßDOSß FUNDADORESßDOßGRUPO
-ARTINEß&RANCK-AGNUMß0HOTOS,ATINSTOCK
K ejpanaooa lah] _kjo_ej_e] nabhater] kq lahk oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk `aq oqnceiaj) pk ] qi] _knnajpa behko be_] _kjda_e`] _kik cbkljbklildf^( eje_e]`] lahk beh okbk ]haik A`iqj` Dqooanh* F k ejpanaooa lah]o bkni]o a lahko ik`ko `a bqj_ekj]iajpk `] hejcq]cai _knnaolkj`a ] qi] _knnajpa behko be_] _kjda_e`] _kik cfilplcf^ ^k^iqf`^( _qfk ej_ek ]pne) ^q`k ]k beh okbk ]qopn]_k Hq`sec Seppcajopaej* Jk ajp]jpk( ] ]pere`]`a behko be_] jk oa naopnejceq pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk( h ce_]( aleopaikhkce] a pe_]* @ao`a k ej_ek `k o_qhk TT( ] deop ne] `] behkokbe] pknjkq)oa qi] `eo_elhej] `a cn]j`a lnaopcek a( _ki ah]( ] deop ne] `]o e`ae]o a ] deop ne] `]o _ej_e]o* @ao`a ] Oacqj`] Cqann] Iqj`e]h( _ki k bajiajk `k pkp]hep]neoik Í b]o_eoik( j]) veo ik( op]hejeoik Í7 _ki ]o cqann]o `a he^anp]k j]_ekj]h _kjpn] ko eilneko _khkje]eo a ]o narkhq ao ok_e]heop]o ai rneko l]oao7 `ao`a ko ]jko -52,( _ki ]o hqp]o _kjpn] `ep]`qn]o a _ki ko ikreiajpko lkn `enaepko $`ko jacnko( j`eko( iqhdanao( e`koko( dkikooatq]eo( hkq) _ko( _ne]j]o a ko at_hq`ko a_kjie_] a lkhepe_]iajpa%7 a `ao`a ko ]jko -53,( _ki ] hqp] lah] `aik_n]_e] ai l]oao oq^iape`ko ] naceiao ]qpknepneko( qi cn]j`a ejpanaooa lah] cfilplcf^ mliqf`^ naooqnceq a( _ki aha( ]o _npe_]o `a e`akhkce]o a qi] jkr] `eo_qook ok^na ]o nah] ao ajpna ] pe_] a ] lkhpe_]( ]hi `]o `eo_qoo ao ai pknjk `] cfilplcf^ a^ efpqof^* Bej]hiajpa( `ao`a k bej]h `k o_qhk TT( k l o)ik`anjeoik rai c]jd]j`k nahar j_e]* Oaq ]hrk lnej_el]h( _kik reiko d lkq_k( ] _npe_] `a pk`ko ko _kj_aepko a r]hknao mqa( ]p dkfa( oqopajp]n]i ] behkokbe] a k lajo]iajpk `epk k_e`ajp]h6 n]vk( o]^an( oqfaepk( k^fapk( deo) p ne]( aol]k( pailk( he^an`]`a( ja_aooe`]`a( ]_]ok( j]pqnav]( dkiai ap_* Reiko mqa k kpeieoik n]_ekj]heop] `] ik`anje`]`a bke _kjop]p]`k jk `a_knnan `k o) _qhk TT6 ] _npe_] `]o e`akhkce]o( ] `ao_k^anp] bnaq`e]j] `k ej_kjo_eajpa( ] _npe_] `] deop ne]( `] qje`]`a `] _qhpqn] kq `a oq] lhqn]he`]`a j]_ekj]h( `ko ^ajab_eko `]o _ej_e]o a `]o p_) je_]o bkn]i _kjpaop]j`k ko r]hknao a e`ae]o ik`anjko* F jk ej_ek `ko ]jko .,( _ki ]o k^n]o `ko beh okbko Seppcajopaej a Dae`accan( ] e`ae] `] iap]boe_] _kik _kjda_eiajpk `] na]he`]`a hpei] `ko oanao bke _kjpaop]`] a ]_]^kq _a`aj`k hqc]n ]k l]lah `] hejcq]cai j] ejrajk `ko ln lneko oanao a `ko k^fapko `a _k) jda_eiajpk* P]i^i( ajpna ko ]jko -5-1 a -52,( _ki ]o behkokbe]o `a Dqooanh a `a Ianha]q)Lkjpu( oqnceq ] e`ae] `a mqa ] _kj_alk ik`anj] `a n]vk an] ejoqbe_eajpa l]n] `]n _kjp] `a pk`k k lajo]iajpk dqi]jk( `]o atlanej_e]o a rerj_e]o _knlkn]eo( `] hejcq]cai a `]o ]npao* @] iaoi] i]jaen]( ko beh okbko `k _d]i]`k ?n_qhk `a Reaj] ]beni]n]i( jk ej_ek `k o) _qhk TT( ko heiepao `] behkokbe] a `]o _ej_e]o l]n] _kjda_an ]o ln lne]o _keo]o a _kjoe`an]n]i ] _ej_e] ]laj]o Îqi] hejcq]cai ^ai baep]Ï* Ajpna ko ]jko -52, a -54,( ] k^n] `k beh okbk bn]j_o Ie_dah Bkq_]qhp atlnaoo]r] pk`]o ]o _npe_]o mqa k o_qhk TT rejd] b]vaj`k ]k n]_ekj]heoik ik`anjk( oq] _kj_alk `a ia) p]boe_]( deop ne]( _ej_e] a _qhpqn]* ?ki eook( lk`aiko `evan mqa k l o)ik`anjeoik raek oaj`k caop]`k jk ejpanekn `] be) hkokbe] ]p k ikiajpk ai mqa( jko ]jko -52,( l`a bej]hiajpa atlnaoo]n)oa _kik qi] lkoek behko be_]*
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x 5.)$!$%ß x = behkokbe]
-ICHELß&OUCAULTßß ¯
3.
=ola_pko `] behkokbe] _kjpailkn ja] x #!0É45,/ß x
Pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk kq aopq`k `]o `ebanajpao ik`]he`]`ao `a _kjda_eiajpk dq) i]jk6 k _kjda_eiajpk oajokne]h kq oajo]k a lan_alk7 ] iai ne] a ] ei]cej]k7 k _k) jda_eiajpk ejpaha_pq]h7 ] e`ae] `a ran`]`a a b]hoe`]`a7 ] e`ae] `a ehqok a na]he`]`a7 bkni]o `a _kjda_an k aol]k a k pailk7 bkni]o `a _kjda_an nah] ao7 _kjda_eiajpk ejcjqk a _kjda_eiajpk _eajpbe_k7 `ebanaj] ajpna _kjda_eiajpk _eajpbe_k a behko be_k ap_* pe_]6 aopq`k `ko r]hknao ikn]eo $]o renpq`ao%( `] nah]k ajpna rkjp]`a a l]etk( rkjp]) `a a n]vk7 bej]he`]`ao a r]hknao `] ]k ikn]h7 e`ae]o `a he^an`]`a( naolkjo]^ehe`]`a( `aran( k^nec]k ap_* Behkokbe] lkhpe_]6 aopq`k ok^na ] j]pqnav] `k lk`an a `] ]qpkne`]`a7 e`ae] `a `enaepk( hae( fqope]( `kiej]k( rekhj_e]7 bkni]o `ko naceiao lkhpe_ko a oq]o bqj`]iajp] ao7 j]o) _e iajpk a bkni]o `k Aop]`k7 e`ae]o ]qpknepne]o( _kjoanr]`kn]o( narkhq_ekjne]o a he^anpne]o7 pakne]o `] narkhqk a `] nabkni]7 ]jheoa a _npe_] `]o e`akhkce]o* Behkokbe] `] deopne]6 aopq`k ok^na ] `eiajok pailkn]h `] ateopj_e] dqi]j] _kik ateo) pj_e] ok_eklkhpe_] a _qhpqn]h7 pakne]o `k lnkcnaook( `] arkhqk a pakne]o `] `ao _kj pe jqe`]`a deop ne_]7 oecjebe_]`k `]o `ebanaj]o _qhpqn]eo a deop ne_]o( oq]o n]v ao a _kjoa mqj_e]o* Behkokbe] `] ]npa kq aop pe_]6 aopq`k `]o bkni]o `a ]npa( `k pn]^]hdk ]npope_k7 e`ae] `a k^n] `a ]npa a `a _ne]k7 nah]k ajpna i]pne] a bkni] j]o ]npao7 nah]k ajpna ]npa a ok_ea) `]`a( ]npa a lkhpe_]( ]npa a pe_]* Behkokbe] `] hejcq]cai6 ] hejcq]cai _kik i]jebaop]k `] dqi]je`]`a `k dkiai7 oecjko( oecjebe_] ao7 ] _kiqje_]k7 l]oo]cai `] hejcq]cai kn]h ao_nep]( `] hejcq]cai _k pe`e]j] behko be_]( hepanne]( _eajpbe_]7 `ebanajpao ik`]he`]`ao `a hejcq]cai _kik `e) banajpao bkni]o `a atlnaook a `a _kiqje_]k* Deopne] `] behkokbe]6 aopq`k `ko `ebanajpao lank`ko `] behkokbe]7 `a cnqlko `a beh ok) bko oacqj`k ko pai]o a lnk^hai]o mqa ]^kn`]i7 `a nah] ao ajpna k lajo]iajpk behko be_k a ]o _kj`e ao a_kjie_]o( lkhpe_]o( ok_e]eo a _qhpqn]eo `a qi] ok_ea`]`a7 iq`]j]o kq pn]jo bkni] ao `a _kj_aepko behko be_ko ai `ebanajpao lk_]o7 iq`]j]o j] _kj_alk `k mqa oaf] ] behkokbe] a `a oaq l]lah kq bej]he`]`a*
3/
x 5.)$!$%ß x = behkokbe] GLOSSfRIO
15%34¬%3
#!0É45,/ß = knecai `] ÚhkokÚ] -* Mqa mqan `evan ldehkokld]; = mqai oa ]pne ^qe ] ej) rajk `aoo] l]h]rn]; .* K mqa Lepckn]o mqane] `evan ]k oa nabanen o laook]o mqa _kil]na_e]i ]ko Fkcko Khi le_ko; /* K mqa ikraq ]hcqjo cnacko ÚhkokÚ]; 0* Ajqiana ko lnej_el]eo pn]ko `] ÚhkokÚ] j]o _ajpa* 1* Mqa ] paj` j_e] n]_ekj]he`]`a; 2* Mqa ojpaoa; A ]jheoa; 3* Mq]h ] jkk `a _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk pn]ve`] lah] ÚhkokÚ] j]o_ajpa; 4* Mqa oecjeÚ_] ]Úni]n mqa ] n]vk a k lajo]iajpk kla) n]i k^a`a_aj`k ] haeo( lnej_leko a nacn]o qjerano]eo; 5* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna k ]_]ok j] j]pqnav] a k lko) orah j]o ] ao dqi]j]o; -,* L]n] ] ]k dqi]j]( mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna ja_aooe) `]`a( _kjpejc j_e] a lkoorah; --* Naoqi] ko lnej_el]eo hac]`ko `] ÚhkokÚ] cnac] l]n] k lajo]iajpk k_e`ajp]h*
#!0É45,/ß K j]o_eiajpk `] ÚhkokÚ] -* Mqa lancqjp]o Úvan]i ko lneiaenko Úh okbko cnacko; .* K mqa `eve]i ko `abajoknao `] Îpaoa kneajp]heop]Ï ok) ^na ] knecai `] ÚhkokÚ]; /* K mqa `eve]i ko `abajoknao `] paoa `k Îieh]cna cna) ckÏ ok^na ] knecai `] ÚhkokÚ]; 0* K mqa d `a ran`]`aenk j]o paoao kneajp]heop] a `k ie) h]cna cnack; 1* Mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa ko cnacko ejrajp]n]i ] _e j) _e]( ] lkhpe_] a ] e`ae] `a n]vk; 2* K mqa k iepk; Lkn mqa iana_e] _kjÚ]j] a an] ej) mqaopekjrah; 3* Mq]eo ]o i]jaen]o lah]o mq]eo k iepk j]nn] ] knecai `]o _keo]o; 4* Mqa atlhe_] ao bkn]i `]`]o ok^na ] _kjpejq]k kq nqlpqn] `] ÚhkokÚ] _ki nah]k _koikckje] a
pak ckje]; Mq]h ] atlhe_]k dkfa ]_aep]; 5* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo `ebanaj]o ajpna ÚhkokÚ] a iepk; -,* Mq]eo ]o _kj`e ao deop ne_]o mqa lnkle_e]n]i k oqn) ceiajpk `] ÚhkokÚ] j] Cn_e]; --* Lkn mqa ] ejrajk `] lkhpe_] bke `a_eoer] l]n] k j]o) _eiajpk `] ÚhkokÚ];
#!0É45,/ß ?]ilko `a ejraopec]k `] ÚhkokÚ] -* Mq]eo ko lnej_el]eo lank`ko `] ÚhkokÚ] cnac]; .* Mq]eo ko lnej_el]eo pn]ko `] _koikhkce] ln)ok_npe) _]; Ao_khd] qi `ahao a k atlhemqa* /* Mqa gjaoeo kq k `aren; Lkn mqa aoo] e`ae] _ajpn]h jk lajo]iajpk ln)ok_npe_k; 0* Mq]h ] iq`]j] j] a`q_]k `ko fkrajo cnacko j] l]oo]cai `] ]neopk_n]_e] l]n] ] `aik_n]_e]; 1* Mq]eo ]o _kjoamq j_e]o l]n] ] ÚhkokÚ] `] iq`]j] j] a`q_]k `ko fkrajo cnacko; 2* Mqa ajoej]r]i ko okÚop]o; 3* Mqa lnklqjd] O _n]pao _kjpn] ko okÚop]o; 4* ?kik Lh]pk `ao_nara O _n]pao; 5* K mqa O _n]pao lnapaj`e] ]k ^qo_]n ] aoo j_e] a k _kj_aepk; -,* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna klejek a _kj_aepk; --* Lkn mqa =paj]o _kj`ajkq O _n]pao iknpa; -.* Lkn mqa ]o lnej_el]eo _]n]_panope_]o `] ÚhkokÚ] jk lank`k ok_npe_k ej`e_]i mqa ] lnej_el]h lnak_ql]) k Úhko Ú_] _ki k dkiai; -/* Atlhemqa ] `ebanaj] ajpna k oajorah a k ejpahecrah aop]^aha_e`] lkn Lh]pk* -0* ?ki ^]oa j] ]Úni]k `a =neop pahao `a mqa ] Úhk) okÚ] ] pkp]he`]`a `a pk`]o ]o _e j_e]o a pki]j`k ] `eopejk ajpna _kjpailh]k a ]k( atlkjd] ^nara) iajpa ] _h]ooeÚ_]k ]neopkphe_] `]o _e j_e]o* -1* Atlkjd] ] _h]ooeÚ_]k ]neopkphe_] `]o _e j_e]o pak) npe_]o kq _kjpailh]per]o* -2* Mqa mqan `evan iap]boe_]; -3* L]npej`k `a =neop pahao( mq]eo ok ko pn o cn]j`ao _]i) lko `] ejraopec]k Úhko Ú_]; -4* Mqa mqan `evan kjpkhkce];
#!0É45,/ß Lnej_el]eo lank`ko `] deopne] `] ÚhkokÚ] -* Mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa ] ÚhkokÚ] aop j] deop ne] a pai qi] deop ne]; .* Mqa e`ae]o jkr]o ] l]pnope_] ejpnk`qveq j] ÚhkokÚ] cnac]; Lkn mqa ok `kci]o; /* Mq]h ] `eopejk ajpna ]o ran`]`ao ejpnk`qve`]o lah] l]pnope_]; 0* Mq]eo ]o lkoe ao `ko Úh okbko _neopko ok^na ]o nah]) ao ajpna b a n]vk; 1* Mq]eo ko cn]j`ao pai]o `] ÚhkokÚ] ia`ear]h; 2* K mqa an] k lnej_lek `a ]qpkne`]`a; ,
30
GLOSSfRIO
3* Naoqi] ]o pn o cn]j`ao hejd]o `] ÚhkokÚ] `] Naj]o) _aj] a atlhemqa lkn mqa atlneiai k dqi]jeoik naj]o_ajpeop]* 4* Lkn mqa( jk ej_ek `] ik`anje`]`a( recknkq k _ape) _eoik; 5* Atlhemqa k mqa bke k oqnceiajpk `k oqfaepk `k _kjda) _eiajpk j] ÚhkokÚ] ik`anj]* -,* ?kik an] _kj_a^e`] ] j]pqnav] j] ÚhkokÚ] ik`anj]; Lkn mqa aoo] _kj_alk har] o e`ae]o `a atlaneiaj) p]k _eajpÚ_] a `a pa_jkhkce]; --* Lkn mqa lk`aiko _d]i]n ] ÚhkokÚ] ik`anj] `a n]) _ekj]heoik; -.* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo ]Úni] ao `] ÚhkokÚ] `]o Hqvao; -/* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna Úoek_n]p]o a ian_]jpeheop]o;
#!0É45,/ß =ola_pko `] ÚhkokÚ] _kjpailkn ja] -* ?kik ko Úh okbko `k o_qhk TET $Dacah a ?kipa% aj) paj`e]i ] deop ne]; .* ?kik ko Úh okbko `k o_qhk TT l]oo]n]i ] lajo]n ] deop ne]; /* ?kik an] k kpeieoik `ko Úh okbko `k o_qhk TET _ki nah]k o _e j_e]o a o p_je_]o; 0* Lkn mqa jk o_qhk TT `ao]l]na_aq k kpeieoik _ki nah]k o _e j_e]o a o p_je_]o; 1* Atlhemqa ] `eopejk baep] lah] Ao_kh] `a Bn]jgbqnp ajpna n]vk ejopnqiajp]h a n]vk _npe_]*
31
2* Lkn mqa ko Úh okbko `k o_qhk TT jk i]jperan]i k kpeieoik `k o_qhk TET _ki nah]k o narkhq ao ok_e]eo a lkhpe_]o; 3* ?kik ] ÚhkokÚ] `k o_qhk TET `aÚjeq ] _qhpqn]; 4* Mq]h ] _kj_alk `ko lajo]`knao nkijpe_ko ok^na ] _qhpqn]; 5* ?kik ko Úh okbko `k o_qhk TT _kj_a^ai ] _qhpqn]; -,* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna ko Úh okbko `k o_qhk TET a ko `k o_qhk TT mq]jpk ]k `ao]l]na_eiajpk `] Úhk) okÚ]; --* Lkn mqa ] `ao_k^anp] `] e`akhkce]( lkn I]nt( a ] `k ej_kjo_eajpa( lkn Bnaq`( mqaopekj]n]i k kpeieoik n]_ekj]heop] `k o_qhk TET; -.* =lnaoajpa ]hcqjo atailhko `k ejpanaooa lahk Újepk kq lah] Újepq`a j]o ÚhkokÚ]o `k o_qhk TT* -/* K mqa `aÚje] ] ik`anje`]`a jk _]ilk `k _kjda_e) iajpk; -0* K mqa `aÚje] ] ik`anje`]`a jk _]ilk `] lnpe_]; -1* ?kik raek oaj`k caop]`k k l o)ik`anjeoik jk ej) panekn `] ik`anje`]`a; -2* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo _npe_]o l o)ik`anj]o ik`an) je`]`a; -3* Mqa iq`]j]o Úhko Ú_]o k_knnan]i _ki ] _npe_] `a G]jp iap]boe_]; -4* Lkn mqa( _ki k lkoepereoik `a =qcqopk ?kipa( ] Úhk) okÚ] oa na`qve] aleopaikhkce]; -5* Mq]eo ko _]ilko ln lneko `] ejraopec]k Úhko Ú_];
5NIDADEß
= n]vk ?]lpqhk -
= n]vk
?]lpqhk .
= ]pere`]`a n]_ekj]h
?]lpqhk /
= n]vk6 ej]p] kq ]`mqene`];
?]lpqhk 0
Ko lnk^hai]o `k ej]peoik a `k aileneoik6 okhq ao behko be_]o
?]lpqhk 1
= n]vk j] behkokbe] _kjpailknja]
@ao`a oaqo lnein`eko( ] ÚhkokÚ] _kjoe`ankq mqa ] n]vk klan] oacqej`k _anpko lnej_ leko mqa ah] lnlne] aop]^aha_a a mqa aopk ai _kj_kn` j_e] _ki ] lnlne] na]he`]`a( iaoik mq]j`k ko ailnac]iko oai _kjda_ )hko atlhe_ep]iajpa* Kq oaf]( k _kjda_eiajpk n]_ekj]h k^a`a_a ] _anp]o nacn]o kq haeo bqj`]iajp]eo mqa naolaep]iko ]p iaoik mq]j`k jk _kjda_aiko `enap]iajpa mq]eo ok a k mqa ok* Jo ]o naolaep]iko lknmqa okiko oanao n]_ekj]eo a lknmqa ok lnej_ leko mqa c]n]jpai mqa ] na]he`]`a n]_ekj]h*
I]n_] `k lneiaenk l]ook `]`k ai okhk hqj]n lkn Jaeh =niopnkjc( ai ., `a fqhdk `a -525( b]pk mqa lk`a oan _kjoe`an]`k k le_a `] n]vk ajpaj`e`] _kik `kijek `]o p _je_]o a `]o pa_jkhkce]o*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = n]vk
#APqTULOß = n]vk
Ko rneko oajpe`ko `] l]h]rn] n]vk
$IBNERß,IBRARYßOFßTHEß(ISTORYßOFßß 3CIENCEßANDß4ECHNOLOGYß 3MITHSONIANß)NSTITUTION
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] l]npa ejpnk`qp ne] `aopa pn]^]hdk( ejoeopeiko j] ]Úni]k `a mqa ] ÚhkokÚ] oa na]hev] _kik _kjda_eiajpk n]_ekj]h `] na]he`]`a j]pqn]h a _qhpqn]h( `]o _keo]o a `ko oanao dqi]jko* @eooaiko mqa ah] _kjÚ] j] n]vk a mqa( dkfa( ah] p]i^i `ao_kjÚ] `] n]vk* I]o( ]p ]ckn]( jk `eooaiko k mqa ] n]vk( ]lao]n `a oan ah] pk ]jpec] mq]jpk ] ÚhkokÚ]* Ai jkoo] re`] _kpe`e]j] qo]iko ] l]h]rn] o^wl ai iqepko oajpe`ko* @evaiko( lkn atailhk( Îaq aopkq _ki ] n]vkÏ kq Îaha jk pai n]vkÏ l]n] ]Úni]n mqa jko oajpeiko oacq) nko `a ]hcqi] _keo] kq mqa o]^aiko _ki _anpav] ]hcqi] _keo]* P]i^i `evaiko mqa( jqi ikiajpk `a b ne] kq `a `aoaolank( Î]hcqi lan`a ] n]vkÏ( _kik oa ] n]vk bkooa ]hcqi] _keo] mqa oa lk`a pan kq jk pan( lkooqen a lan`an( kq na_qlan]n* B]h]iko p]i^i bn]oao _kik ÎOa rk_ ia `eooan oq]o n]v ao( okq _]l]v `a b]van k mqa rk_ ia la`aÏ( mqanaj`k `evan _ki eook mqa mqanaiko kqren ko ikperko mqa ]hcqi pai l]n] mqanan kq b]van ]hcqi] _keo]* B]vaiko lancqjp]o _kik ÎMq]h ] n]vk `eook;Ï( mqanaj`k o]^an mq]h ] _]qo] `a ]hcqi] _keo] a( jaooa _]ok( ] n]vk l]na_a oan ]hcqi] lnklnea`]`a mqa ]o ln lne]o _keo]o pane]i( f mqa pane]i qi] _]qo]* =ooei( qo]iko o^wl l]n] jko nabaneniko ]ko jlqfslp `a ]hcqi a p]i^i l]n] jko nabaneniko o `^rp^p `a ]hcqi] _keo]( `a ik`k mqa p]jpk j o _kik ]o _keo]o l]na_aiko `kp]`ko `a n]vk( i]o ai oajpe`k `ebanajpa* Aooao lkq_ko atailhko f jko ikopn]i mq]jpko oajpe`ko `ebanajpao ] l]h]rn] o^wl lkooqe6 _anpav]( hq_e`av( ikperk( _]qo]* A pk`ko aooao oajpe`ko aj_kjpn]i)oa lnaoajpao mq]j) `k ] ÚhkokÚ] b]h] j] n]vk* Lkn e`ajpeÚ_]n n]vk a _anpav]( ] ÚhkokÚ] ]Úni] mqa ] ran`]`a n]_ekj]h7 lkn e`ajpeÚ_]n n]vk a hq_e`av $jk Ú_]n kq jk aop]n hkq_k%( ] ÚhkokÚ] _d]i] jkoo] n]vk `a hqv a hqv j]) pqn]h $lkeo ] l]h]rn] ir`fabw rai `a hqv%7 lkn e`ajpeÚ_]n n]vk a ikperk( lkn _kjoe`an]n mqa oailna ]ceiko a b]h]iko ikre`ko lkn ikperko( ] ÚhkokÚ] ]Úni] mqa okiko oanao n]_ekj]eo a mqa jkoo] rkjp]`a n]_ekj]h7 lkn e`ajpeÚ_]n n]vk a _]qo] a lkn fqhc]n mqa ] na]he`]`a kla) n] `a ]_kn`k _ki nah] ao _]qo]eo( ] ÚhkokÚ] ]Úni] mqa ] na]he`]`a n]_ekj]h* iqepk _kjda_e`] ] _ha^na bn]oa `k Úh okbk L]o_]h6 ÎK _kn]k pai n]v ao mqa ] n]vk `ao_kjda_aÏ* Jaoo] bn]oa( ]o l]h]rn]o o^wbp a o^wl jk pi k iaoik oecjeÚ_]`k( ej`e_]j`k _keo]o `erano]o* ÎN]v aoÏ ok ko ikperko `k _kn]k( ajmq]jpk În]vkÏ ]hck `ebanajpa `a Î_k) n]kÏ7 aopa k jkia mqa `]iko l]n] ]o aik ao a l]et ao( ajmq]jpk În]vkÏ k jkia mqa `]iko _kjo_ej_e] ejpaha_pq]h a ikn]h* =k `evan mqa k _kn]k pai oq]o ln lne]o n]v ao( L]o_]h aop ]Úni]j`k mqa ]o aik) ao( ko oajpeiajpko kq ]o l]et ao ok ikperko a _]qo]o `a iqepk `k mqa b]vaiko( `evaiko( mqanaiko a lajo]iko* =k `evan mqa ] n]vk `ao_kjda_a Î]o n]v ao `k _kn]kÏ( L]o_]h aop ]Úni]j`k mqa ] _kjo_ej_e] ejpaha_pq]h a ikn]h `ebanajpa `]o l]et ao a `ko oajpeiajpko a mqa ah] _]l]v `a qi] ]pere`]`a ln lne] jk ikper]`] jai _]qo]`] lah]o aik ao( i]o mqa lkooqe oaqo ikperko a _]qo]o kq oq]o ln lne]o n]v ao*
0ASCALßFILvSOFOßFRANCoSßDOß SmCULOß86))
34
= n]vk x #!0É45,/ß x
=ooei( ] bn]oa `a L]o_]h lk`a oan pn]`qve`] `] oacqejpa i]jaen]6 jkoo] re`] aik_ekj]h lkooqe _]qo]o a ikperko $]o În]v ao `k _kn]kÏ%( mqa ok ]o l]et ao kq ko oajpeiajpko( a `ebanajpa `a jkoo] ]pere`]`a _kjo_eajpa( `a jkoo] n]vk( oaf] _kik ]pere`]`a ejpaha_pq]h( oaf] _kik ]pere`]`a ikn]h* = _kjo_ej_e] ] n]vk* ?kn]k a n]vk( l]etk kq oajpeiajpko a _kjo_ej_e] ejpaha_) pq]h kq ikn]h ok `ebanajpao* Oa ]hcqi Îlan`a ] n]vkÏ lknmqa aop oaj`k ]nn]op]`k lah]o În]v ao `k _kn]kÏ* Oa ]hcqi Îna_qlan] ] n]vkÏ lknmqa k _kjda_eiajpk ejpaha_pq]h a ] _kjo_ej_e] ikn]h oa pknj]n]i i]eo bknpao `k mqa ]o l]et ao* = n]vk( _kik _kjo_ej_e] ikn]h( ] rkjp]`a n]_ekj]h herna mqa jk oa `aet] `kiej]n lahko eilqhoko l]ooekj]eo( i]o na]hev] ]o ] ao ikn]eo _kik ]pko _knnapko( `ep]`ko lah] ejpahecj_e] kq ejpaha_pk* =hi `] bn]oa `a L]o_]h( p]i^i kqreiko kqpn]o mqa ahkce]i ]o _ej_e]o( `evaj`k mqa ah]o i]jebaop]i k Îlnkcnaook `] n]vkÏ* =mqe( ] n]vk _khk_]`] _kik _]l]_e`]`a lqn]) iajpa ejpaha_pq]h l]n] _kjoacqen k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk `] j]pqnav]( `] ok_ea`]`a( `] deop ne]( a eook _kjoe`an]`k ]hck ^ki( lkoeperk( qi ÎlnkcnaookÏ* Lkn oan _kjoe`an]`k qi ÎlnkcnaookÏ( k _kjda_eiajpk _eajpÚ_k reopk _kik oa na]he) v]j`k jk pailk a _kik `kp]`k `a _kjpejqe`]`a( `a p]h ik`k mqa ] n]vk _kj_a^e`] _kik pailkn]h p]i^i( eopk ( _kik _]l]v `a ]qiajp]n oaqo _kjpa `ko a oq]o _]l]_e`]`ao ]pn]) ro `ko pailko* =hcqi]o ravao kqreiko qi lnkbaookn `evan ] kqpnk6 ÎBqh]jk pnkqta qi pn]^]hdk enn]) _ekj]h7 an] qi _]ko( qi] _kjbqok* Ej_kilnaajorah* F k pn]^]hdk `a ^ahpn]jk an] qi] ^a) hav]6 _h]nk( _kilnaajorah( n]_ekj]hÏ* =mqe( ] În]vkÏ( kq În]_ekj]hÏ( oecjeÚ_] _h]nav] `a e`ae]o( kn`ai( naoqhp]`k `a aobknk ejpaha_pq]h kq `] ejpahecj_e]( oacqej`k jkni]o a nacn]o `a lajo]iajpk a `a hejcq]cai* =k _kjpnnek( Îenn]_ekj]hÏ oecjeÚ_] _kjbqok( `aokn`aj]`k( oai oacqen ]o nacn]o a jkni]o `k lajo]iajpk a `] hejcq]cai _knnapko* Pk`ko aooao oajpe`ko _kjopepqai ] jkoo] e`ae] `a n]vk* J o ] _kjoe`an]iko ] _kjo) _ej_e] ikn]h mqa k^oanr] ]o l]et ao( kneajp] ] rkjp]`a a kbana_a Új]he`]`ao pe_]o l]n] ] ]k* J o ] raiko _kik ]pere`]`a ejpaha_pq]h `a _kjda_eiajpk `] na]he`]`a j]pqn]h( ok_e]h( loe_kh ce_]( deop ne_]* J o ] _kj_a^aiko oacqj`k k e`a]h `] _h]nav]( `] kn`aj]k a `k neckn a lna_eok `ko lajo]iajpko a `]o l]h]rn]o* ÎN]vkÏ `aoecj]( lknp]jpk( ]o haeo `k lajo]iajpk a ]o haeo `] ]k naÛape`]* L]n] iqepko Úh okbko( lkni( ] n]vk jk ]laj]o ] _]l]_e`]`a ikn]h a ejpaha_pq]h `ko oanao dqi]jko( i]o p]i^i qi] lnklnea`]`a kq mq]he`]`a lneikn`e]h `]o ln lne]o _keo]o( ateopej`k j] ln lne] na]he`]`a* L]n] aooao Úh okbko( jkoo] n]vk lk`a _kjda_an ] na]he`]`a $j]pqnav]( ok_ea`]`a( deop ne]% lknmqa aop] n]_ekj]h ai oe iaoi]* N]vk `aoecj]( ]ckn]( ] kn`aj]k ja_aoone] `]o ln lne]o _keo]o* B]h])oa( lknp]jpk( ai o^wl l_gbqfs^ $] na]he`]`a n]_ekj]h ai oe iaoi]% a ai o^wl pr_* gbqfs^ $] n]vk qi] _]l]_e`]`a ejpaha_pq]h a ikn]h `ko oanao dqi]jko%* = n]vk k^faper] ] ]Úni]k `a mqa k l_gbql al `lkeb`fjbkql kq ] na]he`]`a n]_ekj]h7 ] n]vk oq^faper] ] ]Ún) i]k `a mqa k prgbfql al `lkeb`fjbkql b a^ ^ l n]_ekj]h* L]n] iqepko Úh okbko( ] ÚhkokÚ] k ikiajpk `k aj_kjpnk( `k ]_kn`k a `] d]nikje] ajpna ]o `q]o n]v ao kq n]_ekj]he`]`ao*
Knecai `] l]h]rn] n]vk
J 35
] _qhpqn] `] _d]i]`] ok_ea`]`a k_e`ajp]h( ] l]h]rn] o^wl knecej])oa `a `q]o bkjpao6 ] l]h]rn] h]pej] o^qfl a ] l]h]rn] cnac] idlp* Aoo]o `q]o l]h]rn]o ok oq^op]jperko `a) ner]`ko `a `keo ran^ko mqa pi qi oajpe`k iqepk l]na_e`k ai h]pei a ai cnack* Idlp rai `k ran^k ibdbfk( mqa mqan `evan Î_kjp]nÏ( ÎnaqjenÏ( Îqjp]nÏ( Î_]h_qh]nÏ* O^qfl rai `k ran^k oblo( mqa mqan `evan Î_kjp]nÏ( ÎnaqjenÏ( Îia`enÏ( Îfqjp]nÏ( Îoal]n]nÏ( Î_]h_qh]nÏ* Mqa b]vaiko mq]j`k ia`eiko( fqjp]iko( oal]n]iko( _kjp]iko a _]h_qh]iko; Lajo]) iko `a ik`k kn`aj]`k* A mqa iaeko qo]iko l]n] b]h]n ok^na aoo]o ] ao; Qo]iko l]h]rn]o $iaoik mq]j`k qo]iko j ianko aop]iko qo]j`k l]h]rn]o( ok^napq`k ko cnacko a ko nki]) jko( mqa qo]r]i hapn]o l]n] ej`e_]n j ianko%*
+IRSTYß0ARGETER'LOWß)MAGES)MAGEPLUS
x 5.)$!$%ß x = n]vk
Lkn eook( idlp( o^qfl kq o^wl oecjeÚ_]i lajo]n a b]h]n kn`aj]`]iajpa( _ki ia`e`] a lnklknk( _ki _h]nav] a `a ik`k _kilnaaj) orah l]n] kqpnko* =ooei( j] knecai( n]vk ] _]l]_e`]`a ejpaha_pq]h l]n] lajo]n a atlne) ien)oa _knnap] a _h]n]iajpa( l]n] lajo]n a `evan ]o _keo]o p]eo _kik ok* = n]vk qi] i]jaen] `a knc]jev]n ] na]he`]`a $ia`en( naqjen( fqjp]n( oal]n]n( _kjp]n( _]h_qh]n% lah] mq]h aop] oa pknj] _kilnaajorah* ( p]i^i( ] _kjÚ]j] `a mqa lk`aiko kn`aj]n a knc]) jev]n ]o _keo]o lknmqa ok knc]jevraeo( kn`a) jraeo( _kilnaajoraeo jah]o iaoi]o a lkn ah]o iaoi]o( eopk ( ]o ln lne]o _keo]o ok n]) _ekj]eo kq aopk kn`aj]`]o a knc]jev]`]o( ao) pk ]npe_qh]`]o a _kja_p]`]o( ok oaiahd]j) pao kq `ebanajpao( lkooqai e`ajpe`]`a( ap_*( lk`aj`k lkn eook oan naqje`]o kq oal]n]`]o( ia`e`]o a _]h_qh]`]o* @ao`a k _kiak `] ÚhkokÚ]( ] knecai `] l]h]rn] o^wl bav _ki mqa ah] bkooa _kjoe`an]) `] klkop] ] mq]pnk kqpn]o ]pepq`ao iajp]eo6 -*
]k _kjda_eiajpk ehqo nek( eopk ( ]k _kjda_eiajpk `] ian] ]l]nj_e] `]o _keo]o mqa jk ]h_]j] ] na]he`]`a kq ] ran`]`a `ah]o7 l]n] ] n]vk( ] ehqok lnkri `a jkooko _ko) pqiao( `a jkooko lna_kj_aepko( `] ]_aep]k eia`e]p] `]o _keo]o p]eo _kik ]l]na_ai a p]eo _kik l]na_ai oan* =o ehqo ao _ne]i ]o kleje ao mqa r]ne]i `a laook] l]n] laook] a `a ok_ea`]`a l]n] ok_ea`]`a* = n]vk oa kl a ian] klejek7
Ei]cai e`a]hev]`] `k @J= dqi]jk*
.* o aik ao( ]ko oajpeiajpko( o l]et ao( mqa ok _ac]o( _] pe_]o( `aokn`aj]`]o( _kjpn) ne]o qi]o o kqpn]o( kn] `evaj`k ÎoeiÏ ] ]hcqi] _keo]( kn] `evaj`k ÎjkÏ ] aoo] iaoi] _keo]( _kik oa jk okq^ooaiko k mqa mqanaiko a k mqa ]o _keo]o ok* = n]vk reop] _kik ]pere`]`a kq ]k $ejpaha_pq]h a `] rkjp]`a% klkop] l]etk7 /*
_naj] naheceko]( lkeo( jaop]( ] ran`]`a jko `]`] lah] b jqi] narah]k `erej]( jk `alaj`aj`k `k pn]^]hdk `a _kjda_eiajpk na]hev]`k lah] jkoo] ejpahecj_e] kq lahk jkook ejpaha_pk* = n]vk klkop] narah]k a lkn eook ko Úh okbko _neopko `eopejcqai ] hqv j]pqn]h Í ] n]vk Í `] hqv ok^naj]pqn]h Í ] narah]k7
0*
]k tp]oa iope_k $`ko o]jpko( `ko lnkbap]o%( jk mq]h k aolnepk ]_na`ep] ajpn]n ai nah]) k `enap] _ki k oan `erejk a l]npe_el]n `aha( oai jajdqi] ejpanrajk `k ejpaha_pk kq `] ejpahecj_e]( jai `] rkjp]`a* Lahk _kjpnnek( k tp]oa iope_k ateca qi aop]`k `a ]^]j`kjk( `a nkileiajpk _ki ] ]pere`]`a ejpaha_pq]h a _ki ] rkjp]`a( qi nkile) iajpk _ki k aop]`k _kjo_eajpa( ] lan`] `] _kjo_ej_e] `] ln lne] ej`ere`q]he`]`a l]n] ajpnac]n)oa ]k ckvk kq ]k ln]van `a l]npe_el]n `k oan ejÚjepk( jqi _kjda_eiajpk mqa o lk`a oan oajpe`k a jk lk`a oan atlnaook ai lajo]iajpko a l]h]rn]o*
Ko lnej_leko n]_ekj]eo
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ao`a oaqo lnei n`eko( ] ÚhkokÚ] _kjoe`ankq mqa ] n]vk klan] oacqej`k _anpko lnej) _leko mqa ah] ln lne] aop]^aha_a a mqa aopk ai _kj_kn` j_e] _ki ] ln lne] na]he) `]`a( iaoik mq]j`k ko ailnac]iko oai _kjda_)hko atlhe_ep]iajpa* Kq oaf]( k _kjda_eiajpk n]_ekj]h k^a`a_a ] _anp]o nacn]o kq haeo bqj`]iajp]eo mqa naolaep]iko ]p
4,
= n]vk x #!0É45,/ß x
iaoik mq]j`k jk _kjda_aiko `enap]iajpa mq]eo ok a k mqa ok* J o ]o naolaep]iko lkn) mqa okiko oanao n]_ekj]eo a lknmqa ok lnej_leko mqa c]n]jpai mqa ] na]he`]`a n]_ekj]h* Mqa lnej_leko ok aopao; Ok ahao6 Lnej_lek `] e`ajpe`]`a( _qfk ajqj_e]`k lk`a l]na_an oqnlnaaj`ajpa6 Î> >Ï kq ÎK mqa ( Ï* K lnej_lek `] e`ajpe`]`a ] _kj`ek `k lajo]iajpk a oai aha jk lk`aiko lajo]n* Aha ]Úni] mqa qi] _keo]( oaf] ah] mq]h bkn $qi oan `] j]pqnav]( qi] Úcqn] caki) pne_]( qi oan dqi]jk( qi] k^n] `a ]npa( qi] ]k%( o lk`a oan _kjda_e`] a lajo]`] oa bkn lan_a^e`] a _kjoanr]`] _ki oq] e`ajpe`]`a* Aooa lnej_lek( _qfk ajqj_e]`k l]na_a ]^oqn`k $lkeo ]_d]iko ^rek mqa qi] _keo] oaf] e`jpe_] ] oe iaoi]%( qo]`k lkn jkoo] ok_ea`]`a oai mqa lan_a^]iko* Kj`a qo]`k; J] _d]i]`] Î_]npaen] `a e`ajpe`]`aÏ $k jkook NC% _ki ] mq]h oa ]Úni] a oa c]n]jpa mqa Î> >Ï* K lnej_lek `] e`ajpe`]`a ] _kj`ek l]n] mqa `aÚj]iko ]o _keo]o a lkoo]iko _kjda) _)h]o ] l]npen `a oq]o `aÚje ao* Lkn atailhk( `alkeo mqa ] i]paipe_] `aÚjeq k pne jcqhk `apaniej]j`k oq] e`ajpe`]`a _kik Úcqn] `a pno h]`ko a `a pno jcqhko ejpanjko _qf] oki] ecq]h oki] `a `keo jcqhko napko( jajdqi] kqpn] Úcqn] ] jk oan aoo] lk`an oan _d]i]) `] `a pne jcqhk* Qi] rav aop]^aha_e`] ] e`ajpe`]`a `k pne jcqhk( pk`ko ko paknai]o a lnk^ha) i]o mqa k i]paipe_k `aikjopn]n ok^na aoo] Úcqn] o lk`ank oan `aikjopn]`ko oa( ] _]`] rav mqa aha `eooan Îpne jcqhkÏ( okq^aniko ] mq]h oan kq ] mq]h _keo] aha aop oa nabanej`k* Lnej_lek `] jk _kjpn]`ek $p]i^i _kjda_e`k _kik lnej_lek `] _kjpn]`ek%( _qfk ajqj_e]`k Î> > a eilkoorah mqa( ]k iaoik pailk a j] iaoi] nah]k( oaf] kl >Ï* =ooei( eilkoorah mqa ] nrkna mqa aop `e]jpa `a iei oaf] a jk oaf]( ]k iaoik pai) lk( qi] i]jcqaen]7 mqa k _]_dknnejdk `a `kj] Behkiaj] oaf] a jk oaf]( ]k iaoik pailk( ^n]j_k7 mqa k pne jcqhk oaf] a jk oaf]( ]k iaoik pailk( ] Úcqn] cakipne_] `a pno h]`ko a pno jcqhko7 mqa k dkiai oaf] a jk oaf]( ]k iaoik pailk( iknp]h7 mqa k raniahdk oaf] a jk oaf]( ]k iaoik pailk( raniahdk( ap_* Oai k lnej_lek `] jk _kjpn]`ek( k lnej_lek `] e`ajpe`]`a jk lk`ane] bqj_ekj]n* K lnej_lek `] jk _kjpn]`ek ]Úni] mqa qi] _keo] kq qi] e`ae] `] mq]h ]hck ]Úni]`k a jac]`k ]k iaoik pailk a j] iaoi] nah]k ok _keo]o kq e`ae]o mqa oa jac]i ] oe iao) i]o a mqa lkn eook oa ]qpk`aopnkai( `ao]l]na_ai( `aet]i `a ateopen* Aeo lkn mqa k lnej_lek ajqj_e] mqa eook eilkoorah( kq oaf]( ]Úni] mqa ]o _keo]o a ]o e`ae]o _kjpn]`ep ne]o ok eilajoraeo a eilkooraeo* Jk ajqj_e]`k `aooa lnej_lek `araiko aop]n ]pajpko o `q]o _kj`e ao j]o mq]eo d _kjpn]`ek* @a b]pk( k lnej_lek ajqj_e] mqa eilkoorah ]Úni]n a jac]n ] iaoi] _keo] `a qi] kqpn] ^l jbpjl qbjml b k^ jbpj^ obi^ l* Lkn mqa aoo]o `q]o _kj`e ao; Lknmqa d _keo]o mqa lk`ai iq`]n jk _knnan `a oq]o ateopj_e]o kq jk _knnan `k pailk( `a p]h i]) jaen] mqa lk`ank pknj]n)oa `ebanajpao `k mqa an]i a ]p iaoik klkop]o ]k mqa an]i* Lkn atailhk( _kjpn]`ep nek mqa( ]mqe a ]ckn] $jaopa pailk a jaop] nah]k%( qi] _ne]j] oaf] a jk oaf]( ]k iaoik pailk( _ne]j] a jk _ne]j]7 lkni( jk oan _kjpn]`ep nek `evan mqa aop] _ne]j] qi] _ne]j] a kl pbo qi] _ne]j]( mq]j`k _nao_an* = _kjpn]`ek ateopa l]n] ] ]Úni]k a jac]k oeiqhp ja]o( i]o jk l]n] qi] ]Úni]k mqa lk`an oan jac]`] jqi kqpnk pailk* K _]_dknnejdk `a `kj] Behkiaj]( ]k ajrahda_an( lk`an Ú_]n _ejvajpk6 aha clf ^n]j_k a kl ^n]j_k* Aoo]o _kj`e ao ej`e_]i p]i^i mqa ]o _keo]o mqa jk aopk oq^iape`]o ]k pailk kq mqa jk ok pailkn]eo( fqop]iajpa lknmqa jk iq`]i kq jk oa pn]jobkni]i( ok ]mqah]o l]n] ]o mq]eo k lnej_lek `a jk _kjpn]`ek klan] oailna `] iaoi] i]jaen]* =ooei( oan oailna _kjpn]`ep nek `evan mqa k pne jcqhk pne jcqhk a jk pne jcqhk( kq mqa k raniahdk raniahdk a jk raniahdk( ai^kn] rj^ `lfp^ pne]jcqh]n lkoo] lan`an ] bkni] _ki k _knnan `k pailk kq _ki qi] ejpanrajk dqi]j] a rj^ `lfp^ raniahd] lkoo] iq`]n `a _kn _ki k l]oo]n `k pailk kq _ki qi] ejpanrajk dqi]j]* Lnej_lek `k pan_aenk at_hq`k( _qfk ajqj_e]`k Î> kq u kq v a jk d pan_aen] lkooe) ^ehe`]`aÏ* Lkn atailhk6 ÎKq aopa dkiai O _n]pao kq jk O _n]paoÏ7 ÎKq b]naiko ] cqann]
4-
x 5.)$!$%ß x = n]vk
kq b]naiko ] l]vÏ* Aopa lnej_lek `aÚja ] `a_eok `a qi `ehai] Í Îkq eopk kq ]mqehkÏ Í jk mq]h ]o `q]o ]hpanj]per]o ok lkooraeo a _qf] okhqk ateca mqa ]laj]o qi] `ah]o oaf] ran) `]`aen]* Iaoik mq]j`k paiko( lkn atailhk( qi paopa `a i hpelh] ao_khd]( ao_khdaiko j] ran`]`a ]laj]o ajpna `q]o kl ao Í Îkq aop _anpk kq aop ann]`kÏ Í a jk d pan_aen] lko) oe^ehe`]`a kq pan_aen] ]hpanj]per]( lkeo( ajpna rne]o ao_khd]o lkooraeo( o d na]hiajpa `q]o( ] _anp] kq ] ann]`]* Lnej_lek `a n]vk oqÚ_eajpa( mqa ]Úni] mqa pq`k k mqa ateopa a pq`k k mqa ]_kjpa_a pai qi] n]vk $_]qo] kq ikperk% l]n] ateopen kq l]n] ]_kjpa_an( a mqa p]h n]vk $_]qo] kq ikperk% lk`a oan _kjda_e`] lah] jkoo] n]vk* K lnej_lek `a n]vk oqÚ_eajpa _kopqi] oan _d]i]`k `a lnej_lek `a _]qo]he`]`a l]n] ej`e_]n mqa ] n]vk ]Úni] mqa l]n] pq`k k mqa ateopa kq ]_kjpa_a d qi] _]qo] $j]`] oai _]qo]( _kopqi])oa `evan l]n] nabanen)oa ]k lnej) _lek `a n]vk oqÚ_eajpa%* Kq oaf]( aooa lnej_lek ]Úni] ] ateopj_e] `a nah] ao kq _kjat ao ejpanj]o ajpna ]o _keo]o( ajpna b]pko( kq ajpna ] ao a ]_kjpa_eiajpko* Lk`a oan ajqj_e]`k `] oacqejpa i]jaen]6 Î@]`k >( ja_aoo]ne]iajpa oa `]n ?Ï* A p]i^i6 Î@]`k ?( ja_aoo]ne]iaj) pa dkqra >Ï* Eook jk oecjeÚ_] mqa ] n]vk jk ]`iep] k ]_]ok kq ] ao a b]pko ]_e`ajp]eo( i]o oei mqa ah] lnk_qn]( iaoik l]n] k ]_]ok a l]n] k ]_e`ajpa( qi] _]qo]* = `ebanaj] ajpna ] _]qo]( kq n]vk oqÚ_eajpa( a ] _]qo] _]oq]h kq ]_e`ajp]h aop ai mqa ] lneiaen] oa na]hev] oai) lna( qjerano]h a ja_aoone]( ajmq]jpk ] _]qo] ]_e`ajp]h kq _]oq]h o r]ha l]n] ]mqaha _]ok l]npe_qh]n( l]n] ]mqah] oepq]k aola_Ú_]( jk lk`aj`k oan cajan]hev]`] a oan _kjoe`an]`] rhe`] l]n] pk`ko ko _]oko kq oepq] ao ecq]eo kq oaiahd]jpao( lkeo( fqop]iajpa( k _]ok kq ] oepq]k ok je_ko* = iknpa( lkn atailhk( qi abaepk ja_aoonek a qjerano]h $rhe`k l]n] pk`ko ko pailko a hqc]nao% `] cqann] a ] cqann] ] _]qo] ja_aoone] a qjerano]h `] iknpa `a laook]o* I]o eilnareorah kq ]_e`ajp]h mqa aop] kq ]mqah] cqann] ]_kjpa]i* Lk`ai ]_kjpa_an kq jk* Jajdqi] _]qo] qjerano]h ateca mqa ]_kjpa]i* I]o( oa qi] cqann] ]_kjpa_an( ah] pan ja) _aoo]ne]iajpa _]qo]o $iaoik ]o i]eo ]^oqn`]o a ej]_aepraeo% a( oa ah] ]_kjpa_an( pan ja) _aoo]ne]iajpa _kik abaepk iknpao* I]o ]o _]qo]o `aoo] cqann] ok okiajpa ]o `aoo] cqann] a `a jajdqi] kqpn]* =ooei( k lnej_lek `a n]vk oqÚ_eajpa ]ooacqn] mqa( oa dkqran cqann]( dkqra _]qo] l]n] ah] a mqa( d]raj`k cqann]( ]o iknpao rk k_knnan* @ebanajpaiajpa `aooa _]ok( k lnej_lek `a n]vk oqÚ_eajpa aop reckn]j`k lhaj]iajpa mq]j`k( lkn atailhk( C]hehaq `aikjopnkq ]o haeo qjerano]eo `k ikreiajpk `ko _knlko ai mqa`] herna( eopk ( jk r_qk* Kq oaf]( mq]j`k `ao_k^neq a `aikjopnkq ]o _]qo]o j]pqn]eo ja) _aoone]o a ko abaepko j]pqn]eo ja_aooneko `k ikreiajpk `ko _knlko ai mqa`] herna* Lahk mqa bke atlkopk( lk`aiko k^oanr]n mqa ko lnej_leko `] n]vk ]lnaoajp]i ]hcq) i]o _]n]_panope_]o eilknp]jpao6
CAUSAßVEJAßNAß)NTRODUljO ß NOßTvPICOß±/ßLEGADOßDAß FILOSOFIAßGREGA² ßAßEXPLI CAljOßSOBREßNECESSIDADE ß CONTINGoNCIA ßACASOßEß POSSqVEL
jk lkooqai qi _kjpa `k `apaniej]`k( lkeo ok cloj^p6 ej`e_]i _kik ]o _keo]o `a) rai oan lajo]`]o( i]o jk jko `evai mq]eo _keo]o ok jai mq]eo ko _kjpa `ko mqa `a raiko kq r]iko lajo]n7 lkooqai r]he`]`a qjerano]h( eopk ( kj`a dkqran n]vk $jko oanao dqi]jko a j]o _keo]o( jko b]pko a jko ]_kjpa_eiajpko%( ai pk`k pailk a ai pk`k hqc]n( p]eo lnej_leko ok ran`]`aenko a ailnac]`ko lkn pk`ko $ko dqi]jko% a k^a`a_e`ko lkn pk`ko $_keo]o( b]) pko( ]_kjpa_eiajpko%7 ok ja_aooneko( eopk ( ej`eolajoraeo l]n] k lajo]iajpk a l]n] ] rkjp]`a( ej`eolajo) raeo l]n] ]o _keo]o( ko b]pko a ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko* Ej`e_]i mqa ]hck ]ooei a jk lk`a oan `a kqpn] i]jaen]* Kb`bppofl oecjeÚ_] mqa eilkoorah mqa jk oaf] `aoo] i]jaen] a mqa lkoo] oan `a kqpn]*
4.
= ]pere`]`a n]_ekj]h x #!0É45,/ß x
#APqTULOß = ]pere`]`a n]_ekj]h = ]pere`]`a n]_ekj]h a oq]o ik`]he`]`ao
=
INTUIljOß!ßPALAVRAßß INTUIljOßDERIVAßDEßUMß VERBOßLATINO ßINTUERE ßQUEß SIGNIFICAß±OLHARßATENTA MENTE² ß±CONTEMPLAR² ßß ±VERßCLARAMENTE²
behkokbe] `eopejcqa `q]o cn]j`ao ik`]he`]`ao `] ]pere`]`a n]_ekj]h na]hev]`]o lah] n]) vk oq^faper] kq lahk oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk6 ] ejpqek $kq n]vk ejpqeper]% a k n]_ek_jek $kq n]vk `eo_qnoer]%* = ]pere`]`a n]_ekj]h `eo_qnoer]( _kik ] ln lne] l]h]rn] ej`e_]( lan_knna qi] na]he`]`a kq qi k^fapk l]n] _dac]n ] _kjda_)hk( eopk ( na]hev] rneko ]pko `a _kjda_eiajpk ]p _kj) oa cqen _]lp)hk* = n]vk `eo_qnoer] kq k lajo]iajpk `eo_qnoerk _dac] ]k k^fapk l]oo]j`k lkn ap]l]o oq_aooer]o `a _kjda_eiajpk( na]hev]j`k aobknko oq_aooerko `a ]lnktei]k l]n] _dac]n ]k _kj_aepk kq `abejek `k k^fapk* = n]vk ejpqeper] kq ejpqek( ]k _kjpnnek( _kjoeopa jqi je_k ]pk `k aolnepk( mqa( `a qi] o rav( _]lp] lkn ejpaenk a _kilhap]iajpa k k^fapk* = ejpqek qi] reok `enap] a eia) `e]p] `k k^fapk `k _kjda_eiajpk( qi _kjp]pk `enapk a eia`e]pk _ki aha( oai ja_aooe`]`a `a lnkr]o kq `aikjopn] ao l]n] o]^an k mqa _kjda_a*
= ejpqek = ejpqek qi] _kilnaajok chk^]h a _kilhap] `a qi] ran`]`a( `a qi k^fapk( `a qi b]pk* Jah]( `a qi] o rav( ] n]vk _]lp] pk`]o ]o nah] ao mqa _kjopepqai ] na]he`]`a a ] ran`]`a `] _keo] ejpq`]* qi ]pk ejpaha_pq]h `a `eo_anjeiajpk a _kilnaajok( _kik( lkn atailhk( mq]j`k qi i`e_k( cn]]o ]k _kjfqjpk `a _kjda_eiajpko mqa lkooqe( b]v qi `e]cj ope_k ai mqa ]lnaaj`a `a qi] o rav ] `kaj]( oq] _]qo] a k ik`k `a pn]p)h]* Ko loe_ hkcko oa nabanai ejpqek qo]j`k k panik fkpfdeq( `ao_naraj`k)k _kik k ikiajpk ai mqa paiko qi] _kilnaajok pkp]h( `enap] a eia`e]p] `a ]hcqi] _keo]( kq k ikiajpk ai mqa lan_a^aiko( jqi o h]j_a( qi _]iejdk l]n] ] okhqk `a qi lnk^hai] lnpe_k( _eajpbe_k( behko be_k( ikn]h kq rep]h* Qi atailhk `a ejpqek lk`a oan aj_kjpn]`k jk nki]j_a `a Cqei]nao Nko]( Do^kab pboql7 sboba^p* Nek^]h`k a @e]`knei ok `keo f]cqjko hec]`ko lah] i]eo lnkbqj`] ]iev]`a a ha]h`]`a( _kil]jdaenko `a hqp]o a _qilne`knao `a qi] rejc]j] `a o]jcqa _kjpn] ko ]o) o]ooejko `] b]ihe] `a @e]`knei* Nek^]h`k( lkni( oajpa)oa _daek `a ]jc ope] a ]pkniajp]`k( lkeo oaqo oajpeiajpko lkn @e]`knei ok _kjbqoko( _kik oa ajpna ahao dkqraooa iqepk i]eo `k mqa ]iev]`a* @e]`knei ]oo]ooej]`k* Mq]j`k k _knlk pn]ve`k l]n] oan lnal]n]`k k bqjan]h( Nek^]h`k `ao_k^na mqa @e]`knei an] iqhdan* @a qi] o rav( jqi o h]j_a( Nek^]h`k _kilnaaj`a pq`k k mqa d]re] oajpe`k( pk`ko ko b]pko ]_kjpa_e`ko ajpna ahao a mqa hda l]na) _e]i ejatlhe_raeo( pk`]o ]o _kjrano]o mqa d]re]i pe`k( pk`ko ko caopko aopn]jdko `a @e]`k) nei $_kik( lkn atailhk( k `a f]i]eo ^]jd]n)oa jko neko j] _kil]jde] `ko `ai]eo f]cqjko% a _kilnaaj`a( ejop]jp]ja]iajpa( ] ran`]`a6 aoperan] ]l]etkj]`k lkn @e]`knei* K atailhk `k i`e_k a k `a Nek^]h`k ej`e_]i mqa ] ejpqek lk`a `alaj`an `a _k) jda_eiajpko ]jpaneknao a mqa ah] k ikiajpk ai mqa ahao ok lan_a^e`ko `a qi] o rav( jqi] ojpaoa ai mqa ]l]na_ai ]npe_qh]`ko a knc]jev]`ko jqi pk`k* Eook oecjebe_] mqa ] ejpqek lk`a oan k ikiajpk bej]h `a qi lnk_aook `a _kjda_eiajpk* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( k ikiajpk ai mqa k _kjfqjpk `a _kjda_eiajpko mqa bke oaj`k ]`mqene`k laniepa mqa k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk na]heva qi] ojpaoa( lan_a^aj`k `a qi] o rav a eia`e]p]iajpa
4/
x 5.)$!$%ß x = n]vk
EMPqRICOßDOßGREGOßß EMPEIRqA ß±EXPERIoNCIA²
&RANSß(ALS3TATENSß-USEUMßß FORß+UNST ß#OPENHAGEN
k pk`k `k k^fapk _kjda_e`k $oq] bkni]( oaq _kjpa `k( oq]o _]qo]o( oq]o lnklnea`]`ao( oaqo abaepko( oq]o nah] ao _ki kqpnko( oaq oajpe`k%* Fqop]iajpa lkn oan k ikiajpk `a _kj_hqok `a qi lan_qnok( iqepko beh okbko _kj) oe `an]i p]i^i mqa qi] ejpqek lk`a oan k lkjpk eje_e]h `a qi jkrk lan_qnok `a _k) jda_eiajpk( eopk ( cn]]o ] ah]( ] n]vk `eo_qnoer] lk`an `]n ej_ek ] qi] jkr] _]`ae] `a _kjda_eiajpko ai _qfk lkjpk bej]h d]ran qi] jkr] ejpqek* = ejpqek n]_ekj]h lk`a oan `a `keo pelko6 fkqrf l pbkpsbi lr bjmof`^ a fkqrf l fkqbib`qr^i* = ejpqek oajorah kq ailne_] k _kjda_eiajpk mqa paiko ] pk`k ikiajpk `a jkoo] re`]* =ooei( _ki qi o khd]n kq jqi o ]pk `a reok lan_a^aiko qi] _]o]( qi dkiai( qi] iqhdan( qi] bhkn( qi] iao]* Jqi o ]pk( lkn atailhk( _]lpk mqa fpql rj^ cilo6 rafk oq] _kn a oq]o lp]h]o( oejpk ] i]_eav `a oq] patpqn]( ]olenk oaq lanbqia( pajdk)] lkn ejpaenk a `a qi] o rav `e]jpa `a iei* = ejpqek ailne_] k _kjda_eiajpk `enapk a eia`e]pk `]o mq]he`]`ao `k k^fapk at) panjk _d]i]`]o `a nr^ifa^abp pbkpsbfp6 _kn( o]^kn( k`kn( l]h]`]n( oki( patpqn]* p]i^i ] lan_alk `enap] `a bkni]o( `eiajo ao( `eop j_e]o `]o _keo]o lan_a^e`]o* A k _kjda_eiajpk `enapk a eia`e]pk `a jkooko aop]`ko ejpanjko kq iajp]eo mqa `alaj`ai kq `alaj`an]i `a jkook _kjp]pk oajokne]h _ki ]o _keo]o6 hai^n]j]o( `aoafko( oajpeiajpko( ei]cajo* = ejpqek oajorah kq ailne_] loe_kh ce_]( eopk ( nabana)oa ]ko aop]`ko `k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk _kik oan _knlkn]h a lomqe_k ej`ere`q]h Í oajo] ao( hai^n]j]o( ei]cajo( oajpeiajpko( `aoafko a lan_al ao ok at_hqoer]iajpa laook]eo( r]ne]j`k `a laook] l]n] laook] a jqi] iaoi] laook] ai `a_knnj_e] `a r]ne] ao ai oaq _knlk( ai oq] iajpa kq j]o _en_qjop j_e]o ai mqa k _kjda_eiajpk k_knna* =ooei( ] i]n_] `] ejpqek ailne_] oq] oejcqh]ne`]`a6 lkn qi h]`k( aop hec]`] oej) cqh]ne`]`a `k k^fapk ejpq`k $]k ÎeopkÏ kbana_e`k oajo]k a lan_alk% a( lkn kqpnk( aop hec]`] oejcqh]ne`]`a `k oqfaepk mqa ejpqe $]ko jbrp aop]`ko lomqe_ko( o jfke^p atlanej) _e]o%* = ejpqek ailne_] jk _]lp] k k^fapk ai oq] qjerano]he`]`a a ] atlanej_e] ejpqeper] jk pn]jobanrah l]n] qi kqpnk k^fapk* Nek^]h`k para qi] ejpqek ailne_]* = ejpqek ejpaha_pq]h `ebana `] oajorah fqop]iajpa lkn oq] qjerano]he`]`a a ja_aooe`]) `a* Mq]j`k lajok ÎQi] _keo] jk lk`a oan a jk oan ]k iaoik pailkÏ( oae( oai ja_aooe`]) `a `a lnkr]o a `aikjopn] ao( mqa eook ran`]`a a mqa ja_aoonek mqa oaf] oailna ]ooei( kq mqa eilkoorah mqa jk oaf] oailna ]ooei* Kq oaf]( pajdk _kjda_eiajpk ejpqeperk `k lnej_lek `] _kjpn]`ek* Mq]j`k `eck ÎK ]i]nahk `ebanajpa `k ]vqhÏ( oae( oai ja_aooe`]`a `a lnkr]o a `aikjopn] ao( mqa d `ebanaj]o ajpna ]o _keo]o* Rafk( j] ejpqek oajorah( ] _kn ]i]nah] a ] _kn ]vqh( i]o rafk( j] ejpqek ejpaha_pq]h( ] `ebanaj] ajpna ]o _knao* Mq]j`k ]benik ÎK pk`k i]ekn `k mqa ]o l]npaoÏ( oae( oai ja_aooe`]`a `a lnkr]o a `aikjopn] ao( mqa eook ran`]`a( lknmqa ejpqk qi] bkni] ja_aoone] `a nah]k ajpna ]o _keo]o* = ejpqek ejpaha_pq]h k _kjda_eiajpk `enapk a eia`e]pk `ko lnej_leko `] n]vk $e`aj) pe`]`a( _kjpn]`ek( pan_aenk at_hq`k( n]vk oqbe_eajpa%( ko mq]eo( lkn oanai lnej_leko( jk lk`ai oan `aikjopn]`ko $lkeo( l]n] `aikjopn)hko( lna_eo]n]iko `a kqpnko lnej_leko( a l]n] `aikjopn]n aopao kqpnko lnej_leko lna_eo]n]iko `a kqpnko( jqi lnk_aook ej pan) iejrah mqa jko eila`ene] `a o]^an _ki _anpav] ] ran`]`a `a qi lnej_lek%* =hcqjo beh ) okbko ]beni]i p]i^i mqa _kjda_aiko lkn ejpqek ]o e`ae]o oeilhao( eopk ( ]mqah]o mqa jk ok _kilkop]o `a kqpn]o a jk lna_eo]i `a kqpn]o l]n] oanai _kjda_e`]o* Fqop]iajpa lknmqa jk `alaj`ai `a kqpnko _kjda_eiajpko kq `a kqpn]o e`ae]o( ]o e`ae]o oeilhao ok ]lnaaj`e`]o jqi ]pk ejpqeperk* Jk ajp]jpk( _kik ] ejpqek lk`a oan k lkjpk bej]h `a qi lnk_aook `a _kjda_eiajpk( ah] p]i^i ] ]lnaajok ejpaha_pq]h `]o nah] ao ja_aoone]o ajpna ]o e`ae]o a ajpna ko oanao a ajpna ]o e`ae]o a ]o _keo]o `a mqa ok e`ae]o* J] deop ne] `] behkokbe]( ko `keo atailhko i]eo _ha^nao `a ejpqek ejpaha_pq]h aj_kj) pn]i)oa ai Lh]pk $o_qhk ER ]*?*% a ai @ao_]npao $o_qhk TREE%* J] j]nn]per] `k Iepk `] ?]ranj]( Lh]pk `ao_nara k mqa oa l]oo] _ki k lneoekjaenk mqa r ] hqv `k Okh a ]o _keo]o a k _kil]n] ]k beh okbk mqa r ] hqv `k ^ai a ]o e`ae]o ran`]`aen]o* K lneoekjaenk pai qi] ejpqek ailne_] $pq`k k mqa _kjda_a( _kjda_a lkn oajo]k kq
$ESCARTES߯ -ITOßDAß#AVERNAßVEJAßAß EXPLICAljOßSOBREßOß-ITOß DAß#AVERNAßNAß)NTRODUljO
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%DUARDOß!LBARELLO%DITORAß!BRIL
= ]pere`]`a n]_ekj]h x #!0É45,/ß x
COGITOßEMßLATIM ßOßVERBOß COGITAREßSIGNIFICAß±PENSAR²
lkn lan_alk oajokne]h%7 k beh okbk pai qi] ejpqek ejpaha_) pq]h $ oaq ejpaha_pk kq oq] ejpahecj_e] mqa _kjda_a ]o e`ae]o ran`]`aen]o%( i]o ]i^ko pi qi _kjda_eiajpk ejpqeperk lknmqa `enapk( eia`e]pk( oai ja_aooe`]`a `a `aikjopn] ao( ]ncqiajpko a lnkr]o* Jqi] k^n] ejpepqh]`] Jbafq^ bp jbq^cpf`^p( k beh okbk bn]j_o @ao_]npao $_kjoe`an]`k k eje_e]`kn `k n]_ekj]heoik ik`anjk% `ao_nara ] ejpqek ejpaha_pq]h mqa be_kq _kjda_e`] _kik `ldfql `^oqbpf^kl( kq( i]eo oeilhaoiajpa( `ldfql* @ao) _]npao ao_nara6 Î@ldfql) bodl prjÏ( eopk ( ÎLajok $`ldfql%( hkck ateopkÏ* Lkn mqa aoo] ]beni]k qi _kjda_eiajpk ejpqeperk; Lknmqa mq]j`k lajok( oae mqa aopkq lajo]j`k a jk lna_eok lnkr]n kq `aikjopn]n eook( iaoik lknmqa lnkr]n a `aikjo) pn]n lajo]n( a l]n] `aikjopn]n a lnkr]n lna_eok( lneiaenk( lajo]n a o]^an mqa oa lajo]* Kn]( l]n] lajo]n lna_eok mqa ]hcqi na]heva k ]pk `a lajo]iajpk a( lknp]jpk( ]mqaha mqa lajo] ateopa ja_aoo]ne]iajpa ]k lajo]n kq ajmq]jpk lajo]( lkeo( `k _kjpnnek( jk d]rane] k ]pk `a lajo]n* A eook p]i^i jk lna_eo] oan lnkr]`k kq `aikjopn]`k( i]o eia`e]p]) iajpa are`ajpa* Lkn mqa aoo] ejpqek ejpaha_pq]h; Lknmqa na]hev]`] at_hqoer]iajpa lahk ejpaha_pk kq lah] ejpahecj_e]( oai na_knnan ] jajdqi _kjda_eiajpk oajorah kq oajokne]h* Mq]j`k `eck ÎLajok( hkck ateopkÏ( aopkq oeilhaoiajpa ]beni]j`k n]_ekj]hiajpa mqa oae mqa okq qi oan lajo]jpa K Lajo]`kn( `a Nk`ej* kq mqa ateopk lajo]j`k( oai ja_aooe`]`a `a lnkr]o a `a) ikjopn] ao* = ejpqek _]lp]( jqi je_k ]pk ejpaha_pq]h( ] ran`]`a `k lajo]iajpk lajo]j`k ai oe iaoik* Qi kqpnk atailhk `a ejpqek ejpaha_pq]h kbana_e`k lkn qi] _knnajpa behko be_] _ne]) `] jk o_qhk TT lahk beh okbk ]haik Dqooanh( ] cbkljbklildf^* Pn]p])oa `] ejpqek ejpaha_) pq]h `a aooj_e]o kq oecjebe_] ao* Pk`] _kjo_ej_e]( `ev Dqooanh( oailna Î_kjo_ej_e] `aÏ kq Î_kjo_ej_e] `a ]hcqi] _keo]Ï( eopk ( pk`] _kjo_ej_e] qi ]pk lahk mq]h reo]iko qi k^fapk( qi b]pk( qi] e`ae]* = _kjo_ej_e] nalnaoajp] ko k^fapko( ko b]pko( ]o laook]o* Aoo] nalnaoaj) p]k lk`a oan `a `keo pelko6 mpf`lidf`^ $eopk ( ailne_]( r]ne]j`k `a laook] l]n] laook] a jqi] iaoi] laook] ai `ebanajpao _en_qjop j_e]o% a fkqbib`qr^i $mq]j`k k lajo]iajpk( oai na_knnan ]ko `]`ko loe_kh ce_ko ej`ere`q]eo( _kjda_a ] aooj_e] ja_aoone] `k k^fapk( mqa ] iaoi] l]n] pk`ko ko oanao n]_ekj]eo7 eopk ( ]lnaaj`a `a qi] o rav ] oecjebe_]k kq k oajpe`k `a qi] _keo]( ej`alaj`ajpaiajpa `]o _kj `e ao l]npe_qh]nao `a aol]k a pailk a `]o _kj`e ao loe_kh ce_]o `a _]`] qi%* Ejpqiko ejpaha_pq]hiajpa e`ae]o kq oecjebe_] ao kq( _kik `ev ] bajkiajkhkce]( ejpqiko aooj_e]o* B]h])oa p]i^i `a qi] fkqrf l bjlqfs^ kq s^ilo^qfs^* Pn]p])oa `]mqah] ejpqek j] mq]h( fqjp]iajpa _ki k oajpe`k kq oecjebe_]`k `a ]hcqi] _keo]( _]lp]iko p]i^i oaq s^ilo( eopk ( ] ejpqek ejpaha_pq]h _]lp] ] aooj_e] `k k^fapk $k mqa aha kq k mqa aha oecjebe_]% a ] ejpqek aikper] kq r]hkn]per] _]lp] aoo] aooj) _e] ]lnaaj`aj`k k mqa ah] r]ha $^k]( i( ^ah]( bae]( fqop]( ejfqop]( ap_*%*
= n]vk `eo_qnoer]6 `a`qk( ej`qk a ]^`qk
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= ejpqek lk`a oan k lkjpk `a _dac]`]( ] _kj_hqok `a qi lnk_aook `a _kjda_eiajpk( a lk`a p]i^i oan k lkjpk `a l]npe`] `a qi lnk_aook _kcjeperk* K lnk_aook `a _kjda_e) iajpk( oaf] k mqa _dac] ] qi] ejpqek( oaf] k mqa l]npa `ah]( _kjopepqe ] n]vk `eo_qnoer] kq k n]_ek_jek* =k _kjpnnek `] ejpqek( k n]_ek_jek k _kjda_eiajpk mqa ateca lnkr]o a `aikjo) pn] ao a oa na]hev] ecq]hiajpa lkn iaek `a lnkr]o a `aikjopn] ao `]o ran`]`ao mqa aopk oaj`k _kjda_e`]o kq ejraopec]`]o* Jk o qi ]pk ejpaha_pq]h( i]o ok rneko ]pko ejpaha_) pq]eo ejpanj]iajpa hec]`ko kq _kja_p]`ko( bkni]j`k qi lnk_aook `a _kjda_eiajpk*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = n]vk
Qi _]]`kn o]e lah] i]jd ai ^qo_] `] _]]* Ajpn] jk i]pk a r n]opnko6 _dkraq j] ro lan] a d lac]`]o jk _dk7 lamqajko c]hdko n]opaenko aopk mqa^n]`ko7 k _]lei aop ]i]oo]`k ai rneko lkjpko7 ] _]n_]] `a qi ^e_dk aop ikopn]( ej`e_]j`k mqa bke `ark) n]`k b]v lkq_]o dkn]o7 d qi cn]j`a oehj_ek jk ]n( jk d _]jpk `a loo]nko( jk d nq`ko `a lamqajko ]jei]eo* K _]]`kn oql a mqa d]f] qi] kj] lkn lanpk* Aha lk`a( ajpk( pki]n `q]o ]pepq`ao* Oa( lkn pk`]o ]o oq]o atlanej_e]o ]jpaneknao( peran _anpav] `a mqa ] kj] aop j]o eia`e] ao( lk`a lnal]n]n)oa l]n] ajbnajp)h]6 o]^a mqa _]iejdko arep]n( oa jk aoperan ai _kj`e ao `a _])h]7 o]^a mqa ]ni]`ehd]o ]ni]n( oa aoperan lnkjpk l]n] _]lpqn)h]7 o]^a _kik ]pn])h]( oa mqeoan _kjoanr)h] rer] a lnaoanr]n ] aol_ea* K _]]`kn lk`a ]ej`] aop]n oai iqep] _anpav] oa d kq jk qi] kj] jko ]nna`knao a( jaooa _]ok( pki]n qi] onea `a ]pepq`ao l]n] ranebe_]n ] lnaoaj] kq ]qoj_e] `k bahejk6 lk`a lan_knnan pnehd]o mqa o]^a oanai ln lne]o `a kj]o7 lk`a at]iej]n iahdkn ]o lac]`]o a k pelk `a ]jei]h mqa bke `arkn]`k7 lk`a _kil]n]n( ai oq] iai ne]( kqpn]o oepq] ao j]o mq]eo aopara lnaoajpa qi] kj]( ap_* =ooei( l]npej`k `a ej`_eko( k _]]`kn n]_ek_ej] l]n] _dac]n ] qi] _kj_hqok a pki]n qi] `a_eok* Paiko ] qi atan__ek `a n]_ek_jek ailne_k $^]oa]`k jko `]`ko oajokne]eo kq j] atlanej_e] oajorah% a lnpe_k $qi lajo]iajpk mqa reo] ] qi] ]k%( kq oaf]( qi at]ia `a rneko oej]eo mqa laniepai ] ]hcqi b]van qi] fkcbo k`f^( eopk ( pen]n qi] _kj_hqok _ki ^]oa jko `]`ko _kjda_e`ko* Aooa n]_ek_jek( lkn oan ailne_k( _]n]_panev])oa lah] oejcqh]) ne`]`a kq ej`ere`q]he`]`a `k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk $jk _]ok( qi _]]`kn% a `k k^fapk `k _kjda _eiajpk $jk _]ok( qi] oepq]k ai mqa d oej]eo kq ej`_eko `a qi] kj]%* Mq]j`k( lkni( qi n]_ek_jek oa na]hev] ai _kj`e ao p]eo mqa ] ej`ere`q]he`]`a loe) _kh ce_] `k oqfaepk a ] oejcqh]ne`]`a `k k^fapk ok oq^opepq`]o lkn _nepneko `a cajan]he`]`a a qjerano]he`]`a( paiko ] abar l( ] fkar l a ] ^_ar l* = `a`qk @a`qk a ej`qk ok lnk_a`eiajpko n]_ekj]eo mqa jko har]i `k f _kjda_e`k ]k ]ej`] jk _kjda_e`k( eopk ( laniepai mqa ]`mqen]iko _kjda_eiajpko jkrko cn]]o ] _k) jda_eiajpko f ]`mqene`ko* Lkn eook( _kopqi])oa `evan mqa( jk n]_ek_jek( k ejpaha_pk klan] oacqej`k `^abf^p ab o^wbp kq ko jatko a _kjat ao ejpanjko a ja_aooneko ajpna ]o e`ae]o kq ajpna ko b]pko* = `a`qk _kjoeopa ai l]npen `a qi] ran`]`a f _kjda_e`] $oaf] lkn ejpqek( oaf] lkn qi] `aikjopn]k ]jpanekn% a mqa bqj_ekj] _kik qi lnej_lek can]h ]k mq]h oa oq^kn`e) j]i pk`ko ko _]oko mqa oank `aikjopn]`ko ] l]npen `ah]* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( j] `a`qk l]npa)oa `a qi] ran`]`a f _kjda_e`] l]n] `aikjopn]n mqa ah] oa ]lhe_] ] pk`ko ko _]oko l]npe_qh]nao ecq]eo* Lkn eook p]i^i oa `ev mqa ] `a`qk r]e `k can]h l]n] k l]npe_qh]n kq `k qjerano]h l]n] k ej`ere`q]h* K lkjpk `a l]npe`] `a qi] `a`qk kq qi] e`ae] ran`]`aen] $kq `abejek% kq qi] pakne] ran`]`aen] $eopk ( qi pk`k oeopaipe_k `a `abeje ao a `aikjo) pn] ao ^]oa]`]o ai lnej_leko ran`]`aenko a lnk_a`eiajpko _knnapko%( a ] bej]he`]`a `k lnk) _aook `a`qperk ]ooacqn]n ] fkcbo k`f^ `a _kj_hqo ao jkr]o a ran`]`aen]o( k^pe`]o _ki ^]oa j] `abejek `k k^fapk kq j] pakne] f ateopajpa* Lkn atailhk( oa `abejeniko k pne jcqhk _kik qi becqn] cakipne_] _qfko jcqhko ej pan) jko oki]`ko ok ecq]eo oki] `a `keo jcqhko napko( `ah] `a`qvenaiko pk`ko ko `ebanajpao pelko `a pne jcqhko lkooraeo $amqehpank kq eo o_ahao( nap jcqhk( ap_*%( pk`]o ]o lnklnea`]`ao `a pk`ko ko pne jcqhko lkooraeo a pk`]o ]o lnklnea`]`ao `a _]`] qi `ko pelko lkooraeo `a pne jcqhko* Oa pki]niko _kik lkjpk `a l]npe`] ]o `abeje ao cakipne_]o `k lkjpk( `] hejd]( `] oqlanb_ea a `] becqn]( `a`qvenaiko pk`]o ]o becqn]o cakipne_]o lkooraeo* Jk _]ok `a qi] pakne]( ] `a`qk laniepen mqa _]`] jkrk _]ok l]npe_qh]n aj_kjpn]`k oaf] _kjda_e`k( `aikjopn]j`k mqa ] aha oa ]lhe_]i pk`]o ]o haeo( nacn]o a ran`]`ao* Kq oaf]( ] `a`qk qi lnk_a`eiajpk lahk mq]h qi b]pk kq k^fapk l]npe_qh]n _kjda_e`k lkn fk`ir* pl jqi] pakne] can]h*
42
= ]pere`]`a n]_ekj]h x #!0É45,/ß x
Lkn atailhk( aop]^aha_e`] ] ran`]`a `] pakne] boe_] `a Jaspkj( o]^aiko mqa6 -% ]o haeo `] boe_] ok nah] ao `ej ie_]o `a pelk ia_ je_k( eopk ( oa nabanai ] nah] ao `a bkn] $]k a na]k% ajpna _knlko `kp]`ko `a becqn]( i]oo] a cn]j`av]7 .% ko bajiajko boe_ko k_knnai jk aol]k a jk pailk7 /% _kjda_e`]o ]o haeo eje_e]eo `a qi _kjfqjpk kq `a qi oeopai] `a bajiajko( lk`anaiko lnaran ko ]pko mqa k_knnank jaooa _kjfqjpk a jaooa oeopai]* =ooei( oa aq mqeoan _kjda_an qi _]ok boe_k l]npe_qh]n Í lkn atailhk( k mqa ]_kjpa_an _ki qi _knlk h]j]`k jk aol]k lkn qi] j]ra aol]_e]h( kq mq]h ] rahk_e`]`a `a qi lnkfpeh h]j]`k `a qi oq^i]nejk l]n] ]pejcen qi ]hrk jqi pailk `apaniej]`k( kq mq]h k pailk l]n] qi _anpk ]opnk na]hev]n qi ikreiajpk `a nkp]k ai pknjk `a oaq aetk Í( ]lhe_]nae ] aooao _]oko l]npe_qh]nao ]o haeo can]eo `] boe_] jaspkje]j] a o]^anae _ki _anpav] ] naolkop] ran`]`aen]* ?kopqi])oa nalnaoajp]n ] `a`qk lah] oacqejpa b niqh]6 Pk`ko ko u ok v $`abejek `k k^fapk kq pakne] can]h ok^na qi _kjfqjpk `a k^fapko%7 > v $_]ok l]npe_qh]n%7 Lknp]jpk( > u $`a`qk%* Ah] p]i^i lk`a oan atlnaoo] jqi] becqn]6 pk`ko ko u pk`ko ko v
= = n]vk kbana_a nacn]o aola_e]eo l]n] na]hev]n qi] `a`qk* Oa p]eo nacn]o jk bknai naolaep]`]o( ] `a`qk oan _kjoe`an]`] b]ho]* = ej`qk
43
= ej`qk na]hev] qi _]iejdk ejranok ]k `] `a`qk* ?ki ] ej`qk( l]npeiko `a _]) oko l]npe_qh]nao ecq]eo kq oaiahd]jpao a lnk_qn]iko ] hae can]h( ] `abejek can]h kq ] pakne] can]h mqa atlhe_] a oq^kn`ej] pk`ko aooao _]oko l]npe_qh]nao* = `abejek kq ] pakne] ok k^) pe`]o jk lkjpk bej]h `k lan_qnok* A ] n]vk p]i^i kbana_a qi _kjfqjpk `a nacn]o lna_eo]o l]n] cqe]n ] ej`qk* Oa p]eo nacn]o jk bknai naolaep]`]o( ] ej`qk oan _kjoe`an]`] b]ho]* Lkn atailhk( _khk_]iko cq] jk bkck a k^oanr]iko mqa ah] banra a oa pn]jobkni] ai r]lkn7 _khk_]iko haepa jk bkck a raiko p]i^i mqa aha oa pn]jobkni] ai r]lkn7 _khk_]) iko rneko pelko `a hmqe`ko jk bkck a raiko oailna oq] pn]jobkni]k ai r]lkn* Ej`qve) iko `aooao _]oko l]npe_qh]nao mqa k bkck lkooqe qi] lnklnea`]`a mqa lnk`qv ] ar]lkn]k `ko hmqe`ko* Aoo] lnklnea`]`a k _]hkn* Ranebe_]iko( lkni( mqa ko `ebanajpao hmqe`ko jk har]i oailna k iaoik pailk l]n] ar]lkn]n7 _]`] qi `ahao( lknp]jpk( `ara pan lnklnea`]`ao aola_be_]o mqa ko b]vai ar]lkn]n ai pailko `ebanajpao* @ao_k^neiko( lkni( mqa k pailk l]n] ]_kjpa_an ] ar]lkn]k jk k b]pk mqa lna_eo] oan k^oanr]`k a oei mq]jpk `a _]hkn _]`] hmqe`k lna_eo] l]n] _kia]n ] ar]lkn]n( lkeo aoo] ] _]qo] `ko `ebanajpao pailko l]n] ] ar]lkn]k* Oa _kjoe`an]niko ] cq] k jkook l]`nk `a ia`e`]( `enaiko mqa ah] banra a _kia] ] ar]lkn]n ] l]npen `a qi] _anp] mq]jpe`]`a `a _]hkn a mqa aoo] mq]jpe`]`a `a _]hkn mqa lna_eo] oan _kjda_e`]* ?kik ] cq] bke ao_khde`] l]n] oanren `a l]`nk( `enaiko mqa ] mq]jpe`]`a `a _]hkn `a -,, cn]qo _ajpcn]`ko* Lk`aiko( ] oacqen( ranebe_]n qi bajiajk `ebanajpa* Raiko mqa ] cq] a kqpnko h mqe) `ko( _khk_]`ko jqi nabnecan]`kn( aj`qna_ai a _kjcah]i( i]o mqa( _kik jk _]ok `k r]lkn(
x 5.)$!$%ß x = n]vk
./!!ß0HOTOß,IBRARY!RQUIVOßDAßEDITORA
_]`] hmqe`k _kjcah] kq oa okhe`ebe_] ai pailko `ebanajpao* Lnk_qn]iko( jkr]iajpa( ] _]q) o] `aoo] `ebanaj] a `ao_k^neiko mqa `alaj`a p]jpk `a _anp]o lnklnea`]`ao `a _]`] hmqe) `k _kik `] mq]jpe`]`a `a bnek mqa d jk nabnecan]`kn* Lan_a^aiko( bej]hiajpa( mqa aoo] mq]jpe`]`a mqa `araiko lnk_qn]n a( oa pki]niko ] cq] _kik l]`nk( `enaiko mqa ah] oa _kjcah] ] vank cn]q _ajpcn]`k* ?ki aoo]o `q]o oneao `a b]pko $r]lkn a _kjcah]iajpk%( `ao_k^neiko mqa ko aop]`ko `ko hmqe`ko r]ne]i $ar]lkn]k a okhe`ebe_]k% ai `a_knnj_e] `] pailan]pqn] ]i^eajpa $_]hkn a bnek% a mqa _]`] hmqe`k ]pejca k lkjpk `a ar]lkn]k kq `a okhe`ebe_]k ai pailan]pqn]o `ebanajpao* ?ki aooao `]`ko lk`aiko bkniqh]n qi] pakne] `] nah]k ajpna ko aop]`ko `] i]pne] Í o he`k( hmqe`k a c]okok Í a ]o r]ne] ao `a pailan]pqn]( aop]^aha_aj`k qi] na h]k ja_aoone] ajpna k aop]`k `a qi _knlk a ] pailan]pqn] ]i^eajpa* ?dac]iko( lkn ej`qk( ] qi] pakne]* = `a`qk a ] ej`qk ok _kjda_e`]o _ki k jkia `a ejban j_e]( eopk ( _kj_hqen ]h) cqi] _keo] _ki ^]oa ai kqpn] f _kjda_e`]* J] `a`qk( `]`k U $`abejek kq pakne]%( ejbenk $_kj_hqk% ^( _( `( a $ko _]oko l]npe_qh]nao%* J] ej`qk( `]`ko ^( _( `( a( ejbenk $_kj_hqk% U* = ]^`qk 2ALFß&ROELICH'LOWß)MAGES)MAGEPLUS
K beh okbk jknpa)]iane_]jk Laen_a _kj) oe`an] mqa( ]hi `] `a`qk a `] ej`qk( ] n]vk `eo_qnoer] kq n]_ek_jek p]i^i oa na]hev] jqi] pan_aen] ik`]he`]`a `a ejba) nj_e]( ai^kn] aop] jk oaf] lnklne]iajpa `aikjopn]per]* Aoo] pan_aen] ik`]he`]`a _d]i]`] lkn aha `a ]^`qk* = ]^`qk qi] aol_ea `a ejpqek( i]o mqa jk oa ` `a qi] o rav( ej`k l]ook ] l]ook l]n] _dac]n ] qi] _kj_hqok* = ]^`q) k ] ^qo_] `a qi] _kj_hqok lah] ejpanlna) p]k n]_ekj]h `a oej]eo( `a ej`_eko( `a oecjko* K atailhk i]eo oeilhao kbana_e`k lkn Laen_a l]n] atlhe_]n k mqa ] ]^`qk ok ko _kj) pko lkhe_e]eo( k ik`k _kik ko `apaperao rk _khap]j`k ej`_eko a oej]eo a bkni]j`k qi] atlhe_]k l]n] k _]ok mqa ejraopec]i* Oacqj`k Laen_a( ] ]^`qk ] bkni] mqa ] n]vk lkooqe mq]j`k eje_e] k aopq`k `a qi jkrk _]ilk _eajpbe_k mqa ]ej`] jk d]re] oe`k ]^kn`]`k* Ah] oa ]lnktei] `] ejpqek `k ]npeop] a `] ]`erejd]k `k `apapera( mqa( ]jpao `a eje_e]nai oaqo pn]^]hdko( o _kjp]i _ki ]hcqjo oej]eo mqa ej`e_]i leop]o ] oacqen* Ko deopkne]`knao _kopqi]i qo]n ] ]^`qk* @a ik`k can]h( `ev)oa mqa ] ej`qk a ] ]^`qk ok lnk_a `e iajpko n]_ekj]eo mqa ailna) c]iko l]n] ] ^nrfpf l `a _kjda _e iajpko( ajmq]jpk ] `a`qk k lnk_a`eiajpk n]_ekj]h mqa ai lnac]iko l]n] sbofcf`^o kq `ljmols^o ] ran`]`a `a qi _kjda_e iajpk f ]`mqene`k*
#HARLESß3ANDERSß0EIRCEß ¯ ßFILvSOFOßDAß CIoNCIAßEßDAßLINGUAGEM
Aoppq] `k `apapera Odanhk_g Dkhiao( lanokj]cai `]o deop ne]o lkhe_e]eo `a ?kj]j @kuha*
Na]heoik a e`a]heoik
R
eiko ]jpanekniajpa mqa iqepko beh okbko `eopejcqai n]vk k^faper] a n]vk oq^fape) r]( _kjoe`an]j`k ] behkokbe] k aj_kjpnk a k ]_kn`k ajpna ]i^]o*
44
= n]vk6 ej]p] kq ]`mqene`]; x #!0É45,/ß x
B]h]n jqi] n]vk k^faper] oecjebe_] ]beni]n mqa ] na]he`]`a atpanj] ]k jkook lajo]) iajpk n]_ekj]h ai oe a lkn oe iaoi] a mqa lk`aiko _kjda_)h] fqop]iajpa lkn oan n]_ek) j]h* Oecjebe_] `evan( lkn atailhk( mqa k aol]k a k pailk ateopai ai oe a lkn oe iaoiko( mqa ]o nah] ao i]paipe_]o a `a _]qo])abaepk ateopai j]o ln lne]o _keo]o( mqa k ]_]ok ateopa j] ln lne] na]he`]`a( ap_* ?d]i])oa na]heoik ] lkoek behko be_] mqa ]beni] ] ateo pj _e] k^faper] kq ai oe `] na]he`]`a atpanj] _kik qi] na]he`]`a n]_ekj]h ai oe a lkn oe iaoi] a( lknp]jpk( mqa ]beni] ] ateopj_e] `] n]vk k^faper]* D beh okbko( lkni( mqa aop]^aha_ai qi] `ebanaj] ajpna ] na]he`]`a a k _kjda_e) iajpk n]_ekj]h mqa `ah] paiko* @evai ahao mqa( ai^kn] ] na]he`]`a atpanj] ateop] ai oe a lkn oe iaoi]( o lk`aiko _kjda_)h] p]h _kik jkoo]o e`ae]o ] bkniqh]i a ] knc]jev]i a jk _kik ah] oane] ai oe iaoi]* Jk lk`aiko o]^an jai `evan oa ] na]he`]`a atpanekn n]_ekj]h bj pf( lkeo o lk`aiko o]^an a `evan mqa ah] n]_ekj]h m^o^ kp( eopk ( lkn iaek `a jkoo]o e`ae]o* Aoo] lkoek behko be_] _kjda_e`] lahk jkia `a e`a]heoik a ]beni] ]laj]o ] ateopj) _e] `] n]vk oq^faper]* = n]vk oq^faper] lkooqe lnej_leko a ik`]he`]`ao `a _kjda_eiajpk mqa ok qjerano]eo a ja_aooneko( eopk ( rhe`ko l]n] pk`ko ko oanao dqi]jko ai pk`ko ko pailko a hqc]nao* K mqa _d]i]iko na]he`]`a( lknp]jpk( ]laj]o k mqa lk`aiko _kjda_an lkn iaek `]o e`ae]o `a jkoo] n]vk*
#APqTULOß = n]vk6 ej]p] kq ]`mqene`]; Ej]peoik kq aileneoik;
@
a kj`a rean]i ko lnej_leko n]_ekj]eo; @a kj`a raek ] _]l]_e`]`a l]n] ] ejpqek a l]n] k n]_ek_jek; J]o_aiko _ki ahao kq jko oane]i `]`ko lah] a`q_]k a lahk _ko) pqia; Oane]i ]hck ln lnek `ko oanao dqi]jko( _kjopepqej`k ] j]pqnav] `ahao( kq oa) ne]i ]`mqene`ko lah] atlanej_e]; @qn]jpa o_qhko( ] behkokbe] kbana_aq `q]o naolkop]o ] aoo]o lancqjp]o* = lneiaen] be_kq _kjda_e`] _kik ej]peoik a ] oacqj`]( _kik aileneoik* K ej]peoik ]beni] mqa ]k j]o_aniko pn]vaiko ai jkoo] ejpahecj_e] jk o ko lnej) _leko n]_ekj]eo i]o p]i^i ]hcqi]o e`ae]o ran`]`aen]o( mqa( lkn eook( ok e`ae]o ej]p]o* K aileneoik( ]k _kjpnnek( ]beni] mqa ] n]vk( _ki oaqo lnej_leko( oaqo lnk_a`eiajpko a oq]o e`ae]o( ]`mqene`] lkn j o lah] atlanej_e]*
K ej]peoik
R
]iko b]h]n `k ej]peoik pki]j`k `keo beh okbko _kik atailhk6 k beh okbk cnack Lh]) pk a k beh okbk bn]j_o @ao_]npao*
45
x 5.)$!$%ß x = n]vk
Ej]peoik lh]p je_k Lh]pk `abaj`a ] paoa `k ej]peoik `] n]vk kq `]o e`ae]o ran`]`aen]o ai rne]o `a oq]o k^n]o( i]o ]o l]oo]cajo i]eo _kjda_e`]o oa aj_kjpn]i jko `ehkcko J klk a Obm _if`^* Jk J klk( O _n]pao `e]hkc] _ki qi fkrai ao_n]rk ]j]hb]^apk* B]vaj`k)hda lancqjp]o _anp]o j] dkn] _anp]( k beh okbk _kjoacqa mqa k fkrai ao_n]rk `aikjopna okvejdk qi `eb_eh paknai] `a cakiapne]* =o ran`]`ao i]paipe_]o rk oqncej`k jk aolnepk `k ao_n]rk ia) `e`] mqa O _n]pao r]e)hda b]vaj`k lancqjp]o a r]e n]_ek_ej]j`k _ki aha* ?kik eook oane] lkoorah( ej`]c] Lh]pk( oa k ao_n]rk jk dkqraooa j]o_e`k _ki ] n]vk a _ki ko lnej_leko `] n]_ekj]he`]`a; ?kik `evan mqa _kjoacqeq `aikjopn]n k paknai] lkn qi ]lnaj`ev]`k rej`k `] atlanej_e]( oa aha f]i]eo kqren] b]h]n `a cakiapne]; J] Obm _if`^( Lh]pk `aoajrkhra qi] pakne] mqa f bkn] ao^k]`] jk J klk6 ] pakne] `] naiejeo_j_e]* J]o_aiko _ki ] n]vk a ]o e`ae]o ran`]`aen]o( a ] behkokbe] j]`] i]eo b]v `k mqa jko nahai^n]n aoo]o e`ae]o* Lh]pk qi cn]j`a ao_nepkn a qo] ai oaqo ao_nepko qi lnk_a`eiajpk hepannek mqa k ]qtehe] ] atlkn ]o pakne]o iqepk `eb_aeo* Aooa lnk_a`eiajpk ] ^ibdlof^ kq k jfql* F reiko qi] `]o ]hackne]o lh]pje_]o Í k Iepk `] ?]ranj] Í( p]i^i j]nn]`k j] Obm _if`^* L]n] at lhe_]n ] pakne] `] naiejeo_j_e]( k beh okbk j]nn] k Iepk `a An* K l]opkn An( `] nacek `] L]jbhe]( iknnaq a bke har]`k l]n] k Naejk `ko Iknpko* =he _dac]j) `k( aj_kjpn] ]o ]hi]o `ko dan eo cnacko( `a ckranj]jpao( `a ]npeop]o( `a oaqo ]jpal]oo]`ko a ]iecko* =he( ]o ]hi]o _kjpailh]i ] ran`]`a a lkooqai k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk* An be_] o]^aj`k mqa pk`]o ]o ]hi]o naj]o_ai ai kqpn]o re`]o l]n] oa lqnebe_]nai `a oaqo annko l]oo]`ko ]p mqa jk lna_eoai i]eo rkhp]n Pann]( lani]ja_aj`k j] apanje`]`a* =jpao `a rkhp]n ]k jkook iqj`k( ]o ]hi]o lk`ai ao_khdan ] jkr] re`] mqa pank* =hcqi]o ao_khdai ] re`] `a nae( kqpn]o ] `a cqannaenk( kqpn]o ] `a _kian_e]jpa ne_k( kqpn]o ] `a ]npeop]( kqpn]o ] `a o^ek* Jk _]iejdk `a napknjk Pann]( ]o ]hi]o ]pn]raoo]i qi] cn]j`a lh]j_ea lkn kj`a _kn) na qi nek( k Hapd $mqa( ai cnack( mqan `evan Îaomqa_eiajpkÏ%( a ^a^ai `a oq]o cq]o* =o mqa ^a^ai iqepk aomqa_ai pk`] ] ran`]`a mqa _kjpailh]n]i7 ]o mqa ^a^ai lkq_k mq]oa jk oa aomqa_ai `k mqa _kjda_an]i* =o mqa ao_khdan]i re`] `a nae( `a cqannaenk kq `a _kian_e]jpa ne_k ok ]o mqa i]eo ^a^ai `]o cq]o `k aomqa_eiajpk7 ]o mqa ao_khdan]i ]o `a o^ek ok ]o mqa iajko ^a^ai* =ooei( ]o lneiaen]o `ebe_ehiajpa $p]hrav jqj_]% oa hai^n]nk( j] jkr] re`]( `] ran`]`a mqa _kjda_an]i( ajmq]jpk ]o kqpn]o oank _]l]vao `a hai^n]n a pan o]^a`kne]( qo]j`k ] n]vk* ?kjda_an( `ev Lh]pk( na_kn`]n ] ran`]`a mqa f ateopa ai j o7 `aolanp]n ] n]vk l]n] mqa ah] oa atan] lkn oe iaoi]* Lkn eook O _n]pao b]ve] lancqjp]o( lkeo( ]pn]ro `ah]o( ]o lao) ok]o lk`ane]i hai^n]n)oa `] ran`]`a a `k qok `] n]vk* Oa jk j]o_ooaiko _ki ] n]vk a _ki ] ran`]`a( ej`]c] Lh]pk( _kik o]^an]iko mqa paiko qi] e`ae] ran`]`aen] ]k aj_kj) pn)h]; ?kik lk`an]iko `eopejcqen k ran`]`aenk `k b]hok( oa jk j]o_ooaiko _kjda_aj`k aoo] `ebanaj];
Ej]peoik _]npaoe]jk @ao_]npao `eo_qpa ] pakne] `]o e`ae]o ej]p]o ai rne]o `a oq]o k^n]o( i]o ]o atlkoe ao i]eo _kjda_e`]o aj_kjpn]i)oa ai `q]o `ah]o6 jk Afp`ropl al jqlal a j]o Jbafq^ bp jb* q^cpf`^p* Jah]o( @ao_]npao ikopn] mqa jkook aolnepk lkooqe pno pelko `a e`ae]o mqa oa `eba) naj_e]i oacqj`k oq] knecai a mq]he`]`a6 -*
E`ae]o ]`rajp_e]o $eopk ( rej`]o `a bkn]%6 ok ]mqah]o mqa oa knecej]i `a jkoo]o oaj o] ao( lan_al ao( hai^n]j]o7 ok ]o e`ae]o mqa jko ri lkn paniko pe`k ] atlanej_e] oajokne]h kq oajorah `]o _keo]o ] mqa oa nabanai* Ok( `a qi h]`k( ]o e`ae]o `]o mq]he`]`ao oajokne]eo Í _kn( o]^kn( k`kn( oki( patpqn]( p]i]jdk( hqc]n( ap_* Í a( `a kqpnk( ]o e`ae]o `]o _keo]o lan) _a^e`]o lkn iaek `aoo]o mq]he`]`ao* Ok p]i^i ]o kleje ao bkniqh]`]o ] l]npen `aoo]o e`ae]o kq jkoo]o e`ae]o _kpe`e]j]o a _kopqiaen]o( can]hiajpa ajc]jko]o kq b]ho]o( eopk ( ok kleje ao na_a^e`]o a mqa( ai can]h( jk _knnaolkj`ai na]he`]`a `]o ln lne]o _keo]o*
5,
= n]vk6 ej]p] kq ]`mqene`]; x #!0É45,/ß x
Lkn atailhk( oajp]`] jqi ^]j_k `a f]n`ei( rafk ]k hkjca qi k^fapk ao_qnk a ei ) rah* Lkni( k k^fapk oa ]lnktei] a rafk mqa qi] ^kh] ^n]j_] nkh]j`k* Mq]h lan_alk ran`]`aen]; = lneiaen] kq ] oacqj`]; ?kik k iaoik k^fapk lk`a lnk`qven j] iaoi] laook] `q]o e`ae]o pk `ebanajpao; =j`]j`k jkepa lkn qi] bhknaop]( rafk ikreiajpko a ao_qpk okjo* Ajoej]n]i)ia mqa eook ok b]jp]oi]o a ]_na`epk mqa aopkq j] lnaoaj] `a qi* I]o( mq]j`k n]e] k `e]( `ao_q^nk mqa ko ikreiajpko a okjo rejd]i `a c]hdko napkn_e`ko `a nrknao mqa oa iate]i ok^ k rajpk* Khdk l]n] k _q a rafk k Okh ikran)oa `a haopa l]n] kaopa* Ajoej]n]i)ia mqa ] Pann] aop ei rah a mqa k Okh oa ikra rkhp] `ah]* I]o( mq]j`k aopq`k ]opnkjkie]( `ao_q^nk mqa p]h klejek b]ho]* .* E`ae]o be_p_e]o6 ok ]mqah]o mqa _ne]iko ai jkoo] b]jp]oe] a ei]cej]k( _kilkj`k oa nao ejateopajpao _ki la`]ko kq l]npao `a e`ae]o ]`rajp_e]o mqa aopk ai jkoo] ia i ne]* Lkn atailhk( _]r]hk ]h]`k( b]`]o( ahbko( `qaj`ao( `n]c ao( oanae]( ap_* Ok ]o b]^qh] ao `]o ]npao( `] hepan]pqn]( `ko _kjpko ejb]jpeo( `ko iepko( `]o oqlanope ao* Aoo]o e`ae]o jqj_] ok ran`]`aen]o( lkeo jk _knnaolkj`ai ] j]`] mqa ateop] na]hiajpa a o]^aiko mqa bkn]i ejrajp]`]o lkn j o( iaoik mq]j`k ]o na_a^aiko f lnkjp]o `a kqpnko mqa ]o ejrajp]n]i* /* E`ae]o ej]p]o6 ok ]mqah]o mqa jk lk`ane]i ren `a jkoo] atlanej_e] oajokne]h( lknmqa jk d k^fapko oajokne]eo kq oajoraeo l]n] ah]o( jai lk`ane]i ren `a jkoo] b]jp]oe]( lkeo jk peraiko atlanej_e] oajokne]h l]n] _kil)h]o ] l]npen `a jkoo] iai ne]* Lkn atailhk( ] e`ae] `k ejbejepk ej]p]( lkeo jk paiko jajdqi] atlanej_e] oajokne]h `] ejbejepq`a* o e`ae]o ej]p]o ok ejpaen]iajpa n]_ekj]eo a o lk`ai ateopen lknmqa f j]o_aiko _ki = ah]o* Ko lnej_leko `] n]vk $e`ajpe`]`a( jk _kjpn]`ek( pan_aenk at_hq`k( n]vk oqbe) _eajpa% ok e`ae]o ej]p]o* P]i^i ok ej]p]o e`ae]o mqa @ao_]npao `ajkiej] `a Îjk ao _kiqjo `] n]vkÏ( _kik( lkn atailhk( Îk pk`k i]ekn mqa ]o l]npaoÏ* Ok p]i^i ej]) p]o ]o e`ae]o oei lhao _kjda_e`]o lkn ejpqek ejpaha_pq]h $_kik k _]ok `k `ldfql%* Lkn oanai oeilhao( ]o e`ae]o ej]p]o ok _kjda_e`]o lkn ejpqek a ok ah]o k lkjpk `a l]npe`] `] `a`qk n]_ekj]h a `] ej`qk( mqa _kjda_ai ]o e`ae]o _kilhat]o kq _kilkop]o* =o e`ae]o ej]p]o( `ev @ao_]npao( ok Î] ]ooej]pqn] `k ?ne]`knÏ jk aolnepk `]o _ne]pqn]o n]_ekj]eo( a ] n]vk ] hqv j]pqn]h ej]p] mqa jko laniepa _kjda_an ] ran`]`a* Reopk mqa ]o e`ae]o ej]p]o ok _khk_]`]o ai jkook aolnepk lkn @aqo( oank oailna ran`]`aen]o( eopk ( oailna _knnaolkj`ank ejpacn]hiajpa o _keo]o ] mqa oa nabanai( a( cn]]o ] ah]o( lk`aiko fqhc]n mq]j`k qi] e`ae] ]`rajp_e] ran`]`aen] kq b]ho] a o]^an mqa ]o e`ae]o be_p_e]o ok oailna b]ho]o $jk _knnaolkj`ai ] j]`] bkn] `a j o%* = paoa _ajpn]h `ko ej]peop]o ] oacqejpa6 oa( `ao`a jkook j]o_eiajpk( jk lkooqeniko ai jkook aolnepk ] n]vk _ki oaqo lnej_leko a haeo a ]hcqi]o e`ae]o ran`]`aen]o `]o mq]eo pk`]o ]o kqpn]o `alaj`ai( jqj_] panaiko _kik o]^an oa qi _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`ae) nk kq b]hok( eopk ( jqj_] o]^anaiko oa qi] e`ae] _knnaolkj`a kq jk na]he`]`a ] mqa ah] oa nabana* Jk panaiko qi _nepnek oacqnk l]n] ]r]he]n jkooko _kjda_eiajpko*
K aileneoik
?
kjpn]ne]iajpa ]ko `abajoknao `k ej]peoik( ko `abajoknao `k aileneoik ]beni]i mqa ] n]vk( ] ran`]`a a ]o e`ae]o n]_ekj]eo ok ]`mqene`]o lkn j o lah] atlanej_e]* =jpao `] atlanej_e]( `evai ahao( jkoo] n]vk _kik qi] Îbkhd] ai ^n]j_kÏ( kj`a j]`] bke ao_nepk7 qi] p^qh] n]o] kj`a j]`] bke cn]r]`k* Okiko _kik qi] _an] oai bkni] a oai j]`] eilnaook jah]( ]p mqa ] atlanej_e] rajd] ao_naran j] bkhd]( cn]r]n j] p^qh]( `]n bkni] _an]* = n]vk qi] i]jaen] `a _kjda_an a ] ]`mqeneiko $lkn iaek `] atlanej_e] oajokne]h% jk `a_knnan `a jkoo] re`]*
Ko aileneop]o ejchaoao
5-
Jk `a_knnan `] deop ne] `] behkokbe]( iqepko beh okbko `abaj`an]i ] paoa aileneop]( i]o ko i]eo b]ikoko a _kjda_e`ko ok ko beh okbko ejchaoao `ko o_qhko TRE ]k TREEE( _d]i]`ko(
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lkn eook( `a aileneop]o ejchaoao6 Bn]j_eo >]_kj( Pdki]o Dk^^ao( Fkdj Hk_ga( Caknca >angahau a @]re` Dqia* J] ran`]`a( k aileneoik qi] _]n]_panope_] iqepk i]n_]jpa `] behkokbe] ejchao]* J] E`]`a I`e]( lkn atailhk( beh okbko eilknp]jpao _kik Nkcan >]_kj a Cqehdania `a K_gd]i an]i aileneop]o7 i]eo ln teik ] j o( >anpn]j` Nqooahh bke qi aileneop]* Mqa `evai ko aileneop]o; Jkooko _kjda_eiajpko _kia]i _ki ] atlanej_e] `ko oajpe`ko( eopk ( _ki ]o oaj o]) ao* Ko k^fapko atpaneknao at_ep]i jkooko ncko `ko oajpe`ko a raiko _knao( oajpeiko o]^k) nao a k`knao( kqreiko okjo( oajpeiko ] `ebanaj] ajpna k olank a k heok( k mqajpa a k bnek( ap_* =o oajo] ao oa na jai a bkni]i qi] lan_alk7 kq oaf]( lan_a^aiko qi] je_] _ke) o] kq qi je_k k^fapk mqa jko _dackq lkn iaek `a rne]o a `ebanajpao oajo] ao* =ooei( rafk qi] _kn raniahd] a qi] bkni] ]nna`kj`]`]( ]olenk qi lanbqia ]`k_e_]`k( oejpk ] i]_eav a `eck6 ÎLan_a^k qi] nko]Ï* = Înko]Ï k naoqhp]`k `] naqjek `a rne]o oajo] ao `ebanajpao jqi o k^fapk `a lan_alk*
3MITHSONIANß)NSTITUTIONß,IBRARY ß 7ASHINGTON ß$#!RQUIVOßDAß%DITORA
x 5.)$!$%ß x = n]vk
'EORGEß"ERKELEYßß ¯
Ok Pki( ]l opkhk `k Îran l]n] _nanÏ( lejp]`k lkn ?]n]r]ccek ai _* -2,-*
=o lan_al ao( lkn oq] rav( oa _ki^ej]i kq oa ]ook_e]i* = ]ook_e]k lk`a oa `]n lkn pno ikperko6 lkn oaiahd]j]( lkn lnkteie`]`a kq _kjpecqe`]`a aol]_e]h a lkn oq_aook pailkn]h* = _]qo] `] ]ook_e]k `]o lan_al ao ] nalapek* Kq oaf]( `a p]jpk ]hcqi]o oajo] ao oa nalapenai lkn oaiahd]j] kq `a p]jpk oa nalapenai jk iaoik aol]k kq ln ) tei]o qi]o `]o kqpn]o( kq( ajbei( `a p]jpk oa nalapenai oq_aooer]iajpa jk pailk( _ne]iko k d^epk `a ]ook_e)h]o* Aoo]o ]ook_e] ao ok ]o e`ae]o* =o e`ae]o( pn]ve`]o lah] atlanej_e]( eopk ( lah] oajo]k( lah] lan_alk a lahk d^epk( ok har]`]o iai ne] a( `a h( ] n]vk ]o ]l]jd] l]n] bkni]n ko lajo]iajpko* = atlanej_e] ao_nara a cn]r] ai jkook aolnepk ]o e`ae]o( a ] n]vk r]e ]ook_e)h]o( _ki) ^ej)h]o kq oal]n)h]o( bkni]j`k pk`ko ko jkooko lajo]iajpko* Lkn eook( @]re` Dqia `en mqa ] n]vk k d^epk `a ]ook_e]n e`ae]o( oaf] lkn oaiahd]j]( oaf] lkn `ebanaj]* K atailhk i]eo eilknp]jpa $lkn _]qo] `]o _kjoamqj_e]o bqpqn]o% kbana_e`k lkn Dqia l]n] ikopn]n _kik bkni]iko d^epko n]_ekj]eo k `] knecai `k lnej_lek `] _]qo]he`]`a* = atlanej_e] ia ikopn]( pk`ko ko `e]o( mqa( oa aq lqoan qi hmqe`k jqi na_eleajpa a har]n ]k bkck( aooa hmqe`k banran( o]ej`k `k na_eleajpa ok^ ] bkni] `a r]lkn* Oa k na_eleajpa aoperan pkp]hiajpa ba_d]`k a aq k `aop]il]n( na_a^anae qi ^]bk `a r]lkn( _kik oa k na_e) leajpa peraooa be_]`k lamqajk l]n] _kjpan k hmqe`k*
5.
= n]vk6 ej]p] kq ]`mqene`]; x #!0É45,/ß x
= atlanej_e] p]i^i ia ikopn]( pk`k k pailk( mqa oa aq lqoan qi k^fapk o he`k $qi la`]k `a rah]( qi la`]k `a bannk% jk _]hkn `k bkck( jk o aha oa `annapan i]o p]i^i l]oo]n ] k_ql]n qi aol]k iqepk i]ekn jk ejpanekn `k na_eleajpa* = atlanej_e] p]i^i nalapa _kjop]jpaiajpa l]n] iei ] lkooe^ehe`]`a mqa pajdk `a napen]n qi k^fapk lnaok `aj) pnk `a qi kqpnk( oa aq ]mqa_an aopa hpeik( lkeo( ]mqa_e`k( aha okhp] k mqa aop]r] lnaok jk oaq ejpanekn( l]na_aj`k ]h]nc]n)oa a ]qiajp]n `a p]i]jdk* Atlanej_e]o `aooa pelk( ia`e`] mqa rk oa nalapej`k oailna `] iaoi] i]jaen]( rk _ne]j`k ai iei k d^epk `a ]ook_e]n k _]hkn _ki _anpko b]pko* =`mqenk k d^epk `a lan_a^an k _]hkn a( ai oacqe`]( qi b]pk ecq]h kq oaiahd]jpa ] kqpnko mqa f lan_a^e ej ian]o ravao* A eook ia har] ] `evan mqa Îk _]hkn ] `^rp^ `aooao b]pkoÏ* ?kik ko b]pko ok `a ]qiajpk `k rkhqia kq `] `eiajok `ko _knlko oq^iape`ko ]k _]hkn( ]_]^k _kj_hqej`k mqa Îk _]hkn ] `^rp^ `] `eh]p]k `ko _knlkoÏ a p]i^i mqa Î] `eh]p]k `ko _knlko k bcbfql `k _]hknÏ* ]ooei( `ev Dqia( mqa j]o_ai ]o _ej_e]o* Ok ah]o( lknp]jpk( k d^epk `a ]ook_e]n e`ae]o _kik _kjoamqj_e] `] nalapek `a atlanej_e]o* Kn]( ]k ikopn]n _kik oa bkni] k lnej_lek `] _]qo]he`]`a( Dqia jk aop `evaj`k ]la) j]o mqa ]o e`ae]o `] n]vk oa knecej]i `] atlanej_e]( i]o aop ]beni]j`k p]i^i mqa ko ln lneko lnej_leko `] n]_ekj]he`]`a ok `aner]`ko `] atlanej_e]* I]eo `k mqa eook* = n]vk lnapaj`a( lkn iaek `a oaqo lnej_leko( oaqo lnk_a`eiajpko a oq]o e`ae]o( ]h_]j]n ] na]he`]`a ai oaqo ]ola_pko qjerano]eo a ja_aooneko* Ai kqpn]o l]) h]rn]o( lnapaj`a _kjda_an ] na]he`]`a p]h _kik ai oe iaoi]( _kjoe`an]j`k mqa k mqa _k) jda_a r]ha _kik ran`]`a l]n] pk`ko ko pailko a hqc]nao $qjerano]he`]`a% a ej`e_] _kik ]o _keo]o ok a _kik jk lk`ane]i( `a ik`k ]hcqi( oan `a qi] kqpn] i]jaen] $ja_aooe`]`a%* Kn]( _ki Dqia f jk oa lk`a ]`iepen ] qjerano]he`]`a a ] ja_aooe`]`a lnapaj`e`]o lah] n]vk* K qjerano]h ]laj]o qi jkia kq qi] l]h]rn] can]h mqa qo]iko l]n] jko nabanen nalapek `a oaiahd]j]o lan_a^e`]o a ]ook_e]`]o* K ja_aoonek ]laj]o k jkia kq qi] l]h]rn] can]h mqa qo]iko l]n] jko nabanen nalapek `]o lan_al ao oq_aooer]o jk pailk* K qjerano]h( k ja_aoonek( ] _]qo]he`]`a ok ianko d^epko lomqe_ko*
Lnk^hai]o `k ej]peoik
5/
Oa ko lnej_leko a ]o e`ae]o `] n]vk ok ej]pko a lkn eook qjerano]eo a ja_aooneko( _kik atlhe_]n mqa lkoo]i iq`]n; Lkn atailhk( Lh]pk ]beni]r] mqa ] e`ae] `a fqope] an] ej]p]( rejd] `] _kjpailh]k ejpaha_pq]h `k fqopk ai oe kq `k _kjda_eiajpk n]_ekj]h `]o _keo]o fqop]o ai oe* Oaj`k ej]p]( an] qjerano]h a ja_aoone]* Oai ` re`]( `eve] k beh okbk cnack( ko oanao dqi]jko r]ne]i iqepk j]o oq]o kleje ao ok^na k fqopk a ] fqope]( lkeo aoo]o kleje ao oa bkni]i lkn atlanej_e] a aop] r]ne] `a laook] l]n] laook]( `a lk_] l]n] lk_]( `a hqc]n l]n] hqc]n* Lkn eook iaoik( ok oeilhao lmfkfbp* Qi] fabf^ sboa^abfo^( ]k _kjpnnek( lkn oan ran`]`aen]( ej]p]( qjerano]h a ja_aoone]( jk okbnaj`k ]o r]ne] ao `]o kleje ao( mqa( ]hi `a oanai r]neraeo( ok( jk i]eo `]o ravao( b]ho]o( lkeo jkoo] atlanej_e] paj`a ] oan ajc]jko] kq ajc]j]`]* Mq]h an] ] e`ae] lh]pje_] `] fqope]; An] qi] e`ae] ikn]h a qi] e`ae] lkhpe_]* Ikn]hiajpa( qi] laook] fqop] $ln]pe_] ] e`ae] qjerano]h `] fqope]% mq]j`k b]v _ki mqa k ejpaha_pk kq ] n]vk `kieja a _kjpnkha ejpaen] a _kilhap]iajpa oaqo eilqhoko l]ooek) j]eo( oaqo oajpeiajpko a oq]o aik ao enn]_ekj]eo* Lkn mq; Lknmqa k ejpaha_pk kq ] n]vk ] l]npa iahdkn a oqlanekn `] ]hi] kq aolnepk a `ara `kiej]n ] l]npa ejbanekn a lekn( hec]`] ]ko `aoafko enn]_ekj]eo `k jkook _knlk* Lkhepe_]iajpa( qi] ok_ea`]`a fqop] $eopk ( ln]pe_] ] e`ae] ej]p] a qjerano]h `a fqope]% mq]j`k jah] ]o _h]ooao ok_e]eo oa nah]_ekj]i _kik j] ikn]h* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( mq]j`k ]o _h]ooao ejbaneknao bknai `kiej]`]o a _kjpnkh]`]o lah]o _h]ooao oqlaneknao* = ok_ea`]`a fqop] _ne] qi] dean]nmqe] kq qi] ao_]h] `a _h]ooao ok_e]eo a `a lk`anao j] mq]h ] _h]ooa a_kjie_] i]eo ejbanekn `ara oan `kiej]`] a _kjpnkh]`] lah] _h]ooa iehep]n l]n] mqa ]o nemqav]o jk lnkrkmqai `aoecq]h`]`ao( ackoiko( cqann]o( rekhj_e]o7 ] _h]ooa iehep]n( lkn oq] rav( `ara oan `kiej]`] a _kjpnkh]`] lah] _h]ooa lkhpe_] l]n] eila`en mqa ko iehep]nao mqaen]i qo]n ] bkn] a ] rekhj_e] _kjpn] ] ok_ea`]`a a b]van cqann]o ]^oqn`]o*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = n]vk
Ajbei( ] _h]ooa lkhpe_] `ara oan `kiej]`] a _kjpnkh]`] lahko o^eko( mqa jk `aet]nk mqa ko lkhpe_ko ]^qoai `k lk`an a lnafq`emqai pk`] ] ok_ea`]`a* Fqope]( lknp]jpk( k `kijek `] ejpahecj_e] ok^na ko ejopejpko( ejpanaooao a l]et ao( p]jpk jk ej`er`qk mq]jpk j] ok_ea`]`a* Kn]( _ki k oqnceiajpk `] loe_]jheoa( k mqa ]_kjpa_a _ki ] fqope] ikn]h lh]pje_]( eopk ( _ki ] e`ae] `a qi lk`an pkp]h `] n]vk ok^na ]o l]et ao a ko oajpeiajpko( ko `aoafko a ko eilqhoko; Bnaq`( _ne]`kn `] loe_]jheoa( ikopnkq mqa jk paiko aooa lk`an( mqa jkoo] _kjo_ej_e]( jkoo] rkjp]`a a jkoo] n]vk lk`ai iajko `k mqa k jkook ej_kjo_eajpa( eopk ( `k mqa k `aoafk* Oa ] fqope] lh]pje_] an] qi] e`ae] ej]p] `] n]vk( `arane] oan qjerano]hiaj) pa ran`]`aen] ai pk`ko ko pailko( i]o ] loe_]jheoa _kjpaop] ] e`ae] lh]pje_]* K lnk^hai]( lknp]jpk( 6 Î?kik qi] e`ae] ej]p] lk`a `aet]n `a oan ran`]`aen];Ï* K mqa ]_kjpa_a _ki ] e`ae] `] fqope] lkhpe_] lh]pje_] mq]j`k ]hcqjo beh okbko mqa aopq`]n]i ] bkni]k `]o ok_ea`]`ao a `] lkhpe_] ]beni]n]i mqa ] ecq]h`]`a qi `enaepk `a pk`ko ko _e`]`ko a mqa jajdqi] _h]ooa pai k `enaepk `a `kiej]n a _kjpnkh]n kqpn]o( lkeo p]h `kijek a _kjpnkha ( at]p]iajpa( ] ejfqope]; Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( qi lajo]iajpk `aik_npe_k lk`a ]beni]n mqa ] fqope] lh]pje_]( lkn oa ^]oa]n j] `aoecq]h`]`a( ejfqop]* Kn]( qi] e`ae] ej]p]( lkn oan lhaj]iajpa n]_ekj]h( oailna ran`]`aen] a( lknp]jpk( paiko mqa lancqjp]n6 Î?kik qi] e`ae] ej]p]( ]bej]h( lan`aq ] ran`]`a;Ï* Pkiaiko( ]ckn]( qi kqpnk atailhk( rej`k `] behkokbe] `a @ao_]npao* @ao_]npao _kj) oe`an] mqa ] na]he`]`a j]pqn]h nace`] lkn haeo qjerano]eo a ja_aoone]o `k ikreiajpk kq lkn nah] ao `a _]qo] a abaepk ai mqa ] _]qo] oailna k ikreiajpk( eopk ( _kjoe`an] mqa ] j]pqnav] qi] na]he`]`a ia_ je_]* ?kjoe`an] p]i^i mqa ]o haeo ia_ je_]o kq haeo `k ikreiajpk ah]^kn]`]o lkn oq] behkokbe] kq lkn oq] boe_] ok e`ae]o n]_ekj]eo `a`qve`]o `a e`ae]o ej]p]o oeilhao a ran`]`aen]o* Kn]( mq]j`k _kil]n]iko ] boe_] `a @ao_]npao _ki ] `a C]hehaq( ah]^kn]`] j] iaoi] lk_]( ranebe_]iko mqa( ai rneko ]ola_pko( ] boe_] c]heha]j] klkop] _]npaoe]j] a ] mqa oan lnkr]`] a `aikjopn]`] ran`]`aen]( a ] `a @ao_]npao oan _kjoe`an]`] b]ho]* ?kik lk`a) ne] eook ]_kjpa_an( oa ]o e`ae]o `] boe_] _]npaoe]j] an]i e`ae]o ej]p]o `] n]vk; Ko atailhko mqa lnklqoaiko ej`e_]i mq]eo ok ko `keo cn]j`ao lnk^hai]o `k ej] peoik6 -*
] ln lne] n]vk $eopk ( ko _kjda_eiajpko ok^na ] na]he`]`a a k dkiai% lk`a iq`]n k _kjpa `k `a e`ae]o mqa bkn]i _kjoe`an]`]o qjerano]eo a ran`]`aen]o $ k _]ok `] e`ae] lh]pje_] `a fqope]%7
.* ] ln lne] n]vk $eopk ( ko lnk_a`eiajpko `a n]_ek_jek% lk`a lnkr]n mqa e`ae]o _kjoe`an]`]o n]_ekj]eo lk`ai( j] na]he`]`a( oan b]ho]o $ k _]ok `a rne]o e`ae]o `] boe_] _]npaoe]j]%* Oa ]o e`ae]o ok n]_ekj]eo a ran`]`aen]o( lknmqa _knnaolkj`ai na]he`]`a* Kn]( oa ] na]) he`]`a iq`]n $_kik k _]ok `] na]he`]`a ok_e]h kq deop ne_]%( reopk mqa qi] e`ae] ran`]`aen] `ara _knnaolkj`an na]he`]`a( _kik i]jpan e`ae]o mqa jk ]lnaoajp]i p]h _knnaolkj`j_e]; Kq( ]k _kjpnnek( oa ] na]he`]`a lani]ja_an ] iaoi] $_kik k _]ok `] na]he`]`a j]pqn]h kq `] j]pqnav]% a( jk ajp]jpk( ]o e`ae]o mqa ]o atlhe_]r]i lan`an]i ] r]he`]`a lknmqa kqpn]o i]eo _knnap]o a ran`]`aen]o ]o oq^opepqn]i( _kik _kjoe`an]n ]o lneiaen]o e`ae]o _kik ran`]`ao ej]p]o; Kq oaf]( k ej]peoik oa `al]n] _ki k lnk^hai] `] iq`]j] `] na]he`]`a $mqa ateca iq) `]j] `]o e`ae]o%( a _ki ] iq`]j] `]o ln lne]o e`ae]o( baep] lah] ln lne] n]vk jk lnk_aook `a _kjda_eiajpk( ]hi `k lnk^hai] `] b]hoe`]`a `]o e`ae]o( `aikjopn]`] lah] ln lne] n]vk*
Lnk^hai]o `k aileneoik K aileneoik( lkn oq] rav( oa `abnkjp] _ki qi lnk^hai] ejokh rah* Oa ]o _ej_e]o ok ]laj]o d^epko loe_kh ce_ko `a ]ook_e]n lan_al ao a e`ae]o lkn oaia) hd]j] a `ebanaj]( ^ai _kik lkn _kjpecqe`]`a aol]_e]h kq oq_aook pailkn]h( ajpk ]o _ej_e]o jk lkooqai ran`]`a ]hcqi]( jk atlhe_]i na]he`]`a ]hcqi]( jk jko `k _anpav] ]hcqi] ok^na ] na]he`]`a( jk ]h_]j]i ko k^fapko p]eo _kik ok ai oe iaoiko a p]eo _kik bqj_ekj]i kq klan]i na]hiajpa* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ko _kjda_eiajpko jk lkooqai k^fa) pere`]`a( lkeo ok ]laj]o d^epko oq^faperko*
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Ko lnk^hai]o `k ej]peoik a `k aileneoik6 okhq ao behko be_]o x #!0É45,/ß x
Kn]( k e`a]h n]_ekj]h `] k^fapere`]`a ]beni] mqa qi] ran`]`a qi] ran`]`a lknmqa _knnaolkj`a na]he`]`a `]o _keo]o a( lknp]jpk( jk `alaj`a `a jkooko ckopko( jkoo]o kle) je ao( jkoo]o lnabanj_e]o( jkooko lna_kj_aepko( jkoo]o b]jp]oe]o( jkooko _kopqiao a d^epko* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( jk oq^faper]( jk `alaj`a `a jkoo] re`] laook]h a loe_kh ce_]* Aoo] k^fapere`]`a( lkni( l]n] k aileneop]( ] _ej_e] jk lk`a kbana_an jai c]n]jpen* = _ej_e]( iank d^epk loe_kh ce_k kq oq^faperk( pknj])oa ]bej]h qi] ehqok( a ] na]he`]`a p]h _kik ai oe iaoi] $] na]he`]`a k^faper]% f]i]eo lk`an oan _kjda_e`] lah] jkoo] n]vk* >]op]( lkn atailhk( mqa aq lkjd] qi hmqe`k jk bkck a( ai hqc]n `a r)hk banran a ]qiajp]n `a rkhqia( aq k raf] cah]n a `eiejqen `a rkhqia( l]n] mqa pk`] ] _ej_e] `ao]l]na]( f mqa ah] `alaj`a `] nalapek( `] bnamqj_e]( `k d^epk `a oailna lan_a^aniko qi] _anp] oq_ao) ok `a b]pko mq]h( p]i^i lkn d^epk( `aiko k jkia `a mofk`mfl a^ `^rp^ifa^ab* =ooei( `k h]`k `k aileneoik( k lnk^hai] _khk_]`k k `] eilkooe^ehe`]`a `k _kjda _e) iajpk k^faperk `] na]he`]`a*
#APqTULOß
"ETTMANN#ORBIS,ATINSTOCK
Ko lnk^hai]o `k ej]peoik a `k aileneoik6 okhqao behkobe_]o Ej]peoik a aileneoik6 mqaop ao a naolkop]o
R
,EIBNIZ߯ ß FILvSOFOßEßMATEMfTICOß ALEMjO
eiko( jk _]lpqhk ]jpanekn( mqa ] n]vk ajbnajp] lnk^hai]o oneko mq]jpk oq] ej) pajk `a oan _kjda_eiajpk qjerano]h a ja_aoonek `] na]he`]`a* Reiko p]i^i mqa( _kik _kj oamqj_e] `a _kjbhepko a eil]ooao ajpna k ej]peoik a k aileneoik( oqnceq j] behkokbe] ] paj`j_e] ]k _ape_eoik( eopk ( l]ookq)oa ] `qre`]n `a mqa k _kjda_eiajpk n]) _ekj]h( _kik _kjda_eiajpk _anpk( ran`]`aenk a ejmqaopekjrah( oane] lkoorah* Jaopa _]lpqhk r]iko at]iej]n ]hcqi]o okhq ao lnklkop]o lah] behkokbe] l]n] naokhran aoo] mqaopk* Ko lnk^hai]o _ne]`ko lah] `erancj_e] ajpna ej]peop]o a aileneop]o bkn]i na) okhre`ko ai `keo ikiajpko6 k lneiaenk ]jpanekn behkokbe] `a @]re` Dqia a aj_kjpn])oa j] behkokbe] `a Hae^jev $beh okbk ]haik `k o_qhk TREE%7 k oacqj`k lkopanekn behkokbe] `a Dqia a aj_kjpn])oa j] behkokbe] `a G]jp $beh okbk ]haik `k o_qhk TREEE%*
= okhqk `a Hae^jev jk o _qhk TREE
H 51
ae^jev aop]^aha_aq qi] `eopejk ajpna sboa^abp ab o^wl a sboa^abp ab c^ql* =o ran`]`ao `a n]vk ajqj_e]i mqa qi] _keo] k mqa ah] ( ja_aoone] a qjerano]hiaj) pa( jk lk`aj`k `a ik`k ]hcqi oan `ebanajpa `k mqa a `a _kik * K atailhk i]eo are`aj) pa `]o ran`]`ao `a n]vk ok ]o e`ae]o i]paipe_]o* eilkoorah mqa k pne jcqhk jk pajd] pno h]`ko a mqa ] oki] `a oaqo jcqhko ejpanjko jk oaf] ecq]h oki] `a `keo jcqhko napko7 eilkoorah mqa qi _n_qhk jk pajd] pk`ko ko lkjpko amqe`eop]jpao `k _ajpnk a mqa jk oaf] ] becqn] bkni]`] lahk ikreiajpk `a qi oaieaetk ]k na`kn `a qi _ajpnk betk7 eilko) orah mqa . ' . jk oaf] ecq]h ] 07 eilkoorah mqa k pk`k jk oaf] i]ekn `k mqa ]o l]npao*
= okhqk g]jpe]j] jk o _qhk TREEE
=
naolkop] ]ko lnk^hai]o `k ej]peoik a `k aileneoik kbana_e`] lahk beh okbk ]haik `k o_qhk TREEE( Eii]jqah G]jp( _kjda_e`] _ki k jkia `a Înarkhqk _klanje) _]j]Ï ai be hkokbe]* Lkn mq; Mq]h ] nah]k ajpna k mqa lnkl a G]jp a k mqa bevan] ?klnje_k( mq]oa `keo o_qhko ]jpao `k g]jpeoik; Raf]iko( iqepk ^naraiajpa( k mqa bke ] narkhqk _klanje_]j] ai ]opnkjkie] l]n]( `a lkeo( raniko k mqa ah] oecjebe_kq ai behkokbe]* = pn]`ek ]jpec] a ia`ear]h _kjoe`an]r] mqa k iqj`k lkooq] heiepao $kq oaf]( k iqj) `k an] bejepk%( oaj`k bkni]`k lkn qi _kjfqjpk `a oapa aoban]o _kj_jpne_]o( ai _qfk _ajpnk aop]r] ] Pann]( ei rah* Ç rkhp] `] Pann] cen]r]i ]o aoban]o j]o mq]eo aop]r]i lnaoko ko lh]jap]o $k Okh a ] Hq] an]i _kjoe`an]`ko lh]jap]o%( a ] hpei] `aoo]o aoban]o an] `ajkiej]`] Îaoban] bet]Ï kq Îaoba) n] `ko betkoÏ( eopk ( kj`a aop]r]i aopnah]o mqa jk iq`]r]i `a lkoek* Ai cnack( Pann] oa `ev D^f^ kq Dbf^* ?kik ah] oa aj_kjpn]r] jk _ajpnk( k oeopai] ]opnkjie_k an] _d]i]`k `a dbl` kqof`l a k iqj`k an] atlhe_]`k lahk dbl`bkqofpjl* @eve])oa mqa k ?q $]o aoban]o% cen]) r] ai pknjk `] Pann] ei rah* = _d]i]`] obslir l `lmbokf`^k^ bke na]hev]`] lahk ]opnjkik
!RQUIVOßDAßEDITORA
=o ran`]`ao `a n]vk ok ej]p]o* Eook jk oecjebe_] mqa qi] _ne]j]( lkn atailhk( j]o] _kjda_aj`k ] i]paipe_] a o]^aj) `k na]hev]n klan] ao i]paipe_]o( `aikjopn]n paknai]o kq na) okhran lnk^hai]o jaoo] na] `k _kjda_eiajpk* Oecjebe_] mqa j]o) _aiko _ki ] _]l]_e`]`a n]_ekj]h( lqn]iajpa ejpaha_pq]h( l]n] _kjda_an e`ae]o mqa jk `alaj`ai `] atlanej_e] l]n] oanai bkniqh]`]o a l]n] oanai ran`]`aen]o* =o ran`]`ao `a b]pk( ]k _kjpnnek( ok ]o mqa `alaj`ai `] atlanej_e]( lkeo ajqj_e]i e`ae]o mqa ok k^pe`]o lkn iaek `] oajo]k( `] lan_alk a `] iai ne]* =o ran`]`ao `a b]pk ok ai) lne_]o a oa nabanai ] _keo]o mqa lk`ane]i oan `ebanajpao `k mqa ok( i]o mqa ok _kik ok lknmqa d qi] _]qo] l]n] mqa oaf]i ]ooei* Mq]j`k `eck ÎAop] nko] raniahd]Ï( j]`] eila`a mqa ah] lq`aooa oan ^n]j_] kq ]i]nah]( i]o oa ah] raniahd] lknmqa ]hcqi] _]qo] ] bav oan ]ooei a qi] kqpn] _]qo] lk`ane] p)h] baepk ?n_qhk lnapk* Lejpqn] `a -5-/ `a G]oeien I]hare_d( ]npeop] ]^opn]pk nqook mqa( ]i]nah]* I]o jk ]_e`ajp]h kq _kjpejcajpa mqa ah] pajd] `lo( a l]n] he^anp]n ] ]npa `k iqj`k reorah( ] _kn mqa lkooqe qi] `^rp^ kb`bppof^* Kq oaf]( qi] nko] lk`a pan ^qo_kq nabcek j]o bkni]o cakipne_]o* aop] kq ]mqah] _kn( i]o jk lk`a `aet]n `a pan _kn( _]^aj`k n]vk ^qo_]n ] _]qo] `] _kn( aopq`]j`k ] j]pqnav] `] hqv* =o ran`]`ao `a b]pk ok ran`]`ao lknmqa l]n] ah]o bqj_ekj] k lnej_lek `a n]vk oqbe) _eajpa( oacqj`k k mq]h pq`k k mqa ateopa( pq`k k mqa lan_a^aiko a pq`k ]mqehk `a mqa paiko atlanej_e] lkooqe qi] _]qo] `apaniej]`] a aoo] _]qo] lk`a oan _kjda_e`]* Lahk lnej_lek `a n]vk oqbe_eajpa Í eopk ( lahk _kjda_eiajpk `]o _]qo]o Í pk`]o ]o ran`]`ao `a b]pk lk`ank( ai _anp]o _kj`e ao( pknj]n)oa( qi `e]( ran`]`ao ja_aoone]o a oanai _kjoe`an]`]o ran`]`ao `a n]vk( eopk ( ]ej`] mqa l]n] _kjda_)h]o `alaj`]iko `] atlanej_e]( lk`aiko `aoajrkhran lnk_a`eiajpko lahko mq]eo `ao_k^neiko mqa ] atlanej_e] aop kbana_aj`k na) h] ao _]qo]eo ja_aoone]o ajpna ]o _keo]o* L]n] Hae^jev( k mqa ok ran`]`ao `a b]pk l]n] ] ejpa) hecj_e] dqi]j] heiep]`] kq bejep] ok ran`]`ao `a n]vk l]n] ] ejpahecj_e] `erej] ejbejep]* K^oanr]iko( ]ooei( mqa( l]n] Hae^jev( k lnej_lek `a n]vk oqbe_eajpa kq ] e`ae] `a _]q) o]he`]`a qjerano]h a ja_aoone] laniepa i]jpan ]o e`ae]o ej]p]o a ]o e`ae]o ailne_]o* Kn]( fqop]iajpa k lnej_lek `] _]qo]he`]`a( _kik reiko( mqa oan ]hrk `]o _npe_]o `ko aileneop]o( j] behkokbe] `a @]re` Dqia* L]n] aooa beh okbk( k lnej_lek `a n]vk oqbe_eajpa ]laj]o qi d^epk ]`mqene`k lkn atlanej_e] _kik naoqhp]`k `] nalapek a `] bnamqj_e] .ICOLAUß#OPmRNICOß `a jkoo]o eilnaoo ao oajokne]eo* = _npe_] `a Dqia _]qo]he`]`a a ]k lnej_lek `a n]vk ¯ oqbe_eajpa har] naolkop] `a G]jp*
-USEUß(ERMITAGE ß3jOß0ETERSBURGO ß2{SSIA
x 5.)$!$%ß x = n]vk
3OLßEß,UAßCOMOßPLANETASß PORßISSO ßOSßANTIGOSßEßME DIEVAISßFALAVAMßNOSß3ETEß 0LANETASßOUß3ETEß3fBIOS ß QUEßAPARECEMßNASßCARTASß DEßTARx ßPOISßESSEßBARALHOß mßUMAßINVENljOßMEDIEVALß QUEßCORRESPONDEßgSßIDEIASß EßgßVISjOßDEßUMßMUNDOß DAQUELESßTEMPOS ßQUANDOß Oß3OLßEßAß,UAßERAMßTIDOSß COMOßPLANETAS ßOßMUNDOß TERMINAVAßNAßESFERAßDOß SmTIMOßCmUßEßAß4ERRAßFICAVAß IMvVELßNOßCENTROßDOßMUN DOßbßINTERESSANTEßQUE ß NOßSmCULOß88 ßDEPOISßDASß DESCOBERTASßASTRONxMICASß EßDASßVIAGENSßESPACIAIS ßASß PESSOASßAINDAßACREDITEMß NOßTARx ßCOMOßSEßFOSSEß UMAßESPmCIEßDEßIDEIAßINA TA ßVERDADEIRA ßUNIVERSALßEß NECESSfRIA
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Ko lnk^hai]o `k ej]peoik a `k aileneoik6 okhq ao behko be_]o x #!0É45,/ß x REVOLUljOßAßPALAVRAßß REVOLUljOßQUEßAPARECEß NOßTqTULOßDAßOBRAßDEß #OPmRNICO ßmßUMßTERMOß ASTRONxMICOßQUEßSIGNIFICAß ±MOVIMENTOßCOMPLETOßß DEßUMßASTROßOUßDEßUMß SISTEMAßDEßASTROSßQUEß RETORNAßAOßPONTOßß INICIALßEßRECOMElA²
RAZjOß/ßTEXTOßDEß+ANTß ENCONTRA SEßNAß)NTRODUljOß DAßSEGUNDAßEDIljOßDAßß #RqTICAßDAßRAZjOßPURAßEßDIZß OßSEGUINTEß±4ENTEMOS ß POIS ßUMAßVEZ ßEXPERIMEN TARßSEßNjOßSEßRESOLVERjOß MELHORßASßTAREFASßDAß METAFqSICA ßADMITINDOß QUEßOSßOBJETOSßSEßDEVE RIAMßREGULARßPELOßNOSSOß CONHECIMENTO ßOßQUEß ASSIMßJfßCONCORDAßMELHORß COMßOßQUEßDESEJAMOS ß AßSABER ßAßPOSSIBILIDADEß DEßUMßCONHECIMENTOßAß PRIORIßDESSESßOBJETOS ßQUEß ESTABELElAßALGOßSOBREßELESß ANTESßDEßNOSßSEREMßDADOSß 4RATA SEßAQUIßDEßUMAßSE MELHANlAßCOMßAßPRIMEIRAß IDEIAßDEß#OPmRNICOßNjOß PODENDOßPROSSEGUIRßNAß EXPLICAljOßDOSßMOVIMEN TOSßCELESTESßENQUANTOßß ADMITIAßQUEßTODAßAßMULTI DjOßDEßESTRELASßSEßMOVIAß EMßTORNOßDOßOBSERVADOR ß TENTOUßSEßNjOßDARIAßME LHORßRESULTADOßFAZERßANTESß GIRARßOßOBSERVADORßEßß DEIXARßOSßASTROSßIMvVEIS²
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?klnje_k mq]j`k `] lq^he_]k( ai -10/( `a oq] k^n] A^p obslir bp alp lo_bp `bibpqbp( ai mqa `aikjopn]r] mqa k oeopai] cak_jpne_k jk `]r] _kjp] `ko ikreiajpko _ahaopao a `a iqepko kqpnko bajiajko ]opnkjie_ko* Qi] `]o _]n]_panope_]o i]eo i]n_]jpao `k cak_ajpneoik an] k b]pk `a mqa ^]oa]r] oq]o atlhe_] ao ai jkoo] atlanej_e] oajokne]h( eopk ( jk b]pk `a mqa lan_a^aiko k ik) reiajpk `k Okh a `ko `ai]eo ]opnko( i]o jk lan_a^aiko k ikreiajpk `] Pann] a lkn eook ] _kjoe`an]iko ei rah* Kn]( ao_nara ?klnje_k( Îpk`] iq`]j] `a lkoek mqa oa r kq `are`] ]k ikreiajpk `a qi] _keo] k^oanr]`] kq `k k^oanr]`kn( kq ]ej`] `a qi a `a kqpnkÏ* Eopk ( jk d ikperk n]_ekj]h l]n] _kjoe`an]niko mqa k ?q oa ikra a ] Pann] aop ei rah( lkeo lk`ane] oan k _kjpnnek kq( ]p iaoik( lk`ane] `]n)oa mqa ]i^ko aoperaooai ai ikreiajpk* =hi `eook( `ev ?klnje_k( Îqi oeopai] mqa _khkmqa k Okh jk _ajpnk a ] Pan) n] cen]j`k oq] rkhp] iqepk i]eo ]`amq]`k l]n] atlhe_]n ko bajiajko ]opnkjie_koÏ* $?klnje_k fqhc]r] mqa k Okh oa i]jpejd] ei rah jk _ajpnk `k oeopai]( i]o( lkopanekniaj) pa( ko ]opnjkiko `aikjopn]n]i mqa k ln lnek Okh na]hev] qi ikreiajpk `a pn]joh]k( eopk ( p]i^i oa ikra( i]o jk ai rkhp] `] Pann]7 fqhc]r] p]i^i mqa k ikreiajpk `ko lh]jap]o an] _en_qh]n( i]o Galhan `aikjopn]n mqa ahlpe_k*% Ai cnack( Okh oa `ev Ebiflp a lkn eook k oeopai] `a ?klnje_k _d]i]`k `a ebifl` kqof`l( a oq] atlhe_]k( `a ebifl`bkqofpjl( lkeo k Okh aop jk _ajpnk `k jkook oeopai] lh]japnek a pq`k oa ikra ]k oaq na`kn* Rkhpaiko ]ckn] ] G]jp a k^oanraiko k mqa aha `ev* Ej]peop]o a aileneop]o( eopk ( pk`ko ko beh okbko l]na_ai oan _kik ]opnjkiko cak_jpne) _ko( ^qo_]j`k qi _ajpnk mqa jk ran`]`aenk* L]na_ai( `ev G]jp( Î_kik ]hcqi mqa( mqanaj) `k ]oo]n qi bn]jck( bevaooa k bkck cen]n ai pknjk `aha a jk k bn]jck ai pknjk `k bkckÏ* Mq]h k ajc]jk `ko beh okbko; ?kjoe`an]n mqa k _kjda_eiajpk oa eje_e] paj`k _kik lkjpk `a l]npe`] ] na]he`]`a6 jk _]ok `ko ej]peop]o( _kik @ao_]npao( ] na]he`]`a eje_e]h k ejpanekn( k aolnepk( ] ]hi] dqi]j]( mqa @ao_]npao _d]i] `a Î_keo] lajo]jpaÏ kq Îoq^op j_e] lajo]jpaÏ7 jk _]ok `ko aileneop]o( ] na]he`]`a eje_e]h atpanekn( k iqj`k kq ] j]pqnav]* Kn]( `ev G]jp( Îk lkjpk `a l]npe`] `] behkokbe] jk lk`a oan ] na]he`]`a $oaf] ejpanj]( oaf] atpanj]% a oei k aopq`k `] ln lne] b]_qh`]`a `a _kjda_an kq k aopq`k `] n]vkÏ* @a b]pk( ko beh okbko ]jpaneknao( ai hqc]n `a( lneiaenk a ]jpao `a pq`k( aopq`]n k mqa ] ln lne] n]vk a ej`]c]n k mqa ah] lk`a a k mqa jk lk`a _kjda_an( k mqa ] atlanej_e] a k mqa ah] lk`a a jk lk`a _kjda_an7 ai rav( ajbei( `a lnk_qn]n o]^an k mqa _kjda_an( k mqa lajo]n a k mqa ] ran`]`a( lnabanen]i _kia]n `evaj`k k mqa ] na]he`]`a $] j]pqnav] a k aolnepk dqi]jk%( ]beni]j`k mqa ah] n]) _ekj]h a mqa( lkn eook( lk`a oan ejpaen]iajpa _kjda_e`] lah]o e`ae]o `] n]vk* ?khk_]n]i ] na]) he`]`a $p]jpk ] `k iqj`k atpanekn _kik ] `] ]hi] dqi]j]% kq ko k^fapko `k _kjda_eiajpk jk _ajpnk a bevan]i ] n]vk( kq k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk( cen]n ai pknjk `ah]* B]]iko( lkeo( qi] narkhqk _klanje_]j] ai behkokbe]( ao_nara G]jp ai oq] k^n] @o* qf`^ a^ o^wl mro^6 ]p ]ckn]( fqhc]r])oa Îmqa jkook _kjda_eiajpk `are] oan nacqh]`k lahko k^fapkoÏ( i]o ]ckn] `araiko Î]`iepen mqa ko k^fapko `arai nacqh]n)oa lahk jkook _kjda_e) iajpkÏ* ?klnje_k( ao_nara G]jp( Îjk _kilhapkq oq] atlhe_]k( ah] bke _kilhap]`] a _kn) nece`] lkn Galhan a Jaspkj( mqa ikopn]n]i mqa k mqa aha fqhc]r] oan qi] ^k] del paoa an]( na]hiajpa( ] ran`]`aen] a ja_aoone] atlhe_]k ]opnkjie_]Ï* Ç i]jaen] _klanje_]j] $eopk ( `k dahek_ajpneoik _kik pakne] _eajpbe_] `aikjopn]`]%( lnkooacqa G]jp( Î`aikjopnaiko( p]i^i `a i]jaen] qjerano]h a ja_aoone]( mqa ko k^fapko oa ]`]lp]i ]k _kjda_eiajpk a jk k _kjda_eiajpk ]ko k^fapkoÏ* Kq oaf]( _kia_aiko _khk_]j`k jk _ajpnk ] ln lne] n]vk* Jk ] n]vk ] Hqv J]pqn]h; Jk ah] k Okh mqa ehqiej] pk`]o ]o _keo]o a ai pknjk `k mq]h pq`k cen]; ?kia_aiko( lknp]jpk( lah] Hqv J]pqn]h jk _ajpnk `k _kjda_eiajpk a ej`]cqaiko6 ÎK mqa ah];Ï( ÎK mqa ah] lk`a _kjda_an;Ï( ÎMq]eo ok ]o _kj`e ao l]n] mqa d]f] _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk;Ï( ÎMq]eo ok ko heiepao mqa k _kjda_eiajpk dqi]jk jk lk`a pn]jolkn;Ï( Î?kik ] n]vk a ] atlanej_e] oa nah]_ekj]i;Ï* ?kia_aiko( ajpk( lah] n]vk lknmqa( lkn iaek `a oaq aopq `k( _kilnaaj`anaiko k mqa ok l prgbfql al `lkeb`fjbkql a l l_ gbql al `lkeb`fjbkql* ?kia_aiko lah] _npe_] `] n]vk lqn]*
-USEUßDOß0RADO ß-ADRI
x 5.)$!$%ß x = n]vk
Lkn mqa `oqf`^; ?ki aoo] l]h]rn]( G]jp mqan `evan mqa jk oank at]iej]`ko ko _kjda_eiajpko mqa ] n]vk ]h_]j] a oei ]o `lkaf bp j]o mq]eo k _kjda_eiajpk n]_ekj]h lkoorah* Lkn mqa mro^; Lknmqa oa pn]p] `k at]ia `] n]vk ]jpao a oai ko `]`ko kbana_e`ko lah] atlanej_e]* Ao_nara aha mqa ] _npe_] jk _npe) _] `a hernko a `a oeopai]o behko be_ko a oei `] ln lne] b]_qh`]`a `] n]vk ai can]h( _kjoe`an]`] ai pk`ko ko _kjda_eiajpko mqa lk`a ]h_]j]n oai r]han)oa `] atlanej_e]* Kq oaf]( ran`]`a mqa pk`ko ko jkooko _kjda_eiajpko `ljb ^j _ki ] atlanej_e]( i]o jk ran`]`a mqa pk`ko ahao molsbke^j `ah]* ?kik k aopq`k oa nabana o _kj`e ao ja_aoone]o a qjeran) o]eo `a pk`k _kjda_eiajpk lkoorah ]jpao `] atlanej_e] a oai ko `]`ko `] atlanej_e]( p]h aopq`k jk ailne_k* Kq oaf]( ^ moflof $pai lnekne`]`a _ki nah]k atlanej_e]( ]jpanekn atlanej) _e] a jk lnkri `ah]% a jk ^ mlpqboflof $ lkopanekn atlanej_e] a `alaj`ajpa `] atlanej_e]%* G]jp `ev mqa aha qo^kp`bkabkq^i( `evaj`k mqa _d]i] `a pn]jo_aj`ajp]h Îpk`k _kjda_eiajpk mqa( ai can]h( oa k_ql] iajko `ko k^fapko a i]eo `a jkook ik`k `a _kjda_an( j] ia`e`] ai mqa aopa `ara oan ^ moflofÏ* K mqa ] n]vk; = n]vk qi] aopnqpqn] r]ve]( qi] bkni] lqn] oai _kjpa ) `ko* Aoo] aopnqpqn] $a jk ko _kjpa `ko% mqa qjerano]h( ] iao) i] l]n] pk`ko ko oanao dqi]jko( ai pk`ko ko pailko a hqc]nao* K okjdk `] n]vk lnk`qv Aoo] aopnqpqn] ej]p]( eopk ( jk ]`mqene`] lah] atlanej_e]* Lkn ikjopnko( cn]rqn] `a oan ej]p] a jk `alaj`an `] atlanej_e] l]n] ateopen( ] n]vk ( `k Bn]j_eo_k Cku] `a _* -353)54* lkjpk `a reop] `k _kjda_eiajpk( ^kqboflo bumbof k`f^ a fkab* mbkabkqb a^ bumbof k`f^( lknp]jpk( ] aopnqpqn] `] n]vk ^ moflof* Lkni( ko _kjpa `ko mqa ] n]vk _kjda_a a jko mq]eo ah] lajo]( aooao oei `alaj`ai `] atlanej_e]* Oai ah]( ] n]vk oane] oailna r]ve]( ejklan]jpa( j]`] _kjda_ane]* =ooei( ] atla) nej_e] bknja_a ^ j^qof^ $ko _kjpa `ko% `k _kjda_eiajpk l]n] ] n]vk a aop]( lkn oq] rav( bknja_a ^ cloj^ $qjerano]h a ja_aoone]% `k _kjda_eiajpk* = i]pne] `k _kjda_eiajpk( lkn oan bknja_e`] lah] atlanej_e]( rai abmlfp `aop] a lkn eook ( jk `evan `a G]jp( ^ mlpqboflof* Mq]h k ajc]jk `ko ej]peop]o; Oqlkn mqa ko _kjpa `ko kq ] i]pne] `k _kjda_eiajpk ok ej]pko mq]j`k k mqa ej]pk ] aopnqpqn] `] n]vk* Mq]h k ajc]jk `ko aileneop]o; Oqlkn mqa ] aopnqpqn] `] n]vk ]`mqene`] lkn atlanej) _e] kq _]qo]`] lah] atlanej_e]* J] ran`]`a( `ev G]jp( ] atlanej_e] jk _]qo] `]o e`ae]o( i]o ] l`^pfl l]n] mqa ] n]vk( na_a^aj`k ] i]pne] kq k _kjpa `k( bkniqha ]o e`ae]o* @aoo] i]jaen]( ] aopnqpqn] `] n]vk ej]p] a qjerano]h( ajmq]jpk ko _kjpa `ko ok ai) lne_ko a lk`ai r]ne]n jk pailk a jk aol]k( lk`aj`k pn]jobkni]n)oa _ki jkr]o atlanej) _e]o a iaoik narah]nai)oa b]hoko( cn]]o ] atlanej_e]o jkr]o* K mqa k _kjda_eiajpk n]_ekj]h( oai k mq]h jk d behkokbe] jai _ej_e]; ] pkqbpb mqa ] n]vk na]hev] ajpna qi] bkni] qjerano]h ej]p] a qi _kjpa `k l]npe_q) h]n kbana_e`k lah] atlanej_e]* Mq]h ] aopnqpqn] `] n]vk; = n]vk _kjopepq`] lkn pno aopnqpqn]o ^ moflof6 -*
] aopnqpqn] kq bkni] `] oajoe^ehe`]`a( eopk ( ] aopnqpqn] kq bkni] `] lan_alk oajorah kq oajokne]h7
.* ] aopnqpqn] kq bkni] `k ajpaj`eiajpk( eopk ( `k ejpaha_pk kq `] ejpahecj_e]7 /* ] aopnqpqn] kq bkni] `] n]vk lnklne]iajpa `ep]( mq]j`k aop] jk oa nah]_ekj] jai _ki ko _kjpa `ko `] oajoe^ehe`]`a jai _ki ko _kjpa `ko `k ajpaj`eiajpk( i]o ]laj]o _kj oeck iaoi]* ?kik( l]n] G]jp( o d _kjda_eiajpk mq]j`k ] atlanej_e] kbana_a _kj pa `ko oajoe^ehe`]`a a ]k ajpaj`eiajpk( ] n]vk( oal]n]`] `] oajoe^ehe`]`a a `k
54
Ko lnk^hai]o `k ej]peoik a `k aileneoik6 okhq ao behko be_]o x #!0É45,/ß x
aj paj`eiajpk( kl `lkeb`b `lfp^ ^idrj^ a jk oq] bqjk _kjda_an* Oq] bqjk ] `a obdri^o b `lkqoli^o ] oajoe^ehe`]`a a k ajpaj`eiajpk* @k lkjpk `a reop] `k _kjda_eiaj) pk( lknp]jpk( ] n]vk ] bqjk nacqh]`kn] `] ]pere`]`a `k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk* = bkni] `] oajoe^ehe`]`a k mqa jko laniepa pan lan_al ao( eopk ( ] bkni] ]mqehk oai k mqa jk lk`a d]ran lan_alk( oai k mqa ] lan_alk oane] eilkoorah* Lan_a^aiko pk`]o ]o _keo]o _kik `kp]`]o `a becqn]( `eiajo ao $]hpqn]( h]ncqn]( _kilneiajpk%( cn]j`av]7 kq oaf]( j o ]o lan_a^aiko _kik na]he`]`ao aol]_e]eo* Jk ejpanaoo] oa _]`] qi `a j o r ]o _knao `a qi] _anp] i]jaen]( ckop] i]eo `a qi] _kn `k mqa `a kqpn]( kqra okjo `a qi] bkni] la_qhe]n( ckop] i]eo `a _anpko okjo `k mqa `a kqpnko( ap_* K mqa eilknp] mqa j]`] lk`a oan lan_a^e`k lkn j o oa jk lkooqen lnklnea`]`ao aol]_e]eo7 lkn eook( k bpm^ l jk ]hck lan_a^e`k( i]o k mqa laniepa d]ran lan_alk $lan) _a^aiko hqc]nao( lkoe ao( oepq] ao( i]o jk lan_a^aiko k ln lnek aol]k%* =ooei( k aol]k ] bkni] ^ moflof `] oajoe^ehe`]`a a ateopa ai jkoo] n]vk ]jpao a oai ] atlanej_e]* P]i^i o lk`aiko lan_a^an ]o _keo]o _kik oeiqhp ja]o kq oq_aooer]o6 lan_a^aiko ]o _keo]o _kik oa k_knnaooai jqi o ejop]jpa kq ai ejop]jpao oq_aooerko* Kq oaf]( lan_a^a) iko ]o _keo]o _kik na]he`]`ao pailkn]eo* Jk lan_a^aiko k pailk $paiko atlanej_e] `k l]oo]`k( `k lnaoajpa a `k bqpqnk( lkni jk paiko lan_alk `k ln lnek pailk%( i]o aha ] _kj`ek `a lkooe^ehe`]`a `] lan_alk `]o _keo]o a lkn eook l qbjml ] kqpn] bkni] ^ moflof `] oajoe^ehe`]`a mqa ateopa ai jkoo] n]vk ]jpao `] atlanej_e] a oai ] atlanej_e]* = lan_alk na_a^a _kjpa `ko `] atlanej_e] a ] oajoe^ehe`]`a ko knc]jev] n]_ekj]h) iajpa oacqj`k ] bkni] `k aol]k a `k pailk* Aoo] knc]jev]k aol]k)pailkn]h `ko k^fa) pko `k _kjda_eiajpk mqa ej]p]( qjerano]h a ja_aoone]* = bkni] `k ajpaj`eiajpk knc]jev] ko _kjpa `ko mqa hda ok ajre]`ko lah] oajoe^ehe`]) `a( eopk ( knc]jev] ]o lan_al ao* Jkr]iajpa k _kjpa `k kbana_e`k lah] atlanej_e] ok^ ] bkni] `k aol]k a `k pailk( a ] n]vk( lkn iaek `] aopnqpqn] `k ajpaj`eiajpk( knc]jev] p]eo _kjpa `ko ailne_ko* Aoo] knc]jev]k pn]jobkni] ]o lan_al ao ai _kjda_eiajpko ejpaha_pq]eo kq ai _kj) _aepko* L]n] p]jpk( k ajpaj`eiajpk lkooqe ^ moflof $eopk ( ]jpao `] atlanej_e] a ej`alaj`aj) paiajpa `ah]% qi _kjfqjpk `a ahaiajpko mqa knc]jev]i ko _kjpa `ko ailne_ko* Aooao aha) iajpko ok _d]i]`ko `a _]packne]o a oai ah]o jk lk`a d]ran _kjda_eiajpk ejpaha_pq]h( lkeo ok ]o _kj`e ao l]n] p]h _kjda_eiajpk* ?ki ]o _]packne]o ^ moflof( k oqfaepk `k _kjda) _eiajpk bkniqh] ko _kj_aepko* Mq]eo ok ]o _]packne]o mqa knc]jev]i ko `]`ko `] atlanej_e]; = mq]he`]`a( ] mq]jpe) `]`a( ] _]qo]he`]`a( ] bej]he`]`a( ] ran`]`a( ] b]hoe`]`a( ] qjerano]he`]`a( ] l]npe_qh]ne`]`a* =o oei( hkjca `a ] _]qo]he`]`a( ] mq]he`]`a a ] mq]jpe`]`a oanai naoqhp]`ko `a d^epko loe) _kh ce_ko ]ook_e]perko( ah]o ok ko ejopnqiajpko n]_ekj]eo _ki ko mq]eo k oqfaepk `k _kjda_e) iajpk knc]jev] ] na]he`]`a a ] _kjda_a* =o _]packne]o( aopnqpqn]o r]ve]o( ok ]o iaoi]o ai pk`] lk_] a ai pk`k hqc]n( l]n] pk`ko ko oanao n]_ekj]eo* Cn]]o qjerano]he`]`a a ja_aooe`]`a `]o _]packne]o( ]o _ej_e]o ok lkooraeo a rhe`]o7 k aileneoik( lknp]jpk( aop amqerk_]`k* Aeo ]mqe k mq]`nk kq ] p^q] `]o _]packne]o6
55
MQ=JPE@=@A
MQ=HE@=@A
NAH=~ÈK
IK@=HE@=@A
Qje`]`a
Na]he`]`a
Oq^oeopj_e] $kq oq^op j_e]%
Lkooe^ehe`]`a + Eilkooe^ehe`]`a
Lhqn]he`]`a
Jac]k
?]qo]he`]`a $kq `alaj`j_e]%
Ateopj_e] + Jk ateopj_e]
Pkp]he`]`a
Heiep]k
?kiqje`]`a $kq nah]k na_lnk_] ajpna paniko%
Ja_aooe`]`a + ?kjpejcj_e]
x 5.)$!$%ß x = n]vk
Ai ejop]jpa ]hcqi G]jp ]`iepa mqa ] na]he`]`a( ai oe iaoi]( aol]_e]h( pailkn]h( mq]) hep]per]( mq]jpep]per]( _]qo]h( ap_* Eook oane] nacna`en ]k bkck cen]j`k ai pknjk `k bn]jck* K mqa G]jp ]beni] mqa ] n]vk a k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk lkooqai aoo]o aopnqpqn]o _kik iaek `a _kjda_eiajpk a mqa( lkn oanai ah]o qjerano]eo a ja_aoone]o( k _kjda_eiajpk n]_ekj]h a ran`]`aenk l]n] ko oanao dqi]jko* eook mqa ] n]vk lk`a* K mqa ah] jk lk`a $a jeook ej]peop]o a aileneop]o oa ajc]j]n]i% oqlkn mqa _ki oq]o aopnqpqn]o l]ooa ] _kjda_an ] na]he`]`a p]h _kik aop] ai oe iaoi]* = n]vk _kjda_a ko k^fapko `k _kjda_eiajpk* K k^fapk `k _kjda_eiajpk ]mqaha _kjpa `k ailne_k mqa na_a^aq ]o bkni]o a ]o _]packne]o `k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk* = n]vk jk aop j]o _keo]o( i]o ai j o* = n]vk oailna n]vk oq^faper] a jk lk`a lnapaj`an _kjda_an ] na]he`]`a p]h _kik ah] oane] ai oe iaoi]( jai lk`a lnapaj`an mqa ateop] qi] n]vk k^fape) r] ckranj]j`k ]o ln lne]o _keo]o* K annk `ko ej]peop]o a aileneop]o bke k `a oqlkn mqa jkoo] n]vk ]h_]j] ] na]he`]`a ai oe* L]n] qi ej]peop] _kik @ao_]npao( ] na]he`]`a ai oe aol]_e]h( pailkn]h( mq]hep]per]( mq]j) pep]per]( _]qo]h* L]n] qi aileneop] _kik Dqia( ] na]he`]`a ai oe lk`a kq jk nalapen b]pko oq_aooerko jk pailk( lk`a kq jk nalapen b]pko _kjpcqko jk aol]k( lk`a kq jk nalapen ]o iaoi]o oamqj_e]o `a ]_kjpa_eiajpko* L]n] G]jp( f]i]eo lk`anaiko o]^an oa ] na]he`]`a ai oe aol]_e]h( pailkn]h( _]qo]h( mq]) hep]per]( mq]jpep]per]* = na]he`]`a ai oe `ajkiej]`] lkn G]jp _ki qi] l]h]rn] cnac]( klr* jbklk $krjbkl%7 ] na]he`]`a p]h _kik knc]jev]`] lah] n]vk( mqa oq^iapa ko _kjpa `ko `] atlanej_e] o aopnqpqn]o `] oajoe^ehe`]`a a `k ajpaj`eiajpk( jkia]`] lkn G]jp _ki ] l]h]rn] cnac] me^fkljbklk $cbkjbkl%* K ajc]jk `a ej]peop]o a aileneop]o an] oqlkn mqa lk`e]i _kjda_an k krjbkl( mq]j`k( j] ran`]`a( o lk`aiko _kjda_an k bajiajk* Jk ajp]jpk( eook jk jko eila`a `a pan _kjda_eiajpko ran`]`aenko a `a ]h_]j]n k o]^an _eajp) be_k qjerano]h a ja_aoonek* Lkn mq; Lknmqa o]^aiko mqa jkoo] n]vk lkooqe qi] aopnqpqn] qjerano]h( ja_aoone] a ^ moflof( mqa knc]jev] ja_aoo]ne]iajpa ] na]he`]`a ai paniko `]o clo* j^p `] oajoe^ehe`]`a a `ko `lk`bfqlp a `^qbdlof^p `k ajpaj`eiajpk* ?kik n]vk oq^faper]( jkoo] n]vk lk`a c]n]jpen ] ran`]`a `] behkokbe] a `] _ej_e]*
= naolkop] `a Dacah
Q
i beh okbk ]haik `k o_qhk TET( Dacah( kbana_aq qi] kqpn] okhqk l]n] k lnk^ha) i] `k ej]peoik a `k aileneoik* Dacah _nepe_kq k ej]peoik( k aileneoik a k g]jpeoik* = pk`ko aj`anakq ] iaoi] _n) pe_]( mq]h oaf]( ] `a jk d]ranai _kilnaaj`e`k k mqa d `a i]eo bqj`]iajp]h a `a i]eo aooaj_e]h n]vk6 ^ o^wl efpqof`^* @a b]pk( ] behkokbe]( lnak_ql]`] ai c]n]jpen ] `ebanaj] ajpna ] ian] klejek $Îaq ]_dk mqaÏ( Îaq ckopk `aÏ( Îaq jk ckopk `aÏ% a ] ran`]`a $Îaq lajok mqaÏ( Îaq oae mqaÏ( Îeopk ]ooei lkn mqaÏ%( _kjoe`ankq mqa ]o e`ae]o o oane]i n]_ekj]eo a ran`]`aen]o oa bkooai ejpailkn]eo( la najao( apanj]o( ]o iaoi]o ai pk`k pailk a ai pk`k hqc]n* Qi] ran`]`a mqa iq`]ooa _ki k pailk kq _ki ko hqc]nao oane] ian] klejek( oane] ajc]jko]( jk oane] ran`]`a* = n]) vk( oaj`k ] bkjpa a ] _kj`ek `] ran`]`a( pane] p]i^i `a oan ejpailkn]h* aoo] ejpailkn]he`]`a ]pne^q`] n]vk mqa Dacah _nepe_kq ai pk`] ] behkokbe] ]jpanekn* =k ]beni]n mqa ] n]vk deop ne_]( Dacah jk aop( `a ik`k ]hcqi( `evaj`k mqa ] n]vk ]hck nah]perk( mqa r]ha dkfa a jk r]ha ]i]jd( mqa _]`] lk_] jk ]h_]j] ran`]`ao qjeran) o]eo* K mqa Dacah aop `evaj`k mqa ] iq`]j]( ] pn]jobkni]k `] n]vk a `a oaqo _kjpa ) `ko k^n] n]_ekj]h `] ln lne] n]vk* = n]vk jk qi] rpei] `k pailk( mqa hda nkq^]ne] ] ran`]`a( ] qjerano]he`]`a( ] ja_aooe`]`a* = n]vk jk aop k^ deop ne]7 ah] ] deop ne]* = n]vk jk aop kl pailk7 ah] k pailk* Ah] ` oajpe`k ]k pailk* Dacah p]i^i bav qi] _npe_] ]ko ej]peop]o a ]ko aileneop]o iqepk oaiahd]jpa mqa G]jp bevan]* Kq oaf]( ej]peop]o a aileneop]o ]_na`ep]i mqa k _kjda_eiajpk n]_ekj]h rai `]o
-,,
Ko lnk^hai]o `k ej]peoik a `k aileneoik6 okhq ao behko be_]o x #!0É45,/ß x
*OSEPHß(ELMANN ß.EWß9ORK
ß3TAATLICHEß+UNSTSAMMLUNGEN ß+ASSEL
ln lne]o _keo]o l]n] j o( mqa k _kjda_eiajpk `alaj`a at_hqoer]iajpa `] ]k `]o _keo]o ok^na j o( a mqa ] ran`]`a ] _knnaolkj`j_e] ajpna ] _keo] a ] e`ae] `] _keo]* L]n] k aileneop]( ] na]he`]`a Îajpn]Ï ai j o lah] atlanej_e]* L]n] k ej]peop]( ] ran`]`a Îajpn]Ï ai j o lahk lk`an `a jkoo] bkn] ejpaha_pq]h( _]l]v `a pan e`ae]o mqa ok ran`]`aen]o lknmqa nalnaoajp]i kq nalnk`qvai ]o ln lne]o _keo]o atpanj]o* Aop]r] _anpk G]jp mq]j`k `eooa mqa ej]peop]o a aileneop]o oa ajc]j]n]i lkn at_aook `a k^fapereoik( eopk ( lkn fqhc]) nai mqa k _kjda_eiajpk n]_ekj]h `alaj`ane] ejpaen]iajpa `ko k^fapko `k _kjda_eiajpk( oaf] lknmqa `alaj`ane] `] atlanej_e]( oaf] lknmqa `alaj`ane] `] _]l]_e`]`a `]o e`ae]o l]n] nalnk`qven ] na]he`]`a ai oe `]o _keo]o* I]o G]jp p]i^i oa ajc]jkq lknmqa jk bke _]l]v `a _kilnaaj`an mqa ^ o^wl pr gbfql b l_gbql* Kq oaf]( iaoik ]beni]j`k mqa ] n]vk jk _kjda_a ] na]he`]`a ai oe( i]o ]laj]o ] na]he`]`a bajkije_]( G]jp ]ej`] ]`iepe] ] ateopj_e] `a qi] na]he`]`a atpanekn n]vk a ej]h_]jrah lah] n]vk* @aoo] i]jaen]( jk _kilnaaj`aq mqa ] n]vk _ne]`kn] `] na]he`]) `a( eopk ( mqa k na]h ] k^n] deop ne_] `] n]vk*
J]pqnav]o)iknp]o atlnaoo]o ai lk_]o `ebanajpao* Ç `enaep]( lejpqn] `a Leapan ?h]aov( `a -2//7
aomqan`]( mq]`nk `a Nku He_dpajopaej( `a -53.* L]n] Dacah( ] n]vk deop ne_]( kq oaf]( ] iq`]j]( ] pn]jobkni]k `] n]vk a `a oaqo _kjpa`ko k^n] n]_ekj]h `] ln lne] n]vk*
= n]vk( `ev Dacah( jk jai at_hqoer]iajpa n]vk k^faper] $] n]vk mqa `ev mqa ] ran) `]`a aop jko k^fapko% jai at_hqoer]iajpa oq^faper] $] n]vk mqa `ev mqa ] ran`]`a aop jk oqfaepk%( i]o ah] ^ rkfa^ab kb`bppof^ al l_gbqfsl b al pr_gbqfsl* Ah] k _kjda_eiajpk `] d]nikje] ajpna ]o _keo]o a ]o e`ae]o( ajpna k iqj`k atpanekn a ] _kjo_ej_e]( ajpna k k^fapk a k oqfaepk( ajpna ] ran`]`a k^faper] a ] ran`]`a oq^faper]* K mqa ( ]bej]h( ] n]vk l]n] Dacah; L]n] Dacah( ] n]vk 6 -*
k _kjfqjpk `]o haeo `k lajo]iajpk( eopk ( ko lnej_leko( ko lnk_a`eiajpko `k n]_ek_jek( ]o bkni]o a ]o aopnqpqn]o ja_aoone]o l]n] lajo]n( ]o _]packne]o( ]o e`ae]o Í n]vk oq^faper]7
.* ] kn`ai( ] knc]jev]k( k aj_]`a]iajpk a ]o nah] ao `]o ln lne]o _keo]o( eopk ( ] na]he`]) `a k^faper] a n]_ekj]h Í n]vk k^faper]7 /* ] nah]k ejpanj] a ja_aoone] ajpna ]o haeo `k lajo]iajpk a ]o haeo `k na]h* Ah] ] qje`]`a `] n]vk oq^faper] a `] n]vk k^faper]* = aoo] qje`]`a( Dacah ` k jkia `a aolnepk ]^okhqpk*
-,-
Dacah ]beni] mqa pk`] na]he`]`a n]_ekj]h a mqa pk`] n]_ekj]he`]`a na]h* Kq( ai oq]o l]h]rn]o( Îk na]h n]_ekj]h a k n]_ekj]h na]hÏ* ?ki aoo] ]beni]k( lnapaj`aq oecjebe_]n ] qje`]`a `] n]vk k^faper] a `] n]vk oq^faper]* Lkn mqa ] n]vk deop ne_]; = qje`]`a kq d]nikje] ajpna k k^faperk a k oq^faperk( ajpna ] na]he`]`a `]o _keo]o a k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk jk qi `]`k apanjk( ]hck mqa ateopeq `ao`a pk`k k oailna( i]o
x 5.)$!$%ß x = n]vk
qi] `lknrfpq^ a^ o^wl a aoo] _kjmqeop] ] n]vk na]hev] jk pailk* = n]vk jk pai _kik lkjpk `a l]npe`] aoo] qje`]`a( i]o ] pai _kik lkjpk `a _dac]`]( _kik obpriq^al `k lan) _qnok deop ne_k kq pailkn]h mqa ah] ln lne] na]hev]* Mq]h k iahdkn atailhk l]n] _kilnaaj`an k mqa Dacah mqan `evan; K iahdkn atailhk k mqa ]_]^]iko `a ran jko _]lpqhko . a / `aop] qje`]`a* Reiko mqa ko ej]peop]o _kia]n]i _ki^]paj`k ] oqlkoek `a mqa klejek a ran`]`a ok ] iaoi] _keo]* L]n] hern]nai)oa `aoo] oqlkoek( k mqa bevan]i ahao; @eooan]i mqa ] kle jek lanpaj_a ]k _]ilk `] atlanej_e] oajokne]h( laook]h( loe_kh ce_]( ejoprah a mqa ]o e`ae]o `] n]vk ok ej]p]o( qjerano]eo( ja_aoone]o( eiqpraeo* Ko aileneop]o( jk ajp]jpk( jac]n]i mqa ko ej]peop]o peraooai ]_anp]`k( jac]n]i mqa ]o e`ae]o lq`aooai oan ej]p]o a bevan]i ] n]vk `alaj`an `] atlanej_e] loe_kh ce_] kq `] lan_alk* =k b]v)hk( narah]n]i ko lkjpko bn]_ko `ko ej]peop]o( i]o ]^nen]i k bh]j_k l]n] qi lnk^hai] mqa jk lk`e]i naokhran( eopk ( ] r]he`]`a `]o _ej_e]o* = behkokbe] g]jpe]j] jackq( ajpk( mqa ej]peop]o a aileneop]o aoperaooai _anpko* Jackq mqa lq`ooaiko _kjda_an ] na]he`]`a ai oe `]o _keo]o( jackq mqa ] n]vk lkooqooa _kjpa ) `ko ej]pko( ikopn]j`k mqa ko _kjpa `ko `alaj`ai `] atlanej_e]7 i]o jackq p]i^i mqa ] atlanej_e] bkooa ] _]qo] `] n]vk( kq mqa aop] bkooa ]`mqene`]( lkeo lkooqe bkni]o a aopnqpqn]o ej]p]o* G]jp `aq lnekne`]`a ]k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk( ajmq]jpk aileneop]o a ej]peop]o `]r]i lnekne`]`a ]k k^fapk `k _kjda_eiajpk* Mqa `ev Dacah; Mqa aooao _kjbhepko behko be_ko ok ] deop ne] `] ln lne] n]vk( ] mq]h ]ben) i] qi] paoa $lkn atailhk( ] paoa ej]peop]%( jac] aoo] paoa $lkn atailhk( ] paoa aileneop] jac] ] ej]peop]% a _dac] ] qi] pan_aen] lkoek mqa jac] ]o `q]o ]jpaneknao $lkn atailhk( ] lkoek g]jpe]j]%* I]o aoo] pan_aen] paoa( ]k oan ]beni]`]( pknj])oa qi] lneiaen] paoa mqa oan jac]`] lkn qi] kqpn] $lkn atailhk( ] behkokbe] `k _d]i]`k nki]jpeoik ]haik( mqa jackq ] behkok) be] g]jpe]j]% ]p mqa qi] pan_aen] paoa $jk _]ok ] behkokbe] `a Dacah% jacqa ]o `q]o ]jpaneknao jqi] ran`]`a oqlanekn mqa ]o ajchk^] a ]o _kilnaaj`a* Aooa ikreiajpk `] n]vk( atlhe_] Dacah( pai ] la_qhe]ne`]`a `a jqj_] `aopnqen ejpaen]iajpa k mqa ah] ]benikq ]jpao( i]o ej) _knlkn] k _]iejdk lan_knne`k jqi] ran`]`a oqlanekn* K _]iejdk baepk `a ran`]`ao l]n_e]eo mqa rk oaj`k naqje`]o ]p mqa oa _dacqa ] qi] ran`]`a pkp]hev]`kn] mqa ]o ajchk^]* Aeo lkn mqa Dacah ]beni] mqa ] deop ne] `] n]vk kq ] deop ne] `] behkokbe] ] iai ne] `ko _]iejdko lan_knne`ko( mqa bkn]i _kjoanr]`ko j]mqehk mqa pejd]i `a ran`]`aenk* Ai _]`] ikiajpk `a oq] deop ne]( ] n]vk lnk`qveq qi] paoa ] naolaepk `a oe iaoi] a( hkck ] oacqen( qi] paoa _kjpnne] lneiaen]( kq qi] ]jppaoa* ?]`] paoa a _]`] ]jppaoa bkn]i ikiajpko ja_aooneko l]n] ] n]vk _kjda_an)oa _]`] rav i]eo* ?]`] paoa a _]`] ]jp) paoa bkn]i ran`]`aen]o( i]o l]n_e]eo* Oai ah]o( ] n]vk jqj_] pane] _dac]`k ] _kjda_an)oa ] oe iaoi]* I]o ] n]vk jk lk`a be_]n aop]_ekj]`] jaoo]o _kjpn]`e ao mqa ah] ln lne] _nekq lkn qi] ja_aooe`]`a `ah] iaoi]6 lna_eo] qhpn]l]oo)h]o jqi] ojpaoa mqa qj] ]o paoao _kj) pnne]o( ikopn]j`k kj`a aop ] ran`]`a `a _]`] qi] `ah]o a _kjoanr]j`k aoo] ran`]`a* Aoo] ] n]vk deop ne_] kq ] deop ne] `k Aolnepk( mqa ^qo_] pknj]n)oa Aolnepk =^okhqpk*
Aileneop]o( g]jpe]jko a dacahe]jko
A
i^kn] Dacah pajd] lnklkopk oejpapev]n ] deop ne] `] n]vk( _kjoe`an]j`k( lknp]jpk( mqa ej]peop]o( aileneop]o a g]jpe]jko an]i l]npa `k l]oo]`k `aoo] deop ne]( _qfk pniejk kq _qf] _kj_hqok oane] ] behkokbe] dacahe]j]( eook jk oecjebe_] mqa pk`ko ko beh okbko pajd]i ]_aep]`k ] okhqk dacahe]j] _kik naolkop] bej]h* =ooei( ko aileneop]o jk `ao]l]na_an]i* Nabkniqh]n]i iqep]o `a oq]o paoao a lkoe) ao( i]o lani]ja_an]i aileneop]o* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( lanoeopa( j] behkokbe]( qi] _knnajpa aileneop]* Bke p]i^i k mqa ]_kjpa_aq _ki ko beh okbko ej]peop]o7 a k iaoik lk`a oan `epk _ki nah]k ]ko mqa ]`kp]n]i ] behkokbe] g]jpe]j]* Nabkniqh]n]i paoao( ]_nao_ajp]n]i jk) r]o e`ae]o a lanola_per]o( i]o oa i]jperan]i g]jpe]jko* D ko mqa ]_aep]n]i ] okhqk dacahe]j]( ]ooei _kik d ko mqa ] na_qo]n]i a `ko mq]eo b]h]naiko jk ln teik _]lpqhk*
-,.
= n]vk j] behkokbe] _kjpailkn ja] x #!0É45,/ß x
#APqTULOß = n]vk j] behkokbe] _kjpailknja]
= n]vk j] bajkiajkhkce] `a Dqooanh
APORIAßCONTRADIljOßOUß PARADOXOßNUMßCONTEXTOß ARGUMENTATIVOßOUßNUMß RACIOCqNIO
TRANSCENDoNCIAßCONDIljOß DOßQUEßSEßENCONTRAßNUMß ESTADOßSUPERIORßEßINACES SqVELßAßUMAßDETERMINADAß ORDEMßDEßEXISToNCIAßOUß REALIDADE
-,/
M
q]j`k( jk o_qhk TREEE( G]jp ao_naraq ] @oqf`^ a^ o^wl mro^( pejd] `e]jpa `a oe `q]o _ej_e]o _kjoe`an]`]o lkn aha atailh]nao6 ] i]paipe_] a ] _ej_e] `] j]pqnav]* La) n]jpa ah]o( `eve] G]jp( ] behkokbe] $kq ] iap]boe_]% `a _]qo]n laj]( lkeo jah] naej]i ] _kjbqok( ko _kjbhepko `a `kqpnej]o( ]lkne]o `a pk`k pelk* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ] behkokbe] ]ej`] jk ]h_]jkq k aop]pqpk kq ] _kj`ek `a _ej_e]* = p]nab] `] @oqf`^ a^ o^wl mro^ an] fqop]iajpa at]iej]n mq]eo ]o _kj`e ao lnaheiej]nao mqa `are]i oan lnaaj_de`]o kq naolaep]`]o l]n] mqa qi `e] ] behkokbe] $] iap]boe_]% lq`aooa pknj]n)oa qi] _ej_e]( aop]^a) ha_aj`k ]o _kj`e ao ^ moflof `a lkooe^ehe`]`a a ko heiepao `k _kjda_eiajpk dqi]jk* ?kik reiko( aooa at]ia G]jp `ajkiejkq `a pn]jo_aj`ajp]h* Jk bej]h `k o_qhk TET a ej_ek `k o_qhk TT( ] lnak_ql]k _ki k pn]jo_aj`ajp]h na]) l]na_aq _ki ] behkokbe] `a A`iqj` Dqooanh( ] bajkiajkhkce]* = `eo_qook `k `ehai] ajpna k ej]peoik a k aileneoik napki]`] lkn Dqooanh ] l]npen `]o `eo_qoo ao ok^na ko bqj`]) iajpko `] h ce_] a `] i]paipe_] a lnkooacqa mq]j`k k beh okbk lnk_qn] `apaniej]n ]o _kj`e ao ^ moflof `a lkooe^ehe`]`a `] behkokbe] _kik _ej_e] necknko]* Lkn mqa Îbajkiajkhkce]Ï; Lknmqa Dqooanh na ja ko `keo lnej_el]eo oecjebe_]`ko `] l]h]) rn] cbkjbkl( p]eo _kik ]l]na_ai naola_per]iajpa ai G]jp a ai Dacah* @a G]jp( Dqooanh _kjoanr] ] ]beni]k `a mqa jk _kjda_aiko qi] na]he`]`a ai oe( i]o ] na]he`]`a p]h _kik ]l]na_a ]k oan aopnqpqn]`] a knc]jev]`] ^ moflof lah] n]vk7 `a Dacah( Dqooanh _kjoanr] ] ]ben) i]k `a mqa Îqi] bajkiajkhkce]Ï ] `ao_nek `k mqa ]l]na_a _kjo_ej_e] a ] `ao_nek `k ]l]na_an `] _kjo_ej_e] l]n] oe iaoi]* Dacah `eooan] mqa ] bajkiajkhkce] ] j]nn]per] `]o atlanej_e]o `] _kjo_ej_e] j] deop ne]* Dqooanh `ev mqa ] bajkiajkhkce] ] `ao_nek `]o atlanej_e]o `] _kjo_ej_e] _kik ]pere`]`a `a _kjda_eiajpk* = `ao_nek bajkiajkh ce_] ateca qi] ]pepq`a mqa Dqooanh `aoecj] _ki ] l]h]rn] cna) c] bml`e ( mqa oecjebe_] Îoqolaj`an k fqvk ok^na ]hcqi] _keo] `a mqa jk oa pai _anpav]Ï* = bml`e bajkiajkh ce_] _kjoeopa( j]o l]h]rn]o `a Dqooanh( ai ÎÐ_khk_]n ajpna l]njpaoaoÑ jkoo] _naj] j] ateopj_e] `] na]he`]`a atpanekn a `ao_naran ]o ]pere`]`ao `] _kjo_ej_e] kq `] n]vk _kik qi lk`an ^ moflof `a _kjopepqek `] ln lne] na]he`]`aÏ* K mqa eook mqan `evan; K mqa _d]i]iko `a Îiqj`kÏ kq Îna]he`]`aÏ( `ev Dqooanh( jk qi _kjfqjpk `a _keo]o a laook]o( ]jei]eo( racap]eo a iejan]eo ateopajpao ai oe iaoiko a mqa jkoo]o e`ae]o nalna) oajp]i ]k pn]jobkni)hko ai k^fapko `a _kjda_eiajpk* K iqj`k kq ] na]he`]`a qi _kj) fqjpk `a pfdkfcf`^ bp kq `a pbkqfalp mqa ok lnk`qve`ko lah] _kjo_ej_e] kq lah] n]vk* = n]vk Î`k]`kn] `a oajpe`kÏ a ah] `lkpqfqrf ^ ob^ifa^ab jk ajmq]jpk ateopj_e] `a oanao( i]o ajmq]jpk oeopai] `a oecjebe_] ao mqa `alaj`ai `] aopnqpqn] `] ln lne] _kjo_ej_e]* Kq( _kik atlhe_] Dqooanh( ] na]he`]`a _kjopepq`] lah] _kjo_ej_e] pn]jo_aj`ajp]h kq lah] n]vk pn]jo_aj`ajp]h jk oa nabana ] ateopj_e]o `a oanao a oei ] bpp k`f^p( eopk ( ] pfdkfcf`^* bp* =o aooj_e]o ok ran`]`aen]o( qjerano]eo a ja_aoone]o lknmqa ok _kjopepq`]o ^ moflof lah] ln lne] n]vk* =o oecjebe_] ao kq aooj_e]o ok k _kjpa `k mqa ] ln lne] n]vk kbana_a ] oe iaoi] l]n] `k]n oajpe`k( lkeo ] n]vk pn]jo_aj`ajp]h `k]`kn] `a oajpe`k a k oajpe`k ] je_] na]he`]`a ateopajpa l]n] ] n]vk*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = n]vk
N]vk a ok_ea`]`a
@
ebanajpaiajpa `] bajkiajkhkce]( kqpnko beh okbko( _kik ko mqa _ne]n]i ] _d]i]`] Ao_kh] `a Bn]jgbqnp( kj`a oa knecejkq ] Pakne] ?npe_]( ]`kp]i ] okhqk dacahe]j]( i]o _ki qi] ik`ebe_]k bqj`]iajp]h* Ko beh okbko `aoo] ao_kh]( _kik Pdak`kn =`knjk( Dan^anp I]n_qoa a I]t Dkngdaeian( pi qi] bkni]k i]nteop] a( lkn eook( na_q) o]i ] e`ae] dacahe]j] `a mqa ] deop ne] k^n] `] n]vk _kik aolnepk( kq mqa ]o pn]jobkni]) ao deop ne_]o `] n]vk ok na]hev]`]o lah] ln lne] n]vk( oai mqa aop] oaf] _kj`e_ekj]`] kq `apaniej]`] lah]o _kj`e ao ok_e]eo( a_kjie_]o a lkhpe_]o* L]n] aooao beh okbko( k ajc]jk `a Dacah aop( ai lneiaenk hqc]n( j] oqlkoek `a mqa ] n]vk oaf] qi] bkn] deop ne_] ]qpjki] $eopk ( jk _kj`e_ekj]`] lah] oepq]k i]pane]h kq a_kjie_]( ok_e]h a lkhpe_] `a qi] lk_]%( a( ai oacqj`k hqc]n( j] oqlkoek `a mqa ] n]vk ] bkn] deop ne_] mqa _ne] ] ln lne] ok_ea`]`a( ] lkhpe_]( ] _qhpqn]* Kq oaf]( Dacah oa ajc]j] lknmqa _kjoe`an] ] n]vk $kq k aolnepk% ej_kj`e_ekj]`] ok_e]h( a_kjie_] a lkhepe) _]iajpa a lkn _kjoe`an]n mqa ] ok_ea`]`a( ] a_kjkie] a ] lkhpe_] mqa ok _kj`e_ekj]`]o lah] n]vk* L]n] ahao( Dacah aop _knnapk mq]j`k ]beni] mqa ]o iq`]j]o deop ne_]o k_knnai lahko _kjbhepko a _kjpn]`e ao( i]o aop ajc]j]`k ]k oqlkn mqa p]eo _kjbhepko oa `k ajpna `ebanajpao bkni]o `] n]vk( lkeo ahao oa `k _kik _kjbhepko a _kjpn]`e ao ok_e]eo a lkhpe_]o( ik`ebe_]j`k ] ln lne] n]vk* Ko beh okbko `] Pakne] ?npe_] _kjoe`an]i mqa ateopai( j] ran`]`a( `q]o ik`]he`]`ao `] n]vk6 ] o^wl fkpqorjbkq^i kq o^wl q`kf`l*`fbkqcf`^( mqa aop ] oanrek `] atlhkn]k a `] `kiej]k( `] klnaook a `] rekhj_e]( a ] o^wl `oqf`^ kq cfilpcf`^( mqa nabhapa ok^na ]o _kjpn]`e ao a ko _kjbhepko ok_e]eo a lkhpe_ko a oa ]lnaoajp] _kik qi] bkn] he^an]`kn]* = Ao_kh] `a Bn]jgbqnp i]jpi ] e`ae] dacahe]j] `a mqa d qi] _kjpejqe`]`a pailkn]h kq deop ne_] ajpna ] bkni] ]jpanekn `] n]_ekj]he`]`a a ] bkni] oacqejpa6 ] n]vk ik`anj]( lkn atailhk( jk oqnca `a nalajpa a `k j]`]( i]o naoqhp] `a _kjpn]`e ao a _kjbhepko ok_ek) lkhpe_ko `k bej]h `] E`]`a I`e] a `] Naj]o_aj]( `a ik`k mqa( ]k oqlan]n ] n]_ekj]he`]`a ia`ear]h a naj]o_ajpeop]( j]o_a _kik n]_ekj]he`]`a ik`anj]* ?]`] jkr] bkni] `] n]_ekj]he`]`a ] rep ne] ok^na ko _kjbhepko `]o bkni]o ]jpaneknao( oai mqa d]f] nqlpqn] deop ne_] ajpna ah]o* Iq`]j]o ok_e]eo( lkhpe_]o a _qhpqn]eo `apanie) j]i iq`]j]o jk lajo]iajpk( a p]eo iq`]j]o ok ] okhqk na]hev]`] lahk pailk lnaoaj) pa l]n] ko _kjbhepko a ]o _kjpn]`e ao `k l]oo]`k* = n]vk jk `apaniej] jai _kj`e_ekj] ] ok_ea`]`a $_kik fqhc]n] Dacah%( i]o `apan) iej]`] a _kj`e_ekj]`] lah] ok_ea`]`a a oq]o iq`]j]o* =ooei( ko ej]peop]o oa ajc]j]i ]k oqlkn ] eiqp]^ehe`]`a `ko _kjpa `ko `] n]vk a ko aileneop]o oa ajc]j]i ]k oqlkn mqa ]o iq`]j]o ok ]_]nnap]`]o lkn jkoo]o atlanej_e]o( mq]j`k( j] ran`]`a( ok lnk`qve`]o lkn pn]jobkni] ao chk^]eo `a qi] ok_ea`]`a*
N]vk a `ao_kjpejqe`]`a pailkn]h
J
ko ]jko -52,( `aoajrkhraq)oa( ok^napq`k j] Bn]j]( qi] _knnajpa _eajpbe_] $eje_e]) `] j] hejcqope_] a j] ]jpnklkhkce] ok_e]h% _d]i]`] aopnqpqn]heoik* L]n] ko aopnq) pqn]heop]o( k i]eo eilknp]jpa jk ] iq`]j] kq ] pn]jobkni]k `a qi] na]he`]) `a $`a qi] hjcq]( `a qi] ok_ea`]`a ej`caj]( `a qi] pakne] _eajpbe_]%( i]o ] bpqorqro^ kq ] bkni] mqa ah] pai jk lnaoajpa* = aopnqpqn] l]oo]`] a ] aopnqpqn] bqpqn] ok _kjoe`an]`]o aopnqpqn]o afcbobkqbp bkqob pf a afcbobkqbp a^ bpqorqro^ mobpbkqb( oai mqa d]f] ejpanaooa ai ]_kil]jd]n pailkn]hiajpa ] l]o) o]cai `a qi] aopnqpqn] l]n] kqpn]* =ooei( k aopnqpqn]heoik _eajpbe_k `ao_kjoe`an] ] lkoek behko be_] `a pelk dacahe]jk( paj`k i]ekn ]beje`]`a _ki ] g]jpe]j]* K aopnqpqn]heoik para qi] cn]j`a ejbhqj_e] ok^na k lajo]iajpk behko be_k a eook oa nabhapeq j] `eo_qook ok^na ] n]vk* Oa k^oanr]niko ^ai( jkp]naiko mqa ] okhqk dacahe]j] narah] qi] _kj_alk _qiq) h]per] a kpeieop] `] n]vk6
-,0
= n]vk j] behkokbe] _kjpailkn ja] x #!0É45,/ß x
!LBUMAKG IMAGES!NNAß7EISE ,ATINSTOCK
`rjri^qfs^6 Dacah _kjoe`an] mqa ] n]vk( j] ^]p]hd] ejpanj] ajpna paoao a ]jppaoao( r]e oaj`k ajnemqa_e`]( r]e ]_qiqh]j`k _kjda_eiajpko _]`] rav i]eknao ok^na oe iaoi]( p]jpk _kik _kjda_eiajpk `] n]_ekj]he`]`a `k na]h $n]vk k^faper]% mq]jpk _kik _k) jda_eiajpk `] _]l]_e`]`a n]_ekj]h l]n] k _kjda_eiajpk $n]vk oq^faper]%* lqfjfpq^6 l]n] Dacah( ] n]vk lkooqe bkn] l]n] jk oa `aopnqen ] oe iaoi] ai oq]o _kj) pn]`e ao ejpanj]o7 ]k _kjpnnek( oqlan] _]`] qi] `ah]o a _dac] ] qi] ojpaoa d]nik) jeko] `a pk`ko ko ikiajpko mqa _kjopepqn]i ] oq] deop ne]* Ejbhqaj_e]`ko lahk aopnqpqn]heoik( rneko beh okbko bn]j_aoao( _kik Ie_dah Bkq_]qhp( F]_mqao @anne`] a Cehhao @ahaqva( ]k aopq`]nai ] deop ne] `] behkokbe]( `]o _ej_e]o( `] ok_ea) `]`a( `]o ]npao a `]o p_je_]o( `eooan]i mqa( oai ` re`]( ] n]vk deop ne_] Í eopk ( iq`] pailkn]hiajpa Í( i]o aoo] deop ne] jk _qiqh]per]( arkhqper]( lnkcnaooer] a _kjpjq]* Lahk _kjpnnek( `ao_kjpjq]( oa na]hev] lkn o]hpko a _]`] aopnqpqn] jkr] `] n]vk lkooqe qi oajpe`k ln lnek( rhe`k ]laj]o l]n] ah]* "ETTMANN#ORBIS
2AYMONDß$EPARDON-AGNUMß 0HOTOS,ATINSTOCK
*ACQUESß$ERRIDAßß ¯ ßFILvSOFOß FRANCoSßDEßORIGEMß ARGELINA
'ILLESß$ELEUZE߯
"ILLß0IERCE4IMEßß,IFEß0ICTURES 'ETTYß)MAGES
= pakne] dahek_ jpne_] `a ?klnje_k lk`a oan qi atailhk `] n]vk deop ne_] `ao_kjpjq] lnklkop] lkn Bkq_]qhp( @anne`] a @ahaqva* ?ki ah]( ] Pann] `aetkq `a oan k _ajpnk `k Qjeranok*
4HOMASß+UHNß ßß FILvSOFOßDAßCIoNCIAßQUEß ESTUDAßAßHISTvRIAßDOßß PENSAMENTOßCIENTqFICOß PARAßMOSTRARßQUEßASß CIoNCIASßNjOßSEß DESENVOLVEMßNUMß PROCESSOßCONTqNUOßEß CUMULATIVOßEßSIMßPORßß ±SALTOS²ßOUßREVOLUßlzES
-,1
@evai ahao mqa qi] pakne] $behko be_] kq _eajpbe_]% kq qi] lnpe_] $pe_]( lkhpe_]( ]npo) pe_]% ok jkr]o fqop]iajpa mq]j`k nkilai ]o _kj_al ao ]jpaneknao a ]o oq^opepqai lkn kqpn]o _kilhap]iajpa `ebanajpao( jk oaj`k lkoorah b]h]n jqi] _kjpejqe`]`a lnkcnaooer] ajpna ah]o( lkeo ok pk `ebanajpao mqa jk d _kik jai lkn mqa _kil]n)h]o a fqhc]n qi] `ah]o i]eo ]pn]o]`] a ] kqpn] i]eo ]`e]jp]`]* =ooei( lkn atailhk( ] pakne] `] nah]pere`]`a( ah]^kn]`] lkn Aejopaej( jk _kjpejq]) k arkhq`] a iahdkn]`] `] boe_] _hooe_]( bkniqh]`] lkn C]hehaq a Jaspkj( i]o qi] lrqo^ cpf`^( _ki _kj_aepko( lnej_leko a lnk_a`eiajpko _kilhap]iajpa jkrko a `ebanaj) pao* Paiko `q]o boe_]o `ebanajpao( _]`] mq]h _ki oaq oajpe`k a r]hkn ln lneko* Jk oa lk`a b]h]n jqi lnk_aook( jqi] arkhqk kq jqi ]r]jk `] n]vk ] _]`] jkr] pakne]( lkeo ] jkre`]`a oecjebe_] fqop]iajpa mqa oa pn]p] `a ]hck pk jkrk( pk `ebanajpa a pk kqpnk mqa oan ]^oqn`k b]h]n ai _kjpejqe`]`a a ]r]jk* Jk d _kik `evan mqa ]o e`ae]o a ]o pakne]o l]oo]`]o ok b]ho]o( ann]`]o kq ]pn]o]`]o6 ah]o oeilhaoiajpa ok `ebanajpao `]o ]pq]eo lknmqa oa ^]oae]i ai lnej_leko( ejpanlnap] ao a _kj_aepko jkrko* Qi] _kj_alk oaiahd]jpa bke `aoajrkhre`] lahk beh okbk jknpa)]iane_]jk Pdki]o Gqdj* Oacqj`k aha( aoo]o narkhq ao ]_kjpa_ai mq]j`k qi] pakne] _eajpbe_] ajpn] ai _neoa a ]_]^] oaj`k aheiej]`] lkn kqpn]( knc]jev]`] `a i]jaen] `ebanajpa* Ai oq] reok( ] _]`] lk_] ]o pakne]o _eajpbe_]o ejopepqai ipk`ko a `abeje ao `a oaqo k^fapko _kjopepqej`k i]pnevao `a ejraopec]k a `a lajo]iajpk ]o mq]eo Gqdj `ajkiej] `a
x 5.)$!$%ß x = n]vk
!NNAß7EISE!LBUMAKG IMAGES ,ATINSTOCK
PARADIGMAßPALAVRAßDEß ORIGEMßGREGAßQUEßSIGNIFICAß ±MODELO²
,YOTARD߯ ß FILvSOFOßPvS MODERNOß FRANCoS 3TEVEß0YKE0REMIUMß!RCHIVE 'ETTYß)MAGES
m^o^afdj^p* Qi l]n]`eci] _kilkopk `a del paoao( haeo( lnk_a`eiajpko iapk`kh ce_ko a p_je_]o `a laomqeo] a `a ]lhe_]k `ko _kjda_eiajpko( `abejej`k ]o jkni]o a nacn]o `k mqa `ara oan laomqeo]`k a _kjda_e`k* Kn]( ] l]npen `a _anpko ikiajpko( _kia]i ] oqncen `ebe_qh`]`ao( ennacqh]ne`]`ao( ]jk) i]he]o6 qi] pakne] _eajpbe_] _kia] ] jk `]n _kjp] `a oaqo k^fapko kq _anpko k^fapko jkrko ]l]na_ai l]n] ko mq]eo k l]n]`eci] ateopajpa jk oanra* Jaooao ikiajpko d qi] Î_neoa `k l]n]`eci]Ï kq qi] _neoa `] n]vk _qf] okhqk oa ` _ki qi] narkhqk _eajpbe_]( eopk ( _ki ] ejopepqek `a qi l]n]`eci] jkrk* Eook jk oecjebe_] mqa ] _ej_e] Îlnkcna`eqÏ a oei mqa Îiq`kqÏ* Kq oaf]( jk d _kjpejqe`]`a ajpna qi l]n]`eci] ]jpanekn a qi jkrk* =ooei( ai _]`] lk_] `a oq] deop ne]( ] n]vk _ne] ik`ahko kq l]n]`eci]o atlhe_]perko l]n] ko bajiajko kq l]n] ko k^fapko `k _kjda_eiajpk( jk d]raj`k _kjpejqe`]`a jai lkjpko _kiqjo ajpna ahao mqa laniep]i _kil]n)hko* =ckn]( ai hqc]n `a qi lnk_aook heja]n a _kjpjqk `] n]vk( b]h])oa j] ejrajk `a bkni]o `ebanajpao `a n]_ekj]he`]`a( `a ]_kn`k _ki _nepneko mqa ] ln lne] n]vk _ne] l]n] oe iaoi]* = n]vk cnac] `ebanajpa `] ia`ear]h mqa( lkn oq] rav( `ebanajpa `] naj]o_ajpeop] a `] ik`anj]* = n]vk ik`anj] a ] ehqiejeop] p]i^i ok `ebanajpao( ]ooei _kik ] n]vk dacahe]j] `ebanajpa `] _kjpailkn ja]* Ajbei( ko beh okbko `epko l o)ik`anjko $_kik( lkn atailhk( k bn]j_o Hukp]n` a k jknpa) )]iane_]jk Nknpu% _kjoe`an]i ] behkokbe] a ] _ej_e] lnpe_]o _qhpqn]eo ple_]o `k K_e`ajpa _qf] lnapajok `a na]hev]n ] n]vk kq k _kjda_eiajpk n]_ekj]h ejbqj`]`] a enna]hevrah* Lkn mq; Lknmqa ] n]vk pai ] lnapajok `a oan k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk `] na]he`]`a( i]o aop] jk ateopa( lkeo jk d b]pko( `]`ko kq _keo]o a oei i]jaen]o `a b]h]n kq Îfkcko `a hej) cq]caiÏ _ki mqa ejrajp]iko iaeko l]n] atlneien k mqa lajo]iko a oajpeiko* ?d]i]iko p]eo fkcko `a n]_ekj]eo kq `a ran`]`aenko oeilhaoiajpa ajmq]jpk bqj_ekj]i kq ok paeo l]n] jkooko bejo a ko ]^]j`kj]iko lkn kqpnko mq]j`k `aet]i `a bqj_ekj]n kq `a oan paeo l]n] jkooko bejo* = lnkr] `a mqa jk d ^ o^wl aop j] iqhpelhe_e`]`a `a behkokbe]o _kjpn) ne]o qi]o o kqpn]o a j]o iq`]j]o `]o pakne]o _eajpbe_]o* N]vk( n]_ekj]he`]`a( k^fapere`]) `a( ran`]`a ok iepko k_e`ajp]eo( Î_naj]o pne^]eoÏ _kik ]o `a mq]eomqan kqpnko lkrko*
2ORTY߯ ßß FILvSOFOßPvS MODERNOß NORTE AMERICANO
Lkn mqa ]ej`] b]h]iko ai n]vk;
@
e]jpa `]o _kj_al ao `ao_kjpejqop]o `] n]vk a `k l o)ik`anjeoik( lk`aiko b]) van `q]o lancqjp]o6
-*
Oa( ai _]`] lk_]( lkn ikperko deop ne_ko a pa ne_ko `apaniej]`ko( ] n]vk iq`] ejpae) n]iajpa( k mqa mqanaiko `evan mq]j`k _kjpejq]iko ailnac]j`k ] l]h]rn] o^wl;
.* Oa( ai _]`] _ej_e]( behkokbe]( pakne] kq atlnaook `k lajo]iajpk j]`] d ai _kiqi _ki ]o ]jpaneknao a ]o lkopaneknao( lkn mqa `evaiko mqa ]hcqi]o ok n]_ekj]eo a kqpn]o jk k ok; = n]vk jk oane]( ]bej]h( qi iepk mqa jkoo] _qhpqn] ejrajpkq l]n] oe iaoi]( _kik `evai ko l o)ik`anjko; Lk`aiko naolkj`an lneiaen] lancqjp] `evaj`k mqa _kjpejq]iko ] b]h]n ai o^wl( ]lao]n `a d]ran iqep]o a `ebanajpao În]v aoÏ( lknmqa i]jpaiko qi] e`ae] mqa aooaj_e]h jkk k_e`ajp]h `a n]vk* Mqa e`ae] aoo]; = `a mqa ] na]he`]`a( k iqj`k j]pqn]h a _qhpqn]h( ko oanao dqi]jko( oq]o ] ao a k^n]o q j pbkqfal a aooa oajpe`k mlab pbo `lkeb`fal* = ]pepq) `a n]_ekj]h `a _kjda_an ] na]he`]`a jk oajk k pn]^]hdk `k lajo]iajpk l]n] ]lnaaj`an( _kilnaaj`an a ejpanlnap]n k oajpe`k `]o _keo]o( `ko b]pko( `]o e`ae]o( ] ao a r]hknao dqi]) jko* aooa e`a]h `k _kjda_eiajpk mqa _kjoanr]`k mq]j`k _kjpejq]iko ] b]h]n ai n]vk* ?ki nah]k oacqj`] lancqjp]( lk`aiko `evan mqa( ai _]`] lk_]( ko iai^nko `] ok_ea`]`a a `] _qhpqn] k_e`ajp]eo fqhc]i ] r]he`]`a `] ln lne] n]vk _kik _]l]v kq ej_]l]v `a na]hev]n k e`a]h `k _kjda_eiajpk* Aooa fqhc]iajpk lk`a oan na]hev]`k `a `q]o i]jaen]o* = lneiaen] i]jaen] kq k lneiaenk _nepnek `a ]r]he]k `] _]l]_e`]`a n]_ekj]h k `] `lb* o k`f^ fkqbok^ `a qi lajo]iajpk kq `a qi] pakne]* Kq oaf]( mq]j`k qi lajo]iajpk kq qi]
-,2
= n]vk j] behkokbe] _kjpailkn ja] x #!0É45,/ß x
pakne] oa lnkl ai ] kbana_an qi _kjda_eiajpk( oeiqhp]ja]iajpa p]i^i kbana_ai ko lnej) _leko( ko _kj_aepko a ko lnk_a`eiajpko mqa oqopajp]i ] atlhe_]k ]lnaoajp]`]* Mq]j`k jk d _kil]pe^ehe`]`a ajpna ] atlhe_]k a ko lnej_leko( ko _kj_aepko a ko lnk_a`eiajpko kbana_e) `ko( `evaiko mqa jk d _kanj_e] a mqa k lajo]iajpk kq ] pakne] jk ok n]_ekj]eo* = n]vk ( ]ooei( k _nepnek `a mqa `eolkiko l]n] ] ]r]he]k( k ejopnqiajpk l]n] fqhc]n ] r]he`]`a `a qi lajo]iajpk kq `a qi] pakne]( fqhc]j`k( ah] iaoi]( oq] _kanj_e] kq ej_kanj_e]* = oacqj`] i]jaen] `ebanajpa `] ]jpanekn* =ckn]( lancqjp])oa oa qi lajo]iajpk kq qi] pakne] _kjpne^qai kq jk l]n] mqa ko oanao dqi]jko _kjda]i a _kilnaaj`]i ]o _en_qjop j_e]o ai mqa rerai( _kjpne^qai kq jk l]n] ]hpan]n oepq] ao mqa ko oanao dqi]) jko fqhc]i ej]_aepraeo kq ejpkhanraeo( _kjpne^qai kq jk l]n] iahdkn]n ]o _kj`e ao ai mqa ko oanao dqi]jko rerai* =ooei( ] n]vk( ]hi `a oan k _nepnek l]n] ]r]he]n ko _kjda_e) iajpko( p]i^i qi ejopnqiajpk _npe_k l]n] _kilnaaj`aniko ]o _en_qjop j_e]o ai mqa reraiko( l]n] iq`)h]o kq iahdkn)h]o* = n]vk pai qi lkpaj_e]h ]perk kq pn]jobkni]`kn a lkn eook _kjpejq]iko ] b]h]n jah] a ] `aoaf)h]*
N]vk a na]he`]`a
K
o `keo _nepneko reopko ]_ei] Í ] _kanj_e] ejpanj] `a qi lajo]iajpk kq `a qi] pakne] a k lkpaj_e]h _npe_k)pn]jobkni]`kn `ko _kjda_eiajpko Í p]i^i jko ]fq) `]i ] _kilnaaj`an mqa ] n]vk jk qi iepk( lknmqa lk`aiko lan_a^an mq]j`k ] n]vk ren] iepk a `aet] `a oan n]vk* =j]heoaiko _kik atailhk `aoo] ren]`] ]o pakne]o mqa `abaj`ai k n]_eoik a mqa ok pe`]o _kik _eajpbe_]o kq n]_ekj]eo* =o pakne]o n]_eop]o oa ]lnaoajp]i qo]j`k lnej_leko( _kj_aepko a lnk_a`eiajpko $kq ipk`ko% n]_ekj]eo( _eajpbe_ko* B]vai laomqeo]o ^ekh ce_]o( cajpe_]o( mqie_]o( ok_ekh ce) _]o7 qo]i ] ej`qk a ] `a`qk7 `abejai _kj_aepko( ejbanai _kj_hqo ao `ko `]`ko k^pe`ko lkn atlanej_e] a lkn _h_qhko aop]pope_ko* Qo]j`k p]eo lnk_a`eiajpko( b]vai `aikjopn]) ao a lkn iaek `ah]o lnapaj`ai lnkr]n6 -*
mqa ateopai În]]oÏ7
.* mqa ]o În]]oÏ ok ^ekh ce_] a cajape_]iajpa `ebanajpao7 /* mqa d În]]oÏ ]pn]o]`]o a ]`e]jp]`]o( ejbaneknao a oqlaneknao7 0* mqa ]o În]]oÏ ]pn]o]`]o a ejbaneknao jk ok _]l]vao( lkn atailhk( `a `aoajrkhreiajpk ejpaha_pq]h a aopk j]pqn]hiajpa `aopej]`]o ]k pn]^]hdk i]jq]h( lkeo oq] n]vk iqepk lamqaj] a jk _kjoacqai _kilnaaj`an ]o e`ae]o i]eo _kilhat]o a ]r]j]`]o7 1* mqa ]o În]]oÏ ]`e]jp]`]o a oqlaneknao aopk j]pqn]hiajpa `aopej]`]o ] `kiej]n k lh]) jap] a mqa( oa eook bkn ja_aoonek l]n] k oaq ^ai( pi k `enaepk `a atpaniej]n ]o În]]oÏ ]pn]o]`]o a ejbaneknao7 2* mqa( l]n] k ^ai `]o În]]oÏ ejbaneknao a `]o oqlaneknao( `ara d]ran oacnac]k n]_e]h $oa l]n]k `ko hk_]eo `a ikn]`e]( `a pn]^]hdk( `a a`q_]k( `a h]van( ap_*%( lkeo ] jk oa) cna c]k lk`a b]van ]o ejbaneknao ]nn]op]nai ]o oqlaneknao l]n] oaq ^]etk jrah( ]ooei _kik lk`a b]van ]o oqlaneknao pajp]nai ejqpehiajpa iahdkn]n k jrah `]o ejbaneknao*
-,3
Kn]( ] n]vk lk`a `aikjopn]n mqa ] În]_ekj]he`]`aÏ n]_eop] enn]_ekj]h a mqa aop ] oan) rek `] rekhj_e]( `] ecjkn j_e] a `] `aopnqek* =ooei( ] ^ekhkce] a ] cajpe_] `aikjopn]i mqa d `ebanaj]o j] bkni]k ]j]pie) _k)beoekh ce_] `ko oanao dqi]jko ai `a_knnj_e] `a `ebanaj]o ejpanj]o `k knc]jeoik a `a `ebanaj]o a_kh ce_]o( eopk ( `k iaek ]i^eajpa( a mqa p]eo `ebanaj]o jk lnk`qvai În]]oÏ* ÎN]]Ï( lknp]jpk( qi] l]h]rn] ejrajp]`] l]n] ]r]he]n( fqhc]n a i]jelqh]n ]o `ebanaj]o ^ek) h ce_]o a cajpe_]o*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = n]vk
= ok_ekhkce]( ] ]jpnklkhkce] a ] deop ne] atlhe_]i mqa ]o `ebanaj]o mqa ] ^ekhkce] a ] ca jpe_] ]lnaoajp]i jk `a_knnai okiajpa `]o `ebanaj]o j]o _kj`e ao ]i^eajp]eo( i]o p]i^i ok lnk`qve`]o lah]o `ebanajpao i]jaen]o lah]o mq]eo ko cnqlko ok_e]eo `abejai ]o nah] ao `a pn]^]hdk( `a l]najpao_k( ]o bkni]o `a ]r]he]k( `a raopqnek( `a d]^ep]k( ap_* Aoo]o `ebanaj]o jk bkni]i În]]oÏ* = _ej_e] lkhpe_] a ] a_kjie_] atlhe_]i mqa( jk ejpanekn `a qi] iaoi] ok_ea`]`a( bkni]i)oa cnqlko a _h]ooao ok_e]eo mqa oa ]lnklne]i `]o nemqav]o a `k lk`an( oq^iapai $lah] bkn]( lahk ia`k( lah] oqlanopek( lah] iajpen]( lah] ehqok% kqpnko cnqlko a _h]ooao ok_e]eo oq] `kiej]k a fqopebe_]i p]h b]pk ]beni]j`k mqa p]eo cnqlko kq _h]ooao ok ejba) neknao a mqa lkooqai _]n]_panope_]o boe_]o a iajp]eo mqa ko b]vai oan qi] În]] ejbaneknÏ* ÎN]]Ï( lknp]jpk( jk ateopa* qi] l]h]rn] ejrajp]`] l]n] hacepei]n ] atlhkn]k a ] `kie) j]k mqa qi cnqlk ok_e]h a lkhpe_k atan_a ok^na ko kqpnko cnqlko* = loe_khkce] ikopn] mqa ]o _]l]_e`]`ao iajp]eo `a pk`ko ko cnqlko a _h]ooao ok_e]eo `a qi] _qhpqn] ok ecq]eo( i]o mqa oa i]jebaop]i `a ik`ko `ebanaj_e]`ko `alaj`aj`k `ko ik`ko `a re`]( `a pn]^]hdk( `a ]_aook ao_kh] a a`q_]k bkni]h( `]o _naj]o naheceko]o( `a r]hknao ikn]eo a ]npope_ko `ebanaj_e]`ko ap_* Aoo]o `ebanaj]o jk bkni]i În]]oÏ a( lkn) p]jpk( În]]Ï qi] l]h]rn] ejrajp]`] l]n] pn]jobkni]n ]o `ebanaj]o ai fqopebe_]per]o l]n] `eo_neiej] ao a at_hqo ao* = behkokbe]( na_khdaj`k b]pko( `]`ko( naoqhp]`ko( atlhe_] ao a `aikjopn] ao pn]ve`ko lah]o rne]o _ej_e]o( lk`a( ajpk( _kj_hqen `evaj`k mqa6 -*
] pakne] `k n]_eoik b]ho]( jk pai bqj`]iajpk _eajpbe_k a enn]_ekj]h7
.* ] pakne] Î_eajpbe_]Ï `k n]_eoik ( j] ran`]`a( qi] lnpe_] $a jk qi] pakne]% a_kjie_]( ok_e]h( lkhpe_] a _qhpqn]h l]n] fqopebe_]n ] rekhj_e] _kjpn] oanao dqi]jko a( lknp]jpk( ej]_aeprah l]n] ]o _ej_e]o( l]n] ] behkokbe] a l]n] ] n]vk* Qi] În]vkÏ n]_eop] jk n]vk( i]o ecjkn j_e]( lna_kj_aepk( rekhj_e] a enn]_ekj]he`]`a*
15%34¬%3
#!0É45,/ß = n]vk -* AtailheÚmqa ko rneko oajpe`ko ai mqa ] l]h]rn] n]) vk qo]`] _kpe`e]j]iajpa* .* Mqa mqan `evan L]o_]h ]k ]Úni]n mqa Îk _kn]k pai n]v ao mqa ] n]vk `ao_kjda_aÏ; /* K mqa n]vk k^faper]; A n]vk oq^faper]; 0* ?kjoe`an]j`k mqa n]vk rai `k cnack hcko a `k h]pei n]pek( atlhemqa k mqa ah] oecjeÚ_] `ao`a oq] knecai* 1* Mq]eo ok ]o ]pepq`ao iajp]eo klkop]o n]vk; 2* Ajqiana ko lnej_leko ] mqa ] n]vk k^a`a_a* 3* Atlhemqa k lnej_lek `a e`ajpe`]`a* 4* Atlhemqa k lnej_lek `a _kjpn]`ek* 5* Atlhemqa k lnej_lek `a n]vk oqÚ_eajpa* -,* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo _]n]_panope_]o `] n]vk;
#!0É45,/ß = ]pere`]`a n]_ekj]h -* Atlhemqa _kik klan] ] n]vk `eo_qnoer] kq k n]_ek_jek* .* Atlhemqa _kik klan] ] n]vk ejpqeper]*
/* K mqa ] ejpqek; @ qi atailhk laook]h `a qi _k) jda_eiajpk ejpqeperk* 0* Mq]jpko pelko `a ejpqek ateopai; 1* Mq]eo ok ]o _]n]_panope_]o `] ejpqek ailne_] kq oajorah; 2* Mq]eo ]o _]n]_panope_]o `] ejpqek ejpaha_pq]h; 3* Atlkjd] ] ejpqek ejpaha_pq]h `a @ao_]npao kq k Î_k) cepk _]npaoe]jkÏ* 4* @ qi atailhk laook]h `a n]_ek_jek ailne_k na]he) v]`k ai oq] re`] _kpe`e]j]* 5* Mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa ] `a`qk na]hev] qi] ejba) n j_e] a qi] ej_hqok; @ ] b niqh] `] `a`qk* -,* ?kik oa na]hev] ] ej`qk; @ qi atailhk* --* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna ] ejban j_e] `a`qper] a ] ej`q) per]; -.* K mqa ]^`qk; AtailheÚmqa _ki qi] deop ne] `a `apapera mqa rk_ _kjda_a* -/* K mqa k Na]heoik; -0* K mqa k E`a]heoik;
-,4
#!0É45,/ß
#!0É45,/ß
= n]vk6 ej]p] kq ]`mqene`]; -* Mqa k ej]peoik; .* Mqa k aileneoik; /* Mq]h k oecjeÚ_]`k `k Iepk `a An( j]nn]`k lkn Lh]pk j] Nal^he_]; 0* ?kik @ao_]npao atlhe_] ]o e`ae]o ej]p]o( ]`rajp_e]o a Ú_p_e]o; 1* ?kik ko aileneop]o atlhe_]i ] ]pere`]`a `k _kjda) _eiajpk; 2* Lkn mqa @]re` Dqia ]Úni] mqa k lnej_lek `a _]q) o]he`]`a( ailnac]`k j]o _e j_e]o a j] ÚhkokÚ]( jk ej]pk a oei ]`mqene`k lkn atlane j_e]; 3* Mq]eo ko lnk^hai]o `k ej]peoik; 4* Mq]eo ko lnk^hai]o `k aileneoik; 5* Lkn mqa ko lnk^hai]o `k ej]peoik a `k aileneoik oqo_ep]i k ]l]na_eiajpk `k _ape_eoik;
#!0É45,/ß Ko lnk^hai]o `k ej]peoik a `k aileneoik6 okhq ao ÚhkoÚ_]o -* Mq]eo ko pelko `a ran`]`ao `eopejcqe`]o lkn Hae^jev; .* ?kik Hae^jev `aÚja k lnej_lek `a n]vk oqÚ_eajpa a atlhe_] mqa aha c]n]jpa ] ja_aooe`]`a a qjerano]he`]) `a `]o e`ae]o; /* K mqa bke ] Înarkhqk _klanje_]j]Ï ai ]opnkjkie]; 0* Mq]h ] _npe_] `a G]jp ]ko Úh okbko ej]peop]o a aile) neop]o; 1* K mqa bke ] Înarkhqk _klanje_]j]Ï ai ÚhkokÚ]; 2* K mqa G]jp ajpaj`a lkn pn]jo_aj`ajp]h; Rk_ o]^a) ne] `ebanaj_e]n pn]jo_aj`ajpa a pn]jo_aj`ajp]h; 3* K mqa mqan `evan ] lnekne; A ] lkopanekne; 4* Mq]h ] nah]k aop]^aha_e`] lkn G]jp ajpna n]vk ] lnekne a atlane j_e] ] lkopanekne; 5* G]jp naokhra k eil]ooa ajpna k ej]peoik a k aileneo) ik; -,* Oacqj`k G]jp( mq]eo ok ]o aopnqpqn]o ] lnekne mqa _kjopepqai ] n]vk dqi]j]; --* Mq]eo ok ]o bkni]o ] lnekne `] oajoe^ehe`]`a; -.* Mq]eo ok ]o _]packne]o ] lnekne `k ajpaj`eiajpk; K mqa ok ah]o; -/* Lkn mqa ] n]vk g]jpe]j] oq^faper]; -0* Atlhemqa ] `eopejk g]jpe]j] ajpna jqiajk a baj ) iajk* -1* K mqa Dacah _nepe_kq j]o ÚhkokÚ]o ]jpaneknao oq]; -2* Mqa mqan `evan ] oajpaj] Î= n]vk deop ne] a pai) lkÏ; -3* Mq]eo ]o _npe_]o `a Dacah ] ej]peop]o( aileneop]o a ] G]jp; -4* K mqa a _kik ] n]vk l]n] Dacah; -5* ?kik Dacah `ao_nara k _]iejdk lan_knne`k lah] n]) vk;
-,5
= n]vk j] ÚhkokÚ] _kjpailkn ja]
-* Mqa mqan `evan bajkiajkhkce]; .* K mqa ] alk_d dqooanhe]j]; /* Mq]eo ]o _npe_]o `] Ao_kh] `a Bn]jgbqnp ] Dacah; 0* Mq]eo ok ]o `q]o ik`]he`]`ao `] n]vk ]lnaoajp]`]o lah] Pakne] ?npe_]; 1* Mq]h ] lkoek `ko Úh okbko aopnqpqn]heop]o mq]jpk deo pkne_e`]`a `] n]vk; 2* Lkn mqa ko aopnqpqn]heop]o na_qo]i ] e`ae] `a lnkcnao) ok pa ne_k a p_je_k; 3* ?kik Pdki]o Gqdj bkniqh] ] deop ne] `] _e j_e] ailnac]j`k ]o e`ae]o `a l]n]`eci] a _neoa `a l]n]) `eci]o; 4* Mqa `evai ko Úh okbko l o)ik`anjko ok^na ]o lnapaj) o ao `] n]vk; 5* Lkn mqa i]jpaiko k e`a]h `] n]_ekj]he`]`a ]lao]n `]o iq`]j]o deop ne_]o `] e`ae] `a n]vk; -,* Mqa ] n]vk _kik _nepnek `a _kan j_e]; --* Mqa oecjeÚ_] _kjoe`an]n ] n]vk qi ejopnqiajpk _npe _k l]n] ]r]he]n ]o _kj`e ao `a re`] `ko oanao dq) i]jko; -.* ?kjoe`an]j`k k lkpaj_e]h _npe_k a lkhpe_k `] n]vk( lk`a ah] _ki^]pan pakne]o mqa p i ]laj]o ] ]l]n j) _e] `a n]_ekj]he`]`a( i]o jk ok n]_ekj]eo; -/* Lkn mqa ]o _neoao `] n]vk ok k iahdkn ]jp`kpk _kj) pn] k `kci]peoik; K mqa k `kci]peoik;
5NIDADEß
= ran`]`a ?]lpqhk -
Ecjknj_e] a ran`]`a
?]lpqhk .
>qo_]j`k ] ran`]`a
?]lpqhk /
=o _kj_al ao `] ran`]`a
Ai jkoo] ok_ea`]`a iqepk `eb _eh `aolanp]n j]o laook]o k `aoafk `a ^qo_]n ] ran`]`a* Lk`a l]na_an l]n]`kt]h mqa ]ooei oaf]( lkeo l]na_aiko reran jqi] ok) _ea`]`a mqa ]_na`ep] j]o _e j_e]o( mqa hqp] lkn ao_kh]o( mqa na_a^a `e]ne]iajpa ejbkni]ao rej`]o `a fknj]eo( n `eko( pahareoao a na`ao ahapnje_]o( mqa lkooqe a`epkn]o( hern]ne]o( ^e^hekpa_]o( iqoaqo( o]h]o `a _ejai] a `a pa]pnk( r `ako( bkpk) cn]Ú]o a _kilqp]`knao* Kn]( fqop]iajpa aoo] ajknia mq]jpe`]`a `a ra _qhko a bkni]o `a ejbkni]k mqa ]_]^] pknj]j`k pk `eb _eh ] ^qo_] `] ran`]`a( lkeo pk`k iqj`k ]_na`ep] mqa aop na_a^aj`k( `a ik`ko r]ne]`ko a `ebanajpao( ejbkni]ao _eajp Ú_]o( Úhk) oÚ_]o( lkh pe_]o( ]np ope_]o a mqa aoo]o ejbkni]ao ok ran`]`aen]o( ok^napq`k lknmqa p]h mq]jpe`]`a `a ejbkni]k qhpn]l]oo] ] atlane j_e] rere`] lah]o lao) ok]o( mqa( lkn eook( jk p i iaeko l]n] ]r]he]n k mqa na_a^ai*
K^n] `] ]npeop] iqhpei`e] jknpa)]iane_]j] >]n^]n] Gnqcan( `a -540* =o l]h]rn]o ai `aop]mqa( bkni]`]o lah]o hapn]o na_knp]`]o( `evai6 ÎRk_ rk_ iaoikÏ* Ai p]i]jdk iajkn( ] l]h]rn] jk can] ] oacqj`] lkooe^ehe`]`a `a haepqn]6 ÎRk_ jk rk_ iaoikÏ*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = ran`]`a
#APqTULOß Ecjknj_e] a ran`]`a
= ran`]`a _kik qi r]hkn
ÎJ
k oa ]lnaj`a behkokbe]( i]o ] behkokb]nÏ( f `eooa G]jp* = behkokbe] jk qi _kj) fqjpk `a e`ae]o a `a oeopai]o mqa lkoo]iko ]lnaj`an ]qpki]pe_]iajpa( jk qi l]ooaek pqnope_k lah]o l]eo]cajo ejpaha_pq]eo( i]o qi] `a_eok kq `ahe) ^an]k kneajp]`] lkn qi r]hkn6 ] ran`]`a* k `aoafk `k ran`]`aenk mqa ikra ] behkokbe] a oqo_ep] behkokbe]o* =beni]n mqa ] ran`]`a qi r]hkn oecjebe_] mqa k ran`]`aenk _kjbana o _keo]o( ]ko oanao dqi]jko( ]k iqj`k qi oajpe`k mqa jk pane]i oa bkooai _kjoe`an]`ko ej`ebanajpao ran) `]`a a b]hoe`]`a*
Ecjkn j_e]( ej_anpav] a ejoacqn]j]
E
cjkn]n jk o]^an ]hcqi] _keo]* = ecjkn j_e] lk`a oan pk lnkbqj`] mqa jai oamqan ] lan_a^aiko kq ] oajpeiko( eopk ( jk o]^aiko mqa jk o]^aiko( jk o]^aiko mqa ecjkn]iko* Ai can]h( k aop]`k `a ecjkn j_e] oa i]jpi ai j o ajmq]jpk ]o _naj]o a kleje ao mqa lkooqiko l]n] reran a ]cen jk iqj`k oa _kjoanr]i _kik abe_]vao a paeo( `a ik`k mqa jk paiko jajdqi ikperk l]n] `qre`]n `ah]o( jajdqi ikperk l]n] `ao_kjbe]n `ah]o a( _kjoamqajpaiajpa( ]_d]iko mqa o]^aiko pq`k k mqa d l]n] o]^an* = ej_anpav] `ebanajpa `] ecjkn j_e] lknmqa( j] ej_anpav]( `ao_k^neiko mqa okiko ec) jkn]jpao( mqa jkoo]o _naj]o a kleje ao l]na_ai jk `]n _kjp] `] na]he`]`a( mqa d b]hd]o j]mqehk ai mqa ]_na`ep]iko a mqa `qn]jpa iqepk pailk jko oanreq _kik nabanj_e] l]n] lajo]n a ]cen* J] ej_anpav] jk o]^aiko k mqa lajo]n( k mqa `evan kq k mqa b]van ai _anp]o oepq] ao kq `e]jpa `a _anp]o _keo]o( laook]o( b]pko( ap_* Paiko ` re`]o( be_]iko _daeko `a lanlhate`]`a a okiko pki]`ko lah] ejoacqn]j]* Kqpn]o ravao( aop]iko _kjbe]jpao a oacqnko a( `a nalajpa( raiko kq kqreiko ]hcqi] _ke) o] mqa jko aj_dai `a aol]jpk a `a ]`ien]k( jk o]^aiko k mqa lajo]n kq k mqa b]van _ki ] jkre`]`a mqa reiko kq kqreiko lknmqa ]o _naj]o( kleje ao a e`ae]o mqa lkooqiko jk `k _kjp] `k jkrk* K aol]jpk a ] ]`ien]k( ]ooei _kik ]jpao ] ` re`] a ] lanlhate`]`a( jko b]vai mqanan o]^an k mqa jk o]^]iko( jko b]vai mqanan o]en `k aop]`k `a ejoacqn]j] kq `a aj_]jp]iajpk( jko b]vai lan_a^an jkoo] ecjkn j_e] a _ne]i k `aoafk `a oqlan]n ] ej_anpav]* Mq]j`k eook ]_kjpa_a( aop]iko j] `eolkoek `a aolnepk _d]i]`] _rp`^ a^ sboa^ab*
@aoafk `] ran`]`a K `aoafk `] ran`]`a ]l]na_a iqepk _a`k jko oanao dqi]jko a oa i]jebaop] _kik `aoafk `a _kjbe]n j]o _keo]o a j]o laook]o( eopk ( `a ]_na`ep]n mqa ]o _keo]o ok at]p]iajpa p]eo _kik ]o lan_a^aiko a k mqa ]o laook]o jko `evai `ecjk `a _kjbe]j] a _n`epk* =k iaoik pailk( jkoo] re`] _kpe`e]j] baep] `a lamqaj]o a cn]j`ao `a_al ao a( lkn eook( `ao`a _a`k( raiko ]o _ne]j]o lancqjp]nai ]ko ]`qhpko oa p]h kq mq]h _keo] Î `a ran`]`a kq `a iajpen]Ï* Mq]j`k qi] _ne]j] kqra qi] deop ne]( ejrajp] qi] ^nej_]`aen] kq qi ^nejmqa`k( mq]j`k fkc]( r qi behia kq qi] la] pa]pn]h( aop oailna ]pajp] l]n] o]^an oa Î `a ran`])
--.
4HEß7ALTß$ISNEYß#OMPANY
Ecjkn j_e] a ran`]`a x #!0É45,/ß x
--/
`a kq `a iajpen]Ï( aop oailna ]pajp] l]n] ] `ebanaj] ajpna k Î`a iajpen]Ï a ] iajpen] lnk) lne]iajpa `ep]( eopk ( l]n] ] `ebanaj] ajpna ^nej_]n( fkc]n( bejcen a b]hp]n _kjbe]j]* Mq]j`k qi] _ne]j] ^nej_]( fkc] a bejca( aop _ne]j`k qi kqpnk iqj`k( i]eo ne_k a i]eo ^ahk( i]eo _daek `a lkooe^ehe`]`ao a ejraj ao `k mqa k iqj`k kj`a( `a b]pk( rera* I]o o]^a( iaoik mqa jk bkniqha atlhe_ep]iajpa p]h o]^an( mqa d qi] `ebanaj] ajpna ei]cej]k a lan_alk( ]ej`] mqa( jk _]ok ejb]jpeh( aoo] `ebanaj] oaf] iqepk pjqa( iqepk hara( mq]oa ei) lan_alprah Í p]jpk ]ooei mqa ] _ne]j] ]_na`ep] ai iqj`ko a oanao i]n]rehdkoko _kik l]npa `k iqj`k na]h `a oq] re`]* Lkn eook iaoik( ] _ne]j] iqe) pk oajorah iajpen] `ko ]`qhpko( lkeo ] iajpen] `ebanajpa `k Î`a iajpen]Ï( eopk ( ] iajpen] `ebanajpa `] ei]ce) j]k( a ] _ne]j] oa oajpa bane`]( i]) ck]`]( ]jcqope]`] mq]j`k k ]`qhpk hda `ev qi] iajpen]( lknmqa( ]k b]v)hk( mqa^n] ] na h] k `a _kjbe]j] a ] oa) cqn]j] ejb]jpeo* Mq]j`k _ne]j]o( aop]iko oq) faepko ] `q]o `a_al ao6 ] `a mqa ko oanao( ]o _keo]o( ko iqj `ko i]n]re) hdkoko jk ateopai Î`a ran`]`aÏ a ] `a mqa ko ]`qhpko lk`ai `evan)jko b]hoe `]`ao a jko ajc]j]n* Aoo] `qlh] `a_alk lk`a ]_]nnap]n `keo naoqh) p]`ko klkopko6 kq ] _ne]j] oa na_qo] ] o]en `k iqj`k ei]cejnek a okbna _ki ] na]he`]`a _kik oaj`k ]hcqi] _keo] nqei a dkopeh ] ah]7 kq( `khknk) o]iajpa( ]_aep] ] `eopejk( i]o p]i) ?aj] `k behia `a ]jei]k Lapan L]j( ^i oa pknj] iqepk ]pajp] a `ao_kj) `a -51/( `] @eojau* ?ki ] ]fq`] `a be]`] `e]jpa `] l]h]rn] `ko ]`qhpko* Oejejdk a Lapan L]j( Saj`u( Fkdj a Jaopa oacqj`k _]ok( ] _ne]j] p]i) Ie_d]ah @]nhejc aopk ] _]iejdk `] Pann] `k Jqj_]* ^i oa _khk_] `eolkoek `] _rp`^ a^ sboa^ab* Jaoo] ^qo_]( ] _ne]j] lk`a `aoaf]n qi iqj`k iahdkn a i]eo ^ahk `k mqa ]mqaha ai mqa rera a aj_kjpn]n ] ran`]`a j]o k^n]o `a ]npa( `aoaf]j`k oan ]npeop] p]i^i* Kq lk`a `a) oaf]n o]^an _kik a lkn mqa k iqj`k ai mqa rera p]h _kik a oa aha lk`ane] oan `ebanajpa kq iahdkn `k mqa * Jaooa _]ok( `aolanp]`k jah] k `aoafk `a _kjda_eiajpk ejpaha_pq]h a k `] ]k pn]jobkni]`kn]* = _ne]j] jk oa `a_al_ekj] jai oa `aoehq`a _ki k Îb]v `a _kjp]Ï lknmqa o]^a mqa qi Îb]v `a _kjp]Ï* Ah] oa `a_al_ekj] kq oa `aoehq`a mq]j`k `ao_k^na mqa mqanai mqa ]_na`epa _kik oaj`k Î`a ran`]`aÏ ]hcqi] _keo] mqa ah] o]^a kq mqa ah] oqlqjd] mqa bkooa Î`a b]v `a _kjp]Ï( eopk ( `a_al_ekj])oa a `aoehq`a)oa mq]j`k `ao_k^na ] iajpen]* Ko fkrajo oa `a_al_ekj]i a oa `aoehq`ai mq]j`k `ao_k^nai mqa k mqa hdao bke ajoej]`k a hdao bke atece`k k_qhp] ] na]he`]`a( nalneia oq] he^an`]`a( `eiejqe oq] _]l]_e`]`a `a _kilnaajok a `a ]k* Ko ]`qhpko oa `aoehq`ai kq oa `a_al_ekj]i mq]j`k ajbnajp]i oepq] ao j]o mq]eo k o]^an ]`mqene`k( ]o kleje ao aop]^aha_e`]o a ]o _naj]o ajn]ev]`]o j] _kjo_ej_e] jk ok oqbe_eajpao l]n] mqa _kilnaaj`]i k mqa oa l]oo] jai l]n] mqa lkoo]i ]cen kq b]van ]hcqi] _keo]* =ooei( oaf] j] _ne]j]( oaf] jko fkrajo kq jko ]`qhpko( ] ^qo_] `] ran`]`a aop oailna hec]`] ] qi] `a_alk( ] qi] `aoehqok( ] qi] ` re`]( ] qi] lanlhate`]`a( ] qi] ejoacq) n]j] kq( ajpk( ] qi aol]jpk a qi] ]`ien]k `e]jpa `a ]hck jkrk a ejo hepk*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = ran`]`a
@ebe_qh`]`ao l]n] ] ^qo_] `] ran`]`a
A
"URKE4RIOLOß0RODUCTIONS'ETTYß)MAGES
i jkoo] ok_ea`]`a iqepk `eb_eh `aolanp]n j]o laook]o k `aoafk `a ^qo_]n ] ran`]`a* Lk`a l]na_an l]n]`kt]h mqa ]ooei oaf]( lkeo l]na_aiko reran jqi] ok_ea`]`a mqa ]_na`ep] j]o _ej_e]o( mqa hqp] lkn ao_kh]o( mqa na_a^a `e]ne]iajpa ejbkni] ao rej`]o `a fknj]eo( n`eko( pahareo ao a na`ao ahapnje_]o( mqa lkooqe a`epkn]o( hern]ne]o( ^e^hekpa_]o( iqoaqo( o]h]o `a _ejai] a `a pa]pnk( r`ako( bkpkcn]be]o a _kilqp]`knao* Kn]( fqop]iajpa aoo] ajknia mq]jpe`]`a `a ra_qhko a bkni]o `a ejbkni]k mqa ]_]) ^] pknj]j`k pk `eb_eh ] ^qo_] `] ran`]`a( lkeo pk`k iqj`k ]_na`ep] mqa aop na_a^aj`k( `a ik`ko r]ne]`ko a `ebanajpao( ejbkni] ao _eajpbe_]o( behko be_]o( lkhpe_]o( ]npope_]o a mqa ao) o]o ejbkni] ao ok ran`]`aen]o( ok^napq`k lknmqa p]h mq]jpe`]`a `a ejbkni]k qhpn]l]oo] ] atlanej_e] rere`] lah]o laook]o( mqa( lkn eook( jk pi iaeko l]n] ]r]he]n k mqa na_a^ai* >]op]ne]( jk ajp]jpk( mqa qi] iaoi] laook]( `qn]jpa qi] oai]j]( haooa `a i]jd mq]pnk fknj]eo `ebanajpao( kqreooa pno jkpe_eneko `a n`ek `ebanajpao a na_a^aooa jkp_e]o bknja_e`]o lkn pno pfqbp `] Ejpanjap7 p]n`a( bnamqajp]ooa `q]o ao_kh]o `ebanajpao( kj`a ko iaoiko _qnoko bkooai iejeopn]`ko7 a( jkepa( reooa ko jkpe_eneko `a mq]pnk _]j]eo `ebanaj) pao `a pahareok( l]n] mqa( _kil]n]j`k pk`]o ]o ejbkni] ao na_a^e`]o( `ao_k^neooa mqa ah]o Îjk ^]paiÏ qi]o _ki ]o kqpn]o( mqa d rneko Îiqj`koÏ a rne]o Îok_ea`]`aoÏ `ebanajpao( `alaj`aj`k `] bkjpa `a ejbkni]k* Qi] atlanej_e] _kik aoo] _ne]ne] lanlhate`]`a( ` re`] a ej_anpav]* I]o ]o laook]o jk b]vai kq jk lk`ai b]van p]h atlanej_e] a lkn eook jk lan_a^ai mqa( ai hqc]n `a na_a^an ejbkni] ao( aopk( j] i]ekne] `]o ravao( oa `aoejbkni]j`k* A( ok^napq`k( _kik d kqpn]o laook]o $k fknj]heop]( k n]`e]heop]( k lnkbaookn( k lkhe_e]h( k nal npan% `evaj`k ] ah]o k mqa `arai o]^an( k mqa lk`ai o]^an( k mqa lk`ai a `arai b]van kq oajpen( ]k _kjbe]n j] l]h]rn] `aooao Îaieooknao `a iajo]cajoÏ( ]o laook]o oa oajpai oacqn]o a _kjbe]jpao* Kq oaf]( jk d ej_anpav] lknmqa d ecjkn j_e]* Qi] kqpn] `ebe_qh`]`a l]n] b]van oqncen k `aoafk `] ^qo_] `] ran`]`a( ai jkoo] ok_ea) `]`a( rai `] lnkl]c]j`]* = lnkl]c]j`] pn]p] pk`]o ]o laook]o Í _ne]j]o( fkrajo( ]`qhpko( e`koko Í _kik _ne]j]o atpnai]iajpa ejcjq]o a _n`qh]o* K iqj`k oailna qi iqj`k Î`a b]v `a _kjp]Ï6 jaha ] i]nc]nej] bnao_] b]v ] b]ihe] ^kjep]( ]hacna( qje`] a bahev7 k ]qpki rah b]v k dkiai _kjbe]jpa( ejpahecajpa( ^ahk( oa`qpkn( ^ai)oq_a`e`k jko jac _eko( _daek `a j]ikn]`]o hej`]o7 k `aok`k) n]jpa b]v ] ik] ^kjep]( ]pn]ajpa( ^ai ailnac]`]( ^ai raope`]( _ki qi ^ahk ]l]np]iajpk a hej`ko j]ikn]`ko7 k _ec]nnk har] ]o laook]o l]n] ^ahooei]o l]eo]cajo at pe_]o( _dae]o `a ]rajpqn] a `a jac _eko _knk]`ko `a oq_aook mqa paniej]i _ki hej`ko f]jp]nao hqv `a rah]o*
= lnkl]c]j`] pn]p] pk`]o ]o laook]o Í _ne]j]o( fkrajo( ]`qh) pko( e`koko Í _kik _ne]j]o atpnai]) iajpa ejc jq]o a _n`qh]o* K iqj`k oailna qi iqj`k Î`a b]v `a _kjp]Ï*
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Ecjkn j_e] a ran`]`a x #!0É45,/ß x
= lnkl]c]j`] jqj_] raj`a qi lnk`qpk `evaj`k k mqa aha a l]n] mqa oanra* Ah] raj`a qi] ei]cai $`a bahe_e`]`a( `a oq_aook( `a fqrajpq`a( `a o] `a( `a nemqav]( `a ^ahav]( ap_*% mqa pn]joiepe`] lkn iaek `k lnk`qpk( nk`a]j`k)k `a i]ce]o( ^ahav]o( `]j`k)hda mq]he`]) `ao mqa ok `a kqpn]o _keo]o $] _ne]j] o]q`rah( k fkrai ^kjepk( k ]`qhpk ejpahecajpa( k e`kok bahev( ] _]o] ]cn]`rah( ap_*%( lnk`qvej`k qi apanjk Îb]v `a _kjp]Ï* Qi] kqpn] `ebe_qh`]`a l]n] k `aoafk `] ^qo_] `] ran`]`a rai `] ]pepq`a `ko lkhpe_ko jko mq]eo ]o laook]o _kjbe]i( kqrej`k oaqo lnkcn]i]o( oq]o lnklkop]o( oaqo lnkfapko( aj) bei( `]j`k)hdao k rkpk a raj`k)oa( `alkeo( hq`e^ne]`]o( jk o lknmqa jk ok _qilne`]o ]o lnkiaoo]o( i]o p]i^i lknmqa d _knnqlk( i]q qok `k `ejdaenk l ^he_k( _nao_eiajpk `]o `aoecq]h`]`ao a `]o ejfqope]o( `] ieone] a `] rekhj_e]* Ai reop] `eook( ] paj`j_e] `]o laook]o fqhc]n mqa eilkoorah d]ran ran`]`a j] lkh) pe_]* Iqepko l]oo]i ] `ao_kjbe]n `k r]hkn a `] ja_aooe`]`a `] `aik_n]_e] a( ]k ]_aep]n Îraj) `anÏ oaq rkpk lkn ]hcqi] r]jp]cai eia`e]p] a laook]h( _]ai j] `ao_naj] a jk _ape_eoik* Jk ajp]jpk( aoo]o `ebe_qh`]`ao lk`ai pan k abaepk klkopk( eopk ( oqo_ep]n ai iqep]o laook]o ` re`]o( ej_anpav]o( `ao_kjbe]j]o a `aoehqo ao mqa ]o b]]i `aoaf]n _kjda_an ] na]) he`]`a( ] ok_ea`]`a( ] _ej_e]( ]o ]npao( ] lkhpe_]* Iqepko _kia]i ] jk ]_aep]n k mqa hdao `epk a ] jk ]_na`ep]n jk mqa hdao ikopn]`k* A( _kik O _n]pao ai =paj]o( _kia]i ] b]van lancqjp]o( ] ej`]c]n ok^na b]pko a laook]o( _keo]o a oepq] ao( ] atecen atlhe_] ao( ] atecen he^an`]`a `a lajo]iajpk a `a _kjda_eiajpk* L]n] aoo]o laook]o oqnca k `aoafk a ] ja_aooe`]`a `] ^qo_] `] ran`]`a* Aoo] ^qo_] j]o_a jk o `] ` re`] a `] ej_anpav]( i]o p]i^i `] ]k `ahe^an]`] _kjpn] ko lna_kj_aepko( _kj) pn] ]o e`ae]o a kleje ao aop]^aha_e`]o( _kjpn] _naj]o mqa l]n]heo]i ] _]l]_e`]`a `a lajo]n a `a ]cen hernaiajpa* Lk`aiko( `aoo] i]jaen]( `eopejcqen `keo pelko `a ^qo_] `] ran`]`a* K lneiaenk k mqa j]o _a `] ab`bm l( `] fk`boqbw^ a `] fkpbdro^k ^ a( lkn oe iaoik( ateca mqa o]e]iko `a p]h oepq]k na]`mqenej`k _anpav]o* K oacqj`k k mqa j]o_a `] abif_bo^ l kq ab`fpl `a jk ]_aep]n ]o _anpav]o a _naj]o aop]^aha_e`]o( `a en ]hi `ah]o a `a aj_kjpn]n atlhe_] ao( ejpan) lnap] ao a oecjebe_]`ko l]n] ] na]he`]`a mqa jko _an_]* Aooa oacqj`k pelk ] ^qo_] `] ran`]) `a j] ]pepq`a behkobe_]*
Atailhko `] ^qo_] behkobe_] `] ran`]`a Lk`aiko kbana_an `keo atailhko _ha^nao `aoo] ^qo_] behko be_]* F b]h]iko `k lneiaenk6 O _n]pao ]j`]j`k lah]o nq]o a ln]]o `a =paj]o `e]hkc]j`k _ki ko ]pajeajoao( ej`]c]j`k oa o]) ^e]i ran`]`aen]iajpa k mqa an]i ]o _keo]o a e`ae]o ai mqa ]_na`ep]r]i* K oacqj`k atailhk k `k beh okbk @ao_]npao( mqa `e]hkc] _kjoeck iaoik( ej`]c]j`k oa _kjda_a ran`]`aen]iajpa ]mqehk mqa ei]cej] o]^an* Reiko( j] Ejpnk`qk( ] oaiahd]j] ajpna O _n]pao a ] lanokj]cai `a Jak( jk behia J^qofu* Ranaiko( ]ckn]( ] oaiahd]j] ajpna Jak( Iknbaq a @ao_]npao* @ao_]npao _kia] oq] k^n] behko be_] b]vaj`k qi ^]h]jk `a pq`k k mqa o]^e]6 k mqa hda bkn] ajoej]`k lahko lna_alpknao a lnkbaooknao( lahko hernko( lah]o re]cajo( lahk _kjrrek _ki kqpn]o laook]o* =k bej]h( _kj_hqe mqa pq`k mq]jpk ]lnaj`an]( pq`k mq]j`k o]^e] a pq`k mq]jpk _kjda_an] lah] atlanej_e] an] `qre`kok a ej_anpk* @a_e`a( ajpk( jk ]_aep]n ja) jdqi `aooao _kjda_eiajpko( ] iajko mqa lq`aooa lnkr]n n]_ekj]hiajpa mqa an]i _anpko a `ecjko `a _kjbe]j]* L]n] eook( oq^iapa pk`ko ko _kjda_eiajpko ateopajpao ai oq] lk_] a ko oaqo ln lneko ] qi at]ia _npe_k _kjda_e`k _kik `re`] iap`e_]( `a_h]n]j`k mqa o ]_aep]ne] qi _kjda_eiajpk( qi] e`ae]( qi b]pk kq qi] klejek oa( l]oo]`ko lahk _nerk `] ` re`]( narah]nai)oa ej`q^epraeo l]n] k lajo]iajpk lqnk* Lkn mqa ] ` re`] _]npaoe]j] iap `e_]; Lknmqa ah] qi ejopnqiajpk ejpaha_pq]h ailnac]`k lahk lajo]iajpk l]n] ]r]) he]n a _kjpnkh]n oq]o ln lne]o e`ae]o( ]_aep]j`k _kik rhe`]o kq ran`]`aen]o okiajpa ]mqah]o mqa naoeopenai ]k lnk_aook `] ` re`]* @ao_]npao oq^iapa pk`ko ko oaqo _kjda_eiajpko ]jheoa a ]k n]_ek_jek( `aikjopn]j) `k mqa lkooqiko n]v ao bknpao l]n] `qre`]n `] ateopj_e] `a jkook _knlk a `k iqj`k* Lkn atailhk( o]^a)oa mqa ]o laook]o mqa okbnan]i ]ilqp]k `a ]hcqi iai^nk _kjpejq]i
--1
x 5.)$!$%ß x = ran`]`a
oajpej`k bnek( _]hkn a `kn jaooa iai^nk ejateopajpa* @ao_]npao lancqjp]6 mqa ikperk n]_ek) j]hiajpa rhe`k aq pane] l]n] jk oqlkn mqa pk`k k iaq _knlk( mqa oejpk lanbaep]iajpa( jk qi] ehqok( _kik ] `k iai^nk ]ilqp]`k $_kjda_e`k _kik Îiai^nk b]jp]oi]Ï%; Qi] e`ae] oaiahd]jpa ]l]na_a ai J^qofu( mq]j`k Jak oajpa( ]l]rkn]`k( mqa oaq _knlk jk ateo) pa( i]o aop _kjranpe`k jqi i]pane]h ^nehd]jpa a reo_kok( kq mq]j`k ]lnaj`a hqp]o i]n_e]eo oai oa ikran `] _]`aen] kj`a aop oajp]`k( k mqa `aikjopn]( lknp]jpk( mqa jk na]hiajpa oaq _knlk mqa aop j] hqp]* Oan mqa aha lkooqe iaoik qi _knlk; Mq]jpk ateopj_e] `k iqj`k( @ao_]npao kbana_a qi ]ncqiajpk _kjda_e`k _kik Î]n) cqiajpk `k okjdkÏ6 mq]j`k okjd]iko( aop]iko _kjraj_e`ko `a mqa ] na]he`]`a okjd]`] ateopa a mqa ] _kjda_aiko p]h _kik ( `a i]jaen] mqa jk d `ebanaj] ajpna ] lan_alk `] na]he`]`a lahk okjd]`kn a ] lan_alk `k iqj`k lkn ]mqaha mqa aop `aolanpk* Kq oaf]( jk lkooqiko _nepneko l]n] `eopejcqen okjdk a reche] a( lknp]jpk( jk paiko jajdqi _nepnek n]_ekj]h l]n] ]beni]n mqa k iqj`k ateopa kq mqa aha jk qi okjdk* Aoo] e`ae] ]lnaoajp]`] ai J^qofu fqop]iajpa lkn Iknbaq( k `aqo `k okjk a `k okjdk( lancqj) p]j`k ] Jak oa aopa o]^a `eopejcqen ajpna ] na]he`]`a a ] ehqok( lkeo l]ookq ] re`] jqi iqj) `k mqa jk ateopa na]hiajpa* Jk ajp]jpk( ikopn] @ao_]npao( d qi ikiajpk ai mqa ] ` re`] oa ejpannkila ja_ao) o]ne]iajpa lknmqa k lajo]iajpk aj_kjpn]( ajbei( qi] lneiaen] ran`]`a ej`q^eprah6 Îaq lajok Ï* Aoo] lneiaen] ran`]`a lk`a oan pn]`qve`] lahk oacqejpa n]_ek_jek6 aq lajok( lkeo( oa aq `qre`]n `a mqa aopkq lajo]j`k( ]ej`] aopkq lajo]j`k( reopk mqa `qre`]n qi] i]jaen] `a lajo]n* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( mq]j`k aopkq `qre`]j`k `a pq`k $`] ateopj_e] `a iaq _knlk a `] ateopj_e] `k iqj`k% jk lkook `qre`]n `a mqa aopkq `qre`]j`k* Kn]( `qre`]n qi] i]jaen] `a lajo]n a( lknp]jpk( mq]j`k aopkq `qre`]j`k( aopkq lajo]j`k6 Îaq `qre`kÏ oec) jebe_] Îaq lajokÏ* A jk lkook `qre`]n `a mqa lajok* = _kjo_ej_e] `k lajo]iajpk ]l]na_a( ]ooei( _kik ] lneiaen] ran`]`a ej`q^eprah mqa oan k ]he_an_a l]n] pk`ko ko _kjda_eiajpko bqpqnko* Kn]( oa lajok( k lajo]n ateopa a ]mqaha mqa lajo] ateopa( `kj`a ] _ha^na ]beni]k `a @ao_]npao6 ÎLajok( hkck ateopkÏ* = ateopj_e] `k lajo]iajpk a `k oqfaepk lajo]jpa oan( ajpk( k lkjpk `a l]npe`] l]n] ]o kqpn]o ran`]`ao $ateopj_e] `a jkook _knlk( ateopj_e] `k iqj`k atpanekn% kq k ]he_an_a l]n] ] na_kjopnqk `k a`eb_ek `k o]^an*
#APqTULOß >qo_]j`k ] ran`]`a
@kci]peoik a ^qo_] `] ran`]`a
M
q]j`k lnaop]iko ]pajk ai O _n]pao kq @ao_]npao( jkp]iko mqa ]i^ko( lkn ikpe) rko `ebanajpao a qo]j`k lnk_a`eiajpko `ebanajpao( b]vai qi] iaoi] _keo]( eopk ( `ao_kjbe]i `]o kleje ao a _naj]o aop]^aha_e`]o ai oq]o ok_ea`]`ao( i]o p]i^i `ao_kjbe]i `]o oq]o ln lne]o e`ae]o a kleje ao* @k mqa `ao_kjbe]i ahao( ]bej]h; @ao_kjbe]i `k `kci]peoik* K mqa `kci]peoik;
DOGMAßDOGMATISMOß DOGMATISMOßVEMßDAß PALAVRAßGREGAßDOGMA ßQUEß SIGNIFICAß±UMAßOPINIjOß ESTABELECIDAßPORßDECRETOßEß ENSINADAßCOMOßUMAßDOU TRINA ßSEMßCONTESTAljO²
--2
#OLEljOß0ARTICULAR
>qo_]j`k ] ran`]`a x #!0É45,/ß x
Lh]jko ai oqlanb_ea ik`qh]`] j¸ 1( `a -513( k^n] `a Huce] ?h]ng j] mq]h ko lh]jko ok lan_a^e`ko( ai^kn] jk ateop]i jk aol]k ^e`eiajoekj]h `] pah]*
--3
@kci]peoik qi] ]pepq`a j]pqn]h a aolkjp ja] mqa paiko `ao`a iqepk _ne]j]o* jko) o] _naj] `a mqa k iqj`k ateopa a mqa at]p]iajpa `] bkni] _kik k lan_a^aiko* Paiko aoo] _naj] lknmqa okiko oanao lnpe_ko( eopk ( jko nah]_ekj]iko _ki ] na]he`]`a _kik oa ah] bkooa qi _kjfqjpk `a _keo]o( b]pko a laook]o mqa ok paeo kq ej paeo l]n] jkoo] ok^narerj_e]* Lkn oan qi] klejek `a_nap]`] kq qi] `kqpnej] ejmqaopekj]`]( qi `kci] pki]`k _kik qi] ran`]`a mqa jk lk`a oan _kjpaop]`] jai _nepe_]`]( _kik ]_kjpa_a( lkn atai) lhk( j] jkoo] re`] _kpe`e]j]( mq]j`k( `e]jpa `a qi] lancqjp] kq `a qi] ` re`] mqa ]lna) oajp]iko( jko naolkj`ai6 Î ]ooei lknmqa ]ooei a lknmqa pai `a oan ]ooeiÏ* K `kci]peoik qi] ]pepq`a ]qpknepne] a oq^ieoo]* =qpknepne] lknmqa jk ]`iepa ` re`]( _kjpaop]k a _npe_]* Oq^ieoo] lknmqa oa _qnr] o kleje ao aop]^aha_e`]o* =o _neoao( ]o `ebe_qh`]`ao a ko eil]ooao `] n]vk ikopn]i( ]ooei( k klkopk `k `kci]peoik* Ej`e_]i ]pepq`a nabhater] a _npe_] ln lne] `] n]_ekj]he`]`a( `aop]_]j`k ] eilknp j_e] bqj`]iajp]h `] he^an`]`a `a lajo]iajpk l]n] ] ln lne] n]vk a l]n] ] behkokbe]* Ko oanao dqi]jko pn]^]hd]i* K pn]^]hdk qi] ]k lah] mq]h ik`ebe_]iko ]o _keo]o a ] na]he`]`a `a ik`k ] _kjoacqen jkoo] lnaoanr]k j] ateopj_e]* Ahao _kjopnkai _]o]o( b]^ne_]i raopqnek a qpajoheko( lnk`qvai k^fapko p_je_ko $ko ejopnqiajpko% a `a _kjoqik( ejrajp]i iaeko `a pn]jolknpa( `a _kiqje_]k a `a ejbkni]k* Lkn iaek `] lnpe_] kq `k pn]^]hdk a `] p_je_]( ko oanao dqi]jko knc]jev]i)oa a_kjkie_]iajpa $_khap] `a bnqpko( _]] a lao_]( l]opknaek( ]cne_qhpqn]( _kin_ek( ej` opne]%( _ne]i ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo $b]ihe]( l]najpao_k( nahecek( _h]ooao a cnqlko ok_e]eo( ao_kh]( bkni]o `a ]ooeopj_e] a `a ]il]nk ] n) bko a re r]o( dkolep]eo( ap_*% a ejopepqe ao lkhpe_]o $k Aop]`k( k lk`an Ata_qperk( Haceoh]perk a Fq`e_enek( ]o bkn]o iehep]nao lnkbeooekj]eo( ko pne^qj]eo a ]o haeo%* Aoo]o lnpe_]o o ok lkooraeo lknmqa ]_na`ep]iko mqa k iqj`k ateopa( mqa p]h _kik k lan_a^aiko a p]h _kik jko ajoej]n]i mqa aha * =_na`ep]iko mqa lk`a oan ik`ebe_]`k kq _kjoanr]`k lkn j o7 mqa atlhe_]`k lah]o nahece ao a lah]o _ej) _e]o( a mqa nalnaoajp]`k lah]o ]npao* =_na`ep]iko mqa ko kqpnko oanao dqi]jko p]i^i ok n]_ekj]eo( lkeo( cn]]o hejcq]cai( pnk_]iko e`ae]o a kleje ao( lajo]iko `a ik`k iqepk l]na_e`k( a ] ao_kh] a ko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k c]n]jpai ] i]jqpajk `aoo]o oaiahd]j]o* J] ]pepq`a `kcipe_]( pki]iko k iqj`k _kik f `]`k( f bae) pk( f lajo]`k( f pn]jobkni]`k* = na]he`]`a j]pqn]h( ok_e]h( lkhpe_] a _qhpqn]h bkni] qi] aol_ea `a ikh`qn] `a qi mq]`nk ai _qfk ejpanekn jko ejop]h]iko a kj`a ateopeiko* Iaoik mq]j`k ]_kj) pa_a ]hck at_al_ekj]h kq atpn]kn`ejnek $qi] _]popnkba( k ]l]na) _eiajpk `a qi k^fapk ejpaen]iajpa jkrk a `ao_kjda_e`k%( jkoo] paj`j_e] aolkjp ja] a `kcipe_] ] `a na`qven k at_al_ekj]h a k atpn]kn`ejnek ]ko l]`n ao `k mqa f _kjda_aiko a f o]^aiko* Iaoik mq]j`k `ao_k^neiko mqa ]hcqi] _keo] `ebanajpa `k mqa d]r]iko oqlkopk( aoo] `ao_k^anp] jk ]^]h] jkoo] _naj] a jkoo] _kjbe]j] j] na]he`]`a( jai jkoo] b]iehe]ne`]`a _ki ah]* K iqj`k _kik ] jkrah] `] pahareok6 iqep] _keo] ]_kjpa_a( i]o( ]bej]h( j]`] ]_kjpa_a( lkeo mq]j`k ] jkrah] paniej]( ko ^kjo bkn]i na_kilajo]`ko( ko i]qo bkn]i lqje`ko( ko lk) ^nao ^kjo be_]n]i ne_ko( ko ne_ko i]qo be_]n]i lk^nao( ] ik_ejd] _]okq _ki k ik_ejdk _anpk( ] b]ihe] ^k] oa nabav a ] b]ihe] i oa `aobav* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko `] jkrah] oanrai ]laj]o l]n] _kjbeni]n a nabkn]n k mqa f o]^]iko a k mqa f aolanr]iko* Pq`k oa i]jpi jqi] ]pikoban] kq jqi _hei] `a b]iehe]ne`]`a( `a oacqn]j] a okooack* J] ]pepq`a `kcipe_] kq j]pqn]h( ]_aep]iko oai jajdqi lnk^hai] mqa d qi] na]he) `]`a atpanekn ] j o a mqa( ai^kn] atpanj] a `ebanajpa `a j o( lk`a oan _kjda_e`] a pa_je_]) iajpa pn]jobkni]`] lkn j o* =_d]iko mqa k aol]k ateopa( mqa jaha aopk ]o _keo]o _kik qi na_alp_qhk7 ]_d]iko mqa k pailk p]i^i ateopa a mqa jaha ]o _keo]o a j o ln lneko aop]iko oq^iape`ko oq_aook `ko ejop]jpao*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = ran`]`a
@kci]peoik a aopn]jd]iajpk Ao_qpaiko( lkni( lkn qi ikiajpk( ] ej`]c]k `a O]jpk =ckopejdk( ai oq]o @lkcfppbp6
D^ol^ al jbr Pl M^ril) Rj kbdol sbj sfkal) _o^k`l P _bj mboql cf`^ kbdol) M^pp^ b qlok^ ^ cf`^o _o^k`l+ Jbr Pl M^ril a^ d^ol^) Î Ilkaobp a^p kb_ifk^p cof^p Î Rj ml_ob sbj sfkal) of`l P _bj mboql cf`^ ml_ob) M^pp^ b qlok^ ^ cf`^o of`l+ Aooao ranoko( jko mq]eo ] c]nk] `a Ok L]qhk oa l]na_a _ki ] ja^hej] `a Hkj`nao( eopk ( _ki qi rq `ajok `a ]n ie`k( `evai mqa jk _kjoacqeiko ran ] na]he`]`a6 k jacnk( `a hkjca( ^n]j_k( k lk^na( `a hkjca( ne_k7 o iqepk `a lanpk( oai k rq `] c]nk]( k jacnk jacnk a k lk) ^na lk^na* I]o( ]lao]n `a r)hko `a lanpk p]eo _kik ok( `a hkjca rkhp]i ] oan k mqa jk ok* K lkap] atlneia qi `ko lnk^hai]o mqa i]eo b]o_ej]i ] behkokbe]6 _kik ] ehqok lko) orah; ?kik lk`aiko ran k mqa jk ; I]o( _kjoamqajpaiajpa( _kik ] ran`]`a lkoorah; ?kik lk`aiko ran k mqa ( p]h _kik ; Mq]h ] Îc]nk]Ï mqa oa ejpanl a ajpna k jkook lajo]) iajpk a ] na]he`]`a; Mq]h ] Îc]nk]Ï mqa oa ejpanl a ajpna jkook khd]n a ]o _keo]o; = ]pepq`a `kcipe_] kq j]pqn]h oa nkila mq]j`k okiko _]l]vao `a qi] ]pepq`a `a aopn]jd]iajpk `e]jpa `]o _keo]o mqa jko l]na_e]i b]iehe]nao* @keo atailhko lk`ai ehqo) pn]n aoo] _]l]_e`]`a `a aopn]jd]iajpk( ]i^ko `] ao_nepkn] ?h]ne_a Heola_pkn ai oaq hernk > abp`l_boq^ al jrkal* K lneiaenk pai _kik ppqhk ÎI]eo `k mqa qi ejoapkÏ* @rpqbf rj mlr`l ^ `ljmobbkabo l nrb bpq^s^ sbkal) ab ql fkbpmbo^al b prqfi nrb bo^7 bpq^s^ sbkal rj fkpbql mlrp^al) sboab*`i^ol) ab mbok^p ^iq^p+ Bo^ rj^ Ïbpmbo^k ^Ð) l nrb pbjmob jb afppbo^j nrb ab _lj ^rd ofl+ Abmlfp ^ bpmbo^k ^ `ljb lr ^ ^ka^o _bj ab ibsb pl_ob l `li`el+ Bo^ sboab qo^kpm^obkqb) `lj mbok^p nrb j^kqfke^j pbr `loml mi^kl ^iql b mlo ^ppfj afwbo pliql) rj mi^kl ql codfi nr^kql ^p momof^p mbok^p nrb bo^j cbfq^p ^mbk^p a^ `lo a^ `^p`^+ Abkqol al cf^ml a^p mbok^p kl e^sf^ k^a^ abk* qol7 l i^al ab abkqol ab rj^ prmboc`fb ql o^p^ g ^ momof^ prmboc`fb+ M^ob`f^ rj o^pl abpbkel nrb qfsbppb p^al al m^mbi) sboab b ^ka^ppb+++ B ^ka^s^ `lj rj^ abqbojfk^ l ab nrbj `lmf^ppb rj qo^ l nrb bo^ fksfpsbi m^o^ jfj+++ J^p lkab bpq^of^j kbib ^p di k*
-fRIOßDEß!NDRADEßß ¯ ßESCRITORßß BRASILEIRO
#LAUDIAß!NDUJAR%DITORAß!BRIL
=o _keo]o ok iaoik p]eo _kik ia ]l]na_ai; Aopk kl aol]k; I]o k mqa k aol]k; Oa aq `eooan mqa k aol]k baepk `a _kilneiajpk( ]hpqn] a h]ncqn]( kj`a lk`anae _khk_]n ] lnkbqj`e`]`a( oai ] mq]h jk lk`aiko ran( jk lk`aiko ajtanc]n j]`]; I]o ] lnkbqj`e) `]`a( mqa ia laniepa ran ]o _keo]o aol]_e]eo( fqop]iajpa ]mqehk mqa jk rafk a mqa jk lkook ran( oa aq mqeoan khd]n ]o _keo]o* = lnkbqj`e`]`a kq jk aol]_e]h; Oa bkn aol]_e]h( lknmqa jk ] rafk kl aol]k; Oa jk bkn aol]_e]h( _kik lk`a oan ] _kj`ek l]n] mqa aq raf] ]o _keo]o kl bpm^ l; =_ki) l]jdaiko ]ckn] ko ranoko `k lkap] Inek `a =j`n]`a( ao_nepko jk lkai] ÎHen] l]qheop]j]Ï6
+EIJUß+OBAYASHI%DITORAß!BRIL
L nrb l qbjmlkifpb j^qbjqf`^ a^ idf`^( `a >kkha $ai -403%( a Idf`^ cloj^i( `a Iknc]j $p]i^i ai -403%* ?]^ane] i]eo p]n`a ]k beh okbk ]haik Bnaca a ]ko beh okbko ejchaoao >anpn]j` Nqooahh a =hbna` Sdepada]` _kilhap]n a _kjokhe`]n ] cn]j`a pn]jobkni]k `] h ce_]( ]^]j`kj]j`k ]o pakne]o ]neopkphe_]o `] ejbanj_e] lkn qi] jkr] _kj_alk `a lnklkoek h ce_]*
!LFREDß7HITEHEADßß ¯ ßFILvSOFOßEßß MATEMfTICOßBRIThNICO
Hae^jev `aoajrkhraq l]n] ] h ce_] qi] hejcq]cai oaiahd]jpa `] i]paipe_]( l]n] mqa k _kjpa`k `]o ]ben) i] ao jk _kilnkiapaooa ] r]he`]`a `ko n]_ek_jeko*
= hce_] i]paipe_]
L
]n] ko ]jpecko( ko lnej_leko a ]o haeo `] h ce_] _knnaolkj`e]i aopnqpqn] `] ln lne] na]he`]`a( lkeo k lajo]iajpk atlneia k na]h a `aha l]npe_el]* =neop pahao `eve] mqa ] ran`]`a a ] b]hoe`]`a ok lnklnea`]`ao `k lajo]iajpk a jk `]o _keo]o7 mqa ] na]he) `]`a a ] enna]he`]`a $]l]nj_e] ehqo ne]% ok lnklnea`]`ao `]o _keo]o a jk `k lajo]iajpk7 i]o ]beni]r] mqa qi lajo]iajpk ran`]`aenk `ara atlneien ] na]he`]`a `] _keo] lajo]`]( ajmq]jpk qi lajo]iajpk b]hok j]`] lk`a atlneien* L]n] ko ia`ear]eo a l]n] ko ik`anjko kq _hooe_ko $o_qhk TREE%( ] h ce_] an] qi] ^oqb ab mbkp^o l]n] ^ai _kj`qven ] n]vk j]o _ej_e]o* ?kik ]npa `a lajo]n( ] h ce_] kbana_e] ]k _kjda_eiajpk _eajpbe_k a behko be_k ]o haeo `k lajo]iajpk ran`]`aenk a ko lnk_a`eiajpko l]n] ] ]r]he]k `ko _kjda_eiajpko ]`mqene`ko*
-02
= h ce_] oei^ he_] x #!0É45,/ß x
Aoo] h ce_] Í ]jpec] a ik`anj] kq _hooe_] Í jk an] lhaj]iajpa bkni]h( lkeo jk an] ej`ebanajpa ]ko _kjpa `ko `]o lnklkoe ao jai o klan] ao ejpaha_pq]eo `k oqfaepk `k _k) jda_eiajpk* = bkni] h ce_] na_a^e] k r]hkn `a ran`]`a kq b]hoe`]`a _ki ^]oa j] ran`]`a kq b]hoe`]`a `ko ]pko `a _kjda_eiajpk `k oqfaepk a j] na]he`]`a kq enna]he`]`a `ko k^fapko _kjda_e`ko* =k _kjpnnek( ] h ce_] _kjpailkn ja]( lnk_qn]j`k pknj]n)oa qi lqnk oei^kheo) ik `k pelk i]paipe_k a qi _h_qhk oei^ he_k( lnak_ql])oa _]`] rav iajko _ki k _kjpa ) `k i]pane]h `]o lnklkoe ao $] na]he`]`a `ko k^fapko nabane`ko lah] lnklkoek% a _ki ]o klan] ao ejpaha_pq]eo `k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk $] aopnqpqn] `k lajo]iajpk%* Pknjkq)oa lhaj]iajpa bkni]h* =ooei _kik k i]paipe_k he`] _ki k^fapko mqa bkn]i _kjopnq`ko lah]o ln lne]o kla) n] ao i]paipe_]o( `a ]_kn`k _ki lnej_leko a nacn]o lnabet]`ko a ]_aepko lkn pk`ko( ]ooei p]i^i k h ce_k ah]^kn] ko oi^khko a ]o klan] ao mqa _kjopepqai k k^fapk h ce_k lkn at_a) hj_e]( ] lnklkoek* K h ce_k ej`]c] mqa cloj^ `ara lkooqen qi] lnklkoek l]n] mqa6 oaf])hda ]pne^q`k k r]hkn `a ran`]`a kq b]hoe`]`a7 nalnaoajpa ] bkni] `k lajo]iajpk7 a nalnaoajpa ] nah]k ajpna lajo]iajpk( hejcq]cai a na]he`]`a*
5NIVERSITYßOFß3Tß!NDREWS ßß 3COTLAND!RQUIVOßDAßEDITORA
AXIOMAßFUNDAMENTOßDEß UMAßDEMONSTRAljO ßELAß MESMAßINDEMONSTRfVEL ß ORIGINADAßDEßPRINCqPIOSß INATOSßDAßCONSCIoNCIAß SEGUNDOßOSßRACIONALISTAS ß OUßDEßGENERALIZAlzESßDAß OBSERVAljOßEMPqRICAß SEGUNDOßOSßEMPIRISTAS
'IUSEPPEß0EANOßß ¯
-03
= h ce_] `ao_nara ]o bkni]o( ]o lnklnea`]`ao a ]o nah] ao `]o lnklkoe ao cn]]o _kjo) pnqk `a qi oei^kheoik nacqh]`k a kn`aj]`k mqa laniepa `ebanaj_e]n hejcq]cai _kpe`e]) j] a hejcq]cai h ce_] bkni]hev]`]* >kkha `abejeq ] h ce_] _kik Îk ipk`k mqa nalkqo] ok^na k ailnack `a oi^khko( `ko mq]eo oa _kjda_ai ]o haeo can]eo `a _ki^ej]k a _qfko naoqhp]`ko ]`iepai ejpanlnap]k _kanajpaÏ* = h ce_] pknjkq)oa _]`] rav i]eo qi] _ej_e] bkni]h `] hejcq]cai( i]o `a qi] hejcq]) cai iqepk aola_e]h( mqa j]`] pai ] ran _ki ] hejcq]cai _kpe`e]j]( lkeo pn]p])oa `a qi] hej) cq]cai ejpaen]iajpa _kjopnq`] lkn ah] iaoi]( _ki ^]oa jk ik`ahk `] i]paipe_]* @keo ]ola_pko `arai oan iaj_ekj]`ko l]n] iahdkn _kilnaaj`aniko ] nah]k ajpna ] h ce_] _kjpailkn ja] a ] i]paipe_]* -*
= iq`]j] jk ik`k `a _kj_a^an k mqa oaf] ] i]paipe_]6 @qn]jpa o_qhko $j] ran`]`a( `ao`a ko cnacko%( _kjoe`ankq)oa ] i]paipe_] qi] _ej_e] ^]oa]`] j] fkqrf l fkqbib`qr^i `a ran`]`ao ]^okhqp]o( ateopajpao ai oe a lkn oe iaoi]o( oai `alaj`an `a jajdqi] ejpanbanj_e] dqi]j]* Ko ]teki]o( ]o becqn]o cak) ipne_]o( ko j ianko a ]o klan] ao ]nepipe_]o( ko oi^khko a ]o klan] ao ]hc^ne_]o an]i _kjoe`an]`ko ran`]`ao ]^okhqp]o( qjerano]eo( ja_aoone]o( mqa ateopene]i _ki kq oai ko dkiajo a mqa lani]ja_ane]i ateopej`k iaoik oa ko dqi]jko `ao]l]na_ao) oai $l]n] iqepko beh okbko( ] i]paipe_] _dackq ] oan _kjoe`an]`] ] _ej_e] `erej] lkn at_ahj_e]%* Jk ajp]jpk( `ao`a k o_qhk TREE l]ookq)oa ] _kjoe`an]n ] i]paipe_] qi] _ej_e] mqa naoqhp] `a qi] `lkpqor l fkqbib`qr^i( qi] ejrajk `k aolnepk dqi]jk( oai mqa oq]o ajpe`]`ao oaf]i ateopajpao ai oe a lkn oe iaoi]o* Ko ajpao i]paipe_ko ok lqn]o e`a]he`]`ao _kjopnq`]o lahk ejpaha_pk kq lahk lajo]iajpk( mqa bkniqh] qi _kjfqjpk necknkok `a lnej_leko( nacn]o( jkni]o a klan] ao l]n] ] _ne]k `a becqn]o( j ianko( oi^khko( _h_qhko( ap_* Jk bei `k o_qhk TET( k i]paipe_k ep]he]jk Ceqoalla La]jk na]hevkq qi aopq`k ok^na ] ]nepipe_] `ko j ianko _]n`ej]eo bejepko `aikjopn]j`k mqa lk`e] oan `aner]`] `a _ej_k ]teki]o kq lnklkoe ao lneieper]o a `a pno paniko jk `abejraeo Í vank( j iank a oq_aookn `a* @aoo] i]jaen]( ] i]paipe_] oqnce] _kik qi n]ik `] h ce_]( _]^aj`k ]k ]haik Bnaca a ]ko ejchaoao >anpn]j` Nqooahh a =hbna` Sdepada]` lnkooacqen k pn]^]hdk `a La]) jk( kbana_aj`k ]o `abeje ao h ce_]o `ko pno paniko mqa k i]paipe_k ep]he]jk fqhc]) n] ej`abejraeo* Bnaca kbana_aq k lneiaenk _kj_aepk `a pfpqbj^ cloj^i a ko lneiaenko atailhko `k `i`ril ab molmlpf bp b ab mobaf`^alp*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = h ce_]
= i]paipe_] qi] _ej_e] `a bkni]o a _h_qhko lqnko knc]jev]`ko jqi] ifkdr^* dbj pfj_if`^ lanbaep]( j] mq]h _]`] oecjk qi ^idlofqjl( eopk ( qi oi^khk _ki qi je_k oajpe`k* ah]^kn]`] lahk aolnepk dqi]jk a jk lkn iaek `a qi lajo]iajpk ejpqeperk mqa _kjpailh]ne] ajpe`]`ao lanbaep]o a apanj]o( ateopajpao ai oe a lkn oe iao) i]o*
ALGORITMOßPALAVRAßß DERIVADAßDOßNOMEßDOßß MATEMfTICOßISLhMICOßß !L +HOWARIZMIß/ßALGORIT MOßOFERECEßUMßPROCESSOß DEßDECISjOßPARAßRESOLVERß UMßPROBLEMA
.* Iq`]j] jk ik`k `a _kj_a^an k lajo]iajpk( `eopejcqej`k loe_khkce] a pakne] `k _k) jda_eiajpk6 @qn]jpa iqepko o_qhko( loe_khkce] a pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk aoperan]i _kjbqj`e) `]o( _kjopepqej`k qi] o `eo_elhej] behko be_]( aj_]nnac]`] `a aopq`]n ko ik`ko _kik _kjda_aiko ]o _keo]o( `eopejcqej`k k mqa lqn]iajpa laook]h a ej`ere`q]h $] re`] lo) mqe_] kq iajp]h `a _]`] qi `a j o% `k mqa qjerano]h a ja_aoonek $rhe`k ai pk`ko ko pailko a hqc]nao( l]n] pk`ko ko oqfaepko `k _kjda_eiajpk%* Mq]j`k ] loe_khkce] oa pknjkq qi] _ej_e] $`ao_nek `ko b]pko lomqe_ko a oq]o haeo% ej`alaj`ajpa `] behkokbe] a ] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk lani]ja_aq behko be_] $lkn jk oan ]laj]o qi] `ao_nek `] re`] iajp]h( i]o qi aopq`k `]o `ebanaj]o jk _kj) pa `k a j] bkni] `ko _kjda_eiajpko%( oqnceq ] lancqjp]6 ÎKj`a be_] ] h ce_];Ï* =hcqjo naolkj`an]i6 ÎJ] loe_khkce]Ï* =hac]r]i mqa ko lnkcnaooko `] _ej_e] loe_kh ce_] ene]i `abejen ]o nacn]o qjerano]eo ] mqa pk`k a mq]hmqan lajo]iajpk oa oq^iapa( a ] h ce_] oane] ]laj]o qi n]ik `] loe_khkce]( ]mqaha mqa aopq`] _kik bqj_ekj] k lajo]iajpk _eajpbe_k* Aoo] _knnajpa h ce_] na_a^aq k jkia `a mpf`lildfpjl idf`l( i]o bke hkck nabqp]`] lah] i]ekne] `ko h ce_ko a l]npe_qh]niajpa lahk ]haik A`iqj` Dqooanh( k _ne]`kn `] bajk) iajkhkce]* Ç lancqjp]6 ÎKj`a be_] ] h ce_];Ï ko h ce_ko naolkj`an]i6 Î?kjoe ck iaoi]Ï* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ] h ce_] jk l]npa `] loe_khkce] jai `] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk( i]o qi] `eo_elhej] behko be_] ej`alaj`ajpa* Aoo] ej`alaj`j_e] `a_knna `] _kilhate`]) `a `k lajo]iajpk( lkeo( mq]j`k lajo]iko( d mq]pnk b]pknao mqa jko laniepai lajo]n6 -% k oqfaepk mqa lajo] $k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk aopq`]`k lah] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk%7 .% k ]pk `a lajo]n $]o klan] ao iajp]eo aopq`]`]o lah] loe_khkce]%7 /% k k^fapk lajo]`k $aopq`]`k lah]o _ej_e]o%7 a 0% k lajo]iajpk `a_knnajpa `k ]pk `a lajo]n $ aooa k k^fapk `] h ce_]%* = h ce_] jk oa _kjbqj`a _ki ] loe_khkce] jai _ki ] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk( lknmqa oaq k^fapk k lajo]iajpk _kik klan]k `aikjopn]per]( mqa oacqa nacn]o kneajp]`]o l]n] `apaniej]n oa ] `aikjopn]k ran`]`aen] kq b]ho] `k lkjpk `a reop] `k ln lnek lajo]) iajpk( eopk ( oa ] `aikjopn]k k^a`a_aq kq jk ]ko lnej_leko h ce_ko* Mq]h k abaepk `aoo]o `q]o iq`]j]o ok^na ] h ce_] _kjpailkn ja]; Ai lneiaenk hqc]n( ]k i]jpan ] lnkteie`]`a a ] nah]k _ki ] i]paipe_]( ] h ce_] l]ookq ] oan ajpaj`e`] _kik ]r]he]`kn] `] ran`]`a kq b]hoe`]`a `k lajo]iajpk( _kj_a^e`k _kik qi] _kjopnqk ejpaha_pq]h* Kn]( oa k lajo]iajpk _kjopn e oaqo ln lneko k^fapko( ai rav `a `ao_k^ne)hko kq _kjpailh)hko( aoo] _kjopnqk( oacqj`k ko ln lneko i]paipe_ko( b]v _ki mqa ] i]paipe_] `ar] oan ajpaj`e`] _kik qi afp`ropl kq _kik qi] ifkdr^dbj mqa k^a`a_a ] _anpko _nepneko a l]`n ao `a bqj_ekj]iajpk* =ooei oaj`k( ] h ce_] ]`kpkq l]n] oe k ik`ahk `a qi `eo_qnok kq `a qi] hejcq]cai mqa he`] _ki lqn]o bkni]o oai _kj) pa `k a p]eo bkni]o ok oi^khko `a pelk i]paipe_k $]hcknepiko%* Ai oacqj`k hqc]n( `eopejcqej`k)oa `] loe_khkce] a `] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk( ] h ce_] l]ookq ] `a`e_]n)oa iajko ]k lajo]iajpk a iqepk i]eo hejcq]cai( oaf] _kik pn]`qk( nalnaoajp]k kq atlnaook `k lajo]iajpk( oaf] _kik `eo_qnok ej`alaj`ajpa `k lajo]) iajpk* Oaq k^fapk l]ookq ] oan k aopq`k `a qi pelk `apaniej]`k `a `eo_qnok6 ] lnklkoe) k a ]o nah] ao ajpna lnklkoe ao* Oq] bej]he`]`a pknjkq)oa k lnkfapk `a kbana_an jkni]o a _nepneko l]n] qi] hejcq]cai lanbaep]( _]l]v `a ]r]he]n ]o `ai]eo hejcq]cajo $_eajpbe_]o( behko be_]o( ]npope_]o( _kpe`e]j]o( ap_*%*
-04
= h ce_] oei^ he_] x #!0É45,/ß x &ERNANDOß-ORAES%DITORAß!BRIL
Hejcq]cai a iap]hejcq]cai
L
]n] _kjoacqen oaq lnkl oepk( ] h ce_] `eopejcqa `keo jraeo `a hejcq]cai6
-*
ifkdr^dbj k^qro^i( eopk ( ]mqah] mqa qo]iko ai jko) o] re`] _kpe`e]j]( j]o ]npao( j] lkhpe_]( j] behkokbe]7
.* ifkdr^dbj cloj^i( eopk ( ]mqah] mqa _kjopnq`] oa) cqj`k lnej_leko a nacn]o `apaniej]`ko mqa `ao_narai qi pelk aola_be_k `a k^fapk( k k^fapk `]o _ej_e]o* Aoo] `eopejk p]i^i lk`a oan ]lnaoajp]`] _kik `ebanaj] ajpna `keo pelko `a hejcq]cajo oei^ he_]o6 -*
Atailhk `a oei^kheoik `ajkp]perk( jk _dk `] Aop]k `] Hqv( jk iapn `a Ok L]qhk( _qfk oecjebe_]`k Îlnke^e`k bqi]nÏ*
] ifkdr^dbj pfj_if`^ `riqro^i $] hejcq]cai Îj]pq) n]hÏ%( mqa qo] oecjko( iapbkn]o( ]j]hkce]o( aomqai]o l]n] at lneien oecjebe_] ao _kpe`e]j]o( naheceko]o( ]npope_]o( lkhpe_]o( behko be_]o* = lnej_el]h _]n]_pa) nope_] `aooa oei^kheoik oan _kjkp]perk( eopk ( ko oi^khko _]nnac]i iqepko oajpe`ko a nabanai)oa ] iqep]o oecjebe_] ao* = hejcq]cai _qhpqn]h mlifp* p jf`^( eopk ( jah] ]o l]h]rn]o lkooqai ej ianko oecjebe_]`ko7
0HOTOß2ESEARCHERS,ATINSTOCK
.* ] ifkdr^dbj pfj_if`^ idf`l*`fbkqcf`^ $] hejcq]cai Î_kjopnq`]Ï%( mqa qo] qi oeo) pai] ba_d]`k `a oecjko kq oi^khko $k ]hcknepik%( ai mqa _]`] oi^khk nalnaoajp] qi] je_] _keo] a _knnaolkj`a ] qi] je_] oecjebe_]k* Oq] lnej_el]h _]n]_panope_] oan aooaj_e]hiajpa qi oei^kheoik `ajkp]perk kq ej`e_]perk( arep]j`k ] lkheooaie] a ]beni]j`k ] qjerk_e`]`a `k oajpe`k oei^khev]`k* Lkn atailhk6 D.K( ( ( ( m( ( ap_* ok oi^khko `ajkp]perko kq ej`e_]perko `a qi o k^fapk kq `a qi o oajpe`k7 ok ]hcknepiko*
,UDWIGß7ITTGENSTEINßß ¯ ßFILvSOFOßß AUSTRqACO
= h ce_] k_ql])oa _ki ] hejcq]cai bkni]h kq _ki ] hejcq]cai oei^ he_k)_eajpbe_]* Lkn oan qi `eo_qnok kq qi] hejcq]cai mqa b]h] `a kqpnk `eo_qnok kq `a kqpn] hejcq]cai( oa `ev mqa ah] qi] iap]hejcq]cai* J] re`] _kpe`e]j]( lk`aiko `evan( lkn atailhk( qi] bn]oa _kik6 ÎK Okh qi] aopnah]Ï* = h ce_] _kia]n `evaj`k6 Î= bn]oa ÐK Okh qi] aopnah]Ñ qi] lnklkoek ]beni]per]Ï* Lnko) oacqen `evaj`k6 Î= lnklkoek Ð= bn]oa L pli rj^ bpqobi^ qi] lnklkoek ]beni]per]Ñ qi] lnklkoek ran`]`aen]Ï* A ]ooei lkn `e]jpa* = e`ae] `] h ce_] _kik iap]hejcq]cai pn]jol]na_a _ki _h]nav] mq]j`k at]iej]iko( lkn atailhk( ]o paoao lnej_el]eo `k ]qopn]_k Hq`sec Seppcajopaej( _qf] ejbhqj_e] oane] oaj) pe`] lkn pk`] ] h ce_] `k o_qhk TT6 -*
mq]hmqan lnklkoek mqa pajd] oecjebe_]`k _kilkop] lkn lnklkoe ao ahaiajp]nao( j]o mq]eo oa aj_kjpn] ] ran`]`a kq ] b]hoe`]`a `] lnklkoek _ki oecjebe_]`k7
.* ]o lnklkoe ao ahaiajp]nao ]`mqenai oecjebe_]`k lknmqa ]becqn]i $napn]p]i% k iqj) `k jk _kik b]pko a _keo]o( i]o _kik Îaop]`ko `a _keo]oÏ7
-05
/* ]o lnklkoe ao `] h ce_] ok ran`]`aen]o ej`alaj`ajpaiajpa `]o jk ao `a Îoecjebe_]) `kÏ a `a Îaop]`ko `a _keo]oÏ( lknmqa( necknko]iajpa( jk b]h]i `a j]`]( lkeo nabanai)oa ] mq]hmqan b]pk( oecjebe_]`k kq aop]`k `a _keo]o mqa lkoo]i k_knnan kq jk jk Qjeranok* =o lnklkoe ao h ce_]o ok sboa^abp s^wf^p( nabane`]o ]laj]o ]k ln lnek qok `]o _kjraj) ao h ce_]o*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = h ce_]
0AULOß-ARGUTTIß0INTO ß FILvSOFOßEßPROFESSORß BRASILEIRO ßESPECIALISTAßEMß LvGICA ßARGUMENTAljOßEß FILOSOFIAßDAßLINGUAGEM
±0ORTRAITß'ALLERY²ßß 4HOEMMESß#ONTINUUM7IKIPmDIA
Ai oaq hernk Fkqolar l idf`^ pfj_if`^( k h ce_k L]qhk I]ncqppe Lejpk atlhe_] ] `eba) naj] ajpna sboa^ab a s^ifa^ab fkcbobk`f^i* ?kik f reiko( qi n]_ek_jek na]hev] qi] ejbanj_e]( eopk ( ] k^pajk `a qi] _kj_hq) ok kq qi] _kjoamqj_e] _ki ^]oa ai qi ]jpa_a`ajpa `k mq]h ah] atpn]`]* Na]hev]n qi] ejbanj_e] lnk`qven qi ^odrjbkql* Aopa lk`a oan `abeje`k _kik qi `eo_qnok jk ejpanekn `k mq]h oa atpn]e qi] _kjoamqj_e]* Qi ]ncqiajpk baepk `a oajpaj]o a `a nah] ao ajpna ]o oajpaj]o( lk`aj`k oan mbopr^pfsl $mq]j`k ^qo_] ] ]`aok aik_ekj]h `a ]hcqi% kq ab* jlkpqo^qfsl $mq]j`k ^qo_] ] ]`aok n]_ekj]h `a ]hcqi%* Qi ]ncqiajpk sifal mq]j`k ] ejbanj_e] na]hev]`] aop _knnap]* Eook oecjebe_] mqa Îr]he`]`a ejbanaj_e]hÏ jk oejjeik `a Îran`]`aÏ( lkeo qi ]ncqiajpk _knnapk jk ajrkhra ja_aoo]ne]iajpa oajpaj]o ran`]`aen]o* =ooei( ] h ce_] Îk aopq`k `ko lnej_leko mqa nacai ] ejbanj_e] rhe`]Ï a oaq _]ilk Î]mqah] l]npa `] hejcq]cai j] mq]h aopk lnaoajpao ko ]ncqiajpko `aikjopn]perkoÏ* Ah] abapq] ] ]jheoa h ce_] `ko ]ncqiajpko l]n] ]r]he]n oq] _knnak kq ej_knnak* L]n] eook( ah] kbana_a qi _kjfqjpk `a nacn]o mqa aop]^aha_ai _ki lna_eok ]o l]oo]cajo _knnap]o `ko ]jpa_a`ajpao ]ko _kjoamqajpao* Lknp]jpk( ao_nara I]ncqppe Lejpk( Îmq]j`k atlhe_ep]iko aop]o nacn]o ]pn]ro `a oi^khko ]`amq]`ko( aj_kjpn]ik)jko jk `kijek `] h ce_] oei^ he_]Ï*
0HOTOß2ESEARCHERS,ATINSTOCK
@abejek `] hce_] oei^he_]
Hce_] `ko lna`e_]`ko a hce_] `]o nah] ao
=
neop pahao mq]jpebe_kq ]o lnklkoe ao lah] mq]jpebe_]k `k oqfaepk $qlalp lp P( kb* kerj P( ^idrkp P%* =hcqjo beh okbko ia`ear]eo a ik`anjko fqhc]n]i ja_aoonek mq]j pebe_]n( ]hi `k oqfaepk `] lnklkoek( p]i^i k lna`e_]`k* Jk o_qhk TET( k h ce_k ejcho D]iehpkj harkq ]r]jpa ] mq]jpebe_]k `ko lna`e_]`ko( _dac]j`k ] kepk pelko `a lnklkoe ao6 -*
(AMILTON߯ ßß FILvSOFOßEßLvGICOßESCOCoS
^cfoj^qfs^p qlql*qlq^fp( ai mqa oqfaepk a lna`e_]`k ok pki]`ko ai pk`] oq] atpajok kq qjerano]hiajpa6 ÎPk`k P pk`k MÏ* Lkn atailhk6 ÎPk`k pne jcqhk pk`k pneh]pan]hÏ7
.* ^cfoj^qfs^p qlql*m^o`f^fp( ai mqa k oqfaepk pki]`k qjerano]hiajpa a k lna`e_]`k l]n) pe_qh]niajpa6 ÎPk`k P ]hcqi MÏ* Lkn atailhk6 ÎPk`k pne jcqhk ]hcqi] becqn]Ï7 /* ^cfoj^qfs^p m^oqf*qlq^fp( ai mqa k oqfaepk l]npe_qh]n a k lna`e_]`k pki]`k qjerano]h) iajpa6 Î=hcqjo P ok pk`ko MÏ* Lkn atailhk6 Î=hcqjo oqh)]iane_]jko ok pk`ko ko ^n]oe) haenkoÏ7 0* ^cfoj^qfs^p m^oqf*m^o`f^fp( ai mqa k oqfaepk a k lna`e_]`k ok pki]`ko _kik l]npe_qh]nao6 Î=hcqi P ]hcqi MÏ* Lkn atailhk6 Î=hcqi]o becqn]o amqeh]pan]eo ok ]hcqjo pne jcqhkoÏ7 1* kbd^qfs^p qlql*qlq^fp( ai mqa k oqfaepk ai pk`] ] oq] atpajok at_hq`k `a pk`] ] atpajok `k lna`e_]`k6 ÎJajdqi P jajdqi MÏ* Lkn atailhk6 ÎJajdqi pne jcqhk jajdqi mq]`n]`kÏ7 2* kbd^qfs^p qlql*m^o`f^fp( ai mqa pk`k oqfaepk at_hq`k `a ]laj]o qi] l]npa `k lna`e) _]`k6 ÎJajdqi P ]hcqi MÏ* Lkn atailhk6 ÎJajdqi pne jcqhk ]hcqi amqeh]pan]hÏ7 3* kbd^qfs^p m^oqf*qlq^fp( ai mqa o qi] l]npa `k oqfaepk at_hq`] `] atpajok `k lna) `e_]`k6 Î=hcqi P jk jajdqi MÏ* Lkn atailhk6 Î=hcqi] becqn] amqeh]pan]h jk ja) jdqi pne jcqhkÏ7 4* kbd^qfs^p m^oqf*m^o`f^fp( ai mqa qi] l]npa `] atpajok `k oqfaepk at_hq`] `a qi] l]npa `] atpajok `k lna`e_]`k6 Î=hcqjo P jk ok ]hcqjo MÏ* Lkn atailhk6 Î=hcqi pne j) cqhk jk ]hcqi] becqn] amqeh]pan]hÏ* =o lnklkoe ao lk`ane]i _kjranpan)oa oeilhaoiajpa qi]o j]o kqpn]o a( bej]hiajpa( qi] lnklkoek oane] ]laj]o qi] bnr^ l ajpna qi oqfaepk a qi lna`e_]`k* ?ki eook( k
-1,
= h ce_] oei^ he_] x #!0É45,/ß x
n]_ek_jek f jk _kjoeope] ai b]van qi] jkk ajpn]n ai kqpn] $] ]jpec] ejanj_e] ]neopkp) he_]%( i]o ai oan _]l]v `a oq^opepqen kqpn] amqer]hajpa( ai lnklkoe ao `]`]o( `a oknpa mqa lnklkoe ao qo]j`k l]h]rn]o _kik eljbj( ^kfj^i( jloq^i( ap_* lk`ane]i oan pn]p]`]o _kik ko n]_ek_jeko i]paipe_ko mqa qo]i oi^khko _kik u( v a w* Aop]r] ]^anp] ] lknp] l]n] mqa >kkha lnklqoaooa k _h_qhk h ce_k* K _h_qhk h ce_k na]hevkq)oa ai `q]o ap]l]o `ebanajpao* J] lneiaen]( _ki ] ejpnk`qk `]o jk ao `a `i^ppb a crk l( i]jpara)oa ] e`ae] `a mqa ] lnklkoek ] ej_hqok `a qi oq) faepk jqi lna`e_]`k( kq iahdkn( ] ej_hqok `a pk`] kq l]npa `] atpajok `k oqfaepk ai pk`] kq l]npa `] atpajok `k lna`e_]`k* J] oacqj`] ap]l]( _ki ] ejpnk`qk `] e`ae] `a obi^ l( l]ookq)oa `] _kj_alk ej_hqoer])at_hqoer] `k oqfaepk a `k lna`e_]`k `a amqer]hj_e] kq oq^opepqek `a qi lkn kqpnk* Ç ia`e`] mqa ] bkni]hev]k a ] i]pai]pev]k `] h ce_] oa `aoajrkhran]i( ] jkk `a lna`e_]`k na_a^aq qi jkrk oajpe`k a qi jkrk pn]p]iajpk* L]ookq ] oan pn]p]`] _kik _h]ooa* Aop] qi _kjfqjpk `a k^fapko mqa( lkooqej`k ]hck ai _kiqi( Î_]iejd]i ai _kj) bknie`]`aÏ* Qi lna`e_]`k k mqa laniepa naqjen `apaniej]`ko k^fapko ai _h]ooao6 ] _h]ooa `ko ]vqeo( ] _h]ooa `ko aobne_ko( ] _h]ooa `ko oqh)]iane_]jko( ] _h]ooa `ko bahevao( ] _h]ooa `ko ieoanraeo( ] _h]ooa `ko o he`ko( ap_* Qi lna`e_]`k eokh]`k Í ]vqh( bahev( o he`k( ieoanrah( ap_* Í jk ran`]`aenk jai b]hok* Na_a^a p]h r]hkn ]laj]o ] l]npen `] ej_hqok kq at_hqok `k oqfaepk jqi] _h]ooa* ?ki ] _h]ooa( k lna`e_]`k oa pknj] qi] nah]k ajpna `q]o r]neraeo( a aoo] nah]k _d]i])oa bqjk* = h ce_] l]oo] ] _kjopnqen qi oei^kheoik mqa laniepa `abejen ]o bqj ao `k lna`e_]`k( ejpnk`qvej`k jkrko mq]jpebe_]`knao _ki ko mq]eo ] bqjk _]h_qh]`]* Aooa _h_qhk _kjope) pqe ] idf`^ alp mobaf`^alp* Lkn atailhk( ] lnklkoek pn]`e_ekj]h ÎO _n]pao dkiaiÏ oan bkni]hev]`] _kik B$]%( kj`a C( ] bqjk( oecjebe_] ] Îmq]he`]`a `a oan dkiaiÏ a ^( ] r]nerah( `aoecj] ÎO _n]paoÏ* Pk`]re]( ] r]nerah lk`an `aoecj]n qi ej`er`qk mq]hmqan( qi oqfaepk ej`apaniej]`k( a ] lnklkoek oan ao_nep] _kik B$t%* P]h lnklkoek lk`a oan ]ooei mq]jpebe_]`]6 ] qjerano]h oan ao_nep] _kik $t%B$t%( `araj`k oan he`] _kik Îl]n] pk`k u( C `a uÏ7 ] l]npe_qh]n kq ateopaj_e]h oan ao_nep] _kik $t%B$t%( `araj`k oan he`] _kik Îateopa qi u p]h mqa C `a uÏ* Oa( ai hqc]n `] ej_hqok pn]`e_ekj]h `k lna`e_]`k jk oqfaepk( peraniko _h]ooao( ] nah]k oan aop]^aha_e`] ajpna ÎahaiajpkÏ a Î_h]ooaÏ( kq ajpna ]o ln lne]o _h]ooao( pknj]j`k ] lnklk) oek iqepk i]eo ]^n]jcajpa a _kilhat]* Pkiaiko( lkn atailhk( ] lnklkoek ÎKo dkiajo ok iknp]eoÏ a ] lnklkoek ÎO _n]pao iknp]hÏ* L]n] _]h_qh)h]o( `araiko _kia]n lah] nah]) k ajpna ] _h]ooa `ko dkiajo a ] `ko iknp]eo6 = $?h]ooa `ko dkiajo% > $?h]ooa `ko iknp]eo% = > $= _h]ooa `ko dkiajo aop _kjpe`] j] _h]ooa `ko iknp]eo*% t $O _n]pao% = $?h]ooa `ko dkiajo% t ; = $O _n]pao lanpaj_a _h]ooa `ko dkiajo*% @kj`a6 $t%$t;=% m $t;>%( ai mqa ÎmÏ oecjebe_] fjmif`^* Haiko6 ÎL]n] pk`k u( u lanpaj_a ] > eilhe_] mqa u lanpaj_a ] ?Ï* Lknp]jpk( ÎO _n]pao iknp]hÏ* Ok oaeo ]o klan] ao mqa lk`ai oan na]hev]`]o _ki ]o _h]ooao6
-1-
x 5.)$!$%ß x = h ce_]
-*
ej_hqok `a qi] _h]ooa ai kqpn]6 = >7
.* naqjek `a rne]o _h]ooao6 @ I J7 /* ejpanoa_k `a rne]o _h]ooao _ki ahaiajpko _kiqjo6 = > ?7 0* ] `] _h]ooa qjerano]h mqa ]^n]jca pk`ko ko ahaiajpko a _qfk oi^khk ^7 1* ] `] _h]ooa r]ve]( eopk ( mqa jk _kjpi ahaiajpk ]hcqi a _qfk oi^khk @7 2* ] `] _h]ooa _kilhaiajp]n =Ñ `a =( bkni]`] lkn pk`ko ko ahaiajpko mqa jk lanpaj_ai ] =* Ko h ce_ko mqa i]eo `aoajrkhran]i ] lkooe^ehe`]`a `a qi] h ce_] `]o _h]ooao( `]o bqj) ao lnklkoe_ekj]eo a `k _h_qhk `ko lna`e_]`ko bkn]i Bnaca( Sdepada]`( >anpn]j` Nqooahh a Seppcajopaej* = h ce_] `ko lna`e_]`ko bke ajnemqa_e`] a ik`ebe_]`] _ki ] idf`^ a^p obi^ bp( eje_e]`] jk o_qhk TET lahko beh okbko ejchaoao Iknc]j $mqa p]i^i an] i]paipe_k% a Laen_a* = h ce_] `]o nah] ao k_ql])oa( _kik k jkia ej`e_]( `]o nah] ao ajpna _kjfqjpko `a k^fapko6 i]ekn `k mqa( iajkn `k mqa( lanpk `a( hkjca `a( i]eo rahdk mqa( i]eo jkrk mqa( l]e `a( ia `a( enik `a( _]qo] `a( bej]he`]`a `a( oaiahd]jpa ]( `ebanajpa `a( ap_* =o nah] ao lk`ai ]^n]jcan `keo kq i]eo k^fapko( oaj`k ^ejne]o( panjne]o( mq]panj) ne]o( ap_*( `alaj`aj`k `k j iank `a k^fapko ]^n]jce`ko lkn ah]* = nah]k i]eo _kjda_e`] ] ^ejne]( atlnaoo] j] b niqh] tNu( mqa oecjebe_]6 d qi] nah]k ajpna u a v* =o nah] ao lkooqai lnklnea`]`ao _]h_qhraeo* P]eo lnklnea`]`ao laniepai `ebanaj_e]n ko rneko pelko `a nah]k( _kik lkn atailhk6 nah]k qo^kpfqfs^6 `]`ko u( v a w a `]`]o tNu a uNv( d qi] nah]k tNv* Lkn atailhk6 u i]ekn `k mqa v( v i]ekn `k mqa w( u i]ekn `k mqa w* Kq6 $tNu% * $uNv% m $tNv% nah]k kl qo^kpfqfs^6 `]`ko u( v a w a `]`]o tNu a uNv( jk oa lk`a pan tNv( ai^kn] d]f] qi] nah]k ajpna w a u* Lkn atailhk6 La`nk l]e `a Fkk( Fkk l]e `a =jpjek( i]o La`nk jk l]e `a =jpjek( lkeo oaq ]r7 nah]k fkqo^kpfqfs^6 `]`ko u( v a w a `]`]o tNu a uNv( jk lkoorah `apaniej]n mq]h oane] ] nah]k ajpna u a w* Lkn atailhk6 u i]ekn `k mqa v( v iajkn `k mqa w( i]o jk lk`aiko o]^an oa u i]ekn kq iajkn `k mqa w7 nah]k `a pfjbqof^6 tNu k iaoik mqa uNt* Lkn atailhk6 ^ ecq]h ] _( _ ecq]h ] ^* Kq6 $t% $u% $tNu% m $uNt% nah]k `a ^ppfjbqof^6 mq]j`k oa pai tNu( jk oa lk`a pan uNt* Lkn atailhk6 ^ i]ekn `k mqa _ a( lknp]jpk( jk oa lk`a pan _ i]ekn mqa ^* Kq6 [ $t% [ $u% $tNu% m $uNt% nah]k obcibufs^6 aop]^aha_a)oa ajpna qi] nah]k pn]joeper] a qi] nah]k oeipne_]* =ooei( lkn atailhk( Îu lk`a ran vÏ nabhater] jqi iqj`k kj`a d]f] aolahdko( kj`a Îv lk`a ran uÏ* nah]k foobcibufs^6 aop]^aha_a)oa ajpna nah] ao ejpn]joeper]o a ]ooeipne_]o7 nah]k fksbop^6 qi] nah]k ejrano] $P% ] qi] kqpn] nah]k $O%( mq]j`k l]n] pk`ko ko k^fapko u( v a w( ranebe_])oa tNu( oa( a okiajpa oa( dkqran uOt* k _]ok( lkn atailhk( `] nah]k Îl]e `aÏ a Îbehdk `aÏ* P]jpk ] h ce_] `ko lna`e_]`ko _kik ] h ce_] `]o nah] ao aopk oq^iape`]o ] qi] h ce_] i]eo ]ilh]( mqa ] `]o lnklkoe ao kq `k `i`ril molmlpf`flk^i( lkeo ] lnklkoek k _]i) lk `] h ce_] lnklne]iajpa `ep]* K _h_qhk `]o lnklkoe ao _kjoeopa ai aop]^aha_an ko lnk) _a`eiajpko lahko mq]eo lk`aiko `apaniej]n ] ran`]`a kq ] b]hoe`]`a `a qi] lnklkoek(
-1.
= h ce_] oei^ he_] x #!0É45,/ß x
`a ]_kn`k _ki oq] hec]k _ki kqpn] kq _ki kqpn]o( ajpaj`aj`k lkn ran`]`a ] r]he`]`a `] hec]k a lkn b]hoe`]`a ] ejr]he`]`a `] hec]k* Kq oaf]( _kik reiko ]_ei]( ] h ce_] oa k_ql] _ki ] r]he`]`a kq ] ejr]he`]`a `]o ejbanj_e]o a( lknp]jpk( ran`]`a a b]hoe`]`a ok l]n] ah] ko s^ilobp a^p molmlpf bp a ko s^ilobp a^p fkcbo k`f^p* Ko _]oko i]eo oeilhao `a _h_qhko `a lnklkoe ao nabanai)oa _kjfqjk $ÎLa`nk _]jp] b La`nk `]j]Ï%( jac]k $ÎLa`nk _]jp]* La`nk kl _]jp]Ï%( `eofqjk $ÎLa`nk _]jp] lr La`nk `]j]Ï% a eilhe_]k $ÎPb La`nk _]jp]( bkql La`nk `]j]Ï%* K _h_qhk _kjoeopa ai ]pne^qen k s^ilo Îran`]`aÏ ] qi] `]o lnklkoe ao( k r]hkn Îb]hoe) `]`aÏ kqpn] a ejbanen k s^ilo a^ ifd^ l ajpna ah]o* L]n] mqa oa lan_a^] mqa k _kjpa `k `]o lnklkoe ao ennahar]jpa( o ejpanaoo]j`k oq] bkni]( raf]iko _kik ok oei^khev]`ko ko rneko _h_qhko `]o hec] ao lnklkoe_ekj]eo6 _h_qhk `] _kjfqjk b $oi^khk `] _kjfqjk * % l m l * m r r r r b b b r b b b b _h_qhk `] jac]k kl $oi^khk `] jac]k [ % l [l r b b r _h_qhk `] `eofqjk lr $oi^khk `] `eofqjk ^ % l m l ^ m r r r r b r b r r b b b _h_qhk `] eilhe_]k fjmif`^ nrb $oi^khk `] eilhe_]k % l m l m r r r r b b b r r b b r Qi atailhk lk`an ]fq`]n)jko ] _kilnaaj`an _kik bqj_ekj] k _h_qhk* Oa `eooaniko6 Oa La`nk _a]najoa $m% kq _]p]nejajoa $n%( ajpk ^n]oehaenk $o%* Kn]( La`nk jk ^n]oehaenk* Lknp]jpk( jk _a]najoa jai _]p]nejajoa( panaiko6 $l ^ m n% * n [l ^[m ?h_qhk `] ^e)eilhe_]k kq amqer]hj_e] $oi^khk `] amqer]hj_e] j%6 l r r b b
m r b r b
l jm r b b r
Aooao _h_qhko _kjopepqai ]o i]pnevao( mqa ok _kik p]^ah]o mqa ]lnaoajp]i pk`]o ]o oepq] ao lkooraeo mqa _]`] hek ]ook_e] ] qi l]n `a lnklkoe ao ahaiajp]nao m a n*
-1/
x 5.)$!$%ß x = h ce_] GLOSSfRIO
15%34¬%3
#!0É45,/ß K j]o_eiajpk `] hce_] -* K mqa oecjeÚ_]`k jk qok _kpe`e]jk mqa b]vaiko `]o l]h]rn]o hce_] a hce_k; Mqa jk ao aopk lnao) oqlkop]o jaooa qok; .* Mq]h bke k _kjÛepk ajpna ] ÚhkokÚ] `a Dan_hepk a ] `a L]ni je`ao; /* Lkn mqa ko _kjÛepko ajpna ]o ÚhkokÚ]o `a Dan_hepk a `a L]ni je`ao oqo_ep]n]i k ]l]na_eiajpk `] h ce_]; 0* K mqa ] `e]hpe_] lh]p je_]; 1* K mqa ] ]j]hpe_] kq h ce_] ]neopkphe_]; 2* Mq]eo ]o `ebanaj]o ajpna ] `e]hpe_] lh]p je_] a ]j]) hpe_] kq h ce_] ]neopkphe_];
-/* ?kik ]o lnklkoe ao oa _h]ooeÚ_]i `k lkjpk `a reop] `] nah]k; -0* Atlhemqa k mqa ok fqvk ]lk`pe_k( delkppe_k a `eo) fqj perk* -1* Lkn mqa k n]_ek_jek qi] ejban j_e] ia`e]p]; -2* Mqa qi oehkceoik; -3* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo _]n]_panope_]o `k oehkceoik; -4* ?kik _kjopepq`k qi oehkceoik; -5* Mqa ok panik i]ekn( iajkn a i`ek; Mq]h ] bqj) k `k panik i`ek; .,* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo nacn]o `k oehkceoik ran`]`aenk; .-* Lkn mqa k oehkceoik `a_h]n] qi] ejan j_e]; ..* = mqa nacn]o `a ejban j_e] k oehkceoik `ara k^a`a_an; ./* Mqa ok Úcqn]o a ik`ko `k oehkceoik;
#!0É45,/ß Ahaiajpko `a hce_] -* Lkn mqa ] h ce_] jk ajpn] j] _h]ooeÚ_]k ]neopkphe) _] `]o _e j_e]o; .* Jk lajo]iajpk ]neopkphe_k( mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo _]) n]_panope_]o `] h ce_];
.0* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna oehkceoik `e]hpe_k a _eajpÚ_k; Lkn mqa k oehkceoik `e]hpe_k ln lnek `] nap ne_]; .1* Mq]eo ]o nacn]o `k oehkceoik _eajpÚ_k; .2* Atlhemqa k mqa ok ko pn o pelko `a lnaieoo]o `k oehk) ceoik _eajpÚ_k* .3* @a ]_kn`k _ki =neop pahao( _kik qi] _e j_e] r]e `k c jank o aol_eao a `aop]o ]ko ej`er`qko;
/* Mq]h k k^fapk `] h ce_];
.4* Mq]eo ]o atec j_e]o baep]o l]n] mqa qi oehkceoik _eaj) pÚ_k _dacqa ]k _kj_aepk ran`]`aenk `a qi] _keo];
0* Mqa ok a mq]eo ok ]o _]packne]o;
.5* = lnklkoek oacqejpa ran`]`aen] kq b]ho];
1* Mq]eo ok ]o `q]o lnklnea`]`ao `]o _]packne]o h ce) _]o; Atlhemqa)]o*
atpajok `k panik Î]opnkÏ i]ekn `k mqa ] `k pan) = ik Îlh]jap] Pann]Ï*
2* Mq]h ] _h]ooeÚ_]k `]o _]packne]o oacqj`k ] atpaj) ok a ] _kilnaajok;
Atlhemqa lkn mq *
3* K mqa qi] lnklkoek; Mq]eo ok oaqo ahaiajpko;
4* K mqa ok ] ran`]`a a ] b]hoe`]`a h ce_]o `a qi] lnk) lkoek;
_kilnaajok `k panik Î^keÏ iajkn `k mqa ] `k = panik Î]jei]hÏ*
Atlhemqa lkn mq *
5* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna lnklkoek ateopaj_e]h a lnk) lkoek lna`e_]per]; -,* ?kik ]o lnklkoe ao oa _h]ooeÚ_]i `k lkjpk `a reop] `] mq]he`]`a; --* ?kik ]o lnklkoe ao oa _h]ooeÚ_]i `k lkjpk `a reop] `] mq]jpe`]`a; -.* ?kik ]o lnklkoe ao oa _h]ooeÚ_]i `k lkjpk `a reop] `] ik`]he`]`a;
/,* = lnklkoek oacqejpa ran`]`aen] kq b]ho];
/-* @ec] oa d kq jk _kjpn]`ek ajpna ]o oacqejpao lnk) lkoe ao a atlhemqa lkn mq * ]% Pk`ko ko oanao dqi]jko ok n]_ekj]eo* La`nk enn]_ekj]h* ^% Jajdqi lh]jap] pai hqv ln lne]* R jqo ehqiej])oa ] oe iaoik* _% Pk`]o ]o _e j_e]o `aoaf]i _kjda_an ] ran`]`a* = ^ekhkce] k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk `ko baj ) iajko nah]_ekj]`ko re`]*
-10
GLOSSfRIO
#!0É45,/ß = hce_] oei^he_] -* Mq]h k k^faperk `] h ce_] oei^ he_]; .* Lkn mqa ] h ce_] ]neopkphe_] jk an] lhaj]iajpa bkn) i]h;
5* Mq]eo ko `keo pelko `a hejcq]cai oei^ he_]; Mq]eo ok oq]o `ebanaj]o; -,* Lkn mqa ] h ce_] qi] iap]hejcq]cai; --* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo paoao `a Seppcajopaej; -.* ?kik oa `eopejcqai ran`]`a a r]he`]`a ejbanaj_e]h;
/* Lkn mqa ] h ce_] _kjpailknja] pknjkq)oa lhaj]iaj) pa bkni]h;
-/* @ ]hcqjo pelko `a lnklkoe ao ai mqa k oqfaepk a k
0* K mqa ] h ce_] bkni]h `ao_nara;
-0* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna ] ejan j_e] ]neopkphe_] a k _h)
1* Lkn mqa( ]k l]oo]n `] _kj_alk ejpqeper] _kjopnq pe) r]( ] i]paipe_] oa ]lnkteikq `] h ce_]; Mqa oecje) Ú_] `evan mqa ] i]paipe_] qi] hejcq]cai oei^ ) he_] lanbaep];
-1* Har]j`k ai _kjoe`an]k k lna`e_]`k _kik _h]ooa a
2* Mqa bke k loe_khkceoik h ce_k; 3* Lkn mqa ] h ce_] jk oa _kjbqj`a _ki ] loe_khkce] jai _ki ] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk; 4* Mqa jraeo `a hejcq]cai ] h ce_] `eopejcqa;
-11
lna`e_]`k aopk mq]jpeÚ_]`ko* _qhk h ce_k `a lnklkoe ao; _kik bqjk( k mqa ] h ce_] `ko lna`e_]`ko; -2* Mqa klan] ao lk`ai oan na]hev]`]o _ki ]o _h]ooao; -3* K mqa ] h ce_] `]o nah] ao; -4* Mq]eo ]o lnklnea`]`ao _]h_qhraeo `]o nah] ao; -5* K mqa _h_qhk lnklkoe_ekj]h;
5NIDADEß
K _kjda_eiajpk ?]lpqhk -
= lnak_ql]k _ki k _kjda_eiajpk
?]lpqhk .
= lan_alk
?]lpqhk /
= ei]cej]k
?]lpqhk 0
= hejcq]cai
?]lpqhk 1
K lajo]iajpk
?]lpqhk 2
= _kjo_e j_e] lk`a _kjda_an pq`k;
?anp] rav qi cnack `eooa6 ÎK lajo]iajpk k l]ooaek `] ]hi]Ï* ?ki eook mqeo `evan mqa k lajo]iajpk ] i]jaen] _kik jkook aol nepk l]na_a o]en `a `ajpnk `a oe iaoik a lan_knnan k iqj`k l]n] _kjda_ )hk* =ooei _kik jk l]ooaek har]) iko jkook _knlk ] pk`] l]npa( jk lajo]iajpk har]iko jkoo] ]hi] ] pk`] l]npa a i]eo hkjca `k mqa k _knlk( lkeo ] ]hi] jk aj_kjpn] k^op _qhko b oe_ko l]n] oaq _]iejd]n* K lajo]iajpk aoo] _qneko] ]pere`]`a lkn iaek `] mq]h o] iko `a jo iaoiko oai o]eniko `a jkook ejpanekn* Lkn eook( kqpnk Úhokbk ao_naraq mqa lajo]n ] i]jaen] lah] mq]h o]en `a oe a ajpn]n ai oe ok qi] o a iaoi] _keo]* ?kik qi rkk oai o]en `k hqc]n*
Atlane j_e]o na]hev]`]o j]o `q]o hpei]o ` _]`]o `k o _qhk TET lkn Apeajja)Fqhao I]nau( qpehev]j`k ] bkpk) cn]Ú] _kik ejopnqiajpk `a ejraopec]k `k ikreiajpk `ko _knlko*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K _kjda_eiajpk
#APqTULOß = lnak_ql]k _ki k _kjda_eiajpk K _kjda_eiajpk a ko lneiaenko behokbko
M
3ERßAßPALAVRAßSER ßEMßPOR TUGUoS ßTRADUZßAßPALAVRAßß LATINAßESSEßEßAßEXPRESSjOßß GREGAßTgßvNTAß!ßPALAVRAßß LATINAßESSEßmßOßINFINITIVOßß DEßUMßVERBO ßOßVERBOßSERßß !ßEXPRESSjOßGREGAßTgßß vNTAßQUERßDIZERß±ASßCOISASßß EXISTENTES ßOSßENTES ßOSßß SERES²ß.OßSINGULAR ßß TgßvNTAßSEßDIZßTwßvN ßß CUJAßTRADUljOßmß±Oß3ER²
-ICHAELß.ICHOLSON#ORBISß ,ATINSTOCK
q]j`k aopq`]iko k j]o_eiajpk `] behkokbe] j] Cn_e]( reiko mqa ko lneiaenko beh ) okbko Í ko ln)ok_npe_ko Í `a`e_]r]i)oa ] qi _kjfqjpk `a ej`]c] ao lnej_el]eo6 ÎLkn mqa a _kik ]o _keo]o ateopai;Ï( ÎK mqa k iqj`k;Ï( ÎMq]h ] knecai `] j]pqnav] a mq]eo ]o _]qo]o `a oq] pn]jobkni]k;Ï* Aoo]o ej`]c] ao _khk_]r]i jk _ajpnk ] lancqjp]6 ÎK mqa pl ]o _keo]o;Ï* Lkq_k ] lkq_k aoo] lancqjp] l]ookq ] oan ]ooei bkniqh]`]6 ÎK mqa k Pbo;Ï* Ko lneiaenko beh okbko k_ql]r]i)oa _ki ] knecai a ] kn`ai `k iqj`k( k hpjlp( a ] behkokbe] j]o_ajpa an] qi] `lpjlildf^* Lkq_k ] lkq_k( l]ookq)oa ] ej`]c]n k mqa an] k ln lnek hpjlp( mq]h an] k lnej_lek apanjk mqa kn`aj]r] pk`]o ]o _keo]o a mqa lani]ja_e] eiqprah ok^ ] iqhpelhe_e`]`a a pn]jobkni]k `ah]o* Aooa lnej_lek an] _kj_a^e`k _kik k bqj`k eilana_rah lnaoajpa ai pk`]o ]o _keo]o( b]vaj`k)]o ateopen p]eo _kik ok* Aooa bqj`k lnaoajpa ai pk`]o ]o _keo]o k Oan* =ooei( l]ookq)oa ] lancqjp]n mq]h an] a k mqa an] l Pbo( q k( oq^f]_ajpa ] pk`ko ko oanao* ?ki eook( ] behkokbe] j]o_ajpa pknjkq)oa kjpkhkce]( eopk ( _kjda_eiajpk kq o]^an ok^na l Pbo* Lkn aooa iaoik ikperk( ]hcqjo aopq`ekoko _kjoe`an]i mqa ko lneiaenko beh okbko jk pejd]i qi] lnak_ql]k lnej_el]h _ki k _kjda_eiajpk _kik _kjda_eiajpk( eopk ( jk ej`]c]r]i oa lk`aiko kq jk _kjda_an k Oan( i]o l]npe]i `] lnaooqlkoek `a mqa k lk) `aiko _kjda_an( lkeo ] ran`]`a( oaj`k ^iqebf^( eopk ( lnaoaj] a i]jebaop]k `]o _keo]o l]n] ko jkooko oajpe`ko a l]n] k jkook lajo]iajpk( oecjebe_] mqa k Oan aop i]jebaopk a lnaoajpa l]n] j o a( lknp]jpk( j o k lk`aiko _kjda_an* Pk`]re]( ] klejek `a mqa ko lneiaenko beh okbko jk oa lnak_ql]r]i _ki jkoo] _]l]_e) `]`a a lkooe^ehe`]`a `a _kjda_eiajpk jk at]p]* L]n] p]jpk( ^]op] har]niko ai _kjp] k b]pk `a ]beni]nai mqa ] na]he`]`a $k Oan( ] j]pqnav]% n]_ekj]h a mqa ] lk`aiko _kjda_an lknmqa p]i^i okiko n]_ekj]eo7 jkoo] n]vk l]npa `] n]_ekj]he`]`a `k iqj`k( `ah] l]npe_el]j`k*
Dan_hepk( L]ni je`ao a @ai_nepk =hcqjo atailhko ej`e_]i ] ateopj_e] `] lnak_ql]k `ko lneiaenko beh okbko _ki k _kjda_eiajpk a( ]mqe( pki]naiko pno6 Dan_hepk `a baok( L]nije`ao `a Ahae] a @ai _nepk `a =^`an]* Dan_hepk `a baok _kjoe`an]r] ] j]pqnav] $k iqj`k( ] na]he`]`a% qi Îbhqtk lanlpqkÏ( k ao_k]iajpk _kjpejqk `ko oanao ai iq`]j] lanlpq]* @eve]6 ÎJk lk`aiko ^]jd]n)jko `q]o ravao jk iaoik nek( lknmqa ]o cq]o jqj_] ok ]o iaoi]o a j o jqj_] okiko ko iao) ikoÏ* ?kil]n]r] k iqj`k _d]i] `a qi] rah] mqa mqaei] oai _aoo]n( pn]jobkni]j`k ] _an] ai bkck( k bkck ai bqi]] a ] bqi]] ai ]n* K `e] oa pknj] jkepa( k rank oa pknj] kqpkjk( k jkrk be_] rahdk( k mqajpa aobne]( k ie`k oa_]( pq`k oa pn]jobkni] jk oaq _kjpnnek* K iqj`k qi lnk_aook ej_aoo]jpa `a pn]jobkni]k ai mqa _]`] oan qi ikreiajpk ai `enak ]k oaq _kjpnnek* = na]he`]`a( l]n] Dan_hepk( ] d]nikje] `ko _kjpnneko( mqa jk _aoo]i `a oa pn]jobkn) i]n qjo jko kqpnko* Oa pq`k jk _aoo] `a oa pn]jobkni]n lanajaiajpa( _kik atlhe_]n mqa
$EMvCRITOßDEß!BDERAßß Cß߯ßCßßA#
-14
= lnak_ql]k _ki k _kjda_eiajpk x #!0É45,/ß x
3TEFANß+RIEGEL'LOWß)MAGES)MAGEPLUS
fTOMOßAßPALAVRAßfTOMOß TEMßORIGEMßGREGAßEßSIG NIFICAß±OßQUEßNjOßPODEßSERß CORTADOßOUßDIVIDIDO² ßISTOß m ßAßMENORßPARTqCULAßINDI VISqVELßDEßTODASßASßCOISAS
Haepqn] `a hejcq]cai ^n]eha l]n] `abe_eajpao reoq]eo*
-15
jkoo] lan_alk jko kbana] ]o _keo]o _kik oa bkooai aopraeo( `qn]`kqn]o a lani]jajpao; ?ki aoo] lancqjp] k beh okbk ej`e_]r] ] `ebanaj] ajpna k _kjda_eiajpk mqa jkooko oajpe) `ko jko kbana_ai a k _kjda_eiajpk mqa jkook lajo]iajpk ]h_]j]( lkeo jkooko oajpe`ko jko kbana_ai ] ei]cai `] aop]^ehe`]`a a jkook lajo]iajpk ]h_]j] ] ran`]`a _kik iq) `]j] _kjpjq]* L]nije`ao `a Ahae] _khk_]r])oa j] lkoek klkop] `a Dan_hepk* @eve] mqa o lk`aiko lajo]n ok^na ]mqehk mqa lani]ja_a oailna e`jpe_k ] oe iaoik( eopk ( mqa k lajo]iajpk jk lk`a lajo]n ok^na _keo]o mqa ok a jk ok( mqa kn] ok `a qi ik`k a kn] ok `a kqpnk( mqa ok _kjpnne]o ] oe iaoi]o a _kjpn]`ep ne]o* ?kjda_an ]h_]j]n k e`jpe_k( eiqprah* Jkooko oajpe`ko jko kbana_ai ] ei]cai `a qi iqj`k ai ej_aoo]jpa iq`]j]( jqi bhqtk lanlpqk( kj`a j]`] lani]ja_a e`jpe_k ] oe iaoik( kj`a pq`k oa pknj] k _kjpnnek `a oe iaoik6 k `e] ren] jkepa( k ejranjk ren] lne) i]ran]( k `k_a oa pknj] ]i]nck( k lamqajk ren] cn]j`a( k cn]j`a `eiejqe( k `k_a ]i]nc]( k mqajpa aobne]( k bnek oa ]mqa_a( k hmqe`k ren] r]lkn kq ren] o he`k* ?kik lajo]n k mqa a jk ]k iaoik pailk; ?kik lajo]n k ejoprah; ?kik lajo]n k mqa oa pknj] klkopk a _kjpnnek ] oe iaoik; Jk lkoorah( `eve] L]nije`ao* Lajo]n ]lnaaj`an qi oan ai oq] e`ajpe`]`a lnkbqj`] a lani]jajpa* ?ki eook( ]beni]r] k iaoik mqa Dan_hepk Í lan_a^an a lajo]n ok `ebanajpao Í( i]o k `eve] jk oajpe`k klkopk ]k `a Dan_he) pk( eopk ( lan_a^aiko iq`]j]o eilajoraeo a `araiko lajo]n e`ajpe`]`ao eiqpraeo* @ai _nepk `a =^`an] `aoajrkhraq qi] pakne] ok^na k Oan kq ok^na ] j]pqnav] _kjda) _e`] _ki k jkia `a ]pkieoik6 ] na]he`]`a _kjopepq`] lkn pkiko* Ko oanao oqncai lkn _kilkoek `ko pkiko( pn]jobkni]i)oa lkn jkrko ]nn]jfko `ko pkiko a iknnai lkn oa) l]n]k `ko pkiko* Ko pkiko( l]n] @ai _nepk( lkooqai bkni]o a _kjoeopj_e]o `ebanajpao $na`kj) `ko( pne]jcqh]nao( heoko( `qnko( ikhao( nqck) oko( lkjpe]cq`ko( ap_*% a aoo]o `ebanaj]o a ko `ebanajpao ik`ko `a _ki^ej]k ajpna ahao lnk`qvai ] r]nea`]`a `a oanao( oq]o iq) `]j]o a `ao]l]ne ao* Lkn iaek `a jkooko
ncko `ko oajpe`ko( lan_a^aiko k mqajpa a k bnek( k `k_a a k ]i]nck( k oa_k a k ie`k( k cn]j`a a k lamqajk( k `qnk a k ikha( o]) ^knao( k`knao( patpqn]o( k ]cn]`rah a k `a) o]cn]`rah( oajpeiko ln]van a `kn( lknmqa lan_a^aiko ko abaepko `]o _ki^ej] ao `ko pkiko mqa( ai oe iaoiko( jk lkooqai p]eo mq]he`]`ao $eopk ( jk ok `k_ao jai ]i]ncko( jai ]vqeo jai ran`ao( jai cn]j) `ao jai lamqajko( lkeo ok ]o iajknao l]n) p_qh]o i]pane]eo ateopajpao%* Okiajpa k lajo]iajpk lk`a _kjda_an ko pkiko( mqa ok ejreoraeo l]n] jkoo] lan_al) k oajokne]h* @aoo] i]jaen]( @ai _nepk _kj_kn`]r] _ki Dan_hepk a L]nije`ao ai mqa d qi] `ebanaj] ajpna k mqa _kjda_aiko lkn iaek `a jkoo] lan_alk a k mqa _kjda_aiko ]laj]o lahk lajo]iajpk7 lkni( `erano]iajpa `ko kqpnko `keo beh okbko( jk _kjoe`an]r] ] lan_alk ehqo ne]( i]o ]laj]o qi abaepk `] na]he`]`a ok^na j o* K _kjda_eiajpk oajokne]h kq oajorah pk ran`]`aenk mq]jpk ]mqehk mqa k lajo]iajpk lqnk ]h_]j]( ai^kn] `a qi] ran`]`a `ebanajpa a iajko lnkbqj`] kq iajko nahar]jpa `k mqa ]mqah] ]h_]j]`] lahk lqnk lajo]iajpk* Aooao pno atailhko jko ikopn]i mqa( `ao`a ko oaqo _kiako( ] behkokbe] lnak_qlkq)oa _ki k lnk^hai] `k _kjda_eiajpk( lkeo oailna aopara rkhp]`] l]n] ] mqaopk `k ran`]`aenk* @ao`a k ej_ek( ko beh okbko oa `an]i _kjp] `a mqa jkook lajo]iajpk l]na_a oacqen _anp]o
x 5.)$!$%ß x K _kjda_eiajpk
haeo kq nacn]o l]n] _kjda_an ]o _keo]o a mqa d qi] `ebanaj] ajpna lan_a^an a lajo]n* Lajo]) iko _ki ^]oa jk mqa lan_a^aiko kq lajo]iko jac]j`k k mqa lan_a^aiko; K lajo]iaj) pk _kjpejq]( jac] kq _knneca ] lan_alk; K ik`k _kik ko oanao jko ]l]na_ai k ik`k _kik ko oanao na]hiajpa ok;
O_n]pao a ko okbeop]o Lnak_ql] ao _kik aoo]o har]n]i( j] Cn_e] _hooe_]( ] `q]o ]pepq`ao behko be_]o6 ] `ko okbeop]o a ] `a O _n]pao Í _ki ahao( ko lnk^hai]o `k _kjda_eiajpk pknj]n]i)oa _ajpn]eo* @e]jpa `] lhqn]he`]`a a `ko ]jp]ckjeoiko `]o behkokbe]o ]jpaneknao( kq `ko _kjbhepko ajpna ]o rne]o kjpkhkce]o( ko okbeop]o _kj_hqn]i mqa jk lk`aiko `lkeb`bo k Oan( lkeo( oa lq`o) oaiko( lajo]n]iko pk`ko `] iaoi] i]jaen] a d]rane] qi] je_] behkokbe]( qi] rav mqa ] ran`]`a qjerano]h a ] iaoi] l]n] pk`ko ko dqi]jko* ?kjoamqajpaiajpa( o lk`aiko pan lmfkfbp pr_gbqfs^p ok^na ] na]he`]`a* Lkn eook( l]n] oa nah]_ekj]nai _ki k iqj`k a _ki ko kqpnko dqi]jko( ko dkiajo `arai r]han)oa `a qi ejopnqiajpk Í ] hejcq]cai Í l]n] lanoq]`en ko kqpnko `a oq]o ln ) lne]o e`ae]o a kleje ao* = ran`]`a qi] mqaopk `a klejek a `a lanoq]ok( a ] hejcq]cai i]eo eilknp]jpa `k mqa ] lan_alk a k lajo]iajpk* Ai _kjpn]l]npe`]( O _n]pao( `eop]j_e]j`k)oa `ko lneiaenko beh okbko Í mqa oa k_ql]r]i ai _kjda_an ] j]pqnav] Í( lnklqjd] _kia]n lahk kn_qhk `a @ahbko( eopk ( lahk Î_kjda_a)pa ] pe iaoikÏ( a( klkj`k)oa ]ko okbeop]o( ]beni]r] mqa ] ran`]`a lk`a oan _kjda_e`] `ao`a mqa _kilnaaj`]iko mqa lna_eo]iko _kia]n ]b]op]j`k ]o ehqo ao `ko oajpe`ko( ]o eilkoe ao `]o l]h]rn]o a ] iqhpelhe_e`]`a `]o kleje ao* Lkooqiko qi] ]hi] n]_ekj]h a mqa jko ]ooacq) n] mqa lk`aiko ]h_]j]n ] ran`]`a a mqa ] ]h_]j]iko ]laj]o lahk lajo]iajpk( eopk ( lah] ]pere`]`a `a jkoo] n]vk* ?kik ]o e`ae]o ok ej]p]o ai jkoo] ]hi] n]_ekj]h( _kjda_an)oa ] oe iaoik b]van k pn]^]hdk l]n] k l]npk kq j]o_eiajpk `]o e`ae]o a ]qtehe]n ko `ai]eo ] na]hev]n aooa l]npk* Ko ncko `ko oajpe`ko( `ev O _n]pao( jko `k okiajpa ]o ]l]nj_e]o `]o _keo]o a ]o l]h]) rn]o( ian]o kleje ao ok^na ah]o* = i]n_] `] ]l]nj_e] a `] klejek oq] r]ne]^ehe`]`a6 r]ne] `a laook] l]n] laook] a r]ne] jqi iaoik ej`er`qk* I]o jk o r]ne]6 p]i^i oa _kjpn]) `ev* ?kjda_an _kia]n ] at]iej]n ]o _kjpn]`e ao `]o ]l]nj_e]o a `]o kleje ao l]n] lk`an ]^]j`kj)h]o a l]oo]n `] ]l]nj_e] aooj_e]( `] klejek ]k _kj_aepk* K at]ia `]o kleje ao ]mqaha lnk_a`eiajpk mqa O _n]pao _d]i]r] `a folkf^( _ki k mq]h k beh okbk _kjoacqe] mqa oaqo ejpanhk_qpknao na_kjda_aooai mqa jk o]^e]i k mqa ei]cej]r]i o]^an7 k l]npk `]o e`ae]o an] ] j^f rqf`^( _ki ] mq]h( cn]]o ] lancqjp]o ]`amq]`]o baep]o lahk beh okbk( k ejpanhk_qpkn aj_kjpn]r] ai oq] ]hi] n]_ekj]h ] e`ae] ran`]`aen] kq ] aooj_e] `] _keo] lnk_qn]`]*
PARTOßEMßGREGO ßPARTOßSEß DIZßMAIoUTICA
Lh]pk a =neoppahao O _n]pao bav ] behkokbe] rkhp]n)oa l]n] jkoo] _]l]_e`]`a `a _kjda_an a ej`]c]n mq]eo ]o _]qo]o `]o ehqo ao( `ko annko( `k b]hok a `] iajpen]* Lh]pk a =neop pahao dan`]n]i `a O _n]pao k lnk_a`eiajpk behko be_k `a ]^kn`]n qi] mqaopk _kia]j`k lah] `eo_qook a lahk `a^]pa `]o kleje ao _kjpnne]o ok^na ah]* =hi `eook( l]oo]n]i ] `abejen ]o bkni]o `a _kjda_an a ]o `ebanaj]o ajpna k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk a ] ehqok( ejpnk`qvej`k j] behkokbe] ] e`ae] `a mqa ateopai `ebanajpao i]jaen]o `a _kjda_an kq cn]qo `a _kjda_eiajpk* Lh]pk `eopejcqa mq]pnk bkni]o kq cn]qo `a _kjda_eiajpk( mqa rk `k cn]q ejbanekn ]k oqlanekn6 `obk ^( lmfkfl( o^`fl`kfl a fkqrf l fkqbib`qr^i* Ko `keo lneiaenko cn]qo bkni]i k mqa aha _d]i] `a `lkeb`fjbkql pbkpsbi( ajmq]jpk ko `keo hpeiko bkni]i k `lkeb`fjbkql fkqbifdsbi* = _naj] jkoo] _kjbe]j] jk _kjda_eiajpk oajokne]h6 _naiko mqa ]o _keo]o ok p]eo _kik ]o lan_a^aiko ai jkoo]o oajo] ao* = klejek jkoo] ]_aep]k `k mqa jko ajoej]) n]i ok^na ]o _keo]o kq k mqa `ah]o lajo]iko _kjbknia jkoo]o oajo] ao a hai^n]j]o* Aooao `keo lneiaenko cn]qo `a _kjda_eiajpk jko kbana_ai ]laj]o ] ]l]nj_e] `]o _keo]o kq oq]o
-2,
= lnak_ql]k _ki k _kjda_eiajpk x #!0É45,/ß x
IDEIAßPARAß0LATjO ßASß IDEIASßSjOßAßREALIDADEß VERDADEIRAßEßCONHECo LASß mßTERßCONHECIMENTOßVER DADEIRO
ei]cajo $ok ]o oki^n]o `]o _keo]o ran`]`aen]o% a _knnaolkj`ai oepq]k `ko lneoekjae) nko `] _]ranj]* Lkn oanai ehqo neko( aooao `keo cn]qo `arai oan ]b]op]`ko lah]o laook]o mqa ^qo_]i k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk( lkeo aopa `ev naolaepk o bpp k`f^p `]o _keo]o7 lknp]jpk( okiajpa ko `keo hpeiko cn]qo `arai oan _kjoe`an]`ko rhe`ko* K n]_ek_jek Í mqa( l]n] Lh]pk( oa na]hev] `a i]jaen] lanbaep] j] i]paipe_] Í pnaej] a atan_ep] jkook lajo]iajpk( lqnebe_])k `]o oajo] ao a kleje ao a k lnal]n] l]n] ] ejpqek ejpaha_pq]h( mqa _kjda_a ]o aooj_e]o `]o _keo]o kq k mqa Lh]pk `ajkiej] _ki ] l]h]rn] fabf^* = folkf^ a ] j^f rqf`^ ok_npe_]o ok pn]jobkni]`]o lkn Lh]pk jqi lnk_a`eiajpk `a) jkiej]`k lkn aha `a `e]h pe_]( mqa _kjoeopa ai pn]^]hd]n atlkj`k a at]iej]j`k paoao _kj) pnne]o ok^na qi iaoik ]ooqjpk kq ok^na qi] iaoi] _keo]( `a i]jaen] ] `ao_k^nen mq]h `]o paoao b]ho] a `ara oan ]^]j`kj]`] a mq]h ran`]`aen] a `ara oan _kjoanr]`]* = bej]he`]) `a `k lan_qnok `e]hpe_k kq `k atan__ek `e]hpe_k lnklkn_ekj]n( ]k oaq pniejk( ] ejpqek ejpaha_pq]h `a qi] aooj_e] kq e`ae]* =neop pahao `eopejcqa oapa bkni]o kq cn]qo `a _kjda_eiajpk6 pbkp^ l( mbo`bm l( fj^* dfk^ l( jbjof^( ifkdr^dbj( o^`fl`kfl a fkqrf l* Ajmq]jpk Lh]pk _kj_a^e] k _kjda_e) iajpk _kik ]^]j`kjk `a qi cn]q ejbanekn lkn qi oqlanekn( l]n] =neop pahao( jkook _kjda) _eiajpk r]e oaj`k bkni]`k a ajnemqa_e`k lkn ]_qiqh]k `]o ejbkni] ao pn]ve`]o lkn pk`ko ko cn]qo( `a ik`k mqa( ai hqc]n `a qi] nqlpqn] ajpna k _kjda_eiajpk oajorah a k ejpaha_pq]h( d _kjpejqe`]`a ajpna ahao* =ooei( ]o ejbkni] ao pn]ve`]o lah]o oajo] ao oa knc]jev]i a laniepai ] lan_alk* =o lan_al ao oa knc]jev]i a laniepai ] ei]cej]k* Fqjp]o( lan_alk a ei]cej]k _kj`qvai iai ne]( hejcq]cai a ]k n]_ek_jek* =neop pahao _kj_a^a( lkni( qi] oal]n]k ajpna ko oaeo lneiaenko cn]qo a k hpeik( ] ejpqek ejpaha_pq]h( mqa qi ]pk `k lajo]iajpk lqnk a jk `alaj`a `ko cn]qo ]jpaneknao* Aoo] oal]n]k( lkni( jk oecjebe_] mqa ko kqpnko cn]qo kbana]i _kjda_eiajpko ehqo neko kq b]hoko a oei mqa kbana_ai pelko `a _kjda_eiajpko `ebanajpao( mqa rk `a qi cn]q iajkn ] qi cn]q i]ekn `a ran`]`a* Ai _]`] qi `ahao paiko ]_aook ] qi ]ola_pk `k Oan kq `] na]he`]`a a( j] ejpqek ejpaha_pq]h( paiko k _kjda_eiajpk `ko lnej_leko qjerano]eo a ja_aooneko `k lajo]iajpk $e`ajpe`]`a( jk _kjpn]`ek( pan_aenk at_hq`k% a `ko lneiaenko lnej_leko a `]o lneiaen]o _]qo]o `] na]he`]`a kq `k Oan* = `ebanaj] ajpna ko oaeo lneiaenko cn]qo a k hpeik `a_knna `] `ebanaj] `k k^fapk `k _kjda_eiajpk( eopk ( ko oaeo lneiaenko cn]qo _kjda_ai k^fapko mqa oa kbana_ai ] j o j] oajo]k( j] ei]cej]k( jk n]_ek_jek( ajmq]jpk k opeik he`] _ki lnej_leko a _]qo]o lneiaen]o( eopk ( _ki k mqa o lk`a oan ]h_]j]`k lahk lajo]iajpk lqnk* Kq oaf]( jko kqpnko cn]qo( k _kjda_eiajpk k^pe`k lkn ej`qk kq lkn `a`qk( lkn `aikjopn] ao a lnkr]o( i]o jk hpeik cn]q _kjda_aiko k mqa ej`aikjopnrah $lnej_) leko% lknmqa _kj`ek `a pk`]o ]o `aikjopn] ao a n]_ek_jeko*
Lnej_leko can]eo ?ki ko beh okbko cnacko( aop]^aha_an]i)oa ]hcqjo lnej_leko can]eo `k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk6 ] `apaniej]k `]o bkjpao a bkni]o `k _kjda_eiajpk6 oajo]k( lan_alk( ei]cej]) k( iai ne]( hejcq]cai( n]_ek_jek a ejpqek ejpaha_pq]h7 ] `eopejk ajpna k _kjda_eiajpk oajorah a k _kjda_eiajpk ejpaha_pq]h7 k l]lah `] hejcq]cai jk _kjda_eiajpk7 ] `ebanaj] ajpna klejek a o]^an kq _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk7 ] `ebanaj] ajpna ]l]nj_e] a aooj_e]7 ] `abejek `ko lnej_leko `k lajo]iajpk ran`]`aenk $e`ajpe`]`a( jk _kjpn]`ek( pan) _aenk at_hq`k%( `] bkni] `k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk $e`ae]o( _kj_aepko a fqvko% a `ko lnk_a`eiajpko l]n] ]h_]j]n k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk $ej`qk( `a`qk( ejpqek%7
-2-
x 5.)$!$%ß x K _kjda_eiajpk
k aop]^aha_eiajpk `a lnk_a`eiajpko _knnapko mqa kneajp]i ] n]vk j] ^qo_] `k _k) jda_eiajpk a ]ooacqn]i oq] _dac]`] ] _kjda_eiajpko ran`]`aenko $ai Lh]pk( aooa lnk_a`eiajpk ] `e]hpe_]( ai =neop pahao( ] h ce_] kq k mqa aha _d]i] `a ]j]hpe_]%7 ] `eopejk `ko _]ilko `k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk oacqj`k ko k^fapko _kjda_e`ko ai _]`] qi `ahao( `eopejk mqa bke oeopai]pev]`] lkn =neop pahao ai pno n]iko6 qblo* qf`l $nabanajpa ]ko oanao mqa ]laj]o lk`aiko _kjpailh]n kq k^oanr]n( oai ]cen ok^na ahao kq jahao ejpanbanen%7 moqf`l $nabanajpa o ] ao dqi]j]o6 pe_]( lkhpe_] a a_kjk) ie]%7 a q`kf`l $nabanajpa b]^ne_]k `a ejopnqiajpko a `a k^fapko a ]k pn]^]hdk dqi]) jk( k mq]h lk`a ejpanbanen jk _qnok `] j]pqnav] Í _kik ] ]cne_qhpqn] a ] ia`e_ej] Í( a b]^ne_]n ejopnqiajpko kq ]npab]pko Í _kik ko ]npao]j]pko( ] ]nmqepapqn]( ] ao_qhpqn]( ] lkaoe]( ] nap ne_]( ap_*%*
Ko behokbko ik`anjko a k j]o_eiajpk `] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk
M
q]j`k oa `ev mqa ] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk pknjkq)oa qi] `eo_elhej] aola_be_] `] behkokbe] okiajpa _ki ko beh okbko ik`anjko $] l]npen `k o_qhk TREE%( jk oa lna) paj`a `evan mqa ]jpao `ahao k lnk^hai] `k _kjda_eiajpk jk d]re] k_ql]`k kqpnko beh okbko( a oei mqa( l]n] ko ik`anjko( ] mqaopk `k _kjda_eiajpk bke _kjoe`an]`] ]jpanekn `] kjpkhkce] a lna_kj`ek kq ln)namqeoepk l]n] ] behkokbe] a ]o _ej_e]o* Lkn mqa aoo] iq`]j] `a lanola_per] `ko cnacko l]n] ko ik`anjko; Lknmqa ] behkokbe] ik`anj] lnaooql a ] lnaoaj] `k _neope]jeoik( k mq]h pnkqta mqaop ao a lnk^hai]o mqa ko ]jpecko beh okbko `ao_kjda_e]i* = lanola_per] _neop ejpnk`qveq ]hcqi]o `eopej ao mqa nkilan]i _ki ] e`ae] cnac] `a qi] l]npe_el]k `enap] a d]nikjeko] ajpna k jkook ejpa) ha_pk a ] ran`]`a( jkook oan a k iqj`k( lkeo ko beh okbko ]jpecko _kjoe`an]r]i mqa n]iko ajpao l]npe_el]jpao `a pk`]o ]o bkni]o `a na]he`]`a6 lkn jkook _knlk( l]npe_el]iko `] j]pq) nav]7 lkn jkoo] ]hi]( l]npe_el]iko `] ejpahecj_e] `erej]* K _neope]jeoik( lkni( l]npa `] _kj_alk fq`]e_] `a qi] oal]n]k ajpna k dkiai a @aqo( _]qo]`] lahk la_]`k knecej]h kq lah] mqa`] `k lneiaenk dkiai a `] lneiaen] iq) hdan7 lahk la_]`k( ko dqi]jko be_]n]i oal]n]`ko `] ejpahecj_e] `erej] a lan`an]i ko h]ko d]nikjekoko _ki ] j]pqnav]* @aoo] i]jaen] k _neope]jeoik ]benikq mqa k annk a ] ehqok ok l]npa `] j]pqnav] dqi]j] ai `a_knnj_e] `k _]npan lanranpe`k `a jkoo] rkjp]`a( ]l o k la) _]`k knecej]h* ?ne]`ko _ki qi] ejpahecj_e] lanbaep] a qi] rkjp]`a herna( k lneiaenk dkiai a ] lneiaen] iqhdan qo]n]i ] he^an`]`a l]n] pn]jocna`en ] kn`ai `a @aqo( mqa hdao lnke^e] k _kjda_eiajpk `k ^ai a `k i]h* Lkn kncqhdk( =`k a Ar] ejbnejcen]i ] hae `erej] a( ]k b]v)hk( bkn]i lqje`ko( lan`aj`k k _kjp]pk `enapk _ki @aqo a ] ran`]`a( ] eiknp]he`]`a `a oaqo _kn) lko( ] lanbaek `] ejpahecj_e] a `] rkjp]`a( _]ej`k l]n] oailna jk annk a j] ehqok* Ai _kjoamqj_e] `] _kj_alk _neop `k oan dqi]jk( ] behkokbe] lna_eokq ajbnajp]n lnk^hai]o jkrko6 -*
?kik( oaj`k oanao `a_]`ko a lanranpe`ko( lk`aiko _kjda_an ] ran`]`a;
.* =k ejpnk`qven ] jkk `a la_]`k knecej]h( k _neope]jeoik ejpnk`qveq ] oal]n]k n]`e_]h ajpna ko dqi]jko $lanranpe`ko a bejepko% a ] `erej`]`a $lanbaep] a ejbejep]%* ?ki eook( bav oqncen ] lancqjp]6 _kik k bejepk $dqi]jk% lk`a _kjda_an ] ran`]`a $ejbejep] a `erej]%; Aeo lkn mqa( `qn]jpa pk`] ] E`]`a I`e]( ] b pknjkq)oa _ajpn]h l]n] ] behkokbe]( lkeo an] lkn iaek `ah] mqa aoo]o lancqjp]o an]i naolkj`e`]o* Ieoane_kn`ekok( @aqo lnkiapaq ]ko dkiajo ] na`ajk a l]n] eook ajrekq oaq Behdk l]n] o]hr)hko* ?nan jk Behdk pan ] oqlnai] renpq`a( ] b( mqa ehqiej] jkook ejpaha_pk a cqe] jkoo] rkjp]`a( laniepej`k jkoo] n]vk k _kjda_eiajpk `k mqa aop ]k oaq ]h_]j_a( ]k iaoik pailk mqa jkoo] ]hi] ]_aep] ]o ran) `]`ao oqlaneknao( narah]`]o lkn @aqo a _kjpe`]o j]o Ao_nepqn]o O]cn]`]o* ?ki eook( k _neope])
-2.
4HEß'ENERALß,IBRARIES4HEß5NIVERSITYßOFß ß4EXASßATß!USTIN7IKIPmDIA
= lnak_ql]k _ki k _kjda_eiajpk x #!0É45,/ß x
3ANTOß!GOSTINHOßß ¯
-2/
jeoik ejpnk`qveq qi] `eopejk eilajorah l]n] ko beh okbko ]jpecko( mq]h oaf]( ] `eopejk ajpna ran`]`ao `a n]vk a ran`]`ao `a b( kq ajpna k _kjda_eiajpk mqa jkoo] n]vk lk`a ]h_]j]n lkn oe iaoi] a k _kjda_eiajpk mqa o ]h_]j]iko lkn iaek `a qi] narah]k `erej]* =o ran`]`ao mqa `alaj`ai `a narah]k `erej] ok ]mqah]o mqa jkoo] n]vk bejep] a eilanbaep] jk o jk lk`a ]h_]j]n okvejd] _kik ok( ok^napq`k( ]mqah]o mqa o lk`aiko ]_aep]n oai _kilnaaj`an $_kik k _]ok( lkn atailhk( `] Aj_]nj]k `k Behdk `a @aqo( kq ] O]jpooei] Pnej`]`a( kq ] Aq_]neope]%* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ]o ran`]`ao `] b ok jfpqoflp+ D( lknp]jpk( `q]o i]jaen]o `a _kjda_an6 lah] ]pere`]`a `] n]vk kq hqv j]pqn]h a lah] ]_aep]k `] narah]k kq hqv ok^naj]pqn]h* Reopk mqa ] ran`]`a( p]jpk `a n]vk _kik `a b( pai oq] knecai j] o]^a`kne] a ejpahecj) _e] `a @aqo $lkeo aopa k _ne]`kn `a pk`]o ]o _keo]o%( ] ran`]`a( `ere`e`] l]n] j o( ej`ereo] a qi] ai oe iaoi]* Eook oecjebe_]( ai lneiaenk hqc]n( mqa jk lk`a d]ran _kjpn]`ek ajpna ran`]`ao `] b a `] n]vk( lkeo ] ran`]`a jk lk`a _kjpn]`evan ] ran`]`a( a( ai oacqj`k( oa dkqran ]hcqi] _kjpn]`ek( ]o ran`]`ao `a n]vk `arai oan ]^]j`kj]`]o ai lnkraepk `]o ran`]`ao `] b( qi] rav mqa ] n]vk dqi]j] aop oqfaep] ]k annk a ]k b]hok* K _kjda_eiajpk n]_ekj]h( iaoik mqa jk `alaj`] `] b( oq^kn`ej])oa ] ah]* =hi `] `eopejk `]o ran`]`ao( k _neope]jeoik pnkqta ] e`ae] `a mqa ^ `^rp^ a^ sbo* a^ab ] ejpahecj_e] `erej] ajmq]jpk ^ `^rp^ al bool b al c^ipl ] rkjp]`a dqi]j]( _qf] he^an`]`a lanrano] lkhqe jkoo] ejpahecj_e] kq n]vk* Aoo] e`ae] _neop bke bqj`]iajp]`] l]n) pe_qh]niajpa _ki O]jpk =ckopejdk j] e`ae] `a mbppl^( rej`] `k @enaepk Nki]jk( mqa `abeja ] laook] _kik qi oqfaepk `a `enaepko a `aranao* Oa okiko laook]o( `evai ko _neopko( okiko naolkjoraeo lkn jkooko ]pko a lajo]iajpko* Jkoo] laook] jkoo] `lkp`f k`f^( mqa jkoo] ]hi] `kp]`] `a rkjp]`a( ei]cej]k( iai ne] a ejpahecj_e]* = ran`]`a oa pknj]( lknp]jpk( qi] mqaopk `a _kjo_ej_e]* = rkjp]`a herna a( ]lneoekj]`] jqi _knlk l]ooekj]h a bn]_k( lk`a iancqhd]n jkoo] ]hi] j] ehqok a jk annk* Aop]n jk annk kq j] ran`]`a `alaj`an( lknp]jpk( `a j o iaoiko( `a jkoo] _kjo_ej_e]( a lkn eook lna_eo]iko o]^an oa lk`aiko kq jk _kjda_an ] ran`]`a a ai mqa _kj`e ao p]h _kjda_eiajpk lkoorah* Ko lneiaenko beh okbko _neopko a ko ia`ea) r]eo ]beni]n]i mqa lk`aiko _kjda_an ] ran`]`a( `ao`a mqa ] n]vk jk _kjpn]`ec] ] b a oa oq^iap] ] ah] jk pk_]jpa o ran`]`ao hpei]o a lnej_el]eo* Ko beh okbko ik`anjko( lkni( jk ]_aep]n]i aoo]o naolkop]o a lkn aooa ikperk ] mqao) pk `k _kjda_eiajpk pknjkq)oa _ajpn]h l]n] ahao* Ko beh okbko cnacko oa oqnlnaaj`e]i mqa lq`aooa d]ran annk( ehqok a iajpen]* ?kik ] ran`]`a Í ^iqebf^ Í an] _kj_a^e`] _kik lnaoaj] a i]jebaop]k `k ran`]`aenk ]ko jko) oko oajpe`ko kq ]k jkook ejpaha_pk( eopk ( _kik lnaoaj] `k Oan jkoo] atlanej_e] oajorah a+kq ]k lqnk lajo]iajpk( ] lancqjp] behko be_] o lk`e] oan6 Î?kik lkoorah k annk kq ] ehqok;Ï* Kq oaf]( oa k ran`]`aenk k ln lnek Oan b]vaj`k)oa ran ai pk`]o ]o _keo]o( lnaoajpa ai jkoo]o lan_al ao( ai jkoo]o l]h]rn]o( ai jkooko lajo]iajpko( _kik k b]hok lkoorah oa k b]hok `evan a lajo]n mqa ateopa k mqa jk ateopa; ?kik lkoorah ran k mqa jk ( `evan k mqa jk ( lajo]n k mqa jk ; L]n] ko ik`anjko( ] oepq]k at]p]iajpa _kjpnne]* Lancqjp]i6 Î?kik k _kjda_e) iajpk `] ran`]`a lkoorah;Ï* @a b]pk( oa ] ran`]`a k mqa aop jk ejpaha_pk ejbejepk `a @aqo( ajpk aop ao_kj`e`] `a jkoo] n]vk bejep] a jk paiko ]_aook ] ah]* = ran`]`a( lknp]j) pk( jk k mqa aop i]jebaopk j] na]he`]`a( i]o `alaj`a `] narah]k `erej]* Kn]( ] narah]) k o _kjda_e`] lah] b a l]n] aop] ] ran`]`a bjrk^e( ] _kjbe]j] mqa jko har] ] `evan Î]ooei oaf]Ï a mqa jkoo] n]vk jk lk`a ajpaj`an* Lkn kqpnk h]`k( reopk mqa jkook ejpaha_pk heiep]`k bke lanranpe`k lah] jkoo] rkjp]`a la_]`kn]( _kik lk`aiko _kjda_an ]p iaoik ]o ran`]`ao `a n]vk( eopk ( ]o mqa aop]ne]i ]k jkook ]h_]j_a oai k ]qthek `] narah]k a `] b; Kq oaf]( ]p mqa lkjpk lk`aiko ]`iepen mqa jkoo] n]vk kq hqv j]pqn]h _]l]v `a qi o]^an ran`]`aenk; Lkn eook iaoik( ko beh okbko ik`anjko k^oanr]n]i mqa ]o ran`]`ao `a b d]re]i ej) bhqaj_e]`k ] ln lne] i]jaen] `a _kj_a^an ]o ran`]`ao `a n]vk* @a b]pk( qi] ran`]`a `a b
x 5.)$!$%ß x K _kjda_eiajpk
]hck lnkbane`k a lnk_h]i]`k lkn qi] ]qpkne`]`a ejmqaopekjrah $@aqo( ]jfko( o]jpko% a aooa ]ola_pk _kik mqa Î_kjp]iejkqÏ ]o ran`]`ao `a n]vk( b]vaj`k _ki mqa ko beh okbko o ]_ae) p]ooai qi] e`ae] oa aop] reaooa _ki k oahk `a ]hcqi] ]qpkne`]`a na_kjda_e`] lah] Ecnaf]* =ooei( iaoik qi] ran`]`a mqa lk`e] oan ]h_]j]`] lkn jkoo] n]vk o an] ]_aep] oa bkooa ]qpknev]`] lkn ]hcqi _kjoe`an]`k oqlanekn $qi beh okbk ]jpeck( qi o]jpk( qi l]l]( qi _kj_hek a_haoeope_k( ap_*%* A aoo] ]qpkne`]`a an] ]ej`] i]ekn oa aoperaooa oepq]`] jk l]oo]`k `eop]jpa a oq]o e`ae]o _kjda_e`]o lah] haepqn] `a hernko kq lkn he ao `a ao_kh]* = lneiaen] p]nab] mqa ko ik`anjko oa `an]i bke ] `a na_qo]n k lk`an `a ]qpkne`]`ao ok^na ] n]vk( oaf] ] ]qpkne`]`a `]o Ecnaf]o( oaf] ] `]o ao_kh]o a `ko hernko* ?kia]i( lkn eook( oal]n]j`k b `a n]vk( _kjoe`an]j`k _]`] qi] `ah]o rkhp]`] l]n] _kjda_eiajpko `ebanaj) pao a oai mqa qi] `ar] oq^kn`ej]n)oa kqpn]* Lnkooacqai b]vaj`k ] _npe_] `] ]qpkne`]`a ]pne^q`] pn]`ek( ]ko hernko `ko ]jpecko a ]k ajoej]iajpk `]o ao_kh]o* A l]oo]i ] atlhe_]n _kik ] n]vk a k lajo]iajpk lk`ai pknj]n)oa i]eo bknpao `k mqa ] rkjp]`a a _kjpnkh)h] l]n] mqa oa arepa k annk* K lnk^hai] `k _kjda_eiajpk pknj])oa( lknp]jpk( _nq_e]h a ] behkokbe] lna_eo] _kia]n lahk at]ia `] _]l]_e`]`a dqi]j] `a _kjda_an( lahk ajpaj`eiajpk( k aopq`k `] ln lne] n]vk dqi]j] kq `a jkook ejpaha_pk kq ajpaj`eiajpk* ?ki eook( k lkjpk `a l]npe`] `ko ik`anjko k prgbfql al `lkeb`fjbkql* Ko `keo beh okbko mqa( jk o_qhk TREE( eje_e]i aooa pn]^]hdk ok k ejcho Bn]j_eo >]_kj a k bn]j_o Naj @ao_]npao* K beh okbk mqa lnkl a( lah] lneiaen] rav( qi] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk lnklne]iajpa `ep] k ejcho Fkdj Hk_ga* Lk`a) iko `evan mqa ] l]npen `k o_qhk TREE( lknp]jpk( ] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk pknj])oa qi] `eo_elhej] _nq_e]h `] behkokbe]*
>]_kj a @ao_]npao
?
kik `eooaiko( ko cnacko ej`]c]r]i6 Î?kik k annk lkoorah;Ï* Ko ik`anjko lan) cqjp]n]i6 Î?kik ] ran`]`a lkoorah;Ï* L]n] ko cnacko( ] ran`]`a an] ^iqebf^( l]n] ko ik`anjko( sbofq^p* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( l]n] ko ik`anjko pn]p])oa `a _kilnaaj`an a atlhe_]n _kik ko nah]pko iajp]eo Í jkoo]o e`ae]o Í _knnaolkj`ai ]k mqa oa l]oo] ran) `]`aen]iajpa j] na]he`]`a* =lao]n `aoo]o `ebanaj]o( ko ik`anjko napki]n]i k ik`k `a pn]^]hd]n behkokbe_]iajpa lnklkopk lkn O _n]pao( Lh]pk a =neop pahao( mq]h oaf]( _kia]n lahk at]ia `]o kleje ao _kjpnne]o a ehqo ne]o l]n] qhpn]l]oo)h]o ai `enak ran`]`a* =jpao `a ]^kn`]n k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk( >]_kj a @ao_]npao at]iej]n]i at]qope) r]iajpa ]o _]qo]o a ]o bkni]o `k annk( ej]qcqn]j`k qi aopehk behko be_k mqa lani]ja_an j] behkokbe]( eopk ( ] ]jheoa `]o _]qo]o a bkni]o `ko jkooko lna_kj_aepko*
>]_kj >]_kj ah]^knkq qi] pakne] _kjda_e`] _kik ^ `oqf`^ alp alilp* @a ]_kn`k _ki >]_kj( ateopai mq]pnk pelko `a `khko kq `a ei]cajo mqa bkni]i kleje ao _neop]hev]`]o a lna_kj) _aepko( mqa eila`ai k _kjda_eiajpk `] ran`]`a6 -*
qDOLOßAßPALAVRAßqDOLOßVEMß DOßGREGOßEIDOLONßEßSIGNIFI CAß±IMAGEM²
alilp a^ `^sbok^ $] _]ranj] `a mqa b]h] >]_kj ] `k Iepk `] ?]ranj]( `a Lh]pk%6 ]o kleje ao mqa oa bkni]i ai j o lkn annko a `abaepko `a jkooko ncko `ko oajpe`ko* Ok ko i]eo b_aeo `a oanai _knnece`ko lkn jkook ejpaha_pk7
.* alilp al corj $k b nqi an] k hqc]n `]o `eo_qoo ao a `ko `a^]pao l ^he_ko j] Nki] ]jpec]%6 ok ]o kleje ao mqa oa bkni]i ai j o _kik _kjoamqj_e] `] hejcq]cai a `a jkoo]o nah] ao _ki ko kqpnko* Ok `eb_aeo `a oanai raj_e`ko( i]o k ejpaha_pk pai lk`an ok^na ahao7 /* alilp al qb^qol $k pa]pnk k hqc]n ai mqa be_]iko l]ooerko( kj`a okiko ]laj]o aola_) p]`knao a na_alpknao `a iajo]cajo%6 ok ]o kleje ao bkni]`]o ai j o ai `a_knnj_e]
-20
= lnak_ql]k _ki k _kjda_eiajpk x #!0É45,/ß x
`ko lk`anao `]o ]qpkne`]`ao mqa jko eil ai oaqo lkjpko `a reop] a ko pn]jobkni]i ai `a_napko a haeo ejmqaopekjraeo* O lk`ai oan `aobaepko oa dkqran qi] iq`]j] ok_e]h a lkhpe_]7
,ARRYß7ß3MITH%PA,ATINSTOCK
0* alilp a^ qof_l $] pne^k qi ]cnql]iajpk dqi]jk ai mqa pk`ko lkooqai ] iaoi] knecai( k iaoik `aopejk( ]o iaoi]o _]n]_panope_]o a ko iaoiko _kilknp]iajpko%6 ok ]o kleje ao mqa oa bkni]i ai j o ai `a_knnj_e] `] j]pqnav] dqi]j]* Ok ln ) lneko `] aol_ea dqi]j] a o lk`ai oan raj_e`ko oa dkqran qi] nabkni] `] ln lne] j]pqnav] dqi]j]*
K ajpk lnaoe`ajpa `ko Aop]`ko Qje`ko( Caknca S* >qod( _ki oq] ia >]n^]n] >qod a oaq l]e( k at)lnaoe`ajpa Caknca >qod( `qn]jpa qi `eo_qnok jqi] qjeranoe`]`a `k Pat]o( ai `avai^nk `a .,,4* ?aj] atailh]n `k mqa >]_kj _d]i] `a Î`khk `a pa]pnkÏ*
= `aikhek `ko `khko ( lknp]jpk( qi] nabkni] `k ejpaha_pk( `ko _kjda_eiajpko a `] ok_ea`]`a* L]n] ko `keo lneiaenko( >]_kj lnkl a ] ejop]qn]k `a qi jqlal( `abeje`k _kik k ik`k oacqnk `a Î]lhe_]n ] n]vk atlanej_e]Ï( eopk ( `a ]lhe_]n k lajo]iajpk h ce_k ]ko `]`ko kbana_e`ko lahk _kjda_eiajpk oajorah* K ipk`k `ara pknj]n lkoorah6 -*
knc]jev]n a _kjpnkh]n ko `]`ko na_a^e`ko `] atlanej_e] oajorah( cn]]o ] lnk_a`eiaj) pko ]`amq]`ko `a k^oanr]k a `a atlaneiajp]k7
.* knc]jev]n a _kjpnkh]n ko naoqhp]`ko k^oanr]_ekj]eo a atlaneiajp]eo l]n] _dac]n ] _k) jda_eiajpko jkrko kq bkniqh]k `a pakne]o ran`]`aen]o7 /* `aoajrkhran lnk_a`eiajpko ]`amq]`ko l]n] ] ]lhe_]k lnpe_] `ko naoqhp]`ko pa ne_ko( lkeo l]n] aha k dkiai Îiejeopnk `] j]pqnav]Ï a( oa okq^an _kjda_)h] $k^a`a_an)hda( `ev >]_kj%( lk`an _ki]j`)h]* K ipk`k( `ev >]_kj( k ik`k oacqnk a _anpk `a Î]lhe) _]n ] n]vk atlanej_e]Ï( eopk ( `a ]lhe_]n k lajo]iajpk ran`]`aenk ]ko `]`ko kbana_e) `ko lahk _kjda_eiajpk oajorah* >]_kj ]_na`ep]r] mqa k ]r]jk `ko _kjda_eiajpko a `]o p_je_]o( ]o iq`]j]o ok_e]eo a lkhpe_]o a k `aoajrkhreiajpk `]o _ej_e]o a `] behkokbe] lnkle_e]ne]i qi] cn]j`a nabkni] `k _kjda_eiajpk dqi]jk( mqa oane] p]i^i qi] cn]j`a nabkni] `] re`] dqi]j]* P]jpk ]ooei mqa( ]k h]`k `a oq]o k^n]o behko be_]o( ao_naraq qi] k^n] behko be_k)lkhpe_]( ] Kls^ >qi kqfa^( j] mq]h `ao_nara a j]nn] qi] ok_ea`]`a e`a]h a lanbaep]( j]o_e`] `k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk a `k `aoajrkhreiajpk `]o p_je_]o*
-21
x 5.)$!$%ß x K _kjda_eiajpk
@ao_]npao @ao_]npao hk_]hev]r] ] knecai `k annk ai `q]o ]pepq`ao mqa _d]ikq `a ^qfqrabp fkc^kqfp kq mob`lk`bfqlp a^ fkc k`f^6 -*
] mobsbk l( mqa ] b]_ehe`]`a _ki mqa jkook aolnepk oa `aet] har]n lah]o kleje ao a e`ae]o ]hdae]o( oai oa lnak_ql]n ai ranebe_]n oa ok kq jk ran`]`aen]o* Ok ]o kleje ao mqa oa _neop]hev]i ai j o j] bkni] `a lna_kj_aepko $_khk_]`ko ai j o lkn l]eo( lnk) baooknao( hernko( ]qpkne`]`ao% a mqa ao_n]rev]i jkook lajo]iajpk( eila`ej`k)jko `a lajo]n a `a ejraopec]n7
.* ] mob`fmfq^ l( mqa ] b]_ehe`]`a a ] rahk_e`]`a _ki mqa jkoo] rkjp]`a jko b]v aiepen fqvko ok^na ]o _keo]o ]jpao `a ranebe_]niko oa jkoo]o e`ae]o ok kq jk ok ran`]`ae) n]o* Ok kleje ao mqa aiepeiko ai _kjoamqj_e] `a jkoo] rkjp]`a oan i]eo bknpa a lk`anko] mqa jkook ejpaha_pk* Knecej]i)oa jk _kjda_eiajpk oajorah( j] ei]cej]k( j] hejcq]cai a j] iai ne]* Aoo]o `q]o ]pepq`ao ej`e_]i mqa( l]n] @ao_]npao( k annk oepq])oa jk _kjda_eiajpk oaj) orah $kq oaf]( oajo]k( lan_alk( ei]cej]k( iai ne] a hejcq]cai%( `a i]jaen] mqa k _k) jda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk lqn]iajpa ejpaha_pq]h( kq oaf]( bqj`]`k ]laj]o j]o klan] ao `a jkook ejpaha_pk kq ajpaj`eiajpk a pai _kik lkjpk `a l]npe`] kq e`ae]o ej]p]o $ateopajpao ai jkoo] n]vk% kq k^oanr] ao mqa bkn]i ejpaen]iajpa _kjpnkh]`]o lahk lajo]iajpk* ?kik >]_kj( @ao_]npao p]i^i aop _kjraj_e`k `a mqa lkoorah raj_an ko `abaepko jk _kjda_eiajpk( lkn iaek `a qi] nabkni] `k ajpaj`eiajpk a `]o _ej_e]o* $@ebanajpa) iajpa `a >]_kj( @ao_]npao jk r ] ja_aooe`]`a `a aoo] nabkni] p]i^i atecen iq`]j]o ok_e]eo a lkhpe_]o*% Aoo] nabkni] `ara oan baep] lahk oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk mq]j`k aopa _kilnaaj`a ] ja_aooe`]`a `a aj_kjpn]n bqj`]iajpko oacqnko l]n] k o]^an a oa( l]n] p]jpk( ejopepqen qi jqlal* Ko k^faperko lnej_el]eo `k ipk`k ok6 -*
]ooacqn]n ] nabkni] `k ejpaha_pk l]n] mqa aopa oec] k _]iejdk oacqnk `] ran`]`a $lkn) p]jpk( ]b]op]n ] lnarajk a ] lna_elep]k%7
.* kbana_an lnk_a`eiajpko lahko mq]eo ] n]vk lkoo] _kjpnkh]n)oa ] oe iaoi] `qn]jpa k lnk_aook `a _kjda_eiajpk o]^aj`k mqa _]iejdk lan_knnan a o]^aj`k na_kjda_an oa qi naoqhp]`k k^pe`k ran`]`aenk kq jk7
$ISCOURSEß ONß -ETHODß 0UBLISHEDß BYß LANß -AIRE ß!RQUIVOßDAßEDITORA
/* laniepen ] ]ilhe]k kq k ]qiajpk `ko _kjda_eiajpko cn]]o ] lnk_a`eiajpko oacq) nko mqa laniep]i l]oo]n `k f _kjda_e`k ]k `ao_kjda_e`k7 0* kbana_an ko iaeko l]n] mqa ko jkrko _kjda_eiajpko lkoo]i oan ]lhe_]`ko( lkeo k o]^an `ara( jk `evan `a @ao_]npao( pknj]n k dkiai Îoajdkn `] j]pqnav]Ï* Lkn mqa k ipk`k oa pknj] ja_aoonek; Baep]o ]o _npe_]o ]qpkne`]`a `]o ao_kh]o a `ko hernko( `] pn]`ek a `ko lna_kj_aepko( k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk `ao_k^na)oa _kik qi] _kjo_ej_e] mqa l]na_a jk lk`an _kjp]n _ki k ]qthek `k iqj`k l]n] cqe)hk( `ao_kjbe] `ko _kjda_eiajpko oajoraeo a `ko _kjda) _eiajpko dan`]`ko* Aop o * ?kjp] ]laj]o _ki oaq ln lnek lajo]iajpk* Oq] okhe`k pknj] ej`eolajorah qi ipk`k mqa lkoo] cqe]n k lajo]iajpk ai `enak ]ko _kjda_eiajpko ran`]`aenko a `eopejcqe)hko `ko b]hoko* Aeo lkn mqa @ao_]npao ao_nara Afp`ropl al jqlal a Obdo^p m^o^ ^ afob l al bpmofql* Ok^na k ipk`k( `ev aha( j] nacn] ER `]o Obdo^p6 Mlo jqlal) bkqbkal obdo^p `boq^p b c`bfp) do^ ^p p nr^fp qlalp lp nrb ^p l_pbosbj bu^q^jbkqb g^j^fp qlj^ol `ljl sboa^abfol ^nrfil nrb c^ipl b `ebd^ol) pbj pb `^k* p^o `lj bpclo lp fk qbfp b ^rjbkq^kal moldobppfs^jbkqb pr^ @f k`f^) ^l `lkeb`fjbkql sboa^abfol ab qral l nrb iebp mlppsbi bpmbo^o+
$ISCURSOßDOßMmTODOßß FAC SqMILEßDAßCAPAßDAßOBRAß $ISCURSOßDOßMmTODO ßDEß $ESCARTES ßPUBLICADAßEMß
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= lnak_ql]k _ki k _kjda_eiajpk x #!0É45,/ß x
@ao_]npao( lknp]jpk( `abeja k ipk`k _kik qi _kjfqjpk `a nacn]o _qf]o _]n]_panope_]o lnej_el]eo ok pno6 -*
_anp]o $k ipk`k ` oacqn]j] ]k lajo]iajpk%7
.* b_aeo $k ipk`k arep] _kilhe_] ao a aobknko ej paeo%7 /* ]ilh]o $k ipk`k `ara laniepen mqa oa ]h_]j_a pk`ko ko _kjda_eiajpko lkooraeo l]n] k ajpaj`eiajpk dqi]jk%* @ao_]npao ah]^kn] mq]pnk cn]j`ao nacn]o `k ipk`k6 -* D{VIDAßMETvDICAßCOMOßJfß VIMOS ßmßAßDECISjOßDEßNjOß ACEITARßNENHUMßPENSA MENTOßOUßNENHUMAßIDEIAß EMßQUEßPOSSAßHAVERßAß MENORßD{VIDA
obdo^ a^ bsfa k`f^6 o ]`iepen _kik ran`]`aenk qi _kjda_eiajpk are`ajpa( eopk ( jk mq]h a ok^na k mq]h jk _]e^] ] iajkn ` re`]* L]n] eook @ao_]npao _nekq qi lnk_a`e) iajpk( ] a sfa^ jbqaf`^( lahk mq]h k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk( ]j]heo]j`k _]`] qi `a oaqo _kjda_eiajpko( _kjda_a a ]r]he] ]o bkjpao a ]o _]qo]o `a _]`] qi( ] bkni] a k _kjpa `k `a _]`] qi( ] b]hoe`]`a a ] ran`]`a `a _]`] qi a aj_kjpn] iaeko l]n] hern]n)oa `a pq`k mq]jpk oaf] `qre`kok lan]jpa k lajo]iajpk7
.* obdo^ a^ afsfpl6 l]n] _kjda_aniko na]he`]`ao _kilhat]o lna_eo]iko `ere`en ]o `ebe_qh) `]`ao a ko lnk^hai]o ai oq]o l]n_ah]o i]eo oeilhao( at]iej]j`k _]`] qi] `ah]o ai _kjbknie`]`a _ki ] nacn] `] are`j_e]7
"ETTMANN#ORBIS,ATINSTOCK
/* obdo^ a^ loabj6 ko lajo]iajpko `arai oan kn`aj]`ko ai oneao mqa rk `ko i]eo oei) lhao ]ko i]eo _kilhatko( `ko i]eo b_aeo ]ko i]eo `eb_aeo( lkeo ] kn`ai _kjoeopa ai `eopne^qen ko _kjda_eiajpko `a p]h i]jaen] mqa lkoo]iko l]oo]n `k _kjda_e`k ]k `ao) _kjda_e`k7 0* obdo^ a^ bkrjbo^ l6 ] _]`] _kjda_eiajpk jkrk k^pe`k( b]van ] nareok _kilhap] `ko l]ooko `]`ko( `ko naoqhp]`ko l]n_e]eo a `ko aj_]`a]iajpko mqa laniepen]i _dac]n ]k jkrk _kjda_eiajpk*
Hk_ga
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*OHNß,OCKE߯
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kdj Hk_ga k eje_e]`kn `] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk lnklne]iajpa `ep] lknmqa oa lnkl a ] ]j]heo]n _]`] qi] `]o bkni]o `a _kjda_eiajpk mqa lkooqiko( ] knecai `a jkoo]o e`ae]o a jkooko `eo_qnoko( ] bej]he`]`a `]o pakne]o a ]o _]l]_e`]`ao `k oqfaepk _kcjko_ajpa nah]_ekj]`]o _ki ko k^fapko mqa aha lk`a _kjda_an* Hkck j] ]^anpqn] `a oq] k^n] Bkp^fl pl_ob l bkqbkafjbkql erj^kl( Hk_ga ao_nara6 Sfpql nrb l bkqbkafjbkql pfqr^ l eljbj ^`fj^ alp lrqolp pbobp pbkpsbfp b a*ieb qla^ s^kq^dbj b qlal aljkfl nrb qbj pl_ob bibp) pbr bpqral `lkpfpqb `boq^jbkqb krj qmf`l nrb) mlo pr^ kl_obw^) jbob`balo ab klppl qo^_^iel ab fksbpqfd*il+ L bkqbkaf* jbkql) `ljl l liel) nrb klp c^w sbo b mbo`b_bo qla^p ^p lrqo^p `lfp^p) kl pb l_pbos^ ^ pf jbpjl8 obnrbo ^oqb b bpclo l pfqr*il ^ afpq k`f^ b c^w *il pbr momofl l_gbql+
%NSAIOßSOBREßOßENTENDI MENTOßHUMANOßFAC SqMILEß DAßCAPAßDEß%NSAIOßSOBREß OßENTENDIMENTOßHUMANO ß DEß*OHNß,OCKE ßEMßEDIljOß DEß
-23
=ooei _kik k khdk( mqa b]v ran a jk oa r ] oe iaoik( k ajpaj`eiajpk dqi]jk b]v _kjda_an( i]o jk oa _kjda_a ] oe iaoik* L]n] _kjda_an)oa( eopk ( l]n] mqa k ajpaj`eiajpk pknja)oa qi k^fapk `a _kjda_eiajpk l]n] oe iaoik( Înamqan ]npa a aobknkÏ* ?kik @ao_]npao a >]_kj( Hk_ga ]beni] ] ja_aooe`]`a `k ajpaj`eiajpk at]iej]n ] oe iaoik* ?kik >]_kj a @ao_]npao( Hk_ga p]i^i _kjoe`an] mqa ja_aoonek aobknk( pn]^]hdk( `a_eok l]n] b]van k ajpaj`eiajpk pki]n)oa ] oe iaoik _kik k^fapk `a ejraopec]k* Lkni( ]ooei _kik =neo) p pahao `ebane] `a Lh]pk( Hk_ga `ebana `a @ao_]npao* Lh]pk a @ao_]npao oal]n]i( `a qi h]`k( ] atlanej_e] oajorah( mqa lk`a aop]n oqfaep] ]k annk( a( `a kqpnk( k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk( mqa lqn]iajpa ejpaha_pq]h* @ao_]npao( lkni( `ebana `a Lh]pk( lknmqa _kjoe`an] mqa k _kjda_eiajpk oajorah lk`a a `ara oan ailnac]) `k lkn j o( `ao`a mqa oq^iape`k ]k ipk`k a _kjpnkh]`k lahk ajpaj`eiajpk* =neop pahao a
x 5.)$!$%ß x K _kjda_eiajpk
Hk_ga _kjoe`an]i mqa k _kjda_eiajpk oa na]hev] lkn cn]qo _kjpjqko( l]npej`k `] oajo]k ]p _dac]n o e`ae]o* Jk ajp]jpk( Hk_ga `ebana `a =neop pahao lknmqa( l]n] aopa( ko lnej_leko `k lajo]iajpk a `] na]he`]`a jk ok _kjda_e`ko lkn atlanej_e] oajorah jai lnk_a`ai `] atlanej_e] oajorah( i]o ok _kjda_e`ko ]laj]o lahk lqnk lajo]iajpk kq lah] ejpqek ejpaha_pq]h* L]n] Hk_ga( lkni( pk`]o ]o e`ae]o a pk`ko ko lnej_leko `k _kjda_eiajpk `ane) r]i `] atlanej_e] oajorah* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( k ejpaha_pk na_a^a `] atlanej_e] oajorah pk`k k i]pane]h `k _kjda_eiajpk a lkn aooa ikperk lk`a)oa `evan mqa jk d j]`] ai jkook ajpaj`eiajpk mqa jk pajd] rej`k `]o oajo] ao* Prmlke^jlp nrb l bpmofql pbg^) mlo ^ppfj afwbo) rj^ clie^ bj _o^k`l) pbj kb* kerj^ ibqo^) pbj kbkerj^ fabf^+ @ljl bpq^p `ebd^o^j ^if m^i^so^) ilkdb ab pbo rj pfjmibp pfdkl alp l_gbqlp b a^p pfdkfcf`^ bp) e^_fq^ ^p `lfp^p b sbf`ri^ pfdkfcf`^ bp+ K^nrbib nrb c^i^) ^ m^i^so^ kl qo^arw rj mbkp^jbkql g cbfql) j^p l ob^ifw^+ B ^nrbib nrb bp`rq^ ob`b_b) mbi^ m^i^so^) l momofl mbkp^jbkql+ = hejcq]cai kl qo^arw ei]cajo ran^]eo `a knecai ikpkn] a oajokne]h kbj obmobpbkq^ e`ae]o baep]o lkn qi lajo]iajpk oehaj_ekok( i]o aj_]nj] ]o oecjebe_] ao* =o l]h]rn]o q j oajpe`k a `of^j oajpe`k*
#APqTULOß K lajo]iajpk
Lajo]j`k***
?
anp] rav qi cnack `eooa6 ÎK lajo]iajpk k l]ooaek `] ]hi]Ï* ?ki eook mqeo `evan mqa k lajo]iajpk ] i]jaen] _kik jkook aolnepk l]na_a o]en `a `ajpnk `a oe iaoik a lan_knnan k iqj`k l]n] _kjda_)hk* =ooei _kik jk l]ooaek har]iko jkook _knlk ] pk`] l]npa( jk lajo]iajpk har]iko jkoo] ]hi] ] pk`] l]npa a i]eo hkjca `k mqa k _knlk( lkeo ] ]hi] jk aj_kjpn] k^op_qhko boe_ko l]n] oaq _]iejd]n* K lajo]iajpk aoo] _qneko] ]pere`]`a lkn iaek `] mq]h o]iko `a j o iaoiko oai o]eniko `a jkook ejpanekn* Lkn eook( kqpnk beh okbk ao_naraq mqa lajo]n ] i]jaen] lah] mq]h o]en `a oe a ajpn]n ai oe ok qi] o a iaoi] _keo]* ?kik qi rkk oai o]en `k hqc]n* Ai jkook _kpe`e]jk qo]iko ]o l]h]rn]o mbkp^o a mbkp^jbkql ai oajpe`ko r]ne]`ko a i h) pelhko* Lk`aiko _dac]n ] qi] laook] ]iec]( r)h] oehaj_eko] a `evan)hda6 ÎLkn b]rkn( `ec])ia ai mqa rk_ aop lajo]j`k;Ï* ?ki eook na_kjda_aiko qi] ]pere`]`a okhepne]( ejreorah l]n] j o a mqa lna_eo] oan lnkbane`] l]n] oan _kil]npehd]`]* Kqpn]o ravao( lkni( lk`aiko `evan ] aoo] iaoi] laook]6 ÎRk_ lajo] mqa jk oae k mqa rk_ aop lajo]j`k;Ï* Jaooa _]ok( `]iko ] ajpaj`an mqa `eolkiko `a oej]eo Í ]hcqi] _keo] mqa bke `ep]( qi caopk( qi khd]n( qi] atlnaook beoekjie_] Í mqa jko laniepai ÎranÏ k lajo]iajpk `a ]hcqi a( lknp]jpk( ]_na`ep]iko mqa lajo]n p]i^i oa pn]`qv ai oej]eo _knlkn]eo a reoraeo* K lajo]iajpk iajko okhepnek a iajko oa_napk `k mqa oa lk`a) ne] oqlkn* =hcqi]o ravao( _dac]iko l]n] ]hcqi a ej`]c]iko6 Î?kik ( lajokq;Ï( a kqreiko ] naolkop]6 ÎOei* R]iko b]van k pn]^]hdkÏ* Kq ajpk6 Î=ej`] aopkq lajo]j`k jk ]ooqjpk* R]iko ran `alkeoÏ* Jaooao _]oko( lajo]n pki]`k lkn j o _kik oejjeik `a `ahe^an]k a `a `a_e) ok( _kik ]hck mqa naoqhp] jqi] ]k* Iqep]o ravao( lk`ai `evan)jko6 ÎRk_ lajo] `ai]eo( jk b]v ^ai o] `aÏ* Kq kqreiko ] bn]oa6 ÎAh] be_kq l]n]`] h j] aomqej]( mqeap]( lajo]j`k( lajo]j`kÏ* Lk`aiko b]h]n6 ÎLkn i]eo mqa lajoa jeook jk _kjoeck ]_na`ep]n a( mq]jpk i]eo lajok( iajko ]_na`epkÏ* =ckn]( lajo]n reopk _kik lnak_ql]k $b]vaj`k i]h o] `a%( _eoi] $be_]n l]n]`]( mqeap]( _eoi]j) `k%( ` re`] $mq]jpk i]eo lajok( iajko ]_na`epk%*
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K lajo]iajpk x #!0É45,/ß x
=hcqjo fknj]eo _kopqi]i lq^he_]n ]hck mqa ]hcqi `eooa _ki k ppqhk6 ÎK lajo]iajpk `k `e] ***Ï( mqanaj`k `evan _ki eook mqa qi] `apaniej]`] e`ae]( `abejej`k ]hcqi ]ooqjpk( bke lq^he_]iajpa ]jqj_e]`]* Aoo] iaoi] e`ajpebe_]k ajpna lajo]iajpk a e`ae] lk`a ]l]) na_an mq]j`k( lkn atailhk( qi _npe_k hepannek ao_nara6 ÎK hernk `a Bqh]jk pai ]hcqjo ^kjo lajo]iajpko( i]o pai kqpnko ^]j]eoÏ( _h]ooebe_]j`k e`ae]o ai Î^k]oÏ a Î^]j]eoÏ( eopk ( qi]o mqa `evai ]hck jkrk kq ejpanaoo]jpa a kqpn]o mqa nalapai hqc]nao)_kiqjo kq bnerkhe`]`ao* Oqlkiko( `aoo] i]jaen]( mqa d ^kjo a i]qo lajo]iajpko( p]jpk ]ooei mqa b]h]iko ai Îlajo]iajpk lkoeperkÏ a ai Î]b]op]n ko i]qo lajo]iajpkoÏ* Qi lnkbaookn lk`a _nepe_]n k pn]^]hdk `a qi ]hqjk `evaj`k ] aha6 ÎAooa pn]^]hdk ikopn] mqa rk_ jk mqeo lajo]nÏ* =mqe( lajo]n jk o pan e`ae]o i]o p]i^i ]hck mqa oa lk`a mqanan kq jk mqanan( ]hck rkhqjpnek a `ahe^an]`k( qi] bkni] `a ]pajk a _kj_ajpn]k* Aoo] ei]cai `a _kj_ajpn]k ]l]na_a( lkn atailhk( mq]j`k ]hcqi oa v]jc] a `ev6 ÎMqa) nai( lkn b]rkn( b]van oehj_ek; Jk aopk raj`k mqa aopkq lajo]j`k;Ï* A f iaj_ekj]iko k _ha^na ÎLajok( hkck ateopkÏ $@ldfql) bodl prj%( `a @ao_]npao( a ] `abejek `k dkiai _kik Î_]jek lajo]jpaÏ( baep] lkn L]o_]h* =mqe( lajo]n a lajo]iajpk ej`e_]i ] ln lne] aooj_e] `ko oanao dqi]jko*
K mqa `evai ko `e_ekjneko
O
-53
a lnk_qn]niko mbkp^o a mbkp^jbkql jko `e_ekjneko( jkp]naiko mqa ko rneko oajpe) `ko `]`ko ] aooao paniko ]^n]jcai ko atailhko mqa `aiko `k qok `aoo]o l]h]rn]o ai jkook _kpe`e]jk a ]ej`] ]_nao_ajp]i ]hcqjo kqpnko oajpe`ko* Mbkp^o( `evai ko `e_ekjneko( oecjebe_]6 -* Î]lhe_]n ] ]pere`]`a `k aolnepk ]ko ahaiajpko bknja_e`ko lahk _kjda_eiajpkÏ7 Îbkni]n a _ki^ej]n e`ae]oÏ7 Îfqhc]nÏ( ÎnabhapenÏ( În]_ek_ej]nÏ( Îaola_qh]nÑ7 .* Îatan_an ] ejpahecj_e]Ï7 Îia`ep]nÏ( ÎranÏ7 /* Îatan_an k aolnepk kq ] ]pere`]`a _kjo_eajpa `a qi] i]jaen] chk^]h6 oajpen( mqanan( nabhapenÏ7 0* Îpan qi] klejek( qi] _kjre_) kÏ7 1* ÎoqlknÏ( ÎlnaoqienÏ( Î_nanÏ( Î]`iepenÏ( Îoqolaep]nÏ( Î]_d]nÏ7 2* Îaolan]nÏ( Îpaj_ekj]nÏ7 3* Îlnak_ql]n)oaÏ7 4* Î]r]he]nÏ7 5* Î_eoi]nÏ* Mbkp^jbkql( `a ]_kn`k _ki ko `e_ekjneko( oecjebe_]6 -* Îk ]pk `a nabhapen( ia`ep]n kq lajo]n( kq k lnk_aook iajp]h mqa oa _kj_ajpn] ai e`ae]oÏ7 .* Î]pere`]`a `a _kjda_eiajpk kq mqa pajd] lkn k^fapk k _kjda_eiajpkÏ7 /* Î_kjo_ej_e]Ï( ÎiajpaÏ( ÎaolnepkÏ( Îajpaj`eiajpkÏ( Îejpaha_pkÏ( În]vkÏ7 0* Îlk`an `a bkniqh]n e`ae]o a _kj_aepkoÏ7 1* Îb]_qh`]`a `a lajo]n hkce_]) iajpaÏ( În]_ek_jekÏ( Îlkjpk `a reop]Ï( Îbkniqh]k `a qi fqvkÏ7 2* Î]mqehk mqa lajo]`k kq k naoqhp]`k `k ]pk `a lajo]n6 e`ae]( lkjpk `a reop]( klejek( fqvkÏ7 3* Îb]jp]oe]Ï( ÎokjdkÏ( Î`a) r]jaekÏ( Îhai^n]j]Ï( Îna_kn`]kÏ( Î_qe`]`kÏ( Îlnak_ql]kÏ( Îatla_p]per]Ï7 4* Î_kjfqjpk `]o e`ae]o kq `kqpnej] `a qi lajo]`kn( `a qi] ok_ea`]`a( `a qi cnqlk( `a qi] _khapere`]`aÏ* =ooei( jk atailhk ÎRk_ lajo] `ai]eo( jk ^ki l]n] ] o] `aÏ( mbkp^o a mbkp^jbkql oecjebe_]i Îlnak_ql]kÏ7 jk atailhk ÎLkn i]eo mqa lajoa jeook( jk ]_na`epk mqa oaf] ]o) oeiÏ( mbkp^o a mbkp^jbkql oecjebe_]i Î_eoi]Ï a Î` re`]Ï7 jk atailhk Î=ej`] aopkq lajo]j`k jk ]ooqjpkÏ( mbkp^o a mbkp^jbkql oecjebe_]i Îbkni]n qi] klejek kq qi lkjpk `a reop]Ï7 jk atailhk Î=_]^ai _ki aooa ^]nqhdk( jk aopk raj`k mqa aopkq lajo]j`k;Ï( mbkp^o a mbkp^* jbkql oecjebe_]i Î]pere`]`a iajp]h kq ejpaha_pq]h l]n] bkniqh]n qi] e`ae] kq qi _kj_aepkÏ* Oa aq `eooan6 ÎLajok mqa ah] renÏ( aopkq atlneiej`k qi] Îatla_p]per]Ï7 oa `eooan6 ÎLajok mqa rk_ o]^a `eookÏ( aopkq atlneiej`k qi] ÎoqlkoekÏ7 oa `eooan6 ÎLajoae jaha ] jkepa ejpae) n]( jai lq`a `knienÏ( aopkq atlneiej`k Îlnak_ql]kÏ7 oa `eooan6 ÎAq ] re lan`e`] ai laj) o]iajpkoÏ( mqank `evan mqa re ]hcqi _eoi]j`k( b]jp]oe]j`k( ei]cej]j`k* I]o oa aq `eooan6 Î= pakne] `] nah]pere`]`a naoqhp] `k pn]^]hdk `k lajo]iajpk `a AejopaejÏ( aopkq `evaj`k mqa k lajo]iajpk qi] ]pere`]`a ejpaha_pq]h `a lnk`qk `a _kjda_eiajpko* Mq]j`k lnk_qn]iko ] knecai `]o l]h]rn]o mbkp^jbkql a mbkp^o( `ao_k^neiko mqa lnk_a`ai `a qi ran^k h]pejk( k ran^k mbkabob( mqa oecjebe_]6 Îbe_]n ai oqolajokÏ( Îaop]n kq be_]n laj`ajpa kq laj`qn]`kÏ( Îoqolaj`anÏ( Îlao]nÏ( Îl]c]nÏ( Îat]iej]nÏ( Î]r]he]nÏ( Îlkj`an]nÑ( Î_kilajo]nÏ( Îna_kilajo]nÏ a Îamqehe^n]nÏ*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K _kjda_eiajpk
Mbkp^o( lknp]jpk( oqolaj`an k fqhc]iajpk $]p bkni]n qi] e`ae] kq klejek%( lao]n $_kil]n]n e`ae]o( kleje ao( lkjpko `a reop]%( ]r]he]n $fqhc]n k r]hkn `a qi] e`ae] kq kle) jek( kq oaf]( oa ran`]`aen] kq b]ho]( fqop] kq ejfqop]( ]`amq]`] kq ej]`amq]`]%( at]iej]n $e`ae]o( kleje ao( fqvko( lkjpko `a reop]%( lkj`an]n $eopk ( lao]n e`ae]o a lkjpko `a reop] l]n] ao_khdan qi `ahao%( amqehe^n]n $aj_kjpn]n k iaek)panik ajpna atpnaiko kq ajpna klkopko%* Mbkp^ob( mqa `aner] `a mbkabob( _]n]_panev])oa i]eo _kik qi] ]pere`]`a ok^na e`ae]o( kle) je ao( fqvko a lkjpko `a reop] f ateopajpao `k mqa _kik _ne]k kq lnk`qk `a qi] e`ae] kq lkjpk `a reop]* Lkn aooa ikperk( mq]j`k haiko ko patpko behko be_ko ]jpecko a ik`anjko( ao_nepko ai h]pei( jkp]iko mqa jk qo]i mbkabob a mbkp^ob l]n] `evan mbkp^o( i]o ailnac]i `keo kqpnko ran^ko6 `ldfq^ob a fkqbiifdbob* @ldfq^ob oecjebe_] Î_kjoe`an]n ]pajp]iajpaÏ a Îia`ep]nÏ* Aooa ran^k rai `a kqpnk( ^dbob( mqa oecjebe_] Îailqnn]n l]n] `e]jpa `a oeÏ( a p]i^i `k ran^k ^dfq^ob( mqa oecjebe_] Îai) lqnn]n l]n] ] bnajpa _ki bkn]Ï( Î]cep]nÏ* Mbkp^o( ajmq]jpk `ldfq^ob( Î_khk_]n `e]jpa `a oe ]hcqi] _keo] l]n] _kjoe`an)h] _ki ]pajkÏ kq Îbkn]n ]hcqi] _keo] ] be_]n `e]jpa `a j o l]n] oan at]iej]`]Ï* K ran^k fkqbiifdbob rai `] _kilkoek `a `q]o kqpn]o l]h]rn]o6 fkqbo( eopk ( ÎajpnaÏ( a ibdbob( mqa oecjebe_] Î_khdan( naqjen( na_khdan( ao_khdan a hanÏ $eopk ( naqjen ]o hapn]o _ki ko khdko%* Lkn eook( fkqbiifdbob oecjebe_] Îao_khdan ajpnaÏ( Înaqjen ajpna rnekoÏ( Î]l]jd]nÏ( Î]lnaj) `anÏ( Î_kilnaaj`anÏ( Îhan ajpnaÏ( Îhan `ajpnk `aÏ* @kj`a6 _kjda_an a ajpaj`an* Oa naqjeniko ko rneko oajpe`ko `ko pno ran^ko Í mbkp^ob( `ldfq^* ob a fkqbiifdbob Í( ranaiko mqa mbkp^o a mbkp^jbkql oailna oecjebe_]i ]pere`]`ao mqa atecai ]pajk6 lao]n( ]r]he]n( amqehe^n]n( _khk_]n `e]jpa `a oe l]n] _kjoe`an]n( naqjen a ao_khdan( _khdan a na_khdan* K lajo]iajpk ( ]ooei( qi] ]pere`]`a lah] mq]h ] _kjo_ej_e] kq ] ejpahecj_e] _khk_] ]hck `e]jpa `a oe l]n] ]pajp]iajpa _kjoe`an]n( ]r]he]n( lao]n( amqehe^n]n( naqjen( _kilnaaj`an( ao_khdan( ajpaj`an a han lkn `ajpnk* Eook atlhe_] pk`ko ko oajpe`ko mqa reiko oqncen jko `e_ekjneko `] hjcq] lknpqcqao] a jko atailhko mqa `aiko6 ia`ep]n( _kj_ajpn]n)oa( _eoi]n( klej]n( pan e`ae]o( _kilnaaj`an ]o _keo]o( n]_ek_ej]n( bkniqh]n _kj_aepko( pan qi lkjpk `a reop]( nabhapen( ]r]he]n( lnak_ql]n)oa* K lajo]iajpk ] _kjo_ej_e] kq ] ejpahecj_e] o]ej`k `a oe $Îl]o) oa]j`kÏ% l]n] en _khdaj`k( naqjej`k( na_khdaj`k ko `]`ko kbana_e`ko lah] atlanej_e]( lah] lan_alk( lah] ei]cej]k( lah] iai ne]( lah] hejcq]) cai( a rkhp]j`k ] oe( l]n] _kjoe`an)hko ]pajp]iajpa( _khk_)hko `e]jpa `a oe( k^oanr)hko ejpaha_pq]hiajpa( lao)hko( ]r]he)hko( napen]j`k `ahao _kj) _hqo ao( bkniqh]j`k e`ae]o( _kj_aepko( fqvko( n]_ek_jeko( r]hknao* K lajo]iajpk atlneia jkoo] ateopj_e] _kik oanao n]_ekj]eo a _]l]vao `a _kjda_eiajpk ]^opn]pk a ejpaha_pq]h( a ok^napq`k i]jebaop] oq] ln lne] _]l]_e`]`a l]n] `]n ] oe iaoik haeo( jkni]o( nacn]o a lnej) _leko l]n] ]h_]j]n ] ran`]`a `a ]hcqi] _keo]*
K lejpkn I]n_ah @q_d]il aopq`] k p]^qhaenk `a t]`nav ]jpao `k ln teik h]j_a*
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qep]o ravao jko ]_kjpa_a `a l]oo]niko dkn]o i]pqp]j`k( _eoi]j`k( mqanaj`k _kilnaaj`an ]hcqi] _keo] mqa jko ao_]l]* B]vaiko jkoo]o ]pere`]`ao `a pk`k `e]( i]o l]na_aiko `eopn]`ko lknmqa jkoo] ]pajk aop _kj_ajpn]`] jkqpn] l]npa( j]mqehk mqa aop]iko mqanaj`k _kilnaaj`an a jk _kjoacqeiko* ?]jo]`ko( l]n]iko `a _eo) i]n a `a `]n ]pajk ]k ]ooqjpk* @a nalajpa( _ki oqopk a ]hacne]( mq]oa cnep]iko6 ÎAjpaj`e Ï* Oajpeiko k iaoik mqa mq]j`k _kilhap]iko qi mqa^n])_]^a]( pk`]o ]o la]o ai oaqo `a) re`ko hqc]nao( ] becqn] ^ai reorah `e]jpa `a j o* Peraiko qi] atlanej_e] `a lajo]iajpk*
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K lajo]iajpk x #!0É45,/ß x
Kqpn]o ravao( ]ooeopej`k ] qi] ]qh]( haj`k qi hernk _eajpbe_k( b]vaj`k qi pn]^]hdk jk h]^kn]p nek( naokhraj`k qi lnk^hai] jk _kilqp]`kn( r]iko ]_kil]jd]j`k l]ook ] l]ook ]o e`ae]o( ko aj_]`a]iajpko `ko n]_ek_jeko( ]o nah] ao `a _]qo] a abaepk ajpna _anp]o _keo]o( ]o _kjoamqj_e]o `a qi] ]beni]k a `a qi] jac]k a( bej]hiajpa( ] _kj_hqok ] mqa _dac]i ] ]qh]( k hernk( k pn]^]hdk jk h]^kn]p nek kq jk _kilqp]`kn* =k pniejk `a _]`] qi] `aoo]o ]pe) re`]`ao paiko _kjo_ej_e] `a mqa ]lnaj`aiko ]hcqi] _keo] mqa jk o]^]iko a mqa bevaiko qi lan_qnok l]n] _kjda_)h] a _kilnaaj`)h]* Peraiko qi] atlanej_e] `a lajo]iajpk* Ai _anp]o k_]oe ao( `e]hkc]j`k _ki qi] kqpn] laook]( ] _kjrano] r]e b]vaj`k oqncen e`ae]o j]o mq]eo jqj_] oa d]re] lajo]`k( kq r]e b]vaj`k _ki mqa oa lan_a^] mqa ]hcqi]o e`ae]o( mqa oa fqhc]r]i _h]n]o a _knnap]o( j] ran`]`a ok _kjbqo]o a ej_knnap]o* B]h]j`k _ki ] kqpn] laook]( rkq `aoajrkhraj`k e`ae]o mqa aq jai o]^e] mqa pejd] a mqa bkn]i `aolanp]) `]o ai iei lkn ]hcqi] _keo] mqa k kqpnk ia `eooa* ?h]nebe_k ]hcqi]o( _knnefk kqpn]o( ]^]j) `kjk kqpn]o p]jp]o( `ao_q^nk jkr]o( penk _kj_hqo ao kq ia aj_dk `a lanlhate`]`a* Pera qi] atlanej_e] `a lajo]iajpk* Mq]j`k lajo]iko( lkiko ai ikreiajpk k mqa jko rai `] lan_alk( `] ei]cej]k( `] iai ne]7 ]lnaaj`aiko k oajpe`k `]o l]h]rn]o7 aj_]`a]iko a ]npe_qh]iko oecjebe_] ao( ]hcqi]o rej`]o `a jkoo] atlanej_e] oajorah( kqpn]o `a jkook n]_ek_jek( kqpn]o bkni]`]o la) h]o nah] ao ajpna ei]cajo( l]h]rn]o( hai^n]j]o a e`ae]o ]jpaneknao* K lajo]iajpk ]lnaaj`a( _kil]n]( oal]n]( ]j]heo]( na ja( kn`aj]( oejpapev]( _kj_hqe( nabhapa( `a_ebn]( ejpanlnap]( ejpannkc]*
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loe_khkce] _kopqi] `abejen ] ejpahecj_e] lkn oq] bqjk( _kjoe`an]j`k)] qi] ]pe) re`]`a mqa pai lkn k^faperk na]hev]n jkoo] ]`]lp]k ]k ]i^eajpa lahk aop]^aha) _eiajpk `a nah] ao ajpna iaeko a bejo l]n] ] okhqk `a qi lnk^hai] kq `a qi] `ebe_qh`]`a* Aoo] `abejek _kj_a^a( lknp]jpk( ] ejpahecj_e] _kik qi] ]pere`]`a aiejaj) paiajpa lnpe_] a ] `eopejcqa `a `q]o kqpn]o mqa p]i^i lkooqai bej]he`]`a ]`]lp]per] a nah]_ekj]i iaeko a bejo6 k fkpqfkql a k e_fql* ?kil]npehd]iko k ejopejpk a k d^epk _ki ko ]jei]eo* K ejopejpk( lkn atailhk( jko har] ]qpki]pe_]iajpa ] _kjpn]en ] lqleh] mq]j`k jkooko khdko aopk iqepk atlkopko hqv a ] `eh]p)h] mq]j`k aop]iko j] ao_qne`k7 har])jko ] ]b]op]n n]le`]iajpa ] ik `a qi] oqlanb_ea iqepk mqajpa mqa lkoo] mqaei]n)jko* K ejopejpk ej]pk* =k _kjpnnek( k d^epk ]`mqene`k( i]o( _kik k ejopejpk( paj`a ] na]hev]n)oa ]qpki]pe_]iajpa* Lkn atailhk( mqai ]`mqena k d^epk `a `enecen qi ra_qhk( iq`] ]o i]n_d]o( leo] j] ai^na]cai( jk ]_ahan]`kn kq jk bnaek oai lna_eo]n lajo]n jaoo]o klan] ao7 mqai ]lnaj`a ] l]pej]n kq ] j]`]n( na]he) v] i]mqej]hiajpa ko caopko ja_aooneko( `alkeo `a ]`mqene)hko* Ejopejpk a d^epk ok bkni]o `a _kilknp]iajpk _qf] lnej_el]h _]n]_panope_] oanai aola_e]hev]`ko kq aola_be_ko6 ] ]^ahd] o]^a b]van ] _khiae]( i]o ej_]l]v `a b]van k jejdk7 k fkk)`a)^]nnk _kjopn e qi] Î_]o]Ï( i]o ej_]l]v `a b]van qi] _khiae]7 lkook ]lnaj`an ] j]`]n( i]o aooa d^epk jk ia b]v o]^an ]j`]n `a ^e_e_hap]* K ejopejpk a k d^epk aola_e]hev]i ]o bqj ao( ko iaeko a ko bejo a jk lkooqai bhate^e) he`]`a l]n] iq`)hko kq l]n] ]`]lp]n qi iaek ] qi jkrk bei( jai l]n] qo]n iaeko jkrko l]n] qi bei f ateopajpa* = paj`j_e] `k ejopejpk a `k d^epk ] nalapek a k ]qpki]peoik `]o naolkop]o ]ko lnk^hai]o* = ejpahecj_e] `ebana `k ejopejpk a `k d^epk lkn oq] bhate^ehe`]`a( lah] _]l]_e`]`a `a aj_kjpn]n jkrko iaeko l]n] qi jkrk bei( kq `a ]`]lp]n iaeko ateopajpao l]n] qi] bej]he) `]`a jkr]( lah] lkooe^ehe`]`a `a ajbnajp]n `a i]jaen] `ebanajpa oepq] ao jkr]o a ejrajp]n jkr]o okhq ao l]n] ah]o( lah] _]l]_e`]`a `a ao_khdan ajpna rneko iaeko lkooraeo a ajpna rneko bejo lkooraeo* Jaooa jrah lnpe_k( ] ejpahecj_e] _]l]v `a _ne]n fkpqorjbkqlp( eopk ( `a `]n qi] bqjk jkr] a qi oajpe`k jkrk ] _keo]o f ateopajpao( l]n] mqa oenr]i `a iaeko ] jkrko bejo*
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?kil]npehd]iko ] ejpahecj_e] lnpe_] _ki ]hcqjo ]jei]eo( aola_e]hiajpa _ki ko _deil]jvo* K loe_ hkck Gdhan bav atlanej_e]o _ki ]hcqjo `aooao ]jei]eo a `aikjopnkq mqa an]i _]l]vao `a _kilknp]iajpko ejpahecajpao6 _khk_]`k qi _deil]jv jqi] lamqaj] o]h]( l a)oa ] oaq h]`k qi _anpk j iank `a _]etkpao a lnaj`a)oa qi] ^]j]j] jk papk* =l o o]hpko ejopejperko $ejbnqpbanko% l]n] ]c]nn]n ] ^]j]j]( k _deil]jv _kjoacqa ailehd]n ko _]etkpao( oq^en jahao a ]c]nn]n k ]heiajpk7
+yHLER߯ ßUMß DOSßPRINCIPAISßTEvRICOSßDAß PSICOLOGIAßDAß'ESTALT
_khk_]`k qi _deil]jv jqi] lamqaj] o]h]( j]o iaoi]o _en_qjop j_e]o ]jpaneknao( i]o kbana_aj`k ^]i^qo ai rav `a _]etkpao( k _deil]jv paniej] lkn aj_]et]n ko ^]i^qo qjo jko kqpnko( bkni]j`k qi ejopnqiajpk l]n] ]l]jd]n ] ^]j]j]* Gdhan atlhe_] k _kilknp]iajpk `k _deil]jv ikopn]j`k mqa aha oa _kilknp] lan_a) ^aj`k qi _]ilk lan_alperk jk mq]h ] ^]j]j]( ko _]etkpao a ko ^]i^qo bkni]i qi] pkp]) he`]`a a oa nah]_ekj]i _kik l]npao `a qi pk`k( `a ik`k mqa ko _]etkpao kq ko ^]i^qo ok lan_a^e`ko _kik l]npao `] l]eo]cai a _kik iaeko l]n] qi bei $]c]nn]n ] ^]j]j]%* K b]pk `a mqa k _deil]jv lan_a^a qi _]ilk lan_alperk( a jk k^fapko eokh]`ko( `a) ikjopn]`k mq]j`k( jk hqc]n `ko ^]i^qo( ok _khk_]`ko ]n]iao( mqa k ]jei]h ajc]j_d]n qjo jko kqpnko l]n] _khdan ] bnqp]7 kq mq]j`k( jk hqc]n `ko _]etkpao( ok _khk_]`]o iaoejd]o `a p]i]jdko `ebanajpao( mqa lk`ai oan ailehd]`]o lahk ]jei]h l]n] ]c]nn]n ] ^]j]j]* Jk ajp]jpk( k^oanr])oa ]hck ejpanaoo]jpa* @alkeo `a _kian ] ^]j]j]( k _deil]jv j]`] b]v _ki ko _]etkpao( ko ^]i^qo( ko ]n]iao kq ]o iao]o* Be_]i oq] rkhp] _kik k^fapko oai oajpe`k* =k _kjpnnek( qi] _ne]j] j]o iaoi]o _en_qjop j_e]o( `alkeo `a _kjoacqen ]l]jd]n qi `k_a( lkn atailhk( at]iej]n ko k^fapko* Oa `ao_k^nen mqa ok `aoikjpraeo( ah] pajp]n b]van( _ki ko _]etkpao a ]o iao]o( qi] ao_]`]( a _ki ko ^]i^qo a ko ]n]iao( qi] na`a* Aoo] `ebanaj] jko _kilknp]iajpko `k _deil]jv a `] _ne]j] narah] mqa aop] hpei] qhpn]l]oo] ] oepq]k eia`e]p] `a bkia a `a qok `enapk `ko k^fapko a lnar qi] oepq]k bqpqn] l]n] ] mq]h aj_kjpn] qi] okhqk( pn]jobkni]j`k ko k^fapko ai ejopnqiajpko lnk) lne]iajpa `epko* = _ne]j] ^kqb`fm^ qi] oepq]k a qo^kpcloj^ ko `]`ko `a qi] oepq]k lnaoajpa( b]^ne) _]j`k iaeko l]n] _anpko bejo mqa ]ej`] aopk ]qoajpao* Ah] pb ibj_o^ `] oepq]k l]oo]`]( bpmb* o^ ] oepq]k bqpqn]( lod^kfw^ ] oepq]k lnaoajpa _ki ^]oa jko `]`ko hai^n]`ko( aolan]`ko a lan_a^e`ko( fj^dfk^ qi] oepq]k jkr] a naolkj`a ] ah]( iaoik mqa ]ej`] aopaf] ]qoajpa* = _ne]j] oa nah]_ekj] _ki k pailk a pn]jobkni] oaq aol]k lkn aoo] nah]k pailkn]h* = _ne]j] obmobpbkq^ oaq iqj`k a ^qr^ ln]pe_]iajpa ok^na aha* Oq] ejpahecj_e] `ebana( lkn) p]jpk( `] `k ]jei]h*
(ULTONß!RCHIVE+EYSTONE'ETTYß)MAGES
Ejpahec j_e] a hejcq]cai
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k okiko `kp]`ko ]laj]o `a ejpahecj_e] lnpe_] kq ejopnqiajp]h( i]o p]i^i `a ejpahecj_e] pa ne_] a ]^opn]p]* Lajo]iko* K atan__ek `] ejpahecj_e] _kik lajo]iajpk ejoal]nrah `] hejcq]cai( _kik f reiko( lkeo ] hejcq]cai k mqa jko laniepa aop]^aha_an nah] ao( _kj_a^)h]o a _kilnaaj`)h]o* Cn]]o o oecjebe_] ao bp`^a^ a obab( ] _ne]j] lk`a lajo]n jaooao k^fapko a b]^ne_)hko* = hejcq]cai ]npe_qh] lan_al ao a iai ne]o( lan_al ao a ei]cej] ao( kbana_aj`k ]k lajo]iajpk qi bhqtk pailkn]h mqa _kjoanr] a ejpanhec] ]o e`ae]o* K loe_ hkck Le]cap( ]k aopq`]n ] cjaoa `] ejpahecj_e] j]o _ne]j]o( ikopnkq _kik ] ]mqeoek `] hejcq]cai a ] `k lajo]iajpk _]iejd]i fqjp]o* =ooei( lkn atailhk( qi] iajej] `a 0 ]jko ]ej`] jk _]l]v `a lajo]n nah] ao naranoraeo kq na_lnk_]o lknmqa jk `kiej] ] hejcq]cai `aooa pelk `a nah]k* Oa oa lancqjp]n ] ah]6 ÎRk_ pai qi enik;Ï( ah] naolkj`an6 ÎOeiÏ* Oa _kjpejq]niko ] lancqjp]n6 ÎMqai k oaq enik;Ï( ah] naolkj`an6
0IAGET߯ ß CRIADORßDAßEPISTEMOLOGIAß GENmTICA ßDEDICOU SEßß gßLOGICA ßgßBIOLOGIA ßß gßPSICOLOGIAßEßgßFILOSOFIA
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K lajo]iajpk x #!0É45,/ß x
ÎLa`nejdkÏ* Jk ajp]jpk( oa hda lancqjp]niko6 ÎLa`nejdk pai qi] eni;Ï( ah] `en6 ÎJkÏ( lkeo ] hejcq]cai mqa ah] lkooqe laniepa)hda aop]^aha_an nah] ao ajpna ah] a k iqj`k( i]o jk ajpna k iqj`k a ah]* = ejpahecj_e] dqi]j]( _kik ]pere`]`a iajp]h a `a hejcq]cai( lk`a oan `abeje`] _kik ] _]l]_e`]`a l]n] ajbnajp]n kq _khk_]n `e]jpa `a oe lnk^hai]o lnpe_ko a pa ne_ko( l]n] ko mq]eo aj_kjpn]( ah]^kn] kq _kj_a^a okhq ao( oaf] lah] _ne]k `a ejopnqiajpko lnpe_ko $]o p_je_]o%( oaf] lah] _ne]k `a oecjebe_] ao $e`ae]o a _kj_aepko%* ?]n]_panev])oa lah] bhate^ehe) `]`a( lh]ope_e`]`a a ejkr]k( ^ai _kik lah] lkooe^ehe`]`a `a pn]jobkni]n ] ln lne] na]he) `]`a $pn]^]hdk( ]npao( p_je_]o( ] ao lkhpe_]o( ap_*%* = ejpahecj_e] oa na]hev]( lknp]jpk( _kik _kjda_eiajpk a ]k* K _kjda_eiajpk ejpahecajpa ]lnaaj`a k oajpe`k `]o l]h]rn]o( ejpanlnap])k( ejrajp] jk) rko oajpe`ko l]n] l]h]rn]o ]jpec]o kq _ne] jkr]o l]h]rn]o l]n] jkrko oajpe`ko* K ikreiajpk `k _kjda_an ( lkeo( qi ikreiajpk _qfk _knlk ] hejcq]cai* Cn]]o ] ah]( _kil]npehd]iko _ki kqpnko ko jkooko _kjda_eiajpko a na_a^aiko `a kqpnko ko _kjda_eiajpko* ?kiqje_]k( ejbkni]k( iai ne] _qhpqn]h( pn]joieook( ejkr]k a nqlpqn]6 aeo k mqa ] hejcq]cai laniepa ejpahecj_e]* ?h]nebe_]k( knc]jev]k( kn`aj]iajpk( ]jheoa( ej) panlnap]k( _kilnaajok( ojpaoa( ]npe_qh]k6 aeo k mqa ] ejpahecj_e] kbana_a hejcq]cai*
Ejpahec j_e] a lajo]iajpk
=
JUqZOßCOMOßJfßVIMOS ßOß JUqZOßRELACIONAßPOSITIVAßOUß NEGATIVAMENTEßUMßSUJEI TOß3ßEßUMßPREDICADOßOUß CONJUNTOßDEßPREDICADOSß0ß 3ßmß0ß3ßNjOßmß0ß4AMBmMß RELACIONAß3ßEß0ßNECESSA RIAMENTEß±3vCRATESßmß MORTAL²ßACIDENTALMENTEß ±3vCRATESßmßPEQUENO²ß POSSIVELMENTEß±3vCRATESß PODERfßVIRßgßPRAlA² ß±3Eß NjOßCHOVER ß3vCRATESßVIRfßgß PRAlA² ßETC
.,-
ejpahecj_e] _khda( na_khda a na ja ko `]`ko kbana_e`ko lah] lan_alk( lah] ei]cej]) k( lah] iai ne] a lah] hejcq]cai( bkni]j`k na`ao `a oecjebe_] ao _ki ]o mq]eo knc]jev]iko a kn`aj]iko jkook iqj`k a jkoo] re`]( na_a^aj`k a `]j`k oajpe`k ] ahao* K lajo]iajpk( lkni( r]e ]hi `k pn]^]hdk `] ejpahecj_e]6 ]^opn]e $kq oaf]( oal]n]% ko `]`ko `]o _kj`e ao eia`e]p]o `a jkoo] atlanej_e] a ko ah]^kn] ok^ ] bkni] `a _kj_aepko( e`ae]o a fqvko( aop]^aha_aj`k ]npe_qh] ao ejpanj]o a ja_aoone]o ajpna ahao lahk n]_ek_jek $ej`qk a `a`qk%( lah] ]jheoa a lah] ojpaoa* Bkniqh] pakne]o( lnk_qn] lnkr)h]o a ranebe) _)h]o( lkeo aop rkhp]`k l]n] ] ran`]`a `k _kjda_eiajpk* Qi _kj_aepk kq qi] e`ae] qi] na`a `a oecjebe_] ao mqa jko kbana_a6 k oajpe`k ej) panjk a aooaj_e]h `]mqehk ] mqa oa nabana7 ko jatko _]qo]eo kq ]o nah] ao ja_aoone]o ajpna oaqo ahaiajpko( `a oknpa mqa lkn ahao _kjda_aiko ] knecai( ko lnej_leko( ]o _kjoamqj_e]o( ]o _]qo]o a ko abaepko `]mqehk ] mqa oa nabana* K _kj_aepk kq e`ae] jko kbana_a ] aooj_e])oec) jebe_]k ja_aoone] `a ]hcqi] _keo]( oq] knecai kq _]qo]( oq]o _kjoamqj_e]o kq oaqo abaepko( oaq ik`k `a oan a `a ]cen* =ooei( lkn atailhk( rafk nko]o( i]nc]ne`]o( cen]oo eo* I]o _kj_a^k lahk lajo]iajpk k _kj_aepk kq ] e`ae] qjerano]h `a bhkn* Oejpk _knlko mqajpao( iknjko( bneko( cah]`ko( oejpk k bnek `] jara( k _]hkn `k Okh( ] pale`av ]cn]`rah `] cq] `k i]n kq `] leo_ej]* I]o _kj_a^k lahk lajo]iajpk k _kj_aepk kq ] e`ae] `a pailan]pqn]* Rafk qi] ^kh]( jk _kjfqjpk iqoe_]h pk_k qi pne jcqhk( ao_nark ok^na qi] iao] _qfk p]ilk pai mq]pnk h]`ko ecq]eo* I]o lahk lajo]iajpk _kj_a^k k _kj_aepk kq ] e`ae] `a aoban] kq _n_qhk( `a pne jcqhk( `a mq]`n]`k* Rkq ]hi6 lahk lqnk lajo]iajpk( bkniqhk k _kj_aepk `a becqn] cakipne_] a `]o haeo mqa ] nacai( ah]^kn]j`k ]teki]o( lkopqh]`ko a paknai]o* Ko _kj_aepko kq e`ae]o ok na`ao `a oecjebe_] ao _qfko jatko kq hec] ao ok atlnaooko lahk lajo]iajpk lkn iaek `ko fqvko( lahko mq]eo aop]^aha_aiko ko ahko ejpanjko a ja_ao) oneko ajpna qi oan a ]o mq]he`]`ao( ]o lnklnea`]`ao( ko ]pne^qpko mqa hda lanpaj_ai( ]ooei _kik ]mqahao lna`e_]`ko mqa hda ok ]_e`ajp]eo a mqa lk`ai oan napen]`ko oai mqa eook ]bapa k oajpe`k a ] na]he`]`a `a qi oan* Qi _kjfqjpk `a fqvko _kjopepqe qi] pakne]( mq]j`k6 aop]^aha_a)oa _ki _h]nav] qi _]ilk `a k^fapko a ko lnk_a`eiajpko l]n] _kjda_)hko a ajqj_e)hko7 knc]jev]i)oa a kn`aj]i)oa ko _kj_aepko7
x 5.)$!$%ß x K _kjda_eiajpk
]npe_qh]i)oa a `aikjopn]i)oa ko fqvko( ranebe_]j`k oaq ]_kn`k _ki nacn]o a lnej_leko `a n]_ekj]he`]`a a `aikjopn]k* Pakne] atlhe_]k( `ao_nek a ejpanlnap]k can]h `]o _]qo]o( bkni]o( ik`]he`]`ao a nah] ao `a qi _]ilk `a k^fapko( _kjda_e`ko cn]]o ] lnk_a`eiajpko aola_be_ko( ln lneko `] j]pqnav] `ko k^fapko ejraopec]`ko* K lajo]iajpk ah]^kn] pakne]o( kq oaf]( qi] atlhe_]k kq ejpanlnap]k ejpaha_pq]h `a qi _kjfqjpk `a bajiajko a oecjebe_] ao $k^fapko( b]pko( oepq] ao( ]_kjpa_eiajpko%( mqa aop]^aha_a ] j]pqnav]( k r]hkn a ] ran`]`a `a p]eo bajiajko* Lkn eook b]h]iko ai pakne] `] nah]pere`]`a( pakne] cajpe_]( pakne] ]neopkphe_]( pakne] loe_]j]hpe_]( ap_* Qi] pakne] lk`a kq jk j]o_an `enap]iajpa `a qi] lnpe_] a pan kq jk qi] ]lhe_]k lnpe_] `enap]( i]o jk ] lnpe_] mqa laniepa `apaniej]n ] ran`]`a kq b]hoe`]`a pa ne_] a oei _nepneko ejpanjko ln lne] pakne] $oaf] oq] _knnaolkj`j_e] _ki ]o _keo]o paknev]`]o( oaf] ] _kanj_e] ejpan) j] `a oaqo ]ncqiajpko( oaqo n]_ek_jeko( oq]o `aikjopn] ao a oq]o lnkr]o( oaf]( ajbei( ] _kjoeopj_e] h ce_] `a oq]o oecjebe_] ao%* = lnpe_] kneajp] k pn]^]hdk pa ne_k( ranebe_] oq]o _kj_hqo ao( i]o jk `apaniej] oq] ran`]`a kq b]hoe`]`a* K lajo]iajpk lnkl a a ah]^kn] pakne]o a _ne] i pk`ko*
= ja_aooe`]`a `k i pk`k
Q
o]n qi ipk`k oacqen nacqh]n a kn`aj]`]iajpa qi _]iejdk ]pn]ro `k mq]h qi _anpk k^faperk ]h_]j]`k* Jk _]ok `k _kjda_eiajpk( k _]iejdk kn`aj]) `k mqa k lajo]iajpk oacqa lkn iaek `a qi _kjfqjpk `a nacn]o a lnk_a`eiaj) pko n]_ekj]eo( _ki pno bej]he`]`ao6 -*
MmTODOßAßPALAVRAßß MmTODOßVEMßDOßGREGOßß METHODOS ßFORMADAßPORß METAß±ATRAVmSßDE² ß±PORß MEIOßDE² ßEßPORßHODOSß ±VIA² ß±CAMINHO²
_kj`qven `ao_k^anp] `a qi] ran`]`a ]p ajpk `ao_kjda_e`]7
.* laniepen ] `aikjopn]k a ] lnkr] `a qi] ran`]`a f _kjda_e`]7 /* laniepen ] ranebe_]k `a _kjda_eiajpko l]n] ]ranecq]n oa ok kq jk ran`]`aenko* K ipk`k ( lknp]jpk( qi ejopnqiajpk n]_ekj]h l]n] ]`mqenen( `aikjopn]n kq ranebe_]n _kjda_eiajpko* Lkn mqa oa oajpa ] ja_aooe`]`a `a qi ipk`k; Lknmqa( _kik reiko( k annk( ] ehqok( k b]hok( ] iajpen] nkj`]i k _kjda_eiajpk( ejpanbanai j] atlanej_e] a jk lajo]iajpk* L]n] `]n oacqn]j] ]k _kjda_eiajpk( k lajo]iajpk _ne] nacn]o a lnk_a`eiajpko mqa laniepai ]k oqfaepk _kcjko_ajpa ]banen a _kjpnkh]n pk`ko ko l]ooko mqa na]hev] jk _kjda_eiajpk `a ]hcqi k^fapk kq _kjfqjpk `a k^fapko* = behkokbe] _kjda_aq `ebanajpao _kj_al ao `a ipk`k* Lh]pk( lkn atailhk( _kjoe`an]r] mqa k iahdkn _]iejdk l]n] k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]) `aenk an] k mqa laniepe] ]k lajo]iajpk he^anp]n)oa `k _kjda_eiajpk oajorah $_naj]o( kle) je ao%( eopk ( `]o ei]cajo a ]l]nj_e]o `]o _keo]o* =pne^q] aooa l]lah he^an]`kn `eo_qook n]_ekj]h( j] bkni] `k `ehkck* Jk `ehkck( ko ejpanhk_qpknao( cqe]`ko lah]o lancqjp]o `k beh okbk $jk _]ok( O _n]pao%( at]iej]i a `eo_qpai kleje ao mqa _]`] qi `ahao lkooqe ok^na ]hcqi ]ooqjpk7 `ao_k^nai mqa oq]o kleje ao ok _kjpn]`ep ne]o a jk har]i ] _kjda_eiajpk ]hcqi* =_aep]i ]^]j`k) j)h]o a _kjoacqai( lkq_k ] lkq_k( _dac]n e`ae] qjerano]h kq aooj_e] `] _keo] lnk_qn]) `]* Lkn oa pn]p]n `a qi _kjbnkjpk ajpna ei]cajo a kleje ao _kjpnne]o kq _kjpn]`ep ne]o( aooa ipk`k kq _]iejdk an] _d]i]`k lkn Lh]pk `a `e]h pe_] $`eo_qook `a paoao _kjpnne]o a ai _kjbhepk kq klkoek%* =neop pahao( jk ajp]jpk( _kjoe`ankq ] `e]hpe_] ej]`amq]`] ]k lajo]iajpk( lkeo( `eve] aha( p]h lnk_a`eiajpk he`] _ki ian]o kleje ao lnkrraeo( jk kbana_aj`k jajdqi] c]n]jpe] `a mqa pajd]iko oqlan]`k k _kjbhepk `a kleje ao a ]h_]j]`k ] aooj_e] ran`]`aen] `] _keo] ejraopec]`]* Lkn aooa ikperk( `abejeq k lnk_a`eiajpk behko be_k)_eajpbe_k _kik qi ipk`k
6ERß5NIDADEß ßCAPqTULOß
.,.
K lajo]iajpk x #!0É45,/ß x 6ERß5NIDADEß ßCAPqTULOß
`aikjopn]perk mqa oa na]hev] lkn iaek `a oehkceoiko* K oehkceoik qi _kjfqjpk `a pno fqvko kq lnklkoe ao mqa laniepa k^pan qi] _kj_hqok ran`]`aen]* Pn]p])oa `a qi ipk`k `a`qperk jk mq]h( `a `q]o lnaieoo]o( `a`qv)oa qi] _kj_hqok* Lkn atailhk6 Pk`ko ko dkiajo ok iknp]eo* O _n]pao dkiai* Hkck( O _n]pao iknp]h*
ESTRUTURALISMOßMmTODOß DEßANfLISEßNAßETNOLOGIA ß ANTROPOLOGIA ßFILOSOFIA ß SOCIOLOGIA ßECONOMIAß EßTEORIAßLITERfRIA ßQUEß INVESTIGAßUMßFENxMENOß BUSCANDOßSUASßESTRUTURASß PROFUNDASß%STUDOßDEßß UMAßCATEGORIAßDEßFATOSß QUEßENFOCAßESPECIALMENTEß ASßESTRUTURAS
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=neop pahao _kjoe`an]r]( lkni( mqa ko k^fapko mqa ok _kjda_e`ko lkn atlanej_e]( a jk o lahk lqnk lajo]iajpk( `arane]i oacqen qi ipk`k ej`qperk( jk mq]h k oehkceoik oane] k naoqhp]`k ]h_]j]`k lahk _kjda_eiajpk* ?kik reiko jk lneiaenk _]lpqhk `aop] Qje`]`a( `qn]jpa ] ik`anje`]`a $eopk ( ] l]n) pen `k o_qhk TREE%( ] ja_aooe`]`a `a qi ipk`k pknjkq)oa ]ej`] i]eo eilaneko] `k mqa ]jpao( lkeo( _kik reiko( k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk jk o]^a oa lk`a ]h_]j]n ] ran`]`a* Reiko p]i^i mqa l]n] ko ik`anjko( k ipk`k laniepa qi] nabkni] `] ejpahecj_e]( kba) na_a nacn]o l]n] k pn]^]hdk `k lajo]iajpk a ]ooacqn] ] ]ilhe]k `ko _kjda_eiajpko* K ipk`k( j]o rne]o bkniqh] ao mqa na_a^aq jk _knnan `] deop ne] `] behkokbe] a `]o _ej_e]o( oailna para k l]lah `a qi obdri^alo `k lajo]iajpk( eopk ( `a ranebe_]`kn a ]r]he]) `kn `]o e`ae]o a pakne]o6 cqe] k pn]^]hdk ejpaha_pq]h $lnk`qk `]o e`ae]o( `ko atlaneiajpko( `]o pakne]o% a ]r]he] ko naoqhp]`ko k^pe`ko* @ao`a =neop pahao( ] behkokbe] _kjoe`an] mqa( ]k h]`k `a qi ipk`k can]h mqa pk`k a mq]hmqan _kjda_eiajpk `ara oacqen( p]jpk l]n] ] ]mqeoek _kik l]n] ] `aikjopn]k a ranebe_]k `a ran`]`ao( kqpnko ipk`ko l]npe_qh]nao ok ja_aooneko( lkeo ko k^fapko ] oa) nai _kjda_e`ko p]i^i atecai ipk`ko mqa aopaf]i ai _kjbknie`]`a _ki ahao a( ]ooei( d]ran `ebanajpao ipk`ko _kjbknia ] aola_ebe_e`]`a `k k^fapk ] oan _kjda_e`k* @aoo] i]) jaen]( ok `ebanajpao ajpna oe ko ipk`ko `] cakiapne] a `] boe_]( `] ^ekhkce] a `] ok_ekhkce]( `] deop ne] a `] mqie_]( a ]ooei lkn `e]jpa* ejpanaoo]jpa jkp]n( pk`]re]( mqa( ai _anpko lank`ko `] deop ne] `] behkokbe] a `]o _ej) _e]o( _dackq)oa ] lajo]n jqi ipk`k je_k mqa kbana_ane] ko iaoiko lnej_leko a ]o iao) i]o nacn]o l]n] pk`ko ko _]ilko `k _kjda_eiajpk* =ooei( lkn atailhk( C]hehaq fqhckq mqa k ipk`k i]paipe_k `arane] oan qo]`k ai pk`ko ko _kjda_eiajpko `] j]pqnav]( lkeo( `eve] aha( Î] j]pqnav] qi hernk ao_nepk ai _]n]_panao i]paipe_koÏ* @ao_]npao( ej`k i]eo hkjca mqa C]hehaq( fqhckq mqa qi o a iaoik ipk`k `arane] oan ailnac]`k lah] behkokbe] a lkn pk`]o ]o _ej_e]o( qi] j^qebpfp rkfsbop^ifp( kq k _kjda) _eiajpk `] loabj ja_aoone] `]o e`ae]o( rhe`] l]n] pk`ko ko k^fapko `a _kjda_eiajpk* ?k) jda_an oane] kn`aj]n a aj_]`a]n ai jatko _kjpjqko ]o e`ae]o nabanajpao ] qi k^fapk a p]h lnk_a`eiajpk `arane] oan k iaoik ai pk`ko ko _kjda_eiajpko lknmqa aooa k ik`k ln ) lnek `k lajo]iajpk( oaf] mq]h bkn k k^fapk ] oan _kjda_e`k* Ko beh okbko a _eajpeop]o `k bej]h `k o_qhk TET p]i^i ]beni]r]i mqa qi je_k ipk) `k `arane] oan oacqe`k* Ajpqoe]oi]`ko _ki k `aoajrkhreiajpk `] boe_]( fqhc]n]i mqa pk`ko ko _]ilko `k o]^an `arane]i ailnac]n k ipk`k qo]`k lah] Î_ej_e] `] j]pqnav]Ï( iaoik mq]j`k k k^fapk bkooa k dkiai* =ckn]( jk an] p]jpk ] e`ae] `a kn`aj]iajpk ejpanjk `]o e`ae]o mqa har]r] `abao] `a qi je_k ipk`k `a _kjda_eiajpk( i]o ] e`ae] `] _]qo]he`]`a kq `a atlhe_]k _]qo]h `a pk`ko ko b]pko( bkooai ahao j]pqn]eo kq dqi]jko* Jk o_qhk TT( lkni( ok^napq`k _ki ] bajkiajkhkce] `a Dqooanh a _ki ] _knnajpa `k lajo]iajpk _kjda_e`] _kik aopnqpqn]heoik( l]ookq)oa ] _kjoe`an]n mqa _]`] _]ilk `k _k) jda_eiajpk `ar] pan oaq ipk`k ln lnek( `apaniej]`k lah] j]pqnav] `k k^fapk( lah] bkni] _kik k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk lk`a ]lnktei]n)oa `aooa k^fapk a lahk _kj_aepk `a ran`]`a mqa _]`] aoban] `k _kjda_eiajpk `abeja l]n] oe ln lne]* =ooei( lkn atailhk( _kjoe`an])oa k ipk`k i]paipe_k( eopk ( `a`qperk( ln lnek l]n] k^fapko mqa ateopai ]laj]o e`a]hiajpa a mqa ok _kjopnq`ko ejpaen]iajpa lahk jkook laj) o]iajpk7 ]k _kjpnnek( k ipk`k atlaneiajp]h( eopk ( ej`qperk( ln lnek `]o _ej_e]o j]pq) n]eo( mqa k^oanr]i oaqo k^fapko a na]hev]i atlaneiajpko*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K _kjda_eiajpk
F ]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o pi ipk`ko `a _kilnaajok a `a ejpanlnap]k `k oajpe`k `]o ] ao( `]o lnpe_]o( `ko _kilknp]iajpko( `]o ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo a lkhpe_]o( `ko oajpe) iajpko( `ko `aoafko( `]o pn]jobkni] ao deop ne_]o( lkeo k dkiai( k^fapk `aoo]o _ej_e]o( qi oan deop ne_k)_qhpqn]h mqa lnk`qv ]o ejopepqe ao a k oajpe`k `ah]o* P]h oajpe`k k mqa lna_eo] oan _kjda_e`k* Jk _]ok `]o _ej_e]o at]p]o $]o i]paipe_]o%( k ipk`k `a`qperk p]i^i _d]i]`k ]tekipe_k( eopk ( ^]oae] k _kjda_eiajpk jqi _kjfqjpk `a paniko lneieperko a `a ]teki]o ej`aikjopnraeo( mqa ok k lkjpk `a l]npe`] `] _kjopnqk a `aikjopn]k `ko k^fapko* Jk _]ok `]o _ej_e]o j]pqn]eo $boe_]( mqie_]( ^ekhkce]( ap_*%( k ipk`k ej`qperk p]i^i _d]i]`k atlaneiajp]h a delkp pe_k* Atlaneiajp]h lknmqa oa ^]oae] ai k^oanr] ao a ai atlaneiajpko( p]jpk l]n] bkniqh]n mq]jpk l]n] ranebe_]n ]o pakne]o* Delkppe_k lknmqa ko _eajpeop]o l]npai `a del paoao ok^na ko k^fapko mqa cqe]i ko atlaneiajpko a ] ]r]he]k `ko naoqhp]`ko* Jk _]ok `]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o $loe_khkce]( ok_ekhkce]( ]jpnklkhkce]( deop ne]( ap_*%( k i) pk`k _d]i]`k _kilnaajoerk)ejpanlnap]perk lknmqa oaq k^fapk ok ]o oecjebe_] ao kq ko oajpe`ko `ko _kilknp]iajpko( `]o lnpe_]o a `]o ejopepqe ao na]hev]`]o kq lnk`qve`]o lahko oanao dqi]jko* Mq]jpk behkokbe]( ai^kn] ko beh okbko pajd]i ko_eh]`k ajpna rneko ipk`ko lkooraeo( ]pq]hiajpa mq]pnk pn]ko ok _kiqjo ]ko `ebanajpao ipk`ko behko be_ko6 -*
k ipk`k obcibufsl Í l]npa `] ]qpk]jheoa kq `k ]qpk_kjda_eiajpk `k lajo]iajpk7
.* `oqf`l Í ejraopec] ko bqj`]iajpko a ]o _kj`e ao ja_aoone]o `] lkooe^ehe`]`a `k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk( `] ]k pe_]( `] _ne]k ]npope_] a `] ]pere`]`a lkhpe_]7 /* abp`ofqfsl Í `ao_nara ]o aopnqpqn]o ejpanj]o kq aooj_e]o `a _]`] _]ilk `a k^fapko `k _kjda_eiajpk a `]o bkni]o `a ]k dqi]j]7 0* fkqbomobq^qfsl Í ^qo_] ]o bkni]o `] hejcq]cai a ]o oecjebe_] ao kq ko oajpe`ko `ko k^fapko( `ko b]pko( `]o lnpe_]o a `]o ejopepqe ao( oq]o knecajo a pn]jobkni] ao*
Lajo]iajpk ipe_k a lajo]iajpk hce_k
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k _]lpqhk ]jpanekn( reiko mqa ] hjcq] cnac] lkooq] `q]o l]h]rn]o l]n] nabanen)oa hejcq]cai6 jvqelp a idlp* Reiko p]i^i( p]jpk jk aopq`k `] hejcq]cai _kik jk `] ejpahecj_e]( mqa k ]pk `a b]h]n a k ]pk `a lajo]n ok ejoal]nraeo* Lkn eook iaoik( lk`aiko nabanen)jko ] `q]o ik`]he`]`ao `k lajo]iajpk( _kjbknia lna`kieja k jvqelp kq k idlp* = pn]`ek behko be_]( ok^napq`k ] l]npen `k o_qhk TREEE $_ki ] behkokbe] `] Ehqopn]k% a `k o_qhk TET $_ki ] behkokbe] `] deop ne] `a Dacah a k lkoepereoik `a =qcqopk ?kipa%( ]ben) i]r] mqa `k iepk h ce_] d]re] qi] arkhqk `k aolnepk dqi]jk( eopk ( k iepk an] qi] b]oa kq ap]l] `k aolnepk dqi]jk a `] _erehev]k mqa ]jpa_a`e] k ]`rajpk `] h ce_] kq `k lajo]iajpk h ce_k( _kjoe`an]`k ] ap]l] lkopanekn a arkhq`] `k lajo]iajpk a `] _erehev]k* Aoo] pn]`ek behko be_] bav _nan mqa k iepk lanpaj_ane] ] _qhpqn]o ÎejbaneknaoÏ( Îlneieper]oÏ kq Î]pn]o]`]oÏ( ajmq]jpk k lajo]iajpk h ce_k kq n]_ekj]h lanpaj_ane] ] _qhpqn]o ÎoqlaneknaoÏ( Î_erehev]`]oÏ a Î]`e]jp]`]oÏ* Aoo] oal]n]k pailkn]h a arkhqper] `a `q]o ik`]he`]`ao `a lajo]iajpk b]ve] _ki mqa oa fqhc]ooa ] lnaoaj]( ai jkoo]o ok_ea`]`ao( `a atlhe_] ao ipe_]o $eopk ( ]o nahece ao( ] hepa) n]pqn]( ]o ]npao% _kik qi] aol_ea `a Înao`qkÏ kq ÎnaopkÏ `a qi] b]oa l]oo]`] `] arkhqk `] dqi]je`]`a( `aopej]`] ] `ao]l]na_an _ki ] lhaj] arkhqk `] n]_ekj]he`]`a _eajpbe_] a behko be_]* Dkfa( lkni( o]^a)oa mqa ] _kj_alk arkhqper] aop amqerk_]`] a mqa k lajo]iajpk _kj_aepq]h a k lajo]iajpk ipe_k lk`ai _kateopen jqi] iaoi] ok_ea`]`a* Aopq`ko `a ]j)
.,0
K lajo]iajpk x #!0É45,/ß x
!NNEMIEKß6ELDMAN+IPAß #ORBIS,ATINSTOCK
pnklkhkce] ok_e]h( mqa aopq`] ko iepko `]o ok_ea`]`ao `ep]o oahr]cajo a p]i^i ]o iepkhk) ce]o `a jkoo]o ok_ea`]`ao( `ep]o _erehev]`]o( ikopn]n]i mqa( jk _]ok `a jkoo]o ok_ea`]`ao( ] lnaoaj] oeiqhp ja] `k lajo]iajpk _kj_aepq]h a `k lajo]iajpk ipe_k `a_knna `k ik`k _kik ] ei]cej]k ok_e]h pn]jobkni] ai iepk ]mqehk mqa k lajo]iajpk _kj_aepq]h ah]^kn] j]o _ej_e]o a j] behkokbe]* >]op] ran k _]npan ice_k)i]n]rehdkok `]`k ]ko o]phepao( ]ko ]qpi]pko( ]ko _kilqp]`knao l]n] _kjop]p]niko ] l]oo]cai `] _ej_e] ]k iepk* Jk ajp]jpk( aopq`ko `a jaqnkhkce] a `] ]jheoa `] ]j]pkie] a `] beoekhkce] `k _na^nk dqi]jk ikopn]i mqa aooa nck lkooqe `q]o l]npao( kq `keo daieobneko7 ai qi `ahao hk_]hev])oa ] hejcq]cai a k lajo]iajpk oei^ he_ko a ]baperko $lnklajoko ]k i]n]rehdkok a ei]cej]k _ne]`kn]% a( jk kqpnk( ] hejcq]cai a k lajo]iajpk _kj_aepq]eo* ?anp]o lao) ok]o( _kik ko ]npeop]o( `aoajrkhrai i]eo k daieobnek oei^ he_k a ]baperk( ajmq]jpk kqpn]o( _kik ko _eajpeop]o( `aoajrkhrai i]eo k daieobnek _kj_aepq]h a h ce_k* =ooei( ] lna`kiej j_e] `a qi] kq kqpn] bkni] `k lajo]iajpk `alaj`a( `a qi h]`k( `]o paj`j_e]o laook]eo a `] deop ne] `a re`] `ko ej`er`qko a( `a kqpnk( `k ik`k _kik qi] ok_ea`]`a kq qi] _qhpqn] na_knnai i]eo ] qi] `k mqa kqpn] bkni] l]n] ejpanlnap]n ] na]he`]`a( ejpanren jk iqj`k a atlhe_]n)oa ] oe iaoi]*
,mVI 3TRAUSS߯ ß ANTROPvLOGOßEßFILvSOFOß BELGA ßUMßDOSßPRINCIPAISß EXPOENTESßDOßESTRUTURALIS MOßFRANCoSß&OIßPROFESSORß NAß5NIVERSIDADEßDEß3jOß 0AULOß530 ßDEßßAß ßEßREALIZOUßPESQUISASß ANTROPOLvGICASßCOMßqNDIOSß BOROROSßEßNHAMBIQUARASß ENTREßßEß
K
]jpnkl hkck ?h]q`a Hre)Opn]qoo aopq`kq k Îlajo]iajpk oahr]) caiÏ l]n] ikopn]n mqa ko _d]) i]`ko oahr]cajo jk ok ]pn]o]`ko jai lneieperko( ]laj]o klan]i _ki k lajo]) iajpk ipe_k* ÎK iepk a k nepkÏ( ao_nara Hre) )Opn]qoo( Îjk ok oeilhao haj`]o b]^qhk) o]o( i]o qi] knc]jev]k `] na]he`]`a ] l]npen `] atlanej_e] oajorah ajmq]jpk p]hÏ* L]n] atlhe_]n ] _kilkoek `a qi iepk( Hre)Opn]qoo oa nabana ] qi] ]pere) `]`a mqa ateopa ai jkoo] ok_ea`]`a a mqa( ai bn]j_o( oa _d]i] _of`li^db*
,EBRECHTß-USICßß!RTS#ORBIS,ATINSTOCK
?kik k iepk bqj_ekj]
Ehqopn]k `] deop ne] `k Nae =npqn( becqn] haj`ne] ^nepje_]*
.,1
Mqai ln]pe_] _of`li^db lnk`qv qi k^fapk jkrk ] l]npen `a la`]ko a bn]ciajpko `a kqpnko k^fapko* R]e naqjej`k( oai qi lh]jk iqepk nce`k( pq`k k mqa aj_kjpn] a mqa oanra l]n] k k^fapk mqa aop _kilkj`k* K lajo]iajpk ipe_k b]v at]p]iajpa ] iaoi] _keo]( eopk ( r]e naqjej`k ]o atlanej_e]o( ]o j]nn]per]o( ko nah]pko( ]p _kilkn qi iepk can]h* ?ki aooao i]pane]eo dapankcjako lnk`qv ] atlhe_]k ok^na ] knecai a ] bkni] `]o _keo]o( oq]o bqj ao a oq]o bej]he`]`ao( ko lk`anao `erejko ok^na ] j]pqnav] a ok^na ko dqi]jko* K iepk lkooqe( ]ooei( pno _]n]_panope_]o lnej_el]eo6
x 5.)$!$%ß x K _kjda_eiajpk
-*
crk l bumif`^qfs^6 k lnaoajpa atlhe_]`k lkn ]hcqi] ]k l]oo]`] _qfko abaepko lan) i]ja_an]i jk pailk* Lkn atailhk( qi] _kjopah]k ateopa lknmqa( jk l]oo]`k( _ne]j) ]o bqceper]o a b]iejp]o iknnan]i j] bhknaop] a bkn]i har]`]o ]k _q lkn qi] `aqo] mqa ]o pn]jobknikq ai aopnah]o7 ]o _dqr]o ateopai lknmqa( jko pailko l]oo]`ko( qi] `aqo] ]l]etkjkq)oa lkn qi dqi]jk a( jk lk`aj`k qjen)oa ] aha `enap]iajpa( qjeq)oa lah] pneopav]( b]vaj`k oq]o hcnei]o _]nai ok^na k iqj`k( ap_*7
.* crk l lod^kfw^qfs^6 k iepk knc]jev] ]o nah] ao ok_e]eo $`a l]najpao_k( `a ]he]j]o( `a pnk_]o( `a oatk( `a e`]`a( `a lk`an( ap_*% `a ik`k ] hacepei]n a c]n]jpen ] lani]jj_e] `a qi oeopai] _kilhatk `a lnke^e ao a lanieoo ao* Lkn atailhk( qi iepk _kik k `a `elk ateopa $_ki j]nn]per]o `ebanajpao% ai mq]oa pk`]o ]o ok_ea`]`ao oahr]cajo a pai ] bqjk `a c]n]jpen ] lnke^ek `k ej_aopk( oai ] mq]h k oeopai] ok_eklkhpe_k( ^]oa]`k j]o haeo `a l]najpao_k a `a ]he]j]o( jk lk`a oan i]jpe`k7 /* crk l `ljmbkp^qof^6 k iepk j]nn] qi] oepq]k l]oo]`]( mqa ] jac]k `k lnaoajpa a mqa oanra p]jpk l]n] _kilajo]n ko dqi]jko `a ]hcqi] lan`] _kik l]n] c]n]jpen) )hdao mqa qi annk l]oo]`k bke _knnece`k jk lnaoajpa( `a ik`k ] kbana_an qi] reok aop]^ehev]`] a nacqh]nev]`] `] j]pqnav] a `] re`] _kiqjepne]* Lkn atailhk( ajpna ko iepko cnacko( aj_kjpn])oa k `] knecai `k bkck( mqa Lnkia) paq nkq^kq `k Kheilk l]n] ajpnac]n ]ko iknp]eo a laniepen)hdao k `aoajrkhreiajpk `]o p_je_]o* Jqi] `]o rano ao `aooa iepk( j]nn])oa mqa Lnkiapaq `eooa ]ko dkiajo mqa oa lnkpacaooai `] _ han] `a Vaqo na]hev]j`k k o]_neb_ek `a qi ^ke( i]o mqa oa ikopn]ooai i]eo ]opqpko `k mqa aooa `aqo( _kiaj`k ]o _]njao a ajre]j`k)hda ]o pnel]o a ckn`qn]o* Vaqo `ao_k^neq ] ]npei]jd] a ko dkiajo oane]i lqje`ko _ki ] lan`] `k bkck oa Lnkiapaq jk hdao ajoej]ooa qi] jkr] ]npei]jd]6 _khk_]n lanbqiao a ej_ajok j]o l]npao `a`e_]`]o ]k `aqo* ?ki aooa iepk( j]nn])oa k ik`k _kik ko dqi]jko oa ]lnklne]n]i `a ]hck `erejk $k bkck% a _ne]n]i qi nepq]h $k o]_neb_ek `a qi ]jei]h _ki lanbqiao a ej_ajok% l]n] _kjoanr]n k mqa d]re]i nkq^]`k `ko `aqoao* ?kik klan] k lajo]iajpk ipe_k; =jpao `a i]eo j]`]( lah] naqjek `a dapankcjako* K iepk na ja( fqjp]( nah]_ekj] a b]v ahaiajpko `ebanajpao a dapankcjako ]cenai qjo ok^na ko kqpnko* Lkn atailhk( _knlko `a _ne]j]o ok aopnah]o( hcnei]o `a qi] `aqo] ok _dqr]( k `e] k _]nnk `k `aqo =lkhk( ] jkepa k i]jpk `a qi] `aqo]( k pailk qi `aqo $j] iepkhkce] cnac]( ?nkjko%( ap_* Ai oacqj`k hqc]n( k iepk knc]jev] ] na]he`]`a( `]j`k o _keo]o( ]ko b]pko( o ejopepqe ao qi oajpe`k ]j]h ce_k a iap]b ne_k( eopk ( qi] _keo] r]ha lkn kqpn]( oq^opepqe kqpn]( nalna) oajp] kqpn]* Jk iepk `a `elk( lkn atailhk( ko lo a k ik`k `a ]j`]n pi qi oecjebe_]`k ]j]h ce_k( iap]b ne_k a oei^ he_k iqepk lna_eok* H]^`_k( ]r `a `elk( mqan `evan Î_ktkÏ7 H]ek( l]e `a `elk( mqan `evan Îl pknpkÏ7 `elk mqan `evan Îl ej_d]`kÏ* Aoo] nabanj_e] ]ko lo a ]k ik`k `a ]j`]n qi] nabanj_e] nah]k `ko dqi]jko _ki k okhk a( lknp]jpk( _ki ] pann]( a oei^khev] kq iap]bknev] qi] mqaopk iqepk cn]ra6 ko dqi]jko j]o_an]i `] pann] kq `] qjek `a qi dkiai a `a qi] iqhdan; Oa `] pann]( `ara) ne]i oan eiknp]eo* Jk ajp]jpk( iknnai* L]n] atlneien ] ]jc ope] `a oanai iknp]eo a k b]pk `a ko dqi]jko( lknp]jpk( j]o_anai `a qi dkiai a qi] iqhdan a jk `] pann]( k iepk oei) ^khev] ] iknp]he`]`a ]pn]ro `] `ebe_qh`]`a l]n] oa nah]_ekj]n _ki ] pann]( eopk ( l]n] ]j`]n $_ktk( pknpk( ej_d]`k%* L]n] atlneien ] `ebe_qh`]`a `a ]_aep]n qi] knecai dqi]j] iknp]h( k iepk oei^khev] ] bn]cehe`]`a `]o haeo dqi]j]o b]vaj`k H]ek i]j`]n i]p]n oaq behdk `elk( `elk ]oo]ooej]n oaq l]e( H]ek( a _]o]n)oa _ki oq] ia( Fk_]op]* Ai pan_aenk hqc]n( k iepk aop]^aha_a nah] ao ajpna ko oanao j]pqn]eo a dqi]jko( oaf] b]vaj`k dqi]jko j]o_anai( lkn atailhk( `a ]jei]eo( oaf] b]vaj`k ko ]opnko `a_e`enai ] oknpa a k `aopejk `ko dqi]jko $_kik j] ]opnkhkce]%( oaf] b]vaj`k _knao( iap]eo a la`n]o `a) bejenai ] j]pqnav] `a qi dqi]jk $_kik ] i]ce]( lkn atailhk%* ?keo]o a dqi]jko oa nah]_ekj]i lkn l]npe_el]k( oeil]pe]( ]jpel]pe]( lkn bkni]o oa_na) p]o `a ]k ] `eop j_e]* K iqj`k qi pa_e`k `a h]ko a rj_qhko oa_napko mqa lna_eo]i oan
bDIPOß2EIßQUANDOßbDIPOß NASCE ßUMAßVIDENTE ß4IRm SIAS ßPREVoßQUEßOßMENINOß MATARfßOßPAIßEßSEßCASARfß COMßAßMjEß!PAVORADO ßOß REIß,AIO߯ßOßPAI߯ßMANDAß MATARßbDIPOß/ßESCRAVOß QUEßDEVERIAßMATARßOß MENINOßSENTEßPIEDADEßEß OßLANlAßNUMßPRECIPqCIOß SEMßVERIFICARßSEßELEßESTfß OUßNjOßMORTOßEßENTREGAß AOßREIßOßCORAljOßDEßUMAß CORlA ßCOMOßSEßFOSSEßOß DEßbDIPOß!ßCRIANlAßNjOß MORREßEßmßRECOLHIDAßPORß UMßPASTORß%STE ßPORßSUAß VEZ ßAßENTREGAßAßUMßOUTROß REI ßQUE ßIDOSO ßLAMENTAVAß NjOßTERßFILHOSß!OßCRESCER ß bDIPOßSUSPEITAßQUEßNjOßmß FILHOßDEßSEUSßPAISßADOTIVOSß EßSAIßgßPROCURAßDOSßPAISß VERDADEIROSß.OßCAMINHO ß VoßUMAßBATALHAßENTREßUMß GRUPOßNUMEROSOßEßUMß PEQUENOßCOLOCA SEßAOß LADOßDESTEß{LTIMOßEßMATAß OßCHEFEßDOßOUTROßGRUPOß¯ß SEUßPAI ß,AIOß#HEGANDOß gßSUAßCIDADEßNATAL ßFICAß SABENDOßQUEßUMßMONS TROßESTAVAßDEVORANDOßASß VIRGENSßEßSvßINTERROMPERfß AßMATANlAßSEßALGUmMß DECIFRARßUMßENIGMAßQUEß PROPzEßbDIPOßDECIFRAßOß ENIGMAß#OMOßRECOMPEN SA ßRECEBEßAßRAINHAßEMß CASAMENTOß#ASA SEßCOMß *OCASTA ßSEMßSABERßQUEßSEß TRATAVAßDEßSUAßVERDADEIRAß MjE ßEßCOMßELAßTEMßFILHOSß !ßPROFECIAßSEßCUMPREß!ß CIDADEßSERfßCASTIGADAß COMßAßPESTEßE ßAOßTENTARß COMBATo LA ßPEDINDOßAOSß DEUSESßQUEßLHEßDIGAMßOß QUEßAßCAUSOU ßbDIPOßFICAß SABENDO ßPORß4IRmSIAS ßQUEß MATOUßOßPAIßEßCASOU SEß COMßAßMjEßbDIPOßFURAßOSß OLHOSßEßEXILA SE ßENQUANTOß *OCASTAßSEßSUICIDA
.,2
K lajo]iajpk x #!0É45,/ß x
`a_ebn]`ko a ok^na ko mq]eo ko dkiajo lk`ai ]`mqenen ]hcqi lk`an lkn iaek `] eiep]k $raopen lahao `a ]jei]eo( b]^ne_]n p]heoio( be_]n ai _anp]o lkoe ao( lh]jp]n b]vaj`k _anpko caopko( lnkjqj_e]n `apaniej]`]o l]h]rn]o%* K iepk `a_ebn] k oa_napk* K nepk eiep] k lk`an* =j]hkce]o a iapbkn]o bkni]i oi^khko( eopk ( ei]cajo _]nnac]`]o a o]pqn]`]o `a oaj) pe`ko i hpelhko a oeiqhp jako( oanrej`k l]n] atlhe_]n _keo]o `ebanajpao kq l]n] oq^opepqen qi] _keo] lkn kqpn]* =ooei( lkn atailhk( qi] iaoi] a je_] _keo] _kik k bkck lk`a oei) ^khev]n qi `aqo( qi] l]etk( _kik k ]ikn a ] _ han] $lknmqa ok ]n`ajpao%( k _kjda_eiajpk $lknmqa aopa qi] ehqiej]k%( ] lqnebe_]k `a ]hcqi] _keo] $_kik j] ]hmqeie]%( k lk`an ok^na ] j]pqnav] $lknmqa laniepa k `aoajrkhreiajpk `]o p_je_]o%( ] `ebanaj] ajpna ko ]je) i]eo a ko dkiajo $lknmqa aopao _kvai ko ]heiajpko ajmq]jpk ]mqahao ko _kiai _nqo%( ap_*
?kik bqj_ekj] k lajo]iajpk _kj_aepq]h
K
lajo]iajpk _kj_aepq]h kq h ce_k klan] `a i]jaen] `ebanajpa a iaoik klkop] `k lajo]iajpk ipe_k* = lneiaen] a bqj`]iajp]h `ebanaj] aop jk b]pk `a mqa aj) mq]jpk k lajo]iajpk ipe_k klan] lkn _of`li^db $]ook_e]k a naqjek `a bn]ciaj) pko dapankcjako%( k lajo]iajpk _kj_aepq]h klan] lkn ipk`k $lnk_a`eiajpk h ce_k l]n] ] ]npe_qh]k n]_ekj]h ajpna ahaiajpko dkikcjako%* @aoo] `ebanaj] naoqhp]i kqpn]o6 qi _kj_aepk kq qi] e`ae] jk qi] ei]cai jai qi oi^khk( i]o qi] `ao_nek a qi] atlhe_]k `] aooj_e] kq j]pqnav] ln lne] `a qi oan( nabanej`k)oa ] aooa oan a okiajpa ] aha7 qi _kj_aepk kq qi] e`ae] jk ok oq^opepqpko l]n] ]o _keo]o( i]o ] _kilnaajok ejpa) ha_pq]h `ah]o7 qi _kj_aepk kq qi] e`ae] jk ok bkni]o `a l]npe_el]k kq `a nah]k `a jkook aolne) pk ai kqpn] na]he`]`a( i]o ok k naoqhp]`k `a qi] ]jheoa kq `a qi] ojpaoa `ko `]`ko `] na]he`]`a kq `k ln lnek lajo]iajpk7 qi fqvk a qi n]_ek_jek jk lani]ja_ai jk jrah `] atlanej_e]( jai knc]jev]i ] atlanej_e] jah] iaoi]( i]o( l]npej`k `ah]( ] oeopai]pev]i ai nah] ao n]_ekj]eo mqa ] pknj]i _kilnaajorah `k lkjpk `a reop] h ce_k7 qi fqvk a qi n]_ek_jek ^qo_]i ]o _]qo]o qjerano]eo a ja_aoone]o lah]o mq]eo qi] na]he`]`a p]h _kik ( `eopejcqej`k k ik`k _kik ah] jko ]l]na_a `k ik`k _kik ai oe iaoi]7 ]o _]qo]o a ko abaepko ok dkikcjako( mqan `evan( ok `a iaoi] j]pqnav]7 qi fqvk a qi n]_ek_jek aopq`]i a ejraopec]i ] `ebanaj] ajpna jkoo]o rerj_e]o oq^) faper]o( laook]eo a _khaper]o( a ko _kjda_eiajpko can]eo a k^faperko( mqa ok `a pk`ko a `a jejcqi ai l]npe_qh]n* Aop]^aha_ai ] `ebanaj] ajpna rerj_e]o oq^faper]o a ] aopnqpq) n] k^faper] `k lajo]iajpk ai can]h7 k lajo]iajpk h ce_k oq^iapa oaqo lnk_a`eiajpko ] ipk`ko( eopk ( ] nacn]o `a rane) be_]k a `a cajan]hev]k `ko _kjda_eiajpko ]`mqene`ko7 ] nacn]o `a kn`aj]iajpk a oeopai]pev]k `ko lnk_a`eiajpko a `ko naoqhp]`ko( `a ik`k mqa qi _kjda_eiajpk jkrk jk lk`a oeilhaoiajpa oan ]_nao_ajp]`k ]ko ]jpaneknao $_kik j] _of`li^db%( i]o o oa fqjp] ] ahao oa k^a`a_an ] _anp]o nacn]o a lnej_leko ejpaha_pq]eo*
.,3
K lajo]iajpk h ce_k kq n]_ekj]h $kq k lajo]iajpk k^faperk% klan] `a ]_kn`k _ki ko lnej_leko `a e`ajpe`]`a( _kjpn]`ek( pan_aenk at_hq`k( n]vk oqbe_eajpa a _]qo]he`]`a7 `eo) pejcqa ran`]`ao `a b]pk a ran`]`ao `a n]vk7 `ebanaj_e] ejpqek( `a`qk( ej`qk a ]^`qk7 `eopejcqa ]jheoa a ojpaoa7 `ebanaj_e] nabhatk a ranebe_]k( pakne] a lnpe_]( _ej_e] a p_je_]* Oa nahaniko k _]lpqhk . `] Qje`]`a -( lan_a^anaiko iahdkn ] `ebanaj] ajpna ]o `q]o ik`]he`]`ao `a lajo]iajpk raj`k ] `ebanaj] ajpna ] atlhe_]k `lpjldkf`^ $ipe_]% a ] `lpjlidf`^ $_kj_aepq]h% `] na]he`]`a( p]eo _kik bkn]i ah]^kn]`]o j] Cn_e]*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K _kjda_eiajpk
K lajo]iajpk _koikcje_k j]nn]r] ] knecai `] j]pqnav] lkn iaek `a caja]hkce]o `erej]o6 ]o bkn]o a ko oanao j]pqn]eo aop]r]i lanokj]hev]`ko a oei^khev]`ko lahko `aqoao( pepo a dan eo( _qf]o nah] ao oatq]eo `]r]i knecai o _keo]o( ]ko dkiajo( o aop] ao `k ]jk( ]k `e] a jkepa( o _khdaep]o( ok_ea`]`a* Oq]o l]et ao jk _knnaolkj`e`]o oa atlneie]i lkn n]eko( pnkr ao( pailaop]`ao( pqb ao( `aoanpko* Oaqo ]iknao a `aoafko na]hev]`ko i]jebao) p]r]i)oa j] ]^qj` j_e] `] lnei]ran]( `]o _khdaep]o( `] lnk_ne]k `ko ]jei]eo* K lajo]iajpk _koikh ce_k atlhe_]r] ] knecai `] j]pqnav] lah] ateopj_e] `a qi kq ]hcqjo ahaiajpko j]pqn]eo $pann])oa_k( cq]) ie`k( ]n)bnek( bkck)mqajpa%( ] mevpfp( mqa( lkn oq] bkn] ejpanj] j]pqn]h( oa pn]jobkni]r]( `]j`k knecai ] pk`]o ]o _keo]o a ]ko dkiajo* Ko lneiaenko beh okbko _kjoe`an]r]i ko ahaiajpko knecejneko _kik bkn]o `erej]o( i]o f jk an]i lanokj]hev]`]o jai oq] ]k atlhe_]`] lkn `aoafko( l]et ao a bqnknao* =neop pahao oeopai]pevkq h ce_] a n]_ekj]hiajpa ]o _koikhkce]o kq pakne]o ok^na ] j]pq) nav] jqi] cpf`^( eopk ( jqi] pakne] kq _ej_e] ok^na ] i]pne] a ] bkni] `ko oanao j]pqn]eo a ok^na ]o _]qo]o `a oaqo ikreiajpko* L]n] ko cnacko( _kik reiko( ikreiajpk $hkbpfp% oecjebe_]6 pk`] iq`]j] mq]hep]per] `a qi oan mq]hmqan $lkn atailhk( qi] oaiajpa mqa oa pknj] nrkna( qi k^fapk ^n]j_k mqa ]i]naha_a( qi ]jei]h mqa ]`ka_a( ]hck mqajpa mqa aobne]( ]hck bnek mqa aomqajp]( k `qnk mqa ]ikha_a( k ikha mqa aj`qna_a( ap_*%7 pk`] iq`]j] kq ]hpan]k mq]jpep]per] $lkn atailhk( qi _knlk mqa ]qiajpa a `eie) jq]( mqa oa `ere`] ai kqpnko iajknao( mqa aj_kilne`a kq aj_qnpa( ]h]ncqa kq aopnae) pa( ap_*%7 pk`] iq`]j] `a hqc]n kq hk_kikk $oq^en( `ao_an( _]en( ] pn]fap ne] `a qi] bha_d]( k `aohk_]iajpk `a qi ^]n_k( ] mqa`] `a qi] la`n]( k harep]n `a qi] lhqi]( ap_*%7 pk`] can]k kq j]o_eiajpk a pk`] _knnqlk kq iknpa `ko oanao* Aooao ikreiajpko( `ev =neop pahao( lkooqai _]qo]o( lkeo pq`k k mqa ateopa lkooqe _]qo] a k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk k _kjda_eiajpk `]o _]qo]o* Ok mq]pnk ]o _]qo]o `ko ikre) iajpko6 -* `^rp^ j^qbof^i Í ] i]pne] `a mqa ]hcqi] _keo] baep] $i]`aen]( la`n]( iap]h( h) mqe`k%7 .* `^rp^ cloj^i Í ] bkni] mqa ]hcqi] _keo] lkooqe a mqa ] ej`ere`q]hev] a ] `ebanaj) _e] `]o kqpn]o $] iao] _]qo] bkni]h `] i]`aen]( ] aoppq] _]qo] bkni]h `] la`n]( ] p]] _]qo] bkni]h `k iap]h( k rejdk _]qo] bkni]h `k hmqe`k%7 /* `^rp^ jlqofw lr bcf`fbkqb Í ]mqehk mqa b]v qi] i]pne] na_a^an qi] bkni] `apan) iej]`] $jk _]ok `ko k^fapko ]npebe_e]eo kq ]npab]pko( ] _]qo] abe_eajpa k ]npaok Í k _]nlej) paenk mqa b]v ] iao]( k ao_qhpkn mqa b]v ] aoppq]( k bannaenk mqa b]v ] p]]( k reje_qhpkn mqa b]v k rejdk7 jk _]ok `ko oanao j]pqn]eo( ] _]qo] abe_eajpa p]i^i qi] _keo] j]pqn]h Í lkn atailhk( k _]hkn `annapa k iap]h( k okh aomqajp] qi _knlk a hda ` kqpn] _kjoeopj_e] kq bkni]( ap_*%7 0* `^rp^ cfk^i Í k ikperk kq bej]he`]`a l]n] ] mq]h ] _keo] ateopa( oa pn]jobkni] a oa na]) hev] $] iao] ateopa l]n] mqa lkoo]iko qo)h] l]n] nabae ao( ao_naran( `alkoep]n k^fapko( ap_*7 ] aoppq]( l]n] k _qhpk `a qi `aqo7 ] p]]( l]n] _khk_]niko ^a^e`]o7 k rejdk( l]n] ^a^aniko* ?ki ] boe_] ]neopkphe_] raiko ] j]pqnav] pknj]n)oa ejpahecrah ]k lajo]iajpk( mqa lk`a atlhe_)h]( `ao_nar)h]( _kilnaaj`)h] a ejpanlnap)h] _kj_aepq]hiajpa*
.,4
= _kjo_ej_e] lk`a _kjda_an pq`k; x #!0É45,/ß x
#APqTULOß = _kjo_e j_e] lk`a _kjda_an pq`k; ?kjo_e j_e] a _kjda_eiajpk
!LBUMAKG.ORTHß7INDßß 0ICTUREß!RCHIVES,ATINSTOCK
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#HARLESß$ARWINßß ¯ ßNATURALISTAß INGLoS
.,5
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kik reiko( ] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk `eopejcqa k aq( ] laook]( k _e`]`k a k oqfaepk7 `eopejcqa p]i^i cn]qo `a _kjo_ej_e] $l]ooer]( rere`]( nabhater]% a pai _kik _ajpnk ] becqn] `k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk( ajpaj`e`k _kik _kjo_ej_e] `a oe nabhater] kq ]pere`]`a n]_ekj]h mqa _kjda_a ] oe iaoi]* Mqa ]_kjpa_an( lkni( oa k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk `ao_k^nen mqa ] _kjo_ej_e] lko) oqe i]eo qi cn]q( ]hi `ko pno mqa iaj_ekj]iko( a( ok^napq`k( oa `ao_k^nen mqa jk oa pn]p] at]p]iajpa `a i]eo qi cn]q a^ _kjo_ej_e]( i]o `a ]hck mqa ] _kjo_ej_e] `ao_k) jda_a a ok^na k mq]h jqj_] lk`an nabhapen `enap]iajpa; Mqa aooa ]hck( `ao_kjda_e`k kq o ej`enap]iajpa _kjda_e`k( `apaniej] pq`k mq]jpk ] _kjo_ej_e] a k oqfaepk oajpai( mqanai( b]vai( `evai a lajo]i; Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( mqa oq_a`an mq]j`k k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiaj) pk `ao_k^nen qi heiepa ejpn]jolkjrah _d]i]`k k ej_kjo_eajpa;
K ej_kjo_eajpa
K
_ne]`kn `] loe_]jheoa( Oeciqj` Bnaq`( ao_naraq mqa( jk pn]jo_knnan `] ik`anje`]) `a( ko dqi]jko bkn]i bane`ko pno ravao a mqa ]o bane`]o ]pejcen]i k jkook j]n_eoeo) ik( eopk ( ] ^ah] ei]cai mqa lkooq]iko `a j o iaoiko _kik oanao _kjo_eajpao+ n]_ekj]eo a _ki ] mq]h( `qn]jpa o_qhko( aoperaiko aj_]jp]`ko* Mqa bane`]o bkn]i aoo]o; = lneiaen] bke ] mqa jko ejbheceq ?klnje_k( ]k lnkr]n mqa ] Pann] jk aop]r] jk _ajpnk `k Qjeranok a mqa ko dkiajo jk an]i k _ajpnk `k iqj`k* = oacqj`] bke _]qo]`] lkn @]nsej( ]k lnkr]n mqa ko dkiajo `ao_aj`ai `a qi lnei]p]( mqa ok ]laj]o qi ahk j] arkhqk `]o aol_eao a jk oanao aola_e]eo( _ne]`ko lkn @aqo l]n] `kiej]n ] j]pqnav]* = pan_aen] bke _]qo]`] lahk ln lnek Bnaq` _ki ] loe_]jheoa( ]k ikopn]n mqa ] _kjo_ej_e] ] iajkn l]npa a ] i]eo bn]_] `a jkoo] re`] lomqe_]* J] k^n] @fk`l bkp^flp pl_ob ^ mpf`^kifpb( Bnaq` ao_nara6 > mpf`^kifpb molmb jlpqo^o nrb l Br kl pljbkqb kl pbkelo k^ pr^ momof^ `^p^ j^p q^j_j bpq obarwfal ^ `lkqbkq^o*pb `lj fkcloj^ bp o^o^p b co^djbkq^* a^p a^nrfil nrb pb m^pp^ clo^ a^ `lkp`f k`f^) kl obpq^kqb a^ sfa^ mpnrf`^ %+++&+ > afsfpl al mpnrf`l krj mpnrf`l `lkp`fbkqb b krj mpnrf`l fk`lkp`fbkqb `lkpqfqrf ^ mobjfpp^ crka^jbkq^i a^ mpf`^kifpb) pbj ^ nr^i bi^ pbof^ fk`^m^w ab `ljmobbkabo lp mol`bpplp m^qlidf`lp) ql cobnrbkqbp nr^kql do^sbp) a^ sfa^ mpnrf`^ b c^w *ilp bkqo^o kl nr^aol a^ `f k`f^ %+++&+ > mpf`^kifpb pb ob`rp^ ^ `lkpfabo^o ^ `lkp`f k`f^ `ljl `lkpqfqrfkal ^ bpp k`f^ a^ sfa^ mpnrf`^) j^p kbi^ s ^mbk^p rj^ nr^ifa^ab abpq^) mlabkal `lbufpqfo `lj lrqo^p nr^ifa^abp b ^q jbpjl c^iq^o+
x 5.)$!$%ß x K _kjda_eiajpk
= loe_]jheoa
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naq` an] i`e_k jaqnkhkceop] a aopq`]r] ko `eop n^eko `k oeopai] janrkok* Oacqej`k ko i`e_ko `a oq] lk_]( qo]r] ] deljkoa a ] oqcaopk jk pn]p]iajpk `ko `kajpao iajp]eo( i]o oajpe])oa ejo]peobaepk _ki ko naoqhp]`ko k^pe`ko* @qn]jpa ]hcqi pailk( ai Reaj]( pn]^]hdkq _ki k i`e_k >naqan( mqa hda nah]pkq k _]ok `a qi] l]_eajpa( =jj] K*( mqa ]lnaoajp]r] oejpki]o `a deopane] $`eop n^eko boe_ko oai _]qo]o boe_]o( lkeo an]i i]je) baop] ao `a lnk^hai]o lomqe_ko%* Ai oaq nah]pk( >naqan _kjpkq ] Bnaq` mqa ] l]_eajpa oqcanen] qi ipk`k `a pn]p]iaj) pk jk mq]h oa lnklqjd] ] b]h]n ok^na oaqo lnk^hai]o `eneko( lknmqa eook pn]ve] ]hrek ]ko oaqo oejpki]o $aooa lnk_a`eiajpk rene] ] oan _d]i]`k `a jqlal `^qoqf`l( eopk ( `a lqne) be_]k kq heilav] `] ]hi]%* Bnaq` l]ookq( ajpk( ] ailnac]n ao oa lnk_a`eiajpk _ki oaqo l]_eajpao6 ai hqc]n `a qo]n ] deljkoa a ] oqcaopk( b]ve] _ki mqa k l]_eajpa nah]t]ooa jqi `er a b]h]ooa( naolkj`aj`k ] oq]o lancqjp]o* Qi] l] _eaj pa la `eq)hda mqa jk ] ejpannkilaooa _ki ]o lan cqj p]o( i]o ] `ae t]o oa b] h]n ao lkj p] ja] iaj pa* = l]n pen `a aj pk( Bnaq` bke ]^]j `k j]j `k ]o lan cqj p]o( i]o( `a rav ai mq]j `k( ej pan nki le] ] l] _eaj pa( `e vaj `k)hda l] h] rn]o okh p]o a la `e])hda mqa b] h]o oa ] lne iae n] l] h] rn] mqa hda reao oa _] ^a ] ]k kq ren k mqa aha `eo oa n] Í lko pa nekn iaj pa Bnaq` `a jk ie j] ne] ao oa lnk _a `e iaj pk `a q`kf`^ ab ^ppl`f^ l ifsob* Bnaq` lan _a ^aq mqa( ai _an pko ik iaj pko( ] l] _eaj pa na] ce] ] _an p]o l] h] rn]o a jk lnk jqj _e] r] ]mqa h] mqa hda rea n] _] ^a ]( _aj oq n]j `k)] lkn ]h cqi ik pe rk ec jk n] `k lkn ah] a lkn aha* Jk pkq p]i ^i mqa( ai kq pn]o k_] oe ao( `a lkeo `a b] van ] ]o ok _e] k he rna `a l] h] rn]o( ] l] _eaj pa be _] r] iqe pk ]ce p] `] a b] h] r] iqe pk* K^ oan rkq mqa( _an p]o ra vao( ]h cq i]o l] h] rn]o ] b] ve]i _dk n]n oai ik pe rk ]l] naj pa a( kq pn]o ra vao( ] b] ve]i hai^n]n)oa `a b] pko `] ej b j _e]( kq ] ha r] r]i ] j]n n]n qi ok jdk mqa pe ra n] j] jke pa ]j pa nekn* La h] _kj ran o]( la h]o na] ao `] l] _eaj pa( la hko ok jdko j]n n] `ko a la h]o hai ^n]j ]o ej) b]j peo( Bnaq` `ao _k ^neq mqa ] re `] _kjo _eaj pa `a oq] l] _eaj pa an] `a pan ie j] `] lkn qi] re`] ej _kjo _eaj pa( mqa p]j pk ah] _k ik aha `ao _k jda _e]i* ?ki lnaaj `aq p]i ^i mqa( ok iaj pa ej pan lna p]j `k ]o l] h] rn]o( ko ok jdko( ]o hai ^n]j ]o a ko cao pko `] l] _eaj pa( _da c] ne] ] ao o] re `] ej _kjo _eaj pa* Bnaq` `ao _k ^neq( be j]h iaj pa( mqa ko oej pk i]o deo p ne _ko `a oq] l]_eajpa pe jd]i pno be j] he `] `ao6
3IGMUNDß&REUDßß ¯ ßFUNDADORßß DAßPSICANfLISEß3UASßß TEORIASßTIVERAMßGRANDEß IMPACTOßNAßPSICOLOGIA ßß NAßPSIQUIATRIA ßNAßß FILOSOFIAßEßNASßCIoNCIASß HUMANASßEßSOCIAIS
_kj p]n ej `e na p] iaj pa ]ko kq pnko a ] oe iao i] ko oajpeiaj pko ej _kjo _eaj pao7
.* lq jen)oa lkn pan p]eo oaj pe iaj pko7 /* na] he v]n( la h] `kaj ] a la hk ok bne iaj pk( qi `a oa fk ej_kjo _eaj pa mqa oq] _kjo _ej _e] fqh c] n] ej pk ha n rah* Pn] p]j `k `a kq pnko l] _eaj pao( Bnaq` `ao _k ^neq mqa( ai ^k n] ahao( _kjo _eaj pa iaj pa( mqe) oao oai ] _q n]( ]h ck ja hao _ne] r] qi] ^]n nae n]( qi] na oeo pj _e] ej _kjo _eaj pa _q n]* Lkn mq; Lkn mqa ko l] _eaj pao oaj pe]i)oa ej pa nekn iaj pa ]ia] ] `ko lkn ]h cq i] _ke o] `k hk nk o] a pa ie) `]( ]h ck mqa d] re]i la jk o] iaj pa ao mqa _e `k a mqa jk oq lkn p] r]i hai ^n]n* Bnaq` `ao _k) ^neq( ]o oei( mqa k ao mqa _e iaj pk _kjo _eaj pa kla n] r] oe iqh p] ja] iajpa `a `q]o i] jae n]o6 -*
_k ik na oeo pj _e] pa n] le]7
.* ok^ ] bkn i] `] `kaj ] lo mqe _]( lkeo k ej _kjo _eaj pa jk ao mqa _a a k^ne c] k ao mqa _e `k ] na] l] na _an ok^ ] bkn i] `a oej pk i]o mqa oa i] je bao p]i _ki i]ekn ej paj oe `] `a j]o `kaj ]o lo mqe _]o* @a oaj rkh raj `k ai kq pnko l] _eaj pao a ai oe iao ik ko aopq`ko `ko oej pk i]o( `ko ao) mqa _e iaj pko( `ko ok jdko( `]o hai^n]j ]o( ]lhe _]j `k jao oao ao pq `ko ] p_ je _] `] ]ook_e]k he rna a lnk _a `e iaj pko l] n] ej pan lna p] k `ao oao ]_kj pa _e iaj pko lo mqe _ko( Bnaq` bke _ne]j) `k k mqa _d] ikq `a ^kifpb a^ sfa^ mpnrf`^( kq loe_]jheoa( _q fk k^ fa pk _ajpn]h an] k
.-,
= _kjo_ej_e] lk`a _kjda_an pq`k; x #!0É45,/ß x
ao pq `k `k ej _kjo _eaj pa a _q f] be j] he `] `a an] ] _q n] `]o lan pqn ^] ao a `kaj ]o iaj p]eo $`]o jaq nk oao%( paj `k _k ik i pk `k ] fkqbomobq^ l a _k ik ejo pnq iaj pk ] ifkdr^dbj $p]j pk ] hej cq] cai ran ^]h _k ik ] hej cq] cai _knlkn]h( b] h] `] la hko oej pk i]o a la hko cao pko%*
= re`] lomqe_]
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#OMPLEXOßDEßbDIPOßß NOßCAPqTULOßANTERIOR ßNOß TvPICOßSOBREßOßPENSAMEN TOßMqTICO ßHfßUMAßNOTAß SOBREßOßMITOßDEßbDIPOßß %SSEßMITOßFOIßTRANSFORMA DOßPELOßPOETAßGREGOßß 3vFOCLESßNUMAßDASßTRAGm DIASßMAISßIMPORTANTESßEß IMPRESSIONANTESßDAßCULTU RAßOCIDENTAL ßbDIPOß2EI
.--
qn]jpa pk`] ] oq] re`]( Bnaq` jk _aookq `a nabkniqh]n ] pakne] loe_]j]hpe_]( ]^]j) `kj]j`k ]hcqjo _kj_aepko( _ne]j`k kqpnko( ]^]j`kj]j`k ]hcqi]o p_je_]o pan]lq) pe_]o a _ne]j`k kqpn]o* Jk r]iko( ]mqe( ]_kil]jd]n ] deop ne] `] bkni]k `] loe) _]jheoa( i]o ]lnaoajp]n ]hcqi]o `a oq]o lnej_el]eo e`ae]o a ejkr] ao* = re`] lomqe_] _kjopepq`] lkn pno ejop j_e]o( `q]o `ah]o ej_kjo_eajpao a ]laj]o qi] _kjo_eajpa* L]n] ej`e_)h]o( Bnaq` qokq ko paniko fppl( br a prmbo*br( mqa _kopqi]i ]l]na_an ai paniko rej`ko `k h]pei Í k fa( k bdl a k prmbobdl* K e` ] ejop j_e] ejpaen]iajpa ej_kjo) _eajpa7 k ack( ] ejop j_e] _kjo_eajpa7 k oqlanack lkooqe ]ola_pko ej_kjo_eajpao a ]ola_pko _kjo_eajpao* K e` bkni]`k lkn ejopejpko( eilqhoko knc je_ko a `aoafko ej_kjo_eajpao( kq oaf]( lahk mqa Bnaq` `aoecj] _kik mripbp* Aop]o ok nace`]o lahk mofk`mfl al mo^wbo( mqa ateca o]) peob]k eia`e]p]* K e` ] ajance] `ko ejopejpko a `ko `aoafko ai ^qo_] `] na]hev]k `aooa lnej_lek `k ln]van* Bnaq` `ao_k^neq mqa ejopejpko( eilqhoko a `aoafko ej_kjo_eajpao( ai oqi]( ]o lqho ao( ok `a j]pqnav] oatq]h a lkn eook ailnackq qi panik p]i^i rej`k `k h]pei l]n] nabanen)oa ] ah]o6 if_fal $mqa( ai h]pei( oecjebe_] Îh]o_re]Ï( Îhqt ne]Ï( Î`aoafk oatq]h rekhajpkÏ%* K e` k naoanr]p nek lneieperk `] ajance] lomqe_] kq k naoanr]p nek `] he^e`k* Bnaq` `ao_k^neq p]i^i mqa ] oatq]he`]`a jk oa na`qv ]k ]pk oatq]h cajep]h( i]o ajrkhra pk`ko ko `aoafko mqa la`ai o]peob]k a mqa lk`ai oan o]peobaepko ai mq]hmqan l]npa `a jkook _knlk kq j] pkp]he`]`a `aha* L]n] ao_ j`]hk `] ok_ea`]`a aqnklae] `k bej]h `k o_qhk TET a ej_ek `k TT( Bnaq` ej) pnk`qveq ] e`ae] `a pbur^ifa^ab fkc^kqfi a ]ooej]hkq pno b]oao `aoo] oatq]he`]`a( mqa oa `eba) naj_e]i lahko ncko mqa oajpai ln]van a lahko k^fapko kq oanao mqa `k ln]van* Aoo]o b]oao oa `k ajpna ko lneiaenko iaoao `a re`] a ko 1 kq 2 ]jko( hec]`]o ]k `aoajrkhreiajpk `k e`6 ] c^pb lo^i( mq]j`k k `aoafk a k ln]van hk_]hev]i)oa lneikn`e]hiajpa j] ^k_] a j] ejcaopk `a ]heiajpko( a k oaek i]panjk k k^fapk `a ln]van $kq oaqo oq^opepqpko( _kik ] i]i]`aen]( ] _dqlap]( ko `a`ko%7 ] c^pb ^k^i( mq]j`k k `aoafk a k ln]van hk_]hev]i)oa lneikn`e]hiajpa j]o at_na ao( a ko k^fapko `a ln]van ok ^nej_]n _ki i]oo]o a _ki pejp]o( ]i]oo]n ^]nnk kq ]nceh]( _kian _keo]o _naiko]o( oqf]n)oa7 a ] c^pb cif`^( mq]j`k k `aoafk a k ln]van hk_]hev]i) )oa lneikn`e]hiajpa jk nck cajep]h i]o_qhejk( k b]hk kq ljeo( lkeo ] _ne]j]( iajejk kq iajej]( o na_kjda_a aooa nck oatq]h* Jaoo] b]oa( l]n] ko iajejko( ] ia k k^fapk `k `aoafk a `k ln]van7 l]n] ]o iajej]o( k l]e* jaoo] pan_aen] b]oa mqa oqnca( jk _ajpnk `k e`( `apaniej]j`k pk`] ] re`] lomqe_]( k mqa Bnaq` `ajkiejkq `a `ljmibul kr`ib^o a^p kbrolpbp kq _kilhatk `a `elk* K panik Î_kilhatkÏ ailnac]`k lkn Bnaq` l]n] ej`e_]n mqa oa pn]p] `a qi _kjfqjpk `a rne]o lqho ao j]o mq]eo oa atlneia k iaoik `aoafk( eopk ( k `aoafk ej_aopqkok lah] ia kq lahk l]e* aooa k `aoafk bqj`]iajp]h mqa knc]jev] ] pkp]he`]`a `] re`] lomqe_] a `apan) iej] k oajpe`k `a jkoo] re`]( lkeo pq`k `alaj`an `a _kik ] _ne]j] _kjoacqen kq jk oq) lan]n aooa _kilhatk* aooa _kilhatk mqa `apaniej] p]i^i k oajpeiajpk `] ^jb^ ^ a^ `^pqo^ l kq k oqnceiajpk `a qi kqpnk _kilhatk( _kjda_e`k _kik `ljmibul ab `^pqo^ l( jk mq]h ] _ne]j] paia lan`an k b]hk $lkeo ]o iajej]o p]i^i ei]cej]i mqa k lkooqai% _kik lqjek `a oaq `aoafk ej_aopqkok* K oqlanack ] _ajoqn] `]o lqho ao( mqa ] ok_ea`]`a a ] _qhpqn] eil ai ]k e`( eila) `ej`k)k `a o]peob]van lhaj]iajpa oaqo ejopejpko a `aoafko* ] nalnaook( l]npe_qh]niajpa ] nalnaook oatq]h* I]jebaop])oa _kjo_ej_e] ej`enap]iajpa( ok^ ] bkni] `] ikn]h( _kik qi _kjfqjpk `a ejpan`e ao a `a `aranao( a lkn iaek `] a`q_]k( lah] lnk`qk `] ei]cai `k
x 5.)$!$%ß x K _kjda_eiajpk
Îaq e`a]hÏ( eopk ( `] laook] ikn]h( ^k] a renpqko]* ?kik _kjo_ej_e] ikn]h( k oqlanack ]lna) oajp] ]ola_pko _kjo_eajpao7 _kik ]pere`]`a `a nalnaook( oq]o klan] ao ok ej_kjo_eajpao* Aha oa `aoajrkhra jqi lank`k mqa Bnaq` `aoecj] _kik mbolal ab i^q k`f^( oepq]`k ajpna ko 2 kq 3 ]jko a k ej_ek `] lq^an`]`a kq ]`khao_j_e]* Jaooa lank`k( bkni])oa jkoo] lan) okj]he`]`a ikn]h a ok_e]h( `a i]jaen] mqa( mq]j`k ] oatq]he`]`a cajep]h lnklne]iajpa `ep] oqnca( k^nec]`] ] oacqen k _]iejdk pn]]`k lahk oqlanack* K ack kq k aq ] _kjo_ej_e]( lamqaj] l]npa `] re`] lomqe_]( oq^iape`] ]ko `aoafko `k e` a k^oanr]k( _ajoqn] a nalnaook `k oqlanack* K^a`a_a ]k mofk`mfl a^ ob^ifa^ab( kq oaf]( ja_aooe`]`a `a aj_kjpn]n k^fapko mqa lkoo]i o]peob]van ]k e` oai pn]jocna`en ]o atecj_e]o `k oqlanack* Jqi ajo]ek ejpepqh]`k ÎK ack a k e`Ï( Bnaq` ao_nara mqa k ack Îqi lk^na _kep]`kÏ( ao) lnaie`k ajpna pno ao_n]re` ao kq lkn pno oajdknao6 ko `aoafko ejo]_eraeo `k e`( ] oarane`]`a nalnaooer] `k oqlanack a ko lanecko `k iqj`k atpanekn* Lkn aooa ikperk( ] bkni] bqj`]iajp]h `] ateopj_e] l]n] k ack ] ^kd pqf^* Oa oa oq^iapan ]k e`( pknj])oa eikn]h a `aopnqperk7 oa oa oq^iapan ]k oqlanack( ajhkqmqa_a `a `aoaolank( lkeo reran jqi] ejo]peob]k ejoqlknprah7 oa jk oa oq^iapan na]he`]`a `k iqj`k( oan `aopnq`k lkn aha* ?]^a ]k ack aj_kjpn]n _]) iejdko l]n] ] ]jc ope] ateopaj_e]h* Aop]iko `ere`e`ko ajpna k lnej_lek `k ln]van $mqa jk _kjda_a heiepao% a k lnej_lek `] na]he`]`a $mqa jko eil a heiepao atpanjko a ejpanjko%* =k ack)aq( kq oaf]( _kjo_ej_e]( `]`] qi] bqjk `qlh]6 ]k iaoik pailk ob`^i`^o k e`( o]peob]vaj`k k oqlanack( a p^qfpc^wbo k e`( heiep]j`k k lk`anek `k oqlanack* = re`] _kjo) _eajpa jkni]h k amqeh^nek aj_kjpn]`k lah] _kjo_ej_e] l]n] na]hev]n oq] `qlh] bqjk* =o jaqnkoao ej`e_]i ]o `ebe_qh`]`ao `] na]hev]k `aooa amqeh^nek a ]o loe_koao $kq ] hkq_qn]% atlneiai ] ej_]l]_e`]`a `k ack l]n] na]hev]n oq] `qlh] bqjk( oaf] lknmqa k e` kq k oqla) nack ok at_aooer]iajpa bknpao( oaf] lknmqa k ack at_aooer]iajpa bn]_k* K ej_kjo_eajpa aop eila`e`k `a i]jebaop]n)oa `enap]iajpa _kjo_ej_e]( i]o _kjoa) cqa b]v)hk ej`enap]iajpa* = i]jaen] i]eo abe_]v l]n] ] i]jebaop]k ] oq^opepqek( eopk ( k ej_kjo_eajpa kbana_a _kjo_ej_e] qi oq^opepqpk ]_aeprah lkn ah] a lkn iaek `k mq]h ah] lk`a o]peob]van k e` kq k oqlanack* Ko oq^opepqpko ok ei]cajo $eopk ( nalnaoajp] ao ]j]) h ce_]o `ko k^fapko `k `aoafk% a bkni]i k fj^dfkofl mpnrf`l( mqa( ]k k_qhp]n a `eooeiqh]n k ran`]`aenk `aoafk( k o]peob]v ej`enap]iajpa lkn iaek `a k^fapko oq^opepqpko $] _dqlap] a k `a`k( l]n] k oaek i]panjk7 ]o pejp]o a ] lejpqn] kq ]nceh] a ] ao_qhpqn] l]n] ]o bavao7 qi] laook] ]i]`] jk hqc]n `k l]e kq `] ia%* =hi `ko oq^opepqpko na]eo $_dqlap]( ]nceh]( laook] ]i]`]%( k ei]cejnek ej_kjo_eajpa p]i^i kbana_a kqpnko oq^opepqpko Í ko i]eo bnamqaj) pao ok ko okjdko( ko h]loko a ko ]pko b]hdko* Jahao( na]hev]iko `aoafko ej_kjo_eajpao( `a j]) pqnav] oatq]h* Ok ] o]peob]k ei]cejne] `k `aoafk* =hcqi okjd]( lkn atailhk( mqa ok^a qi] ao_]`]( kq mqa aop iancqhd]`k j] cq] jqi j]qbncek( kq mqa aop jk iaek `k bkck jqi ej_j`ek* J] na]he`]`a( okjdkq _ki qi] nah]k oatq]h lnke^e`]( atlnaoo] lkn iaek `a ei]cajo oq^opepqper]o( jk _]ok( ] ao_]`] $] anak `k ljeo kq `k _hep neo%( ] cq] $k aolani] kq ko hmqe`ko r]cej]eo% kq k bkck $] ]n`j) _e] `k knc]oik%* =hcqi mqan `evan qi] l]h]rn]( aomqa_a)] kq oa ajc]j]( _kiapa qi h]lok a `ev qi] kqpn] mqa jko oqnlnaaj`a( lkeo j]`] pai ] ran _ki ]mqah] mqa oa mqane] `evan* Na]hevkq qi `aoafk lnke^e`k* =hcqi r]e ]j`]j`k lkn qi] nq] a( oai mqanan( pkn_a k l a mqa^n] k k^fapk mqa aop]r] _]nnac]j`k* ?ki aooa ]pk b]hdk na]hevkq qi `aoafk lnke^e`k* Kq oaf]( p]jpk k okjdk _kik k h]lok `a hejcq]cai kq `a iai ne] a k ]pk b]hdk ej`e_]i mqa jkoo] ateopj_e] jk pn]jo_knna ]k ]_]ok( jai `aoaf]iko( lajo]iko( oajpeiko kq b]vaiko _keo]o ]k ]_]ok( i]o aop]iko `apaniej]`ko lah]o klan] ao ja_aoone]o `] he^e`k* = re`] lomqe_] ` oajpe`k a _khkn]k ]baperk)oatq]h ] pk`ko ko k^fapko a ] pk`]o ]o laook]o mqa jko nk`ae]i a ajpna ko mq]eo reraiko* Lkn eook( oai mqa o]e^]iko lkn mqa( `a) oaf]iko a ]i]iko _anp]o _keo]o a laook]o( k`e]iko a paiaiko kqpn]o* =o _keo]o a ko kqpnko ok ejraope`ko lkn jkoo] he^e`k _ki _]nc]o ]baper]o ej_kjo_eajpao* lkn aooa ikperk mqa _anp]o _keo]o( _anpko okjo( _anp]o _knao( _anpko ]jei]eo( _anp]o oepq] ao jko aj_dai `a l]rkn( ajmq]jpk kqpnko jko aj_dai `a ^ai)aop]n( oai mqa k
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0RIVATEßCOLLECTION ß0ARIS!RQUIVOßDAßEDITORA
= _kjo_ej_e] lk`a _kjda_an pq`k; x #!0É45,/ß x
Ka`elqo Nat( -5..( k^n] oqnna]heop]( hak ok^na pah] `a I]t Anjop*
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lkoo]iko atlhe_]n* = knecai `]o oeil]pe]o a ]jpel]pe]o( ]iknao a `eko( ia`ko a ln]vanao aop ai jkoo] i]eo pajn] ejb j_e]( ai can]h jko lneiaenko iaoao a ]jko `a jkoo] re`]( mq]j) `k oa bkni]i ]o nah] ao ]baper]o bqj`]iajp]eo a k _kilhatk `a `elk* Aoo] `eiajok ei]cejne] `a jkoo] re`] lomqe_] Í oq^opepqe ao( okjdko( h]loko `a hejcq]cai a `a iai ne]( ]pko b]hdko( ln]van a `aoln]van _ki k^fapko kq laook]o( ia`k kq ^ai)aop]n _ki k^fapko kq laook]o Í ej`e_] mqa ko na_qnoko ej_kjo_eajpao l]n] oqncen ej`e) nap]iajpa _kjo_ej_e] lkooqai `keo jraeo6 k jrah `k `lkqb al j^kfcbpql $ao_]`]( i]n a ej_j`ek( jk okjdk7 ] l]h]rn] aomqa_e`] a ] lnkjqj_e]`]( jk h]lok7 k l pkn_e`k kq k k^fapk l]npe`k( jk ]pk b]hdk7 ko ]bapko _kjpnneko lkn _keo]o a laook]o% a k jrah `k `lkqb al i^qbkqb( mqa k _kjpa `k ej_kjo_eajpa na]h a k_qhpk $ko `aoafko oatq]eo%* Jkoo] re`] jkni]h oa l]oo] jk lh]jk `ko _kjpa `ko i]jebaopko a( lknp]jpk( jk ei]ce) jnek* Okiajpa qi] ]jheoa lomqe_] a loe_kh ce_] `aooao _kjpa `ko( lkn iaek `a p_je_]o aola_e]eo $pn]ve`]o lah] loe_]jheoa%( jko laniepa `a_ebn]n k _kjpa `k h]pajpa mqa oa `eooeiq) h] ok^ k _kjpa `k i]jebaopk* =hi `ko na_qnoko ej`ere`q]eo _kpe`e]jko mqa jkook ej_kjo_eajpa qo] l]n] i]jebaop]n)oa( a ]hi `ko na_qnoko qo]`ko j]o jaqnkoao a loe_koao $aooao na_qnoko ok ko pfkqlj^p%( ateopa qi kqpnk na_qnok( `a ajknia eilknp j_e] l]n] ] re`] _qhpqn]h a ok_e]h( eopk ( l]n] ] ateopj) _e] _khaper]* Pn]p])oa `k mqa Bnaq` `aoecjkq _ki k jkia `a pr_ifj^ l* J] oq^hei]k( ko `aoafko ej_kjo_eajpao ok o]peobaepko ej`enap]iajpa lknmqa ok pn]jobkni]`ko ai qi] kqpn] _keo]( atlneiai)oa lah] _ne]k `a ]hcqi] _keo] aopei]`]( r]hknev]`] lkoeper]iajpa6 ]o k^n]o `a ]npa( ]o _ej_e]o( ] nahecek( ] behkokbe]( ]o p_je_]o( ]o ] ao pe_]o a lkhpe_]o* =npeop]o( iope_ko( lajo]`knao( ao_nepknao( _eajpeop]o( h`anao lkhpe_ko o]peob]vai oaqo `aoafko lah] oq^hei]k a( lknp]jpk( lah] na]hev]k `a k^n]o a lah] _ne]k `a ejopepqe ao naheceko]o( ok_e]eo( lkhpe_]o( ap_* Jk `araiko _kjbqj`en k ej_kjo_eajpa `ao_k^anpk lah] loe_]jheoa _ki ] jkk( ateo) pajpa j] loe_khkce]( `a pr_`lkp`fbkqb* K oq^_kjo_eajpa ]mqaha cn]q `] _kjo_ej_e] mqa klan] _kik _kjo_ej_e] l]ooer] a _kjo_ej_e] rere`] jk nabhater]( lk`aj`k pknj]n)oa lhaj]iajpa _kjo_eajpa* K ej_kjo_eajpa `a mqa b]h] ] loe_]jheoa( ]k _kjpnnek( f]i]eo oan _kjo_eajpa `e) nap]iajpa( lk`aj`k oan _]lp]`k ]laj]o ej`enap]iajpa a lkn iaek `a p_je_]o aola_e]eo `a ejpanlnap]k( `aoajrkhre`]o lah] loe_]jheoa*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K _kjda_eiajpk
= ]heaj]k ok_e]h
Ç
o pno bane`]o j]n_oe_]o iaj_ekj]`]o lkn Bnaq` lna_eo]iko ]_nao_ajp]n i]eo qi]6 ] mqa jko bke ejbhece`] lkn I]nt _ki ] jkk `a e`akhkce]* L]n] _kilnaaj`)h]( lna_e) o]iko lneiaenk _kilnaaj`an k bajiajk `] ]heaj]k ok_e]h* I]nt an] beh okbk( ]`rkc]`k a deopkne]`kn a ejpanaookq)oa lkn qi aopq`k baepk lkn qi kqpnk beh okbk( Baqan^]_d* Aopa ejraopec]n] k ik`k _kik oa bkni]i ]o nahece ao( eopk ( k ik`k _kik ko oanao dqi]jko oajpai ja_aooe`]`a `a kbana_an qi] atlhe_]k l]n] ] kne) cai a ] bej]he`]`a `k iqj`k* =k ^qo_]n aoo] atlhe_]k( atlhe_] Baqan^]_d( ko dqi]jko lnkfap]i l]n] bkn] `a oe qi oan oqlanekn `kp]`k `]o mq]he`]`ao mqa fqhc]i ]o iahdknao6 ejpahecj_e]( rkjp]`a herna( ^kj) `]`a( fqope]( ^ahav]( i]o ]o b]vai ateopen jaooa oan oqlnaik _kik oqlanh]per]o( eopk ( aha kjeo_eajpa a kjelkpajpa( o]^a pq`k( b]v pq`k( lk`a pq`k* Lkq_k ] lkq_k( ko dqi]jko oa aomqa_ai `a mqa bkn]i ko _ne]`knao `aooa oan a l]oo]i ] ]_na`ep]n jk ejranok( kq oaf]( mqa aooa oan bke mqai ko _nekq a ko ckranj]* L]oo]i ] ]`kn)hk( lnaop]n)hda _qhpk( pai)hk* Jk oa na_kjda_ai jaooa lrqol mqa _ne]n]i* Ai h]pei( ÎkqpnkÏ oa `ev ^ifbkrp* Mq]j`k ko dkiajo jk oa na_kjda_ai jqi kqpnk mqa ahao iaoiko _ne]n]i( ahao oa ]heaj]i* Baqan^]_d `aoec) jkq aooa b]pk _ki k jkia `a ]heaj]k* = ]heaj]k k bajiajk lahk mq]h ko dkiajo _ne]i kq lnk`qvai ]hcqi] _keo]( `k ej`alaj`j_e] ] aoo] _ne]pqn] _kik oa ah] ateopeooa lkn oe iaoi] a ai oe iaoi]( `aet]i)oa ckranj]n lkn ah] _kik oa ah] peraooa lk`an ai oe a lkn oe iaoi]( jk oa na_kjda_ai j] k^n] mqa _ne]n]i( b]vaj`k)] qi pbo*lrqol( oal]n]`k `ko dkiajo( oqlanekn ] ahao a _ki lk`an ok^na ahao* I]nt jk oa ejpanaookq ]laj]o lah] ]heaj]k naheceko]( i]o ejraopeckq ok^napq`k ] ]heaj]k ok_e]h* Ejpanaookq)oa ai _kilnaaj`an ]o _]qo]o lah]o mq]eo ko dkiajo ecjkn]i mqa ok ko _ne]`knao `] ok_ea`]`a( `] lkhpe_]( `] _qhpqn] a ]cajpao `] deop ne]* Ejpanaookq)oa ai _kilnaaj`an lkn mqa ko dqi]jko ]_na`ep]i mqa ] ok_ea`]`a jk bke ejopepq`] lkn ahao( i]o lkn rkjp]`a a k^n] `ko `aqoao kq lah] bkn] _ac] `]o haeo `] j]pqnav]( ai rav `a lan_a) ^anai mqa ok ahao ln lneko mqa( ai _kj`e ao deop ne_]o `apaniej]`]o( _ne]i ]o ejopepqe) ao ok_e]eo Í b]ihe]( nah] ao `a lnk`qk a `a pn]^]hdk( nah] ao `a pnk_]( hejcq]cai kn]h( hejcq]cai ao_nep]( ao_kh]( nahecek( ]npao( _ej_e]o( behkokbe] Í a ]o ejopepqe ao lkhpe_]o Í haeo( `enaepko( `aranao( pne^qj]eo( Aop]`k( atn_epk( eilkopko( lneo ao* = ]k ok_eklkhpe_] a deop ne) _] _d]i])oa lnteo* K `ao_kjda_eiajpk `] knecai a `]o _]qo]o `] lnteo har] ko dkiajo ] ]pne^qen ] qi kqpnk kq ] kqpnko $`erej`]`ao( bkn]o `] j]pqnav]% ]mqehk mqa( j] na]he`]`a( bke lnk`qve`k lkn oq] ln lne] ]k* I]nt `ajkiejkq aooa `ao_kjda_eiajpk `] ln lne] lnteo _ki ] atlnaook ]heaj]k ok_e]h* Lkn mqa d ]heaj]k ok_e]h; Lkn mqa ko oanao dqi]jko jk oa na_kjda_ai _kik oqfae) pko ok_e]eo( lkhpe_ko( deop ne_ko( _kik ]cajpao a _ne]`knao `] na]he`]`a j] mq]h rerai; Lkn mqa( ]hi `a jk oa lan_a^anai _kik oqfaepko a ]cajpao( ko dqi]jko oa oq^iapai o _kj)
CANIlOßPENSANTEßß AßEXPRESSjOßPROVmMßDAß FRASEßDOßFILvSOFOß0ASCALßß ±/ßHOMEMßNjOßPASSAßß DEßUMßCANIlOß;CANAßß DELGADAßEßFRfGIL= ßOßMAISßß FRACOßDAßNATUREZA ßMASßß mßUMßCANIlOßPENSANTE²ßß /ßFILvSOFOßQUISßREALlARßß AßPOTENCIALIDADEßDOßß HOMEMßPORßTRfSßDEßSUAß APARENTEßFRAGILIDADE
!LBUMAKG IMAGES,ATINSTOCK
= loe_]jheoa `ao_k^neq( ]ooei( qi] lk`anko] heiep]k o lnapajo ao `] _kjo_ej_e] l]n] `kiej]n a _kjpnkh]n ] na]he`]`a a k _kjda_eiajpk* L]n]`kt]hiajpa( lkni( jko na) rahkq ] _]l]_e`]`a b]jpope_] `] n]vk a `k lajo]iajpk l]n] kqo]n ]pn]raoo]n lnke^e ao a nalnaoo ao a ^qo_]n ] ran`]`a( iaoik mqa l]n] eook oaf] lna_eok `aoikjp]n ] ^ah] ei]cai mqa ko oanao dqi]jko pi `a oe iaoiko* Hkjca `a `aor]hknev]n ] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk( ] loe_]jheoa ateca `k lajo]iajpk mqa jk b]] _kj_aoo ao o e`ae]o aop]^aha_e`]o( ikn]h recajpa( ]ko lna_kj_aepko a o kle) je ao `a jkoo] ok_ea`]`a( i]o mqa ko ajbnajpa ai jkia `] ln lne] n]vk a `k lajo]iajpk* = _kjo_ej_e] bnceh( i]o ah] mqa `a_e`a a ]_aep] _knnan k neo_k `] ]jc ope] a k neo_k `a `aoraj`]n a `a_ebn]n k ej_kjo_eajpa* =_aep] a `a_e`a ajbnajp]n ] ]jc ope] l]n] _dac]n ]k _k) jda_eiajpk `a mqa okiko qi _]jek lajo]jpa*
&EUERBACH߯ ß FILvSOFOßALEMjO
.-0
= _kjo_ej_e] lk`a _kjda_an pq`k; x #!0É45,/ß x
.-1
`e ao ok_e]eo( lkhpe_]o( _qhpqn]eo _kik oa ah]o peraooai re`] ln lne]( lk`an ln lnek( rkjp]`a ln lne] a ko ckranj]ooai( ai hqc]n `a oanai _kjpnkh]`]o a ckranj]`]o lkn ahao; L]n] _ki) lnaaj`an k bajiajk `] ]heaj]k ok_e]h( I]nt aopq`kq k ik`k _kik ]o ok_ea`]`ao ok lnk`qve`]o deopkne_]iajpa lah] lnteo `ko oanao dqi]jko* Ranebe_kq mqa( deopkne_]iajpa( qi] ok_ea`]`a $lamqaj]( cn]j`a( pne^]h( eilane]h( jk eilknp]% oailna _kia] lkn qi] `ereok a mqa aoo] `ereok knc]jev] pk`]o ]o nah] ao ok_e]eo mqa oank ejopepq`]o ] oacqen* Pn]p])oa `] `ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk* J] hqp] lah] ok^narerj_e]( ko oanao dqi]jko oa ]cnql]i l]n] atlhkn]n ko na_qnoko `] j]pqnav] a `ere) `ai ]o p]nab]o6 p]nab]o `ko dkiajo ]`qhpko( p]nab]o `]o iqhdanao ]`qhp]o( p]nab] `ko dkiajo fkrajo( p]nab] `]o iqhdanao fkrajo( p]nab] `]o _ne]j]o a `ko e`koko* = l]npen `aoo] `ereok( knc]jev]i ] lneiaen] ejopepqek ok_e]h6 ] c^jif^( j] mq]h k dkiai ]`qhpk( j] mq]he`]`a `a l]e( pknj])oa _daba a `kiej] ] iqhdan ]`qhp]( oq] aolko] a ia `a oaqo behdko( ko mq]eo p]i^i ok `kiej]`ko lahk l]e* =o b]ihe]o pn]^]hd]i a pnk_]i ajpna oe ko lnk`qpko `k pn]^]hdk* Oqnca qi] oacqj`] ejopepqek ok_e]h6 ] pnk_]( eopk ( k `ljo`fl* =hcqi]o b]ihe]o( qo]j`k ] bkn] kq ] ]op _e]( _kjmqeop]i pann]o iahdknao `k mqa kqpn]o a _kjoacqai _khdaep]o kq c]`k ai i]ekn mq]jpe) `]`a mqa kqpn]o( pnk_]j`k oaqo lnk`qpko lkn qi] mq]jpe`]`a i]ekn mqa ] `a kqpn]o* Be_]i i]eo ne_]o* =o iqepk lk^nao( jk paj`k _kjoacqe`k lnk`qven j]`] kq iqepk lkq_k( raai)oa k^nec]`]o ] pn]^]hd]n l]n] ]o i]eo ne_]o ai pnk_] `a lnk`qpko l]n] ] ok^narerj_e]* ?kia] ] oqncen qi] pan_aen] ejopepqek ok_e]h6 k qo^_^iel pbosfi( mqa `aoai^k_]n j] ao_n]re`k* Ko i]eo ne_ko a lk`ankoko na jai)oa a `a_e`ai _kjpnkh]n k _kjfqjpk `a b]ihe]o( `eo) pne^qej`k ajpna oe ko lk`anao a at_hqej`k ]hcqi]o b]ihe]o `a pk`k lk`an* ?kia] ] oqncen qi] mq]np] ejopepqek ok_e]h6 k lk`an lkhpe_k( `a kj`a ren k Bpq^al* = aoo] ]hpqn]( ko oanao dqi]jko f _kia]n]i ] atlhe_]n ] knecai a ] bej]he`]`a `k iqj`k( f ah]^kn]n]i iepko a nepko* =o b]ihe]o ne_]o a lk`anko]o `k ] ]hcqjo `a oaqo iai) ^nko ]qpkne`]`a at_hqoer] l]n] j]nn]n iepko a _aha^n]n nepko* ?ne]i qi] kqpn] ejopepqek ok_e]h6 ] obifdfl( `kiej]`] lkn o]_an`kpao o]`ko `]o b]ihe]o lk`anko]o a mqa( lkn panai ] ]qpkne`]`a l]n] oa nah]_ekj]n _ki k o]cn]`k( pknj]i)oa paie`ko a rajan]`ko lahk naop]jpa `] ok_ea`]`a* Ok qi jkrk lk`an ok_e]h* Ko rneko cnqlko `a b]ihe]o `enecajpao `eolqp]i ajpna oe pann]o( ]jei]eo a oanrko a `k ej_ek ] qi] jkr] ejopepqek ok_e]h6 ] drboo^( _ki ] mq]h ko raj_e`ko oa pknj]i ao_n]rko `ko raj_a`knao( a k lk`an a_kjie_k( ok_e]h( iehep]n( nahecekok a lkhpe_k oa _kj_ajpn] ]ej`] i]eo ai lkq_]o iko* ?ki aoo] `ao_nek( I]nt k^oanrkq mqa ] ok_ea`]`a j]o_a lah] aopnqpqn]k `a qi _kj) fqjpk `a `ereo ao6 `ereok oatq]h `k pn]^]hdk( `ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk( `ereok ok_e]h `]o pnk_]o( `ereok ok_e]h `]o nemqav]o( `ereok ok_e]h `k lk`an a_kjie_k( `ereok ok_e]h `k lk`an iehep]n( `ereok ok_e]h `k lk`an nahecekok a `ereok ok_e]h `k lk`an lkhpe_k* Lkn mqa afsfpl; Lknmqa ai pk`]o ]o ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo $b]ihe]( pn]^]hdk( _kin_ek( cqann]( nahecek( lkhpe_]% qi] l]npa `api lk`an( nemqav]( ^ajo( ]ni]o( e`ae]o a o]^anao( pann]o( pn]^]hd]`knao( lk`an lkhpe_k( ajmq]jpk kqpn] l]npa jk lkooqe j]`] `eook( aop]j`k oq^fqc]`] kqpn]( ne_]( lk`a) nko] a ejopnq`]* Aooa _kjfqjpk aopnqpqn]`k `a `ereo ao pknj])oa _]`] rav i]eo _kilhatk( ej) pne_]`k( jqiankok( iqhpelhe_]j`k)oa ai iqep]o kqpn]o `ereo ao( ok^ ] bkni] `a jqianko]o ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo a mqa ]_]^]i lkn narah]n ] aopnqpqn] bqj`]iajp]h `]o ok_ea`]`ao _kik `ereok ok_e]h `]o _h]ooao ok_e]eo* = aooa _kjfqjpk $p]jpk oeilhao mq]jpk _kilhatk% `a ejopepqe ao j]o_e`]o `] `ereok ok_e]h I]nt `aq k jkia `a _kj`e ao i]pane]eo `] re`] ok_e]h a lkhpe_]* Lkn mqa j^qb* of^fp; Lknmqa oa nabanai ]k _kjfqjpk `a lnpe_]o ok_e]eo lah]o mq]eo ko dkiajo c]n]jpai oq] ok^narerj_e] lkn iaek `k pn]^]hdk a `] pnk_] `ko lnk`qpko `k pn]^]hdk( a mqa _kjopepqai ] a_kjkie]* = r]ne]k `]o _kj`e ao i]pane]eo `a qi] ok_ea`]`a _kjopepqe ] deop ne] `aoo] ok_ea) `]`a( a I]nt ]o `aoecjkq _kik ik`ko `a lnk`qk( `abeje`ko lkn aha _ki ^]oa ai pno b]pknao lnej_el]eo6 ] cloj^ a^ molmofba^ab kq ko iaeko `a lnk`qk( ] afsfpl pl`f^i a^p
x 5.)$!$%ß x K _kjda_eiajpk
`i^ppbp a ]o obi^ bp pl`f^fp ab molar l $kq ] na]hev]k ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk%* = deop ne] ] iq) `]j]( l]oo]cai kq pn]jobkni]k `a qi ik`k `a lnk`qk l]n] kqpnk* P]h iq`]j] jk oa na]hev] lkn ]_]ok jai lkn rkjp]`a herna `ko oanao dqi]jko( i]o ]_kjpa_a `a ]_kn`k _ki _kj`e ao a_kjie_]o( ok_e]eo a _qhpqn]eo f aop]^aha_e`]o( mqa lk`ai oan ]hpan]`]o `a qi] i]jaen] p]i^i `apaniej]`]( cn]]o lnteo dqi]j] `e]jpa `a p]eo _kj`e ao `]`]o* K b]pk `a mqa ] iq`]j] `a qi] ok_ea`]`a kq ] iq`]j] deop ne_] oa b]] ai _kj`e) ao `apaniej]`]o harkq I]nt ] ]beni]n mqa Îko dkiajo b]vai ] deop ne]( i]o k b]vai ai _kj`e ao `apaniej]`]oÏ( eopk ( mqa jk bkn]i ao_khde`]o lkn ahao* Lkn eook p]i^i( aha `eooa6 Îko dkiajo b]vai ] deop ne]( i]o jk o]^ai mqa ] b]vaiÏ* Aop]iko( ]mqe( `e]jpa `a qi] oepq]k _khaper] iqepk l]na_e`] _ki ] mqa aj_kjpn]iko jk _]ok `a jkoo] re`] lomqe_] ej`ere`q]h* =ooei _kik fqhc]iko mqa jkoo] _kjo_ej_e] o]^a pq`k( lk`a pq`k( b]v k mqa lajo] a mqan( i]o( j] na]he`]`a( aop `apaniej]`] lahk ej_kjo) _eajpa a ecjkn] p]h `apaniej]k( ]ooei p]i^i( j] ateopj_e] ok_e]h( ko oanao dqi]jko fqh) c]i mqa o]^ai k mqa ] ok_ea`]`a( `evaj`k mqa @aqo kq ] j]pqnav] ] _ne]n]i( ejopepqn]i ] lkhpe_] a ] deop ne]( a mqa ko dkiajo ok oaqo ejopnqiajpko7 kq( ajpk( ]_na`ep]i mqa b]vai k mqa b]vai a lajo]i k mqa lajo]i lknmqa ok ej`er`qko hernao( ]qpjkiko a _ki lk`an l]n] iq`]n k _qnok `]o _keo]o _kik a mq]j`k mqeoanai* Lkn atailhk( mq]j`k ]hcqi `ev mqa qi] laook] lk^na lknmqa mqan( lknmqa lnacqe) ko]( kq lan`qhne]( kq ecjkn]jpa( aop ei]cej]j`k mqa okiko k mqa okiko okiajpa lkn jkoo] rkjp]`a( _kik oa ] knc]jev]k a ] aopnqpqn] `] ok_ea`]`a( `] a_kjkie]( `] lkhpe_] jk perao) oai jajdqi laok ok^na jkoo] re`]* = iaoi] _keo] ]_kjpa_a mq]j`k ]hcqi `ev oan lk^na Îlah] rkjp]`a `a @aqoÏ a jk lkn _]qo] `]o _kj`e ao _kj_nap]o ai mqa rera* Kq mq]j`k b]v qi] ]beni]k n]_eop]( oacqj`k ] mq]h Î] j]pqnav] bav ]hcqjo oqlaneknao a kqpnko ejbaneknaoÏ* = ]heaj]k ok_e]h k `ao_kjda_eiajpk `]o _kj`e ao deop ne_k)ok_e]eo _kj_nap]o ai mqa reraiko a mqa ok lnk`qve`]o lah] ]k dqi]j] p]i^i ok^ k laok `a kqpn]o _kj`e) ao deop ne_]o ]jpaneknao a `apaniej]`]o* D qi] `qlh] ]heaj]k6 lkn qi h]`k( ko dkiajo jk oa na_kjda_ai _kik ]cajpao a ]qpknao `] re`] ok_e]h _ki oq]o ejopepqe ao( i]o( lkn kqpnk h]`k a ]k iaoik pailk( fqhc]i)oa ej`er`qko lhaj]iajpa hernao( _]l]vao `a iq`]n ] ln lne] re`] _kik a mq]j`k mqeoanai( ]lao]n `]o ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo a `]o _kj`e ao deop ) ne_]o* Jk lneiaenk _]ok( jk lan_a^ai mqa fkpqfqrbj ] ok_ea`]`a7 jk oacqj`k _]ok( ecjkn]i mqa ] ok_ea`]`a fkpqfqra^ `apaniej] oaqo lajo]iajpko a ] ao*
=o pn o bkni]o `] ]heaj]k
L
k`aiko b]h]n ai pno cn]j`ao bkni]o `a ]heaj]k ateopajpao j]o ok_ea`]`ao ik`an) j]o kq _]lep]heop]o6
-*
= ^ifbk^ l pl`f^i( j] mq]h ko dqi]jko jk oa na_kjda_ai _kik lnk`qpknao `]o ejope) pqe ao ok_eklkhpe_]o a ko_eh]i ajpna `q]o ]pepq`ao* Jqi] `ah]o( ]_aep]i l]ooer]iajpa pq`k k mqa ateopa( lkn oan pe`k _kik j]pqn]h kq `a knecai `erej]7 ] ok_ea`]`a k kqpnk $^ifbkrp%( ]hck atpanjk ] j o( oal]n]`k `a j o( `ebanajpa `a j o a _ki lk`an pkp]h kq ja) jdqi lk`an ok^na j o* J] kqpn]( ko dqi]jko oa na^ah]i ej`ere`q]hiajpa _kjpn] aooa kqpnk ok_e]h( fqhc]j`k mqa( lkn oq] ln lne] rkjp]`a a ejpahecj_e]( lk`ai i]eo `k mqa ] na]he`]`a mqa ko _kj`e_ekj] a mqa ah] jk pai lk`an jajdqi ok^na j o*
.* = ^ifbk^ l b`lkjf`^( j] mq]h ko lnk`qpknao jk oa na_kjda_ai _kik lnk`qpknao jai oa na_kjda_ai jko k^fapko lnk`qve`ko lkn oaq pn]^]hdk* Ai jkoo]o ok_ea`]`ao ik`anj]o kq _]lep]heop]o( ] ]heaj]k a_kjie_] `a_knna `] pn]jobkni]k `a oanao dqi]jko ai _keo]o( eopk ( `] pn]jobkni]k `a qi] _h]ooa ok_e]h Í ko pn]^]hd]`knao lnk`qperko Í ai ian_]`kne]* @a b]pk( ko pn]^]hd]`knao( _kik _h]ooa ok_e]h( aopk `aolkf]`ko `ko iaeko `a lnk) `qk( kq oaf]( ] lnklnea`]`a `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk lanpaj_a( `a bkni] l]npe_qh]n( ]
.-2
= _kjo_ej_e] lk`a _kjda_an pq`k; x #!0É45,/ß x
qi] _h]ooa ok_e]h mqa ] lnklneapne] `k _]lep]h $`kjko `]o pann]o( `]o ej` opne]o( `k _kin_ek( `ko ^]j_ko( `]o ao_kh]o( `ko dkolep]eo( `]o bnkp]o `a ]qpki raeo( `a je^qo kq `a ]re ao( ap_*%( mq]h ko pn]^]hd]`knao raj`ai oq] bkn] `a pn]^]hdk* Raj`aj`k oq] bkn] `a pn]^]hdk jk ian_]`k `] _kiln] a raj`] `a pn]^]hdk( ko pn]^]hd]`knao ok ian_]`kne]o a( _kik pk`] ian_]`kne]( na_a^ai qi lnak( eopk ( k o]hnek* Ajpnap]jpk( ko pn]^]hd]`knao jk lan_a^ai mqa bkn]i na`qve`ko _kj`ek `a _keo]o mqa lnk) `qvai _keo]o7 jk lan_a^ai mqa bkn]i abprj^kfw^alp a `lfpfcf`^alp* Ko pn]^]hdko lnk`qvai ]heiajpko $lahk _qhperk `] pann] a `ko ]jei]eo%( k^fapko `a _kjoqik $lah] ej` opne]%( ejopnqiajpko l]n] ] lnk`qk `a kqpnko pn]^]hdko $imqej]o%( _kj`e ao l]n] ] na]hev]k `a kqpnko pn]^]hdko $pn]jolknpa `a i]pne]o)lnei]o( `a lnk`qpko a `a pn]^]hd]`knao%* = ian_]`kne])pn]^]hd]`kn lnk`qv ian_]`kne]o* Aop]o( ]k `aet]nai ]o b]vaj`]o( ]o qoej]o( ]o b^ne_]o( ko ao_nep neko a ajpn]nai j]o hkf]o( j]o baen]o( jko oqlanian_]`ko( jko pelmmfkd `bkqbop( l]na_ai ]he aop]n lknmqa h bkn]i _khk_]`]o $jk lajo]iko jk pn]^]hdk dqi]jk mqa jah]o aop _neop]hev]`k a jk lajo]iko jk pn]^]hdk dqi]jk na]hev]`k l]n] mqa _dac]ooai ]p j o% a( _kik k pn]^]hd]`kn( ah]o p]i^i na_a^ai qi lnak* K pn]^]hd]`kn r]e o _kiln]o* Khd] ko lnako a o]^a mqa jk lk`an ]`mqenen mq]oa j]`] `k mqa aop atlkopk jk _kin_ek( i]o jk hda l]oo] lah] _]^a] mqa bke aha( jk ajmq]jpk ej`er`qk( a oei _kik _h]ooa ok_e]h( mqai lnk`qveq pq`k ]mqehk _ki oaq pn]) ^]hdk a mqa jk lk`a pan ko lnk`qpko lknmqa k lnak `ahao iqepk i]eo ]hpk `k mqa k lnak `aha( eopk ( mqa k oaq o]hnek* =lao]n `eook( k pn]^]hd]`kn lk`a( _daek `a kncqhdk( ikopn]n ]ko kqpnko ]o _keo]o mqa aha b]^ne_]( kq( oa _kian_enek( mqa aha raj`a( ]_aep]j`k jk lkooq)h]o( _kik oa eook bkooa iqepk fqopk a j]pqn]h* =o ian_]`kne]o `aet]i `a oan lan_a^e`]o _kik lnk`qpko `k pn]^]hdk a l]oo]i ] oan reop]o _kik ^ajo ai oe a lkn oe iaoi]o $_kik ] lnkl]c]j`] ]o ikopn] a kbana_a%* K pn]^]hd]`kn jk oa na_kjda_a _kik lnk`qpkn `]o ian_]`kne]o( jk lk`a r)h]o _kik _neop]hev]k `a oaq pn]^]hdk( `a oq] ]k* Ah]o hda ]l]na_ai oal]n]`]o `aha( at) paneknao ] aha a lk`ai i]eo `k mqa aha6 ok qi lrqol $^ifbkrp% a jk qi] atlnaook `] ]pere`]`a `k pn]^]hd]`kn* /* = ^ifbk^ l fkqbib`qr^i( naoqhp]jpa `] oal]n]k ok_e]h ajpna qo^_^iel j^qbof^i $mqa lnk`qv ian_]`kne]o% a qo^_^iel fkqbib`qr^i $mqa lnk`qv e`ae]o%* = `ereok ok_e]h ajpna ]o `q]o ik`]he`]`ao `a pn]^]hdk har] ] _nan mqa k pn]^]hdk i]pane]h qi] p]nab] mqa jk ateca _kjda_eiajpko( i]o ]laj]o d]^ehe`]`ao i]jq]eo( ajmq]jpk k pn]^]hdk ejpa) ha_pq]h naolkjorah at_hqoer]iajpa lahko _kjda_eiajpko* Reraj`k jqi] ok_ea`]`a ]heaj]`]( ko ejpaha_pq]eo p]i^i oa ]heaj]i* Lkn qi h]`k( aomqa_ai kq ecjkn]i mqa oq]o e`ae]o aopk hec]`]o ] kleje ao a lkj) pko `a reop] `] _h]ooa ] mqa lanpaj_ai( eopk ( ] _h]ooa `kiej]jpa( a ei]cej]i( ]k _kj) pnnek( mqa ok e`ae]o qjerano]eo( rhe`]o l]n] pk`ko( ai pk`ko ko pailko a hqc]nao* Lkn kqpnk( aomqa_aj`k kq ecjkn]j`k ] knecai ok_e]h `]o e`ae]o a oaq ln lnek pn]^]hdk l]n] _ne)h]o( ]_na`ep]i mqa ]o e`ae]o ateopai ai oe a lkn oe iaoi]o( ej`alaj`ajpaiajpa `k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk7 ]_na`ep]i mqa _ne]i ] na]he`]`a a ] _kjpnkh]i( `enecai a `k) iej]i* Lkq_k ] lkq_k( l]oo]i ] ]_na`ep]n mqa ]o e`ae]o oa lnk`qvai qi]o o kqpn]o( ok _]qo]o a abaepko qi]o `]o kqpn]o a mqa okiko ]laj]o na_alp_qhko kq ejopnqiajpko `ah]o* =o e`ae]o oa pknj]i oal]n]`]o `a oaqo ]qpknao( atpanj]o ] ahao( pn]jo_aj`ajpao ] ahao6 pknj]i)oa rj lrqol* =o pno cn]j`ao bkni]o `] ]heaj]k $ok_e]h( a_kjie_] a ejpaha_pq]h% pi _kik _]qo]o ] lnklnea`]`a lner]`] `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk( ] `ereok ok_e]h `]o _h]ooao( ] atlhkn]k a_kjie_] a ] `kiej]k lkhpe_] `a qi] _h]ooa ok_e]h lkn kqpn] $mqa ] _h]ooa `kiej]jpa `] ok_ea`]`a%* ?ki ^]oa jk bajiajk `] ]heaj]k( lk`aiko _kilnaaj`an k bajiajk `] e`akhkce]*
.-3
x 5.)$!$%ß x K _kjda_eiajpk
= e`akhkce]
,EOß&ELTRAN%DITORAß!BRIL
=
]heaj]k ok_e]h oa atlneia jqi] Îpakne]Ï `k _kjda_eiajpk aolkjp ja]( bkni]j`k k pbkpl `ljrj `] ok_ea`]`a* Lkn oaq ejpani`ek( ok ei]cej]`]o atlhe_] ao a fqo) pebe_]per]o l]n] ] na]he`]`a p]h _kik `enap]iajpa lan_a^e`] a rere`]* Qi atailhk `aooa oajok _kiqi ]l]na_a jk _]ok `] Îatlhe_]kÏ `] lk^nav]( oacqj`k ] mq]h k lk^na lk^na lkn oq] ln lne] _qhl] $lnacqe]( ecjkn j_e]% kq lkn rkjp]`a `erej] kq lkn ejbanekne`]`a j]pqn]h* Aooa oajok _kiqi ok_e]h( j] ran`]`a( k naoqhp]`k `a qi] ah]^k) n]k ejpaha_pq]h ok^na ] na]he`]`a( baep] lahko lajo]`knao kq ejpaha_pq]eo `] ok_ea`]`a Í o]) _an`kpao( beh okbko( _eajpeop]o( lnkbaooknao( ao_nepknao( fknj]heop]o( ]npeop]o Í( mqa `ao_narai a atlhe_]i k iqj`k `k lkjpk `a reop] `] _h]ooa `kiej]jpa `a oq] ok_ea`]`a* = bqjk lnej_el]h `] e`akhkce] k_qh) p]n a `eooeiqh]n ]o `ereo ao ok_e]eo a lkh) pe_]o( `]j`k)hdao ] ]l]nj_e] `a ej`ereok ok_e]h a `a `ebanaj]o j]pqn]eo ajpna ko oa) nao dqi]jko* Fkafsfpl6 ]lao]n `] `ereok ok_e]h `]o _h]ooao( okiko har]`ko ] _nan mqa okiko pk`ko ecq]eo lknmqa l]npe_el]iko `] e`ae] `a Îdqi]je`]`aÏ( kq `] e`ae] `a Îj]kÏ a Îlpne]Ï( kq `] e`ae] `a În]]Ï( ap_* Afcbobk ^p k^qro^fp6 okiko har]`ko ] _nan mqa ]o `aoecq]h`]`ao ok_e]eo( a_kjie_]o a lkhpe_]o jk ok lnk`qve`]o lah] `ereok ok_e]h `]o _h]ooao( i]o lkn `ebanaj]o ej`e) re`q]eo `ko p]hajpko a `]o _]l]_e`]`ao( `] ejpahecj_e]( `] bkn] `a rkjp]`a i]ekn kq iajkn( ap_* = lnk`qk e`akh ce_] `] ehqok ok_e]h pai _kik bej]he`]`a b]van _ki mqa pk`]o ]o _h]ooao ok_e]eo ]_aepai ]o _kj`e ao ai mqa rerai( fqhc]j`k)]o j]pqn]eo( jkni]eo( _knnap]o( fqop]o( oai lnapaj`an pn]jobkn) i)h]o kq _kjda_)h]o na]hiajpa( oai har]n ai _kjp] mqa d qi] _kjpn]`ek lnkbqj) `] ajpna ]o _kj`e ao na]eo ai mqa reraiko a ]o e`a]eo* Lkn atailhk( ] e`akhkce] ]beni] mqa okiko pk`ko _e`]`ko a( lknp]jpk( paiko pk) `ko ko iaoiko `enaepko ok_e]eo( a_kjie_ko( lkhpe_ko a _qhpqn]eo* Jk ajp]jpk( o]^aiko mqa eook jk ]_kjpa_a `a b]pk6 ]o _ne]j]o `a nq] jk pi `enaepko7 ko e`koko jk pi `enaepko7 ko `enaepko _qhpqn]eo `]o _ne]j]o j]o ao_kh]o l ^he_]o ok ejbaneknao ]ko `]o _ne]j]o mqa aopk ai ao_kh]o l]npe_qh]nao( Ejpanekn `] hkf] Rehh] @]ohq( ai Ok L]qhk* J] hkf]( ]o ian_]`kne]o `a cneba `aopej]i)oa ]ko _kjoqie `knao lkeo k ajoejk jk `a iaoi] mq]he`]`a ai mqa p i lk`an ]mqeoeperk l]n] _kiln)h]o* ]i^]o7 ko jacnko a j`eko ok `eo_neiej]`ko K pn]^]hd]`kn mqa ]o lnk`qv jk lk`a ]`mqene)h]o* _kik ejbaneknao7 ko dkikooatq]eo ok lan) oacqe`ko _kik lanranpe`ko( ap_* = i]ekne]( lkni( ]_na`ep] mqa k b]pk `a oan ahaepkn( l]c]n ]o `re`]o a _kjpne^qen _ki ko eilkopko f jko b]v _e`]`ko( oai _kjoe`an]n ]o _kj`e ao _kj_nap]o mqa b]vai ]hcqjo oanai i]eo _e`]`ko `k mqa kqpnko* = bqjk `] e`akhkce] eila`en)jko `a lajo]n jaoo]o _keo]o*
.-4
= _kjo_ej_e] lk`a _kjda_an pq`k; x #!0É45,/ß x
Ko lnk_a`eiajpko `] e`akhkce]
.-5
?kik lnk_a`a ] e`akhkce] l]n] k^pan aooa b]jpope_k naoqhp]`k; Ai lneiaenk hqc]n( klan] lkn fksbopl( eopk ( _khk_] ko abaepko jk hqc]n `]o _]qo]o a pn]jobkni] aop]o hpei]o ai abaepko* Ah] klan] _kik k ej_kjo_eajpa6 aopa b]^ne_] ei]cajo a oejpki]o7 ]mqah] b]^ne_] e`ae]o a b]ho]o _]qo]he`]`ao* Lkn atailhk( k oajok _kiqi ok_e]h ]beni] mqa ] iqhdan qi oan bnceh( oajoeperk( ej) pqeperk( baepk l]n] ]o `kqn]o `k h]n a `] i]panje`]`a a mqa( lkn eook( bke `aopej]`]( lkn j]) pqnav]( l]n] ] re`] `kiope_]( k _qe`]`k `k i]ne`k a `] b]ihe]* =ooei( k Îoan baiejejkÏ _khk_]`k _kik _]qo] `] Îbqjk ok_e]h baiejej]Ï* Kn]( deopkne_]iajpa( k mqa k_knnaq bke at]p]iajpa k _kjpnnek6 j] `ereok oatq]h)ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk a j] `ereok `ko lk`anao jk ejpanekn `] b]ihe]( ]pne^qeq)oa iqhdan qi hqc]n har]j`k)oa ai _kjp] k hqc]n i]o_qhejk7 _kik aopa an] k hqc]n `k `kijek( `] ]qpkne`]`a a `k lk`an( `aq)oa iqhdan k hqc]n oq^kn`ej]`k a ]qtehe]n( ] bqjk _kilhaiajp]n a( reopk mqa k j iank `a ^n]ko l]n] k pn]^]hdk a l]n] ] cqann] ]qiajp]r] k lk`anek `k _daba `] b]ihe] a _daba iehep]n( ] bqjk nalnk`qpkn] `] iqhdan pknjkq)oa eilnao_ej`rah( pn]vaj`k _kik _kjoamqj_e] oq] `aoecj]k lneknepne] l]n] ] i]panje`]`a* Aop]^aha_e`]o aoo]o _kj`e ao ok_e]eo( an] lna_eok lanoq]`en ]o iqhdanao `a mqa oaq hq) c]n a oq] bqjk jk lnkrejd]i `k ik`k `a knc]jev]k ok_e]h( i]o `] j]pqnav]( a an]i at_ahajpao a `aoafraeo* L]n] eook( ikjpkq)oa ] e`akhkce] `k Îoan baiejejkÏ a `] Îbqjk baie) jej]Ï _kik j]pqn]eo a jk _kik deop ne_]o a ok_e]eo* ?kik oa k^oanr]( qi] rav eilh]jp]`] qi] e`akhkce]( l]oo]iko ] pki]n ko abaepko lah]o _]qo]o* = oacqj`] i]jaen] `a klan]n `] e`akhkce] ] lnk`qk `k fj^dfkofl pl`f^i( lkn iaek `] ei]cej]k nalnk`qpkn]* Na_khdaj`k ]o ei]cajo `enap]o a eia`e]p]o `] atlanej_e] ok) _e]h $eopk ( `k ik`k _kik reraiko ]o nah] ao ok_e]eo%( ] e`akhkce] ]o nalnk`qv( i]o pn]jo) bkni]j`k)]o jqi _kjfqjpk _kanajpa( h ce_k a oeopaipe_k `a e`ae]o mqa bqj_ekj]i ai `keo naceopnko6 _kik nalnaoajp] ao `] na]he`]`a $oeopai] atlhe_]perk kq pa ne_k% a _kik jkni]o a nacn]o `a _kj`qp] a _kilknp]iajpk $oeopai] lnao_neperk `a jkni]o a r]hknao%* Nalnaoaj) p] ao( jkni]o a r]hknao bkni]i qi pa_e`k `a ei]cajo mqa atlhe_]i pk`] ] na]he`]`a a lnao_narai l]n] pk`] ] ok_ea`]`a k mqa ah] `ara a _kik `ara lajo]n( b]h]n( oajpen a ]cen* = e`akhkce] ]ooacqn]( ] pk`ko( ik`ko `a ajpaj`an ] na]he`]`a a `a oa _kilknp]n jah] kq `e]jpa `ah]( aheiej]j`k ` re`]o( ]joea`]`ao( ]jc ope]o( ]`ien] ao( k_qhp]j`k ]o _kjpn]`e ao `] re`] ok_e]h( ^ai _kik ]o _kjpn]`e ao ajpna aop] a ]o e`ae]o mqa oqlkop]iajpa ] atlhe_]i a _kjpnkh]i* Ajbei( qi] pan_aen] i]jaen] `a klan]k `] e`akhkce] k rpl al pfi k`fl* Qi ei]cejnek ok_e]h oa l]na_a _ki qi] bn]oa j] mq]h jai pq`k `epk( jai lk`a oan `epk( lknmqa( oa pq`k bkooa `epk( ] bn]oa lan`ane] ] _kanj_e]( pknj]n)oa)e] ej_kanajpa a _kjpn]`ep ne]( a jejcqi ]_na`ep]ne] jah]* = _kanj_e] a ] qje`]`a `k ei]cejnek ok_e]h kq e`akhkce] ri( lknp]jpk( `k mqa oehaj_e]`k* Lkn atailhk( ] e`akhkce] ]beni] mqa k ]`qhpnek baiejejk _neia $p]jpk ]ooei mqa dk) iajo mqa i]p]i ] aolko] a k ]i]jpa `ah] ok _kjoe`an]`ko ejk_ajpao lknmqa ln]pe_]n]i qi ]pk Îai jkia `] dkjn]Ï%( mqa ] rencej`]`a baiejej] lna_eko] a mqa k dkikooatq]heo) ik qi] lanranok a qi] `kaj] cn]ra $pk cn]ra mqa( l]n] ]hcqjo( @aqo naokhraq lqjen ko dkikooatq]eo ajre]j`k ] laopa( eopk ( ] =e`o%* K mqa aop oaj`k oehaj_e]`k lah] e`akhkce]; Ko ikperko lahko mq]eo( ai jkoo] ok_ea) `]`a( k rj_qhk ajpna oatk a lnk_ne]k pk eilknp]jpa $_keo] mqa jk ]_kjpa_a ai pk`]o ]o ok_ea`]`ao( i]o ]laj]o ai ]hcqi]o( _kik ] jkoo]%* Jkoo] ok_ea`]`a ateca ] lnk_ne]k hacpei] a hac]h Í ] mqa oa na]hev] lahko h]ko `k _]o]iajpk Í( lknmqa ah] c]n]jpa( l]n] ] _h]ooa `kiej]jpa( ] pn]joieook `k _]lep]h ]ko dan`aenko* =ooei oaj`k( k ]`qhpnek baiejejk a ] lan`] `] rencej`]`a ok laneckoko l]n] k _]lep]h a l]n] ] pn]joieook hac]h `] nemqav]7 lkn eook( k lneiaenk oa pknj] _neia a ] oacqj`] r]hknev]`] _kik renpq`a oqlnai] `]o iq) hdanao fkrajo*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K _kjda_eiajpk
Ai jkoo] ok_ea`]`a( ] nalnk`qk `] bkn] `a pn]^]hdk oa b]v lahk ]qiajpk `k j iank `a pn]^]hd]`knao a( lknp]jpk( ] lnk_ne]k _kjoe`an]`] bqj`]iajp]h l]n] k ]qiajpk `k _]) lep]h( mqa lna_eo] `] ik `a k^n]* Lkn aooa ikperk( pk`] oatq]he`]`a mqa jk oa na]hev]n _ki bej]he`]`a nalnk`qper] oan _kjoe`an]`] ]jkni]h( lanrano] a `kajpe]( `kj`a ] _kj`aj]k `k dkikooatq]heoik* = e`akhkce] lan`ane] oq] bkn] a _kanj_e] oa are`aj_e]ooa aoo]o _keo]o a lkn eook ]o oehaj_e]*
E`akhkce] a ej_kjo_eajpa = e`akhkce] oa ]ooaiahd] ] ]hcqjo ]ola_pko `k ej_kjo_eajpa loe_]j]hpe_k* D( lahk ia) jko( pno oaiahd]j]o lnej_el]eo ajpna ahao6 -*
k b]pk `a mqa ]`kp]iko _naj]o( kleje ao( e`ae]o oai o]^an `a kj`a rean]i( oai lajo]n ai oq]o _]qo]o a ikperko( oai ]r]he]n oa ok kq jk _kanajpao a ran`]`aen]o7
.* e`akhkce] a ej_kjo_eajpa klan]i ]pn]ro `k ei]cejnek $]o nalnaoajp] ao a nacn]o o]`]o `] atlanej_e] eia`e]p]% a `k oehj_ek( na]hev]j`k)oa ej`enap]iajpa lan]jpa ] _kjo_ej_e]* B]h]iko( ]ceiko( lajo]iko( paiko _kilknp]iajpko a lnpe_]o mqa jko l]na_ai lanbaep]iajpa j]pqn]eo a n]_ekj]eo lknmqa ] ok_ea`]`a ko nalapa( ko ]_aep]( ko ej_qpa ai j o lah] b]ihe]( lah] ao_kh]( lahko hernko( lahko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k( lah]o nah] ao `a pn]^]hdk( lah]o lnpe_]o lkhpe_]o* Qi rq `a ei]cajo aop]^aha_e`]o ejpan) l a)oa ajpna jkoo] _kjo_ej_e] a ] na]he`]`a7 /* ej_kjo_eajpa a e`akhkce] jk ok `ahe^an] ao rkhqjpne]o* K ej_kjo_eajpa mob`fp^ `a ei]cajo( oq^opepqpko( okjdko( h]loko( ]pko b]hdko( oejpki]o( oq^hei] ao l]n] i]jebao) p]n)oa a( ]k iaoik pailk( ao_kj`an)oa `] _kjo_ej_e]* = e`akhkce] mob`fp^ `]o e`ae]o)ei]) cajo( `] ejranok `a _]qo]o a abaepko( `k oehj_ek l]n] i]jebaop]n ko ejpanaooao `] _h]ooa `kiej]jpa a ao_kj`)hko _kik ejpanaooao `a qi] je_] _h]ooa ok_e]h*
Ancqaj`k k r q( pen]j`k ] io_]n]
@
e]jpa `k lk`an `k ej_kjo_eajpa a `] e`akhkce]( lk`an]iko oan har]`ko ] Îajpnac]n ko lkjpkoÏ( `evaj`k6 ÎL]n] mqa p]jpk aobknk j] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk( oa( ]bej]h( pq`k ehqok( rq a io_]n];Ï( ÎL]n] mqa _kilnaaj`an ] ]pere`]`a `] _kjo_ej_e]( oa ah] ] Ðlk^na _kep]`]Ñ( aolnaie`] ajpna k e` a k oqlanack( aoi]c]`] ajpna ] _h]ooa `kiej]jpa a ko e`a hkcko;Ï* Pk`]re]( qi] lancqjp] p]i^i lkoorah6 Î?kik( oaj`k ] _kjo_ej_e] pk bnceh( k ej) _kjo_eajpa a ] e`akhkce] pk lk`ankoko( Bnaq` a I]nt _dac]n]i ] _kjda_)hko( atlhe_]n oaqo ik`ko `a bqj_ekj]iajpk a oq]o bej]he`]`ao;Ï* Jk _]ok `a Bnaq`( bkn]i ] lnpe_] i`e_] a ] ^qo_] `a qi] p_je_] pan]lqpe_] l]n] ej) `er`qko mqa laniepen]i ] `ao_k^anp] `k ej_kjo_eajpa a k pn]^]hdk pa ne_k mqa `aq knecai loe_]jheoa* Jk _]ok `a I]nt( bke ] `a_eok `a _kilnaaj`an ] na]he`]`a ] l]npen `] lnpe_] lkhpe_] `a qi] _h]ooa ok_e]h $ko pn]^]hd]`knao% mqa laniepeq ] lan_alk `ko ia_]jeoiko `a `kiej]k a atlhkn]k ok_e]eo( `a kj`a oqnceq ] bkniqh]k pa ne_] `] e`akhkce]* = ^qo_] `] _qn] `ko okbneiajpko lomqe_ko( ai Bnaq`( a ] hqp] lah] ai]j_el]k `ko at) lhkn]`ko( ai I]nt( _ne]n]i _kj`e ao l]n] qi] pki]`] `a _kjo_ej_e] lah] mq]h k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk l`a na_kia]n ] _npe_] `]o ehqo ao a `ko lna_kj_aepko mqa eje_e]n] `ao`a ] Cn_e]( i]o( ]ckn]( _kik _npe_] `a oq]o ln lne]o ehqo ao a lna_kj_aepko* Ai hqc]n `a ejr]he`]n ] n]vk( ] nabhatk( k lajo]iajpk a ] ^qo_] `] ran`]`a( ]o `ao_k) ^anp]o `k ej_kjo_eajpa a `] e`akhkce] bevan]i k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk lan_a^an ]o _kj`e) ao Í lomqe_]o( ok_e]eo( deop ne_]o Í j]o mq]eo k _kjda_eiajpk a k lajo]iajpk oa na]hev]i*
..,
= lnak_ql]k _ki k _kjda_eiajpk x #!0É45,/ß x
15%34¬%3
#!0É45,/ß = lnak_ql]k _ki k _kjda_eiajpk -* Mqa mqan `evan _koikhkce]; A kjpkhkce]; .* Ai mqa Dan_hepk a L]ni je`ao `eo_kn`]i; Ai mqa _kj_kn`]i; /* ?kik @ai _nepk atlhe_] ] `ebanaj] ajpna lan_alk a lajo]iajpk; 0* Mq]h ] lkoek `ko okÚop]o ] naolaepk `k _kjda_e) iajpk; 1* Lkn mqa O _n]pao oa kl a ]ko okÚop]o; 2* K mqa ok ] enkje] a ] i]e qpe_] ok_npe_]o; 3* Mq]eo ko cn]qo `a _kjda_eiajpk l]n] Lh]pk; 4* Oacqj`k Lh]pk( k mqa _kjda_aiko ai _]`] cn]q `k _kjda_eiajpk; 5* Atlhemqa ] `eopejk lh]p je_] ajpna _kjda_eiajpk oajorah a _kjda_eiajpk ejpahecrah* -,* Mq]eo ko cn]qo `k _kjda_eiajpk l]n] =neop pahao; --* Oacqj`k =neop pahao( k mqa _kjda_aiko ai _]`] cn]q `k _kjda_eiajpk; ?kik oa `eopejcqai a oa nah]_ek) j]i ko cn]qo `k _kjda_eiajpk; -.* Oacqj`k =neop pahao( k mqa _kjda_aiko lkn ejpqek ejpaha_pq]h; -/* =lnaoajpa ]hcqjo `ko lnej_leko can]eo ok^na k _kjda) _eiajpk bkniqh]`ko lahk lajo]iajpk cnack* -0* Mq]eo ko pn o lnej_el]eo _]ilko `k o]^an bkniqh]`ko lkn =neop pahao; -1* ?kik k _neope]jeoik _kj_a^a ko oanao dqi]jko; -2* Mqa lnk^hai]o jkrko l]n] k _kjda_eiajpk bkn]i pn]ve`ko lahk _neope]jeoik; -3* Lkn mqa ] b ]ooqieq qi hqc]n pk eilknp]jpa l]n] k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk; -4* Atlhemqa ] `ebanaj] ajpna ran`]`ao `a b a ran`]`ao `a n]vk* -5* Atlhemqa k mqa k _neope]jeoik ajpaj`a lkn laook] a ]o _kjoamq j_e]o `aoo] e`ae] l]n] k _kjda_eiajpk* .,* Lkn mqa ] lancqjp] cnac] ok^na k _kjda_eiajpk an] Î_kik ok lkooraeo k annk a ] ehqokÏ; .-* Lkn mqa ] lancqjp] ik`anj] ok^na k _kjda_eiajpk Î_kik k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk lkoorahÏ; ..* Lkn mqa ] ]qpkne`]`a pejd] l]lah lnalkj`an]jpa j] _kj_alk ia`ear]h `] ran`]`a; ./* Mqa Úvan]i ko Úh okbko ik`anjko `e]jpa `k l]lah `] ]qpkne`]`a jk _kjda_eiajpk; .0* Lkn mqa ko Úh okbko ik`anjko _kia]i lah] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk; .1* Oacqj`k Bn]j_eo >]_kj( mq]eo ok a k mqa ok ko `khko; .2* L]n] >]_kj( mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo Új]he`]`ao `k ipk`k; .3* Oacqj`k @ao_]npao( mq]eo ko `keo lnej_el]eo lna_kj) _aepko mqa eila`ai k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk;
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.4* Lkn mqa @ao_]npao fqhc] k ipk`k ja_aoonek; .5* K mqa @ao_]npao ajpaj`a lkn ipk`k; Mq]eo ]o pn o _]n]_panope_]o lnej_el]eo `]o nacn]o `k ipk`k; /,* Mq]eo ko k^faperko `k ipk`k _]npaoe]jk; /-* Mq]eo ok ]o nacn]o `k ipk`k _]npaoe]jk; /.* Mqa ] `re`] iap `e_]; //* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna k lajo]iajpk `a @ao_]npao a k lajo]iajpk `a Hk_ga; /0* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna k lajo]iajpk `a Hk_ga a k laj) o]iajpk `a =neop pahao; /1* ?kik Hk_ga atlhe_] ] bkni]k `]o e`ae]o; /2* Lkn mqa Hk_ga qi aileneop]; /3* Lkn mqa Hk_ga qi jkiej]heop]; /4* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] lnej_el]h ajpna aileneoik a n]_ek) j]heoik; /5* K mqa ] _kjo_e j_e] `a oe naÛater] kq k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk; 0,* K mqa ] _kjo_e j_e] `a oe _kik _kjo_e j_e] loe_kh ) ce_]; 0-* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk a k aq loe_kh ce_k; 0.* K mqa ] _kjo_e j_e] `a oe ikn]h kq pe_]; 0/* K mqa ] _kjo_e j_e] `a oe lkhpe_]; 00* Mq]eo ok ko cn]qo `] _kjo_e j_e]; 01* @ atailhko `ko `ebanajpao cn]qo `a _kjo_e j_e]* 02* @a ]_kn`k _ki ] bajkiajkhkce]( k mqa ] ejpaj_ek) j]he`]`a `] _kjo_e j_e];
#!0É45,/ß = lan_alk -* Mqa ] oajo]k; .* Lkn mqa ] oajo]k ]i^cq]; /* Lkn mqa oa `ev mqa ] lan_alk ] ojpaoa `a iqep]o oajo] ao oeiqhpja]o; 0* ?kik ko aileneop]o atlhe_]i ] oajo]k; 1* ?kik ko ejpaha_pq]heop]o atlhe_]i ] oajo]k; 2* Mq]eo ]o _npe_]o mqa ] loe_khkce] `] bkni] a ] bajk) iajkhkce] Úvan]i ] aileneop]o a ejpaha_pq]heop]o jk pk_]jpa oajo]k a lan_alk; 3* ?kik ] caop]hp a ] bajkiajkhkce] atlhe_]i ] oajo]) k a ] lan_alk; 4* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo _]n]_panope_]o `] lan_alk; 5* Ao_khd] ]hcqi]o `]o _]n]_panope_]o `] lan_alk a atlhemqa)]o* -,* Mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa Îd qi Ðiqj`k lan_a^e`kÑ( mqa paiko e`ae]o oajoraeo kq oecjeÚ_] ao lan_alper]oÏ; --* @k lkjpk `a reop] `] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk( mq]eo ok ]o lnej_el]eo pakne]o ok^na ] lan_alk; -.* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna lan_alk a lajo]iajpk;
x 5.)$!$%ß x K _kjda_eiajpk
#!0É45,/ß = ei]cej]k -* ?kik ko aileneop]o _kj_a^ai ] ei]cej]k; .* ?kik ko ejpaha_pq]heop]o _kj_a^ai ] ei]cej]k; /* Lkn mqa( j] pn]`ek Úhko Ú_]( ] ei]cej]k an] _kjoe) `an]`] qi] lan_alk ajbn]mqa_e`]; Iaj_ekja ]hcqjo lnk^hai]o mqa aoo] _kj_alk jk lk`e] naokhran* 0* ?kik ] bajkiajkhkce] _kj_a^a ] ei]cej]k; 1* Mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa ] ei]cej]k `ebana `] lan_al) k lknmqa ] ei]cej]k jk k^oanr] a k ei]cej]`k jk k^oanrrah; 2* Mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa ] ei]cej]k `ebana `] lan) _alk lknmqa ] ei]cai qi ]jhkck `k ]qoajpa; 3* Atlhemqa a atailheÚmqa ] _]l]_e`]`a enna]hev]`kn] `] ei]cej]k* 4* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna okjdk( ]npa a hkq_qn]; 5* Mq]eo ok ko pelko kq ik`]he`]`ao `a ei]cej]k; -,* Ao_khd] pn o ik`]he`]`ao `a ei]cej]k a atlhemqa)]o* --* Mq]h k l]lah `] ei]cej]k l]n] k _kjda_eiajpk;
#!0É45,/ß = hejcq]cai -* Atlkjd] ]o e`ae]o `a ]hcqjo Úh okbko ok^na ] eilkn) pj_e] `] hejcq]cai* .* Lkn mqa Lh]pk oa nabana hejcq]cai _kik ld ni]gkj; /* Mq]h k oecjeÚ_]`k `k iepk ^^he_k `] Pknna `a >]^ah; 0* Mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa k iepk i]jebaop] ] bkn] na]he) v]`kn] `] hejcq]cai; 1* Mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa ] hejcq]cai pai qi lk`an aj_]jp]p nek; ?kik aooa lk`an oa i]jebaop]; 2* Mqa ok l]h]rn]o p]^qo; @ ]hcqjo atailhko* 3* Lkn mqa jk `enaepk ]jpeck ]l]na_e] k lk`an ice_k)nahe) cekok `] hejcq]cai; 4* Mqa mqan `evan hcko; 5* Atlhemqa ] `eopejk ajpna hejcq]cai a hjcq]o* -,* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo naolkop]o l]n] ] lancqjp] ok^na ] knecai `] hejcq]cai; --* K mqa ] hejcq]cai; -.* Atlhemqa lkn mqa ] hejcq]cai qi oeopai]* -/* Atlhemqa k mqa ok ko oecjko* -0* Atlhemqa ]o bqj ao `ajkp]per]( _kjkp]per] a _kiqje) _]per] `] hejcq]cai* -1* ?kik k aileneop] atlhe_] ] hejcq]cai; -2* Lkn mqa ko `eopn^eko `a hejcq]cai bkn]i eilknp]j) pao l]n] ko aileneop]o; -3* ?kik ko ejpaha_pq]heop]o atlhe_]i ] hejcq]cai; -4* Lkn mqa k _]ok `a Dahaj Gahhan bke eilknp]jpa l]n] ko ejpaha_pq]heop]o; -5* Mq]eo ko lkjpko _kiqjo j]o _kj_al ao `a hejcq]cai `a aileneop]o a ejpaha_pq]heop]o; ?kik aoo]o _kj_al) ao _kjoe`an]i k ]ola_pk _kjkp]perk `] hejcq]cai;
.,* Ai mqa oa ^]oa]r] k lkoepereoik h ce_k l]n] lnklkn qi] lqneÚ_]k `] hejcq]cai; .-* Mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa k lkoepereoik h ce_k `]r] j) b]oa oejp]ta h ce_]; ..* Mq]eo ]o heiep] ao a ko amqrk_ko `k lkoepereoik h ) ce_k; ./* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo e`ae]o `] hejcqope_]; .0* Ao_khd] pn o e`ae]o `] hejcqope_] a atlhemqa)]o* .1* Atlhemqa k mqa qi oecjk hejcqope_k kq ran^]h* .2* K mqa an] ] _kj_alk ^ejne] `k oecjk kq `] hejcq]) cai; .3* Mq]h k l]lah `k oajpe`k a `]o oecjeÚ_] ao l]n] oa l]oo]n `a qi] _kj_alk ^ejne] `] hejcq]cai _kj_alk panjne]( j] mq]h oa _kilnaaj`a mqa d qi] ejpan)nah]) k _kjpjq] ajpna l]h]rn]o( na]he`]`a a lajo]iajpko; .4* ?kjoe`an]j`k ] bkni] panjne] `] hejcq]cai( _kik lk`aiko _kj_a^ )h]; .5* Mq]eo ko mq]pnk b]pknao mqa _kjopepqai ] hejcq]cai; /,* Ao_khd] `keo `aooao b]pknao a atlhemqa)ko*
#!0É45,/ßß K lajo]iajpk -* ?epa ]hcqjo atailhko `ko rneko oajpe`ko mqa `]iko
o l]h]rn]o lajo]iajpk a lajo]n ai jkoo] re`] _kpe) `e]j]* .* Mq]eo ko lnej_el]eo oajpe`ko mqa ko `e_ekjneko `k l]n] ]o l]h]rn]o lajo]n a lajo]iajpk; /* Mqa oecjeÚ_]i ko ran^ko lajo]na( _kcep]na a ejpahhe) cana; Mq]j`k naqjeiko oaqo oajpe`ko( mqa oecjeÚ_] Îlajo]iajpkÏ; 0* ?kik ] loe_khkce] _kj_a^a ] ejpahec j_e]; 1* Mq]eo ]o `ebanaj]o ajpna ejopejpk a d^epk; 2* Mq]eo ]o oaiahd]j]o ajpna ejopejpk a d^epk; 3* ?kik a lkn mqa ] ejpahec j_e] `ebana `k ejopejpk a `k d^epk; 4* Mqa ] ejpahec j_e] lnpe_] kq ejopnqiajp]h; 5* ?kik lk`aiko `aÚjen ] ejpahec j_e] ajmq]jpk ]pere) `]`a iajp]h a `a hejcq]cai; Mqa mqanaiko `evan ]k b]h]niko ai Î_kjda_eiajpk ejpahecajpaÏ; -,* Atlhemqa lkn mqa k lajo]iajpk r]e i]eo hkjca `k mqa ] ejpahec j_e]* --* Mqa qi _kj_aepk kq e`ae]; -.* Mqa ok ko fqvko; -/* Mq]j`k ko fqvko _kjopepqai qi] pakne]; -0* Mqa qi] pakne]; @a kj`a ah] j]o_a; -1* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo Új]he`]`ao `k ipk`k l]n] k _k) jda_eiajpk; Lkn mqa oa `ev mqa aha pai qi l]lah na) cqh]`kn; -2* Atlhemqa k mqa ok ipk`k `a`qperk( ipk`k ej`qpe) rk a ipk`k `a _kilnaajok a ejpanlnap]k* -3* Lkn mqa k ipk`k j]o _e j_e]o at]p]o p]i^i _d]) i]`k `a ]tekipe_k;
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-4* Lkn mqa k ipk`k j]o _e j_e]o j]pqn]eo p]i^i _d]i]`k `a atlaneiajp]h a delkppe_k; -5* Lkn mqa k ipk`k j]o _e j_e]o dqi]j]o p]i^i _d]i]`k `a _kilnaajoerk)ejpanlnap]perk; .,* Mq]eo ko pn]ko _kiqjo ]ko `ebanajpao ipk`ko Úhk) o Ú_ko; .-* ?kik ] jaqnkhkce]( ] ]j]pkie] a ] Úoekhkce] `k _) na^nk dqi]jk k `ao_narai; Mq]eo ]o _kjoamq j_e]o `aoo] `ao_nek l]n] `eopejcqeniko ej`er`qko a _qh) pqn]o lahk pelk `a lajo]iajpk mqa `aoajrkhrai; ..* Oacqj`k Hre)Opn]qoo( mq]eo ok ]o pn o lnej_el]eo _]) n]_panope_]o kq bqj ao `k iepk; ./* Ao_khd] qi iepk a ikopna _kik aha atlhe_] qi] na]) he`]`a* .0* Atlhemqa lkn mqa k iepk qi] na`a `a iapbkn]o a `a oi^khko mqa lna_eo]i oan `a_ebn]`ko kq ejpanlna) p]`ko*
#!0É45,/ß = _kjo_e j_e] lk`a _kjda_an pq`k; -* Oacqj`k Bnaq`( mq]eo ok ]o pn o bane`]o j]n_oe_]o mqa k lajo]iajpk k_e`ajp]h eil o ]ko oanao dqi]jko; .* K mqa eook mqa Bnaq` _d]ikq `a loe_]jheoa; /* ?kik Bnaq` _dackq ]k _kj_aepk `a ej_kjo_eajpa; 0* ?kik Bnaq` `ao_nara ] aopnqpqn] a k bqj_ekj]iajpk `] re`] lomqe_]; 1* Mq]eo ]o b]oao `] oatq]he`]`a ejb]jpeh( oacqj`k Bnaq`; 2* Lkn mqa k _kilhatk `a `elk k _kilhatk jq_ha]n `]o jaqnkoao; Mq]j`k aooa _kilhatk oa `aoajrkhra;
../
3* Lkn mqa( oacqj`k Bnaq`( k ack kq ] _kjo_e j_e] qi Îlk^na _kep]`kÏ; 4* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna _kjpa`k i]jebaopk a _kjpa) `k h]pajpa `a jkooko ]pko( caopko( l]h]rn]o( okjdko; 5* ?kik klan] k ej_kjo_eajpa $e` a oqlanack%; Mq]h ] bqjk `ko okjdko( `ko oejpki]o a `] oq^hei]k; -,* @e]jpa `k lk`an `k ej_kjo_eajpa( Bnaq` `abaj`aq ] bkn] `k lajo]iajpk* Lkn mq ; --* K mqa ]heaj]k naheceko]; A ]heaj]k ai can]h; -.* Mq]h k ejpanaooa `a I]nt lah] ]heaj]k ok_e]h; -/* ?kik I]nt atlhe_] ] knecai `] ]heaj]k ok_e]h _ki ^]oa j] `ao_nek `k oqnceiajpk `]o ejopepqe) ao ok_e]eo a lkhpe_]o bqj`]`]o j] `ereok `]o _h]o) oao ok_e]eo; -0* Lkn mqa ] ]Úni]k Îko dkiajo b]vai ] deop ne]( i]o jk o]^ai mqa ] b]vaiÏ ]ooej]h] ] ateop j_e] `a qi] `qlh] ]heaj]k ok_e]h; -1* Mq]eo ok ]o pn o bkni]o `] ]heaj]k jk ik`k `a lnk`qk _]lep]heop]; -2* K mqa e`akhkce]; ?kik ah] oqnca; -3* Mq]h ] lnej_el]h bqjk `] e`akhkce]; Mq]h oq] lnej_e) l]h Új]he`]`a; -4* Atlhemqa _kik ejranok( ei]cejnek ok_e]h a oeh j_ek ok ko lnej_el]eo lnk_a`eiajpko l]n] ] klan]k `] e`akhkce]* -5* Mq]eo ]o oaiahd]j]o ajpna ] e`akhkce] a k ej_kjo) _eajpa `ao_k^anpk lah] loe_]jheoa; .,* =o `ao_k^anp]o `a I]nt a Bnaq` ejr]he`]i k pn]^]hdk _kjo_eajpa `k lajo]iajpk;
5NIDADEß
= iap]boe_] Ejpnk`qk
=o ej`]c] ao iap]boe_]o
?]lpqhk -
K j]o_eiajpk `] iap]boe_]
?]lpqhk .
= iap]boe_] `a =neop pahao
?]lpqhk /
=o ]rajpqn]o `] iap]boe_]
?]lpqhk 0
= kjpkhkce] _kjpailknja]
?]lpqhk 1
= behkokbe] l o)iap]boe_]
Jk okiko qi] _kjo_e j_e] naÛater] lqn]( i]o qi] _kjo_e j_e] aj_]nj]`] jqi _knlk* Jkook _knlk jk ]laj]o qi] _keo] j]pqn]h( p]h _kik ] b oe_]( ] ^ekhkce] a ] loe_khkce] k aopq`]i( i]o qi _knlk dqi]jk( eopk ( d]^ep]`k a ]jei]`k lkn qi] _kjo_e j_e]* Jk okiko lajo]iajpk lqnk( lkeo okiko qi _knlk* Jk okiko qi] _keo] j]pqn]h( lkeo okiko qi] _kjo_e j_e]* K iqj`k jk qi _kjfqjpk `a _keo]o a b]pko aopq`]`ko lah]o _e j_e]o oacqj`k nah]ao `a _]qo] a abaepk a haeo j]pqn]eo* =h i `k iqj`k _kik _kjfqjpk n]_ekj]h `a b]) pko _eajp Ú_ko( d k iqj`k _kik hqc]n kj`a reraiko _ki ko kqpnko a nk`a]`ko lah]o _keo]o( qi iqj`k mq]hep]perk `a _knao( okjo( k`knao( Úcqn]o( Úoekjkie]o( k^op _qhko( qi iqj`k ]baperk `a laook]o( hqc]nao( hai^n]j]o( lnkiaoo]o( aola) n]j]o( _kjÛepko( hqp]o* Okiko oanao pailkn]eo Í j]o_aiko a paiko _kjo_e j_e] `] iknpa* Okiko oanao ejpanoq^faperko Í reraiko j] _kil]jde] `ko kqpnko* Ok) iko oanao _qhpqn]eo Í _ne]iko ] hejcq]cai( k pn]^]hdk( ] ok_ea`]`a( ] nahecek( ] lkh pe_]( ] pe_]( ]o ]npao a ]o p _je_]o( ] ÚhkokÚ] a ]o _e j_e]o*
Ai -53,( k bkpcn]bk f]lkj o Gaj Kd]n]( n]`e_]`k jko Aop]`ko Qje`ko( lq^he_kq k hernk Kja $Qi%* =h i `k ppqhk( jk d jajdqi kqpnk patpk ]k hkjck `a oq]o 1,, l cej]o( ]laj]o bkpko ai ^n]j_k a lnapk `a nkopko ajmq]`n]`ko oailna `] iaoi] i]jaen]( `aet]j`k reoraeo at_hqoer]iajpa ko khdko( k j]nev a ] ^k_]* =mqe aopk nalnk`qve`]o ]o `kva lneiaen]o l cej]o `k hernk* Jaoo] lk_]( k iqj`k ]pn]raoo]r] qi ikiajpk `a a^qhek _qhpqn]h( ai mqa ] _kj`ek ateopaj_e]h `]o laook]o aop]r] ai tamqa* K hernk `a Kd]n] pn]`qv aoo] _kjo_e j_e] `a qi `qlhk rapkn `] ateop j_e]6 ÎqiÏ oecjeÚ_] p]jpk mqa _]`] laook] je_] ai oq]o oejcqh]ne`]`ao _kik p]i^ i mqa okiko pk`ko ecq]eo( l]npehd]j`k qi] e`ajpe`]`a dqi]j] _kiqi*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = iap]boe_]
)NTRODUljO =o ej`]c]ao iap]boe_]o = mqaopk iap]boe_]6 ÎK mqa ;Ï
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kn mqa qi] _keo] lk`a iq`]n a( jk ajp]jpk( _kjoanr]n oq] e`ajpe`]`a ej`ere`q]h( `a p]h i]jaen] mqa lk`aiko `evan mqa ] jbpj^ _keo]( ]ej`] mqa ] raf]iko `ebanajpa `k mqa bkn] ]jpao; ?kik o]^aiko mqa qi] `apaniej]`] nkoaen] ] iaoi] mqa( jk ]jk l]oo]`k( jk l]oo]r] `a qi n]ik _ki lkq_]o bkhd]o a oai bhkn; ?kik o]^aiko mqa L]qhk( dkfa ]`qhpk( k iaoik L]qhk mqa _kjda_aiko _ne]j]; Lkn mqa oejpk mqa oae mqa okq `ebanajpa `]o _keo]o; Lkni( lkn mqa p]i^i oejpk mqa oae mqa qi kqpnk _knlk( `ebanajpa a oaiahd]jpa ]k iaq( jk qi] _keo]( i]o qi ]hcqi; Lkn mqa aq a k kqpnk lk`aiko ran `a ik`k `ebanajpa( oajpen a ckop]n `a ik`k `ebanajpa( `eo_kn`]n ok^na p]jp]o _keo]o( b]van _keo]o `ebanajpao a( jk ajp]jpk( ]i^ko ]`iepeiko( oai oki^n] `a ` re`]( mqa qi pne jcqhk( k j iank 1( k _n_qhk( ko ]n_ko `k L]h_ek `] =hrkn]`] kq ]o len ie`ao `k Acepk ok at]p]iajpa ]o iaoi]o _keo]o l]n] aha a l]n] iei; K mqa qi] _keo]; A qi k^fapk; K mqa ] oq^fapere`]`a; K mqa k _knlk dqi]jk; A qi] _kjo_ej_e]; Lancqjp]o _kik aoo]o _kjopepqai k _]ilk `] iap]boe_]( ]ej`] mqa jai oailna ]o iaoi]o l]h]rn]o pajd]i oe`k qo]`]o l]n] bkniqh)h]o* Lkn atailhk( qi beh okbk cnack jk b]h]ne] ai Îj]`]Ï( i]o ai ÎJk OanÏ* Jk b]h]ne] ai Îk^fapkÏ( i]o ai ÎajpaÏ( lkeo ] l]h]rn] l_gbql o bke qo]`] ] l]npen `] E`]`a I`e] a( jk oajpe`k ai mqa ] ailnac]iko dkfa( o bke qo]`] `alkeo `k o_qhk TREE* P]i^i jk b]h]ne] ai Î_kjo_ej_e]Ï( i]o ai mpv`e( eopk ( ai Î]hi]Ï* F]i]eo b]h]ne] ai Îoq^fapere`]`aÏ( lkeo aoo] l]h]rn]( _ki k oajpe`k mqa hda `]iko dkfa( o bke qo]`] ] l]n) pen `k o_qhk TREEE* = iq`]j] `k rk_]^qhnek `] behkokbe] jk _qnok `ko o_qhko ej`e_] mqa iq`]n]i ko ik`ko `a bkniqh]n ]o mqaop ao a naolkj`)h]o( lkeo ] behkokbe] aop j] deop ne] a lkooqe qi] deop ne]* Jk ajp]jpk( ok^ aoo]o iq`]j]o lnkbqj`]o( lani]ja_aq ] mqaopk iap]boe_] bqj`]iajp]h6 L nrb qo_] ] aooj_e] `a qi ajpa kq `a qi] _keo]* Lkn eook( lkn oan k aopq`k `] lrp^ a lknmqa ] lrp^ kbana_a k Oan na]h a ran) `]`aenk `a qi ajpa( kbana_a k lk jpeik a lanaja( ] Behkokbe] Lneiaen] `arane] oan `aoecj]`] _ki ] l]h]rn] lkqlildf^* Jaooa _]ok( ] l]h]rn] jbq^cpf`^ oane] ]laj]o ] ej`e_]k `k hqc]n k_ql]`k j]o aop]jpao lahko hernko ]neopkphe_ko `a Behkokbe] Lneiaen]( hk_]hev]`ko `alkeo `ko pn]p]`ko ok^na ] boe_] kq ] j]pqnav]* = l]h]rn] lkqlildf^ `ene] mq]h k ]ooqjpk `] Behkokbe] Lneiaen]( ajmq]jpk ] l]h]rn] jbq^cpf`^ `ene] ]laj]o mq]h k hqc]n `ko hernko `] Behkokbe] Lneiaen] jk _]phkck `]o k^n]o `a =neop pahao* Lkn mqa( ajpk( ] pn]`ek behko be_] _kjo]cnkq ] l]h]rn] jbq^cpf`^ ai rav `a lkqlil* df^; Lknmqa =neop pahao( ]k `abejen ] Behkokbe] Lneiaen]( p]i^i ]benikq mqa ah] aopq`] ko lneiaenko lnej_leko a ]o _]qo]o lneiaen]o `a pk`ko ko oanao kq `a pk`]o ]o aooj_e]o( aopq`k mqa `ara sfo ^kqbp `a pk`ko ko kqpnko( lknmqa ] _kj`ek `a pk`ko ahao* Mqa mqan `evan Îren ]jpaoÐ; L]n] =neop pahao( oecjebe_] Îaop]n ]_ei] `ko `ai]eo( aop]n ]hi `k mqa rai `alkeo( oan oqlanekn ]k mqa rai `alkeo( oan ] _kj`ek `] ateopj_e] a `k _kjda_eiajpk `k mqa rai `alkeoÏ* Kn]( ] l]h]rn] jbq^ mqan `evan at]p]iajpa eook6 Îk mqa aop ]hi `aÏ( Îk mqa aop ]_ei] `aÏ( Îk mqa rai `alkeoÏ( i]o jk oajpe`k `a oan oqlanekn kq `a oan ] _kj`ek `a ]hcqi] _keo]* Oa ]ooei ( ajpk ] l]h]rn] jbq^cpf`^ jk mqan `evan ]laj]o k hqc]n kj`a oa aj_kjpn]i ko ao_nepko lkopaneknao ]ko pn]p]`ko `a boe_]( jk ej`e_] qi iank hqc]n jqi _]phkck `a k^n]o( i]o oecjebe_] Îk aopq`k `a ]hcqi] _keo] mqa aop ]_ei] a ]hi `]o _keo]o boe_]o kq j]pqn]eo a mqa ] _kj`ek `] ateopj_e] a `k _kjda_e) iajpk `ah]oÏ* Lkn eook( ] pn]`ek _kjo]cnkq ] l]h]rn] jbq^cpf`^ i]eo `k mqa ] l]h]rn] lkqlildf^* Jb* q^cpf`^( jaooa _]ok( mqan `evan6 Î]mqehk mqa _kj`ek a bqj`]iajpk `a pq`k k mqa ateopa a `a pq`k k mqa lq`an oan _kjda_e`kÏ* =p ]mqe naolkj`aiko lancqjp]6 ÎLkn mqa iap]boe_] ai hqc]n `a kjpkhkce];Ï* I]o ]ej`] jk naolkj`aiko lancqjp] lnej_el]h6 ÎLkn mqa ] iap]boe_] kq kjpkhkce] k_qlkq k hqc]n mqa( jk ej_ek `] behkokbe]( an] k_ql]`k lah] _koikhkce] kq boe_];Ï* L]n] eook( lna_e) o]iko ]_kil]jd]n ko ikperko mqa har]n]i ] qi] _neoa `] _koikhkce] a ]k oqnceiajpk `] kjpkhkce]( mqa ]_]^]ne] na_a^aj`k k jkia `a iap]boe_]*
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K j]o_eiajpk `] iap]boe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
K oqnceiajpk `] kjpkhkce]6 L]ni je`ao `a Ahae]
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q]j`k aopq`]iko k oqnceiajpk `] h ce_]( reiko ] eilknp j_e] `k lajo]iajpk `a L]nije`ao* Bke aha k lneiaenk beh okbk ] ]beni]n mqa k iqj`k lan_a^e`k lkn jkooko oajpe`ko Í k _koik aopq`]`k lah] _koikhkce] Í qi iqj`k ehqo nek( baepk `a ]l]nj_e]o( ok^na ]o mq]eo bkniqh]iko jkoo]o kleje ao* Bke aha p]i^i k lneiaenk ] _kjpn]) lkn ] aooa iqj`k iqprah $baepk `a iq`]j] lanaja `ko _kjpnneko mqa oa pn]jobkni]i qjo jko kqpnko% ] e`ae] `a qi lajo]iajpk a `a qi `eo_qnok ran`]`aenko nabane`ko mqehk mqa na]hiajpa( ]k Oan Í q lk) lk* K Oan ( `ev L]nije`ao* ?ki eook( lnapaj`aq `evan mqa k Oan oailna e`jpe_k ] oe iao) ik( eiqprah( apanjk( eilana_rah( ejreorah ]ko jkooko oajpe`ko a reorah ]laj]o l]n] k laj) o]iajpk* Bke L]nije`ao k lneiaenk ] `evan mqa ] ]l]nj_e] oajorah `]o _keo]o `] j]pqnav] jk lkooqe na]he`]`a( jk ateopa na]h a ran`]`aen]iajpa( kl * ?kjpn]lo( ]ooei( k Oan $lk% ]k Jk Oan $jb lk%( `a_h]n]j`k6 Îk Jk Oan jk Ï* = behkokbe] _d]i]`] lkn L]nije`ao `a Î] Re] `] Ran`]`aÏ $^iqebf^%( mqa jac] na]he`]`a a _kjda_eiajpk ÎRe] `a KlejekÏ $au^%( lkeo aop] oa k_ql] _ki ]o ]l]nj_e]o( _ki k Jk Oan* Kn]( ] _koikhkce] kq boe_] k_ql]r])oa fqop]iajpa _ki k iqj`k mqa lan_a^aiko a jk mq]h reraiko _ki ]o `ai]eo _keo]o j]pqn]eo* K_ql]r])oa _ki ] j]pqnav] _kik qi _koik kq kn`ai nacqh]n a _kjop]jpa `a oqnceiajpk( pn]jobkni]k a `ao]l]na_eiajpk `]o _keo]o* = _koikhkce] ^qo_]r] ] atlhe_]k l]n] k absfo( eopk ( l]n] ] iq`]j] `]o _keo]o( l]n] ] l]oo]cai `a qi] _keo] ] qi kqpnk ik`k `a ateopen( _kjpnnek ]k mqa lkooq]* = _koikhkce] `a`e_]r])oa iqhpelhe_e`]`a `ko oanao( iqp]^ehe`]`a `ahao a o klkoe ao ajpna ahao* L]nije`ao pknjkq ] _koikhkce] eilkoorah ]k ]beni]n mqa k lajo]iajpk ran`]`aenk ateca ] e`ajpe`]`a( ] jk pn]jobkni]k a ] jk _kjpn]`ek `k Oan* ?kjoe`an]j`k ] iq`]j] `a qi] _keo] ai kqpn] _kjpnne] _kik k Jk Oan( L]nije`ao p]i^i ]beni]r] mqa k Oan jk iq`] lknmqa jk pai _kik jai lkn mqa iq`]n a jk pai jk mqa iq`]n( lkeo( oa iq) `]ooa( `aet]ne] `a oan k Oan( pknj]j`k)oa _kjpnnek ] oe iaoik( k Jk Oan* ?kik _kjoamqj _e]( ikopnkq mqa k lajo]iajpk ran`]`aenk jk ]`iepa ] iqhpelhe_e`]`a kq lhqn]he`]`a `a oanao a mqa k Oan qjk a je_k* Ko ]ncqiajpko `] Ao_kh] Aha]p] an]i necknkoko* @eve]i6 ]`iep]iko mqa k Oan jk oaf] qjk( i]o i hpelhk* Jaooa _]ok( _]`] oan aha iaoik a kl ko kqpnko oanao7 lknp]jpk( _]`] oan a kl ]k iaoik pailk( k mqa eilajorah kq ]^oqn`k* K Oan qjk a jk lk`a oan i hpelhk7 ]`iep]iko mqa k Oan jk oaf] apanjk( i]o para qi _kiak a pan qi bei* =jpao `aha( k mqa d]re]; Kqpnk Oan; Jk( lkeo k Oan qjk* K Jk Oan; Jk( lkeo k Jk Oan k j]`]* Lknp]jpk( k Oan jk lk`a pan pe`k qi _kiak* Pan qi bei; Oa peran( mqa ren `alkeo `aha; Kqpnk Oan; Jk( lkeo k Oan qjk* K Jk Oan; Jk( lkeo k Jk Oan k j]`]* Lknp]jpk( k Oan jk lk`a ]_]^]n* Oai _kiak a oai bei( k Oan apanjk7 ]`iep]iko mqa k Oan jk oaf] eiqprah( i]o iqprah* Jk mqa k Oan iq`]ne]; Jkqpnk Oan; Jk( lkeo k Oan qjk* Jk Jk Oan; Jk( lkeo k Jk Oan k j]`]* Lknp]jpk( oa k Oan iq`]ooa( pknj]n)oa)e] Jk Oan a `ao]l]na_ane]* K Oan eiqprah a k `aren qi] ehqok `a jkooko oajpe`ko* K mqa L]nije`ao ]beni]r] an] ] `ebanaj] ajpna mbkp^o a mbo`b_bo* Lan_a^aiko ] j]) pqnav] j] iqhpelhe_e`]`a a j] iqp]^ehe`]`a `]o _keo]o mqa oa pn]jobkni]i qi]o j]o kqpn]o a oa pknj]i _kjpnne]o ] oe iaoi]o* I]o lajo]iko k Oan( eopk ( ] e`ajpe`]`a( ] qje`]`a( ] eiqp]^ehe`]`a a ] apanje`]`a `]mqehk mqa ai oe iaoik* Lan_a^an ran ]l]nj_e]o* Lajo]n _kjpailh]n ] na]he`]`a _kik e`jpe_] ] oe iaoi]* Lajo]n _kjpailh]n k q lk( k Oan* Iqhpelhe_e`]`a( iq`]j]( j]o_eiajpk a lana_eiajpk ok ]l]nj_e]o( ehqo ao `ko oajpe) `ko* =k ]^]j`kj)h]o( ] behkokbe] l]ookq `] _koikhkce] kjpkhkce]*
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x 5.)$!$%ß x = iap]boe_]
Lh]pk a k iqj`k `]o aoo j_e]o
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]i^i ]k aopq`]niko ] h ce_]( reiko mqa Lh]pk `a`e_kq ] oq] k^n] naokhqk `k eil]ooa behko be_k _ne]`k lahk ]jp]ckjeoik ajpna k lajo]iajpk `a Dan_hepk `a baok a k `a L]nije`ao `a Ahae]* Lh]pk _kjoe`ankq mqa Dan_hepk pejd] n]vk jk mqa oa nabana ]k iqj`k i]pane]h a oaj) orah( iqj`k `]o ei]cajo a `]o kleje ao* = i]pne]( `ev Lh]pk( ( lkn aooj_e] a lkn j]pqnav]( ]hck eilanbaepk( mqa jk _kjoacqa i]jpan ] e`ajpe`]`a `]o _keo]o( iq`]j`k oai _aoo]n( l]oo]j`k `a qi aop]`k ] kqpnk( _kjpnnek kq klkopk* K iqj`k i]pane]h kq `a jkoo] atla) nej_e] oajorah iqprah a _kjpn]`ep nek a( lkn eook( `aha o jko _dac]i ]o ]l]nj_e]o `]o _keo]o a ok^na aha o lk`aiko pan kleje ao _kjpnne]o a _kjpn]`ep ne]o* Lkn aooa ikperk( `ev Lh]pk( L]nije`ao aop _anpk ]k atecen mqa ] behkokbe] `ar] ]^]j) `kj]n aooa iqj`k oajorah a k_ql]n)oa _ki k iqj`k ran`]`aenk( ejreorah ]ko oajpe`ko a reorah ]laj]o ]k lqnk lajo]iajpk* K ran`]`aenk k Oan( qjk( eiqprah( e`jpe_k ] oe iaoik( apanjk( eilana_rah( lqn]iajpa ejpahecrah* Aeo lkn mqa ] kjpkhkce] lh]pje_] ejpnk`qv qi] `ereok jk iqj`k( ]beni]j`k ] ateo) pj_e] `a `keo iqj`ko ejpaen]iajpa `ebanajpao a oal]n]`ko6 k jrkal pbkpsbi `] iq`]j]( `] ]l]nj_e]( `k `aren `ko _kjpnneko( a k jrkal fkqbifdsbi `] e`ajpe`]`a( `] lani]jj_e]( `] ran`]`a( _kjda_e`k lahk ejpaha_pk lqnk( oai jajdqi] ejpanbanj_e] `ko oajpe`ko a `]o kleje ao* K lneiaenk k jrkal a^p `lfp^p* K oacqj`k( k jrkal a^p fabf^p kq a^p bpp k`f^p sboa^abfo^p* K iqj`k `]o e`ae]o kq `]o aooj_e]o k iqj`k `k Oan7 k iqj`k oajorah `]o _keo]o kq ]l]nj_e]o k iqj`k `k Jk Oan* K iqj`k oajorah qi] oki^n]( qi] _ le] `abkni]`] kq eilanbaep] `k iqj`k ejpahecrah `]o e`ae]o kq aooj_e]o* Jkp]iko( ]mqe( qi] `ebanaj] ajpna ] kjpkhkce] `a L]nije`ao a ] `a Lh]pk* L]n] k lne) iaenk( k iqj`k oajorah `]o ]l]nj_e]o k Jk Oan ai oajpe`k bknpa( eopk ( jk ateopa( jk pai na]he`]`a jajdqi]( k j]`]* L]n] Lh]pk( lkni( k Jk Oan jk k lqnk j]`]* Aha ]hcqi] _keo]* K mqa aha ; Aha l lrqol `k Oan( k mqa `ebanajpa `k Oan( k mqa ejbanekn ]k Oan( k mqa jko ajc]j] a jko ehq`a( ] _]qo] `ko annko* Ai hqc]n `a oan qi lqnk j]`]( k Jk Oan qi c^ipl pbo( qi] oki^n] `k Oan ran`]`aenk( ]mqehk mqa Lh]pk _d]i] `a mpbral*Pbo* K Jk Oan k oajorah* D ]ej`] qi] kqpn] `ebanaj] eilknp]jpa ajpna ] kjpkhkce] `a L]nije`ao a ] `a Lh]) pk* K lneiaenk ]beni]r] mqa k Oan( ]hi `a eiqprah( apanjk a e`jpe_k ] oe iaoik( an] je_k kq qjk* D]re] l Oan* Mq]h k lnk^hai] `aoo] ]beni]k l]niaje`a]j]; Oa( `k h]`k `k `aren dan]_hepe]jk( d]re] qi] iqhpelhe_e`]`a ejbejep] `a oanao _kjpnneko qjo ]ko kqpnko a _kjpnneko ] oe iaoiko( iqhpelhe_e`]`a _kjpn]`ep ne] mqa jk lk`ane] oan lajo]`] jai `ep]( reopk mqa k lajo]iajpk ateca ] e`ajpe`]`a `k lajo]`k( jk ajp]jpk( `k h]`k `] e`ajpe`]`a qj]) je_] `a L]nije`ao( mqa naop]r] l]n] ] behkokbe]; O hda naop]r] laj) o]n a `evan pno bn]oao6 Îk Oan Ï( Îk Jk Oan jk Ï a Îk Oan qjk( e`jpe_k( apanjk a eiqprahÏ* Ai oqi]( ] behkokbe] _kia]r] a paniej]r] jaoo]o pno bn]oao( j]`] i]eo lk`aj`k laj) o]n kq `evan* L]nije`ao l]n]heo]r] ] behkokbe]* Oa aop] mqeoaooa lnkooacqen _kik ejraopec]k `] ran`]`a a oa peraooa i]eo k^fapko ] _kjda_an( an] lna_eok mqa^n]n ] qje`]`a)qje_e`]`a `k Oan `a L]nije`ao* Bke k mqa bav Lh]pk* Mqa `eooa aha; Ai lneiaenk hqc]n( oacqej`k O _n]pao a ko okbeop]o( Lh]pk `eopejcqeq pno oajpe`ko l]n] ] l]h]rn] pbo6 k oajpe`k `a oq^op]jperk( eopk ( `a na]he`]`a ateopajpa7 k oajpe`k ran^]h bknpa( ai mqa oecjebe_] ÎateopaÏ a pbo mqan `evan Îateopj_e]Ï7 a k oajpe`k ran^]h i]eo bn]_k( ai mqa k ran^k pbo k ran^k `a hec]k( eopk ( k ran^k mqa laniepa hec]n qi oqfaepk a oaq lna`e_]`k* @eopejcqeq( ]ooei( ]hi `k oajpe`k oq^op]jper]`k $Îk oanÏ( Îqi oanÏ%( `keo oajpe`ko l]n] k ran^k6 k oajpe`k ateopaj_e]h a k oajpe`k lna`e_]perk* Lkn atailhk6 ÎK dkiai Ï $ateopa% a ÎK dkiai jloq^iÏ $lkooqe qi lna`e_]`k _kik l]npa `a oq] aooj_e]%* Ai oacqj`k hqc]n( ]benikq mqa( jk oajpe`k bknpa `a pbo $eopk ( _kik oq^op]jperk a _kik ran^k ateopaj_e]h%( ateopai i hpelhko oanao a jk qi o ( i]o _]`] qi `ahao lkooqe ko ]pne^q) pko `k Oan `a L]nije`ao $e`ajpe`]`a( qje`]`a( apanje`]`a( eiqp]^ehe`]`a%* Aooao oanao ok ]o fabf^p kq cloj^p fkqbifdsbfp( pkp]hiajpa ei]pane]eo( mqa _kjopepqai k iqj`k ran`]`aenk( k iqj`k ejpahecrah*
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K j]o_eiajpk `] iap]boe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
Ai pan_aenk hqc]n( ]benikq mqa( jk oajpe`k i]eo bn]_k `k ran^k pbo( eopk ( _kik ran^k `a hec]k kq `] lna`e_]k( _]`] e`ae] qi oqfaepk na]h( mqa lkooqe qi _kjfqjpk `a lna`e_]`ko na]eo kq `a lnklnea`]`ao aooaj_e]eo a mqa ] b]vai oan k mqa ah] ai oe iaoi]* Qi] e`ae] $ateopa% a qi] e`ae] rj^ bpp k`f^ kq _kjfqjpk `a mq]he`]`ao aooaj_e]eo mqa ] b]vai oan k mqa ah] ja_aoo]ne]iajpa* Lkn atailhk( ] fqope] $d ] e`ae] `a fqope]% a d oanao dqi]jko mqa pl grpqlp $lkooqai k lna`e_]`k `] fqope] _kik l]npa `a oq] aooj_e]%* @aoo] i]jaen]( _]`] e`ae]( ai oe iaoi]( _kik k Oan `a L]nije`ao6 qj]( e`jpe_] ] oe iaoi]( apanj] a eiqprah Í qi] e`ae] * =k iaoik pailk( _]`] e`ae] `ebana `a pk`]o ]o kqpn]o lahk _kjfqjpk `a mq]he`]`ao kq lnklnea`]`ao ejpanj]o a ja_aoone]o lah]o mq]eo ah] qi] aooj_e] `apaniej]`]( `ebanajpa `]o `ai]eo $] e`ae] `a dkiai `ebanajpa `] e`ae] `a lh]jap]( mqa `ebanajpa `] e`ae] `a ^ahav]( mqa `ebanajpa `] e`ae] `a _kn]cai( ap_*%* = p]nab] `] behkokbe] `qlh]6 -*
`ara _kjda_an mqa e`ae]o ateopai( eopk ( mqa e`ae]o pl7
.* `ara _kjda_an mq]eo ok ]o mq]he`]`ao kq lnklnea`]`ao aooaj_e]eo `a qi] e`ae]( eopk ( l nrb qi] e`ae] ( oq] aooj_e]*
Jk _ajpnk `a Hkj`nao( ai Le_]`ehhu ?en_qo( bke anece`] qi] ao_qhpqn] `a Anko ai dkiaj]cai ]k _kj`a `a Od]bpao^qnu $-23-)-3-/%( beh okbk ejch o mqa oqopajpkq k lajo]iajpk _kjda_e`k _kik ikn]h `k oajpeiajpk*
.//
=o e`ae]o kq bkni]o ejpahecraeo $kq aooj_e]o ejpahecraeo%( `ev Lh]pk( ok oanao lanbae) pko a( lkn oq] lanbaek( pknj]i)oa jlabilp fkqbifdsbfp kq m^o^afdj^p fkqbifdsbfp lanbaepko mqa ]o _keo]o oajoraeo i]pane]eo pajp]i eiep]n eilanbaep]iajpa* K oajorah ( lkeo( qi] eiep]k eilanbaep] `k ejpahecrah6 ]o _keo]o oajoraeo ok ei]cajo `]o e`ae]o( ok Jk Oanao pajp]j`k ejqpehiajpa eiep]n ] lanbaek `ko oanao ejpahecraeo* ?]^a behkokbe] l]oo]n `]o _ le]o eilanbaep]o ]ko ik`ahko lanbaepko( ]^]j`kj]j`k ]o fj^dbkp lah]o bpp k`f^p( ]o lmfkfbp lah]o fabf^p( ]o ^m^o k`f^p lah]o bpp k`f^p* K lajo]iajpk( ailnac]j`k ] `e]hpe_]( `ara l]oo]n `] fkpq^_fifa^ab `lkqo^afqof^ a^p `lfp^p pbkpsbfp fabkqf* a^ab o^`flk^i a^p `lfp^p fkqbifdsbfp( e`ajpe`]`a `]o e`ae]o mqa ok ] na]he`]`a( k oan( k q lk* Ko `ehkcko `a Lh]pk l ai ai i]n_d] ] `e]hpe_]( eopk ( k _]iejdk oacqnk $jqelalp% mqa jko _kj`qv `]o oajo] ao( `]o lan_al ao( `]o ei]cajo a `]o kleje ao _kjpailh]k ejpaha_pq]h `k oan na]h `]o _keo]o( e`ae] ran`]`aen]( mqa ateopa ai oe iaoi] jk iqj`k `]o lqn]o e`ae]o kq jk iqj`k ejpahecrah* Pkiaiko qi `ehkck l]n] ]_kil]jd]niko k lnk_a`eiajpk lh]pje_k* L ?^knrbqb ^qo_] ] e`ae] kq ] aooj_e] `k ]ikn* Jqi] baop]( kbana_e`] lkn qi lkap] mqa c]) jdkq qi lniek lkn oq] lkaoe]( _kjrano]i _ej) _k ]iecko a O _n]pao* Qi `ahao ]beni] mqa pk`ko ko `aqoao na_a^ai dejko a lkai]o `a hkqrkn( i]o jajdqi bke baepk ]k iahdkn `ko `aqoao( Anko( k ]ikn* Lnkl a( ajpk( mqa _]`] qi b]] qi] dk) iaj]cai ] Anko `evaj`k k mqa k ]ikn* L]n] qi `ahao( k ]ikn k i]eo ^kj`kok `ko `aqoao( lknmqa jko har] ]k o]_neb_ek lahk oan ]i]`k( ejolen])jko k `arkp]iajpk a k `a) oafk `a b]van k ^ai* L]n] k oacqejpa( lna_eok `eopejcqen `keo pelko `a ]ikn6 k ]ikn oatq]h a cnkooaenk a k ]ikn aolenepq]h ajpna ]o ]hi]o( lkeo k lneiaenk ^nara a hkck ]_]^]( ajmq]jpk k oacqj`k apanjk* F k pan_aenk ]beni] mqa ko mqa k ]jpa_a`an]i pejd]i heiep]`k iqepk k ]ikn( pki]j`k)k ]laj]o _kik qi] nah]k aj) pna `q]o laook]o* K ]ikn( `ev aha( k mqa kn`aj]( knc]jev] a kneajp] k iqj`k( lkeo aha mqa b]v ko oaiahd]jpao oa ]lnktei]nai a ko `ebanajpao oa ]b]op]nai* K ]ikn qi] bkn] _ oie_] `a kn`ai a d]nikje] `k Qjeranok* !DAMß7OOLFITT#ORBIS
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K mq]npk lnabana napknj]n ]k ]ikn ajpna ]o laook]o a j]nn] qi iepk* Jk lnej_lek( ko dqi]jko an]i `a pno pelko6 d]re] k dkiai `qlhk( ] iqhdan `qlh] a k dkiai)iqhdan( eopk ( k ]j`n cejk* Pejd]i qi o _knlk( _ki `q]o _]^a]o( mq]pnk ^n]ko a mq]pnk lanj]o* ?kik oa fqhc]r]i oanao _kilhapko( `a_e`en]i d]^ep]n jk _q* Vaqo( nae `ko `aqoao( ajbqna_aq)oa( pkikq `a qi] aol]`] a ko _knpkq lah] iap]`a* @a_]`ko( oal]n]`ko a `aoaolan]`ko( ko dqi]jko pane]i `ao]l]na_e`k oa Anko jk hdao peraooa `]`k ncko oatq]eo a ko ]fq`]ooa ] lnk_qn]n ] iap]`a lan`e`]* Ko mqa an]i dkiajo `qlhko a iqhdanao `qlh]o ]i]i ko `a iaoik oatk( ajmq]jpk ko mqa an]i ]j`n cejko ]i]i ] laook] `k oatk klkopk* =i]n aj_kjpn]n ] jkoo] iap]`a a k ]ikn aooa aj_kjpnk* Bej]hiajpa( k lkap]( ]jbepnek `] baop]( pki] ] l]h]rn] `evaj`k6 ÎPk`ko ko mqa ia lna_a) `an]i hkqr]n]i k ]ikn lahk ^ai mqa b]v ]ko dqi]jko( i]o jajdqi hkqrkq k ]ikn lkn aha iaoik* k mqa b]nae* K ]ikn( Anko( k i]eo ^ahk( k iahdkn `ko `aqoao* K i]eo ^ahk( lknmqa oailna fkrai a oqpeh( lknmqa lajapn] eilan_alperahiajpa j]o ]hi]o7 k iahdkn( lknmqa k`ae] ] rekhj_e] a ] `aob]v kj`a ateopen7 ejolen] ko ]npeop]o a lkap]o( pn]vaj`k ] ^ahav] ]k iqj`kÏ* Naop] O _n]pao* ÎJk lk`anae b]h]nÏ( `ev aha* ÎJk pajdk p]hajpk l]n] b]van `eo_qnoko pk ^ahkoÏ* Ko kqpnko( lkni( jk oa _kjbkni]i a k k^nec]i ] b]h]n* ÎAop ^aiÏ( napnq_] aha* ÎJ^p c^i^obf al jbr gbfql+Ï ?ki aoo] lamqaj] bn]oa( Lh]pk iq`]n pk`k k pki `k `ehkck( lkeo Îb]h]n `k iaq faepkÏ oecjebe_] mqa Îjk rkq b]van ahkceko a hkqrknao o ei]cajo a ]l]nj_e]o `k ]ikn( mqa jk rkq aiepen i]eo qi] klejek ok^na k ]ikn( i]o mqa rkq ^qo_]n ] bpp k`f^ `k ]ikn( k pbo `k ]ikn( rkq ejraopec]n ] fabf^ `k ]iknÏ* O _n]pao p]i^i _kia] _ki qi iepk* Mq]j`k ] `aqo] =bnk`epa j]o_aq( dkqra qi] cn]j`a baop] l]n] ko `aqoao( i]o aomqa_an]i)oa `a _kjre`]n ] `aqo] Laj ne] $M kf^%* Ieoa) nrah a b]iejp]( Laj ne] aolankq k bei `] baop]( aocqaenkq)oa lahko f]n`ejo a _kiaq ko naopko( ajmq]jpk ko `ai]eo `aqoao `knie]i* Jqi _]jpk `k f]n`ei( req Ajcajdk =opqpk $Mlolp% a `aoafkq _kj_a^an qi behdk `aha( `aep]j`k)oa ]k oaq h]`k* @aooa ]pk oatq]h j]o_aq Anko( k ]ikn* ?kik oq] ia( Anko aop oailna _]najpa( b]iejpk( ieoanrah7 _kik oaq l]e( Anko ]opqpk( o]^a _ne]n atla`eajpao ajcajdkoko l]n] _kjoacqen k mqa mqan* Mq]h k oajpe`k `k iepk; Jaha `ao_k^neiko mqa k ]ikn _]nj_e] a ]op _e]( `aoafk `a o]_e]n ] bkia a ] oa`a( `aoafk `a lnaaj_deiajpk( `aoafk `a _kilhap]n)oa a `a aj_kjpn]n ] lhajepq`a* =i]n `aoaf]n k ]i]`k _kik k mqa jko _kilhap]( jko o]_e] a o]peob]v( jko ` lhajepq`a* =i]n `aoaf]n bqj`en)oa j] lhajepq`a `k ]i]`k a oan qi o _ki aha* K mqa lk`a _kilhap]n a `]n lhajepq`a ] qi oan _]najpa; K mqa ai oe iaoik _kilhapk a lhajk( eopk ( k mqa lanbaepk* K ]ikn `aoafk `a lanbaek* K mqa ] lanbaek; = d]nikje]( ] lnklknk( ] ejpacne`]`a kq ejpaenav] `] bkni]* @aoaf]iko ]o bkni]o lanbaep]o* K mqa qi] bkni] lanbaep]; = bkni] lanbaep]( ]_]^]`]( lhaj]( ejpaen]iajpa na]) hev]`]( oai b]hd]o( oai b]hp]o( oai `abaepko( oai ja_aooe`]`a `a pn]jobkni]n)oa( eopk ( oai ja_aooe`]`a `a iq`]n `a bkni]* = bkni] lanbaep] k mqa _d]i]iko `a ^ahav]* K ]ikn `aoafk `a ^ahav]* Kj`a aop ] ^ahav] j]o _keo]o _knlkn]eo; Jko _knlko ^ahko( _qf] qjek ajcaj`n] qi] ^a) hav]6 ] eiknp]he`]`a `ko l]eo ]pn]ro `ko behdko* Kj`a aop ] ^ahav] j]o _keo]o ej_knlkn]eo; J]o ]hi]o ^ah]o( _qf] ^ahav] aop j] lanbaek `a oaqo lajo]iajpko a ] ao( eopk ( j] ejpahecj_e]* Mqa ]i]iko mq]j`k ]i]iko _knlko ^ahko; K mqa d `a eilana_rah j]mqehk mqa( lkn j]pqnav]( lana_rah( eopk ( ]i]iko ] lkopane`]`a kq ] `ao_aj`j_e]* Mqa ]i]iko mq]j`k ]i]iko ]hi]o ^ah]o; K mqa d `a eilana_rah j] ejpahecj_e]( eopk ( ]o e`ae]o* K ]ikn lahko _knlko ^ahko qi] ei]cai kq qi] oki^n] `k ]ikn lahk eilana_rah( i]o k ]ikn lah]o ]hi]o ^ah]o k ]ikn lkn ]hck mqa ai oe iaoik a lkn oe iaoik eilana_rah a ]^okhqp]) iajpa lanbaepk* Oa k ]ikn `aoafk `a e`ajpebe_]n)oa _ki k ]i]`k( `a bqj`en)oa jaha pknj]j`k)oa _kik aha( ajpk ] mq]he`]`a kq ] j]pqnav] `k oan ]i]`k `apaniej] oa qi ]ikn lhaj]iajpa ran) `]`aenk kq qi] ]l]nj_e] `a ]ikn* =i]n k lana_rah pknj]n)oa lana_rah p]i^i* =i]n k
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= iap]boe_] `a =neop pahao x #!0É45,/ß x
iqprah pknj]n) oa iqprah p]i^i* K lana_rah a k iqprah ok oki^n]o( _ le]o eilanbaep]o `k oan ran`]`aenk( eilana_rah a eiqprah* =o bkni]o _knlkn]eo ^ah]o ok oki^n]o kq ei]cajo `] ran`]`aen] ^ahav] eilana_rah* =^]j`kj]j`k)]o lah] ran`]`aen] ^ahav]( ]i]iko jk aop] kq ]mqah] _keo] ^ah]( i]o ] e`ae] kq ] aooj_e] `] ^ahav]( k ^ahk ai oe iaoik( je_k( na]h* =o ]hi]o ^ah]o ok ^ah]o lknmqa jah]o d ] lnaoaj]( ]ej`] mqa ejreorah lneiaen] reop]( `a ]hck eilana_rah6 k ejpaha_pk( l]npa eiknp]h `a jkoo] ]hi]* Mqa ]i] k ejpaha_pk; Qi kqpnk ejpaha_pk mqa oaf] i]eo ^ahk a i]eo lanbaepk `k mqa aha a mqa( ]k oan ]i]`k( pknj] lanbaepk a ^ahk mqai k ]i]* K mqa qi ejpaha_pk ran`]`aen]iajpa ^ahk a lanbaepk; K mqa ]i] ] ^ahav] lanbaep]* Kj`a oa aj_kjpn] ] p]h ^ahav]; J]o e`ae]o* K mqa ] bpp k`f^ kq ] fabf^ `k ]ikn; K ]ikn k `aoafk `] lanbaek eilana_rah `]o bkni]o ^ah]o( `]mqehk mqa lani]ja_a oailna e`jpe_k ] oe iaoik( `]mqehk mqa lk`a oan _kjpailh]`k lhaj]iajpa lahk ejpaha_pk a _kjda_e`k lhaj]iajpa lah] ejpahecj_e]* Oaj`k ]ikn ejpaha_pq]h lahk ejpahecrah kq lah]o e`ae]o( k ]ikn k `aoafk `a o]^an6 mefil plmef^( Î]ikn `] o]^a`kne]Ï* Lahk ]ikn( k ejpaha_pk dqi]jk l]npe_el] `k ejpahecrah( pki] l]npa jk iqj`k `]o e`ae]o kq `]o aooj_e]o( _kjda_aj`k k pbo sboa^abfol* = kjpkhkce] ( ]ooei( ] ln lne] behkokbe] a k _kjda_eiajpk `k Oan( eopk ( `]o e`ae]o7 ] l]oo]cai `]o kleje ao ok^na ]o _keo]o oajoraeo iqpraeo nqik ]k lajo]iajpk ok^na ]o aooj_e]o eiqpraeo* L]oo]n `k oajorah ]k ejpahecrah Í p]nab] `] behkokbe] Í l]oo]n `] ]l]) nj_e] ]k na]h( `k Jk Oan ]k Oan*
#APqTULOß = iap]boe_] `a =neoppahao
@ebanaj] ajpna =neoppahao a oaqo lna`a_aooknao
A
i^kn] ] kjpkhkce] pajd] _kia]`k _ki L]nije`ao a Lh]pk( _kopqi])oa ]pne^qen oaq j]o_eiajpk ] =neop pahao mq]j`k aopa atlhe_ep]iajpa bkniqh] ] e`ae] `a qi] _ej_e] kq `eo_elhej] mqa pai _kik bej]he`]`a ln lne] k aopq`k `k Oan( `ajkiej]j`k)] Behkokbe] Lneiaen]* =hi `eook( pno kqpnko ikperko har]i ] ]pne^qen ] =neop pahao k ej_ek `] iap]boe_]6 -*
./1
`ebanajpaiajpa `a oaqo `keo lna`a_aooknao( =neop pahao jk fqhc] k iqj`k `]o _keo]o oajoraeo( kq ] j]pqnav]( qi iqj`k ]l]najpa a ehqo nek* Lahk _kjpnnek( qi iqj`k na]h a ran`]`aenk _qf] bpp k`f^ ( fqop]iajpa( ] iqhpelhe_e`]`a `a oanao a ] iq`]j] ej_aoo]jpa* Ai hqc]n `a ]b]op]n ] iqhpelhe_e`]`a a k `aren _kik ehqo ao kq oki^n]o `k ran`]) `aenk Oan( =neop pahao ]beni] mqa k oan `] j]pqnav] ateopa( na]h( mqa oaq ik`k ln lnek `a ateopen ] iq`]j] a mqa aop] jk qi] _kjpn]`ek eilajorah* lkoorah qi] _ej_e] paknpe_] ran`]`aen] ok^na ] j]pqnav] a ] iq`]j]6 ] boe_]* I]o lna_eok( lne) iaenk( `aikjopn]n mqa k k^fapk `] boe_] qi oan na]h a ran`]`aenk a eook p]nab] `] Behkokbe] Lneiaen] kq `] Îiap])boe_]Ï*
.* `ebanajpaiajpa `a oaqo `keo lna`a_aooknao( =neop pahao _kjoe`an] mqa ] aooj_e] ran) `]`aen] `]o _keo]o j]pqn]eo a `ko oanao dqi]jko a `a oq]o ] ao jk aop jk iqj`k
x 5.)$!$%ß x = iap]boe_]
ejpahecrah( oal]n]`k `k iqj`k oajorah( jk mq]h ]o _keo]o boe_]o kq j]pqn]eo ateopai a kj`a reraiko* =o aooj_e]o( `ev =neop pahao( aopk j]o ln lne]o _keo]o( jko ln lneko dkiajo( j]o ln lne]o ] ao a p]nab] `] behkokbe] _kjda_)h]o ]he iaoik kj`a ateo) pai a ]_kjpa_ai* ?kik _kjda_)h]o; L]npej`k `] oajo]k ]p ]h_]j]n ] ejpaha_k* = aooj_e] `a qi oan kq `a qi] ]k _kjda_e`] lahk lajo]iajpk( mqa _]lp] ]o lnklnea`]`ao ejpan) j]o a ja_aoone]o `aooa oan kq `aoo] ]k( oai ]o mq]eo aha kq ah] jk oane]i k mqa ok* = iap]boe_] jk lna_eo] ]^]j`kj]n aopa iqj`k( i]o( ]k _kjpnnek( k _kjda_eiajpk `] aooj_e] `k mqa ateopa ai jkook iqj`k* /* ]k oa `a`e_]n Behkokbe] Lneiaen] kq iap]boe_]( ] behkokbe] `ao_k^na mqa d `ebanajpao pelko `a oanao kq ajpao mqa oa `ebanaj_e]i fqop]iajpa lkn oq]o aooj_e]o* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( l]n] L]nije`ao d]re] ]laj]o k Oan je_k( qjk a eiqprah7 l]n] Lh]pk( d]re] ]o _keo]o i]pane]eo kq oajoraeo( oqfaep]o iq`]j]( a mqa an]i _ le]o eilanbaep]o kq oki^n]o `k oan ran`]`aenk kq `] na]he`]`a( ]o E`ae]o* Lk`aiko lan_a^an mqa k _nepnek `a L]nije`ao a `a Lh]pk l]n] `eopejcqen na]he`]`a ran`]`aen] a ]l]nj_e] ] ]qoj_e] kq ] lnaoaj] `a iq`]j]* =neop pahao p]i^i qo]n ] iq`]j] _kik _nepnek `a `eba) naj_e]k `ko oanao( lkni k b]n `a i]jaen] _kilhap]iajpa jkr]* ÎIq`]j]Ï( ai cnack( oa `ev ÎikreiajpkÏ* = l]h]rn] cnac] l]n] ÎikreiajpkÏ hkbpfp $`a kj`a rai ]o l]h]rn]o `fkqf`l( `fkbj^( `fkbjqf`^( ai lknpqcqo%* ÎIkreiajpkÏ jk oecjebe_]( lkni( oeilhaoiajpa iq`]j] `a hqc]n kq hk_kikk* Oecjebe_] pk`] a mq]hmqan iq`]j] mqa qi oan okbn] kq na]heva* ÎikreiajpkÏ6 pk`] iq`]j] mq]hep]per] `a qi oan mq]hmqan $lkn atailhk( qi] oaiajpa mqa oa pknj] nrkna( qi k^fapk ^n]j_k mqa ]i]naha_a( qi ]jei]h mqa ]`ka_a( ]hck mqajpa mqa aobne]( ]hck bnek mqa aomqajp]( k `qnk mqa ]ikha_a( k ikha mqa aj`qna_a( ap_*%7 pk`] iq`]j] kq ]hpan]k mq]jpep]per] $lkn atailhk( qi _knlk mqa ]qiajpa a `eie) jq]( mqa oa `ere`] ai kqpnko iajknao( mqa aj_kilne`a kq aj_qnpa( ]h]ncqa kq aopnaepa( ap_*%7 pk`] iq`]j] `a hqc]n kq hk_kikk $oq^en( `ao_an( _]en( ] pn]fap ne] `a qi] bha_d]( k `aohk_]iajpk `a qi ^]n_k( ] mqa`] `a qi] la`n]( k harep]n `a qi] lhqi]( ap_*%7 pk`] ]hpan]k ai mqa qi oan l]ooa `] ]k l]etk kq l]ooere`]`a( kq l]ooa `] l]o) oere`]`a ]pere`]`a $lkn atailhk( `a _knp]n ] oan _knp]`k( `a ]i]n ] oan ]i]`k( kq `a oan `aoaf]`k ] `aoaf]n( `a oan pk_]`k ] pk_]n( ap_*%7 pk`] can]k kq j]o_eiajpk a pk`] _knnqlk kq iknpa `ko oanao7 j]o_an( reran a iknnan ok ikreiajpko* Jqi] l]h]rn]6 k absfo( ai pk`ko ko oaqo ]ola_pko( k jlsfjbkql* L]nije`ao a Lh]pk at_hqn]i k ikreiajpk `] aooj_e] `k Oan* Mqa b]v =neop pahao; Jac] mqa ikreiajpk a Jk Oan kq enna]he`]`a oaf]i k iaoik* A `ebanaj_e]n ko oanao _kjbknia aopaf]i kq jk ai ikreiajpk* Ateopa ] aooj_e] `ko oanao mqa ok a aopk ai ikreiajpk( eopk ( ko oanao boe_ko kq j]pqn]eo $iejan]eo( racap]eo( ]jei]eo( dqi]jko%( _qfk ik`k `a oan oa _]n]_panev] lkn j]o_an( reran( iq`]n( nalnk`qven)oa a `ao]l]na_an* Ok oanao ai `aren a mqa ateopai jk `aren* Ateopa ] aooj_e] `ko oanao i]paipe_ko( mqa jk ateopai ai oe iaoiko( i]o ateopai _kik bkni]o `]o _keo]o j]pqn]eo( lk`aj`k( lkni( oan oal]n]`ko `ah]o lahk lajo]iajpk a pan oq]o aooj_e]o _kjda_e`]o7 ok oanao mqa( lkn aooj_e]( ok ei raeo( eopk ( jk j]o_ai( jk iq`]i( jk oa pn]jobkni]i jai lana_ai( jk aop]j`k ai `aren jai jk `aren* Ateopa ] aooj_e] `a oanao _qf] aooj_e] eiqprah kq ei rah Í jk j]o_ai( jk oa pn]jobkni]i a jk lana_ai Í( i]o mqa na]hev]i qi ikreiajpk hk_]h lanbaepk( apanjk( oai _kiak a oai bei6 ko ]opnko( mqa na]hev]i k ikreiajpk _en_qh]n*
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= iap]boe_] `a =neop pahao x #!0É45,/ß x
A( bej]hiajpa( ateopa ] aooj_e] `a qi oan apanjk( eiqprah( eilana_rah( oailna e`jpe) _k ] oe iaoik( lanbaepk( ei]pane]h( `k mq]h k ikreiajpk aop ejpaen]iajpa at_hq`k( _kjda) _e`k ]laj]o lahk ejpaha_pk( mqa k _kjda_a _kik oal]n]`k `a jkook iqj`k( oqlanekn ] pq`k mqa ateopa( a mqa k oan lkn at_ahj_e]6 k oan `erejk* L]n] _]`] qi `aooao pelko `a oan a oq]o aooj_e]o ateopa qi] _ej_e] paknpe_] ln lne] $boe_]( ^ekhkce]( loe_khkce]( i]paipe_]( ]opnkjkie]%* I]o p]i^i `ara d]ran qi] _ej_e] can]h( i]eo ]ilh]( i]eo qjerano]h( ]jpanekn ] pk`]o aoo]o( _qfk k^fapk jk oaf] aooa kq ]mqaha pelk `a Oan( aoo] kq ]mqah] ik`]he`]`a `a aooj_e]( i]o k Oan ai can]h( ] aooj_e] ai can]h* Pn]p])oa `a qi] _ej_e] paknpe_] mqa ejraopec] k mqa ] aooj_e] a ]mqehk mqa b]v _ki mqa d]f] aooj_e]o l]npe_qh]nao a `ebanaj_e]`]o* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( `ara d]ran qi] _ej_e] mqa aopq`a k Oan ajmq]jpk Oan( oai _kjoe`an]n ]o `ebanaj_e] ao `ko oanao* Aoo] _ej_e] i]eo ]hp]( i]eo ]ilh]( i]eo qjerano]h ] Behkokbe] Lneiaen]( ao_nara =neop ) pahao jk lneiaenk hernk `] k^n] _kjda_e`] _kik Jbq^cpf`^*
= iap]boe_] ]neopkp he_]
J
] Jbq^cpf`^( =neop pahao ]beni] mqa ] Behkokbe] Lneiaen] aopq`] ko lneiaenko lnej_) leko a ]o _]qo]o lneiaen]o `a pk`]o ]o _keo]o a ejraopec] Îk Oan ajmq]jpk OanÏ* =k `abejen ] kjpkhkce] kq iap]boe_] _kik aopq`k `k ÎOan ajmq]jpk OanÏ( =neop pahao aop `evaj`k mqa ] Behkokbe] Lneiaen] aopq`] ]o aooj_e]o oai `ebanaj_e)h]o ai aooj_e]o boe_]o( i]paipe_]o( ]opnkjie_]o( dqi]j]o( ap_*( lkeo _]^a o `ebanajpao _ej_e]o aopq`)h]o _kik `ebanajpao ajpna oe* Ç iap]boe_] _]^ai pno aopq`ko6 -*
MOVER ßMOVIMENTOßß LEMBREMOSßQUEßOßMO VIMENTO ßKqNESIS ßmßTODAß EßQUALQUERßALTERAljOßOUß MUDANlAßEXPERIMENTADAß PORßUMßSERßMUDANlAßDEß QUALIDADEßEßQUANTIDADE ß MUDANlAßDEßLUGARßNAS CERßEßMORRERß/ß0RIMEIROß -OTORßOßDIVINO ßmß)MvVELß PORQUEßPERFEITO ßJAMAISß SUBMETIDOßAßQUALQUERß TIPOßDEßMOVIMENTO ßß SEMPREßIDoNTICOßAßSIß MESMOß/SßSERESßMUDAMß MOVEM SE ßPARAßREALIZARß TODASßASßALTERAlzESßE ßß UMßDIA ßDEIXAREMßDEß MOVER SE
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k `k oan `erejk( ] na]he`]`a lneiaen] a oqlnai] `] mq]h pk`k k naop]jpa lnk_qn] ]lnk) tei]n)oa( eiep]j`k oq] lanbaek eiqprah* =o _keo]o oa pn]jobkni]i( `ev =neop pahao( lknmqa `aoaf]i aj_kjpn]n oq] aooj_e] pkp]h a lanbaep]( eiqprah _kik ] aooj_e] `ere) j]* lah] iq`]j] ej_aoo]jpa mqa ^qo_]i eiep]n k mqa jk iq`] jqj_]* Lkn eook( k oan `erejk k Lneiaenk Ikpkn Ei rah `k iqj`k( eopk ( ]mqehk mqa( oai ]cen `enap]iajpa ok^na ]o _keo]o( be_]j`k ] `eop j_e] `ah]o( ]o ]pn]e( `aoaf]`k lkn ah]o* P]h `aoafk ]o b]v iq`]n l]n]( qi `e]( jk i]eo iq`]n $aooa `aoafk( `ev =neop pahao( atlhe_] lkn mqa d k `aren a lkn mqa k `aren apanjk( lkeo ]o _keo]o j]pqn]eo jqj_] lk`ank ]h_]j]n k mqa `aoaf]i( eopk ( ] lanbaek eiqprah%* = iq`]j] kq k `aren ok ] i]jaen] lah] mq]h ] j]pqnav]( ]k oaq ik`k( oa ]lanbae) k] a ^qo_] eiep]n ] lanbaek `k eiqprah `erejk* K oan `erejk _d]i])oa Lneiaenk Ikpkn lknmqa k lnej_lek mqa ikra pk`] ] na]he`]`a( a _d]i])oa Lneiaenk Ikpkn Ei rah lkn) mqa jk oa ikra a jk ikre`k lkn jajdqi kqpnk ajpa( lkeo( _kik f reiko( jlsbo oecjebe_] Îiq`]nÏ( Îokbnan ]hpan] ao mq]hep]per]o a mq]jpep]per]oÏ( j]o_an lana_an( a k oan `erejk( lanbaepk( jk iq`] jqj_]7
.* k `ko lneiaenko lnej_leko a _]qo]o lneiaen]o `a pk`ko ko oanao kq aooj_e]o ateopajpao7 /* k `]o lnklnea`]`ao kq ]pne^qpko can]eo `a pk`ko ko oanao( oaf]i ahao mq]eo bknai( cn]]o ]ko mq]eo lk`aiko `apaniej]n ] aooj_e] l]npe_qh]n `a qi oan l]npe_qh]n ateopajpa* = aooj_e] kq lrp^ ] na]he`]`a lneiaen] a hpei] `a qi oan( ]mqehk oai k mq]h qi oan jk lk`an ateopen kq `aet]n `a oan k mqa * Ç aooj_e]( ajpaj`e`] `aoo] lanola_per] qjeran) o]h( =neop pahao ` k jkia `a oq^op j_e]( a ] iap]boe_] aopq`] ] oq^op j_e] ai can]h*
Ko lnej_el]eo _kj_aepko `] iap]boe_] ]neopkp he_]
@
a i]jaen] iqepk ^nara a oeilhebe_]`]( ko lnej_el]eo _kj_aepko `] iap]boe_] ]neopk) phe_] $a mqa oa pknj]nk ]o ^]oao `a pk`] ] iap]boe_] k_e`ajp]h% lk`ai oan ]ooei naoqie`ko6
x 5.)$!$%ß x = iap]boe_]
mofjbfolp mofk`mflp6 ok ko pno lnej_leko mqa aopq`]iko j] h ce_]( eopk ( fabkqfa^ab( kl `lkqo^af l a qbo`bfol bu`iral* Ko lnej_leko h ce_ko ok kjpkh ce_ko lknmqa `abe) jai ]o _kj`e ao oai ]o mq]eo qi oan jk lk`a ateopen jai oan lajo]`k7 ko lneiaenko lnej_leko c]n]jpai( oeiqhp]ja]iajpa( ] na]he`]`a a ] n]_ekj]he`]`a `]o _keo]o7 `^rp^p mofjbfo^p6 ok ]mqah]o mqa atlhe_]i k mqa ] aooj_e] a p]i^i ] knecai a k ikperk `] ateopj_e] `a qi] aooj_e]* ?]qo] $l]n] ko cnacko% oecjebe_] jk o l mlonr `a ]hcqi] _keo] i]o p]i^i k l nr a l `ljl qi] _keo] k mqa ah] * =o _]qo]o lne) iaen]o jko `evai k mqa ( _kik ( lkn mqa a l]n] mqa qi] _keo]* Ok mq]pnk ]o _]qo]o lneiaen]o6 -*
_]qo] i]pane]h( eopk ( ]mqehk `a mqa qi oan baepk( oq] i]pne] $lkn atailhk( cq]( bkck( ]n( pann]%7
.* _]qo] bkni]h( eopk ( ]mqehk mqa atlhe_] ] bkni] mqa qi oan lkooqe $lkn atailhk( k nek kq k i]n ok bkni]o `] cq]7 iao] ] bkni] ]ooqie`] lah] i]pne] i]`aen] _ki ] ]k `k _]nlejpaenk%* = bkni] lnklne]iajpa ] aooj_e] `a qi oan( ]mqehk mqa aha ai oe iaoik kq ]mqehk mqa k `abeja ai oq] e`ajpe`]`a a `ebanaj] _ki nah]k ] pk`ko ko kqpnko7 /* _]qo] abe_eajpa kq ikpnev( eopk ( ]mqehk mqa atlhe_] _kik qi] i]pne] na_a^aq qi] bkni] l]n] _kjopepqen qi] aooj_e] $lkn atailhk( k ]pk oatq]h ] _]qo] abe_eajpa mqa b]v ] i]pne] `k rqhk ]k na_a^an k aolani] na_a^an ] bkni] `a qi jkrk ]jei]h kq `a qi] _ne]j]7 k _]nlejpaenk ] _]qo] abe_eajpa mqa b]v ] i]`aen] na_a^an ] bkni] `] iao]7 k bkck ] _]qo] abe_eajpa mqa b]v ko _knlko bneko pknj]nai)oa mqajpao( ap_*%7 0* ] _]qo] bej]h( eopk ( ] _]qo] mqa ` k ikperk( ] n]vk kq bej]he`]`a l]n] ]hcqi] _keo] ateo) pen a oan p]h _kik ah] $lkn atailhk( k ^ai _kiqi ] _]qo] bej]h `] lkhpe_]( ] bahe_e`]`a ] _]qo] bej]h `] ]k pe_]7 ] bhkn ] _]qo] bej]h `] oaiajpa pn]jobkni]n)oa ai nrkna7 k Lneiaenk Ikpkn Ei rah ] _]qo] bej]h `k ikreiajpk `ko oanao j]pqn]eo( ap_*%7 j^qof^6 k ahaiajpk `a mqa ]o _keo]o `] j]pqnav]( ko ]jei]eo( ko dkiajo( ko ]npab]pko ok baepko7 oq] lnej_el]h _]n]_panope_] lkooqen renpq]he`]`ao kq _kjpan ai oe iaoi] lkooe^ehe`]`ao `a pn]jobkni]k( eopk ( `a iq`]j]7 cloj^6 k mqa ej`ere`q]hev] a `apaniej] qi] i]pne]( b]vaj`k ateopen ]o _keo]o kq ko oanao l]npe_qh]nao7 oq] lnej_el]h _]n]_panope_] oan ]mqehk mqa qi] aooj_e] 7 mlq k`f^6 ] renpq]he`]`a mqa aop _kjpe`] jqi] i]pne] a lk`a ren ] ateopen( oa bkn ]pq]hev]`] lkn ]hcqi] _]qo]7 lkn atailhk( ] _ne]j] qi ]`qhpk ai lkpj_e] kq qi ]`qhpk ai lkpaj_e]h7 ] oaiajpa ] nrkna ai lkpj_e] kq ai lkpaj_e]h7 ^ql6 ] ]pq]hev]k `a qi] i]pne] lkn qi] bkni] a jqi] bkni]7 k ]pk ] bkni] mqa ]pq]hevkq qi] lkpj_e] _kjpe`] j] i]pne]* Lkn atailhk( ] nrkna k ]pk `] oaiajpa( k ]`qhpk k ]pk `] _ne]j]( ] iao] k ]pk `] i]`aen]( ap_* Lkpj_e] a i]pne] ok e`jpe_ko( ]ooei _kik bkni] a ]pk ok e`jpe_ko* = i]pne] kq lkpj_e] qi] na]he`]`a l]ooer] mqa lna_eo] `k ]pk a `] bkni]( eopk ( `] ]pere`]`a mqa _ne] ko oanao `apaniej]`ko* Cn]]o ]ko _kj_aepko `a lkpj_e] a ]pk( ] iap]boe_] ]neopkphe_] lk`a atlhe_]n ] _]qo] a ] n]_ekj]he`]`a `a pk`ko ko ikreiajpko j]pqn]eo kq `ko oanao boe_ko( eopk ( `a pk`ko ko oanao `kp]`ko `a i]pne] a bkni]* K `aren jk ]l]nj_e] jai ehqok( aha k ikreiajpk lahk mq]h ] lkpj_e] oa ]pq]hev]( ] i]pne] na_a^a ] bkni] a iq`] `a bkni]* bpp k`f^6 ] qje`]`a ejpanj] a ej`eookh rah ajpna qi] i]pne] a qi] bkni]( qje`]`a mqa hda ` qi _kjfqjpk `a lnklnea`]`ao kq ]pne^qpko mqa ] b]vai oan ja_aoo]ne]iajpa ]mqehk mqa ah] * =ooei( lkn atailhk( qi oan dqi]jk lkn aooj_e] kq aooaj_e]hiajpa qi ]jei]h iknp]h n]_ekj]h `kp]`k `a rkjp]`a( can]`k lkn kqpnko oaiahd]jpao ] aha a _]l]v `a can]n kqpnko oaiahd]jpao ] aha( ap_*7
./4
= iap]boe_] `a =neop pahao x #!0É45,/ß x
^`fabkqb6 qi] lnklnea`]`a kq ]pne^qpk mqa qi] aooj_e] lk`a pan kq `aet]n `a pan oai lan`an oaq oan ln lnek* Lkn atailhk( qi oan dqi]jk n]_ekj]h kq iknp]h lkn aooj_e]( i]o ^]etk kq ]hpk( ckn`k kq i]cnk( jacnk kq ^n]j_k( lkn ]_e`ajpa* = dqi]) je`]`a ] aooj_e] aooaj_e]h $]jei]h( iknp]h( n]_ekj]h( rkhqjpnek%( ajmq]jpk k ]_e`ajpa k mqa( ateopej`k kq jk ateopej`k( jqj_] ]bap] k oan `] aooj_e] $i]cnk( ckn`k( ]hpk( ^]etk( jacnk( ^n]j_k%* = aooj_e] k qjerano]h7 k ]_e`ajpa k l]npe_qh]n7 pr_pq k`f^6 ]mqehk ai mqa oa aj_kjpn]i ] i]pne])lkpj_e]( ] bkni])]pk( kj`a aopk ko ]pne^qpko aooaj_e]eo a ]_e`ajp]eo( ok^na k mq]h ]cai ]o mq]pnk _]qo]o7 ai oqi]( k Oan lnklne]iajpa `epk* =neop pahao qo] k _kj_aepk `a oq^op j_e] ai `keo oajpe`ko6 jqi lneiaenk oajpe`k( oq^o) p j_e] k oan ej`ere`q]h7 jqi oacqj`k oajpe`k( oq^op j_e] k cjank kq ] aol_ea ] mqa qi oan ej`ere`q]h lanpaj_a* Jk lneiaenk oajpe`k( ] oq^op j_e] qi oan ej`ere`q]h ateopajpa7 jk oacqj`k( k _kjfqjpk `]o _]n]_panope_]o can]eo mqa ko ej`er`qko `a qi cjank a `a qi] aol_ea lkooqai* =neop pahao b]h] ai pr_pq k`f^ mofjbfo^ l]n] nabanen)oa ]ko oanao ej`ere) `q]eo na]hiajpa ateopajpao( _ki oq] aooj_e] a oaqo ]_e`ajpao7 lkn atailhk( O _n]pao7 a ai pr_pq k`f^ pbdrka^ l]n] nabanen)oa ]ko oqfaepko qjerano]eo( eopk ( cjanko a aol_eao mqa jk ateopai ai oe a lkn oe iaoiko( i]o o ateopai aj_]nj]`ko jko ej`er`qko( lk`aj`k( lk) ni( oan _kjda_e`ko lahk lajo]iajpk* =ooei( lkn atailhk( k cjank Î]jei]hÏ a ]o aol_eao Îranpa^n]`kÏ( Îi]ibankÏ a Îdqi]jkÏ jk ateopai ai oe iaoiko( i]o ateopai ai O _n]pao kq ]pn]ro `a O _n]pao* K cjank qi qjerano]h bkni]`k lkn qi _kjfqjpk `a lnklnea`]`ao `] i]pne] a `] bkni] mqa _]n]_panev]i k mqa d `a _kiqi jko oanao `a qi] iaoi] aol_ea* = aol_ea p]i^i qi qjerano]h bkni]`k lkn qi _kjfqjpk `a lnklnea`]`ao `] i]pne] a `] bkni] mqa _]n]_panev]i k mqa d `a _kiqi jko ej`er`qko oaiahd]jpao* =ooei( k cjank bkni]) `k lkn qi _kjfqjpk `a aol_eao oaiahd]jpao a ]o aol_eao( lkn qi _kjfqjpk `a ej`er`qko oaiahd]jpao* Ko ej`er`qko kq oq^op j_e]o lneiaen]o ok oanao na]hiajpa ateopajpao7 ko c) janko a ]o aol_eao kq oq^op j_e]o oacqj`]o ok qjerano]he`]`ao mqa k lajo]iajpk _kjda_a ]pn]ro `ko ej`er`qko7 mobaf`^alp6 ok ]o _]packne]o mqa reiko jk aopq`k `] h ce_] a mqa p]i^i ok kjpkh ce) _]o( lknmqa oa nabanai aopnqpqn] a ]k ik`k `a oan `] oq^op j_e] kq `] aooj_e] $mq]j) pe`]`a( mq]he`]`a( nah]k( hqc]n( pailk( lkooa( ]k( l]etk%* Reiko( ]k aopq`]n ] h ce_]( mqa ] oq^op j_e] ] lneiaen] _]packne]* =neop pahao atlhe_] mqa ] oq^op j_e] `ebana `]o `ai]eo _]packne]o lknmqa( ajmq]jpk pk`]o ok lna`e_]`ko ]pne^q`ko ] qi oqfaepk( ah] jk ]pne^q`] ] jejcqi lknmqa ah] ( fqop]iajpa( k oqfaepk mqa na_a^a ko lna`e_]`ko kq ]o `ai]eo _]packne]o* Ko lna`e_]`ko ]pne^q`ko ] qi] oq^op j_e] ok _kjopepqperko `a oaq oan a `a oaq ik`k `a oan( `a oq] aooj_e]( lkeo pk`] na]he`]`a lk`a oan _kjda_e`] lknmqa lkooqe mq]he`]`ao $iknp]h( eiknp]h( bejepk( ejbejepk( ^ki( i]q( ap_*%( mq]jpe`]`ao $qi( iqepko( ]hcqjo( lkq_k( iqepk( cn]j`a( lamqajk%( nah]_ekj])oa _ki kqpnko $ecq]h( `ebanajpa( oaiahd]jpa( i]ekn( iajkn( oqlanekn( ejbanekn%( aop ai ]hcqi hqc]n $]mqe( ]he( lanpk( hkjca( jk ]hpk( ai^]etk( ai bnajpa( ]pno( ap_*%( aop jk pailk $]jpao( `alkeo( ]ckn]( kjpai( dkfa( ]i]jd( `a `e]( `a jkepa( oailna( jqj_]%( na]hev] ] ao kq b]v ]hcqi] _keo] $]j`]( lajo]( `knia( _knp]( _]e( lnaj`a( _nao_a( j]o_a( iknna( caniej]( bnqpebe_]( bhknao_a( ap_*% a okbna ] ao `a kqpnko oanao $ _knp]`k( lnaok( iknpk( mqa^n]`k( ]nn]j_]`k( lqt]`k( ]pn]`k( har]`k( _qn]`k( ajrajaj]`k( ap_*%*
./5
=o _]packne]o kq lna`e_]`ko lk`ai oan aooaj_e]eo kq ]_e`ajp]eo( eopk ( lk`ai oan ja) _aooneko a ej`eolajoraeo j]pqnav] ln lne] `a qi oan kq lk`ai oan ]hck mqa qi oan lko) oqe lkn ]_]ok kq mqa hda ]_kjpa_a lkn ]_]ok( oai ]bap]n oq] j]pqnav]* Pkiaiko qi atailhk* Oa aq `eooan ÎO _n]pao dkiaiÏ( ja_aoo]ne]iajpa panae `a hda `]n ko oacqejpao lna`e_]`ko6 iknp]h( n]_ekj]h( bejepk( ]jei]h( lajo]( oajpa( ]j`]( nalnk`qv( b]h]( ]`ka_a( oaiahd]jpa ] kqpnko ]pajeajoao( iajkn `k mqa qi] ikjp]jd] a i]ekn `k mqa qi c]pk( ]i]( k`ae]* =_e`ajp]hiajpa( aha lk`an pan kqpnko lna`e_]`ko6 baek( ^]etk(
x 5.)$!$%ß x = iap]boe_]
`ebanajpa `] i]ekne] `ko ]pajeajoao( _]o]`k( _kjranokq _ki H]mqao( aopara jk ^]jmqapa `a =cpkj( ao_qhleq pno aoppq]o( bke bkn]`k ] ajrajaj]n)oa lahk pne^qj]h `a =paj]o* Oa jkook atailhk( lkni( bkooa qi] oq^op j_e] cajne_] kq aola_be_]( pk`ko ko lna`e) _]`ko pane]i `a oan aooaj_e]eo( lkeo k ]_e`ajpa k mqa ]_kjpa_a okiajpa l]n] k ej`er`qk ateopajpa( a k cjank a ] aol_ea ok qjerano]eo mqa o ateopai jk lajo]iajpk a aj_]nj]`ko j]o aooj_e]o ej`ere`q]eo* ?ki aooa _kjfqjpk `a _kj_aepko bkni])oa k mq]`nk `] kjpkhkce] kq iap]boe_] ]neopk) phe_] _kik atlhe_]k can]h( qjerano]h a ja_aoone] `k Oan( eopk ( `] na]he`]`a* Aooa mq]`nk _kj_aepq]h oan dan`]`k lahko beh okbko lkopaneknao( mqa lnk^hai]pev]nk ]hcqjo `a oaqo ]o) la_pko( aop]^aha_ank jkrko _kj_aepko( oqlneienk ]hcqjo kqpnko( `aoajrkhraj`k k mqa _k) jda_aiko _kik jbq^cpf`^ l`fabkq^i* = iap]boe_] ]neopkphe_] ej]qcqn]( lknp]jpk( k aopq`k `] aopnqpqn] can]h `a pk`ko ko Oanao kq ]o _kj`e ao qjerano]eo a ja_aoone]o mqa b]vai _ki mqa ateop] qi Oan a mqa lkoo] oan _kjda_e`k lahk lajo]iajpk* =beni] mqa ] na]he`]`a jk oaq pk`k ejpahecrah kq _kjda) _rah a ]lnaoajp])oa _kik _kjda_eiajpk paknpe_k `] na]he`]`a ai pk`ko ko oaqo ]ola_pko can]eo kq qjerano]eo( `araj`k lna_a`an ]o ejraopec] ao mqa _]`] _ej_e] na]hev] ok^na qi pelk `apaniej]`k `a Oan* = iap]boe_] ejraopec]6 ]mqehk oai k mqa jk d Oanao jai _kjda_eiajpk `ko Oanao6 ko pno lnej_leko h ce_k)kj) pkh ce_ko a ]o mq]pnk _]qo]o7 ]mqehk mqa b]v qi Oan oan ja_aoo]ne]iajpa k mqa aha 6 i]pne]( lkpj_e]( bkni] a ]pk7 ]mqehk mqa b]v qi Oan oan ja_aoo]ne]iajpa _kik aha 6 aooj_e] a lna`e_]`ko kq _]pa) ckne]o7 ]mqehk mqa b]v qi Oan ateopen _kik ]hck `apaniej]`k6 ] oq^op j_e] ej`ere`q]h $oq^op j) _e] lneiaen]% a ] oq^op j_e] _kik cjank kq aol_ea $oq^op j_e] oacqj`]%* eopk aopq`]n Îk Oan ajmq]jpk OanÏ*
#APqTULOß =o ]rajpqn]o `] iap]boe_]
K _neope]jeoik a ] p]nab] `] ar]jcahev]k
=
k oqncen( k _neope]jeoik an] i]eo qi] ajpna ]o rne]o nahece ao kneajp]eo7 oq]o n]vao aj_kjpn]r]i)oa j] nahecek fq`]e_]( eopk ( jqi] nahecek mqa( _kik pk`]o ]o nahece ao ]jpec]o( an] j]_ekj]h kq `a qi lkrk l]npe_qh]n* Jk ajp]jpk( d]re] jaha ]hck ejateo) pajpa jk fq`]oik a j]o kqpn]o nahece ao ]jpec]o6 ] e`ae] `a ar]jcahev]k( eopk ( `a aol]hd]n ] Î^k])jkr]Ï l]n] k iqj`k ejpaenk( ] bei `a _kjranpan ko jk _neopko a pknj]n)oa qi] nahecek qjerano]h* Kn]( _kik _kjranpan ] aoo] nahecek laook]o `a kqpn]o nahece ao( mqa lkooq]i qi l]o) o]`k a qi oajpe`k ln lneko l]n] ah]o; Ko ar]jcahev]`knao qo]n]i iqepko atla`eajpao l]n]
.0,
=o ]rajpqn]o `] iap]boe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
eook( har]j`k ai _kjp] ]o _kj`e ao a ] iajp]he`]`a `ko mqa `arane]i oan _kjranpe`ko* L]n] k jkook ]ooqjpk( ejpanaoo] ]laj]o qi pelk `a ar]jcahev]k a _kjranok6 k `ko ejpaha_pq]eo cnacko a nki]jko( eopk ( `]mqahao mqa d]re]i oe`k bkni]`ko jk o ai nahece ao `ebanajpao `] fq`]e_]( _kik p]i^i d]re]i oe`k a`q_]`ko j] pn]`ek n]_ekj]heop] `] behkokbe]* L]n] _kjranp)hko a ikopn]n ] oqlanekne`]`a `] ran`]`a _neop ok^na ] pn]`ek behko be_]( ko lne) iaenko L]`nao `] Ecnaf] kq ejpaha_pq]eo _neopko $Ok L]qhk( Ok Fkk( O]jpk =i^n oek( O]jpk Aqo^ek( O]jpk =ckopejdk( ajpna kqpnko% ]`]lp]n]i ]o e`ae]o behko be_]o nahecek _neop a bevan]i oqncen qi] behkokbe] _neop* Ai rneko ]ola_pko( lk`aiko `evan mqa k _neope]jeoik( ajmq]jpk p]h( jk lna_eo]r] `a qi] behkokbe]6 oaj`k qi] nahecek `] o]hr]k( oaq ejpanaooa i]ekn aop]r] j] ikn]h( j] moqf`^ `ko lna_aepko renpqkoko `aet]`ko lkn Faoqo( a jk ai qi] qblof^ ok^na ] na]he`]`a7 oaj`k qi] nahecek rej`] `k fq`]oik( f lkooq] qi] e`ae] iqepk _h]n] `k mqa an] k Oan( lkeo @aqo `eooa ] Ikeoo6 ÎAq okq ]mqaha mqa ( bke a oan* Aq okq ]mqaha mqa okqÏ7 oaj`k qi] nahecek( oaq ejpanaooa i]ekn aop]r] j] b a jk j] n]vk pa ne_]( j] _naj] a jk jk _kjda_eiajpk ejpaha_pq]h( j] narah]k a jk j] nabhatk* Bke( lknp]jpk( k `aoafk `a _kjranpan ko ejpaha_pq]eo cnacko a ko _dabao a eilan]`knao nki]jko $eopk ( ]mqahao mqa aop]r]i ]_kopqi]`ko behkokbe]% mqa ÎailqnnkqÏ ko _neopko l]n] ] iap]boe_]*
=o pn]`e ao iap]boe_]o aj_kjpn]`]o lahk _neope]jeoik 'EOFFREYß#LEMENTS#ORBIS
A
Ok L]qhk( qi `ko lajo]`knao `] =jpecqe`]`a _neop( ai lejpqn] naj]o_ajpeop]*
.0-
re`ajpaiajpa( ]o `q]o cn]j`ao pn]`e ao iap]boe_]o ej_knlkn]`]o lahk _neope]jeoik bkn]i k lh]pkjeoik a k ]neopkpaheoik* Jk ajp]jpk( _kik ]o k^n]o `a Lh]pk a =neop pahao d]re]i be_]`k lan`e`]o `qn]jpa rneko o_qhko( ]jpao `a ej_knlkn)h]o k _neope]jeoik pkikq _kjp]pk _ki pno kqpn]o pn]`e ao iap]boe_]o( mqa bkni]n]i( ]ooei( k _kjpa ) `k `]o lneiaen]o ah]^kn] ao iap]boe_]o _neopo6 k jaklh]pk) jeoik( k aopke_eoik a k cjkope_eoik* K jaklh]pkjeoik( _kik k jkia ej`e_]( bke qi] napki]) `] `] behkokbe] `a Lh]pk( i]o _ki qi _kjpa `k aolenepq]heop] a iope_k* Ko jaklh]pje_ko ]beni]r]i ] ateopj_e] `a pno na]he`]`ao `eopejp]o lkn aooj_e]6 k iqj`k oajorah `] i]p) ne] kq `ko _knlko( k iqj`k ejpahecrah `]o lqn]o bkni]o ei]) pane]eo( a( ]_ei] `aooao `keo iqj`ko( qi] na]he`]`a oqlnai]( oal]n]`] `a pk`k k naopk( ej]h_]jrah lahk ejpaha_pk dqi]jk( hqv lqn] a aolhaj`kn ei]pane]h( k Qjk kq k >ai* Lkn oan qi] hqv( k Qjk oa enn]`e]7 oq]o enn]`e] ao $mqa ko jaklh]pje_ko _d]i]r]i `a bj^k^ bp% bkni]n]i k iqj`k ejpahecrah( kj`a aopk k Oan( ] Ejpahecj_e] a ] =hi] `k Iqj`k* @aoo]o lneiaen]o ai]j] ao lanbaep]o oacqen]i kqpn]o( i]eo ]b]op]`]o `k Qjk a( lkn eook( eilanbaep]o6 k iqj`k oajo) rah `] i]pne]( ei]cai `a_]`] kq _ le] eilanbaep] `k iqj) `k ejpahecrah* Lkn oaq ejpaha_pk( k dkiai l]npe_el] `k iqj`k ejpahecrah* Lqnebe_]j`k)oa `] i]pne] `a oaq _knlk( `aoajrkh) raj`k oaq ejpaha_pk( k dkiai lk`a oq^en ]hi `k lajo]iaj) pk a pan k tp]oa iope_k( lahk mq]h oa bqj`a _ki ] hqv `k Qjk a napknj] ]k oaek `] na]he`]`a oqlnai] kq `k >ai*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = iap]boe_]
K aopke_eoik( ai^kn] iqepk `ebanajpa `k jaklh]pkjeoik Í lkeo jac]r] ] ateopj_e] `a na]he`]`ao oal]n]`]o a oqlaneknao ]k iqj`k oajorah Í( p]i^i ejbhqaj_ekq k lajo]iajpk _neopk* Ko aopke_ko ]beni]r]i ] ateopj_e] `a qi] N]vk Qjerano]h kq Ejpahecj_e] Qjeran) o]h( mqa lnk`qv a ckranj] pk`] ] na]he`]`a( `a ]_kn`k _ki qi lh]jk n]_ekj]h ja_aoonek( ] mqa `]r]i k jkia `a Lnkre`j_e]* K dkiai( ai^kn] eilqhoekj]`k lkn ejopejpko( _kik ko ]jei]eo( l]npe_el] `] N]vk Qjerano]h lknmqa lkooqe n]vk a rkjp]`a* = l]npe_el]k j] n]_ekj]he`]`a qjerano]h jk oa ` lahk oeilhao _kjda_eiajpk ejpaha_) pq]h( i]o lah] ]k ikn]h( eopk ( lah] naj j_e] ] pk`ko ko ejopejpko( lahk `kijek rkhqjpnek n]_ekj]h `a pk`ko ko `aoafko a lah] ]_aep]k `] Lnkre`j_e]* = N]vk Qjerano]h ] j]pqnav]7 ] Lnkre`j_e] k _kjfqjpk `]o haeo ja_aoone]o mqa nacai ] j]pqnav]7 ] ]k n]_ekj]h dqi]) j] $ln lne] `k o^ek% ] re`] ai _kjbknie`]`a _ki ] j]pqnav] a _ki ] Lnkre`j_e]* K cjkope_eoik an] qi `q]heoik iap]boe_k( eopk ( ]beni]r] ] ateopj_e] `a `keo lnej_) leko oqlnaiko `a kj`a lnkrejd] pk`] ] na]he`]`a6 k >ai( kq ] hqv ei]pane]h( a k I]h( kq ] pnar] i]pane]h* L]n] ko cj ope_ko( k iqj`k j]pqn]h kq k iqj`k oajorah naoqhp]`k `] rep ne] `k I]h ok^na k >ai a lkn eook ]beni]r]i mqa ] o]hr]k aop]r] ai he^anp]n)oa `] i]pne] $`k _kn) lk% ]pn]ro `k _kjda_eiajpk ejpaha_pq]h a `k tp]oa iope_k* Cjkope_eoik rai `] l]h]rn] cna) c] dklpfp( mqa oecjebe_] Î_kjda_eiajpkÏ* L]n] ko cj ope_ko( k _kjda_eiajpk ejpaha_pq]h lk`a( lkn oe iaoik( ]h_]j]n ] ran`]`a lhaj] a pkp]h `k >ai a ]b]op]n ko lk`anao i]pane]eo `k I]h* Mqa bav k _neope]jeoik j]o_ajpa; =`]lpkq jkr] b rne]o _kj_al ao `] iap]boe_] jaklh]pje_]( `eook naoqhp]j`k ko oacqejpao lkjpko `kqpnejneko6 oal]n]k ajpna i]pane]h)_knlkn]h a aolenepq]h)ej_knlkn]h7 oal]n]k ajpna @aqo)Qjk a k iqj`k i]pane]h7 pn]jobkni]k `] lneiaen] ai]j]k jaklh]pje_] $Oan( Ejpahecj_e]( =hi] `k Iqj`k% j] e`ae] `] Pnej`]`a `erej]( lah] ]beni]k `a mqa k @aqo)Qjk oa i]jebaop] ai pno ai]j] ao e`jpe_]o ] aha ln lnek6 k Oan( mqa k L]e7 ] Ejpahecj_e]( mqa k Aolnepk O]jpk7 ] =hi] `k Iqj`k( mqa k Behdk7 ]beni]k `a mqa d qi] oacqj`] ai]j]k( eopk ( ]mqah] mqa rai `] hqv `] Pnej`]`a a mqa bkni] k iqj`k ejpahecrah `]o lqn]o bkni]o kq ejpahecj_e]o ei]pane]eo lanbaep]o( mqa ok ko ]jfko $]n_]jfko( mqanq^ejo( oan]bejo( ap_*%7 ik`ebe_]k `] e`ae] jaklh]pje_] mq]jpk ]k iqj`k oajorah lah] ]beni]k `a mqa k iqj`k oajorah kq i]pane]h jk qi] ai]j]k `a @aqo( i]o qi] `of^ l6 @aqo bav k iqj`k `k j]`]( _kik `ev ] >^he]( jk hernk `] Cjaoa7 ]`ieook `a mqa ] ]hi] dqi]j] l]npe_el] `] `erej`]`a Í jk `enap]iajpa( a oei lah] ia`e]k `k Behdk a `k Aolnepk O]jpk Í( a mqa k _kjda_eiajpk ejpaha_pq]h jk oq) be_eajpa l]n] har]n ]k tp]oa iope_k a ]k _kjp]pk _ki @aqo( oaj`k ja_aoone] ] do^ ^ p^kqfcf`^kqb( mqa k _najpa na_a^a lkn qi ieopnek `erejk* @k aopke_eoik( k _neope]jeoik i]jpara `q]o e`ae]o6 ] `a mqa ateopa qi] Lnkre`j_e] `erej] n]_ekj]h( mqa ckranj] pk`]o ]o _keo]o a k dkiai7 ] `a mqa ] lanbaek dqi]j] `alaj`a `a ]^]j`kj]n pk`ko ko ]lapepao( eilqhoko a `aoa) fko _knlkn]eo kq _]nj]eo( ajpnac]j`k)oa Lnkre`j_e]* Aoo] ajpnac]( lkni( jk ( _kik lajo]r]i ko aopke_ko( qi] ]k `ahe^an]`] `a jkoo] rkjp]`a cqe]`] lah] n]vk( i]o ateca _kik _kj`ek ] b ai ?neopk a ] cn]] o]jpebe_]jpa* K cjkope_eoik oan _kjoe`an]`k qi] danaoe] a( lkn eook( nafaep]`k* Jk ajp]jpk( k _neope]) jeoik _kjoanr]n `k cjkope_eoik `q]o e`ae]o6 ] `a mqa k I]h ateopa na]hiajpa6 k `aijek7 ] `a mqa ] i]pne] kq ] _]nja k _ajpnk kj`a k `aijek( eopk ( k I]h( ]ca ok^na k iqj) `k a ok^na k dkiai*
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WWWPERSONALUMICHEDUß !RQUIVOßDAßEDITORA
=o ]rajpqn]o `] iap]boe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
=hcqjo o_qhko i]eo p]n`a( k _neope]jeoik pkikq _kjda_eiajpk `a ]hcqi]o `]o k^n]o `a Lh]pk a `a ]hcqi]o `]o k^n]o `a =neop pahao mqa d]re]i oe`k _kjoanr]`]o a pn]`qve`]o lkn beh okbko n]^ao( _kik =rann eo( =re_aj] a =h)B]n]^e( a _kiajp]`]o lkn beh okbko fq`aqo _kik Behkj `a =hat]j`ne] a I]eije`ao* Naqjej`k aoo]o k^n]o a ]o ah]^kn] ao lna_a`aj) pao( ^]oa]`]o j]o pno pn]`e ao iaj_ekj]`]o( k _neope]jeoik naknc]jevkq ] iap]boe_] cnac]( ]`]lp]j`k)] o ja_aooe`]`ao `] nahecek _neop*
AUSß+ß4HIEMEß0HILOSOPHENBILDER ßß "ASELßß°ß3TICHßVERMUTLICHßiLTERßß ALSßß*AHREßß!RQUIVOßDAßEDITORA
!L &ARABIßC߯
= iap]boe_] _neop
A
i^kn] ] iap]boe_] _neop oaf] qi] naah]^kn]k `] iap]boe_] cnac]( iqep]o `]o e`ae]o cnac]o jk lk`ane]i oan ]_aep]o lahk _neope]jeoik* Raf]iko ]hcqjo atailhko6
l]n] ko cnacko( k iqj`k $oajorah a ejpahecrah% apanjk7 l]n] ko _neopko( k iqj`k bke _ne]`k lkn @aqo ] l]npen `k j]`] a paniej]n jk `e] `k Fqvk Bej]h7
&ILONßDEß!LEXANDRIAßß ßA#߯ßCß
l]n] ko cnacko( ] `erej`]`a qi] bkn] _ oie_] n]_ekj]h eilaook]h7 l]n] ko _neopko( @aqo laook]h( ] qje`]`a `a pno laook]o a lkn eook `kp]`k `a ejpaha_pk a `a rkjp]`a( _kik k dkiai( ai^kn] oqlanekn ] aopa( lknmqa k ejpaha_pk `erejk kjeo_eajpa $o]^a pq`k `ao`a pk`] ] apanje`]`a% a ] rkjp]`a `erej] kjelkpajpa $lk`a pq`k `ao`a pk`] ] apanje`]`a%7 l]n] ko cnacko( k dkiai qi oan j]pqn]h( `kp]`k `a _knlk a ]hi]( aop] lkooqej`k qi] l]npa oqlanekn a eiknp]h mqa k ejpaha_pk kq n]vk7 l]n] ko _neopko( k dkiai qi oan ieopk( j]pqn]h lkn oaq _knlk( i]o ok^naj]pqn]h lkn oq] ]hi] eiknp]h7 l]n] ko cnacko( ] he^an`]`a dqi]j] qi] bkni] `a ]k( eopk ( ] _]l]_e`]`a `] n]vk l]n] kneajp]n a ckranj]n ] rkjp]`a( ] bei `a mqa aop] ao_khd] k mqa ^ki( fqopk a ren) pqkok7 l]n] ko _neopko( k dkiai herna lknmqa oq] rkjp]`a qi] _]l]_e`]`a l]n] ao_khdan p]jpk k ^ai mq]jpk k i]h( oaj`k i]eo lk`anko] `k mqa ] n]vk a( lahk la_]`k( `aopej]`] lanranoe`]`a a ]k r_ek( `a ik`k mqa ] ]k ikn]h o oan ^k]( fqop] a ren) pqko] oa bkn cqe]`] lah] b a lah] narah]k7 l]n] ko cnacko( k _kjda_eiajpk qi] ]pere`]`a `k ejpaha_pk $k tp]oa iope_k `a mqa b]h]r]i ko jaklh]pje_ko jk an] ]hck ieopanekok kq enn]_ekj]h( i]o ] bkni] i]eo ]hp] `] ejpqek ejpaha_pq]h%7 l]n] ko _neopko( ] n]vk dqi]j] heiep]`] a eilanbaep]( ej_]) l]v `a( lkn oe iaoi] a okvejd]( ]h_]j]n ] ran`]`a( lna_eo]j`k oan ok_knne`] a _knnece`] lah] b a lah] narah]k* Aoo]o `ebanaj]o Í a iqep]o kqpn]o mqa jk bkn]i iaj_ekj]`]o ]mqe Í ]_]nnap]n]i cn]j`ao iq`]j]o j] iap]boe_] dan`]`] `ko cnacko* K lnk^hai] lnej_el]h l]n] ko _neopko bke k `a aj_kjpn]n qi iaek l]n] naqjen ]o ran`]`ao `] n]vk $behkokbe]% a ]o ran`]`ao `] b $nahecek%( eopk ( l]n] naqjen jkr]iajpa ]mqehk mqa( ]k j]o_an( ] behkokbe] d]re] oal]n]`k( lkeo oal]n]n] n]vk a iepk* @a ik`k ^]op]jpa naoqie`k( lk`aiko `evan mqa ko ]ola_pko mqa l]oo]n]i ] _kjopepqen k _ajpnk `] jkr] iap]boe_] bkn]i ko oacqejpao6
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lnkr]n ] ateopj_e] `a @aqo a ko ]pne^qpko kq lna`e_]`ko `a oq] aooj_e]* L]n] ] iap]boe) _] cnac]( ] `erej`]`a an] qi] bkn] ei]pane]h( n]_ekj]h a eilaook]h _kjda_e`] lkn jkoo] n]vk* L]n] ] iap]boe_] _neop( @aqo qi] laook] pnej] kq qi] laook] ieopaneko]( mqa oa narah] ]k aolnepk `ko mqa lkooqai b* ?kik _kj_ehe]n ] _kj_alk n]_ekj]heop] `ko cnacko a ] _kj_alk naheceko] `ko _neopko; Lnkr]j`k n]_ekj]hiajpa mqa @aqo ateopa( iaoik mqa ] _]qo] `a oq] ateopj_e] oaf] qi ieopnek `] b* A lnkr]j`k n]_ekj]hiajpa mqa aha lkooqe( lkn aooj_e]( ko oacqejpao lna`e_]`ko6 apanje`]`a( ejbejepq`a( kjeo_ej) _e]( kjelkpj_e]( ^kj`]`a( fqope] a ieoane_ n`e]( iaoik mqa p]eo ]pne^qpko oaf]i qi ieopnek `] b7
x 5.)$!$%ß x = iap]boe_]
lnkr]n mqa k iqj`k ateopa a jk apanjk( i]o bke _ne]`k `k j]`] lkn @aqo a napknj]n ]k j]`]( jk `e] `k Fqvk Bej]h7 lnkr]n mqa k iqj`k naoqhp] `] rkjp]`a `erej] a ckranj]`k lah] Lnkre`j_e] `erej]( ] mq]h ]ca p]jpk lkn iaeko j]pqn]eo $]o haeo `] j]pqnav]% mq]jpk lkn iaeko ok^naj]pqn]eo $ko ieh]cnao%* Lkn mqa an] ja_aoone] aoo] lnkr]; Lknmqa( `k lkj) pk `a reop] `] n]vk( @aqo( oaj`k lanbaepk( _kilhapk( lhajk a apanjk( jk _]na_e] `a j]`]( jk lna_eo]r] `a j]`] a( lknp]jpk( jk pejd] lkn mqa jai l]n] mqa _ne]n k iqj`k7 lnkr]n mqa( ai^kn] @aqo oaf] ei]pane]h a ejbejepk( oq] ]k lk`a pan abaepko i]pane]eo a bejepko( _kik k iqj`k a k dkiai7 lknp]jpk( lnkr]n mqa @aqo _]qo] abe_eajpa `a pk`]o ]o _keo]o a mqa qi] _]qo] ei]pane]h a ejbejep] lk`a lnk`qven qi abaepk i]pane]h a bejepk( iaoik mqa eook oaf] qi ieopnek `] b mqa ] n]vk k^nec]`] ] ]_aep]n* @a b]pk( ] behkokbe] cnac]( ai jkia `ko lnej_leko `] e`ajpe`]`a a `] jk _kjpn]`ek( oailna `aikjopnkq mqa qi] _]qo] lna_eo] oan `a iaoi] j]pqnav] mqa oaq abaepk a( lkn aooa ikperk( ]o E`ae]o $ai Lh]pk% a k Lneiaenk Ikpkn Ei rah $ai =neop pahao% an]i _]qo]o bej]eo a f]i]eo _]qo]o i]pane]eo( bkni]eo kq abe_eajpao* Lkn mq; Lknmqa qi] _]qo] bej]h ]ca ] `eop j_e]( oai oa e`ajpebe_]n _ki ]mqehk mqa ] `aoaf]( ] lnk_qn]* =k _kjpnnek( ]o kqpn]o pno _]qo]o ]cai `enap]iajpa ok^na ]o _keo]o oaiahd]jpao ] ah]o( `a iaoi] j]pqnav] mqa ah]o* Qi] lh]jp] _]qo] kqpn] lh]jp]( qi ]jei]h _]qo] kqpnk ]jei]h oaiahd]jpa( qi dqi]jk _]qo] k j]o_eiajpk `a kqpnk oan dqi]jk( a ]ooei lkn `e]jpa* Kn]( ] _ne]k `k iqj`k lkn @aqo oane]( l]n] ] iap]boe_] cnac]( qi] enn]_ekj]he`]`a a qi] _kjpn]`ek( lkeo oa pn]p] `a qi oan ejbejepk a ei]pane]h( _qf] ]k lnk`qv qi abaepk klkopk j]pqnav] `] _]qo]( eopk ( bejepk a i]pane]h* Qi ieopnek `] b( `enk ko iap]boe_ko _neopko* lnkr]n mqa ] ]hi] dqi]j] ateopa a mqa eiknp]h( aop]j`k `aopej]`] o]hr]k kq _kj`aj]k apanj]o( oacqj`k ] rkjp]`a `] Lnkre`j_e] `erej]7 lnkr]n mqa jk d _kjpn]`ek ajpna ] he^an`]`a dqi]j] a ] kjeo_ej_e])kjelkpj_e] `a @aqo* = _kjpn]`ek ateopa l]n] ] n]vk( i]o jk ateopa l]n] ] b* Mq]h oane] ] _kjpn]`ek n]_ekj]h ajpna ] he^an`]`a dqi]j] l]n] b]van k ^ai kq k i]h( a ] kjeo_ej_e])kjelkpj_e] `erej]; = _kjpn]`ek aop]ne] jk b]pk `a mqa( oa @aqo bav _]`] qi `ko dkiajo a( `ao`a ] apanje`]`a( o]^a k mqa _]`] qi `ahao ao_khdan( ajpk k dkiai jk herna( i]o f bke lna`apaniej]`k lah] rkjp]`a `a @aqo* L]n] ] b jk d _kjpn]`ek ]hcqi] jeook( ai^kn] d]f] ieopnek* lnkr]n mqa ]o e`ae]o $lh]pje_]o%( kq ]o ai]j] ao $jaklh]pje_]o%( kq ko cjanko a ]o aol_eao $]neopkphe_ko% ateopai( ok oq^op j_e]o na]eo( _ne]`]o lahk ejpaha_pk a lah] rkjp]`a `a @aqo a ateopai j] iajpa `erej]* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( e`ae]o( ai]j] ao( cjanko a aol_eao ok oq^op j_e]o qjerano]eo a ko qjerano]eo ateopai p]jpk mq]jpk ko ej`er`qko7 lnkr]n mqa k Oan oa `ev kq `ara oan ajpaj`e`k `a ik`k `ebanajpa _kjbknia oa naben] ] @aqo kq o _ne]pqn]o* L]n] ko cnacko( jk ajp]jpk( k Oan ateope] `a `ebanajpao i]jaen]o( i]o lkooq] qi je_k oajpe`k jk mqa oa nabana na]he`]`a a aooj_e] `a pk`ko ko aj) pao* Aoo] e`ae]( l]n] ko _neopko( jk lk`an oan i]jpe`]* Lh]pk( lkn atailhk( ]benikq mqa k Oan o lk`e] aop]n nabane`k o e`ae]o `k iqj`k ejpa) hecrah( lkeo ]o _keo]o oajoraeo an]i k Jk Oan( _ le]( ei]cai( oki^n] `k ran`]`aenk Oan* F =neop pahao _kjoe`ankq k Oan _kik na]h l]n] ]o _keo]o j]pqn]eo kq oajoraeo( l]n] k Lneiaenk Ikpkn Ei rah( l]n] ko oanao i]paipe_ko( lkeo ] `ebanaj] ajpna ahao nabane])oa ]laj]o ]k b]pk `a lk`anai aop]n kq jk oq^iape`ko iq`]j] kq ]k `aren* Jk _]ok `k _neope]jeoik( lkni( jk an] lkoorah i]jpan ] `ebanaj] lh]pje_] ajpna k Oan a k Jk Oan( lkeo aopa iqj`k a pq`k k mqa jaha ateopa k^n] `a @aqo( _ne]pqn] `a @aqo a jk ian] ]l]nj_e]* I]o p]i^i jk an] lkoorah i]jpan ] e`ae] ]neopkphe_] `a mqa ] `e) banaj] ajpna ko oanao aop]ne] ]laj]o j] lnaoaj] kq ]qoj_e] `k `aren kq `] iq`]j]( lkeo
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=o ]rajpqn]o `] iap]boe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
l]n] ko _neopko k oan `a @aqo `a j]pqnav] `ebanajpa `k oan `]o _keo]o( qi] rav mqa aha _ne]`kn a ah]o ok _ne]pqn]o( a jk d j]`] ai _kiqi ajpna ahao* K naoqhp]`k `] ja_aooe`]`a `a ]beni]n mqa k Oan jk lkooqe k iaoik oajpe`k( mq]j`k ]lhe_]`k ] @aqo a o _ne]pqn]o( bke ] `ereok `] iap]boe_] ai pno pelko `a _kjda_eiajpk6 -*
] pakhkce]( mqa oa nabana ]k Oan _kik oan `erejk kq @aqo7
.* ] loe_khkce] n]_ekj]h( mqa oa nabana ]k Oan _kik aooj_e] `] ]hi] dqi]j]7 /* ] _koikhkce] n]_ekj]h( mqa oa nabana ]k Oan _kik aooj_e] `]o _keo]o j]pqn]eo kq `k iqj`k* bej]hiajpa( a _kik _kjoamqj_e] `a pk`]o aoo]o _kj_al ao( lnkr]n mqa b a n]vk( na) rah]k a _kjda_eiajpk ejpaha_pq]h jk ok ej_kil]praeo jai _kjpn]`ep neko a( mq]j) `k k bknai( ] b kq narah]k `ara oan _kjoe`an]`] oqlanekn n]vk a ]k ejpaha_pk( mqa `arai oq^iapan)oa ] ah]* Are`ajpaiajpa( ko lajo]`knao _neopko jqj_] oa lqoan]i `a ]_kn`k ok^na pk`ko aooao ]ola_pko( a qi] `]o i]n_]o _]n]_panope_]o `] iap]boe_] _neop bke ] `lkqolsopf^* L]n] ]hcqjo( lkn atailhk( ko _d]i]`ko Îqjerano]eoÏ $e`ae]o( ai]j] ao( cjanko( aol) _eao% an]i jkiao can]eo _ne]`ko lkn jkoo] n]vk a jk oanao( oq^op j_e]o kq aooj_e]o na]eo* L]n] kqpnko( k Oan `arane] oan ]beni]`k _ki k iaoik oajpe`k l]n] @aqo a l]n] ]o _ne]pqn]o( ] `ebanaj] ajpna ahao oaj`k `a cn]q a jk `a j]pqnav]* L]n] iqepko( b a n]vk an]i ej_kil]) praeo a `arane]i oan ejpaen]iajpa oal]n]`]o( _]`] mq]h _ki oaq _]ilk ln lnek `a _kjda_e) iajpk( oai mqa qi] `araooa oq^iapan)oa kqpn]* A ]ooei lkn `e]jpa* Ej`alaj`ajpaiajpa `]o _kjpnkrnoe]o( `erancj_e]o a `ebanaj]o ajpna ko lajo]`knao( k _neope]jeoik hackq l]n] ] iap]boe_] ] oal]n]k ajpna pakhkce] $@aqo%( loe_khkce] n]_ekj]h $]hi]% a _koikhkce] n]_ekj]h $iqj`k%( ^ai _kik ] e`ajpebe_]k `a pno _kj_aepko6 pbo( bp* p k`f^ a pr_pq k`f^( mqa oa pknj]n]i oejjeiko* ?kik _kjoamqj_e] `] e`ajpebe_]k ajpna oan( aooj_e] a oq^op j_e]( `a qi h]`k( a( `a kqpnk ] ]beni]k `a mqa ateopai aooj_e]o kq oq^op j_e]o qjerano]eo p]jpk mq]jpk ej`ere) `q]eo( ] iap]boe_] l]ookq ] pan qi j iank eheiep]`k `a oanao l]n] ejraopec]n6 ]o oq^op j_e]o qjerano]eo _kik cq]( ]n( pann]( bkck( dkiai( ]jfk( ]jei]h( racap]h( k ^ai( k ran`]`aenk( k fqopk( k ^ahk( k lao]`k( k hara7 ]o oq^op j_e]o ej`ere`q]eo kq ko oanao l]npe_qh]nao7 ]o oq^o) p j_e]o _ahaopao( ]o pannaopnao( ]o ]mqpe_]o( ]o i]paipe_]o( ]o knc je_]o( ]o ejknc je_]o( ap_* ?]`] qi] `ah]o an] ejraopec]`] oacqj`k ko pno lnej_leko $e`ajpe`]`a( _kjpn]`ek( pan_aenk at_hq`k%( ]o mq]pnk _]qo]o $i]pane]h( bkni]h( abe_eajpa( bej]h%( k ]pk a ] lkpj_e]( ] i]pne] a ] bkni]( ]o _]packne]o $mq]he`]`a( mq]jpe`]`a( ]k( l]etk( nah]k( pailk( hqc]n( ap_*%( k oeilhao a k _kilkopk( ap_*
= iap]boe_] _hooe_] kq ik`anj]
=
.01
l]npen `k bej]h `k o_qhk TRE a( _ki i]ekn ejpajoe`]`a( jk ej_ek `k o_qhk TREE( k lajo]iajpk k_e`ajp]h _kia] ] okbnan qi] iq`]j] _kjoe`anrah( mqa en i]jebao) p]n)oa j] iap]boe_]* Ko beh okbko _hooe_ko $o_qhk TREE% fqhc]r]i)oa ik`anjko lkn panai nkile`k _ki ] pn]`ek `k lajo]iajpk lh]pje_k( ]neopkphe_k a jaklh]pje_k a( lkn _kjoacqejpa( lkn jk i]eo ]_aep]nai ] pn]`ek mqa d]re] oe`k ah]^kn]`] lahko ia`ear]eo* Lkn nafaep]nai ] ]q) pkne`]`a naheceko] a ] ]qpkne`]`a `ko ]jpecko ai ]ooqjpk behko be_k( reiko mqa k lkjpk `a l]npe`] `] behkokbe] ] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk( eopk ( ] ejraopec]k ok^na ] _]l]_e`]`a dqi]j] l]n] _kjda_an ] ran`]`a( `a ik`k mqa qi] _keo] kq qi ajpa o _kjoe`an]`k na]h oa ] n]vk dqi]j] lq`an _kjda_)hk( eopk ( oa lq`an oan k^fapk `a qi] e`ae] ran`]`aen] ao) p]^aha_e`] necknko] a iapk`e_]iajpa lahk ejpaha_pk dqi]jk* Aoo] atecj_e] _kj`qv ] qi] naah]^kn]k _kilhap] `] iap]boe_]* Lk`aiko( `a ik`k naoqie`k( ]lkjp]n ko oacqejpao pn]ko _]n]_panope_ko `] jkr] iap]boe_]6
x 5.)$!$%ß x = iap]boe_]
]beni]k `] ej_kil]pe^ehe`]`a ajpna b a n]vk( ]_]nnap]j`k ] oal]n]k `a ]i^]o( `a oknpa mqa ] nahecek a ] behkokbe] lkoo]i oacqen _]iejdko ln lneko( iaoik mqa ] oacqj) `] jk aopaf] lq^he_]iajpa ]qpknev]`] ] atlkn e`ae]o mqa _kjpn]`ec]i ]o ran`]`ao kq `kci]o `] b $] Ejmqeoek a k O]jpk Kb_ek( _ne]`ko lah] Ecnaf] ?]p he_] l]n] _kjpnkh]n ko lajo]iajpko `ko _neopko( an]i ]pq]jpao a jk bkn]i lkq_ko ko lajo]`knao oq^ia) pe`ko ] p]eo pne^qj]eo( _kik bke k _]ok `a C]hehaq%7
Lkn aooa _nepnek( @ao_]npao a ko _]npaoe]jko `enk mqa d okiajpa pno oq^op j_e]o6 ] oq^op j_e] lajo]jpa $] ]hi]%( `abeje`] lahk ]pne^qpk `k lajo]iajpk7 ] oq^op j_e] atpajo] $] i]pne] `ko _knlko%( `abeje`] lahk ]pne^qpk `] atpajok7 a ] oq^op j_e] ejbejep] $@aqo%( `abeje`] lahk ]pne^qpk `] ejbejepq`a* Beh okbko aileneop]o( _kik k ejcho Pdki]o Dk^^ao( _kjoe`an]i mqa jk paiko _kik _kjda_an ] oq^op j_e] `erej] jai ] oq^op j_e] ]jie_] lknmqa jk ok `]`]o atlanej_e] oajokne]h a lkn eook i]eo ]`amq]`k b]h]n ]laj]o ai oq^op j_e] _knl na]* ?kik _kjoamqj) _e]( o _kjda_aiko _knlk a lkn eook Dk^^ao jac] mqa lkoo]iko ah]^kn]n qi] iap]boe_]6 lk`aiko ah]^kn]n qi] cakiapne] a qi] boe_]( mqa ok _kjda_eiajpko `a _keo]o _knlkn]eo* Lkn oq] rav( k beh okbk fq`aq)dkh]j`o >]nq_d Aolejko] _kjoe`an] mqa lna_eok har]n ai _kjp] ] `abejek can]h `a oq^op j_e]( ]_aep] lkn pk`ko ko beh okbko `ao`a ko pailko `a =neop pahao* Aoo] `abejek 6 Îoq^op j_e] ]mqehk mqa ateopa ai oe a lkn oe a jk `alaj`a `a kqpnko l]n] ateopenÏ* Oa aoo] ] `abejek `a oq^op j_e]( ajpk pk`]o ]o _keo]o mqa bkn]i _ne]`]o kq lnk`qve) `]o lkn @aqo jk lk`ai oan _d]i]`]o `a oq^op j_e]( lkeo jk ateopai lkn oe iaoi]o a `a) laj`ai `] ]k `erej] l]n] ateopen* ?kjoamqajpaiajpa( `ev Aolejko]( jk Qjeranok d qi] je_] oq^op j_e]( @aqo kq ] j]pqnav]* = `abejek can]h `a oq^op j_e] 6 ]mqehk mqa ateopa ai oe a lkn oe a mqa jk `alaj`a `a kqpnko oanao l]n] ateopen*
%RICHß,ESSING!LBUM,ATINSTOCK
na`abejek `k _kj_aepk `a Oan kq oq^op j_e]* Ko ik`anjko _kjoanr]i ] `abejek pn]) `e_ekj]h `] oq^op j_e] _kik k Oan mqa ateopa ai oe a lkn oe iaoik( mqa oq^oeopa ai oe a lkn oe iaoik* Lkni( ai hqc]n `a _kjoe`an]n mqa ] oq^op j_e] oa `abeja lkn cja) nk a aol_ea( d]raj`k p]jpko pelko `a oq^op j_e]o mq]jpko cjanko a aol_eao dkqran( l]oo])oa ] `abejen ] oq^op j_e] har]j`k ai _kjoe`an]k oaqo lna`e_]`ko aooaj_e]eo kq oaqo ]pne^qpko aooaj_e]eo( eopk ( ]mqah]o lnklnea`]`ao kq ]pne^qpko oai ko mq]eo qi] oq^op j_e] jk k mqa ah] *
%SPINOSA߯
na`abejek `k _kj_aepk `a _]qo] kq _]qo]he`]`a* Reiko mqa ] iap]boe_] ]neopkphe_] lnklqjd] mq]pnk pelko `a _]qo]o( lkeo ] _]qo] an] ajpaj`e`] _kik ]mqehk mqa naolkj) orah lah] i]pne]( lah] bkni]( lah] ]k a lah] bej]he`]`a `a ]hcqi] _keo]* Ko ik`anjko _kjoe`an]i mqa _]qo] ]mqehk mqa lnk`qv qi abaepk `apaniej]`k a ]`iepai ]laj]o `keo pelko `a _]qo]o6 ] bcf`fbkqb a ] cfk^i* K abaepk lk`a oan lnk`qve`k lkn qi ]jpa_a`ajpa $k bkck ] _]qo] kq k ]jpa_a`ajpa `k ]mqa_eiajpk a `] `eh]p]k `a qi _knlk% kq ai reop] `a qi bei $jkoo]o ] ao j]o_ai `a ao_khd]o mqa b]vaiko `ko iaeko l]n] ]h_]j]n qi `apaniej]`k bei%* @^rp^ bcf`fbkqb ]mqah] j] mq]h qi] ]k ]jpanekn `apaniej] _kik _kjoamqj_e] ja_aoone] ] lnk`qk `a qi abaepk* @^rp^ cfk^i ]mqah] mqa `apaniej]( l]n] ko oanao lajo]jpao( ] ao_khd] `] na]hev]k kq jk na]hev]k `a qi] ]k* = _]qo] abe_eajpa pai ]h_]j_a qjerano]h j] j]pqnav]( eopk ( ] pkp]he`]`a `] j]pqnav] klan] lkn nah] ao `a _]qo] a abaepk kq lkn _]qo]he`]`a abe_eajpa ja_aoone]* = _]qo] bej]h o pai r]he`]`a l]n] ] ]k `a oanao `kp]`ko `a n]vk a rkjp]) `a( lknp]jpk( o klan] j] ]k `a @aqo a j]o ] ao `ko dkiajo* Jk d _]qo] bej]h j]o klan] ao `] j]pqnav]* ] iap]boe_] jk oa `ere`a ai pakhkce]( loe_khkce] n]_ekj]h a _koikhkce] n]_ekj]h* = pak) hkce] qi _kjda_eiajpk `ebanajpa `] iap]boe_]( ai^kn]( _kik aop]( aopq`a ] oq^op j) _e] ejbejep]7 ] loe_khkce] n]_ekj]h qi _kjda_eiajpk `ebanajpa `] iap]boe_]( ai^kn]( _kik aop]( aopq`a ] oq^op j_e] lajo]jpa7 ] _koikhkce] `ebanajpa `] iap]boe_]( ai^k) n]( _kik aop]( aopq`a ] oq^op j_e] atpajo]*
.02
2ICHARDß#UMMINS#ORBIS
=o ]rajpqn]o `] iap]boe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
K rajpk ] _]qo] abe_eajpa `k ikre) iajpk `]o dhe_ao `ko can]`knao `a ajance]( ai b]vaj`] `a rajpk j] ?]heb nje]( Aop]`ko Qje`ko*
Mqa aopq`] ] iap]boe_]; = aooj_e] `k oan ejbejepk( ] aooj_e] `k oan lajo]jpa kq `k lajo]iajpk( ] aooj_e] `k oan atpajok kq `] atpajok a ] aooj_e] `a qi oan _kilkopk `a lajo]iajpk a atpajok( eopk ( k dkiai* ?kik ok aopq`]`ko; ?kik _kj_aepko kq e`ae]o necknko]iajpa n]_ekj]eo* = oq^op j_e] ejbejep] _kjda_e`] lah] e`ae] n]_ekj]h `a qi bqj`]iajpk kq lnej_lek ]^okhqpk mqa lnk`qv ] aooj_e] a ] ateopj_e] `a pq`k k mqa ateopa Í @aqo* = oq^op j_e] lajo]jpa _kjda_e`] lah] e`ae] n]_ekj]h `a qi] b]_qh`]`a ejpaha_pq]h a rkheper] mqa lnk`qv lajo]iajpko a ] ao oacqj`k jkni]o( nacn]o a ipk`ko aop]^aha_e`ko lkn ah] iaoi] aj) mq]jpk lk`an `a _kjda_eiajpk Í ] _kjo_ej_e] _kik b]_qh`]`a `a nabhatk a `a nalna) oajp]k `] na]he`]`a lkn iaek `a e`ae]o ran`]`aen]o a _kik rkjp]`a mqa ao_khda ]o ] ao* = oq^op j_e] atpajo] _kjda_e`] lah] e`ae] n]_ekj]h `a qi] na]he`]`a boe_k)cakipne_] mqa lnk`qv ko _knlko _kik becqn]o a bkni]o `kp]`]o `a _kilneiajpk( h]ncqn]( lnkbqj`e`]`a( rkhqia a ikreiajpk Í ] j]pqnav] _kik oeopai] `a haeo ja_aoonek `abeje`k lah] ia_ je) _] a lah] i]paipe_]* Pno e`ae]o a ]laj]o pno klan]i j] iap]boe_]6 ] e`ae] `k oan ejbejepk _kik _]qo] abe) _eajpa `] j]pqnav] a `k dkiai7 ] e`ae] `k oan lajo]jpa bejepk _kik _]qo] abe_eajpa `ko lajo]iajpko( `ko _kj_aepko a `]o ] ao dqi]j]o7 ] e`ae] `k oan atpajok kq j]pqnav] _kik _]qo] abe_eajpa mqa( lah]o nah] ao `a ikreiajpk a nalkqok( lnk`qv pk`ko ko _knlko* @aqo( dkiai a j]pqnav] ok ko k^fapko `] iap]boe_]* Ejbejepk( bejepk( _]qo] abe_eajpa a _]qo] bej]h ok ko lneiaenko lnej_leko `a mqa oa k_ql] ] iap]boe_]* E`ae]o ran`]`aen]o lnk`qve`]o lahk ejpaha_pk dqi]jk( _ki ]o mq]eo k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk nalnaoajp] a _kjda_a ] na]he`]) `a( ok ko bqj`]iajpko `] iap]boe_] _kik _ej_e] ran`]`aen] kq _kik Behkokbe] Lneiaen]*
= cn]j`a _neoa `] iap]boe_]6 @]re` Dqia
O
.03
a ] na]he`]`a ejraopec]`] lah] iap]boe_] ]mqah] mqa lk`a a `ara oan n]_ekj]hiajpa aop]^aha_e`] lah]o e`ae]o ran`]`aen]o lnk`qve`]o lahk lajo]iajpk kq lah] n]vk dq) i]j]( mqa ]_kjpa_an oa oa lnkr]n mqa p]eo e`ae]o ok d^epko iajp]eo `k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk a jk _knnaolkj`ai ] na]he`]`a ]hcqi]; = iap]boe_] ]jpec] a ia`ear]h ^]oa]r])oa j] ]beni]k `a mqa ] na]he`]`a kq k Oan ateo) pa ai oe iaoik a mqa aha oa kbana_a p]h _kik ]k lajo]iajpk* = iap]boe_] _hooe_] kq ik`anj] ^]oa]r])oa j] ]beni]k `a mqa k ejpaha_pk dqi]jk kq k lajo]iajpk lkooqe k lk`an l]n] _kjda_an ] na]he`]`a p]h _kik ai oe iaoi] a mqa( cn]]o o klan] ao ejpaha_pq]eo kq ]ko _kj_aepko mqa nalnaoajp]i ]o _keo]o a ]o pn]jobkn) i]i ai k^fapko `a _kjda_eiajpk( k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk pai ]_aook ]k Oan*
#HRISTIE´Sß)MAGES#ORBIS,ATINSTOCK
x 5.)$!$%ß x = iap]boe_]
P]jpk jqi _]ok _kik jkqpnk( ] iap]boe_] ^]oa]r])oa ai `keo lnaooqlkopko6 -*
] na]he`]`a ai oe ateopa a lk`a oan _kjda_e`]7
.* e`ae]o kq _kj_aepko ok qi _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk `] na]he`]`a( lknmqa ] ran`]`a ] _knnaolkj`j_e] ajpna ]o _keo]o a ko lajo]iajpko( kq ajpna k ejpaha_pk a ] na]he`]`a* Aooao `keo lnaooqlkopko ]ooajp]r]i)oa jqi je_k bqj`]iajpk6 ] ateopj_e] `a qi Oan Ejbejepk $@aqo% mqa c]n]jpe] ] na]he`]`a a ] ejpahece^ehe`]`a `a pk`]o ]o _keo]o( `kp]j`k ko dqi]jko `a qi ejpaha_pk _]l]v `a _kjda_)hko p]eo _kik ok ai oe iaoiko* @]re` Dqia `en mqa ko `keo lnaooqlkopko `] iap]boe_] jk pi bqj`]iajpk( jk lkooqai r]he`]`a ]hcqi]* = iap]boe_] Í ]jpec]( ia`ear]h a _hooe_] kq ik`anj] Í an] oqopajp]`] lkn pno lnej) _leko mqa f aopq`]iko mq]j`k pn]p]iko `] e`ae] k_e`ajp]h `] n]vk6 k lnej_lek `] e`aj) pe`]`a( k `] jk _kjpn]`ek a k `] n]vk oqbe_eajpa kq `] _]qo]he`]`a* Ko `keo lneiaenko oanre]i `a c]n]jpe] l]n] ] e`ae] `a oq^op j_e] kq aooj_e]7 k pan_aenk oanre] `a c]n]jpe] l]n] atlhe_]n ] knecai a ] bej]he`]`a `]o _keo]o( ^ai _kik ]o nah] ao ajpna ko oanao* Dqia( l]npej`k `] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk( ikopnkq mqa k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk klan] ]ook_e]j`k oajo] ao( lan_al ao a eilnaoo ao na_a^e`]o lahko ncko `ko oajpe`ko a nape`]o j] iai ne]* =o e`ae]o j]`] i]eo ok `k mqa d^epko iajp]eo `a ]ook_e]k `a ei) lnaoo ao oaiahd]jpao kq `a eilnaoo ao oq_aooer]o* Mqa ] e`ae] `a oq^op j_e] kq `a aooj_e]; J]`] i]eo `k mqa qi jkia can]h `]`k l]n] ej`e_]n qi _kjfqjpk `a ei]cajo a `a e`ae]o mqa jkoo] _kjo_ej_e] pai k d^epk `a ]ook_e]n lkn _]qo] `]o oaiahd]j]o ajpna ah]o* K lnej_lek `] e`ajpe`]`a a k `] jk _kjpn]`ek ok oeilhao) iajpa k naoqhp]`k `a lan_a^aniko nalape`] a nacqh]niajpa _anp]o _keo]o oaiahd]jpao a oai) lna `] iaoi] i]jaen]( har]j`k)jko ] oqlkn mqa( lknmqa ]o lan_a^aiko _kik oaiahd]jpao a oailna `] iaoi] i]jaen]( eook hdao `]ne] qi] e`ajpe`]`a ln lne]( ej`alaj`ajpa `a j o* Mqa ] e`ae] `] _]qo]he`]`a; K iank d^epk mqa jkoo] iajpa ]`mqena `a aop]^aha_an nah] ao `a _]qo] a abaepk ajpna lan_al ao a eilnaoo ao oq_aooer]o( _d]i]j`k ]o ]jpaneknao `a _]qo]o a ]o lkopaneknao `a abaepko* = nalapek _kjop]jpa a nacqh]n `a ei]cajo kq eilnao) o ao oq_aooer]o jko har] _naj] `a mqa d qi] _]qo]he`]`a na]h( atpanj]( ln lne] `]o _keo]o a ej`alaj`ajpa `a j o* Oq^op j_e]( aooj_e]( _]qo]( abaepk( i]pne]( bkni] a pk`ko ko kqpnko _kj_aepko `] iap]) boe_] $@aqo( iqj`k( ]hi]( ejbejepk( bejepk( ap_*% jk _knnaolkj`ai ] oanao( ] ajpe`]`ao na]eo a atpanj]o( ej`alaj`ajpao `k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk( i]o ok jkiao can]eo _ki mqa k oq) faepk jkiae] a ej`e_] oaqo ln lneko d^epko ]ook_e]perko* Aeo lkn mqa ] iap]boe_] bke oailna ]heiajp]`] lkn _kjpnkrnoe]o ejbej`raeo( lkeo jk oa nabane] ] jajdqi] na]he`]`a atpanj] ateopajpa ai oe a lkn oe( i]o ] d^epko iajp]eo `ko oqfaepko( d^epko mqa ok iqepk r]neraeo a `k knecai ] ej ian]o `kqpnej]o behko be_]o oai jajdqi bqj`]iajpk na]h* = l]npen `a Dqia( ] iap]boe_]( p]h _kik ateopen] `ao`a ko cnacko( pknj]r])oa eilkoorah*
$AVIDß(UME߯ ß FILvSOFOßBRIThNICO
G]jp a k bei `] iap]boe_] _hooe_]
K
lneiaenk ] na]cen ]ko lnk^hai]o lkopko lkn Dqia bke G]jp( ]k `a_h]n]n mqa( cn]]o ]k beh okbk ejcho( l`a Î`aolanp]n `k okjk `kcipe_kÏ* K mqa k okjk `kcipe_k; pki]n _kik lkjpk `a l]npe`] `] iap]boe_] ] e`ae] `a mqa ateopa qi] na]he`]`a ai oe $@aqo( ]hi]( iqj`k( ejbejepk( bejepk( i]pne]( bkni]( oq^op j_e]( _]qo]he`]`a%( mqa lk`a oan _kjda_e`] lkn jkoo] n]vk kq( k mqa ` jk iaoik( pki]n _kik lkjpk `a l]npe`] `] iap]) boe_] ] ]beni]k `a mqa ]o e`ae]o lnk`qve`]o lkn jkoo] n]vk _knnaolkj`ai at]p]iajpa ] qi] na]he`]`a atpanj]( mqa ateopa ai oe a lkn oe iaoi]* Aldjqf`l ]mqaha mqa ]_aep]( oai at]ia a oai _npe_]( ]beni] ao ok^na ]o _keo]o a ok^na ]o e`ae]o* Dqia `aolanpkq ] iap]boe_] `k okjk `kcipe_k lknmqa ] bknkq ] ej`]c]n ok^na oq] ln lne] r]he`]`a a oq] lnapajok ]k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk*
.04
'ASGLOWß-USEUMß°ß'ASGLOW
=o ]rajpqn]o `] iap]boe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
=hackne] `ko _ej_k oajpe`ko( lejpqn] `a Cn]n` `a H]enaooa( `a -2246 ] ]q`ek nalnaoajp]`] lah] _ne]j] mqa pk_] k pnejcqhk7 ] reok( lah] _ne]j] _ki k ao) lahdk7 k l]h]`]n( lah] iqhdan _ki ] bnqp]7 k khb]pk( lah] _ne]j] oacqn]j`k bhknao7 k p]pk( lahk _kjp]pk `ko _knlko Í ]o oaj) o] ao( lan_al ao a eilnaoo ao `a mqa b]h] Dqia*
6ERß5NIDADEß ßESPE CIALMENTEßOßCAPqTULOß ßEß TAMBmMßAß5NIDADEß ßES PECIALMENTEßOßCAPqTULOßßß
K mqa abpmboq^o al plkl aldjqf`l; ej`]c]n( ]jpao `a pq`k( oa ] iap]boe_] lkoo) rah a( oa bkn( ai mqa _kj`e ao lkoorah* @aolanp]n `k `kci]peoik ah]^kn]n qi] `oqf`^ a^ o^wl qbof`^( eopk ( qi aopq`k ok^na ] aopnqpqn] a k lk`an `] n]vk l]n] `apaniej]n k mqa ah] lk`a a k mqa ah] jk lk`a _kjda_an ran`]`aen]iajpa* Mq]j`k at]iej]iko ko _kj_aepko `a n]vk a ran`]`a( reiko mqa G]jp na]hevkq qi] Înarkhqk _klanje_]j]Ï ai behkokbe]( eopk ( ateceq mqa( ]jpao `a mq]hmqan ]beni]k ok^na ]o e`ae]o( dkqraooa k aopq`k `] ln lne] _]l]_e`]`a `a _kjda_an( eopk ( `] n]vk( a mqa an] lna_eok ikopn]n mqa ] n]vk jk `alaj`a `]o _keo]o jai nacqh]`] lkn ah]o a oei ]o _keo]o `alaj`ai `] n]vk a ok nacqh]`]o lkn ah]* Reiko p]i^i mqa aha `eopejcqen] `q]o cn]j`ao ik`]he`]`ao `a _kjda_eiajpk6 ko _kjda_eiajpko ailne_ko( eopk ( ^]oa]`ko jko `]`ko `] atlanej_e] loe_kh ce_] `a _]`] qi `a j o( a ko _kjda_eiajpko ^ moflof( eopk ( ^]oa]`ko at_hqoer]iajpa j] aopnqpqn] ejpanj] `] ln lne] n]vk( ej`alaj`ajpaiajpa `] atlanej_e] ej`ere`q]h `a _]`] qi* Reiko( ]hi `eook( mqa aha `eopejcqen] ]o `q]o i]jaen]o lah]o mq]eo aooao `keo pelko `a _kjda_eiajpko oa atlneiai6 ko fqvko ]j]hpe_ko kq atlhe_]perko $ai mqa k lna`e_]`k ]laj]o atlhe_ep] k _kjpa `k lajo]`k jk _kj_aepk `k oqfaepk% a ko fqvko oejppe) _ko kq ]ilhe]perko $ai mqa k lna`e_]`k ]_nao_ajp] jkrko `]`ko mqa jk aop]r]i lajo]`ko jk _kj_aepk `k oqfaepk%* Bej]hiajpa( reiko mqa ] mqaopk `k _kjda_eiajpk aop]r] naoqie`] jqi] lancqjp] bqj`]iajp]h6 ok lkooraeo fqvko oejppe_ko ^ moflof; @a b]pk( `ev G]jp( qi fqvk( l]n] pan r]hkn _eajpbe_k a behko be_k kq r]hkn pa ne_k( `ara lnaaj_dan `q]o _kj`e ao6 -*
oan qjerano]h a ja_aoonek7
.* oan ran`]`aenk( eopk ( _knnaolkj`an na]he`]`a mqa ajqj_e]*
.05
Ko fqvko ]j]hpe_ko lnaaj_dai ]o `q]o _kj`e ao( i]o jk ko fqvko oejppe_ko* Lkn mq; Lknmqa qi fqvk oejppe_k oa ^]oae] jko `]`ko `] atlanej_e] ej`ere`q]h a( _kik ^ai ikopnkq Dqia( p]h atlanej_e] jko ` oajo] ao a eilnaoo ao mqa ]ook_e]iko ai e`ae]o( i]o aop]o jk ok qjerano]eo a ja_aoone]o jai _knnaolkj`ai na]he`]`a* Kn]( _kik f reiko( okiajpa fqvko oejppe_ko ok bkjpa `k _kjda_eiajpk* Lknp]jpk( oa mqeoaniko na]hev]n iap]boe_] a _ej_e]( paiko( lneiaenk( `a lnkr]n mqa ok lkooraeo fqvko oejppe_ko qjerano]eo( ja_aooneko a ran`]`aenko a( lknp]jpk( `aikjopn]n mqa p]eo fqvko jk lk`ai oan ailne_ko a oei `arai oan fqvko oejppe_ko ^ moflof( kq oaf]( mqa jk `alaj`ai `] atlanej_e] ej`ere`q]h* = lancqjp]6 Î lkoorah ] iap]boe_] _kik _ej_e];Ï $eopk ( _kik
x 5.)$!$%ß x = iap]boe_]
_kjda_eiajpk qjerano]h( ja_aoonek a ran`]`aenk% o lk`an oan naolkj`e`] oa( lneiaenk( bkn lnkr]`k mqa d kq mqa lk`a d]ran fqvko oejppe_ko ^ moflof ok^na ]o na]he`]`ao iap]boe_]o( eopk ( @aqo( ]hi]( iqj`k( oq^op j_e]( i]pne]( bkni]( ejbejepk( bejepk( _]qo]he`]`a( ap_* Oa p]eo fqvko jk bknai lkooraeo( ] iap]boe_] _kik _ej_e] jk oan lkoorah* Reiko mqa G]jp `aikjopnkq ] ateopj_e] a ] r]he`]`a `ko fqvko oejppe_ko ^ moflof j]o _ej_e]o( ]lnaoajp]j`k( `a qi h]`k( ] `ebanaj] ajpna cbkjbkl $] na]he`]`a l]n] jkook aj) paj`eiajpk% a krjbkl $] na]he`]`a ai oe%( a( `a kqpnk( mqa k _kjda_eiajpk `] na]he`]`a bajkije_k( kq oaf]( ] i]jaen] _kik k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk knc]jev] `a ik`k qjeran) o]h a ja_aoonek ko `]`ko `] atlanej_e]( cn]]o o bkni]o ^ moflof `] oajoe^ehe`]`a $aol]k a pailk% a `ko _kj_aepko ^ moflof `k ajpaj`eiajpk $]o _]packne]o%* K mqa _kjda_an; ?kjda_an bkniqh]n fqvko mqa jko ]lnaoajpai pk`]o ]o lnklnea`]`ao `a qi k^fapk $]o oq]o lnklnea`]`ao lkoeper]o% a at_hq]i pk`]o ]o lnklnea`]`ao mqa k k^fapk jk lk`a lkooqen $]o lnklnea`]`ao jac]per]o%* Lkn atailhk( mq]j`k `eck6 ÎK j iank 0 qi ejpaenk l]nÏ( aooa fqvk ]beni] mqa qi _anpk k^fapk $0% ]hcqi] _keo] $ qi j iank% mqa lkooqe `apaniej]`]o lnklnea`]`ao lkoeper]o $ejpaenk( l]n% a( lkn _kjoacqejpa( `aha aopk at_hq`]o lnklnea`]`ao jac]per]o( `ebanajpao `]o mqa lkooqe $bn]_ekjnek a il]n%* Mq]j`k `eck6 ÎEopk qi] iao]( `a i]`aen]( lkooqe mq]pnk lo( aop fqjpk f]jah]( qo]) `] l]n] ao_naranÏ( aopa fqvk ]beni] mqa _anpk k^fapk $eopk% ]hcqi] _keo] $iao]% mqa lkooqe _an) p]o mq]he`]`ao $i]`aen]( mq]pnk lo( oanra l]n] ao_naran( aop fqjpk f]jah]% a( lkn _kjoacqejpa( `aha aopk at_hq`]o kqpn]o _keo]o $jk qi] _]`aen]( jk qi hernk% a ] aha ok jac]`]o _anp]o lnklnea`]`ao $jk `a re`nk( jk aop fqjpk lknp]( jk oanra l]n] `aep]n( ap_*%* Qi fqvk( lknp]jpk( jko ` ] _kjda_an ]hcqi] _keo]( `ao`a mqa aop] lkoo] oan ]lnaaj) `e`] j]o bkni]o `k aol]k a `k pailk a jko _kj_aepko `k ajpaj`eiajpk* Qi] _keo] l]oo] ] ateopen mq]j`k oa pknj] k^fapk `a qi fqvk* Eook jk oecjebe_] mqa k fqvk `of^ ] ln lne] _keo]( i]o oei mqa ^ c^w bufpqfo m^o^ kp* K fqvk mb ] na]he`]`a `a ]hcqi] _keo] ]k _khk_)h] _kik oqfaepk `a qi] lnklkoek( eopk ( ]k _khk_)h] _kik k^fapk `a qi _kjda_eiajpk* ( lknp]j) pk( k fqvk mqa l a ] mq]he`]`a( ] mq]jpe`]`a( ] _]qo]he`]`a( ] oq^op j_e]( ] i]pne]( ] bkni]( ] aooj_e] `]o _keo]o( j] ia`e`] ai mqa aop]o ateopai ]laj]o ajmq]jpk ok k^fapko `a _k) jda_eiajpk lkopko lah]o bkni]o `k aol]k( `k pailk a lahko _kj_aepko `k ajpaj`eiajpk* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( qi] _keo] ateopa mq]j`k lk`a oan lkop] lahk oqfaepk `k _kjda_e) iajpk( ajpaj`e`k jk _kik qi oqfaepk ej`ere`q]h a loe_kh ce_k $Fkk( La`nk( I]ne]( =j]%( i]o _kik k oqfaepk qjerano]h kq aopnqpqn] ^ moflof qjerano]h `] n]vk dqi]j]( ]mqehk mqa G]jp `ajkiej] `a Oqfaepk Pn]jo_aj`ajp]h* Mq]j`k k fqvk bkn oejppe_k a ^ moflof( k _kjda) _eiajpk k^pe`k qjerano]h( ja_aoonek a ran`]`aenk* Lk`aiko o]^an k mqa ok a _kik ok aooao fqvko oejppe_ko ^ moflof at]iej]j`k ] i]paipe_] a ] boe_]* Jk ajp]jpk( ] `aikjopn]k `a mqa( cn]]o o bkni]o ^ moflof `] oajoe^ehe`]`a a cn]]o ]ko _kj_aepko ^ moflof `k ajpaj`eiajpk( ko fqvko oejppe_ko ^ moflof ok lkooraeo( qi] `a) ikjopn]k mqa jk ]fq`] ai j]`] ] lancqjp] ok^na ] lkooe^ehe`]`a `] iap]boe_]* Lkn mq; ?kik reiko( G]jp `eopejcqeq `q]o ik`]he`]`ao `a na]he`]`a6 ] mqa oa kbana_a ] j o j] atlanej_e] a na_a^a ]o bkni]o `] oajoe^ehe`]`a a ]o _]packne]o `k ajpaj`eiajpk $k baj) iajk% a ] mqa jk oa kbana_a atlanej_e] jai na_a^a bkni]o a _]packne]o $k krjbkl%* Kn]( ] iap]boe_] lnapaj`a oan ] _ej_e] mqa _kjda_a ]o _keo]o ai oe( k krjbkl( ]mqehk mqa oane] `]`k ]k lajo]iajpk lqnk oai jajdqi] nah]k _ki ] atlanej_e]* Jk ajp]jpk( o d _kjda_eiajpk qjerano]h a ja_aoonek Í _ej_e] ran`]`aen] Í `]mqehk mqa knc]jev]`k lahk oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk $k oqfaepk pn]jo_aj`ajp]h% j]o bkni]o `k aol]k a `k pailk a `a ]_kn`k _ki ko _kj_aepko `k ajpaj`eiajpk* Oa k krjbkl ]mqehk mqa jqj_] oa ]lnaoajp] oajoe^ehe`]`a jai ]k ajpaj`eiajpk( i]o ]beni]`k lahk lajo]iajpk lqnk( jk lk`a oan _kjda_e`k* A oa k krjbkl k k^fapk `] iap]boe_]( aop] jk qi _kjda_eiajpk lkoorah* Pkiaiko qi atailhk mqa r]e jko ]fq`]n j] _kilnaajok `] ]ncqiajp]k g]jpe]j]* Mq]j`k ] iap]boe_] oa nabana ] @aqo( ah] k `abeja _kik ei]pane]h( ejbejepk( apanjk( ej) _]qo]`k( lnej_lek a bqj`]iajpk `]o aooj_e]o a ateopj_e]o `a pk`ko ko oanao* Raf]iko _]`] qi] `]o mq]he`]`ao ]pne^q`]o ]k oqfaepk Î@aqoÏ kq e`ae] `a @aqo*
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=o ]rajpqn]o `] iap]boe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
.1-
Ei]pane]h6 lknp]jpk( jk aol]_e]h7 ejbejepk6 lknp]jpk( jk aol]_e]h7 apanjk6 lknp]jpk( jk pai) lkn]h7 ej_]qo]`k6 lknp]jpk( oai _]qo]7 lnej_lek a bqj`]iajpk `a pq`k6 lknp]jpk( ]_ei] a bkn] `a pk`] ] na]he`]`a _kjda_e`]( jk oq^iape`k ] jajdqi] _kj`ek kq ej_kj`e_ekj]`k* = e`ae] iap]boe_] `a @aqo ] e`ae] `a qi oan mqa jk lk`a jko ]l]na_an ok^ ] bkni] `k aol]k a pailk7 `a qi oan ]k mq]h ] _]packne] `] _]qo]he`]`a jk oa ]lhe_]7 `a qi oan mqa( jqj_] paj`k oe`k `]`k ] j o( lkopk( ajpnap]jpk( _kik bqj`]iajpk a lnej_lek `a pk`] ] na]he`]`a a `a pk`] ] ran`]`a* =ooei( ] e`ae] iap]boe_] `a @aqo ao_]l] `a pk`]o ]o _kj`e ao `a lkooe^ehe`]`a `k _kjda_eiajpk dqi]jk a( lknp]jpk( ] iap]boe_] qo] ehacepe) i]iajpa aoo] e`ae] l]n] ]beni]n mqa @aqo ateopa a l]n] `evan k mqa aha * G]jp ailnac] qi] ]ncqiajp]k oaiahd]jpa l]n] `keo kqpnko k^fapko `] iap]boe_]6 ] ateopj_e] `] ]hi] kq oq^op j_e] lajo]jpa a ] `eo_qook `] bejepq`a kq ejbejepq`a `k iqj`k* =p ]ckn]( `ev G]jp( ] iap]boe_] pai oe`k qi] ejoajo]pav `kcipe_]* Pai oe`k ] lnapaj) ok `a _kjda_an ]mqahao oanao mqa( fqop]iajpa( ao_]l]i `a pk`] lkooe^ehe`]`a dqi]j] `a _kjda_eiajpk( lkeo ok oanao ]ko mq]eo jk oa ]lhe_]i ]o _kj`e ao qjerano]eo a ja_aoone]o `ko fqvko( eopk ( aol]k( pailk( _]qo]he`]`a( mq]he`]`a( mq]jpe`]`a( oq^op]j_e]he`]`a( ap_* Aoo] iap]boe_] jk lkoorah* I]o eook jk oecjebe_] mqa pk`] iap]boe_] oaf] eilkoorah* Mq]h ] iap]boe_] lkoorah; ]mqah] mqa pai _kik k^fapk ] ejraopec]k `ko _kj) _aepko qo]`ko lah]o _ej_e]o Í aol]k( pailk( mq]jpe`]`a( mq]he`]`a( _]qo]he`]`a( oq^o) p]j_e]he`]`a( qjerano]he`]`a( ja_aooe`]`a( ap_* Í( eopk ( mqa pai _kik k^fapk k aopq`k `]o _kj`e ao `a lkooe^ehe`]`a `a pk`k _kjda_eiajpk dqi]jk a `a pk`] atlanej_e] dqi]j] lkoorah( kq oaf]( k aopq`k `]o _kj`e ao ^ moflof `] ateopj_e] `ko k^fapko `k _kjda_eiajpk* = iap]boe_] aopq`]( lknp]jpk( ^p `lkaf bp rkfsbop^fp b kb`bppof^p a^ l_gbqfsfa^ab bj dbo^i a jk k ÎOan ajmq]jpk OanÏ( jai @aqo( ]hi] a iqj`k( jai oq^op j_e] ejbejep]( lajo]jpa a atpajo]* Aopq`] ]o i]jaen]o lah]o mq]eo k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk l a ] na]he`]`a( eopk ( aop]^aha_a ko k^fapko `k _kjda_eiajpk a `] atlanej_e]* = iap]boe_] k _kjda_eiajpk `k _kjda_eiajpk dqi]jk a `] atlanej_e] dqi]j]( kq( ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( `k ik`k _kik ko oanao dqi]jko( ajmq]jpk i]jebaop] ao `k Oqfaepk Pn]jo_aj`ajp]h( `abejai a aop]^aha) _ai na]he`]`ao* D( ]hi `aooa( qi kqpnk k^fapk l]n] ] iap]boe_]* Jk oa pn]p]( lkni( `a qi k^fapk pa ne_k a oei `a qi k^fapk lnpe_k( mq]h oaf]( ] ]k dqi]j] _kik ]k ikn]h( kq k mqa G]jp _d]i] `a ^ l ifsob mlo absbo* Lkn mqa ] ikn]h( kq ] pe_]( oa pknj] k^fapk `] iap]boe_]; Lkn _]qo] `] he^an`]`a* Oa ] n]vk pa ne_] `ara naolkj`an lancqjp] ok^na ] lkooe^ehe`]`a `k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk( ] n]vk lnpe_] `ara naolkj`an oacqejpa lancqjp]6 lkoorah ] ]k herna; = n]vk pa ne_] ikopn] mqa pk`ko ko oanao( ej_hqej`k ko dkiajo( ok oanao j]pqn]eo* Eook oecjebe_] mqa ok oanao oq^iape`ko ] nah] ao ja_aoone]o `a _]qo] a abaepk( p]eo _kik aop]) ^aha_e`]o lah] _ej_e] `] j]pqnav] kq boe_]* = j]pqnav] k naejk `]o haeo j]pqn]eo `a _]qo]) he`]`a a( _kik jah]( pq`k ]_kjpa_a `a ik`k ja_aoonek( ah] k naejk `] ja_aooe`]`a( jk d]raj`k ] hqc]n l]n] ao_khd]o hernao* Jk ajp]jpk( ko oanao dqi]jko ok _]l]vao `a ]cen lkn ao_khd] herna( lkn `apaniej]k n]_ekj]h `a oq] rkjp]`a a ok _]l]vao `a ]cen ai jkia `a bejo kq bej]he`]`ao dqi]j]o( a jk ]laj]o _kj`e_ekj]`ko lkn _]qo]o j]pqn]eo ja_aoone]o* ?kik eook lkoorah; = ]k herna kq lkn ao_khd] rkhqjpne] n]_ekj]h qi] ]k lkn bej]he`]`a a jk lkn _]qo]he`]`a ja_aoone] kq lkn ja_aooe`]`a* Jaooa oajpe`k( ] ]k ikn]h ikopn] mqa( ]hi `k naejk _]qo]h `] j]pqnav]( ateopa k naejk pe_k `] he^an`]`a a `] bej]he`]`a* ?]^a iap]boe_] k aopq`k `aoo] kqpn] ik`]he`]`a `a na]he`]`a( mqa jk j]pqn]h jai pa ne_]( i]o lnpe_]* =ooei( ]k h]`k `k _kjda_eiajpk `] n]vk pa ne_]( ] iap]boe_] pai _kik k^fapk k aopq`k `] n]vk lnpe_] kq `] pe_]* ?kik lkoorah ] he^an`]`a; ?kik lkoorah ] ]k herna lkn bej]he`]`a; Mq]eo ok ]o bej]he`]`ao `] re`] pe_]; K mqa k `aran; K mqa a _kik lkoorah ]cen lkn `aran; K mqa ] renpq`a; Aeo ]hcqjo `ko pai]o `] iap]boe_] _kik aopq`k `] n]vk lnpe_]*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = iap]boe_]
#APqTULOß = kjpkhkce] _kjpailknja]
= dan]j] g]jpe]j]
=
l o ] okhqk g]jpe]j] l]n] k lnk^hai] `] iap]boe_]( aop] jk i]eo napknjkq ]jpe) c] _kj_alk `a _kjda_eiajpk `] na]he`]`a ai oe( i]o _]iejdkq jk oajpe`k ej]q) cqn]`k lkn G]jp( _kjda_e`k _kik e`a]heoik* Lkn mqa fab^ifpjl; Reiko mqa ] behkokbe] $j] =jpecqe`]`a( j] E`]`a I`e] a j] Ik`anje`]`a% an] na]heop]( eopk ( kq l]npe] `] ]beni]k `a mqa ] na]he`]`a kq k Oan ateopai ai oe iaoiko a mqa( _kik p]eo( lk`ai oan _kjda_e`ko lah] n]vk dqi]j]( kq l]npe] `] ]beni]k `a mqa ] n]vk dqi]j] an] k lk`an l]n] _kjda_an ]o _keo]o ai oe iaoi]o kq ] na]he`]`a ai oe* Reiko p]i^i mqa k na]heoik _hooe_k kq ik`anjk ejpnk`qven] qi] iq`]j] jk na]heoik ]jpeck a ia`ear]h( lkeo atecen] mqa( ]jpao `a eje_e]n qi] ejraopec]k iap]boe_] `] na]he`]`a( bkooa naolkj`e`] ] mqaopk6 ÎLk`aiko _kjda_an ] na]he`]`a;Ï* Reiko( ] oacqen( k naoqhp]`k `aoo] atecj_e]6 @]re` Dqia ikopn]j`k mqa k _kjpa `k `] iap]boe_] ok ]laj]o jkoo]o e`ae]o a mqa aop]o ok jkiao can]eo ]pne^q`ko ]ko d^epko loe_kh ce_ko `a ]ook_e]n ko `]`ko `] oajo]k a `] lan_alk* K oajpeiajpk oq^faperk kq loe) _kh ce_k `a nacqh]ne`]`a( _kjop j_e] a bnamqj_e] `a jkoo]o eilnaoo ao ok pn]jobkni]`ko ai ajpe`]`ao iap]boe_]o mqa( j] ran`]`a( jk ateopai* G]jp _kilhapkq ] pn]fap ne] ik`anj]( i]o _ki `q]o ejkr] ao bqj`]iajp]eo6 ai lne) iaenk hqc]n( pn]jobknikq ] ln lne] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk ai iap]boe_]( ]k ]beni]n mqa aop] ejraopec] ]o _kj`e ao can]eo `] k^fapere`]`a( eopk ( `k _kjda_eiajpk qjerano]h a ja_ao) onek `ko bajiajko( a( ai oacqj`k( ikopnkq mqa k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk jk ( _kik lajo]n] Dqia( k oqfaepk loe_kh ce_k ej`ere`q]h( i]o qi] aopnqpqn] qjerano]h( e`jpe_] l]n] pk`ko ko oanao dqi]jko ai pk`ko ko pailko a hqc]nao( a mqa ] n]vk( _kik b]_qh`]`a ^ moflof `a _kjda_an kq k Oqfaepk Pn]jo_aj`ajp]h* A mqa na]he`]`a _kjda_rah a _kjda_e`] ] bajkije_]( eopk ( ]mqah] lkop] lah] k^fapere`]`a aop]^aha_e`] lah]o klan] ao `k Oqfaepk Pn]jo_aj`ajp]h ok^na ko `]`ko `] atlanej_e]* K mqa ] k^fapere`]`a; K mqa bajiajk; K mqa ] na]he`]`a ajmq]jpk k^fapk kq ba) jiajk; ] na]he`]`a aopnqpqn]`] lah]o fabf^p lnk`qve`]o lahk oqfaepk* Lkn eook ] iap]boe_] oa pknj] fab^ifpq^ kq rj fab^ifpjl* K _kjda_eiajpk jk rai `]o _keo]o l]n] k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk( i]o r]e `]o e`ae]o lnk`qve`]o lahk oqfaepk l]n] ]o _keo]o*
= _kjpne^qek `] bajkiajkhkce] `a Dqooanh
M
q]j`k aopq`]iko ] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk( reiko mqa k beh okbk ]haik Dqooanh pnkqta( jk ej_ek `k o_qhk TT( qi] jkr] ]^kn`]cai `k _kjda_eiajpk ] mqa `aq k jkia `a cbkljbklildf^* Aoo] ]^kn`]cai( _kik ranaiko ]ckn]( para _kjoamqj_e]o l]n] ] iap]boe_]* Oacqj`k Dqooanh( ] bajkiajkhkce] aop aj_]nnac]`]( ajpna kqpn]o( `a pno p]nab]o lnej_e) l]eo6 `eopejcqen a oal]n]n loe_khkce] a behkokbe]( ]beni]n ] lnekne`]`a `k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiaj) pk kq _kjo_ej_e] nabhater] `e]jpa `ko k^fapko a ]ilhe]n+najkr]n k _kj_aepk `a bajiajk*
.1.
= kjpkhkce] _kjpailkn ja] x #!0É45,/ß x
@eopejk a oal]n]k ajpna loe_khkce] a behkokbe] Jk bej]h `k o_qhk TET a jk ej_ek `k o_qhk TT( iqepko lajo]`knao fqhc]n]i mqa ] loe) _khkce] pki]ne] k hqc]n `] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk a `] h ce_] a( lknp]jpk( `] behkokbe]* J] klejek `ahao( ] _ej_e] lkoeper] `k loemqeoik oane] oqbe_eajpa l]n] atlhe_]n ]o _]qo]o a ]o bkni]o `a _kjda_eiajpk( oai ja_aooe`]`a `a ejraopec] ao behko be_]o* Dqooanh( lkni( ikopnkq k amqrk_k `a p]h klejek* = loe_khkce]( `ev aha( _kik pk`] a mq]hmqan _ej_e]( aopq`] a atlhe_] c^qlp l_pbossbfp( i]o jk lk`a kbana_an ko bqj`]iajpko `a p]eo aopq`ko a atlhe_] ao( lkeo ko bqj`]iajpko( _kik k jkia ej`e_]( jk ok b]pko k^) oanrraeo* K aopq`k `ko bqj`]iajpko _]^a behkokbe]* = loe_khkce] atlhe_]( lkn iaek `a k^oanr] ao a `a nah] ao _]qo]eo( b]pko iajp]eo a _kilknp]iajp]eo( eopk ( ko ia_]jeoiko boe_ko( beoekh ce_ko a lomqe_ko mqa jko b]vai pan oajo] ao( lan_al ao( hai^n]j]o( lajo]iajpko kq mqa jko laniepai na]hev]n ] ao lah]o mq]eo jko ]`]lp]iko ]k iaek ]i^eajpa* = behkokbe]( lkni( `ebana `] loe_khkce]( lknmqa ej) raopec] k mqa ] lan_alk( k mqa ] iai ne]( k mqa k _kilknp]iajpk( k mqa mqan `evan Îlomqe_kÏ( k mqa mqan `evan Îboe_kÏ( ap_* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( jk atlhe_] b]pko iajp]eo a `a _kilknp]iajpk lkn iaek `a atlhe_] ao _]qo]eo $kq `a nah] ao `a _]qo] a abaepk%( i]o `ao) _nara ]o oecjebe_] ao mqa _kjopepqai ] re`] lomqe_]( k oajpe`k `]o ]pere`]`ao a klan] ao lomqe_]o* ?kik( l]n] ] bajkiajkhkce]( ]o oecjebe_] ao ok ]o aooj_e]o( ] behkokbe] `ebana `] loe_khkce] lknmqa aop] bumif`^ c^qlp a ]mqah] abp`obsb bpp k`f^p `] re`] lomqe_]* Pkiaiko qi atailhk* Mq]j`k qi loe_ hkck aopq`] ] lan_alk( lnk_qn] `eopejcqen `keo pelko `a b]pko6 ko b]pko atpanjko k^oanrraeo( ] mqa ` k jkia `a aopiqhko $hqv( _]hkn( _kn( bkni] `ko k^fapko( `eop j_e]( ap_*%( a ko b]pko ejpanjko ej`enap]iajpa k^oanrraeo( ] mqa ` k jkia `a naolkop]o* @ere`a k b]pk lan_alperk ai aopiqhko atpanjko a ejpanjko $k mqa ]_kjpa_a jk oeopai] jan) rkok a jk _na^nk% a ai naolkop]o ejpanj]o a atpanj]o $]o klan] ao `k oeopai] janrkok a k ]pk oajokne]h `a oajpen kq lan_a^an ]hcqi] _keo]%* Mq]j`k qi beh okbk aopq`] ] lan_alk( lnk_a`a `a ik`k iqepk `ebanajpa* ?kia] lancqjp]j`k6 ÎK mqa ] lan_alk;Ï( `ebanajpaiajpa `k loe_ hkck( mqa l]npa `] lancqjp]6 Î?kik ]_kjpa_a qi] lan_alk;Ï* K mqa ] lan_alk; =jpao `a i]eo j]`]( qi ik`k `a ] jkoo] _kjo_ej_e] nah]_ekj]n)oa _ki k iqj`k atpanekn lkn ejpani`ek `a jkook _knlk* Ai oacqj`k hqc]n( qi _anpk ik`k `a ] _kjo_ej_e] nah]_ekj]n)oa _ki ]o _keo]o mq]j`k ]o pki] _kik na]he`]`ao mq]hep]per]o $_kn( o]^kn( k`kn( p]i]jdk( bkni]( `eop j_e]o( ]cn]`raeo( `ao]cn]`raeo( `kp]`]o `a beoekjkie] a `a oajpe`k( ^ah]o( bae]o( `ebanajpao qi]o `]o kqpn]o( l]npao `a qi] l]eo]cai( ap_*%* = lan_alk qi] sfs k`f^* Ai pan_aenk( aoo] rerj_e] qi] bkni] `a _kjda_eiajpk `kp]`] `a aopnqpqn]6 d k ^ql `a lan_a^an $lah] _kjo_ej_e]% a d k `loobi^ql lan_a^e`k $] _keo] atpanj]%7 ] _]n]_pa) nope_] lnej_el]h `k lan_a^e`k ] `a kbana_an)oa lkn b]_ao( lkn lanbeo kq lanola_per]o( _kik ]hck ejpaniejrah( mqa jkooko oajpe`ko jqj_] lk`ai ]l]jd]n `a qi] o rav a `a ik`k pkp]h* K mqa ] lan_alk; Kq( ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( mq]h ] bpp k`f^ `] lan_alk; qi] rerj_e] `] _kjo_ej_e]( qi ]pk( _qfk _knnah]pk ok mq]he`]`ao lan_a^e`]o lah] ia`e]k `a jkook _knlk7 qi ik`k `a aop]niko jk iqj`k a `a jko nah]_ekj]niko _ki ] lnaoaj] `]o _keo]o `e]jpa `a j o7 qi ik`k `ebanajpa( lkn atailhk( `] rerj_e] ei]cej]per]( `] rerj_e] nabhater]( ap_* = loe_khkce] jko `ev mqa e lan_alk a jko kbana_a qi] atlhe_]k _]qo]h l]n] ah]( i]o jk lk`a jko `evan k mqa ] lan_alk( lkeo l]n] eook lna_eo]ne] _kjda_an ] aooj_e] `] ln lne] _kjo_ej_e]*
I]jqpajk `] lnekne`]`a `k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk
.1/
?kjoanr]j`k)oa beah pn]`ek ik`anj] a g]jpe]j]( Dqooanh lnerehace] kq ` lnekne`]`a _kjo_ej_e] nabhater] kq ]k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk( eopk ( ]beni] mqa ]o aooj_e]o `ao_ne) p]o lah] behkokbe] ok lnk`qve`]o kq _kjopepq`]o lah] _kjo_ej_e] ajmq]jpk qi lk`an l]n] `]n oecjebe_]k na]he`]`a*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = iap]boe_]
= _kjo_ej_e] `a mqa b]h] k beh okbk jk ( are`ajpaiajpa( ]mqah] `a mqa b]h] k loe_ ) hkck* L]n] aopa( ] _kjo_ej_e] k jkia `]`k ] qi _kjfqjpk `a b]pko atpanjko a ejpanjko k^oanrraeo a atlhe_]`ko _]qo]hiajpa* = _kjo_ej_e] ] mqa oa nabana k beh okbk k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk( _kik aopnqpqn] a ]pere`]`a qjerano]h a ja_aoone] `k o]^an* ] ?kjo_ej_e] Pn]jo_aj`ajp]h kq k Oqfaepk Pn]jo_aj`ajp]h* Mq]h k lk`an `] _kjo_ej_e] nabhater]; K `a _kjopepqen kq _ne]n ]o aooj_e]o( lkeo aop]o j]`] i]eo ok `k mqa ]o pfdkfcf`^ bp lnk`qve`]o lah] _kjo_ej_e]( j] mq]he`]`a `a qi lk) `an qjerano]h `a al^ l ab pbkqfal ]k iqj`k* = _kjo_ej_e] jk qi] _keo] ajpna ]o _keo]o( jk qi b]pk k^oanrrah( jai ( _kik ei]cej]r] ] iap]boe_]( qi] oq^op j_e] lajo]jpa kq qi] ]hi]( ajpe`]`a aolenepq]h* = _kjo) _ej_e] qi] lqn] ]pere`]`a( k ]pk `a _kjopepqen aooj_e]o kq oecjebe_] ao( `]j`k oajpe`k ]k iqj`k `]o _keo]o* Aop]o Í kq k iqj`k _kik oecjebe_]k Í ok k _knnah]pk `] _kjo_ej) _e]( ]mqehk mqa reo]`k lkn ah] a `ah] na_a^a oajpe`k* Jk qi] oq^op j_e] $qi] _keo]%( i]o qi] ]pere`]`a $qi] ]k%* Lkn oan qi] ]k mqa reo] ko k^fapko _kik oecjebe_] ao( pk`] _kjo_ej_e] oailna `lkp`f k`f^ ab* = eook $oan _kjo_ej_e] `a%( Dqooanh ` k jkia `a fkqbk`flk^ifa^ab* = _kjo_ej_e] qi ]pk ejpaj_ekj]h a oq] aooj_e] ] ejpaj_ekj]he`]`a( kq k ]pk `a re) o]n ]o _keo]o _kik oecjebe_] ao* K iqj`k kq ] na]he`]`a _kik oecjebe_]k k _knnah]pk ejpaj_ekj]h `] _kjo_ej_e]( eopk ( k mqa reo]`k lkn ah]* =ooei( lkn atailhk( lan_a^an k ]pk ejpaj_ekj]h `] _kjo_ej_e]( k lan_a^e`k k oaq _knnah]pk ejpaj_ekj]h a ] lan_alk ] qje`]`a ejpanj] a ja_aoone] ajpna k ]pk a k _knnah]pk( ajpna k lan_a^an a k lan_a^e`k* lkn aooa ikperk mqa( _kjda_aj`k ] aopnqpqn] ejpaj_ekj]h kq ] aooj_e] `] _kjo_ej_e]( oa lk`a _kjda_an ] aooj_e] `] lan_alk $a( `] iaoi] i]jaen]( ] aooj_e] `] ei]cej]k( `] ia) i ne]( `] nabhatk( ap_*%*
=ilhe]k+najkr]k `k _kj_aepk `a baj iajk @ao`a G]jp( cbkjbkl ej`e_]r] ]mqehk mqa( `k iqj`k atpanjk( oa kbana_a ]k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk ok^ ]o aopnqpqn]o _kcjeper]o ^ moflof `] _kjo_ej_e] $eopk ( ok^ ]o bkni]o ^ moflof `k aol]k a `k pailk a ok^ ko _kj_aepko ^ moflof `k ajpaj`eiajpk%* Jk ajp]jpk( Dacah ]ilhekq k _kj_aepk `a bajiajk( ]beni]j`k mqa pq`k k mqa ]l]na_a o lk`a ]l]na_an l]n] qi] _kjo_ej_e] a mqa ] ln lne] _kjo_ej_e] ikopn])oa ] oe iaoi] jk _kjda_eiajpk `a oe( oaj`k ah] ln lne] qi bajiajk* Lkn eook( bke Dacah k lneiaenk ] qo]n ] l]h]rn] cbkljbklil* df^ l]n] _ki ah] ej`e_]n k _kjda_eiajpk mqa ] _kjo_ej_e] pai `a oe iaoi] lkn iaek `ko `ai]eo bajiajko mqa hda ]l]na_ai* Dqooanh i]jpi k _kj_aepk g]jpe]jk a dacahe]jk( i]o ]ilhe] ]ej`] i]eo ] jkk `a bajiajk* L]n] _kilnaaj`aniko aoo] ]ilhe]k lna_eo]iko _kjoe`an]n ] _npe_] mqa aj`a) na] ] G]jp a ] Dacah* G]jp amqerk_kq)oa ]k `eopejcqen bajiajk a krjbkl( lkeo( _ki aoo] `eopejk( i]jpara ] rahd] e`ae] iap]boe_] `] na]he`]`a ai oe kq `k ÎOan ajmq]jpk OanÏ( iaoik mqa `eooaooa mqa jk ] lk`]iko _kjda_an* Dacah( lkn oq] rav( ]^kheq ] `ebanaj] ajpna ] _kjo_ej_e] a k iqj`k( lknmqa `eooan] mqa aopa j]`] i]eo `k mqa k ik`k _kik ] _kjo_ej_e] oa pknj] ]o ln lne]o _keo]o( pknj])oa iqj`k ah] iaoi]( pq`k oaj`k bajiajk6 bajiajk ejpanekn Í ] _kjo_ej_e] Í a bajiajk atpanekn Í k iqj`k _kik i]jebaop]k `] _kjo_ej_e] j]o _keo]o* ?kjpn] G]jp( Dqooanh ]beni] mqa jk d krjbkl( jk d ] Î_keo] ai oeÏ ej_kcjko_) rah* Pq`k k mqa ateopa bajiajk a o ateopai bajiajko* Bajiajk ] lnaoaj] na]h `a _keo]o na]eo `e]jpa `] _kjo_ej_e]7 ]mqehk mqa oa ]lnaoajp] `enap]iajpa( Îai laook]Ï( Îai _]nja a kookÏ( _kjo_ej_e]* ?kjpn] Dacah( Dqooanh ]beni] mqa ] _kjo_ej_e] lkooqe qi] aooj_e] `ebanajpa `]o ao) oj_e]o `ko bajiajko( lkeo ah] `k]`kn] `a oajpe`k o _keo]o a aop]o ok na_alpkn]o `a oajpe`k* = _kjo_ej_e] jk oa aj_]nj] j]o _keo]o( jk oa pknj] ]o ln lne]o _keo]o( i]o ` oecjebe_]k ] ah]o( lani]ja_aj`k `ebanajpa `ah]o* K mqa k bajiajk; ] bpp k`f^*
.10
= kjpkhkce] _kjpailkn ja] x #!0É45,/ß x
K mqa ] aooj_e]; ] pfdkfcf`^ l kq k pbkqfal `a qi oan( oq] e`ae]( oaq bfalp* = behk) okbe] ] `ao_nek `] aooj_e] `] _kjo_ej_e] $`a oaqo ]pko a _knnah]pko% a `]o aooj_e]o `]o _keo]o* Lkn eook( ] behkokbe] qi] bfaqf`^ Í `ao_nek `k bfalp kq `]o aooj_e]o* ?kik k bfalp kq ] aooj_e] k bajiajk( ] behkokbe] qi] bajkiajkhkce]*
Ko bajiajko kq aoo j_e]o
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ajiajk jk ok ]laj]o ]o _keo]o i]pane]eo mqa lan_a^aiko( ei]cej]iko kq hai^n]) iko _kpe`e]j]iajpa lknmqa ok l]npa `a jkoo] re`]* P]i^i jk ok( _kik oqlqjd] G]jp( ]laj]o ]o _keo]o j]pqn]eo( aopq`]`]o lah]o _ej_e]o `] j]pqnav] $boe_]( mqie_]( ^ekhkce]( ]opnkjkie]( cakhkce]( ap_*%* Bajiajk ok p]i^i _keo]o lqn]iajpa e`a]eo kq e`a]he`]`ao( eopk ( _keo]o mqa ateopai ]laj]o jk lajo]iajpk( _kik ko ajpao aopq`]`ko lah] i]paipe_] $becqn]o cakipne_]o( j ianko( klan] ao ]hc^ne_]o( _kj_aepko _kik ecq]h`]`a( `ebanaj]( e`ajpe`]`a( ap_*% a lah] h ce_] $_kik ko _kj_aepko `a qjerano]he`]`a( l]npe_qh]ne`]) `a( ej`ere`q]he`]`a( ja_aooe`]`a( _kjpn]`ek( ap_*%* =hi `]o _keo]o i]pane]eo( j]pqn]eo a e`a]eo( p]i^i ok bajiajko ]o _keo]o _ne]`]o lah] ]k a lah] lnpe_] dqi]j]o $p_je_]o( ]npao( ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo a lkhpe_]o( _naj]o na) heceko]o( r]hknao ikn]eo( ap_*%* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ko naoqhp]`ko `] re`] a `] ]k dqi]j]o Í ]mqehk mqa _d]i]iko `a _qhpqn] Í ok bajiajko( eopk ( oecjebe_] ao kq aooj_e]o mqa ]l]na_ai _kjo_ej_e] a mqa ok _kjopepq`]o lah] ln lne] _kjo_ej_e]* = bajkiajkhkce] ] `ao_nek `a pk`ko ko bajiajko( kq bfalp kq aooj_e]o( kq oecje) be_]k `a pk`]o aop]o na]he`]`ao6 i]pane]eo( j]pqn]eo( e`a]eo( _qhpqn]eo* =k ]ilhe]n k _kj_aepk `a bajiajk( Dqooanh lnklo mqa ] behkokbe] `eopejcqeooa `ebanaj) pao pelko `a aooj_e]o kq bajiajko a mqa _kjoe`an]ooa _]`] qi `ahao _kik i]jebaop]j`k qi pelk `a na]he`]`a `ebanajpa( qi pelk `a oan `ebanajpa* B]hkq( ]ooei( ai obdfbp al pbo6 ] nacek _kjo_ej_e]( ] nacek j]pqnav]( ] nacek i]paipe_]( ] nacek ]npa( ] nacek deop ne]( ] nacek nahecek( ] nacek lkhpe_]( ] nacek pe_]( ap_* Lnklo mqa ] behkokbe] ejraopec]ooa ]o aooj_e]o ln lne]o `aooao oanao kq `aooao ajpao( _ne]j`k lkqlildf^p obdflk^fp* ?ki aoo] lnklkop]( Dqooanh b]ve] _ki mqa ] iap]boe_] `k ÎOan ajmq]jpk OanÏ a ] ia) p]boe_] `]o oq^op j_e]o $@aqo( ]hi]( iqj`k7 ejbejepk( lajo]jpa( atpajo]% _a`aooai hqc]n ]k aopq`k `k oan `ebanaj_e]`k ai ajpao `kp]`ko `a aooj_e]o ln lne]o a enna`qpraeo qjo ]ko kqpnko* Aooa aopq`k oane] ] kjpkhkce] ok^ ] bkni] `a kjpkhkce]o nacekj]eo*
ëjpe_k a kjpkhce_k
-ARTINß(EIDEGGERßß ¯
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eiko mqa ] l]h]rn] lkqlildf^ `aner] `k l]npe_lek lnaoajpa `k ran^k bfk^f $oan%( eopk ( `a lk $ÎajpaÏ% a q lkq^ $Î]o _keo]oÏ( Îko ajpaoÏ%( `ko mq]eo rai k oq^op]jperk q lk6 Îk OanÏ* K beh okbk ]haik I]npej Dae`accan lnkl a `eopejcqen `q]o l]h]rn]o6 kqf`l a lkqli* df`l* ìkqf`l oa nabana aopnqpqn] a aooj_e] ln lne] `a qi ajpa( ]mqehk mqa aha ai oe iaoik( oq] e`ajpe`]`a( oq] `ebanaj] ai b]_a `a kqpnko ajpao( oq]o nah] ao _ki kqpnko ajpao* Lkqlidf`l oa nabana ]k aopq`k behko be_k `ko ajpao( ejraopec]k `ko _kj_aepko mqa jko laniep]i _kjda_an a `apaniej]n lahk lajo]iajpk ai mqa _kjoeopai ]o ik`]he`]`ao jpe_]o( mq]eo ko ipk`ko ]`amq]`ko l]n] k aopq`k `a _]`] qi] `ah]o( mq]eo ]o _]packne]o mqa oa ]lhe_]i ] _]`] qi] `ah]o* Ai naoqik6 kqf`l `ev naolaepk ]ko ajpao ai oq] ateopj_e] ln lne]7 lkqlidf`l `ev naolaepk ]ko ajpao pki]`ko _kik k^fapko `a _kjda_eiajpk* ?kik ateopai `ebanajpao aoba) n]o kq nace ao jpe_]o( ateopenk kjpkhkce]o nacekj]eo mqa oa k_ql]i _ki _]`] qi] `ah]o* Ai jkoo] atlanej_e] _kpe`e]j]( `eopejcqeiko aolkjp]ja]iajpa _ej_k cn]j`ao aopnqpqn]o jpe_]o6
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x 5.)$!$%ß x = iap]boe_]
ko ajpao i]pane]eo kq j]pqn]eo mqa _d]i]iko `a `lfp^p ob^fp $bnqp]o( nrknao( la`n]o( neko( aopnah]o( ]nae]( k Okh( ] Hq]( iap]eo( ap_*%7
.* ko ajpao i]pane]eo ]npebe_e]eo mqa p]i^i _d]i]) iko `a `lfp^p ob^fp $jkoo] _]o]( iao]o( _]`aen]o( ]qpki raeo( pahabkja( _kilqp]`kn( h il]`]o( _dq) raenk( nkql]o( _]h]`ko( ln]pko( p]hdanao( ap_*%7 /* ko ajpao e`a]eo( eopk ( ]mqahao mqa jk ok _keo]o i]pane]eo( i]o e`ae]o can]eo( _kj_a^e`]o lahk laj) o]iajpk h ce_k( i]paipe_k( _eajpbe_k( behko be_k a ]ko mq]eo `]iko k jkia `a fab^ifa^abp $ecq]h) `]`a( `ebanaj]( j iank( n]ev mq]`n]`]( _n_qhk( _kjfqjpk( _h]ooa( bqjk( r]nerah( bnamqj_e]( ]jei]h( racap]h( iejan]h( boe_k( lomqe_k( i]pne]( ajance]( ap_*%7 0* ko ajpao mqa lk`ai oan r]hknev]`ko lkoeper] kq jac]per]iajpa a ]ko mq]eo `]iko k jkia `a s^* ilobp $^ahav]( baeqn]( r_ek( renpq`a( n]nk( _kiqi( ^ki( i]h( fqopk( ejfqopk( `eb_eh( b_eh( lkoorah( ei) lkoorah( ran`]`aenk( b]hok( `aoafrah( ej`aoafrah( ap_*%7 1* ko ajpao mqa lanpaj_ai ] qi] na]he`]`a `ebanaj) pa `]mqah] ] mqa lanpaj_ai ]o _keo]o( ]o e`a]he) `]`ao a ko r]hknao a ]ko mq]eo `]iko k jkia `a jbq^cpf`lp $] `erej`]`a kq k ]^okhqpk7 k ejbejepk a k j]`]7 ] iknpa a ] eiknp]he`]`a7 ] e`ajpe`]`a a ] ]hpane`]`a7 k iqj`k _kik qje`]`a( ] nah]k a `ebanaj_e]k `a pk`ko ko ajpao kq `a pk`]o ]o aopnqpqn]o jpe_]o( ap_*%*
Ik^ehenek l]n] mq]npk `a raopen `a oajdkn]( `a -5./( l]npa `] ?]o] Î=i DknjÏ( atlaneiajp]h( _ne]k `k `aoecjan I]n_ah >naqan( mqa qokq _kj_aepko _kjopnqpereop]o ai oaq pn]^]hdk*
?kik l]oo]iko `] atlanej_e] jpe_] ejraopec]k kjpkh ce_]; Mq]j`k ]mqehk mqa b]v l]npa `a jkoo] re`] _kpe`e]j] oa pknj] lnk^haipe_k( aopn]jdk( _kjbqok7 mq]j`k okiko oqnlnaaj`e`ko lah]o _keo]o a lah]o laook]o( lknmqa ]_kjpa_a ]hck ejaolan]`k kq eilnareorah7 mq]j`k `aoaf]iko qo]n _anp]o _keo]o a jk o]^aiko _kik he`]n _ki ah]o7 ajbei( mq]j`k k oecjebe_]`k _kopqiaenk `]o _keo]o( `]o ] ao( `ko r]hknao kq `]o laook]o lan`a oajpe`k kq oa ikopn] k^o_qnk a _kjbqok( kq mq]j`k k mqa jko bke `epk( ajoej]) `k a pn]joiepe`k ok^na ahao f jk jko o]peob]v a mqanaiko o]^an i]eo a iahdkn* Lk`aiko( ajpk( lancqjp]n6 ÎK mqa eook mqa _d]i]iko `a _keo] na]h $_keo]o j]pqn]eo a _keo]o ]npebe_e]eo kq _qhpqn]eo%;Ï* @enaiko mqa qi] _keo] _d]i]`] `a na]h lknmqa lanpaj_a ] qi _kjfqjpk `a ajpao mqa lkooqai ai _kiqi ] iaoi] aopnqpqn] kjpkh ce_]6 ok ajpao mqa ateopai bkn] `a j o( aopk jk iqj`k `e]jpa `a j o( eopk ( ok qi pbo7 ok ajpao mqa ateopai mqan j o ko lan_a^]iko mqan jk( mqan j o ko qoaiko mqan jk7 aopk lnaoajpao jk iqj`k( iaoik mqa jk aopaf]i lnaoajpao l]n] j o( lkeo lk`ai aop]n lnaoajpao l]n] pk`ko kq be_]n lnaoajpao l]n] j o ai ]hcqi ikiajpk( eopk ( ok qi] ob^ifa^ab7 ok ajpao mqa _kia]i ] ateopen a lk`ai `ao]l]na_an( iaoik mqa oaq `ao]l]na_eiajpk oaf] iqepk i]eo hajpk `k mqa k jkook( ok ajpao mqa `qn]i a lkooqai `qn]k( eopk ( ok qbjmlo^fp7 ok ajpao mqa oa pn]jobkni]i jk pailk( ok lnk`qve`ko lah] ]k `a kqpnko a lnk`qvai kqpnko( k^a`a_aj`k ] _anpko lnej_leko( eopk ( ok _]qo]o a abaepko( ok `^rp^ifa^abp* Pbo( ob^ifa^ab( qbjmlo^ifa^ab a `^rp^ifa^ab ok _kj_aepko kjpkh ce_ko mqa `ao_narai ] aooj_e] `ko ajpao _d]i]`ko Î_keo]oÏ* Jk _]ok `ko ajpao e`a]eo( ko _kj_aepko kjpkh ce_ko ok ^]op]jpa `ebanajpao* Ai lneiaenk hqc]n( p]eo ajpao jk ok _keo]o na]eo Í bpqb _]r]hk qi] _keo] na]h( i]o ^ fabf^ `k _]r]hk jk
.12
= kjpkhkce] _kjpailkn ja] x #!0É45,/ß x
)MAGE&ORUM!GENCEß&RANCEß0RESSE
qi] _keo]( qi _kj_aepk a ateopa ]laj]o _kik _kj_aepk* Ai oacqj`k hqc]n( jk _]qo]i qjo ]ko kqpnko( i]o ok ajpao mqa lkooqai qi] `abejek ln lne]( lk`aj`k nah]_ekj]n)oa _ki kqpnko Í ] e`ae] `a dkiai jk _]qo] ] e`ae] `a _]r]hk( i]o ah]o lk`ai nah]_ekj]n)oa mq]j) `k k deopkne]`kn( lkn atailhk( ikopn] ] `ebanaj] ajpna ok_ea`]`ao _qfk atn_epk o lkooqe ] ejb]jp]ne] a ]mqah]o mqa ejrajp]n]i ] _]r]h]ne]7 qi _n_qhk jk _]qo] qi pne jcqhk( i]o lk`aiko ejo_naran pne jcqhko jqi _n_qhk l]n] `aikjopn]n qi paknai] kq naokhran qi lnk^hai]* Ok( lknp]jpk( bkqbp obi^`flk^fp( i]o jk ok nace`ko lahk _kj_aepk `a _]qo]he`]`a* Ai pan_aenk hqc]n( jk ateopai `k iaoik ik`k mqa ]o _keo]o( eopk ( jk _kia]i ] ateopen( pn]jobkni]i)oa a `ao]l]na_ai Í qi pne jcqhk( qi] ejbanj_e]( ] e`ae] `a racap]h jk j]o) _ai jai iknnai( ok ^qbjmlo^fp* Fab^ifa^ab( obi^ l a ^qbjmlo^ifa^ab ok ko _kj_aepko kjpkh ce_ko l]n] ko ajpao e`a]eo* Jk _]ok `ko ajpao mqa ok r]hknao( ko _kj_aepko kjpkh ce_ko lnej_el]eo mqa ko `ao_narai aooaj_e]hiajpa ok ] nr^ifa^ab $qi r]hkn lk`a oan jac]perk kq ]beni]perk% a ] mli^ofa^ab kq lmlpf l $ko r]hknao oailna oa ]lnaoajp]i _kik l]nao `a klkopko6 ^ki)i]q( ^ahk)baek( fqopk)ejfqopk( ran`]`aenk)b]hok( ap_*%* K^oanraiko mqa k oajpe`k `]o _keo]o j]pqn]eo oa ]hpan] _ki ] iq`]j] `ko _kjda_e) iajpko _eajpbe_ko( ]ooei _kik oa ]hpan] k oajpe`k `ko ajpao e`a]eo $k mqa ko cnacko ajpaj) `e]i lkn j iank jk k mqa ] i]paipe_] ik`anj] ajpaj`a lkn j iank( lkn atailhk%* Jk _]ok `ko ajpao na]eo ]npebe_e]eo( eopk ( `]o _keo]o lnk`qve`]o lahk dkiai _ki ]o p_je_]o a ]o ]npao( ] iq`]j] jk ]laj]o `a oajpe`k( i]o `]o ln lne]o _keo]o Í ajpao p_je_ko be_]i k^okhapko a _]ai ai `aoqok mq]j`k kqpnko( i]eo okbeope_]`ko( ok lnk`qve`ko* K oajpe`k `ko r]hknao p]i^i iq`] j]o `ebanajpao ok_ea`]`ao a lk_]o6 k mqa an] ej]_aeprah jqi] ok_ea`]`a kq jqi] lk_] lk`a pknj]n)oa ]_aeprah a `aoafrah jkqpn] kq re_a)rano]* Oa _kjoe`an]niko ko ajpao j] lanola_per] `ko oanao dqi]jko( `enaiko mqa pk`ko ko ajpao Í j]pqn]eo( ]npebe_e]eo( e`a]eo( r]hknao( iap]boe_ko Í ok ajpao _qhpqn]eo a deop ne_ko( oq^iape) `ko ]k pailk( iq`]j]( lkeo oaq oajpe`k Í oq] aooj_e] Í iq`] _ki ] _qhpqn]* Jk ajp]jpk( lk`aiko k^oanr]n p]i^i mqa ]o _]packne]o kjpkh ce_]o $oan( na]he`]`a( _]qo]he`]`a( pailk) n]he`]`a( e`a]he`]`a( ]pailkn]he`]`a( nah]k( `ebanaj]( mq]he`]`a( mq]jpe`]`a( lkh]ne`]`a( klkoek( ap_*% lani]ja_ai( ]ej`] mqa iq`ai oaqo k^fapko* =ooei( lkn atailhk( ] _ej_e] boe_] lk`a kbana_an qi] atlhe_]k ejpaen]iajpa jkr] l]n] k bajiajk `] lan_alk `]o _k) nao* ?kjpq`k( ] ateopj_e] `] hqv( `] _kn( `] lan_alk `]o _keo]o _khkne`]o lani]ja_a a ] aoo] lani]jj_e] mqa oa nabana ] kjpkhkce]* Qi] ok_ea`]`a lk`a _kjoe`an]n k dkikooatq]heoik i]o_qhejk qi r]hkn lkoeperk $_kik bke k _]ok j] ok_ea`]`a cnac] ]jpec]% kq qi r]hkn jac]perk $_kik j] ok_ea`]`a ejchao] repkne]j]( `k o_qhk TET%( i]o k ]pk `a r]hkn]n lkoeper] kq jac]pe) r]iajpa ]hcqi] ]k lani]ja_a a aoo] lani]jj_e] mqa ejpanaoo] kjpkhkce]*
= jkr] kjpkhkce]6 jai na]heoik( jai e`a]heoik
-ERLEAU 0ONTYßß ¯
.13
B
eh okbko mqa rean]i ]l o Dqooanh a ]`kp]n]i oq]o e`ae]o `aoajrkhran]i ] jkr] kjpkhk) ce]* Ajpna aooao beh okbko( `keo iana_ai aola_e]h `aop]mqa6 k ]haik I]npej Dae`accan $`a mqai b]h]iko ]jpanekniajpa% a k bn]j_o I]qne_a Ianha]q)Lkjpu* =i^ko ik`ebe) _]n]i rne]o `]o e`ae]o `a Dqooanh a aobkn]n]i)oa l]n] he^an]n ] kjpkhkce] `k rahdk lnk^hai] `aet]`k lah] iap]boe_]( mq]h oaf]( k `ehai] `k na]heoik a `k e`a]heoik( `ehai] mqa Dqooanh naokhran] ai b]rkn `k e`a]heoik lahk l]lah lnalkj`an]jpa mqa `an] _kjo_ej_e] pn]jo_aj) `ajp]h kq ]k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk* Mq]h k `ehai] lkopk lahk na]heoik a lahk e`a]heoik; K na]heoik ]beni] mqa( oa aheie) j]niko k oqfaepk kq ] _kjo_ej_e]( naop]i ]o _keo]o ai oe iaoi]o( ] na]he`]`a ran`]`aen]( k oan ai oe* K e`a]heoik( ]k _kjpnnek( ]beni] mqa( oa aheiej]niko ]o _keo]o kq k krjbkl( naop] ] _kjo_ej_e] kq k oqfaepk mqa( lkn iaek `]o klan] ao `k _kjda_eiajpk( narah] ] na]he`]`a( k k^fapk*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = iap]boe_]
Dae`accan a Ianha]q)Lkjpu ]beni]i mqa ]o `q]o lkoe ao aopk amqerk_]`]o a mqa ok Îannko ciakoÏ( _]^aj`k jkr] kjpkhkce] oqlan)hko* ?kik naokhran qi lnk^hai] iehaj]n _kik aooa a mqa ( ]bej]h( ] ln lne] deop ne] `] iap]boe_] a `] kjpkhkce]; @evai ko `keo beh okbko6 oa aheiej]niko ] _kjo_ej_e]( jk ok^n] j]`]( lkeo ]o _keo]o ateopai l]n] j o( eopk ( l]n] qi] _kjo_ej_e] mqa ]o lan_a^a( ei]cej]( mqa `ah]o oa hai^n]( jah]o lajo]( mqa ]o pn]jobkni] lahk pn]^]hdk( ap_* Oa aheiej]niko ]o _keo]o( p]i^i jk naop] j]`]( lkeo jk lk`aiko reran oai k iqj`k jai bkn] `aha7 jk okiko ko _ne]`knao `k iqj`k a oei oaqo d]^ep]jpao* @]iko oajpe`k ]k iqj`k( pn]jobkni]iko ]o _keo]o( _ne]iko qpajoheko( k^n]o `a ]npa( ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo( i]o jk _ne]iko k ln lnek iqj`k* Oai ] _kjo_ej_e]( jk d iqj`k l]n] j o* Oai k iqj`k( jk paiko _kik _kjda_an jai ]cen* Qi iqj`k oai j o oan pq`k mq]jpk oa mqaen]( iajko k mqa ajpaj`aiko lkn na]he`]`a* Qi] _kjo_ej_e] oai k iqj`k oan pq`k mq]jpk oa mqaen]( iajko _kjo_ej_e] dqi]j]* = jkr] kjpkhkce] l]npa `] ]beni]k `a mqa bpq^jlp kl jrkal a `a mqa l jrkal j^fp sbiel al nrb kp $eopk ( jk aolankq k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk l]n] ateopen%( i]o( oeiqhp]) ja]iajpa( `a mqa okiko _]l]vao `a `]n oajpe`k ]k iqj`k( _kjda_)hk a pn]jobkni)hk* Jk okiko qi] _kjo_ej_e] nabhater] lqn]( i]o qi] _kjo_ej_e] aj_]nj]`] jqi _kn) lk* Jkook _knlk jk ]laj]o qi] _keo] j]pqn]h( p]h _kik ] boe_]( ] ^ekhkce] a ] loe_khkce] k aopq`]i( i]o qi _knlk dqi]jk( eopk ( d]^ep]`k a ]jei]`k lkn qi] _kjo_ej_e]* Jk okiko lajo]iajpk lqnk( lkeo okiko qi _knlk* Jk okiko qi] _keo] j]pqn]h( lkeo okiko qi] _kjo_ej_e]* K iqj`k jk qi _kjfqjpk `a _keo]o a b]pko aopq`]`ko lah]o _ej_e]o oacqj`k na) h] ao `a _]qo] a abaepk a haeo j]pqn]eo* =hi `k iqj`k _kik _kjfqjpk n]_ekj]h `a b]pko _eajpbe_ko( d k iqj`k _kik hqc]n kj`a reraiko _ki ko kqpnko a nk`a]`ko lah]o _keo]o( qi iqj`k mq]hep]perk `a _knao( okjo( k`knao( becqn]o( beoekjkie]o( k^op_qhko( qi iqj`k ]baperk `a laook]o( hqc]nao( hai^n]j]o( lnkiaoo]o( aolan]j]o( _kjbhepko( hqp]o* Okiko oanao qbjmlo^fp Í j]o_aiko a paiko _kjo_ej_e] `] iknpa* Okiko oanao fkqbo* pr_gbqfslp Í reraiko j] _kil]jde] `ko kqpnko* Okiko oanao `riqro^fp Í _ne]iko ] hejcq]) cai( k pn]^]hdk( ] ok_ea`]`a( ] nahecek( ] lkhpe_]( ] pe_]( ]o ]npao a ]o p_je_]o( ] behkokbe] a ]o _ej_e]o* K mqa ( lkeo( ] na]he`]`a; fqop]iajpa ] ateopj_e] `k iqj`k i]pane]h( j]pqn]h( e`a]h( _qhpqn]h a ] jkoo] ateopj_e] jaha* = na]he`]`a k _]ilk bkni]`k lkn oanao kq ajpao `ebanaj) _e]`ko a nah]_ekj]`ko ajpna oe mqa lkooqai oajpe`k ai oe iaoiko a mqa p]i^i na_a^ai `a j o kqpnko a jkrko oajpe`ko* = na]he`]`a kq k Oan jk k K^fapk)?keo]( oai ] _kjo_ej_e]* I]o( p]i^i( jk k Oqfaepk)?kjo_ej_e]( oai ]o _keo]o a ko kqpnko* = na]he`]`a kq k Oan k _nqv]iajpk a ] `ebanaj_e]k ajpna k oajorah a k ejpahecrah( ajpna k i]pane]h)j]pqn]h a k e`a]h)_qhpqn]h( ajpna k mq]hep]perk a k mq]jpep]perk( ajpna k b]pk a k oajpe`k( ajpna k lomqe_k a k _knlkn]h( ap_* K mqa aopq`] ] kjpkhkce]; Ko ajpao kq oanao ^kqbp mqa oaf]i ejraopec]`ko la) h]o _ej_e]o a abmlfp mqa oa pknj]n]i ajecipe_ko l]n] jkoo] re`] _kpe`e]j]* Ai kqpn]o l]) h]rn]o6 ko ajpao kq ko oanao ^kqbp `a oanai pn]jobkni]`ko ai _kj_aepko `]o _ej_e]o a( _kik reiko j] Ejpnk`qk `aopa hernk( abmlfp mqa jkoo] atlanej_e] _kpe`e]j] okbnaq k aol]jpk( ] ]`ien]k a k aopn]jd]iajpk `a mqa ahao oaf]i _kik jko l]na_ai oan( kq jk oaf]i k mqa jko l]na_ai oan* = kjpkhkce] aopq`] ]o aooj_e]o ]jpao mqa oaf]i b]pko `] _ej_e] atlhe_]per] a `alkeo mqa oa pknj]n]i aopn]jd]o l]n] j o* @eck( lkn atailhk6 ÎRafk aop] _]o] raniahd]( ln tei] `] ]vqhÏ* = kjpkhkce] ej`]c]6 ÎK mqa ran( mq]h ] aooj_e] `] reok;Ï( ÎK mqa qi] _]o] kq mq]h ] aooj_e] `] d]^ep]k;Ï( ÎMqa raniahdk kq ]vqh kq mq]h ] aooj_e] `] _kn kq k mqa _kn;Ï( ÎMqa ran _knao;Ï* Lancqjpk( lkn atailhk6 ÎMqa dkn]o ok;Ï* = kjpkhkce] ej`]c]6 ÎK mqa k pailk;Ï( ÎMq]h ] aooj_e] `] pailkn]he`]`a;Ï* La`nk b]h]6 Î= _e`]`a f aop lanpkÏ* = kjpkhkce] ej`]c]6 ÎK mqa k aol]k;Ï( ÎMq]h ] aooj_e] `] aol]_e]he`]`a;Ï( ÎMqa lanpk a hkjca;Ï( ÎMqa ] `eop j_e];Ï*
.14
= kjpkhkce] _kjpailkn ja] x #!0É45,/ß x
=jpjek `ev ] L]qhk6 Î=mqah]o `q]o nrknao ok e`jpe_]o( i]o ] pan_aen] `ebanajpaÏ* = kjpkhkce] ej`]c]6 ÎK mqa e`ajpe`]`a;Ï( ÎA ] `ebanaj];Ï( ÎK mqa Ð`q]oÑ a Ðpan_aen]Ñ( kq oaf]( k mqa k j iank;Ï* =j] ia `ev6 ÎKqre qi] i oe_] ^ahooei]( jk aoo] _keo] bae] mqa rk_ aop ao_qp]j`kÏ* = kjpkhkce] ej`]c]6 ÎK mqa ] ^ahav] a ] baeqn];Ï( ÎAteopai k ^ahk ai oe a k baek ai oe( kq ^ahav] kq baeqn] ok ]r]he] ao a r]hknao mqa ]pne^qiko o _keo]o;Ï( ÎK mqa qi r]hkn;Ï* ?a_he] _kjp] ] Fk]j]6 ÎLa`nk na]hevkq qi ]pk cajankok lnkpacaj`k ] _ne]j]( i]o Aqc) je] bke ackop] ]k jk ]fq`)hkÏ* = kjpkhkce] ej`]c]6 ÎK mqa ] cajankoe`]`a kq k ackoik;Ï( ÎAteopai ai oe a lkn oe iaoiko kq ok ]r]he] ao mqa b]vaiko `]o ] ao dqi]j]o;Ï( ÎK mqa qi r]hkn;Ï* ?kik oa k^oanr]( ] kjpkhkce] ejraopec] ] aooj_e] kq k oajpe`k `k ajpa boe_k kq j]pq) n]h( `k ajpa lomqe_k( h ce_k( i]paipe_k( aoppe_k( pe_k( pailkn]h( aol]_e]h( ap_* Ejraopec] ]o `ebanaj]o a ]o nah] ao ajpna ahao( oaq ik`k ln lnek `a ateopen( oq] knecai( oq] bej]he`]`a* K mqa k iqj`k; K mqa k aq kq ] _kjo_ej_e]; K mqa k _knlk; K mqa k kqpnk; K mqa k aol]k)pailk; K mqa ] hejcq]cai; K mqa k pn]^]hdk( ] nahecek( ] ]npa( ] ok_ea`]`a( ] deop ne]( ] iknpa( k ejbejepk; Aeo ]o mqaop ao `] kjpkhkce]* Na_qlan])oa( ]ooei( ] rahd] mqaopk behko be_]6 ÎK mqa eopk mqa ;Ï( i]o ]_nao_e`] `a jkr] mqaopk6 ÎL]n] mqai eopk mqa ;Ï* Rkhp])oa( lkeo( ] ^qo_]n k Oan kq ] aooj_e] `]o _keo]o( `ko ]pko( `ko r]hknao dqi]jko( `] re`] a `] iknpa( `k ejbejepk a `k bejepk* = lancqjp] ÎK mqa eopk mqa ;Ï nabana)oa ]k ik`k `a oan `ko ajpao j]pqn]eo( ]npebe_e]eo( e`a]eo a dqi]jko7 ] lan) cqjp] ÎL]n] mqai eopk mqa ;Ï nabana)oa ]k oajpe`k kq oecjebe_]k `aooao ajpao* Pkiaiko qi atailhk l]n] jko ]fq`]n ] _kilnaaj`an k ik`k `a lajo]n `] kjpkhkce]* =_kil]jdaiko( ^naraiajpa( k aopq`k `a Ianha]q)Lkjpu ok^na ] aooj_e] kq k oan `k jkook _knlk a( ] oacqen( k oan a ] aooj_e] `k pailk*
K jkook _knlk
K
mqa k jkook _knlk; Mq]h ] oq] aooj_e]; = boe_] `en mqa qi ]cnac]`k `a pkiko( qi] _anp] i]oo] a ajance] mqa bqj_ekj] `a ]_kn`k _ki ]o haeo can]eo `] j]pqnav]* = mqie_] `en mqa baepk `a ikh_qh]o `a cq]( kte) cjek( _]n^kjk( `a ajvei]o a lnkpaj]o( bqj_ekj]j`k _kik mq]hmqan kqpnk _knlk mqie_k* = ^ekhkce] `en mqa qi knc]jeoik rerk( qi ej`er`qk iai^nk `a qi] aol_ea $]jei]h( i]ibank( ranpa^n]`k( ^la`a%( _]l]v `a ]`]lp]n)oa ]k iaek ]i^eajpa lkn klan] ao a bqj) ao ejpanj]o( `kp]`k `a qi _ `eck cajpe_k dana`epnek( mqa oa nalnk`qv oatq]hiajpa* = loe_khkce] `en mqa qi baeta `a _]nja( i o_qhko( kooko( mqa bkni]i ]l]nahdko na_alpknao `a aopiqhko atpanjko a ejpanjko a ]l]nahdko aieooknao `a naolkop]o ejpanj]o a atpanj]o ] p]eo aopiqhko( _]l]v `a pan _kilknp]iajpko k^oanrraeo* Pk`]o aoo]o naolkop]o `evai mqa jkook _knlk qi] _keo] ajpna ]o _keo]o( qi] imqej] na_alper] a ]per] mqa lk`a oan atlhe_]`] lkn nah] ao `a _]qo] a abaepk( oq]o klan] ao ok k^oanrraeo `enap] kq ej`enap]iajpa Í lk`aj`k oan at]iej]`k ai oaqo ijeiko `ap]hdao jko h]^kn]p neko( _h]ooebe_]`k a _kjda_e`k* Jkook _knlk( _kik mq]hmqan _keo]( qi k^fapk `a _kjda_eiajpk* Lkni( oan eook k _knlk mqa klppl; Iaq _knlk qi oan reorah jk iaek `ko kqpnko oanao reoraeo( i]o mqa pai ] la_qhe]ne) `]`a `a oan qi reorah re`ajpa6 rafk( ]hi `a oan reop]* Jk o eook* Lkook ia ran( okq reorah l]n] iei iaoi]* A lkook ia ran raj`k* Iaq _knlk qi oan p_peh _kik ko kqpnko _knlko( lk`aj`k oan pk_]`k* I]o p]i^i pai k lk`an `a pk_]n( pk_]jpa7 a _]l]v `a pk_]n)oa( _kik mq]j`k iejd] ik `enaep] pk_] ] aomqan`] a f jk o]^aiko mqai pk_] a mqai pk_]`k*
.15
x 5.)$!$%ß x = iap]boe_]
Iaq _knlk okjknk _kik kqpnko _knlko( _kik ko _neop]eo a ko iap]eo7 lk`a oan kqre`k* I]o pai k lk`an `a kqren* I]eo `k mqa eook( lk`a b]van)oa kqren a lk`a kqren)oa mq]j`k aiepa okjo* @k bqj`k `] c]nc]jp]( l]oo]j`k lah] hjcq] a lahko `ajpao( _ki ko ikreiajpko `a iaqo h^eko pn]jobknik ] okjkne`]`a ai oajpe`k( `evaj`k l]h]rn]o* Kqk)ia b]h]j`k a kqk mqai ia b]h]* Okq okjkn] l]n] iei iaoi]* Iaq _knlk aopaj`a ] ik a pk_] kqpn] ik ai kqpnk _knlk( r qi khd]n( lan_a^a qi] beoekjkie]( ao_qp] qi] kqpn] rkv6 oae mqa `e]jpa `a iei aop qi _knlk mqa iaq kqpnk( qi kqpnk dqi]jk d]^ep]`k lkn _kjo_ej_e] a aq k oae lknmqa ia b]h] a( _kik aq( oaq _knlk lnk`qv l]h]rn]o( oajpe`ko* Reorah)re`ajpa( p_peh)pk_]jpa( okjknk)kqrejpa+b]h]jpa( iaq _knlk oa r raj`k( oa pk_] pk_]j`k( oa ao_qp] ao_qp]j`k a b]h]j`k* Iaq _knlk jk _keo]( jk imqej]( jk baeta `a kooko( i o_qhko a o]jcqa( jk qi] na`a `a _]qo]o a abaepko( jk qi na_alp_qhk l]n] qi] ]hi] kq l]n] qi] _kjo_ej_e]6 iaq ik`k bqj`]iajp]h `a oan a `a aop]n jk iqj`k( `a ia nah]_ekj]n _ki aha a `a aha oa nah]_ekj]n _kieck* Iaq _knlk qi oajorah mqa oajpa a oa oajpa( mqa oa o]^a oajpen a oa oajpej`k* qi] ejpanekne`]`a atpaneknev]`] a qi] atpanekne) `]`a ejpaneknev]`]* aooa k oan kq ] aooj_e] `k iaq _knlk* Iaq _knlk pai( _kik pk`ko ko ajpao( qi] `eiajok iap]boe_] kq kjpkh ce_]*
K mqa k pailk;
A
op]iko ]_kopqi]`ko ] _kjoe`an]n k pailk _kik qi] hejd] nap]( baep] `] oq_aook `a ejop]jpao( kq _kik qi] oq_aook `a Î]ckn]oÏ Í qi Î]ckn]Ï mqa f bke k l]oo]`k( k Î]ckn]Ï mqa aop oaj`k k lnaoajpa( qi Î]ckn]Ï mqa ren k bqpqnk* = iap]boe_] na]heop] qo]( bnamqajpaiajpa( ] ei]cai `k nek l]n] nalnaoajp]n k pailk _kik ]hck mqa l]oo] oai _aoo]n6 ] j]o_ajpa k l]oo]`k( k hqc]n kj`a ia aj_kjpnk k lna) oajpa( ] bkv k bqpqnk* D `keo ajc]jko jaoo] ei]cai* Ai lneiaenk hqc]n( pn]p])oa `a qi] ei]cai bpm^`f^i l]n] nabanen)oa ]k mqa qbjmlo^i( eopk ( lnapaj`a atlhe_]n ] aooj_e] `k pailk $k ao_k]iajpk% qo]j`k ] aooj_e] `k aol]k $] oq_aook `a lkjpko%* Ai oacqj`k hqc]n( ] ei]cai `k nek jk _knnaolkj`a ]k ao_k]iajpk `k pailk* L]n] mqa _knnaolkj`aooa( lna_eo]ne] aop]n ejranpe`]( lkeo ] cq] mqa aop j] j]o_ajpa ]mqah] mqa ]ej`] jk l]ookq lahk hqc]n kj`a aopkq a( lknp]jpk( ah] ( l]n] iei( k bqpqnk a jk k l]oo]`k7 ] cq] mqa aop j] bkv ]mqah] mqa f l]ookq lahk hqc]n kj`a aopkq a( lknp]jpk( l]n] iei( k l]oo]`k a jk k bqpqnk* Pajp]j`k arep]n ko ajc]jko `k na]heoik( ] iap]boe_] e`a]heop] `en mqa k pailk ] bkni] `k oajpe`k ejpanjk( eopk ( qi] bkni] _ne]`] lahk oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk kq lah] _kjo_ej_e] nabhater] l]n] knc]jev]n ] atlanej_e] oq^faper] `] oq_aook* K pailk jk ateo) pa( i]o qi] e`a]he`]`a lnk`qve`] lah] n]vk( qi _kj_aepk oq^faperk l]n] aopnqpqn]n k mqa atlaneiajp]`k _kik oq_aooerk* Qi jkrk ajc]jk ]_]^] `a oan _kiape`k* Oa k pailk bkn qi] bkni] kq qi _kj_aepk lnk`qve`k lah] _kjo_ej_e] nabhater] kq lahk oqfaepk l]n] knc]jev]n ] oq_aook( jk d]ran oq_aook ] knc]jev]n( lkeo ] _kjo_ej_e] nabhater] kq k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk klan] oailna a at_hqoer]iajpa _ki k mqa ]pq]h( _ki k mqa aop `]`k lnaoajpaiajpa ]k lajo]iajpk* L]n] ] nabhatk o ateopa ] oeiqhp]jae`]`a( a ] oq_aook oa na`qv ] qi] atlanej_e] loe_k) h ce_] kq ailne_]( ]k oajpeiajpk `a mqa d qi Î]jpaoÏ a qi Î`alkeoÏ a mqa p]eo l]h]rn]o ej`e_]i k ik`k _kik jko nabaneiko ] hai^n]j]o a atla_p]per]o laook]eo* Ej`]cqaiko( lkni( k mqa reraj_e]n k ln lnek pailk* Mq]j`k reraj_ek k iaq lna) oajpa( aha oa ]lnaoajp] _kik qi] oepq]k j] mq]h oejpk( b]k( `eck( lajok _keo]o( ]pqk `a rne]o i]jaen]o a pajdk atlanej_e] `a qi] oepq]k ]^anp]( eopk ( j] mq]h iqep]o _keo]o ok lkooraeo l]n] iei a ai mqa iqep]o _keo]o lk`ai ]_kjpa_an* Mq]j`k naiaiknk iaq l]oo]`k( lan_a^k mqa ajpna aha a k iaq lnaoajpa d qi] `ebanaj]6 mq]j`k aha an] k iaq
.2,
!LFREDß%ISENSTAEDT4IMEß,IFEß0ICTURES'ETTYß)MAGES
= kjpkhkce] _kjpailkn ja] x #!0É45,/ß x
.2-
lnaoajpa( p]i^i aop]r] ]^anpk ] iqep]o lkooe^ehe`]`ao( i]o okiajpa ]hcqi]o oa na]hev]) n]i* Lkn eook( k l]oo]`k hai^n]`k jk qi] oepq]k ]^anp] _kik k lnaoajpa( i]o ba_d]`]( paniej]`]* =ooei( iaq l]oo]`k jk oeilhaoiajpa k mqa raek ]jpao `k iaq lnaoajpa( i]o ]hck mq]hep]per]iajpa `ebanajpa `k lnaoajpa6 aopa ]^anpk7 ]mqaha( ba_d]`k* Mq]j`k ei]cejk iaq bqpqnk( ]jparafk( ^]oa]`] j]o lkooe^ehe`]`ao ]^anp]o ai iaq lna) oajpa( _kik oane] oa _anp]o lkooe^ehe`]`ao oa _kj_napev]ooai a oa kqpn]o jk oa na]hev]ooai* Iaq bqpqnk jk oeilhaoiajpa k mqa rai `alkeo `k iaq lnaoajpa( i]o ]hck mq]hep]per]iaj) pa `ebanajpa `k lnaoajpa6 k mqa lk`an oan oa ]o ]^anpqn]o `k iaq lnaoajpa oa _kj_napev]nai a( lknp]jpk( oa k mqa( dkfa( aop ]^anpk kq ai oqolajok( aoperan( ]i]jd( ba_d]`k a na]hev]`k* Iaq l]oo]`k a iaq bqpqnk jqj_] ok ko iaoiko* ?]`] rav mqa ia hai^nk `k iaq l]o) o]`k( aq k b]k _ki ^]oa jk iaq lnaoajpa a( ] _]`] rav( aopa `ebanajpa( b]vaj`k)ia na_kn`]n `a i]jaen]o `erano]o k mqa l]ookq* ?]`] rav mqa ei]cejk iaq bqpqnk( aq k b]k _ki ^]oa jk iaq lnaoajpa( mqa( oaj`k oailna `ebanajpa( ei]cej] `ebanajpaiajpa k bqpqnk* Jk narerk k l]oo]`k( i]o k naiaiknk p]h _kik okq dkfa ai iaq lnaoajpa* Jk rerk iaq bqpqnk( i]o k ei]cejk p]h _kik okq dkfa ai iaq lnaoajpa* K lnaoajpa qi] _kjpn]k pailkn]h mqa ]nn]j_] k l]oo]`k `k aomqa_eiajpk a ]^na k bqpqnk l]n] k lkoorah* K l]oo]`k a k bqpqnk ok `eh]p] ao pailkn]eo( `eopajo ao `k lnaoajpa* Mqa hai^n]n; _]lp]n jk _kjpjqk pailkn]h qi] `ebanaj] ob^i ajpna k mqa aopkq re) raj`k jk lnaoajpa a k mqa aopkq reraj_e]j`k `k l]oo]`k* Mqa aomqa_an; lan`an ] beoekjk) ie] kq k nahark `a qi ikiajpk `k l]oo]`k* Mqa aolan]n; ^qo_]n jk _kjpjqk pailkn]h qi] `ebanaj] mlppsbi ajpna k mqa aopkq reraj`k a k mqa aopkq reraj_e]j`k `k bqpqnk* K mqa k pailk; Ai lneiaenk hqc]n( qi ao) _k]iajpk ejpanjk a atpanjk( qi bhqen _kjpjqk( mqa r]e lnk`qvej) `k `ebanaj]o `ajpnk `a oe iaoik* Ai oacqj`k( qi] _kjpn]k a qi] `eh]p]k `a oe iaoik( qi fqjp]n)oa ] oe iaoik a _kjoeck iaoik $j] hai^n]j]% a qi at) l]j`en)oa ] oe iaoik a _kjoeck iaoik $j] aolan]j]%* K pailk ] lnk`qk `] e`ajpe`]`a a `] `ebanaj] _kjoeck iaoik a( jao) oa oajpe`k( qi] `eiajok `k iaq oan $jk aopkq kl pailk( i]o plr pailkn]h% a qi] `eiaj) ok `a pk`ko ko ajpao $jk aopk kl pailk( i]o pl pailkn]eo%* K pailk jk qi na_alp) _qhk `a ejop]jpao( jk qi] he) jd] `a ikiajpko oq_aooerko( jk ] `eop j_e] ajpna qi Î]ckn]Ï( qi Î]jpaoÏ a qi Î`alkeoÏ( i]o k ikreiajpk ejpanjk `ko ajpao l]n] naqjenai)oa _kjoeck iao) iko $k lnaoajpa _kik _ajpnk mqa ^qo_] k l]oo]`k a k bqpqnk% a J] Lajjouhr]je] Op]pekj( ai Jkr] Ukng( l]n] oa `ebanaj_e]nai `a oe iao) k cn]j`a nah cek `] aop]k oa `aop]_] iko $k lnaoajpa _kik `ebanaj] ok^na ] iqhpe`k( ai bkpk `a =hbna` mq]hep]per] ai b]_a `k l]oo]`k a Aeoajop]a`p( `a -50/* `k bqpqnk%* K Oan pailk*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = iap]boe_]
#APqTULOß = behkokbe] lo)iap]boe_]
=o iknpao `] iap]boe_]
!NNAß7EISE!LBUMß AKG IMAGES,ATINSTOCK
J
*~RGENß(ABERMASß ß FILvSOFOßEßSOCIvLOGOßß ALEMjO
-ARTINEß&RANCK-AGNUMß0HOTOS,ATINSTOCK
] deop ne] `] behkokbe]( lanek`e_]iajpa `a_h]n]`] ] iknpa `] iap]boe_]* Bke ]ooei( jk o_qhk TREEE( _ki ]o k^n]o `a Dqia a G]jp $]ej`] mqa aopa pajd] _kjoe`a) n]`k mqa ] iap]boe_]( `aolkf]`] `a oq] lnapajok `a _ej_e]( lk`ane] ok^nareran _kik oeopa) i] `ko lnej_leko mqa ] n]vk ailnac] j] _kjopepqek `]o _ej_e]o a jk iqj`k ikn]h%* Bke ]ooei p]i^i jk bej]h `k o_qhk TET a ej_ek `k o_qhk TT( mq]j`k oa _kjopepqn]i a oa _kjokhe`]n]i ]o _ej_e]o l]npe_qh]nao Í at]p]o( j]pqn]eo a dqi]j]o Í( _]`] mq]h _ki oaqo k^fapko a ipk`ko ln lneko( `abejeper]iajpa oal]n]`]o `] behkokbe]* = _kjbe]j] j] _]) l]_e`]`a `]o _ej_e]o l]n] _kjda_an _kilhap]iajpa ] na]he`]`a pk`] a k pk`k `] na]he`]`a harkq ] qi] ]pepq`a `ajkiej]`] _eajpebe_eoik( l]n] ] mq]h ] _ej_e] rejd] oq^opepqen ejpae) n]iajpa ] behkokbe] j] p]nab] `k _kjda_eiajpk( hemqe`]j`k `a qi] rav lkn pk`]o ]o ehqo ao behko be_]o _kjpe`]o j] iap]boe_]* Oa( j] lanola_per] `a Dqia a G]jp( ] iap]boe_] _kik _ej_e] an] eilkoorah lknmqa ] n]vk dqi]j] jk pai _kik ]h_]j]n k _kjda_eiajpk `] na]he`]`a ai oe( j] lanola_per] `k _eajpebe_eoik ] iap]boe_] `ao]l]na_a oeilhaoiajpa lknmqa jk pai k^fapk( jk pai k mqa _kjda_an* Jk lneiaenk _]ok( d]re] qi heiepa rej`k `] ln lne] n]vk7 jk oacqj`k( dkqra ] oq^opepqek `] behkokbe] lah]o _ej_e]o* =pq]hiajpa( lnk_h]i])oa( ]ej`] qi] rav( ] iknpa `] iap]boe_]* Jqi hernk lq^he_]`k ai -54-( _ki k ppqhk `a Mbkp^jbkql mp*jbq^cpf`l( k beh okbk ]haik Fncaj D]^ani]o at]iej] k mqa ]mqe aop]iko _d]i]j`k `a iknpa `] iap]boe_]( b]h]j`k ai l]oo]cai `k l]n]`eci] `] kjpkhkce] l]n] k `] cfilplcf^ a^ `lkp`f k`f^ a `aopa l]n] k l]n]`eci] `] cfilplcf^ a^ ifkdr^dbj* Aoo]o `q]o l]oo]cajo jko _kj`qvai ]k lajo]) iajpk l o)iap]boe_k* Lkn m^o^afdj^ a^ lkqlildf^( D]^ani]o ajpaj`a ] iap]boe_] cnac] a ] _hooe_]( eopk ( ]o iap]boe_]o na]heop]o* Lkn m^o^afdj^ a^ cfilplcf^ a^ `lkp`f k`f^( D]^ani]o ajpaj`a p]jpk ] _npe_] g]jpe]j] _kik ] bajkiajkhkce] dqooanhe]j]( eopk ( ]o behkokbe]o mqa `an]i lnek) ne`]`a ]k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk kq _kjo_ej_e] `a oe nabhater] a `]o mq]eo lnkrean]i iap]boe_]o e`a]heop]o* Lkn m^o^afdj^ a^ cfilplcf^ a^ ifkdr^dbj D]^ani]o ajpaj`a ] lnek) ne`]`a _kjbane`] o aopnqpqn]o cn]i]pe_]eo a h ce_]o `] hejcq]cai kq `]o hejcq]cajo _kik i]jaen]o `a knc]jev]n ] na]he`]`a a `]n)hda oajpe`k( `a laniepen ] ]r]he]k `ko _kjda_eiaj) pko _eajpbe_ko a `a ]ooacqn]n ] lnpe_] _kiqje_]per] ajpna ko oanao dqi]jko* Aopa hpeik l]n]`eci] _knnaolkj`a lk_] `] mp*jbq^cpf`^* Lk`aiko jko ]_an_]n `k Îl]n]`eci] `] hejcq]caiÏ kq `] Îlk_] l o)iap]boe_]Ï lkn rneko _]iejdko kq at]iej]j`k ]o lkoe ao `a `ebanajpao beh okbko _kjpailkn jako* Ao_k) hdaiko ]laj]o `keo atailhko( qi `ahao rej`k `] hejcqope_] a k kqpnk( `] k^n] `k beh okbk bn]j_o Ie_dah Bkq_]qhp* Aooao atailhko jk aockp]i k ]ooqjpk( i]o kbana_ai ko lnej_el]eo pn]ko `k lajo]iajpk _kjpailkn jak jk mqa naolaep] iap]boe_]*
-ICHELß&OUCAULTßß ¯
.2.
= behkokbe] l o)iap]boe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
= na]he`]`a lqn]iajpa `eo_qnoer] `k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk
K
.2/
mqa ] behkokbe] `] _kjo_ej_e]; = behkokbe] mqa _kjbana lnekne`]`a ]k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk kq _kjo_ej_e] `a oe nabhater]* Reiko mqa k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk b]v oq] lneiaen] ]l]nek j] iap]boe_] _hooe_] _ki @ao_]npao( qi] rav mqa ] _kjo_ej_e] `a oe nabhater]( lkjpk `a l]npe`] `k _kjda_eiaj) pk( _kj_a^e`] _kik pr_pq k`f^ mbkp^kqb a( j] _kj`ek `a oq^op j_e]( oq] na]he`]`a ia) p]boe_]* ] ]hi]* Reiko p]i^i mqa ] _npe_] g]jpe]j] jk o `a_h]n] ] eilkooe^ehe`]`a `a jkoo] n]vk _kjda_an oq^op j_e]o ai oe( _kik p]i^i _kj_a^a k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk jk _kik oq^op j_e] lajo]jpa kq ]hi] a oei _kik ^qfsfa^ab ab obmobpbkq^ l( eopk ( _kik oqfaepk pn]jo_aj`ajp]h a _kik oqfaepk ikn]h* K oqfaepk k lk`an l]n] naqjen jqi] ojpaoa ^ moflof ko `]`ko `] atlanej_e] knc]jev]`ko lah]o bkni]o ^ moflof `] oajoe^ehe`]`a a lahko _kj_aepko ^ moflof `k ajpaj`eiajpk( lnk`qvej`k nalnaoajp] ao ok^na ko bajiajko* Reiko p]i^i mqa ] `aooq^op]j_e]hev]k `k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk lnkooacqa j] bajkiajkhkce] `a Dqooanh( l]n] mqai ] _kjo_ej_e] jk qi] oq^op j_e] lajo]jpa kq ]hi] a oei qi ^ql fkqbk`flk^i kq Î_kjo_ej_e] `aÏ( qi] lqn] ]pere`]`a `a reo]n ]o _keo]o _kik oecjebe_] ao _kjopepq`]o lkn ah] iaoi] ajmq]jpk _kjo_ej_e] pn]jo_aj`ajp]h* Ai^kn] jaooa lan_qnok deop ne_k)behko be_k ] _kjo_ej_e] `a oe nabhater] pajd] `aet]`k `a oan qi] oq^op j_e] l]n] oan _kjoe`an]`] qi] ]pere`]`a kq ]pk( qi ]ola_pk bke _kjoanr]) `k `ao`a @ao_]npao ]p Dqooanh( mq]h oaf]( k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk qi] na]he`]`a oal]) n]`] a `eopejp] `] na]he`]`a `k k^fapk `k _kjda_eiajpk* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ] _kjo_ej_e] qi ik`k `a ateopen kq qi ik`k `a oan kjpkhkce_]iajpa `ebanajpa `]o _keo]o a( `k lkjpk `a reop] `k o]^an( ah] ]jpanekn o _keo]o( lkeo ah] mqa _kj_a^a ]o e`ae]o `]o _keo]o $@ao_]npao%( mqa nalnaoajp] ]o _keo]o $G]jp%( mqa _kjopepqe ]o _keo]o _kik oecjebe_] ao $Dqooanh%* =ooei( ]o behkokbe]o `] _kjo_ej_e] _kjoanr]i qi lnaooqlkopk mqa ( jk bej]h `]o _kj) p]o( iap]boe_k( qi] rav mqa ] lnekne`]`a kq k lnerehcek `k oqfaepk jk `]`k lahko b]pko `] atlanej_e] $jaop]( ]o _keo]o ok ]jpaneknao ] j o a jko ]bap]i j] oajo]k a j] lan_alk% a oei lahk _kjda_eiajpk lqn]iajpa ejpahecrah `a mqa( l]n] d]ran _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk( ja_aoonek mqa ]mqaha mqa _kjda_a oaf] ] _kj`ek `]mqehk mqa _kjda_e`k* Mqan _kik oq^op j_e]( mqan _kik ]pere`]`a ^ moflof kq ]pere`]`a lqn]( l prgbfql bufpqb b bufpqb `lj rj jlal ab pbo afpqfkql a^p abj^fp `lfp^p* Hejcqeope_]iajpa( k oqfaepk ] lneiaen] laook] `k ran^k( ]mqah] mqa `ev6 br lajok* Kn]( ko aopq`ko `ko lnkjkiao laook]eo lah] hejcqope_] aopnqpqn]h _dac]n]i ] _kj_hq) o ao iknp]eo l]n] ] e`ae]( k hqc]n a ] bqjk `k oqfaepk ajpaj`e`k _kik qi] ateopj_e] `a) paniej]`] kq qi ik`k `a oan `apaniej]`k* Mq]j`k b]h]iko( ailnac]iko ko lnkjkiao _d]i]`ko laook]eo( ÎaqÏ a ÎpqÏ* Aooa ai) lnack( ikopn] ] hejcqope_]( jk oa nabana ] oq^op j_e]o( aooj_e]o kq ajpe`]`ao ateopajpao* = mqa na]he`]`a ÎaqÏ a ÎpqÏ oa nalknp]i; = qi] na]he`]`a lqn]iajpa hejcqope_]( lqn]iajpa `eo_qnoer]( lkeo aooao lnkjkiao ok il`r bp a jk pbobp* K mqa a mqai k ÎaqÏ; ( oeiqhp]ja]iajpa( k mqa lnkbana k `eo_qnok a ]mqehk ] mqai k `eo_qnok oa nabana Í Îaq ]j`kÏ( Îaq ia _knpaeÏ( Îaq ]_dk mqaÏ( Îaq lajokÏ( Îaq mqankÏ jko ejbkni]i `a mqa d qi ]qpkn `] b]h] a mqa aooa ]qpkn b]h] `a oe iaoik* Kq oaf]( k ÎaqÏ k nabanajpa a k nabane`k `k `eo_qnok* k hk_qpkn* Lkn eook iaoik( k ÎpqÏ ]hk_qp nek( kq oaf]( ]mqaha ] mqai k ÎaqÏ b]h] a mqa jk b]h]( lkeo( oa b]h]n( pknj])oa qi ÎaqÏ* K ÎpqÏ k ejpanhk_qpkn* Kn]( oa k ÎaqÏ lk`a pknj]n)oa ÎpqÏ mq]j) `k ]hcqi hda b]h] a oa k ÎpqÏ lk`a pknj]n)oa ÎaqÏ mq]j`k b]h]( eook oecjebe_] mqa ] Îlneiaen] laook]Ï a ] Îoacqj`] laook]Ï `ko ran^ko jk ok laook]o jk oajpe`k boe_k a iap]boe_k( eopk ( oanao( a oei ird^obp kq mlpf bp jqi `eo_qnok* ÎAqÏ a ÎpqÏ ok oecjko r]veko( `eolkjraeo a i raeo mqa oa lnaaj_dai a oa ikreiajp]i mq]j`k d qi hk_qpkn mqa oa l a _kik ÎaqÏ a
x 5.)$!$%ß x = iap]boe_]
!NGELI!CERVOßDOßARTISTA
qi ejpanhk_qpkn lkopk _kik ÎpqÏ* = iahdkn lnkr] `a mqa jk ok laook]o ai oajpe`k boe_k a iap]boe_k aop jk mqa _d]i]iko `a Îpan_aen] laook]Ï* @a b]pk( aoo] pan_aen] laook] lk`a oan qi dqi]jk( qi ]jei]h( qi `aqo kq qi] _keo]( lknp]jpk( jk Îlaook]Ï7 ]hi `eook( ] cn]ipe_] ] `abeja _kik ^nrfil `a mqa oa b]h] a jk _kik ^nrbi^ $laook]% `a mqai oa b]h]* A j] pan_aen] Îlaook]Ï mqa _kjfqc]iko ko ran^ko `ajkiej]`ko eilaook]eo*
Pen] `k _]npqjeop] =jcahe l]n] ] Bkhd] `a O*L]qhk*
J]o deop ne]o ai mq]`nejdko( ko ^]h ao `a b]h] ej`e_]i mqai k hk_qpkn*
K lnkjkia ÎaqÏ knc]jev] pk`] ] hejcq]cai a pk`ko ko oecjko hejcqope_ko* lkn _]qo] `aha mqa k pailk ran^]h bqj`]iajp]h k lnaoajpa $] _kej_e`j_e] ajpna k ajqj_e]jpa `k `eo) _qnok( k ajqj_e]`k `k `eo_qnok a k mqa ajqj_e]`k lahk `eo_qnok%( `a i]jaen] mqa l]oo]`k a bqpqnk oa `abejai _kik pailko jk lnaoajpao* lkn nabanj_e] ] aha mqa oa `eopejcqai a oa knc]jev]i( lkn atailhk( ko `aikjopn]perko6 aopa+aooa+]mqaha $_kjbknia ] lnkteie`]`a kq ] `eop j_e] `k hk_qpkn%( ]mqe+]he $p]i^i _kjbknia ] lnkteie`]`a kq `eop j_e] `k hk_qpkn%( ap_* oq] lnaoaj] kq ]qoj_e] mqa `apaniej] k oajpe`k `ko ran^ko mqa ej`e_]i klan] ao iajp]eo6 Îaq lajokÏ `ebanajpa `a Îaq oqlkjdkÏ( lkeo k lneiaenk qi] klan]k `k ÎaqÏ ajmq]jpk k oacqj`k qi] ]pepq`a `k ÎaqÏ ai b]_a `a ]hck `ebanajpa `aha7 Îaq lajokÏ `eba) najpa `a Îpq lajo]oÏ( lkeo o lkook `evan Îpq lajo]oÏ oa ia peranao `epk Îaq lajokÏ( ap_* Aooao aopq`ko _dac]i _kj_hqok `a mqa k oqfaepk kq ] oq^fapere`]`a pai qi bqj`]) iajpk lqn]iajpa hejcqope_k a jk boe_k jai iap]boe_k* Mq]eo ko _nepneko l]n] _kj_a^)hk _kik qi] ateopj_e] lqn]iajpa hejcqope_]; ai jajdqi] hjcq]( `a mq]hmqan lk_] a nacek( `aet] `a d]ran lnkjkiao laook]eo7 ]k _kjpnnek `ko `ai]eo oecjko `] hejcq]cai( ko lnkjkiao laook]eo jk oa nabanai ] qi] aooj_e] ej`ere`q]h( ] qi ajpa ej`ere`q]h( ] qi] _keo] oajorah kq ] qi] _keo] ejpa) hecrah( i]o nabanai)oa ] qi] na]he`]`a lqn]iajpa `eo_qnoer]( ] lnkr] `eook aop]j`k j] pn]jobkni]k `k ÎaqÏ ai ÎpqÏ a `k ÎpqÏ ai ÎaqÏ oeilhaoiajpa lkn k_ql]nai kn] ] lkoe) k `a hk_qpkn( kn] ] `a ejpanhk_qpkn( pn]jobkni]k mqa oane] ]^okhqp]iajpa eilkoorah oa k ÎaqÏ bkooa qi] oq^op j_e] $lkeo oa pknj]ne] kqpn] oq^op j_e] ]k oan ÎpqÏ% kq oa bkooa qi] ]pere`]`a ateopajpa ai oe iaoi] $lkeo oa pknj]ne] l]ooere`]`a ]k oan k ÎpqÏ%7 k lnkjkia laook]h ÎaqÏ knc]jev] pk`ko ko kqpnko lnkjkiao( ^ai _kik ko ]`faperko( ko ]`rn^eko a ko `aikjopn]perko( knc]jev]j`k)ko rkhp] `k hk_qpkn7 k lnkjkia laook]h ÎaqÏ knc]jev] ] pailkn]he`]`a lkn nabanj_e] ]k lnaoajpa( mqa k pailk ai mqa k ÎaqÏ b]h]7 k lnkjkia laook]h ÎaqÏ ik`ebe_] k oajpe`k `ko ran^ko _ki ^]oa jko ran^ko mqa ej`e) _]i `eolkoe ao a klan] ao iajp]eo `k hk_qpkn* Lkn atailhk( Îaq _naek mqa r]e _dkranÏ _kjranpa jqi] ajqj_e]k oq^faper] ]hck mqa ai oe iaoik k^faperk a atpanekn ]k oqfaepk Îr]e _dkranÏ* Aooao ]ola_pko atlhe_]i lkn mq( ]bej]h( ] behkokbe] ]_]^kq ]_na`ep]j`k mqa k oqfaepk an] qi] na]he`]`a `apaniej]`] $oaf] _kik oq^op j_e] lajo]jpa( oaf] _kik ]pere`]`a lajo]jpa%
.20
= behkokbe] l o)iap]boe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
a mqa pejd] lnekne`]`a a lnerehcek ok^na ]o _keo]o( `aha `alaj`aj`k ] ateopj_e] `k aol]k( `k pailk( `]o _]packne]o( `]o oecjebe_] ao* = iap]boe_] oeilhaoiajpa pn]jobknikq jqi oan kq jqi ik`k `a oan ]mqehk mqa jk oajk qi ik`k `a b]h]n*
= na]he`]`a lqn]iajpa `eo_qnoer] `k o]^an
O
6EJAM SEßASßIDEIASßDEßß ORDEMßEßMmTODOßNAßß 5NIDADEß ßNOßESTUDOßß SOBREß$ESCARTES
.21
a k oqfaepk qi hqc]n a qi] lkoek r]ve]( `eolkjrah a i rah jqi `eo_qnok( k iaoik lk`an oan `epk `k k^fapk `k `eo_qnok kq `]mqehk mqa ] pn]`ek iap]boe_] a kjpkh ce_] _d]i]r] `a na]he`]`a atpanj]( j]pqnav]( iqj`k( ok_ea`]`a* @q]o k^n]o `k beh okbk bn]j_o Ie_dah Bkq_]qhp jko ]fq`]i ] _kilnaaj`an aoo] ]beni]k* Jqi] k^n] oecjebe_]per]iajpa ejpepqh]`] >p m^i^so^p b ^p `lfp^p( Bkq_]qhp atlhe_] _kik a lkn mqa ] behkokbe] a ]o _ej_e]o( ajpna ko o_qhko TR a TET( _kj_a^an]i ] na]he`]`a `a i]) jaen]o iqepk `ebanajpao* L]n] aoo] atlhe_]k( ejpnk`qv k _kj_aepk `a bmfpqbjb $l]h]rn] cnac] mqa oecjebe_]r] Î_ej_e]Ï%( ajpaj`e`] _kik qi] aopnqpqn] `a _kjda_eiajpko `apaniej]`] lkn qi] na`a `a _kj_aepko mqa ok ko ejopnqiajpko _ki ko mq]eo( jqi] `]`] lk_]( ko laj) o]`knao ejraopec]i a ejpanlnap]i ] na]he`]`a* Qi] bmfpqbjb qi _kjfqjpk `a ajqj_e]`ko kq `a `eo_qnoko ^]oa]`ko jqi _anpk ejopnqiajpk _kj_aepq]h mqa knc]jev] ] hejcq]cai a k lajo]iajpk a hdao ` k oajpeiajpk `a mqa ]o l]h]rn]o _knnaolkj`ai o _keo]o* J] bmfpqbjb `] Naj]o_aj]( `ev Bkq_]qhp( k _kj_aepk mqa knc]jev] ko `eo_qnoko k `a pb* jbie^k ^* Kq oaf]( ko naj]o_ajpeop]o _kj_a^ai ] na]he`]`a _kik qi pa_e`k a qi] pn]i] ai mqa ]o _keo]o oa ]npe_qh]i lkn lkooqnai ]ola_pko oa_napko a ejreoraeo mqa ]o ]lnktei]i lknmqa ok oaiahd]jpao kq ]o `eop]j_e]i lknmqa ok `ebanajpao* = oaiahd]j] knc]jev] ] na]he`]`a lkn nah] ao `a oeil]pe] a ]jpel]pe] ajpna ]o _keo]o a( lkn eook( j] Naj]o_aj]( `aoajrkhrai)oa _ki ejpajoe`]`a ] ]hmqeie] $] oeil]pe] a ]jpel]pe] ajpna _anp]o _keo]o mqa lk`ai oan pn]jobkni]`]o ai kqpn]o%( ] ]opnkhkce] $] oeil]pe] a ]jpel]pe] j] nah]k `ko ]o) pnko _ki ko oanao dqi]jko% a ] i]ce] j]pqn]h $kq _ej_e] `ko h]ko oa_napko ajpna ko oanao( laniepej`k ]cen ok^na ahao lahk _kjda_eiajpk `aooao h]ko%* Mq]j`k oa l]oo] l]n] k aopq`k `k n]_ekj]heoik ik`anjk `k o_qhk TREE( jk oa ranebe_] qi] _kjpejq]k iahdkn]`] `aoo] bmfpqbjb a oei k oqnceiajpk `a qi] kqpn] _kilhap]) iajpa `ebanajpa* Lkn mq; Lknmqa k _kj_aepk knc]jev]`kn `] hejcq]cai a `k lajo]iajpk `aet] `a oan ] oaiahd]j] a oa pknj] ] obmobpbkq^ l* Nalnaoajp]n ] ]pere`]`a `k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk mqa oa na_kjda_a _kik qi] na]he`]`a `eopejp] `]o _keo]o ] oanai _kjda) _e`]o* Nalnaoajp]n jk ^qo_]n ko h]ko oa_napko `a oeil]pe] a ]jpel]pe] ajpna ]o _keo]o a oei ]o e`ajpe`]`ao a `ebanaj]o na]eo ajpna ah]o a ]o nah] ao `a _]qo] a abaepk ajpna _keo]o `a iaoi] j]pqnav]( `eolkop]o jqi] kn`ai ejopepq`] lahk lajo]iajpk( ai _kjbknie`]`a _ki qi ipk`k* ?kjda_an ln ai kn`ai oneao _]qo]eo `a _keo]o `a iaoi] j]pqnav] a `eopejcqe)h]o ejpnejoa_]iajpa `]o mqa ok `a j]pqnav] `ebanajpa* Kn`aj]n( e`ajpebe_]n a `eba) naj_e]n ok ]o klan] ao `] nalnaoajp]k a `abejai ] bmfpqbjb ik`anj]* Mq]j`k oa l]oo] ]k aopq`k `] behkokbe] a `]o _ej_e]o ] l]npen `k o_qhk TET( ao_nara Bkq_]qhp( jkp])oa mqa( jkr]iajpa( ah]o jk ok ] na]hev]k i]eo ]r]j]`] a iahdkn]`] `k mqa d]re] oe`k lajo]`k lahk lajo]iajpk _hooe_k kq ik`anjk a oei mqa aopk knc]jev]`]o lkn kqpn] bmfpqbjb( lknp]jpk( lkn qi] jkr] na`a `eo_qnoer]* Mq]h k _kj_aepk mqa oanra `a ejopnqiajpk l]n] ] hejcq]cai a l]n] k lajo]iajpk knc]jev]nai k `eo_qnok `k _kjda_e) iajpk; = efpqof^ kq ] efpqlof`fa^ab( ajpaj`e`] _kik k ik`k `a oan `]o _keo]o a `]o l]h]) rn]o* ?kjda_an aop]^aha_an ]j]hkce] `a bqj ao ajpna _keo]o a ajpna l]h]rn]o a _keo]o( ^ai _kik aop]^aha_an ] oq_aook kq ] kn`ai `a oqnceiajpk( `aoajrkhreiajpk a `ao]l]nek `]o _keo]o a `]o l]h]rn]o jk pailk* Qi] bmfpqbjb( `ev Bkq_]qhp( atlneia k o]^an `a qi] lk_]* I]o k mqa k o]^an; Jk hernk > ^onrblildf^ al p^_bo( Bkq_]qhp _kia] atlhe_]j`k k mqa k o]^an kl * Aha jk ] _qhpqn] `a qi] lk_]( lkeo jk qi] pkp]he`]`a `a e`ae]o( r]hknao a lnpe_]o mqa lkooqai k iaoik oajpe`k a atlneiai k iaoik pk`k* =hi `eook( aha jk lnaooql a ] ateopj_e] `a qi oqfaepk a lkn eook aha jk 6
x 5.)$!$%ß x = iap]boe_]
] _ej_e]( lkeo jk qi _kjda_eiajpk `a qi k^fapk `apaniej]`k lkn qi oqfaepk `a) paniej]`k7 ] atlanej_e]( lkeo jk qi] rerj_e] oq^faper]7 aolnepk `a qi lkrk( lkeo jk qi] _kjo_ej_e] _khaper] kq qi oqfaepk _khaperk7 e`akhkce]( lkeo jk lnaooql a qi] _kjo_ej_e] kq ej_kjo_ej_e] _khaper] mqa fqopebemqa oq] bkni] a oq] ejop]h]k jk iqj`k* K o]^an p]i^i jk lnaooql a qi] _kjpejqe`]`a ajpna qi aop]`k h]pajpa kq renpq]h `a _kjda_eiajpko a qi aop]`k `a _kjda_eiajpko ]pq]hev]`ko( jai lnaooql a ] _kjpejqe) `]`a ajpna ] `ao]l]nek `a qi] _ej_e] a ] lani]jj_e] `a nao`qko a raopceko `ah] jqi] _ej_e] jkr]* K o]^an aop oailna nabane`k ]k lnaoajpa a( _kik p]h( jk lkooqe qi l]oo]`k jai qi bqpqnk* Eook oecjebe_] mqa ajpna `q]o bkni]o `a o]^an jk d _kjpejqe`]`a a oei `ao_kjpejqe`]`a( _kik oa r ]k aopq`]n ]o bmfpqbjbp* K mqa ( lkeo( k o]^an; Aha ( ai lneiaenk hqc]n( k `kijek `a k^fapko `a qi] lnpe_] `eo_qnoer]* Kq oaf]( k _]ilk `a _keo]o lkop]o _kik k^fapko lah] ]pere`]`a `k `eo_qnok* =k jkia)h]o( `abeje)h]o( naqje)h]o( kn`aj)h]o a knc]jev)h]o k `eo_qnok qi] lnpe_] mqa ejopepqe ko ln lneko k^fapko a aoo] lnpe_] k o]^an* Ai oacqj`k( aha k aol]k jk mq]h qi oqfaepk ln]pe_] qi `eo_qnok a oa ]lnaoajp] _kik oqfaepk at]p]iajpa lknmqa na]hev] aoo] lnpe_] `eo_qnoer]* Kq oaf]( ]ooei _kik ] lnpe_] `eo) _qnoer] ejopepqe k k^fapk( `] iaoi] i]jaen] ejopepqe k oqfaepk* Ai pan_aenk( k o]^an k _]ilk jk mq]h ko ajqj_e]`ko oa _kkn`aj]i a oa oq^kn`ej]i oacqj`k nacn]o a _nepneko `abeje`ko lah] ln lne] lnpe_] `eo_qnoer]* Ai kqpnko paniko( k o]^an qi `eo_qnok mqa lnk`qv l]n] oe iaoik ]o nacn]o `a oq] ajqj_e]k a k ik`k `a knc]jev]k `a oaqo ajqj_e]`ko* Ai mq]npk( k o]^an ] lkooe^ehe`]`a `a qok a `a ]lnklne]k `a qi `eo_qnok lkn mqai lkooqe kq ]`mqena ] _kilapj_e] l]n] lnk`qven ajqj_e]`ko _kjbkniao o nacn]o `] lnpe_] `eo_qnoer] ai reckn* Oa k o]^an qi] lnpe_] `eo_qnoer]( k mqa k `eo_qnok; Jkr]iajpa( Bkq_]qhp _kia] atlhe_]j`k k mqa k `eo_qnok kl * Aha jk 6 ] l]h]rn] kq ] b]h]( lkeo jk ] ]k `a qi oqfaepk b]h]jpa7 k mqa oa nabana ] k^fapko $lkeo k `eo_qnok jk qi] bn]oa ej`e_]per]%( ] oecjebe_] ao $lkeo jk qi _kjfqjpk `a oecjebe_]jpao kq `a oecjko knc]jev]`ko lkn qi] _kjo_ej_e] lnk`qpkn] `a oecjebe_] ao% kq ] r]hknao `a ran`]`a kq `a b]hoe`]`a $lkeo k `eo_qnok jk ] lnklkoek h ce_] jai k fqvk h ce_k%* K `eo_qnok qi] na`a `a ajqj_e]`ko kq `a nah] ao mqa pknj]i lkoorah d]ran oecjebe) _]jpao( jkiao( bn]oao( oecjebe_] ao( lnklkoe ao( fqvko( l]h]rn] kq b]h] a k^fapko* K ajqj_e]) `k ] bqjk `k `eo_qnok a aopa ajcaj`n] ko ajqj_e]`ko `a i]jaen]o r]ne]`]o( oacqj`k ]o nacn]o mqa _kjopepqai( ai _]`] lk_]( qi] cloj^ l afp`ropfs^* Oa naqjeniko ]o e`ae]o `a Bkq_]qhp ok^na k o]^an _kik lnpe_] `eo_qnoer] a k aopq`k `ko lnkjkiao laook]eo _kik hqc]nao a lkoe ao `eo_qnoer]o( k mqa lk`aiko _kj_hqen; K aopq`k `ko lnkjkiao jko ajoej] mqa k oqfaepk qi abaepk lnk`qve`k lah] hejcq]) cai* = Î]nmqakhkce] `k o]^anÏ jko ajoej] mqa oqfaepk a k^fapk ok abaepko lnk`qve`ko lahk `eo_qnok* K lnej_lek `] iap]boe_] na]heop] Í k k^fapk kq k Oan Í a k lnej_lek `] iap]boe_] e`a]heop] Í k oqfaepk kq ] _kjo_ej_e] `a oe Í jk ok lnej_leko( i]o oeilhao abaepko `] hejcq]cai a `k `eo_qnok* Jk d]raj`k l]n] ] iap]boe_] qi lnej_lek kq qi bqj`]iajpk jai na]he`]`ao kq oanao( `ara)oa _kj_hqen( lkn qi h]`k( mqa ah] lanpaj_a ] qi] bkni]k `eo_qnoer] kq ] qi] hejcq]cai `ao]l]na_e`] a( lkn kqpnk( mqa( jk lnaoajpa( ah] aop iknp]*
.22
K j]o_eiajpk `] iap]boe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
15%34¬%3
).42/$5a«/ =o ej`]c] ao iap]boe_]o -* Mq]h _kjoe`an]`] ] mqaopk iap]boe_] bqj`]iaj) p]h; Lkn mqa okiko har]`ko ] bkniqh)h]; .* Mq]eo ko oajpe`ko `k ran^k j] lancqjp] Îk mqa ;Ï* A lkn mqa aooao oajpe`ko `aÚjai ko `keo pai]o lnej) _el]eo `] iap]boe_]; /* K mqa ] iap]boe_] ejraopec]; 0* Mq]eo ko lnej_el]eo lank`ko `] deop ne] `] iap]boe_]; 1* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo _]n]_panope_]o `k lneiaenk lank) `k `] iap]boe_]; 2* Mqa `ev Dqia ] aooa naolaepk; Lkn mqa _ki aha pan) iej] k lneiaenk lank`k `] iap]boe_]; 3* Mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa( _ki G]jp( ] iap]boe_] oq^opepq`] lah] _npe_] `] n]vk lqn] pa ne_]; 4* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo _]n]_panope_]o `] iap]boe_] _kj) pailknja];
#!0É45,/ß K j]o_eiajpk `] iap]boe_] -* Mq]h an] ] lancqjp] Úhko Ú_] baep] ]p k o_qhk TREE; Mq]h an] k oecjeÚ_]`k `aoo] lancqjp]; .* Mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa ] ÚhkokÚ] j]o_a _kik _koik) hkce]; K mqa an] ] _koikhkce]; /* Mq]h ] knecai `k ailnack `] l]h]rn] iap]boe_]; ?ki mqa oajpe`k bke ailnac]`]; 0* Mqa oecjeÚ_] ] l]h]rn] kjpkhkce]; 1* Nah]_ekja ] `aÚjek `a =neop pahao ok^na ] BehkokÚ] Lneiaen] _ki k qok mqa lkopanekniajpa bke baepk `] l]h]rn] kjpkhkce]* 2* Atlhemqa k mqa oecjeÚ_] ]Úni]n mqa ] iap]boe_] kq kjpkhkce] aopq`] Îk Oan ajmq]jpk OanÏ* 3* Lkn mqa ] l]h]rn] iap]boe_] Ú_kq _kjo]cn]`] l]n] `aoecj]n ] BehkokÚ] Lneiaen] kq kjpkhkce]; 4* Naoqi] ko lnej_el]eo pn]ko `k lajo]iajpk `a L]n) i je`ao pki]j`k _kik naban j_e] ] klkoek ajpna na]he`]`a a ]l]n j_e]* 5* Lkn mqa L]ni je`ao _nepe_kq ] _koikhkce] a k `aren a _ki aoo] _npe_] `aq knecai ]k mqa rene] ] oan ] kjpk) hkce] kq iap]boe_]; -,* =lnaoajpa ko lnej_el]eo ]ncqiajpko `] Ao_kh] Aha]p]* --* Atlhemqa _kik a lkn mqa L]ni je`ao `ebanaj_e] aj) pna lan_a^an a lajo]n* -.* Atlhemqa ] `ereok lh]p je_] ajpna iqj`k oajorah a iqj`k ejpahecrah* -/* Mq]h ] lnej_el]h `ebanaj] ajpna k lajo]iajpk `a Lh]pk a k `a L]ni je`ao;
.23
-0* Mq]eo ]o pn o ]pepq`ao _ki ]o mq]eo Lh]pk naokhraq k eil]ooa Úhko Ú_k `aet]`k lkn L]ni je`ao( mqa na) `qven] ] ÚhkokÚ] ]Úni]k Îk Oan Ï a jac]k Îk Jk Oan jk Ï; -1* Mqa ok ]o e`ae]o kq bkni]o ejpahecraeo; Mq]eo ]o oq]o lnej_el]eo _]n]_panope_]o kq mq]he`]`ao; -2* Atlhemqa _kik a lkn mqa( l]n] Lh]pk( ] ÚhkokÚ] _kj) oeopa ai l]oo]n `] ]l]n j_e] oajorah aoo j_e] ejpa) hecrah `]o _keo]o( `] klejek e`ae]* -3* Atlkjd] _ki oq]o l]h]rn]o k mqa `ev O _n]pao jk `e) hkck K ^]jmqapa a _kik( lkn iaek `aha( atlhe_] mq]h ] aoo j_e] `k ]ikn kq ] e`ae] ran`]`aen] `k ]ikn*
#!0É45,/ß = iap]boe_] `a =neoppahao -* Mq]eo ko ikperko lahko mq]eo ]pne^qai ] =neop pahao k j]o_eiajpk `] iap]boe_]; .* Mq]eo ko lnej_el]eo oajpe`ko `] l]h]rn] cnac] gjaoeo; /* Mq]h ] lkoek `a =neop pahao ] naolaepk `] iq`]j] kq ikreiajpk; Atlhemqa _kik aha ailnac] ] e`ae] `a ik reiajpk l]n] `eopejcqen ko `ebanajpao pelko `a oanao* 0* Atlhemqa k mqa =neop pahao ajpaj`a lkn BehkokÚ] Lne) iaen] kq iap]boe_]* 1* Mq]eo ok ko pn o aopq`ko mqa _]^ai iap]boe_]; 2* K mqa ok a mq]eo ok ko lneiaenko lnej_leko( oacqj) `k =neop pahao; 3* K mqa ok a mq]eo ok ]o _]qo]o lneiaen]o( oacqj`k =neop pahao; 4* K mqa ok i]pne] a bkni]( oacqj`k =neop pahao; 5* K mqa ok lkp j_e] a ]pk( oacqj`k =neop pahao; -,* K mqa ok aoo j_e] a ]_e`ajpa( oacqj`k =neop pahao; --* K mqa ] oq^opj_e]( oacqj`k =neop pahao; Mq]eo ko `keo oajpe`ko ai mqa ] ailnac]; -.* K mqa ok lna`e_]`ko kq _]packne]o( oacqj`k =neop ) pahao; @ ]hcqjo atailhko* -/* Pki]j`k =neop pahao _kik naban j_e]( k mqa ] iap]) boe_] ejraopec];
#!0É45,/ß =o ]rajpqn]o `] iap]boe_] -* Lkn mqa lk`aiko `evan mqa k _neope]jeoik( _kik na) hecek( jk lna_eo]r] `] ÚhkokÚ]; .* Lkn mqa( ajpnap]jpk( k _neope]jeoik bke har]`k ] bkn) iqh]n qi] iap]boe_]; /* Atlhemqa ^naraiajpa k mqa k jaklh]pkjeoik* 0* Atlhemqa ^naraiajpa k mqa k aopke_eoik*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = iap]boe_]
1* Atlhemqa ^naraiajpa k mqa k cjkope_eoik* 2* K mqa k _neope]jeoik pkikq `k jaklh]pkjeoik; 3* K mqa k _neope]jeoik pkikq `k aopke_eoik; 4* K mqa k _neope]jeoik pkikq `k cjkope_eoik; 5* =lnaoajpa ]hcqi]o `ebanaj]o ajpna k lajo]iajpk cnack a k _neopk* -,* Atlhemqa lkn mqa ] `ebanaj] ajpna ran`]`ao `a n]vk a ran`]`ao `a b k lnej_el]h lnk^hai] l]n] ] ah]^k) n]k `a qi] ÚhkokÚ] _neop* --* Mq]eo ko pn o ]ola_pko _kj_anjajpao ] @aqo mqa _kjo) pepqai k _ajpnk `] iap]boe_] _neop; Atlhemqa)ko ^na) raiajpa* -.* =hi `]o lnkr]o nabanajpao ] @aqo a _ne]k `k iqj) `k( mqa kqpn]o lnkr]o bkn]i eilknp]jpao l]n] ] Úhk) okÚ] _neop; -/* Lkn mqa ko _neopko jk lk`e]i i]jpan ] `eopejk lh]p je_] ajpna k oajorah a k ejpahecrah; -0* Mq]eo ko _]ilko Úhko Ú_ko oqnce`ko _ki ] ]Úni]) k _neop `a mqa k Oan jk lkooqe k iaoik oajpe`k mq]j`k nabane`k ] @aqo a o _ne]pqn]o; -1* Atlhemqa lkn mqa ko Úh okbko ik`anjko b]h]i j] ej) _kil]pe^ehe`]`a ajpna b a n]vk* -2* Atlhemqa ] na`aÚjek ik`anj] `k _kj_aepk `a Oan kq oq^opj_e]* -3* Mq]eo ok ]o oq^opj_e]o l]n] @ao_]npao; A l]n] Dk^^ao; -4* Mqa `ev Aolejko] ok^na ] oq^opj_e]; -5* Atlhemqa ] na`aÚjek ik`anj] `k _kj_aepk `a _]q) o]he`]`a* .,* L]n] ko ik`anjko( k mqa ] iap]boe_] aopq`]; .-* Mq]eo ]o pn o e`ae]o mqa klan]i j] iap]boe_] ik) `anj]; ..* Mq]eo an]i ko `keo cn]j`ao lnaooqlkopko `] iap]) boe_]; Atlhemqa _ki oq]o l]h]rn]o _kik a lkn mqa @]re` Dqia ko _nepe_]* ./* L]n] Dqia( mqa ok ]o e`ae]o; .0* L]n] Dqia( mqa ] oq^opj_e] kq ] aoo j_e]; .1* L]n] Dqia( mqa ] _]qo]he`]`a; .2* K mqa k Îokjk `kcipe_kÏ( oacqj`k G]jp; A k mqa oecjeÚ_] `aolanp]n `aooa okjk; .3* Mq]h ] `eopejk g]jpe]j] ajpna fqvko ]j]hpe_ko a fqvko oejppe_ko; .4* Lkn mqa G]jp ]Úni] mqa o d _e j_e] kq o]^an ran) `]`aenk oa bknai lkooraeo fqvko oejppe_ko ] lnekne; Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( atlhemqa _kik G]jp e`ajpeÚ_] _kjda_an a bkniqh]n fqvko oejppe_ko ] lnekne* .5* ?kik G]jp lnkr] mqa jk ok lkooraeo fqvko oejppe) _ko ] lnekne j] iap]boe_]; Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( _kik G]jp atlhe_] lkn mqa jk lk`aiko _kjda_an k jqia) jk kq ] _keo] ai oe( mqa an] k k^fapk `] iap]boe_]; /,* Mq]h ] iap]boe_] mqa lkoorah l]n] jkook ajpaj`e) iajpk; Mq]eo ok ko k^fapko `a ejraopec]k iap]b) oe_] mqa aopk ]k ]h_]j_a `a jkook ajpaj`eiajpk;
#!0É45,/ß
GLOSSfRIO
= kjpkhkce] _kjpailkn ja] -* Atlhemqa k mqa k e`a]heoik ej]qcqn]`k lkn G]jp a _kik oa `ebanaj_e] `k na]heoik* .* Mq]eo ok ]o pn o p]nab]o mqa Dqooanh ]pne^qe bajk) iajkhkce]; /* Lkn mqa Dqooanh ikopnkq mqa ] loe_khkce] jk lk`a) ne] oq^opepqen ] h ce_] a ] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk; Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna ] ÚhkokÚ] a ] loe_khkce]; 0* K mqa ] _kjo_e j_e] naÛater]; Lkn mqa _kjo_e j) _e] pn]jo_aj`ajp]h; 1* K mqa ] bajkiajkhkce] ajpaj`a lkn ejpaj_ekj]he`]) `a `] _kjo_e j_e]; 2* Lkn mqa Dacah bke k lneiaenk ] ailnac]n ] l]h]rn] bajkiajkhkce]; K mqa lnapaj`aq oecjeÚ_]n _ki ah]; 3* Mq]h ] _npe_] `a Dqooanh _kj_alk g]jpe]j] `a baj iajk; 4* Mq]h ] _npe_] `a Dqooanh _kj_alk dacahe]j] `a baj iajk; 5* K mqa Dqooanh ajpaj`a lkn baj iajk; -,* Mq]h k _]ilk `ko baj iajko; Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( mq]h k ]h]nc]iajpk `k _kj_aepk `a baj iajk pn]ve) `k lkn Dqooanh; --* K mqa Dqooanh ajpaj`a lkn Înace ao `k oanÏ; Lkn mqa `aoo] e`ae] oqnca ] `a Îkjpkhkce]o nacekj]eoÏ; -.* K mqa ] `eopejk ajpna jpe_k a kjpkh ce_k lnk) lkop] lkn Dae`accan; -/* Oacqj`k Dae`accan( mq]eo ok ]o _ej_k aopnqpqn]o
jpe_]o `a jkoo] re`] _kpe`e]j]; -0* Oacqj`k Dae`accan( mq]j`k l]oo]iko `] atlane j) _e] jpe_] ]k _kjda_eiajpk kjpkh ce_k; -1* Kjpkhkce_]iajpa( k mqa qi oan na]h kq ] na]he`]) `a; -2* Kjpkhkce_]iajpa( k mqa qi oan e`a]h kq qi] e`a]) he`]`a; -3* Mq]eo ko _kj_aepko kjpkh ce_ko l]n] `ao_naran k oan `ko r]hknao kq ko ajpao mqa ok r]hknao; -4* Mq]h k `ehai] ajpna e`a]heoik a na]heoik; -5* K mqa naop] oa napen]niko ] _kjo_e j_e]; K mqa naop] oa aheiej]niko ]o _keo]o; K mqa `ev qi] jkr] kjpk) hkce] mqa oa ]b]op] p]jpk `k e`a]heoik `] _kjo_e j) _e] _kik `k na]heoik `]o _keo]o; .,* Mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa okiko qi] _kjo_e j_e] aj) _]nj]`] a pailkn]h; K mqa k iqj`k l]n] oanao aj_]nj]`ko a pailkn]eo; .-* K mqa ] jkr] kjpkhkce] ajpaj`a lkn na]he`]`a; ..* K mqa ] kjpkhkce] ejraopec]; Mq]eo ]o oq]o lnej_e) l]eo mqaop ao; ./* Atlhemqa lkn mqa ] ejraopec]k kjpkh ce_] `]o ao) o j_e]o qi] ejraopec]k ok^na ]o oecjeÚ_] ao* .0* =lnaoajpa _ki oq]o l]h]rn]o ] i]jaen] _kik Ian) ha]q)Lkjpu ejraopec] ] aoo j_e] `a jkook _knlk*
.24
K j]o_eiajpk `] iap]boe_] x #!0É45,/ß x GLOSSfRIO .1* Atlkjd] _ki oq]o l]h]rn]o ] i]jaen] _kik Ianha]q)
)Lkjpu _nepe_] ]o _kj_al ao pn]`e_ekj]eo `k pailk* .2* =lnaoajpa _ki oq]o l]h]rn]o ] `ao_nek mqa Ianha]q) )Lkjpu kbana_a `] aoo j_e] `k pailk*
#!0É45,/ß = ÚhkokÚ] lo)iap]boe_] -* K mqa k _eajpeÚ_eoik; Lkn mq ( l]n] aha( ] iap]boe) _] eilkoorah; .* K mqa D]^ani]o ajpaj`a lkn Îl]n]`eci] `] kjpkhk) ce]Ï; A lkn Îl]n]`eci] `] ÚhkokÚ] `] _kjo_e j_e]Ï; A lkn Îl]n]`eci] `] ÚhkokÚ] `] hejcq]caiÏ; /* =lao]n `]o `ebanaj]o( mq]h k ]ola_pk _kiqi ÚhkokÚ] `a @ao_]npao a bajkiajkhkce] `a Dqooanh; Paj`k ai reop] aooa ]ola_pk _kiqi( mq]h k lnaooqlkopk iap]) boe_k _kiqi ] pk`]o ]o ÚhkokÚ]o `] _kjo_e j_e]; 0* ?kik ] hejcqope_] ]j]heo] ko lnkjkiao laook]eo ÎaqÏ a ÎpqÏ; 1* Mq]eo ko lkjpko `] ]jheoa hejcqope_] `ko lnkjkiao laook]eo mqa har]i ] `evan mqa k oqfaepk kq ] oq^fape) re`]`a pai ]laj]o ateop j_e] j] hejcq]cai kq qi] ateop j_e] lqn]iajpa hejcqope_];
.25
2* Mq]h ] _kj_hqok Úhko Ú_] `] ]jheoa hejcqope_] mqa ]b]op] ] iap]boe_] rej`] `]o ÚhkokÚ]o `] _kjo_e j_e]; 3* K mqa Ie_dah Bkq_]qhp ajpaj`a lkn aleopaia; 4* ?kik Bkq_]qhp `eopejcqa ] aleopaia `] Naj]o_aj] a ] aleopaia _hooe_] kq `k n]_ekj]heoik ik`anjk; 5* ?kik Bkq_]qhp `ao_nara ] aleopaia ] l]npen `k o_qhk TET; -,* K mqa Bkq_]qhp ajpaj`a lkn o]^an; Atlkjd] k mqa aha `ev mqa k o]^an jk * --* K mqa Bkq_]qhp ajpaj`a lkn o]^an; Atlkjd] k mqa aha `ev mqa k o]^an * -.* K mqa Bkq_]qhp ajpaj`a lkn `eo_qnok; Atlkjd] k mqa aha `ev mqa k `eo_qnok jk * -/* K mqa Bkq_]qhp ajpaj`a lkn `eo_qnok; Atlkjd] k mqa aha `ev mqa k `eo_qnok * -0* Lkn mqa lk`aiko b]h]n ai lajo]iajpk l o)iap]b) oe_k mq]j`k naqjeiko ] ]jheoa hejcqope_] `ko lnk) jkiao laook]eo a ] ]jheoa bkq_]qhpe]j] `k o]^an a `k `eo_qnok;
5NIDADEß
= _ej_e] ?]lpqhk -
= ]pepq`a _eajpbe_]
?]lpqhk .
= _e j_e] j] deop ne]
?]lpqhk /
=o _e j_e]o dqi]j]o
?]lpqhk 0
K e`a]h _eajpbe_k a ] n]vk ejopnqiajp]h
Qi] `]o _]n]_pan ope_]o i]eo jkr]o `] _e j_e] aop ai mqa ]o laomqeo]o _eajp Ú_]o l]oo]n]i ] b]van l]npa `]o bkn]o lnk`qper]o `] ok_ea`]`a( eopk ( `] a_kjkie]* = ]qpki]k( ] ejbkni]pev]k( ] paha_kiqje_]k `apaniej]i bkni]o `a lk`an a_kjie_k( ik`ko `a knc]jev]n k pn]^]hdk ej`qopne]h a ko oanreko( _ne]i lnkÚo) oao a k_ql]ao jkr]o( `aopnkai lnkÚooao a k_ql]ao ]jpec]o( ejpnk`qvai ] rahk_e`]`a j] lnk`qk `a ian_]`kne]o a ai oq] `eopne^qek a _kjoqik( ik`e) Ú_]j`k l]`nao ej`qopne]eo( _kian_e]eo a aopehko `a re`]* = _e j_e] pknjkq)oa l]npa ejpacn]jpa a ej`eolajo rah `] ]pere`]`a a_kjie_]* Pknjkq)oa ]cajpa a_kjie_k a lkh pe_k*
Aopnqpqn] `k @J= ai /@*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = _ej_e]
#APqTULOß = ]pepq`a _eajpbe_] K oajok _kiqi K Okh iajkn `k mqa ] Pann]* Mqai `qre`]n `eook oa( `e]ne]iajpa( raiko qi lamqajk _n_qhk ]raniahd]`k lan_knnan k _q( ej`k `a haopa ] kaopa; K Okh oa ikra ai pknjk `] Pann]( mqa lani]ja_a ei rah* Mqai `qre`]n `eook oa( `e]) ne]iajpa( raiko k Okh j]o_an( lan_knnan k _q a oa ln; = ]qnkn] jk k oaq _kiak a k _nal o_qhk oaq Úi; =o _knao ateopai ai oe iaoi]o* Mqai `qre`]n `eook oa l]oo]iko ] re`] raj`k nko]o raniahd]o( ]i]nah]o a ^n]j_]o( k ]vqh `k _q( k ran`a `]o nrknao( k ]h]n]jf]`k `] h]n]jf] a `] p]jcanej]; ?]`] cjank kq aol_ea `a ]jei]eo f oqnceq p]h _kik ko _kjda_aiko* =hcqi lk`ane] ei]cej]n qi laeta pknj]n)oa qi nlpeh kq loo]nk; Ai nahecek( _kik ] fq`]e_]( ] _neop a ] eoh ie_]( ko hernko o]cn]`ko jk ajoej]i mqa ] `erej`]`a _nekq `a qi] o rav pk`ko ko ]je) i]eo( jqi o `e]; = b]ihe] qi] na]he`]`a j]pqn]h _ne]`] lah] j]pqnav] l]n] c]n]jpen ] ok^narerj_e] dqi]j] a l]n] ]paj`an ]bapere`]`a j]pqn]h `ko dqi]jko( mqa oajpai ] ja_aooe`]`a `a reran fqjpko* Mqai `qre`]n `eook( oa raiko( jk iqj`k ejpaenk( jk l]oo]`k a jk lnaoajpa( ] b]ihe] ateopej`k j]pqn]hiajpa a oaj`k ] _hqh] lneiaen] `] ok_ea`]`a; = În]]Ï qi] na]he`]`a j]pqn]h kq ^ekh ce_] lnk`qve`] lah] `ebanaj] `ko _hei]o( `] ]heiajp]k( `] cakcn]Ú] a `] nalnk`qk oatq]h* Mqai `qre`]n `eook( oa raiko mqa ko ]bne_]jko ok jacnko( ko ]oepe_ko ok ]i]nahko `a khdko lqt]`ko( ko j`eko ok raniahdko a ko aqnklaqo( ^n]j_ko; ?anpav]o _kik aoo]o bkni]i jkoo] re`] a k oajok _kiqi `a jkoo] ok_ea`]`a( pn]joie) pe`k `a can]k l]n] can]k( a( iqep]o ravao( ]k oa pn]jobkni]n ai _naj] naheceko]( pknj])oa qi] `kqpnej] ejmqaopekjrah* Napkiaiko jkooko atailhko* = ]opnkjkie] `aikjopn] mqa k Okh iqep]o ravao i]ekn `k mqa ] Pann] a( `ao`a ?kln) je_k( mqa ] Pann] mqa oa ikra ai pknjk `k Okh* = lpe_] `aikjopn] mqa ]o _knao ok kj`]o hqiejko]o( k^pe`]o lah] nabn]k a naÛatk kq `a_kilkoek `] hqv ^n]j_]* = ^ekhkce] `aikjopn] mqa ko cjanko a ]o aol_eao `a ]jei]eo oa bkni]n]i hajp]iajpa( jk _qnok `a iehd ao `a ]jko( ] l]npen `a ik`eÚ_] ao `a ie_nknc]jeoiko atpnai]iajpa oeilhao* Deopkne]`knao a ]jpnkl hkcko ikopn]i mqa k mqa ajpaj`aiko lkn b]ihe] $l]e( ia( Úhdko7 aolko]( i]ne`k( eniko% qi] ejopepqek ok_e]h na_ajpooei] Í `]p] `k o_qhk TR Í a ln lne] `] Aqnkl] k_e`ajp]h( jk ateopej`k j] =jpecqe`]`a jai j]o ok_ea`]`ao ]bne_]j]o( ]oepe_]o a ]iane_]j]o ln)_khki^e]j]o* Ikopn]i p]i^i mqa jk qi b]pk j]pqn]h( i]o qi] _ne]k dqi]j]( atece`] lkn _kj`e ao deop ne_]o `apaniej]`]o* Ok_e hkcko a ]jpnkl hkcko ikopn]i mqa ] e`ae] `a În]]Ï p]i^i na_ajpa Í `]p] `k o_qhk TREEE Í( oaj`k qo]`] lkn lajo]`knao mqa lnk_qn]r]i qi] atlhe_]k l]n] ]o `eba) naj]o boe_]o a _qhpqn]eo ajpna ko aqnklaqo a ko lkrko mqa oa pknj]n]i _kjda_e`ko `ko aq) nklaqo ] l]npen `k o_qhk TER( _ki ]o re]cajo `a I]n_k Lkhk( a `k o_qhk TR( _ki ]o Cn]j`ao J]rac] ao a ]o `ao_k^anp]o `a _kjpejajpao qhpn]i]nejko*
3CIENCEß0HOTOß,IBRARY,ATINSTOCK
Jkoo]o kleje ao _kpe`e]j]o
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.3.
= ]pepq`a _eajpbe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
=k mqa l]na_a( d qi] cn]j`a `ebanaj] ajpna jkoo]o _anpav]o _kpe`e]j]o a k _kjda_e) iajpk _eajpÚ_k* ?kik a lkn mqa aoo] `ebanaj] ateopa;
?]n]_panope_]o `k oajok _kiqi
Q
i ^nara at]ia `a jkooko o]^anao _kpe`e]jko a `k oajok _kiqi `a jkoo] ok_ea`]`a narah] mqa ahao lkooqai ]hcqi]o _]n]_panope_]o mqa hdao ok ln lne]o6
ok oq^faperko( eopk ( atlneiai oajpeiajpko a kleje ao ej`ere`q]eo a `a cnqlko( r]) ne]j`k `a qi] laook] l]n] kqpn]( kq `a qi cnqlk l]n] kqpnk( `alaj`aj`k `]o _kj`e) ao ai mqa reraiko* =ooei( lkn atailhk( oa aq bkn ]npeop]( ranae ] ^ahav] `] nrkna7 oa aq bkn i]n_ajaen]( ] mq]he`]`a `] i]`aen]7 oa aoperan l]ooa]j`k ok^ k okh( ] oki^n] l]n] `ao_]jo]n7 oa bkn ^ke])bne]( ko bnqpko mqa `ark _khdan l]n] c]jd]n k iaq `e]* Oa aq bkn dej`q( qi] r]_] oan o]cn]`] l]n] iei7 oa bkn `kj] `a qi bnecknÚ_k( aop]nae ejpanaoo]) `] j] mq]he`]`a a j] mq]jpe`]`a `a _]nja mqa lk`anae raj`an7 lkn oanai oq^faperko( har]i ] qi] ]r]he]k mq]hep]per] `]o _keo]o _kjbknia ko abaepko mqa lnk`qvai ai jkooko ncko `ko oajpe`ko kq _kjbknia ko `aoafko mqa `aolanp]i ai j o a k pelk `a Új]he`]`a kq `a qok mqa hdao ]pne^qiko( kq oaf]( ]o _keo]o ok fqh) c]`]o lkn j o _kik cn]j`ao kq lamqaj]o( `k_ao kq ]va`]o( lao]`]o kq harao( jkr]o kq rahd]o( ^ah]o kq bae]o( mqajpao kq bne]o( paeo kq ej paeo( `aoafraeo kq ej`aoafraeo( _khkne`]o kq oai _kn( _ki o]^kn( k`kn( ln tei]o kq `eop]jpao( ap_*7 ]cnql]i)oa kq `eopejcqai)oa _kjbknia ]o _keo]o a ko b]pko jko l]na]i oaiahd]jpao kq `ebanajpao* ]ooei( lkn atailhk( mqa fqhc]iko oanai b]pko `ebanajpao qi _knlk mqa _]e a qi] laj] mqa Ûqpq] jk ]n7 ok ej`ere`q]hev]`knao( eopk ( _]`] _keo] kq _]`] b]pk jko ]l]na_a _kik qi ej`er`qk `eopejpk `a kqpnko lkn lkooqen mq]he`]`ao mqa jko ]bap]i `a i]jaen] `ebanajpa6 ] oa`] i]_e]( ] la`n] nqcko]( k ]hck`k oq]ra( k iah `k_a( k bkck mqajpa( k inikna bnek( ] i]`aen] `qn]( ap_*7 i]o p]i^i ok cajan]hev]`knao( lkeo paj`ai ] naqjen jqi] o klejek kq jqi] o e`ae] _keo]o a b]pko fqhc]`ko oaiahd]jpao6 b]h]iko `ko ]jei]eo( `]o lh]jp]o( `ko oanao dqi]jko( `ko ]opnko( `ko c]pko( `]o iqhdanao( `]o _ne]j]o( `]o ao_qhpqn]o( `]o lejpqn]o( `]o ^a^e`]o( `ko nai`eko( ap_*7 ai `a_knnj_e] `]o cajan]hev] ao( paj`ai ] aop]^aha_an nah] ao `a _]qo] a abaepk aj) pna ]o _keo]o kq ajpna ko b]pko6 Îkj`a d bqi]]( d bkckÏ7 Îmqai pq`k mqan( pq`k lan`aÏ7 Î`eva)ia _ki mqai ]j`]o a pa `enae mqai oÏ7 ] lkoek `ko ]opnko `apaniej] k `aopejk `]o laook]o7 iqhdan iajopnq]`] jk `ara pki]n ^]jdk bnek7 ejcanen o]h mq]j`k oa pai pkjpqn] ^ki l]n] ] lnaook7 iqhdan ]oo]jd]`] mqan oan aopqln]`]7 iajejk `a nq] `ahejmqajpa( ap_*7 jk oa oqnlnaaj`ai jai oa ]`ien]i _ki ] nacqh]ne`]`a( _kjop j_e]( nalapek a `e) banaj] `]o _keo]o( i]o( ]k _kjpnnek( ] ]`ien]k a k aol]jpk oa `enecai l]n] k mqa ei]cej]`k _kik je_k( atpn]kn`ejnek( i]n]rehdkok kq ien]_qhkok* Fqop]iajpa lkn eook( ai jkoo] ok_ea`]`a( ] lnkl]c]j`] a ] ik`] aopk oailna ejrajp]j`k k Îatpn]kn) `ejnekÏ( k Îjqj_] reopkÏ7
.3/
lahk iaoik ikperk a jk lkn _kilnaaj`anai k mqa oaf] ejraopec]k _eajpÚ_]( paj) `ai ] r)h] mq]oa _kik i]ce]( _kjoe`an]j`k mqa ]i^]o Í i]ce] a ejraopec]k _eaj) pÚ_] Í he`]i _ki k ieopanekok( k k_qhpk( k ej_kilnaajorah* Aoo] ei]cai `] _ej_e] _kik i]ce] ]l]na_a( lkn atailhk( jk _ejai]( mq]j`k ko Úhiao ikopn]i ko h]^kn]) p neko _eajpÚ_ko nalhapko `a k^fapko ej_kilnaajoraeo( _ki hqvao mqa ]_aj`ai a ]l])
x 5.)$!$%ß x = _ej_e]
c]i( pq^ko `a kj`a o]ai bqi]]o _khkne`]o( at]p]iajpa _kik ok ikopn]`]o ]o _]ran) j]o k_qhp]o `ko i]cko* Aoo] iaoi] e`ajpeÚ_]k ajpna _ej_e] a i]ce] ]l]na_a jqi lnkcn]i] `] pahareok ^n]oehaen]( k C^kqpqf`l( mqa( _kik k jkia ej`e_]( ikopn] ]ko pahaola_p]`knao naoqhp]`ko _eajpÚ_ko _kik oa bkooai aol]jpko] k^n] `a i]ce]( ]ooei _kik ate^a i]cko k_qhpeop]o _kik oa bkooai _eajpeop]o7 _kopqi]i lnkfap]n j]o _keo]o kq jk iqj`k oajpeiajpko `a ]jc ope] a `a ia`k `e]jpa `k `ao_kjda_e`k* =ooei( lkn atailhk( `qn]jpa ] E`]`a I`e]( ]o laook]o re]i k `ai) jek ai pk`] l]npa a( dkfa( ajtanc]i `eo_ko rk]`knao jk aol]k7 lkn oanai oq^faperko( cajan]hev]`knao( atlnaoo ao `a oajpeiajpko `a ia`k a ]jc ope] a `a ej_kilnaajok mq]jpk ]k pn]^]hdk _eajpÚ_k( jkoo]o _anpav]o _kpe`e]j]o a k oajok _k) iqi `a jkoo] ok_ea`]`a kq `a jkook cnqlk ok_e]h _neop]hev]i)oa ai lna_kj_aepko _ki ko mq]eo l]oo]iko ] ejpanlnap]n pk`] ] na]he`]`a mqa jko _an_] a pk`ko ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko*
= ]pepq`a _eajpbe_] ?]n]_panope_]o can]eo `] ]pepq`a _eajpbe_] K mqa `eopejcqa ] ]pepq`a _eajpÚ_] `] ]pepq`a _kopqiaen] kq `k oajok _kiqi; =jpao `a i]eo j]`]( ] _ej_e] abp`lkÛ^ `] ran]_e`]`a `a jkoo]o _anpav]o( `a jkoo] ]`aok eia`e]p] o _keo]o( `] ]qoj_e] `a _npe_] a `] b]hp] `a _qnekoe`]`a* Lkn eook( kj`a raiko _keo]o( b]pko a ]_kjpa_eiajpko( ] ]pepq`a _eajpÚ_] r mol_ibj^p a l_pq`rilp( ]l]nj_e]o mqa lna_eo]i oan atlhe_]`]o a( ai _anpko _]oko( ]b]op]`]o* Ai mq]oa pk`ko ko ]ola_pko lk`aiko `evan mqa k _kjda_eiajpk _eajpÚ_k kl a)oa lkj) pk lkn lkjpk o _]n]_panope_]o `k oajok _kiqi6
A`s]n` D* Sdepa( ]opnkj]qp] jknpa) )]iane_]jk( bhqpq]j`k j] cn]re`]`a vank `k aol]k( ai / `a fqjdk `a -521* .!3!
k^faperk( lkeo lnk_qn] ]o aopnqpqn]o qjeran) o]eo a ja_aoone]o `]o _keo]o ejraopec]`]o7 mq]jpep]perk( kq oaf]( ^qo_] ia`e`]o( l]`n ao( _nepneko `a _kil]n]k a `a ]r]) he]k l]n] _keo]o mqa l]na_ai `ebanajpao* =ooei( lkn atailhk( ]o `ebanaj]o `a _kn ok atlhe_]`]o lkn `ebanaj]o `a qi iao) ik l]`nk kq _nepnek `a ia`e`]( k _ki) lneiajpk `a kj`] hqiejko]7 ]o `ebanaj]o `a ejpajoe`]`a `ko okjo( lahk _kilneiaj) pk `a kj`] okjkn]7 dkikcjak( eopk ( ^qo_] ]o haeo can]eo `a bqj_ekj]iajpk `ko bajiajko( mqa ok ]o iaoi]o l]n] b]pko mqa jko l]na_ai `ebanajpao* Lkn atailhk( ] hae qjerano]h `] cn]rep]k `aikjopn] mqa ] mqa`] `a qi] la`n] a ] Ûqpq]k `a qi] lhqi] ok ik) reiajpko mqa k^a`a_ai iaoi] hae jk ejpanekn `k _]ilk cn]rep]_ekj]h7 cajan]hev]`kn( lkeo na ja ej`ere`q]he`]`ao ok^ ]o iaoi]o haeo( ko iaoiko l]`n ao kq _nepneko `a ia`e`]( ikopn]j`k mqa lkooqai ] iaoi] aopnqpqn]( ai^kn] oaf]i oaj) okne]hiajpa lan_a^e`]o _kik `ebanajpao* =ooei( lkn atailhk( ] mqie_] ikopn] mqa ] ajknia r]nea`]`a `a _knlko `a_knna `]o ej ian]o _ki^ej] ao `a qi lamqajk j ) iank heiep]`k `a ahaiajpko mqa _kil ai ko _knlko _kilhatko7
.30
= ]pepq`a _eajpbe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
`ebanaj_e]`kn( lkeo jk na ja jai cajan]hev] lkn oaiahd]j]o ]l]najpao( i]o `eo) pejcqa ajpna ko mqa l]na_ai ecq]eo( `ao`a mqa k^a`a]i ] aopnqpqn]o `ebanajpao* = l]) h]rn] nrbfgl l]na_a oan ] iaoi] _keo] mqa ] l]h]rn] ejchao] `ebbpb a ] l]h]rn] bn]j_ao] colj^db( mq]j`k( j] na]he`]`a( ok iqepk `ebanajpao( lknmqa oa nabanai ] aopnqpqn]o ]heiajp]nao `ebanajpao7 o aop]^aha_a nah] ao _]qo]eo `alkeo `a ejraopec]n ] j]pqnav] kq aopnqpqn] `k b]pk ao) pq`]`k a oq]o nah] ao _ki kqpnko oaiahd]jpao kq `ebanajpao* =ooei( lkn atailhk( qi _knlk jk _]e lknmqa lao]`k( i]o k laok `a qi _knlk `alaj`a `k _]ilk cn]rep]_ek) j]h kj`a oa aj_kjpn] Í lkn eook mqa( j]o j]rao aol]_e]eo( kj`a ] cn]re`]`a ecq]h ] vank( pk`ko ko _knlko Ûqpq]i( ej`alaj`ajpaiajpa `k laok kq `k p]i]jdk7 qi _knlk pai qi] _anp] _kn jk lknmqa _khkne`k( i]o lknmqa( `alaj`aj`k `a oq] _kilkoek mqie_] a boe_]( naÛapa ] hqv `a qi] `apaniej]`] i]jaen]( ap_*7 oqnlnaaj`a)oa _ki ] nacqh]ne`]`a( ] _kjop j_e]( ] bnamqj_e]( ] nalapek a ] `ebanaj] `]o _keo]o a lnk_qn] ikopn]n mqa k i]n]rehdkok( k atpn]kn`ejnek kq k Îieh]cnkokÏ ok qi _]ok l]npe_qh]n `k mqa nacqh]n( jkni]h( bnamqajpa* Qi a_heloa( qi pannaikpk( qi bqn]_k( ] anqlk `a qi rqh_k( ai^kn] at_al_ekj]eo( k^a`a_ai o haeo `] boe_]* Lnk) _qn]( ]ooei( ]lnaoajp]n atlhe_] ao n]_ekj]eo( _h]n]o( oeilhao a ran`]`aen]o l]n] ko b]pko( klkj`k)oa ]k aolap]_qh]n( ]k ice_k a ]k b]jpope_k7
#ERIMES!RQUIVOßDAßEDITORA
`eopejcqa)oa `] i]ce]* = i]ce] ]`iepa qi] l]npe_el]k kq oeil]pe] oa_nap] ajpna _ke) o]o `ebanajpao( mqa ]cai qi]o ok^na kqpn]o lkn iaek `a mq]he`]`ao k_qhp]o a _kjoe`an] k loemqeoik dqi]jk qi] bkn] _]l]v `a hec]n)oa ] loemqeoiko oqlaneknao $lh]japneko( ]o) pn]eo( ]jche_ko( `aikj]_ko% l]n] lnkrk_]n abaepko ejaolan]`ko j]o _keo]o a j]o laook]o* = ]pepq`a _eajpÚ_]( ]k _kjpnnek( klan] qi `aoaj_]jp]iajpk kq `aoajbaepe]iajpk `k iqj`k( ikopn]j`k mqa jaha jk ]cai bkn]o oa_nap]o( i]o _]qo]o a nah] ao n]_ekj]eo mqa lk`ai oan _kjda_e`]o a mqa p]eo _kjda_eiajpko lk`ai oan pn]joiepe`ko ] pk`ko7 ]Úni] mqa( lahk _kjda_eiajpk( k dkiai lk`a he^anp]n)oa `k ia`k a `]o oqlanope ao( `aet]j`k `a lnkfap)hko jk iqj`k a jko kqpnko7 lnk_qn] najkr]n)oa a ik`eÚ_]n)oa _kjpejq]iajpa( arep]j`k ] pn]jobkni]k `]o pak) ne]o ai `kqpnej]o a `aop]o ai lna_kj_aepko ok_e]eo* K b]pk _eajpÚ_k naoqhp] `a qi qo^* _^iel l]_eajpa a hajpk `a ejraopec]k a `a laomqeo] n]_ekj]h( ]^anpk ] iq`]j]o( jk oaj`k jai qi ieopnek ej_kilnaajorah jai qi] `kqpnej] can]h ok^na k iqj`k* 'ILESß'ASTONß'RANGERß ßEPISTEMvLOGOß FRANCoS
Ai oaq hernk Idf`^ b ÛilplÛ^ a^p `f k`f^p( k Úh okbk `]o _ej_e]o( Cehao C]opkj Cn]jcan( ao_nara6 > `f k`f^ rj^ cloj^ pfpqbj^qf`^jbkqb lod^kfw^a^ al mbkp^jbkql l_gbqfsl+ %+++& A^ j^df^ Î `lkpfabo^a^ rj `lkgrkql ab moqf`^p abpqfk^al ^ ^molsbfq^o lp mlabobp pl_obk^qro^fp Î) ^ `f k`f^ qbof^ `lkpbos^al rj^ ^m^o k`f^ ab jfpqofl b do^sfa^ab of* qr^i) qo^ l nrb ^fka^ elgb promobbkab ^ j^flof^ alp bpmofqlp+ Al cbfqf`bfol ^l `fbkqfpq^ e ^mbk^p rj mbnrbkl m^ppl) c`fi ab qo^kpmlo) nr^kal `lkpfabo^alp lp Ïjfi^dobpÐ a^ `f k`f^ jlabok^+ Nr^kql j^fp bp`^m^j ^lp klpplp pbkqfalp ^p clo ^p k^qro^fp a^p nr^fp bi^ pb ^molsbfq^ %lka^p eboqwf^k^p) bibqof`fa^ab) bjfppbp bibqokf`^p&) j^fp m^ob`b bi^ ob^ifw^o lp plkelp alp jdf`lp+ %+++& > `f k`f^) bkqobq^kql) ^mbk^p mlabo pbo j^df^ ^lp lielp ab bpmb`q^alobp) mlfp ^mbk^p pb if_boq^kal a^ j^df^ nrb ^ `f k`f^ molmof^jbkqb afq^ mlab abpbkslisbo*pb+
K pn]^]hdk _eajpbe_k iap`e_k a oeopaipe_k Ko b]pko kq k^fapko _eajpÚ_ko jk ok `]`ko ailne_ko aolkjp jako `a jkoo] atlanej) _e] _kpe`e]j]( i]o ok `lkpqoralp lahk pn]^]hdk `] ejraopec]k _eajpÚ_]* Aop] qi _kjfqj) pk `a ]pere`]`ao ejpaha_pq]eo( atlaneiajp]eo a p_je_]o( na]hev]`]o _ki ^]oa ai jqlalp mqa laniepai a c]n]jpai mqa ] lnej_el]h i]n_] `] _ej_e] oaf] k ofdlo6
.31
x 5.)$!$%ß x = _ej_e]
oal]n]n ko ahaiajpko oq^faperko a k^faperko `a qi bajiajk7 _kjopnqen k bajiajk _kik qi k^fapk `k _kjda_eiajpk( _kjpnkhrah( raneÚ_rah( ejpan) lnaprah a _]l]v `a oan napeÚ_]`k kq _knnece`k lkn jkr]o ah]^kn] ao7 `aikjopn]n a lnkr]n ko naoqhp]`ko k^pe`ko `qn]jpa ] ejraopec]k( cn]]o ]k neckn `]o nah] ao `aÚje`]o ajpna ko b]pko aopq`]`ko7 ] `aikjopn]k `ara oan baep] jk o l]n] raneÚ_]n ] r]he`]`a `ko naoqhp]`ko k^pe`ko( i]o p]i^i l]n] lnaran n]_ekj]hiajpa jk) rko b]pko _kik abaepko `ko f aopq`]`ko7 nah]_ekj]n _ki kqpnko b]pko qi b]pk eokh]`k( ejpacn]j`k)k jqi] atlhe_]k n]_ekj]h qjeÚ_]`]( lkeo okiajpa aoo] ejpacn]k pn]jobkni] k bajiajk ai k^fapk _eajpÚ_k( eopk ( ai b]pk atlhe_]`k lkn qi] pakne]7 bkniqh]n qi] pakne] can]h ok^na k _kjfqjpk `ko bajiajko k^oanr]`ko a `ko b]pko ejraopec]`ko( eopk ( bkniqh]n qi _kjfqjpk oeopaipe_k `a _kj_aepko mqa atlhemqai a ejpanlnapai ]o _]qo]o a ko abaepko( ]o nah] ao `a `alaj`j_e]( e`ajpe`]`a a `ebanaj] ajpna pk`ko ko k^fapko mqa _kjopepqai k _]ilk ejraopec]`k* Lkn eook( jk hernk ]_ei] _ep]`k( Cn]jcan jko `ev mqa Îk ran`]`aenk oecjeÚ_]`k `] _ej_e]( mqa ] `eopejcqa `a pk`] kqpn] bkni] `a jkoo] ]pere`]`a _erehev]`]( k `a oan qi jqlal ab mbkp^jbkql b ab ^ lÏ* @aheiep]n kq `aÚjen ko b]pko ] ejraopec]n( oal]n]j`k)ko `a kqpnko oaiahd]jpao kq `e) banajpao7 aop]^aha_an ko lnk_a`eiajpko iapk`kh ce_ko l]n] k^oanr]k( atlaneiajp]k a raneÚ_]k `ko b]pko7 _kjopnqen ejopnqiajpko p_je_ko a _kj`e ao `a h]^kn]p nek aola_Ú_]o l]n] ] laomqeo]7 ah]^kn]n qi _kjfqjpk oeopaipe_k `a _kj_aepko mqa bkniai ] pakne] ca) n]h `ko bajiajko aopq`]`ko( mqa _kjpnkhai a cqeai k ]j`]iajpk `] laomqeo]( ]hi `a ]ilhe)h] _ki jkr]o ejraopec] ao( a laniep]i ] lnareok `a b]pko jkrko _ki ^]oa jko f _kjda_e`ko6 aooao ok ko ln)namqeoepko l]n] ] _kjopepqek `a qi] _ej_e] a ]o atecj_e]o `] ln lne] _ej_e]* = _ej_e] `eopejcqa)oa `k oajok _kiqi lknmqa aopa qi] klejek ^]oa]`] ai d^e) pko( lna_kj_aepko( pn]`e ao _neop]hev]`]o( ajmq]jpk ] lneiaen] ^]oae])oa ai laomqeo]o( ej) raopec] ao iap `e_]o a oeopaipe_]o a j] atecj_e] `a mqa ]o pakne]o oaf]i ejpanj]iajpa _kanajpao a `ec]i ] ran`]`a ok^na ] na]he`]`a* = _ej_e] `lkeb`fjbkql mqa naoqhp] `a qi pn]^]hdk n]_ekj]h* Mqa pelk `a _kjda_eiajpk aooa; Rai `a =neop pahao ] lneiaen] cn]j`a `aÚjek `k _kjda_eiajpk _eajpÚ_k6 ] _ej_e] qi _kjda_eiajpk `]o _]qo]o a lah]o _]qo]o( eopk ( qi _kjda_eiajpk `aikjopn]perk* A rai `k Új]h `k Naj]o_eiajpk a `k ej_ek `] ÚhkokÚ] ik`anj]( _ki Bn]j_eo >]_kj( C]hehaq a @ao_]npao( ] e`ae] `a mqa( ]hi `a _kjda_eiajpk `aikjopn]perk( ] _ej_e] qi _kjda_eiajpk aÚ_]v( eopk ( _]l]v `a laniepen ]k dkiai jk o _kjda_an k iqj`k( i]o p]i^i `kiej)hk a pn]jobkni)hk* K pn]^]hdk _eajpÚ_k oeopaipe_k a lkn eook qi] pakne] _eajpÚ_] qi oeopai] kn`a) j]`k a _kanajpa `a lnklkoe ao kq ajqj_e]`ko ^]oa]`ko ai qi lamqajk j iank `a lnej) _leko( _qf] Új]he`]`a `ao_naran( atlhe_]n a lnaran `k ik`k i]eo _kilhapk lkoorah qi _kjfqjpk `a bajiajko( kbana_aj`k oq]o haeo ja_aoone]o* = pakne] _eajpÚ_] laniepa mqa qi] iqhpelhe_e`]`a ailne_] `a b]pko ]l]najpaiajpa iqepk `ebanajpao oaf]i _kilnaaj`e) `ko _kik oaiahd]jpao a oq^iape`ko o iaoi]o haeo7 a re_a)rano]( laniepa _kilnaaj`an lkn mqa b]pko ]l]najpaiajpa oaiahd]jpao ok `ebanajpao a oq^iape`ko ] haeo `ebanajpao*
.32
= _ej_e] j] deop ne] x #!0É45,/ß x
#APqTULOß = _e j_e] j] deopne]
=o pn o lnej_el]eo _kj_al ao `a _e j_e]
D
eopkne_]iajpa( pno pi oe`k ]o lnej_el]eo _kj_al ao `a _ej_e] kq `a e`a]eo `a _eajpeÚ_e`]`a6 ] o^`flk^ifpq^( _qfk ik`ahk `a k^fapere`]`a ] i]paipe_]7 ] bjmf* ofpq^( mqa pki] k ik`ahk `a k^fapere`]`a `] ia`e_ej] cnac] a `] deop ne] j]pqn]h `k o_qhk TREE7 a ] `lkpqorqfsfpq^( _qfk ik`ahk `a k^fapere`]`a ]`ri `] e`ae] `a n]vk _kik _kjda_eiajpk ]lnktei]perk* = _kj_alk n]_ekj]heop] Í mqa oa aopaj`a `ko cnacko ]p k Új]h `k o_qhk TREE Í ]Úni] mqa ] _ej_e] qi _kjda_eiajpk n]_ekj]h `a`qperk a `aikjopn]perk _kik ] i]) paipe_]( lknp]jpk( _]l]v `a lnkr]n ] ran`]`a ja_aoone] a qjerano]h `a oaqo ajqj_e]`ko a naoqhp]`ko( oai `aet]n jajdqi] ` re`]* Qi] _ej_e] ] qje`]`a oeopaipe_] `a ]teki]o( lkopqh]`ko a `aÚje ao( mqa `apaniej]i ] j]pqnav] a ]o lnklnea`]`ao `a oaq k^fapk( a `a `aikjopn] ao( mqa lnkr]i ]o nah] ao `a _]qo]he`]`a mqa nacai k k^fapk ejraopec]`k* K k^fapk _eajpÚ_k qi] nalnaoajp]k ejpaha_pq]h qjerano]h( ja_aoone] a ran`]`aen] `]o _keo]o nalnaoajp]`]o( a _knnaolkj`a ln lne] na]he`]`a( lknmqa aop] n]_ekj]h a ejpahec) rah ai oe iaoi]* =o atlanej_e]o _eajpÚ_]o ok na]hev]`]o ]laj]o l]n] raneÚ_]n a _kjÚni]n ]o `aikjopn] ao pa ne_]o( a jk l]n] lnk`qven k _kjda_eiajpk `k k^fapk( lkeo aopa _kjda) _e`k at_hqoer]iajpa lahk lajo]iajpk* K k^fapk _eajpÚ_k i]paipe_k( lknmqa ] na]he`]`a lkooqe qi] aopnqpqn] i]paipe_]( kq( _kik `eooa C]hehaq( Îk cn]j`a hernk `] j]pqnav] aop ao_nepk ai _]n]_panao i]paipe_koÏ* = _kj_alk aileneop] Í mqa r]e `] ia`e_ej] cnac] a =neop pahao ]p k Új]h `k o_qhk TET Í ]Úni] mqa ] _ej_e] qi] ejpanlnap]k `ko b]pko ^]oa]`] ai k^oanr] ao a atla) neiajpko mqa laniepai aop]^aha_an ej`q ao a mqa( ]k oanai _kilhap]`]o( kbana_ai ] `a) Újek `k k^fapk( oq]o lnklnea`]`ao a oq]o haeo `a bqj_ekj]iajpk* = pakne] _eajpÚ_] naoqhp] `]o k^oanr] ao a `ko atlaneiajpko( `a ik`k mqa ] atlanej_e] jk pai oeilhaoiajpa ] bqjk `a raneÚ_]n a _kjÚni]n _kj_aepko( i]o ] `a lnk`qve)hko* Aeo lkn mqa( jaop] _kj_alk( oailna dkqra cn]j`a _qe`]`k l]n] aop]^aha_an ipk`ko atlaneiajp]eo necknkoko( lkeo `a) hao `alaj`e] ] bkniqh]k `] pakne] a ] `aÚjek `] k^fapere`]`a ejraopec]`]* Aoo]o `q]o _kj_al ao `a _eajpeÚ_e`]`a lkooq]i k iaoik lnaooqlkopk( ai^kn] k na]) hev]ooai `a i]jaen]o `ebanajpao* =i^]o _kjoe`an]r]i mqa ] pakne] _eajpÚ_] an] qi] atlhe) _]k a qi] nalnaoajp]k ran`]`aen] `] ln lne] na]he`]`a( p]h _kik aop] ai oe iaoi]* = _ej_e] an] qi] aol_ea `a n]ek T `] na]he`]`a* = _kj_alk n]_ekj]heop] an] efmlqqf`l*abarqfs^( eopk ( `aÚje] k k^fapk a oq]o haeo a `eook `a`qve] lnklnea`]`ao( abaepko lkopaneknao( lnareo ao* = _kj_alk aileneop] an] efml* qqf`l*fkarqfs^( eopk ( ]lnaoajp]r] oqlkoe ao ok^na k k^fapk( na]hev]r] k^oanr] ao a atla) neiajpko a _dac]r] `aÚjek `ko b]pko( o oq]o haeo( oq]o lnklnea`]`ao( oaqo abaepko lkopa) neknao a ] lnareo ao* = _kj_alk _kjopnqpereop] Í eje_e]`] ai jkook o_qhk Í _kjoe`an] ] _ej_e] qi] _kjopnqk `a ik`ahko atlhe_]perko l]n] ] na]he`]`a a jk qi] nalnaoajp]k `] ln lne] na]) he`]`a* K _eajpeop] _ki^ej] `keo lnk_a`eiajpko Í qi rej`k `k n]_ekj]heoik( kqpnk rej`k `k aileneoik Í a ] ahao ]_nao_ajp] qi pan_aenk( rej`k `] e`ae] `a _kjda_eiajpk ]lnktei]) perk a _knnecrah*
.33
x 5.)$!$%ß x = _ej_e]
?kik k n]_ekj]heop]( k _eajpeop] _kjopnqpereop] ateca mqa k ipk`k hda laniep] a hda c]) n]jp] aop]^aha_an ]teki]o( lkopqh]`ko( `aÚje ao a `a`q ao ok^na k k^fapk _eajpÚ_k* ?kik k aileneop]( k _kjopnqpereop] ateca mqa ] atlaneiajp]k cqea a ik`eÚmqa ]teki]o( lkopq) h]`ko( `aÚje ao a `aikjopn] ao* Jk ajp]jpk( lknmqa _kjoe`an] k k^fapk qi] _kjopnqk h ce_k)ejpaha_pq]h a qi] _kjopnqk atlaneiajp]h baep] ai h]^kn]p nek( k _eajpeop] jk aola) n] mqa oaq pn]^]hdk ]lnaoajpa ] na]he`]`a ai oe iaoi]( i]o kbana] aopnqpqn]o a ik`ahko `a bqj_ekj]iajpk `] na]he`]`a( atlhe_]j`k ko bajiajko k^oanr]`ko* Jk aolan]( lknp]jpk( ]lnaoajp]n qi] ran`]`a ]^okhqp]( a oei qi] ran`]`a ]lnktei]`] mqa lk`a oan _knnece`]( ik`eÚ_]`]( ]^]j`kj]`] lkn kqpn] i]eo ]`amq]`] ]ko bajiajko* Ok pno ]o atecj_e]o `a oaq e`a]h `a _eajpeÚ_e`]`a6 -*
mqa d]f] _kanj_e] $eopk ( mqa jk d]f] _kjpn]`e ao% ajpna ko lnej_leko mqa kneajp]i ] pakne]7
.* mqa ko ik`ahko `ko k^fapko $kq aopnqpqn]o `ko bajiajko% oaf]i _kjopnq`ko _ki ^]oa j] k^oanr]k a j] atlaneiajp]k7 /* mqa ko naoqhp]`ko k^pe`ko lkoo]i jk o ]hpan]n ko ik`ahko _kjopnq`ko( i]o p]i^i ]hpan]n ko ln lneko lnej_leko `] pakne]( _knnecej`k)]*
@ebanaj]o ajpna ] _e j_e] ]jpec] a ] _hooe_] kq ik`anj]
M
q]j`k ]lnaoajp]iko ko e`a]eo `a _eajpeÚ_e`]`a( `eooaiko mqa p]jpk k e`a]h n]_ekj]) heop] _kik k aileneop] oa eje_e]n]i _ki ko cnacko* Eook( lkni( jk oecjeÚ_] mqa ] _kj_alk ]jpec] a ] _hooe_] kq ik`anj] $o_qhk TREE% `a _ej_e] oaf]i e`jpe_]o* Ajpna ]o rne]o `ebanaj]o( `araiko iaj_ekj]n qi]( p]hrav ] i]eo lnkbqj`]6 ] _ej_e] ]j) pec] an] qi] _ej_e] qbloqf`^( kq oaf]( ]laj]o _kjpailh]r] ko oanao j]pqn]eo( oai f]i]eo ei]ce) j]n ejpanren jahao kq ok^na ahao lkn iaeko p_je_ko7 ] _ej_e] _hooe_] qi] _ej_e] mqa reo] jk o ]k _kjda_eiajpk pa ne_k( i]o ok^napq`k ]lhe_]k lnpe_] kq p_je_]* Bn]j_eo >]_kj `eve] mqa Îo]^an lk`anÏ( a @ao_]npao ao_naraq mqa Î] _ej_e] `ara pknj]n)jko oajdknao `] j]pqnav]Ï* = _ej_e] _hooe_] kq ik`anj] j]o_a rej_qh]`] e`ae] `a fkqbosfo k^ k^qrobw^( `a _kjda_)h] l]n] ]lnklne]n)oa `ah]( l]n] _kjpnkh)h] a `kiej)h]* = _ej_e] jk ]laj]o _kjpailh]k `] ran`]) `a( i]o ok^napq`k k atan__ek `k lk`anek dqi]jk ok^na ] j]pqnav]* Jqi] ok_ea`]`a ai mqa k _]lep]heoik aop oqncej`k a( l]n] ]_qiqh]n k _]lep]h( `ara ]ilhe]n ] _]l]_e`]`a `k pn]^]hdk dqi]jk l]n] ik`eÚ_]n a atlhkn]n ] j]pqnav]( ] jkr] _ej_e] oan ejoal]nrah `] p_je_]* J] ran`]`a( i]eo _knnapk b]h]n ai Îpa_jkhkce]Ï `k mqa ai Îp_je_]Ï* @a b]pk( ] p_je_] qi _kjda_eiajpk ailne_k( mqa( cn]]o k^oanr]k( ah]^kn] qi _kjfqjpk `a na_aep]o a lnpe_]o l]n] ]cen ok^na ]o _keo]o* = pa_jkhkce]( lkni( qi o]^an pa ne_k mqa oa ]lhe_] ln]pe_]iajpa* Lkn atailhk( qi nah cek `a okh qi k^fapk p_je_k mqa oanra l]n] i]n_]n dkn]o oacqej`k k ikreiajpk okh]n jk _q* Qi _nkjiapnk( lkni( qi k^fapk pa_jkh ce_k6 lkn qi h]`k( oq] _kjopnqk lnaooql a _kjda_eiajpko pa ne_ko ok^na ]o haeo `k ikreiajpk $]o haeo `k lj`qhk% a( lkn kqpnk( oaq qok ]hpan] ] lan_alk ailne_] a _kiqi `ko k^fapko( lkeo oanra l]n] ia`en ]mqehk mqa jkoo] lan_alk jk _kjoacqa lan_a^an* Qi] hajpa `a ]qiajpk qi k^fapk p_je) _k( i]o k pahao_ lek a k ie_nko_ lek ok k^fapko pa_jkh ce_ko( lkeo oq] _kjopnqk lnaooql a k _kjda_eiajpk `]o haeo _eajpÚ_]o `aÚje`]o lah] lpe_]* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( qi k^fapk pa_) jkh ce_k mq]j`k oq] _kjopnqk lnaooql a qi o]^an _eajpÚ_k a mq]j`k oaq qok ejpanbana jko naoqhp]`ko `]o laomqeo]o _eajpÚ_]o* = _ej_e] ik`anj] pknjkq)oa ejoal]nrah `] pa_jkhkce]*
=o iq`]j]o _eajpbe_]o
R
eiko ]p ]mqe `q]o cn]j`ao iq`]j]o j] _ej_e]* = lneiaen] `ah]o oa nabana l]oo]) cai `k n]_ekj]heoik a `k aileneoik ]k _kjopnqpereoik( eopk ( `a qi e`a]h `a _eajpe) Ú_e`]`a ^]oa]`k j] e`ae] `a mqa ] _ej_e] qi] obmobpbkq^ l `] na]he`]`a p]h _kik
.34
= _ej_e] j] deop ne] x #!0É45,/ß x
ah] ai oe iaoi]( ] qi e`a]h `a _eajpeÚ_e`]`a ^]oa]`k j] e`ae] `a mqa k k^fapk _eajpÚ_k qi jlabil _kjopnq`k a jk qi] nalnaoajp]k `k na]h( qi] ]lnktei]k ok^na k ik`k `a bqj_ekj]iajpk `] na]he`]`a( i]o jk k _kjda_eiajpk ]^okhqpk `ah]* = oacqj`] iq`]j] nabana)oa l]oo]cai `] _ej_e] ]jpec] Í paknpe_]( mq]hep]per] Í _ej_e] _hooe_] kq ik`an) j] Í pa_jkh ce_]( mq]jpep]per]* Lkn mqa dkqra p]eo iq`]j]o jk lajo]iajpk _eajpÚ_k; @qn]jpa _anpk pailk( fqhckq)oa mqa ] _ej_e] $_kik ] ok_ea`]`a% arkhqe a lnkcne`a* Ark) hqk a lnkcnaook ok `q]o e`ae]o iqepk na_ajpao Í `]p]i `ko o_qhko TREEE a TET Í( i]o iqepk ]_aep]o lah]o laook]o* >]op] ran k hai] `] ^]j`aen] ^n]oehaen] l]n] lan_a^an _kik ]o laook]o ]_d]i j]pqn]h b]h]n ai ÎKn`ai a LnkcnaookÏ* =o jk ao `a arkhqk a `a lnkcnaook l]npai `] oqlkoek `a mqa k pailk qi] he) jd] _kjpjq] a dkikcja] $_kik ] ei]cai `k nek( mqa reiko ]k aopq`]n ] iap]boe_]%* K pailk oane] qi] oq_aook _kjpjq] `a ejop]jpao( ikiajpko( b]oao( lank`ko( lk_]o( mqa ene]i oa oki]j`k qjo ]ko kqpnko( ]_qiqh]j`k)oa `a p]h ik`k mqa k mqa ]_kjpa_a `alkeo k naoqhp]`k iahdkn]`k `k mqa ]_kjpa_aq ]jpao* ?kjpjqk a _qiqh]perk( k pailk oane] qi ]lanbaek]iajpk `a pk`ko ko oanao $j]pqn]eo a dqi]jko%* Arkhqk a lnkcnaook ok ] _naj] j] oqlanekne`]`a `k lnaoajpa ai nah]k ]k l]oo]`k a `k bqpqnk ai nah]k ]k lnaoajpa* =ooei( ko aqnklaqo _erehev]`ko oane]i oqlaneknao ]ko ]bne) _]jko a ]ko j`eko( ] boe_] c]heh]e_k)jaspkje]j] oane] oqlanekn ]neopkphe_]( ] boe_] mq jpe_] oane] oqlanekn `a C]hehaq a `a Jaspkj* Arkhqen oecjeÚ_] pknj]n)oa oqlanekn a iahdkn `k mqa oa an] ]jpao* Lnkcna`en oecjeÚ_] en jqi nqik _]`] rav iahdkn j] `enak `a qi] Új]he`]`a oqlanekn* Arkhqk a lnkcnaook p]i^i oql ai k pailk _kik qi] onea heja]n `a ikiajpko hec]`ko lkn nah] ao `a _]qo] a abaepk( ai mqa k l]oo]`k _]qo] a k lnaoajpa( abaepk( rej`k ] pknj]n)oa _]qo] `k bqpqnk* Raiko aoo] e`ae] ]l]na_an mq]j`k( lkn atailhk( ko i]jq]eo `a deop ne] ]lnaoajp]i ]o ÎejÛqj_e]oÏ mqa qi ]_kjpa_eiajpk ]jpanekn pane] pe`k ok^na qi kqpnk( lkopanekn* Arkhqen a lnkcna`en lnaooql ai qi] _kj_alk `] deop ne] oaiahd]jpa mqa ] ^ekhkce] ]lnaoajp] mq]j`k b]h] ai cania( oaiajpa kq h]nr]* K cania( ] oaiajpa kq ] h]nr] ok ajpao mqa _kjpi ai oe iaoiko pq`k k mqa hdao ]_kjpa_an( kq oaf]( k bqpqnk f aop _kjpe`k jk lkjpk eje_e]h `a qi oan _qf] deop ne] kq _qfk pailk j]`] i]eo `k mqa k `ao`k^n]n kq k `aoajrkhran lhajk `]mqehk mqa aha f an] lkpaj_e]hiajpa* Aoo] e`ae] aj_kjpn])oa lnaoajpa( lkn atailhk( j] `eopejk ajpna l]oao `aoajrkhre`ko a oq^`aoajrkhre`ko* Mq]j`k `eck mqa qi l]o kq aop `aoajrkhre`k( `eck mqa oae mqa ]h) _]jkq ] Új]he`]`a mq]h aop]r] `aopej]`k `ao`a mqa oqnceq* Mq]j`k `eck mqa qi l]o kq aop oq^`aoajrkhre`k( aopkq `evaj`k mqa ] Új]he`]`a Í mqa ] iaoi] l]n] aha a l]n] k `aoajrkhre`k Í ]ej`] jk bke( i]o `aran oan ]h_]j]`] ai ]hcqi ikiajpk `k pailk* Jk lkn ]_]ok( ]o atlnaoo ao Î`aoajrkhre`kÏ a Îoq^`aoajrkhre`kÏ bkn]i qo]`]o l]n] oq^opepqen `q]o kqpn]o( pe`]o _kik kbajoer]o a ]cnaooer]o6 l]oao Î]`e]jp]`koÏ a l]oao Î]pn]o]`koÏ( eopk ( l]oao Îarkhq`koÏ a Îjk arkhq`koÏ( l]oao Î_ki lnkcnaookÏ a Îoai lnkcnaookÏ* Ai naoqik( arkhqk a lnkcnaook lnaooql ai _kjpejqe`]`a pailkn]h( ]_qiqh]k _]qo]h `ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko( oqlanekne`]`a `k bqpqnk a `k lnaoajpa _ki nah]k ]k l]oo]`k( ateopj_e] `a qi] Új]he`]`a ] oan ]h_]j]`]* Oqlqjd])oa mqa ]o iq`]j]o _eajpÚ_]o ej`e) _]r]i arkhqk kq lnkcnaook `ko _kjda_eiajpko dqi]jko*
@aoiajpej`k ] arkhqk a k lnkcnaook _eajpbe_ko
= .35
ÚhkokÚ] `]o _ej_e]o( aopq`]j`k ]o iq`]j]o _eajpÚ_]o( eilo qi `aoiajpe`k o e`ae]o `a arkhqk a lnkcnaook* Eook jk mqan `evan mqa ] ÚhkokÚ] `]o _ej_e]o reaooa ] b]) h]n ai ]pn]ok a nacnaook _eajpÚ_]( lkeo aoo]o `q]o jk ao ok e`jpe_]o o `a arkhq k a lnkcnaook( ]laj]o _ki k oej]h pnk_]`k $ai rav `a _]iejd]n _]qo]h a _kjpejq]iajpa l]n] ] bnaj) pa( _]iejd]n)oa)e] _]qo]h a _kjpejq]iajpa l]n] pno%* K mqa ] ÚhkokÚ] `]o _ej_e]o _kilnaaj) `aq bke mqa ]o ah]^kn] ao _eajpÚ_]o a ko e`a]eo `a _eajpeÚ_e`]`a ok afcbobkqbp a abp`lkqkrlp*
Mq]j`k( lkn atailhk( _kil]n]iko ] cakiapne] _hooe_] kq cakiapne] aq_he`e]j] $mqa klan] _ki k aol]k lh]jk% a ] cakiapne] _kjpailkn ja] kq pklkh ce_] $mqa klan] _ki k aol]k pne`eiajoekj]h%( raiko mqa jk oa pn]p] `a `q]o ap]l]o kq `a `q]o b]oao oq_aooer]o `] iaoi] _ej_e] cakipne_]( a oei `a `q]o cakiapne]o `ebanajpao( _ki lnej_leko( _kj_aepko( k^fapko( `aikjopn] ao _kilhap]iajpa `ebanajpao* Jk dkqra arkhqk a lnkcnaook `a qi] l]n] kqpn]( lkeo ok `q]o cakiapne]o `erano]o a jk cakiapne]o oq_aooer]o* Mq]j`k _kil]n]iko ]o boe_]o `a =neop pahao( C]hehaq)Jaspkj a Aejopaej( jk aop]iko `e]jpa `a qi] iaoi] boe_]( mqa pane] arkhq`k kq lnkcna`e`k( i]o `e]jpa `a pno boe_]o `e) banajpao( ^]oa]`]o ai lnej_leko( _kj_aepko( `aikjopn] ao( atlaneiajp] ao a pa_jkhkce]o _kilhap]iajpa `ebanajpao* Ai _]`] qi] `ah]o( ] e`ae] `a j]pqnav] `ebanajpa7 ai _]`] qi] `ah]o ko ipk`ko ailnac]`ko ok `ebanajpao7 ai _]`] qi] `ah]o k mqa oa `aoaf] _kjda_an `ebanajpa* Mq]j`k _kil]n]iko ] _ej_e] `] hejcq]cai `k o_qhk TET $mqa an] ^]oa]`] jko aopq) `ko `a Úhkhkce]( eopk ( jko aopq`ko `] knecai a `] deop ne] `]o l]h]rn]o% _ki ] hejcqope_] _kjpailkn ja] $mqa( _kik reiko jk _]lpqhk `a`e_]`k hejcq]cai( aopq`] aopnqpqn]o%( raiko `q]o _ej_e]o `ebanajpao* A k iaoik lk`a oan `epk `a pk`]o ]o _ej_e]o* RaneÚ_kq)oa( lknp]jpk( qi] `ao_kjpejqe`]`a a qi] `ebanaj] pailkn]h ajpna ]o pak) ne]o _eajpÚ_]o _kik _kjoamqj_e] jk `a qi] bkni] i]eo arkhq`]( i]eo lnkcnaooer] kq iahdkn `a b]van _ej_e]( i]o _kik naoqhp]`k `a `ebanajpao i]jaen]o `a _kjda_an a _kjo) pnqen ko k^fapko _eajpÚ_ko( `a ah]^kn]n ko ipk`ko a ejrajp]n pa_jkhkce]o* K Úh okbk C]opkj >]_dah]n` _nekq ] atlnaook ormqro^ bmfpqbjlidf`^ l]n] atlhe_]n aoo] `ao_kjpejqe`]`a jk _kjda_eiajpk _eajpÚ_k*
Nqlpqn]o aleopaikhce_]o
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?ki lamqaj]o r]ne] ao( aoo] _h]ooeÚ_]k bke i]jpe`] ]p k o_qhk TREE( mq]j`k ajpk ko _kjda_eiajpko oa oal]n]n]i ai ÛilpÛ`lp( `fbkqÛ`lp a q`kf`lp* =l o aooa lank`k( ] ÚhkokÚ] paj`a ] `ao]l]na_an j]o _h]ooeÚ_] ao _eajpÚ_]o $ qi o]^an `ebanajpa `k _eajp)
x 5.)$!$%ß x = _ej_e]
Ú_k%( ]ooei _kik `ah]o `ao]l]na_ai ]o p_je_]o* @]o ej ian]o _h]ooeÚ_] ao lnklkop]o( ]o i]eo _kjda_e`]o a qpehev]`]o bkn]i baep]o lkn Úh okbko bn]j_aoao a ]haiao `k o_qhk TET( ^]oa]j`k)oa ai pno _nepneko6 qfml ab l_gbql bpqra^al( qfml ab jqlal bjmobd^al( qfml ab obpriq^al l_qfal* @aooao _nepneko a `] oeilheÚ_]k baep] ok^na ]o rne]o _h]ooeÚ_] ao ]jpa) neknao naoqhpkq ]mqah] mqa oa _kopqi] qo]n ]p dkfa6 _e j_e]o i]paipe_]o kq hce_k)i]paipe_]o $]nepipe_]( cakiapne]( hca^n]( pneck) jkiapne]( h ce_]( boe_] lqn]( ]opnkjkie] lqn]( ap_*%7 _e j_e]o j]pqn]eo $boe_]( mqie_]( ^ekhkce]( cakhkce]( ]opnkjkie]( cakcn]Ú] boe_]( l]hakj) pkhkce]( ap_*%7 _e j_e]o dqi]j]o kq ok_e]eo $loe_khkce]( ok_ekhkce]( ]jpnklkhkce]( cakcn]Ú] dqi]j]( a_kjkie]( hejcqope_]( loe_]jheoa( ]nmqakhkce]( deop ne]( ap_*%7 _e j_e]o ]lhe_]`]o $pk`]o ]o _ej_e]o mqa _kj`qvai ejrajk `a pa_jkhkce]o l]n] ej) panren j] j]pqnav]( j] re`] dqi]j] a j]o ok_ea`]`ao( _kik( lkn atailhk( `enaepk( ajca) jd]ne]( ia`e_ej]( ]nmqepapqn]( ejbknipe_]( ap_*%* ?]`] qi] `]o _ej_e]o oq^`ere`a)oa ai n]iko aola_Ú_ko( _ki jkr] `aheiep]k `k k^fapk a `k ipk`k `a ejraopec]k* =ooei( lkn atailhk( ] boe_] oq^`ere`a)oa ai ia_ je_]( ]_ ope_]( lpe_]( ap_*7 ] ^ekhkce]( ai ^kp je_]( vkkhkce]( Úoekhkce]( cajpe_]( ap_*7 ] loe_khk) ce] oq^`ere`a)oa ai loe_khkce] `k _kilknp]iajpk( `k `aoajrkhreiajpk( loe_khkce] _hje_]( loe_khkce] ok_e]h( ap_*( a ]ooei oq_aooer]iajpa( l]n] _]`] qi] `]o _ej_e]o* Lkn oq] rav( ko ln lneko n]iko `a _]`] _ej_e] oq^`ere`ai)oa ai `eo_elhej]o _]`] rav i]eo aola_Ú_]o( ia`e`] mqa oaqo k^fapko _kj`qvai ] laomqeo]o _]`] rav i]eo `ap]hd]`]o a aola_e]hev]`]o*
#APqTULOß =o _e j_e]o dqi]j]o Ok lkooraeo _e j_e]o dqi]j]o
A
i^kn] oaf] are`ajpa mqa pk`] a mq]hmqan _ej_e] dqi]j]( lknmqa naoqhp] `] ]pere`]) `a dqi]j] `a _kjda_eiajpk( ] atlnaook Î_ej_e]o dqi]j]oÏ nabana)oa mqah]o _ej) _e]o mqa pi k ln lnek oan dqi]jk _kik k^fapk* = oepq]k `a p]eo _ej_e]o iqepk aola_e]h* Ai lneiaenk hqc]n( lknmqa oaq k^fapk ^]op]jpa na_ajpa6 k dkiai _kik k^fapk _eajpÚ_k qi] e`ae] oqnce`] ]laj]o jk o_qhk TET* =p ajpk( pq`k mq]jpk oa nabane] ]k dqi]jk an] aopq`]`k lah] ÚhkokÚ]* Ai oacqj`k hqc]n( lknmqa oqncen]i `alkeo mqa ]o _ej_e]o i]paipe_]o a j]pqn]eo aop]) r]i _kjopepq`]o a f d]re]i `aÚje`k ] e`ae] `a _eajpeÚ_e`]`a( `a ipk`ko a _kjda_eiajpko _eajpÚ_ko( `a ik`k mqa ]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o bkn]i har]`]o ] eiep]n a _kle]n k mqa ]mqah]o _ej_e]o d]re]i aop]^aha_e`k( pn]p]j`k k dkiai _kik qi] _keo] j]pqn]h i]pai]pevrah a atlaneiajprah* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( l]n] c]jd]n naolaep]^ehe`]`a _eajpÚ_]( ]o `eo_elhej]o _kjda_e`]o _kik _ej_e]o dqi]j]o lnk_qn]n]i aopq`]n oaq k^fapk ailnac]j`k _kj_aepko( ipk`ko a p_je_]o lnklkopko lah]o _ej_e]o `] j]pqnav]*
.40
=o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o x #!0É45,/ß x
Ai pan_aenk hqc]n( lkn panai oqnce`k jk lank`k ai mqa lnar]ha_e] ] _kj_alk aileneo) p] a `apaniejeop] `] _ej_e]( p]i^i lnk_qn]n]i pn]p]n k k^fapk dqi]jk qo]j`k ko ik`ahko delkppe_k)ej`qperko a atlaneiajp]eo `a aopehk aileneop]( a ^qo_]r]i haeo _]qo]eo ja_aoone]o a qjerano]eo l]n] ko bajiajko dqi]jko* ?kik( ajpnap]jpk( jk an] lkoorah na]hev]n qi] pn]jolkoek ejpacn]h a lanbaep] `ko ipk`ko( `]o p_je_]o a `]o pakne]o j]pqn]eo l]n] ko ao) pq`ko `ko b]pko dqi]jko( ]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o ]_]^]n]i pn]^]hd]j`k lkn ^k^ildf^ _ki ]o _ej_e]o j]pqn]eo a oaqo naoqhp]`ko pknj]n]i)oa iqepk _kjpaopraeo a lkq_k _eajpÚ_ko* Aoo] oepq]k harkq iqepko _eajpeop]o a Úh okbko ] `qre`]n `] lkooe^ehe`]`a `a _ej_e]o mqa peraooai k dkiai _kik k^fapk* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo k^fa ao baep]o lkooe^ehe`]`a `]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o; = _ej_e] he`] _ki b]pko k^oanrraeo( eopk ( _ki oanao a ]_kjpa_eiajpko mqa( j]o _kj) `e ao aola_e]eo `a h]^kn]p nek( ok k^fapko `a atlaneiajp]k* ?kik k^oanr]n)atlane) iajp]n( lkn atailhk( ] _kjo_ej_e] dqi]j] ej`ere`q]h( mqa oane] k k^fapk `] loe_khkce]; Kq qi] ok_ea`]`a( k^fapk `] ok_ekhkce]; Kq qi] lk_] l]oo]`]( k^fapk `] deop ne]; = _ej_e] ^qo_] ]o haeo k^faper]o can]eo( qjerano]eo a ja_aoone]o `ko b]pko* ?kik aop]^a) ha_an haeo k^faper]o l]n] k mqa aooaj_e]hiajpa oq^faperk( _kik k loemqeoik dqi]jk; ?kik aop]^aha_an haeo qjerano]eo l]n] ]hck mqa l]npe_qh]n( _kik k _]ok `a qi] ok) _ea`]`a dqi]j]; ?kik aop]^aha_an haeo ja_aoone]o l]n] k mqa ]_kjpa_a qi] je_] rav( _kik k _]ok `k b]pk deop ne_k; = _ej_e] klan] lkn ]jheoa $`a_kilkoek `a qi b]pk _kilhatk ai ahaiajpko oei) lhao% a ojpaoa $na_kilkoek `k b]pk _kilhatk lkn oahak `ko ahaiajpko oeilhao( `eo) pejcqej`k ko aooaj_e]eo `ko ]_e`ajp]eo%* ?kik ]j]heo]n a oejpapev]n k loemqeoik dqi]) jk( qi] ok_ea`]`a( qi ]_kjpa_eiajpk deop ne_k; = _ej_e] he`] _ki b]pko nace`ko lah] ja_aooe`]`a _]qo]h kq lahk lnej_lek `k `apanie) jeoik qjerano]h* K dkiai `kp]`k `a n]vk( rkjp]`a a he^an`]`a( _]l]v `a _ne]n Újo a r]hknao( `a ao_khdan ajpna rne]o kl ao lkooraeo* ?kik `]n qi] atlhe_]k _eajpÚ_] ja_aoone] mqehk mqa( lkn aooj_e]( _kjpejcajpa( lkeo herna a ]ca lkn he^an`]`a; = _ej_e] he`] _ki b]pko k^faperko( eopk ( _ki ko bajiajko `alkeo mqa bkn]i lqneÚ_]) `ko `a pk`ko ko ahaiajpko oq^faperko( `a pk`]o ]o mq]he`]`ao oajoraeo( `a pk`]o ]o kle) je ao a pk`ko ko oajpeiajpko( `a pk`ko ko `]`ko ]baperko a r]hkn]perko* Kn]( k dqi]jk fqop]iajpa k oq^faperk( k oajorah( k ]baperk( k r]hkn]perk( k klej]perk* ?kik pn]jobkn) i)hk ai k^fapere`]`a oai `aopnqen oq] lnej_el]h _]n]_panope_]( ] oq^fapere`]`a;
K dqi]jk _kik k^fapk `a ejraopec]k
A
i^kn] ]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o oaf]i na_ajpao( ] lan_alk `a mqa ko oanao dqi]jko ok `ebanajpao `]o _keo]o j]pqn]eo ]jpec]* @aooa lkjpk `a reop] lk`aiko `evan mqa( `k o) _qhk TR ]k ej_ek `k o_qhk TT( ] ejraopec]k `k dqi]jk na]hevkq)oa `a pno i]jaen]o `ebanajpao6 -*
.41
Lank`k `k dqi]jeoik6 eje_e])oa jk o_qhk TR _ki ] e`ae] naj]o_ajpeop] `] afdkfa^ab al eljbj _kik _ajpnk `k Qjeranok( lnkooacqa jko o_qhko TRE a TREE _ki k aopq`k `k dkiai _kik ^dbkqb jlo^i( lkhpe_k a p_je_k)]npope_k( `aopej]`k ] `kiej]n a _kj) pnkh]n ] j]pqnav] a ] ok_ea`]`a( _dac]j`k ]k o_qhk TREEE mq]j`k oqnca ] e`ae] `a `fsfif* w^ l( eopk ( `k dkiai _kik n]vk mqa oa ]lanbaek] a lnkcne`a pailkn]hiajpa lkn iaek `]o ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo a lkhpe_]o a `k `aoajrkhreiajpk `]o ]npao( `]o p_je_]o a `ko kb_eko* K dqi]jeoik jk oal]n] dkiai a j]pqnav]( i]o _kjoe`an] k dkiai qi oan j]pqn]h `ebanajpa `ko `ai]eo( i]jebaop]j`k aoo] `ebanaj] _kik oan n]_ekj]h a herna( ]cajpa pe_k( lkhpe_k( p_je_k a ]npope_k*
K b]pk dqi]jk deop ne_k kq pailkn]h6 oqnca jk pailk a oa pn]jobkni] jk pailk* Ai _]`] lk_] deop ne_]( ko b]pko lomqe_ko( ok_e]eo( lkhpe_ko( nahecekoko( a_kjie_ko( p_je_ko a ]npope_ko lkooqai ]o iaoi]o _]qo]o can]eo( k iaoik oajpe`k a oacqai ko iaoiko r]hknao( `araj`k oan _kilnaaj`e`ko( oeiqhp]ja]iajpa( _kik l]npe_qh]ne`]`ao deop ne_]o kq Îreo ao `a iqj`kÏ aola_Ú_]o kq ]qpjki]o a _kik ap]l]o kq b]oao `k `aoajrkhreiajpk can]h `] dqi]je`]`a( eopk ( `a qi lnk_aook _]qo]h qjerano]h( mqa k lnkcnaook* K deopkne_eoik naoqhpkq ai `keo lnk^hai]o mqa jk lq`an]i oan naokhre`ko lkn oaqo ]`alpko6 k obi^qfsfpjl $jqi] lk_] ai mqa ]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o ^qo_]r]i ] qjerano]he`]`a `a oaqo _kj_aepko a ipk`ko% a ] pr_loafk^ l ^ rj^ ÛilplÛ^ a^ efpqof^ $jqi] lk_] ai mqa ]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o lnapaj`e]i oal]n]n)oa `] ÚhkokÚ]%* Obi^qfsfpjl7 ]o haeo _eajpÚ_]o ok rhe`]o ]laj]o l]n] qi] `apaniej]`] lk_] a _qhpq) n]( jk lk`aj`k oan qjerano]hev]`]o* CfilplÛ^ a^ efpqof^6 ko ej`er`qko dqi]jko a ]o ejope) pqe ao ok_ek_qhpqn]eo o ok _kilnaajoraeo oa oaq aopq`k _eajpÚ_k oq^kn`ej]n)oa ] qi] pakne] can]h `] deop ne] mqa _kjoe`ana _]`] bkni]k ok_ek_qhpqn]h( oaf] _kik Îreok `a iqj) `kÏ l]npe_qh]n( oaf] _kik ap]l] `a qi lnk_aook deop ne_k qjerano]h* L]n] ao_]l]n `aoo]o _kjoamqj_e]o( k ok_e hkck ]haik I]t Sa^an lnklo mqa ]o _ej) _e]o dqi]j]o Í jk _]ok( ] ok_ekhkce] a ] a_kjkie] Í pn]^]hd]ooai oaqo k^fapko _kik qfmlp fab^fp a jk _kik b]pko ailne_ko* K pelk e`a]h( _kik k jkia ej`e_]( kbana_a _kjopnq ao _kj_aepq]eo lqn]o( mqa laniepai _kilnaaj`an a ejpanlnap]n b]pko l]npe_qh]nao k^oanrraeo* =ooei( lkn atailhk( k Aop]`k oa ]lnaoajp] _kik qi] bkni] `a `kiej]k ok_e]h a lkhpe_] ok^ rneko pelko e`a]eo $`kiej]k _]neoipe_]( `kiej]k laook]h ^qnk_npe_]( ap_*%( _]^aj) `k ]k _eajpeop] raneÚ_]n ok^ mq]h pelk aj_kjpn])oa k _]ok l]npe_qh]n ejraopec]`k*
!LBUMAKG IMAGES,ATINSTOCK
&ICHTE߯ ßFILvSOFOß IDEALISTAßALEMjO
!LBUMAKG IMAGES,ATINSTOCK
/* Lank`k `k deopkne_eoik6 `aoajrkhre`k jk Új]h `k o_qhk TET a ej_ek `k o_qhk TT lkn @ehpdau( Úh okbk a deopkne]`kn ]haik* Aoo] _kj_alk( dan`aen] `k e`a]heoik ]haik $G]jp( Be_dpa( O_dahhejc( Dacah%( ejoeopa j] `ebanaj] lnkbqj`] ajpna dkiai a j]pqnav] a ajpna _ej_e]o j]pqn]eo a dqi]j]o( _d]i]`]o lkn @ehpdau `a Î_ej_e]o `k aolnepk kq `] _qhpqn]Ï* Ko b]pko dqi]jko ok deop ne_ko( `kp]`ko `a r]hkn a `a oajpe`k( `a oecjeÚ) _]k a Új]he`]`a a `arai oan aopq`]`ko _ki aoo]o _]n]_panope_]o mqa ko `eopejcqai `ko b]pko j]pqn]eo* =o _ej_e]o `k aolnepk kq `] _qhpqn] jk lk`ai a jk `arai qo]n k ipk`k `] k^oanr]k)atlaneiajp]k( i]o `arai _ne]n k ipk`k `] atlhe_]k a _kilnaajok `k pbkqfal `ko b]pko dqi]jko( aj_kjpn]j`k ] _]qo]he`]`a deop ne_] mqa ko ckranj]*
%MILEß$URKHEIMßß ¯ ßSOCIvLOGOß FRANCoS
3CHELLING߯ ßß FILvSOFOßALEMjO
#OURTESYß%VERETTß#OLLECTIONß ,ATINSTOCK
.* Lank`k `k lkoepereoik6 eje_e])oa jk o_qhk TET _ki =qcqopk ?kipa( l]n] mqai ] dq) i]je`]`a ]pn]raoo] pno ap]l]o lnkcnaooer]o( ej`k `] oqlanopek naheceko] iap]boe_] a pakhkce] l]n] _dac]n Új]hiajpa _ej_e] lkoeper]( lkjpk Új]h `k lnkcnaook dqi]jk* ?kipa ajb]pev] ] e`ae] `k dkiai _kik qi oan ok_e]h a lnkl a k aopq`k _eajpÚ_k `] ok_ea`]`a6 ]ooei _kik d qi] boe_] `] j]pqnav]( `ara d]ran qi] boe_] `k ok_e]h( ] pl`flildf^( mqa `ara aopq`]n ko b]pko dqi]jko qo]j`k lnk_a`eiajpko( ipk`ko a p_) je_]o ailnac]`ko lah]o _ej_e]o `] j]pqnav]* = _kj_alk lkoepereop] jk paniej] jk o_qhk TET _ki ?kipa( i]o oan qi] `]o _knnajpao i]eo lk`anko]o a ejÛqajpao j]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o ai pk`k k o_qhk TT* =ooei( lkn atailhk( ] loe_khkce] lkoepereop] ]Úni] mqa oaq k^fapk jk k loemqeoik _kik _kjo_ej_e]( i]o _kik `ljmloq^jbkql l_pbossbi mqa lk`a oan pn]p]`k _ki k ipk`k atlaneiajp]h `]o _ej_e]o j]pqn]eo* = ok_ekhkce] lkoepereop] $eje_e]`] lkn ?kipa a `aoajrkhre`] _kik _ej_e] lahk bn]j_o Aieha @qngdaei% aopq`] ] ok_ea`]`a _kik b]pk ]Úni]j`k mqa k b]pk ok_e]h `ara oan pn]p]`k _kik qi] `lfp^ mq]h ok ]lhe_]`ko ko lnk_a`eiajpko `a ]jheoa a ojpaoa _ne]`ko lah]o _ej_e]o j]pqn]eo* Ko ahaiajpko kq pkiko ok_e]eo ok ko ej`er`qko( k^pe`ko lkn re] `] ]jheoa7 ]o nah] ao _]qo]eo ajpna ko ej`er`qko( na_kilkop]o lkn re] `] ojpaoa( _kjopepqai ]o ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo $b]ihe]( pn]^]hdk( nahecek( Aop]`k( ap_*%*
"ETTMANN#ORBIS,ATINSTOCK
x 5.)$!$%ß x = _ej_e]
-AXß7EBER߯ ß SOCIvLOGOßEßFILvSOFOßß ALEMjO
.42
2OBERTß#APA#ORNELLß#APA-AGNUM,ATINSTOCK
=o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o x #!0É45,/ß x
C]nkp] bkpkcn]b]`] lkn Nk^anp ?]l] ai >]n_ahkj]( `qn]jpa ] Cqann] ?ereh Aol]jdkh]( ai -5/5* Ko b]pko dqi]jko ok deop ne_ko( `kp]`ko `a r]hkn a `a oajpe`k( `a oecjebe_]k a bej]he`]`a a `arai oan aopq`]`ko _ki aoo]o _]n]_panope_]o mqa ko `eopejcqai `ko b]pko j]pqn]eo*
Bajkiajkhkce]( aopnqpqn]heoik a i]nteoik
=
_kjopepqek `]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o _kik _ej_e]o aola_Ú_]o _kjokhe`kq)oa ] l]npen `]o _kjpne^qe ao `a pno _knnajpao `a lajo]iajpk( mqa( ajpna ko ]jko ., a 1, `k o_qhk TT( lnkrk_]n]i qi] nqlpqn] aleopaikh ce_] a qi] narkhqk _eajpÚ_] jk _]ilk `]o dqi]je`]`ao*
= _kjpne^qek `] bajkiajkhkce]
.43
?kik reiko ai rneko ikiajpko `aopa hernk( ] bajkiajkhkce] ejpnk`qveq ] jkk `a aooj_e] kq oecjeÚ_]k _kik qi _kj_aepk mqa laniepa `ebanaj_e]n ejpanj]iajpa qi] na]) he`]`a `a kqpn]o( aj_kjpn]j`k oaq oajpe`k( oq] bkni]( oq]o lnklnea`]`ao a oq] knecai* @aoo] i]jaen]( ] bajkiajkhkce] _kiakq lkn laniepen mqa bkooa baep] ] `ebanaj] neck) nko] ajpna ] aoban] kq nacek `] aooj_e] Îj]pqnav]Ï a ] aoban] kq nacek `] aooj_e] ÎdkiaiÏ* = oacqen( laniepeq mqa ] aoban] kq nacek ÎdkiaiÏ bkooa ejpanj]iajpa `ebanaj_e]`] ai ao) oj_e]o `erano]o6 k lomqe_k( k ok_e]h( k deop ne_k( k _qhpqn]h* ?ki aoo] `ebanaj_e]k( c]n]jpe] o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o ] r]he`]`a `a oaqo lnkfapko a _]ilko _eajpÚ_ko `a ejraopec]k6 loe_k) hkce]( ok_ekhkce]( deop ne]( ]jpnklkhkce]( hejcqope_]( a_kjkie]* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna ] lanola_per] lkoepereop] a ] bajkiajkh ce_]; @keo atailhko lk) `ai ]fq`]n)jko ] _kilnaaj`)h]* Na_qo]j`k ] lanola_per] iap]boe_]( mqa oa nabane] ]k lomqe_k ai paniko `a ]hi] a `a ejpanekne`]`a( ] loe_khkce] rkhp])oa l]n] k aopq`k `ko b]pko lomqe_ko `enap]iajpa k^oanr) raeo* =k n]`e_]hev]n aoo] _kj_alk( ] loe_khkce] lkoepereop] b]ve] `k loemqeoik qi] oki] `a ahaiajpko boe_k)mqie_ko( ]j]pie_ko a Úoekh ce_ko( `a oknpa mqa jk d]re]( lnklne]iajpa b]h]j`k( qi k^fapk _eajpÚ_k `ajkiej]`k Îk lomqe_kÏ( i]o abaepko lomqe_ko `a _]qo]o jk lomqe_]o $boe_]o( mqie_]o( Úoekh ce_]o( ]j]pie_]o%* Lkn eook( ] loe_khkce] _kjoe`an]r])oa qi] _ej_e] j]pqn]h ln tei] `] ^ekhkce]( paj`k _kik k^fapk k _kilknp]iajpk _kik qi b]pk atpanjk( k^oanrrah a atlaneiajp]h* =k _kjpnnek( ] loe_khkce] _kik _ej_e] dqi]j] `k loemqeoik pknjkq)oa lkoorah ] l]n) pen `k ikiajpk ai mqa qi _kjfqjpk `a b]pko ejpanjko a atpanjko hec]`ko _kjo_ej_e] $oajo]k( lan_alk( ikpne_e`]`a( hejcq]cai( ap_*% lq`an]i oan `aÚje`ko _kik `kp]`ko `a oecjeÚ_]k k^faper] ln lne]* Na_qo]j`k ] lanola_per] `] ÚhkokÚ] `] deop ne]( mqa _kjoe`an]r] ]o ok_ea`]`ao _kik ap]l]o _qhpqn]eo a _erehev]p ne]o `a qi lnk_aook deop ne_k qjerano]h( ] ok_ekhkce] rkhp])oa
x 5.)$!$%ß x = _ej_e]
l]n] k aopq`k `ko b]pko ok_e]eo k^oanrraeo* Ejolen]j`k)oa j]o _ej_e]o j]pqn]eo( ] ok_ekhkce] lkoepereop] b]ve] `] ok_ea`]`a qi] oki] `a ] ao ej`ere`q]eo a pki]r] k ej`er`qk _kik ahaiajpk k^oanrrah a _]qo] `k ok_e]h( `a oknpa mqa jk d]re] ] ok_ea`]`a _kik qi k^fapk kq qi] na]he`]`a lnklne]iajpa `ep]( i]o qi abaepk `a ] ao loe_kh ce_]o `ko ej`er`qko* Okiajpa ] `aÚjek `k ok_e]h _kik ]hck aooaj_e]hiajpa `ebanajpa `k lomqe_k Í a _kik jk oaj`k ] ian] oki] `a ] ao ej`ere`q]eo Í laniepeq k oqnceiajpk `] ok_ekhkce] _kik _ej_e] lnklne]iajpa `ep]* Ai naoqik( ]jpao `] bajkiajkhkce]( _]`] qi] `]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o `aob]ve] oaq k^) fapk jqi ]cnac]`k `a ahaiajpko `a j]pqnav] `erano] `k pk`k( aopq`]r] ]o nah] ao _]qo]eo atpanj]o ajpna aooao ahaiajpko a ]o ]lnaoajp]r] _kik atlhe_]k a hae `a oaq k^fapk `a ej) raopec]k* = bajkiajkhkce] c]n]jpeq o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o ] ateopj_e] a ] aola_eÚ_e`]`a `a oaqo k^fapko*
= _kjpne^qek `k aopnqpqn]heoik K aopnqpqn]heoik laniepeq mqa ]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o _ne]ooai ipk`ko aola_Ú_ko l]n] k aopq`k `a oaqo k^fapko( hern]j`k)]o `]o atlhe_] ao ia_ je_]o `a _]qo] a abaepk oai mqa lkn eook peraooai `a ]^]j`kj]n ] e`ae] `a hae _eajpÚ_]* = _kj_alk aopnqpqn]heop] raek ikopn]n mqa ko b]pko dqi]jko ]ooqiai ] bkni] `a aopnqpqn]o( eopk ( `a oeopai]o mqa _ne]i oaqo ln lneko ahaiajpko `]j`k ] ahao oajpe`k lah] lkoek a lah] bqjk mqa k_ql]i jk pk`k* =o aopnqpqn]o ok pkp]he`]`ao knc]jev]`]o oa) cqj`k lnej_leko ejpanjko mqa hdao ok ln lneko a mqa _ki]j`]i oaqo ahaiajpko kq l]npao( oaq ik`k `a bqj_ekj]iajpk a oq]o lkooe^ehe`]`ao `a pn]jobkni]k pailkn]h kq deop ne_]* Jah]o( k pk`k jk ] oki] `]o l]npao jai qi _kjfqjpk `a nah] ao _]qo]eo ajpna ahaiajpko eokhraeo( i]o qi lnej_lek kn`aj]`kn( `ebanaj_e]`kn a pn]jobkni]`kn* Qi] aopnqpqn] qi] pkp]he`]`a `kp]`] `a oajpe`k* F reiko ] jkk `a aopnqpqn] mq]j`k( jko _]lpqhko `a`e_]`ko pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk( jko nabaneiko pakne] `] lan_alk( bkniqh]`] lah] loe_khkce] `] dbpq^iq kq `] bkni]( ^ai _kik mq]j`k jko nabaneiko pakne] `] hejcq]cai( ah]^kn]`] lah] hejcqope_] _kjpailkn ja]* =l o ] loe_khkce] a ] hejcqope_]( ] lneiaen] `]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o ] oa pn]jobkni]n lnk) bqj`]iajpa( cn]]o e`ae] `a aopnqpqn] a ]k ipk`k aopnqpqn]h( bke ] ]jpnklkhkce] ok_e]h* Aop] l`a ikopn]n mqa( ]k _kjpnnek `k mqa lajo]r] ] ]jpnklkhkce] lkoepereop]( ]o _d]i]`]o Îok_ea`]`ao lneieper]oÏ jk an]i qi] ap]l] ]pn]o]`] `] arkhqk `] deop ne] ok_e]h `] dq) i]je`]`a( i]o qi] bkni] k^faper] `a knc]jev]n ]o nah] ao ok_e]eo `a ik`k `ebanajpa `k jkook( _kjopepqej`k aopnqpqn]o _qhpqn]eo* K ]jpnkl hkck ?h]q`a Hre)Opn]qoo( lkn atailhk( ikopnkq mqa ]o aopnqpqn]o `aoo]o ok_ea`]`ao ok ^]oa]`]o jk lnej_lek `k r]hkn kq `] amqer]hj_e]( mqa laniepa ] pnk_] a ] _en_qh]k `a _anpko oanao `a i]jaen] ] _kjopepqen k pk`k `] ok_ea`]`a( knc]jev]j`k pk`]o ]o nah] ao ok_e]eo6 ] pnk_] kq _en_qh]k `]o iqhdanao $aopnqpqn] `k l]najpao_k _kik oeopai] ok_e]h `a ]he]j]o%( ] pnk_] kq _en_qh]k `a k^fapko aola_e]eo $aopnqpqn] `k `ki _kik oeopa) i] ok_e]h `] cqann] a `] l]v% a ] pnk_] a _en_qh]k `] l]h]rn] $aopnqpqn] `] hejcq]cai _kik oeopai] `k lk`an nahecekok a lkhpe_k%* K ik`k _kik _]`] qi `aooao oeopai]o kq aopnqpqn]o l]n_e]eo oa knc]jev] a oa nah]_ekj] _ki ko kqpnko `aÚja ] aopnqpqn] can]h a aola_Ú_] `a qi] ok_ea`]`a Îlneieper]Ï( mqa lk`a( ]ooei( oan _kilnaaj`e`] a atlhe_]`] _eajpeÚ_]iajpa*
= _kjpne^qek `k i]nteoik K i]nteoik laniepeq _kilnaaj`an mqa ko b]pko dqi]jko ok ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo a deo) p ne_]o lnk`qve`]o jk lahk aolnepk a lah] rkjp]`a herna `ko ej`er`qko( i]o lah]o _kj`e ao k^faper]o j]o mq]eo ] ]k a k lajo]iajpk dqi]jko `arai na]hev]n)oa* Harkq ] _kilnaaj) `an mqa ko b]pko dqi]jko i]eo knecejneko kq lneineko ok ]o nah] ao `ko dkiajo _ki ] j]pqnav] j] hqp] lah] ok^narerj_e] a mqa p]eo nah] ao ok ]o `a pn]^]hdk( `]j`k knecai o lneiaen]o ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo6 b]ihe] $`ereok oatq]h `k pn]^]hdk%( l]opknaek a ]cne_qhpqn] $`ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk%( pnk_] a _kin_ek $`eopne^qek ok_e]h `ko lnk`qpko `k pn]^]hdk%*
.44
=o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o x #!0É45,/ß x
=ooei( ]o lneiaen]o ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo ok b`lkjf`^p* L]n] i]jp)h]o( k cnqlk ok_e]h _ne] e`ae]o a oajpeiajpko( r]hknao a oi^khko ]_aepko lkn pk`ko a mqa fqopeÚ_]i kq hacepei]i ]o ejopepqe ao ]ooei _ne]`]o* P]i^i l]n] _kjoanr)h]o( k cnqlk ok_e]h _ne] ejopepqe ao `a lk`an mqa oqopajpai $lah] bkn]( lah]o ]ni]o kq lah]o haeo% ]o nah] ao ok_e]eo a ]o e`ae]o)r]) hknao)oi^khko lnk`qve`ko* @aoo] i]jaen]( k i]nteoik laniepeq o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o _kilnaaj`an ]o ]npe_qh]) ao ja_aoone]o ajpna k lh]jk loe_kh ce_k a k ok_e]h `] ateopj_e] dqi]j]7 ajpna k lh]jk a_kjie_k a k `]o ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo a lkhpe_]o7 ajpna pk`]o ah]o a k _kjfqjpk `a e`ae]o a `a lnpe_]o mqa qi] ok_ea`]`a lnk`qv* Cn]]o ]k i]nteoik ]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o lq`an]i _kilnaaj`an mqa ]o iq`]j]o deop ne_]o jk naoqhp]i `a ] ao o ^ep]o a aolap]_qh]nao `a ]hcqjo ej`er`qko kq cnqlko `a ej`er`qko( i]o `a hajpko lnk_aooko ok_e]eo( a_kjie_ko a lkhpe_ko ^]oa]`ko j] bkni] ]ooq) ie`] lah] lnklnea`]`a `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk a lah]o nah] ao `a pn]^]hdk* = i]pane]he`]`a `] ateopj_e] a_kjie_] _ki]j`] ]o kqpn]o aoban]o `] re`] ok_e]h a `] aolenepq]he`]`a a ko lnk_aooko deop ne_ko ]^n]jcai pk`]o ah]o* AjÚi( k i]nteoik pnkqta _kik cn]j`a _kjpne^qek ok_ekhkce]( _ej_e] lkhpe_] a deop ne] ] ejpanlnap]k `ko bajiajko dqi]jko _kik atlnaook a naoqhp]`k `a _kjpn]) `e ao ok_e]eo( `a hqp]o a _kjÛepko ok_eklkhpe_ko `apaniej]`ko lah]o nah] ao a_kjie_]o ^]oa]`]o j] atlhkn]k `k pn]^]hdk `] i]ekne] lah] iejkne] `a qi] ok_ea`]`a* Ai naoqik( ] bajkiajkhkce] laniepeq ] `aÚjek a ] `aheiep]k `ko k^fapko `]o _ej) _e]o dqi]j]o7 k aopnqpqn]heoik laniepeq qi] iapk`khkce] mqa _dac] o haeo `ko b]pko dq) i]jko oai mqa oaf] ja_aoonek eiep]n kq _kle]n ko lnk_a`eiajpko `]o _ej_e]o j]pqn]eo7 k i]nteoik laniepeq _kilnaaj`an mqa ko b]pko dqi]jko ok deopkne_]iajpa `apaniej]`ko a mqa ] deopkne_e`]`a( hkjca `a eila`en mqa oaf]i _kjda_e`ko( c]n]jpa ] ejpanlnap]k n]_ek) j]h `ahao a k _kjda_eiajpk `a oq]o haeo* ?ki aoo]o _kjpne^qe ao( mqa bkn]i ej_knlkn]`]o `a i]jaen]o iqepk `ebanaj_e]`]o la) h]o rne]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o( ko k^op_qhko aleopaikh ce_ko bkn]i qhpn]l]oo]`ko a bke lkoo) rah `aikjopn]n mqa ko bajiajko dqi]jko ok `kp]`ko `a oajpe`k a oecjeÚ_]k( ok deo) p ne_ko( lkooqai haeo ln lne]o( ok `ebanajpao `ko bajiajko j]pqn]eo a lk`ai oan pn]p]`ko _eajpeÚ_]iajpa*
Ko _]ilko `a aopq`k `]o _e j_e]o dqi]j]o
O
a pki]niko ]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o `a ]_kn`k _ki oaqo _]ilko `a ejraopec]k( lk`a) iko `eopne^q)h]o `] oacqejpa i]jaen]6
Loe_khkce] aopq`k `]o aopnqpqn]o( `k `aoajrkhreiajpk `]o klan] ao `] iajpa dqi]j] $_kjo_ej) _e]( rkjp]`a( lan_alk( hejcq]cai( iai ne]( ei]cej]k( aik ao%7 aopq`k `]o aopnqpqn]o a `k `aoajrkhreiajpk `ko _kilknp]iajpko dqi]jko a ]jei]eo7 aopq`k `]o nah] ao ejpanoq^faper]o `ko ej`er`qko ai cnqlk a ai ok_ea`]`a7 aopq`k `]o lanpqn^] ao $l]pkhkce]o% `] iajpa dqi]j] a `ko _kilknp]iajpko dqi]) jko a ]jei]eo*
Ok_ekhkce] aopq`k `]o aopnqpqn]o ok_e]eo6 knecai a bkni] `]o ok_ea`]`ao( pelko `a knc]jev] ao ok) _e]eo( a_kjie_]o a lkhpe_]o7 aopq`k `]o nah] ao ok_e]eo a `a oq]o pn]jobkni] ao7
.45
aopq`k `]o ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo $knecai( bkni]( oajpe`k%*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = _ej_e]
A_kjkie] aopq`k `]o _kj`e ao i]pane]eo $j]pqn]eo a ok_e]eo% `a lnk`qk a nalnk`qk `] nemqa) v]( `a oq]o bkni]o `a `eopne^qek( _en_qh]k a _kjoqik7 aopq`k `]o aopnqpqn]o lnk`qper]o Í nah] ao `a lnk`qk a bkn]o lnk`qper]o Í oacqj) `k k _nepnek `] `ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk( `] bkni] `] lnklnea`]`a( `]o nacn]o `k ian) _]`k a `ko _e_hko a_kjie_ko7 aopq`k `] knecai( `k `aoajrkhreiajpk( `]o _neoao( `]o pn]jobkni] ao a `] nalnk`qk `]o bkni]o a_kjie_]o kq ik`ko `a lnk`qk*
=jpnklkhkce] aopq`k `]o aopnqpqn]o kq bkni]o _qhpqn]eo ai oq] oejcqh]ne`]`a kq l]npe_qh]ne`]`a( eopk ( _kik `ebanajpao ajpna oe lkn oaqo lnej_leko ejpanjko `a bqj_ekj]iajpk a pn]jobkn) i]k* = _qhpqn] ajpaj`e`] _kik ik`k `a re`] chk^]h `a qi] ok_ea`]`a( ej_hqej`k nahecek( bkni]o `a lk`an( bkni]o `a l]najpao_k( bkni]o `a _kiqje_]k( knc]jev]k `] re`] a_kjie_]( ]npao( p_je_]o( _kopqiao( _naj]o( bkni]o `a lajo]iajpk a `a _ki) lknp]iajpk( ap_*7 aopq`k `]o _kiqje`]`ao `ep]o Îlneieper]oÏ( eopk ( p]jpk `]o mqa `ao_kjda_ai ] `ereok ok_e]h ai _h]ooao a na_qo]i knc]jev]n)oa ok^ ] bkni] `k ian_]`k a `k lk`an aop]p]h mq]jpk `]mqah]o mqa f eje_e]n]i k lnk_aook `a `ereok ok_e]h a lkhpe_]*
Deopne] aopq`k `] cjaoa a `k `aoajrkhreiajpk `]o bkni] ao ok_e]eo ai oaqo ]ola_pko a_kj) ie_ko( ok_e]eo( lkhpe_ko a _qhpqn]eo7 aopq`k `]o pn]jobkni] ao `]o ok_ea`]`ao a _kiqje`]`ao _kik naoqhp]`k a atlnaook `a _kjÛepko( hqp]o a _kjpn]`e ao ejpanj]o o bkni] ao ok_e]eo7 aopq`k `]o pn]jobkni] ao `]o ok_ea`]`ao a _kiqje`]`ao ok^ k eil]_pk `a ]_kjpa_e) iajpko lkhpe_ko $narkhq ao( cqann]o _ereo( _kjmqeop]o pannepkne]eo%( a_kjie_ko $_neoao( ejkr] ao p_je_]o( `ao_k^anp]o `a jkr]o bkni]o `a atlhkn]k `] nemqav] kq lnk_a) `eiajpko `a lnk`qk( iq`]j]o j] `ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk%( ok_e]eo $ikreiajpko ok_e]eo( ikreiajpko lklqh]nao( iq`]j]o j] aopnqpqn] a knc]jev]k `] b]ihe]( `] a`q_]k( `] ikn]he`]`a ok_e]h( ap_*% a _qhpqn]eo $iq`]j]o _eajpÚ_]o( pa_jkh ce_]o( ]n) pope_]o( Úhko Ú_]o( pe_]o( naheceko]o( ap_*%7 aopq`k `ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko mqa( ai _]`] _]ok( `apaniej]n]i kq `apaniej]i ] lnaoan) r]k kq ] iq`]j] `a qi] bkni]k ok_e]h ai oaqo ]ola_pko a_kjie_ko( lkhpe_ko( ok_e]eo a _qhpqn]eo7 aopq`k `ko `ebanajpao oqlknpao `] iai ne] _khaper] $`k_qiajpko( ikjqiajpko( lej) pqn]o( bkpkcn]Ú]o( Úhiao( ika`]o( hle`ao bqjanne]o( paopaiqjdko a nah]pko kn]eo a ao) _nepko( ap_*%*
Hejcqope_] aopq`k `]o aopnqpqn]o `] hejcq]cai _kik oeopai] `kp]`k `a lnej_leko ejpanjko `a bqj_ekj]iajpk a pn]jobkni]k7 aopq`k `]o nah] ao ajpna hjcq] $] aopnqpqn]% a b]h] kq l]h]rn] $k qok `] hjcq] lahko b]h]jpao%7 aopq`k `]o nah] ao ajpna ] hejcq]cai a ko kqpnko oeopai]o `a oecjko a oi^khko kq kqpnko oeopai]o `a _kiqje_]k*
.5,
K e`a]h _eajpbe_k a ] n]vk ejopnqiajp]h x #!0É45,/ß x
Loe_]jheoa aopq`k `] aopnqpqn] a `k bqj_ekj]iajpk `k ej_kjo_eajpa a `a oq]o nah] ao _ki k _kjo) _eajpa7 aopq`k `]o l]pkhkce]o kq lanpqn^] ao ej_kjo_eajpao a oq]o atlnaoo ao _kjo_eajpao $jaqnkoao a loe_koao%* @araiko k^oanr]n mqa6
ETNOGRAFIAßMmTODOßUTI LIZADOßPELAßANTROPOLOGIAß NOßESTUDOßDESCRITIVOßDASß DIVERSASßETNIAS ßDEßSUASß CARACTERqSTICASßANTROPOLv GICAS ßSOCIAIS ßETCß0ODE SEß DIZERßQUEßASßANOTAlzESß DETALHADASßDAßOBSERVAljOß DOßPESQUISADORßCONSTI TUEMßAßETNOGRAFIA ETNOLOGIAßNAßANTROPOLO GIA ßCIoNCIAßQUEßESTUDAßß OSßFATOSßEßDOCUMENTOSßß LEVANTADOSßPELAßETNOGRAFIA
_]`] qi] `]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o oq^`ere`a)oa ai rneko n]iko( `aÚje`ko lah] aola_e) Ú_e`]`a _nao_ajpa `a oaqo k^fapko a ipk`ko* =ooei( lk`aiko b]h]n ai loe_khkce] ok) _e]h( _hje_]( `k `aoajrkhreiajpk( `] ]lnaj`ev]cai( `] _ne]j]( `k ]`khao_ajpa( ap_* Kq ai ok_ekhkce] lkhpe_]( `k pn]^]hdk( nqn]h( qn^]j]( a_kjie_]( ap_* P]i^i lk`aiko b]h]n ai deop ne] a_kjie_]( lkhpe_]( kn]h( ok_e]h( ap_* Kq har]n ai _kjoe`an]k mqa ] ]jpnklkhkce] `alaj`a `a ejraopec] ao baep]o lah] apjkcn]Ú] a lah] apjkhkce] kq lah] ]nmqakhkce]( ]ooei _kik ] hejcqope_] pn]^]hd] _ki ] bkjkhkce]( ] bkjpe_]( ] cn]ipe_]( ] oai jpe_]( ] oejp]ta( ap_*7 ai^kn] _ki _]ilko a ipk`ko aola_Ú_ko( ]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o paj`ai ] ]lnaoajp]n naoqhp]`ko i]eo _kilhapko a o]peob]p neko mq]j`k pn]^]hd]i ejpan`eo_elhej]niajpa( `a ik`k ] ]^n]jcan ko i hpelhko ]ola_pko oeiqhp jako a oq_aooerko `ko bajiajko aopq`]`ko7 ko `aoajrkhreiajpko `] hejcqope_]( `] ]jpnklkhkce] a `] loe_]jheoa oqo_ep]n]i k ]l]) na_eiajpk `a qi] jkr] `eo_elhej] kq ejpan`eo_elhej] _eajpÚ_]6 ] oaiekhkce]( mqa aopq) `] ko `ebanajpao oeopai]o `a oecjko a oi^khko mqa _kjopepqai ]o i hpelh]o a `ebanajpao bkni]o `a _kiqje_]k* K `aoajrkhreiajpk `] oaiekhkce] _kj`qveq e`ae] `a mqa oec) jko a oi^khko ok ] ao a lnpe_]o o _ek)deop ne_]o( eopk ( aopk nabane`ko o nah] ao ok) _e]eo a o oq]o _kj`e ao deop ne_]o( _]`] ok_ea`]`a a _]`] _qhpqn] _kjopepqej`k)oa _kik qi oeopai] mqa ejpacn] a pkp]hev] rneko oq^oeopai]o `a oecjko a oi^khko $hejcq]cai( ]npa( nahecek( ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo a lkhpe_]o( _kopqiao( ap_*%* Rneko aopq`ekoko lnklqoa) n]i mqa k ipk`k `]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o bkooa _]l]v `a `ao_naran a ejpanlnap]n aooao oq^oeopai]o a k oeopai] can]h mqa ko qjeÚ_]* Aooa ipk`k ] oaiepe_]( pki]`] _kik iapk`khkce] ln lne] o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o a _]l]v `a qjeÚ_)h]o*
#APqTULOß K e`a]h _eajpbe_k a ] n]vk ejopnqiajp]h K e`a]h _eajpbe_k
K
.5-
lan_qnok mqa Úvaiko jk aopq`k `]o _ej_e]o are`aj_e] ] ateopj_e] `a qi e`a]h _eajpÚ_k6 ai^kn] _kjpejqe`]`ao a nqlpqn]o i]nmqai ko _kjda_eiajpko _eajpÚ) _ko( ] _ej_e] ] _kjÚ]j] mqa ] _qhpqn] k_e`ajp]h `alkoep] j] n]vk _kik _]l]_e`]) `a l]n] _kjda_an ] na]he`]`a( iaoik mqa aop]( ]Új]h( pajd] `a oan ejpaen]iajpa _kjopnq`] lah] ln lne] ]pere`]`a n]_ekj]h*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = _ej_e]
= h ce_] mqa naca k lajo]iajpk _eajpÚ_k _kjpailkn jak aop _ajpn]`] j] e`ae] `a `aikjopn]k a lnkr]( ^]oa]`] j] `aÚjek kq _kjopnqk `k k^fapk `k _kjda_eiajpk lkn oq]o lnklnea`]`ao a bqj ao a `] lkoek `k oqfaepk `k _kjda_eiajpk( lkn iaek `]o klan]) ao `a ]jheoa( ojpaoa a ejpanlnap]k* = _ej_e] _kjpailkn ja] bqj`])oa6 j] `eopejk ajpna oqfaepk a k^fapk `k _kjda_eiajpk( mqa laniepa aop]^aha_an ] e`ae] `a k^fapere`]`a( eopk ( `a ej`alaj`j_e] `ko bajiajko ai nah]k ]k oqfaepk mqa _kjda) _a a ]ca7 j] e`ae] `a ipk`k _kik qi _kjfqjpk `a nacn]o( jkni]o a lnk_a`eiajpko can]eo( mqa oanrai l]n] `aÚjen kq _kjopnqen k k^fapk a l]n] k ]qpk_kjpnkha `k lajo]iajpk `qn]jpa ] ejraopec]k a( ]l o aop]( l]n] ] _kjÚni]k kq b]hoeÚ_]k `ko naoqhp]`ko k^pe`ko* = e`ae] `a ipk`k pai _kik lnaooqlkopk mqa k lajo]iajpk k^a`a_a qjerano]hiajpa ] _anpko lnej_leko ejpanjko Í e`ajpe`]`a( jk _kjpn]`ek( pan_aenk at_hq`k( n]vk oqÚ) _eajpa Í `ko mq]eo `alaj`ai k _kjda_eiajpk `] ran`]`a a ] at_hqok `k b]hok* = ran) `]`a lk`a oan _kilnaaj`e`] oaf] _kik _knnaolkj`j_e] ja_aoone] ajpna ko _kj_aepko a ] na]he`]`a( oaf] _kik _kanj_e] ejpanj] `ko ln lneko _kj_aepko7 j]o klan] ao `a ]jheoa a ojpaoa( eopk ( `a l]oo]cai `k pk`k _kilhatk o oq]o l]npao _kjopepqejpao kq `a l]oo]cai `]o l]npao ]k pk`k mqa ]o atlhe_] a `apaniej]* K k^fa) pk _eajpÚ_k qi bajiajk oq^iape`k ]jheoa a ojpaoa( mqa `ao_narai ko b]pko k^oanr]`ko kq _kjopnkai ] ln lne] ajpe`]`a k^faper] _kik qi _]ilk `a nah] ao ej) panj]o ja_aoone]o( kq oaf]( qi] aopnqpqn] mqa lk`a oan _kjda_e`] ai oaqo ahaiajpko( oq]o lnklnea`]`ao( oq]o bqj ao a oaqo ik`ko `a lani]jj_e] kq `a pn]jobkni]k7 j] e`ae] `a hae `k bajiajk( eopk ( `a nacqh]ne`]`ao a _kjop j_e]o qjerano]eo a ja_ao) one]o( mqa `aÚjai k ik`k `a oan a `a _kilknp]n)oa `k k^fapk( oaf] aopa pki]`k _kik qi _]ilk oal]n]`k `ko `ai]eo( oaf] ai oq]o nah] ao _ki kqpnko k^fapko kq _]ilko `a na]he`]`a* = hae _eajpÚ_] `aÚja k mqa k b]pk)bajiajk kq k k^fapk _kjopnq`k la) h]o klan] ao _eajpÚ_]o* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ] hae _eajpÚ_] `ev _kik k k^fapk oa _kjo) pepqe( _kik oa _kilknp]( lkn mqa a _kik lani]ja_a( lkn mqa a _kik oa pn]jobkni]( ok^na mq]eo bajiajko ]pq] a `a mq]eo okbna ]k* = hae `aÚja k k^fapk oacqj`k qi oeo) pai] _kilhatk `a nah] ao ja_aoone]o `a _]qo]he`]`a( _kilhaiajp]ne`]`a( ej_hqok a at_hqok* = e`ae] `a hae reo] i]n_]n k _]npan ja_aoonek `k k^fapk a ]b]op]n ]o e`ae]o `a ]_]ok( _kjpejcj_e]( ej`apaniej]k( kbana_aj`k k k^fapk _kik _kilhap]iajpa `apan) iej]`k lahk lajo]iajpk kq _kilhap]iajpa _kjda_e`k kq _kcjko_rah7
P_je_] `a _hkj]) cai `a cajao ai h]^kn]p nek `] Qjaol `a F]^kpe_]^]h $OL%( kj`a oa aj_kjpn] k ^]j_k `a cajao `k Lnkfapk Cajki]* =o ]ikopn]o `a _hkjao ok ejk_qh]`]o ai lh]_]o `a _nao_eiajpk _ki ] bej]he`]`a `a atpn]k `a @J=* = laomqeo] lnk_qn] _ki^]pan ] `kaj] `k ]i]nahejdk mqa ]p]_] ] h]rkqn] `] h]n]jf]* 'USTAVOß2OTH&OLHAß)MAGEM
jk qok `a ejopnqiajpko pa_jkh ce_ko a jk oeilhaoiajpa p_je_ko* Ko ejopnqiajpko p_je_ko ok lnkhkjc]iajpko `a _]l]_e`]`ao `k _knlk dqi]jk a `aopej]i)oa ] ]qiajp)h]o j] nah]k `k jkook _knlk _ki k iqj`k* Ko ejopnqiajpko pa_jkh ce_ko ok _ej_e] _neop]hev]`] ai k^fapko i]pane]eo( j]`] lkooqai ai _kiqi _ki ]o _]l]_e`]`ao a ]lpe` ao `k _knlk dqi]jk7 reo]i ejpanren jko bajiajko aopq`]`ko a iaoik _kjopnqen k ln lnek k^fapk _eajpÚ_k7 `aopej]i)oa ] `kiej]n a pn]jobkni]n k iqj`k a jk oeilhaoiajpa ] b]) _ehep]n ] nah]k `k dkiai _ki k iqj`k* = pa_jkhkce] _kj) bana _ej_e] lna_eok a _kjpnkha `ko naoqhp]`ko( ]lhe_]k lnpe_] a ejpan`eo_elhej]ne`]`a* j] _ne]k `a qi] hejcq]cai aola_Ú_] a ln lne]( `eop]jpa `] hejcq]cai _kpe`e]j] a `] hejcq]cai hepanne]* = _ej_e] lnk_qn] ]b]op]n ko `]`ko mq]hep]perko a lan_alperk)aikperko `ko k^fapko kq `ko bajiajko l]n] cq]n`]n kq _kjopnqen ]laj]o oaqo ]ola_pko mq]jpep]perko a nah]_ekj]eo*
.5.
K e`a]h _eajpbe_k a ] n]vk ejopnqiajp]h x #!0É45,/ß x
= hejcq]cai _kpe`e]j] a ] hepanne] ok _kjkp]per]o a lkheooie_]o( k mqa oecjeÚ_] mqa jah]o ]o l]h]rn]o lkooqai i hpelhko oecjeÚ_]`ko oeiqhp jako( oq^ajpaj`e`ko( ]i^ecqe`]) `ao a atlneiai p]jpk k oqfaepk mq]jpk ]o _keo]o( kq oaf]( atlneiai ]o nah] ao rere`]o ajpna k oqfaepk a k iqj`k mq]hep]perk `a okjo( _knao( bkni]o( k`knao( r]hknao( oajpeiajpko( ap_* J]o _ej_e]o( lkni( okjo a _knao ok atlhe_]`ko _kik r]ne]k jk _kilneiajpk `]o kj`]o okjkn]o a hqiejko]o( k^oanr]`]o a ia`e`]o jk h]^kn]p nek* R]hknao a oajpeiajpko ok atlhe_]`ko lah]o ]jheoao `k _knlk rere`k a `] _kjo_ej_e]( baep]o lah] loe_khkce]( lah]o ]jhe) oao `] aopnqpqn] a knc]jev]k `] ok_ea`]`a( baep]o lah] ok_ekhkce] a lah] ]jpnklkhkce]* = hejcq]cai _eajpÚ_] `aop]_] k k^fapk `]o nah] ao _ki k oqfaepk( oal]n])k `] atlanej) _e] rere`] _kpe`e]j]iajpa a _kjopn e qi] hejcq]cai lqn]iajpa `ajkp]per] l]n] atlneien oai ]i^ecqe`]`ao ]o haeo `k k^fapk* K oei^kheoik _eajpÚ_k nkila _ki k oei^kheoik `] hejcq]cai _kpe`e]j] _kjopnqej`k qi] hejcq]cai ln lne]( _ki oi^khko qjrk_ko a `ajk) p]perko( `a oecjeÚ_]`k je_k a qjerano]h* = _ej_e] _kjopn e k ]hcknepik a b]h] lkn iaek `ahao kq `a qi] _ki^ej]p ne] `a aopehk i]paipe_k* Fqop]iajpa lkn oanai aopao ko lnej_el]eo pn]ko `k e`a]h _eajpÚ_k( lk`aiko _kilnaaj) `an lkn mqa ateopai ko lnk^hai]o aleopaikh ce_ko at]iej]`ko jko _]lpqhko lna_a`ajpao* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( k e`a]h `a _eajpeÚ_e`]`a eil a o _ej_e]o _nepneko a Új]he`]`ao mqa( mq]j`k eila`e`ko `a oa _kj_napev]nai( bkn]i nqlpqn]o a iq`]j]o pa ne_]o lnkbqj`]o( b]vaj`k `ao]l]na_an _]ilko a `eo_elhej]o _eajpÚ_ko kq har]j`k ]k oqnceiajpk `a k^fapko( ipk`ko( `eo_elhej]o a _]ilko `a ejraopec]k jkrko*
?e j_e] `aoejpanaoo]`] a qpehep]neoik
@
ao`a ] Naj]o_aj] Í eopk ( `ao`a k Dqi]jeoik( mqa _khk_]r] k dkiai jk _ajpnk `k Qjeranok a ]Úni]r] oaq lk`an l]n] _kjda_an a `kiej]n ] na]he`]`a Í( `q]o _kj) _al ao ok^na k r]hkn `] _ej_e] aoperan]i oailna ai _kjbnkjpk* = lneiaen] `ah]o( mqa _d]i]naiko `a fab^i al `lkeb`fjbkql abpfkqbobpp^al( ]Úni] mqa k r]hkn `a qi] _ej_e] aj_kjpn])oa j] mq]he`]`a( jk neckn a j] at]pe`k( j] _kanj_e] a j] ran`]`a `a qi] pakne]( ej`alaj`ajpaiajpa `a oq] ]lhe_]k lnpe_]* = pakne] _eajpÚ_] r]ha lkn pn]van _kjda_eiajpko jkrko ok^na b]pko `ao_kjda_e`ko( lkn ]ilhe]n k o]^an dqi]jk ok^na ] na]he`]`a a jk lkn oan ]lhe_rah j] lnpe_]* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( lkn oan ran`]`aen] mqa ] _ej_e] lk`a oan ]lhe_]`] j] lnpe_]( i]o k qok `] _ej_e] _kjoamqj_e] a jk _]qo] `k _kjda_eiajpk _eajpÚ_k* = oacqj`] _kj_alk( _kjda_e`] _kik rqfifq^ofpjl( ]Úni]( ]k _kjpnnek( mqa k r]hkn `a qi] _ej_e] aj_kjpn])oa j] mq]jpe`]`a `a ]lhe_] ao lnpe_]o mqa lkoo] laniepen* k qok kq ] qpehe`]`a eia`e]p] `ko _kjda_eiajpko mqa lnkr] ] ran`]`a `a qi] pakne] _eajpÚ_] a hda _kjbana r]hkn* Ko _kjda_eiajpko ok lnk_qn]`ko l]n] naokhran lnk^hai]o lnpe_ko a aopao `apaniej]i jk o k ]l]na_eiajpk `a qi] _ej_e]( i]o p]i^i oq]o pn]jobkni] ao jk `a_knnan `k pailk* =o `q]o _kj_al ao ok ran`]`aen]o( i]o l]n_e]eo* Oa qi] pakne] _eajpÚ_] bkooa ah]^kn]`] ]laj]o lkn oq]o Új]he`]`ao lnpe_]o eia`e]p]o( ej ian]o laomqeo]o f]i]eo pane]i oe`k baep]o a ej ianko bajiajko f]i]eo pane]i oe`k _kjda_e`ko( lkeo( _ki bnamqj_e]( ko _kjda_eiajpko pa ne_ko aopk i]eo ]r]j]`ko `k mqa ]o _]l]_e`]`ao p_je_]o `a qi] lk_] a( ai can]h( oq] ]lhe_]k o lan_a^e`] a o lkoorah iqepk pailk `alkeo `a d]ran oe`k ah]^kn]`]* Jk ajp]jpk( oa qi] pakne] _eajpÚ_] jk bkn _]l]v `a oqo_ep]n ]lhe_] ao( oa jk bkn _]) l]v `a laniepen k oqnceiajpk `a k^fapko p_je_ko a pa_jkh ce_ko( ejopnqiajpko( qpajoheko( imqej]o( ia`e_]iajpko( `a naokhran lnk^hai]o eilknp]jpao l]n] ko oanao dqi]jko( ajpk oanaiko k^nec]`ko ] `evan mqa ] p_je_] a ] pa_jkhkce] ok _ac]o( ej_anp]o( ]nneo_]`]o a lane) cko]o( lknmqa ok lnpe_]o oai ^]oao pa ne_]o oacqn]o* J] na]he`]`a( pakne] a lnpe_] _eajpÚ) _]o aopk nah]_ekj]`]o j] _kj_alk ik`anj] a _kjpailkn ja] `a _ej_e]( iaoik mqa qi] lkoo] aop]n i]eo ]r]j]`] `k mqa ] kqpn]*
.5/
x 5.)$!$%ß x = _ej_e]
= `eopejk a ] nah]k ajpna `f k`f^ mro^ a `f k`f^ ^mif`^a^ lk`a okhq_ekj]n k eil]ooa kq k _kjbnkjpk ajpna ]o `q]o _kj_al ao ok^na k r]hkn `]o pakne]o _eajpÚ_]o( c]n]jpej`k( lkn qi h]`k( mqa qi] pakne] lkoo] a `ar] oan ah]^kn]`] oai ] lnak_ql]k _ki Újo lnpe_ko eia`e]pko( ai^kn] lkoo]( i]eo p]n`a( _kjpne^qen l]n] ahao7 a( lkn kqpnk( c]n]jpej`k k _]npan _eajpÚ_k `a pakne]o _kjopnq`]o `enap]iajpa _ki Új]he`]`ao lnpe_]o( ]o mq]eo lk`ai( lkn oq] rav( oqo_ep]n ejraopec] ao lqn]iajpa pa ne_]o* Lk`a)oa `evan mqa ok lnk^hai]o a `eÚ_qh`]`ao p_je_]o a lnpe_]o mqa oqo_ep]i k `a) oajrkhreiajpk `a _kjda_eiajpko pa ne_ko* O]^aiko( lkn atailhk( mqa k mqie_k H]rkeoean `a_e`eq aopq`]n k bajiajk `] _ki^qopk l]n] naokhran lnk^hai]o a_kjie_ko `a ehqie) j]k `] _e`]`a `a L]neo( a mqa C]hehaq a Pknne_ahhe ejraopec]n]i k ikreiajpk `ko _knlko jk r_qk l]n] naokhran lnk^hai]o `a _]nnac]iajpk `a cn]j`ao laoko jko lknpko a l]n] naolkj) `an ] qi] lancqjp] `ko _kjopnqpknao `a bkjpao `ko f]n`ejo `] _e`]`a `a Bhknaj]* Jk ajp]jpk( k mqa oailna oa raneÚ_] mqa ] atlhe_]k _eajpÚ_] a ] pakne] ]_]^]i _kjda_aj`k iqepk i]eo b]pko a nah] ao `k mqa k mqa an] ja_aoonek l]n] okhq_ekj]n k lnk) ^hai] lnpe_k( `a p]h ik`k mqa ]o laomqeo]o pa ne_]o rk ]r]j]j`k f oai ] lnak_ql]k lnpe_]( ai^kn] _kia_ai ] oqncen a ] oqo_ep]n( pailko `alkeo( okhq ao lnpe_]o l]n] lnk^ha) i]o jkrko* =ooei( lkn atailhk( l]ookq)oa iqepk pailk ]p mqa ] pakne] ahapnki]cjpe_] `a Danpv har]ooa o p_je_]o `a n]`ek`ebqok*
= e`akhkce] _eajpebe_eop]
K
oajok _kiqi( ecjkn]j`k ]o _kilhat]o nah] ao ajpna ]o pakne]o _eajpÚ_]o a ]o p_) je_]o( ajpna _ej_e] lqn] a _ej_e] ]lhe_]`]( ajpna pakne] a lnpe_] a ajpna ran`]`a a qpehe`]`a( paj`a ] e`ajpeÚ_]n ]o _ej_e]o _ki ko naoqhp]`ko `a oq]o ]lhe_] ao* Aoo] e`ajpeÚ_]k `aoai^k_] jqi] ]pepq`a _kjda_e`] _kik _eajpeÚ_eoik( eopk ( ] crpl bkqob `f k`f^ b q`kf`^ a ] firpl a^ kbrqo^ifa^ab `fbkqÛ`^* At]iejaiko ^naraiajpa _]`] qi `aooao ]ola_pko mqa _kjopepqai ] e`akhkce] `] _ej) _e] j] ok_ea`]`a _kjpailkn ja]*
K _eajpebe_eoik K _eajpeÚ_eoik ] _naj] ejbqj`]`] `a mqa ] _ej_e] lk`a a `ara _kjda_an pq`k7 mqa( `a b]pk( _kjda_a pq`k a ] atlhe_]k _]qo]h `]o haeo `] na]he`]`a p]h _kik aop] ai oe iao) i]* =k _kjpnnek `ko _eajpeop]o( mqa jk _aoo]i `a ajbnajp]n k^op_qhko aleopaikh ce_ko( lnk^hai]o a ajeci]o( k oajok _kiqi _eajpeÚ_eop] na`qj`] jqi] e`akhkce] a jqi] iepk) hkce] `] _ej_e]* Fablildf^ a^ `f k`f^6 _naj] jk lnkcnaook a j] arkhqk `ko _kjda_eiajpko _eajpÚ_ko mqa( qi `e]( atlhe_]nk pkp]hiajpa ] na]he`]`a a laniepenk i]jelqh)h] pa_je_]iajpa( oai heiepao l]n] ] ]k dqi]j]* Jfqlildf^ a^ `f k`f^6 _naj] j] _ej_e] _kik oa bkooa i]ce] a lk`anek eheiep]`k ok^na ]o _keo]o a ko dkiajo( `]j`k)hda k hqc]n mqa iqepko _kopqi]i `]n o nahece ao( eopk ( qi _kjfqjpk `kqpnejnek `a ran`]`ao ejpailkn]eo( ]^okhqp]o a ejmqaopekjraeo* = e`akhkce] a ] iepkhkce] _eajpeÚ_eop]o aj_]n]i ] _ej_e] jk lahk lneoi] `k pn]^]hdk `k _kjda_eiajpk( i]o lahk lneoi] `ko naoqhp]`ko $]lnaoajp]`ko _kik aolap]_qh]nao a ie) n]_qhkoko% a ok^napq`k _kik qi] bkni] `a lk`an ok_e]h a `a _kjpnkha `k lajo]iajpk dq) i]jk* Lkn aooa ikperk( ]_aep]i ] fablildf^ a^ `ljmbq k`f^( eopk ( ] e`ae] `a mqa d( j] ok) _ea`]`a( ko mqa o]^ai a ko mqa jk o]^ai( mqa ko lneiaenko ok _kilapajpao a pi k `enaepk `a i]j`]n a `a atan_an lk`anao( ajmq]jpk ko `ai]eo ok ej_kilapajpao( `araj`k k^a`a_an a oan i]j`]`ko* Ai naoqik( ] ok_ea`]`a `ara oan `enece`] a _ki]j`]`] lahko mqa Îo]^aiÏ a ko `ai]eo `arai ata_qp]n ]o p]nab]o mqa hdao ok kn`aj]`]o*
.50
K e`a]h _eajpbe_k a ] n]vk ejopnqiajp]h x #!0É45,/ß x
= ehqok `] jaqpn]he`]`a `] _e j_e] ?kik ] _ej_e] oa _]n]_panev] lah] oal]n]k a lah] `eopejk ajpna k oqfaepk `k _kjda_e) iajpk a k k^fapk a lkn napen]n `ko k^fapko `k _kjda_eiajpk ko ahaiajpko oq^faperko7 _kik ko lnk_a`eiajpko _eajpÚ_ko `a k^oanr]k( atlaneiajp]k a ejpanlnap]k lnk_qn]i ]h_]j]n k k^fapk na]h kq k k^fapk _kjopnq`k _kik ik`ahk ]lnktei]`k `k na]h7 a( ajÚi( _kik ko naoqhp]`ko k^pe`ko lkn qi] _ej_e] jk `alaj`ai `] ^k] kq i rkjp]`a `k _eaj) peop] jai `a oq]o l]et ao( aop]iko _kjraj_e`ko `a mqa ] _ej_e] jaqpn] kq eil]n_e]h* @ev n]vk k mqa ]o _keo]o ok ai oe iaoi]o* @aoejpanaoo]`]iajpa* Jk ajp]jpk( aoo] ei]cai `] jaqpn]he`]`a _eajpÚ_] ehqo ne]* Mq]j`k k _eajpeop] ao_k) hda qi] _anp] `aÚjek `a oaq k^fapk( `a_e`a qo]n qi `apaniej]`k ipk`k a aolan] k^pan _anpko naoqhp]`ko( oq] ]pere`]`a jk jaqpn] jai eil]n_e]h( i]o baep] lkn ao_khd]o lna_eo]o* R]iko pki]n pno atailhko mqa jko ]fq`]nk ] ao_h]na_an aopa lkjpk* -*
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= bkpkcn]be]( ejrajp]`] ai -4/5( bke iqepk qo]`] _kik bkni] `a naceopnk `ko lkrko ajpk _d]i]`ko `a lneieperko( _kik jaopa `]cqanna pelk `a qi j`ek ^kpk_q`k( `]p]`k `a -400*
.51
K n]_eoik jk ]laj]o qi] e`akhkce] ok_e]h a lkhpe_]7 p]i^i qi] pakne] mqa oa lnapaj`a _eajpÚ_]( ]lke]`] ai k^oanr] ao( `]`ko a haeo _kjoacqe`ko _ki ] ^ekhkce]( ] loe_khkce]( ] ok_ekhkce]* qi] _anp] i]jaen] `a ]lnaoajp]n p]eo `]`ko `a ik`k ] pn]jo) bkni]n `ebanaj]o pje_]o a _qhpqn]eo ai `ebanaj]o ^ekh ce_]o j]pqn]eo eiqpraeo a oa) l]n]n ko oanao dqi]jko ai oqlaneknao a ejbaneknao( `]j`k ]ko lneiaenko fqopeÚ_]per]o l]n] atlhkn]n( `kiej]n a iaoik atpaniej]n ko oacqj`ko*
.* Lkn mqa ?klnje_k para `a ao_kj`an ko naoqhp]`ko `a oq]o laomqeo]o a C]hehaq bke bkn) ]`k ] _kil]na_an lan]jpa ] Ejmqeoek a jac]n mqa ] Pann] oa ikre] ai na`kn `k Okh; Lknmqa ] _kj_alk ]opnkjie_] cak_jpne_] $ah]^kn]`] j] =jpecqe`]`a% laniepe] mqa ] Ecnaf] Nki]j] i]jperaooa ] e`ae] `a mqa ] na]he`]`a _kjopepq`] lkn qi] dean]nmqe] `a oanao( mqa rk `ko i]eo lanbaepko Í ko _ahaopao Í ]ko i]eo eilanbaepko Í ko ejbanj]eo Í( paj`k ] Pann] _kik lkjpk ejpania`enek ajpna k _ahaopa a k ejbanj]h* Aoo] lkoek `] Pann] _kik lkjpk ejpania`enek oanre] `a ^]oa l]n] ] ]Úni]k `a mqa ] iaoi] bqjk lanpaj_e] Ecnaf] a mqa aop]( lknp]jpk( aop]r] i]eo ln tei] `a @aqo `k mqa ]o kqpn]o nahece ao a mqa( jk iqj`k _neopk( ah] k_ql]r] qi hqc]n i]eo ]hpk `k mqa ko naeo a ko eilan]`knao* Aopao( lkn oq] rav( j] dean]nmqe] `a lanbaek `ko oanao( aop]r]i ]_ei] `ko ^]n ao a aopao ]_ei] `ko _]ilkjaoao a oanrko* Oa ] ]opnkjk) ie] `aikjopn]ooa mqa ] Pann] jk k _ajpnk `k Qjeranok a oa ] ia_ je_] c]heh]e_] `aikjopn]ooa mqa pk`ko ko oanao aopk oq^iape`ko o iaoi]o haeo `k ikreiajpk( ajpk ]o dean]n) mqe]o _ahaopao( j]pqn]eo a dqi]j]o lan`ane]i hacepeie`]`a a bqj`]iajpk( jk lna_eo]j`k oan naolaep]`]o* Qi] ok_ea`]`a a qi] _kj_alk `k lk`an ren]i)oa ]ia]]`]o lkn qi] jkr] _kj_alk _eajpÚ_]* /* Jkook pan_aenk atailhk lk`a oan `]`k _ki ] ]jpnklk) hkce]* @qn]jpa iqepk pailk ko ]jpnkl hkcko ]Úni]n]i mqa d]re] `q]o bkni]o `a lajo]iajpk _eajpeÚ_]iajpa k^oanrraeo a _ki haeo `ebanajpao6 k lajo]iajpk h ce_k) )n]_ekj]h `ko _erehev]`ko $dkiajo aqnklaqo ^n]j_ko ]`qh) pko% a k lajo]iajpk ln)h ce_k a ln)n]_ekj]h `ko oahr]) cajo kq lneieperko $]bne_]jko( j`eko( pne^ko ]qopn]he]j]o%* K lneiaenk an] _kjoe`an]`k oqlanekn( ran`]`aenk a ark) hq`k7 k oacqj`k( ejbanekn( b]hok( oqlanope_ekok a ]pn]o]`k( _]^aj`k ]ko ^n]j_ko aqnklaqo Î]qtehe]nÏ ko oahr]cajo ÎlneieperkoÏ ] ]^]j`kj]n oq] _qhpqn] a ]`mqenen ] _qhpqn] Îarkhq`]Ï `ko _khkjev]`knao* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( qi] _ej_e] _kik ] ]jpnklkhkce] oeilhaoiajpa atlneie] _ki _kj_aepko a pakne]o k lk`an `ko `kiej]jpao a hacepe) i]r] ] `kiej]k _khkje]h*
x 5.)$!$%ß x = _ej_e]
=o _kj`e ao ]pq]eo `] laomqeo] a ko cn]j`ao ejpanaooao ai fkck K iahdkn _]iejdk l]n] lan_a^an ] eilkooe^ehe`]`a `a qi] _ej_e] jaqpn] har]n ai _kjoe`an]k k ik`k _kik ] laomqeo] _eajpÚ_] oa na]hev] ai jkook pailk* @qn]jpa o_qhko ko _eajpeop]o pn]^]hd]n]i ej`ere`q]hiajpa $iaoik mqa lkooqooai ]qtehe]nao a `eo_lqhko% ai oaqo lamqajko h]^kn]p neko* Oq]o laomqeo]o an]i _qopa]`]o kq lkn ahao iaoiko kq lkn naeo( jk^nao a ^qncqaoao ne_ko( mqa `aoaf]r]i ] ch ne] `a l]pnk_ej]n `ao_k^anp]o a ]o r]jp]cajo lnpe_]o mqa `ah]o lk`ane]i ]`ren* Lkn oq] rav( k oajok _kiqi ok_e]h khd]r] k _eajpeop] _kik fksbkqlo b d kfl* Dkfa ko _eajpeop]o pn]^]hd]i _khaper]iajpa( ai amqelao( jko cn]j`ao h]^kn]p neko qje) ranoepneko( jko `ko ejopepqpko `a laomqeo] a jko `]o cn]j`ao ailnao]o pn]joj]_ekj]eo mqa l]npe_el]i `a qi oeopai] _kjda_e`k _kik `ljmibul fkarpqof^i*jfifq^o* =o laomqeo]o ok Új]j_e]`]o lahk Aop]`k $j]o qjeranoe`]`ao a ejopepqpko%( lah]o ailnao]o lner]`]o $ai oaqo h]^kn]p neko% a lkn ]i^ko $jko _ajpnko `a ejraopec]k `k _kilhatk ej`qopne]h)iehep]n%* Ok laomqeo]o mqa atecai ]hpko ejraopeiajpko a_kjie_ko a `]o mq]eo oa aolan]i naoqhp]`ko mqa ] klejek l ^he_] jai oailna _kjda_a* =hi `eook( ko _eajpeop]o `a qi] iaoi] na] `a ejraopec]k hqp]i ajpna oe lknmqa _kilapai lkn na_qnoko a Új]j_e]iajpko( a paj`ai ] b]van oacna`k `a oq]o `ao_k^anp]o( lkeo `alaj`ai `ah]o l]n] _kjoacqen bqj`ko a raj_an ] _kilapek _ki kqpnko* O]^aiko( dkfa( mqa ] i]ekne] `ko naoqhp]`ko _eajpÚ_ko mqa qo]iko ai jkoo] re`] _kpe) `e]j] Í imqej]o( nai`eko( banpehev]jpao( lnk`qpko `a heilav] a `a deceaja( i]pane]eo oej) ppe_ko( _kilqp]`knao Í peran]i _kik knecai ejraopec] ao iehep]nao a aopn]pce_]o( _ki) lape ao a_kjie_]o ajpna cn]j`ao ailnao]o pn]joj]_ekj]eo a _kilape ao lkhpe_]o ajpna cn]j`ao Aop]`ko* Iqepk `k mqa qo]iko ai jkook _kpe`e]jk lnkri `a laomqeo]o jq_ha]nao( ^]_panekh ce_]o a aol]_e]eo* K oajok _kiqi ok_e]h( ]ckn]( r k _eajpeop] _kik bkdbkebfol b j^dl( ai nkql]o ^n]j) _]o jk ejpanekn `a cn]j`ao h]^kn]p neko nalhapko `a k^fapko ej_kilnaajoraeo( nk`a]`k `a kqpnko _eajpeop]o( b]vaj`k _h_qhko ieopanekoko `e]jpa `a `avaj]o `a _kilqp]`knao* P]jpk j] reok ]jpanekn Í k _eajpeop] _kik ejrajpkn a cjek okhepnek Í mq]jpk j] ]pq]h Í k _eajpeop] _kik iai^nk `a qi] amqela `a ajcajdaenko a i]cko Í( k oajok _kiqi r ] _ej_e] `aohec]`] `k _kjpatpk `]o _kj`e ao `a oq] na]hev]k a `a oq]o Új]he`]`ao* Aeo lkn mqa paj`a ] ]_na`ep]n j] jaqpn]he`]`a _eajpÚ_]( j] e`ae] `a mqa k je_k _kilnkieook `] _ej_e] k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk a `aoejpanaoo]`k a ] okhqk _knnap] `a jkooko lnk^hai]o* = e`akhkce] _eajpeÚ_eop] qo] aoo] ei]cai e`a]hev]`] l]n] _kjokhe`]n ] `] jaqpn]he`]`a _eajpÚ_]( `eooeiqh]j`k( _ki eook( ] knecai a ] Új]he`]`a `] i]ekne] `]o laomqeo]o( `aopej]) `]o ] _kjpnkh]n ] j]pqnav] a ] ok_ea`]`a oacqj`k ko ejpanaooao `ko cnqlko mqa `kiej]i ko Új]j_e]iajpko `ko h]^kn]p neko*
= n]vk ejopnqiajp]h
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kn mqa d qi] e`akhkce] a qi] iepkhkce] `] _ej_e];
= Ao_kh] `a Bn]jgbqnp a ] n]vk ejopnqiajp]h Mq]j`k aopq`]iko ] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk( at]iej]iko ] jkk `a e`akhkce] _kik h ce_] ok_e]h ei]cejne] `a k_qhp]iajpk `] na]he`]`a deop ne_]* =k aopq`]niko k j]o_eiajpk `] ÚhkokÚ]( at]iej]iko ] `ebanaj] ajpna jvqelp a idlp( eopk ( ajpna ] atlhe_]k ]jpnklk) i nÚ_] a ice_] `k iqj`k a ] atlhe_]k n]_ekj]h* Mq]j`k aopq`]iko ] n]vk( reiko mqa ]hcqjo Úh okbko ]haiao( naqje`ko j] Ao_kh] `a Bn]jgbqnp( `ao_naran]i ] n]_ekj]he`]`a k_e) `ajp]h _kik ejopnqiajp]hev]k `] n]vk* Oa naqjeniko aooao rneko aopq`ko mqa Úvaiko ]p ]mqe( lk`anaiko naolkj`an lancqjp] ok^na ] e`akhkcev]k a ] iepkhkcev]k `] _ej_e]*
.52
K e`a]h _eajpbe_k a ] n]vk ejopnqiajp]h x #!0É45,/ß x
= o^wl fkpqorjbkq^i Í mqa ko bn]jgbqnpe]jko( _kik =`knjk( I]n_qoa a Dkngdaeian( p]i^i `aoecj]n]i _ki ] atlnaook o^wl firjfkfpq^ Í j]o_a mq]j`k k oqfaepk `k _k) jda_eiajpk pki] ] `a_eok `a mqa _kjda_an aljfk^o a `lkqoli^o ] j]pqnav] a ko oanao dqi]jko* =ooei( lkn atailhk( k Úh okbk Bn]j_eo >]_kj( jk ej_ek `k o_qhk TREE( _nekq qi] atlnaook l]n] nabanen)oa ]k k^fapk `k _kjda_eiajpk _eajpÚ_k6 Î] j]pqnav] ]pkniajp]`]Ï* =pkniajp]n ] j]pqnav] b]v)h] na]cen ] _kj`e ao ]npeÚ_e]eo( _ne]`]o lahk dkiai* K h]) ^kn]p nek _eajpÚ_k ] i]jaen] l]n]`ecipe_] `a abapq]n aooa pkniajpk( lkeo( jaha( lh]jp]o( ]jei]eo( iap]eo( hmqe`ko( c]oao( ap_* ok oq^iape`ko ] _kj`e ao `a ejraopec]k pkp]hiajpa `erano]o `]o j]pqn]eo( `a i]jaen] ] b]van _ki mqa ] atlaneiajp]k oqlana ] atlanej_e]( `ao_k^nej`k bkni]o( _]qo]o( abaepko mqa jk lk`ane]i oan _kjda_e`ko oa _kjpooaiko ]la) j]o _ki ] ]pere`]`a aolkjp ja] `] j]pqnav]* =pkniajp]n ] j]pqnav] _kjda_an oaqo oacna) `ko l]n] `kiej)h] a pn]jobkni)h]* K pkniajpk `] na]he`]`a ]qiajp] _ki ] _ej_e] _kjpailkn ja]( qi] rav mqa aop] jk oa _kjpajp] ai _kjda_an ]o _keo]o a ko oanao dqi]jko( i]o ko _kjopn e ]npeÚ_e]hiajpa a ]lhe) _] ko naoqhp]`ko `aoo] _kjopnqk ]k iqj`k boe_k( ^ekh ce_k a dqi]jk $lomqe_k( ok_e]h( lk) hpe_k( deop ne_k%* =ooei( lkn atailhk( ] knc]jev]k `k lnk_aook `a pn]^]hdk j]o ej` opne]o ]lnaoajp])oa _kik _eajpÚ_] lknmqa ^]oa]`] ai _kj_aepko `] loe_khkce]( `] ok_ekhkce]( `] a_kjkie]( mqa laniepai `kiej]n a _kjpnkh]n k pn]^]hdk dqi]jk ai pk`ko ko ]ola_pko $_kjpnkha ok^na k _knlk a k aolnepk `ko pn]^]hd]`knao%( ] Úi `a mqa ] lnk`qpere`]`a oaf] ] i]ekn lkoorah l]n] naj`an hq_nko ]k _]lep]h* J] ia`e`] ai mqa ] n]vk oa pknj] ejopnqiajp]h( ] _ej_e] r]e `aet]j`k `a oan qi] bkn) i] `a ]_aook ]ko _kjda_eiajpko ran`]`aenko l]n] pknj]n)oa qi ejopnqiajpk `a `kiej]k( lk`an a atlhkn]k* L]n] mqa jk oaf] lan_a^e`] _kik p]h( l]oo] ] oan oqopajp]`] lah] e`ak) hkce] _eajpeÚ_eop]( mqa( ]pn]ro `] ao_kh] a `ko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k `a i]oo]( `aoai^k_] j] iepkhkce] _eajpeÚ_eop]*
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Pk`]re]( `araiko `eopejcqen ajpna k ikiajpk `] ejraopec]k _eajpÚ_] lnklne]iajpa `ep] a k `] e`akhkcev]k)iepkhkcev]k `a qi] _ej_e]* Qi atailhk lk`an ]qtehe]n)jko ] lan_a^an aoo] `ebanaj]* Mq]j`k @]nsej ah]^kn] ] pakne] ^ekh ce_] `] arkhqk `]o aol_eao( k ik`ahk `a atlhe) _]k qo]`k lkn aha laniepe])hda oqlkn mqa k lnk_aook arkhqperk k_knne] lkn oahak j]pqn]h `ko i]eo ]lpko ok^narerj_e]* Kn]( j] iaoi] lk_]( ] ok_ea`]`a _]lep]heop] aop]r] _kjraj_e`] `a mqa k lnkcnaook ok_e]h a deop ne_k lnkrejd] `] _kilapek a `] _kj_knnj_e] `ko ej`er`qko( oacqj`k ] hae a_kjie_] `] kbanp] a `] lnk_qn]* Qi Úh okbk( Olaj_an( ]lhe_kq( ajpk( ] pakne] `]nseje]j] ok_ea`]`a6 jaop]( ko i]eo Î]lpkoÏ $eopk ( ko i]eo _]l]vao `a _kilapen a _kj_knnan% pknj]i)oa k^qro^ijbkqb oqlaneknao ]ko kqpnko( raj_aj`k)ko ai nemqav]( lnerehceko a lk`an* =k pn]jolkn qi] pakne] ^ekh ce_] l]n] qi] atlhe_]k Úhko Ú_] ok^na ] aooj_e] `] ok) _ea`]`a( Olaj_an pn]jobknikq ] qblof^ `fbkqÛ`^ a^ bslir l ai fablildf^ bslir`flkfpq^* Lkn mq; Ai lneiaenk hqc]n( lknmqa cajan]hevkq l]n] pk`] ] na]he`]`a naoqhp]`ko k^pe`ko jqi _]ilk l]npe_qh]n `a _kjda_eiajpko aola_Ú_ko* Ai oacqj`k hqc]n( lknmqa pkikq _kj_ae) pko nabanajpao ] b]pko j]pqn]eo a ko _kjranpaq ai b]pko ok_e]eo( _kik oa jk dkqraooa `eba) naj] ajpna j]pqnav] a ok_ea`]`a* Qi] rav _ne]`] ] e`akhkce] arkhq_ekjeop]( k arkhq_ekjeoik pknjkq)oa pakne] `] deop ne] a( ] oacqen( iepkhkce] _eajpÚ_] `k lnkcnaook dqi]jk*
Ko abaepko `] n]vk ejopnqiajp]h K ailnack `] jkk `a n]vk ejopnqiajp]h jko laniepa _kilnaaj`an6 ] pn]jobkni]k `a qi] _ej_e] ai e`akhkce] a iepk ok_e]h( eopk ( ai oajok _kiqi _eajpeÚ_eop]7
.53
x 5.)$!$%ß x = _ej_e]
mqa ] e`akhkce] `] _ej_e] jk oa na`qv pn]jobkni]k `a qi] pakne] _eajpÚ_] ai e`akhkce]( i]o aj_kjpn])oa j] ln lne] _ej_e] mq]j`k aop] _kj_a^e`] _kik ejopnq) iajpk `a `kiej]k( _kjpnkha a lk`an ok^na ] j]pqnav] a ] ok_ea`]`a7 mqa ]o e`ae]o `a lnkcnaook p_je_k a jaqpn]he`]`a _eajpÚ_] lanpaj_ai ]k _]ilk `] e`akhkce] _eajpeÚ_eop]*
?kjbqok ajpna _e j_e] a p _je_]
R
eiko mqa ] _ej_e] ik`anj] a _kjpailkn ja] pn]jobkni] ] p_je_] ai pa_jkhkce]( eopk ( l]oo] `] imqej])qpajohek imqej] _kik ejopnqiajpk `a lna_eok( mqa laniepa _kjda_eiajpko i]eo at]pko a jkrko* Aoo] pn]jobkni]k pn]v `q]o _kjoamqj_e]o lnej_el]eo6 ] lneiaen] oa nabana ]k _kjda) _eiajpk _eajpÚ_k a ] oacqj`]( ]k aop]pqpk `ko k^fapko p_je_ko6 k _kjda_eiajpk _eajpÚ_k _kj_a^e`k _kik idf`^ a^ fksbk l $l]n] okhqk `a lnk^ha) i]o pa ne_ko a lnpe_ko% a _kik idf`^ a^ `lkpqor l $`a k^fapko pa ne_ko%( cn]]o lkooe) ^ehe`]`a `a aopq`]n ko bajiajko oai `alaj`an ]laj]o `ko na_qnoko `a jkoo] lan_alk a `a jkoo] ejpahecj_e]* ]ooei mqa( lkn atailhk( C]hehaq oa nabana ]k pahao_ lek _kik qi ejopnqiajpk _qf] bqjk jk ] `a oeilhaoiajpa ]lnktei]n k^fapko `eop]jpao( i]o `a _knnecen ]o `eopkn ao `a jkooko khdko a c]n]jpen)jko ] ei]cai _knnap] `]o _keo]o* K iaoik bke `epk ok^na k ie_nko_ lek( ok^na ] ^]h]j] `a lna_eok( ok^na k _nkjiapnk* Ai jkook pailk( ko ejopnqiajpko p_je_k)pa_jkh ce_ko rk ]hi `] _knnak `a jkoo] lan_alk( lkeo _knnecai b]hd]o `a jkook lajo]iajpk( qi] rav mqa ok ejpahe) cj_e]o ]npeÚ_e]eo $k _kilqp]`kn bke _d]i]`k `a Î_na^nk ahapnje_kÏ% i]eo ]_qn]`]o `k mqa jkoo] ejpahecj_e] ej`ere`q]h* Are`ajpaiajpa( ok _kjda_eiajpko _eajpÚ_ko mqa laniepai ] _kjopnqk `aooao ejopnqiajpko( i]o `]j`k)hdao _]l]_e`]`ao mqa _]`] qi `a j o( _kik ej`er`qk( jk lkooqe* Kn]( ko k^fapko p_je_k)pa_jkh ce_ko ]i) lhe]i ] e`ae] `] _ej_e] _kik ejrajk a _kjopnqk `ko ln lneko bajiajko7
-*
.* ko k^fapko p_je_ko ok _ne]`ko lah] _ej_e] _kik ejopnqiajpko `a ]qthek ]k pn]^]hdk dqi]jk( imqej]o l]n] `kiej]n ] j]pqnav] a ] ok_ea`]`a( ejopnqiajpko `a lna_eok l]n] k _kjda_eiajpk _eajpÚ_k a( ok^napq`k( ai oq] bkni] _kjpailkn ja]( _kik ]q) pi]pko* Aopao ok k k^fapk p_je_k)pa_jkh ce_k lkn at_ahj_e]( lknmqa lkooqai ]o oa) cqejpao _]n]_panope_]o( i]n_]o `k jkrk aop]pqpk `aooa k^fapk6
*OAQUqNß3ALVADORß,LAVADOß1UINO
ok _kjda_eiajpk _eajpÚ_k k^faper]`k( eopk ( `alkoep]`k a _kj_napev]`k jqi k^fapk* Ok naoqhp]`k a _knlkneÚ_]k `a _kjda_eiajpko _eajpÚ_ko7 ?d]nca `k _]npqjeop] ]ncajpejk Mqejk ok^na ] lnpe_] _eajpbe_]*
.54
K e`a]h _eajpbe_k a ] n]vk ejopnqiajp]h x #!0É45,/ß x
ok k^fapko mqa lkooqai ai oe iaoiko k lnej_lek `a oq] nacqh]k( i]jqpajk a pn]jobkni]k* =o imqej]o ]jpec]o `alaj`e]i `a bkn]o atpanj]o l]n] na]hev]n oq]o bqj ao $]h]r]j_]o( lkhe]o( i]jerah]o( bkn] iqo_qh]n `a oanao dqi]jko kq `a ]jei]eo( bkn] de`nqhe_]( ap_*%* =o imqej]o ik`anj]o ok ]qpi]pko lknmqa( `]`k k eilqhok ahpne_k)ahapnje_k eje_e]h( na]hev]i lkn oe iaoi]o pk`]o ]o klan] ao l]n] ]o mq]eo bk) n]i lnkcn]i]`]o( ej_hqej`k ] _knnak `a oq] ln lne] ]k( ] na]heiajp]k `a ajance]( ] pn]jobkni]k* Ok ]qpknnacqh]`]o a ]qpk_kjoanr]`]o( lknmqa lkooqai ai oe iao) i]o ]o ejbkni] ao ja_aoone]o ]k oaq bqj_ekj]iajpk7 _kik _kjoamqj_e]( jk ok lnklne]iajpa qi k^fapk oejcqh]n kq ej`ere`q]h( i]o qi pfpqbj^ ab l_gbqlp ejpanhec]`ko lkn _ki]j`ko na_lnk_ko7 ok oeopai]o mqa( qi] rav lnkcn]i]`ko( na]hev]i klan] ao pa ne_]o _kilhat]o( mqa ik`eÚ_]i k _kjpa `k `ko ln lneko _kjda_eiajpko _eajpÚ_ko( eopk ( ko k^fapko p_je) _k)pa_jkh ce_ko b]vai l]npa `k pn]^]hdk pa ne_k* Kn]( k oajok _kiqi ok_e]h ecjkn] aoo]o pn]jobkni] ao `] _ej_e] a `] p_je_] a _kjda) _a ]laj]o oaqo naoqhp]`ko i]eo eia`e]pko6 ko k^fapko mqa lk`ai oan qo]`ko lkn j o $imqe) j] `a h]r]n( sfabld^jb( pahareok ] _]^k( imqej] `a _]h_qh]n( _kilqp]`kn( nk^ ej`qopne]h( pahabkja _ahqh]n( b*_llh( ]l]nahdk `a il/( ap_*%* ?kik( l]n] qo)hko( lna_eo]iko na_a^an qi _kjfqjpk `a ejbkni] ao `ap]hd]`]o a ok) Úope_]`]o( paj`aiko ] e`ajpeÚ_]n k _kjda_eiajpk _eajpÚ_k _ki oaqo abaepko pa_jkh ce_ko* ?ki eook( `aet]iko `a lan_a^an k aooaj_e]h( eopk ( mqa ]o _ej_e]o l]oo]n]i ] b]van l]npa `]o bkn]o a_kjie_]o lnk`qper]o `] ok_ea`]`a a pnkqtan]i iq`]j]o ok_e]eo `a cn]j`a lknpa j] `ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk( j] lnk`qk a j] `eopne^qek `ko k^fapko( j] bkni] `a _kjoqie)hko* Jk lan_a^aiko mqa ]o laomqeo]o _eajpÚ_]o ok Új]j_e]`]o lkn ailnao]o a ckranjko( `ai]j`]j`k cn]j`ao oki]o `a na_qnoko mqa napknj]i( cn]]o ]ko naoqhp]`ko k^) pe`ko( j] bkni] `a hq_nk a lk`an l]n] ko ]cajpao Új]j_e]`knao* Lkn jk lan_a^aniko k lk`anek a_kjie_k `]o _ej_e]o( hqp]iko l]n] pan ]_aook( l]n] lkooqen a _kjoqien ko k^fapko pa_jkh ce_ko( i]o jk hqp]iko lahk `enaepk `a ]_aook p]jpk ]ko _kjda_eiajpko _kik o laomqeo]o _eajpÚ_]o( jai hqp]iko lahk `enaepk `a `a_e`en oaq ik`k `a ejoank j] re`] a_kjie_] a lkhpe_] `a qi] ok_ea`]`a* Aeo lkn mqa( ajpna kqpnko abaepko `a jkoo] _kjbqok ajpna _ej_e] a pa_jkhkce]( ]_aep]iko( jk >n]oeh( lkhpe_]o a`q_]_ekj]eo mqa lnkÚooekj]hev]i ko fkrajo jk ajoejk i`ek Í lknp]jpk( ]jpao mqa pajd]i pe`k ]_aook o _ej_e]o lnklne]iajpa `ep]o Í a mqa `aopej]i lkq_ko na) _qnoko l ^he_ko o na]o `a laomqeo] j]o qjeranoe`]`ao Í lknp]jpk( i]jpaj`k ko _eajpeop]o j] ian] _kj`ek `a nalnk`qpknao `a _ej_e]o lnk`qve`]o ai kqpnko l]oao a ok_ea`]`ao*
K lnk^hai] `k qok `]o _e j_e]o
=
.55
hi `k lnk^hai] ]jpanekn( eopk ( `a pakne]o _eajpÚ_]o oanai bkniqh]`]o _ki ^]oa ai _anp]o `a_eo ao a ao_khd]o `k _eajpeop] kq `k h]^kn]p nek kj`a pn]^]hd]i ko _eaj) peop]o( _ki _kjoamqj_e]o one]o l]n] ko oanao dqi]jko( qi kqpnk lnk^hai] p]i) ^i pn]ve`k lah]o _ej_e]o6 k oaq qok* Reiko mqa qi] pakne] _eajpÚ_] lk`a j]o_an l]n] `]n naolkop] ] qi lnk^hai] lnpe_k kq p_je_k* Reiko p]i^i mqa ] ejraopec]k _eajpÚ_] lk`a en ]r]j]j`k l]n] `ao_k^an) p]o `a bajiajko a nah] ao mqa f jk lkooqai nah]k `enap] _ki ko lnk^hai]o lnpe_ko eje_e]eo a( _kik _kjoamqj_e]( bnamqajpa qi] pakne] aop]n iqepk i]eo ]r]j]`] `k mqa ]o p_je_]o a pa_jkhkce]o mqa lk`ank ]lhe_)h]* Iqep]o ravao( ]heo( k _eajpeop] jai oamqan ei]cej] mqa ] pakne] pan ]lhe_]k lnpe_]* at]p]iajpa eook mqa pknj] k qok `] _ej_e] ]hck `ahe_]`k( mqa( ai can]h( ao_]l] `]o iko `ko ln lneko laomqeo]`knao* ]ooei( lkn atailhk( mqa ] ie_nkboe_] kq boe_] mq jpe_] `aoai^k_] j] b]^ne_]k `]o ]ni]o jq_ha]nao7 ] ^ekmqie_] a ] cajpe_]( j] `a ]ni]o ^]_pa) nekh ce_]o* Pakne]o ok^na ] hqv a k oki laniepai ] _kjopnqk `a o]phepao ]npeÚ_e]eo( mqa( oa
x 5.)$!$%ß x = _ej_e]
ok _kja_praeo ejop]jp]ja]iajpa ai pk`k k chk^k pannaopna l]n] ] _kiqje_]k a ejbkni]) k( p]i^i ok naolkjoraeo lkn aolekj]cai iehep]n a lkn cqann]o _ki ]ni]o pahacqe]`]o* Mq]j`k aopq`]niko ] pe_]( ranaiko ko cn]rao lnk^hai]o ikn]eo pn]ve`ko lah]o p_je) _]o `aoajrkhre`]o lah] cajpe_] _kjpailkn ja]* Qi] `]o _]n]_panope_]o i]eo jkr]o `] _ej_e] aop ai mqa ]o laomqeo]o _eajpÚ_]o l]o) o]n]i ] b]van l]npa `]o bkn]o lnk`qper]o `] ok_ea`]`a( eopk ( `] a_kjkie]* = ]qpki]k( ] ejbkni]pev]k( ] paha_kiqje_]k `apaniej]i bkni]o `a lk`an a_kjie_k( ik`ko `a knc]jev]n k pn]^]hdk ej`qopne]h a ko oanreko( _ne]i lnkÚoo ao a k_ql] ao jkr]o( `aopnkai lnkÚoo ao a k_ql] ao ]jpec]o( ejpnk`qvai ] rahk_e`]`a j] lnk`qk `a ian_]`kne]o a ai oq] `eopne^qek a _kjoqik( ik`eÚ_]j`k l]`n ao ej`qopne]eo( _kian_e]eo a aopehko `a re`]* = _ej_e] pknjkq)oa l]npa ejpacn]jpa a ej`eolajorah `] ]pere`]`a a_kjie_]* Pknjkq)oa ]caj) pa a_kjie_k a lkhpe_k* =hi `a b]van l]npa aooaj_e]h `] ]pere`]`a a_kjie_]( ] _ej_e] p]i^i l]ookq ] b]van l]npa `k lk`an lkhpe_k* Jk lkn ]_]ok( lkn atailhk( mqa ckranjko _neai iejeopneko a oa) _nap]ne]o `a ?ej_e] a Pa_jkhkce] a mqa `aopejai ran^]o l]n] Új]j_e]n laomqeo]o _ereo a ie) hep]nao* @k iaoik ik`k mqa ]o cn]j`ao ailnao]o Új]j_e]i laomqeo]o a ]p _ne]i _ajpnko a h]^kn]p neko `a ejraopec]k _eajpÚ_]( p]i^i ko ckranjko `apaniej]i mq]eo _ej_e]o oank `aoajrkhre`]o a( jaop]o( mqa laomqeo]o oank Új]j_e]`]o* Aoo] jkr] lkoek `]o _ej_e]o j] ok_ea`]`a _kjpailkn ja]( ]hi `a ej`e_]n mqa i) jeik kq mq]oa ejateopajpa k cn]q `a jaqpn]he`]`a a `a he^an`]`a `ko _eajpeop]o( ej`e_] p]i) ^i mqa k rpl `]o _ej_e]o `aÚja ko na_qnoko Új]j_aenko mqa jah]o oank ejraope`ko* = ok_ea`]`a( lkni( jk hqp] lahk `enaepk `a ejpanbanen j]o `a_eo ao `a ailnao]o a ckran) jko mq]j`k aopao `a_e`ai Új]j_e]n qi pelk `a laomqeo] ai rav `a kqpnk* @aoo] i]jaen]( k _]ilk _eajpÚ_k pknj])oa _]`] rav i]eo `eop]jpa `] ok_ea`]`a oai mqa aop] aj_kjpna iaeko l]n] kneajp]n k qok `]o _ej_e]o( lkeo aopa `aÚje`k ^kqbp `k ej_ek `]o ln lne]o laomqeo]o a clo^ `k _kjpnkha mqa ] ok_ea`]`a lk`ane] atan_an ok^na aha* Qi atailhk `a hqp] ok_e]h l]n] ejpanbanen j]o `a_eo ao ok^na ]o laomqeo]o a oaqo qoko aj_kjpn])oa jko ikreiajpko a_kh ce_ko( jk jkrk ikreiajpk `] cajpe_] a ai iqepko ik) reiajpko ok_e]eo hec]`ko ] naerej`e_] ao `a `enaepko* @a ik`k can]h( lkni( ] e`akhkce] _eaj) peÚ_eop] paj`a ] oan iqepk i]eo bknpa `k mqa aooao ikreiajpko a( ai `a_knnj_e] `ko lk`anao a_kjie_ko( lkhpe_ko a iehep]nao ajrkhre`ko( ] heiep]n k oaq lk`an `a ]k*
NOVOßMOVIMENTOßDAßß GENmTICAßTERMOßINVEN TADOßPORßCIENTISTASßPARAß INDICARßUMßCONJUNTOßDEß PRINCqPIOSßEßVALORESßAß SEREMßDEFENDIDOSßDIANTEß DOSßPROBLEMASßmTICOSß TRAZIDOSßPELAßGENmTICAß CONTEMPORhNEA
15%34¬%3
#!0É45,/ß = ]pepq`a _eajpÚ_] -* @ ]hcqjo atailhko `a _anpav]o `k oajok _kiqi a oq] nabqp]k lah]o _e j_e]o* .* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo _]n]_panope_]o `ko o]^anao `k oajok _kiqi; @aoo]o _]n]_panope_]o( ao_khd] pn o a atlhemqa)]o* /* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo _]n]_panope_]o `k _kjda_eiajpk _eajpÚ_k ai klkoek ]k oajok _kiqi; @aoo]o _]) n]_panope_]o( ao_khd] pn o a atlhemqa)]o*
0* Lkn mqa ai jkoo] ok_ea`]`a ] _e j_e] paj`a ] oan pk) i]`] _kik oa bkooa i]ce]; Mq]h k amqrk_k `aoo] reok; 1* Mqa ]pere`]`ao ejpaha_pq]eo c]n]jpai neckn ]k pn]^]) hdk _eajpÚ_k; 2* ?kik =neop pahao `aÚja ] _e j_e]; ?kik Cn]jcan `a) Úja ] _e j_e]; 3* Mq]eo ko ln)namqeoepko l]n] ] _kjopepqek `a qi] _e j_e]; 4* Mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa ] _e j_e] qi lajo]iajpk oeopaipe_k;
/,,
= ]pepq`a _eajpbe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
#!0É45,/ßß = _e j_e] j] deopne] -* Mq]eo ]o pn o lnej_el]eo _kj_al ao `a _e j_e]; .* Atlhemqa ^naraiajpa ] _kj_alk n]_ekj]heop] `a _e j_e]* /* Atlhemqa ^naraiajpa ] _kj_alk aileneop] `a _e j_e]* 0* Atlhemqa ^naraiajpa ] _kj_alk _kjopnqpereop] `a _e j_e]* 1* Atlhemqa k mqa oecjeÚ_]i ]o atlnaoo ao Îdelkppe) _k)`a`qperkÏ a Îdelkppe_k)ej`qperkÏ* 2* Mq]eo ko lnej_leko `k e`a]h `a _eajpeÚ_e`]`a j] _kj) _alk _kjopnqpereop] `a _e j_e]; 3* Mq]h ] lnej_el]h `ebanaj] ajpna ] _e j_e] ]jpec] a ] _e j_e] _hooe_] kq ik`anj]; 4* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna p_je_] a pa_jkhkce]; 5* Atlhemqa ]o e`ae]o `a lnkcnaook a arkhqk _eajpÚ_ko a ] _kj_alk `a deop ne] lnaooqlkop] lkn ah]o* -,* @ ]hcqjo atailhko mqa ej`emqai ] `ao_kjpejqe`]) `a `ko _kjda_eiajpko _eajpÚ_ko* --* Mqa oecjeÚ_]i ]o atlnaoo ao Înqlpqn] aleopaikh ce) _]Ï a Îk^op_qhk aleopaikh ce_kÏ( _ne]`]o lkn C]opkj >]_dah]n` l]n] oa nabanen o iq`]j]o _eajpÚ_]o; -.* Mq]eo ko pelko `a `ao_kjpejqe`]`a _eajpÚ_] ]lna) oajp]`ko lkn Cn]jcan; -/* K mqa Pdki]o Gqdj ajpaj`a lkn narkhqk _eajpÚ) _]; Mq]j`k ah] ]_kjpa_a; Lkn mqa ah] qi] nqlpqn] n]`e_]h _ki nah]k _e j_e] ]jpanekn; -0* K mqa qi l]n]`eci] _eajpÚ_k a qi] _e j_e] jkn) i]h; -1* K mqa qi] _neoa `a l]n]`eci] _eajpÚ_k; -2* Lkn mqa( ]lao]n `]o nqlpqn]o a `ao_kjpejqe`]`ao( _kj) pejq]iko ]_na`ep]j`k jk lnkcnaook `]o _e j_e]o; -3* Mqa fqopeÚ_]per] kbana_a Gqdj l]n] ]`iepeniko( _ki ]hcqi]o naopne ao( ] e`ae] `a lnkcnaook _eajpÚ_k; -4* ?kik G]nh Lkllan atlhe_] ] iq`]j] `a qi] pakne] _eajpÚ_]; -5* Mq]eo ]o _npe_]o baep]o ] Lkllan lkn kqpnko Úh okbko `] _e j_e]; .,* Mq]eo ko _nepneko qo]`ko lkn =neop pahao l]n] _h]ooe) Ú_]n ]o _e j_e]o; .-* Mq]eo ko _nepneko qo]`ko ] l]npen `k o_qhk TREE l]n] _h]ooeÚ_]n ]o _e j_e]o;
#!0É45,/ß =o _e j_e]o dqi]j]o -* Lkn mqa ] oepq]k `]o _e j_e]o dqi]j]o iqepk ao) la_e]h jk _kjfqjpk `]o _e j_e]o; .* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo k^fa ao mqa bkn]i baep]o o _e j) _e]o dqi]j]o; /* =jpao `] _kjopepqek `]o _e j_e]o dqi]j]o( mq]eo bkn]i ko pn o lnej_el]eo lank`ko `a aopq`k `k dq) i]jk; Naoqi] ^naraiajpa _]`] qi `ahao*
/,-
0* ?kik k deopkne_eoik lajo]r] ko b]pko dqi]jko; Mq]eo ko lnk^hai]o `k deopkne_eoik mqa jk lq`a) n]i oan naokhre`ko lkn oaqo oacqe`knao; 1* Mq]h ] lnklkop] `a I]t Sa^an l]n] oqlan]n ko lnk) ^hai]o `k deopkne_eoik; 2* Mq]h ] lnej_el]h _kjpne^qek `] bajkiajkhkce] l]n] ]o _e j_e]o dqi]j]o; 3* Mq]h ] lnej_el]h _kjpne^qek `k i]nteoik l]n] ]o _e j_e]o dqi]j]o; 4* Mq]h ] lnej_el]h _kjpne^qek `k aopnqpqn]heoik l]n] ]o _e j_e]o dqi]j]o;
#!0É45,/ß K e`a]h _eajpÚ_k a ] n]vk ejopnqiajp]h -* Mq]eo ko bqj`]iajpko `] _e j_e] _kjpailknja]; @aooao( ao_khd] pn o a atlhemqa)ko* .* K mqa k e`a]h `] _e j_e] _kik _kjda_eiajpk `aoej) panaoo]`k; /* K mqa ] _kj_alk qpehep]neop] `] _e j_e]; 0* Lkn mqa lk`aiko `evan mqa ] _kj_alk `k _kjda_e) iajpk `aoejpanaoo]`k a ] `k qpehep]neoik ok ran`]) `aen]o( i]o l]n_e]eo; 1* K mqa k _eajpeÚ_eoik; Atlhemqa k mqa ok ] e`akhk) ce] `] _e j_e] a ] iepkhkce] `] _e j_e]* 2* K mqa ] e`ae] `a jaqpn]he`]`a _eajpÚ_]; 3* Lkn mqa ] ei]cai `] jaqpn]he`]`a _eajpÚ_] ehqo ) ne]; 4* ?kik oa na]hev] ] laomqeo] _eajpÚ_] _kjpailknja]; 5* K mqa ] n]vk ejopnqiajp]h kq ] n]vk ehqiejeop] ]lnaoajp]`] lah] Ao_kh] `a Bn]jgbqnp; Mq]h ] nah]k ajpna aoo] n]vk a ] e`ae] `k _kjda_eiajpk _eajpÚ_k _kik lk`an l]n] ]pkniajp]n ] j]pqnav]; -,* Mqa b]pko a oepq] ao nah]perko o _e j_e]o oa pknj]i _kilnaajoraeo cn]]o e`ae] `a n]vk ejopnqiajp]h; --* Mq]eo ]o _kjoamq j_e]o `] pa_jkhkce] l]n] k _kjda) _eiajpk _eajpÚ_k; -.* K mqa qi k^fapk pa_jkh ce_k; -/* Lkn mqa hqp]iko l]n] lkooqen k^fapko pa_jkh ce_ko a jk l]n] pan k _kjpnkha `]o ejraopec] ao _eajpÚ_]o; -0* Mq]eo ko lnk^hai]o pe_ko( a_kj ie_ko a lkhpe_ko mqa oqncen]i _ki k qok `]o _e j_e]o;
5NIDADEß
K iqj`k `] lnpe_] ?]lpqhk -- = _qhpqn] ?]lpqhk -. = atlane j_e] `k o]cn]`k a ] ejopepqek `] nahecek ?]lpqhk -/ K qjeranok `]o ]npao ?]lpqhk -0 = _qhpqn] `a i]oo] a ] ej`opne] _qhpqn]h ?]lpqhk -1 = ateop j_e] pe_] ?]lpqhk -2 = behkokbe] ikn]h ?]lpqhk -3 = he^an`]`a ?]lpqhk -4 pe_] a _e j_e] ?]lpqhk -5 = re`] lkhpe_] ?]lpqhk -, =o behkokbe]o lkhpe_]o $-% ?]lpqhk -- =o behkokbe]o lkhpe_]o $.% ?]lpqhk -. = lkhpe_] _kjpn] ] oanre`k rkhqjpne] ?]lpqhk -/ =o atlane j_e]o lkhpe_]o `k o_qhk TT ?]lpqhk -0 = mqaopk `aik_npe_]
L]n] r neko Úhokbko a deopkne]`knao( ] _qhpqn] oqnca mq]j`k ko dkiajo lnk`q) vai ]o lneiaen]o pn]jobkni]ao j] j]pqnav] lah] ]k `k pn]^]hdk* ?ki k pn]^]hdk( ko oanao dqi]jko lnk`qvai k^fapko ejateopajpao j] j]pqnav] $_]o]( qpajo heko( ejopnqiajpko%( knc]jev]i)oa ok_e]hiajpa l]n] na]hev )hk( `ere`ej`k ]o p]nab]o ajpna dkiajo a iqhdanao( ]`qhpko a _ne]j]o* L]n] ]qiajp]n ko na_qn) oko lnk`qve`ko( ejopepqai ] b]i he] a ]o nah]ao `a l]najpao_k( ]o ]h`ae]o a reh]o* L]n] lnkpac )h]o( ejrajp]i ]o ]ni]o a ] cqann]* L]n] _kjoacqen oailna _kj`e) ao b]rkn raeo l]n] k pn]^]hdk a l]n] ] iahdkne] `k mqa lnk`qvai( ejrk_]i a ]`kn]i bkn]o `erej]o( ejopepqej`k ] nahecek* Ko r neko ]cnql]iajpko dqi]jko( j]o_e`ko `k pn]^]hdk a `ko oeopai]o `a l]najpao_k( pnk_]i ajpna oe lnk`qpko `a oaqo pn]^]hdko( ejrajp]j`k k _ki n_ek* =o `aoecq]h`]`ao oqncai mq]j`k qi] l]npa `] _kiqje`]`a pki] l]n] oe( _kik lnklnea`]`a lner]`]( pann]o( ]jei]eo( cq]o6 _kia] ] `ereok ok_e]h `a kj`a oqncenk ]o _h]ooao ok_e]eo a ko _kjÛepko a( `aopao( ] ejopepqek `k lk`an*
Jqi] `]o bkpko i]eo _kjda_e`]o `k bkpcn]bk bn]j_ o ?]npean)>naookj( qi dkiai a qi c]pk _kil]npe) hd]i oq] okhe`k ajpna ko a`eb_eko `k _ajpnk `a Jkr] Ukng( j] ` _]`] `a -50,*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
#APqTULOß = _qhpqn]
J]pqnav] dqi]j];
iqepk _kiqi kqreniko a `evaniko bn]oao `k pelk Î?dkn]n ln lnek `] j]pqnav] dq) i]j]Ï a ÎDkiai jk _dkn]Ï* Kq ajpk Î `] j]pqnav] dqi]j] pan ia`k `k `ao_kjda) _e`kÏ a ÎAh] _kn]fko]( jk pai ia`k `a j]`]Ï* P]i^i _kiqi ] bn]oa Î=o iqhdanao ok j]pqn]hiajpa bncaeo a oajoraeo( lknmqa j]o_an]i l]n] ] i]panje`]`aÏ( ^ai _kik aop] kqpn]( ÎBqh]j] qi] `aoj]pqn]`]( lkeo jk pai k iajkn ]ikn ]ko ÚhdkoÏ* ?ki bnamqj_e] kqreiko `evan6 ÎKo dkiajo ok bknpao a n]_ekj]eo( baepko l]n] k _ki]j) `k a l]n] ] re`] l ^he_]Ï( `kj`a( _kik _kjoamqj_e]( aop] kqpn] bn]oa6 ÎBqh]j] jai l]na_a iqhdan* Raf] _kik oa raopa Raf] k ailnack mqa ]nn]jfkq Ï* Jk n]nk ao_qp]niko mqa ko jacnko ok ej`khajpao lkn j]pqnav]( ko lk^nao ok j]pqn]hiajpa rekhajpko( ko fq`aqo ok j]) pqn]hiajpa ]r]najpko( ko n]^ao ok j]pqn]hiajpa _kian_e]jpao aolanpko( ko bn]j_aoao ok j]pqn]hiajpa ejpanaoo]`ko ai oatk a ko ejchaoao ok( lkn j]pqnav]( Ûaqipe_ko* Bn]oao _kik aoo]o a iqep]o kqpn]o lnaooql ai( lkn qi h]`k( mqa ateopa qi] j]pqnav] dqi]j]( ] iaoi] ai pk`ko ko pailko a hqc]nao( a( lkn kqpnk( mqa ateopa qi] `ebanaj] `a j]pqnav] ajpna dkiajo a iqhdanao( lk^nao a ne_ko( jacnko( j`eko( fq`aqo( n]^ao( bn]j_aoao kq ejchaoao* D]rane]( ]ooei( qi] j]pqnav] dqi]j] qjerano]h( ] iaoi] l]n] pk`ko( a qi] j]pqnav] dqi]j] `ebanaj_e]`] lkn aol_eao( i]jaen] `] `ebanaj] ajpna rne]o aol_eao `a lh]jp]o kq `a ]jei]eo6 qi] j]pqnav] baiejej]( qi] i]o_qhej]( qi] ^n]oehaen]( qi] bn]j_a) o]( qi] f]lkjao]( qi] jacn]( qi] ^n]j_]( qi] fq`]e_]( qi] ]ne]j]( ap_* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ] j]pqnav] pane] baepk k d kbol erj^kl qjerano]h a ]o bpm`fbp er* j^k^p l]npe_qh]nao( `a ik`k mqa _anpko oajpeiajpko( _kilknp]iajpko( e`ae]o a r]hknao oane]i ko iaoiko l]n] pk`k k cjank dqi]jk $oane]i j]pqn]eo l]n] pk`ko ko dqi]jko% ajmq]jpk kqpnko r]ne]ne]i l]n] _]`] aol_ea $kq oatk( kq apje]( kq pelk( kq cnqlk( kq _h]ooa ok_e]h%* @evan mqa ]hcqi] _keo] k^qro^i kq mlo k^qrobw^ oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa aoo] _keo] ateo) pa ja_aoo]ne]iajpa $kq oaf]( jk lk`a `aet]n `a ateopen jai lk`a oan `ebanajpa `k mqa % a qjerano]hiajpa $ai pk`ko ko pailko a hqc]nao% lknmqa ah] abaepk `a qi] _]qo] ja_aoone] a qjerano]h* Aoo] _]qo] ] j]pqnav]( mqa oailna ] iaoi] ai pk`] l]npa* OecjeÚ_] `evan( lknp]jpk( mqa p]h _keo]( lkn oan j]pqn]h( jk `alaj`a `] ]k a ejpajk `ko oanao dqi]jko a oei `]o klan] ao ja_aoone]o a qjerano]eo na]hev]`]o lah] j]pqnav]* =ooei _kik `] j]) pqnav] `ko _knlko oanai ckranj]`ko lkn qi] hae j]pqn]h( ] hae `] cn]rep]k qjerano]h( _kik `] j]pqnav] `] cq] oan _kilkop] lkn `keo pkiko `a de`nkcjek a qi `a ktecjek( kq _kik `] j]pqnav] `] ]^ahd] lnk`qven iah a `] nkoaen] lnk`qven nko]o( p]i^i oane] mlo k^qrobw^ mqa ko dkiajo oajpai( lajo]i a ]cai7 a lkn eook d]rane] qi] k^qrobw^ erj^* k^* Mqa ]_kjpa_ane] _ki ]o bn]oao mqa iaj_ekj]iko ]_ei] oa ikopnooaiko mqa( d]raj`k qi] j]pqnav] dqi]j]( ]hcqi]o `ah]o ok _kjpn]`ep ne]o a kqpn]o jk _knnaolkj`ai ]ko b]pko `] na]he`]`a; =ooei( lkn atailhk( `evan mqa Î j]pqn]h _dkn]n j] pneopav]Ï ajpn] ai _kjpn]`ek _ki ] e`ae] `a mqa Îdkiai jk _dkn]Ï( lkeo( oa eook bkooa ran`]`a( k dkiai pane] `a oan _kjoe`an]) `k qi oan mqa jk lkooqe j]pqnav] dqi]j] a mqa ao_]l] `]o haeo `] j]pqnav]( f mqa _dkn]n _kjoe`an]`k j]pqn]h* K iaoik oa l]oo] _ki ]o bn]oao ok^na k ia`k a ] _kn]cai6 jah]o `epk mqa k ia`k j]pqn]h( i]o mqa qi] _anp] laook] ]`ienrah lknmqa jk pai ia`k* Jaopa
/,0
= _qhpqn] x #!0É45,/ß x
_]ok( aop]iko `e]jpa `a qi] _kjpn]`ek* @a b]pk( b]h])oa `a qi] _keo] j]pqn]h $k ia`k% a oa `ev mqa aha lk`a `aet]n `a ateopen kq `a ]_kjpa_an $qi] laook] ]`ienrah jk pai ia`k%( i]o eook eilkoorah( lkeo pq`k k mqa j]pqn]h ja_aoonek( kq oaf]( ]_kjpa_a oailna ja) _aoo]ne]iajpa( qi] rav mqa k j]pqn]h k mqa jk `alaj`a `a qi] ejpanrajk kq `a qi] `a_eok `ko oanao dqi]jko* =hi `a oan _kjpn]`ep nek `evan mqa k ia`k j]pqn]h a mqa d laook]o mqa jk pi ia`k( ]ej`] l]na_aiko pan ]`ien]k lkn mqai( ieopaneko]iajpa( ao_]l] `] hae `] j]pqnav]( mqa _kjoacqa jk pan kq jk oajpen ]hck j]pqn]h( eopk ( ia`k* Ai _anp]o ok_ea`]`ao pne^]eo( k oeopai] `a ]he]j]o ajpna ]o pne^ko( mqa `apaniej] ]o nah] ao `a l]najpao_k mqa knc]jev]i a _kjoanr]i ] _kiqje`]`a( ateca mqa( ]k j]o_an( ] _ne]j] oaf] har]`] eni `k l]e( mqa `aran naolkjo]^ehev]n)oa lah] re`] a lah] a`q_]k `] _ne]j]* Ai kqpn]o( k oeopai] `a l]najpao_k ateca mqa ] _ne]j] oaf] ajpnacqa eni `] ia* Jko `keo _]oko( ] nah]k lnej_el]h `] _ne]j] aop]^aha_e`] _ki ] pe] a jk _ki ] ia ^ekh ce_]* Oa ]ooei ( _kik Ú_] ] ]Úni]k `a mqa ]o iqhdanao ]i]i k^qro^ijbkqb ko pbrp Úhdko a mqa abpk^qro^a^ ] iqhdan mqa jk `aikjopn] aooa ]ikn Ú_]j`k _ki ko Úhdko a _qe`]j`k `ahao; Ai _anp]o ok_ea`]`ao( _kjoe`an])oa mqa ] iqhdan eilqn] l]n] he`]n _ki ] pann] a _ki ko ]heiajpko* Lkn aooa ikperk( k _qhperk `] pann]( k lnal]nk `ko ]heiajpko a ko _qe`]`ko _ki ] _]o] ok `a naolkjo]^ehe`]`a `ko dkiajo( _]^aj`k o iqhdanao ] cqann] a k _ki]j`k `] _kiqje`]`a* Oa ]ooei ( _kik Ú_] ] bn]oa mqa ]Úni] mqa k dkiai bknpa( baepk l]n] k mqa ateca bkn] a _kn]cai( l]n] k _ki]j`k a ] cqann]( ajmq]jpk ] iqhdan bke baep] l]n] ] i]panje`]`a( ] _]o]( k pn]^]hdk `kiope_k( ]o ]pere`]`ao `a qi oan bnceh a oajorah; Kq oaf]( oa ko dkiajo a ]o iqhdanao lkooqai _anp]o _]n]_panope_]o j]pqn]eo( aop]o `arai oan k^nec]pkne]iajpa ja_aoone]o a qjerano]eo( a ]o iaoi]o ai pk`ko ko pailko a hqc]nao $lkeo ] j]pqnav] klan] ai pk`] l]npa a ai pk`k pailk oailna `] iaoi] i]jaen]%( `a oknpa mqa oan eilkoorah mqa qi] ok_ea`]`a ]pne^q] ]ko dkiajo p]nab]o mqa qi] kqpn] ok_ea`]`a _kjoe`ana k^qro^ijbkqb baiejej]o( a re_a)rano]( mqa ]pne^q] o iqhdanao p]nab]o mqa qi] kqpn] ok_ea`]`a _kjoe`ana k^qro^ijbkqb i]o_qhej]o* O]^a)oa mqa ko _khkjev]`knao aqnklaqo ^n]j_ko( ]k ejopepqnai ] ao_n]re`k j] =i) ne_]( ao_khdan]i ko ]bne_]jko _kik ao_n]rko lnabanaj_e]eo lkn _kjoe`an]nai mqa ko jacnko lkooq]i atpn]kn`ejne] bkn] boe_]( cn]j`a _]l]_e`]`a `a pn]^]hdk a iqep] ejpahecj_e] l]n] na]hev]n p]nab]o _ki k^fapko p_je_ko( _kik k ajcajdk `a ] _]n* Oa ]ooei ( oa ] ao_n]re`k `ko ]bne_]jko bke ejopepq`] lkn _]qo] `a oq] cn]j`a _]l]_e`]) `a a ejpahecj_e] l]n] k pn]^]hdk `] ]cne_qhpqn] a `k ajcajdk `a ] _]n( _kik Ú_] ] ]Úni]) k `a mqa ] j]pqnav] bav ko jacnko ej`khajpao( lnacqekoko a i]h]j`nko; Kn]( ko deopkne]`knao ^n]oehaenko ikopn]i mqa ] ]^khek `] ao_n]r]pqn] $lah] mq]h iqe) pko jacnko hqp]n]i a iknnan]i% o bke na]hev]`] lahk Aop]`k ^n]oehaenk mq]j`k ] ahepa a_k) jie_] _kjoe`ankq i]eo hq_n]perk k qok `] ik `a k^n] eiecn]jpa l]n] qi _anpk pelk `a ]cne_qhpqn] $k _]b% a l]n] ] ej` opne] j]o_ajpa* Bke( lknp]jpk( lkn n]v ao a_kjie_]o mqa ] _h]ooa `kiej]jpa ^n]oehaen] `k o_qhk TET ]`iepeq ] ]^khek `] ao_n]r]pqn]( k mqa ]_]n) napkq ] oq^opepqek `ko ao_n]rko ]bne_]jko lahko eiecn]jpao aqnklaqo* = ]^khek bav _ki mqa k ian_]`k `a pn]^]hdk bkooa k_ql]`k lahko pn]^]hd]`knao ^n]j_ko eiecn]jpao a mqa ] i]ekne] `ko ao_n]rko he^anp]`ko Ú_]ooa oai ailnack( oai d]^ep]k( oai ]heiajp]k a oai jajdqi `enaepk ok_e]h( a_kjie_k a lkhpe_k* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ko at)ao_n]rko clo^j fjmbafalp ab qo^_^ie^o _kik pn]^]hd]`knao hernao a bkn]i i]jpe`ko _kik an]i ai aop]`k `a _]peraenk( eopk ( oai `enaepko* Jk dkqra mobdrf ^ k^qro^i jai fkali k`f^ k^qro^i a oei `lkaf bp pl`f^fp b b`lkjf`^p mqa _]qo]n]i `aoailnack( a b]hp] `a c]n]jpe]o l]n] ] ok) ^narerj_e] a eila`eiajpk `a _kj`e ao `a re`] `ecj]o $ikn]`e]( raopqnek( ]heiajp]k( ejopnqk ao_kh]n( ap_*%* Lk`an]iko at]iej]n iqepk `k mqa `evaiko kq kqreiko ai jkook _kpe`e]jk k^oanr]j) `k k mq]jpk k^qro^ifw^jlp ko oanao dqi]jko( j]pqn]hev]j`k oaqo _kilknp]iajpko( e`ae]o( r]hknao( bkni]o `a reran a `a ]cen* Ran]iko ajpk _kik( ai _]`] _]ok( ko b]pko `aoiajpai p]h j]pqn]hev]k* Ran]iko _kik ko oanao dqi]jko r]ne]i ai _kjoamqj_e] `]o _kj`e ao
/,1
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
ok_e]eo( a_kjie_]o( lkhpe_]o( deop ne_]o ai mqa rerai* Ran]iko mqa okiko oanao _qf] ]k `apaniej] jkook ik`k `a oan( ]cen a lajo]n a mqa ] e`ae] `a qi cjank dqi]jk j]pqn]h a `a aol_eao dqi]j]o j]pqn]eo jk lkooqe bqj`]iajpk j] na]he`]`a* Ran]iko mqa ] e`ae] `a j]pqnav] dqi]j] _kik ]hck qjerano]h( ejpailkn]h a ateopajpa ai oe a lkn oe iaoi] jk oa oqopajp]* Lkn mq; Lknmqa ko oanao dqi]jko ok _qhpqn]eo kq deopne_ko*
?qhpk( ej_qhpk6 _qhpqn]
ÎL
a`nk iqepk _qhpk( _kjda_a rne]o hjcq]o( ajpaj`a `a ]npa a `a hepan]pqn]*Ï ÎEi]ceja _h]nk mqa k =jpjek jk lk`a k_ql]n k _]nck mqa lhaepae]* Jk pai _qhpqn] jajdqi]* oaie]j]hb]^apk Ï ÎJk _naek mqa ]o _qhpqn]o bn]j_ao] kq ]hai oaf]i oqlaneknao ^n]oehaen]* Rk_ ]_d] mqa d ]hcqi] _keo] oqlanekn jkoo] i oe_] lklqh]n;Ï ÎKqre qi] _kjbanj_e] mqa _nepe_]r] ] _qhpqn] `a i]oo]( i]o ia l]na_aq mqa ] _kjba) naj_eop] `abaj`e] ] _qhpqn] `a ahepa* Lkn eook( jk _kj_kn`ae ejpaen]iajpa _ki ah]*Ï ÎK hernk `a Oehr] ok^na ] _qhpqn] `ko cq]n]jeo ^ai ejpanaoo]jpa* =lnaj`e mqa k ik`k _kik ajpaj`ai ] nahecek a ] cqann] iqepk `ebanajpa `k jkook*Ï Aoo]o bn]oao a iqep]o kqpn]o mqa b]vai l]npa `k jkook `e] ] `e] ej`e_]i mqa ailnac]) iko ] l]h]rn] `riqro^ $kq oaqo `aner]`ko( _kik `riql( fk`riql% ai oajpe`ko iqepk `ebanajpao a( lkn ravao( _kjpn]`ep neko* J] lneiaen] a j] oacqj`] bn]oa mqa iaj_ekj]iko ]_ei]( _qhpqn] e`ajpeÚ_]`] _ki ] lkooa `a _anpko _kjda_eiajpko $hjcq]o( ]npa( hepan]pqn]( oan ]hb]^apev]`k%* Jah]o( b]h])oa ai qbo a kl qbo _qhpqn]( pbo kq kl pbo _qhpk* = lkooa `a _qhpqn] reop] _kik ]hck lkoeperk( aj) mq]jpk Îoan ej_qhpkÏ _kjoe`an]`k ]hck jac]perk* = oacqj`] bn]oa `aet] ajpnaran mqa Îpan _qhpqn]Ï d]^ehep] ]hcqi ] k_ql]n ]hcqi lkopk kq _]nck( lkeo Îjk pan _qhpqn]Ï oecjeÚ_] jk aop]n lnal]n]`k l]n] qi] _anp] lkoek kq bqjk* Jaoo]o `q]o lneiaen]o bn]oao( ] l]h]rn] `riqro^ oqcana p]i^i lnaopcek a naolaepk( _kik oa Îpan _qhpqn]Ï kq Îoan _qhpkÏ bkooa k iao) ik mqa Îoan eilknp]jpaÏ( Îoan oqlaneknÏ* Kn]( mq]j`k l]oo]iko pan_aen] bn]oa( ] _qhpqn] f jk l]na_a oan qi] lnklnea`]`a mqa k ej`er`qk lkoo] pan( i]o ] nr^ifa^ab `a qi] _khapere`]`a Í bn]j_aoao( ]haiao( ^n]oehaenko* P]i^i ejpanaoo]jpa k^oanr]n mqa ] _khapere`]`a ]l]na_a _kik qi ]`faperk mq]heÚ_]perk l]n] `eopejcqen pelko `a _qhpqn]6 ] bn]j_ao]( ] ]hai( ] ^n]oehaen]* Jaoo] bn]oa( ] _qhpqn] oqnca _kik ]hck mqa ateopa ai oe a lkn oe iaoi] a mqa lk`a oan _kil]n]`] $_qhpqn] oqlanekn( _qhpqn] ejbanekn%* =hi `eook( j] bn]oa( _qhpqn] ]l]na_a nalnaoajp]`] lkn qi] ]pere`]`a ]npope_]( ] i oe) _] lklqh]n* Eook laniepa aop]^aha_an `q]o nah] ao `ebanajpao `] pan_aen] bn]oa _ki ]o `q]o lneiaen]o bn]oao6 -*
`a b]pk( ] pan_aen] bn]oa( _kik ] lneiaen]( e`ajpeÚ_] _qhpqn] a ]npao $ajpaj`an `a ]npa a hepan]pqn]( j] lneiaen] bn]oa7 ] i oe_] lklqh]n ^n]oehaen]( j] pan_aen]%7
.* jk ajp]jpk( ]hck _qnekok ]_kjpa_a mq]j`k l]oo]iko `]o `q]o lneiaen]o bn]oao pan) _aen]( lkeo j]o `q]o lneiaen]o Î_qhpkÏ a Îej_qhpkÏ oqnce]i _kik afcbobk ^p pl`f^fp* Jqi l]o _kik k jkook( `evan mqa ]hcqi ej_qhpk lknmqa oaie]j]hb]^apk `aet] pn]jo) l]na_an mqa _qhpqn] ]hck mqa mboqbk`b ] _anp]o _]i]`]o kq _h]ooao ok_e]eo ok_e]hiaj) pa lnerehace]`]o( ajmq]jpk ] ej_qhpqn] aop `k h]`k `ko jk lnerehace]`ko ok_e]hiajpa( lknp]jpk( `k h]`k `k lkrk a `k lklqh]n* Ajpnap]jpk( ] pan_aen] bn]oa ]Úni] mqa ] _qhpqn] ^n]oehaen] jk ejbanekn bn]j_ao] kq ]hai lkn _]qo] `a jkoo] i oe_] mlmri^o+ Jk aop]n]iko `e]jpa `a qi] _kjpn]`ek; ?kik lk`ane] d]ran _qhpqn] lklqh]n $] i oe_]%( oa k lklqh]n ej_qhpk;
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= _qhpqn] x #!0É45,/ß x
F ] mq]np] bn]oa $] mqa oa nabana _kjbanj_e] ok^na _qhpqn] `a i]oo]% ejpnk`qv qi jkrk oecjeÚ_]`k l]n] ] l]h]rn] `riqro^* Jah] jk oa pn]p] i]eo `a laook]o _qhp]o kq ej_qhp]o jai `a qi] _khapere`]`a mqa lkooqe qi] ]pere`]`a _qhpqn]h mqa lkoo] oan _kil]n]`] `a kqpn]o* =ckn]( aop]iko `e]jpa `] e`ae] `a mqa krj^ jbpj^ `libqfsfa^ab kq krj^ jbpj^ pl`fba^ab lk`a d]ran `keo pelko `a _qhpqn]6 ] `a i]oo] a ] `a ahepa* = bn]oa jk jko `ev k mqa ] _qhpqn] $oane] lkooa `a _kjda_eiajpko kq oane] ]pere`]`a ]npope_];%* Ajpnap]jpk( ] bn]oa jko ejbkni] ok^na qi] klkoek ajpna bkni]o `a _qhpqn]( `alaj`aj`k `a oq] knecai a `a oq] `aopej]k( lkeo `riqro^ ab j^pp^ p]jpk lk`a oecjeÚ_]n Îknecej]`] j] i]oo]Ï _kik Î`aopej]) `] i]oo]Ï( a k iaoik lk`a oan `epk `] `riqro^ ab bifqb( kq oaf]( lk`a oecjeÚ_]n Îknecej]`] j] ahepaÏ kq Î`aopej]`] ahepaÏ* Bej]hiajpa( ] hpei] bn]oa mqa iaj_ekj]iko _kik atailhk ]lnaoajp] qi oajpe`k pk) p]hiajpa `eranok `ko ]jpaneknao jk mqa pk_] l]h]rn] `riqro^* B]h])oa ]ckn] j] `riqro^ alp dr^o^kfp a aop] ]l]na_a ai `q]o i]jebaop] ao6 ] cqann] a ] nahecek $mqa( lknp]jpk( j]`] pi ] ran _ki ] lkooa `a _kjda_eiajpko( _ki ]pere`]`a ]npope_] kq _ki ] `ereok ok_e]h ajpna i]oo] a ahepa%* Jaoo] hpei] bn]oa( ] _qhpqn] ]l]na_a jk o _kik ]hck ln lnek alp cq]n]jeo( i]o p]i) ^i _kik ]hcqi] _keo] mqa jk oa heiep] ]k _]ilk `ko _kjda_eiajpko a `]o ]npao( lkeo oa nabana nah]k `ko cq]n]jeo _ki k p^do^al $] nahecek% a _ki k `lkÜfql b ^ jloqb $] cqann]%* Raiko( ]ooei( mqa l]oo]n `] j]pqnav] _qhpqn] mq]j`k b]h]iko `ko oanao dqi]jko jk naokhra jkoo]o `eÚ_qh`]`ao `a _kilnaajok `aooao oanao( qi] rav mqa( ]ckn]( lna_eo]iko lancqjp]n k mqa mqanaiko `evan mq]j`k ]Úni]iko mqa ko oanao dqi]jko ok oanao _qhpq) n]eo( reopk mqa ] l]h]rn] `riqro^ lkooqe iqepko oajpe`ko( ]hcqjo `ahao _kjpn]`ep neko ajpna oe*
J]pqnav] a _qhpqn]
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k lajo]iajpk k_e`ajp]h( k^qrobw^ lkooqe rneko oajpe`ko6
lnej_lek `a re`] kq lnej_lek ]perk mqa ]jei] a ikreiajp] ko oanao* Jaooa oajpe`k( b]h])oa ai Î`aet]n ]cen ] j]pqnav]Ï kq Îoacqen ] j]pqnav]Ï l]n] oecjeÚ_]n mqa oa pn]p] `a qi] bkn] aolkjp ja]( _]l]v `a can]n a `a _qe`]n `a pk`ko ko oanao lkn ah] can]`ko* aopa k oajpe`k `] l]h]rn] cnac] mevpfp _ki ] mq]h( _kik reiko( oa eje_e] ] ejraopec]k Úhko Ú_]7 aooj_e] ln lne] `a qi oan kq ]mqehk mqa qi oan ja_aoo]ne]iajpa ai oe iaoik* Jao) oa ]ola_pk( ] j]pqnav] `a ]hcqi] _keo] k _kjfqjpk `a mq]he`]`ao( lnklnea`]`ao a ]pne) ^qpko mqa ] `aÚjai lnklne]iajpa* Jk _]ok `ko oanao rerko( oq] j`kha kq `eolkoek ej]p]( aolkjp ja]7 a( jk _]ok `ko oanao dqi]jko( aoo] `eolkoek ej]p] oaq pailan]) iajpk kq oaq _]npan* =mqe( k^qro^i kq fk^ql kl ai)oa ]k mqa ^`fabkq^i $k mqa lk`a oan kq `aet]n `a oan% a ]k mqa ^anrfofal lkn _kopqia kq lah] nah]k _ki k ]i^eajpa a _ki ]o _en_qjop j_e]o `a re`]7 knc]jev]k qjerano]h a ja_aoone] `ko oanao oacqj`k qi] kn`ai nace`] lkn haeo qjeran) o]eo a ja_aoone]o* Jaooa oajpe`k( ] j]pqnav] oa _]n]_panev] lahk kn`aj]iajpk `ko oanao( lah] nacqh]ne`]`a `ko bajiajko kq `ko b]pko( lah] bnamqj_e]( _kjop j_e] a nalapek `a aj_]`a]iajpko Útko ajpna ]o _keo]o( eopk ( `a nah] ao `a _]qo]he`]`a ajpna ah]o* Ai kqpnko paniko( ] j]pqnav] ] kn`ai a ] _kjatk qjerano]h a ja_aoone] ajpna ]o _keo]o( atlnaoo]o ai haeo j]pqn]eo* Pn]p])oa `] j]pqnav] p]h _kik aopq`]`] lah]o _ej_e]o `ep]o j]pqn]eo $boe_]( mqie_]( ^ekhkce]( ]opnkjkie]( ap_*%7 pq`k k mqa ateopa jk Qjeranok oai ] ejpanrajk `] rkjp]`a a `] ]k dqi]j]o* Jaooa oajpe`k( k^qrobw^ kq k^qro^i kl a)oa ] ^oqfÛ`f^i( ^oqbc^ql( ^oqfc`fl( q`kf`l a qb`klidf`l* K^qro^i pq`k mq]jpk oa lnk`qv a oa `aoajrkhra oai jajdqi] ejpanbanj_e] dqi]j]7
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_kjfqjpk `a pq`k mq]jpk ateopa a lan_a^e`k lahko dqi]jko _kik k iaek ]i^eajpa jk mq]h rerai* = j]pqnav]( ]mqe( p]jpk oecjeÚ_] k _kjfqjpk `]o _kj`e ao boe_]o ai mqa reraiko _kik ]o _keo]o mqa _kjpailh]iko _ki aikk $] l]eo]cai( k i]n( k _q( ]o aopnah]o( pannaikpko( a_heloao( pqb ao( anql ao rqh_ je_]o( ap_*%* = j]pqnav] k iqj`k reorah _kik iaek ]i^eajpa a _kik ]mqehk mqa ateopa bkn] `a j o a mqa lnkrk_] e`ae]o a oajpeiajpko ai j o7 l]n] ]o _ej_e]o _kjpailkn ja]o( ] j]pqnav] jk ]laj]o ] na]he`]`a atpanj]( `]`] a k^oanr]`]( lan_a^e`] `enap]iajpa lkn j o( i]o qi k^fapk `a _kjda_eiajpk ah]^kn]) `k lah]o klan] ao _eajpÚ_]o l]n] atlhe_]n ] na]he`]`a atpanj]* Mq]jpk `riqro^( `keo ok oaqo oecjeÚ_]`ko eje_e]eo6 -*
.*
Rej`] `k ran^k h]pejk `libob( mqa pai k oajpe`k `a Î_qhper]nÏ( Î_ne]nÏ( Îpki]n _kjp]Ï a Î_qe`]nÏ( `riqro^ oecjeÚ_]r]( j] =jpecqe`]`a nki]j]( k _qe`]`k `k dkiai _ki ] j]) pqnav] Í `kj`a ^dof`riqro^* Pejd] k oajpe`k p]i^i `a Î_qe`]`k `ko dkiajo _ki ko `aqoaoÏ $`kj`a ] l]h]rn] `riql l]n] oa nabanen ]ko nepko nahecekoko% a k `a Î_qe`]`k _ki ] ]hi] a k _knlk `]o _ne]j]oÏ( _ki oq] a`q_]k a bkni]k $`kj`a ] l]h]rn] mrbof`riqro^%* Jaoo] hpei] ]_alk( `riqro^ an] k _qhperk kq ] a`q_]k `k aolnepk `]o _ne]j]o l]n] pknj]nai)oa iai^nko at_ahajpao kq renpqkoko `] ok_ea`]`a lahk ]lanbae) k]iajpk a naÚj]iajpk `]o mq]he`]`ao j]pqn]eo $_]npan( j`kha( pailan]iajpk%* ?ki aooa oajpe`k( `riqro^ _knnaolkj`e] ]k mqa ko cnacko _d]i]r]i `a m^fabf^( ] bkni]k kq a`q_]k `k _knlk a `k aolnepk `ko iai^nko `] ok_ea`]`a $`a m^fabf^ rai ] jkoo] l]h]rn] mba^dldf^%* Jaoo] lneiaen] ]_alk( ] _qhpqn] an] k ]lneikn]iajpk `] j]pqnav] dqi]j] lah] a`q_]k ai oajpe`k ]ilhk( eopk ( _kik bkni]k `]o _ne]j]o jk o lah] ]hb]^ape) v]k( i]o p]i^i lah] eje_e]k re`] `] _khapere`]`a lkn iaek `k ]lnaj`ev]`k `] `]j] a `] cejope_] $l]n] ] a`q_]k kq bkni]k `k _knlk( lnal]n]j`k)k l]n] ]o ]pe) re`]`ao `] cqann]% a `a atan__eko iajp]eo( _ki k ]lnaj`ev]`k `a cn]ipe_]( lkaoe]( kn]p ne] kq ahkmqj_e]( deop ne]( _ej_e]o a ÚhkokÚ] $l]n] ] a`q_]k kq bkni]k `k aolnepk( lnal]n]j`k)k l]n] ]o ]pere`]`ao `] lkhpe_]%* = laook] _qhp] an] ] laook] Úoe_]) iajpa ^ai lnal]n]`]( ikn]hiajpa renpqko]( lkhepe_]iajpa _kjo_eajpa a l]npe_el]jpa( ejpaha_pq]hiajpa `aoajrkhre`] lahk _kjda_eiajpk `]o _ej_e]o( `]o ]npao a `] ÚhkokÚ]* Lk`aiko k^oanr]n mqa( jaooa lneiaenk oajpe`k( `riqro^ a k^qrobw^ jk oa klq) jd]i* Ko dqi]jko ok _kjoe`an]`ko oanao j]pqn]eo( ai^kn] `ebanajpao `ko ]jei]eo a `]o lh]jp]o lknmqa ok `kp]`ko `a hejcq]cai a `a lajo]iajpk( eopk ( lknmqa lkooqai aolnepk* Oq] j]pqnav]( lkni( jk lk`a oan `aet]`] lkn _kjp] ln lne]( lknmqa paj`an ] oan ]cnaooer]( `aopnqper]( ecjkn]jpa( lna_eo]j`k lkn eook oan a`q_]`]( bkni]`]( _qhper]`] `a ]_kn`k _ki ko e`a]eo `a oq] ok_ea`]`a* = _qhpqn] qi] pbdrka^ k^qrobw^ mqa ] a`q) _]k a ko _kopqiao ]_nao_ajp]i j]pqnav] `a _]`] qi( eopk ( qi] k^qrobw^ ^anrfof* a^( mqa iahdkn]( ]lanbaek] a `aoajrkhra ] k^qrobw^ fk^q^ `a _]`] qi* = l]npen `k o_qhk TREEE( `riqro^ l]oo] ] oecjeÚ_]n lp obpriq^alp b ^p `lkpbnr k`f^p `]) mqah] bkni]k kq a`q_]k `ko oanao dqi]jko( naoqhp]`ko atlnaooko ai k^n]o( baepko( ] ao a ejopepqe ao6 ]o p_je_]o a ko kb_eko( ]o ]npao( ] nahecek( ]o _ej_e]o( ] ÚhkokÚ]( ] re`] ikn]h a ] re`] lkhpe_] kq k Aop]`k* Pknj])oa oejjeik `a _erehev]k lknmqa ko laj) o]`knao fqhc]r]i mqa ko naoqhp]`ko `] bkni]k)a`q_]k oa i]jebaop]i _ki i]ekn _h]nav] a jepe`av j]o bkni]o `a knc]jev]k `] re`] ok_e]h a lkhpe_] kq j] re`] _ereh* Jaoo] oacqj`] ]_alk pai ej_ek ] oal]n]k a( lkopanekniajpa( ] klkoek ajpna k^qrobw^ a `riqro^* Ko lajo]`knao _kjoe`an]i mqa d ajpna k dkiai a ] j]pqnav] qi] `ebanaj] aooaj_e]h6 aop] klan] lkn _]qo]he`]`a ja_aoone] kq `a ]_kn`k _ki haeo ja_ao) one]o `a _]qo] a abaepk( i]o k dkiai `kp]`k `a he^an`]`a a n]vk( ]cej`k lkn ao_khd]( `a ]_kn`k _ki r]hknao a Újo aop]^aha_e`ko lkn aha ln lnek* Lkn _kjoacqejpa( ] k^qrobw^ k _]ilk `] ja_aooe`]`a _]qo]h kq `a oneao kn`aj]`]o `a _]qo]o a abaepko mqa klan]i lkn oe iaoiko( oai `alaj`an `] rkjp]`a `a ]hcqi ]cajpa7 ai _kjpn]l]npe`]( ] `riqro^
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= _qhpqn] x #!0É45,/ß x
'UTOß,ACAZ!CERVOßDOßARTISTA
k _]ilk ejopepq`k lah] ]k `ko dkiajo( mqa ]cai ao_khdaj`k hernaiajpa oaqo ]pko( `]j`k ] ahao oajpe`k( Új]he`]`a a r]hkn lknmqa ejopepqai ]o `eopej ao $ejateopajpao j] j]pqnav]% ajpna ^ki a i]q( ran`]`aenk a b]hok( peh a jk_erk( fqopk a ejfqopk( ^ahk a baek( hacpeik a ehacpeik( lkoorah a eilkoorah( o]cn]`k a lnkb]jk* Ç ia`e`] mqa aopa oacqj`k oajpe`k bke lnar]ha_aj`k( ]hi `a Î_erehev]kÏ( `riqro^ l]ookq p]i^i ] oecjeÚ_]n ] nah]k mqa ko oanao dqi]jko ok_e]hiajpa knc]jev]`ko $eopk ( _erehev]`ko% aop]^aha_ai _ki k pailk a _ki k aol]k( _ki ko kqpnko oanao dq) i]jko a _ki ] j]pqnav]( nah] ao mqa oa pn]jobkni]i jk pailk a r]ne]i _kjbknia ]o _kj`e ao `k iaek ]i^eajpa* =ckn]( _qhpqn] pknj])oa oejjeik `a deopne]* = `eopejk ajpna k^qrobw^ a `riqro^ l]oo]( ajpk( ] ha) r]n ai _kjp] ] i]jaen] _kik k pailk oa na]hev]6 j] j]pq) nav]( k pailk obmbqf l $k `e] oailna oq_a`a ] jkepa( ]o aop] ao `k ]jk oa oq_a`ai oailna `] iaoi] i]jaen]( ]o aol_eao racap]eo a ]jei]eo oa nalnk`qvai oailna `] iao) i] i]jaen]( ko ]opnko na]hev]i oailna ko iaoiko ikre) iajpko( ap_*%7 k pailk `] _qhpqn] k `] qo^kpcloj^ l $eopk ( `]o iq`]j]o jko _kopqiao( j]o haeo( j]o aik ao( jko lajo]iajpko( j]o p_je_]o( jk raopqnek( j] ]heiajp]k( j] hejcq]cai( j]o ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo a lkhpe_]o( ap_*%* L]n] rneko Úh okbko a deopkne]`knao( ] _qhpqn] oqnca mq]j`k ko dkiajo lnk`qvai ]o lneiaen]o pn]jobkni] ao j] j]pqna) v] lah] ]k `k qo^_^iel* ?ki k pn]^]hdk( ko oanao dqi]jko lnk`qvai k^fapko ejateopajpao j] j]pqnav] $_]o]( qpajoheko( ejopnqiajpko%( knc]jev]i)oa ok_e]hiajpa l]n] na]hev)hk( `ere`ej`k ]o p]nab]o ajpna dkiajo a iqhdanao( ]`qhpko a _ne]j]o* L]n] ]qiajp]n ko na_qnoko lnk`qve`ko( ejopepqai ] b]ihe] a ]o nah] ao `a l]najpao_k( ]o ]h`ae]o a reh]o* L]n] lnkpac)h]o( ejrajp]i ]o ]ni]o a ] cqann]* L]n] _kjoacqen oailna _kj`e ao b]rknraeo l]n] k pn]^]hdk a l]n] ] ia) hdkne] `k mqa lnk`qvai( ejrk_]i a ]`kn]i bkn]o `erej]o( ejopepqej`k ] nahecek* Ko rneko ]cnql]iajpko dqi]jko( j]o_e`ko `k pn]^]hdk a `ko oeopai]o `a l]najpao_k( pnk_]i ajpna oe lnk`qpko `a oaqo pn]^]hdko( ejrajp]j`k k _kin_ek* =o `aoecq]h`]`ao oqncai mq]j`k qi] l]npa `] _kiqje`]) Oej]eo `ko pailko( `a pki] l]n] oe( _kik lnklnea`]`a lner]`]( pann]o( ]jei]eo( k^n] `a Cqpk H]_]v* cq]o6 _kia] ] `ereok ok_e]h `a kj`a oqncenk ]o _h]ooao ok_e]eo a ko _kjÛepko a( `aopao( ] ejopepqek `k lk`an*
?qhpqn] a deopne]
?
/,5
ki G]jp( _kjokhe`])oa ] e`ae] `a mqa ] j]pqnav] k naejk `] _]qo]he`]`a kq `] ja_ao) oe`]`a ajmq]jpk ] _qhpqn] k naejk `] rkjp]`a dqi]j]( `] ]k `kp]`] `a Új]he`]`a a `] he^an`]`a( p]eo _kik oa atlneiai j] pe_]( j] lkhpe_]( j]o ]npao( j]o _ej_e]o a j] ÚhkokÚ]* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( G]jp `eopejcqeq ajpna k obfkl a^ k^qrobw^ Í eopk ( `]o _keo]o oq^) iape`]o o haeo j]pqn]eo `a _]qo]he`]`a( mqa ok qjerano]eo a ja_aoone]o Í a k obfkl a^ jlo^i Í kq oaf]( `]o ] ao dqi]j]o na]hev]`]o lkn qi] ao_khd] rkhqjpne] kq lkn he^an`]`a a oa) cqj`k Új]he`]`ao n]_ekj]eo* = l]npen `a ajpk( ] oal]n]k ajpna obfkl a^ kb`bppfa^ab a obfkl a^ if_boa^ab bke ejpanlnap]`] _kik oal]n]k ajpna k^qrobw^ a `riqro^* Dacah( jk ajp]jpk( _kilnaaj`aq aoo] oal]n]k `a i]jaen] ^]op]jpa `erano]* L]n] ]_kil]jd]niko oaq lajo]iajpk lna_eo]iko( lkn qi ikiajpk( napki]n ] jkk `a af^i* qf`^( mqa reiko ai kqpn]o Qje`]`ao `aopa hernk*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
= deopne] dacahe]j] Lh]pk a =neop pahao( `erancej`k mq]jpk ]k l]lah `] `e]hpe_] jk _kjda_eiajpk( _kj_kn) `]r]i lkni jqi lkjpk6 ] `e]hpe_] k idlp $eopk ( k lajo]iajpk a k `eo_qnok atlnaooko jqi] lnklkoek kq jqi fqvk% `ere`e`k ai lna`e_]`ko klkopko kq _kjpnneko( _kik( lkn atailhk6 Î] _kn]cai qi] renpq`aÏ a Î] _kn]cai jk qi] renpq`aÏ7 Îk dkiai qi ]je) i]h n]_ekj]hÏ a Îk dkiai jk qi ]jei]h n]_ekj]hÏ* Kq oaf]( j] `e]hpe_]( k oqfaepk `a qi] lnklkoek kq `a qi fqvk ]l]na_a `ere`e`k ejpanj]iajpa lkn lna`e_]`ko _kjpn]`ep neko Í Î] _kn]cai a jk qi] renpq`aÏ7 Îk dkiai a jk n]_ekj]hÏ* Kn]( `evai ko `keo Úh okbko( ] na]he`]`a a ] ran`]`a k^a`a_ai ]k lnej_lek `a e`ajpe) `]`a a at_hqai ] _kjpn]`ek* Aop] _kjoe`an]`] foob^i $`k lkjpk `a reop] `] na]he`]`a% a fjmlppsbi $`k lkjpk `a reop] `] ran`]`a%( lkeo enna]h a eilkoorah mqa qi] _keo] oaf] a jk oaf] ah] iaoi] ]k iaoik pailk a j] iaoi] nah]k* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ]hck na]h a ran`]`aenk mq]j`k6 -*
lk`aiko _kjda_an k _kjfqjpk `a oaqo lna`e_]`ko lkoeperko( eopk ( ]o mq]he`]`ao a lnk) lnea`]`ao mqa _kjopepqai oq] aooj_e]7
.*
lk`aiko ]b]op]n ko lna`e_]`ko jac]perko( mqa ok _kjpnneko ]ko lkoeperko a mqa( oa aope) ranai lnaoajpao( `aopnkai ] e`ajpe`]`a kq ] aooj_e] `] _keo]* Ai naoqik( lna`e_]`ko lkoeperko a jac]perko jk lk`ai aop]n fqjpko jqi iaoik oqfaepk kq jqi] iaoi] _ke) o]( lkeo aoo] qjek `ko _kjpnneko qi] _kjpn]`ek a ] _kjpn]`ek `aopn e ] na]he`]`a `a qi] _keo] kq `a qi] aooj_e]*
POSITIVOßEMßGERAL ß ATRIBUI SEßOßCARfTERßDEß POSITIVOßgQUILOßQUEßmßREAL ß CONCRETOßEßEXISTENTE ßß OUßQUEßmßDADOßNAßß EXPERIoNCIA
Lh]pk a =neop pahao oa ajc]j]n]i( fqhc] Dacah* L]n] aha( Î] `e]hpe_] ] je_] i]jaen] lah] mq]h lk`aiko ]h_]j]n ] na]he`]`a a ] ran`]`a jk lah] aheiej]k `ko _kjpn]`ep neko( i]o _kilnaaj`aj`k mqa k na]h a k ran`]`aenk j]`] i]eo ok `k mqa k ikreiajpk ejpan) jk `] _kjpn]`ekÏ( lkeo( _kik f `eooan] o]^e]iajpa Dan_hepk( Î] na]he`]`a k Ûqtk `ko _kjpn]`ep nekoÏ* Jk ajp]jpk( `ev Dacah( Dan_hepk p]i^i oa ajc]jkq lknmqa fqhc]n] mqa ko paniko _kjpn]`ep neko an]i l]nao `a paniko lkoeperko klkopko $mqajpa)bnek( oa_k) ie`k( _h]nk)ao_qnk( `k_a)]i]nck( o]`ek)`kajpa( rerk)iknpk( ap_*%* = ran`]`aen] _kjpn]`ek `e]hpe) _] lkooqe `q]o _]n]_panope_]o lnej_el]eo6 -*
Ko paniko _kjpn]`ep neko jk ok `keo paniko lkoeperko `lkqooflp kq lmlpqlp( i]o `keo lna`e_]`ko _kjpn]`ep neko `k iaoik oqfaepk a mqa o ateopai jac]j`k qi ]k kqpnk* Ai hqc]n `a `evan mqajpa)bnek( oa_k) ie`k( `k_a)]i]nck( i]pane]h)aolenepq]h( j]pqn]h)_qh) pqn]h( `araiko _kilnaaj`an mqa( af^ibqf`^jbkqb( lna_eok `evan6 mqajpa)jk mqajpa( bnek)jk bnek( `k_a)jk `k_a( ]i]nck)jk ]i]nck( i]pane]h)jk i]pane]h( aolenepq]h)jk aolenepq]h( j]pqn]h)jk j]pqn]h( _qhpqn]h)jk _qhpqn]h7
.*
K jac]perk $k kl `a jk `k_a( jk bnek( jk i]pane]h( jk _qhpqn]h( ap_*%( lknp]jpk( jk qi panik lkoeperk `lkqoofl ] kqpnk lkoeperk( i]o ran`]`aen]iajpa l kbd^qfsl `a qi lkoeperk* Oa aq `eooan( lkn atailhk( Îk _]`anjk jk ] nrknaÏ( aooa kl jk qi ran`]`aenk jac]perk( lkeo k _]`anjk a ] nrkna _kjpejq]i _kik `keo paniko lkoeperko* Aooa kl( oeilhaoiajpa( oecjeÚ_] mqa k _]`anjk a ] nrkna ok `q]o _keo]o `ebanajpao( _]`] mq]h _ki oq]o lnklnea`]`ao a mq]he`]`ao ln lne]o( _]`] mq]h ateopej`k lanbaep]) iajpa qi oai k kqpnk* Aooa kl( `ev Dacah( ian] kbd^ l buqbok^( j] mq]h mq]hmqan _keo] lk`a oan ] jac]k `a mq]hmqan kqpn] $k _]`anjk jk 6 ] nrkna( ] iao]( ] ^kh]( k iajejk( Fkk( ] lknp]( ap_*%( lkeo _]`] _keo] lk`a oan lan_a^e`] a lajo]`] lkoeper]iajpa oai ]o kqpn]o* J] jac]k atpanj]( `evaiko mqa Î=Ï jk Î>Ï( Î?Ï kq Î@Ï( a _]`] qi `ao) oao paniko rj lrqol _ki nah]k ]ko `ai]eo* K ran`]`aenk jac]perk qi] kbd^ l fkqbok^( j] mq]h k panik jac]`k jk rj lrqol mq]hmqan( i]o l lrqol al prgbfql kq l pbr lrqol* J] jac]k ejpanj]( `evaiko mqa Î=Ï ]k iaoik pailk a j] iaoi] nah]k Î= a jk =Ï* Lkn atailhk( o]^aiko mqa qi _]`anjk baepk `a l]lah a mqa k l]lah rai `]o nrknao7 `e]hape_]iajpa( jk `enaiko Îk _]`anjk jk ] nrknaÏ a oei mqa Îk _]`an) jk qi] jk nrknaÏ*
/-,
= _qhpqn] x #!0É45,/ß x
/--
J] jac]k ejpanj] d _kjpn]`ek lnklne]iajpa `ep] a ] `e]hpe_]( mqa _kjopepqe k pai) lk a ] deop ne]( k ikreiajpk lahk mq]h d lkoek( oqlnaook a oqlan]k `]o _kjpn]`e ao* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ai hqc]n `a ] _kjpn]`ek oan ] `aopnqek lqn] a oeilhao `a qi oqfaepk( ah] k ikreiajpk `a oq] na]hev]k ran`]`aen]* = _kjpn]`ek `e]hpe_] jko narah] mqa( ai hqc]n `a pki]niko `keo oqfaepko _kjpnneko( _]`] mq]h _ki oaqo lna`e_]`ko lkoeperko ln lneko( a at]iej]niko ] klkoek ajpna ahao( `araiko _kilnaaj`an mqa qi o a iaoik oqfaepk _kjopepq`k lkn lna`e_]`ko _kjpn]`ep ) neko( lkn qi] ]Úni]k a qi] jac]k ejpanj]o( a mqa k pn]^]hdk mqa k oqfaepk na]hev] l]n] oqlan]n aoo] _kjpn]`ek k ikreiajpk `k ln lnek pailk( ] ln lne] deop ne]* Mqai aooa oqfaepk mqa na]hev] k ikreiajpk `] lkoek a oqlan]k `a lna`e_]`ko _kj) pn]`ep neko kq `]o _kjpn]`e ao; Dacah k _d]i] `a Îk AolnepkÏ* Lkn mqa k oqfaepk `ko lna`e_]) `ko _kjpn]`ep neko k Aolnepk; Lknmqa k ikreiajpk `] deop ne] naÛaterk a okiajpa qi aolnepk _]l]v `a naÛatk( eopk ( `a rkhp]n)oa ok^na oe iaoik a `a _kjda_an)oa ] oe iaoik* K mqa aoo] naÛatk; K ikreiajpk jk mq]h k Aolnepk oa _khk_] ] oe iaoik _kik bpm* ofql( lnk`qvej`k k pailk a ] deop ne]* K Aolnepk _kia] oaq lan_qnok pailkn]h _kik qi oqfaepk `k mq]h ] k^qrobw^ qi lna`e_]`k _kjpn]`ep nek* Kq oaf]( k Aolnepk ejpanekne`]`a a jk ejpanekne`]`a* ?kik jk ejpanekne`]`a aha j]pqnav]( k jk Aolnepk* Jk ej_ek `k lan_qnok deop ne_k)pailkn]h( lkn) p]jpk( k Aolnepk jk Aolnepk( lkeo j]pqnav] kq lqn] atpanekne`]`a* = atpaneknev]k `k Aolnepk _kik j]pqnav] k^n] oq]( i]o aoo] k^n] oq] jac]k _kik Aolnepk lknmqa aha( mqa ei]pane]h( oa ]lnaoajp] j] lqn] i]pane]he`]`a `] j]pqnav] kq _kik k _kjfqjpk `]o _ke) o]o j]pqn]eo* K Aolnepk eje_e] oq] i]n_d] pailkn]h lkj`k)oa ] oe iaoik _kik `lfp^ $oq^o) p j_e]( mq]he`]`a( mq]jpe`]`a( nah] ao `a _]qo] a abaepk( ap_*%* Aha pann]( cq]( ]n( bkck( _q( ]opnko( i]nao( iejan]eo( racap]eo( ]jei]eo* L]n] _kjoanr]n)oa rerk( _]`] oan j]pqn]h $kq _]`] _keo]% lna_eo] _kjoqien ko oanao mqa k nk`ae]i6 ko ]jei]eo _kjokiai cq]( lh]jp]o( kqpnko ]jei]eo( ]n( _]hkn( hqv7 ]o lh]jp]o _kj) okiai _]hkn( cq]( hqv7 ko ]opnko _kjokiai ajance] a i]pne]( ap_* Kn]( eook oecjeÚ_] mqa k Aolnepk ajmq]jpk j]pqnav] jac])oa ] oe iaoik _kjoqiej`k)oa ] oe iaoik* Aoo] jac]k `a oe `] j]pqnav] lahk _kjoqik jk pn]jobkni]`kn]( lkeo ah] oa na]) hev] ]laj]o l]n] _kjoanr]n ]o _keo]o j]pqn]eo* Ajpnap]jpk( k Aolnepk jk i]jebaop] ]laj]o oaq lna`e_]`k jac]perk( ] jk ejpanekne`]`a kq j]pqnav]( i]o p]i^i i]jebaop] qi kqpnk lna`e_]`k( k lna`e_]`k `] jk atpanekne`]`a( mqa jac] ] atpanekne`]`a `] j]pqnav]* Aooa lna) `e_]`k `] jk atpanekne`]`a ] `lkp`f k`f^ _ki mqa k Aolnepk l a)oa ] oe iaoik _kik ej) panekne`]`a kq jk atpanekne`]`a* ?kik j]pqnav]( k Aolnepk ] ejpanekne`]`a mqa oa ]Úni] _kik jk ejpanekne`]`a kq lqn] atpanekne`]`a7 _kik _kjo_ej_e]( k Aolnepk ] jk atpanek) ne`]`a kq jac]k `] atpanekne`]`a j]pqn]h* ?kik j]pqnav]( k Aolnepk jac] oq] ejpanekne) `]`a( ateopej`k ok^ ] bkni] `ko _knlko j]pqn]eo7 _kik _kjo_ej_e]( ]Úni])oa `ebanajpa `] j]pqnav] a jac] ] atpanekne`]`a j]pqn]h* K Aolnepk lnk`qv ]ooei ] _kjpn]`ek ajpna ] oq] ateopj_e] _kik _keo] a oq] ateopj_e] _kik _kjo_ej_e]* ?kik ko oanao j]pqn]eo( ] _kjo_ej_e] p]i^i ^qo_] _kjoanr]n)oa( i]o k b]v jk lahk oeilhao _kjoqik `]o _keo]o j]pqn]eo( i]o lah] jac]k `] ian] j]pqn]he`]`a `ah]o* K mqa aoo] jac]k; Mq]j`k `eck ÎEopk qi] ikjp]jd]Ï( pajdk ] eilnaook `a mqa ia naÚnk ] qi] _keo] j]pqn]h( `ebanajpa `a iei( ateopajpa ai oe iaoi] a _ki _]n]_panope_]o lkoeper]o ln lne]o* Ajpnap]jpk( k oeilhao b]pk `a mqa aq _d]ia qi] _keo] `a Îikjp]jd]Ï ej`e_] mqa ah]( aj) mq]jpk ikjp]jd] kq _kik ikjp]jd]( jk ateopa bj pf( i]o ateopa m^o^ jfj( eopk ( lkooqe qi oajpe`k ai iejd] atlanej_e]* Kq oaf]( jk raiko ] j]pqnav] `]n jkiao ] oe iaoi] a o _keo]o j]pqn]eo* Okiko j o mqa ]o jkia]iko( `evaj`k _kik ateopai l]n] j o* Oqlkjd]iko ]ckn] mqa aq lanpaj] ] qi] _kiqje`]`a _qf] nahecek oaf] lkhepaop]( mqa ]_na`epa mqa ko `aqoao( oqlaneknao ]ko dkiajo( i]o `kp]`ko `a bkni] dqi]j]( d]^ep]i ko hqc]nao ]hpko* L]n] iei( ]ckn]( qi] ikjp]jd] jk i]eo qi] oeilhao _keo]( i]o ] ikn]`] o]cn]`] `ko `aqoao* Kq( ajpk( ei]cejaiko mqa okiko qi] ailnao] _]lep]heop] atlhkn]`k) n] `a iejneko a mqa d]f] qi] f]ve`] `a bannk j] ikjp]jd]* ?kik ailnaoneko( _kiln]iko
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
] ikjp]jd] l]n] atlhkn)h]* Jkr]iajpa( ah] `aetkq `a oan qi] oeilhao _keo] j]pqn]h l]n] pknj]n)oa lnklnea`]`a lner]`]( hk_]h `a pn]^]hdk a _]lep]h* Ei]cejaiko( lkn Úi( mqa okiko lejpknao a mqa r]iko lejp]n ] ikjp]jd]* Jaooa _]ok( ah] jk jai ikn]`] `ko `aqoao( jai lnklnea`]`a lner]`] _]lep]heop]( jai hk_]h `a pn]^]hdk( i]o bkni]( _kn( rkhqia( hejd]o( lnkbqj`e`]`a Í qi _]ilk `a reoe^ehe`]`a* Ok^ aoo]o mq]pnk bkni]o Í Îeopk qi] ikjp]jd]Ï( Îikn]`] `ko `aqoaoÏ( Îf]ve`] `a iejnek `a bannk+lnklnea`]`a lner]`]+_]lep]hÏ a Î_]ilk `a reoe^ehe`]`a ] oan lejp]`kÏ Í( ] ikjp]jd] _kik `lfp^ j]pqn]h `ao]l]na_aq( bke jac]`] _kik ian] _keo] lah] _kjo_ej_e]* Pknjkq)oa kl `lfp^ lknmqa oa pknjkq ikjp]jd] l]n] j o( oecjeÚ_]k( qi ajpa _qhpqn]h* Ai paniko dacahe]jko( k Aolnepk jackq)oa _kik j]pqnav] pn]jobkni]j`k)oa j] jk j]pq) nav]( eopk ( j] _qhpqn]* = j]pqnav] k oan ai oe( ] jac]k abapq]`] lah] _kjo_ej_e] ] pn]jobknikq ai oan l]n] j o kq oan l]n] ] _kjo_ej_e]* Reopk mqa ] _kjo_ej_e] naÛater]( eopk ( _kjo_ej_e] `a oe kq qi o]^an ok^na oe( ah] l]n] oe* Lk`aiko `evan mqa k ikreiajpk pailkn]h `a jac]k na]hev]`k lahk Aolnepk ] l]oo]cai `k bj pf ]k m^o^ pf a mqa aoo] l]oo]cai k ikreiajpk mqa har] k Aolnepk `] j]pqnav] _qhpqn]* @araiko _kilnaaj`an mqa ] jac]k `e]hpe_] jk oecjeÚ_] ] `aopnqek ailne_] kq i]pane]h `a _keo]o $] cq]( k ]n( ] pann]( k bkck( ] i]pne]( ] ajance]( ko _knlko j]pqn]eo _kjpejq]i ateopej`k%( a oei ] `aopnqek `a oaq pbkqfal eia`e]pk mqa prmbo^al lkn qi oajpe`k jkrk( lkn qi oecjeÚ_]`k jkrk mqa ah]o l]oo]i ] pan l]n] j o( oecjeÚ_]`k mqa lkopk lahk ln lnek Aolnepk _kik _kjo_ej_e]* =k na_kjda_an)oa _kik ikreiajpk ejpanjk `a lkoek( jac]k a oqlnaook `a oaqo lna`e_]`ko _kjpn]`ep neko $j]pqnav] a jk j]pqnav] kq _kjo_ej_e]7 _kjo_ej_e] a jk _kjo) _ej_e] kq j]pqnav]%( k Aolnepk oa na_kjda_a _kik oqfaepk mqa oa lnk`qv ] oe iaoik a mqa aha jk oajk k ikreiajpk `a lnk`qk `a oe iaoik* Aooa ikreiajpk ai mqa k Aolnepk oa atpaneknev] j] j]pqnav] a oa ejpaneknev] j] _qhpqn] ] efpqof^ jk _kik oamqj_e] pailk) n]h `a ]_kjpa_eiajpko a `a _]qo]o a abaepko( i]o _kik re`] `k Aolnepk* K pailk( lknp]jpk( ] re`] `k Aolnepk( k ik`k _kik k Aolnepk oa l a ] oe iaoik a oa `aoajrkhra* K pailk _qhpqn]h k pailk `]o k^n]o a ejopepqe ao dqi]j]o Í nahecek( ]npao( _ej_e]o( ÚhkokÚ]( ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo( ejopepqe ao lkhpe_]o* = _]`] lank`k `a oq] pailkn]) he`]`a k Aolnepk oa ]lnaoajp] j] bkni] `a qi] _qhpqn] `apaniej]`]( mqa atlneia k aopcek `a `aoajrkhreiajpk aolenepq]h kq n]_ekj]h `] dqi]je`]`a a j] mq]h _]`] _qhpqn] l]npe_qh]n oa atlneia _ki qi _]npan ln lnek mqa jac]`k a qhpn]l]oo]`k lahko aopceko oacqejpao( jqi lnkcnaook _kjpjqk*
= deopne] ai I]nt I]nt( mqa p]i^i _kj_a^a ] _qhpqn] _kik deop ne]( _nepe_] ] _kj_alk dacahe]j]( kq k fab^ifpjl bpmfofqr^ifpq^ `a Dacah* L]n] aha( ] _qhpqn] jk i]jebaop]k `k Aolnepk a oei k ik`k _kik( ai _kj`e ao `apaniej]`]o a jk ao_khde`]o lkn ahao( ko dkiajo lnk`qvai i]pane]hiajpa $lahk pn]^]hdk( lah] knc]jev]k a_kjie_]% oq] ateopj_e] a `k oajpe`k ] aoo] lnk`qk i]pane]h* = deop ne] jk j]nn] k ikreiajpk pailkn]h `k Aolnepk( i]o ]o hq) p]o na]eo `ko oanao dqi]jko na]eo mqa lnk`qvai a nalnk`qvai oq]o _kj`e ao i]pane]eo `a ateopj_e]( eopk ( lnk`qvai a nalnk`qvai ]o obi^ bp pl`f^fp( lah]o mq]eo oa `eopejcqai `] j]pqnav] a j]o mq]eo ok ejopepq`]o ]o `ereo ao ok_e]eo( kq oaf]( ]o _h]ooao ok_e]eo _kjpn]`ep ) ne]o* ?]`] _qhpqn] atlneia ] i]jaen] _kik jah] oa `aÚjai ] lnklnea`]`a a ] `ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk( oa knc]jev]i ]o ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo a lkhpe_]o mqa reo]i _kjoanr]k `] bkn) i] ateopajpa `] lnklnea`]`a a ok lnk`qve`]o ]o e`ae]o _ki mqa ]o _h]ooao ok_e]eo atlhe_]i l]n] oe iaoi]o k oajpe`k `] bkni]k ok_e]h ai mqa rerai* =o `ebanajpao bkni] ao ok_e]eo ok `apaniej]`]o lahk ik`k `a lnk`qk a `a nalnk`q) k `] re`] i]pane]h `ko dkiajo7 aoo]o bkni] ao ok_e]eo ok _kjopepq`]o lkn _kjpn]`e ao ejpanj]o ajpna ko dkiajo `ere`e`ko ai _h]ooao ok_e]eo _kjpnne]o a ai hqp]* K ikreiajpk `] deop ne])_qhpqn]( lknp]jpk( na]hev]`k lah] hqp] `]o _h]ooao ok_e]eo l]n] i]jpan kq l]n] raj) _an bkni]o `a atlhkn]k a_kjie_]( klnaook ok_e]h( `kiej]k lkhpe_]* K Úi `aoo]o hq)
/-.
= _qhpqn] x #!0É45,/ß x
p]o a `]o _kjpn]`e ao `alaj`an `] _]l]_e`]`a `a knc]jev]k lkhpe_] a `a _kjo_ej_e] `] hpei] _h]ooa ok_e]h atlhkn]`] $k lnkhap]ne]`k( lnk`qve`k lahk _]lep]heoik ej`qopne]h% l]n] aheiej]n ] `aoecq]h`]`a a ] ejfqope] deop ne_]o*
?qhpqn] a ]jpnklkhkce] ANTROPOLOGIAßAßPALAVRAß ANTROPOLOGIAßmßCOMPOSTAß DEßDUASßPALAVRASßGREGASß ANTROPOS ßQUEßSIGNIFICAß ±HOMEM² ßEßLOGqA ß±ESTU ß DO²ßPALAVRAßDERIVADAßß DEßLvGOS ßQUEßSIGNIFICAß ±PENSAMENTOßOUßRAZjO² ß ±LINGUAGEMßOUßDISCURSO²
=
]jpnklkhkce] aopq`] ko oanao dqi]jko j] _kj`ek `a oanao _qhpqn]eo* K ]jpnkl ) hkck lnk_qn]( ]jpao `a i]eo j]`]( `apaniej]n ai mqa ikiajpk a `a mqa i]jaen] ko dqi]jko ejopepqai oq] `ebanaj] ai nah]k j]pqnav]( b]vaj`k ]ooei oqncen k iqj`k _qhpqn]h* Ko Úh okbko( ] l]npen `k o_qhk TREEE( _kjoe`an]n]i mqa ko dqi]jko `ebanai `] j]pqna) v] cn]]o ]k lajo]iajpk( hejcq]cai( ]k pn]^]hdk a ]k rkhqjpne] herna* Ko ]jpnkl hkcko( ] l]npen `k o_qhk TT( oai jac]n ] ]Úni]k `ko Úh okbko( lnk_qn]i ]mqah] ]k _ki ] mq]h ko oanao dqi]jko ejopepqai ] _qhpqn] lnklne]iajpa `ep]* Kq oaf]( _kik ko Úh okbko( ko ]jpnkl hkcko p]i^i _kjoe`an]i mqa ]o _kj`e ao l]n] mqa d]f] _qh) pqn] ok k lajo]iajpk( ] hejcq]cai( k pn]^]hdk a ] ]k rkhqjpne]( lkni fqhc]i mqa jk ^]op] ]lkjp]n aoo]o _kj`e ao a mqa lna_eok `evan mqa ]k ko dkiajo ln]pe_]n]i kq mqa `a_eok pki]n]i mqa ko Úvan]i l]oo]n `] lkooe^ehe`]`a `] _qhpqn] na]he`]`a abaper] `ah]* Oa( l]n] iqepko deopkne]`knao( aoo] ]k bke k pn]^]hdk( l]n] iqepko ]jpnkl hkcko ] _qh) pqn] bke ejopepq`] mq]j`k ko dqi]jko i]n_]n]i oei^khe_]iajpa oq] `ebanaj] _ki nah]) k j]pqnav]( `a_nap]j`k qi] hae mqa jk lk`ane] oan pn]jocna`e`] a( oa k bkooa( ] _kiqje) `]`a atecene] nal]n]k _ki ] iknpa `k pn]jocnaookn* = `ebanaj] ajpna dkiai a j]pqnav]( mqa ` knecai _qhpqn]( oqnca _ki ] hae `] lnke^ek `k ej_aopk( hae ejateopajpa ajpna ko ]je) i]eo* Aoo] hae ` ej_ek oatq]he`]`a lnklne]iajpa dqi]j]( mqa jk ]laj]o ] o]peob]k eia`e]p] `a qi] ja_aooe`]`a ^ekh ce_]( i]o `aÚje`] lkn nacn]o mqa ejopepqai k lnke^e`k a k laniepe`k j] atlnaook `k `aoafk* Ko oanao dqi]jko `k oajpe`k oatq]he`]`a* L]n] ]hcqjo ]jpnkl hkcko( ]hi `aoo] hae( ] `ebanaj] ajpna dkiai a j]pqnav] p]i^i aop]^aha_e`] mq]j`k ko dqi]jko `aÚjai qi] kqpn] hae mqa( oa pn]jocna`e`]( _]qo] ] nq) j] `] _kiqje`]`a a `k ej`er`qk6 ] hae mqa oal]n] k _nq a k _kve`k( hae p]i^i ejateopajpa ajpna ko ]jei]eo* = oal]n]k ajpna k _nq a k _kve`k a ] atecj_e] `a mqa ko dqi]jko _ki]i ]heiajpko mqa l]oo]n]i lahk bkck _khk_]i ] _qhejne] jk lkjpk eje_e]h `] _qhpqn]* =ooei _kik ] oatq]he`]`a dqi]j]( p]i^i ] ]heiajp]k dqi]j] jk ]laj]o ] o]peob]k `a qi] ja_aooe`]`a ^ekh ce_] `a ok^narerj_e]( i]o aop hec]`] ] nacn]o mqa hda `k qi oajpe) `k lnklne]iajpa dqi]jk* Aoo]o `q]o lneiaen]o haeo aopnqpqn]i k iqj`k dqi]jk ] l]npen `] klkoek ajpna mrol $laniepe`k% a fjmrol $lnke^e`k%( klkoek ejateopajpa l]n] pk`k k naop]jpa `] j]pqnav]* Oa) tq]he`]`a a _qhejne] ejpnk`qvai ] `eiajok oei^ he_] `] re`] dqi]j]*
= _qhpqn] _kik kn`ai oei^he_]
= /-/
_qhpqn] ejopepq`] jk ikiajpk ai mqa ko dqi]jko `apaniej]i l]n] oe iaoiko nacn]o a jkni]o `a _kj`qp] mqa ]ooacqn]i ] ateopj_e] a _kjoanr]k `] _kiqje) `]`a a lkn eook `arai oan k^a`a_e`]o ok^ laj] `a lqjek $mqa lk`a en `ao`a qi _]opeck kq ] atlqhok l]n] hkjca `k cnqlk `a knecai ]p ] iknpa%* K mqa ] hae dqi]j]; = hae dqi]j] qi i]j`]iajpk ok_e]h mqa knc]jev] pk`] ] re`] `ko ej`er`qko a `] _kiqje`]`a( p]jpk lknmqa `apaniej] k ik`k `a aop]^aha_eiajpk `ko _kopqiao a `a oq] pn]joieook `a can]k ] can]k _kik lknmqa lnaoe`a ]o ] ao mqa _ne]i ]o ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo $nahecek( b]ihe]( bkni]o `a pn]^]hdk( cqann] a l]v( `eopne^qek `]o p]) nab]o( bkni]o `a lk`an( ap_*%* = hae jk qi] oeilhao lnke^ek l]n] _anp]o _keo]o a k^nec]k l]n] kqpn]o( i]o ] ]Úni]k `a mqa ko dqi]jko ok _]l]vao `a _ne]n qi] kn`ai `a ateo) pj_e] mqa jk oeilhaoiajpa j]pqn]h $boe_]( ^ekh ce_]%* Aoo] kn`ai ] kn`ai oei^he_]*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
= kn`ai oei^ he_] _kjoeopa j] _]l]_e`]`a dqi]j] l]n] `]n o _keo]o qi oajpe`k mqa aop ]hi `a oq] lnaoaj] i]pane]h( eopk ( j] _]l]_e`]`a `a ]pne^qen oecjeÚ_] ao a r]hknao o _keo]o a ]ko dkiajo( `eopejcqej`k ajpna ^ai a i]h( ran`]`a a b]hoe`]`a( ^ahav] a baeqn]7 `apaniej]j`k oa qi] _keo] kq qi] ]k fqop] kq ejfqop]( hacpei] kq ehacpei]( lkoorah kq eilkoorah* aoo] `eiajok oei^ he_] mqa ejopepq`] _ki ] hae `] lnke^ek `k ej_aopk a ] hae `] lnke^ek `k _nq* Cn]]o hejcq]cai a ]k pn]^]hdk( ko oanao dqi]jko pki]i _kjo_ej_e] `k pailk a `]o `ebanaj]o pailkn]eo $l]oo]`k( lnaoajpa( bqpqnk%( pki]i _kjo_ej_e] `] iknpa a hda `k qi oajpe`k7 knc]jev]i k aol]k( dqi]jev]j`k)k $eopk ( `]j`k oajpe`k ]k ln teik a ]k `eop]jpa( ]k ]hpk a ]k ^]etk( ]k cn]j`a a ]k lamqajk( ]k reorah a ]k ejreorah%* = `ebanaj_e]k pailkn]h a aol]_e]h laniepa mqa ko oanao dqi]jko oa nah]_ekjai _ki k ]qoajpa `ebanaj) _e]j`k jk o k lnaoajpa `k l]oo]`k a `k bqpqnk a k ln teik `k `eop]jpa( i]o p]i^i `eopejcqej`k k o]cn]`k `k lnkb]jk a ko `aqoao `ko dkiajo* Lk`aiko( ajpk( `aÚjen ] _qhpqn] _kik paj`k pno oajpe`ko lnej_el]eo6 -*
_ne]k `] kn`ai oei^ he_] `] ibf( eopk ( `a oeopai]o `a ejpan`e ao a k^nec] ao aop]) ^aha_e`ko ] l]npen `] ]pne^qek `a r]hknao o _keo]o $^k]o( io( lanecko]o( o]cn]`]o( `e]) ^ he_]o%( ]ko dqi]jko a oq]o nah] ao $`ebanaj] oatq]h( oecjeÚ_]`k `] rencej`]`a( banpe) he`]`a( renehe`]`a7 `ebanaj] apne] a bkni] `a pn]p]iajpk `]o _ne]j]o( `ko i]eo rahdko a i]eo fkrajo7 bkni]o `a pn]p]iajpk `ko ]iecko a `ko ejeiecko7 bkni]o `a ]qpkne`]`a a bkni]o `a nah]k _ki k lk`an( ap_*%( ]ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko $oecjeÚ_]`k `] cqann]( `] laopa( `] bkia( `k j]o_eiajpk a `] iknpa( k^nec]k `a ajpann]n ko iknpko( ap_*%7
.*
_ne]k `a qi] kn`ai oei^ he_] `] oatq]he`]`a( `] hejcq]cai( `k pn]^]hdk( `k aol]k( `k pailk( `k o]cn]`k a `k lnkb]jk( `k reorah a `k ejreorah* Ko oi^khko oqncai p]jpk l]n] obmobpbkq^o _kik l]n] fkqbomobq^o ] na]he`]`a( `]j`k)hda oajpe`k lah] lnaoaj] `k dqi]jk jk iqj`k7
/*
_kjfqjpk `a moqf`^p( `ljmloq^jbkqlp( ^ bp a fkpqfqrf bp lahko mq]eo ko dqi]jko oa nah]_ekj]i ajpna oe a _ki ] j]pqnav] a `ah] oa `eopejcqai( ]cej`k ok^na ah] kq ]pn]ro `ah]( ik`eÚ_]j`k)] $nepq]eo `k pn]^]hdk( nepq]eo nahecekoko( _kjopnqk `a d]^ep] ao( b]) ^ne_]k `a qpajoheko a ejopnqiajpko( _qhejne]( pa_ah]cai( raopqnek( bkni]o `a cqann] a `a l]v( `]j]( i oe_]( lejpqn]( ao_qhpqn]( bkni]o `a ]qpkne`]`a( ap_*%*
.ATHANß"ENN#ORBIS
J] na]he`]`a( jk ateopa ^ `riqro^( jk oejcqh]n( i]o `riqro^p( jk lhqn]h( lkeo ko oeopai]o `a lnke^ek a lanieook( ]o ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo( naheceko]o( lkhpe_]o( ko r]hknao( ]o _naj]o( ko _kilknp]iajpko r]ne]i `a bkni]k ok_e]h l]n] bkni]k ok_e]h a lk`ai r]ne]n jqi] iaoi] ok_ea`]`a jk `a_knnan `k pailk* = aooa oajpe`k ]ilhk lk`aiko ]_nao_ajp]n qi kqpnk( naopnepk( lnkrajeajpa `k ]jpeck oajpe`k `a _qhperk `k aolnepk6 ] _qhpqn] _kik _ne]k `a k^n]o `] oajoe^ehe`]`a a `] ei]cej]k Í ]o k^n]o `a ]npa Í a _kik _ne]k `a k^n]o `] ejpahecj_e] a `] naÛatk Í ]o k^n]o `a lajo]iajpk( eopk ( ] _ej_e] a ] ÚhkokÚ]*
Aopnah] `a `]re( oi^khk fq`]e_k( ai oej]ckc] `a >q`]laopa( Dqjcne]( ai -535*
/-0
= atlanej_e] `k o]cn]`k a ] ejopepqek `] nahecek x #!0É45,/ß x
aooa oacqj`k oajpe`k mqa har] k oajok _kiqi ] e`ajpeÚ_]n _qhpqn] a ao_kh] $a`q) _]k bkni]h%( `a qi h]`k( a( `a kqpnk( ] e`ajpeÚ_]n _qhpqn] a ^ah]o)]npao $i oe_]( lejpqn]( ao_qhpqn]( `]j]( hepan]pqn]( pa]pnk( _ejai]( ap_*%* p]i^i aooa oajpe`k mqa har] `eopejk ajpna _qhpko a ej_qhpko( ajpaj`e`] naola_per]iajpa _kik Îao_kh]niajpa ejopnq`koÏ a Îoai ejopnqk ao_kh]nÏ*
= behkokbe] a ]o i]jebaop] ao _qhpqn]eo
=
ÚhkokÚ] oa ejpanaoo] lkn pk`]o ]o i]jebaop] ao _qhpqn]eo( lkeo( _kik ao_naraq k Úh ) okbk Ikjp]ecja( Îj]`] `k mqa dqi]jk ia aopn]jdkÏ* Ko lnej_el]eo _]ilko Úhko Ú_ko nah]perko o i]jebaop] ao _qhpqn]eo ok6 ] ÚhkokÚ] `]o _ej_e]o $mqa reiko j] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk%( `] nahecek( `]o ]npao( `] ateopj_e] pe_] a `] re`] lkhpe_]* =hi `eook( ] ÚhkokÚ] k_ql])oa p]i^i _ki ] _npe_] `]o e`akhkce]o mqa oa knecej]i j] re`] lkhpe_] i]o mqa oa aopaj`ai l]n] pk`]o ]o i]jebaop] ao `] _qhpqn]*
#APqTULOß = atlane j_e] `k o]cn]`k a ] ejopepqek `] nahecek = nahecekoe`]`a
O
/-1
a at_apq]niko ]o ]pere`]`ao _qhpqn]eo hec]`]o `enap]iajpa ok^narerj_e] `k ej`er) `qk a `] aol_ea $_khap] a lnal]nk `a ]heiajpko( lnkpak _kjpn] ]o ejpailneao( _qe`]) `k _ki ko na_i)j]o_e`ko( ejopnqiajpko oeilhao l]n] ] hqp] _kjpn] ejeiecko%( lk`a) iko `evan mqa ] nahecek ] ]pere`]`a _qhpqn]h i]eo ]jpec] a mqa ateopa ai pk`]o ]o _qhpqn]o* Lkn mq; Lknmqa `ao_k^neiko mqa okiko dqi]jko mq]j`k paiko ] atlanej_e] `a mqa okiko _kjo_eajpao `]o _keo]o( `ko kqpnko a `a j o iaoiko* Oa ] _kjo_ej_e] ] `ao_k^anp] `a jkoo] dqi]je`]`a( oa ] `ao_k^neiko lknmqa jko `ebanaj_e]iko `ko kqpnko oanao `] j]pqnav]( cn]) ]o hejcq]cai a ]k pn]^]hdk( lk`aiko ]pne^qen ]k b]pk `a oaniko `kp]`ko `a _kjo_ej_e] ] _kj`ek a ] _]qo] lneikn`e]h `k oqnceiajpk `] nahecekoe`]`a* @a b]pk( `ao`a iqepk _a`k ko oanao dqi]jko lan_a^ai nacqh]ne`]`ao j] j]pqnav] a o]) ^ai mqa jk ok ] _]qo] `ah]o7 lan_a^ai p]i^i mqa d j] j]pqnav] _keo]o paeo a jk_er]o( ^k]o a ]ia]]`kn]o a na_kjda_ai mqa p]i^i jk ok ko _ne]`knao `ah]o* = lan_alk `] na]he`]`a atpanekn _kik ]hck ej`alaj`ajpa `] ]k dqi]j]( `a qi] kn`ai atpanj] a `a _keo]o `a mqa lk`aiko jko ]lkoo]n l]n] k qok kq `a mqa `araiko bqcen lknmqa ok `aopnq) per]o jko _kj`qv _naj] ai lk`anao oqlaneknao ]k dqi]jk a ^qo_] `a iaeko l]n] _kiq) je_]n)jko _ki ahao l]n] mqa oaf]i lnkl_eko jkoo] re`] dqi]j]* J]o_a( ]ooei( ] _naj] j]$o% afsfka^ab%p&*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
= _kjo_ej_e] p]i^i naolkjorah lah] `ao_k^anp] `] iknpa* Qi Úh okbk `eooa mqa okiajpa ko oanao dqi]jko o]^ai mqa ok iknp]eo a qi kqpnk ao_naraq6 ÎK ]jei]h ]_]^]( i]o k dkiai iknnaÏ* K mqa eook mqan `evan; Mq]j`k ej`e_]iko ko lnej_el]eo pn]ko `] _qhpqn]( k^oanr]iko mqa jah] a lkn ah] ko dkiajo b]vai ] `ao_k^anp] `k pailk( kq pi ] atlanej_e] `k pailk( eopk ( `a qi] `e) banaj_e]k jk ejpanekn `a oq] re`] _ki naolaepk ]k mqa f ]_kjpa_aq a ]k mqa aop ]_kjpa) _aj`k* =ooei mqa ah] oa nah]_ekj] _ki ] iai ne]( mqa naolkjorah lahk oajpeiajpk `] e`ajpe`]`a laook]h a `] _kjpejqe`]`a `a qi] re`] mqa pn]jo_knna jk pailk* Reiko p]i^i mqa qi kqpnk ]ola_pk bqj`]iajp]h `] _qhpqn] ] ]pere`]`a `k pn]^]) hdk* Kn]( ]k pn]^]hd]n( ko dkiajo oa nah]_ekj]i _ki qi pailk mqa jk k lnaoajpa a oei k bqpqnk( lkeo k pn]^]hdk baepk ai reop] `a ]hck mqa ]ej`] jk ateopa jk lnaoajpa a mqa ren ] ateopen jk bqpqnk* = lan_alk `k pailk( k pn]^]hdk a ] iai ne] b]vai _ki mqa ko dkiajo oaf]i _]l]) vao `a aop]^aha_an nah] ao _ki k ]qoajpa6 k l]oo]`k hai^n]`k( k bqpqnk aolan]`k* Oa naqjeniko jqi] je_] atlanej_e] k oajpeiajpk `k pailk a k `] e`ajpe`]`a lao) ok]h jkp]naiko mqa ko dqi]jko ok _kjo_eajpao `a mqa d oanao a _keo]o mqa `ao]l]na_ai jk pailk a kqpn]o mqa oqncai jk pailk( a mqa ahao lani]ja_ai `qn]jpa qi _anpk pailk lknmqa ok _]l]vao `a hec]n l]oo]`k( lnaoajpa a bqpqnk( eopk ( ok _]l]vao `a lan_a^an mqa bufpqbj a mqa mlpprbj fabkqfa^ab* I]o p]i^i ok _kjo_eajpao `a mqa lk`ai `ao]l]na_an qi `e]* Kq oaf]( o]^ai mqa iknnai* Kn]( k b]pk `a mqa okiko _kjo_eajpao `k pailk _kik qi] lnaoaj] $k lnaoajpa% oepq]) `] ajpna `q]o ]qoj_e]o $k l]oo]`k a k bqpqnk% a `a mqa okiko _kjo_eajpao `a jkoo] e`ajpe) `]`a a `] e`ajpe`]`a `a jkooko oaiahd]jpao jko har] ] _kj_a^an ] lani]jj_e] `aoo] e`aj) pe`]`a jqi pailk bqpqnk( eopk ( ] _kj_a^an qi] ateopj_e] bqpqn]( jqi kqpnk hqc]n kq jqi kqpnk iqj`k( l]n] kj`a r]iko ]l o ] iknpa* Aooa kqpnk iqj`k p]jpk lk`a oan qi hqc]n oal]n]`k( ateopajpa jkqpnk aol]k a jkqpnk pailk( _kik lk`a oan ] l]npa ejreorah `aopa jkook iqj`k* = _naj] jqi] re`] bqpqn] atlhe_] lkn mqa qi] `]o lneiaen]o i]jebaop] ao naheceko]o ai pk`]o ]o _qhpqn]o ok ko nepq]eo b ja^nao( k _qe`]`k _ki ko iknpko $mqa jk `arai oan `aet]`ko oai oalqhpqn]%( mqa ]ooacqn]i oq] ajpn]`] j] re`] bqpqn]( a ] ^qo_] `a iaeko l]n] _kiqje_]n)oa _ki ahao* = _naj] ai `erej`]`ao a jqi] kqpn] re`] ]l o ] iknpa `aÚja k j _hak `] nahecekoe`]) `a a oa atlneia j] atlanej_e] `k o]cn]`k*
K o]cn]`k
K
o]cn]`k ] atlanej_e] `] lnaoaj] `a qi] lkpj_e] kq `a qi] bkn] ok^naj]pqn]h mqa d]^ep] ]hcqi oan Í lh]jp]( ]jei]h( dqi]jk( _keo]o( rajpko( cq]o( bkck* Aoo] lk) pj_e] p]jpk qi lk`an mqa lanpaj_a ln lne] a `aÚjeper]iajpa ] qi `apaniej]`k oan mq]jpk ]hck mqa aha lk`a lkooqen a lan`an( jk pan a ]`mqenen* K o]cn]`k ] atlanej_e] oei^ he_] `] `ebanaj] ajpna ko oanao( `] oqlanekne`]`a `a ]hcqjo ok^na kqpnko( `k lk`anek `a ]hcqjo ok^na kqpnko Í oqlanekne`]`a a lk`an oajpe`ko _kik aol]jpkoko( ieopanekoko( `a) oaf]`ko a paie`ko* = p^`o^ifa^ab ejpnk`qv qi] nqlpqn] ajpna j]pqn]h a ok^naj]pqn]h( iaoik mqa ko oa) nao o]cn]`ko oaf]i j]pqn]eo $_kik ] cq]( k bkck( k rqh_k%6 ok^naj]pqn]h ] bkn] kq lk) pj_e] l]n] na]hev]n ]mqehk mqa ko dqi]jko fqhc]i eilkoorah abapq]n _kjp]j`k ]laj]o _ki ]o bkn]o a _]l]_e`]`ao dqi]j]o* =ooei( lkn atailhk( ai mq]oa pk`]o ]o _qhpqn]o( qi cqannaenk _qf] bkn]( `aopnav] a ejraj_e^ehe`]`a ok aol]jpko]o _kjoe`an]`k d]^ep]`k lkn qi] lkpj_e] o]cn]`]* Qi ]jei]h bankv( ]opqpk( rahkv a ejraj_rah p]i^i ]ooei _kjoe`an]`k* Lkn oq] bkni] a ]k ieopaneko]o( ^ajrkh]o a i]hrkh]o( k bkck qi `ko lnej_el]eo ajpao o]cn]`ko* Ai nace ao `aonpe_]o( ] o]_n]hev]k _kj_ajpn])oa j]o cq]o( n]n]o a ja_aoone]o*
/-2
= atlanej_e] `k o]cn]`k a ] ejopepqek `] nahecek x #!0É45,/ß x
K o]cn]`k klan] k aj_]jp]iajpk `k iqj`k( d]^ep]`k lkn bkn]o i]n]rehdko]o a lk`anao ]`ienraeo mqa ]cai i]ce_]iajpa* ?ne]i rj_qhko `a oeil]pe])]pn]k a `a ]jpel]pe])nalqhok ajpna pk`ko ko oanao( ]cai ] `eop j_e]( ajh]]i ajpao `ebanajpao _ki h]ko oa_napko a aÚ_]vao* Pk`]o ]o _qhpqn]o lkooqai rk_^qhko l]n] atlneien k o]cn]`k _kik bkn] ok^naj]pqn]h mqa d]^ep] k iqj`k* =ooei( j]o _qhpqn]o `] Lkhejoe] a `] Iah]joe]( ] l]h]rn] mqa `aoecj] k o]cn]`k j^k^ $a oq]o r]ne]jpao%* J]o _qhpqn]o `]o pne^ko jknpa)]iane_]j]o( b]h])oa ai lobk* a^ $a oq]o r]ne]jpao%( nabanej`k)oa ]k lk`an ice_k lkooq`k lkn pk`]o ]o _keo]o( mqa hdao ` re`]( rkjp]`a a ]k( bkn] mqa oa lk`a nkq^]n `a kqpn]o _keo]o l]n] oe( mqa oa lk`a lan`an mq]j`k nkq^]`] lkn kqpnko oanao( mqa oa lk`a eilkn ] kqpnko i]eo bn]_ko* Ajpna ]o _qhpqn]o `ko j`eko oqh)]iane_]jko( k o]cn]`k `aoecj]`k lkn l]h]rn]o _kik qrkm^ a ^fdobp* J]o ]bne_]j]o( d _ajpaj]o `a paniko( `alaj`aj`k `] hjcq] a `] nah]k i]jpe`] _ki k ok^naj]pqn]h( i]o k panik bqj`]iajp]h( ai^kn] _ki r]ne]jpao `a lnkj j) _e]( kqr( Îbkn] qjerano]h ai mqa _kej_e`ai ]mqehk mqa a ]mqehk mqa ateopaÏ* J] _qhpqn] da^n]e_]( `keo paniko `aoecj]r]i k o]cn]`k6 n^alp a ebobj( oecjeÚ_]j`k ]mqahao oanao kq _keo]o mqa ok oal]n]`ko lkn @aqo l]n] oaq _qhpk( oanrek( o]_neb_ek( a p]i) ^i ]o mqa ok oal]n]`]o `a pk`]o ]o kqpn]o l]n] na_a^an qi] lqjek* Lkn oanai _keo]o oal]n]`]o lkn @aqo( jk lk`ai oan pk_]`]o lahk dkiai l]n] oaq qok a o lk`ai oan pk) _]`]o nepq]hiajpa lkn ]mqahao mqa @aqo ]qpknev] kq ]qpknevkq* =ooei( ] =n_] `] =he]j]( kj`a aop]r]i cq]n`]`ko ko patpko o]cn]`ko( an] n^alp a( lknp]jpk( ejpk_rah* P]i^i ko lneoekjaenko `a qi] cqann] o]jp] lanpaj_e]i ] @aqo( oaj`k `a_h]n]`ko ebobj* J] _qhpqn] cnac]( ^dklp $lqnk% a ^dflp $ejpk_rah%( a( j] nki]j]( p^`bo $`a`e_]`k `erej`]`a% a p^k`qrp $ejrekhrah% _kjopepqai ] aoban] `k o]cn]`k* O]cn]`k ( lkeo( ] mq]he`]`a at_al_ekj]h Í ^k] kq i( ^ajÚ_] kq i]hÚ_]( lnkpapkn] kq ]ia]]`kn] Í mqa qi oan lkooqe a mqa k oal]n] a `eopejcqa `a pk`ko ko kqpnko( ai^kn]( ai iqep]o _qhpqn]o( pk`ko ko oanao lkooq]i ]hck o]cn]`k( lahk mqa oa `ebanaj_e]i qjo `ko kqpnko* K o]cn]`k lk`a oqo_ep]n `arkk a ]ikn( nalqho] a `ek* Aooao oajpeiajpko oqo_ep]i qi kqpnk6 k naolaepk baepk `a paikn* J]o_ai( ]mqe( k oajpeiajpk nahecekok a ] atlanej_e] `] nahecek* = nahecek lnaooql a mqa( ]hi `k oajpeiajpk `] `ebanaj] ajpna j]pqn]h a ok^naj]pq) n]h( d]f] k oajpeiajpk `] oal]n]k ajpna ko dqi]jko a k o]cn]`k( iaoik mqa aopa d]^epa jko dqi]jko a j] j]pqnav]*
= nahecek RELIGIjOßAßPALAVRAßß RELIGIjOßVEMßDOßLATIMßß RELIGIO ßFORMADAßPELOßß PREFIXOßREß±OUTRAßVEZ² ßß ±DEßNOVO² ßEßOßVERBOßß LIGAREß±LIGAR² ß±UNIR² ßß ±VINCULAR²
/-3
=
nahecek qi sk`ril* Mq]eo ]o l]npao rej_qh]`]o; K iqj`k lnkb]jk a k iqj`k o]cn]) `k( eopk ( ] j]pqnav] $cq]( bkck( ]n( ]jei]eo( lh]jp]o( ]opnko( la`n]o( iap]eo( pann]( dq) i]jko% a ]o `erej`]`ao mqa d]^ep]i ] j]pqnav] kq qi hqc]n oal]n]`k `] j]pqnav]* J]o rne]o _qhpqn]o( aoo] hec]k oei^khev]`] jk ikiajpk `a bqj`]k `a qi] ]h`ae]( reh] kq _e`]`a6 k cqe] nahecekok pn]] Úcqn]o jk _dk $_n_qhk( mq]`n]`k( pne jcqhk% a nalapa k iaoik caopk jk ]n $j] `enak `k _q( kq `k i]n( kq `] Ûknaop]( kq `k `aoanpk%* Aooao `keo caopko `aheiep]i qi aol]k jkrk( o]cn]`k $jk ]n% a _kjo]cn]`k $jk okhk%* Jaooa jkrk aol]) k ancqai)oa k p^kqrofl $ai h]pei( qbjmirj( ÎpailhkÏ% a oq] rkhp] ko a`eb_eko `] jkr] _kiqje`]`a* ?kik oa ]_na`ep] mqa ] bqj`]k `k aol]k _khaperk bke baep] lahko ]j_aopn]eo cqe]`ko lkn `aqoao lnkpapknao( k rj_qhk oa aop]^aha_a jk o ajpna ko dkiajo a ko `aqoao i]o p]i^i ajpna ko `ao_aj`ajpao a ko ]jpal]oo]`ko( ko crka^alobp* Lkn aooa ikperk( ai ej ian]o nahe) ce ao d _qhpko jk o l]n] ]o `erej`]`ao( i]o p]i^i l]n] ko ]j_aopn]eo( mqa rerai qi] re`] jqi kqpnk iqj`k a lk`ai ejpan_a`an fqjpk ]ko `aqoao ai jkia `a oaqo `ao_aj`ajpao* = _aneije] `] hec]k bqj`]`kn] ]l]na_a( lkn atailhk( j] nahecek fq`]e_]( mq]j`k Fakr `k] ]k lkrk k hqc]n kj`a `ara d]^ep]n Í ] Pann] Lnkiape`] Í( ej`e_] k aol]k kj`a k pailhk `aran oan a`eÚ_]`k( kneajp] ] i]jaen] _kik `ara oan a`eÚ_]`k a `apaniej] oq] Ú) j]he`]`a( eopk ( jaha oank baepko ko o]_neb_eko a jaha oan _khk_]`] ] =n_] `] =he]j]( oi^khk
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
`k rj_qhk mqa qja k lkrk a oaq @aqo* = bqj`]k `k aol]k _khaperk _en_qjo_nara qi hqc]n `apaniej]`k( a ] =n_]( mqa _kjpi ] hae `erej] ao_nep]( qi oi^khk `a hec]k mqa na_kn`] ] lneiaen] hec]k6 k oej]h j]pqn]h kbana_e`k lkn @aqo ] Jk _kik lnkr] `a oaq h]k _ki aha a oq] `ao_aj`j_e]( eopk ( k ]n_k)neo* P]i^i jk _neope]jeoik ] obifdfl atlhe_ep]`] lkn qi caopk `a qjek ajpna k _q a ] pann]* J] ranok h]pej] `k Jkrk Paop]iajpk( k lneiaenk ]l opkhk( _qfk jkia da^n]e_k an] Oeik( l]oo] ] oan _d]i]`k `a La`nk $ai h]pei( Mbqorp% l]n] oei^khev]n ] la`n] $ai h]pei( mbqo^% ok^na ] mq]h bqj`]`] ] _e`]`a _neop( eopk ( ] Ecnaf]* Faoqo `eooa ] La`nk6 ÎPq o La`nk $Mbqorp% a ok^na aop] la`n] $mbqo^% a`eÚ_]nae ] iejd] ecnaf]( a ]o lknp]o `k ejbanjk jk lnar]) ha_ank _kjpn] ah]* Aq pa `]nae ]o ?d]rao `k Naejk6 k mqa ifd^obp j] Pann] oan ifd^al jk ?q7 k mqa abpifd^obp j] Pann] oan abpifd^al jk ?qÏ* Lkn iaek `] p^`o^ifw^ l a `] `lkp^do^ l( ] nahecek _ne] ] e`ae] `a aol]k o]cn]`k* Ko _qo( k ikjpa Kheilk $j] Cn_e]%( ]o ikjp]jd]o `k `aoanpk $ai Eon]ah%( pailhko a ecnaf]o $j]o jkoo]o ok_ea`]`ao% ok o]jpqneko* Ai _anp]o nahece ao( aooao hqc]nao ok ] ikn]`] `ko `aqoao( ai kqpn]o( k hqc]n kj`a k `aqo oa i]jebaop]* K aol]k `] re`] _kiqi oal]n])oa `k aol]k o]cn]`k6 jaopa rerai ko `aqoao( ok baep]o ]o _aneije]o `a _qhpk( ok pn]ve`]o kbanaj) `]o a baep]o lna_ao _ki la`e`ko o `erej`]`ao $_khdaep]( l]v( rep ne] j] cqann]( ^ki l]npk( Úi `a qi] laopa( _qn] `a qi] `kaj]( ap_*%7 jk lneiaenk( pn]jo_knna ] re`] lnkb]j] `ko dq) i]jko* = nahecek knc]jev] k aol]k `]j`k)hda mq]he`]`ao dqi]j]o kq mq]he`]`ao _qhpqn]eo( `erano]o `]o oeilhao _]n]_panope_]o j]pqn]eo*
= nahecek _kik j]nn]per] `] knecai
=
nahecek jk pn]joiqp] ]laj]o k aol]k* P]i^i mq]heÚ_] k pailk( `]j`k)hda ] i]n_] `k o]cn]`k* K qbjml p^do^al qi] k^oo^qfs^* J]nn] ] knecai `ko `aqoao a( lah] ]k `]o `erej`]) `ao( ] knecai `]o _keo]o( `]o lh]jp]o( `ko ]jei]eo a `ko oanao dqi]jko* Lkn eook( ] j]nn]per] naheceko] oailna _kia] _ki ]hcqi] atlnaook `k pelk6 Îjk lnej_lekÏ( Îjk _kiakÏ( Îmq]j) `k k `aqo u aop]r] j] Pann]Ï( Îmq]j`k ] `aqo] v req lah] lneiaen] ravÏ( ap_* = j]nn]per] o]cn]`] ] efpqof^ p^do^a^( mqa ko cnacko _d]i]r]i `a jfql* Aopa jk qi] b]^qh]k ehqo ne]( qi] b]jp]oe] oai _kjo_ej_e]( i]o ] i]jaen] lah] mq]h qi] ok_ea`]) `a j]nn] l]n] oe iaoi] oaq _kiak a k `a pk`] ] na]he`]`a( ej_hqoera k _kiak kq j]o_eiajpk `ko ln lneko `aqoao* O p]n`e]iajpa( mq]j`k oqnceq ] ÚhkokÚ] a( `alkeo `ah]( ] pakhkce]( ] n]) vk atecene] mqa ko `aqoao jk bkooai ]laj]o eiknp]eo( i]o p]i^i apanjko( oai _kiak a oai Úi* =jpao( lkni( `] ÚhkokÚ] a `] pakhkce]( ] nahecek j]nn]r] pakckje]o $`k cnack qeblp( Î`aqoÏ7 dlkf^( Îcan]kÏ%( eopk ( ] can]k kq k j]o_eiajpk `ko `aqoao( oaie`aqoao a dan eo* K _kjpn]opa ajpna `e] a jkepa $hqv a pnar]%( ajpna ]o aop] ao `k ]jk $bnek( mqajpa( ]iajk( _ki Ûknao( _ki bnqpko( _ki _dqr]o( _ki oa_]o%( ajpna k j]o_eiajpk a ] `ao]l]nek $re`] a iknpa%( ajpna pelko `a ]jei]eo $pannaopnao( ]mqpe_ko( rk]`knao( bankvao( ` _aeo%( ajpna pelko `a dqi]jko $^n]j_ko( jacnko( ]i]nahko( raniahdko( ]hpko( ^]etko( lahq`ko( ch]^nko%( ]o p_je) _]o k^pe`]o lahk _kjpnkha ok^na ]hcqi] bkn] j]pqn]h $bkck( cq]( rajpko( la`n]o( ]nae]( anr]o% are`aj_e]i qi iqj`k kn`aj]`k a nacqh]n( jk mq]h ko dqi]jko j]o_ai( rerai a iknnai* = deop ne] o]cn]`] kq iepk j]nn] _kik a lkn mqa ] kn`ai `k iqj`k ateopa a _kik a lkn mqa bke `k]`] ]ko dqi]jko lahko `aqoao* =ooei( ]hi `a oan qi] qbldlkf^( ] deop ne] o]cn]`] qi] _koikckje] $`k cnack hpjlp( Îiqj`kÏ( a dlkf^( Îcan]kÏ%6 j]nn] k j]o_eiajpk( ] Új]he`]`a a k lana_eiajpk `a pk`ko ko oanao ok^ ] ]k `ko `aqoao* =ooei _kik d `keo aol]ko( d `keo pailko6 k ]jpanekn _ne]k kq d kbpb `ko `aqoao a `]o _keo]o $pailk `k r]vek a `k _]ko% a k pailk knecejnek `] cjaoa `a pq`k mq]jpk ateopa $pailk `k lhajk a `] kn`ai%* Jaooa pailk o]cn]`k `] kn`ai( jkr]iajpa qi] `ereok6 k qbjml mofjfqfsl( ejpaen]iajpa `erejk( mq]j`k pq`k bke _ne]`k( a k qbjml al ^dlo^( lnkb]jk( ai mqa rerai ko oanao j]pqn]eo( ej_hqej`k ko dkiajo*
/-4
!BBAS-AGNUM,ATINSTOCK
= atlanej_e] `k o]cn]`k a ] ejopepqek `] nahecek x #!0É45,/ß x
Ai^kn] ] j]nn]per] o]cn]`] oaf] qi] atlhe_]k l]n] ] kn`ai j]pqn]h a dqi]j]( ah] jk oa `eneca ]k ejpaha_pk `ko _najpao $jk ÚhkokÚ] jai _ej_e]%( i]o oa aj`ana] ]k _k) n]k `ahao* @aolanp] aik ao a oajpeiajpko Í ]`ien]k( aol]jpk( ia`k( aolan]j]( ]ikn( `ek* Lknmqa oa `eneca o l]e) t ao `k _najpa( ] nahecek hda la`a qi] o _keo]6 c( kq oaf]( ] _kjÚ]j]( ]`aok lhaj] ]k mqa hda i]jebaop]`k _kik ]k `] `erej`]`a* = ]pepq`a bqj`]iajp]h `] b ] mfba^ab6 nao) laepk lahko `aqoao a lahko ]jpal]oo]`ko* = nahecek _naj]( jk o]^an* = pajp]per] l]n] pn]jobkni]n ] nahecek ai o]^an n]_ekj]h _d]i])oa pakhkce]*
Nepko
L
Beah ]jeieop] `] apje] `kckj( lkrk `a Ihe( j] ãbne_] k_e`ajp]h( jk naceopnk `k bkp cn]bk bn]j_ o =^^]o( `a -552*
knmqa ] nahecek hec] dqi]jko a `erej`]`a( lknmqa kn) c]jev] k aol]k a k pailk( ko oanao dqi]jko lna_eo]i c]n]jpen mqa ] hec]k a ] knc]jev]k oa i]jpajd]i a oaf]i oailna lnkl_e]o* L]n] eook ok _ne]`ko ko nepko* K nepk qi] _aneije] ai mqa caopko `apaniej]`ko( l]) h]rn]o `apaniej]`]o( k^fapko `apaniej]`ko( laook]o `apanie) j]`]o a aik ao `apaniej]`]o ]`mqenai k lk`an ieopanekok `a lnaoajpeÚ_]n k h]k ajpna ko dqi]jko a ] `erej`]`a* L]n] ]cn]`a_an `kjo a ^ajab_eko( l]n] oqlhe_]n jkrko `kjo a ^aja) b_eko( l]n] hai^n]n ] ^kj`]`a `ko `aqoao kq l]n] atkn_ev]n oq] _ han]( _]ok ko dqi]jko pajd]i pn]jocna`e`k ]o haeo o]) cn]`]o( ]o _aneije]o nepq]hope_]o ok `a cn]j`a r]nea`]`a* Jk ajp]jpk( qi] rav Út]`] ] oei^khkce] `a qi nepq]h( oq] aÚ__e] `alaj`an `] ob* mbqf l jfkr`flp^ b mbocbfq^ `k nepk( p]h _kik bke ln]pe_]`k j] lneiaen] rav( lknmqa jah] ko ln lneko `aqoao kneajp]n]i caopko a l]h]rn]o `ko dqi]jko* Qi nepk nahecekok nalapeperk ai `keo oajpe`ko lnej_el]eo6 ] _aneije] `ara nalapen qi ]_kjpa_eiajpk aooaj_e]h `] deop ) ne] o]cn]`] $lkn atailhk( jk _neope]jeoik( ] aq_]neope] a ] _kiqjdk( mqa nalapai ] O]jp] ?ae]%7 a( ai oacqj`k hqc]n( ]pko( caopko( l]h]rn]o( k^fapko `arai oan oailna ko iaoiko( lkn) mqa bkn]i( j] lneiaen] rav( _kjo]cn]`ko lahk ln lnek `aqo* K nepk ] naiaikn]k lanaja `k mqa ]_kjpa_aq jqi] lneiaen] rav a mqa rkhp] ] ]_kjpa_an( cn]]o ]k nepq]h mqa ]^kha ] `eop j_e] ajpna k l]oo]`k a k lnaoajpa*
Ko k^fapko oei^he_ko
=
/-5
nahecek jk o]_n]hev] ]laj]o k aol]k a k pailk( i]o p]i^i oanao a k^fapko `k iqj`k( mqa oa pknj]i oi^khko `a ]hcqi b]pk nahecekok* Ko oanao a k^fapko oei^ he_ko ok napen]`ko `a oaq hqc]n _kopqiaenk( ]ooqiej`k qi oajpe`k jkrk l]n] pk`] ] _kiqje`]`a Í lnkpapkn( lanoacqe`kn( ^ajbaepkn( ]ia]]`kn* Ok^na aooa oan kq k^fapk na_]e ] jkk `a p]^q $l]h]rn] lkhejoe] mqa oecjeÚ_] Îejpk_rahÏ%6 qi ejpan`epk( kq oaf]( jk lk`a oan pk_]`k jai i]jelqh]`k lkn jejcqi mqa jk aopaf] nahecek) o]iajpa ]qpknev]`k l]n] eook* ]ooei( lkn atailhk( mqa _anpko ]jei]eo oa pknj]i o]cn]`ko kq p]^qo( _kik ] r]_] j] æj`e]( k _kn`aenk lanbaepk _kjo]cn]`k l]n] k o]_neb_ek `] Lo_k] fq`]e_]( k pq_]jk l]n] ] j]k ej`caj] Pq_]j]( `k >n]oeh* ]ooei( lkn atailhk( mqa _anpko k^fapko oa pknj]i o]cn]`ko kq p]^qo( _kik k lk a k rejdk _kjo]cn]`ko lahk l]`na _neopk `qn]jpa k nepq]h `] ieoo] a mqa o lk`ai oan _kjoqie`ko nepq]heope_]iajpa a ok^ _kj`e ao iqepk `apaniej]`]o* @k iaoik
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
ik`k( ai ej ian]o nahece ao( ]o rencajo lneikcjep]o `]o lnej_el]eo b]ihe]o oa pknj]i p]^qo( _kik ]o raop]eo( j] Nki] ]jpec]* P]i^i k^fapko oa pknj]i oi^khko o]cn]`ko ejpk_raeo( _kik ko lanc]iejdko fq`]e_ko mqa _kjpi ko patpko o]cn]`ko ]jpecko( _anp]o la`n]o qo]`]o lahko _dabao nahecekoko ]bne_]jko( ap_* Ko p]^qo oa nabanai kq ] k^fapko a oanao lqnko kq lqneÚ_]`ko l]n] ko `aqoao( kq ] k^fa) pko a oanao eilqnko( mqa `arai lani]ja_an ]b]op]`ko `ko `aqoao a `ko dqi]jko* ]ooei( mqa( ai ej ian]o _qhpqn]o( ] iqhdan iajopnq]`] p]^q $aop eilqn]% a( jk fq`]oik a jk eoh]ieoik( ] _]nja `a lkn_k p]^q $ eilqn]%* = nahecek paj`a ] ]ilhe]n k _]ilk oei^ he_k( iaoik mqa jk pn]jobknia pk`ko ko oanao a k^fapko ai p]^qo kq ejpk_raeo* Ah] k b]v rej_qh]j`k oanao a mq]he`]`ao lanokj]he`]`a `a qi `aqo* =ooei( lkn atailhk( ai iqep]o nahece ao( _kik ]o ]bne_]j]o( _]`] `erej`]`a lnkpa) pkn] `a qi ]opnk( qi] _kn( qi ]jei]h( qi] la`n] a qi iap]h lna_ekoko( qi k^fapk o]jpk* = Úcqn]k `k o]cn]`k oa b]v lkn bj_ibj^p6 ]ooei( lkn atailhk( k ai^hai] `] `aqo] Bknpqj] an] qi] nk`]( ] rah] ajbqj]`] `a qi j]rek a qi] _knjq_ le]7 k `] `aqo] =paj]( k _]l]_apa a ] aol]`]7 k `a Daniao( ] oanlajpa a ]o ^kp]o ]h]`]o7 k `a Kt ooe( ]o oapa Ûa_d]o aol]hd]`]o lahk _knlk7 k `a Eai]jf( k raope`k ^n]j_k( ]o cq]o `k i]n a ko _]^ahko ]k rajpk7 k `a Faoqo( ] _nqv( ] _knk] `a aolejdko( k _knlk chknekok ai ]o_ajok*
I]jebaop]k a narah]k
D
nahece ao ai mqa ko `aqoao oa i]jebaop]i6 oqncai `e]jpa `ko dqi]jko ai ^a) hav]( aolhaj`kn( lanbaek a lk`an a ko har]i ] ran qi] kqpn] na]he`]`a( ao_kj`e`] ok^ ] na]he`]`a _kpe`e]j]( j] mq]h k aol]k( k pailk( ]o bkni]o `ko oanao( ko okjo a ]o _knao( ko ahaiajpko aj_kjpn]i)oa knc]jev]`ko a `eolkopko `a qi] kqpn] i]jaen]( oa_nap] a ran`]`aen]* = `erej`]`a( har]j`k qi dqi]jk ]k oaq iqj`k( `aoraj`])hda ] ran`]`a a k ehqiej] _ki oq] hqv* An] eook( _kik reiko( k mqa oecjeÚ_]r] ] l]h]rn] cnac] ^iqebf^( ] ran`]`a _kik i]) jebaop]k kq ehqiej]k* = ehqiej]k lk`a oan pannrah( lknmqa `]`k ] qi dqi]jk ran k mqa ko khdko dqi]jko jk _kjoacqai ran( kqren k mqa ko kqre`ko dqi]jko jk lk`ai kqren( _kjda_an k mqa ] ejpahecj_e] dqi]j] jk pai bkn]o l]n] _kjda_an* =o nahece ao ej) `caj]o `]o =ine_]o a ] cnac] ok obifdfbp a^ j^kfcbpq^ l*firjfk^ l kq `] re]cai ]k iqj`k `erejk* D nahece ao ai mqa k `aqo narah] ran`]`ao ]ko dqi]jko oai b]v)hko o]en `a oaq iqj) `k* Lk`ai pan okjdko a reo ao( i]o k bqj`]iajp]h kqren k mqa ] `erej`]`a hdao `ev( lknmqa `ah] lnkri k oajpe`k lneiaenk a hpeik `a pk`]o _keo]o a `k `aopejk dqi]jk* K mqa oa narah] jk ] ran`]`a `k iqj`k ]pn]ro `] re]cai reoekjne] ] qi kqpnk iqj`k6 k mqa oa narah] ] rkjp]`a `k `aqo( j] mq]h k _najpa _kjÚ] a _qfko `aocjeko aha _qilna* An] eook k mqa oecjeÚ_]r]( _kik reiko( ] l]h]rn] da^n]e_] bjrk^e( Î]ooei oaf]Ï* Fq`]oik( _neope]jeo) ik a eoh]ieoik ok obifdfbp a^ obsbi^ l* J]o `q]o ik`]he`]`ao `a nahecek( lkni( ] i]jebaop]k `] ran`]`a a ] narah]k `] rkjp]`a atlneiai k iaoik ]_kjpa_eiajpk6 ]ko dqi]jko `]`k _kjda_an oaq `aopejk a k `a pk`]o ]o _keo]o( eopk ( ]o haeo `erej]o*
= hae `erej]
K
o `aqoao ok mlabobp jfpqboflplp* Ok bkn]o lanokjeÚ_]`]o a lkn eook ok slkq^abp* Ieopanekoko( lknmqa oq]o `a_eo ao ok eilnareoraeo a( iqep]o ravao( ej_kilnaaj) oraeo l]n] ko _nepneko dqi]jko `a ]r]he]k* Rkjp]`ao( lknmqa k mqa ]_kjpa_a jk iqj`k i]jebaop] qi mqanan laook]h( oqlnaik a ejmqaopekjrah* = nahecek( ]k aop]^aha_an
/.,
= atlanej_e] `k o]cn]`k a ] ejopepqek `] nahecek x #!0É45,/ß x
BqBLIA ßALCORjOßAßPALAVRAß BqBLIAßmßGREGAßEßQUERßDIZERß ±LIVRO²ßAßPALAVRAßfRABEß ALCORjOßSIGNIFICA ßSEGUNDOß ALGUNSßESTUDIOSOS ß±LERßß EMßVOZßALTA²ßE ßSEGUNDOß OUTROS ß±COLEljOßDASßß PALAVRASßREVELADAS²
/.-
k h]k ajpna k dqi]jk a k `erejk( lnk_qn] qi _]iejdk lahk mq]h ] rkjp]`a `ko `aqoao oaf] ^ajÚ_] a lnkl_e] ]ko oaqo ]`kn]`knao* = rkjp]`a `erej] lk`a pknj]n)oa l]n_e]hiajpa _kjda_e`] `ko dqi]jko j] bkni] `a ibfp( eopk ( `a_napko( i]j`]iajpko( kn`aj]iajpko( _ki]j`ko ai]j]`ko `] `erej`]`a* =ooei _kik ] kn`ai `k iqj`k `a_knna `ko `a_napko `erejko( eopk ( `] hae kn`aj]`kn] mq]h ja) jdqi oan ao_]l]( p]i^i k iqj`k dqi]jk aop oq^iape`k ] i]j`]iajpko `erejko( `ko mq]eo ko i]eo _kjda_e`ko( j] _qhpqn] k_e`ajp]h( ok ko @av I]j`]iajpko( `]`ko lkn Fakr ] Ikeoo* P]i^i ok `a knecai `erej] ]o @kva P^q]o `] Hae mqa bqj`]n]i ] nal ^he_] nk) i]j]( _kik an]i `a knecai `erej] ]o haeo cnac]o atlhe_ep]`]o j] Fi^a^ a j] Lafppbf^( k^n]o ]pne^q`]o ] Dkiank( ^ai _kik j]o pn]c`e]o* K ik`k _kik ] rkjp]`a `erej] oa i]jebaop] ai haeo laniepa `eopejcqen `keo cn]j`ao pelko `a nahecek* D nahece ao ai mqa ] `erej`]`a qo] ejpania`eneko l]n] narah]n ] hae* k _]ok `] nahecek fq`]e_]( ai mqa Fakr oa r]ha( lkn atailhk( `a Jk( Ikeoo( O]iqah( l]n] `]n ] _kjda_an ] hae* P]i^i jaoo] nahecek ] `erej`]`a jk _aoo] `a hai^n]n ]k lkrk ]o haeo( ok^napq`k mq]j`k aopk oaj`k pn]jocna`e`]o* Aoo] naiaikn]k `] hae a `]o lnkiaoo]o `a _]opeck a na`ajk jah]o _kjpe`]o ] p]nab] `k molcbq^( ]n]qpk `a @aqo* P]i^i j] nahecek cnac] ko `aqoao oa r]hai `a ejpania`eneko l]n] i]jebaop]n oq] rkjp]`a* Aop]( lkn oan ieopa) neko] a ej_kilnaajorah( ateca qi pelk aola_e]h `a ejpania`enek( k sfabkqb( mqa ejpanlnap] ko ajeci]o `erejko( r k l]oo]`k a k bqpqnk a ko atl a ]ko dkiajo* D nahece ao( lkni( ai mqa ko `aqoao i]jebaop]i oq] hae `enap]iajpa( oai na_knnan ] ejpania`eneko( eopk ( oai lna_eo]n `a ejpnlnapao* Ok nahece ao `] firjfk^ l fkafsfar^i a `k uq^pb jpqf`l( _kik k _]ok `] i]ekne] `]o nahece ao kneajp]eo( mqa atecai( l]n] ] ehqie) j]k a k tp]oa( qi] a`q_]k aola_e]h `k ejpaha_pk a `] rkjp]`a `ko ]`alpko* Bnamqajpaiajpa( lnkbap]o a re`ajpao ajpn]i ai pn]joa l]n] na_a^an ] narah]k( i]o ] na_a^ai jk lknmqa pajd]i oe`k a`q_]`ko l]n] eook a oei lknmqa ] `erej`]`a ko ao_khdaq l]n] i]jebaop]n)oa* K pn]joa `ko lnkbap]o a `ko ]`erejdko `ebana `k tp]oa iope_k `ko ehqie) j]`ko lknmqa( jk lneiaenk( k ej`er`qk pai ]_aook ] qi _kjda_eiajpk mqa lk`a _kilnaaj) `an $iaoik _ki cn]j`a `eÚ_qh`]`a% a lkn eook lk`a pn]joiepe)hk ]ko kqpnko( ajmq]jpk jk oacqj`k jk d _kjda_eiajpk( jk d ]pere`]`a ejpaha_pq]h mqa `alkeo oaf] pn]joieoorah ] kqpnko( i]o d iancqhdk a bqok `k ej`er`qk j] `erej`]`a( jqi] atlanej_e] ejpn]`qvrah a ejpn]joieoorah* =o obifdfbp obsbi^a^p $`ebanajpao( lknp]jpk( `]o nahece ao atppe_]o% na]hev]i( _kjoanr]i a pn]joiepai ] narah]k na_a^e`] ai reo ao a okjdko lkn lnkbap]o a re`ajpao* Lk`ai b]) v)hk `a `q]o i]jaen]o `ebanajpao( lkn ao_nepk kq kn]hiajpa* Jk _]ok `]o nahece ao fq`]e_]( _neop a eoh ie_]( ]o narah] ao ok _kjoecj]`]o lkn ao) _nepk kq ]l o ] iknpa `]mqaha mqa ]o na_a^aq $] Pkn]d ao_nep] ]l o ] iknpa `a Ikeoo( ko Ar]jcahdko ok ao_nepko ]l o ] iknpa `a Faoqo( k =h_knk ao_nepk ]l o ] iknpa `a I]ki% kq mq]j`k ]mqaha mqa ]o na_a^aq na_a^a `a @aqo ] kn`ai `a ao_nar)h]o( l]n] mqa ejpacnai ko patpko `] deop ne] o]cn]`] a oaf]i pn]joieooraeo $ k _]ok `ko lnkbap]o `k =jpeck Pao) p]iajpk a `a Fkk `a L]piko( ]qpkn `k =lk_]heloa( jk Jkrk Paop]iajpk%* Lkn aooa ikperk( fq`aqo( _neopko a iqqhi]jko ok _d]i]`ko `a Mlslp al Ifsol a oq]o nahece ao( Obifdfbp al Ifsol* Jk _]ok( lkn atailhk( `]o nahece ao cnac] a nki]j] ]jpec]o( `]o ]bne_]j]o( `]o ej`ca) j]o `]o pno =ine_]o( k re`ajpa har]`k lan]jpa ko `aqoao kq qi `aqo l]n] ran ] rkjp]`a `erej] mqa `a_e`a ok^na ] re`] a ] iknpa `a qi ej`er`qk kq `a qi cnqlk( ok^na ]_kjpa_e) iajpko j]pqn]eo a+kq dqi]jko( ok^na ko pailko l]oo]`ko a bqpqnko( `araj`k( ]l o ] reok( `ev)h] ]ko kqpnko( lnkbane)h] l]n] ejpacn)h] iai ne] naheceko] kn]h* Jko `keo _]oko( lkni( l]n] mqa Úmqa ej`eo_qprah ] knecai `erej] `] narah]k( ] at) lkoek ao_nep] kq kn]h o lk`a oan baep] lkn l]n^kh]o( iapbkn]o( ei]cajo a deop ne]o _qfk oajpe`k lna_eo]n oan `a_ebn]`k lahko haepknao kq kqrejpao* @aqoao( lnkbap]o a re`ajpao b]h]i lkn iaek `a bkfdj^p kq lo`rilp* @aoo] i]jaen]( k _]npan pn]jo_aj`ajpa a ieopanekok `] rkjp]`a `erej] lnaoanr]`k*
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= re`] ]lo ] iknpa
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eiko mqa k oajpeiajpk nahecekok a ] atlanej_e] `] nahecek ok ejoal]nraeo `] lan) _alk `a jkoo] iknp]he`]`a a `] _naj] ai jkoo] eiknp]he`]`a* Pk`] nahecek( lkn) p]jpk( atlhe_] jk o ] knecai `] kn`ai `k iqj`k j]pqn]h i]o p]i^i ] `ko oanao dqi]jko a hdao ajoej] lkn mqa ok iknp]eo a k mqa lk`ai kq `arai aolan]n ]l o ] iknpa* J] mq]oa pkp]he`]`a `]o nahece ao( k ieopnek `] iknpa oailna atlhe_]`k _kik _kjoa) mqj_e] `a ]hcqi] b]hp] _kiape`] _kjpn] ]hcqi `aqo kq `a ]hcqi] kbajo] mqa ko dkiajo Úvan]i ]ko `aqoao* Jk lnej_lek ko dkiajo an]i eiknp]eo a rere]i j] _kil]jde] `ko `aq) oao kq `a @aqo7 ] oacqen( ]hcqi kq ]hcqjo _kiapai qi] pn]jocnaook eilan`krah a _ki ah] rai ] cn]j`a lqjek6 ] iknp]he`]`a l]n] pk`ko* Jk ajp]jpk( ] eiknp]he`]`a jk aop pkp]hiajpa lan`e`]( lkeo ko `aqoao $kq @aqo% _kj) _a`ai ]ko iknp]eo qi] re`] ]l o ] iknpa( `ao`a mqa( j] re`] lnaoajpa( naolaepai ] rkjp]`a a ] hae `erej]o* ?kik ] eiknp]he`]`a; =hcqi]o nahece ao ]Úni]i ] eiknp]he`]`a `k _knlk dqi]jk ]ooacqn]j`k mqa aopa lkooqe qi armil( baepk `a kqpn] i]pne]( mqa lani]ja_a ]l o ] iknpa( a mqa( lkn oan baepk `a i]pne] oqpeh( lk`a lajapn]n jk _knlk `a kqpnko oanao l]n] nah]_ekj]n)oa _ki ko rerko* Kqpn]o nahece ao ]_na`ep]i mqa k _knlk iknp]h( i]o d]^ep]`k lkn qi] ajpe) `]`a Í aolnepk( ]hi]( oki^n] ei]pane]h( oklnk Í( mqa oan eiknp]h oa ko `a_napko `erejko a ko nepq]eo peranai oe`k naolaep]`ko lahk Úah kq( jk _]ok `k fq`]oik a `k _neope]jeoik( oa ]hi `eook k cjank dqi]jk peran na_a^e`k k lan`k `erejk lahk la_]`k `ko ]j_aopn]eo* Lkn ]_na`ep]nai Úniaiajpa jqi] kqpn] re`] Í mqa lk`a oan eia`e]p]( ]l o ] ikn) pa `k _knlk( kq lk`a atecen naaj_]nj] ao lqneÚ_]`kn]o ]p k aolnepk kq ] ]hi] ]h]n)oa eiknp]he`]`a Í( ]o nahece ao lkooqai nepko bqjanneko( aj_]nnac]`ko `a lnal]n]n a c]n]jpen ] ajpn]`] `k iknpk j] kqpn] re`]* K nepq]h b ja^na heil]( lqneÚ_]( ]`knj] a lanbqi] k _kn) lk iknpk a k lnkpaca _ki ] oalqhpqn]* Lahk iaoik ikperk( ]hi `ko nepko bqjanneko( ko _aiepneko( j] i]ekne] `]o nahece ao a l]npe_qh]niajpa j]o ]bne_]j]o( ej`caj]o a k_e`ajp]eo ]jpec]o( an]i hqc]nao _kjo]cn]`ko( _]ilko o]jpko( jko mq]eo okiajpa ]hcqjo( a ai _anp]o _kj`e ao( lk`e]i lajapn]n* Ai ]hcqi]o nahece ao( _kik j] ]jpec] acl_e] a j] cnac]( ] lanbaep] lnaoanr]k `k _knlk iknpk( eopk ( `a oq] fj^dbj( an] aooaj_e]h l]n] mqa bkooa na_kjda_e`k lahko `aqoao jk naejk `ko iknpko a na_a^aooa ] eiknp]he`]`a* Jk _]ok `ko acl_eko d]re] qi] ejopepqek ok_e]h( ] ?]o] `ko Iknpko( aj_]nnac]`] `a ai^]ho]i]n ko _]`ranao( lnal]n]j`k)ko l]n] ] lnaoanr]k j] re`] bqpqn]* Jk _]ok `ko cnacko( an] lna_eok mqa k _knlk iknpk lani]ja_aooa ejrekh]`k $oai okbnan `acn]`]k lkn ]jei]eo a ejpailneao%( ] Úi `a mqa `aha j]o_aooa oq] ei]cai rer] a ejpaen]( oq] oki^n]( lkeo an] aop] mqa l]npe] l]n] k kqpnk iqj`k l]n] pknj]n)oa eiknp]h* J]o nahece ao `k aj_]jp]iajpk( _kik ] ]jpec] cnac]( ]o ]bne_]j]o a ]o ej`caj]o `]o =ine_]o( ] iknpa _kj_a^e`] `a `erano]o i]jaen]o( i]o ai pk`]o ah]o k iknpk Ú_] aj_]jp]) `k( eopk ( pknj])oa ]hck ice_k* Ai ]hcqi]o( k iknpk `aet] oaq _knlk l]n] ajpn]n jqi kqpnk a lani]ja_an jk iqj`k( ok^ bkni]o r]ne]`]o7 kq `aet] oaq _knlk a oaq aolnepk lani]ja_a jk iqj`k( ]cep]j`k ko rajpko( ]o cq]o( k bkck( ajoej]j`k _]jpk ]ko loo]nko( lnkpacaj`k ]o _ne]j]o( ajoej]j`k ko i]eo rahdko( ao_kj`aj`k a ]_d]j`k _keo]o* Ai kqpn]o( k iknpk pai oq] ei]cai kq oaq aolnepk har]`k ]k iqj`k `erejk( ]he `aobnqp]j`k `]o `ah_e]o `a qi] re`] lanajaiajpa lanbaep] a ^ah]7 oa( lkni( oq]o b]hp]o pannaj]o bkn]i p]jp]o a p]eo mqa jk l`a oan lan`k]`k( oq] ei]cai kq aolnepk r]c]n apanj]iajpa lah]o pnar]o( oai nalkqok a oai `ao_]jok* K iaoik hda ]_kjpa_an oa ko nepq]eo b ja^nao jk lq`anai oan na]hev]`ko kq oa jk peranai oe`k na]hev]`ko ]`amq]`]iajpa* Aooa lan]i^qh]n lah]o pnar]o jk ateopa j]o nahece ao `a naaj_]nj]k( lknmqa( ai hqc]n `aoo] lqjek( k aolnepk `aran pan p]jp]o re`]o a ok^ p]jp]o bkni]o mq]jp]o ja_aoone]o oq] lqneÚ_]k( ]p mqa lkoo] l]npe_el]n `] bahe_e`]`a lanaja* J]o nahece ao `] o]hr]k( _kik k _]ok `k fq`]oik( `k _neope]jeoik a `k eoh]ieoik( ] bahe_e`]`a lanaja jk ]laj]o ej`ere`q]h( i]o p]i^i _khaper]* Ok nahece ao ai mqa ] `erej`]`a lnkiapa lan`k]n ] b]hp] knecejne]( ajre]j`k qi o]hr]`kn( mqa( o]_neÚ_]j`k)oa lahko dqi]jko( c]n]jpa)hdao ] eiknp]he`]`a a ] na_kj_ehe]k _ki @aqo*
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iehaj]neoik ln lnek `]o nahece ao `] o]hr]k* ] aolan]j] `] bahe_e`]`a lanaja jk iqj`k mq]j`k( ]l o okbneiajpko lnkbqj`ko( ko oanao dqi]jko bknai nacaja) n]`ko( lqneÚ_]`ko a he^anp]`ko lah] `erej`]`a* K panik Îiehaj]neoikÏ lnkri `a qi] _naj] lklqh]n _neop( ai^kn] jk oaf] at_hqoe) rk `] nahecek _neop* >]oa]`ko ai lnkba_e]o `ko lnkbap]o @]jeah a Eo]]o( jk =lk_]heloa `a Ok Fkk( a j]o lna`e ao `a i]cko a oe^eh]o( cnqlko lklqh]nao _neopko( `qn]jpa ] E`]`a I`e]( aolan]r]i mqa ?neopk rkhp]ooa lah] oacqj`] rav( _ki^]paooa ko i]hao $] laopa( ] bkia( ] cqann] a ] iknpa%( raj_aooa k `aijek( aj_]nj]`k jqi ckranj]jpa lanranok( k ]jpe_neopk( a ejopepqooa k naejk `a @aqo j] Pann]( _ki ] `qn]k `a ieh ]jko `a ]^qj` j_e]( fqope] a bahe) _e`]`a* =k Úi `a ieh ]jko( d]rane] ] naooqnnaek `ko iknpko( k Fqvk Bej]h a k Úi `k iqj`k pannajk* K iehaj]neoik ( lknp]jpk( ] _naj] jqi Naejk `a Ieh =jko mqa ]jpa_a`a a lnal]n] k Úi `k iqj`k( ]k _]^k `k mq]h oa eje_e] ] re`] apanj] `ko ahaepko lkn @aqo* Jk ajp]jpk( k panik Îiehaj]neoikÏ _kopqi] oan qo]`k jk oajpe`k i]eo ]ilhk a i]eo can]h `a aolan]j] jqi pailk bqpqnk `a bahe_e`]`a( fqope]( d]nikje]( l]v a ]^qj` j_e]* Aooa pailk oan k hpeik pailk kq k Úi `ko pailko* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ko dkiajo oank bahevao l]n] oailna a j]`] i]eo d]ran l]n] j]nn]n ok^na ahao lknmqa j]`] i]eo ]_kjpa_an* Jaooa oajpe`k ]ilhk `a aolan]j] `a bahe_e`]`a a ]^qj` j_e] jk Úi `ko pailko( mq]j) `k ] `kn( ] ieone]( ] ejfqope] a ] i]h`]`a paniej]nk( kqpn]o nahece ao( mqa jk ] _neop( lk`ank oan _d]i]`]o `a iehaj]neop]o a kqpnko cnqlko _qhpqn]eo dqi]jko jk _neopko p]i) ^i oa pknj]nk ]`alpko `a nahece ao iehaj]neop]o* =ooei( lkn atailhk( ko j`eko cq]n]jeo( `k L]n]cq]e a `k >n]oeh( ]_na`ep]i j] Pann] oai I]hao( mqa oqncen ]hi `ko i]nao( `alkeo mqa ] pann]( _]jo]`] a ejbahev( bkn ]pn]raoo]`] lkn ahao( a k `aqo( ^ajrkhk a _haiajpa( hdao `an ] pann] jkr]( kj`a ]o Ûa_d]o rk]nk okvejd]o l]n] pn]van ] _]] a ] lao_]( a kj`a okvejdko ko bnqpko aj_dank ]o _aop]o( jk d]ran bnek jai _dqr]( jai cqann] jai iknpa* Pk`]o ]o nahece ao ok atlanej_e]o `a b( i]o ]o nahece ao `] o]hr]k $iaooe je_]o% ok nahece ao `] b a `] aolan]j]* K iehaj]neoik atlneia( jk cn]q i]eo ]hpk( ] aolan]j] nahe) ceko] `]o nahece ao `] o]hr]k* Jk _]ok `k iehaj]neoik _neopk( ] aolan]j] rkhp])oa l]n] ] ateopj_e] bqpqn] `a qi] ok_ea`]`a jk dean]nmqev]`]( ecq]hepne] a fqop]7 lkn aooa ikperk( bke _kjoe`an]`k( lah] knpk`kte] _neop( qi] ebobpf^( eopk ( qi la_]`k _kjpn] ] b aop]^aha_e`] lah] `kqpnej] _neop( oacqj`k ] mq]h k naejk `a @aqo f ateopa j] Pann] `ao`a ] naooqnnaek `a ?neopk6 ] Ecnaf]* = aolan]j] iehaj]neop] ln lne] `]o _h]ooao lklqh]nao( ai ok_ea`]`ao ai mqa lnar]) ha_ai ] `aoecq]h`]`a( ] ejfqope]( ] at_hqok a ] ieone]*
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nahece ao `] atpanekne`]`a a nahece ao `] ejpanekne`]`a* =o nahece ao `] atpanek) ne`]`a ok ]mqah]o ai mqa ko `aqoao lkooqai bkni] reorah $dqi]j]( ]jei]h( ra) cap]h kq iejan]h% a oa `enecai o ] ao atpanj]o a reoraeo `ko oanao dqi]jko7 jah]( ]o kn`ajo a ko i]j`]iajpko oa nabanai ] _kilknp]iajpko `erejko a dqi]jko atpanjko a reoraeo a ] nah]k `ko dkiajo _ki ko `aqoao oa atlneia jko nepko a j]o _aneije]o* =o nahece ao `] ejpanekne`]`a ok ]mqah]o ai mqa ] `erej`]`a _kj_a^e`] _kik lqnk aolnepk( ejreorah l]n] ko khdko `a jkook _knlk( a oa `eneca ]k _kn]k( ]k aolnepk( ]hi] `k _najpa( b]h]j`k oq] _kjo_ej_e] a fqhc]j`k ko ]pko dqi]jko ] l]npen `]o ejpaj ao ejpanek) nao `k ]cajpa* =hi `a _qhpq]n ] `erej`]`a _ki nepko a _aneije]o( j] nahecek `] ejpanekne`]) `a ] nah]k bqj`]iajp]h `k dkiai _ki k$o% `aqo$ao% `a aolnepk l]n] aolnepk* Ai ]hcqi]o nahece ao `] atpanekne`]`a( k la_]`k qi] ]k atpanj] reorah( _kiape`] rkhqjpne] kq ejrkhqjp]ne]iajpa _kjpn] ] `erej`]`a lah] rekh]k `a qi p]^q kq lah] i na]hev]k `a qi nepk* = b]hp] foobsbo k`f^( oajpe`] j] bkni] `] sbodlke^( pn]vaj`k _kik _kjoamqj_e] qi] fjmrobw^ mqa _kjp]iej] k b]hpkok a k cnqlk( atecej`k nepq]eo `a lqneÚ) _]k kq o]_neb_eko atle]p neko*
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Ei]j j_e] a pn]jo_aj` j_e]
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q]j`k aopq`]iko k o]cn]`k( reiko mqa( ai ej ian]o _qhpqn]o( ko oanao a k^fapko o]_nko d]^ep]i k jkook iqj`k( ok ei]jajpao ] aha* =o lneiaen]o atlanej_e]o na) heceko]o ok lkn eook m^kqbpq^p( kq oaf]( jah]o pq`k ok `aqoao a aopao aopk ai pk`] l]npa( aol]hd]`ko lah] j]pqnav]* Ko oanao pki]i l]npa j] `erej`]`a( ikperk lahk mq]h lko) oqai j^k^( lobka^ a qrkm^* K kqr ]bne_]jk atlneia ] _kj_alk `] ei]jj_e] l]jpaop]* =k _kjpnnek `]o nahece ao l]jpaop]o kq `] ei]jj_e] `ko `aqoao jk iqj`k( ]o nahece ao qbpq^p ok pn]jo_aj`ajpao( eopk ( ko `aqoao aopk oal]n]`ko `k iqj`k j]pqn]h a dqi]jk( rerai jkqpnk iqj`k a ]cai ok^na k jkook* ]ooei( lkn atailhk( mqa ko `aqoao cnacko( ai^kn] pajd]i bkni] dqi]j]( rerai jk ikjpa Kheilk( a Fakr( mqa lkooqe ]pne^qpko dq) i]jko $_kik ] rkv%( i]jebaop])oa( lkn atailhk( jk ikjpa Oej]e* Aeo lkn mqa( j]o nahece ao `] pn]jo_aj`j_e]( b]h])oa j] sfpfq^ l `ko `aqoao l]n] nabanen)oa ]ko ikiajpko ai mqa oa _kiqje_]i _ki ko oanao dqi]jko* J]o rne]o nahece ao `] pn]jo_aj`j_e]( ] reoep]k `erej] jk lnk^haipe_]( lknmqa ko `aqoao lkooqai bkni]o i]pane]eo Í ]jei]eo( _kik j] nahecek acl_e]( dqi]j]o( _kik j]o nahece ao cnac] a nki]j]* = reoep]k qi lnk^hai] j] nahecek _neop( lknmqa k @aqo _neopk ar^p sbwbp jfpqboflpl a pkp]hiajpa `ebanajpa `]o bkni]o ateopajpao jk iqj`k* Ai lneiaenk hqc]n( apanjk( ej_knl nak( ejÚjepk( lhajk a lanbaepk( a jk lkoorah mqa ]l]na] ]ko dkiajo a hdao b]ha `enap]iajpa( lkeo l]n] eook pane] `a lkooqen _knlk a rkv* Lkn aooa lneiaenk ikperk( k _neope]jeoik b]h] j] reoep]k `a @aqo lkn iaek `ko ]jfko a o]jpko( a j] ejolen]k `a jkook aolnepk lahk Aolnepk O]jpk( ajre]`k lahk L]e* Ai oacqj`k hqc]n( _kjopepq`k lkn pno lao) ok]o mqa ok qi] o $L]e( Behdk a Aolnepk O]jpk%( `kj`a k _]npan pkp]hiajpa ej_kilnaajorah a ieopanekok `] aj_]nj]k `k Behdk ai Faoqo ?neopk( lkeo _kik atlhe_]n mqa qi] `]o laook]o `] Pnej`]`a oa oal]na `]o kqpn]o l]n] ren d]^ep]n ajpna ko dkiajo a mqa qi oan apanjk( ei]) pane]h a ejÚjepk pkia ] bkni] i]pane]h( iknp]h( Újep]( _]najpa a eilanbaep] `k dqi]jk; L]n] oqlan]n ]o `eÚ_qh`]`ao( k _neope]jeoik b]h] j] reoep]k `a @aqo lkn iaek `ko ]jfko a o]jpko( a j] ejolen]k `k Aolnepk O]jpk( ajre]`k lahk L]e*
PANTEqSTAßTHEOS ßEMß GREGO ßSIGNIFICAß±DEUS²ß PAN ßEMßGREGO ßSIGNIFICA ß ±TODOS ßTUDO²
Pn]jo_aj` j_e] a dean]nmqe]
R
eiko mqa( lah] hae `erej]( ejopepq`] ] kn`ai `k iqj`k j]pqn]h a dqi]jk* Reiko p]i^i mqa k _kjda_eiajpk `aoo] hae paj`a ] pknj]n)oa qi _kjda_eiajpk aola_e]h( oaf] lknmqa okiajpa ]hcqjo ok ao_khde`ko l]n] _kjda_)h]( oaf] lknmqa k patpk `] hae ej_kilnaajorah a ateca laook]o _]l]vao `a b]van ] ejpanlnap]k $lnkbap]o a re`ajpao%( oaf] ]ej`] lknmqa ] ln lne] ejpanlnap]k k^o_qn] a ateca jkrko ejpnlnapao* ?kjop]p]iko mqa k _kjda_eiajpk `] hae a `] rkjp]`a `erej]o ok aooaj_e]eo l]n] ] j]n) n]per] `] deop ne] o]cn]`] a l]n] ] na]hev]k _knnap] a aÚ_]v `ko nepko* ?kik _kjoamqj_e]( ]o nahece ao paj`ai ] ejopepqen qi cnqlk `a ej`er`qko( oal]n]`ko `k naop]jpa `] _kiqje`]`a( aj_]nnac]`ko `a pn]joiepen ] deop ne] o]cn]`]( ejpanlnap]n ] hae a ko oej]eo `erejko( na]hev]n ko nepko a i]n_]n k aol]k)pailk o]cn]`ko* I]cko( ]opn hkcko( re`ajpao( lnkbap]o( t]io( o]_an`kpao a l]fo lkooqai o]^anao a lk) `anao aola_e]eo* Ok _]l]vao `a _qn]n( `a lnaran k bqpqnk( `a ]lh]_]n ] _ han] `ko `aqoao( `a ]jqj_e]n ] rkjp]`a `erej]( `a `aopnqen ] `eop j_e] $lkn iaek `a l]h]rn]o a caopko%* Eje_e]h) iajpa( oq] bqjk pn]van k o]cn]`k l]n] k cnqlk a ] _kjoanr)hk* Lkq_k ] lkq_k( lkni( bkni]i qi cnqlk oal]n]`k( qi] _h]ooa ok_e]h( _ki atecj_e]o a lk`anao ln lneko( lner]i
/.2
= atlanej_e] `k o]cn]`k a ] ejopepqek `] nahecek x #!0É45,/ß x
] _kiqje`]`a `] lnaoaj] `enap] `k o]cn]`k a `eopkn_ai ] bqjk knecejne] mqa lkooq]i( pn]jobkni]j`k)] ai `kijek a lk`an ok^na ] _kiqje`]`a* Pknj]i)oa ko lknp]`knao oei^ ) he_ko `k o]cn]`k a ia`e]`knao ej`eolajoraeo* = nahecek( _kik f k^oanr]iko( na]hev] k aj_]jp]iajpk `k iqj`k( atlhe_]j`k)k lahk i]n]rehdkok a ieopanekok* K cnqlk mqa `api k o]^an nahecekok( ]k pknj]n)oa `apajpkn `k lk`an( lkooqe k lk`an i]eo ]hpk6 k `a aj_]jp]n( `aoaj_]jp]n a naaj_]jp]n k iqj`k* Lkn eook( jqi lneiaenk ikiajpk( k lk`an nahecekok _kj_ajpn])oa j]o iko `a qi o ( mqa lkooqe p]i) ^i ] ]qpkne`]`a iehep]n a k `kijek a_kjie_k ok^na pk`] ] _kiqje`]`a* Ç ia`e`] mqa ]o nah] ao ok_e]eo oa pknj]i i]eo _kilhat]o( _ki `ereo ao ok_e]eo `k pn]^]hdk a `] lnklnea`]`a( k lk`an l]oo] lkn qi] `ereok6 qi cnqlk `api ] ]qpkne`]`a naheceko] a kqpnk( ] iehep]n a a_kjie_]* Lkni( pk`k k o]^an `] _kiqje`]`a Í deop ne] o]) cn]`]( ejpanlnap]k `] hae `erej]( nepq]eo Í aj_kjpn])oa j]o iko `] ]qpkne`]`a naheceko]( mqa l]oo]( `aoo] i]jaen]( ] oan k ^n]k ejpaha_pq]h a fqn`e_k ej`eolajorah `] ]qpkne`]`a a_kjie_] a iehep]n* J]o nahece ao `] pn]jo_aj` j_e]( pno ok ]o _kjoamqj_e]o lnej_el]eo `aooa `aoajrkh) reiajpk deop ne_k6 -*
] bkni]k `a qi] ]qpkne`]`a mqa `api k lnerehcek `k o]^an( lknmqa _kjda_a ] rkj) p]`a `erej] a oq]o haeo* ?ki ah]( oqnca ] fkpqfqrf l p^`boalq^i b b`ibpfpqf`^* Jk lkn ]_]ok( ?_ank `en mqa ] l]h]rn] obifdfl rai `k ran^k ibdbob( ÎhanÏ* Ko o]_an`kpao ok ej) paha_pq]eo* K cnqlk o]_an`kp]h `api rneko o]^anao6 k `] deop ne] o]cn]`]( k `ko nepq]eo( k `]o haeo `erej]o( lah]o mq]eo eilkop] ] ikn]he`]`a ]k cnqlk* ?kik aooao o]^anao oa nabanai ]k `erejk( _kjopepqai ] pakhkce]* Ko o]_an`kpao( kq qi] l]npa `ahao( ok pa hk) cko* P]eo o]^anao hdao `k ko oacqejpao lk`anao6
jdf`l6 ok ko je_ko mqa _kjda_ai a o]^ai i]jelqh]n ko rj_qhko oa_napko ajpna ]o _keo]o7 afsfk^qofl lr ^afsfke^qofl6 ok ko je_ko _]l]vao `a lnaran ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko lah] ejpanlnap]k `ko ]opnko( `a oej]eo a `]o ajpn]jd]o `ko ]jei]eo7 molmf`f^qofl6 ok ko je_ko _]l]vao `a na]hev]n ko nepko `a i]jaen] _knnap] a ]`amq]`] l]n] k^pajk `ko b]rknao `erejko7 mrkfqfsl6 ok ko je_ko mqa _kjda_ai ]o haeo `erej]o a lk`ai lqjen ko pn]jocnaooknao kq ejÚeo* .*
/.3
] bkniqh]k `a qi] `kqpnej] naheceko] ^]oa]`] j] e`ae] `a efbo^onrf^( eopk ( `a qi] na]he`]`a knc]jev]`] j] bkni] `a cn]qo oqlaneknao a ejbaneknao kj`a oa oepq]i pk`ko ko oanao( lkn rkjp]`a `erej]* Ko ajpao oa `eopejcqai lkn oq] lnkteie`]`a kq `eop j_e] `ko `aqoao( oacqj`k k hqc]n deannmqe_k( Útk a eiqprah( mqa hdao bke `aopej]`k* =ooei( lkn atailhk( ]hcqi]o nahece ao lk`ai _kjoe`an]n _anpko ]jei]eo i]eo ln ) teiko `ko `aqoao( oaj`k lkn eook i]eo lk`ankoko( i]eo o^eko a iahdknao `k mqa pk`ko ko kqpnko ajpao* Kqpn]o lk`ai _kjoe`an]n ]o ajpe`]`ao ei]pane]eo oqlaneknao a ]o i]pane]eo kq _knlkn]eo ejbaneknao* Kqpn]o lk`ai _kjoe`an]n ko dqi]jko k cn]q i]eo ]hpk `] dean]n) mqe]( pk`ko ko kqpnko oanao aop]j`k oq^kn`ej]`ko ] ahao a `araj`k)hdao k^a`ej_e]* J]o nahece ao lkhepaop]o( ] dean]nmqe] _kia] lahko ln lneko `aqoao( d]raj`k `aq) oao oqlaneknao a ejbaneknao* J]o nahece ao ikjkpaop]o( ] dean]nmqe] l a ] `erej`]`a jk pklk `a qi] ao_]h] a ko `ai]eo oanao ok kn`aj]`ko oacqj`k oq] i]ekn kq iajkn oa) iahd]j] _ki ah]* =ooei( lkn atailhk( jk _neope]jeoik( d qi] dean]nmqe] _ahaopa $]j) fko( ]n_]jfko( mqanq^ejo( oan]Újo( pnkjko( lkpaop]`ao a o]jpko% a qi] dean]nmqe] pannao) pna $dkiajo( ]jei]eo( lh]jp]o( iejan]eo%( aop]j`k ]^]etk `ah] ko `aijeko a ]o pnar]o* = jkk `a dean]nmqe] ejpnk`qv ]o jk ao `a prmboflo a fkcboflo( `aÚjej`k ] nah]k ajpna ]i^ko lahk i]j`k a lah] k^a`ej_e]* @aoo] i]jaen]( ] nahecek knc]jev] k iqj`k a( _ki eook( ] ok_ea`]`a* Are`ajpaiajpa( ko mqa oa k_ql]i _ki ]o _keo]o o]cn]`]o aopk jk pklk `] dean]nmqe] dqi]j] a pk`ko ko kqpnko hdao `arai k^a`ej_e]*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
/*
k lnerehcek `k qok `] rekhj_e] o]cn]`] l]n] lqjen ko b]hpkoko kq la_]`knao* Eje_e]hiaj) pa( atece])oa mqa pk`ko ko iai^nko `] _kiqje`]`a bkooai lea`koko( kq oaf]( naolaep]o) oai `aqoao( p]^qo( nepq]eo a ] iai ne] `ko ]jpal]oo]`ko* ?ki k oqnceiajpk `] _h]ooa o]_an`kp]h( l]ookq)oa ] atecen mqa aooao iai^nko `] _kiqje`]`a Í ko o]_an`kpao Í bkooai _]opko( eopk ( lkooqooai ejpacne`]`a _knlkn]h a aolenepq]h l]n] kÚ_e]n ko nepko a ejpanlnap]n ]o haeo* J] mq]he`]`a `a _]opko( ok ko i]eo lqnko a lkn eook ejraope`ko( ]l o a`q_]k a eje_e]k( `k lk`an `a lqneÚ_]k* @api k lk`an fq`e_enek*
J]o nahece ao `] ejpanekne`]`a( _kik k _]ok `k _neope]jeoik a `k fq`]oik( k lnereh) cek fq`e_enek a `] rekhj_e] o]cn]`] atan_e`k jk o ok^na k _knlk a k _kilknp]iajpk `ko Úeo( i]o ok^napq`k ok^na ]o ]hi]o* ?kik eook lkoorah; Jk _]ok `k _]pkhe_eoik kq `k _neope]jeoik `] Ecnaf] `a Nki]( lkn atailhk( eook bae) pk lkn iaek `a `keo lnk_a`eiajpko lnej_el]eo* K lneiaenk ] `lkÛppl a^p c^iq^p lr alp mb`^alp( baep] lan]jpa k o]_an`kpa( mqa pai k lk`an l]n] lan`k]n kq ]^okhran ia`e]jpa k ]nnalaj`eiajpk `k la_]`kn a `]o lajepj_e]o mqa hda ok eilkop]o* D qi _ `eck pe_k)nahecekok mqa `apaniej] mq]eo ok ko la_]`ko $mb`^alp jloq^fp( mb* `^alp sbkf^fp( mb`^alp `^mfq^fp%( mq]eo ko ik`ko `a la_]n $mlo ^ql( m^i^so^p a fkqbk bp%( mq]h k `]jk _]qo]`k ]k la_]`kn a mq]eo ]o lajepj_e]o mqa `ara _qilnen* K la_]`kn b]v qi at]) ia `a _kjo_ej_e]( _kjbaoo] ]k o]_an`kpa( pknj]j`k reorah $lkn l]h]rn]o% ko oacna`ko `a oq] ]hi] a ajpnac])oa ieoane_ n`e] `a @aqo( nalnaoajp]`k lahk o]_an`kpa mqa lqja a lan`k]* K oacqj`k lnk_a`eiajpk k bu^jb p^`boalq^i a^p fabf^p b a^p lmfkfbp alp Ûfp* @a b]pk( k o]^an nahecekok _neopk aop _kjoecj]`k jqi patpk Í ] Ao_nepqn] O]cn]`] Í a jqi _kjfqjpk `a patpko ejpanlnap]perko `k lneiaenk Í ] pakhkce] n]_ekj]h Í( bkni]j`k ] `kqpnej] _neop* L]npa `aoo] `kqpnej] _kjopepq`] lkn ran`]`ao narah]`]o _kilnaajoraeo l]n] ] n]vk dqi]) j]( l]npa _kjopepq`] lkn ran`]`ao narah]`]o ej_kilnaajoraeo l]n] ] ejpahecj_e] dqi]j]* Aoo]o hpei]o ran`]`ao _kjopepqai ko `kci]o `] b a jk lk`ai oan mqaopekj]`]o* Mqaopek) j)h]o kq lnklkn)hdao qi _kjpa `k kq oecjeÚ_]`k `ebanajpao `k aop]^aha_e`k lah] `kqpnej] _kjoe`an]`k la_]`k iknp]h* Eook oecjeÚ_] mqa ] pn]jocnaook naheceko] lk`a k_knnan lkn iaek `k lajo]iajpk kq `]o e`ae]o* ] ebobpf^ $l]h]rn] cnac] mqa oecjeÚ_] Îklejek `eo_kn`]jpaÏ%* = ejopepqek o]_an`kp]h pai k lk`an l]n] lqjen danaoe]o a k b]v lkn pno _]iejdko6 ] bu`ljrkel $k Úah ^]je`k `] _kiqje`]`a `ko _najpao a lnkiape`k lqjek apanj]%( ] l_qbk l a^ `lkÛppl ab ^oobmbkafjbkql `k danaca $ai can]h( k^pe`] lkn iaek `a pknpqn]% kq ] `lkabk^ l jloqb* =ooei( k o]cn]`k ` knecai nahecek( ajmq]jpk ] ok_ea`]`a b]v ]l]na_an k lk`an pakh ce_k `] ]qpkne`]`a naheceko]*
=o bej]he`]`ao `] nahecek
=
ejrajk _qhpqn]h `k o]cn]`k oa na]hev] _kik lnk_aook `a oei^khev]k a aj_]jp]) iajpk `k iqj`k( oaf] j] bkni] `] fj^k k`f^ `k ok^naj]pqn]h jk j]pqn]h( oaf] j] `] qo^kp`bka k`f^ `k ok^naj]pqn]h* K o]cn]`k ` oecjeÚ_]k ]k aol]k( ]k pailk a ]ko oanao mqa jahao j]o_ai( rerai a iknnai* = l]oo]cai `k o]cn]`k nahecek `apaniej] ]o Új]he`]`ao lnej_el]eo `] atlanej_e] naheceko] a `] ejopepqek ok_e]h naheceko]* Ajpna aoo]o Új]he`]`ao `aop]_]iko6 lnkpacan ko oanao dqi]jko _kjpn] k ia`k `] j]pqnav]( jah] aj_kjpn]j`k bkn]o ^ajÚ) _]o( _kjpn]lkop]o o i]hÚ_]o a `aopnqe`kn]o7 `]n ]ko dqi]jko qi ]_aook ran`]`a `k iqj`k( aj_kjpn]j`k atlhe_] ao l]n] ] kne) cai( ] bkni]( ] re`] a ] iknpa `a pk`ko ko oanao a `ko ln lneko dqi]jko7 kbana_an ]ko dqi]jko ] aolan]j] `a re`] ]l o ] iknpa( oaf] j] bkni] `a naaj_]nj]k lanaja( oaf] j] bkni] `a naaj_]nj]k lqneÚ_]`kn]( oaf] j] bkni] `] eiknp]he`]`a ej) `ere`q]h( mqa laniepa k napknjk `k dkiai ]k _kjrrek `enapk _ki ] `erej`]`a( oaf] j] bkni] `a bqok `k aolnepk `k iknpk jk oaek `] `erej`]`a* =o nahece ao `] o]hr]k( p]j)
/.4
= atlanej_e] `k o]cn]`k a ] ejopepqek `] nahecek x #!0É45,/ß x
pk ]o `a pelk fq`]e_k)_neopk mq]jpk ]o `a pelk kneajp]h( lnkiapai ]ko oanao dqi]jko he^anp)hko `] laj] a `] `kn `] ateopj_e] pannaj]7 kbana_an _kjokhk ]ko ]Ûepko( `]j`k)hdao qi] atlhe_]k l]n] ] `kn( oaf] ah] boe_]( oaf] lomqe_]7 c]n]jpen k naolaepk o jkni]o( o nacn]o a ]ko r]hknao `] ikn]he`]`a aop]^aha_e`] lah] ok_ea`]`a* Ai can]h( ko r]hknao ikn]eo ok aop]^aha_e`ko lah] ln lne] nahecek j] bkni] `a i]j`]iajpko `erejko( eopk ( ] nahecek naah]^kn] ]o nah] ao ok_e]eo ateopajpao _kik nacn]o a jkni]o( atlnaoo ao `] rkjp]`a `ko `aqoao kq `a @aqo( c]n]jpej`k ] k^nec]pk) nea`]`a `] k^a`ej_e] ] ah]o ok^ laj] `a o]j ao ok^naj]pqn]eo*
?npe_]o nahecek !RALDOß$Eß,UCß#ORBIS,ATINSTOCK
= %PICURO߯ßA# ß FILvSOFOßGREGOßATOMISTA ß FUNDADORßDOßEPICURISMO
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o lneiaen]o _npe_]o nahecek baep]o jk lajo]iajpk k_e`ajp]h rean]i `ko Úh okbko ln)ok_npe_ko( mqa _nepe_]n]i k lkhepaoik a k ]jpnklkiknÚoik `ko `aqoao* =Ún) i]n]i ahao mqa( `k lkjpk `a reop] `] n]vk( ] lhqn]he`]`a `ko `aqoao ]^oqn`]( lkeo ] aooj_e] `] `erej`]`a ] lhajepq`a ejÚjep]( jk lk`aj`k d]ran oajk qi] lkpj_e] `ere) j]* @a_h]n]n]i p]i^i ]^oqn`k k ]jpnklkiknÚoik( mqa ]pne^qe ]ko `aqoao mq]he`]`ao a lnklnea`]`ao dqi]j]o jqi cn]q oqlanh]perk( eopk ( _kik oa ko `aqoao jk bkooai oajk oqlan)dkiajo* = n]vk( lkni( o]^a mqa ahao `arai oan prmo^)dqi]jko( kq oaf]( ]o mq]he) `]`ao `ko oanao `erejko jk lk`ai _kjbqj`en)oa _ki ]o `] j]pqnav] dqi]j]* Aoo]o _npe_]o bkn]i napki]`]o a oeopai]pev]`]o lkn Lh]pk( =neop pahao a lahko aopke_ko* Qi] kqpn] _npe_] nahecek bke baep] lahk cnack Ale_qnk a napki]`] lahk h]pejk Hq_n_ek* = nahecek( `evai ahao( b]^qh]k ehqo ne]( j]o_e`] `k ia`k `] iknpa a `] j]pqnav]* oq) lanopek* Jk o_qhk TRE( ko lajo]`knao _d]i]`ko he^anpejko napki]i aoo] iaoi] _npe_]* Jk o_qhk TREE( k Úh okbk Aolejko] p]i^i ] na_khk_]( i]o( ai rav `a _kia]n lah] na) hecek( _kia] lah] prmbopqf l* Ko dkiajo( `ev aha( pi ia`k `a mqa i]hao hdao ]_kjpa]i a jqpnai aolan]j] `a mqa ^ajo hdao ]`rajd]i* Ikre`ko lkn aoo]o `q]o l]et ao $ia`k a aolan]j]%( jk _kjÚ]i ai oe iaoiko jai jko _kjda_eiajpko n]_ekj]eo l]n] arep]n i]hao a ]pn]en ^ajo* L]ooekj]h kq enn]_ekj]hiajpa( fqhc]i mqa ] knecai `ko i]hao a ^ajo aj_kjpn])oa ai bkn]o _]lne_dko]o( _kik ] oknpa a ] bknpqj]( a l]oo]i ] ]_na`ep]n jah]o _kik lk`anao mqa ko ckranj]i ]n^epn]ne]iajpa* Aoo] _naj] ] oqlanopek* L]n] ]heiajp)h]( _ne]i ] nahecek a aop]( l]n] _kjoanr]n oaq `kijek ok^na ko dkiajo( ejopepqe k lk`an pakh ce_k)lkhpe_k( eopk ( qi] lkhpe_] `enece`] a _ki]j`]`] lah] nahecek( kq iahdkn( lahko `apajpknao `k lk`anek nahecekok* @aoo] i]jaen]( o]_an`kpao a pa hkcko b]vai _nan mqa ]o haeo lkhpe_]o jk bkn]i ejopepq`]o lahko ln lneko dkiajo( i]o lah] rkjp]`a `a @aqo kq `ko `aqoao a mqa aop] bke narah]`] ] ]hcqjo mqa( lkn eook( pi k `enaepk `erejk `a `kiej]n a _ki]j`]n ko `ai]eo* J]o_e`] `k ia`k oqlanope_ekok( ] nahecek aop( lknp]jpk( ] oanrek `] pen]je]( a aop] p]jpk i]eo bknpa mq]jpk i]eo ko dkiajo bknai `aet]`ko j] ecjk) n j_e] `] ran`]`aen] j]pqnav] `a @aqo( `]o ran`]`aen]o _]qo]o `a pk`]o ]o _keo]o a `] knecai dqi]j] `k lk`an lkhpe_k a `]o haeo* = _npe_] Úhko Ú_] nahecek _kj_ajpnkq)oa( lkq_k ] lkq_k( j] ]Úni]k `] `ebanaj] ajpna nahecek narah]`] a ran`]`aenk _kjda_eiajpk `a @aqo( kq oaf]( j] `ebanaj] ajpna ] _naj] jqi] `erej`]`a ok^naj]pqn]h mqa eil a haeo ]ko dkiajo a k _kjda_eiajpk n]_ekj]h `] aooj_e] `a @aqo* Aoo] `ebanaj] harkq( jko o_qhko TREE a TREEE( e`ae] `a qi] nahecek jk narah]`]( jk ok^naj]pqn]h( _d]i]`] `a obifdfl k^qro^i kq abpjl* Rkhp]j`k)oa _kjpn] ] nahecek narah]`] a ejopepq_ekj]hev]`] _kik lk`an a_haoeope_k a lk`an pakh ce_k)lkhpe_k( ko Úh okbko ]Úni]n]i ] ateopj_e] `a qi @aqo mqa qi] bkn] kq qi] ajance] ejpahecajpa( ei]jajpa j]pqnav]( _kjda_e`k lah] n]vk a _kjpnnek oqlanopek* K^oanr]iko( lknp]jpk( mqa ]o _npe_]o nahecek rkhp]i)oa _kjpn] `keo `a oaqo ]ola_pko6 k aj_]jp]iajpk `k iqj`k( _kjoe`an]`k oqlanopek( a k lk`an pakh ce_k)lkhpe_k ejopepq_ek) j]h( _kjoe`an]`k pen je_k*
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Jk o_qhk TET( k Úh okbk Baqan^]_d _nepe_kq ] nahecek _kik ^ifbk^ l* Ko oanao dqi]) jko rerai( `ao`a oailna( jqi] nah]k _ki ] j]pqnav] a( `ao`a iqepk _a`k( oajpai ja) _aooe`]`a `a atlhe_)h] a k b]vai ]j]heo]j`k ] knecai `]o _keo]o( ] nacqh]ne`]`a `ko ]_kj) pa_eiajpko j]pqn]eo( ] knecai `] re`]( ] _]qo] `] `kn a `] iknpa( ] _kjoanr]k `k pailk l]oo]`k j] iai ne] a ] aolan]j] `a qi pailk bqpqnk* L]n] eook( _ne]i ko `aqoao* @k)hdao bkn]o a lk`anao mqa atlneiai `aoafko dqi]jko* B]vai)jko _ne]`knao `] na]he`]`a* Lkq_k ] lkq_k( l]oo]i ] _kj_a^)hko _kik ckranj]jpao `] na]he`]`a( `kp]`ko `a bkn]o a lk`anao i]eknao `ko mqa ko dqi]jko* Jaooa ikreiajpk( cn]`q]hiajpa( `a can]k ] can]k( ko oanao dqi]jko oa aomqa_ai `a mqa bkn]i ko _ne]`knao `] `erej`]`a( ejranpai ]o lkoe ao a fqhc]i)oa _ne]`ko lahko `aq) oao* Aopao( _]`] rav i]eo( pknj]i)oa oanao kjelkpajpao( kjeo_eajpao a `eop]jpao `ko dqi]jko( atecej`k `aopao _qhpk( nepk a k^a`ej_e]* Pknj]i)oa pn]jo_aj`ajpao a l]oo]i ] `kiej]n ] ei]cej]k a ] re`] `ko oanao dqi]jko* = ]heaj]k naheceko] aooa hkjck lnk_aook lahk mq]h ko dkiajo jk oa na_kjda_ai jk lnk`qpk `a oq] ln lne] _ne]k( pn]jobkni]j`k)k jqi kqpnk $^ifbkrp%( aopn]jdk( `eop]jpa( lk`ankok a `kiej]`kn* K `kijek `] _ne]pqn] $`aqoao% ok^na oaqo _ne]`knao $dkiajo% ] ]heaj]k* = ]jheoa `a Baqan^]_d bke napki]`] lkn I]nt( `a mqai _kjda_aiko ] _ha^na atlnaook6 Î= nahecek k lek `k lkrkÏ* ?ki aoo] ]Úni]k( I]nt lnapaj`a ikopn]n mqa ] nahecek Í naba) nej`k)oa ]k fq`]oik( ]k _neope]jeoik a ]k eoh]ieoik( eopk ( o nahece ao `] o]hr]k Í ]iknpa) _a ] _ki^]pere`]`a `ko klneie`ko a atlhkn]`ko( lknmqa hdao lnkiapa qi] re`] bahev jk bqpqnk a jqi kqpnk iqj`k* J] aolan]j] `a bahe_e`]`a a fqope] kl lrqol jrkal( ko `aolkooq`ko( atlhkn]`ko a dqiehd]`ko `aet]i `a _ki^]pan ]o _]qo]o `a oq]o ieone]o kbpqb jrkal* Pk`]re]( I]nt bav qi] kqpn] ]Úni]k mqa( ai can]h( jk hai^n]`]* @eooa aha mqa Î] nahecek h ce_] a aj_e_hkl`e] lklqh]n( aolnepk `a qi iqj`k oai aolnepkÏ* Mqa oecjeÚ_]i aoo]o l]h]rn]o; ?ki ah]o( I]nt lnk_qnkq ikopn]n mqa ] nahecek qi] bkni] `a _kjda_eiajpk a `a atlhe_]k `] na]he`]`a( qo]`] lah]o _h]ooao lklqh]nao Í h ce_] a aj_e_hkl`e] Í l]n] `]n oajpe`k o _keo]o( o nah] ao ok_e]eo a lkhpe_]o( aj_kjpn]j`k oecjeÚ_] ao Í k aolnepk jk iqj`k oai aolnepk Í mqa hdao laniep]i( lanek`e_]iajpa( hqp]n _kjpn] ko lk`anao pen ) je_ko* I]nt pejd] j] hai^n]j] ]o narkhp]o _]ilkjao]o a lklqh]nao `qn]jpa ] Nabkni] Lnkpaop]jpa( ^ai _kik j] Narkhqk Ejchao] `a -200( j] Narkhqk Bn]j_ao] `a -345 a jko ikreiajpko iehaj]neop]o mqa atlneien]i( j] E`]`a I`e] a jk ej_ek `ko ikreiajpko ok) _e]heop]o( ] hqp] lklqh]n _kjpn] ] ejfqope] ok_e]h a lkhpe_]* Oa lkn qi h]`k( j] nahecek( d ] c^`b lmf`f^ `k _kjbknieoik( d( lkn kqpnk h]`k( ] c^`b `lj_^qfs^ `ko mqa qo]i k o]^an nahecekok _kjpn] ]o ejopepqe ao hacepei]`]o lahk lk`an pakh ce_k)lkhpe_k*
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] i]ekne] `]o _qhpqn]o( ] nahecek oa ]lnaoajp] _kik oeopai] atlhe_]perk can]h( kba) na_aj`k _]qo]o a abaepko( nah] ao ajpna oanao( r]hknao ikn]eo a p]i^i oqopajp]k ]k lk`an lkhpe_k* Jah] oa abaper] qi] sfpl ab jrkal je_]( rhe`] l]n] pk`] ] ok) _ea`]`a( a bknja_a ] oaqo iai^nko qi] _kiqje`]`a `a ]k a `a `aopejk* Jk _]ok `] _qhpqn] k_e`ajp]h( lkni( ] nahecek pknjkq)oa ]laj]o i]eo qi oeopai] at) lhe_]perk `] na]he`]`a( ajpna kqpnko* = nqlpqn] _ki k jvqelp( abapq]`] lahk oqnceiajpk a `aoajrkhreiajpk `k idlp( eopk ( `k lajo]iajpk n]_ekj]h( `aobav k lnerehcek `] nahecek _kik sfpl ab jrkal kf`^* BehkokÚ] a _ej_e] ah]^kn]n]i atlhe_] ao _qfko lnej_leko ok _kilhap]iajpa `ebanajpao `ko `] nahecek* Reiko ]o lnej_el]eo _]n]_panope_]o `k lajo]iajpk Úhko Ú_k mq]j`k ] ÚhkokÚ] j]o_a j] Cn_e]* Reiko p]i^i ko pn]ko mqa _kjopepqai k e`a]h _eajpÚ_k* @e]jpa `aoo]o `q]o bkni]o `a _kjda_eiajpk( k iepk oa ]lnaoajp] _kik n]`e_]hiajpa `eopejpk* Ai^kn] eook f pajd] oe`k ]j]heo]`k ]jpanekniajpa( r]iko na_]lepqh]n ] `eopejk ajpna jvqelp a idlp6
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K jvqelp qi] b]h]( qi nah]pk kq qi] j]nn]per] _qfk pai] lnej_el]h ] lofdbj $kne) cai `k iqj`k( `ko dkiajo( `]o p_je_]o( `ko `aqoao( `]o nah] ao ajpna dkiajo a `aqoao( ap_*%7 jk oa `aÚja lahk k^fapk `] j]nn]per] kq `k nah]pk( i]o mbil jlal `ljl k^oo^ kq mbil jlal `ljl molcbob ^ jbkp^dbj( `a oknpa mqa mq]hmqan pai] a mq]hmqan oan lk`ai oan k^) fapk `a iepk6 pknj]i)oa ipe_ko ]k oa pn]jobkni]nai ai r]hknao a oi^khko o]cn]`ko* K jvqelp pai _kik bqjk naokhran( jqi lh]jk oei^ he_k a ei]cejnek( ]o ]jpejkie]o( ]o pajo ao( ko _kjÛepko a ]o _kjpn]`e ao `] na]he`]`a ok_e]h mqa jk lk`ai oan naokhre`]o kq okhq_ekj]`]o lah] ln lne] ok_ea`]`a( _ne]j`k( ]ooei( qi] oacqj`] na]he`]`a( mqa atlhe_] ] knecai `k lnk^hai] a k naokhra `a ik`k mqa ] na]he`]`a lkoo] _kjpejq]n _ki k lnk^hai] oai oan `aopnq`] lkn aha* K iepk _ne] qi] _kilajo]k oei^ he_] a ei]cejne] l]n] `eÚ) _qh`]`ao( pajo ao a hqp]o na]eo pe`]o _kik ejokh raeo7 aoo] okhqk ei]cejne] lknmqa klan] _ki ] h ce_] ejreorah a oq^f]_ajpa knc]jev]k ok_e]h* Kq oaf]( _kjÛepko( pajo ao( hqp]o a ]jpejkie]o jk ok reoraeo a lan_alpraeo( i]o ejreoraeo a eilan_alpraeo( _ki]j`]j`k k bqj_ekj]iajpk reorah `] knc]jev]k ok_e]h* K iepk oa nabana ] aooa bqj`k ejreorah a pajok a k naokhra ei]cej]ne]iajpa l]n] c]n]jpen ] lani]jj_e] `] knc]jev]k* =hi `a oan qi] h ce_] `] _kilajo]k( qi] h ce_] `] _kjoanr]k `] ok_ea`]`a( ejopnqiajpk l]n] arep]n ] iq`]j] a ] `ao]cnac]k `k cnqlk* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ah]^kn]`k l]n] k_qhp]n ] atla) nej_e] `] deop ne] kq `k pailk* K jvqelp jk ]laj]o abaepk `]o _]qo]o ok_e]eo( i]o pknj])oa _]qo] p]i^i( eopk ( qi] rav ah]^kn]`k( l]oo] ] lnk`qven abaepko ok_e]eo6 ejopepqe ao( _kilknp]iajpko( oajpeiajpko( ap_* qi] ]k ok_e]h _ki abaepko ok_e]eo* Qhpn]l]oo] ]o bnkjpaen]o `] ok_ea`]`a kj`a bke oqo_ep]`k( lkeo oq] atlhe_]k reo] atlneien aopnqpqn]o qjerano]eo `k aolnepk dqi]jk a `k iqj`k* =ooei( lkn atailhk( ko iepko pakcje_ko a _koikcje_ko _kj_anjajpao lnke^ek `k ej_aopk( ai^kn] nabanajpao o ja_aooe`]`ao ejpanj]o `a qi] ok_ea`]`a l]n] ] ah]^kn]k `]o haeo `a l]najpao_k a `k oeopai] `a ]he]j]o( naooqnca ai pk`]o ]o ok_ea`]`ao( atlneiej`k qi] aopnqpqn] qjerano]h `] _qhpqn]* K jvqelp narah] qi] aopnqpqn] ej_kjo_eajpa `] ok_ea`]`a( `a p]h ik`k mqa lkoorah `eo) pejcqen ] aopnqpqn] ej_kjo_eajpa qjerano]h a ]o iajo]cajo l]npe_qh]nao mqa _]`] ok_ea`]`a ej) rajp] l]n] naokhran ]o pajo ao a ko _kjÛepko kq _kjpn]`e ao ej_kjo_eajpao* K iepk _kjp] qi] deop ne] `n]ipe_] j] mq]h ] kn`ai `k iqj`k $k naejk racap]h( iejan]h( ]jei]h a dqi]jk% bke _ne]`] a _kjopepq`]* Ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko j]nn]`ko atlneiai( oeiqhp]ja]iajpa( qi] aopnq) pqn] can]h `k lajo]iajpk dqi]jk a qi] okhqk l]n_e]h mqa qi] ok_ea`]`a `apaniej]`] aj_kjpnkq l]n] k lnk^hai]* =ooei( ] `ebanaj] dkiai)racap]h( dkiai)]jei]h( dkiai)iq) hdan( re`])iknpa( pnar])hqv qi] `ebanaj] mqa ]pkniajp] qjerano]hiajpa pk`]o ]o _qhpqn]o( i]o _]`] qi] `ah]o lkooqe qi] j]nn]per] ipe_] aola_Ú_] l]n] naolkj`an ] aooa pkniajpk* ?kil]n]`k ]k `eo_qnok Úhko Ú_k a _eajpÚ_k( k `eo_qnok ipe_k klan]( oacqj`k Hre)Opn]qoo( lahk ia_]jeoik `k _of`li^db( eopk ( ]ooei _kik ]hcqi fqjp] la`]ko a l]npao `a k^fapko ]j) pecko l]n] b]van qi k^fapk jkrk( jk mq]h oa lk`ai lan_a^an ]o l]npao kq la`]ko `ko k^fapko ]jpaneknao( ]ooei p]i^i k jvqelp _kjopn e oq] j]nn]per]( jk _kik k idlp( ah]^kn]j`k `a lkjp] ] lkjp] oaq k^fapk _kik ]hck aola_Ú_k( i]o _kik qi ]nn]jfk a qi] _kjopnqk _ki la`]ko `a j]nn]per]o f ateopajpao* K idlp ^qo_] ] _kanj_e]( _kjopnqej`k _kj_aepq]hiajpa oaq k^fapk( ajmq]jpk k jvqelp b]^ne_] oaq k^fapk lah] naqjek a _kilkoek `a bn]ciajpko `ol]nao a `eol]n]p]`ko `k iqj`k ateopajpa( `]j`k)hdao qje`]`a jqi jkrk oeopai] atlhe_]perk jk mq]h ]`mqenai oec) jeÚ_]`k oei^ he_k* K idlp lnk_qn] ] qje`]`a ok^ ] `eranoe`]`a a ] iqhpelhe_e`]`a7 k jvqelp b]v at]p]iajpa k klkopk( lnk_qn] ] iqhpelhe_e`]`a a ] `eranoe`]`a ok^ ] qje`]`a* qi laj) o]iajpk ailne_k a _kj_napk( a jk qi lajo]iajpk _kj_aepq]h a ]^opn]pk* ?kil]n]`k ]k `eo_qnok Úhko Ú_k a _eajpÚ_k( k iepk oa ikopn] qi] klan]k hejcqo) pe_] klkop] ]k idlp* Aopa lqneÚ_] ] hejcq]cai `ko ahaiajpko mq]hep]perko a aikperko( ^qo_] napen]n p]jpk mq]jpk lkoorah ] ]i^ecqe`]`a `ko paniko mqa ailnac]( qpehev]j`k lnkr]o( `aikjopn] ao a ]ncqiajpko n]_ekj]eo* K iepk( ]k _kjpnnek( klan] lkn iap]bknev]k _kj) pjq]( kq oaf]( qi iaoik oecjeÚ_]jpa $l]h]rn] kq _kjfqjpk `a l]h]rn]o% paj`an ] lkooqen qi j iank eiajok `a oecjeÚ_] ao kq `a oajpe`ko*
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@ap]hda `k O]jpk Oq`nek( iknp]hd] ai mqa pane] oe`k ajrkhre`k k _knlk `a Faoqo mq]j`k pen]`k `] _nqv( a mqa oa aj_kjpn] ai Pqnei* 3ECONDOß0IA-USEOß$ELß3INDONE
k ejop]qn]n ] nqlpqn] ajpna jvqelp a idlp( ] _qhpqn] k_e`ajp]h lnkrk_kq qi ]_kj) pa_eiajpk `ao_kjda_e`k ai kqpn]o _qhpqn]o6 k _kjÛepk ajpna ] b a ] n]vk( mqa oa i]jebaopkq `ao`a iqepk _a`k* F j] Cn_e] ]jpec]( ]o _npe_]o `a Dan_hepk( Lepckn]o a Taj b]jao nahecek ]ooej]h]r]i ] nqlpqn] _ki ah]* I]eo p]n`a( =paj]o bknkq k Úh okbk =j]tckn]o ] bqcen l]n] arep]n ] _kj`aj]k l ^he_]( ]_qo]`k lahk pne^qj]h ]pajeajoa `a Îej) rajp]n qi jkrk `aqoÏ7 O _n]pao( fqhc]`k _qhl]`k `a eilea`]`a a `a _knnqlk `] fqrajpq`a( bke _kj`aj]`k iknpa* J] Naj]o_aj]( Cekn`]jk >nqjk( mqa ]Úni]n] ] ei]jj_e] `] Ejpahecj_e] ejÚjep] ]k iqj`k $Îk Qjk bkni] a i]pne]( Úcqn] `] j]pqnav] ejpaen]( klan]j`k `a oaq ejpaneknÏ( `eve] aha%( bke _kj`aj]`k bkcqaen]* C]hehaq( j] lk_] ik`anj]( bke bkn]`k ] ]^fqn]n oq]o paoao ok^na k ikreiajpk okh]n( ]o i]j_d]o hqj]nao a okh]nao a k lnej_lek `] ejn_e]( bqj`]iajpk `] ia_ je_] _hooe_]* Jai oailna ] ÚhkokÚ] ]^]j`kjkq ko pai]o `] nahecek* Pk`]re]( k_qlkq)oa `ahao `k lkjpk `a reop] `k idlp a jk `k jvqelp* =ooei lnk_a`aj`k( `aolkfkq)ko `a oq] _kj`ek `a jfpqoflp l]n] pn]jobkni)hko ai _kj_aepko a pakne]o* Raf]iko ]hcqi]o `ebanaj]o ajpna ] i]jaen] _kik k _najpa nahecekok a k Úh okbk _kj_a^ai ko pai]o nahecekoko* L]n] ] ]hi] naheceko]( e qi @aqo7 l]n] ] ÚhkokÚ]( mob`fpl mols^o ^ bufpq k`f^ a^ afsfka^ab* L]n] ] ]hi] lea`ko]( @aqo qi ajpa lanbaepk( ^ki a ieoane_kn`ek) ok( i]o fqopk( lqjej`k ko i]qo a na_kilajo]j`k ko ^kjo* L]n] ] ÚhkokÚ]( @aqo qi] oq^op j_e] ejÚjep]( i]o mob`fpl mols^o mqa oq] aooj_e] _kjopepq`] lkn qi ejpaha_pk kjeo_eajpa a qi] rkjp]`a kjelkpajpa* L]n] k _najpa( ] aolenepq]he`]`a `erej] jk ej_ki) l]prah _ki ] aolan]j] `a lk`an ran @aqo ]pq]n i]pa) ne]hiajpa ok^na k iqj`k( na]hev]j`k ieh]cnao7 l]n] ] ÚhkokÚ]( mob`fpl mols^o o^`flk^ijbkqb mqa lkoorah qi] ]k `k aolnepk ok^na ] i]pne] a lkn mqa( oaj`k @aqo kjeo_eajpa( b]vaj`k ieh]cnao oqolaj`ane] ] kn`aj]) k ja_aoone] `k iqj`k mqa Aha ln lnek aop]^aha_aq* I]eo `k mqa eook* Oaj`k @aqo qi aolnepk lanbae) pk a ejÚjepk( mqa ja_aooe`]`a pane] `a _ne]n qi iqj`k i]pane]h( Újepk a eilanbaepk; =hi `eook( lna_eok at) lhe_]n _kik qi] _]qo] aolenepq]h ejÚjep] lnk`qv qi abaepk i]pane]h Újepk* I]eo ]ej`]* @aqo apanjk( lkn) p]jpk ]hdaek ]k pailk7 i]o k iqj`k jk apanjk( lkeo bke _ne]`k lkn @aqo a( jaooa _]ok( _kik qi oan apanjk na]hev] qi] ]k pailkn]h; ?kik b]h]n ai @aqo ^kqbp `k iqj`k a abmlfp `k iqj`k( oa Î]jpaoÏ a Î`alkeoÏ ok mq]he`]`ao `k pailk a jk `] apanje`]`a;
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= atlanej_e] `k o]cn]`k a ] ejopepqek `] nahecek x #!0É45,/ß x
L]n] k Úah( ] ]hi] eiknp]h a `aopej]`] ] qi] re`] bqpqn]7 l]n] ] ÚhkokÚ]( _]^a lcbob`bo mols^p mqa `aikjopnai ] eiknp]he`]`a* Ko iope_ko atlaneiajp]i ] bqok lhaj] jk oaek `a @aqo( oajpai aop]n jaha a jaha re) ran* L]n] ] ÚhkokÚ]( jk oajpeiko @aqo( i]o k _kjda_aiko lah] n]vk* Aoo] la_qhe]ne`]`a n]_ekj]heop] `] _qhpqn] k_e`ajp]h ]bapkq ] ln lne] nahecek* @a b]pk( l]n] _kilapen _ki ] ÚhkokÚ] a oqlh]jp)h]( ] nahecek lna_eokq kbana_an)oa j] bkni] `a lnk) r]o n]_ekj]eo( _kj_aepko( paoao( pakne]o* Pknjkq)oa pakhkce]( _ej_e] ok^na @aqo* Pn]jobknikq ko patpko `] deop ne] o]cn]`] ai `kqpnej]( _keo] mqa jajdqi] kqpn] nahecek bav* Jk ajp]jpk( ]lao]n `] pakhkce] a `]o `kqpnej]o( _anp]o _naj]o naheceko]o f]i]eo lk`ank oan pn]jobkni]`]o ai paoao a `aikjopn] ao n]_ekj]eo oai oanai `aopnq`]o* Jk d _kik lnkr]n n]_ekj]hiajpa mqa Fakr b]hkq ] Ikeoo( jk ikjpa Oej]e* Jk d _kik lnkr]n n]_ek) j]hiajpa ] rencej`]`a `a I]ne]( ] aj_]nj]k `k Behdk `a @aqo( ] O]jpooei] Pnej`]`a( ] Aq_]neope]* Ok sboa^abp a^ c a( _kik p]eo( jfpqoflp* Aopao ok ran`]`ao ejmqaopekjraeo( eopk ( `kci]o* Aeo lkn mqa k ]l opkhk L]qhk `a_h]nkq mqa Î] b qi ao_ j`]hk l]n] ] n]vkÏ $ ieopaneko] a ej_kilnaajorah% a mqa Î] n]vk qi ao_ j`]hk l]n] ] bÏ $ok^an^] a kncqhdko]( mqanaj`k ajpaj`an k ej_kilnaajorah%* Pkiaiko qi atailhk `k =jpeck Paop]iajpk* =he j]nn]`k mqa( `qn]jpa qi] ^]p]hd]( Fkoq bav k Okh l]n]n( ] Úi `a mqa( _ki k lnkhkjc]iajpk `k `e]( lq`aooa raj_an ] cqann]* Aoo] deop ne] o]cn]`] lnaooql a mqa k Okh oa ikreiajp] ai pknjk `] Pann] a mqa aop] lani]) ja_a ei rah* Aop]j`k j]nn]`] jk patpk narah]`k lahk ln lnek @aqo( ] deop ne] `a Fkoq jk lk`a oan _kjpaop]`]* = iaoi] pakne] `] ik^ehe`]`a `k Okh a eik^ehe`]`a `] Pann] ateope] _kik paoa Úhko Ú) _k)_eajpÚ_] jk lajo]iajpk `a =neop pahao a( _kik p]h( bke nabqp]`] lah] _ej_e] `a ?klnje) _k( C]hehaq a Galhan* Lkni( oa ] aopao an] laniepe`k nabqp]n qi] pakne] Úhko Ú_k)_eajpÚ_] lkn iaek `a kqpn]( jk hdao an] laniepe`k jac]n ] deop ne] `a Fkoq* Aeo lkn mqa( `qn]jpa o_qhko( ] Ecnaf] _kjoe`ankq k dahek_ajpneoik qi] danaoe]( _kj`ajkq)] a oq^iapaq o^eko( _kik C]hehaq( ]ko pne^qj]eo `] Ejmqeoek* Qi kqpnk atailhk( ]ckn] rej`k `] ^ekhkce]( r]e j] iaoi] `enak6 ] pakne] `] arkhq) k( `a @]nsej( mqa `aikjopn] ] knecai `k dkiai ] l]npen `a lnei]p]o* = >^he] ]Úni] mqa k dkiai bke _ne]`k `enap]iajpa lkn @aqo( oq] ei]cai a oaiahd]j]( jk oatpk `e] `] _ne]k* @aoo] lanola_per]( ] pakne] `]nseje]j] bke _kjoe`an]`] danaoe]( _kj`aj]`] a( `qn]jpa ]jko( jk l`a oan ajoej]`] j]o ao_kh]o _neopo( paj`k iaoik d]re`k qi _]ok( jko Aop]`ko Qje`ko( `a qi lnkbaookn `a lneiaenk cn]q lnk_aoo]`k lkn qi pne^qj]h lkn ajoej)h]* Qi atailhk( ]ckn] rej`k `k Jkrk Paop]iajpk( ]lnaoajp] k iaoik lnk^hai]* Deopk) ne]`knao( hejcqeop]o a ]jpnkl hkcko Úvan]i aopq`ko ok^na ]o _qhpqn]o `a pk`] ] nacek `k Kneajpa I`ek a `k jknpa `] ãbne_]( jah]o aj_kjpn]j`k qi] nabanj_e] _kjop]jpa ]k lk( ]k rejdk( ]k _kn`aenk eikh]`k a ]k `aqo iknpk a naooqo_ep]`k* An]i _qhpqn]o `a qi] ok_ea`]`a ]cnne]( _ki nepko `a banpehe`]`a `] Pann] a `ko ]jei]eo( na]hev]j`k _aneije]o iqepk oaia) hd]jpao o mqa oane]i na]hev]`]o( `alkeo( lah] ieoo] _neop* @aooa lkjpk `a reop]( k nepq]h `] ieoo] lanpaj_a ] qi] pn]`ek naheceko] ]cnne]( kneajp]h a ]bne_]j]( iqepk ]jpanekn ]k _neo) pe]jeoik* Aoo] `ao_k^anp] _eajpÚ_]( lkni( _kjpn]ne] ]o ran`]`ao _neopo( j] ia`e`] ai mqa ] ieoo] _kjoe`an]`] hepqnce] mqa nalapa a naiaikn] qi _kjfqjpk je_k a jkrk `a arajpko nah]perko re`]( l]etk a iknpa `a Faoqo* Lk`an]iko lnkooacqen _ki ko atailhko( i]o jk ja_aoonek* K mqa mqanaiko `aop]) _]n ]mqe ] la_qhe]ne`]`a `] nah]k mqa( j] _qhpqn] k_e`ajp]h( _ne]`kn] `] ÚhkokÚ] a `] _ej) _e]( oa aop]^aha_aq ajpna ] n]vk a ] b* =o `eÚ_qh`]`ao `aoo] nah]k k_ql]n]i ko ia`ear]eo( ko ik`anjko a jkooko _kjpailkn jako( l]na_aj`k ejokh raeo* = nahecek ]_qo] ] ÚhkokÚ] a ] _ej_e] `a danaoe] a ]paoik( ajmq]jpk ]i^]o ]_qo]i ] nahecek `a `kci]peoik( oqlanopek( ]pn]ok a ejpkhan j_e]*
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x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
?kj_ehe]k ajpna behkokbe] a nahecek
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neko Úh okbko lnk_qn]n]i _kj_ehe]n ÚhkokÚ] a nahecek* @]o pajp]per]o baep]o( iaj_ek) j]naiko pno( _nkjkhkce_]iajpa i]eo ln tei]o `a j o6 ] `a G]jp( ] `a Dacah a ] `] bajkiajkhkce]* = _npe_] g]jpe]j] lnapajok `] iap]boe_] `a oan _ej_e] `eneca)oa ÚhkokÚ] mq]j`k aop] lnapaj`a atlhe_]n ] na]he`]`a ai oe `a ]hcqjo oanao( pki]j`k ] bkni] `a qi] pakhkce] n]_ekj]h $`aikjopn]k n]_ekj]h `] aooj_e] a ateopj_e] `a @aqo%( qi] loe_khkce] n]_ekj]h $`aikjopn]k `] ateopj_e] a `] eiknp]he`]`a `] ]hi]% a qi] _koikhkce] n]_ekj]h $`a) ikjopn]k `] knecai( aooj_e] a Új]he`]`a `k iqj`k kq `] j]pqnav]%* Reiko( ]k aopq`]n ] n]vk a ] ran`]`a( mqa ] `eopejk ajpna bajiajk a krjbkl laniepa ] G]jp heiep]n k _k) jda_eiajpk pa ne_k ]k _]ilk bajkije_k a eila`en ] lnapajok `] n]vk `a paknev]n ok^na k _]ilk `]o _keo]o ai oe* = iap]boe_] jk _kjda_eiajpk `] aooj_e] ai oe `a @aqo( `] ]hi] a `k iqj`k7 aopao ok krjbklp $na]he`]`a ai oe% ej]_aooraeo ]k jkook ajpaj`eiajpk* = nahecek( lkn oq] rav( jk pakhkce]( jk pakne] ok^na @aqo( ]hi] a iqj`k( i]o naolkop] ] qi] lancqjp] mqa ] n]vk jk lk`a naolkj`an pakne_]iajpa6 ÎK mqa lk`aiko aolan]n;Ï* Mq]h k l]lah `] nahecek; Kbana_an lnej_leko l]n] ] ]k ikn]h a bknp]ha_an ] aolan]j] jqi `aopejk oqlanekn `] ]hi] dqi]j]* Oai ] _naj] ai @aqo a jqi] ]hi] herna jk d]ra) ne] dqi]je`]`a( i]o ]laj]o ]jei]he`]`a j]pqn]h7 oai ] _naj] j] eiknp]he`]`a `] ]hi]( k _qilneiajpk `k `aran jk oane] k oej]h `a jkoo] `aopej]k bqpqn] jqi] re`] oqlanekn* Dacah oacqa jqi] `enak `erano] `] `a G]jp* L]n] aha( ] na]he`]`a jk oajk ] deo) p ne] `k Aolnepk ai ^qo_] `] e`ajpe`]`a _kjoeck iaoik* @aqo jk qi] oq^op j_e] _qf] aooj_e] pane] oe`k Út]`] ]jpao a bkn] `k pailk( i]o k oqfaepk aolenepq]h mqa oa abapq] _kik oqfaepk pailkn]h( _qf] ]k aha iaoik oa i]jebaop]j`k l]n] oe iaoik* = i]eo ^]et] i]jebaop]k `k aolnepk ] j]pqnav]7 ] i]eo ]hp]( ] _qhpqn]* J] _qhpqn]( k aolnepk na]hev])oa lneiaenk _kik ]npa( ] oacqen _kik nahecek( `alkeo _kik Aop]`k a( Új]hiajpa( _kik ÚhkokÚ]( jqi] oamqj_e] mqa abapq] k ]lanbaek]iajpk `k ao) lnepk mqa r]e nqik ]k pniejk `k pailk* Eook oecjeÚ_] mqa @aqo oa i]jebaop]( lneiaenk( _kik ]npa j]o ]npao( `alkeo _kik nahecek j]o nahece ao( _kik Aop]`k jko Aop]`ko a Új]hiaj) pa _kik ÚhkokÚ] j]o ÚhkokÚ]o* Ai hqc]n `a klkn nahecek a ÚhkokÚ]( Dacah b]v `] nahecek qi ikiajpk `] deop ne] `k Aolnepk kq `a @aqo a qi] ap]l] lnal]n]p ne] `] ÚhkokÚ]( j] mq]h @aqo oa na_kjda_a ] oe iaoik _kik @aqo* = bajkiajkhkce]( _kik reiko( `ao_nara aooj_e]o _kjopepq`]o lah] ejpaj_ekj]he`]`a `] _kjo_ej_e]( mqa `k]`kn] `a oajpe`k na]he`]`a* = _kjo_ej_e] _kjopepqe ]o oecjeÚ_] ao( ]ooqiej`k ^qfqrabp `ebanajpao( _]`] mq]h _ki oaq _]ilk aola_Ú_k( oq] aopnqpqn] a Új]he) `]`ao ln lne]o* =ooei _kik d ] ]pepq`a j]pqn]h $] _naj] na]heop] ejcjq] j] ateopj_e] `]o _keo]o% a ] ]pepq`a Úhko Ú_] $] naÛatk%( d p]i^i ] ]pepq`a naheceko]( _kik qi] `]o lkooe^ehe`]`ao `] re`] `] _kjo_ej_e]* Mq]j`k aop] oa nah]_ekj] _ki k iqj`k lkn iaek `]o jk ao a `]o lnpe_]o hec]`]o ]k o]cn]`k( _kjopepqe ] ]pepq`a naheceko]* =ooei( ] _kjo_ej_e] lk`a nah]_ekj]n)oa _ki k iqj`k `a i]jaen]o r]ne]`]o Í oajok _kiqi( _ej_e]( ÚhkokÚ]( ]npao( nahecek Í( `a oknpa mqa jk d klkoek jai at_hqok ajpna ah]o( i]o `ebanaj]* Eook oecjeÚ_] mqa ] klkoek o oqncen mq]j`k ] _kjo_ej_e]( aop]j`k jqi] ]pepq`a( lnapaj`an nah]_ekj]n)oa _ki k iqj`k qpehev]j`k oecjeÚ_] ao a lnpe_]o `a qi] kqpn] ]pepq`a* Bke eook mqa ajcaj`nkq ] klkoek a k _kjÛepk ajpna ÚhkokÚ] a nahecek( lkeo( oaj`k ]pepq`ao `ebanajpao `] _kjo_ej_e]( _]`] qi] `ah]o jk l`a qoqnl]n ko ik`ko `a _kjda_an a ]cen jai ]o oecjeÚ_] ao `] kqpn]*
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K qjeranok `]o ]npao x #!0É45,/ß x
#APqTULOß K qjeranok `]o ]npao
K lkjpk `a reop] `k aola_p]`kn =npeop] a k^n] `a ]npa
O
a lancqjp]niko ] ]hcqi k mqa qi ^oqfpq^( mq]oa _anpk mqa ] laook] naolkj`an mqa k ]pkn $`a pa]pnk( _ejai]( pahareok%( k _kilkoepkn iqoe_]h a k _]jpkn a( ai ]hcqjo _]oko( ej_hqen ko ^]eh]nejko* Aoo] naolkop] ejpanaoo]jpa p]jpk lahk mqa ]Úni] _kik lahk mqa oehaj_e]* @a b]pk( k oehj_ek _kjoeopa ai jk ej_hqen j] _]packne] Î]npeop]Ï( lkn atailhk( ko lkap]o a nki]j_eop]o( eopk ( ] hepan]pqn] Í Îok ao_nepknao a jk ]npeop]oÏ( `ene] ] laook]* P]i^i aopk at_hq`ko ko `enapknao `a la]o pa]pn]eo( Úhiao a jkrah]o `a pahareok Í Î`enecai ko ]npeop]o( i]o jk ok ]npeop]oÏ( `ene] aoo] iaoi] laook]* =k oehaj_e]n ok^na ko ao_nepknao a `enapknao a ]k ao_khdan ]hcqjo ]npeop]o _kik `aÚje`knao `k ]npeop]( aoo] laook] aop ]Úni]j`k( iaoik mqa jk k o]e^]( mqa qi ]npeop] ]mqaha mqa na]hev] qi] lanbkni]j_a jqi aolap_qhk* =npeop] oane]( lknp]jpk( ]mqaha mqa `aoailajd] qi l]lah jqi aolap_qhk $k ]pkn a k ^]eh]nejk% a ]mqaha mqa ]lnaoajp] ]k l ^he_k qi] _kilkoek a oq] ejpanlnap]k $k _kilk) oepkn iqoe_]h a k _]jpkn%* ?qneko]iajpa( lkni( oa la`eniko ] aoo] iaoi] laook] mqa jko ` atailhko `a l_o^p ab ^oqb( ln]pe_]iajpa _anpk mqa jko b]h]n `ko mq]`nko `a Hakj]n`k `] Rej_e( `]o ao_qhpqn]o `a Ie_dah]jcahk( `a Nk`ej kq `k =haef]`ejdk( `]o okj]p]o `a >aapdkraj kq `ko lnah `eko `a ?dklej( `]o lan]o `a Ran`e a Lq__eje( `ko Irp^a^p( `a ?]i ao( `a ]hcqi ^]h( _kik k Nrb_o^*Klwbp* @a ik`k can]h( aoo] laook] e`ajpeÚ_] k^n] `a ]npa _ki k^fapko _ne]`ko jk l]oo]`k( _kjoanr]`ko naolaepko]iajpa ai iqoaqo kq ]lnaoajp]`ko ai eilknp]jpao pa]) pnko l]n] qi l ^he_k naopnepk* = naolkop] ejpanaoo]jpa lkn `keo ikperko6 ai lneiaenk hqc]n( lknmqa ] ajqian]k `]o k^n]o `a ]npa jk _kej_e`a at]p]iajpa _ki k mqa ] laook] ajpaj`a lkn ]npeop]( lkeo ]ck) n] p]i^i ]l]na_ai lejpknao( ao_qhpknao( lkap]o7 ai oacqj`k( lknmqa aoo] laook] paj`a ] _kjoe`an]n ] k^n] `a ]npa _kik ]hck ] mqa lkq_ko pi ]_aook( oaf] lknmqa ok lkq_ko ko mqa ] _kilnaaj`ai( oaf] lknmqa ok lkq_ko ko mqa `eol ai `a na_qnoko Új]j_aenko l]n] bnq)h] a( jaopa _]ok( ] k^n] `a ]npa `ebanajpa `k mqa oa oql a oan k ]npeop]( qi] rav mqa aopa lan) baep]iajpa ]_aoorah l]n] mqai ]ooeopa ] qi Úhia( qi] jkrah] kq qi odks* J] ran`]`a( aoo] _qneko] `eo_nal j_e] ajpna k mqa oa ajpaj`a lkn ]npeop] a lkn k^n] `a ]npa ej`e_] mqa( ]k `evan mqai qi ]npeop]( ] laook] aop atlneiej`k k lkjpk `a reop] `] _d]i]`] _qhpqn] `a i]oo] kq _qhpqn] `k aolap_qhk7 a mqa( ]k atlhe_]n k mqa ajpaj`a lkn k^n] `a ]npa( aoo] laook] aop atlneiej`k k lkjpk `a reop] `] _d]i]`] _qhpqn] anq`ep] kq _qhpqn] `a ahepa( lknp]jpk( `a qi aola_p]`kn mqa rera jqi] ok_ea`]`a `ere`e`] ai _h]ooao ok_e]eo( j] mq]h okiajpa ]hcqjo lk`ai ajpaj`an a bnqen ] ]npa* Jaopa _]lpqhk pn]p]naiko ]laj]o `] k^n] `a ]npa ai oaq oajpe`k i]eo ]ilhk* Jk ln te) ik _]lpqhk( aopq`]naiko ] _qhpqn] `a i]oo] kq ] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h( `a i]jaen] ] _kilnaaj) `aniko _kik a lkn mqa( ai jkoo] ok_ea`]`a( ]o laook]o paj`ai ] oal]n]n ]npeop] a k^n] `a ]npa( ] e`ajpeÚ_]n k lneiaenk _ki k `aoailajdk jqi aolap_qhk a ] oacqj`] _ki k^fapko `eop]jpao a ieopanekoko mqa okiajpa ]hcqjo lk`ai bnqen a _kilnaaj`an*
//1
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
Nah]k _ki ] k^n] `a ]npa
-*
] ]lnktei]k a ] `eopejk ajpna ]npa a ]npao]j]pk7
.*
] lnkteie`]`a ajpna ]npa a ]jpecqe`]`a7
/*
] ateopj_e] `a oqlknpao boe_ko $hernk( ?@% l]n] k^n]o `a ]npa mqa( ai oe iaoi]o( ok _kjoe`an]`]o ej]_aooraeo( i]o o mq]eo oa lk`a pan ]hcqi ]_aook cn]]o ] qi k^fapk ej`qopne]h mqa ]o nalnk`qv*
Panjk `a bahpnk( `k ]haik Fkoab >aquo( -542( l]n] mqai k ]npeop] qi] aol_ea `a t]i _]l]v `a ]ooeieh]n ] ajance] `a qi k^fapk _kiqi( _kjbanej`k)hda jkrk oecjebe_]`k*
#OLEljOßPARTICULAR
Oa lancqjp]niko ] aoo] iaoi] laook] k mqa ah] atlaneiajp] `e]jpa `a qi] k^n] `a ]npa( mq]oa _anpk mqa jko `en mqa oajpa naolaepk( mqa oa oajpa aik_ekj]`] _ki ] ^ahav] `] k^n] a mqa pai ]`ien]k lahk ]npeop] mqa ] _nekq* Aoo] laook]( ]ckn]( aop atlneiej`k k lkjpk `a reop] `a qi aola_p]`kn mqa rera jqi] ok_ea`]`a ej`qopne]h kq l o)ej`qopne]h( eopk ( jqi] ok_ea`]`a ai mqa ko k^fapko `a qok a `a _kjoqik ok lnk`qve`ko ai onea( ok ]jjeiko $lkeo ] i]n_] naceopn]`] `k b]^ne_]jpa jk ej`e_] qi] laook] na]h kq _kj_nap] mqa pajd] baepk k lnk`qpk%( `ao_]npraeo( abianko* Kq oaf]( ko k^fapko `a qok a _kjoqik `eneko jk lnkrk_]i naolaepk( jk _]qo]i aik ao lkn oq] ^ahav] jai lnkrk_]i ]`ien]k lkn oaqo lnk`qpknao* Oa( lkn Úi( lancqjp]niko ] aoo] laook] oa ah] lkooqe k^n]o `a ]npa( ah] lk`an jko `evan mqa oei $oq] b]ihe] ne_] a lk`a _ki) ln]n k^fapko `a ]npa% kq jko `en mqa jk( i]o lk`an _kilhap]n ] naolkop] `evaj`k mqa lkooqe k^fapko `a ]npao]j]pk( ]hcqi]o ]jpe) cqe`]`ao( ]hcqi hernk `a ]npa a ]hcqi ?@ `a qi _kilkoepkn _ha) ^na* Aoo] naolkop] iqepk ejpanaoo]jpa lknmqa jah] lan_a^aiko6
At]iejaiko aooao pno ]ola_pko lnaoajpao jk lkjpk `a reop] `k aola_p]`kn* -*
=k ]lnktei]n ]npa a ]npao]j]pk( k aola_p]`kn pai ai iajpa k b]pk `a mqa p]jpk ] k^n] `a ]npa _kik k k^fapk ]npao]j]h ok pn]^]hdko baepko lkn qi] je_] laook] Í `ebanajpaiajpa `a qi klannek( mqa pn]^]hd] _ki _ajpaj]o `a kqpnko jqi] he) jd] `a ikjp]cai( k ]npeop] a k ]npaok na]hev]i okvejdko qi pn]^]hdk _kilhapk( ok ]qpknao `a oq]o lnk`q ao* =hi `eo) ok( ajmq]jpk k lnk`qpk ej`qopne]h( baepk ai onea( eilaook]h( ] k^n] `a ]npa a ] `a ]npao]j]pk ok ej`ere`q]hev]`]o kq lao) ok]eo( atlneiej`k ] ejpajk( ] d]^ehe`]`a a k p]hajpk `a mqai ]o na]hev]* Jk ajp]jpk( ]k `eopejcqen ajpna ]npa a ]npao]j]pk( k aola_p]`kn pai ai iajpa ] i]ekn _kilhate`]`a a r]nea`]`a `a lnk_a`eiajpko a i]pane]eo ailnac]`ko lahk ]npeop] mq]j) `k _kil]n]`k _ki k ]npaok* =hi `eook( ] `eopejk p]i^i har] ai _kjp] k b]pk `a mqa k ]npaok _kopqi] b]^ne_]n rneko atailh]nao `k iaoik k^fapk ajmq]jpk k ]npeop] paj`a ] lnk) `qven ]laj]o qi( kq oaf]( ] k^n] `a ]npa paj`a ] oan lan_a^e`] _kik je_] a _kik n]ne`]`a ajmq]jpk k k^fapk ]npao]j]h jk lkooqe aoo] _]n]_panope_]*
.*
=k ]lnktei]n k^n] `a ]npa a ]jpecqe`]`a( k aola_p]`kn oeilhaoiajpa aop i]jpaj`k ] e`ae] `a mqa ]o cn]j`ao k^n]o `a ]npa bkn]i na]hev]`]o jk l]oo]`k a _kjoanr]`]o lah] dqi]je`]`a _kik qi ^ai _khaperk $iaoik mqa lkq_ko pajd]i ]_aook `enapk ] ah]o%* I]o jk o eook* K ian_]`k `a ]jpecqe`]`ao _kjoeopa ai ]l]jd]n qi k^fapk `a qok a `a _kjoqik l]n] napen)hk `k _en_qepk `k qok a `k _kjoqik( b]vaj`k)k r]han _kik qi] la] `a_kn]per] kq qi ajbaepa( kq _kik qi] la] `a aopei]k $Îaop d iqepko ]jko j] b]ihe]Ï7 Îbke `a iaq ^eo]rÏ7 Îiejd] ]r qokq jk `e] `a oaq _]o]iajpkÏ%* Kn]( at]) p]iajpa k iaoik mqa ]_kjpa_a _ki ] k^n] `a ]npa mq]j`k _kjoanr]`] jk iqoaq kq
//2
K qjeranok `]o ]npao x #!0É45,/ß x
j] ^e^hekpa_]( kq oaf]( ah] p]i^i napen]`] `k _en_qepk `k qok a `k _kjoqik( l]oo]j`k ] r]han ai oe a lkn oe iaoi] _kik qi] la] je_]* Aeo lkn mqa( aolkjp]ja]iajpa( k aola_p]`kn ]lnktei] k^n] `a ]npa a ]jpecqe`]`a*
#OSTAß0INHEIROß )NSTITUTOß0ORTUGUoSßß DOß,IVRO
/*
= laook] _ki mqai aop]iko _kjrano]j`k p]hrav jqj_] lkoo] en ] =paj]o ran k L]npa) jkj( kq ] Nki] ran ] ?]lah] Oeopej] lejp]`] lkn Ie_dah]jcahk `qn]jpa ] Naj]o_aj]( kq =hai]jd] l]n] k baoper]h `a >]unaqpd( mq]j`k ]o k^n]o `a Ne_d]n` S]cjan ok ata_qp]`]o( kq ] L]neo l]n] ran( jk Iqoaq `k Hkqrna( ] Jlk^ Ifp^ lejp]`] lkn Hakj]n`k `] Rej_e( kq ] Cn]i]`k l]n] ]ooeopen ]k Baoper]h J]_ekj]h `a ?ejai]( kq ] ?]ilko `k Fkn`k l]n] k Baoper]h J]_ekj]h `a I oe_] Anq`ep]* I]o aoo] laook] o]^a mqa ] eilnaj) o]( k n`ek( k _ejai]( k `eo_k( ] pahareok( k r`ak lk`ai nalnk`qven kq pn]joiepen aoo]o k^n]o( h]j]j`k)]o jk ian_]`k `a _kjoqik a laniepej`k qi ]_aook ej`enapk ] ah]o* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ] ok_ea`]`a ej`qopne]h `aoajrkhraq na_qnoko p_je_ko l]n] iqhpelhe_]n ]mqehk mqa _kjoe`an]`k k pn]k i]eo i]n_]jpa `] k^n] `a ]npa6 pbo kf`^* K mqa p]hrav k aola_p]`kn jk o]e^] mqa ] pn]joieook a ] nalnk`qk `]o k^n]o `a ]npa lkooqe `q]o _]n]o6 jqi] `ah]o( `aik_n]pev] k ]_aook ]npa7 j] kqpn]( oq^iapa ]o ]npao ] qi ian_]) `k jkrk( _ne]`k lah] _d]i]`] ej`opne] _qhpqn]h*
K lkjpk `a reop] `k ]npeop] &ERNANDOß0ESSOAßEßSEUSß HETERxNIMOSßALmMßDEß !LBERTOß#AEIRO ßOßPOETAß PORTUGUoSß&ERNANDOß 0ESSOA߯ ßTINHAß DOISßOUTROSßHETERxNIMOSß PRINCIPAISß2ICARDOß2EISßEß ÆLVAROßDEß#AMPOS
=
h^anpk ?]aenk( qi `ko dapanjeiko `k lkap] Banj]j`k Laook]( har])jko ]k i]ck `] ]npa mq]j`k ao_nara6
L jbr lie^o kqfal `ljl rj dfo^ppli+ Qbkel l `lpqrjb ab ^ka^o mbi^p bpqo^a^p Lie^kal m^o^ ^ afobfq^ b m^o^ ^ bpnrboa^) B ab sbw bj nr^kal lie^kal m^o^ qop+++ B l nrb sbgl ^ `^a^ jljbkql ^nrfil nrb krk`^ ^kqbp br qfke^ sfpql) B br pbf a^o mlo fppl jrfql _bj+++ Pbf qbo l m^pjl bppbk`f^i Nrb qbj rj^ `of^k ^ pb) ^l k^p`bo) Obm^o^ppb nrb k^p`bo^ absbo^p+++ Pfkql*jb k^p`fal ^ `^a^ jljbkql M^o^ ^ bqbok^ klsfa^ab al Jrkal+ = bqbok^ klsfa^ab `k iqj`k* K lkap] qja `q]o l]h]rn]o mqa( jkni]hiajpa( aopk oal]) n]`]o a iaoik ai klkoek $bqbok^ a klsfa^ab%( lkeo k apanjk ]qoj_e] `a pailk( ]mqehk mqa( bkn] `k pailk( lani]ja_a oailna e`jpe_k ] oe iaoik( ajmq]jpk k jkrk lqn] pai) lkn]he`]`a( lqnk ikreiajpk pailkn]h ai mqa oqnca k mqa jk d]re] ]jpao* ?kik oa na]hev] aoo] qje`]`a `k apanjk a `k jkrk( ]l]najpaiajpa eilkoorah; Ah] oa na]hev] lahko a l]n] ko dqi]jko6 ah] oa na]hev] lkn iaek `] ]npa* Ianha]q)Lkjpu `eve] mqa ] ]npa ^asbkql $qi ren ] oan `k mqa jqj_] ]jpao ateopeq%( _kik lnkiaoo] ejÚjep] `a ^`lkqb`fjbkqlp $]o k^n]o `ko ]npeop]o%* Jk ajo]ek > ifkdr^dbj fkafobq^ b ^p slwbp al pfi k`fl( aha ao_nara6
//3
L mofjbfol abpbkel k^p m^obabp a^p `^sbok^p crka^s^ rj^ qo^af l mlonrb ob* `lief^ rj^ lrqo^7 ^ a^ mbo`bm l+ > nr^pb bqbokfa^ab a^ ^oqb `lkcrkab*pb `lj ^ nr^* pb bqbokfa^ab a^ bufpq k`f^ erj^k^ bk`^ok^a^ b mlo fppl qbjlp) kl bubo``fl ab klppl `loml b ab klpplp pbkqfalp) `lj nrb `ljmobbkabo klpp^ dbpqf`ri^ l `riqro^i) nrb klp fkpbob kl qbjml+
Mqa `evai ko `aoajdko j]o l]na`ao `] _]ranj]; Mqa ko oanao dqi]jko ok `kp]`ko `a khdko a iko( mqa lkn eook l]n] ko dqi]jko k iqj`k reorah a l]n] oan reopk( a mqa ko khdko a ]o iko `k ]npeop] `k ] ran k iqj`k* K ]npeop] ]mqaha mqa na_khda `a i]jaen] jkr] a ejq) oep]`] ]mqehk mqa aop j] lan_alk `a pk`ko a mqa( jk ajp]jpk( jejcqi l]na_a lan_a^an* =k b]v)hk( jko ` k oajpeiajpk `] mq]oa apanje`]`a `] k^n] `a ]npa( lkeo ah] ] atlnaook lanaja `] _]l]_e`]`a lan_alper] `a jkook _knlk* Mqa iqj`k pn]ve`k lahk ]npeop]; =mqaha apanj]iajpa jkrk* Apanj]iajpa( lknmqa pk ]jpeck a lanaja mq]jpk ] lan_alk dqi]j]* Jkrk( lknmqa k ]npeop] k lan_a^a _kik jqj_] bkn] lan_a^e`k ]jpao lahko `ai]eo dkiajo* ]ooei( lkn atailhk( mqa k lejpkn Ikjap lej) pkq rne]o ravao ] iaoi] _]pa`n]h ia`ear]h mqa ateope] a lan`qn] d iqepko o_qhko( i]o( ai _]`] pah]( j]o_aq qi] jkr] _]pa`n]h* Nabanej`k)oa ] aoo]o pah]o `a Ikjap( k Úh okbk C]o) pkj >]_dah]n` ao_nara( jqi ajo]ek `ajkiej]`k L mfkqlo plif`fq^al mbilp bibjbkqlp6
"ARONß$Eß-EYER#ONDmß.ASTßß !RCHIVE#ORBIS,ATINSTOCK
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
-ONET߯ ßPINTORß IMPRESSIONISTAßFRANCoS
Ko ahaiajpko( _kik reiko ]k aopq`]n ] _koikhkce] cnac]( ok k ]n( k bkck( ] pann] a ] cq]* >]_dah]n` jko `ev mqa Ikjap lejpkq ]o la`n]o `] _]pa`n]h _kik oa bkooai `a ]n $Î^nq) i] ]vqh]`] _kik k _qÏ% a `alkeo ]o lejpkq _kik oa bkooai `a bkck $Îk k_na `k okh lkajpaÏ( Îqi ]opnk nqerkÏ%* = oacqen( aha lejpkq qi] _]pa`n]h ]mqpe_]( aoran`a]`] a oq^i]nej]7 a( Új]hiajpa( ] lejpkq pannaopna( i]nnki a _ejv]( Új_]`] lk`anko]iajpa jk _dk* Pki]j`k ] apanje`]`a `ko ahaiajpko a ] lanaje`]`a `] _]pa`n]h ia`ear]h( Ikjap _nekq ] _]pa`n]h _kik k^n] `a ]npa( _kik oa ] _]`] rav ah] aoperaooa oaj`k reop] lah] lneiaen] rav( _]`] pah] b]vaj) `k)] ejpaen]iajpa jkr]* Mqa lnk_qn] k ]npeop]; Naolkj`a k lkap] ?]aenk+Laook]6 Îk l]oik aooaj_e]h+ mqa pai qi] _ne]j] oa( ]k j]o_an(+nal]n]ooa mqa j]o_an] `aran]oÏ* K ]npeop] ^qo_] k aol]jpk lnk) bqj`k `a mqai okq^aooa mqa aop raj`k k iqj`k lah] lneiaen] rav( `a qi] _ne]j] mqa okq^aooa `a ran`]`a $Î`aran]oÏ% mqa j]o_aq l]n] k iqj`k a mqa aha j]o_aq l]n] ah]* K ]npeop] ^qo_] k iqj`k ai aop]`k j]o_ajpa( ei]cej]j`k)k jk o p]h _kik oane] ]k oan reopk lkn j o lah] lneiaen] rav( i]o p]i^i p]h _kik pane] oe`k ai oe iaoik jk ikiajpk knecejnek `a oaq oqnceiajpk( ]jpao mqa j o ateopooaiko l]n] lan_a^)hk* aooa iqj`k knecejnek( ]jpa) nekn jkoo] lnaoaj] jaha( k mqa lnk_qn] k lejpkn ?v]jja( _qfk pn]^]hdk ]ooei _kiajp]`k lkn Ianha]q)Lkjpu jk ajo]ek > a sfa^ ab @w^kkb6
!LBUM!KG IMAGES,ATINSTOCK
Rj af^) @i^rab Jlkbq nrfp nrb ^ `^qbao^i clppb sboa^abfo^jbkqb ^ob^ Î ^ob^ bj pr^ pr_pq k`f^) ^ob^ kl momofl `lo^ l a^p mbao^p+ B ^ `^qbao^i qljlr a^ _orj^ ^wr* i^a^ qla^ ^ j^qof^ ^wri nrb ^ momof^ _orj^ qlj^o^ al `r ^wri+++ Krj lrqol af^) lr* qol plkel bibjbkq^o pb ^mlabo^ a^ slkq^ab ab mfkq^o+ @i^rab Jlkbq nrbo nrb ^ `^qbao^i pb qlokb rj^ bpmlkg^ ab irw) nrb ^_plos^ bj qla^p ^p pr^p Ûibfo^p ab mbao^p b bj qlalp lp pbrp lok^jbkqlp l l`ob ab rj pli mlbkqb+ Bkql) kbpp^ kls^ qbi^) ^ `^qbao^i rj ^pqol al`b) rj ^pqol orfsl) rj pbo ^alojb`fal kl `^ilo al af^+ >p qloobp _ofk`^s^j j^fp ^iql kl `r) nr^kal ob`b_f^j l bibjbkql ^obl+ Bf*i^p ^dlo^ j^fp mboql a^ Qboo^) j^fp qboobp* qob) ^oabkal ^mbk^p rj mlr`l) `ljl cldl dr^oa^al k^p mbao^p ab rj^ i^obfo^+
#mZANNE߯ ß PINTORßFRANCoSßPvS IM PRESSIONISTA
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K qjeranok `]o ]npao x #!0É45,/ß x
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//5
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/0,
K qjeranok `]o ]npao x #!0É45,/ß x
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K ]npÚ_a eje_e]r])oa jko oacna`ko `]o ]npao kq p_je_]o na_a^aj`k qi] a`q_]k aola) _e]h( pknj]j`k)oa qi fkf`f^al bj jfpqoflp* =lnaj`e] ] _kjda_an ] i]pne])lnei] lnaaop]^a) ha_e`] l]n] k atan__ek `a oq] ]npa( ] qo]n qpajoheko a ejopnqiajpko lnaaop]^aha_e`ko l]n] ] oq] ]k( ] na]hev]n caopko( lnkjqj_e]n l]h]rn]o( qpehev]n _knao( i]jelqh]n anr]o oacqj`k qi na_aepqnek Útk a oa_napk( _kjda_e`k ]laj]o lahko eje_e]`ko* K ]npeop] an]( lknp]jpk( kÚ_e]jpa `a _qhpko a b]^ne_]`kn `ko k^fapko a caopko `ko _qhpko* Oaq pn]^]hdk j]o_e] `a qi `ki alp `aqoao $mqa `an]i ]ko dqi]jko k _kjda_eiajpk `k bkck( `ko iap]eo( `]o oaiajpao( `ko ]jei]eo( `]o cq]o a `ko rajpko( ap_*% a an] qi `ki dqi]jk m^o^ ko `aqoao* Iaoik mq]j`k( deopkne_]iajpa( rne]o ok_ea`]`ao $_kik ] cnac]( ] nki]j]( ] _neop% klan]i qi] `ereok ok_e]h ai mqa ko `apajpknao `] ]qpkne`]`a naheceko] na]hev]i ko _qhpko( i]o f jk b]^ne_]i ko ejopnqiajpko( ko k^fapko a ko hk_]eo `ko _qhpko( i]jpe`] ] nah]k ajpna ] ]pere`]`a `ko ]npeop]o kq ]npaoko a ] nahecek* j] mq]he`]`a `a oanre`knao `] ]qpk) ne`]`a naheceko] mqa ok aj_]nnac]`ko `a pa_an ko raopqneko( b]^ne_]n ]o fke]o( lnk`qven ko k^fapko a ko ejopnqiajpko( _kjopnqen ko hqc]nao `ko _qhpko( ancqan ]hp]nao( ao_qhlen kq lejp]n ]o Úcqn]o `ko `aqoao a `a oaqo nalnaoajp]jpao( lnk`qven ]o i oe_]o( ko _]jpko a ko ejopnq) iajpko iqoe_]eo( na]hev]n ]o `]j]o* =o cn]j`ao k^n]o `a ]npa `]o ok_ea`]`ao ]jpec]o a `] ok_ea`]`a _neop ia`ear]h( ]ooei _kik `] _qhpqn] fq`]e_] a `] _qhpqn] eoh ie_]( ok nahecek) o]o Í pailhko( _]pa`n]eo( l]h_eko( _he_ao( p]]o( i]jpko( p je_]o( _d]lqo( _kh]nao( lqhoaen]o( ]jeo( aoppq]o( mq]`nko( i oe_]o a ejopnqiajpko iqoe_]eo( cn]rqn]o a ehqopn] ao `a i]) jqo_nepko( ap_*( pq`k eook an] aj_kiaj`]`k lah] ]qpkne`]`a naheceko] a lahko kÚ_e]jpao `ko _qhpko( mqa aop]^aha_e]i ]o nacn]o `a b]^ne_]k( `apaniej]r]i ko i]pane]eo a ]o bkni]o( ]o _knao( ko nepiko( ko ikreiajpko( ko okjo( ap_* Aoo] nah]k lnkbqj`] _ki ] nahecek( mqa `apaniej]r] pk`] ] ]pere`]`a ]npope_k)]npao]j]h( ej`e_] ] ]qoj_e] `a ]hck mqa oa pknj]n `a_eoerk o_qhko i]eo p]n`a6 ] ^rqlkljf^ a^p ^oqbp* Oai ` re`]( j] ok_ea`]`a cnac] a j] nki]j] ]jpec]o( qi] l]npa `] lnk`qk ]npope) _k)]npao]j]h ao_]l]r] `k lk`an `] ]qpkne`]`a naheceko]( i]o l]n] Ú_]n ok^ k lk`an `] ]qpkne) `]`a lkhpe_]( mqa aj_kiaj`]r] `ko ]npÚ_ao a`eb_eko( k^fapko( raopqneko( ik^eheneko( fke]o( ]`knjko( aoppq]o a lejpqn]o( eilkj`k ]ko ]npeop]o ] ao_khd] mqa Úvan] `ko i]pane]eo( `]o bkni]o( `]o `eiajo ao( ap_* L]n] mqa ] ]qpkjkie] `]o ]npao reaooa ] ]_kjpa_an bke lna_eok mqa k ik`k `a lnk`qk _]lep]heop] abpp^`o^ifw^ppb k iqj`k a i^f`fw^ppb pk`] ] _qhpqn]( h]j]j`k pk`]o ]o ]pere`]`ao dqi]j]o jk ian_]`k* Eook oecjeÚ_kq( lkni( mqa( hernao `k lk`an nahecekok a `k lk`an lkh) pe_k( ko ]npeop]o oa ren]i ] ^n]ko _ki k lk`an a_kjie_k* =k oa hern]nai `k r]hkn `a _qhpk( ]o k^n]o `a ]npa bkn]i ]lneoekj]`]o lahk r]hkn `a ian_]`k*
LAICOßPALAVRAßDEßORIGEMß LATINAßLAICUS ßQUEßEQUI VALEßgßEXPRESSjOß±SECULAR² ß OUßSEJA ßQUEßSEßREFEREßß AßTUDOßQUEßSEßOPzEßgß RELIGIjOßOUßSEßMANTmMß NEUTROßgßIDmIAßDEßß RELIGIOSIDADE
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eiko( jk ej_ek `aopa _]lpqhk( mqa ] i]ekne] `]o laook]o ]lnktei] aolkjp]ja]iajpa ^oqb a ^oqbp^k^ql* Aoo] ]lnktei]k( _kik `eooaiko( `a_knna `k b]pk `a mqa k ]npeop] a k ]npaok lnk`qvai okvejdko a lkn ejpaenk qi] k^n] a mqa aop] atlneia oaqo p]hajpko a d]^ehe`]`ao* I]o d ]ej`] kqpnk ikperk l]n] aoo] ]lnktei]k6 k b]pk `a mqa( deopkne_]iaj) pa( ]npa a ]npao]j]pk an]i ] iaoi] _keo]( a( lknp]jpk( k ]npaok a k ]npeop] an]i k iaoik* = ]npa kq p_je_] an]( lknp]jpk( qi] ]pere`]`a nacn]`] ai reop] `] lnk`qk `a qi] k^n]* Ai oajpe`k ]ilhk( ^op kq qhekb oecjeÚ_]r] Îd]^ehe`]`a a ]cehe`]`a l]n] ejrajp]n iaeko l]n] raj_an qi] `eÚ_qh`]`a kq qi k^op_qhk lkopko lah] j]pqnav]Ï* Ai oajpe`k ao) pnepk( oecjeÚ_]r] Îk ]lnaj`ev]`k a ] lnpe_] `a qi kb_ek mqa lkooqe nacn]o( lnk_a`eiajpko a ejopnqiajpko ln lnekoÏ* >op kq qhekb an] qi o]^an lnpe_k* Lkn oan qi] d]^ehe`]`a `enece`] lkn nacn]o a lnk_a`eiajpko _ki reop] lnk`qk `a qi ]npab]pk kq _ki ] Új]he`]`a `a raj_an qi] `eÚ_qh`]`a eilkop] lah] j]pqnav]( ] ]npa kq p_je_] oa `aÚje] lkn klkoek ]k mqa ]_kjpa_a mlo ^`^pl( ^ai _kik ]k mqa oeilhao) iajpa bpmlkq kbl kq jk `ahe^an]`k( a ]k mqa k^qro^i( eopk ( mqa ateopa kq ]_kjpa_a oai ] ejpanrajk dqi]j]* Lkn eook( ai oaq oajpe`k i]eo can]h( ]npa an] Îqi _kjfqjpk `a nacn]o a lnk_a`eiajpko _ki ] bqjk `a ^ai `enecen qi] ]pere`]`a dqi]j] mq]hmqan l]n] mqa aop] na]hev]ooa k Úi ] mqa oa lnkloÏ* Jaoo] lanola_per]( b]h]r])oa ai ]npa i`e_]( ]npa lkhpe_]( ]npa iehep]n( ]npa nap ne_]( ]npa lkpe_]( ]npa `eappe_]( ]npa `] j]rac]k( ]npa `] _]]( ]npa `a lejp]n( ao_qhlen( `]j]n( ap_* Lh]pk jk `eopejcqe] ] ]npa `]o _ej_e]o jai ] `eopejcqe] `] ÚhkokÚ]( qi] rav mqa pk`]o ah]o ok ]pere`]`ao dqi]j]o kn`aj]`]o a nacn]`]o* = `eopejk lh]pje_] an] baep] ajpna `keo pelko `a ]npao kq p_je_]o6 ]o graf`^qfs^p( eopk ( `a`e_]`]o ]laj]o ]k _kjda_eiajpk( a ]o afpmlpfqf* s^p kq fjmbo^qfs^p( rkhp]`]o l]n] qi] ]k lnpe_]* =neop pahao( lkni( aop]^aha_aq `q]o `eopej ao mqa lan`qn]n]i lkn o_qhko j] _qhpqn] k_e`ajp]h* = lneiaen] `eopejcqa _ej_e] `a ]npa kq p_je_]6 ] _ej_e] qi o]^an pa ne_k mqa oa nabana ]k kb`bppofl $]k mqa jk lk`a oan `ebanajpa `k mqa lkn oan abaepk `a _]qo]o j]pqn]eo ja_aoone]o%( ajmq]jpk ] ]npa kq p_je_] qi o]^an lnpe_k mqa klan] jk _]ilk `k `lkqfk* dbkqb kq `k mlppsbi $`k mqa lk`a oan `ebanajpa `k mqa lkn oan abaepk `a qi] `ahe^an]k kq `a_eok dqi]j]%* = oacqj`] `eopejk aop]^aha_e`] jk _]ilk `] ln lne] lnpe_] _ki ] `ebanaj] ajpna ^ l a c^_of`^ l* = ]k( ai cnack moufp( ]mqah] ]pere`]`a dqi]j] ai mqa k ]cajpa( k ]pk mqa aha na]hev] a ] Új]he`]`a ^qo_]`] lkn aha ok e`jpe_ko Í ] moufp `aÚja ] ]k pe_] a ] ]k lkhpe_] $]ooei( lkn atailhk( k dkiai mqa ]ca renpqko]iajpa renpqkok a ] renpq`a ] ]k mqa aha na]hev]( `a i]jaen] mqa jk oa lk`a oal]n]n k ]cajpa renpqkok( k ]pk renpqkok a ] renpq`a kq Új]he`]`a `] ]k%* = b]^ne_]k( ai cnack mlfbpfp( ]mqah] ]pere`]`a dqi]j] j] mq]h k ]cajpa $k ]npaok kq ]npeop]%( ] ]k mqa aha na]hev] $]o nacn]o a ko lnk_a`eiajpko oacqe`ko lkn aha% a ] Új]he`]`a ^qo_]`] $] k^n]% ok `ebanajpao a `eopejpko Í ] mlfbpfp `aÚja ]o ]npao kq p_je_]o _kik ]pere`]`ao `a b]^ne_]k $]ooei( lkn atailhk( k i`e_k( ] ]k `a _qn]n a ] o] `a na_kjmqeop]`] jk ok e`jpe_ko7 `] iaoi] i]jaen]( k ao_qhpkn( k _ejvah a k inikna( ]o nacn]o `] ao_qhpqn] a ] aoppq] jk ok e`jpe_ko%* Lkopanekniajpa( ko Úh okbko jaklh]pje_ko _kilhap]n]i ]o `eopej ao ]neopkphe_]o `eo) pejcqej`k ]o p_je_]o kq ]npao _qf] Új]he`]`a ]qtehe]n ] j]pqnav] Í _kik ] ia`e_ej]( ] ]cne_qhpqn] Í `]mqah]o _qf] Új]he`]`a b]^ne_]n qi k^fapk _ki ko i]pane]eo kbana_e`ko lah] j]pqnav] Í k ]npao]j]pk lnklne]iajpa `epk* @eopejcqen]i p]i^i qi kqpnk _kjfqjpk `a ]npao a p_je_]o mqa jk oa nah]_ekj]i _ki ] j]pqnav]( i]o ]laj]o _ki k ln lnek dk) iai( l]n] pknj)hk iahdkn kq lekn6 i oe_]( `]j]( lkaoe] a nap ne_]* = _h]ooeÚ_]k `]o ]npao kq p_je_]o oacqeq qi l]`nk mqa bke `apaniej]`k lah] ao) pnqpqn] `] ok_ea`]`a ]jpec] a( lknp]jpk( lah] knc]jev]k ok_e]h bqj`]`] j] ao_n]re`k* = `ereok ok_e]h ajpna dkiajo hernao a ao_n]rko( eilkj`k ] aopao pk`]o ]o k_ql] ao a pk`ko ko pn]^]hdko i]jq]eo a naoanr]j`k mqahao ]o ]pere`]`ao jk i]jq]eo( har]r] ] qi] _qhpqn]
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mqa `aolnav]r] k pn]^]hdk i]jq]h* Qi] k^n]( >p k m`f^p ab Jbo` ofl b Ûilildf^( ao_nep] lahk deopkne]`kn nki]jk R]nnk( kbana_a ] _h]ooeÚ_]k mqa lan`qn]n `k o_qhk EE `*?* ]k o_qhk TR( `ere`ej`k ]o ]npao ai ^oqbp if_bo^fp $kq `ecj]o `k dkiai herna% a ^oqbp pbosfp lr jb` kf* `^p $ln lne]o `k pn]^]hd]`kn i]jq]h%* An]i ]npao he^an]eo6 cn]ipe_]( nap ne_]( h ce_]( ]nepipe_]( cakiapne]( ]opnkjkie] a i ) oe_]( _kilkj`k k _qnn_qhk ao_kh]n `ko dkiajo hernao* An]i ]npao ia_ je_]o pk`]o ]o kqpn]o ]pere`]`ao p_je_]o6 ]cne_qhpqn]( _]]( lao_]( ia`e_ej]( ajcajd]ne]( ]nmqepapqn]( j]rac]k( lejpqn]( ao_qhpqn]( kh]ne]( _]nlejp]ne]( i]n_aj]ne]( Ú]k a pa_ah]cai( ap_* Aoo] _h]ooeÚ_]k oan fqopeÚ_]`] lkn O]jpk Pkio `a =mqejk `qn]jpa ] E`]`a I`e] _kik `ebanaj] ajpna ]o ^oqbp nrb afofdbj l qo^_^iel a^ o^wl $kq ]o ]npao he^an]eo% a ^p nrb afofdbj l qo^_^iel a^p jlp $kq ]o ]npao ia_ je_]o%* Reopk mqa( jqi] lanola_per] naheceko] _neop( okiajpa ] ]hi] herna a k _knlk l]n] ah] qi] lneok( _kj_hqe)oa mqa ]o ]npao he^an]eo ok oqlaneknao o ]npao ia_ je_]o* Lkn mqa ]o ]npao i]jq]eo ok _d]i]`]o `a ]npao Îia_ je_]oÏ; =o l]h]rn]o cnac]o jb* `e^kfh $ia_ je_]% a jb`e^k $imqej]% oecjeÚ_]i Îejrajk ajcajdko]Ï( Îaopn]p]cai] ]opq_ekokÏ* Eje_e]hiajpa( an]i ailnac]`]o l]n] oa nabanen ] aopn]p]cai]o `a cqann] a j] ikjp]cai `a _ajneko `a pa]pnk* Lkq_k ] lkq_k l]oo]n]i ] oecjeÚ_]n p]i^i pk`k atla) `eajpa d]^ehe`kok l]n] naokhran qi] `eÚ_qh`]`a _knlkn]h kq l]n] oqlan]n qi k^op_qhk ]k `k _knlk dqi]jk* Mq]h k aopn]p]cai] ]opq_ekok kq ] ejrajk d]^ehe`ko]; B]van _ki mqa ]hcqi bn]_k na]heva qi] p]nab] ]_ei] `a oq]o bkn]o( cn]]o ] qi ejopnqiajpk mqa ]ilhe] oq]o bkn]o* ]ooei( lkn atailhk( mqa qi] ]h]r]j_] a qi i]npahk ok imqej]o kq k^fapko ia_ je_ko( lkeo ] ]h]r]j_] laniepa `aohk_]n qi laok mqa qi] laook]( okvejd]( f]i]eo `aohk_]ne]( a k i]npahk laniepa mqa^n]n kq qjen k^fapko mqa ]o iko okvejd]o jk _kjoacqene]i mqa^n]n kq qjen* = p_je_] kq ]npa ejrajp] ejopnqiajpko ajcajdkoko a ]opqpko l]n] ]qtehe]n k _knlk ] na]hev]n qi] ]pere`]`a lajko]( `qn]( `eb_eh mqa( j]o ok_ea`]`ao ]jpe) c]o( an] na]hev]`] lkn ao_n]rko kq oanrko a lkn dkiajo hernao lk^nao* = l]npen `] Naj]o_aj]( lkni( pn]r])oa qi] hqp] lah] r]hknev]k `]o ]npao ia_ je_]o lkn `q]o n]v ao lnej_el]eo6 ai lneiaenk hqc]n( lknmqa _kia] ] oqncen k e`a]h `] sfa^ ^qf* s^( mqa r]hknev] ] ]lhe_]k lnpe_] kq p_je_] `ko _kjda_eiajpko pa ne_ko $_kik oa r ai Hakj]n`k `] Rej_e _ki oq]o ejraj ao `a imqej]o `a pk`k pelk a _kik oa r p]i^i j] eilknp j_e] `ko k^fapko p_je_ko mqa laniepen]i ] na]hev]k `]o Cn]j`ao J]rac] ao a ko `ao_k^neiajpko i]npeiko%7 ai oacqj`k( lknmqa k Dqi]jeoik naj]o_ajpeop] `ecjeÚ_] k _knlk dqi]jk a aoo] `ecje`]`a oa pn]`qv j] _d]i]`] Î^]p]hd] lah] `ecje`]`a `]o ]npao ia_ je_]oÏ l]n] hdao `]n ] iaoi] _kj`ek `]o ]npao he^an]eo* =hi `eook( aop]iko ]ckn] jk ej_ek `k _]lep]heoik a ia`e`] mqa aopa oa `aoajrkhra( k pn]^]hdk l]oo] ] oan _kjoe`an]`k bkjpa a _]qo] `]o nemqav]o( oaj`k lkn eook r]hknev]`k* = r]hknev]k `k pn]^]hdk ]_]nnap] ] r]hknev]k `]o ]npao ia_ je_]o* = lneiaen] `ecje`]`a k^pe`] lah]o ]npao ia_ je_]o bke oq] ahar]k _kj`ek `a `l* keb`fjbkql( _kik ]o ]npao he^an]eo* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( jah]o jk d]re] ]laj]o ] ]lhe_]k nkpejaen] `a nacn]o `a b]^ne_]k i]jq]h `a k^fapko( i]o _kjda_eiajpko pa ne_ko l]n] ] ej) rajk a _kjopnqk `a ejopnqiajpko a l]n] ] na]hev]k `a ]pere`]`ao _kik ] ia`e_ej]( ] ajcajd]ne]( ] ]nmqepapqn]( ] ^]hope_]( ] lejpqn] a ] ao_qhpqn]* = oacqj`] `ecje`]`a bke ]h_]j]`] jk Új]h `k o_qhk TREE a ] l]npen `k o_qhk TREEE( mq]j`k oa `eopejcqen]i ]o Ûk^ifa^abp `]o rne]o ]npao ia_ je_]o( eopk ( ]o mqa pi _kik Úi k mqa qfi ]ko dkiajo $] ia`e_ej]( ]cne_qhpqn]( ajcajd]ne]( ]nmqepapqn]( _qhejne]( ko ]npao]j]pko( _kik p]i^i ] kh]ne]( i]n_aj]ne]( Ú]k( pa_ah]cai( p]la]ne]( fk]hdane]( re) `n]ne]( f]n`ej]cai( ap_*% a ]mqah]o _qfk Úi lnk`qven k _bil a lnkrk_]n k oajpeiajpk `] ^ahav] $] lejpqn]( ao_qhpqn]( lkaoe] kq hepan]pqn]( ] i oe_]( k pa]pnk a ] `]j]%* ?ki ] e`ae] `a rqfifa^ab( qi] l]npa `]o ]npao ia_ je_]o pknjkq)oa abaper]iajpa he^an]h a _ki eook oqncen]i ]o _d]i]`]o molÛppbp if_bo^fp $_kik k i`e_k( k ajcajdaenk( k ]`rk) c]`k( k ]nmqepapk( k lnkbaookn( ap_*%* ?ki ] e`ae] `a _bibw^( qi] l]npa `]o ]npao ia_ je_]o pn]jobknikq)oa j]o _d]i]`]o ^ah]o)]npao( ik`k lahk mq]h j o bkiko ]_kopqi]`ko ] ajpaj`an ] ]npa*
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K qjeranok `]o ]npao x #!0É45,/ß x
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= `eopejk ajpna ]npao `] qpehe`]`a a ]npao `] ^ahav] ]_]nnapkq qi] oal]n]k ajpna q`kf`^ $k peh% a ^oqb $k ^ahk%( har]j`k ei]cai `] ]npa _kik ]k ej`ere`q]h aolkjp ja]( rej`] `] oajoe^ehe`]`a a `] b]jp]oe] `k ]npeop] _kik d kfl `of^alo* Ajmq]jpk k p_je_k reopk _kik ]lhe_]`kn `a nacn]o a lnk_a`eiajpko rej`ko `] pn]`ek kq `] _ej_e]( k ]npeop] reopk _kik `kp]`k `a fkpmfo^ l( ajpaj`e`] _kik qi] aol_ea `a ehqiej]k ejpanekn a aolenepq]h ieopaneko] mqa har] k cjek ] _ne]n ] k^n]* =hi `eook( _kik ] k^n] `a ]npa lajo]`] ] l]npen `a oq] Új]he`]`a Í ] _ne]k `k ^ahk Í( pknj])oa ejoal]nrah `] Úcqn] `k l^he_k $aola_p]`kn( kqrejpa( haepkn%( mqa fqhc] a ]r]he] k k^fapk ]npope_k _kjbknia pajd] kq jk na]hev]`k ] ^ahav]* = ^ahav] rai ]npe_qh]`] jkk `a ^ki ckopk a k fqhc]iajpk `] k^n] `a ]npa lahk _nepnek `k ^ki ckopk ` knecai ]k _kj) _aepk `a grwl ab dlpql( mqa oan ]ilh]iajpa aopq`]`k lkn G]jp* Cjek _ne]`kn a ejolen]k( `k h]`k `k ]npeop] $b]h])oa jaha _kik Î]jei]h ej_kil]nrahÏ%( ^ahav]( `k h]`k `] k^n]( a fqvk `a ckopk( `k h]`k `k l ^he_k( _kjopepqai ko leh]nao ok^na ko mq]eo oa ancqan( _kik ranaiko ]`e]jpa( qi] `eo_elhej] Úhko Ú_]6 ] aop pe_]* Pk`]re]( `ao`a k Új]h `k o_qhk TET a `qn]jpa k o_qhk TT( ik`eÚ_kq)oa ] nah]k ajpna ]npa a p_je_]( eopk ( ] `eopejk a ] oal]n]k ajpna k ^ahk a k peh* Lkn qi h]`k( _kik reiko ]k aopq`]n ]o _ej_e]o( k aop]pqpk `] p_je_] ik`eÚ_kq)oa mq]j`k aop] oa pknjkq pa_jkhkce]( lknp]jpk( qi] bkni] `a _kjda_eiajpk a jk oeilhao ]k b]^ne_]`kn] `a ]_kn`k _ki nacn]o a na_aep]o* Lkn kqpnk( ]o ]npao l]oo]n]i ] oan _kj_a) ^e`]o iajko _kik _ne]k caje]h ieopaneko] a i]eo _kik bumobppl `of^alo^( eopk ( _kik pn]joÚcqn]k `k iqj`k ai k^n] ]npope_]* =o ]npao ok reop]o _kik qo^_^iel a^ bumobppl a ikopn]i mqa( `ao`a mqa oqncen]i lah] lneiaen] rav( bkn]i ejoal]nraeo `] _ej_e] a `] p_je_]* =ooei( lkn atailhk( ] ao_qh) pqn] cnac] pane] oe`k eilkoorah oai ] cakiapne]7 ] lejpqn] a ] ]nmqepapqn] `] Naj]o_aj] ok ej_kilnaajoraeo oai ] i]paipe_] a ] pakne] `] d]nikje] a `]o lnklkn ao7 ] lejpqn] eilnaooekjeop]( ej_kilnaajorah oai ] boe_] a ] lpe_]( eopk ( oai ] pakne] `]o _knao( ap_* = jkre`]`a `k Új]h `k o_qhk TET a `a pk`k k o_qhk TT aop jk b]pk `a mqa( ]ckn]( ]o ]npao jk k_qhp]i aoo]o nah] ao( ko ]npeop]o oa nabanai atlhe_ep]iajpa ] ah]o a ^qo_]i j]o _ej_e]o a j]o p_je_]o naolkop]o a okhq ao l]n] lnk^hai]o ]npope_ko* =k oa pki]n ]o ]npao _kik atlnaook _ne]`kn] a _kik pn]^]hdk atlnaooerk( jk oa mqan `evan mqa ah]o lan`an]i k rj_qhk _ki ] e`ae] `a ^ahav] a oei mqa ] oq^kn`ej]n]i ] qi kqpnk r]hkn( ] ran`]`a* = k^n] `a ]npa ^qo_] _]iejdko `a ]_aook ]k na]h a `a atlnaook `] ran`]`a* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ]o ]npao lnapaj`ai atlneien lkn iaeko ]npope_ko ] ln lne] na]) he`]`a* Bumofjfo oecjeÚ_] Îejpanlnap]nÏ( kq oaf]( aj_kjpn]n kq narah]n l pbkqfal `]o _keo]o a `k iqj`k* K lejpkn `aoaf] narah]n k mqa ] reoe^ehe`]`a ejpanlnap]j`k k iqj`k reorah7 k i ) oe_k( k mqa ] okjkne`]`a ejpanlnap]j`k k iqj`k okjknk7 k `]j]nejk( k mqa ] ik^ehe`]`a _knlkn]h ejpanlnap]j`k k iqj`k `k ikreiajpk7 k ao_nepkn( k mqa ] l]h]rn] ejpanlnap]j`k k iqj`k `] hejcq]cai7 k ao_qhpkn( k mqa i]pane]he`]`a `kp]`] `a bkni] ejpanlnap]j`k k iqj`k `] i]pne] a `] bkni]* L]n] b]v)hk( na_knnai o p_je_]o a ]ko ejopnqiajpko p_je) _ko $_kik( ]heo( oailna Úvan]i( ]lao]n `] ei]cai `k cjek _ne]`kn ejolen]`k( mqa pen] `a `ajpnk `a oe ] k^n]%* Pno i]jebaop] ao ]npope_]o _kjpailkn ja]o lk`ai ehqopn]n k ik`k _kik ]npa a p_) je_] oa aj_kjpn]i a oa _kiqje_]i6 ] bkpkcn]Ú]( k _ejai] a k abpfdk* Bkpkcn]Ú] a _ejai] oqncai( eje_e]hiajpa( _kik p_je_]o `a nalnk`qk `] na]he`]`a* Lkq_k ] lkq_k( lkni( pknj]i)oa ejpanlnap] ao `] na]he`]`a a _ki eook oqncai _kik ]npao `] atlnaook* K abpfdk( lkn oq] rav( ejpnk`qv ]o ]npao lhope_]o $lejpqn]( ao_qhpqn]( ]nmqepa) pqn]% jk `aoajdk a j] lnk`qk `a ejopnqiajpko p_je_ko $qo]`ko j] ej` opne]( jko h]^kn]) p neko _eajpÚ_ko( jko dkolep]eo( ai _kjoqhp neko i`e_ko a `ajpneko( ap_*% a `a qpajoheko _kpe`e]jko $ej`k `ao`a ]qpki raeo a ]re ao ]p imqej]o `kiope_]o kq ahapnk`kiope_ko( ik^ehenek( hqiejne]o( p]hdanao( _klko( ln]pko( t_]n]o( hleo( _]jap]o( pa_e`ko l]n] i raeo a _knpej]o( fke]o a ^efqpane]o( _]h]`ko( ap_*%* @ao`a ko ]jko -5.,)-5/,( ]o bnkjpaen]o ajpna ]npa a p_je_] pknj]i)oa _]`] rav i]eo pjqao6 lna_eok qi] lah_qh] pa_je_]iajpa lanbaep] l]n] ] bkpk ]npope_] a l]n] k _ejai]
`a ]npa7 lna_eok qi i]pane]h pa_je_]iajpa lanbaepk l]n] mqa qi `eo_k lkoo] nalnk`qven qi _kj_anpk7 lna_eok amqel]iajpko p_je_ko `a ]hp] mq]he`]`a a lna_eok l]n] ] lnk`qk `a bkpko( Úhiao( `eo_ko( r`ako( _ajneko a ehqiej]k pa]pn]eo* = p_je_] `a b]^ne_]k `ko ejopnqiajpko iqoe_]eo a ] ejrajk `a ]l]nahdko ahapnje_ko l]n] i oe_]( ]o lkooe^ehe`]) `ao p_je_]o `a jkr]o pejp]o a _knao( cn]]o ]ko i]pane]eo oejppe_ko( ik`eÚ_]j`k ] lejpqn]( ]o lkooe^ehe`]`ao p_je_]o `a jkrko i]pane]eo `a _kjopnqk( ik`eÚ_]j`k ] ]nmqepapqn]( k oqnceiajpk `a jkrko i]pane]eo oejppe_ko( ik`eÚ_]j`k ] ao_qhpqn]( ok ]hcqjo atailhko `] nah]k ejpanj] ajpna ]pere`]`a ]npope_] a ejrajk p_je_k)pa_jkh ce_]* Aoo] nah]k pknjkq)oa pk aopnaep] mqa ] `eopejk ajpna ]npa anq`ep] a ]npa lklqh]n oa ^]oae] j] lnaoaj] `] pa_jkhkce] `a lkjp] j] lneiaen] a j] ]qoj_e] `aoo] pa_jkhkce]( j] oacqj`]7 kq oaf]( ] ]npa lklqh]n ]npao]j]h7 ] anq`ep]( pa_jkh ce_]* P]i^i _kjÚni] ] cn]j) `a lnkteie`]`a ajpna ]npao a pa_jkhkce] k b]pk `a mqa iqepko ]npeop]o _dac]i ] ]lnaoajp]n _kik k^n] `a ]npa qi] ejpanlnap]k `ko ln lneko k^fapko a ejopnqiajpko p_je_ko* A jk iajko oecjeÚ_]perk k b]pk `a ]hcqi]o p_je_]o( mqa oanre]i `a ejopnqiajpko l]n] ]o ]npao( panai oa pknj]`k( ah]o ln lne]o( bkni]o `a ]npa( _kik bke k _]ok `]o _d]i]`]o ]npao cnÚ_]o( j]o_e`]o `]o p_je_]o `a eilnajo] l]n] ] nalnk`qk `a k^n]o `a ]npa* Ko k^fapko lnk`qve`ko _ki ^]oa jk abpfdk ej`e_]i mqa bkn]i _kj_a^e) `ko _ki ] lnak_ql]k `a mqa( ]hi `a paeo( p]i^i oaf]i ^ahko* Jk aj) p]jpk( lkoorah `eopejcqen ajpna aooao k^fapko p_je_ko a ]o k^n]o `a ]npa* = `ebanaj] ajpna ] k^n] `a ]npa a ko k^fapko p_je_ko aop ai oq]o Új]) he`]`ao6 ] k^n] `a ]npa bumobppfs^( k k^fapk p_je_k( ]ej`] mqa ^ahk( crk* `flk^i* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( jko k^fapko p_je_ko j]o_e`ko `k abpfdk ko i]pa) ne]eo a ]o bkni]o aopk oq^kn`ej]`ko crk l mqa `arai lnaaj_dan $qi] _]) `aen] `ara oan _kjbknprah l]n] oajp]n7 qi] _]jap]( ]`amq]`] l]n] ao_naran7 qi ]qpki rah( ]`amq]`k l]n] ] hk_k) ikk7 qi] cah]`aen]( ]`amq]`] l]n] ] _kjoanr]k `ko ]heiajpko7 qi] hq) iejne]( ]`amq]`] l]n] ] `eopne^qek kq _kj_ajpn]k `a hqv( ap_*%* @] k^n] `a ]npa( lkni( jk oa aolan] jai oa ateca bqj_ekj]he`]`a( d]raj`k jah] lhaj] he^an`]`a l]n] he`]n _ki bkni]o a i]pane]eo( _knao a ikreiajpko( okjo a caopko( oehj_eko a l]h]rn]o `ko mq]eo Reop] ]na] `k Ailena Op]pa >qeh`ejc( ai Jkr] Ukng* oa aolan] mqa atlnei]i oecjeÚ_] ao Jkrko i]pane]eo `a _kjopnqk( _kik k _eiajpk( a ran`]`ao( a _qf] ^ahav] `a_knna fqop]) k ]k a k re`nk( bkn]i qo]`ko lah] ]nmqepapqn] jk o_qhk TT( ]hpan]j`k k _ajnek `]o iapn lkhao* iajpa `a oaq lk`an atlnaooerk*
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K qjeranok `]o ]npao x #!0É45,/ß x
Iuopanu ^kt( k^n] `k ]npeop] >aj R]qpean( hec]`k ]k ikreiajpk Bhqtqo* Jk n pqhk( lk`a)oa han ] ejo_nek6 ÎJk ]^n]* Aop] _]et] lan`a pk`k oaq r]hkn a oecjebe_]k aoppe_] _kik k^n] `a ]npa $ieopnek% jk ejop]jpa ai mqa ]^anp]Ï* Kq oaf]( k ]npeop] har] ]k l]nkteoik k _kj_aepk `a ]qn]*
Jaooa ajo]ek( >ajf]iej ]_kil]jd] k ikreiajpk deop ) ne_k a ok_e]h jk mq]h ]o ]npao l]oo]i `k _]ilk nahecekok ]k `a oq] ]qpkjkie]( kq ]k _]ilk ]npope_k lnklne]iajpa `epk( a `eopejcqa k ikiajpk nahecekok( mq]j`k ]o ]npao lkooqai Îr]hkn `a _qhpkÏ( a k ikiajpk ]qpjkik( mq]j`k l]oo]i ] pan Îr]hkn `a atlkoekÏ* L]n] na]hev]n oq] ]jheoa( >ajf]iej ejpnk`qv k _kj_aepk `a ^ro^* Mqa ] ]qn]; = ]qn]( atlhe_] >ajf]iej( ] ]^okhqp] oejcqh]ne`]`a `a qi oan Í j]pqn]h kq ]npope_k Í( oq] _kj`ek `a atailh]n je_k mqa oa kbana_a jqi ]mqe a ]ckn] ÎennalaprahÏ( oq] mq]) he`]`a `a apanje`]`a a bqc]_e`]`a oeiqhp ja]o( oaq lanpaj_e) iajpk ja_aoonek ]k _kjpatpk ai mqa oa aj_kjpn] a oq] l]n) pe_el]k jqi] pn]`ek mqa hda ` oajpe`k* ( jk _]ok `] k^n] `a ]npa( oq] ^rqbkqf`fa^ab( eopk ( k rj_qhk ejpanjk ajpna oq] qje`]`a a oq] `qn]^ehe`]`a* = k^n] `a ]npa lkooqe ]qn] kq ]qnpe_] mq]j`k pai ]o oacqejpao mq]he`]`ao6 je_]( qj]( ennalaprah( `qn]`kqn] b abian]( jkr] b l]npe_el]jpa `a qi] pn]`ek( _]l]v `a pknj]n `eop]jpa k mqa aop lanpk a aopn]jdk k mqa l]na_e] b]iehe]n lknmqa pn]joÚcqn] ] na]he`]`a* >ajf]iej ao_nara6 Bj prj^) l nrb ^ ^ro^ajf]iej6 > rkf`fa^ab a^ l_o^ ab ^oqb fa kqf`^ pr^ fkpbo l kl `lkqbuql a^ qo^af l+ Pbj a sfa^) bpp^ qo^af l ^idl jrfql sfsl) buqo^loafk^of^jbkqb s^ofsbi+ Rj^ ^kqfd^ bp* qqr^ ab S krp) mlo bubjmil) bpq^s^ fkp`ofq^ krj^ `boq^ qo^af l bkqob lp dobdlp) nrb c^wf^j abi^ rj l_gbql ab `riql) b bj lrqo^ qo^af l k^ Fa^ab Jaf^) nr^kal lp alrqlobp a^ Fdobg^ sf^j kbi^ rj alil j^ic^wbgl+ L nrb bo^ `ljrj p ar^p qo^af bp) `lkqral) bo^ ^ rkf`fa^ab a^ l_o^ lr) bj lrqo^p m^i^so^p) pr^ ^ro^+
/03
= bkni] i]eo lneieper] `a ejoank `] k^n] `a ]npa jk _kjpatpk `] pn]`ek oa atlneie] jk _qhpk* =o i]eo ]jpec]o k^n]o `a ]npa( _kik o]^aiko( oqncen]i ] oanrek `a qi nepq]h eje) _e]hiajpa ice_k a `alkeo nahecekok* K mqa `a eilknp j_e] `a_eoer] mqa aooa ik`k `a oan ]qnpe_k `] k^n] `a ]npa jqj_] oa `aop]_] _kilhap]iajpa `a oq] bqjk nepq]h* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o6 k r]hkn je_k `] k^n] `a ]npa Î]qpjpe_]Ï pai oailna qi bqj`]iaj) pk pakh ce_k( lkn i]eo naikpk mqa oaf]6 aha lk`a oan na_kjda_e`k( _kik nepq]h oa_qh]nev]`k( iaoik j]o bkni]o i]eo lnkb]j]o `k _qhpk `k ^ahk* Aoo]o bkni]o lnkb]j]o `k _qhpk `k ^ahk( oqn) ce`]o j] Naj]o_aj] a recajpao `qn]jpa pno o_qhko( `aet]n]i i]jebaopk aooa bqj`]iajpk* K _qhpk `k ^ahk( ]k oq^opepqen k _qhpk `ko `aqoao( _kjoanrkq k _]npan ]qnpe_k `] k^n] `a ]npa* Kq oaf]( ]k l]oo]n `k _]ilk nahecekok ]k aoppe_k( ] k^n] `a ]npa _kjoanrkq ] ]qn]* lna_eok( ajpk( atlhe_]n _kik a lkn mqa( j] ok_ea`]`a _kjpailkn ja]( ] ]qn] bke lan`e`] kq `aopnq`]* >ajf]iej lnkooacqa6
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%+++& c`fi fabkqfÛ`^o lp c^qlobp pl`f^fp bpmb`Û`lp nrb `lkaf`flk^j l ab`ikfl ^qr^i a^ ^ro^+ Bib abofs^ ab ar^p `fo`rkpq k`f^p) bpqobfq^jbkqb ifd^a^p `obp`bkqb afcrpl b fkqbkpf* a^ab alp jlsfjbkqlp ab j^pp^p+ C^wbo ^p `lfp^p ÏÛ`^obj j^fp moufj^pÐ rj^ mobl`rm^* l ql ^m^fulk^a^ a^p j^pp^p jlabok^p `ljl pr^ qbka k`f^ ^ prmbo^o l `^oqbo kf`l ab qlalp lp c^qlp ^qo^sp a^ pr^ obmolarqf_fifa^ab+ @^a^ af^ Û`^ j^fp foobpfpqsbi ^ kb`bppfa^ab ab mlpprfo l l_gbql) ql mboql nr^kql mlppsbi) bj fj^dbj) lr ^kqbp) k^ pr^ `mf^) k^ pr^ obmolar l+ @^a^ af^ Û`^ j^fp kqfa^ ^ afcbobk ^ bkqob ^ obmolar l) `ljl bi^ klp lcbob* `fa^ mbi^p obsfpq^p firpqo^a^p b mbilp al`rjbkqoflp `fkbj^qldoÛ`lp) b ^ fj^dbj+ Kbpq^) ^ rkfa^ab b ^ aro^_fifa^ab pb ^ppl`f^j ql fkqfj^jbkqb `ljl) k^ obmolar l) ^ qo^kpfql* ofba^ab b ^ obmbqf_fifa^ab+ Obqfo^o l l_gbql al pbr fksir`ol) abpqorfo pr^ ^ro^) ^ `^o^`qbop* qf`^ ab rj^ cloj^ ab mbo`bm l `rg^ `^m^`fa^ab ab `^mq^o Ïl pbjbie^kqb kl jrkalÐ ql ^dra^ nrb) do^ ^p obmolar l) bi^ `lkpbdrb `^mq*il ^q kl cbkjbkl kf`l+ = lan`] `] ]qn] `a_knna( ]jpao `a i]eo j]`]( `k `aoafk `a mqa^n]n ] `eop j_e] a ] pn]jo) _aj`j_e] `ko k^fapko ]npope_ko( _qf] `eop j_e] a pn]jo_aj`j_e] lnkrejd] `a oanai je_ko a `a oa aj_kjpn]nai ai hk_]eo kj`a ]laj]o ]hcqjo lk`e]i _kjpailh)hko* Aoo] mqa^n] pkn) jkq)oa lkoorah cn]]o nalnk`qk p_je_] `]o k^n]o `a ]npa* Are`ajpaiajpa( `ev >ajf]iej( ] ]npa oailna bke nalnk`qprah( ^]op]j`k ran `eo_lqhko eiep]j`k ko iaopnao* = mqaopk( lkn) p]jpk( jk aop jk b]pk `] nalnk`qk( a oei j] jkr] ik`]he`]`a `a nalnk`qven6 ] nalnk`q) k p _je_]( mqa laniepa ] ateopj_e] `k k^fapk ]npope_k ai onea a mqa( ai _anpko _]oko( _kik j] bkpkcn]Ú]( jk `eo_k a jk _ejai]( pknj] eilkoorah `eopejcqen ajpna k knecej]h a ] _ le]( eopk ( `aob]v ]o ln lne]o e`ae]o `a knecej]h a _ le]* ?kjpejq] k Úh okbk6 %+++& ^ obmolar l q`kf`^ a^ l_o^ ab ^oqb obmobpbkq^ rj mol`bppl klsl) nrb pb sbj abpbkslisbkal k^ efpqof^ fkqbojfqbkqbjbkqb ^qo^sp ab p^iqlp pbm^o^alp mlo ilkdlp fk* qbos^ilp) j^p `lj fkqbkpfa^ab `obp`bkqb+ @lj ^ ufildo^sro^) l abpbkel qloklr*pb mbi^ mofjbfo^ sbw qb`kf`^jbkqb obmolarqsbi) jrfql ^kqbp nrb ^ fjmobkp^ mobpq^ppb l jbpjl pbosf l m^o^ ^ m^i^so^ bp`ofq^+ @lkeb`bjlp ^p dfd^kqbp`^p qo^kpcloj^ bp molsl`^a^p mbi^ fjmobkp^ Î ^ obmol* ar l q`kf`^ a^ bp`ofq^+ J^p ^ fjmobkp^ obmobpbkq^ ^mbk^p rj `^pl bpmb`f^i) bj_lo^ ab fjmloq k`f^ ab`fpfs^) ab rj mol`bppl efpqof`l j^fp ^jmil+ È ufildo^sro^) k^ Fa^ab Jaf^) pbdrbj*pb ^ bpq^jm^ bj `e^m^ ab `l_ob b ^ dr^*cloqb) ^ppfj `ljl ^ ifqldo^Û^) kl fk`fl al p`ril UFU+ @lj ^ ifqldo^Û^) ^ q`kf`^ ab obmolar l ^qfkdb rj^ bq^m^ bppbk`f^ijbkqb kls^+ Bppb mol`bafjbkql jrfql j^fp mob`fpl) nrb afpqfkdrb ^ qo^kp`of l al abpbkel krj^ mbao^ ab pr^ fk`fpl pl_ob rj _il`l ab j^abfo^ lr rj^ mo^k`e^ ab `l_ob) mbojfqfr p ^oqbp doÛ`^p mbi^ mofjbfo^ sbw `lil`^o kl jbo`^al pr^p molar bp kl pljbkqb bj j^pp^) `ljl g ^`lkqb`f^ ^kqbp) j^p q^j_j k^ cloj^ ab `of^ bp pbjmob kls^p+ Abpp^ cloj^) ^p ^oqbp doÛ`^p ^anrfofo^j lp jbflp ab firpqo^o ^ sfa^ `lqfaf^k^+ Do^* ^p ifqldo^Û^ bi^p `ljb ^o^j ^ pfqr^o*pb kl jbpjl ksbi nrb ^ fjmobkp^+ J^p ^ ifql* do^Û^ ^fka^ bpq^s^ bj pbrp mofjoaflp nr^kal clf riqo^m^pp^a^ mbi^ clqldo^Û^+ Mbi^ mofjbfo^ sbw kl mol`bppl ab obmolar l a^ fj^dbj) ^ jl clf if_bo^a^ a^p obpmlkp^_fifa^abp ^oqpqf`^p j^fp fjmloq^kqbp) nrb ^dlo^ `^_f^j rkf`^jbkqb ^l liel+ @ljl l liel ^mobbkab j^fp abmobpp^ al nrb ^ jl abpbke^) l mol`bppl ab obmolar l a^p fj^dbkp bumbofjbkqlr q^i ^`bibo^ l nrb `ljb lr ^ pfqr^o*pb kl jbpjl ksbi nrb ^ m^i^so^ lo^i+ Pb l glok^i firpqo^al bpq^s^ `lkqfal sfoqr^ijbkqb k^ ifqldo^Û^) l `fkbj^ c^i^al bp* q^s^ sfoqr^ijbkqb `lkqfal k^ clqldo^Û^+ > obmolar l q`kf`^ al plj fkf`flr*pb kl Ûj al p`ril m^pp^al Xp`ril UFUZ+ @lj bi^) ^qfkdfr*pb q^i m^aol ab nr^ifa^ab nrb bi^ kl pljbkqb mlaf^ qo^kpcloj^o bj pbrp l_gbqlp ^ qlq^ifa^ab a^p l_o^p ab ^oqb qo^af`flk^fp) pr_jbqbkal*^p ^ qo^kpcloj^ bp molcrka^p) `ljl `lknrfpq^o m^o^ pf rj ird^o momofl bkqob lp mol`bafjbkqlp ^oqpqf`lp+
/04
K qjeranok `]o ]npao x #!0É45,/ß x
@aoo] i]jaen]( lknp]jpk( ] `aopnqek `] ]qn] aop lnaÚcqn]`] j] ln lne] aooj_e] `] k^n] `a ]npa _kik ]hck lkoorah lknmqa pk`] k^n] `a ]npa lkooqe `keo r]hknao6 k ab `riql a k ab bumlpf l( a aopa hpeik oqo_ep] ] nalnk`qpe^ehe`]`a( _qf] atpajok( mq]jpe`]`a a mq]he`]`a `alaj`ai `]o _kj`e ao o _ek)deop ne_]o mqa ] atecenai a ] lkooe^ehep]nai* >ajf]iej `ev ]ej`]6 Pbof^ mlppsbi ob`lkpqfqrfo ^ efpqof^ a^ ^oqb ^ m^oqfo al `lkcolkql ab alfp mlilp) kl fkqboflo a^ momof^ l_o^ ab ^oqb) b sbo l `lkqb al abpp^ efpqof^ k^ s^of^ l al mbpl `lkcbofal pbg^ ^ rj mlil) pbg^ ^ lrqol+ Lp alfp mlilp pl l s^ilo ab `riql a^ l_o^ b pbr s^ilo ab bumlpf l+ > obmolar l ^oqpqf`^ `ljb ^ `lj fj^dbkp ^ pbosf l a^ j^df^+ L nrb fjmloq^) kbpp^p fj^dbkp) nrb bufpq^j) b kl nrb pbg^j sfpq^p+ L ^i`b) `lmf^al mbil eljbj m^ibliqf`l k^p m^obabp ab pr^ `^sbok^) rj fkpqorjbkql ab j^df^) p l`^* pflk^ijbkqb bumlpql ^lp lielp alp lrqolp eljbkp7 kl jufjl) bib absb pbo sfpql mbilp bpmofqlp+ L s^ilo ab `riql) `ljl q^i) nr^pb l_ofd^ ^ j^kqbo pb`obq^p ^p l_o^p ab ^oqb7 `boq^p bpqqr^p afsfk^p pljbkqb pl ^`bppsbfp ^l prjl p^`boalqb) k^ _ahh]) `boq^p j^al* k^p mboj^kb`bj `l_boq^p nr^pb l ^kl fkqbfol) `boq^p bp`riqro^p bj `^qbao^fp a^ Fa^ab Jaf^ pl fksfpsbfp) al plil) m^o^ l l_pbos^alo+ È jbafa^ nrb ^p l_o^p ab ^oqb pb bj^k`fm^j al pbr rpl ofqr^i) ^rjbkq^j ^p l`^* pfbp m^o^ nrb pbg^j bumlpq^p+ > sfpf_fifa^ab ab rj _rpql) nrb mlab pbo abpil`^al ab rj ird^o m^o^ lrqol) j^flo nrb ^ ab rj^ bpqqr^ afsfk^) nrb qbj pr^ pbab Ûu^ kl fkqboflo ab rj qbjmil+ > sfpf_fifa^ab ab rj nr^aol j^flo nrb ^ ab rj jlp^f`l lr ab rj ^cobp`l) nrb l mob`babo^j+ B pb ^ sfpf_fifa^ab ab rj^ jfpp^) mlo pr^ momof^ k^qrobw^) kl bo^ q^isbw jbklo nrb ^ ab rj^ pfkclkf^) bpq^ prodfr krj jljbkql bj nrb pr^ sf* pf_fifa^ab moljbqf^ pbo j^flo nrb ^ a^ jfpp^+ > sfpf_fifa^ab ab rj^ l_o^ ab ^oqb `obp`br bj q^i bp`^i^) `lj lp soflp jqlalp ab pr^ obmolarqf_fifa^ab q`kf`^) nrb ^ jra^k ^ ab kc^pb ab rj mlil m^o^ lrqol `loobpmlkab ^ rj^ jra^k ^ nr^ifq^qfs^ `ljm^osbi nrb l`loobr k^ Mo*Efpqof^+ @lj bcbfql) ^ppfj `ljl k^ Mo*Efpqof^ ^ mobmlkabo k`f^ ^_plirq^ al s^ilo ab `riql `lkcbofal l_o^ ibslr*^ ^ pbo `lk`b_fa^ bj mofjbfol ird^o `ljl fkpqorjbkql jdf`l) b p j^fp q^oab `ljl l_o^ ab ^oqb) al jbpjl jlal ^ mob* mlkabo k`f^ ^_plirq^ `lkcbofa^ elgb ^ pbr s^ilo ab bumlpf l ^qof_rf*ieb crk bp fkqbf* o^jbkqb kls^p) bkqob ^p nr^fp ^ Ï^oqpqf`^Ð) ^ kf`^ ab nrb qbjlp `lkp`f k`f^) b nrb q^isbw pb obsbib crqro^jbkqb `ljl pb`rkaof^+
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POmTICAßOßVOCfBULOßß POmTICAßmßAßTRADUljOßß PARAßPOIESIS ßPORTANTO ßß PARAß±FABRICAljO²
/05
k lkjpk `a reop] Úhko Ú_k( lk`aiko b]h]n ai `keo cn]j`ao ikiajpko `a paknev]k `] ]npa* Jk lneiaenk( ej]qcqn]`k lkn Lh]pk a =neop pahao( ] ÚhkokÚ] pn]p] ]o ]npao `k lkjpk `a reop] `] lk pe_]7 jk oacqj`k( ] l]npen `k o_qhk TREEE( `k lkjpk `a reop] `] aop pe_]* >oqb mlqf`^ k jkia `a qi] k^n] ]neopkphe_] ok^na ]o ]npao `] l]h]rn] b]h]`] a ao_ne) p]( `k _]jpk a `] `]j]( eopk ( ok^na ] lkaoe] a k pa]pnk $pn]c`e] a _ki`e]%* = ]npa lkpe_] aopq`] ]o k^n]o `a ]npa _kik b]^ne_]k `a oanao( ] ao a caopko ^oqfÛ`f^fp( eopk ( lnk`qve`ko lahko ]npÚ_ao kq ]npeop]o* Kq oaf]( ] boe_] aopq`] ko oanao a ]o ] ao lnk`qve`ko lah] j]pqna) v]7 ] lkpe_]( ko b]^ne_]`ko lahko oanao dqi]jko* = k^n] `a ]npa lajo]`] `k lkjpk `a reop] `a oq] _kjbknie`]`a ] jkni]o( nacn]o a lnk) _a`eiajpko `a _kjopnqk _kik qi b]van nacn]`k a kn`aj]`k7 lkn eook ko pn]p]`ko ok^na ]o ]npao lkpe_]o( ao_nepko `ao`a ] ]jpecqe`]`a ]p ] ik`anje`]`a( lkooqai qi _]npan mobp`of* qfsl kq kloj^qfsl( eopk ( kbana_ai ]o jkni]o _knnap]o a ]`amq]`]o mqa _]`] qi] `]o ]npao `ara oacqen l]n] ^ai na]hev]n oaq Úi( ^ai _kik ]o jkni]o kq nacn]o mqa k aola_p]`kn `ara oacqen l]n] ]r]he]n ] mq]he`]`a `]o k^n]o* Ok^ aooa ]ola_pk( ] ]npa lkpe_] qi] mob`bmqfs^( eopk ( ] ]lnaoajp]k `a lna_aepko l]n] k b]van a k fqhc]n ]o k^n]o* =hi `eook( _kik ] k^n] `a ]npa lajo]`] ai oq] `alaj`j_e] _ki ] pe_]( ] lkhpe_] a ] iap]boe_]( eopk ( _ki ]o e`ae]o `a ^ai $ej`ere`q]h a _khaperk% a `a ran`]`a( oaq r]hkn p]i^i `apaniej]`k lah] mq]he`]`a kq `ecje`]`a `k k^fapk kq `k pai] ]^kn`]`k lkn ah]* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ko pn]p]`ko `a ]npa lkpe_] `eopejcqai k^fapko a ]ooqjpko jk^nao
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
$rkhp]`ko l]n] k `erejk( l]n] k ^ai a l]n] k ran`]`aenk% a k^fapko kq ]ooqjpko reo( ^]etko a iaomqejdko $rkhp]`ko l]n] ]o lamqajav]o a iaomqejd]ne]o `a jkoo] re`] _kpe`e]j]% a fqhc] ]o k^n]o `a ]npa _ki aooao _nepneko* Ai oaq qok eje_e]h( ] aoppe_] oa nabane] ]k aopq`k `]o k^n]o `a ]npa ajmq]jpk _ne] ao `] oajoe^ehe`]`a $eopk ( `]o atlanej_e]o `ko _ej_k oajpe`ko a `ko oajpeiajpko _]qo]`ko lkn ah]o%( paj`k _kik Új]he`]`a k ^ahk* Lkq_k ] lkq_k( oq^opepqeq ] jkk `a ]npa lkpe_] a l]o) okq ] `aoecj]n pk`] ejraopec]k Úhko Ú_] mqa pejd] lkn k^fapk ]o ]npao kq qi] ]npa* @k h]`k `k ]npeop] a `] k^n]( ] aoppe_] ^qo_] _kilnaaj`an _kik oa ` ] na]hev]k `] ^ahav]7 `k h]`k `k aola_p]`kn a na_alpkn( ^qo_] ejpanlnap]n ] na]k k^n] `a ]npa ok^ ] bkni] `k fqvk `a ckopk kq `k ^ki ckopk* ?kik oaq jkia ej`e_]( ] aoppe_] oa k_ql] lnabanaj_e]hiajpa _ki ] atlnaook `] oaj) oe^ehe`]`a a `] b]jp]oe] `k ]npeop] a _ki k oajpeiajpk lnk`qve`k lah] k^n] ok^na k aola_p]) `kn kq na_alpkn* ?kiajp]j`k k oqnceiajpk `] aoppe_] j] ik`anje`]`a( k Úh okbk bn]j_o Hq_ Bannu( jk hernk Eljl ^bpqebqf`rp Î > fksbk l al dlpql k^ bo^ abjl`oqf`^( ao_nara6
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L k^p`fjbkql a^ bpqqf`^ `ljl afp`fmifk^ ÛilpÛ`^ bpq fkafpplirsbijbkqb ifd^al jrq^ l o^af`^i nrb fkqbosj k^ obmobpbkq^ l al _bil nr^kal bpqb mbkp^al bj qbojlp ab dlpql) mloq^kql) ^ m^oqfo al nrb kl eljbj fo ildl ^m^ob`bo `ljl ^ bpp k`f^ jbpj^ a^ pr_gbqfsfa^ab) `ljl l j^fp pr_gbqfsl al prgbfql+ @lj l `lk`bfql ab dlpql) bcbqfs^jbkqb) l _bil ifd^al ql fkqfj^jbkqb pr_gbqfsfa^ab erj^k^ nrb pb abÛkb) kl ifjfqb) mbil mo^wbo nrb molmlo`flk^) mbi^p pbkp^ bp lr mbilp pbkqfjbkqlp nrb prp`fq^ bj kp %+++&+ @lj l k^p`fjbkql al dlpql) ^ ^kqfd^ ÛilplÛ^ a^ ^oqb absb) mloq^kql) `babo ird^o ^ rj^ qblof^ a^ pbkpf_fifa^ab+ = jkk `a aoppe_]( mq]j`k bkniqh]`] a `aoajrkhre`] jko o_qhko TREEE a TET( _kj_a^e] ]o ]npao _kik ^ah]o)]npao a lnaooqlqjd] mqa6 -*
] ]npa qi] ]pere`]`a dqi]j] ^rqklj^( eopk ( jk aop ] oanrek `] nahecek jai `] lkhpe_]( i]o lkooqe Új]he`]`a ln lne]7
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] ]npa lnk`qpk `] atlanej_e] oajokne]h kq lan_alper] $oajoe^ehe`]`a%( `] ei]cej]k a `] ejolen]k `k ]npeop] _kik _ne]`kn ]qpjkik kq herna* Kq oaf]( ] oq^fapere`]`a `k ]npeop] kq oq] ejolen]k j^fp fjmloq^kqb `k mqa lna_aepko( jkni]o a nacn]o `a _kjo) pnqk `a qi] k^n]7
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] Új]he`]`a `] ]npa abpfkqbobpp^a^ $jk qpehepne]% kq `lkqbjmi^qfs^* Ai kqpn]o l]h]) rn]o( ] k^n] `a ]npa jk aop ] oanrek `k _qhpk( jai `] lkhpe_]( jai `] lnpe_] ikn]h `]o renpq`ao( ]ooei _kik jk aop `aopej]`] ] lnk`qven k^fapko `a qok a `a _kjoqik( a oei ] lnkle_e]n ] `lkqbjmi^ l a^ _bibw^7
0*
] _kjpailh]k( `k h]`k `k ]npeop]( ] ^qo_] `k ^ahk $a jk `k peh jai `k ]cn]`rah% a( `k h]`k `k l ^he_k( ] ]r]he]k kq k fqhc]iajpk `k r]hkn `a ^ahav] ]pejce`k lah] k^n] lkn iaek `k grwl ab dlpql7
1*
k ^ahk afcbobkqb `k ^ki a `k ran`]`aenk* K ^ai k^fapk `] pe_]7 ] ran`]`a( k^fapk `] _ej_e] a `] iap]boe_]7 a ] ^ahav]( k k^fapk ln lnek `] aoppe_]* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( _kj) pn] ] pn]`ek ]neopkphe_] $mqa `]r] qi] Új]he`]`a ikn]h o k^n]o `a ]npa( ]npe_qh]j) `k)]o e`ae] `k ^ai a `] renpq`a% a _kjpn] ] pn]`ek lh]pje_] $mqa `]r] qi] Új]he`]`a _kcjeper] o ]npao( ]npe_qh]j`k)]o e`ae] `] ran`]`a%( ] aoppe_] ]Úni] ] ^rqlkljf^ a^p ^oqbp lah] `eopejk ajpna ^ahav]( ^kj`]`a a ran`]`a7
2*
_kik ] k^n] `a ]npa j]o_a `] oajoe^ehe`]`a ejolen]`] `k ]npeop] j] _kj`ek `a oq^fapere) `]`a _ne]`kn] a herna( oaq r]hkn aj_kjpn])oa jk o j] bkn] `a oq] ^ahav]( i]o p]i^i ai oq] lofdfk^ifa^ab* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( k ]npeop] ran`]`aenk jk ]mqaha mqa oacqa na) cn]o kq lna_aepko Út]`ko lah] pn]`ek `a oaq kb_ek( jai ]mqaha mqa pn]`qv ai l]h]rn]o( _knao( bkni]o( caopko( ikreiajpko( rkhqiao( i]oo]o( pn]ko ]hck f ateopajpa j] j]pqnav] kq ai oq] ok_ea`]`a( i]o ]mqaha mqa _]l]v `a qi] `of^ l ej`ep] kq knecej]h*
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/1,
K qjeranok `]o ]npao x #!0É45,/ß x
K fqvk aoppe_k kq fqvk `a ckopk
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=qpknnapn]pk `a bnajpa l]n] ] iknpa $-53.%( k^n] `a L]^hk Le_]ook*
/1-
=k oqncen( reiko mqa ] aoppe_] ]Únikq ] `ebanaj] ajpna k ^ahk a k ran`]`aenk* Eook oec) jeÚ_] mqa k fqvk aoppe_k a k fqvk _eajpÚ_k a iap]boe_k ok `ebanajpao* @a b]pk( k ran`]`aenk k mqa _kjda_e`k lahk ejpaha_pk lkn iaek `a `aikjopn] ao a lnkr]o( ]o mq]eo laniepai( ]pn]ro `a _kj_aepko `k ajpaj`eiajpk a haeo h ce_]o( ejbanen qi l]npe_qh]n `a qi qjerano]h $`a`qk% kq ejbanen qi qjerano]h `a rneko l]npe_qh]nao $ej`qk%* K ^ahk( ]k _kjpnnek( pai ] la_qhe]ne`]`a `a lkooqen eia`e]p]iajpa $oai `a`qk a oai ej`qk% qi r]hkn qjerano]h( ai^kn] ] k^n] `a ]npa oaf] aooaj_e]hiajpa l]npe_qh]n* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ] k^n] `a ]npa( ai oq] l]npe_qh]ne) `]`a a oejcqh]ne`]`a je_]( kbana_a ]hck qjerano]h $] ^ahav]% oai ja_aooe`]`a `a `aikjopn] ao( lnkr]o( ejbanj_e]o a _kj_aepko* Mq]j`k haek qi lkai]( ao_qpk qi] okj]p] kq k^oanrk qi mq]`nk( lkook `evan( oai lna_eo]n `a _kj_aepko jai `a lnkr]o h ce_]o( mqa ok ^ahko kq mqa ]he aop ^ ^aha) v]( a jk oeilhaoiajpa _keo]o ^ah]o* = ^ahav]( ai oaq oaj) pe`k qjerano]h a apanjk( aj_kjpn])oa lkn ejpaenk jqi] k^n] oejcqh]n mqa( ai oe iaoi]( ]hck je_k a ej_kil]nrah* = la_qhe]ne`]`a `k fqvk `a ckopk aop ai lnkbanen qi fqhc]iajpk `a r]hkn qjerano]h paj`k _kik k^fapk ]hck oejcqh]n a l]npe_qh]n* K pn]p]iajpk i]eo eilknp]jpa `k fqvk `a ckopk bke baepk lkn G]jp jqi] k^n] ejpepqh]`] @oqf`^ a^ c^`ria^ab ab grid^o* Jaooa aopq`k( k Úh okbk _kia] `eo_qpej`k k lnk^ha) i] lkopk lahk ckopk( eopk ( _kik Î_]`] qi pai oaq ckopkÏ a Îckopk jk oa `eo_qpaÏ( ] pkp]h oq^fapere`]`a `k ckopk jk lk`ane] oanren `a _nepnek l]n] k fqhc]iajpk `]o k^n]o `a ]npa( lkeo p]jpk k ckopk `k ]npeop] ej`ere`q]h a ej_kil]) nrah _kik ko ckopko `k l ^he_k ok ej`ere`q]eo a ej_ki) l]nraeo* ?kik( lknp]jpk( b]h]n jk fqvk `a ckopk _kik ]r]he]`kn `]o k^n]o `a ]npa; Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( _kik `]n qjerano]he`]`a ] aooa fqvk; A i]eo6 _kik `]n)hda qjerano]) he`]`a oai na_knnan ]ko lnk_a`eiajpko h ce_ko a _eajpÚ_ko `a `aikjopn] ao a lnkr]o; G]jp ejpnk`qv qi] itei]6 Î lkoorah `eo_qpen k ckopkÏ* Qi] `eo_qook `ebanajpa `a qi] `eolqp]* BehkokÚ_]iajpa( qi] `eolqp] qi] ^]p]hd] `a ]ncqiajpko mqa atecai lnk) r]o( `aikjopn] ao a are`j_e]o( ] Úi `a mqa qi] klejek kq qi] e`ae] lnar]ha] ok^na ]o mqa hda ok _kjpnne]o* Qi] `eo_qook qi lnk_aook `a ]Új]iajpk `]o kleje ao _qf] Új]) he`]`a _dac]n ] qi ]_kn`k ajpna ]o l]npao* =ooei( jk oa `eolqp] ok^na k ^ahk( i]o lk`a)oa `eo_qpe)hk* Aoo] `eo_qook qi] naÛatk _ki ] Új]he`]`a `a oa _dac]n ] qi fqvk aoppe_k `ljm^oqfie^al mlo qlalp* Lkn mqa ] naÛatk lkoorah; Lknmqa ] k^n] `a ]npa ]hck _kiqje_rah Í ]heo( o ateopa l]n] _kiqje_]n)oa( kbana_aj`k)oa oajoe^ehe`]`a `ko na_alpknao* Oa k ]npeop] l]npa( aolkjp]) ja]iajpa( `] _kiqje_]^ehe`]`a `] k^n]( lknmqa( ai oaq jpeik( na_kjda_a mqa oajpeiaj) pko( e`ae]o a kleje ao ok _kil]npehdraeo* = atlanej_e] aoppe_] Í p]jpk `k h]`k `k ]npeop] _kik `k h]`k `k l ^he_k Í _kiqje_rah a l]npehdrah* G]jp lk`an( ajpk( ikopn]n mqa ] atlanej_e] aoppe_] ( ]k iaoik pailk( qi] atla) nej_e] ej`ere`q]h kq l]npe_qh]n( i]o mqa( lkn oan `aolanp]`] ai _]`] qi `a j o lah] ^ahav]( p]i^i aop nah]_ekj]`] ] e`ae]o qjerano]eo `] n]vk $mqa ] iaoi] ai pk`ko j o%* =ooei _kik aol]k a pailk ok ]o bkni]o qjerano]eo `] oajoe^ehe`]`a a ]o _]packne]o a ko _kj_aepko ok ko qjerano]eo `k ajpaj`eiajpk( ] ^ahav] qi] e`ae] qjerano]h `] n]vk* Oaq _kjpa `k a oq] bkni] lk`ai r]ne]n oacqj`k ]o _en_qjop j_e]o deop ne_]o a oacqj`k ] ejolen]k a oaj) oe^ehe`]`a oq^faper]o `k ]npeop]( i]o k pbkqfjbkql al _bil( bqj`]iajpk `k fqvk `a ckopk( qjerano]h lknmqa ] ^ahav] qi] e`ae] `] n]vk*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
= ]npa _kik pn]^]hdk _ne]`kn
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,OTHARß7OLLEH!RQUIVOßDAß%DITORA
ia`e`] mqa oa `aoajrkhra ] ok_ea`]`a ej`qopne]h $kq ] ok_ea`]`a `k pn]^]hdk% a ok) ^napq`k ia`e`] mqa k lajo]iajpk `a aomqan`] oq^hejd] ] `apaniej]k deop ne_] $a_kjie_]( ok_e]h a lkhpe_]% `a pk`]o ]o ]pere`]`ao dqi]j]o( `ao`a k pn]^]hdk ]p ]o ]npao( ] ÚhkokÚ] r]e `aet]j`k `a h]`k ] ei]cai `k ]npeop] _kik cjek _ne]`kn ejolen]`k a knecej]h a ] `] k^n] `a ]npa _kik na]hev]k `k oajpeiajpk `k ^ahk _qf] ]r]he]k baep] lahk fqvk `a ckopk $]ej`] mqa aoo]o `q]o ei]cajo pajd]i lani]ja_e`k j] ok_ea`]`a _kik ] i]jaen] lah] mq]h( _kiqiajpa( ]o laook]o _kj_a^ai ] ]npa%* @a b]pk( ]o ]npao `aet]n]i `a oan lajo]`]o lah] ÚhkokÚ] a lah] _npe_] `a ]npa at_hqoer]) iajpa `k lkjpk `a reop] `] lnk`qk a _kjpailh]k `aoejpanaoo]`]o `] ^ahav] l]n] oanai reop]o `a kqpn]o lanola_per]o( p]eo _kik bumobppl ab bjl bp b abpbglp( fkqbomobq^ l b `oqf`^ a^ ob^ifa^ab pl`f^i( ^qfsfa^ab fksbkqlo^ ab mol`bafjbkqlp fkafqlp m^o^ ^ `lkpqor l ab l_gb* qlp ^oqpqf`lp( ap_* Aoo] iq`]j] bav _ki mqa ]o e`ae]o `a ^ki ckopk a `a ^ahav] lan`aooai k mofsfidfl bpqqf`l a mqa ] aoppe_] oa ]lnktei]ooa _]`] rav i]eo `] e`ae] `a lkpe_]( lknp]jpk( `] ]npa _kik qo^_^iel a jk _kik _kjpailh]k a oajoe^ehe`]`a( b]jp]oe] a ehqok* Are`aj) paiajpa( ] jkr] aoppe_] jk napki] ] lkpe_] _kik lna_alper] kq _kik ]lnaoajp]k `a lna_aepko( nacn]o a jkni]o `k b]van ]npope_k( a oei ] e`ae] `] k^n] `a ]npa _kik qi b]van* Pno ok ko pai]o lnej_el]eo ejraopec]`ko lah] ÚhkokÚ] `] ]npa6 ] nah]k ajpna ^oqb b k^qrobw^( ajpna ^oqb b p^_bo( a ^p Ûk^ifa^abp a^ ^oqb*
Nah]k ajpna ]npa a j]pqnav] -AGRITTE߯ ßß PINTORßSURREALISTAßBELGA
Pn]e k `]o ei]cajo( k^n] `a -5.5 `a Naj I]cneppa j] mq]h oa raai k _]_dei^k a ] ejo_nek ÎEopk jk qi _]_dei^kÏ* -AGRITTEß&OUNDATION
Qi] k^n] `a ]npa qi ^oqbc^ql a qi ^oqfc`fl* =npab]pk( lknmqa jk baep] lah] ]k `] j]pqnav] a oei lah] ]k `ahe^an]`] `a qi oan dqi]jk7 ]npeb_ek( oaf] lknmqa ] k^n] ailnac] na_qnoko _ki ko mq]eo jko ` ] eilnaook `a oan ]hck j]pqn]h ai^kn] pajd] oe`k b]^ne_]`]( oaf] lknmqa( ]k _kjpnnek( jko har] l]n] hkjca `] j]pqnav]( l]n] qi iqj`k ejpaen]iajpa lnk`qve`k lahko dqi]jko* P]hrav qi `ko iahdknao atailhko l]n] _kilnaaj`aniko mqa ] k^n] `a ]npa qi ]n) pab]pk a qi ]npeb_ek aj_kjpna)oa jqi mq]`nk `k lejpkn I]cneppa _kjda_e`k _kik Fpql kl rj `^`efj_l+ K mq]`nk kbana_a qi kqpnk mq]`nk `ajpnk `aha( eopk ( qi] pah] lejp]`] jk ejpanekn `] pah] i]pane]hiajpa `]`]* D( ]ooei( qi] pah] i]pane]h( mqa k oqlknpa `a qi] kqpn] pah]( ] lejp]`]* Jaoo] oacqj`] pah]( d ] nalnaoajp]k iejq_eko]( at]p] a `ap]hd]`] `a qi _]_dei^k( ok^ k mq]h aop ao_nepk ÎEopk jk qi _]_dei^kÏ* K mqa k lejpkn lnapaj`a ]k jac]n mqa k _]_dei^k oaf] qi _]_dei^k; Lnapaj`a ]Úni]n mqa ÎeopkÏ( kq oaf]( ] lejpqn]( jk ] Î_keo]Ï ateopajpa jk iqj`k* ÎEopkÏ jk qi _]_dei^k lknmqa ] mfkqro^ ab rj `^`efj_l* Ai kq) pn]o l]h]rn]o( qi _]_dei^k lejp]) `k kq qi _]_dei^k)ai)lejpqn] jk ] _keo] i]pane]h _d]i]`] `^* `efj_l a oei( fqop]iajpa( ] lejpq) n] `a qi _]_dei^k* Lkn i]eo mqa k _]_dei^k lejp]`k oa l]na] _ki qi _]_dei^k i]pane]h( ]i^ko `e) banai lknmqa k lneiaenk o ateopa ai lejpqn] kq lejp]`k* ÎEopk jk qi _]_dei^kÏ oecjeÚ_] Îkhda ] lejpqn]Ï( Îkhda k pn]^]hdk `k lej) pknÏ( Îraf] qi iqj`k lejp]`kÏ*
/1.
K qjeranok `]o ]npao x #!0É45,/ß x
= iiaoeo cnac] = lneiaen] a i]eo ]jpec] nah]k ajpna ]npa a j]pqnav] lnklkop] lah] ÚhkokÚ] bke ] `] jjbpfp( l]h]rn] cnac] pn]`qve`] l]n] k lknpqcqo _kik fjfq^ l6 Î] ]npa eiep] ] j]pqnav]Ï( ao_nara =neop pahao* = k^n] `a ]npa naoqhp] `] ]pere`]`a `k ]npeop] l]n] eiep]n oanao na]eo $j]pq) n]eo kq ok^naj]pqn]eo% a oq]o ] ao lkn iaek `a l]h]rn]o( ikreiajpko( caopko( oajpeiajpko( okjo( _knao( bkni]o( rkhqiao( ap_*( a k r]hkn `] k^n] `a_knna `] d]^ehe`]`a `k ]npeop] l]n] aj_kjpn]n i]pane]eo a bkni]o ]`amq]`ko l]n] k^pan k abaepk eiep]perk* Mqa ] jjbpfp; L]n] =neop pahao( fjfq^o jk oecjeÚ_] $_kik oecjeÚ_]r] l]n] Lh]pk% Î_kle]nÏ( i]o Înalna) oajp]nÏ ] na]he`]`a lkn iaek `] b]jp]oe] a `] k^a`ej_e] ] nacn]o a lna_aepko l]n] mqa ] k^n] Ûdrob ]hcqi oan $j]pqn]h kq ok^naj]pqn]h%( ]hcqi oajpeiajpk kq aikk( ]hcqi b]pk $]_kj) pa_e`k kq ejrajp]`k%* D]nikje] a lnklknk `]o bkni]o( `ko nepiko( `]o _knao( `]o l]h]rn]o kq `ko okjo kbana_ai ko iaeko ja_aooneko l]n] mqa ] Új]he`]`a oaf] ]h_]j]`]( abpab nrb k ]npeop] oec] ]o jkni]o( ]o nacn]o( ko lnk_a`eiajpko a lna_aepko `a oaq kb_ek* J]o ]npao( eiep]n( atlhe_] =neop pahao( pfjri^o* =ooei _kik k _]]`kn oeiqh] oan qi ]n^qopk kq qi] nk_d] l]n] ]l]jd]n ] lnao]( ]ooei p]i^i k ]pkn oeiqh] caopko a ] ao `] lanokj]cai l]n] j]nn]n b]pko( atlkn oajpeiajpko mqa lk`ai oan _kilnaaj`e`ko a atlane) iajp]`ko lahk l ^he_k( a k lejpkn oeiqh] qi] _aj] kq qi k^fapk lkn iaek `a pn]ko a _knao* I]o ] oeiqh]k o ]npope_] oa bkn oajpe`] a lan_a^e`] _kik nalnaoajp]j`k ]hck na]h* K iahdkn atailhk l]n] _kilnaaj`aniko k mqa an] ] jjbpfp aj_kjpn])oa j] deop ne] `k _kj_qnok mqa ] _e`]`a `a =paj]o lnkikraq l]n] ] ao_khd] `] aoppq] `] `aqo] =paj]( ] oan ejop]h]`] jk L]npajkj* @keo ao_qhpknao ]lnaoajp]n]i oq]o k^n]o* Qi] `ah]o an] qi] iq) hdan lanbaep] a bke ]`ien]`] lkn pk`ko* = kqpn] an] qi] Úcqn] cnkpao_]6 ] _]^a] an] ajknia( ko ^n]ko( iqepk hkjcko a ]o iko( i]eknao `k mqa ko lo* Bke ne`e_qh]nev]`] lkn pk`ko* Jk ajp]jpk( mq]j`k ]o `q]o aoppq]o bkn]i _khk_]`]o jko ]hpko la`aop]eo `k L]npajkj( kj`a an]i reop]o `a ^]etk l]n] _ei]( raneÚ_kq)oa ]hck aol]jpkok6 ]k oan reop] `a ^]etk l]n] _ei] ] aoppq] lanbaep] pknj]n])oa ne`_qh]( ] _]^a] a ]o iko `a =paj] l]na_an]i iej o_qh]o a `aolnklkn_ekj]eo l]n] oaq _knlk7 ai _kjpn]l]npe`]( ] aoppq] cnkpao_] kq `abkni]`] pkn) j]n])oa lanbaep]( lkeo ] _]^a]( ko ^n]ko a ]o iko oa pknj]n]i lnklkn_ekj]eo ]k _knlk* = aoppq] cnkpao_] bke _kjoe`an]`] ] jjbpfp lanbaep]( ] ^k] eiep]k( a raj_aq k _kj_qnok* K ]npeop] jk _klekq jai nalnk`qveq qi] iqhdan a oei ] pfjrilr( _]h_qh]j`k i]pai]pe_]) iajpa ]o lnklkn ao ajpna ]o l]npao `a oaq _knlk( ajpna aop]o a k hk_]h ai mqa oane] ejop]h]`] a ] i]jaen] _kik oane] reop]*
Ejolen]k _ne]`kn]
/1/
= `aÚjek ]neopkphe_] `] ]npa _kik ]k `a eiep]n ] j]pqnav] bke _kjoanr]`] `qn]jpa rejpa a pno o_qhko( kq oaf]( ]p k oqnceiajpk `k Nki]jpeoik( jk Új]h `k o_qhk TREEE a ej_ek `k o_qhk TET* = l]npen `k Nki]jpeoik( ] ÚhkokÚ] l]oo] ] `aÚjen ] k^n] `a ]npa _kik _ne]k oq^faper]* Ajmq]jpk j] _kj_alk ]jpanekn( kq _kj_alk lkpe_] $jk oajpe`k `a mlfbpfp( eopk ( `k b]van kq `k b]^ne_]n%( k r]hkn `] k^n] aj_kjpn]r])oa j] _knnak `k ]npeop] ai oacqen ko lna_aepko a j] mq]he`]`a kq `ecje`]`a `k k^fapk lnk`qve`k( j] _kj_alk aoppe_] k r]hkn _khk_]`k j] Úcqn] `k ]npeop] _kik cjek a ei]cej]k _ne]`kn]* Ai hqc]n `a eiep]k( l]oo])oa ] b]h]n ai fkpmfo^ l* K ]npeop] reopk _kik qi ÎaqÏ( eopk ( _kik ejpanekne`]`a a oq^fapere`]`a aola_e]eo mqa j]o_ai _ki ] `eolkoek atpn]kn`ejne] l]n] na_a^an qi] aol_ea `a oklnk ok^naj]pqn]h mqa k eilaha ] _ne]n ] k^n]* Fkpmfo^ l ejolen]n k ]n kq k oklnk ok^naj]pqn]h mqa eilnacj] k aolnepk `k ]npeop]( kneajp] oq] b]jp]oe] a oq] lan_alk $kq oajoe^ehe`]`a% a k b]v atlen]n aooa oklnk j] bkni] `a qi] k^n] `a ]npa* Aop]( lknp]jpk( `ara atlneien oajpeiajpko a aik ao iqepk i]eo `k mqa Úcqn]n kq nalnaoajp]n ] na]he`]`a* = k^n] `a ]npa ] atpaneknev]k `ko oajpeiajpko ejpaneknao `k cjek at_al_ekj]h*
=ckn] ] ]npa jk eiep] jai nalnk`qv ] j]pqnav]( i]o if_boq^*pb abi^( _ne]j`k qi] na]) he`]`a lqn]iajpa dqi]j] a aolenepq]h6 lah] ]pere`]`a herna `k ]npeop]( eopk ( oq] b]jp]oe] _ne]`kn]( ko dkiajo oa ecq]h]i ]k _ne]`kn] `a @aqo* Aoo] _kj_alk `] ]npa _kik ejolen]k a _kik _ne]k aolenepq]h mqa he^an] k dkiai `k laok `] j]pqnav] _kjpailkn ja]( j] ÚhkokÚ]( ]k ikiajpk ai mqa oa ` ] oal]n]k ajpna dkiai a j]pqnav] _ki k j]o_eiajpk `] e`ae] `a _qhpqn]* ( lknp]jpk( _kjpailkn ja] e`ae] g]jpe]j] `a `ebanaj] ajpna k naejk j]pqn]h `] _]qo]he`]`a ja_aoone] a k naejk dq) i]jk `] he^an`]`a a `ko Újo a e`ae] dacahe]j] `k Aolnepk _kik _qhpqn] a deop ne]( _kik ejpanekne`]`a ai klkoek atpanekne`]`a a _]qo]he`]`a ja_aoone] `] j]pqnav]* P]i^i Jeapvo_da oq^hejd] k _]npan oq^faperk( at_al_ekj]h( `k ]npeop] _kik cjek _ne]`kn a ]Úni] k _]npan h `e_k `]o ]npao* L]n] aooa Úh okbk( ] ]npa fkck( he^an`]`a _ne]`kn]( ai^ne]cqav a `ahnek( bkn] ]Úni]per] `] re`]6 Îqi aop]`k `a reckn ]jei]hÏ( Îqi] at]hp]k `k oajpeiajpk `] re`] a qi aopeiqh]jpa `] re`]Ï*
/MIKRON0HOTORESEARCHERS,ATINSTOCK
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
.IETZSCHE߯ ß FILvSOFOßALEMjOßCUJAßOBRA ß DEßCARfTERßASSISTEMfTICOßEß FRAGMENTfRIO ßmßCONSIDERA DAßUMAßDASßMAISßORIGINAISß DAßHISTvRIAßDOßPENSAMEN TOßCONTEMPORhNEO
K pn]^]hdk atlnaooerk = pan_aen] i]jaen] `a _kj_a^an ] nah]k ajpna ]npa a j]pqnav] jkoo] _kjpailkn ) ja]6 _kj_a^a ] ]npa _kik pn]^]hdk `] atlnaook a _kjopnqk* = k^n] `a ]npa jk lqn] _ne]pere`]`a aolenepq]h aolkjp ja] a herna( i]o qi qo^_^iel l]n] ] atlnaook `a qi oajpe`k jkrk( ao_kj`e`k jk iqj`k( a qi mol`bppl ab `lkpqor l `k k^fapk ]npope_k( ai mqa k ]npeop] _kh]^kn] _ki ] j]pqnav] kq hqp] _ki ah] a _kjpn] ah]( oal]n])oa `ah] kq rkhp] ] ah]( raj_a ] naoeopj_e] `ah] kq `k^n])oa o atecj_e]o `ah]* = ]npa pn]^]hdk `] atlnaook mqa _kjopn e qi oajpe`k jkrk $] k^n]% a k ejopepqe _kik l]npa `] _qhpqn]* K ]npeop] jk qi cjek okhepnek a at_al_ekj]h( i]o qi oan ok_e]h mqa ^qo_] atlneien oaq ik`k `a aop]n jk iqj`k j] _kil]jde] `ko kqpnko oanao dqi]jko( jqi ai^]pa _kj) pjqk _ki ] j]pqnav]( _ki ] ok_ea`]`a a _kjoeck iaoik* ]hcqi mqa( ]hi `a rkhp]n)oa l]n] oe iaoik l]n] _kilnaaj`an)oa lkn iaek `] k^n] mqa atlneia oaq pn]^]hdk `a _ki) lnaajok( p]i^i naÛapa ok^na ] ok_ea`]`a( a lkn iaek `] k^n] rkhp])oa l]n] k ok_e]h( oaf] l]n] _nepe_)hk( oaf] l]n] ]Úni)hk( oaf] l]n] oqlan)hk* Iaoik mq]j`k k ln lnek ]npeop] oa r _kik qi oan okhepnek a eokh]`k( mqa( jk `evan `k lejpkn G]j`eojgu( lna_eo] Îeokh]n)oa ai oe iaoikÏ( oq] k^n] jk atlneia k eokh]iajpk a oei ] i]jaen] _kik( rkhp]j`k)oa l]n] oe iaoik( aj_kjpn] ko _]iejdko l]n] atlneien ] na]he`]`a* Jaoo] _kj_alk( oq^hejd])oa k _]npan `] k^n] `a ]npa _kik Û` l* Aop] l]h]rn] rai `a qi ran^k h]pejk( Ûkdbob( mqa oecjeÚ_] Îao_qhlenÏ( Îlejp]nÏ( Î_kilkn qi] k^n]Ï( Înalnaoajp]nÏ( Î]nnqi]n kq ]nn]jf]n ]o _keo]oÏ( Îei]cej]nÏ( Îi]mqej]nÏ( Îbknf]nÏ7 a( lkn atpajok( Î`eob]n]nÏ( Î`eooeiqh]nÏ( Îaj_k^nenÏ a ÎÚjcenÏ* ?kik oa k^oanr]( k oajpe`k lneiaenk `aoo] l]h]rn] aop `e) nap]iajpa nabane`k o ]npao6 aop]o ok qi Ûkdfjbkql( jk jk oajpe`k `a qi] iajpen] kq `a qi] ehqok( a oei jk oajpe`k `a kbana_an qi] kqpn] na]he`]`a( ejateopajpa jk iqj`k `]`k( _kik qi] aoppq]( qi mq]`nk kq qi lkai]* _ki aooa oajpe`k `] Ú_k mqa k lkap] Ban) j]j`k Laook] ao_nara ko b]ikoko ranoko ai mqa `aÚja k mqa qi lkap]6 L mlbq^ rj Ûkdfalo Cfkdb ql `ljmibq^jbkqb Nrb `ebd^ ^ Ûkdfo nrb alo > alo nrb absbo^p pbkqb+ Mqa jko `evai aooao ranoko; Ai lneiaenk hqc]n( _kik jk lkai] `a Fknca `a Hei] ok^na k j]`]`kn( Banj]j`k Laook] fkc] _ki ] l]h]rn] ÎÚjce`knÏ6 k lkap] qi Újce`kn lknmqa ÎÚj) ca `knÏ* Lkni( lnkooacqa k lkai]( k mqa k lkap] Újca; ÎBejca mqa `knÏ( eopk ( jk oajpe`k `a Ûkdbob( _kil a qi lkai]( _kjopn e qi] k^n]( ]nn]jf] ]o l]h]rn]o l]n] `evan ] `kn* A ÎÚj) ca _kilhap]iajpaÏ( eopk ( pn]joÚcqn] ] `kn ai lkai]* I]o k mqa aoo] `kn mqa aha _kjopn e ai l]h]rn]o j] bkni] `a lkai]; Jk qi] iajpen]( lkeo ] `kn Újce`] $kq oaf]( _kjopnq`] _kik k^n]% ] `kn mqa Î`aran]o oajpaÏ( eopk ( mqa oajpa `a ran`]`a( na]hiajpa*
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K qjeranok `]o ]npao x #!0É45,/ß x
Nah]k ajpna ]npa a o]^an @q]o cn]j`ao _kj_al ao lan_knnai ] deop ne] `]o nah] ao ajpna ] ]npa a k o]^an( ]i^]o eje_e]`]o j] Cn_e] _ki Lh]pk a =neop pahao* = _kj_alk lh]pje_]( mqa okbnan ]hpan] ao jk _qnok `] deop ne] ok_ek_qhpqn]h `k k_e`ajpa aqnklaq( _kjoe`an] ] ]npa rj^ cloj^ al `lkeb`fjbkql erj^kl a( lknp]jpk( nah]) _ekj]`] _ki ] ran`]`a* = ]neopkphe_]( mqa p]i^i okbnan iq`]j]o jk _knnan `] deop ne] k_e`ajp]h( pki] ] ]npa _kik ^qfsfa^ab moqf`^ erj^k^* Hai^naiko mqa Lh]pk jk `eopejcqen] ajpna _ej_e]+ÚhkokÚ] a ]npao a mqa `ebanaj_e]n] ]o ]npao kq p_je_]o ai graf`^qfs^p a afpmlpfqfs^p( eopk ( ]mqah]o _qf] p]nab] paniej] jk _k) jda_eiajpk a ]mqah]o mqa( ai^kn] oaf]i _kjda_eiajpko( p]i^i kneajp]i ] na]hev]k `a qi] ]k $_kik k _]ok `] ia`e_ej]( `] lkhpe_]( `] pe_]( ap_*%* = aoo]o `q]o bkni]o `a ]npa k Úh okbk _kjpn]l a ]mqah]o ]npao mqa _d]i] `a fjfq^qfs^p6 lkaoe]( pa]pnk( lejpqn]( ao_qhpq n]( _qhejne]( nap ne_]* Aoo]o ]npao $mqa( _ki at_ak `] _qhejne]( enk oa pn]jobkni]n j]o ^ah]o)]npao% oepq]i)oa jk lh]jk i]eo ^]etk `k _kjda_eiajpk* @a b]pk( l]n] Lh]pk( ]o ]npao eiep]per]o jk ok ]mqah]o mqa( _kik l]n] =neop pahao( oe) iqh]i a nalnaoajp]i ] na]he`]`a( lkeo( lh]pkje_]iajpa( eiep]n oecjeÚ_] _kle]n a `abkni]n* Hai^naiko mqa Lh]pk `eopejcqa ] na]he`]`a ai `keo lh]jko kq Îiqj`koÏ6 k j^qbof^i kq pbkpsbi a k bpmfofqr^i kq fkqbifdsbi* = ran`]`a kq ko oanao ran`]`aenko ok ]o aooj_e]o ej_kn) l na]o apanj]o a eiqpraeo( ]o e`ae]o( ateopajpao ]laj]o jk lh]jk ejpahecrah a _kjda_e`]o at) _hqoer]iajpa lah] n]vk* Ai _kjpn]l]npe`]( ]o _keo]o _knlkn]eo( _kjda_e`]o lkn ejpani`ek `] oajoe^ehe`]`a kq `ko ncko `ko oajpe`ko( ok ]laj]o eiep] ao kq _ le]o eilanbaep]o `]o aooj_e]o ejpahecraeo* =o k^n]o `]o ]npao eiep]per]o( lkn oq] rav( eiep]i ]o _keo]o oajoraeo* Ok( lknp]jpk( _ le]o eilanbaep]o `a _ le]o eilanbaep]o a lkn eook ok lqn] ehqok a b]hoe`]`a( kq ] bkni] i]eo ^]et] a eilanbaep] `k _kjda_eiajpk* J] Naj]o_aj]( ] _kj_alk lh]pje_] $eopk ( `a mqa ] ]npa qi] bkni] `a _kjda_e) iajpk% napki]`]( i]o _ki jkrk oajpe`k6 ]Úni])oa( ]ckn]( mqa iaoik ]o ]npao eiep]per]o $l]npe_qh]niajpa ] lejpqn]( ] ao_qhpqn] a ] lkaoe]% ok( fqjp]iajpa _ki ]o ]npao fq`e_]per]o a `eolkoeper]o( qi] `]o bkni]o ]hp]o `a ]_aook ]k _kjda_eiajpk ran`]`aenk a o _keo]o `erej]o( Ú_]j`k ]^]etk ]laj]o `] ÚhkokÚ] a `k tp]oa iope_k* Aoo] iq`]j] oa `ara ]k b]pk `a mqa( `qn]jpa ko o_qhko TR a TRE( ko lh]pje_ko `] Naj]o_aj] na`ao_k^nen]i ko ao_nepko danipe_ko a `a i]ce] j]pqn]h( ]pne^q`ko $amqerk_]) `]iajpa% ]ko ]jpecko acl_eko( _qf] o]^a`kne] bke ahkce]`] lkn Lh]pk ai rneko `a oaqo `e) hkcko* Kn]( jaooao ao_nepko ]Úni]`k mqa @aqo _nekq k dkiai `]j`k)hda ] _]l]_e`]`a `a _ne]n jkrko iqj`ko( lknmqa hda `aq ] _]l]_e`]`a `a _kjda_an ]o bkni]o oa_nap]o a ejreoraeo `]o _keo]o( eopk ( oq]o aooj_e]o kq e`ae]o lqn]o* K ]_aook ] aoo]o bkni]o _kjoacqe`k lkn iaek `]o ]npao a aop]o ok( lknp]jpk( k ejopnqiajpk lnerehace]`k l]n] l]oo]n `k _kjda_eiaj) pk oajorah ]k _kjda_eiajpk ejpahecrah( _dac]j`k ÚhkokÚ]* = r]hknev]k `]o ]npao _kik _kjda_eiajpk aj_kjpn] oaq ]lkcaq ajpna k Új]h `k o_qhk TREEE ]p ia]`ko `k o_qhk TET( `qn]jpa k Nki]jpeoik( mq]j`k ] ]npa _kj_a^e`] _kik Îk
nck $kq ejopnqiajpk% can]h `] ÚhkokÚ]Ï( ai pno ]ola_pko `ebanajpao6 l]n] ]hcqjo( ]o ]npao ok ] je_] re] `a ]_aook ]k qjerano]h a ]k ]^okhqpk7 l]n] kqpnko( _kik Dacah( ]o ]npao ok ] lneiaen] ap]l] `] re`] _kjo_eajpa `k aolnepk( lnal]n]j`k k ]`rajpk `] nahecek a `] Úhkok) Ú]7 a kqpnko( ajÚi( ]o _kj_a^ai _kik k je_k _]iejdk l]n] naqjen k oejcqh]n a k qjerano]h( k l]npe_qh]n a k can]h( lkeo( lkn iaek `] oejcqh]ne`]`a `a qi] k^n] ]npope_]( paiko ]_aook ]k oecjeÚ_]`k qjerano]h `a ]hcqi] na]he`]`a* Aoo] hpei] lanola_per] ] mqa aj_kjpn]iko( lkn atailhk( jk o_qhk TT( jk Úh okbk I]npej Dae`accan( l]n] mqai ] k^n] `a ]npa `aora) h]iajpk a `aoraj`]iajpk `] ran`]`a* Oa( j] _kj_alk lh]pje_]( ] ]npa qi p^_bo( j] ]neopkphe_] ah] qi c^wbo kq qi p^_bo moqf`l* = _kj_alk ]neopkphe_] l]npa `] `ebanaj] ajpna k pa ne_k a k lnpe_k( mqa( _kik reiko( `a_knna `] `ebanaj] ajpna k ja_aoonek $k^fapk `] pakne]% a k lkoorah $k^fapk `] ln) pe_]%* = ]npa `aÚje`]( ajpk( _kik ]pere`]`a lnpe_] b]^ne_]`kn] kq mlfbpfp*
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x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
Aoo] _kj_alk bke i]jpe`] `qn]jpa o_qhko a( bnamqajpaiajpa( ner]hevkq _ki ]o r]) ne]jpao `] _kj_alk lh]pje_]( ai^kn]( kqpn]o ravao( _kateopeooa l]_eÚ_]iajpa _ki ah]o* Jk o_qhk TET( ] _kj_alk ]neopkphe_] na_a^a qi nabknk lkn l]npa `]mqahao mqa ]Úni]i ] qpehe`]`a ok_e]h `]o ]npao $l]npe_qh]niajpa ] hepan]pqn]%* A( jk o_qhk TT( `]mqahao mqa _kj_a) ^ai ] ]npa _kik _kjopnqk( lnk_aook a pn]^]hdk `] atlnaook _ne]`kn]*
Bej]he`]`ao `] ]npa @q]o _kj_al ao lna`kiej]i jk _knnan `] deop ne] `]o ]npao( _kj_anjajpao o Új]he`]) `ao `] ]pere`]`a ]npope_]6 ] mba^ddf`^ a ] bumobppfs^* = _kj_alk la`]cce_] aj_kjpn] oq] lneiaen] bkniqh]k ai Lh]pk a =neop pahao* Ai > Obm _if`^( atlkj`k ] la`]ckce] l]n] ] _ne]k `] _e`]`a lanbaep]( Lh]pk at_hqe `] mifp lan) baep] ko ln]pe_]jpao `]o ]npao eiep]per]o( lkap]o( lejpknao a ao_qhpknao( lknmqa( _kik reiko( Î_kle]i _ le]oÏ( eopk ( eiep]i ]o _keo]o oajoraeo a kbana_ai qi] ei]cai `aonaolaepko] `k `erejk a `]o _keo]o `erej]o( lkeo ]lnaoajp]i ko `aqoao _kik dqi]jko a ]nna^]p]`ko lkn l]e) t ao dqi]j]o* Pk`]re]( k Úh okbk naoo]hp] pno ]npao `eolkoeper]o $] `]j]( ] i oe_] a ] aopn]) pce]% a pno ]npao fq`e_]per]o $] cn]ipe_]( ] i]paipe_] a ] `e]hpe_]% _kik `eo_elhej]o bqj`]) iajp]eo j] bkni]k `k _knlk a `] ]hi]( kq oaf]( `k _]npan `]o _ne]j]o a `ko ]`khao_ajpao* =ooei( k _nepnek `k _kjda_eiajpk a k `] la`]ckce] $kq bkni]k `k _]npan% at_hqai `] _e`]`a lanbaep] pno `]o bqpqn]o ^ah]o)]npao $lkaoe]( lejpqn] a ao_qhpqn]% a _kjoanr]i ]la) j]o `q]o `ah]o $i oe_] a `]j]%* Lkn oq] rav( =neop pahao( j] >oqb mlqf`^( `aoajrkhra hkjc]) iajpa k l]lah la`]c ce_k `]o ]npao( l]npe_qh]niajpa ] pn]c`e]( mqa( oacqj`k k Úh okbk( pai ] bqjk `a lnk`qven ] _]p]noa( eopk ( ] lqneÚ_]k aolenepq]h `ko aola_p]`knao( _kikre`ko a ]l]rkn]`ko _ki ] b ne]( k dknnkn a ]o _kjoamqj_e]o `]o l]et ao mqa ikrai ]o lanokj]) cajo pnce_]o* Aoo] bqjk _]pnpe_] kq lqneÚ_]`kn] ]pne^q`] ok^napq`k i oe_]* J] >oqb mlqf`^( =neop pahao ao_nara6 > j pf`^ kl absb pbo mo^qf`^a^ mlo rj p qfml ab _bkbc`fl nrb abi^ mlab abofs^o) j^p mlo rplp j iqfmilp) g nrb mlab pbosfo m^o^ ^ bar`^ l) m^o^ molmlo`flk^o ^ `^q^opb b) bj qbo`bfol ird^o) m^o^ l obmlrpl a^ ^ij^ b ^ prpmbkpl ab pr^p c^afd^p+ A_k]j`k ]o l]h]rn]o `a =neop pahao( haiko ai L jbo`^alo ab Sbkbw^( `a Od]gaola]na6 Qlal eljbj nrb bj pf kl qo^d^ j pf`^ B ^ nrbj kl qlnrbj al`bp plkp `lk`lo* abp) ab qo^f bp) mfie^dbkp) ^oj^afie^p+ Pbr bpmofql sfsb bj klfqb l_p`ro^) Pbrp ^cbqlp pl kbdolp `ljl l ob_l7 Kl pb `lkÛb bj eljbj q^i+++ = _kj_alk la`]c ce_] `] ]npa na]l]na_a ai G]jp mq]j`k ]Úni] mqa ] bqjk i]eo ]hp] `] ]npa lnk`qven k pbkqfjbkql al pr_ifjb( eopk ( ] ahar]k a k ]nna^]p]iajpk `a jkook aolnepk `e]jpa `] ^ahav]* =mqaha _qfk aolnepk a`q_]`k a _qhper]`k lah]o ]npao _]l]v jk o `a bkniqh]n k fqvk `a ckopk ]`amq]`k( eopk ( `a _kilnaaj`an mqa ] ]npa jk aop lnao] ]k peh jai ]k ln]van a oei ]k ^ahk( _kik ]ej`] _]l]v `a oa `aet]n ]nna^]p]n lahk ^ahk _kik ]hck pannrah a aol]jpkok( _kik ]lnktei]k dqi]j] `k ejÚjepk* P]i^i Dacah ejoeopa jk l]lah a`q_]perk `] ]npa* = la`]ckce] ]npope_] oa abapq] ai `q]o ik`]he`]`ao oq_aooer]o6 j] lneiaen]( ] ]npa k iaek l]n] ] a`q_]k ikn]h `] ok_ea`]) `a $_kik =neop pahao d]re] ikopn]`k ] naolaepk `] pn]c`e]%7 j] oacqj`]( cn]]o i]jaen] _kik `aopn e ] ^nqp]he`]`a `] i]pne]( eilkj`k)hda ] lqnav] `] bkni]( a`q_] ] ok_ea`]`a l]n] l]oo]n `k j]pqn]h a `k i]pane]h ]k ]npope_k a( `aopa( bkni] i]eo ]hp] `] nahecek( ] nahe) cek aolenepq]h kq `] ejpanekne`]`a* L]n] Dacah( ] aolenepq]hev]k lnkcnaooer] `]o ]npao $kq ] l]oo]cai `] lnalkj`an j_e] `] `]j]( `] lejpqn] a `] ao_qhpqn] l]n] k lna`kijek `] i oe_] a `] hepan]pqn]% atlneia k ikreiajpk la`]c ce_k `a l]oo]cai `] nahecek `] atpanekne`]`a $ko `aqoao a aolnepko aopk reoraeo j] j]pqnav] a oa b]vai reoraeo lkn oq]o nalnaoajp] ao j]o ]npao lhope_]o( eopk ( j] lejpqn] a j] ao_qhpqn]% nahecek `] ejpanekne`]`a $k oan `erejk k Aolnepk =^okhqpk( kq oaf]( ] n]vk a ] ran`]`a( _qf] ei]pane]he`]`a oa atlneia ]`amq]`]iajpa j] i oe_] a j] hepan]pqn]%*
/12
K qjeranok `]o ]npao x #!0É45,/ß x
/13
Lkn aop]^aha_an qi] nah]k ejpnjoa_] ajpna ]npa a ok_ea`]`a( k lajo]iajpk aoppe_k `a aomqan`] p]i^i ]pne^qe Új]he`]`a la`]c ce_] o ]npao( `]j`k)hda ] p]nab] `a _npe_] ok_e]h a lkhpe_]( ejpanlnap]k `k lnaoajpa a ei]cej]k `] ok_ea`]`a bqpqn]* = ]npa `ara oan bkd^g^a^ kq `ljmoljbqfa^( eopk ( aop]n ] oanrek `] ai]j_el]k `k cjank dqi]jk( kbana_aj`k)oa _kik ejopnqiajpk `k aobknk `a he^anp]k* Jqi] kqpn] lanola_per]( ] ]npa _kj_a^e`] _kik atlnaook( mqa pn]jobkni] jqi Úi ]mqehk mqa l]n] ]o kqpn]o ]pere`]`ao dqi]j]o qi iaek* ]ooei mqa oa `ev mqa ] lejpqn] a ] ao_qhpqn] b]vai ran ] reok( ] hepan]pqn] b]v b]h]n ] hejcq]cai( ] i oe_] b]v kqren ] ]q`ek( ] `]j) ] b]v oajpen k _knlk* Kq oaf]( lejpqn] a ao_qhpqn] jko ajoej]i k mqa ran7 ] i oe_] jko ajoej] k mqa kqren7 ] `]j] jko ajoej] k mqa ikran)oa a lkooqen qi _knlk7 ] hepan]pqn] jko ajoej] k mqa ] hejcq]cai7 a ]ooei lkn `e]jpa* = ]npa narah]k a i]jebaop]k `] aooj_e] `] na]he`]) `a( mqa aop ]iknpa_e`] a aomqa_e`] ai jkoo] ateopj_e] _kpe`e]j]( ]ooei _kik aop na`qve`] ] _kj_aepko j]o _ej_e]o a j] ÚhkokÚ]( a pn]jobkni]`] ai ejopnqiajpk j] p_je_] a j] a_kjkie]* ?kik atlnaook( ]o ]npao pn]joÚcqn]i ] na]he`]`a l]n] mqa pajd]iko ]_aook ran`]`ae) nk ] ah]* @aoamqehe^n] k aop]^aha_e`k kq k ejopepq`k( `ao_ajpn] ikreiajpko( okjo( bkni]o( _knao a l]h]rn]o( napen]j`k)ko `k _kjpatpk _kopqiaenk l]n] b]van)jko _kjda_)hko jqi] kq) pn] `eiajok( ] `eiajok _ne]`kn] kq ejopepqejpa `k jkrk* = ]npa ejrajp] qi iqj`k `a _k) nao( bkni]o( rkhqiao( i]oo]o( okjo( caopko( patpqn]o( nepiko( ikreiajpko( l]h]rn]o( l]n] jko `]n ] _kjda_an jkook ln lnek iqj`k* Lkn oan atlnaooer]( pfj_if`^ a ^ibdof`^* = l]h]rn] pj_lil rai `k cnack a oecjeÚ_] Îk mqa qja( fqjp]( oejpapev] jqi] qje`]`a ko `ebanajpao( `]j`k)hdao qi oajpe`k je_k a jkrk mqa jk lkooq]i mq]j`k oal]n]`koÏ* Qi oi^khk qi oecjk kq qi oej]h mqa lkooqe qi] b]_a i]pane]h $qi oki( qi pn]k( qi] _kn% a qi] b]_a ei]pane]h kq iajp]h( k oajpe`k* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( _kik pk`k oecjk( k oi^khk qi oecjeÚ_]jpa $oaq ]ola_pk i]pane]h% a qi oecjeÚ_]`k $oaq ]ola_pk iajp]h%* = la_qhe]ne`]) `a `k oi^khk aop jk b]pk `a mqa aha qi oecjk `ebanajpa `a kqpnko lknmqa qi oecjk qi oej]h a( lknp]jpk( qi] ej`e_]k kq qi ej`e_]perk $`ajkp]perk%( ]lkjp]j`k `enap]iajpa l]n] ] _keo] oej]hev]`] kq ej`e_]`]( i]o jk oi^khk jk lna`kiej] k ]ola_pk ej`e_]perk a oei ] ]Úni]k `a qi oecjeÚ_]`k mqa qo] k oej]h l]n] oecjeÚ_]n qi] _keo] `ebanajpa `]mqa) h] mqa oane] oeilhaoiajpa ej`e_]`]* Lkn atailhk( _kik oecjk kq oej]h( ] l]h]rn] mlj_^ ej`e_] qi] `apaniej]`] ]ra* Jk ajp]jpk( l]n] ko _neopko( ] lki^] oei^khev] k Aolnepk O]jpk a( l]n] ]o laook]o ai can]h( ] l]v* =ooei( mq]j`k jqi] _]pa`n]h raiko ] lejpqn] `a qi] lki^] kq mq]j`k jqi] l]o) oa]p] raiko qi] ^]j`aen] ai mqa d ] Úcqn] `a qi] lki^]( jk aop]iko `e]jpa `a qi oecjk ej`e_]perk `a qi] ]ra a oei `e]jpa `a qi pj_lil* @] iaoi] i]jaen]( ] aoppq] `a khdko raj`]`ko _ki qi] ^]h]j] j]o iko oei^khev] ] fqope] a ] ^]j`aen] raniahd]( ] narkhqk* =o ]npao pn]^]hd]i _ki oi^khko a _ne]i oi^khko* = l]h]rn] ^ibdlof^ p]i^i rai `k cnack a oecjeÚ_] Îk mqa aop jk hqc]n `a qi] kqpn] _keo]Ï kq Îk mqa ]lnaoajp] ej`enap]iajpa qi] _keo] lkn iaek `a qi] kqpn]Ï kq Îk b]h]n `a qi] _keo] lkn iaek `a kqpn]Ï* Jaooa ]ola_pk( pk`] ]hackne] oei^ he_]( qi] rav mqa k oi) ^khk oa nabana o _keo]o lkn iaek `a kqpn]o mqa( ai oe iaoi]o( jk ej`e_]i ] _keo]( i]o ] oecjeÚ_]i kq ] atlneiai* = `ebanaj] ajpna ] ]hackne] a k oi^khk ]laj]o `a cn]q( eopk ( ] ]hackne] klan] _ki rneko oi^khko oeiqhp jako a jk _ki qi ]laj]o* Qi atailhk _hooe_k `a ]hackne] ] la] hepanne] _kjpe`] j] Obm _if`^ `a Lh]pk6 k Iepk kq =hackne] `] ?]ranj] $mqa reiko ]k eje_e]n aopa hernk%* Jah] k Úh okbk jk j]nn] qi ]_kjpa_eiajpk na]h a oei ]hacknev] a oei^khev] k ikreiajpk `] ]hi] dqi]j] l]oo]j`k `]o pnar]o `] ecjkn j_e] $] _]ranj]% hqv `k _kjda_eiajpk $] hqv `k Okh%* Qi kqpnk atailhk `a ]hackne]( p]i^i b]ikok( ] _aj] `k Úhia `a ?d]nhao ?d]lhej( Qbjmlp jlaboklp( j] mq]h k klannek pai oaq _knlk a oaqo ikreiajpko ejpaen]iajpa _kjpnkh]`ko lah]o imqej]o a `arkn]`k lkn qi] `ah]o* =mqe( p]i^i( ?d]lhej jk aop j]nn]j`k qi b]pk kq qi ]_kjpa) _eiajpk a oei ]hacknev]j`k kq oei^khev]j`k ] rekhj_e] `k pn]^]hdk ej`qopne]h* @] iaoi] i]jaen]( k Úhia J^qofu( mqa ]j]heo]iko j] Ejpnk`qk( ]hacknev] ko neo_ko a lanecko mqa ]ia]]i ] dqi]je`]`a _ki k lk`anek `ko _kilqp]`knao( imqej]o `a lnk`qven ehqo ao kq na]he`]`ao enna]eo( eopk ( renpq]eo*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
=npa a ok_ea`]`a
O
a ]_kil]jd]niko ]o pn]jobkni] ao okbne`]o lah]o ]npao( m^pp^kal a^ crk l obifdfl* p^ ^rqlkljf^ a^ l_o^ ab ^oqb `ljl `of^ l b bumobppl( jkp]naiko mqa ]o iq`]j]o bkn]i `a `keo pelko* @a qi h]`k( dkqra iq`]j]o mq]jpk ]k c^wbo ^oqpqf`l( `ebanaj_e]j`k)oa ai bp`li^p ab ^oqb kq bpqfilp ^oqpqf`lp Í _hooe_k( c pe_k( naj]o_ajpeop]( ^]nnk_k( nk_k_ ( nki jpe_k( eilnao) oekjeop]( na]heop]( atlnaooekjeop]( ]^opn]pk( _kjopnqpereop]( oqnna]heop]( ap_* Aoo]o iq`]j]o _kj_anjai _kj_alk `k k^fapk ]npope_k( o nah] ao ajpna i]pne] a bkni]( o p_je_]o `a ah]^kn]k `ko i]pane]eo( nah]k _ki k l ^he_k( ]k hqc]n k_ql]`k lkn qi] ]npa jk ejpanekn `]o `ai]eo a oanrej`k `a l]`nk ] ah]o( o `ao_k^anp]o `a lnk_a`e) iajpko a i]pane]eo jkrko( ap_* @a kqpnk h]`k( lkni( ]o iq`]j]o _kj_anjai `apaniej]) k ok_e]h `] ]pere`]`a ]npope_]( eopk ( ]k b]pk `a mqa oq]o iq`]j]o jk `alaj`ai ]laj]o `a qi] deop ne] ejpanj] `ko lnk_a`eiajpko ]npope_ko a oei `] ejoank `]o ]npao j] re`] ok_e]h* =o ]npao atlneiai ]o bkni] ao ok_e]eo ai mqa j]o_ai a j]o mq]eo rerai( lkeo ] ]npa pl`f^ijbkqb abqbojfk^a^6 -*
lah] Új]he`]`a ok_e]h `]o k^n]o6 aop]r]i `aopej]`]o ]k _qhpk nahecekok( j] =jpecqe`]`a7 an]i baep]o l]n] `]n lnaopcek ] oaqo l]pnk_ej]`knao( j] Naj]o_aj]7 a dkfa aopk `aope) j]`]o ] lan_knnan k _en_qepk `k ian_]`k `a ]npa7
.*
lahk hqc]n ok_e]h k_ql]`k lahk ]npeop]6 i]ck)]npaok)kÚ_e]jpa `a nepko( j] =jpecqe`]`a7 Új]j_e]`k a lnkpace`k lkn qi ia_aj]o( j] Naj]o_aj]7 lnkÚooekj]h he^an]h `alaj`aj) pa `k ian_]`k `a ]npa( jko `e]o `a dkfa7
/*
lah]o _kj`e ao `a na_alk `] k^n] `a ]npa6 ] _kiqje`]`a `a Úeo( j] =jpecqe`]`a7 qi] ahepa ne_]( _qhper]`] a _ki lk`an lkhpe_k( j] Naj]o_aj]7 ] _h]ooa a_kjkie_]iajpa `kiej]jpa a lkhepe_]iajpa `enecajpa( `a qi h]`k( a ]o _h]ooao lklqh]nao kq ] i]oo]( `a kqpnk( ai jkooko `e]o*
= `eo_qook ok^na ] nah]k ]npa)ok_ea`]`a harkq ] `q]o ]pepq`ao Úhko Ú_]o klkop]o6 ] mqa ]Úni] mqa ] ]npa o ]npa oa bkn mro^( eopk ( oa jk aoperan lnak_ql]`] _ki ]o _en) _qjop j_e]o deop ne_]o( ok_e]eo( a_kjie_]o a lkhpe_]o* Pn]p])oa `] `abao] `] Î]npa lah] ]npaÏ* = kqpn] ]Úni] mqa k r]hkn `] k^n] `a ]npa `a_knna `a oaq `ljmoljfppl `oqf`l `e]jpa `]o _en_qjop j_e]o lnaoajpao* Pn]p])oa `] Î]npa ajc]f]`]Ï( j] mq]h k ]npeop] pki] lkoek `e]jpa `a oq] ok_ea`]`a( hqp]j`k l]n] pn]jobkni)h] a iahdkn)h]( a l]n] _kjo_eajpev]n ]o laook]o ok^na ]o ejfqope]o a ]o klnaoo ao `k lnaoajpa* =o `q]o _kj_al ao ok lnk^haipe_]o* = lneiaen] lknmqa ei]cej] k ]npeop] a ] k^n] `a ]npa _kik abpmolsfalp ab o^wbp kl jrkal b ifsobp a^p fkÜr k`f^p a^ pl`fba^ab ok^na ahao Í k mqa eilkoorah* = oacqj`] lknmqa _knna k neo_k `a o]_neÚ_]n k pn]^]hdk ]npope_k ai jkia `]o Îiajo]cajoÏ mqa ] k^n] `ara ajre]n ok_ea`]`a l]n] iq`) h]( `]j`k ]k ]npeop] k l]lah `a `lkp`f k`f^ `oqf`^ `k lkrk klneie`k* = lneiaen] _kj_alk `aoai^k_] jk _d]i]`k bkni]heoik $ ] lanbaek `] bkni] mqa _kjp] a jk k _kjpa `k `] k^n]%* = oacqj`]( jk _kjpaq`eoik $ ] Îiajo]caiÏ mqa _kjp]( iaoik mqa ] bkni] `] k^n] oaf] lna_ne]( `ao_qe`]`]( nalapeper] a oai bkn] ejkr]`kn]%* Jk ajp]jpk( lk`aiko `evan mqa qi] k^n] `a ]npa cn]j`a a `qn]`kqn] mq]j`k jah] ] lanbaek `] bkni] a ] nemqav] `]o oecjeÚ_] ao `a oaq _kjpa `k ok ejoal]nraeo( aopk ]npe) _qh]`]o jqi] qje`]`a d]nikjeko] mqa ] _kjopepqe _kik je_]* Jah]( apanje`]`a a bqc]_e`]) `a ok oeiqhp ja]o* @e]hkc] _ki k iqj`k lnaoajpa lknmqa jk ao_kj`a oaq lanpaj_eiajpk ja_aoonek ]k _kjpatpk deop ne_k a ok_e]h ai mqa oa aj_kjpn] a jk mq]h j]o_aq7 `e]hkc] _ki k l]oo]`k lknmqa p]i^i jk ao_kj`a oq] l]npe_el]k jqi] pn]`ek mqa hda ` oajpe`k7 a `e]hkc] _ki k bqpqnk lknmqa oan napki]`]( pn]jobkni]`] a oqlan]`] lkn kqpn]o k^n]o mqa jah] aj_kjpn]nk qi jkrk lkjpk `a l]npe`]*
/14
= _qhpqn] `a i]oo] a ] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h x #!0É45,/ß x
#APqTULOß = _qhpqn] `a i]oo] a ] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h ?qhpqn] lklqh]n a _qhpqn] `a i]oo]
J
k o_qhk TET( ] _knnajpa ]npope_] `ajkiej]`] Nki]jpeoik _nekq ] e`ae] `a pn]`ek lklqh]n( kq k mqa ko ]npeop]o nki jpe_ko `ajkiej]r]i bpmofql ab rj mlsl( _qf] i]jebaop]k _kjopepq] k bkh_hkna* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( _ki k Nki]jpeoik oqnce) n]i ]o e`ae]o `a ^oqb mlmri^o a `riqro^ mlmri^o _kik i]jebaop] ao `] pn]`ek kq aolnepk `a qi lkrk( eopk ( _kik cli`ilob* Lkn mqa k Nki]jpeoik pnkqta p]eo e`ae]o; Lknmqa aoo] _knnajpa ]npope_] _kej_e`a _ki qi] oepq]k deop ne_] `apaniej]`]( mq]h oaf]( ] _kjokhe`]k a k bknp]ha_eiajpk `ko Aop]) `ko j]_ekj]eo( mqa l]oo]n]i ] oan `aÚje`ko lah] qje`]`a `a hjcq] a nahecek a lah] qje`]`a pannepkne]h kq lkhpe_]* Oqnca ] e`ae] lkhpe_] `a j]k a( _ki ah]( k bajiajk `k j]_ek) j]heoik* Ejpaha_pq]eo a ]npeop]o aqnklaqo _kjoe`an]r]i mqa ] j]_ekj]he`]`a _kjopepq] k bpmofql ab rj mlsl( k mq]h oa atlneie] j] hjcq]( jko _kopqiao( j] nahecek( j]o ]npao a j]o pn]`e ao j]_ekj]eo* Pk`]re]( jk lk`aiko aomqa_an mqa ko Aop]`ko j]_ekj]eo kq j] ao an]i ok_ea`]`ao _]) lep]heop]o a( _kik p]eo( `ere`e`]o ai _h]ooao ok_e]eo6 ] ^qncqaoe] _]lep]heop]( ] lamqaj] ^qncqa) oe] bkni]`] lkn lamqajko lnklneapneko( bqj_ekjneko l ^he_ko a ejpaha_pq]eo( a k lnkhap]ne]`k kq ko pn]^]hd]`knao ej`qopne]eo a nqn]eo* Jk lh]jk _qhpqn]h( aoo] `ereok a_kjie_k)ok_e]h pnkqta pno _kjoamqj_e]o( mqa lani]ja_ai ]p ko `e]o `a dkfa6 -*
] _qhpqn] a ]o ]npao bkn]i `eopejcqe`]o ai `keo pelko lnej_el]eo6 ] anq`ep] $kq `a ahepa%( ln lne] `ko ejpaha_pq]eo a ]npeop]o `] _h]ooa `kiej]jpa `] ok_ea`]`a( a ] lklqh]n $kq ejcjq]%( ln lne] `ko pn]^]hd]`knao qn^]jko a nqn]eo7
.*
mq]j`k lajo]`]o _kik lnk`q ao kq _ne] ao _khaper]o rej`]o `k l]oo]`k j]_ekj]h( bkni]j`k ] pn]`ek j]_ekj]h( ] _qhpqn] a ]npa lklqh]nao na_a^an]i k jkia `a bkh_hkna( _kjopepq`k lkn iepko( haj`]o a nepko lklqh]nao( `]j]o nacekj]eo lklqh]nao( i oe_]o nacekj]eo lklqh]nao( ]npao]j]pko( ap_*7
/*
] ]npa anq`ep] kq `a ahepa l]ookq ] oan k _kjfqjpk `]o ^ah]o)]npao _ki ]o k^n]o lnk`qve`]o kq _ne]`]o jk lnaoajpa lkn ]npeop]o ej`ere`q]eo( mqa oa `enece]i ] qi l ^he_k i]fknep]) ne]iajpa ^qncqo( eopk ( ao_kh]nev]`k( ejopnq`k a aj`ejdaen]`k( _kjoqie`kn `]o k^n]o `a ]npa*
= `eopejk ajpna ]npa lklqh]n a anq`ep]( ai^kn] pajd] oe`k na]hiajpa qi] _kjoamqj) _e] `] `ereok a_kjie_k)ok_e]h `]o _h]ooao( jk bke reop] `aoo] i]jaen]( a oei _kik _]qo]`] lkn `ebanaj]o j] i]jaen] `a na]hev)h]o* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ] `eopejk bke _kj_a^e`] $a _kjpejq] ] o)hk( ]p dkfa% _kik `ebanaj] k^ cloj^ a k^ nr^ifa^ab `]o ln lne]o ]npao* =o lnej_el]eo `ebanaj]o an]i ]lkjp]`]o6
/15
-*
k^ `ljmibufa^ab a^ bi^_lo^ l6 ] ]npa lklqh]n i]eo oeilhao a iajko _kilhat] `k mqa ] anq`ep]( mqa i]eo okÚope_]`]( i]eo atecajpa a i]eo ah]^kn]`] mq]jpk bkni] a ]k _kjpa `k7
.*
k^ obi^ l `lj l klsl b `lj l qbjml6 ] lklqh]n paj`a ] oan pn]`e_ekj]heop] a nalapeper]( ajmq]jpk ] anq`ep] paj`a ] oan `a r]jcq]n`] a rkhp]`] l]n] k bqpqnk7
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
/*
k^ obi^ l `lj l m _if`l6 j] lklqh]n( _kik ]o _ne] ao _kopqi]i oan _khaper]o( ]npeop]o a l ^he_k paj`ai ] jk oa `eopejcqen7 j] anq`ep]( _h]n] ] `eopejk ajpna k ]npeop] $mqa oailna qi ej`er`qk _ne]`kn% a k l ^he_k $mqa qi _khaperk `a _kjoqie`knao%7
0*
kl jlal ab `ljmobbkpl a^ ob^ifa^ab6 j] ]npa lklqh]n( ] k^n] ei]jajpa ]k oaq iqj) `k kq ]k iqj`k `]`k( atlneiej`k)k `enap]iajpa p]h _kik aha 7 j] ]npa anq`ep]( ] k^n] ^qo_] pn]jo_aj`an k iqj`k( `eop]j_e]n)oa `aha l]n] iahdkn _kilnaaj`)hk( na_ne)hk( `]n)hda jkrko oajpe`ko* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( j] ]npa lklqh]n k ]npeop] atlneia `enap]) iajpa k mqa oa l]oo] ai oaq ]i^eajpa( k mq]h k iaoik l]n] oaq l ^he_k a lkn eook eia`e]p]iajpa _kilnaaj`e`k lkn pk`ko* J] anq`ep]( k ]npeop] ^qo_] jkrko iaeko `a atlnaook l]n] _ne]n jkr]o oecjeÚ_] ao( oei^khev]n laook]o( ]_kjpa_eiajpko( aik ao( hqc]nao( ap_*( `a i]jaen] mqa oq] k^n] jk eia`e]p]iajpa _kilnaajorah l]n] pk`ko a oei l]n] ko bkqbkafalp kl ^pprkql( mqa( lkn eook( ] ejpanlnap]i l]n] k naop]jpa `k l ) ^he_k $kq oaf]( ] ]npa anq`ep] ` knecai Úcqn] `k `oqf`l ab ^oqb( mqa atlhe_]( ejpanlnap] a ]r]he] ]o k^n]o l]n] k l ^he_k%*
?ki k `aoajrkhreiajpk `] ok_ea`]`a ej`qopne]h a `]o cn]j`ao iapn lkhao( ko pn]^]) hd]`knao `aohk_]n]i)oa _]`] rav i]eo `]o vkj]o nqn]eo kq `k _]ilk( l]oo]j`k ] naoe`en j]o lanebane]o `]o cn]j`ao _e`]`ao( ]pn]raoo]j`k)]o pk`]o ]o i]jdo ]k oa `enecenai ]k pn]^]hdk j]o b^ne_]o a pk`]o ]o p]n`ao ]k nacnaoo]nai o oq]o _]o]o* Paj`k oe`k bkn]`ko ] `aet]n k _]ilk( ] i]ekne] `aooao pn]^]hd]`knao p]i^i `aet]r] l]n] pno oq] _qhpqn] a oq] ]npa $mqa ko ejpaha_pq]eo d]re]i `ajkiej]`k bkh_hkna%* J]o _e`]`ao( `keo bajiajko ]_kjpa_an]i6 lkn qi h]`k( ai oaqo ^]ennko a hk_]eo `a pn]^]hdk( ko klanneko a oq]o b]ihe]o bkn]i _ne]j`k qi] _qhpqn] a qi] ]npa ln lne]o( _d]) i]`]o `a mlmri^obp7 lkn kqpnk( l]oo]n]i ] b]van l]npa `] cn]j`a i]oo] `a _kjoqie`knao `ko lnk`qpko ej`qopne]eo l]n] ko mq]eo _kia]n]i ] oan nalnk`qve`]o( ai h]nc] ao_]h]( ran) o ao oeilheÚ_]`]o a ejbaneknao `ko lnk`qpko a `]o _ne] ao `] _qhpqn] a `] ]npa `a ahepa* Aoo] nalnk`qk oeilheÚ_]`] `]o k^n]o anq`ep]o `aq knecai ]k mqa rene] ] oan _kjda_e`k _ki k jkia `a _qhpqn] a ]npa `a i]oo]* @aoo] i]jaen]( ai jkooko `e]o( ]o ]npao _kopqi]i oan `eopejcqe`]o ai6 bkh_hkna $]o pn]`e ao _khaper]o j]_ekj]eo lklqh]nao%( lklqh]n $]o _ne] ao `ko ]npeop]o mqa lanpaj_ai _h]ooa pn]^]hd]`kn]%( anq`ep] kq `a ahepa $]o _ne] ao _kilhat]o a `a r]jcq]n`] `a ]npeop]o ej`ere`q]eo mqa oa `enecai ] qi l ^he_k naopnepk% a `a i]oo] $Új]j_e]`] lkn ailnao]o mqa b]vai p]jpk ]o nalnk`q ao oeilheÚ_]`]o `]o k^n]o `] ]npa anq`ep] _kik p]i^i _kiln]i l]n] lnk`qk ai ao_]h] ej`qopne]h ]o k^n]o `a ]npeop]o ej`ere`q]eo a ]o `aopej]i ]k ian_]`k `a _kjoqik ai h]nc] ao_]h]%* =ooei( lkn atailhk( k ^qi^] iaq ^ke kq ] _kjc]`] ok bkh_hkna7 k o]i^] `a iknnk a k o^m $mq]j`k jk ok ]lnklne]`ko lah]o ailnao]o `a _qhpqn] `a i]oo]% ok lklqh]nao7 qi mq]`nk `a P]noeh] `k =i]n]h kq qi] ao_qhpqn] `a Huce] ?h]ng ok anq`ep]o7 ] i oe_] oanp]ja) f] $mqa eiep] ] i oe_] `lrkqov jknpa)]iane_]j]%( ] i oe_] `ko @Fo( ] i]ekne] `ko Úhiao( ]o jkrah]o `a pahareok( ap_* ok `a i]oo]*
Ej`opne] _qhpqn]h a _qhpqn] `a i]oo]
M
q]j`k aopq`]iko ] nahecekoe`]`a( reiko mqa ]o nahece ao lnk`qvai k bk`^kq^jbkql al jrkal( eopk ( k oajpeiajpk `a mqa k iqj`k j]pqn]h a dqi]jk aop ai nah]k _ki qi iqj`k ok^naj]pqn]h `a bkn]o `erej]o mqa oa i]jebaop]i `a i]jaen]o r]) ne]`]o( ejatlhe_raeo a ieopaneko]o* Mq]j`k aopq`]iko k oqnceiajpk `] ÚhkokÚ] a( `alkeo( k `]o _ej_e]o a p_je_]o( reiko mqa ] ik`anje`]`a _kj_hqeq qi lnk_aook mqa ] ÚhkokÚ] _kia]n] `ao`a ] Cn_e]6 k abpbk`^kq^jbkql al jrkal( eopk ( ] l]oo]cai `k iepk n]vk( `] i]ce] _ej_e] a h ce_]* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( l]ookq)oa `] _naj] ai _]qo]o ok^naj]pq) n]eo l]n] ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko oq] atlhe_]k n]_ekj]h kq oq] j]pqn]hev]k a dqi]jev]k* Aooa lnk_aook( _kik reiko jk _]lpqhk ]jpanekn( he^ankq ]o ]npao `] bqjk a Új]he`]`a nahe) ceko]o( `]j`k)hdao ]qpkjkie]*
/2,
!LBUM!KG IMAGES,ATINSTOCK
= _qhpqn] `a i]oo] a ] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h x #!0É45,/ß x
!LBUM!KG IMAGES,ATINSTOCK
4HEODORß!DORNOßß ¯ ßFILvSOFOßEßß SOCIvLOGOßALEMjO ßß FUNDADOR ßJUNTOßCOMß (ORKHEIMER ßDAß%SCOLAßß DEß&RANKFURT ßEMß
-AXß(ORKHEIMERßß ¯ ßFILvSOFOßEßß SOCIvLOGOßALEMjO ßUMßß DOSßFUNDADORESßDAßß %SCOLAßDEß&RANKFURT
/2-
P]i^i reiko jk _]lpqhk ]jpanekn mqa( jk ajo]ek ok^na ] `aopnqek `] ]qn]( `alkeo `a atlhe_]n ] eilknp j_e] `] ]qpkjkie] `]o ]npao( S]hpan >ajf]iej ]ooqie] qi] lkoek kpeieop]( lkeo _kjoe`an]r] mqa ] ok_ea`]`a ej`qopne]h har]n] nalnk`qk `]o k^n]o `a ]npa $lahk hernk( lah]o ]npao cnÚ_]o( lah] bkpkcn]Ú]( lahk n`ek a lahk _ejai]% a mqa eook laniepene] i]ekne] `]o laook]o k ]_aook ] _ne] ao mqa( ]p ajpk( ]laj]o qjo lkq_ko lk`e]i _kjda) _an a bnqen* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( >ajf]iej aolan]r] mqa ] nalnk`qk p_je_] `]o k^n]o `a ]npa lnkikraooa ] `aik_n]pev]k `] _qhpqn] a `]o ]npao* K kpeieoik `a >ajf]iej jk an] ejbqj`]`k* >]op] l]n] eook har]niko ai _kjoe`an]k ko abaepko ok_e]eo a lkhpe_ko `k lneiaenk cn]j`a iaek `a _kiqje_]k `a i]oo]( eopk ( ] ejrajk `] eilnajo] lkn Cqpaj^anc( jk o_qhk TR( l]n] raneÚ_]n oq] eilknp j_e] l]n] ] `aik_n]pev]k `] _qhpqn]* ?kik oa o]^a( ] _qhpqn] aqnklae] $ajpna ko o_qhko E a TREE% an] aiejajpaiajpa _neop( eopk ( e`ae]o( r]hknao( _kopqiao( haeo( ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo a lkhpe_]o( ejopnqk a _kjda_eiajpko an]i ]mqahao ejopepq`ko lahk ajoej]iajpk _neopk lkn iaek `] Ecnaf]* Aoo] _qhpqn] bqj`]r])oa ejpaen]iajpa j] ejpanlnap]k a_haoeope_] `] >^he]* Kn]( k lneiaenk hernk eilnaook bke ] >^he]( mqa ]p ajpk ateope] ai bkni] `a i]jqo_nepko ]laj]o ai ecnaf]o a oej]ckc]o $=jpeck Paop]) iajpk kq ] Pkn]d( ai da^n]e_k a ]n]i]e_k7 =jpeck a Jkrk Paop]iajpk( ai cnack a ai h]pei% a o an] he`] lkn aola_e]heop]o $n]^ejko( o]_an`kpao( pa hkcko%( ajmq]jpk k naop]jpa `] ok_ea`]`a ] na_a^e] kn]hiajpa( he`] ai rkv ]hp] lahko hapn]`ko `qn]jpa ]o hepqnce]o naheceko]o a( _ki k l]oo]n `k pailk( ai hjcq]o ejateopajpao( mqa okiajpa qjo lkq_ko _kilnaaj`e]i* =k eje_e]n k ikreiajpk nahecekok _kjda_e`k _kik Nabkni] Lnkpaop]jpa( jk Új]h `k o) _qhk TR( I]npej Hqpank pn]`qveq ] >^he] l]n] k ]haik( a bke aoo] pn]`qk mqa Cqpaj^anc eilneieq* Lah] lneiaen] rav k patpk o]cn]`k `ko _neopko lk`e] oan ]`mqene`k a he`k lkn pk`ko ko mqa _kjda_e]i k ]haik* @] iaoi] i]jaen]( ] Nabkni] Lnkpaop]jpa ejchao]( bn]j_ao] a dkh]j`ao] na]hevkq ]o pn]`q ao `] >^he] l]n] k ejcho( k bn]j_o a k dkh]j`o a ]o eilneieq jaoo]o hjcq]o* L]n] `ebqj`en ] nahecek nabkni]`] a _ki^]pan ] Ecnaf] ?]p he_] Nki]j] $_d]i]`] `a Îl]leop]Ï%( ko lnkpaop]jpao ]Úni]n]i mqa pk`ko ko _neopko an]i _]l]vao `a _kilnaaj`an ko ajoej]iajpko ^^he_ko oai lna_eo]n mqa l]`nao a pa hkcko ko atlhe_]ooai* L]n] eook( eje) _e]n]i qi lnk_aook `a ]hb]^apev]k jko l]oao nabkni]`ko ] Úi `a mqa pk`ko ko Úeo lq) `aooai han ]o O]cn]`]o Ao_nepqn]o* ?kik ao_naraq qi deopkne]`kn ejcho( _ki ] eilnajo] a ] Nabkni] Lnkpaop]jpa( ] >^he] bke `aik_n]pev]`]* Aoo] haepqn] `] >^he] bav _ki mqa _]ilkjaoao( j] =hai]jd] a j] Dkh]j`]( ]ooei _kik pn]^]hd]`knao `k _]ilk a `]o _e`]`ao( j] Ejch]pann]( lan_a^aooai mqa oq]o ok_ea`]`ao a oaqo ckranj]jpao jk oacqe]i ko ajoej]iajpko ^^he_ko( an]i ejfqopko( _nqeo( pen je_ko( ]jpe_neo) pko* A ]o i]oo]o lklqh]nao oa na^ah]n]i ai pk`] l]npa( atecej`k fqope]( ecq]h`]`a a he^an`]) `a* = haepqn] `]o O]cn]`]o Ao_nepqn]o para( ]ooei( qi abaepk `a _kjo_eajpev]k lklqh]n* Jk ajp]jpk( k kpeieoik `a S]hpan >ajf]iej `aetkq `a h]`k qi kqpnk ]ola_pk `k lnk) _aook mqa oaqo _khac]o `] Ao_kh] `a Bn]jgbqnp at]iej]n]i _ki `ap]hda* @a b]pk( ] l]npen `] Oacqj`] Narkhqk Ej`qopne]h jk o_qhk TET a lnkooacqej`k jk mqa dkfa ai `e] oa `ajkie) j] ok_ea`]`a l o)ej`qopne]h kq l o)ik`anj]( ]o ]npao( mqa d]re]i oa pknj]`k ]qpjki]o kq oa he^an]`k `] oq^ieook nahecek( bkn]i oq^iape`]o ] qi] jkr] oanre`k6 ]o nacn]o `k ian_]`k _]lep]heop] a ] e`akhkce] `] ej`opne] _qhpqn]h $atlnaook _qjd]`] lkn Pdak`kn =`knjk a I]t Dkngdaeian jqi] k^n] ejpepqh]`] Af^iqf`^ al bp`i^ob`fjbkql( l]n] ej`e_]n qi] _qhpqn] ^]oa]`] j] e`ae] a j] lnpe_] `k _kjoqik `a Îlnk`qpko _qhpqn]eoÏ b]^ne_]`ko ai onea* = atlnaook Îej` opne] _qhpqn]hÏ oecjeÚ_] mqa ]o k^n]o `a ]npa ok ian_]`kne]o( _kik pq`k k mqa ateopa jk _]lep]heoik*% >ajf]iej jk harkq ai _kjp] k b]pk `a mqa ] nalnk`qk a ] `eopne^qek `]o k^n]o oane]i baep]o lkn ailnao]o _]lep]heop]o( reo]j`k ]k hq_nk b kl `aik_n]pev]k `]o ]npao* =ooei( lan`e`] ] ]qn]( ] ]npa jk oa `aik_n]pevkq( i]ooeÚ_kq)oa l]n] _kjoqik nle`k jk ian_]`k `] ik`] a jko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k `a i]oo]( pn]jobkni]j`k)oa ai `lfp^ ibsb( bkqobqbkfjbkql a afsbopl l]n] ]o dkn]o `a h]van* ?kik ao_narai =`knjk a Dkngdaeian( dkfa( ] k^n] `a ]npa jk pn]jo_aj`a k iqj`k `]`k( Î]npa oai okjdkÏ a lkn eook iaoik
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
ÎokjkÏ( kq oaf]( ]`knia_a ] _ne]pere`]`a( ] _kjo_ej_e]( ] oajoe^ehe`]`a( ] ei]cej]k( k laj) o]iajpk a ] _npe_] p]jpk `k ]npeop] _kik `k l ^he_k* Ok^ k lk`anek `a ailnao]o _]lep]heop]o( ]o k^n]o `a ]npa ran`]`aen]iajpa _ne]`kn]o( _n) pe_]o a n]`e_]eo bkn]i aor]ve]`]o l]n] oa pknj]nai ajpnapajeiajpk7 a kqpn]o k^n]o l]oo]n]i ] oan lnk`qve`]o l]n] _aha^n]n k ateopajpa( ai hqc]n `a _kilnaaj`)hk( _nepe_)hk a lnklkn qi kqpnk bqpqnk l]n] ] dqi]je`]`a* = bkn] `a _kjda_eiajpk( _npe_] a ejrajk `]o ]n) pao Ú_kq na`qve`] ] ]hcqi]o lnk`q ao `] ]npa anq`ep]( ajmq]jpk k naop]jpa `] lnk`qk ]npope_] bke `aopej]`k ] qi _kjoqik nle`k( pn]jobkni]j`k)oa ai oej]h `a pq^qrp ok_e]h a lnaopcek lkhpe_k l]n] ]npeop]o a oaqo _kjoqie`knao a ai iaek `a `lkqolib `riqro^i lkn l]npa `ko ailnaoneko a lnklneapneko `ko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k `a i]oo]*
= i]ooebe_]k _qhpqn]h Ok^ ko abaepko `] i]ooeÚ_]k lah] ej` opne] a lahk _kjoqik _qhpqn]eo( ]o ]npao _knnai k neo_k `a lan`an oq] bkn] oei^ he_] a( _ki ah]( k `a lan`an ]hcqi]o `a oq]o lnej_el]eo _]) n]_panope_]o6 -*
`a atlnaooer]o( paj`ai ] pknj]n)oa nalnk`qper]o a nalapeper]o7
.*
`a pn]^]hdk `] _ne]k( paj`ai ] pknj]n)oa arajpko l]n] _kjoqik7
/*
`a atlaneiajp]k a ejrajk `k jkrk( paj`ai ] pknj]n)oa Î_kjo]cn]k `k _kjo]cn]) `kÏ lah] ik`] a lahk _kjoqik7
0*
`a `qn]`kqn]o( paj`ai ] pknj]n)oa l]npa `k ian_]`k `] ik`]( l]oo]caenk( abiank( oai l]oo]`k a oai bqpqnk7
1*
`a bkni]o `a _kjda_eiajpk mqa `aoraj`]i ] na]he`]`a a ]h_]j]i ] ran`]`a( paj`ai ] pknj]n)oa `eooeiqh]k `] na]he`]`a( ehqok b]hoeÚ_]`kn]( lq^he_e`]`a a lnkl]c]j`]*
= ]npa lkooqe ejpnejoa_]iajpa r]hkn `a atlkoek kq sfpf_fifa^ab( eopk ( bufpqb m^o^ pbo `lkqbjmi^a^ b cora^* aooaj_e]hiajpa bpmbq`ril( l]h]rn] mqa rai `k h]pei a oecjeÚ_] Î`]`k reoe^ehe`]`aÏ* Jk ajp]jpk( ok^ k _kjpnkha a_kjie_k a e`akh ce_k `]o ailnao]o `a lnk`qk ]npope_]( ] ]npa oa pn]jobknikq ai oaq klkopk6 qi arajpk l]n] pknj]n ejreorah p]jpk k ln lnek pn]^]hdk _ne]`kn `ko ]npeop]o a `]o k^n]o _kik ] na]he`]`a( i]o_]n]j`k)] a `eooeiqh]j`k)]* =hi `eook( ]o ailnao]o `a lnk`qk _qhpqn]h pb ^molmof^j `a _ne] ao lklqh]nao a anq`ep]o oailna mqa aop]o _kia]i ] ejpanaoo]n ] qi l ^he_k( lkeo aopa reopk _kik qi cn]j`a _kjoqie`kn ai lkpaj_e]h* =k b]van aoo] ]lnklne]k( ] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h jk o r]e aheiej]j`k ko ]ola_pko _npe_ko( ejkr]`knao a lkhie_ko `]o k^n]o( i]o r]e p]i) ^i pn]jobkni]j`k)]o ai jla^( eopk ( ai ]hck m^pp^dbfol mqa `ara raj`an iqepk ajmq]j) pk jkrk a( ] oacqen( `ao]l]na_an oai `aet]n n]opnk* = ej` opne] _qhpqn]h jk ]pejca iknp]hiajpa ]laj]o ]o k^n]o `a ]npa( i]o ]o k^n]o `a lajo]iajpk( b]vaj`k)]o lan`an ] bkn] _npe_]( ejkr]`kn] a _ne]`kn]* k mqa raiko( lkn atailhk( _ki ] lnkheban]k `ko hernko `a ]qpk]fq`]( _ki ]o rano ao naoqie`]o a oeilheÚ) _]`]o `a k^n]o _eajpÚ_]o $p]jpk `]o _ej_e]o at]p]o a j]pqn]eo _kik `]o _ej_e]o dqi]j]o a `] ÚhkokÚ]%( _ki ] i]jaen] `abkni]`] _ki mqa Úhiao a jkrah]o pn]p]i ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko deop ne_ko( ap_* Ai hqc]n `a afcrpl `riqro^i( l]oo] ] d]ran ian] srid^ofw^ l ab fkcloj^ bp* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ]o k^n]o `a lajo]iajpk `aet]i `a oan ejopec]`kn]o `a _kjda_eiajpk l]n] oa na`qven `erqhc]k nle`] a oeilhao `a e`ae]o _qf] _kilhate`]`a a eilknp j_e] Ú_]i lan`e`]o*
I]ooebe_]k ranoqo `aik_n]pev]k _qhpqn]h Bkooai kqpn]o ]o _en_qjop j_e]o( ]o k^n]o `a ]npa a `a lajo]iajpk lk`ane]i( _kik `aoaf]r] >ajf]iej( `aik_n]pev]n)oa _ki ko jkrko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k( lkeo pk`ko lk`a) ne]i( ai lnej_lek( pan ]_aook ] ah]o( _kjda_)h]o( ej_knlkn)h]o ai oq] re`]( _nepe_)h]o( a ko ]npeop]o a lajo]`knao lk`ane]i oqlan)h]o ai kqpn]o k^n]o( jkr]o*
/2.
= _qhpqn] `a i]oo] a ] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h x #!0É45,/ß x
Oa pki]niko ] `riqro^ jk oajpe`k naopnepk `a k^n]o `a ]npa a `a lajo]iajpk a jk jk oajpe`k ]jpnklkh ce_k ]ilhk( mqa ]lnaoajp]iko jk aopq`k ok^na ] e`ae] `a _qhpqn]( lk`a) iko `evan mqa ] `aik_n]pev]k `] _qhpqn] a `] ]npa pai _kik lna_kj`ek ] e`ae] `a mqa ko ^ajo _qhpqn]eo ok afobfql ab qlalp a jk lnerehcek `a ]hcqjo* @aik_n]_e] _qhpqn]h oecjeÚ_] `enaepk `a ]_aook a `a bnqek `]o k^n]o _qhpqn]eo( `enaepk ejbkni]k a bkni]k _qhpqn]eo( `enaepk lnk`qk _qhpqn]h* Kn]( ] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h ]_]nnap] k naoqhp]`k klkopk ]k i]ooeÚ_]n k mqa ]mqe aop]iko _d]i]j`k `a `riqro^ ai oajpe`k naopnepk $eopk ( k^n]o `a ]npa a `a lajo]iajpk%* Lkn mq; Ai lneiaenk hqc]n( lknmqa oal]n] ko ^ajo _qhpqn]eo lahk oaq oqlkopk r]hkn `a ian_]`k6 d k^n]o Î_]n]oÏ a În]n]oÏ( `aopej]`]o ]ko lnerehace]`ko mqa lk`ai l]c]n lkn ah]o( bkni]j`k qi] ahepa _qhpqn]h7 a d k^n]o Î^]n]p]oÏ a Î_kiqjoÏ( `aopej]`]o i]oo]* =ooei( ai rav `a c]n]jpen k iaoik `enaepk `a pk`ko pkp]he`]`a `] lnk`qk _qhpqn]h( ] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h ejpnk`qv ] afsfpl pl`f^i ajpna ahepa Î_qhp]Ï a i]oo] Îej_qhp]Ï* K mqa ] i]oo]; qi ]cnac]`k oai bkni]( oai nkopk( oai e`ajpe`]`a a oai lhajk `enaepk _qhpqn]* Ai oacqj`k hqc]n( lknmqa `of^ ^ firpl `a mqa pk`ko pi ]_aook ]ko iaoiko ^ajo _qhpq) n]eo( _]`] qi ao_khdaj`k hernaiajpa k mqa `aoaf]( _kik k _kjoqie`kn jqi oqlanian_]`k* Jk ajp]jpk( ^]op] lnaop]niko ]pajk ]ko dknneko `ko lnkcn]i]o `a n`ek a pahareok kq ]k mqa raj`e`k j]o ^]j_]o `a fknj]eo l]n] raniko mqa( lahko lnako( ]o ailnao]o `a `erqhc]k _qhpqn]h f oaha_ekj]n]i `a ]jpaik k mqa _]`] cnqlk ok_e]h lk`a a `ara kqren( ran kq han* Jk _]ok `ko fknj]eo a nareop]o( lkn atailhk( ] mq]he`]`a `k l]lah( k aopehk `]o hapn]o a ei]cajo( k pelk `a i]j_dapa a `a i]pne] lq^he_]`] `aÚjai k _kjoqie`kn a `apaniej]i k _kjpa `k `]mqehk ] mqa pan ]_aook a k pelk `a ejbkni]k mqa lk`an na_a^an* Oa _kil]) n]niko( jqi] i]jd( _ej_k kq oaeo fknj]eo( lan_a^anaiko mqa k iaoik iqj`k Í aopa jk mq]h pk`ko reraiko Í pn]jobkni])oa ai _ej_k kq oaeo iqj`ko `ebanajpao kq iaoik klko) pko( lkeo qi iaoik ]_kjpa_eiajpk na_a^a _ej_k kq oaeo pn]p]iajpko `eranoko ai bqjk `k haepkn mqa ] ailnao] fknj]hope_] lnapaj`a ]pejcen* Ai pan_aenk hqc]n( lknmqa ejrajp] qi] Úcqn] _d]i]`] Îaola_p]`kn i`ekÏ( Îkqrejpa i`ekÏ a Îhaepkn i`ekÏ( ]ko mq]eo ok ]pne^q`]o _anp]o _]l]_e`]`ao iajp]eo Îi`e]oÏ( _anpko _kjda_eiajpko Îi`ekoÏ a _anpko ckopko Îi`ekoÏ( kbana_aj`k)hdao lnk`qpko _qhpqn]eo Îi) `ekoÏ* Mqa oecjeÚ_] eook; = ej` opne] _qhpqn]h sbkab _qhpqn]* L]n] raj`)h]( `ara oa`qven a ]cn]`]n k _kjoqie`kn* L]n] oa`qve)hk a ]cn]`)hk( jk lk`a _dk_)hk( lnkrk_)hk( b]v)hk lajo]n( b]v)hk pan ejbkni]) ao jkr]o mqa k lanpqn^ai( i]o `ara `arkhran)hda( _ki jkr] ]l]nj_e]( k mqa aha f o]^a( f req( f bav* = Îi`e]Ï k oajok _kiqi `ofpq^ifw^al mqa ] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h `arkhra _ki _]n] `a _keo] jkr]*
(/2EUTERS,ATINSTOCK
Ko ]pknao O]i Sknpdejcpkj a Vka O]h`]j] $ai oq] _]n]_panev]k `ecep]h% ai _aj] `k behia =r]p]n( `a .,,5( `k `enapkn _]j]`ajoa F]iao ?]iankj*
/2/
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
Ai mq]npk hqc]n( lknmqa `aÚja ] _qhpqn] _kik i^wbo b bkqobqbkfjbkql( afsbopl b afp* qo^ l( `a ik`k mqa pq`k k mqa j]o k^n]o `a ]npa a `a lajo]iajpk oecjeÚ_] pn]^]hdk `] oajoe^ehe`]`a( `] ei]cej]k( `] ejpahecj_e]( `] naÛatk a `] _npe_] jk pai ejpanaooa( jk Îraj`aÏ* I]ooeÚ_]n ( ]ooei( _^k^ifw^o ] atlnaook ]npope_] a ejpaha_pq]h* Ai hqc]n `a `ebqj) `en a `erqhc]n ] _qhpqn]( `aolanp]j`k ejpanaooa lkn ah]( ] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h na]hev] ] srid^of* w^ l `]o ]npao a `ko _kjda_eiajpko* Ao_narai =`knjk a Dkngdaeian6 > ^qolÛ^ a^ fj^dfk^ l b a^ bpmlkq^kbfa^ab al `lkprjfalo `riqro^i ab elgb kl qbj kb`bppfa^ab ab pbo bumif`^a^ bj qbojlp mpf`lidf`lp+ Lp momoflp molarqlp %+++& m^o^* ifp^j ^nrbi^p c^`ria^abp mbi^ pr^ momof^ `lkpqfqrf l l_gbqfs^+ Bibp pl cbfqlp ab jlal nrb ^ pr^ ^mobbkpl ^abnr^a^ bufdb) mlo rj i^al) o^mfabw ab mbo`bm l) `^m^`fa^ab ab l_pbos^ l b `ljmbq k`f^ bpmb`Û`^8 mlo lrqol i^al) cbfq^ ab jlal ^ sbq^o) ab c^ql) ^ ^qfsfa^ab jbkq^i al bpmb`q^alo) pb bib kl nrfpbo mboabo lp c^qlp nrb pb abpbkoli^j o^mf* a^jbkqb pr^ cobkqb %+++&+ > sfli k`f^ a^ pl`fba^ab fkarpqof^i lmbo^ klp eljbkp ab rj^ sbw mlo qla^p+ Lp molarqlp a^ fka pqof^ `riqro^i mlabj bpq^o `boqlp ab pbobj ^ibdobjbk* qb `lkprjfalp bj bpq^al ab afpqo^ l+ J^p `^a^ rj abpqbp rj jlabil al dfd^kqbp`l jb`^kfpjl b`lkjf`l nrb abpab l fk`fl j^kqj qral pl_ mobppl q^kql kl qo^_^iel nr^kql kl i^wbo nrb ieb pbjbie^kqb+
Ko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k MEIOSßEMßLATIM ßMEIOßSEß DIZßMmDIUMßE ßNOßPLURAL ß MEIOSßSEßDIZßMEDIAß/Sß PRIMEIROSßTEvRICOSßDOSß MEIOSßDEßCOMUNICAljOß EMPREGARAMßAßPALAVRAß LATINAßMEDIAß#OMOßERAMß TEvRICOSßDEßLqNGUAßINGLESA ß DIZIAMßMASSßMEDIA ßISTOß m ß±OSßMEIOSßDEßMASSA²ß !ßPRON{NCIA ßEMßINGLoS ß DOßLATIMßMEDIAßmß±MqDIA²ß 1UANDOßOSßTEvRICOSßDEß LqNGUAßINGLESAßDIZEMß±THEß MEDIA² ßESTjOßDIZENDOß±OSß MEIOS²ß0ORßAPROPRIAljOß DAßTERMINOLOGIAßDESSESß TEvRICOSßNOß"RASIL ßAßPA LAVRAßMqDIAßPASSOUßAßSERß EMPREGADAßCOMOßSEßFOSSEß UMAßPALAVRAßFEMININAßNOß SINGULARß°ß±AßMqDIA²
7AYNEß-ILLER-AGNUM,ATINSTOCK
=
atlnaook Î_kiqje_]k `a i]oo]Ï bke _ne]`] l]n] nabanen)oa ]ko k^fapko pa_jkh ce_ko _]l]vao `a pn]joiepen ] iaoi] ejbkni]k l]n] qi l ^he_k iqepk ]ilhk( eopk ( l]n] ] i]oo]* Eje_e]hiajpa( nabane])oa ]k n`ek a ]k _ejai]( lkeo ] eilnajo] lnaooq) lqjd] laook]o ]hb]^apev]`]o( k mqa jk an] namqane`k lahk n`ek jai lahk _ejai] ai oaqo _kiako* Lkq_k ] lkq_k aopaj`aq)oa l]n] ] eilnajo]( ] lq^he_e`]`a kq lnkl]c]j`]( ] bkpk) cn]Ú]( k pahabkja( k pahcn]bk( k bkj cn]bk _ki ko `eo_ko a ] pahareok* Aooao k^fapko pa_jkh ce) _ko ok ko jbflp lkn ejpani`ek `ko mq]eo ] ejbkni]k pn]joiepe`] kq _kiqje_]`]* K aopq`ekok `ko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k I]nod]hh I_Hqd]j _kil]nkq ]o `ebanaj]o la`]c ce_]o ajpna k ajoejk ^]oa]`k jk hernk eilnaook a k ajoejk _kjpailkn jak mqa ai) lnac] na_qnoko ]q`ekreoq]eo* @ev I_Hqd]j mqa( j] =jpecqe`]`a a j] E`]`a I`e]( ko ]hqjko ]lnaj`e]i kqrej`k k lnkbaookn a nalapej`k k mqa aha `eve]( eopk ( k ajoejk an] bqj`]iaj) p]hiajpa kn]h a atece] cn]j`a pn]^]hdk `] iai ne]( d]raj`k iaoik p_je_]o aola_e]eo l]n] ]lnaj`an ] iaiknev]n* =hi `eook( jko _qnoko i]eo ]r]j]`ko( ]hi `]o ]qh]o( ko aopq`]jpao _kle]r]i kq lnk`qve]i l]n] oaq qok laook]h i]jqo_nepko `a cn]ipe_]( `e_ekjneko( aj) oej]iajpko ^oe_ko `a ]nepipe_] a cakiapne]* K ajoejk a k ]lnaj`ev]`k( lkn oanai kn]eo( an]i _khaperko( lkeo pk`ko ko aopq`]jpao `alaj`e]i `] ]qh] iejeopn]`] lahk lnkbaookn a iaiknev]r]i k ajoej]iajpk lkn iaek `a `eo_qoo ao a `eolqp]o _ki ko _khac]o* Aoo] oepq]k( `ev I_Hqd]j( iq`kq _ki ] _dac]`] `k hernk eilnaook( lkeo jk o ko aopq`]jpao l]oo]n]i ] pan ]_aook ]ko iaoiko i]pane]eo mqa ko lnkbaooknao( i]o p]i^i ]o ]qh]o l]oo]n]i ] ]lke]n)oa jko ao_nepko( atecej`k iajko `] iai ne] `a lnkbaooknao a ]hqjko* =hi `eook( oqnceq k aopq`k okhepnek a ej`ere`q]h _kik ]hck i]eo eilknp]jpa `k mqa ] `eo_qook a ] `eolqp] _khaper]o* Kn]( lnkooacqa I_Hqd]j( aop]iko raj`k k Új]h `] Îc]hte] `a Cqpaj^ancÏ $kq oaf]( `k hernk eilnaook%( _ki ] _dac]`] `k n`ek( `k `eo_k( `] pahareok a `k _kilqp]`kn o ao_kh]o* @a b]pk( ko jkrko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k ok reoq]eo a okjknko( qo]i iqepk lkq_k ] ao_nep] $_ki at_ak `k fknj]heoik eilnaook% a aopeiqh]i ] kn]he`]`a* =o ao_kh]o( _kik ]o `] =jpe) cqe`]`a a `] E`]`a I`e]( ]`kp]i _]`] rav i]eo ko na_qnoko ]q`ekreoq]eo l]n] k ajoejk a k ]lnaj`ev]`k a naejpnk`qvai ko pn]^]hdko `a cnqlk a ]o `eo_qoo ao _khaper]o* >ajf]iej b]h]r] ai Înalnk`qpe^ehe`]`aÏ `] k^n] `a ]npa7 I_Hdq]j b]h] ai Îia_]jev]) kÏ `] atlnaook dqi]j]* Ao_nara aha( jqi ajo]ek ejpepqh]`k ÎReok( oki a b ne]Ï6
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= _qhpqn] `a i]oo] a ] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h x #!0É45,/ß x
>kqbp a^ fjmobkp^) rj ibfqlo bo^ ^idrj nrb afp`bokf^ b plka^s^ bkfdj^p+ >mp ^ fjmobkp^) m^pplr ^ pfdkfÛ`^o ^idrj nrb `loof^ lp lielp) nrb bp`^mrif^ ^l ilkdl a^p prmboc`fbp al qbuql fjmobppl+ Elgb bj af^) kl Ûk^i ab q^i mol`bppl) `ebd^jlp ^ ^if^o ^ e^_fifa^ab ab ibo sbilwjbkqb `lj ^ afpqo^ l) bj sbw ab `lj ^ p^_balof^+ J^p fjmobk* p^) jb`^kfw^ l a^ bp`ofq^) pr`babr kl p`ril abwbklsb ^ clqldo^Û^ b bj pbdrfa^ ^ jb`^kfw^ l alp dbpqlp erj^klp kl Ûijb+ > fppl pbdrfr*pb ^ jb`^kfw^ l a^ c^i^ kl qbibclkb) kl clkdo^cl b kl oafl+ @lj l `fkbj^ c^i^al b) Ûk^ijbkqb) `lj ^ qbibsfpl) pl* _obsbfl ^ jb`^kfw^ l a^ qlq^ifa^ab a^ bumobppl erj^k^) a^ slw) al dbpql b a^ Ûdro^ erj^k^ bj ^ l+ @^a^ rj abppbp bpqdflp a^ jb`^kfw^ l a^ bumobppl erj^k^ `lj* m^olr*pb) bj pbr j_fql) obslir l abÜ^do^a^ mbi^ momof^ jb`^kfw^ l a^ bp`ofq^+ K mqa ko iaeko $kq Î] i`e]Ï% rae_qh]i; K mqa pn]joiepai; Ok^ ] bkni] `a nki]j_ao( jkrah]o( _kjpko( jkp_e]o( i oe_]o( `a^]pao( `]j]o( fkcko( ahao pn]joiepai fkcloj^ bp* Aj) pqoe]oi]`k _ki ko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k _kik ra_qhko `a ejbkni]k( I_Hqd]j ao_nara jk iaoik ajo]ek6 Bpq^ ^ ml`^ ab qo^kpf l a^ bo^ `ljbo`f^i) nr^kal ^ molar l b afpqof_rf l ab rqfifa^abp ^_plosf^ l bkdbkel alp eljbkp+ M^pp^jlp elgb a^ molar l ab jbo`^alof^p bjm^`lq^a^p m^o^ l bjm^`lq^jbkql a^ fkcloj^ l+ >kqboflojbkqb) kp fks^a^jlp XÏkpÐ) ^nrf) pl lp Bpq^alp Rkfalp) bsfabkqbjbkqbZ lp jbo`^alp bpqo^kdbfolp `lj rqfif* a^abp+ Elgb) fks^afjlp `riqro^p fkqbfo^p `lj fkcloj^ l bki^q^a^) afsbopl b fabf^p+ Kn]( at]p]iajpa aoo] fks^pl `riqro^i( _ki l]_kpao `a ejbkni] ao( e`ae]o a `erano ao mqa jk `ara _]qo]n ajpqoe]oik a oei naÛatk( lkj`an]k a _npe_]( lkeo lna_eok lancqj) p]n6 mqai ]o lnk`qv;( mqai ]o ail]_kp];( mqai ]o `eopne^qe;( l]n] mqai ok `eopne^q`]o;( _ki mqa Új]he`]`a;
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PROPAGANDAßAßPALAVRAß PROPAGANDAßDERIVAßDOßVER BOßPROPAGAR ßQUEßSIGNIFICAß ±MULTIPLICARßUMAßESPmCIEß PORßMEIOßDAßREPRODUljO² ß ±ESPALHAR SEßPORßUMßTERRI TvRIO² ß±AUMENTARßNUME RICAMENTEßPORßCONTfGIO² ß ±IRRADIAR SE² ß±DIFUNDIR SE²ß E ßPORßEXTENSjO ß±DIVULGAR²ß !ßPROPAGANDAßmßUMAß DIFUSjOßEßUMAßDIVULGA ljOßDEßIDEIAS ßVALORES ß OPINIzES ßINFORMAlzESß PARAßOßMAIORßN{MEROßDEß PESSOASßNOßMAISßAMPLOß TERRITvRIOßPOSSqVELßbßCOMß ESSEßSENTIDOßQUEßFALAMOSß EMßPROPAGANDAßRELIGIOSAß EßEMßPROPAGANDAßPOLqTICAß !MBAS ßPORQUEßSEßDIRIGEMß PUBLICAMENTEßAOßMAIORß N{MEROßPOSSqVELßDEßß PESSOAS ßSjOßFORMASßß DEßPUBLICIDADE
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Ailnac]j`k ]o ]npao cnÚ_]o( ] bkpkcn]Ú]( ] i oe_]( ] `]j] a ] lkaoe] a `ebqj`ej`k)oa lkn iaek `a fknj]eo( nareop]o( _]np]vao( n`ek a pahareok $kq oaf]( lah] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h%( ] lnkl]c]j`] _kian_e]h ] `ebqok a `erqhc]k `a lnk`qpko `aopej]`ko raj`] a `enece`ko ] _kjoqie`knao* Ah] p]i^i na_a^a k jkia `a mr_if`fa^ab `ljbo`f^i( lknmqa baep] lq^he) _]iajpa kq oa `eneca ]k l ^he_k ajpaj`e`k _kik _kjoqie`kn* Aoo] lnkl]c]j`] klan] lkn iaek `a6 -*
atlhe_] ao oeilheÚ_]`]o a ahkceko at]can]`ko ok^na ko lnk`qpko7
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pild^kp _qnpko mqa lkoo]i oan b]_ehiajpa cn]r]`ko7
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L]n] oan aÚ_]v( ] lnkl]c]j`] `ara na]hev]n `q]o klan] ao oeiqhp ja]o6 lkn qi h]`k( `ara ]Úni]n mqa k lnk`qpk lkooqe ko r]hknao aop]^aha_e`ko lah] ok_ea`]`a ai mqa oa aj_kj) pn] k _kjoqie`kn $lkn atailhk( oa ] re`] ai b]ihe] iqepk r]hknev]`]( ko lnk`qpko `arai ]l]na_an ] oanrek `] ia( `k l]e( `ko Úhdko( `] deceaja a ^ahav] `k h]n( `] o] `a `]o _ne]j]o( `] bahe_e`]`a _kjfqc]h( ap_*% a( lkn kqpnk( ]hi `a `aolanp]n `aoafko mqa k _kjoqie`kn jk lkooq]( lna_eo]( ok^napq`k( ]ooacqn]n ] o]peob]k `aooao `aoafko $`kj`a k pild^k Îoq] o]peo) b]k c]n]jpe`] kq oaq `ejdaenk `a rkhp]Ï%* Ai oaqo _kiako( `ao`a Újo `k o_qhk TET ]p ko ia]`ko `k o_qhk TT( ] lnkl]c]j) `] _kian_e]h oq^hejd]r] a ahkce]r] ]o mq]he`]`ao `k lnk`qpk6 ]lnaoajp]r]( lkn atailhk( ko abaepko _qn]perko `ko nai`eko( ko abaepko deceje_ko `k o]^k( `k o]^kjapa a `] l]op] `a `ajpao( k _kjbknpk `a qi] ik^he]( k ^ki ckopk `a qi] la] `a nkql] `] ik`]* Lk`e] p]i) ^i ]lnaoajp]n aoo]o mq]he`]`ao kbana_aj`k ] l]h]rn] `a ]hcqi aola_e]heop] mqa l]npe_el]n]
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
`] b]^ne_]k `k lnk`qpk kq mqa k qo]n] a k na_kiaj`]r] $b]h]r]i i`e_ko( `ajpeop]o( b]n) i]_qpe_ko( `kj]o `a _]o]( ik`eop]o( ap_*%* ?kik j] an] `] ok_ea`]`a ej`qopne]h ko lnk`qpko an]i r]hknev]`ko lkn oq] `qn]^ehe`]`a( ] lnkl]c]j`] paj`e] ] ejrajp]n qi] ei]cai `qn]) `kqn] mqa oa pknj]r] qi] aol_ea `a j^o`^ l]n] k na_kjda_eiajpk eia`e]pk `k lnk`qpk a b]_ehiajpa nalape`] lkn pk`ko* Aoo] Îi]n_]Ï lk`e] oan ] ai^]h]cai $ai h]p]o `a iap]h kq ai re`nko _ki bkni] _]n]_panope_]%( qi `aoajdk( qi pild^k( qi] lamqaj] iahk`e]( qi] nei]( mqa laniepe] k nle`k na_kjda_eiajpk `k lnk`qpk lkn iqepko a iqepko ]jko* Qi] `]o lnkl]c]j`]o i]eo _kjda_e`]o a `a hkjc] `qn]k bke qo]`]( `ao`a ko ]jko -5/,( lkn qi] ej` opne] `a ]l]nahdko `a n`ek a bkj cn]bko( ] N?= Re_pkn( _qf] Îi]n_]Ï an] qi _k _ki k kqre`k ln teik `a qi cn]ikbkja a ok^ k mq]h d]re] ko `evanao Î= rkv `k `kjkÏ( l]n] oqcanen Ú`ahe`]`a `k oki a Ú`ahe`]`a `k _kjoqie`kn* Jko ]jko -50,( lkn atailhk( d]re] iahk`e]o a pild^kp l]n] qi ]j]hcoe_k $ÎIahdkn]h iahdkn a jk b]v i]hÏ%( l]n] qi lanbqia lklq) h]n $Î?]odiana >kqmqap( ] bn]cn j_e] `a nko]o l]n] rk_Ï%( l]n] qi Út]`kn `a _]^ahko $ÎHat `qn]hat( jk _]^ahk o CqiatÏ%( l]n] qi] ^nehd]jpej] $ÎChkopkn]( ] ^nehd]jpej] mqa k dkiai ]`kn]Ï%* Jko ]jko -51,( d]re] qi `aoajdk _]n]_panope_k $] nko] `ko rajpko% ]_kil]jd]`k `a qi] bn]oa iah `e_] ln lne] _ki mqa k _kjoqie`kn eia`e]p]iajpa e`ajpeÚ_]r] qi] _ki) l]jde] ]na]( ] R]nec* = lnkl]c]j`] p]i^i ^qo_]r] ]Úni]n a c]n]jpen k lnk`qpk pn]vaj`k k jkia `k b]^ne_]jpa _kik lnkr] `] mq]he`]`a $cq]n]j `] =jp]n_pe_]( _anraf] `] >n]di]( pa_e`k `a ]hck`k `] =ine_] B]^neh kq `] >]jcq( k >ekpje_k `k H]^kn]p nek Bkjpkqn]% kq _kik c]n]jpe] `] at_hqoere`]`a $Î?de_hapao( ] `ah_e] mqa o =`]io b]^ne_]Ï%* ?ki k ]qiajpk `] _kilapek ajpna lnk`qpknao a `eopne^qe`knao( _ki k _nao_eiajpk `k ian_]`k `] ik`]( _ki k ]`rajpk `] ok_ea`]`a l o)ej`qopne]h _qfko lnk`qpko ok `ao_]n) praeo( oai `qn]^ehe`]`a $] ok_ea`]`a l o)ej`qopne]h ] Îok_ea`]`a `k `ao_]npaÏ% a `a _kjoq) ik eia`e]pk $]heiajpko a nabae ao ejop]jp jako%( a ok^napq`k ia`e`] mqa laomqeo]o `a ian_]`k ej`e_]i mqa ]o raj`]o `alaj`ai `] _]l]_e`]`a `a i]jelqh]n `aoafko `k _kjoq) ie`kn a ]p iaoik `a _ne]n `aoafko jaha( ] lnkl]c]j`] _kian_e]h bke `aet]j`k `a ]lnaoajp]n k lnk`qpk lnklne]iajpa `epk $_ki oq]o lnklnea`]`ao( mq]he`]`ao( `qn]^ehe`]`a% l]n] ]Ún) i]n ko `aoafko mqa aha na]hev]ne]6 oq_aook( lnkolane`]`a( oacqn]j]( fqrajpq`a apanj]( ^ahav]( ]pn]k oatq]h( bahe_e`]`a* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ] lnkl]c]j`] kq lq^he_e`]`a _kian_e]h l]ookq ] sbkabo fj^dbkp b pfdklp a jk ]o ln lne]o ian_]`kne]o* =ooei( lkn atailhk( ]p ^ai lkq_k pailk( l]n] raj`an qi _anpk _ec]nnk( ai rav `a ]lnaoajp)hk `enap]iajpa( ai oaq hqc]n ]l]na_e]i ikpk_e_hap]o( rahaenko( _knne`]o `a ]qpk) i raeo a k pild^k Îk oq_aookÏ* Kq oaf]( raj`e])oa ] ei]cai `k oq_aook l]n] ] mq]h k _ec]nnk oa pknj]n] ejopnqiajpk ej`eolajorah* Qi] kqpn] i]n_] `a _ec]nnk l]oo]r] ] _kilapen _ki ] ]jpanekn a( ai hqc]n `k ln lnek _ec]nnk( ]lnaoajp]r] qi ln`ek ai _kjopnqk _ki ajca) jdaenko a ]nmqepapko ^ai)oq_a`e`ko bqi]j`k( a k pild^k( Î] i]n_] ejpahecajpaÏ* Kq oaf]( raj) `e])oa k _ec]nnk ]lah]j`k)oa l]n] ] ei]cai `ko mqa an]i ejpahecajpao a lkn eook k ao_khde]i* =ooei( p]i^i( ai hqc]n `] i]jpaec] a `] i]nc]nej] _ki oq]o lnklnea`]`ao a mq]he`]`ao( ]l]na_a ] b]ihe] bahev pki]j`k k _]b `] i]jd a _kjoqiej`k k lnk`qpk( eopk ( raj`a)oa ] ei]cai `] bahe_e`]`a a `] d]nikje] `kiope_]o l]n] ]o mq]eo ] i]nc]nej] kq i]jpaec] ] _kj`ek ej`eolajorah* =ooei p]i^i( ai hqc]n `k o]^kjapa a `k `aok`kn]jpa( _ki oq]o lnklnea`]`ao a mq]he`]`ao( oqnca ] ei]cai `] oajoq]he`]`a `] iqhdan kq `k dkiai mqa ko qo]i* K ]qpki rah ]lnaoajp]`k _kik lnkr] `a oq_aook( _d]nia oatq]h a ejpahecj_e] `k _kjoqie`kn( ok^napq`k mq]j`k ok ajb]pev]`]o ]o ejkr] ao pa_jkh ce_]o `k ra_qhk( _qfk _kjoqik lnaooql a ] ei]cai `a qi] laook] ik`anj] a ]pq]hev]`]* A ]ooei lkn `e]jpa* = lnkl]c]j`] _kian_e]h p]i^i pb ^molmof^ `a ]pepq`ao( kleje ao a lkoe ao _npe_]o kq n]`e_]eo ateopajpao j] ok_ea`]`a( bps^wf^ oaq _kjpa `k ok_e]h kq lkhpe_k a ]o ejraopa jqi lnk`qpk( pn]jobkni]j`k)]o ai ik`] _kjoqirah a l]oo]caen]* Baiejeoik( cqannehd] nark) hq_ekjne]( ikreiajpko _qhpqn]eo `a lanebane]( he^an]k oatq]h( `enaepko dqi]jko( ap_* ok pn]jobkni]`ko ai mq]he`]`ao mqa raj`ai qi lnk`qpk* I]o jk o eook* = lq^he_e`]`a jk oa _kjpajp] ai _kjopnqen ei]cajo _ki ]o mq]eo k _kjoqie`kn oa e`ajpeÚ_] a lkn eook _kjokia ko lnk`qpko* Ah] ko ]lnaoajp] _kik ob^ifw^ l
/22
= _qhpqn] `a i]oo] a ] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h x #!0É45,/ß x
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ab abpbglp mqa k _kjoqie`kn jai o]^e] mqa pejd] a l]oo] ] pan Í qi] nkql] kq qi lanbq) ia ok ]ook_e]`ko ] re]cajo ] l]oao `eop]jpao a at pe_ko kq ] qi] nah]k oatq]h b]jpope_]7 qi qpajohek `kiope_k kq qi o]^k ai l ok ]lnaoajp]`ko _kik ] oqlnai] `abao] `k baiejeoik( he^an]j`k ] iqhdan `]o he`ao _]oaen]o7 qi ]heiajpk l]n] _ne]j]o ]lnaoajp]`k _kik c]n]jpe] `a o] `a a ]hacne] ejb]jpeo( `aolanp]j`k j] _ne]j] k `aoafk `a _kjoqie)hk a har]j`k ] ia kq k l]e ] ]`mqene)hk lknmqa aolan]i c]jd]n pn]jmqehe`]`a a _anpav] `a ^ai ]heiajp]n ko Úhdko* Reopk( lkni( mqa ] ok_ea`]`a _kjpailkn ja] kq l o)ik`anj] ]mqah] ai mqa pq`k rahkv( bqc]v a abiank( `ao]l]na_aj`k `] jkepa l]n] k `e]( ] lnkl]c]j`] lna_eo] ]_kil]) jd]n aooa nepik* ?ki eook( ah] `aoajrkhra ] e`ae] `a mqa oq] aÚ__e] a _kilapepere`]`a oank i]eknao jk oeilhaoiajpa lkn ]cen ok^na ko `aoafko f ateopajpao a oei lkn oq] _]l]_e`]`a l]n] ejrajp]n `aoafko jkrko a i]jelqh)hko `a ]_kn`k _ki k _kjoqik `a lnk`qpko oailna jkrko a bqc]vao* I]o ] lnkl]c]j`] _kian_e]h r]e ]ej`] i]eo hkjca* @a b]pk( _kik qlalp lp fkafsarlp pl jbo`^alof^p nrb `lkpljbj jbo`^alof^p( ] lnkl]c]j`] l]oo] ] aopeiqh]n ei]cajo `a ej`er) `qko raj_a`knao j] _kilapek ejopepq`] lahk ian_]`k `a pn]^]hdk6 nkql]o( _]h]`ko( ^kho]o a l]op]o `a cneba( o]^kjapao( lanbqiao a `aok`kn]jpao mqa oqcanai namqejpa a di^jlro( _ko) ipe_ko `a i]n_]o b]iko]o( ap_*( l]oo]i ] _kjopepqen k ln lnek _knlk `k ej`er`qk( bkni]i oq] ei]cai _kik qi] aol_ea `a pbdrka^ k^qrobw^ kq `a jp`^o^ _kh]`] ai oq] laha* = aooa naolaepk( ao_nara @]re` D]nrau jk hernk > `lkaf l mp*jlabok^6 > `ljmbqf l kl jbo`^al ab `lkpqor l ab fj^dbkp m^pp^ ^ pbo rj ^pmb`ql sfq^i a^ `lk`loo k`f^ bkqob ^p bjmobp^p+ L pr`bppl ql `i^o^jbkqb ir`o^qfsl nrb l fksbpqf* jbkql k^ `lkpqor l a^ fj^dbj %m^qol`kfl a^p ^oqbp) bumlpf bp ab ^oqbp) molar bp qbibsfpfs^p) bq`+& pb qlok^ ql fjmloq^kqb nr^kql l fksbpqfjbkql bj kls^p c_of`^p b j^* nrfkofl+ > fj^dbj pbosb m^o^ bpq^_bib`bo rj^ fabkqfa^ab kl jbo`^al) l nrb pb ^mif`^ q^j_j ^l jbo`^al ab qo^_^iel+ > ^nrfpf l ab rj^ fj^dbj %mlo jbfl a^ `ljmo^ ab rj pfpqbj^ ab pfdklp `ljl olrm^p ab dofcb b l `^ool a^ jla^& pb qlok^ rj bibjbkql pfkdri^ojbkqb fjmloq^kqb k^ ^rql^mobpbkq^ l klp jbo`^alp ab qo^_^iel b) mlo buqbk* pl) m^pp^ ^ pbo m^oqb fkqbdo^kqb a^ _rp`^ ab fabkqfa^ab fkafsfar^i) ^rqloob^ifw^ l b pfdkfÛ`^al a^ sfa^+
N`ek a pahareok
/23
Ko lneiaenko aopq`ko ok_ekh ce_ko( loe_kh ce_ko a Úhko Ú_ko ok^na ko iaeko `a _kiq) je_]k `a i]oo] bkn]i baepko mq]j`k oa `aq ] atl]jok `]o kj`]o `a n`ek* I]eo `k mqa k pahabkja( k pahcn]bk oai Úk a k bkj cn]bk( k n`ek `aolanpkq ejpanaooa lknmqa _ki aha eje_ekq)oa abaper]iajpa ] ejbkni]k a ] _kiqje_]k `a i]oo] ] `eop j_e]* @keo b]pko( k _]ok `] pn]joieook n]`ekbje_] `a > drboo^ alp jrkalp a k qok `a iajo]) cajo n]`ekbje_]o lahk j]veoik( jko ]fq`]i ] lan_a^an k eil]_pk a ] eilknp j_e] `k n`ek* Jko ia]`ko `ko ]jko -5/,( k fkrai Knokj Sahhao( ]pkn a `enapkn `a _ejai]( enn]`ekq lkn qi] n`ek `a Jkr] Ukng k nki]j_a `a D* C* Sahho( > drboo^ alp jrkalp( mqa j]nn]r] ] ejr]ok `] Pann] lkn i]n_e]jko* Knokj Sahhao a oq] pqni] jk ]reo]n]i k l ^he_k `a mqa oa pn]p]r] `a qi] k^n] `a Ú_k _eajpÚ_]( i]o ] ]lnaoajp]n]i _kik oa `a b]pk Jkr] Ukng aoperaooa oaj`k ejr]`e`] lkn ]heajcaj]o* K l je_k pkikq ] _e`]`a( laook]o bqcen]i `a oq]o _]o]o( lnk_qn]j`k pnajo( je^qo( iapno a ]qpki raeo l]n] ao_]l]n `] ]ia]]* A `alkeo k l je_k pkikq k l]o( oaj`k ja_aoonek mqa k ckranjk a k atn_epk jknpa)]iane_]jko ejpan) reaooai l]n] ]_]hi]n ] lklqh]k* = pn]joieook `a > drboo^ alp jrkalp ikopnkq k lk`an `a lanoq]ok a `a _kjraj_e) iajpk `k n`ek a jko atlhe_] k oacqj`k b]pk( eopk ( oaq qok _kpe`e]jk a ejpajok baepk lahk lk`an j]veop] ]haik _ki Új]he`]`a `a lnkl]c]j`] lkhpe_]* ?kjbanj_e]o `a ejpaha_pq]eo j]veop]o( `eo_qnoko `a Dephan( ajpnareop]o _ki iehep]jpao `k l]npe`k j]veop] a pn]joieook `a jkp_e]o `enap]iajpa `]o bnajpao `a cqann] bkn]i ailnac]`ko l]n] _kjraj_an ] ok_ea`]`a
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
]hai ok^na ] cn]j`av]( fqopav] a lk`anek `k j]veoik* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( k j]veoik `ao_k) ^neq a atlhknkq ] `^m^`fa^ab jl_fifw^alo^ `k n`ek* Jk >n]oeh( jko ]jko -50,( `qn]jpa ] `ep]`qn] `a Cap hek R]nc]o( bke _ne]`k lahk ckranjk qi lnkcn]i] `enek l]n] pn]joiepen ]o jkp_e]o kÚ_e]eo a ]o e`ae]o `k `ep]`kn6 ] Slw al ?o^pfi( ateopajpa ]p dkfa* @a ecq]h eil]_pk a lk`an `a _kjraj_eiajpk ] pahareok* L]n] _kiajp]n a _nepe_]n aooa lk`anek( k _ejai] lnk`qveq ]hcqjo Úhiao* Ko i]eo ejpanaoo]jpao bkn]i Obab ab fkqofd^p( Jbo^ `lfk`fa k`f^ a L pelt ab Qorj^k* Obab ab fkqofd^p $ppqhk ai mqa ] l]h]rn] obab pai `qlhk oajpe`k( oecjeÚ_]j`k Îna`a `a pahareokÏ a Îpn]i] `a ejpnec]oÏ% j]nn] ] i]jaen] _kik qi fknj]heop] `a jkpe_eneko `a pahare) ok( mqa d]re] ]_]^]`k `a oan `aiepe`k( jk hpeik lnkcn]i] naokhra `evan pk`]o ]o ran`]`ao mqa oailna bkn] eila`e`k `a `evan* K oq_aook `aooa hpeik lnkcn]i] bke pk cn]j`a mqa ] na`a `a pahareok( ai hqc]n `a `aiepe)hk( ]qiajpkq)hda k o]hnek a `aq)hda qi lnkcn]i] at_hqoerk( ai na`a j]_ekj]h( jk mq]h aha _kjrk_]r] ] lklqh]k ] cnep]n _kjpn] k oeopai]* Kq oaf]( k oeopai] hda l]c]r] l]n] cnep]n _kjpn] aha lknmqa k lnkcn]i] pejd] ]hpooei] ]q`ej_e] a d]re] ailnao]o l]c]j`k na`a iehd ao `a ` h]nao l]n] l]pnk_ej)hk* K Úhia paniej] _ki k ]pkn _kiapaj`k oqe_`ek ai bnajpa o _ ian]o( ]k rerk a ai _knao( a _ki ] na`a nalapej`k ] _aj] lknmqa ] ]q`ej_e] an] ajknia a k hq_nk Új]j_aenk eiajok* Kq oaf]( k oeopai] a ] na`a `a pahareok raj_an]i* Ai Jbo^ `lfk`fa k`f^( k ]ooaookn `k lnaoe`ajpa `ko Aop]`ko Qje`ko( `qn]jpa ] _]il]) jd] lah] naahaek( pai `a eila`en ] mqa`] `] lklqh]ne`]`a `k lnaoe`ajpa _]qo]`] lkn qi ao_ j`]hk oatq]h* ?kjpn]p] qi b]ikok lnk`qpkn `a _ejai] `a Dkhhuskk` l]n] okhq_ekj]n k lnk^hai]* = okhqk _kjoeopa ai ejrajp]n qi lnk^hai] i]eo nqiknkok `k mqa k ao_ j`]hk oatq]h( mqa l]ooa ] k_ql]n ] klejek l ^he_]* Mqa lnk^hai] ejrajp]n; Qi] cqann] ai qi l]o `] Aqnkl] _ajpn]h a ] ejpanrajk `k lnaoe`ajpa jknpa)]iane_]jk a `k atn_epk `ko Aop]`ko Qje`ko l]n] o]hr]n ko ejk_ajpao( rpei]o `a pannkneop]o a cqannehdaenko* Qo]j`k na_qnoko pa_jkh ce_ko iqepk ]r]j]`ko a okÚope_]`ko( k lnk`qpkn _ejai]pkcn) Ú_k jk o ejrajp] qi] cqann] _kilhap]( _ki jkpe_eneko Î]k rerkÏ `] Îbnajpa `a ^]p]hd]Ï a nalknp]cajo _ki ]o Îrpei]oÏ( _kik ]ej`] ikopn] ] rep ne] jknpa)]iane_]j] a _ne] qi okh`]) `k dan e( mqa oan e`kh]pn]`k lah] klejek l ^he_]* Are`ajpaiajpa( k lnaoe`ajpa bke naahaepk* K _eja]op]( _kjpq`k( Ú_] ajpqoe]oi]`k _ki k oq_aook `a oq] ejrajk( l]oo] ] ]_na`ep]n jah] a mqan mqa ] Îcqann]Ï _kjpejqa* K ]ooaookn lnaoe`aj_e]h ajpk hda `ev6 Î= cqann] ]_]^kq* @aq j] pahareokÏ* Aoo] bn]oa lanbaep]( lkeo _ki ah] k ]ooaookn lnaoe`aj_e]h `ev ]k _eja]op] mqa pk`] a mq]hmqan ejrajk oa pknj] na]he`]`a `ao`a mqa ]lnaoajp]`] lah] pahareok a mqa( lkn) p]jpk( ]ooei _kik ] pahareok bav ateopen qi] cqann]( ]ooei p]i^i bav _ki mqa k _kjÛepk paniej]ooa* K _eja]op]( lkni( ]_na`ep] mqa c]jd]n qi Ko_]n oa _kjp]n mqa bke k ]qpkn `] cqann]* L]n] arep]n aooa laneck( k ]ooaookn lnaoe`aj_e]h _d]i] k Oanrek Oa_napk( mqa i]p] k _eja]op]* Jkr]iajpa( raj_a k oeopai]( cn]]o pahareok* L pelt ab Qorj^k b]v qi fkck `a l]h]rn]o ai ejcho _ki ko rk_^qhko qorb( j^k a pelt* Qorj^k qi jkia ln lnek( qi ok^najkia7 qorb mqan `evan Îran`]`aenkÏ7 j^k mqan `evan ÎdkiaiÏ7 pelt oecjeÚ_] Îaolap_qhkÏ a k ran^k ql pelt mqan `evan Îikopn]nÏ* K ppqhk `ev( lknp]jpk6 ÎAolap_qhk `a Pnqi]jÏ kq ÎAolap_qhk `k dkiai ran`]`aenkÏ* @a mqa pn]p] k Úhia; @a qi fkrai( Pnqi]j( _qf] b]ihe] k raj`aq( ]k j]o_an( l]n] qi lnkcn]i] `a pahareok( k Qorj^k Pelt( pn]joiepe`k ]k rerk `qn]jpa rejpa a mq]pnk dkn]o l]n] pk`k k l]o* Pnqi]j jk o]^a mqa qi] lanokj]cai `a pahareok a jk o]^a mqa ] _e`]`avejd] kj`a j]o_aq( _nao_aq a rera( ] ao_kh] mqa bnamqajpkq( k ailnack mqa lkooqe( ]o laook]o mqa _kjda_a a _ki mqai _kjrera jk ateopai na]hiajpa* Jk o]^a mqa( `ao`a k j]o_eiajpk( rera jqi _ajnek a mqa reopk lkn pk`k k l]o pk`]o ]o dkn]o `k `e]* Lkn ]_]ok( qi `e] `ao_k^na ] ran`]`a a pai `a pki]n qi] `a_eok aooaj_e]h6 lani]ja_an j] Ú_k _kik aolap_qhk $pelt% kq pknj]n)oa qi dkiai ran`]`aenk $ai ejcho( qorb j^k% a ikopn]n $ai ejcho( ql pelt% ] ran`]`a( ajbnajp]j`k)]* Aha klp]n lah] oacqj`] ]hpanj]per]( i]o k mqa eilnaooekj]jpa ran k l ^he_k ]_kil]jd]n ] pki]`] `a `a_eok ran`]`aen] _kik oa bkooa
/24
= _qhpqn] `a i]oo] a ] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h x #!0É45,/ß x
qi aolap_qhk `a Ú_k* Pnqi]j `eopejcqa ajpna na]he`]`a a Ú_k( i]o k l ^he_k f jk `eopejcqa ajpna ran`]`a a iajpen]( bkqlomb`fal lah] pahareok* Aooa Úhia ejolenkq qi lnkcn]i] `a pahareok dkh]j`o( _kle]`k ai `q]o rano ao lah] pahareok ^n]oehaen]6 @^p^ alp ^oqfpq^p a ?fd _olqebo* = i]ekne] `k l ^he_k ^n]oehaenk p]hrav jk o]e^] k mqa oaf] a mqai oaf] k >ec >nkpdan( kq k Cn]j`a Enik* qi] lanokj]cai `k nki]j_a `a Caknca Knsahh( .651* K Cn]j`a Enik
/25
K nki]j_a $ao_nepk ai -504( `]p] ejranpe`] l]n] -540% `ao_nara qi] ok_ea`]`a pkp]hep) ne] j] mq]h pk`ko ok lani]jajpaiajpa rece]`ko lkn _ ian]o `a pahareok* =k ejbnejcenai ]hcqi] nacn] kq hae( ok lnaoko a pknpqn]`ko( _kj`e_ekj]`ko l]n] jk rkhp]n ] ann]n* =o laook]o jk _kjrerai qi]o _ki ]o kqpn]o( oajpai okhe`k a ja_aooe`]`a `a oa _kiqje_]n* L]n] eook( pk`ko ko `e]o a rne]o ravao lkn `e] Î_kjrano]iÏ _ki qi] pah] `a pahareok j] mq]h d qi nko) pk ^kj`kok( k >ec >nkpdan( k Cn]j`a Enik( mqa ko rece] a hdao b]h]( oai j] ran`]`a `evan)hdao j]`]( ] jk oan `]n)hdao kn`ajo* Jaoo] ok_ea`]`a ateopa k ÎIejeopnek `] Ran`]`aÏ( _qf] bqjk lnk`qven ] iajpen]( aheiej]j`k a `abkni]j`k b]pko( laook]o a ]_kjpa_eiajpko lkn iaek `a j]nn]per]o b]ho]o( ] oanrek `k lk`an `k >ec >nkpdan* Jah] p]i^i bke _ne]`] ] ÎJkrehjcq]Ï( qi `al]np]iajpk aj_]nnac]`k `a iq`]n k oajpe`k `]o l]h]rn]o _kjbknia ko `aoafko `k >ec >nkpdan( eila`ej`k mqa ]o laook]o _kilnaaj`]i k ran`]`aenk oajpe`k `ah]o* Aoo] deop ne] pannrah ok^na k _kjpnkha `a _knlko( _kn] ao a iajpao `]o laook]o lkn oeo) pai]o _nqeo `a receh j_e] ai ok_ea`]`ao pkp]hepne]o para oaq _kjpa `k _npe_k ejpaen]iajpa aor]ve]`k ]k oanren `a ik`ahk l]n] qi lnkcn]i] `a pahareok Îajcn]]`k a `eranpe`kÏ( qi bkqobqbkfjbkql( _kik ]_kjpa_a _ki pq`k j] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h* @ko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k( oai ` re`]( k n`ek a ] pahareok i]jebaop]i i]eo `k mqa pk`ko ko kqpnko ]mqahao pn]ko `] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h mqa ]lkjp]iko jk ej_ek `aopa _]lpqhk( lkeo ]i^ko ok jbo`^alof^p nrb sbkabj jbo`^alof^p j] bkni] `a ejbkni]k( ajpnapaje) iajpk a h]van* ?kia]i ejpnk`qvej`k `q]o `ereo ao6 ] `k l ^he_k $]o _d]i]`]o Î_h]ooaoÏ =( >( ? a @% a ] `ko dknneko $] lnkcn]i]k oa knc]jev] ai dknneko aola_Ú_ko mqa _ki^ej]i ] Î_h]ooaÏ( ] k_ql]k Í `kj]o `a _]o]( pn]^]hd]`knao ^n]]eo( lnkÚooekj]eo he^an]eo( ata_qperko Í( ] e`]`a Í _ne]j]o( ]`khao_ajpao( ]`qhpko Í a k oatk%* Aoo] `ereok baep] l]n] ]paj`an o atecj_e]o `ko l]pnk_ej]`knao( mqa Új]j_e]i ko lnkcn]i]o paj`k ai reop] ko _kjoqie`knao lkpaj_e]eo `a oaqo lnk`qpko a( lknp]jpk( _ne]i ] aola_eÚ_]k `k _kjpa `k a `k dknnek `a _]`] lnkcn]i]* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( k _kjpa `k( ] bkni] a k dknnek `k lnkcn]i] f pn]vai ai oaq ln lnek ejpanekn ] i]n_] `k l]pnk_ej]`kn* Iqep]o ravao( k l]pnk_ej]`kn Új]j_e] qi lnkcn]i] mqa j]`] pai ] ran( `enap]iajpa( _ki k _kjpa `k a ] bkni] rae_qh]`ko* Aha k b]v lknmqa( jaooa _]ok( jk aop raj`aj`k qi lnk`qpk( i]o ] fj^dbj `a oq] ailnao]* ]ooei( lkn atailhk( mqa qi] ailnao] `a _koi) pe_ko lk`a( ai hqc]n `a l]pnk_ej]n qi lnkcn]i] baiejejk( l]pnk_ej]n _kj_anpko `a i oe_] _hooe_]7 qi] naraj`a`kn] `a ikpk_e_hap]o( ai hqc]n `a l]pnk_ej]n qi lnkcn]i] l]n] ]`k) hao_ajpao( lk`a l]pnk_ej]n qi lnkcn]i] ok^na a_khkce]* = Úcqn] `k l]pnk_ej]`kn `apaniej] k _kjpa `k a ] bkni] `a kqpnko lnkcn]i]o( ]ej`] mqa jk l]pnk_ej]`ko lkn aha* Lkn atailhk( qi ^]j_k `a qi ckranjk aop]`q]h lk`a l]) pnk_ej]n qi lnkcn]i] `a ]q`ep nek( lkeo eook _kjrajeajpa l]n] ]pn]en _heajpao( i]o lk`a( ej`enap]iajpa( ejÛqaj_e]n k _kjpa `k rae_qh]`k lahko jkpe_eneko* Lkn mq; Lknmqa ] mq]jpe`]`a `a `ejdaenk l]c] lahk ^]j_k n`ek kq pahareok l]n] k lnkcn]) i] `a ]q`ep nek iqepk ahar]`] a ejpanaoo] ]ko lnklneapneko `]mqah] n`ek kq pahareok* Oa k jkpe_enek ]lnaoajp]n jkp_e]o `aob]rknraeo ]k ckranjk `k Aop]`k ]k mq]h lanpaj_a k ^]j) _k( aopa lk`a oqolaj`an k l]pnk_jek `k lnkcn]i] `a ]q`ep nek* L]n] jk lan`an k _heajpa( ] aieookn] `a n`ek kq `a pahareok jk rae_qh] jkp_e]o `aob]rknraeo mqaha ckranjk a( lekn( rae_qh] ]laj]o ]o mqa hda ok b]rknraeo* @aoo] i]jaen]( k `enaepk ejbkni]k `ao]l]na_a( a ko kqrejpao kq pahaola_p]`knao ok `aoejbkni]`ko kq Ú_]i i]h ejbkni]`ko*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
'ILLESß0ERESS-AGNUM,ATINSTOCK
= `aoejbkni]k( ]heo( k lnej_el]h naoqhp]`k `] i]ekne] `ko jkpe_eneko `a n`ek a pa) hareok* ?ki abaepk( _kik ok ]lnaoajp]`]o ]o jkp_e]o; @a ik`k can]h( ok ]lnaoajp]`]o `a i]jaen] ] eila`en mqa k kqrejpa a k aola_p]`kn lkoo]i hk_]hev)h]o jk aol]k a jk pailk* C^iq^ ab il`^ifw^ l bpm^`f^i6 k aol]k na]h k ]l]nahdk `a n`ek a ] pah] `] pahareok( mqa pi ] la_qhe]ne`]`a `a napen]n ]o `ebanaj]o a `eop j_e]o cakcnÚ_]o( `a p]h ik`k mqa ]hck ]_kjpa_e`k j] ?dej]( j] æj`e]( jk En]mqa( jko Aop]`ko Qje`ko kq ai ?]ilej] Cn]j`a l]na] ecq]hiajpa ln teik a ecq]hiajpa `eop]jpa* @k lkjpk `a reop] `] pah]( aj_dajpao jqi reh]na) fk a jqi] _e`]`a `a Iej]o Can]eo ok ecq]hiajpa ln tei]o a ecq]hiajpa `eop]jpao* ]ooei( lkn atailhk( mqa ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko jk `e] -- `a oapai^nk `a .,,- j] _e`]`a `a Jkr] Ukng $] `aopnqek `]o `q]o pknnao `k Sknh` Pn]`a ?ajpan% bkn]i oajpe`ko _ki cn]j`a aikk jk >n]oeh( _ki iqep]o laook]o nabanej`k)oa ] ahao _kik oa bkooai ]hck iqepk ln teik a mqa ]o ]pejce]( ai^kn] _kjpejq]ooai k^oanr]j`k _]hi]iajpa a oai jajdqi] aikk ]o _ne]j]o aob]nn]l]`]o a b]iejp]o la`ej`k aoikh]o j]o aomqej]o `]o nq]o `]o _e`]`ao ^n]oehaen]o kj`a rerai ko pahaola_p]`knao* C^iq^ ab il`^ifw^ l qbjmlo^i6 ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko ok nah]p]`ko _kik oa jk peraooai _]qo]o l]oo]`]o jai abaepko bqpqnko7 oqncai _kik mlkqlp lqn]iajpa ]pq]eo kq lnaoajpao( oai _kjpejqe`]`a jk pailk( oai knecai a oai _kjoamqj_e]o7 bufpqbj ajmq]jpk bknai k^fapko `a pn]joieook a abfu^j ab bufpqfo oa jk bknai pn]joiepe`ko* Lkn mq; Lknmqa pi ] bufpq k`f^ ab rj bpmbq`ril a o lani]ja_ai j] _kjo_ej_e] `]o laook]o ajmq]jpk lan) i]ja_an k aolap_qhk `a oq] pn]joieook*
Nabqce]`ko nq]j `ajoao j] nacek `a Jc]n]( ln teik bnkjpaen] _ki Nq]j`]( `qn]jpa k i]oo]_na pje_k k_knne`k jaooa l]o ai -550*
=ooei( lkn atailhk( `ao`a k oamqaopnk `] Úhd] `a qi ]lnaoajp]`kn `a pahareok a( `a) lkeo( `aooa iaoik ]lnaoajp]`kn( ^ai _kik `a qi lq^he_epnek iqepk _kjda_e`k jk >n]oeh( ko jkpe_eneko `a n`ek a pahareok l]oo]n]i ] `a`e_]n ] i]ekn l]npa `k pailk ] jkp_e]o ok^na _neiao $nkq^ko( bqnpko( dkie_`eko( oamqaopnko( aopqlnko( rekhj_e] _kjpn] _ne]j]o( ap_*% _kik oa peraooai oqnce`k `k j]`]( nalajpej]iajpa* = lklqh]k l]ookq ] oajpen)oa ]ia]]`] a ]ia`nkjp]`] lknmqa l]ookq ] na_a^an qi] ran`]`aen] ajtqnn]`] `a jkp_e]o ok^na p]eo ]ooqjpko( ai^kn] ko _neiao f peraooai ateopj_e] a f dkqraooai ]qiajp]`k d iqepk pailk* A jajdqi jkpe_enek aop]^aha_aq nah]k ajpna ko lnk^hai]o lkopko lah] a_kjkie] $`aoailnack( at_hqok ok_e]h( `ao]^neck( bkia( ieone]( ap_*%( oq]o _kjoamqj_e]o ok_e]eo $`aoecq]h`]`a ok_e]h( ejfqope]( _knnqlk `ko ]l]nahdko lkhe_e]eo a fq`e_eneko( ap_*% a ] _neiej]he`]`a* Jajdqi] ejbkni]k na]h bke pn]joiepe`] ok_ea`]`a* =ooei p]i^i ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko `] _e`]`a `a Jkr] Ukng( ] mqa jko nabaneiko ]jpa) nekniajpa( har]n]i k ckranjk `ko Aop]`ko Qje`ko ] ejr]`en a ^ki^]n`a]n k =bac]jeopk* Aopa l]o m^pplr ^ bufpqfo lknmqa l]ookq ] oan qi aolap_qhk `a n`ek a pahareok* @a_knne`ko ]hcqjo iaoao a paniej]`] ] ejr]ok jknpa)]iane_]j]( k =bac]jeopk `ao]l]na_aq `ko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k a iqep] cajpa f jk oa hai^n] `a mqa aooa l]o ateopa*
/3,
= _qhpqn] `a i]oo] a ] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h x #!0É45,/ß x
I]o jk o eook* N]`ekqrejpao a pahaola_p]`knao peran]i k oajpeiajpk `a mqa k ]p]mqa o pknnao `a Jkr] Ukng d]re] oe`k qi ]pk nalajpejk `a hkq_qn]( ]hck ejo]jk( o ^epk a ejat) lhe_rah( lkeo jk pejd]i jajdqi] ejbkni]k ok^na k mqa harkq ] p]h ]_kjpa_eiajpk $lkn atailhk( mqai ]nikq( pnaejkq a lnal]nkq ko cqannehdaenko n]^ao;( lkn mqa ao_khdan]i ko ]hrko mqa ao_khdan]i;%* @] iaoi] i]jaen]( ] pk`ko jk >n]oeh l]na_e] ej_kilnaajorah k mqa oa l]oo]r] jk ln lnek =bac]jeopk( ejr]`e`k lahk atn_epk jknpa)]iane_]jk( lkeo mq]j`k pan) iko _kik Î=he]j] `k JknpaÏ a ÎP]ha^]jÏ l]oo]n]i ] oan qo]`ko lahko iaeko `a _kiqje_]) k( jejcqi o]^e] k mqa mqane]i `evan* A an]i qo]`ko _kik oa peraooai `ljb ^al ^ bufpqfo j]mqaha ikiajpk a jk Úvaooai l]npa `a qi] deop ne] mqa ko pahaola_p]`knao a ko n]`ekq) rejpao `ao_kjda_e]i* A jejcqi bke ejbkni]`k lahko jkpe_eneko( lkeo aopao oa _kjpajp]r]i ai qo]n ]mqah]o atlnaoo ao oai i]eknao atlhe_] ao* Lani]ja_aiko pk abpfkcloj^alp mq]jpk ]jpao `]o Îejbkni] aoÏ* Na]he`]`a bn]ciajp]`] L]n]`kt]hiajpa( n`ek a pahareok lk`ai jko kbana_an k iqj`k ejpaenk jqi ejop]jpa( i]o k b]vai `a p]h i]jaen] mqa k iqj`k na]h `ao]l]na_a( naop]j`k ]laj]o nap]hdko bn]ciajp]`ko `a qi] na]he`]`a `aolnkre`] `a n]ev jk aol]k a jk pailk* Eia`e]p]iajpa `alkeo `a atlane) iajp]niko ] ehqok `a mqa bkiko ejbkni]`ko ok^na pq`k( lan_a^aiko mqa j]`] o]^aiko* P]i^i ejpanaoo]jpa ] fksbopl ajpna na]he`]`a a Ú_k lnk`qve`] lahko iaeko* =_]^]) iko `a iaj_ekj]n k ik`k _kik k jkpe_enek jko ]lnaoajp] qi iqj`k enna]h( oai deop ne]( oai _]qo]o jai _kjoamqj_e]o( `ao_kjpjqk a bn]ciajp]`k* Ai _kjpn]l]npe`]( ]o pahajkra) h]o _ne]i k pbkqfjbkql ab ob^ifa^ab* Ah]o k b]vai qo]j`k pno lnk_a`eiajpko lnej_el]eo6
/3-
-*
k pailk `ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko pahajkrahope_ko hajpk l]n] `]n ] ehqok `a mqa( ] _]`] _]lpqhk( l]ookq)oa ]laj]o qi `e] `a jkoo] re`]( kq l]oo]n]i)oa ]hcqi]o dkn]o( p]eo _kik na]hiajpa l]oo]ne]i oa booaiko j o ] reran ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko j]nn]`ko7
.*
]o lanokj]cajo( oaqo d^epko( oq] hejcq]cai( oq]o _]o]o( oq]o nkql]o( oaqo k^fapko ok ]lnaoajp]`ko _ki k iteik `a ob^ifpjl lkoorah( `a ik`k ] eila`en mqa jko oejp]) iko `eop]jpao `ahao $_kik jko oajpeiko jk _ejai] a jk pa]pnk%7
/*
_kik _kjoamqj_e]( ] pahajkrah] jko ]l]na_a _kik obi^ql al ob^i( ajmq]jpk k jkpe_e) nek jko ]l]na_a _kik enna]h* >]op] ran( lkn atailhk( ] na]k `a _e`]`ao ejpaen]o mq]j) `k qi] lanokj]cai `] jkrah] iknna $]o laook]o _dkn]i( mqanai en ]k ajpannk( Ú_]i `a hqpk% kq mq]j`k qi ]_kjpa_eiajpk aol]jpkok k_knne`k ai kqpn] l]npa `k iqj`k ]lnaoajp]`k _kik oa bkooa qi _]lpqhk `a pahajkrah]* K^oanr])oa( ai _kjpn]lkjpk( qi] b]hp] `a na]k `]o laook]o `e]jpa `a _d]_ej]o na]eo( k_knne`]o ai jkoo]o lnkteie) `]`ao a ]lnaoajp]`]o jko jkpe_eneko*
R]ha ] laj]( p]i^i( iaj_ekj]n `keo kqpnko abaepko mqa ko iaeko `a i]oo] lnk`qvai ai jkoo] iajpa6 ] afpmbopl a^ ^qbk l a ] fkc^kqfifw^ l* L]n] ]paj`an ]ko ejpanaooao a_kjie_ko `ko l]pnk_ej]`knao( n`ek a pahareok `ere`ai ] lnkcn]i]k ai ^hk_ko mqa `qn]i `a oapa ] `av iejqpko( oaj`k _]`] ^hk_k ejpannkile`k lahko _kian_e]eo* Aoo] `ereok `k pailk jko har] ] _kj_ajpn]n ] ]pajk `qn]jpa ko oapa kq `av iejqpko `a lnkcn]i] a ] `ao_kj_ajpn)h] `qn]jpa ]o l]qo]o l]n] ] lq^he_e`]`a* Lkq_k ] lkq_k( eook oa pknj] qi d^epk* =npeop]o `a pa]pnk ]Úni]i mqa( `qn]jpa qi aolap_qhk( oajpai k l ^he_k Ú_]n `ao]pajpk ] _]`] oapa iejqpko* Lnkbaooknao k^oanr]i mqa oaqo ]hqjko lan`ai ] ]pajk ] _]`] `av iejqpko a o rkhp]i ] oa _kj_ajpn]n ]l o qi] l]q) o] mqa `k ] oe iaoiko( _kik oa `ere`eooai ] ]qh] ai Îlnkcn]i]Ï a Î_kian_e]hÏ* Kn]( qi `ko naoqhp]`ko `aoo] iq`]j] iajp]h pn]jol]na_a mq]j`k _ne]j] a fkrai pajp]i han qi hernk6 jk _kjoacqai han i]eo `k mqa oapa ] `av iejqpko `a _]`] rav( jk _kjoacqai oqlknp]n ] ]qoj_e] `a ei]cajo a ehqopn] ao jk patpk( jk oqlknp]i ] e`ae] `a lna_eo]n han Îqi hernk ejpaenkÏ* Jaooa ]ola_pk( ] ]pajk a ] _kj_ajpn]k( ] _]l]_e`]`a `a ]^opn]k ejpaha_pq]h a `a atan__ek `k lajo]iajpk bkn]i `aopnq`]o* ?kik aolan]n mqa lkoo]i `aoaf]n a ejpanaoo]n)oa lah]o k^n]o `a ]npa a `a lajo]iajpk;
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
Lkn oan qi n]ik `] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h a( lknp]jpk( lkn oan bqj`]iajp]hiajpa raj`a`knao `a _qhpqn] mqa lna_eo]i ]cn]`]n ]k _kjoqie`kn( ko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k k ejb]jpehev]i* ?kik eook ]_kjpa_a; Qi] laook] $_ne]j] kq jk% ejb]jpeh mq]j`k jk _kjoacqa oqlknp]n ] `eop j_e] pai) lkn]h ajpna oaq `aoafk a ] o]peob]k `aha* = _ne]j] ejb]jpeh fqop]iajpa lknmqa l]n] ah] k ej) panr]hk ajpna k `aoafk a ] o]peob]k ejpkhanrah $lkn eook ] _ne]j] lamqajej] _dkn] p]jpk%* Kn]( k mqa b]vai ko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k; Lnkiapai a kbana_ai do^qfÛ`^ l fkpq^k* q kb^* ?kik k _kjoacqai; ?ne]j`k ai j o ko `aoafko a kbana_aj`k lnk`qpko $lq^he_e`]`a a lnkcn]i]k% l]n] o]peob]v)hko* K kqrejpa mqa cen] k af^i `k ]l]nahdk `a n`ek _kjpejq]) iajpa a k pahaola_p]`kn mqa iq`] _kjpejq]iajpa `a _]j]h k b]vai lknmqa o]^ai mqa( ai ]hcqi hqc]n( oaq `aoafk oan eia`e]p]iajpa o]peobaepk* =hi `eook( _kik ] lnkcn]i]k oa `eneca ]k mqa f o]^aiko a f ckop]iko( a _kik pki] ] _qhpqn] ok^ ] bkni] `a h]van a ajpnapajeiajpk( ko iaeko o]peob]vai eia`e]p]iajpa jkooko `aoafko lknmqa jk atecai `a j o ]pajk( lajo]iajpk( naÛatk( _npe_]( lanpqn^]) k `a jkoo] oajoe^ehe`]`a a `a jkoo] b]jp]oe]* Ai oqi]( jk jko la`ai k mqa ]o k^n]o `a ]npa a `a lajo]iajpk jko la`ai6 pn]^]hdk oajokne]h a iajp]h l]n] _kilnaaj`)h]o( ]i)h]o( _nepe_)h]o( oqlan)h]o* = _qhpqn] jko o]peob]v( oa peraniko l]_ej_e] l]n] _kilnaaj`)h] a `a_e) bn)h]* Ateca i]pqne`]`a* Ko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k jko o]peob]vai lknmqa j]`] jko la`ai( oajk mqa lani]ja]iko l]n] oailna ejb]jpeo* Klnaook `eooeiqh]`] Qi kqpnk pn]k `] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h mqa iana_a jkoo] ]pajk oaq ^rqlofq^ofpjl( ok^ ] ]l]nj_e] `a abjl`o^`f^* Qi `ko iahdknao atailhko aj_kjpn])oa jko lnkcn]i]o `a ]_kjoahd]iajpk* Qi aola_e]heop] Í oailna qi aola_e]heop] Í jko ajoej] ] reran( qi kqpnk jko ajoej] ] _ne]n ko Úhdko( kqpnk jko ajoej] ] b]van oatk( a ]ooei rk oa oq_a`aj`k aola_e]heop]o mqa jko ajoej]i ] pan qi _knlk fqrajeh a o]q`rah( ^k]o i]jaen]o( f]n`ej]cai( ia`ep]k aolenepq]h( ajÚi( jk d qi je_k ]ola_pk `a jkoo] ateopj_e] mqa `aeta `a oan ajoej]`k lkn qi aola_e]heop] _kilapajpa* Ai lnej_lek( oane] ]^oqn`k a ejfqopk _kjoe`an]n p]eo ajoej]iajpko _kik Î]qpknepnekoÏ* Lahk _kjpnnek( `aran]iko _kjoe`an)hko qi] bkni] `a `aik_n]pev]n a ok_e]hev]n _kjda_e) iajpko* Kj`a oa aj_kjpn] k h]`k Î]qpknepnekÏ `aooa pelk `a lnkcn]i]k $jk n`ek a j] paha) reok% a `a lq^he_]k $jk _]ok `a nareop]o( fknj]eo a hernko%; Jk b]pk `a mqa bqj_ekj]i _kik fkqfjfa^ l pl`f^i* @a b]pk( _kik ko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k jko ejb]jpehev]i( `eiejqai jkoo] ]pajk a _]l]_e`]`a `a lajo]iajpk( ejranpai na]he`]`a a Ú_k a lnkiapai( lkn ejpani`ek `] lq^he_e`]`a( _khk_]n ] bahe_e`]`a eia`e]p]iajpa ]k ]h_]j_a `a jkoo]o iko( ]_]^]i jko pn]jobkni]j`k jqi m _if`l a`fi b m^ppfsl* Qi] rav mqa jko pknj]iko ` _aeo a l]ooerko( ko lnkcn]i]o `a ]_kjoahd]iajpk( hkjca `a `erqhc]n ejbkni] ao $_kik l]na_a oan ] ejpaj) k cajanko] `ko aola_e]heop]o%( pknj]i)oa qi lnk_aook `a fk`ri`^ l `a r]hknao( d^epko( _kilknp]iajpko a e`ae]o( lkeo jk aop]iko lnal]n]`ko l]n] lajo]n( ]r]he]n a fqhc]n k mqa raiko( kqreiko a haiko* Lkn eook( Ú_]iko ejpeie`]`ko( eopk ( l]oo]iko ] _kjoe`an]n mqa j]`] o]^aiko( mqa okiko ejalpko l]n] reran a ]cen oa jk oacqeniko ] ]qpkne`]`a _kila) pajpa `k aola_e]heop]* @aoo] i]jaen]( qi _kjfqjpk `a lnkcn]i]o a lq^he_] ao mqa lk`ane]i pan ran`]`aenk oecjeÚ_]`k _qhpqn]h pknj]i)oa l `lkqoofl `] _qhpqn] a `a oq] `aik_n]pev]k( lkeo oa `ene) cai ] qi l ^he_k pn]jobkni]`k ai i]oo] ej_qhp]( ejb]jpeh( `aoejbkni]`] a l]ooer]* Jqi hernk ejpepqh]`k Nr^qol ^odrjbkqlp m^o^ bifjfk^o ^ qbibsfpl( Fannu I]j`an $mqa bke( `qn]jpa mqejva ]jko( ata_qperk a nah] ao)l ^he_]o ai na`ao `a pahareok jknpa)]iane_]) j]o% atlhe_] lkn mqa ] pahareok jk lk`a oan _kjoe`an]`] qi iaek `a _kiqje_]k `aik) _npe_k* Oaqo `keo lnej_el]eo ]ncqiajpko ok `a _]npan a_kjie_k a pa_jkh ce_k* @k lkjpk `a reop] b`lkjf`l( ]o na`ao `a pahareok ok kq lnklnea`]`ao lner]`]o kq _kj) _aoo ao aop]p]eo l]n] ailnao]o lner]`]o mqa( _kik p]eo( klan]i _ki ]o e`ae]o `a hq_nk a `a
/3.
= _qhpqn] `a i]oo] a ] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h x #!0É45,/ß x
_kjoanr]k `a oaq ln lnek lk`an* ?kik _kjoamqj_e]( ] ao_khd] `k _kjpa `k `ko lnkcn]i]o $`k jkpe_enek pahajkrah]( `k `a^]pa ]k lnkcn]i] `a ]q`ep nek( `ko aolknpao ]ko _kj_anpko `a i oe_] a `]j]% `apaniej]`] lahk _nepnek `k ir`ol $a jk `] mq]he`]`a% a `] `lkpbos^ l al mlabo `ko lnklneapneko $at_hqej`k( lknp]jpk( pq`k mq]jpk lkoo] ln ai laneck aooa lk) `an a p]i^i k lk`an `ko ckranjko ateopajpao( `ko mq]eo `alaj`ai ]o _kj_aoo ao%* Kqpnko( lknp]jpk( `a_e`ai k mqa lk`aiko a `araiko ran* Okiko na_alpknao a jk lnk`qpknao `] ejbkni]k a `] _kiqje_]k( _kik oane] k _]ok( oa ] pahareok bkooa `aik_npe_]* @k lkjpk `a reop] qb`klidf`l( d b]pknao mqa heiep]i k ln lnek iaek a `apaniej]i k mqa aha lk`a pn]joiepen* Raf]iko ]hcqjo ajpna ko rneko ]lkjp]`ko lkn I]j`an6 >rp k`f^ ab prqfibw^+ = pah] `a qi pahareokn lnk`qv ] ei]cai lkn iaek `a qi] cn]`a `a lkjpko hk_]hev]`ko ai mqejdajp]o hejd]o $] ei]cai mqa raiko reop] _kik oa ao) peraooa lkn pno `] Új] na`a `a qi _k]`kn `a _d%* Eook oecjeÚ_] mqa jai pk`] ei]cai oan jpe`] kq Îheil]Ï( eopk ( mqa jai pk`ko ko lkjpko kq Îoej]eoÏ mqa ] bkni]i ok jpe`ko* Lkn eook( ] pahareok pai lnabanj_e] lkn ei]cajo _qfko Îoej]eoÏ kq lkjpko oaf]i jpe`ko( a p]eo ei]cajo ok ko nkopko ai `ilpb*rm( kq oaf]( reopko `a iqepk lanpk* =hi `eook( k mqa aop ]pno a ai rkhp] `] ei]cai jk lk`a oan _kilhatk $iqepko k^fapko( iqep]o _knao%( i]o lna_eo] oan k i]eo oeilhao lkoorah* Lkn aooa ikperk( l]n] Îheil]nÏ ] ei]cai( d ] paj`j_e] `a oal]n)h] `k _kjpatpk ai mqa ah] oa aj_kjpn]( l]n] mqa ah] lkoo] oan jpe`] j] pn]joieook* =ooei( jko lnkcn]i]o cakcnÚ_ko kq pqnope_ko( ] _ ian] jk _kjoacqa ikopn]n qi] Ûknaop] $ikopn] qi] i]j_d] ran`a kq ikopn] ]hcqi]o nrknao% kq qi] _e`]`a $ikopn] qi] i]j_d] _ejv] kq ikopn] ]hcqi] nq] _ki ]hcqi]o _]o]o%7 jko jkpe_eneko a lnkcn]i]o `a `a^]pao( lkn atailhk( jqj_] raiko k pk`k `] _aj]( jqj_] raiko pq`k k mqa aop na]hiajpa ]_kjpa_aj`k( i]o ]laj]o qi _knpa( ao_khde`k lah] _ ian]* Aoo] atecj_e] pa_jkh ce_] `a Ú_]n _ki ei]cajo cn]j`ao a oeilhao p]i^i `a) paniej] ]o atlnaoo ao `a ]npeop]o( fknj]heop]o( `a^]pa`knao( ap_*( lkeo pk`k oajpeiajpk kq lajo]iajpk oqpeo Ú_]i ejreoraeo a o ok pn]joieooraeo ]o aik ao i]eo _kiqjo a i]eo oeilhao* lkn eook mqa ] pahareok pai lnabanj_e] lkn lnkcn]i]o `a ]q`ep nek( lnkcn]i]o ok^na rekhj_e]( ko _d]i]`ko Úhiao `a ]k a aolknpao( eopk ( pk`]o ]o oe) pq] ao ai mqa ko oajpeiajpko( ]hi `a oanai lkq_ko( ok lnareoraeo* P]i^i lkn eook( j]o pahajkrah]o( ] c]i] `a oajpeiajpko ]lnaoajp]`ko oailna ijei] a ] iaoi] $]ikn( `ek( n]er]( ia`k( i]h`]`a( ^kj`]`a( ]hacne] at]can]`]%( `ao]l]na_aj`k pk`] ] oqpehav] `] re`] ejpanekn a aik_ekj]h* Obar l a^ mbo`bm l* = pahareok o lk`a pn]joiepen oej]eo reoq]eo a okjknko* =hi `a lk`an kbana_an ]laj]o ei]cajo l]n] ] reop] a ] ]q`ek( ]o ei]cajo reoq]eo a okjkn]o jk aopk _kja_p]`]o6 raiko ei]cajo `eop]jpao _ki oki ln teik $lkn atailhk( ikj) p]jd]o ]k hkjca _ki jpe`k oki `a loo]nko a `a _]_dkaen]o( mqa jk lk`an]iko aop]n ao_qp]j`k `a ran`]`a7 `q]o laook]o _]iejd]j`k ]k hkjca jqi] nq] a k oki jpe`k `a oq] _kjrano]( mqa jk lk`an]iko aop]n kqrej`k ] aoo] `eop j_e]( ap_*%* = _ ian] jk _kjoacqa ]lnaoajp]n qi] _aj] _kilhap] `a qi ^]h jai ] pkp]he`]`a `a qi] knmqao) pn] oejbje_]* =hi `eook( j] pahareok ] ei]cai jk lk`a pan lnkbqj`e`]`a( lknmqa oailna ]_d]p]`]7 k ikreiajpk jqj_] lk`a oan reopk jk oaq nepik ln lnek( lknmqa oailna `eopkn_e`k a `abkni]`k* Obdo^p ab qo^kpjfppl* Ai `a_knnj_e] `]o heiep] ao pa_jkh ce_]o `k iaek( ] pahareok k^a`a_a ] qi _kjfqjpk `a nacn]o mqa `apaniej]i k mqa iahdkn l]n] ] pn]joieook a k mqa `ara oan arep]`k* @]o /1 nacn]o iaj_ekj]`]o lkn I]j`an( oaha_ekj]iko ]hcqi]o6 -*
/3/
] cqann] pahareoekj] iahdkn `k mqa ] l]v lknmqa _kjpi iqep] ]k a qi oajpeiajpk lk`ankok6 k ia`k $] l]v ]iknb] a oai cn]]7 jah] ]o aik ao ok ejpaneknao a oqpeo a jk d _kik pahareoekj)h]o%* Lahk iaoik ikperk( rekhj_e] pahareoekj] iahdkn `k mqa jk rekhj_e]7
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
b]pko atpanjko $k_knnj_e]o a ]_kjpa_eiajpko% pahareoekj]i iahdkn `k mqa ejbkni]) ao $e`ae]o( kleje ao( lanola_per]o%( lkeo i]eo bknpa ikopn]n _keo]o a b]pko `k mqa ]_kil]jd]n n]_ek_jeko a lajo]iajpko7
/*
]bkn] nkopko dqi]jko( _keo]o pahareoekj]i iahdkn `k mqa oanao rerko $laook]o( ]jei]eo a lh]jp]o%( lknmqa ]o _keo]o ok oeilhao( _kiqje_]i `enap]iajpa oq]o ei]cajo jqi] iajo]cai oai _kilhe_]k( ajmq]jpk ]o laook]o ok _kilhat]o( n]_ek_ej]i( oa aik) _ekj]i( `evai _keo]o oqpeo7
0*
h`anao nahecekoko a lkhpe_ko _]neoipe_ko pahareoekj]i iahdkn `k mqa ko jk _]neoipe) _ko( lkeo aopao oa `enecai ]k lajo]iajpk a ]k oajpeiajpk `]o laook]o( ajmq]jpk ]mqa) hao oa `enecai ] aik ao i]eo oeilhao a reoraeo( mqa ok ^ai pn]joiepe`]o7
1*
i]eo b_eh pn]joiepen qi o `k mqa iqepko7 lkn eook( jko ]_kjpa_eiajpko `a i]oo] kq `a iqhpe`k( ao_khda)oa qi] je_] laook] l]n] klej]n a b]h]n kq qi] oamqj_e] `a laook]o ajpnareop]`]o qi] ] qi]7
2*
iahdkn pn]joiepen knc]jev] ao deannmqe_]o `k mqa `aik_npe_]o( lkeo ]o lneiaen]o pi qi] bkni] iqepk oeilhao( mq]h oaf]( ] ]qpkne`]`a a ko oq^kn`ej]`ko kq ko oacqe`knao7
3*
]ooqjpko _qnpko _ki _kiak( iaek a Úi ok iahdknao `k mqa ]ooqjpko hkjcko mqa ate) cai lhqn]he`]`a `a ejbkni] ao a ]lnkbqj`]iajpk `a lkjpko `a reop]7
4*
oajpeiajpko `a _kjÛepk pahareoekj]i iahdkn `k mqa oajpeiajpko `a _kj_ n`e]7 lkn eook( _kilapek pahareokj] iahdkn `k mqa _kklan]k7
5*
]i^ek a _kjoqik pahareoekj]i iahdkn `k mqa aolenepq]he`]`a( lkeo ] _ ian] jk pai _kik he`]n _ki oqpehav]( `eranoe`]`a a ]i^ecqe`]`a7
-,* mq]j`k pahareoekj]n Îlkrko lneieperkoÏ( ]lnaoajpa i oe_]( `]j]( _]jpk( _]]( lao_]( hq) p]o a arepa ajpnareop]o oq^faper]o j]o mq]eo oa atlneiai e`ae]o( kleje ao( oajpeiajpko _kilhatko7 --* k ^ev]nnk a k aopn]jdk pahareoekj]i iqepk ^ai7 -.* ] atlnaook b]_e]h iahdkn `k mqa k oajpeiajpk6 k _dknk pahareoekj] iahdkn `k mqa ] pneopav]( k neok pahareoekj] iahdkn `k mqa ] ]hacne]7 -/* ] iknpa pahareoekj] iahdkn `k mqa ] re`]6 j] iknpa pq`k aop _h]nk a `a_e`e`k7 j] re`]( pq`k ]i^cqk( Ûqe`k( jk _kilhap]iajpa `a_e`e`k( ]^anpk ] iqep]o lkooe^ehe`]`ao* Jqi] ok_ea`]`a _kik ] jko) o]( k mqa ( ]Új]h( ] pahareok; Ai jkoo] ok_ea`]`a( ] pahare) ok qi iaek p_je_k `a _kiqje) _]k ] `eop j_e] mqa ailnaop] `k fknj]heoik ] e`ae] `a nalknp]cai a jkp_e]( `] hepan]pqn] ] e`ae] `k bk) hdapei jkrahao_k( `k pa]pnk ] e`ae] `a nah]k _ki qi l ^he_k lnaoaj) pa a `k _ejai] ko lnk_a`eiajpko _ki ei]cajo* @k lkjpk `a reop] `k na_alpkn( k ]l]nahdk pahareokn qi ahapnk`kiope_k( _kik k hemqe) `eÚ_]`kn kq ] cah]`aen]* @k lkjpk `a reop] `k lnk`qpkn( aha qi _aj) pnk `a lk`an a_kjie_k a lkhpe_k a `a _kjpnkha ok_e]h a _qhpqn]h* qi] ian_]`kne] mqa pn]joiepa a raj`a kqpn]o ian_]`kne]o*
Banj]j`k ?khhkn( ajpk _]j`e`]pk
Lnaoe` j_e] `] Nal^he_]( jk hpeik `a^]pa na]he v]`k lah] PR Chk^k ai -1 `a `avai^nk `a -545* = PR bke naolkjorah lah] lnkfak `a ?khhkn( mqa j]`] an] oajk ei]cai* !NTONIOß-ILENA%DITORAß!BRIL
.*
/30
= _qhpqn] `a i]oo] a ] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h x #!0É45,/ß x
?ejai]
WWWCZYTANKIHOXPLß !RQUIVOßDAßEDITORA
?kik ] pahareok( k _ejai] qi] ej` opne]* ?kik ah]( `alaj`a `a ejraopeiajpko( ian) _]`ko( lnkl]c]j`]* ?kik ah]( lnak_ql])oa _ki k hq_nk( ] ik`]( k _kjoqik* Jk ajp]jpk( ej`alaj`ajpaiajpa `] ^k] kq i mq]he`]`a `ko Úhiao( k _ejai] `ebana `] pahareok ai `keo ]ola_pko bqj`]iajp]eo* Ai lneiaenk hqc]n( jk aop oq^iape`k o heiep]) ao pa_jkh ce_]o mqa `kiej]i ] pahareok7 ai oacqj`k( jaha ok lkooraeo ]o lnk`q ao ej) `alaj`ajpao( ]o k^n]o ]npope_]o a ]o naÛat ao _npe_]o( ]qoajpao `] pahareok* Jk lkn ]_]ok( eje_e]iko aopa hernk _kiajp]j`k qi Úhia $J^qofu% a( jk `a_knnan `aopa _]lpqhk( iaj_ekj]) iko rneko Úhiao jko mq]eo k _ejai] _]l]v `a b]van _npe_]o _kjpqj`ajpao pahareok* K _ejai] ] ejrajk `a qi] bkni] _kjpailkn ja] `a ]npa6 ] `] ei]cai okjkn] ai ikreiajpk* Jaha( ] _ ian] _]lp] qi] ok_ea`]`a _kilhat]( i hpelh] a `ebanaj_e]`]( _ki) ^ej]j`k `a i]jaen] pkp]hiajpa jkr] i oe_]( `]j]( hepan]pqn]( ao_qhpqn]( lejpqn]( ]nmqepa) pqn]( deop ne] a( cn]]o ]ko na_qnoko pa_jkh ce_ko `ko abaepko aola_e]eo( _ne] na]he`]`ao jkr]o( ejo hep]o( jqi] ei]cej]k lhope_] ejÚjep] mqa o pai _knnaolkj`ajpa jko okjdko* ?kik k hernk( k _ejai] pai k lk`an atpn]kn`ejnek( ln lnek `] k^n] `a ]npa( `a pknj]n lnaoajpa k ]qoajpa( ln teik k `eop]jpa( `eop]jpa k ln teik( ajpna_nqv]j`k na]he`]`a a enna]) he`]`a( ran`]`a a b]jp]oe]( naÛatk a `ar]jaek* Mq]j`k ran`]`aen]iajpa cn]j`a a ]npope_k( jaha ] _ne]pere`]`a `k `enapkn a `a oq] amqe) la p_je_] a ] atlnaooere`]`a `n]ipe_] kq _ie_] `ko ejpnlnapao lk`ai i]jebaop]n)oa _ki oqpehav] a `eranoe`]`a( e`ae]o a kleje ao lk`ai oan pn]^]hd]`]o( ejpanlnap]`]o a pn]jo) iepe`]o( kbana_aj`k)oa lhaj]iajpa ]k l ^he_k( oai `eopejk pje_]( oatq]h( naheceko] kq ok) _e]h* Ok^ aooa ]ola_pk( S]hpan >ajf]iej pejd] n]vk ]k _kjoe`an]n k _ejai] ] ]npa `aik_n) pe_] `k jkook pailk*
= ejbknipe_] !DAMß3CHAFF߯ ß FILvSOFOßMARXISTAßPOLONoS
J
qi] k^n] ejpepqh]`] > pl`fba^ab fkclojqf`^( k lajo]`kn =`]i O_d]bb oa nabana Înark) hqk `] ie_nkahapnje_]Ï a jkp] mqa( iaoik oai jko `]niko _kjp]( aop]iko nk`a]) `ko lkn ah]( `ao`a ko lamqajko k^fapko `a qok _kpe`e]jk( _kik k nah cek `a mq]npvk( ] _]h_qh]`kn] `a ^khok a k pahabkja _ahqh]n( ]p ko _kilqp]`knao a ko rkko aol]_e]eo* Iaj_ekj] p]i^i ] Înarkhqk j] ie_nk^ekhkce]Ï( _ki ] `ao_k^anp] `k _ `eck cajpe_k `ko oanao rerko( `] mq]h oqnceq ] ajcajd]ne] cajpe_]( mqa lk`a ]hpan]n k _ `eck cajpe_k `a lh]jp]o( ]jei]eo a oanao dqi]jko* Iaj_ekj] ]ej`] ] Înarkhqk `] ajance] jq_ha]nÏ( k^pe`] ia`e]jpa ] Úook a bqok _kjpnkh]`]o `a pkiko( lk`aj`k lnkle_e]n ]ko dqi]jko na_qnoko ajancpe_ko ln]) pe_]iajpa eheiep]`ko( ai^kn] pajd] oe`k lneknep]ne]iajpa qo]`] l]n] Újo iehep]nao* O_d]bb `ajkiej] aoo]o cn]j`ao iq`]j]o `a Îoacqj`] narkhqk p_je_k)ej`qopne]hÏ( ao_naraj`k6 Qo^q^*pb a^ pbdrka^ obslir l q`kf`l*fkarpqof^i+ > mofjbfo^) nrb mlab pbo pfqr^a^ bkqob l Ûk^i al p`ril USFFF b l fk`fl al p`ril UFU b `rg^p qo^kpcloj^ bp kfkdrj ebpfq^ bj `e^j^o ab obslir l) qbsb l do^kab jofql ab pr_pqfqrfo k^ molar l ^ clo ^ cpf`^ alp eljbkp mbi^ bkbodf^ a^p jnrfk^p %mofjbfol mbi^ rqfifw^ l al s^mlo b j^fp ^af^kqb pl_obqral mbi^ rqfifw^ l a^ bibqof`fa^ab&+ > pbdrka^ obslir l) ^ nrb bpq^jlp ^ppfpqfkal ^dlo^) `lkpfpqb bj nrb ^p `^m^`fa^abp fkqbib`qr^fp al eljbj pl ^jmif^a^p b pr_pqfqra^p mlo ^rqj^qlp nrb bifjfk^j `lj ufql `obp`bkqb l qo^_^iel erj^kl k^ molar l b klp pbosf lp+
/31
K lkjpk eilknp]jpa ]ooej]h]`k lkn O_d]bb ] `ebanaj] ajpna ko ]jpecko k^fapko p_je) _ko Í mqa ]ilhe]r]i ] bkn] boe_] dqi]j] Í a ko jkrko k^fapko pa_jkh ce_ko Í mqa ]i) lhe]i ]o bkn]o ejpaha_pq]eo dqi]j]o( eopk ( ]o _]l]_e`]`ao `k lajo]iajpk( lkeo ok k^fapko mqa `alaj`ai `a ejbkni] ao a mqa klan]i ejbkni] ao kq bknja_ai ejbkni] ao* @a b]pk( ko _kilqp]`knao na]hev]i `a ik`k atpnai]iajpa nle`k klan] ao h ce_]o mqa qi oan dqi]jk har]ne] iqepk i]eo pailk l]n] na]hev]n7 lkooqe p]i^i qi] iai ne] iqepk
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
oqlanekn iahdkn iai ne] dqi]j]7 a aop knc]jev]`k `a i]jaen] ] ]qpk_knnecen ] i]ekn l]npa `]o b]hd]o a `ko ajc]jko mqa _kiapan jqi] klan]k kq jqi lnk_aook* Ok ko ol_p kq ko ^rqj^qlp lnklne]iajpa `epko* ?kik ] l]h]rn] fkclojqf`^ ej`e_]( ko jkrko k^fapko pa_jkh ce_ko lnk`qvai a pn]jo) iepai fkcloj^ bp* jaooa oajpe`k mqa `evaiko mqa oaq ik`ahk jk ] bkn] boe_] jai ia_ je_] a oei iajp]h kq _ana^n]h* ?kilqp]`knao _kjpnkh]i ]o ]ni]o a klan] ao iehep]nao( ko rkko aol]_e]eo( ]o kla) n] ao `a ]anklknpko( `a ^]j_ko a ^kho]o `a r]hknao( `a oeopai]o qn^]jko `a pnback a `a oacqn]j]( `a a`eb_eko `ajkiej]`ko ÎejpahecajpaoÏ( ]hi `a oapknao ejpaenko `k pn]^]hdk ej`qopne]h a `] lnk`qk a_kjie_]* Aopk lnaoajpao jko _]nnko `a hpeik pelk( jko aop]) ^aha_eiajpko _kian_e]eo mqa raj`ai jk ]p]_]`k a jk r]nafk( jko oapknao ]`iejeopn]perko `]o ejopepqe ao l ^he_]o a lner]`]o* Aj_kjpn]i)oa j]o ao_kh]o a b]vai l]npa `k oeopai] `a ajoejk a ]lnaj`ev]`k `ko l]oao a_kjkie_]iajpa lk`ankoko* Aopk lnaoajpao j]o a`epkn]o a lnk`qpkn]o cnÚ_]o( jko ao_nep neko `a ajcajd]ne]( ]nmqepapqn] a ]`rk_]_e]7 jko _kjoqhp neko i`e_ko a dkolep]eo7 j]o lnk`qpkn]o _ejai]pkcnÚ_]o( bkjkcnÚ_]o( pahareoer]o a n]`ekbje) _]o* Pknj]n]i)oa ejopnqiajpko `a pn]^]hdk `a ao_nepknao( ]npeop]o( lnkbaooknao a aopq`]jpao( ]hi `a klan]n _kik _knnaek a _kik h]van a ajpnapajeiajpk* >ajf]iej b]h]n] jko abaepko `] nalnk`qk `]o k^n]o `a ]npa $lahko hernko( lahk n`ek a lahk _ejai]%* I_Hqd]j lnaren] k pniejk `] Îc]hte] `a Cqpaj^ancÏ $eopk ( k iqj`k `k hernk eilnaook% _ki k ]`rajpk `] pahareok* =i^ko oq^hejd]n]i ]o lkpaj_e]he`]`ao `a qi] `ebq) ok _qhpqn]h oai lna_a`ajpao( j] ia`e`] ai mqa ko jkrko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k pknj]n]i ]_aooraeo ]o lnk`q ao _qhpqn]eo `k iqj`k pk`k* Aooa iaoik abaepk lk`a oan reopk _ki ] ejbknipe_]6 paiko( dkfa( ]_aook eia`e]pk ] iqoaqo ejpaenko( ^e^hekpa_]o ejpaen]o( fknj]eo _ki) lhapko ai ln]pe_]iajpa pk`]o ]o hjcq]o( `eolkjraeo jko ^]j_ko `a `]`ko ejbkni]pev]`ko* = ejbknipe_] klan] _ki k mqa @]re` D]nrau _d]ikq `a Î_kilnaook aol]k)pailk) n]hÏ* @a b]pk( k ik`k `a lnk`qk _]lep]heop] oailna oa ^]oakq jk lk`an a_kjie_k ok^na k aol]k $] lnklnea`]`a `k pannep nek lah]o ailnao]o lner]`]o a lahko Aop]`ko% a ok^na k pailk $k _kjpnkha `k pailk ok_e]hiajpa ja_aoonek l]n] ] lnk`qk( `eopne^qek a _en_qh]k `]o ian_]`kne]o a `a napknjk( ok^ ] bkni] `a hq_nk( `k _]lep]h ejraope`k%( i]o( ]pq]hiajpa( aooa lk`an ]cec]jpkq)oa lknmqa ] pa_jkhkce] ahapnje_] na`qv `eop j_e]o $_kilneia k aol]k% a lknmqa k napknjk `k hq_nk ]k _]lep]h ejraope`k n]le`ooeik $_kilneia k pailk%* = aooa naolaepk( ao_nara I_Hqd]j6
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Kl ab`loobo a^p bo^p jb` kf`^p) bpqbkabjlp klppl `loml kl bpm^ l+ Elgb) mloj) m^pp^al j^fp ab rj p`ril ab qb`klildf^ bibqokf`^) bpqbkabjlp l klppl momofl pfpqb* j^ kboslpl `bkqo^i krj ^_o^ l dil_^i) ^_lifkal) kl ql`^kqb ^l klppl mi^kbq^) q^kql l bpm^ l `ljl l qbjml+ Kq oaf]( `qn]jpa ] lneiaen] a ] oacqj`] narkhq ao ej`qopne]eo( k _knlk dqi]jk ao) paj`aq)oa jk aol]k( lneiaenk _ki k pahao_ lek( k ie_nko_ lek a ]o imqej]o ] r]lkn $jko pn]jolknpao a j]o b^ne_]o%( `alkeo _ki ]o imqej]o ahpne_]o $jko pn]jolknpao a j]o b^ne) _]o%( k pahcn]bk( k pahabkja( k n`ek( k _ejai] a ] pahareok* I]o ]ckn]( _ki ko o]phepao a ] ejbknipe_]( jkook _na^nk kq jkook oeopai] janrkok _ajpn]h mqa( lkn iaek `]o jkr]o imqej]o( oa atl]j`a oai heiepao( `eiejqej`k `eop j_e]o aol]_e]eo a ejpanr]hko pailkn]eo ]p ]^khen k aol]k a k pailk* = ejbknipe_] a ko o]phepao _khk_]i k qjeranok lk*ifkb `qn]jpa .0 dkn]o( oai oanai eila`e`ko lkn `eop j_e]o a `ebanaj]o cakcnÚ_]o( ok_e]eo a lkhpe_]o jai lkn `eopejk ajpna k `e] a ] jkepa( kjpai( dkfa a ]i]jd* Pq`k oa l]oo] ^nrf( _kik oa r j]o _d]i]`]o Îo]h]o `a ^]pa)l]lkÏ( jko lnkcn]i]o `a _kiqje_]k lk*ifkb( _kik k IOJ( kq j]o Îna`ao ok_e]eoÏ( ai mqa lkoorah _kjrano]n _ki laook]o `a kqpnk atpnaik `k iqj`k _qf] lnaoaj] ejop]jp ) ja]7 a pq`k oa l]oo] ^dlo^( _kik oa r j]o cn]j`ao klan] ao Új]j_aen]o baep]o jqi leo_]n `a khdko ajpna ailnao]o kq ajpna ^]j_ko oepq]`ko jko _kjÚjo `] Pann]( ai^kn] oaqo bqoko dknneko oaf]i _kilhap]iajpa `ebanajpao* At]iejaiko ]hcqjo ]ola_pko _qhpqn]eo `] ejbknipe_]*
/32
= _qhpqn] `a i]oo] a ] ej` opne] _qhpqn]h x #!0É45,/ß x
K _kilqp]`kn jqj_] ann] Jqi hernk ejpepqh]`k L nrb fkclojqf`^( ájcahk Ok]nao at]iej] k Îiepk `k _kilqp]) `kn ^kiÏ6 ] e`ae] ice_] `a qi] imqej] mqa naokhra pq`k oeilhaoiajpa _ki k ]lanp]n `a qi ^kpk( oai jqj_] ann]n6 Bpp^ sfpl jdf`^ al `ljmrq^alo `of^a^ k^p mbppl^p b `lkqof_rf m^o^ ^ `lkpqor* l ab rj jfql7 l jfql al `ljmrq^alo _lj+ L `ljmrq^alo rj Ñpbo lkfmlqbkqbÒ) _lj) o^`flk^i) bÛ`fbkqb) nrb mbkp^ b obplisb qlalp lp mol_ibj^p ^mobpbkq^alp ^ bib) ab cloj^ fjm^o`f^i) fksbpqfal ab rj ^iql do^r ab grpqf ^) pbj krk`^ boo^o+ %+++& > fkclojqf`^ ^m^* ob`b) bkql) `ljl ^ `e^sb ab rj jrkal bÛ`fbkqb) fkc^isbi) cbifw) lkab l qo^_^iel pbo obarwfal b l i^wbo ^rjbkq^al+ =hi `eook( ] lnkl]c]j`] _kian_e]h( ^ai _kik ] hepan]pqn]( k _ejai] a ] pahareok( ]he) iajp]i aooa iepk ]k ]lnaoajp]n _kilqp]`knao mqa b]h]i( kqrai( oajpai( pi rkjp]`a( ok ikre`ko lkn oajpeiajpko a aik ao( ok i]eo lkj`an]`ko mqa ko oanao dqi]jko $p]jpk ]ooei mqa _kopqi]i eila`en a arep]n cqann]o% a( oa ann]i kq b]hd]i( lkn ]hcqi] ejpanba) nj_e] ej`are`] `a ]hcqi oan dqi]jk i]h)ejpaj_ekj]`k* = dqi]jev]k `k _kilqp]`kn qi `ko pai]o `k Úhia /--. Î Rj^ lafppbf^ kl bpm^ l( jk mq]h k _kilqp]`kn D=H 5,,, okbna qi] Î_neoa janrko]Ï lknmqa jk lk`a iajpen7 kq `k Úhia L eljbj _f`bkqbkofl( ai mqa k _kilqp]`kn `kp]`k `a oajpeiajpko( l]oo] ] ]i]n a `aoaf] oan dqi]jk( eopk ( ajra) hda_an a iknnan7 kq( ajÚi( ] deop ne] `a Lejk__dek jk ]jk .,,-( eopk ( k _kilqp]`kn) _ne]j] ai `eolqp] _ki ] _ne]j] dqi]j] lahk ]ikn `] ia( jk Úhia Fkqbifd k`f^ ^oqfÛ`f^i* ?kik k^oanr] Ok]nao( ] reok ice_] k_qhp] k b]pk `a mqa k _kilqp]`kn qi] imqe) j] a( _kik p]h( lnk`qve`]( lnkcn]i]`]( _kjoanr]`] a klan]`] lkn oanao dqi]jko* D( lkn) p]jpk( pn]^]hdk dqi]jk l]n] b]v)hk ateopen a bqj_ekj]n Í pn]^]hdk ej`qopne]h l]n] lnk`qven ] imqej] a pn]^]hdk ejpaha_pq]h a i]jq]h `a ]j]heop]o `a oeopai]o $mqa har]jp]i ]o ja_ao) oe`]`ao `ko qoqneko%( lnkcn]i]`knao $mqa ah]^kn]i k _kjfqjpk `a ejopnq ao mqa `aÚjai k mqa a _kik ] imqej] r]e na]hev]n ]o klan] ao `aoaf]`]o lahk qoqnek%( klan]`knao $mqa hec]i a `aohec]i ]o imqej]o( nal]n]i oaqo `abaepko( ap_*%( lnal]n]`knao `a `]`ko $naolkj) oraeo lah] ah]^kn]k kq na_alk a aieook `a `]`ko% a `ecep]`knao $naolkjoraeo lah] aj) pn]`] `a `]`ko jk _kilqp]`kn%* D lahk iajko /1 pelko `a pn]^]hdko dqi]jko ja_aooneko l]n] mqa qi _kilqp]`kn klana*
= hejcq]cai ejbknipe_]
/33
Ai^kn] d]f] ej` opne]o lnk`qpkn]o `a _kilqp]`knao j] Aqnkl] a j] ãoe]( lna`kie) j]i jk >n]oeh ]o imqej]o `a lnk_a`j_e] jknpa)]iane_]j]* K qok a ] lkooa `k _kilqp]`kn ]l]na_ai l]n] ]o laook]o _kik oej]h `a pq^qrp ok_e]h( lk`an a lnaopcek* Lkn eook( ailnac]n ] hejcq]cai p_je_] ai hjcq] ejchao] p]i^i ]l]na_a _kik lnkr] `a l]npe_el]k jqi iqj`k p_je_k ]r]j]`k a _kjda_e`k lkn lkq_ko* @eook naoqhp]i `q]o _kjoamqj_e]o lnej_el]eo6 kq ko mqa ecjkn]i ] hjcq] ejchao] Ú) _]i at_hq`ko `k qok `k _kilqp]`kn( mqa bqj_ekj]( lknp]jpk( _kik qi lk`an `a at_hqok _qhpqn]h $kq at_hqok `ecep]h%( kq ko qoqneko oa d]^epq]i ] ailnac]n l]h]rn]o _kik tloa( fkmrq( pfqb( altkil^a( rmil^a( b*j^fi( abibqb( rmdo^ab( eljbm^db( ap_* oai pan ] iajkn e`ae] `k mqa oecjeÚ_]i* Kq oaf]( ]k ailnac]n _ki j]pqn]he`]`a qi rk_]^qhnek _qfk oajpe`k hdao ao_]l] a ]k napan l]h]rn]o _kik oa bkooai ian]o klan] ao `a qi k^fapk p_je_k( k qoqnek paj`a ] jk lan_a^an k _kilqp]`kn _kik qi] ian_]`kne] lnk`qve`] a _kian_e]hev]`] lkn cn]j`ao ikjkl heko a_kjie_ko ejpanj]_ekj]eo mqa `kiej]i ] _kilapek jk ian_]`k a eil ai oq] hejcq]cai a oq]o haeo* Oaf] ]k oajpen)oa at_hq`k( oaf] ]k ailnac]n qi] hejcq]cai _qfk oecjeÚ_]`k `ao_k) jda_e`k a `] mq]h ]laj]o ]hcqjo rk_^qhko ok ]_aooraeo a iaiknev]`ko l]n] Újo klan]_ek) j]eo( k qoqnek `k _kilqp]`kn paj`a jk o ] ]Úni]n eilhe_ep]iajpa k _]npan ieopanekok `k k^fapk ailnac]`k( i]o p]i^i ] ecjkn]n( `a qi h]`k( mqa ] at_hqok `a iqepko jk ejpaha_pq]h $kq ian]iajpa `ecep]h%( a oei ok_e]h $jk aopk at_hq`ko lkn oanai ej_]l]vao `a
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
klan]n p]h k^fapk( a oei lknmqa `ao_kjda_ai ] hjcq] ai mqa ]o klan] ao bkn]i Út]`]o%( a( `a kqpnk( mqa k qok ]`amq]`k ]_]nnap] `alaj`j_e] a_kjie_] a _qhpqn]h*
K lk`an ejbknipe_k J] ok_ea`]`a _kjpailkn ja]( ] mlppb ab fkcloj^ bp $_eajpÚ_]o( p_je_]o( a_kjie_]o( lkhpe_]o( iehep]nao% mlppb ab mlabo* Ko _kilqp]`knao ok _ajpnko `a ]_qiqh]k `a ejbkni] ao a lkn eook ok _ajpnko `a lk`an* =`]i O_d]bb atlhe_] mqa ] atlnaook Îok_ea`]`a ejbknipe_]Ï( ailnac]`] lkn aha l]n] `aoecj]n ] ok_ea`]`a _kjpailkn ja]( oecjeÚ_] qi] ok_ea`]`a j] mq]h pk`]o ]o aoban]o `] re`] l ^he_] a `] re`] lner]`] aopk _k^anp]o lkn lnk_aooko ejbkni]pev]`ko a lkn ejpahe) cj_e]o ]npeÚ_e]eo mqa `k knecai ] jkr]o can] ao `a _kilqp]`knao* K lnk^hai]( `ev aha( o]^an mqai pai ] caopk `a pk`] ] i]oo] `a ejbkni] ao mqa _kjpnkh] ] ok_ea`]`a( mqai qpehev] aoo]o ejbkni] ao( _kik a l]n] mqa ]o qpehev]* K lnk^hai] jk aop ai mqai o]^a a mqai jk o]^a klan]n qi _kilqp]`kn $eook oa naokhra b]_ehiajpa _ki pnaej]iajpk a pk`]o ]o laook]o lk`ai klan)hk%( a oei ai nrbj qbj b nrbj kl qbj l mlabo m^o^ ^oj^wbk^o b rqfifw^o fkcloj^ bp ^abnr^a^p* K lnk^hai]( lknp]jpk( oaj`k `a lk`an( mliqf`l* = aooa naolaepk( ao_nara ájcahk Ok]nao6 L mlabo kl kf`l b `lk`bkqo^al bj rj kf`l mlkql) j^p afpqof_ral `ljl rj^ qbf^ X fpql nrb nrbo afwbo ^ m^i^so^ fkdibp^ sa^Z) rj^ obab mlo qla^ ^ pl`fba^ab+ >nrf) ^m^ob`bj ^p obabp ab `ljmrq^alobp %soflp `ljmrq^alobp fkqboifd^alp) k^ j^fl* of^ a^p sbwbp) ^qo^sp ab ifke^p qbibckf`^p&+ @^a^ `ljmrq^alo) abpp^ cloj^) obmobpbkq^ rj mlkql ab `lk`bkqo^ l ab mlabo b) mlo jbfl abpp^ fkqboifd^ l) bibp ^`^_^j clo* j^kal rj^ Ïqbf^Ð ab mlabo) mbojb^kal qla^ ^ pl`fba^ab+ Abpp^ j^kbfo^) ^ fkclojqf`^ mlab pbo sfpq^ `ljl rj fkpqorjbkql nrb molmf`f^ l `lkqolib a^ sfa^ a^p mbppl^p absfal ^l pbr ^iql do^r ab `lk`bkqo^ l a^p fkcloj^ bp b ^iq^ sbil`fa^ab `lj nrb bi^p pl molm^d^a^p+ Bj mlr`lp pbdrkalp mlab*pb qbo ^`bppl ^ _^k`lp ab a^alp lkab pb `lk`bk* qo^ rj k jbol jrfql do^kab ab fkcloj^ bp b l_qbo) ab nr^inrbo m^oqb al m^p lr al jrkal) sof^p fkcloj^ bp pl_ob rj abqbojfk^al ^pprkql lr mbppl^+ Eook har] aooa ]qpkn ] ]lkjp]n ko pno i]eknao lanecko `] ]_qiqh]k a `eopne^qek `a ejbkni] ao* K lneiaenk laneck k lk`an `a _kjpnkha ok^na ]o laook]o lknmqa( _ki ^]oa ai ejbkni]) ao l]n_e]eo a `eolano]o na_khde`]o ai rneko ]nmqerko( lkoorah can]n jkr]o ejbkni] ao mqa oeopai]pev]i ]o lneiaen]o a laniepai na_kjopepqen d^epko( ejpanaooao a ikreiajpko `]o laook]o( _kik k _]ok ^]op]jpa oeilhao `] na_kjopepqek `]o ] ao `a ]hcqi lkn iaek `]o _ajpn]eo pahabje_]o( mqa lk`ai `evan l]n] mqai ]hcqi pahabkjkq( mq]jp]o ravao( lkn mq]jpk pailk( ap_* @aoo] i]jaen]( ]o laook]o lk`ai oan _kjpnkh]`]o lahko lk`anao l ^he_ko $_kik k lk`an lkhe_e]h a k iehep]n%* K oacqj`k laneck( `a_knnajpa `] _ajpn]hev]k `] ejbkni]k( ] lkooa `a ejbkni] ao lkn laook]o jk ]qpknev]`]o mqa ajpn]i ai _kjp]pk _ki ejbkni] ao oecehko]o p]jpk `k oa) pkn l ^he_k $ejbkni] ao iehep]nao( a_kjie_]o( lkhpe_]o% _kik `] re`] lner]`] `]o laook]o $_kik( lkn atailhk( ]o _kjp]o ^]j_ne]o%* K pan_aenk laneck aop j] lkooe^ehe`]`a `a qok `a ejbkni] ao lkn lk`anao lner]`ko l]n] _kjpnkh]n laook]o a ejopepqe ao( ]ooei _kik l]n] _]qo]n)hdao `]jk* k _]ok `] aolekj]cai ej`qopne]h a lkhpe_] a `] ]k `ko oajdknao `k _neia knc]jev]`k( mqa qo]i ]o ejbkni] ao l]n] ln]pe_]n oamqaopnko( _d]jp]cajo( ]oo]ooej]pko* `aooa eiajok lk`an mqa( _kik reiko( pn]p] k Úhia J^qofu* = ]Úni]k `a mqa ko _kilqp]`knao `aik_n]pev]i ]o ejbkni] ao jk qi] paoa ran`]`aen]6 ] ejbknipe_]( p]h _kik rai oaj`k ln]pe_]`]( aop rkhp]`] l]n] ] _kj_ajpn]k a _ajpn]hev]k `]o ejbkni] ao a l]n] k _kjpnkha `] re`] a `]o ] ao `ko ej`er`qko( a jk l]n] ] `ebqok `aik_npe_] `] ejbkni]k* L]n] k _kilqp]`kn klan]n( aha lna_eo] `a `]`ko a `] _ajpn]hev]k `ko `]`ko Í aopa qi b]pk p_je_k* = `aik_n]pev]k `] ejbkni]k( lknp]jpk(
/34
= ateopj_e] pe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
jk lk`a lnkren `] ln lne] p_je_] ejbknipe_]( lkeo aop] _ajpn]hev]`kn]* = `aik_n]pev]k `] ejbkni]k `alaj`a `a ] ao lkhpe_]o `] ok_ea`]`a a `ko ckranjko* k mqa oa r j]o hqp]o ok_e]eo lkn haceoh] ao mqa eila]i ] ejr]ok `] re`] lner]`]( ] aolekj]cai lkhpe_] a ie) hep]n( ap_* p]i^i k mqa ehqopn]`k lahk ikreiajpk ok_eklkhpe_k `a naoeopj_e] a hqp] `]o lanokj]cajo `a J^qofu*
#APqTULOß = ateop j_e] pe_]
Oajok ikn]h a _kjo_e j_e] ikn]h
I
/35
qep]o ravao( pki]iko _kjda_eiajpk `a ikreiajpko j]_ekj]eo a ejpanj]_ekj]eo `a hqp] _kjpn] ] bkia* Be_]iko o]^aj`k mqa( ai kqpnko l]oao a jk >n]oeh( iehd]nao `a laook]o( ok^napq`k _ne]j]o a e`koko( iknnai `a laj ne] a ej]jek* Oajpeiko lea`]`a* Oajpeiko ej`ecj]k `e]jpa `a p]i]jd] ejfqope] $aola_e]hiajpa mq]j`k raiko k `aolan`_ek `ko mqa jk pi bkia a rerai j] ]^qj` j_e]%* Oajpeiko naolkjo]^ehe`]`a* Ik) re`ko lah] okhe`]nea`]`a( l]npe_el]iko `a _]il]jd]o _kjpn] ] bkia* Aooao oajpeiajpko a ]o ] ao `aoaj_]`a]`]o lkn ahao atlneiai jkook pbkpl jlo^i( eopk ( ] i]jaen] _kik ]r]he]iko jkoo] oepq]k a ] `a jkooko oaiahd]jpao oacqj`k e`ae]o _kik ]o `a grpqf ^ a fkgrpqf ^* Mq]jp]o ravao( har]`ko lkn ]hcqi eilqhok ej_kjpnkhrah kq lkn ]hcqi] aikk bknpa $ia`k( kncqhdk( ]i^ek( r]e`]`a( _kr]n`e]%( b]vaiko ]hcqi] _keo] `a mqa( `alkeo( oajpeiko ranckjd]( naiknok( _qhl]* Ckop]n]iko `a rkhp]n jk pailk a ]cen `a ik`k `ebanajpa* Aooao oajpeiajpko p]i^i atlneiai jkook pbkpl jlo^i( eopk ( ] ]r]he]k `a jkook _kilknp]) iajpk oacqj`k e`ae]o _kik ]o `a `boql a boo^al* Ai iqep]o k_]oe ao( Ú_]iko _kjpajpao a aik_ekj]`ko `e]jpa `a qi] laook] _qf]o l]) h]rn]o a ] ao i]jebaop]i dkjaope`]`a( dkjn]`av( aolnepk `a fqope]( ]hpnqoik Í iaoik mq]j`k pq`k eook hda _qop] o]_neb_eko* Oajpeiko mqa d cn]j`av] a `ecje`]`a jaoo] laook]* Oajpeiko ]`ien]k lkn ah] a `aoaf]iko eiep)h]* P]eo aik ao a oajpeiajpko p]i^i at) lneiai jkook pbkpl jlo^i( eopk ( ] i]jaen] _kik ]r]he]iko ] _kj`qp] a ] ]k `a kqpn]o laook]o oacqj`k e`ae]o _kik ]o `a jofql a do^kabw^ ab ^ij^* Jk n]n]o ravao okiko pki]`ko lahk dknnkn `e]jpa `] rekhj_e]6 _d]_ej] `a oanao dqi]) jko a ]jei]eo( hej_d]iajpko( ]oo]ooej]pko ^nqp]eo( aopqlnko( cajk_`ek( pknpqn]o a oqlh_eko* ?ki bnamqj_e]( Ú_]iko ej`ecj]`ko ]k o]^an mqa qi ejk_ajpa bke ejfqop]iajpa ]_qo]`k a _kj`aj]`k( ajmq]jpk k ran`]`aenk _qhl]`k lani]ja_a eilqja* Oajpeiko _ han] `e]jpa `k _ejeoik `ko iajpenkoko( `ko mqa qo]i kqpn]o laook]o _kik ejopnqiajpk l]n] oaqo ejpanao) oao a l]n] _kjoacqen r]jp]cajo _qop] `] ^k])b `a kqpnko* Pk`ko aooao oajpeiajpko p]i^i i]jebaop]i jkook pbkpl jlo^i kq ] i]jaen] _kik ]r]he]iko ]o _kj`qp]o ]hdae]o oacqj`k e`ae]o _kik ]o `a grpql a fkgrpql( `boql a boo^al* Reraiko _anp]o oepq] ao( kq o]^aiko mqa bkn]i rere`]o lkn kqpnko( _kik oepq] ao `a atpnai] ]Ûek a ]jc ope]* =ooei( lkn atailhk( qi] laook] mqane`]( _ki qi] `kaj] pan) iej]h( aop rer] ]laj]o lknmqa oaq _knlk aop hec]`k ] imqej]o* Oq]o `knao ok ejpkhanraeo*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
Ej_kjo_eajpa( caia jk okbneiajpk* Jk oane] iahdkn mqa `ao_]jo]ooa ai l]v; Jk oane] lna) banrah `aet)h] iknnan; Lk`aiko `aohec]n ko ]l]nahdko; Kq jk paiko k `enaepk `a b]v)hk; Mqa b]van; Mq]h ] ]k _knnap]; Qi] fkrai `ao_k^na mqa aop cnre`]* Oajpa mqa oaq _knlk a oaq aolnepk ]ej`] jk aopk lnal]n]`ko l]n] ] cn]re`av* O]^a mqa oaq l]n_aenk( iaoik mqa `aoafa ]lke)h]( pk fk) rai a `aolnal]n]`k mq]jpk ah] a mqa ]i^ko jk pank _kik naolkjo]^ehev]n)oa lhaj]iajpa lah] caop]k( lahk l]npk a lah] _ne]k `a qi Úhdk* =i^ko aopk `aokneajp]`ko* Jk o]^ai oa lk`ank _kjp]n _ki k ]qthek `a oq]o b]ihe]o $oa ]o peranai%* Oa ah] bkn ]laj]o aopq`]jpa( pan `a `aet]n ] ao_kh] l]n] pn]^]hd]n( ] Úi `a l]c]n k l]npk a ]n_]n _ki ]o `aolao]o `] _ne]j]* Oq] re`] a oaq bqpqnk iq`]nk l]n] oailna* Oa pn]^]hd]( o]^a mqa lan`an k ailnack( lknmqa rera jqi] ok_ea`]`a j] mq]h ko l]pn ao `eo_neiej]i ]o iqhdanao cnre`]o( ok^napq`k ]o okhpaen]o* Na_ae] jk _kjp]n _ki ] ]fq`] a k ]lkek `ko ]ie) cko* =k iaoik pailk( lkni( `aoaf] ] _ne]j]( okjd] _ki ah]( i]o paia `]n)hda qi] re`] `a ieone] a oan ejfqop] _ki mqai jk la`eq l]n] j]o_an* Lk`a b]van qi ]^knpk; @ara b]v)hk; Qi l]e `a b]ihe] `aoailnac]`k( _ki rneko Úhdko lamqajko a ] aolko] `kajpa( na_a^a qi] kbanp] `a ailnack mqa ateca mqa oaf] `aokjaopk a _kiap] ennacqh]ne`]`ao mqa ^ajaÚ) _eai oaq l]pnk* O]^a mqa k pn]^]hdk hda laniepen oqopajp]n ko Úhdko a l]c]n k pn]p]iajpk `] aolko]* @ara ]_aep]n k ailnack( iaoik o]^aj`k k mqa oan atece`k `aha; Kq `ara na_q) o)hk a ran ko Úhdko _ki bkia a ] iqhdan iknnaj`k; Qi n]l]v j]ikn]( d pailko( qi] ik] `a mqai ckop] iqepk a lkn ah] _knnaolkj`e`k* ?kjda_a qi] kqpn]* =l]etkj])oa lan`e`]iajpa a _knnaolkj`e`k* =i] `q]o iqhdanao a ]i) ^]o k ]i]i* Lk`a pan `keo ]iknao oeiqhp jako( kq aop]n pn]ej`k ] ]i^ko a ] oe iaoik; @ara i]ck]n qi] `ah]o a ] oe iaoik( nkilaj`k _ki qi] l]n] Ú_]n _ki ] kqpn]; K ]ikn ateca qi] je_] laook] ]i]`] kq lk`a oan i hpelhk; Mqa oajpenk ]o `q]o iqhdanao oa aha hdao _kj) p]n k mqa oa l]oo]; Kq `aran iajpen l]n] ]i^]o; Mqa b]van; Oa( ajmq]jpk aop ]pkniajp]`k lah] ej`a_eok( qi _kjda_e`k k r kn] _ki qi] `]o iqhdanao( kn] _ki ] kqpn] a( _kjda_aj`k qi] `ah]o( `aran _kjp]n ] ah] k mqa req; Ai jkia `] ]iev]`a( `ara b]h]n kq _]h]n; Qi] iqhdan r qi bqnpk* R qi] _ne]j] i]hpn]lehd] a aobkia]`] lac]n bnqp]o a lao jqi] ian_a]ne]* O]^a mqa k `kjk `] ian_a]ne] aop l]oo]j`k lkn iqep]o `eÚ_qh`]`ao a mqa k bqnpk b]n `ebanaj] l]n] aha* I]o p]i^i r ] ieone] a ] bkia `] _ne]j]* @ara `ajqj) _e)h]( fqhc]j`k mqa _ki eook ] _ne]j] jk oa pknj]n qi ]`qhpk h]`nk a k lnklneapnek `] ian_a]ne] jk pan lnafqvk `a b]pk; Kq `aran oehaj_e]n( lkeo ] _ne]j] _knna k neo_k `a na_a^an lqjek at_aooer]( oan har]`] lah] lkh_e]( oan fkc]`] jkr]iajpa o nq]o a( ]ckn]( narkhp]`]( l]oo]n `k bqnpk ]k dkie_`ek; Mqa b]van; Qi] laook] r( j]o lknp]o `a qi] ao_kh]( qi fkrai raj`aj`k `nkc] ] qi kqpnk* Aoo] laook] o]^a mqa p]jpk k fkrai pn]Ú_]jpa _kik k fkrai _kjoqie`kn aopk na]hev]j`k ] ao ] mqa bkn]i har]`ko lah] ]pere`]`a `k _neia knc]jev]`k( _kjpn] k mq]h ]o bkn]o lkhe_e]eo l]na) _ai eilkpajpao* @ara `ajqj_e]n k fkrai pn]Ú_]jpa( iaoik o]^aj`k mqa _ki eook jk ]pej) cen ]o lk`anko]o bkn]o mqa oqopajp]i k pnÚ_k( i]o ]laj]o qi bn]_k ]jah `a qi] _knnajpa _neiejko] mqa lani]ja_an eilqja a mqa lk`an rkhp]n)oa _kjpn] mqai bav ] `aj j_e]; Kq `ara b]h]n _ki ]o ]qpkne`]`ao ao_kh]nao l]n] mqa pkiai ]hcqi] lnkre`j_e] _ki nah]k ]k fkrai _kjoqie`kn; I]o `a mqa ]`e]jp]n rkhp]n)oa _kjpn] k _kjoqik( oa j]`] lk`a b]van _kjpn] ] raj`] lnklne]iajpa `ep]; Jk ajp]jpk( _kik lk`an oajpen)oa ai l]v o]^aj`k mqa d qi fkrai mqa p]hrav lkoo] oan o]hrk `a qi r_ek mqa en `aopnq)hk; Mqa b]van; Oepq] ao _kik aoo]o Í i]eo `n]ipe_]o kq iajko `n]ipe_]o Í oqncai oailna ai jkoo] re`]* Jkoo]o ` re`]o mq]jpk `a_eok ] pki]n jk i]jebaop]i jkook pbkpl jlo^i $eopk ( jkooko oajpeiajpko mq]jpk ]k `boql a k boo^al( ]k grpql a k fkgrpql%( i]o l ai lnk) r] jkoo] `lkp`f k`f^ jlo^i( lkeo atecai mqa( oai oaniko k^nec]`ko lkn kqpnko( `a_e`]iko k mqa b]van( mqa fqopeÚmqaiko l]n] j o iaoiko a l]n] ko kqpnko ]o n]v ao `a jkoo]o `a_e) o ao a mqa ]ooqi]iko pk`]o ]o _kjoamqj_e]o `ah]o( lknmqa okiko naolkjoraeo lkn jkoo]o kl ao* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ] _kjo_ej_e] ikn]h jk oa heiep] ]ko jkooko oajpeiajpko ik) n]eo( i]o oa nabana p]i^i ] ]r]he] ao `a _kj`qp] mqa jko har]i ] pki]n `a_eo ao lkn j o iaoiko( ] ]cen ai _kjbknie`]`a _ki ah]o a ] naolkj`an lkn ah]o lan]jpa ko kqpnko*
/4,
= ateopj_e] pe_] x #!0É45,/ß x MORALßAßPALAVRAßMORALß VEMßDAßPALAVRAßLATINAßMOS ß MORIS ßQUEßQUERßß DIZERß±OßCOSTUME²ßNOß PLURALßMORESßSIGNIFICAßß OSßHfBITOSßDEßCONDUTAßß OUßDEßCOMPORTAMENTOßß INSTITUqDOSßPORßUMAßß SOCIEDADEßEMßCONDIlzESß HISTvRICASßDETERMINADAS
Pk`ko ko atailhko iaj_ekj]`ko ej`e_]i mqa k oajok ikn]h a ] _kjo_e j_e] ikn]h nabanai)oa ] r]hknao $fqope]( dkjn]`av( aolnepk `a o]_neb_ek( ejpacne`]`a( cajankoe`]`a%( ] oajpeiajpko lnkrk_]`ko lahko r]hknao $]`ien]k( ranckjd]( _qhl]( naiknok( _kjpajp]iaj) pk( _ han]( ]ikn( ` re`]( ia`k% a ] `a_eo ao mqa _kj`qvai ] ] ao _ki _kjoamqj_e]o l]n] j o a l]n] ko kqpnko* Ai^kn] ko _kjpa `ko `ko r]hknao r]neai( lk`aiko jkp]n mqa aopk nabane`ko ] qi r]hkn i]eo lnkbqj`k( iaoik mqa ]laj]o oq^ajpaj`e`k6 k _lj kq k _bj* Ko oajpeiajpko a ]o ] ao( j]o_e`ko `a qi] klk ajpna k _lj a k j^r kq ajpna k _bj a k j^i( p]i^i aopk nabane`ko ] ]hck i]eo lnkbqj`k a oq^ajpaj`e`k6 jkook `aoafk `a ]b]op]n ] `kn a k okbneiajpk a `a ]h_]j]n ] bahe_e`]`a( oaf] lkn Ú_]niko _kjpajpao _kjko_k iaoiko( oaf] lkn na_a^aniko ] ]lnkr]k `ko kqpnko* =hi `eook( ko oajpeiajpko a ]o ] ao ikn]eo ok ]mqahao mqa `alaj`ai ]laj]o `a j o iaoiko( mqa j]o_ai `a jkoo] _]l]_e`]`a `a ]r]he]n a `a_e`en lkn j o iaoiko a jk har]`ko lkn kqpnko kq k^nec]`ko lkn ahao7 ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( k oajok a ] _kjo_ej_e] ikn]eo pi _kik lnaooqlkopk bqj`]iajp]h ] e`ae] `a if_boa^ab `k ]cajpa* K oajok ikn]h a ] _kjo_ej_e] ikn]h `evai naolaepk ] r]hknao( oajpeiajpko( ejpaj ao( `a_eo ao a ] ao nabane`ko ]k ^ai a ]k i]h( ]k `aoafk `a bahe_e`]`a a ]k atan__ek `] he^an`]) `a* @evai naolaepk o nah] ao mqa i]jpaiko _ki ko kqpnko a( lknp]jpk( j]o_ai a ateopai _kik l]npa `a jkoo] re`] _ki kqpnko ]cajpao ikn]eo* K oajok a ] _kjo_ej_e] ikn]eo ok lkn eook _kjopepqperko `a jkoo] bufpq k`f^ fkqbopr_gbqfs^( eopk ( `a jkoo]o nah] ao _ki kqpnko oqfaepko ikn]eo*
Fqvk `a b]pk a fqvk `a r]hkn
O
/4-
a `eooaniko ÎAop _dkraj`kÏ( aop]naiko ajqj_e]j`k qi ]_kjpa_eiajpk _kjop]p]`k lkn j o( a k fqvk lnkbane`k qi fqvk `a b]pk* Oa( lkni( b]h]niko6 Î= _dqr] ^k] l]n] ]o lh]jp]oÏ kq Î= _dqr] ^ah]Ï( aop]naiko ejpanlnap]j`k a ]r]he]j`k k ]_kjpa_eiajpk* Jaooa _]ok( lnkbaneiko qi fqvk `a r]hkn* Fqvko `a b]pk ok ]mqahao mqa `evai mqa ]hck kq ateopa a mqa `evai l nrb ^p `lfp^p pl( `ljl pl a mlo nrb pl* Ai jkoo] re`] _kpe`e]j]( i]o p]i^i j] iap]boe_] a j]o _ej) _e]o( ko fqvko `a b]pk aopk lnaoajpao* @ebanajpaiajpa `ahao( ko fqvko `a r]hkn ok ^s^if^ bp lnkbane`]o j] ikn]h( j]o ]npao( j] lkhpe_]( j] nahecek* =r]he]i _keo]o( laook]o( ] ao( atla) nej_e]o( ]_kjpa_eiajpko( oajpeiajpko( aop]`ko `a aolnepk( ejpaj ao a `a_eo ao _kik ^kjo kq i]qo( `aoafraeo kq ej`aoafraeo* Fqvko `a r]hkn jk oa heiep]i ] `evan nrb ^idl kq `ljl ^idl ( i]o oa nabanai ]k mqa ]hck absb pbo* @aoo] lanola_per]( ko fqvko ikn]eo `a r]hkn ok jkni]perko( eopk ( ajqj_e]i jkni]o mqa `evai _kik `arai oan ko ^kjo oajpeiajpko( ]o ^k]o ejpaj ao a ]o ^k]o ] ao a _kik `arai oan ]o `a_eo ao a ] ao hernao* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ok jkni]o mqa `apaniej]i k absbo pbo `a jkooko oajpeiajpko( jkooko ]pko( jkooko _kilknp]iajpko* Ok lkn eook fqvko mqa ajqj_e]i k^nec] ao a ]r]he]i ejpaj ao a ] ao oacqj`k k _nepnek `k _knnapk a `k ej_knnapk* Ko fqvko ikn]eo `a r]hkn jko `evai l nrb pl k ^ai( k i]h( ] he^an`]`a( ] bahe_e`]`a* Ko fqvko ikn]eo jkni]perko jko `evai mqa oajpeiajpko( ejpaj ao( ]pko a _kilknp]iaj) pko absbjlp qbo lr c^wbo l]n] ]ceniko hernaiajpa a l]n] ]h_]j]niko k ^ai a ] bahe_e`]`a* Ajqj_e]i p]i^i mqa ]pko( oajpeiajpko( ejpaj ao a _kilknp]iajpko ok _kj`ajraeo kq ej_knnapko `k lkjpk `a reop] ikn]h* ?kik oa lk`a k^oanr]n( oajok ikn]h a _kjo_ej_e] ikn]h ok ejoal]nraeo `] re`] _qh) pqn]h( qi] rav mqa aop] `aÚja l]n] ko iai^nko `a qi] _qhpqn] ko r]hknao lkoeperko a jac]) perko mqa `arai naolaep]n a `aoaf]n kq `apaop]n a `aolnav]n* Mq]h ] knecai `] `ebanaj] ajpna fqvko `a b]pk a `a r]hkn; = `ebanaj] ajpna ] j]pqnav] a ] _qhpqn]* = lneiaen]( _kik reiko( _kjopepq`] lkn aopnqpqn]o a lnk_aooko ja_aooneko( mqa ateopai ai oe a lkn oe iaoiko( ej`alaj`ajpaiajpa `a j o6 ] _dqr]( lkn atailhk( qi bajiajk iapaknkh ce_k _qf]o _]qo]o a _qfko abaepko ja_aooneko jk `alaj`ai `a j o a mqa ]laj]o lk`aiko _kjop]p]n a atlhe_]n*
/SWALDOß'OELDI#OLEljOßPARTICULAR ß2*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
= _dqr]( k^n] `k ]npeop] lhope_k Kos]h`k Ckah`e( atlkop] jk Iqoaq `a =npa Ik`anj] =hkoek I]c]hdao $I=I=I%( ai Na_eba*
Lkn oq] rav( ] _qhpqn] j]o_a `] i]jaen] _kik ko oanao dqi]jko ejpanlnap]i ] oe iao) iko a ]o oq]o nah] ao _ki ] j]pqnav]( ]_nao_ajp]j`k)hda oajpe`ko jkrko( ejpanrej`k jah]( ]hpan]j`k)] lkn iaek `k pn]^]hdk a `] p_je_]( `]j`k)hda oecjeÚ_]`ko oei^ he_ko a r]hknao* @evan mqa ] _dqr] _l^ l]n] ]o lh]jp]o lnaooql a ] nah]k _qhpqn]h `ko dqi]jko _ki ] j]pqnav] lkn ejpani`ek `] ]cne_qhpqn]* ?kjoe`an]n ] _dqr] _bi^ lnaooql a qi] nah]k r]) hkn]per] `ko dqi]jko _ki ] j]pqnav]( lan_a^e`] _kik k^fapk `a _kjpailh]k( aj_]jpk a `ahaepa* = _dqr] j]pqn]h7 mqa oaf] ^k] kq ^ah]( qi] ]r]he]k kq ejpanlnap]k _qhpqn]h* Bnamqajpaiajpa jk jkp]iko ] knecai _qhpqn]h `ko r]hknao ikn]eo( `k oajok ikn]h a `] _kjo_ej_e] ikn]h lknmqa okiko a`q_]`ko $_qhper]`ko% l]n] ahao a jahao( _kik oa bkooai j]pqn]eo kq bpe_ko( ateopajpao ai oe a lkn oe iaoiko* Lkn mqa eook ]_kjpa_a; Lknmqa( l]n] c]n]jpen ] i]jqpajk `ko l]`n ao ikn]eo ]pn]ro `k pailk a oq] _kjpejqe`]`a `a can]k ] can]k( ]o ok_ea`]`ao paj`ai ] k^qro^ifw*ilp( eopk ( ] b]van _ki mqa oaf]i oacqe`ko a naolaep]`ko _kik oa bkooai qi] oacqj`] j]pqnav]* = k^qro^ifw^ l `] ateopj_e] ikn]h ao_kj`a( lknp]jpk( ] aooj_e] `] ikn]h( kq oaf]( mqa ah] aooaj_e]hiajpa qi] _ne]k deop ) ne_k)_qhpqn]h( ]hck mqa `alaj`a `a `a_eo ao a ] ao dqi]j]o*
pe_] a rekh j_e]
M
q]j`k ]_kil]jd]iko ] deop ne] `]o e`ae]o pe_]o( `ao`a ] =jpecqe`]`a _hooe_] $cna) _k)nki]j]% ]p jkooko `e]o( lk`aiko lan_a^an mqa( ai oaq _ajpnk( aj_kjpn])oa k lnk^hai] `] rekhj_e] a `ko iaeko l]n] arep)h]( `eiejq)h]( _kjpnkh)h]* @ebanajpao bkni] ao ok_e]eo a _qhpqn]eo ejopepqn]i _kjfqjpko `a r]hknao pe_ko _kik l]`n ao `a _kj) `qp]( `a nah] ao ejpanoq^faper]o a ejpanlaook]eo( `a _kilknp]iajpko ok_e]eo mqa lq`aooai c]n]jpen ] oacqn]j] boe_] a lomqe_] `a oaqo iai^nko a ] _kjoanr]k `k cnqlk ok_e]h* Are`ajpaiajpa ]o rne]o _qhpqn]o a ok_ea`]`ao jk `aÚjen]i jai `aÚjai ] rekhj_e] `] iaoi] i]jaen]( ]k _kjpnnek( `k)hda _kjpa `ko `ebanajpao( oacqj`k ko pailko a ko hq) c]nao( `a p]h i]jaen] mqa k mqa qi] _qhpqn] kq qi] ok_ea`]`a fqhc]i rekhajpk lk`a jk oan ]r]he]`k ]ooei lkn qi] kqpn]* Jk ajp]jpk( i]hcn]`k ]o `ebanaj]o( _anpko ]ola_pko `] rekhj_e] ok lan_a^e`ko `] iaoi] i]jaen] j]o rne]o _qhpqn]o a ok_ea`]`ao( bkni]j`k k
mTICAßAßPALAVRAßmTICAßVEMß DEßDUASßPALAVRASßGREGASß mTHOS ßQUEßSIGNIFICAß±OßCA RfTERßDEßALGUmM² ßEßoTHOS ß QUEßSIGNIFICAß±OßCONJUNTOß DEßCOSTUMESßINSTITUqDOSß PORßUMAßSOCIEDADEßß PARAßFORMAR ßREGULARßEßß CONTROLARßAßCONDUTAßDEß SEUSßMEMBROS²
/4.
= ateopj_e] pe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
bqj`k _kiqi _kjpn] k mq]h ko r]hknao pe_ko ok ancqe`ko* Bqj`]iajp]hiajpa( ] rekhj_e] lan_a^e`] _kik Îatan__ek `] bkn] boe_] a `k _kjopn]jceiajpk lomqe_k l]n] k^nec]n ]h) cqi ] ]cen `a ik`k _kjpnnek oq] j]pqnav] a ]k oaq oan kq _kjpn] oq] ln lne] rkjp]`aÏ* Lkn iaek `] bkn] a `] _k]k lomqe_]( k^nec])oa ]hcqi ] b]van ]hck _kjpnnek ] oe( ]ko oaqo ejpanaooao a `aoafko( ]k oaq _knlk a oq] _kjo_ej_e]( _]qo]j`k)hda `]jko lnkbqj`ko a enna) l]nraeo( _kik ] iknpa( ] hkq_qn]( ] ]qpk]cnaook kq ] ]cnaook ]ko kqpnko* Mq]j`k qi] _qhpqn] a qi] ok_ea`]`a `aÚjai k mqa ajpaj`ai lkn j^i( `ofjb a s`fl( `aÚjai ]mqehk mqa fqhc]i oan qi] rekhj_e] _kjpn] qi ej`er`qk kq _kjpn] k cnqlk* Oeiqh) p]ja]iajpa( ancqai ko r]hknao lkoeperko Í k _bj( k jofql a ] sfoqrab Í _kik ^]nnaen]o pe_]o _kjpn] ] rekhj_e]* Ai jkoo] _qhpqn]( ] rekhj_e] ajpaj`e`] _kik sfli^ l `] ejpacne`]`a boe_] a lomqe_] `a ]hcqi( `] oq] `ecje`]`a dqi]j]* Aeo lkn mqa k ]oo]ooej]pk( ] pknpqn]( ] ejfqope]( ] iaj) pen]( k aopqlnk( ] _]h je]( ] i)b( k nkq^k ok _kjoe`an]`ko rekhj_e]( eikn]he`]`a a _neia* P]i^i _kjoe`an]iko rekhj_e] ] molc^k^ l `]o _keo]o o]cn]`]o( _kik ] ejr]ok a nkq^k `a ecnaf]o( pailhko( oej]ckc]o7 `aopnqek `a patpko( ei]cajo a oi^khko nahecekoko7 ejr]ok a `aopnqek `a p iqhko* @] iaoi] i]jaen]( rekhj_e] ] afp`ofjfk^ l pl`f^i b mliqf`^ `a laook]o lkn oq]o _kj`e ao pje_]o( _naj]o naheceko]o( _kjre_ ao lkhpe_]o a lnabanj_e]o oatq]eo( oaf] lkn iaek `a lneok( pknpqn] a iknpa* ?kjoe`an]j`k mqa ] dqi]je`]`a `ko dqi]jko naoe`a jk b]pk `a oanai n]_ekj]eo( `k) p]`ko `a rkjp]`a herna( `a _]l]_e`]`a l]n] ] _kiqje_]k a l]n] ] re`] ai ok_ea`]`a( `a _]l]_e`]`a l]n] ejpan]cen _ki ] j]pqnav] a _ki k pailk( jkoo] _qhpqn] a ok_ea`]`a jko `aÚjai _kik prgbfqlp al `lkeb`fjbkql b a^ ^ l) a lkn eook hk_]hev] ] rekhj_e] ai pq`k mq]jpk na`qv] qi oqfaepk _kj`ek `a k^fapk* @k lkjpk `a reop] pe_k( okiko laook]o a jk lk`aiko oan pn]p]`ko _kik _keo]o( eopk ( _kik oanao ejanpao( enn]_ekj]eo( `aopepq`ko `a hejcq]cai a `a he^an`]`a* Ko r]hknao pe_ko oa kbana_ai( lknp]jpk( _kik atlnaook a c]n]j) pe] `a jkoo] _kj`ek `a oanao dqi]jko kq `a oqfaepko n]_ekj]eo a ]cajpao hernao( lnke^ej) `k ikn]hiajpa ] rekhj_e]( eopk ( pq`k k mqa jko pn]jobknia ai _keo] qo]`] a i]jelqh]`] lkn kqpnko* =k `aÚjen a ]b]op]n bkni]o `a rekhj_e]( qi] _qhpqn] a qi] ok_ea`]`a `aÚjai qi _kj) fqjpk `a ejpan`e ao mqa `arai oan naolaep]`]o lkn oaqo iai^nko* ?ki eook( jko b]vai lan_a^an mqa ] ikn]h lnaooql a qi] `eopejk bqj`]iajp]h6 ]mqah] ajpna k mbojfqfal a k molf_fal* = pe_] jkni]per] at]p]iajpa lknmqa oq]o jkni]o `apaniej]i lanieoo ao a lnke^e ao a reo]i eilkn heiepao a _kjpnkhao ]k neo_k lani]jajpa `] rekhj_e]*
Ko _kjopepqejpao `k _]ilk pe_k
L
/4/
]n] mqa d]f] _kj`qp] pe_] lna_eok mqa ateop] k ^dbkqb `lkp`fbkqb( eopk ( ]mqaha mqa _kjda_a ] `ebanaj] ajpna ^ai a i]h( _anpk a ann]`k( laniepe`k a lnke^e`k( renpq`a a r_ek* = _kjo_ej_e] ikn]h jk o _kjda_a p]eo `ebanaj]o( i]o p]i^i oa na_kjda_a _kik _]l]v `a fqhc]n k r]hkn `ko ]pko a `]o _kj`qp]o a `a ]cen ai _kjbknie`]`a _ki ko r]hknao ikn]eo( oaj`k lkn eook naolkjorah lkn oq]o ] ao a oaqo oajpeiajpko a lah]o _kj) oamqj_e]o `k mqa b]v a oajpa* @lkp`f k`f^ a obpmlkp^_fifa^ab ok _kj`e ao ej`eolajoraeo `] re`] pe_]* = _kjo_ej_e] ikn]h i]jebaop])oa( ]jpao `a pq`k( j] _]l]_e`]`a l]n] `ahe^an]n `e]jpa `a ]hpanj]per]o lkooraeo( ]r]he]j`k _]`] qi] `ah]o oacqj`k ko r]hknao pe_ko( a l]n] `a_e`en a ao_khdan qi] `ah]o ]jpao `a h]j]n)oa j] ]k* ] _]l]_e`]`a l]n] ]r]he]n a lao]n ]o ikpe) r] ao laook]eo( ]o atecj_e]o baep]o lah] oepq]k( ]o _kjoamqj_e]o l]n] oe a l]n] ko kqpnko( ] _kjbknie`]`a ajpna iaeko a Újo $ailnac]n iaeko eikn]eo l]n] ]h_]j]n Újo ikn]eo ei) lkoorah%( ] k^nec]k `a naolaep]n k aop]^aha_e`k kq `a pn]jocna`e)hk $oa k aop]^aha_e`k bkn eikn]h kq ejfqopk%* = rkjp]`a aooa lk`an `ahe^an]perk a `a_eo nek `k ]cajpa ikn]h* L]n] mqa atan] aooa lk`an( ] rkjp]`a `ara oan ifsob( eopk ( jk lk`a aop]n oq^iape`] rkjp]`a `a qi kqpnk jai
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
lk`a aop]n oq^iape`] ]ko ejopejpko $kq eilqhoko j]pqn]eo _acko% a o l]et ao $oajpeiajpko a aik ao ej_kjpnkhraeo mqa `kiej]i k ]cajpa%( i]o( ]k _kjpnnek( `ara pan lk`an ok^na ahao a ah]o( `kiej]j`k)ko a _kjpnkh]j`k)ko* K _]ilk pe_k ( ]ooei( _kjopepq`k lahk ]cajpa herna( mqa k oqfaepk ikn]h kq ] laook] ikn]h( a lahko r]hknao a k^nec] ao mqa bkni]i k _kjpa `k `]o _kj`qp]o ikn]eo( kq oaf]( ]o renpq`ao kq ]o _kj`qp]o a ] ao _kjbkniao ]k ^ai*
K ]cajpa ikn]h K ]cajpa ikn]h( eopk ( k oqfaepk ikn]h kq ] laook] ikn]h( o lk`a ateopen oa lnaaj_dan ]o oacqejpao _kj`e ao6 oan _kjo_eajpa `a oe a `ko kqpnko( eopk ( oan _]l]v `a naÛatk a `a na_kjda_an ] ateopj) _e] `ko kqpnko _kik oqfaepko pe_ko ecq]eo ] oe7 oan `kp]`k `a rkjp]`a( eopk 6 -% `a _]l]_e`]`a l]n] _kjpnkh]n a kneajp]n `aoafko( eilqh) oko( paj`j_e]o( l]et ao( oajpeiajpko l]n] mqa aopaf]i ai _kjbknie`]`a _ki ]o jkn) i]o a ko r]hknao kq ]o renpq`ao na_kjda_e`]o lah] _kjo_ej_e] ikn]h7 a .% `a _]l]_e`]`a l]n] `ahe^an]n a `a_e`en ajpna rne]o ]hpanj]per]o lkooraeo7 oan naolkjorah( eopk ( na_kjda_an)oa _kik ]qpkn `] ]k( ]r]he]n ko abaepko a ]o _kjoa) mqj_e]o `ah] ok^na oe a ok^na ko kqpnko( ]ooqie)h]( ^ai _kik o oq]o _kjoamqj_e]o( naolkj`aj`k lkn ah]o7 oan herna( eopk ( oan _]l]v `a kbana_an)oa _kik _]qo] ejpanj] `a oaqo oajpeiajpko( ]pepq) `ao a ] ao( lkn jk aop]n oq^iape`k ] lk`anao atpanjko mqa k bkn_ai a k _kjopn]jf]i ] oajpen( ] mqanan a ] b]van ]hcqi] _keo]* = he^an`]`a jk p]jpk k lk`an l]n] ao_khdan ajpna rneko lkooraeo( i]o k lk`an l]n] ]qpk`ajkiej]n)oa( `]j`k ] oe iaoik ]o nacn]o `a _kj`qp]* = he^an`]`a ajpaj`e`] _kik _]l]_e`]`a l]n] oa ]qpk`apaniej]n b]v _ki mqa( `k lkjpk `a reop] `k ]cajpa kq oqfaepk+laook] ikn]h( ] pe_] l]np] `a qi] `eopejk aooaj_e]h( mq]h oaf]( ] `ebanaj] ajpna m^ppfsfa^ab a ^qfsfa^ab* L]ooerk ]mqaha mqa oa `aet] ckranj]n a ]nn]op]n lkn oaqo eilqhoko( ej_hej] ao a l]e) t ao( lah]o _en_qjop j_e]o( lah] ^k] kq i oknpa( lah] klejek ]hdae]( lahk ia`k `ko kqpnko( lah] rkjp]`a `a qi kqpnk( jk atan_aj`k oq] ln lne] _kjo_ej_e]( rkjp]`a( he^an`]`a a nao) lkjo]^ehe`]`a* =k _kjpnnek( ]perk kq renpqkok ]mqaha mqa _kjpnkh] ejpanekniajpa oaqo eilqhoko( oq]o ej_hej] ao a oq]o l]et ao( `eo_qpa _kjoeck iaoik a _ki ko kqpnko k oajpe`k `ko r]hknao a `ko Újo aop]^aha_e`ko( ej`]c] oa `arai a _kik `arai oan naolaep]`ko kq pn]jocna`e`ko lkn kqpnko r]hknao a Újo oqlaneknao ]ko ateopajpao( ]r]he] oq] _]l]_e`]`a l]n] `]n ] oe iaoik ]o nacn]o `a _kj`qp]( _kjoqhp] oq] n]vk a oq] rkjp]`a ]jpao `a ]cen( pai _kjoe`an]k lahko kqpnko oai oq^kn`ej]n)oa jai oq^iapan)oa _ac]iajpa ] ahao( naolkj`a lahk mqa b]v( fqhc] oq]o ln lne]o ejpaj ao a na_qo] ] rekhj_e] _kjpn] oe a _kjpn] ko kqpnko* Jqi] l]h]rn]( ^rqkljl a( _kik p]h( ran`]`aen]iajpa herna*
Ko r]hknao kq bejo pe_ko ?kik f `eooaiko( k _]ilk pe_k _kjopepq`k lkn `keo lkhko ejpanj]iajpa nah]_ek) j]`ko6 k ]cajpa kq oqfaepk+laook] ikn]h a ko r]hknao ikn]eo kq ]o renpq`ao pe_]o( mqa ok _kjoe`an]`ko ko Újo `] ]k pe_] kq ] Új]he`]`a `] re`] ikn]h* @k lkjpk `a reop] `ko r]hknao( ] pe_] atlneia ] i]jaen] _kik qi] _qhpqn] a qi] ok_ea`]`a `aÚjai l]n] oe iaoi]o k mqa fqhc]i oan k i]h a k r_ek( ] rekhj_e] a k _neia a( _kik _kjpn]l]npe`]( k mqa _kjoe`an]i oan k ^ai a ] renpq`a( ] ^n]j`qn] a k inepk* Ej`a) laj`ajpaiajpa `k _kjpa `k a `] bkni] mqa _]`] _qhpqn] hda `( pk`]o ]o _qhpqn]o _kjoe`a) n]i renpq`a ]hck mqa k iahdkn _kik oajpeiajpk( _kik _kj`qp] a _kik ]k7 ] renpq`a
PAIXjOßEMßNOSSAßLINGUA GEMßCOTIDIANAßATUAL ßUSA MOSßAßPALAVRAßPAIXjOßPARAß NOSßREFERIRMOSßAOßAMORß &ILOSvFICAßEßETICAMENTE ß PORmM ßOßAMORßmßUMAßß ENTREßMUITASßPAIXzES ßß POISßPAIXjOßSIGNIFICAßTODOß DESEJO ßTODAßEMOljOßEßTO DOßSENTIMENTOßCAUSADOSß EMßNvSßOUßPORßUMAßFORlAß IRRACIONALßINTERNAßOUßß PELAßFORlAßINCONTROLfVELßß DEßALGUMAßCOISAßEXTREMAß QUEßNOSßDOMINAß.Aßß PAIXjOßNjOßSOMOSßß SENHORESßDEßNvSßMESMOS ß MASßARRASTADOSßPORßß IMPULSOSßINTERNOSßOUß FORlASßINTERNASßQUEßNOSß DIRIGEMßEßCONTROLAMßß !LEGRIA ßTRISTEZA ßAMOR ß vDIO ßMEDO ßESPERANlA ß CvLERA ßINVEJA ßAVAREZA ßß ORGULHOßSjOßPAIXzES
AUTxNOMOßAßPALAVRAß AUTxNOMOßVEMßDOßGREGOß AUTOSß±EUßMESMO² ß±SIß MESMO² ßEßNOMOSß±LEI² ß ±NORMA² ß±REGRA² ß!QUELEß QUEßTEMßOßPODERßPARAß DARßAßSIßMESMOßAßREGRA ßAß NORMA ßAßLEIßmßAUTxNOMOß EßGOZAßDEßAUTONOMIAßOUß LIBERDADEß!UTONOMIAß SIGNIFICAß±AUTODETERMI NAljO²ß1UEMßNjOßTEMßAß CAPACIDADEßRACIONALßPARAßAß AUTONOMIAßmßHETERxNOMO ß PALAVRAßQUEßVEMßDOßGREGOß HETEROß±OUTRO² ßEßNOMOSß ±RECEBERßDEßUMßOUTROßAß NORMA ßAßREGRAßOUßAßLEI²
/40
= ateopj_e] pe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
] bu`bi k`f^( ] na]hev]k lanbaep] `a qi ik`k `a oan( oajpen a ]cen* Ai _kjpn]l]npe`]( k r_ek k mqa k lekn _kik oajpeiajpk( _kik _kj`qp] a _kik ]k7 k r_ek ] _^fubw^ `ko oajpe) iajpko a `]o ] ao* Lkn na]hev]n)oa _kik nah]k ejpanoq^faper] a ok_e]h( ] pe_] jk ]hdae] kq ej`ebanajpa o _kj`e ao deop ne_]o a lkhpe_]o( a_kjie_]o a _qhpqn]eo `] ]k ikn]h* ?kjoamqajpaiajpa( ai^kn] `k lkjpk `a reop] `] ok_ea`]`a mqa ] ejopepqe qi] pe_] oaf] oailna _kjoe`an]`] qjerano]h $rkfsbop^i lknmqa oaqo r]hknao ok k^nec]p neko l]n] pk`ko ko oaqo iai^nko%( `a b]pk( pk`] pe_] aop ai nah]k _ki k pailk a ] deop ne]( pn]jobkni]j`k)oa l]n] naolkj`an ] atecj_e]o jkr]o `] ok_ea`]`a a `] _qhpqn]( lkeo okiko oanao deop ne_ko a _qhpqn]eo a jkoo] ]k oa `aoajnkh] jk pailk*
Ko iaeko ikn]eo =hi `k oqfaepk kq laook] ikn]h a `ko r]hknao kq Újo ikn]eo( k _]ilk pe_k ]ej`] _kjopepq`k lkn qi kqpnk ahaiajpk6 ko jbflp l]n] mqa k oqfaepk na]heva ko Ûkp* ?kopqi])oa `evan mqa ko Újo fqopeÚ_]i ko iaeko( `a ik`k mqa( l]n] ]h_]j]n qi Úi hacpeik( pk`ko ko iaeko `eolkjraeo ok rhe`ko* Jk _]ok `] pe_]( lkni( aoo] ]Úni]k jk ]_aeprah* Oqlkjd]iko qi] ok_ea`]`a mqa _kjoe`ana qi r]hkn a qi Úi ikn]h ] ha]h`]`a ajpna oaqo iai^nko( ^]oa]`] j] _kjÚ]j] na_lnk_]* Eook oecjeÚ_] mqa ] iajpen]( ] ejraf]( ] ]`qh]) k( ] i)b( ] _nqah`]`a a k ia`k `arank aop]n at_hq`ko `] re`] ikn]h a( lkn _kjoacqejpa( ] ao mqa ailnacqai aoo]o ]pepq`ao a aooao oajpeiajpko _kik iaeko l]n] ]h_]j]n k Úi $jk _]ok( ] ha]h`]`a% oank eikn]eo* Jk ajp]jpk( lk`ane] ]_kjpa_an mqa( l]n] bkn]n ]hcqi ha]h`]`a( oane] lna_eok b]v)hk oajpen ia`k `] lqjek lah] `aoha]h`]`a( kq oane] lna_eok iajpen)hda l]n] mqa jk lan`ao) oa ] _kjÚ]j] ai _anp]o laook]o a _kjpejq]ooa ha]h ] ah]o* Jaooao _]oko( k Úi Í ] ha]h`]`a Í jk fqopeÚ_]ne] ko iaeko Í qok `k ia`k a `] iajpen]; = naolkop] pe_] kl* Lkn mq; Lknmqa aooao iaeko `aonaolaep]i ] _kjo_ej_e] a ] he^an`]`a `] laook] ikn]h( mqa ]cene] lkn _k]k atpanj] a jk lkn na_kjda_eiajpk ejpanekn a ran`]`aenk `k Úi pe_k* Jk _]ok `] pe_]( lknp]jpk( jai pk`ko ko iaeko ok fqopeÚ_raeo( i]o ]laj]o ]mqahao mqa aopk `a ]_kn`k _ki ko Újo `] ln lne] ]k* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( Ûkp qf`lp bufdbj jbflp qf`lp* = nah]k ajpna iaeko a Újo lnaooql a ] e`ae] `a afp`bokfjbkql( eopk ( mqa o]e^]iko `eopejcqen ajpna iaeko ikn]eo a eikn]eo( p]eo _kik jkoo] _qhpqn] kq jkoo] ok_ea`]`a ko `a) Újai* Eook oecjeÚ_] p]i^i mqa aooa `eo_anjeiajpk jk j]o_a _kjko_k( i]o lna_eo] oan ]`mqene`k a( lknp]jpk( ] laook] ikn]h jk ateopa _kik qi b]pk `]`k( i]o _ne]`] lah] re`] ejpanoq^faper] a ok_e]h( lna_eo]j`k oan a`q_]`] l]n] ko r]hknao ikn]eo a l]n] ]o renpq`ao `a oq] ok_ea`]`a* Lk`an]iko( ajpnap]jpk( ej`]c]n oa ] a`q_]k pe_] jk oane] qi] rekhj_e]* Ai lne) iaenk hqc]n( lknmqa( oa p]h a`q_]k reo] pn]jobkni]n)jko `a l]ooerko $kq oq^iape`ko bkn] `]o l]et ao% ai ]perko $kq oajdknao `a jkoo] n]vk a he^an`]`a%( lk`an]iko lancqjp]n oa jkoo] j]pqnav] jk oane] aooaj_e]hiajpa l]ooekj]h a( lknp]jpk( oa bkn]n)jko n]_ekj]he`]`a ]per] jk oane] qi ]pk `a rekhj_e] _kjpn] ] jkoo] j]pqnav] aolkjp ja]( f mqa rekhj_e] bkn]n ]hcqi ] oajpen a ]cen `a i]jaen] _kjpnne] oq] j]pqnav]* Ai oacqj`k hqc]n( lknmqa( oa aoo] a`q_]k reo] _khk_]n)jko ai d]nikje] a ai ]_kn`k _ki ko r]hknao `a jkoo] ok_ea) `]`a( lk`an]iko ej`]c]n oa eook jk jko oq^iapane] ] qi lk`an atpanjk jkoo] _kjo_ej) _e]( k lk`an `] ikn]h ok_e]h a( jaooa _]ok( ai rav `a oqfaepko ]qpjkiko kq hernao( oan]iko ao_n]rko `]o jkni]o( nacn]o a r]hknao eilkopko lkn jkoo] ok_ea`]`a* L]n] naolkj`an ] aoo]o mqaop ao lna_eo]iko at]iej]n k `aoajrkhreiajpk `]o e`ae]o pe_]o j] ÚhkokÚ]*
/41
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
#APqTULOß = behkokbe] ikn]h pe_] kq behkokbe] ikn]h
P
k`] _qhpqn] a _]`] ok_ea`]`a ejopepqe qi] ikn]h( eopk ( r]hknao _kj_anjajpao ]k ^ai a ]k i]h( ]k laniepe`k a ]k lnke^e`k a _kj`qp] _knnap] a ej_knnap]( rhe`ko l]n] pk`ko ko oaqo iai^nko* ?qhpqn]o a ok_ea`]`ao bknpaiajpa dean]nmqev]`]o a _ki `ebanaj]o `a _]op]o kq `a _h]ooao iqepk lnkbqj`]o lk`ai ]p iaoik lkooqen rne]o ikn]eo( _]`] qi] `ah]o nabane`] ]ko r]hknao `a qi] _]op] kq `a qi] _h]ooa ok_e]h* Jk ajp]jpk( ] oeilhao ateopj_e] `] ikn]h jk oecjeÚ_] ] lnaoaj] atlh_ep] `a qi] qf`^( ajpaj`e`] _kik ÛilplÛ^ jlo^i( eopk ( qi] naÛatk mqa `eo_qp]( lnk^hai]peva a ej) panlnapa k oecjeÚ_]`k `ko r]hknao ikn]eo* =k _kjpnnek( _kik `eooaiko jk _]lpqhk ]jpanekn( pk`] ok_ea`]`a paj`a ] k^qro^ifw^o ] ikn]h( `a i]jaen] ] ]ooacqn]n oq] lanlapq]k ]pn]ro `ko pailko* @a b]pk( ko _kopqiao ok ]jpaneknao ]k jkook j]o_eiajpk a bkni]i k pa_e`k `] ok_ea`]`a ai mqa reraiko( `a ik`k mqa ]_]^]i oaj`k _kjoe`an]`ko ejmqaopekjraeo a ]o ok_ea`]`ao paj`ai ] j]pqn]hev)hko $eopk ( ] pki)hko _kik b]pko j]pqn]eo ateopajpao lkn oe iaoiko%* Jk o eook* L]n] ]ooacqn]n oaq ]ola_pk k^nec]p nek mqa jk lk`a oan pn]jocna`e`k( iqep]o ok_ea`]`ao paj`ai ] p^`o^ifw*ilp( kq oaf]( ]o nahece ao ko _kj_a^ai kn`aj]`ko lahko `aqoao( j] knecai `ko pailko* ?kik ]o ln lne]o l]h]rn]o ej`e_]i( qf`^ a jlo^i nabanai)oa ]k _kjfqjpk `a _kopqiao pn]`e_ekj]eo `a qi] ok_ea`]`a a mqa( _kik p]eo( ok _kjoe`an]`ko r]hknao a k^nec] ao l]n] ] _kj`qp] `a oaqo iai^nko* = ÚhkokÚ] ikn]h kq ] `eo_elhej] `ajkiej]`] ^ qf`^ j]o_a mq]j`k oa l]oo] ] ej`]c]n l nrb pl( ab lkab s j a l nrb s^ibj ko _kopqiao* = ÚhkokÚ] ikn]h kq ] pe_] j]o_a mq]j`k( ]hi `]o mqaop ao ok^na ko _kopqiao( p]i) ^i oa ^qo_] _kilnaaj`an k _]npan `a _]`] laook]( eopk ( k pbkpl jlo^i a ] `lkp`f k`f^ jlo^i ej`ere`q]eo* Lk`aiko `evan( _ki ^]oa jko patpko `a Lh]pk a `a =neop pahao( mqa( jk K_e`ajpa( ] pe_] kq ÚhkokÚ] ikn]h eje_e])oa _ki O _n]pao*
O_n]pao( k ej_]jorah lancqjp]`kn Lan_knnaj`k ln]]o a nq]o `a =paj]o Í _kjp]i Lh]pk a =neop pahao Í( O _n]pao lancqj) p]r] ]ko ]pajeajoao( bkooai fkrajo kq rahdko( k mqa an]i ko r]hknao jko mq]eo ]_na`ep]r]i a mqa naolaep]r]i ]k ]cen* Mqa lancqjp]o hdao b]ve] aha; Ej`]c]r]6 ÎK mqa ] _kn]cai;Ï( ÎK mqa ] fqope];Ï( ÎK mqa ] lea`]`a;Ï( ÎK mqa ] ]iev]`a;Ï* = ah]o ko ]pajeajoao naolkj`e]i `evaj`k oanai renpq`ao* O _n]pao rkhp]r] ] ej`]c]n6 ÎK mqa ] renpq`a;Ï* Napnq_]r]i ko ]pajeajoao6 Î ]cen ai _kjbkn) ie`]`a _ki k ^aiÏ* A O _n]pao mqaopekj]r]6 ÎMqa k ^ai;Ï* =o lancqjp]o ok_npe_]o paniej]r]i oailna lkn narah]n mqa ko ]pajeajoao naolkj`e]i oai lajo]n jk mqa `eve]i* Nalape]i k mqa hdao bkn] ajoej]`k `ao`a ] ejb j_e]* ?kik _]`] qi d]re] ejpanlnap]`k oq] i]jaen] k mqa ]lnaj`an]( an] _kiqi( mq]j`k qi cnqlk _kj) rano]r] _ki k Úh okbk( qi] lancqjp] na_a^an naolkop]o `ebanajpao a _kjpn]`ep ne]o* =l o qi _anpk pailk `a _kjrano] _ki O _n]pao( qi ]pajeajoa re])oa `e]jpa `a `q]o ]hpanj]per]o6 kq v]jc]n)oa _ki ] eilanpejj_e] `k Úh okbk lancqjp]`kn a en ai^kn] ennep]`k( kq na_kjda_an mqa jk o]^e] k mqa ei]cej]r] o]^an( `eolkj`k)oa ] _kia]n( j] _kil]jde] `a O _n]pao( ] ^qo_] Úhko Ú_] `] renpq`a a `k ^ai*
mTHOSßNAßLqNGUAßGREGAß EXISTEMßDUASßVOGAISßPARAß PRONUNCIARßEßGRAFARßNOSSAß VOGALßEßUMAßVOGALßBREVE ß CHAMADAßEPSqLON ßEßUMAß VOGALßLONGA ßCHAMADAß ETAßbTHOS ßESCRITAßCOMßAß VOGALßLONGA ßSIGNIFICAß±COS TUME²ßPORmM ßSEßESCRITAß COMßAßVOGALßBREVE ßmTHOS ß SIGNIFICAß±CARfTER² ß±qNDOLEß NATURAL² ß±TEMPERAMENTO² ß ±CONJUNTOßDASßDISPOSIlzESß FqSICASßEßPSqQUICASßDEßUMAß PESSOA²ß.ESSEßSEGUNDOß SENTIDO ßmTHOSßSEßREFEREß gSßCARACTERqSTICASßDEßCADAß UM ßASßQUAISßDETERMINAMß QUEßVIRTUDESßEßQUEßVqCIOSß CADAßINDIVqDUOßmßCAPAZßß DEßPRATICAR
/42
= behkokbe] ikn]h x #!0É45,/ß x
(ENRIß#ARTIER "RESSON -AGNUM,ATINSTOCK
Lkq_k `alkeo `k I]ek `a -524( ai L]neo( k _hemqa `k bkp cn]bk bn]j_ o ?]npean)>naookj _]lp] k at]pk ejop]jpa ai mqa k khd]n `] oajdkn] nalkqo] ok^na ] iejeoo]e] `] ik]( oqcanej`k qi] oqlkop] _ajoqn]*
/43
Lkn mqa ko ]pajeajoao oajpe]i)oa ai^]n]]`ko $a iaoik ennep]`ko% _ki ]o lancqjp]o ok_npe_]o; Lkn `keo ikperko lnej_el]eo6 ai lneiaenk hqc]n( lkn lan_a^anai mqa _kjbqj`e]i r]hknao ikn]eo _ki ko b]pko _kjop]praeo ai oq] re`] _kpe`e]j] $`eve]i( lkn atailhk( Î?kn]) cai k mqa bav bqh]jk j] cqann] _kjpn] ko lano]oÏ%7 ai oacqj`k hqc]n( lknmqa( ejrano]iaj) pa( pki]r]i ko b]pko `] re`] _kpe`e]j] _kik oa bkooai r]hknao ikn]eo are`ajpao $`eve]i( lkn atailhk( Î _anpk b]van p]h ]k( lknmqa iaqo ]jpal]oo]`ko ] Úvan]i a iaqo l]najpao ] b]vaiÏ%* Ai naoqik( _kjbqj`e]i b]pko a r]hknao( lkeo ecjkn]r]i ]o _]qo]o kq n]v ao lkn mqa r]hknev]r]i _anp]o _keo]o( _anp]o laook]o kq _anp]o ] ao a `aolnav]r]i kqpn]o* Lkn eook iaoik oa ai^]n]]r]i kq oa ennep]r]i mq]j`k O _n]pao hdao ikopn]r] mqa aop]r]i _kj) bqoko( `evaj`k)hdao mqa d]re]i `epk mqa ] _kj`qp] `a bqh]jk an] _kn]fko]( i]o jk d]re]i atlhe_]`k k mqa ] _kn]cai( kq mqa ] _kj`qp] `a ^ahpn]jk an] fqop]( i]o jk d]re]i atlhe) _]`k k mqa ] fqope]* P]eo _kjbqo ao( lkni( jk an]i $a jk ok% ejatlhe_raeo* Jkooko oajpeiajpko( jkoo]o _kj`qp]o( jkoo]o ] ao a jko) oko _kilknp]iajpko ok ik`ah]`ko lah]o _kj`e ao ai mqa re) raiko $b]ihe]( _h]ooa a cnqlk ok_e]eo( ao_kh]( nahecek( pn]^]hdk( _en_qjop j_e]o lkhpe_]o( ap_*%* Okiko bkni]`ko lahko _kopqiao `a jkoo] ok_ea`]`a( mqa jko a`q_] l]n] naolaep]niko a nalnk`q) veniko ko r]hknao lnklkopko lkn ah] _kik ^kjo a( lknp]jpk( _kik k^nec] ao a `aranao* @aoo] i]jaen]( r]hknao a `aranao l]na_ai ateopen lkn oe a ai oe iaoiko( l]na_ai oan j]pqn]eo a ejpailk) n]eo( b]pko kq `]`ko _ki ko mq]eo jko nah]_ekj]iko `ao`a jkook j]o_eiajpk6 okiko na_kilajo]`ko mq]j`k ko oacqeiko( lqje) `ko mq]j`k ko pn]jocna`eiko* O _n]pao ai^]n]]r] ko ]pajeajoao lknmqa ko bkn]r] ] ej) `]c]n mq]h ] knecai a ] aooj_e] $kq ] oecjeÚ_]k ran`]`aen] a ja_aoone]% `]o renpq`ao $r]hknao a k^nec] ao% mqa fqhc]r]i ln]) pe_]n ]k oacqen ko _kopqiao `a =paj]o* ?kik a lkn mqa o]^e]i mqa qi] _kj`qp] an] ^k] kq i( renpqko] kq re_eko]; Lkn mqa( lkn atailhk( ] _kn]cai an] _kjoe`an]`] renpq`a a ] _kr]n`e]( r_ek; Lkn mqa r]hknev]r]i lkoeper]iajpa ] fqope] a `aor]hknev]r]i ] ejfqope]( _ki^]paj`k)]; Jqi] l]h]rn]6 k mqa an]i a k mqa r]) he]i na]hiajpa ko _kopqiao mqa hdao d]re]i oe`k ajoej]`ko; @enecej`k)oa ]ko ]pajeajoao( O _n]pao jk o hdao lancqjp]) r] mq]h k oajpe`k `ko `lpqrjbp aop]^aha_e`ko $ko r]hknao pe_ko kq ikn]eo `] _khapere`]`a( pn]joiepe`ko `a can]k ] can]k%( i]o p]i^i ej`]c]r] mq]eo ]o `eolkoe ao `a `^oqbo $_]n]_panope_]o laook]eo( oajpeiajpko( ]pepq`ao( _kj`qp]o ej`ere`q]eo% mqa har]r]i ]hcqi ] naolaep]n kq ] pn]jocna`en ko r]hknao `] _e`]`a a lkn mq* =k ej`]c]n l nrb pl ] renpq`a a k ^ai( O _n]pao na]hev]( j] ran`]`a( `q]o ejpannkc] ao* Lkn qi h]`k( ejpannkc] ] ok_ea`]`a l]n] o]^an oa k mqa ah] aop d]^epq]`] ] _kjoe`an]n renpqkok a ^ki _knnaolkj`a abaper]iajpa renpq`a a ]k ^ai7 a( lkn kqpnk( ejpan) nkc] ko ej`er`qko l]n] o]^an oa( ]k ]cen( lkooqai abaper]iajpa _kjo_ej_e] `k oecjeÚ_]`k a `] Új]he`]`a `a oq]o ] ao( oa oaq _]npan kq oq] j`kha ok renpqkoko a ^kjo na]hiajpa* = ej`]c]k pe_] ok_npe_] `eneca)oa( lknp]jpk( ok_ea`]`a a ]k ej`er`qk* =o mqaop ao ok_npe_]o ej]qcqn]i ] pe_] kq ÚhkokÚ] ikn]h lknmqa `aÚjai k _]ilk jk mq]h r]hknao a k^nec] ao ikn]eo lk`ai oan aop]^aha_e`ko lah] `apaniej]k `a oaq lkjpk `a l]npe`]6 ] `lkp`f k`f^ al ^dbkqb jlo^i* prgbfql qf`l lr jlo^i okiajpa ]mqaha mqa o]^a k mqa b]v( _kjda_a ]o _]qo]o a ko Újo `a oq] ]k( k oecjeÚ_]`k `a oq]o ejpaj ao a `a oq]o ]pepq`ao a ] aooj_e] `ko r]hknao ikn]eo* O _n]pao ]Úni] mqa ]laj]o k ecjkn]jpa re_ekok kq ej_]l]v `a renpq`a( lkeo mqai o]^a k mqa ^ai jk lk`an `aet]n `a ]cen renpqko]iajpa*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
=neoppahao a ] lnteo Oa `araiko ] O _n]pao k ej_ek `] ÚhkokÚ] ikn]h( `araiko ] =neop pahao ] `eopejk aj) pna o]^an pakn pe_k kq _kjpailh]perk a o]^an lnpe_k* K o]^an paknpe_k kq _kjpailh]perk k _kjda_eiajpk `a oanao a b]pko mqa ateopai a ]cai ej`alaj`ajpaiajpa `a j o a oai jkoo] ejpanrajk kq ejpanbanj_e]( eopk ( `a oanao a b]pko j]pqn]eo a `erejko* K o]^an lnpe_k k _kjda_eiajpk `]mqehk mqa o ateopa _kik _kjoamqj_e] `a jkoo] ]k a( lknp]jpk( `a) laj`a `a j o* = pe_] a ] lkhpe_] ok qi o]^an lnpe_k* K o]^an lnpe_k lk`a oan `a `keo pelko6 lnteo kq p_je_]* J] moufp( k ]cajpa( ] ]k a ] Új]he`]`a `k ]cen ok ejoal]nraeo kq e`jpe_ko( lkeo k ]cajpa( k mqa aha b]v a ] Új]he`]`a `a oq] ]k ok k iaoik* =ooei( lkn atailhk( `evan ] ran`]`a qi] renpq`a `k ]cajpa( ejoal]nrah `a oq] b]h] ran`]`aen] a `a oq] Új]he`]`a( mqa lnkbanen qi] ran`]`a7 jk lk`aiko `eopejcqen k b]h]jpa( ] b]h] a k _kjpa `k b]h]`k* J] moufp pe_]( okiko ]mqehk mqa b]vaiko a k mqa b]vaiko ] Új]he`]`a ^k] kq renpqko]* =k _kjpnnek( j] p_je_]( `ev =neop pahao( k ]cajpa( ] ]k a ] Új]he`]`a `] ]k ok `ebanajpao a aopk oal]n]`ko( oaj`k ej`alaj`ajpao qjo `ko kqpnko* Qi _]nlejpaenk( lkn atailhk( ]k b]van qi] iao]( na]hev] qi] ]k p_je_]( i]o aha ln lnek jk aoo] ]k jai ] iao] lnk`qve`] lkn ah]* = p_je_] pai _kik Új]he`]`a ] b]^ne_]k `a ]hcqi] _keo] mqa `ebanajpa `k ]cajpa $] iao] jk k _]nlejpaenk( `erano]) iajpa( lkn atailhk( `a qi] ]k renpqko]( lkeo aop] k oan `k ln lnek ]cajpa mqa ] na]hev]%* =hi `eook( ajmq]jpk j] moufp ] ]k a oq] Új]he`]`a ok e`jpe_]o $] renpq`a ] Új]he`]`a `] ]k renpqko]%( j] p_je_] ] Új]he`]`a `k k^fapk b]^ne_]`k `ebanajpa `] ]k b]^ne_]`kn] $] ]k p_je_] `a b]^ne_]n qi] iao]( lkn atailhk( eilhe_] k pn]^]hdk ok^na ] i]`aen] _ki ejopnqiajpko ]lnklne]`ko( i]o eook j]`] pai ] ran _ki ] Új]he`]`a `] iao]( qi] rav mqa k Úi mqa ah] pn]n `apaniej]`k lahk qok a lahk qoqnek%* @aoo] i]jaen]( =neop pahao `eo) pejcqa ] qf`^ a ] q`kf`^ _kik lnpe_]o mqa `ebanai lahk ik`k `a nah]k `k ]cajpa _ki ] ]k a _ki ] Új]he`]`a `] ]k* P]i^i `araiko ] =neop pahao ] `aÚjek `k _]ilk `]o ] ao pe_]o* Aop]o jk o ok `aÚje`]o lah] renpq`a( lahk ^ai a lah] k^nec]k( i]o p]i^i lanpaj_ai mqah] aoban] `] na]he`]`a j] mq]h _]^ai ] abif_bo^ l a ] ab`fpl kq bp`lie^* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( mq]j`k k _qnok `a qi] na]he`]`a oacqa haeo ja_aoone]o a qjerano]eo( jk d _kik jai lkn mqa `ahe^an]n a ao_khdan( lkeo ]o _keo]o ]_kjpa_ank ja_aoo]ne]iajpa p]eo _kik ]o haeo mqa ]o nacai `apaniej]i mqa `ar]i ]_kjpa_an* Jk `ahe^an]iko ok^na ]o aop] ao `k ]jk( k ikreiajpk `ko ]opnko( ] bkni] `ko iejan]eo kq `ko racap]eo* Jk `ahe^a) n]iko jai `a_e`eiko ok^na ]mqehk mqa nace`k lah] j]pqnav]( eopk ( lah] ja_aooe`]`a* I]o `ahe^an]iko a `a_e`eiko ok^na pq`k ]mqehk mqa( l]n] oan a ]_kjpa_an( `alaj`a `a jkoo] rkjp]`a a `a jkoo] ]k* Jk `ahe^an]iko a jk `a_e`eiko ok^na k kb`bppofl( lkeo k ja_aoonek k mqa a oan oailna p]h _kik ( ej`alaj`ajpaiajpa `a j o* @ahe^an]iko a `a_e`eiko ok^na k mlppsbi( eopk ( ok^na ]mqehk mqa lk`a oan kq `aet]n `a oan( lknmqa l]n] oan a ]_kjpa_an `alaj`a `a j o( `a jkoo] rkjp]`a a `a jkoo] ]k* ?ki eook( =neop pahao ]_nao) _ajp] e`ae] `a _kjo_ej_e] ikn]h( pn]ve`] lkn O _n]pao( ] e`ae] `a slkq^ab drf^a^ mbi^ o^wl _kik k kqpnk ahaiajpk bqj`]iajp]h `] re`] pe_]* Lkn eook iaoik( `araiko ] =neop pahao qi] `eopejk mqa oan _ajpn]h ai pk`]o ]o bkn) iqh] ao k_e`ajp]eo `] pe_]( mq]h oaf]( ] `ebanaj] ajpna k mqa mlo k^qrobw^ $kq _kjbknia mevpfp% a k mqa mlo slkq^ab $kq _kjbknia he^an`]`a%* K ja_aoonek lkn j]pqnav]7 k lkoorah( lkn rkjp]`a* Aeo lkn mqa( `ao`a =neop pahao( ]Úni])oa mqa ] pe_] $a ] lkhpe_]% oa nabana o _keo]o a o ] ao mqa aopk ai jkook lk`an* = eilknp j_e] `]`] lkn =neop pahao rkjp]`a n]_ekj]h( `ahe^an]k a ao_khd] k harkq ] _kjoe`an]n( ajpna pk`]o ]o renpq`ao( qi] `ah]o _kik _kj`ek `a pk`]o ]o kqpn]o a lnaoajpa ai pk`]o ah]o6 ] lnq` j_e] kq o]^a`kne] lnpe_]* K lnq`ajpa ]mqaha mqa( ai pk`]o ]o oepq] ao( _]l]v `a fqhc]n a ]r]he]n mq]h ] ]pepq`a a mq]h ] ]k mqa iahdkn na]hev]nk ] Új]he`]`a pe_]( kq oaf]( ajpna ]o rne]o ao_khd]o lkooraeo( mq]h ] i]eo ]`amq]`] l]n] mqa k ]cajpa oaf] renpqkok a na]heva k mqa ^ki l]n] oe a l]n] ko kqpnko*
/44
= behkokbe] ikn]h x #!0É45,/ß x
Oa pki]niko ] qf`^ ^ Kf`j^`l( `a =neop pahao( jah] aj_kjpn]naiko ] ojpaoa `]o renpq) `ao mqa _kjopepq]i ] at_ahj_e] a ] ikn]he`]`a cnac]o `qn]jpa k pailk `] Cn_e] _hooe_]* Jaoo] k^n]( =neop pahao `eopejcqa r_eko a renpq`ao lahk _nepnek `k at_aook( `] b]hp] a `] ik) `an]k6 qi r_ek qi oajpeiajpk kq qi] _kj`qp] at_aooerko kq( ]k _kjpnnek( `aÚ_eajpao7 qi] renpq`a( qi oajpeiajpk kq qi] _kj`qp] ik`an]`ko* Naoqie`]iajpa( aeo k mq]`nk ]neopkphe_k6 Renpq`a
R_ek lkn at_aook
R_ek lkn b]hp]
_kn]cai
paiane`]`a
_kr]n`e]
pailan]j]
he^anpej]cai
ejoajoe^ehe`]`a
he^an]he`]`a
lnk`ec]he`]`a
]r]nav]
naolaepk ln lnek
rqhc]ne`]`a
rehav]
i]cjeÚ_j_e]
r]e`]`a
ik`ope]
cajpehav]
en]o_e^ehe`]`a
ej`ebanaj]
ran]_e`]`a
kncqhdk
`ao_n`epk ln lnek
]cq`av] `a aolnepk
vki^]ne]
cnkooane]
]iev]`a
_kj`ao_aj`j_e]
p`ek
fqop] ej`ecj]k
ejraf]
i]harkhj_e]
K hac]`k `ko behokbko cnacko Oa at]iej]niko k lajo]iajpk Úhko Ú_k `ko ]jpecko( ranaiko mqa jaha ] pe_] ]Úni] pno cn]j`ao lnej_leko `] re`] ikn]h6
/45
-*
lkn j]pqnav]( ko oanao dqi]jko ]olen]i ]k ^ai a bahe_e`]`a( mqa o lk`ai oan ]h_]j) ]`ko lah] _kj`qp] renpqko]7
.*
] renpq`a qi] at_ahj_e] ]h_]j]`] lahk _]npan( p]jpk ]ooei mqa ] l]h]rn] cnac] mqa ] `aoecj] ^obq ( mqa mqan `evan Îat_ahj_e]Ï* ] bkn] ejpanekn `k _]npan mqa _kjoeopa j] _kjo_ej_e] `k ^ai a j] _kj`qp] `aÚje`] lah] rkjp]`a cqe]`] lah] n]vk( lkeo _]^a ] aop] hpei] k _kjpnkha ok^na ejopejpko a eilqhoko enn]_ekj]eo `ao_kjpnkh]`ko( mqa ateo) pai j] j]pqnav] `a pk`k oan dqi]jk7
/*
] _kj`qp] pe_] ]mqah] j] mq]h k ]cajpa o]^a k mqa aop a k mqa jk aop ai oaq lk) `an na]hev]n( nabanej`k)oa( lknp]jpk( ]k mqa lkoorah a `aoafrah l]n] qi oan dqi]jk* O]^an k mqa aop ai jkook lk`an oecjeÚ_]( lnej_el]hiajpa( jk oa `aet]n ]nn]op]n lah]o _en_qjop j_e]o jai lahko ejopejpko( jai lkn qi] rkjp]`a ]hdae]( i]o ]Úni]n jkoo] ej`alaj`j_e] a jkoo] _]l]_e`]`a `a ]qpk`apaniej]k*
K oqfaepk pe_k kq ikn]h jk oa oq^iapa ]ko ]_]oko `] oknpa $kq k mqa ko ]jpecko _d]) i]r]i `a cloqrk^%( jai rkjp]`a a ]ko `aoafko `a qi kqpnk( jai pen]je] `]o l]et ao $kq oajpeiajpko a `aoafko ej_kjpnkhraeo%( i]o k^a`a_a ]laj]o oq] _kjo_ej_e] Í mqa _kjda) _a k ^ai a ]o renpq`ao Í a oq] rkjp]`a n]_ekj]h Í mqa _kjda_a ko iaeko ]`amq]`ko l]n] _dac]n ]ko Újo ikn]eo* = ^qo_] `k ^ai a `] bahe_e`]`a ok ] aooj_e] `] re`] pe_]* Ko Úh okbko ]jpecko $cnacko a nki]jko% _kjoe`an]r]i mqa ] re`] pe_] pn]jo_knne] _kik qi ai^]pa _kjpjqk ajpna jkooko ]lapepao a `aoafko Í ]o l]et ao Í a jkoo] n]vk* Lkn j]pq) nav]( okiko l]ooekj]eo a ] p]nab] lneiaen] `] pe_] ] a`q_]k `a jkook _]npan kq `a jkoo] j]pqnav] l]n] oacqeniko ] kneajp]k `] n]vk* = rkjp]`a lkooq] qi hqc]n bqj`]iajp]h jaoo] a`q_]k( lkeo an] ah] mqa `arane] oan bknp]ha_e`] l]n] laniepen mqa ] n]vk _kjpnkh]ooa a `kiej]ooa ]o l]et ao* K l]ooekj]h ]mqaha mqa oa `aet] ]nn]op]n lkn pq`k mq]jpk o]peob]] eia`e]p]iajpa oaqo ]lapepao a `aoafko( pknj]j`k)oa ao_n]rk `ahao* @ao_kjda_a ] ik`an]k( ^qo_] pq`k eik`an]`]iajpa( ]_]^]j`k rpei] `a oe iaoik*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
Lk`aiko naoqien ] pe_] `ko ]jpecko ai pno ]ola_pko lnej_el]eo6 -*
k o^`flk^ifpjl6 ] re`] renpqko] ]cen ai _kjbknie`]`a _ki ] n]vk( mqa _kjda_a k ^ai( k `aoaf] a cqe] jkoo] rkjp]`a ]p aha* = re`] renpqko] ]mqah] ai mqa ] rkjp]`a oa `aet] cqe]n lah] n]vk7
.*
k k^qro^ifpjl6 ] re`] renpqko] ]cen ai _kjbknie`]`a _ki ] j]pqnav] $k _koik% a _ki jkoo] j]pqnav] $jkook qelp%( mqa ] l]npa `k pk`k j]pqn]h* =cen rkhqjp]ne]iajpa jk ( lknp]jpk( ]cen _kjpn] ] ja_aooe`]`a j]pqn]h $ok^na aop] jk paiko lk`an jajdqi% a oei ]cen ai d]nikje] _ki ah]( `a p]h i]jaen] mqa k lkoorah( `aoaf]`k a na]hev]`k lkn jkoo] rkjp]`a na]heva jkoo] j]pqnav] ej`ere`q]h a ] _khkmqa ai d]nikje] _ki k pk`k `] j]pqnav]7
/*
] fkpbm^o^_fifa^ab bkqob qf`^ b mliqf`^6 eopk ( ] ejoal]n]^ehe`]`a ajpna ] _kj`qp] `k ej`er`qk a ko r]hknao `] ok_ea`]`a( lkeo okiajpa j] ateopj_e] _kil]npehd]`] _ki kqpnko aj_kjpn]iko he^an`]`a( fqope] a bahe_e`]`a*
= pe_]( lknp]jpk( an] _kj_a^e`] _kik bar`^ l al `^oqbo al prgbfql jlo^i l]n] `k) iej]n n]_ekj]hiajpa eilqhoko( ]lapepao a `aoafko( l]n] kneajp]n ] rkjp]`a nqik ]k ^ai a bahe_e`]`a( a l]n] bkni)hk _kik iai^nk `] _khapere`]`a ok_eklkhpe_]* Oq] Új]he`]`a an] ] e^ojlkf^ bkqob l `^oqbo al prgbfql sfoqrlpl b lp s^ilobp `libqfslp( mqa p]i^i `arane]i oan renpqkoko*
K _neope]jeoik6 ejpanekne`]`a a `aran
@
ebanajpaiajpa `a kqpn]o nahece ao `] =jpecqe`]`a( mqa an]i j]_ekj]eo a lkhpe_]o( k _neope]jeoik j]o_a _kik nahecek `a ej`er`qko mqa jk oa `aÚjai lkn oaq lanpaj) _eiajpk ] qi] j]k kq ] qi aop]`k( i]o lkn oq] b jqi iaoik a je_k @aqo* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ajmq]jpk j]o `ai]eo nahece ao ]jpec]o ] `erej`]`a oa nah]_ekj]r] _ki ] _kiq) je`]`a ok_e]h a lkhepe_]iajpa knc]jev]`]( k @aqo _neopk nah]_ekj])oa `enap]iajpa _ki ko ej`e) r`qko mqa jaha _naai* Eook oecjeÚ_]( ]jpao `a i]eo j]`]( mqa ] re`] pe_] `k _neopk jk `aÚ) je`] lkn oq] nah]k _ki ] ok_ea`]`a( i]o lkn oq] nah]k aolenepq]h a ejpanekn _ki @aqo* @aoo] i]jaen]( k _neope]jeoik ejpnk`qv `q]o `ebanaj]o lneikn`e]eo j] ]jpec] _kj_alk pe_]6 ai lneiaenk hqc]n( ] e`ae] `a mqa ] renpq`a oa `aÚja lkn jkoo] nah]k _ki @aqo a jk _ki ] _e`]`a $] mifp% jai _ki ko kqpnko* Jkoo] nah]k _ki ko kqpnko `alaj`a `] mq]) he`]`a `a jkoo] nah]k _ki @aqo( je_k ia`e]`kn ajpna _]`] ej`er`qk a ko `ai]eo* Lkn aooa ikperk( ]o `q]o renpq`ao _neopo lneiaen]o a _kj`e ao `a pk`]o ]o kqpn]o ok ] c $mq]he`]`a `] nah]k `a jkoo] ]hi] _ki @aqo% a ] `^ofa^ab $k ]ikn ]ko kqpnko a ] naolkjo]^ehe`]`a lah] o]hr]k `ko kqpnko( _kjbknia ateca ] b%* =o `q]o renpq`ao ok lner]`]o( eopk ( ok nah] ao `k ej`er`qk _ki @aqo a _ki ko kqpnko ] l]npen `] ejpeie) `]`a a `] ejpanekne`]`a `a _]`] qi7 ai oacqj`k hqc]n( ] ]Úni]k `a mqa okiko `kp]`ko `a rkjp]`a herna $kq ifsob*^o_qofl% a mqa( ai `a_knnj_e] `] `aok^a`ej_e] `k lneiaenk dkiai ]ko i]j`]iajpko `ere) jko $kq k la_]`k knecej]h `a =`k a Ar]%( jkoo] rkjp]`a oa lanranpaq a jkoo] he^an`]`a `eneca)oa aolkjp]ja]iajpa l]n] k i]h a l]n] k la_]`k( eopk ( l]n] ] pn]jocnaook `]o haeo `erej]o* Okiko oanao bn]_ko( la_]`knao( `ere`e`ko ajpna k ^ai $k^a`ej_e] ] @aqo% a k i]h $`aok^a`ej_e] ] @aqo a oq^ieook `k herna)]n^pnek pajp]k `aikj]_]%* K _neope]jeoik _kjoe`an]( lknp]jpk( mqa( ai `a_knnj_e] `k la_]`k knecej]h( k oan dqi]) jk pknjkq)oa qi] j]pqnav] bn]_]( ej_]l]v `a na]hev]n k ^ai a ]o renpq`ao ]laj]o lah] bkn] `a oq] ln lne] rkjp]`a* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ajmq]jpk l]n] ko Úh okbko ]jpecko ] rkjp]`a an] qi] b]_qh`]`a n]_ekj]h _]l]v `a `kiej]n a _kjpnkh]n ] `aoia`e`] l]ooekj]h `a jkooko ]lapepao a `aoafko(
/5,
= behkokbe] ikn]h x #!0É45,/ß x
d]raj`k( lknp]jpk( qi] bkn] ejpanekn $] rkjp]`a _kjo_eajpa% mqa jko pknj]r] ikn]eo( l]n] k _neope]jeoik( ] ln lne] rkjp]`a aop lanranpe`] lahk la_]`k a lna_eo]iko `k ]qthek `erejk l]n] jko pknj]niko ikn]eo* Aooa ]qthek pn]ve`k lah] ibf afsfk^ obsbi^a^ kq lahko j^ka^* jbkqlp `enap]iajpa kn`aj]`ko lkn @aqo ]ko dkiajo a mqa `arai oan k^a`a_e`ko k^nec]pk) ne]iajpa( oai jajdqi] at_ak*
= e`ae] `a `aran = _kj_alk _neop ejpnk`qv qi] jkr] e`ae] j] ikn]h6 ] e`ae] `k `aran( eopk ( ] e`ae] `a mqa ] renpq`a ] k^nec]k `a _qilnen k mqa kn`aj]`k lah] hae `erej]* Lkn iaek `] narah]k ]ko lnkbap]o $=jpeck Paop]iajpk% a `a Faoqo ?neopk $Jkrk Paop]) iajpk%( @aqo pknjkq oq] rkjp]`a a oq] hae i]jebaop]o ]ko oanao dqi]jko( `aÚjej`k apanj]) iajpa k ^ai a k i]h( ] renpq`a a k r_ek( ] bahe_e`]`a a ] ejbahe_e`]`a( ] o]hr]k a k _]opeck* L]n] k^a`a_an hae `erej]( pno renpq`ao ok ja_aoone]o6 c( bpmbo^k ^ a `^ofa^ab* Ok ]o ren) pq`ao pakhkc]eo( eopk ( nabane`]o jkoo] nah]k _ki @aqo Í oan renpqkok ^qo_]n ] @aqo a _qilnen ] rkjp]`a `a @aqo( kq( _kik oa h j] >^he]( k dkiai renpqkok ]mqaha _qfk _kn]k aop _daek _ki ] Hae `a @aqo* D( lkni( renpq`ao mqa oa nabanai ] mq]he`]`ao mqa jkoo] ]hi] kq jkook aolnepk `arai ]`mqenen l]n] oa ]lanbaek]n a iana_an ] o]hr]k lnkiape`] lkn @aqo* = hae `erej] `aÚja mq]pnk renpq`ao lnej_el]eo kq lneiaen]o Í ]o renpq`ao _]n`a]eo Í `]o mq]eo pk`]o ]o kqpn]o `alaj`ai6 cloq^ibw^( grpqf ^( qbjmbo^k ^ a mora k`f^* =hi `ah]o( k _neope]jeoik `aÚja renpq`ao mqa _kj_anjai ]k jkook _kilknp]iajpk atpanekn kq jkoo] _kj`qp]( eopk ( ]o renpq`ao ikn]eo6 pl_ofba^ab( molafd^ifa^ab( qo^_^iel( `^pqfa^ab( j^kpfal( jlapqf^ a dbkbolpfa^ab* Ai klkoek ] ah]o( `aÚja ko lnej_el]eo r_eko( _kjda_e`ko _kik ko oapa la_]) `ko _]lep]eo6 dri^( ^s^obw^( mobdrf ^( iru of^( fo^ $kq `ibo^%( pl_bo_^ $kq lodriel%( fksbg^* Aeo naoqie`]iajpa k mq]`nk _neopk6 Renpq`ao pakhkc]eo
Renpq`ao _]n`a]eo
Renpq`ao ikn]eo
Oapa la_]`ko _]lep]eo cqh]
b
_kn]cai
ok^nea`]`a
aolan]j]
fqope]
lnk`ec]he`]`a
]r]nav]
_]ne`]`a
pailan]j]
pn]^]hdk
lnacqe]
lnq`j_e]
_]ope`]`a
hqt ne]
i]joe`k
en] $kq _ han]%
cajankoe`]`a
ejraf]
ik`ope]
ok^an^] $kq kncqhdk%
=ko dqi]jko _]^a na_kjda_an ] rkjp]`a a ] hae `a @aqo( _qilnej`k)]o k^nec]pkne]iaj) pa( eopk ( lkn ^qlp ab absbo* Aopa k je_k mqa pknj] ikn]eo qi oajpeiajpk( qi] ejpajk( qi] _kj`qp] kq qi] ]k* ?ki ] _kj_alk `k ]pk ikn]h _kik _qilneiajpk rkhqjpnek `k `aran( eopk ( _kik k^nec]k `a k^a`ej_e] rkhqjpne] o haeo `erej]o kq ]ko i]j`]iajpko `erejko( k _neope]jeo) ik hackq ÚhkokÚ] ikn]h ] `eopejk ajpna pno pelko bqj`]iajp]eo `a _kj`qp]6
/5-
-*
] `lkarq^ jlo^i lr qf`^( mqa oa na]hev] `a ]_kn`k _ki ]o jkni]o a ]o nacn]o eilkop]o lahk `aran7
.*
] `lkarq^ fjlo^i lr ^kqfqf`^( mqa oa na]hev] _kjpn]ne]j`k ]o jkni]o a ]o nacn]o Út]`]o lahk `aran7
/*
] `lkarq^ fkafcbobkqb jlo^i( mq]j`k ]ceiko ai oepq] ao mqa jk ok `aÚje`]o lahk ^ai a lahk i]h( a j]o mq]eo jk oa eil ai ]o jkni]o a ]o nacn]o `k `aran*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
= e`ae] `a ejpajk Fqjp]iajpa _ki ] e`ae] `k `aran( ] ikn]h _neop ejpnk`qveq qi] kqpn]( p]i^i `a_eoe) r] j] _kjopepqek `] ikn]he`]`a k_e`ajp]h6 ] e`ae] `a ejpajk* =p k _neope]jeoik( ] ÚhkokÚ] ikn]h hk_]hev]r] ] _kj`qp] pe_] j]o ^ bp b k^p ^qfqr* abp sfpsbfp `k ]cajpa ikn]h( ]ej`] mqa peraooai _kik lnaooqlkopk ]hck mqa oa na]hev]r] jk ejpanekn `k ]cajpa( ai oq] rkjp]`a n]_ekj]h kq _kjo_eajpa* An]i ]o _kj`qp]o reoraeo mqa an]i fqhc]`]o renpqko]o kq re_eko]o* K _neope]jeoik( lkni( qi] nahecek `] ejpanekne`]`a( ]Úni]j`k mqa ] rkjp]`a a ] hae `erej]o jk aopk ao_nep]o j]o la`n]o jai jko lanc]iejdko( i]o ejo_nep]o jk _kn]k `ko oanao dqi]jko* = lneiaen] nah]k pe_]( lknp]jpk( oa aop]^aha) _a ajpna k _kn]k `k ej`er`qk a @aqo( ajpna ] ]hi] ejreorah a ] `erej`]`a ejreorah* ?kik _kjoamqj_e]( l]ookq)oa ] _kjoe`an]n _kik oq^iape`k ]k fqhc]iajpk pe_k pq`k mq]jpk( ejreorah ]ko khdko dqi]jko( reorah ]k aolnepk `a @aqo( lknp]jpk( pq`k mq]jpk ]_kj) pa_a ai jkook ejpanekn( ai jkook _kn]k* K `aran jk oa nabana ]laj]o o ] ao reoraeo( i]o p]i^i ]ko `aoafko `k _kn]k( eopk ( o fkqbk bp fksfpsbfp( mqa l]oo]i ] oan fqhc]`]o ape_]) iajpa* Aeo lkn mqa qi _neopk( mq]j`k oa _kjbaoo]( k^nec])oa ] _kjbaoo]n la_]`ko _kiape`ko lkn ]pko( l]h]rn]o a ejpaj ao* Oq] ]hi]( ejreorah( pai k paopaiqjdk `k khd]n `a @aqo( mqa ] fqhc]*
J]pqnav] dqi]j] a `aran
K
_neope]jeoik ejpnk`qv ] e`ae] `k absbo l]n] naokhran qi lnk^hai] pe_k( mq]h oaf]( kba) na_an qi _]iejdk oacqnk l]n] jkoo] rkjp]`a( mqa( oaj`k herna i]o bn]_]( oajpa)oa `ere`e`] ajpna k ^ai a k i]h* Jk ajp]jpk( aoo] e`ae] _ne] qi lnk^hai] jkrk* Oa k oqfaepk ikn]h ]mqaha mqa aj_kjpn] ai oq] _kjo_ej_e] $rkjp]`a( n]vk( _kn]k% ]o jkni]o `] _kj`qp] renpqko]( oq^iapaj`k)oa ]laj]o ]k ^ai a f]i]eo ] lk`anao atpanjko _kjo_ej) _e]( _kik b]h]n ai _kilknp]iajpk pe_k mlo absbo; Aopa jk oane] k lk`an atpanjk `a qi] rkjp]`a atpanj] $@aqo%( mqa jko `kiej] a jko eil a oq]o haeo( bkn]j`k)jko ] ]cen ai _kj) bknie`]`a _ki nacn]o rej`]o `a bkn] `a jkoo] _kjo_ej_e]; Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( oa ] pe_] ateca qi oqfaepk ]qpjkik( ] e`ae] `a absbo jk ejpnk`q) vene] ] ebqbolkljf^( eopk ( k `kijek `a jkoo] rkjp]`a a `a jkoo] _kjo_ej_e] lkn qi lk`an aopn]jdk ] j o;
Nkqooa]q a ] ikn]h `k _kn]k Qi `ko Úh okbko mqa lnk_qn]n]i naokhran aoo] `eÚ_qh`]`a bke Nkqooa]q( jk o_qhk TREEE* L]n] aha( ] _kjo_ej_e] ikn]h a k oajpeiajpk `k `aran ok ej]pko( ok Î] rkv `] j]pqnav]Ï a k Î`a`k `a @aqoÏ ai jkook _kn]k* =lao]n `k la_]`k `k lneiaenk dkiai( _kjoanr]iko ai jkook _kn]k raopceko `] ^kj`]`a knecej]h a lkn eook j]o_aiko lqnko a ^kjo( `kp]`ko `a caja) nkoe`]`a a `a ^ajarkhj_e] l]n] _ki ko kqpnko* Oa k `aran l]na_a oan qi] eilkoek a qi] k^nec]k atpanj]( eilkop] lkn @aqo ]ko dqi]jko( lknmqa jkoo] ^kj`]`a j]pqn]h bke lanran) pe`] lah] ok_ea`]`a( mq]j`k aop] _nekq ] lnklnea`]`a lner]`] a ko ejpanaooao lner]`ko( pknj]j) `k)jko ackop]o( iajpenkoko a `aopnqperko* L]n] Nkqooa]q( bke ]k `]n j]o_eiajpk o^wl rqfifq* of^ kq o^wl alp fkqbobppbp mqa ] ok_ea`]`a oehaj_ekq ] ^kj`]`a j]pqn]h `k _kn]k dqi]jk* =ooei( hkjca `a oan qi] eilkoek atpanj]( k `aran oeilhaoiajpa k mqa jko bkn] ] na_kn`]n jkoo] ^k] j]pqnav] knecejne]( mqa Ú_]ne] l]n] oailna ao_kj`e`] ok^ ko ejpanaooao `] n]vk oa k `aran jk jko Úvaooa na_qlan)h]* K^a`a_aj`k ]k `aran $ hae `erej] ejo_nep] j] j]pqnav] a ai jkook _kn]k%( aop]iko k^a`a_aj`k ] j o iaoiko( ]ko jkooko oajpeiajpko a jkoo]o aik ao( a jk n]vk( lkeo aop]( lnerehace]j`k ] qpehe`]`a a k ejpanaooa ej`ere`q]eo( naolkjorah lah] ok_ea`]`a ackop] a lanrano]*
G]jp a ] ikn]h `] n]vk lnpe_] Qi] kqpn] naolkop] ]k iaoik lnk^hai]( p]i^i jk Új]h `k o_qhk TREEE( bke pn]ve`] lkn G]jp* Klkj`k)oa Îikn]h `k _kn]kÏ `a Nkqooa]q( G]jp rkhp] ] ]Úni]n k l]lah `]
/5.
= behkokbe] ikn]h x #!0É45,/ß x
n]vk j] pe_]* Jk ateopa ^kj`]`a j]pqn]h* Lkn j]pqnav]( `ev G]jp( okiko ackop]o( ]i^e_ek) oko( `aopnqperko( ]cnaooerko( _nqeo( re`ko `a ln]vanao mqa jqj_] jko o]_e]i a lahko mq]eo i]p]iko( iajpeiko( nkq^]iko* fqop]iajpa lkn eook mqa lna_eo]iko `k `aran l]n] jko pknj]niko oanao ikn]eo* N]vk lqn] pane_] a n]vk lqn] lnpe_] = atlkoek g]jpe]j] l]npa `a `q]o `eopej ao6 -*
] `eopejk ajpna o^wl mro^ qbof`^ lr bpmb`ri^qfs^ a o^wl mro^ moqf`^7
.*
] `eopejk ajpna ^ l mlo `^rp^ifa^ab lr kb`bppfa^ab a ^ l mlo Ûk^ifa^ab lr if_boa^ab*
= n]vk lqn] pane_] a ] n]vk lqn] lnpe_] ok qjerano]eo( eopk ( ]o iaoi]o l]n] pk`ko ko dkiajo ai pk`ko ko pailko a hqc]nao Í ko `lkqb alp `ko _kjda_eiajpko a `]o ] ao lk`ai r]ne]n jk pailk a jk aol]k( i]o ]o cloj^p `] ]pere`]`a n]_ekj]h `a _kjda_eiajpk a `] ]pere`]`a n]_ekj]h lnpe_] kq ]k ikn]h ok qjerano]eo* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ko _kjpa `ko `k _kjda_eiajpk a `] ]k `alaj`ai `] r]ne]k deop ne_] kq `] atlanej_e]( i]o oq]o bkni]o ej`alaj`ai `] atlanej_e] a `] deop ne]( lkeo `alaj`ai `k prgbfql qo^kp`bkabkq^i( _kik reiko j] pakne] `k _kjda_eiajpk* = `ebanaj] ajpna n]vk pa ne_] a n]vk lnpe_] aj_kjpn])oa ai oaqo k^fapko* ?kjoanr]j) `k ] `eopejk mqa =neop pahao aop]^aha_an] ajpna qblof^ a moufp( G]jp _kjoe`an] mqa ] n]vk pa ne_] kq aola_qh]per] pai _kik i]pne] kq _kjpa `k ] na]he`]`a atpanekn ] j o( qi oeopa) i] `a k^fapko mqa klan]i oacqj`k haeo ja_aoone]o `a _]qo] a abaepk( ej`alaj`ajpaiajpa `a jkoo] ejpanrajk7 ai _kjoamqj_e]( ] n]vk lnpe_] jk _kjpailh] qi] _]qo]he`]`a at) panj] ja_aoone]( i]o ejopepqe oq] ln lne] na]he`]`a( j] mq]h oa atan_a* Aoo] na]he`]`a lnpe_] fqop]iajpa ] re`] ikn]h kq ] ateopj_e] dqi]j] ai ok_ea`]`a( ateopj_e] mqa `alaj`a `] ]k `] rkjp]`a dqi]j]( lkeo ] ok_ea`]`a qi] ejopepqek _ne]`] lahko ln lneko dkiajo* = `ebanaj] ajpna n]vk lqn] pa ne_] a n]vk lqn] lnpe_] `a_knna `] `eopejk ajpna kb* `bppfa^ab a Ûk^ifa^ab,if_boa^ab* Ja_aooe`]`a a he^an`]`a
/5/
= j]pqnav] k naejk `] kb`bppfa^ab( eopk ( `a ]_kjpa_eiajpko nace`ko lkn oamqj_e]o ja_aoone]o `a _]qo] a abaepk Í k naejk _kjda_e`k lah]o _ej_e]o at]p]o a j]pqn]eo $boe_]( ]opnkjkie]( mqie_]( ^ekhkce]%* @ebanajpaiajpa `k naejk `] j]pqnav]( d k naejk dqi]jk `] moufp( jk mq]h ]o ] ao ok na]hev]`]o n]_ekj]hiajpa jk lkn ja_aooe`]`a _]qo]h( i]o paj`k ai reop] Újo kq lkn Új]he`]`a* J] ia`e`] ai mqa ko Újo ok aop]^aha_e`ko lahko ln lneko oanao dqi]jko( ok bnqpk `a bp`lie^p slirkqof^p a( lknp]jpk( ] ]k mlo Ûk^ifa^ab qi] ^ l slirkqof^ ifsob kq mlo if_boa^ab* = n]vk lnpe_] k atan__ek `] he^an`]`a _kik lk`an n]_ekj]h l]n] ejopepqen Újo pe_ko $ko r]hknao ikn]eo%( kq ] hae ikn]h( mqa ] iaoi] l]n] pk`ko ko ej`er`qko( qi] rav mqa ] n]vk lnpe_] qjerano]h a aj_kjpn])oa ai pk`ko ko oanao dqi]jko* L]n] ]h_]j]n aooao Újo kq r]hknao( ko iaeko `arai oan pe_ko p]i^i a lkn eook ] n]vk lnpe_] ejopepqe jkni]o l]n] ] ]k pe_]* Kn]( l]n] mqai ] n]vk lnpe_] ejopepqe Újo a jkni]o; L]n] oe iaoi]* L]n] mq; L]n] ] kneajp]k `a oq] _kj`qp] _kjbknia ]k ^ai* J] ia`e`] ai mqa ] n]vk lnpe_] pai k lk`an l]n] _ne]n jkni]o a Újo ikn]eo l]n] oe iaoi]( ah] p]i^i k lk`an l]n] eil)hko ] oe iaoi]* Aoo] eilkoek `a Újo a jkni]o mqa ] n]vk lnpe_] b]v ] oe iaoi] `]mqehk mqa ah] ln lne] _nekq k absbo* K `aran( lknp]jpk( hkjca `a oan qi] eilkoek atpanj] baep] jkoo] rkjp]`a a jkoo] _kjo_ej_e]( ] atlnaook `a jkoo] he^an`]`a( eopk ( `] lnaoaj] `] hae ikn]h bj kp( i]je) baop]k i]eo ]hp] `] dqi]je`]`a bj kp* K^a`a_an ]k `aran k^a`a_an ] oe ln lnek _kik oan n]_ekj]h mqa ` ] oe iaoik ] hae ikn]h* Lkn he^an`]`a `] rkjp]`a( k oqfaepk ikn]h( eopk ( ] n]vk lnpe_] qjerano]h( ` ] oe iaoik ko r]hknao( ko Újo a ]o jkni]o `a jkoo] ]k ikn]h* Lkn eook okiko ^rqkljlp*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
@aran a ejpanaooa Naop]( lkni( qi] mqaopk6 oa okiko n]_ekj]eo a hernao( lkn mqa r]hknao( Újo a jkni]o ik) n]eo jk ok aolkjp jako ai j o( i]o lna_eo]i ]ooqien ] bkni] `k `aran a `a qi] hae ikn]h; Naolkj`a G]jp6 lknmqa jk okiko oanao ikn]eo ]laj]o* P]i^i okiko oanao j]pqn]eo( oq^iape`ko _]qo]he`]`a ja_aoone] `] j]pqnav]* Jkook _knlk a jkoo] loemqa ok baepko `a ]lapepao( eilqhoko( `aoafko a l]et ao* Jkooko oajpeiajpko( jkoo]o aik ao a jkooko _ki) lknp]iajpko ok ^ m^oqb a^ k^qrobw^ bj kp( atan_aj`k `kijek ok^na j o( oq^iapaj`k) )jko _]qo]he`]`a j]pqn]h ejatknrah* Mqai oa oq^iapa ] ahao jk lk`a lkooqen ] ]qpkjk) ie] pe_]* Lkn mq; Lknmqa eilqhoko( ]lapepao( l]et ao ok _]qo]`ko ai j o lkn _keo]o a bkn]o atpanj]o ] j o ok^na ]o mq]eo jk paiko `kijek a o mq]eo jko oq^iapaiko* =mqe( jkoo] rkjp]`a jk herna( i]o _kjopn]jce`] lkn bkn]o atpaneknao ] ah]* = j]pqnav] jko eilaha ] ]cen mlo fkqbobppb* ?kik l]n] Nkqooa]q( p]i^i l]n] G]jp k ejpanaooa ] bkni] j]pqn]h `k ackoik( mqa jko har] ] qo]n _keo]o a laook]o _kik iaeko a ejopnqiajpko l]n] k mqa `aoaf]iko* =hi `eook( atlhe_] G]jp( k ejpanaooa jko b]v reran j] ehqok `a mqa okiko hernao a n]_ekj]eo lkn na]hev]niko ] ao mqa fqhc]iko panai oe`k `a_e`e`]o hernaiajpa lkn j o( mq]j`k( j] ran`]`a( ok qi eilqhok _ack `apaniej]`k lah] _]qo]he`]`a j]pqn]h* =cen mlo fkqbobppb ]cen `apaniej]`k lkn ikper] ao boe_]o( lomqe_]o( rep]eo( i]jaen] `ko ]jei]eo* Reopk mqa ]lapepao( eilqhoko( `aoafko( paj`j_e]o( _kilknp]iajpko j]pqn]eo _kopqi]i oan iqepk i]eo bknpao `k mqa ] n]vk( ] n]vk lnpe_] a ] ran`]`aen] he^an`]`a lna_eo]i Î`k) ^n]nÏ jkoo] l]npa j]pqn]h a klp fjmlo jkook oan ikn]h* Ah]o k b]vai k^nec]j`k)jko ] l]oo]n `]o ikper] ao `k ejpanaooa l]n] k `aran* L]n] oaniko hernao( lna_eo]iko oan k^nec]`ko lahk absbo ab pbojlp ifsobp* =ooei( lancqjp] mqa Úvaiko jk _]lpqhk ]jpanekn $ok^na k laneck `a ] a`q_]k pe_] oan qi] rekhj_e] _kjpn] jkoo] j]pqnav] aolkjp]ja]iajpa l]ooekj]h%( G]jp naolkj`an mqa ] rekhj_e] aop ai jk _kilnaaj`aniko jkoo] `aopej]k n]_ekj]h a ai _kjbqj`eniko jkoo] he^an`]`a _ki ] o]peob]k enn]_ekj]h `a pk`ko ko jkooko ]lapepao a eilqhoko* J] ia) `e`] ai mqa ] rkjp]`a `aÚja jkoo] j]pqnav] n]_ekj]h( j] ia`e`] ai mqa ah] oa `eopejcqa `k iank eilqhok j]pqn]h( lkeo pai _kjo_ej_e] `ko Újo a `ko iaeko a _]l]v `a fqopeÚ_]n qi] ]k( a j] ia`e`] ai mqa k `aran qi] _ne]k rkhqjpne]( lk`aiko _kj_hqen mqa k `aran narah] jkoo] ran`]`aen] j]pqnav] `a oanao n]_ekj]eo* K `aran jk jko eilkopk a oei lnklkopk lah] n]vk jkoo] rkjp]`a herna* Mq]j`k k mqanan a k `aran _kej_e`ai( okiko pbobp jlo^fp( lkeo ] renpq`a ] bkn] `] rkjp]`a l]n] _qilnen k `aran*
K `aran( ]Úni] G]jp( jk oa ]lnaoajp] ]pn]ro `a qi _kjfqjpk `a _kjpa `ko Útko( mqa `aÚjene]i ] aooj_e] `a _]`] renpq`a a `ene]i mqa ]pko `arane]i oan ln]pe_]`ko a arep]`ko ai _]`] _en_qjop j_e] `a jkoo] re`]* K `aran jk qi _]phkck `a renpq`ao jai qi] heop] `a Îb]] eopkÏ a Îjk b]] ]mqehkÏ* K `aran qi] cloj^ mqa `ara r]han l]n] pk`] a mq]hmqan ]k ikn]h* Aoo] bkni] jk ej`e_]per]( i]o fjmbo^qfs^* Qi eilan]perk k mqa jk ]`iepa de) l paoao $Îoa*** ajpkÏ% jai _kj`e ao mqa k b]ne]i r]han ai _anp]o oepq] ao a jk r]han ai kqpn]o( i]o r]ha fk`lkaf`flk^ijbkqb b pbj bu`b bp l]n] pk`]o ]o _en_qjop j_e]o `a pk`]o ]o ] ao ikn]eo* Lkn eook( k `aran qi eilan]perk _]pacne_k* Kn`aj] ej_kj`e_ekj]hiajpa* Jk qi] ikper]k loe_kh ce_]( i]o ] hae ikn]h ejpanekn* K eilan]perk _]pac ne_k atlneia)oa jqi] b niqh] can]h6 >db bj `lkclojfa^ab ^mb* k^p `lj ^nrbi^ jufj^ mbi^ nr^i mlpp^p nrbobo ^l jbpjl qbjml nrb bi^ pb qlokb rj^ ibf rkfsbop^i+ Aoo] b niqh] laniepa ] G]jp `a`qven ]o pno jufj^p jlo^fp mqa atlneiai ] ej_kj`e) _ekj]he`]`a `ko ]pko na]hev]`ko lkn `aran* Ok ah]o6 -*
=ca _kik oa ] itei] `a pq] ]k `araooa oan anece`] lkn pq] rkjp]`a ai hae qjerano]h `] j]pqnav]*
"ETTMANN#ORBIS,ATINSTOCK
K eilan]perk _]pacne_k a ]o itei]o ikn]eo
)MMANUELß+ANTßß ¯
/50
= behkokbe] ikn]h x #!0É45,/ß x
.*
=ca `a p]h i]jaen] mqa pn]pao ] dqi]je`]`a( p]jpk j] pq] laook] _kik j] laook] `a kqpnai( oailna _kik qi Úi a jqj_] _kik qi iaek*
/*
=ca _kik oa ] itei] `a pq] ]k `araooa oanren `a hae qjerano]h l]n] pk`ko ko oanao n]_ekj]eo*
= lneiaen] itei] ]Úni] ] rkfsbop^ifa^ab `] _kj`qp] pe_]( ]mqehk mqa pk`k a mq]h) mqan oan dqi]jk n]_ekj]h `ara b]van _kik oa bkooa qi] hae j]pqn]h( eopk ( ejmqaopekjrah( rhe`] l]n] pk`ko ai pk`k pailk a hqc]n* = ]k lkn `aran qi] ibf jlo^i l]n] k ]cajpa* = oacqj`] itei] ]Úni] ] afdkfa^ab alp pbobp erj^klp `ljl mbppl^p a( lknp]jpk( ] atecj_e] `a mqa oaf]i pn]p]`ko _kik Úi `] ]k a f]i]eo _kik iaek kq _kik ejopnqiaj) pk l]n] jkooko ejpanaooao* = pan_aen] itei] ]Úni] mqa ] rkjp]`a mqa ]ca lkn `aran ejopepqe qi naejk dqi]jk `a oanao ikn]eo lknmqa n]_ekj]eo a( lknp]jpk( `kp]`ko `a qi] rkjp]`a haceoh]`kn] herna kq ]qpjki]* = pan_aen] itei] atlneia ] afcbobk ^ lr pbm^o^ l bkqob l obfkl k^qro^i a^p `^rp^p b l obfkl erj^kl alp Ûkp* K eilan]perk _]pac ne_k jk ajqj_e] k _kjpa `k l]npe_qh]n `a qi] ]k( i]o ] bkni] can]h `]o ] ao ikn]eo* =o itei]o `aet]i _h]n] ] ejpaneknev]k `k `aran( lkeo aopa j]o_a `] n]vk a `] rkjp]`a haceoh]`kn] qjerano]h `k ]cajpa ikn]h* K ]_kn`k ajpna rkjp]`a a `aran k mqa G]jp `aoecj] _kik slkq^ab _l^ nrb nrbo l _bj* K jlqfsl jlo^i `] rkjp]`a ^k] ]cen mlo absbo* K jsbi jlo^i `] rkjp]`a ^k] k obp* mbfql mbil absbo( lnk`qve`k ai j o lah] n]vk* K^a`ej_e] hae ikn]h( naolaepk lahk `aran a lahko kqpnko _kjopepqai ] ^kj`]`a `] rkjp]`a pe_]* K eilan]perk _]pac ne_k jk jko `ev l]n] oaniko dkjaopko( kbana_aj`k)jko ] aooj_e] `] dkjaope`]`a7 jai l]n] oaniko fqopko( ran]vao( cajankoko kq _kn]fkoko _ki ^]oa j] `a) Újek `] aooj_e] `] fqope]( `] ran`]`a( `] cajankoe`]`a kq `] _kn]cai* Jk jko `ev l]n] ln]pe_]niko aop] kq ]mqah] ]k `apaniej]`]( i]o jko `ev l]n] pbojlp qf`lp `rjmofkal l absbo $]o pno itei]o ikn]eo%* aopa mqa `apaniej] lkn mqa qi] ]k ikn]h `aran oan oailna dkjaop]( fqop]( ran]v( cajanko] kq _kn]fko]* =k ]cen( `araiko ej`]c]n oa jkoo] ]k aop ai _kjbknie`]`a _ki ko Újo ikn]eo( eopk ( _ki ]o itei]o `k `aran* Lkn mqa( lkn atailhk( iajpen eikn]h; Lknmqa k iajpenkok pn]jocne`a ]o pno itei]o ikn]eo* =k iajpen( jk naolaep] ai oq] laook] a j] `k kqpnk ] dqi]je`]`a $_kjo_ej_e]( n]_ekj]he`]`a a he^an`]`a%( ln]pe_] qi] rekhj_e] ao_kj`aj`k `a qi kqpnk oan dqi]jk qi] ejbkni]k ran`]`aen] a( lkn iaek `k ajc]jk( qo] ] ^k])b `k kqpnk* P]i^i jk naolaep] ] oacqj`] itei]( lkeo oa ] iajpen] lq`aooa qjerano]hev]n)oa( k cjank dqi]jk `arane] ]^`e_]n `] n]vk a `k _kjda_eiajpk( `] naÛatk a `] _npe_]( `] _]l]_e`]`a l]n] `ahe^an]n a ao_khdan( reraj`k j] i]eo _kilhap] ecjkn j_e]( jk annk a j] ehqok* Lkn mqa qi lkhpe_k _knnqlpk eikn]h; Lknmqa pn]jocne`a ]o pno itei]o* Lkn mqa k dkie_`ek eikn]h; Lknmqa pn]jocne`a ]o pno itei]o* =o naolkop]o `a Nkqooa]q a `a G]jp( ai^kn] `ebanajpao( lnk_qn]i naokhran ] iaoi] `eÚ_qh`]`a( mq]h oaf]( atlhe_]n lkn mqa k `aran a ] he^an`]`a `] _kjo_ej_e] ikn]h ok ejoal]nraeo a _kil]praeo* = okhqk `a ]i^ko _kjoeopa ai _kjoe`an]n k `aran _kik ]hck mqa j]o_a ai jkook ejpanekn( lnklkopk lahk _kn]) k $Nkqooa]q% kq lnklkopk lah] n]vk $G]jp%( `aob]vaj`k( ]ooei( ] eilnaook `a mqa aha jko oane] eilkopk `a bkn]( lkn qi] rkjp]`a aopn]jd] jkoo]*
?qhpqn] a `aran
N /51
kqooa]q a G]jp lnk_qn]n]i _kj_ehe]n k `aran a ] e`ae] `a qi] j]pqnav] dqi]j] mqa lna_eo] oan k^nec]`] ikn]h* Jk ajp]jpk( lk`an]iko nalapen ] lancqjp] mqa Úva) iko ]jpao( i]o ej`]c]j`k ]ckn]6 oa ] pe_] ateca qi oqfaepk _kjo_eajpa a ]qpjkik( _kik atlhe_]n mqa ] ikn]h atef] k _qilneiajpk `k `aran( `aÚje`k _kik qi _kjfqjpk `a r]hknao( jkni]o( Újo a haeo aop]^aha_e`ko lah] _qhpqn]; Jk reiko( lkn atailhk( ] `ebanaj] ajpna ]o renpq`ao ]lkjp]`]o lkn =neop pahao a ]mqah]o `aÚje`]o lahk _neope]jeoik; I]o jk
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
o eook* Jk lk`aiko lan`an `a reop] k b]pk `a mqa okiajpa ai ]hcqi]o _qhpqn]o mqa ] n]vk( ] rkjp]`a a ] he^an`]`a ok _kjoe`an]`]o ] ^]oa `] ikn]h7 a mqa p]i^i okiajpa ai ]hcqi]o _qhpqn]o mqa ]l]na_a ] `eopejk ajpna ja_aooe`]`a j]pqn]h a he^an`]`a ikn]h* Iaoik mqa oa `ec]( _ki G]jp( mqa k _kjpa `k `ko ]pko ikn]eo $eopk ( ]o renpq`ao% `alaj`a `a _kj`e ao deop ne_]o( i]o mqa ] bkni] qjerano]h `k `aran $kq k eilan]perk _]pac ne_k% qjerano]h a ej`alaj`ajpa `]o r]ne] ao _qhpqn]eo( jk lk`aiko aomqa_an `a mqa okiajpa jqi] _qhpqn] deopkne_]iajpa `apaniej]`]( eopk ( j] _qhpqn] _neop( mqa oqnca ] e`ae] `a mqa ] ikn]h aop hec]`] jkk `a `aran* Ai oqi]( ]mqehk mqa fqhc]iko oan ] bkni] qjerano]h a k _kjpa `k qjerano]h `] ikn]h aop _qhpqn]hiajpa `apaniej]`k* Jaooa _]ok( jk aop]n]iko `a rkhp] ]k lnk^hai] `] atpa) nekne`]`a ajpna k oqfaepk a ] bkni] a k _kjpa `k `k ]pk ikn]h( qi] rav mqa aopao ok `aÚje) `ko lah] _qhpqn]( eilkj`k)oa `a bkn] ]ko iai^nko `a qi] _qhpqn] `apaniej]`]; = naolkop] ] aoo] mqaopk bke pn]ve`]( jk o_qhk TET( lkn Dacah*
= lanola_per] dacahe]j] Ikn]h a ok_ea`]`a Dacah _nepe_] Nkqooa]q a G]jp lkn `keo ikperko* Ai lneiaenk hqc]n( lkn panai `]`k i]eo ]pajk nah]k ajpna oqfaepk dqi]jk a j]pqnav] $eopk ( nah]k ajpna n]vk a l]et ao% `k mqa nah]k ajpna oqfaepk dqi]jk a _qhpqn] kq deop ne]* Kq oaf]( Nkqooa]q lnapaj`e] mqa k dkiai( nacnaoo]j`k ] qi] nah]k `a d]nikje] _ki ] j]pqnav]( na_qlan]ooa oq] j]pqnav] knecej]h( ^k] a ^ajarkhajpa( lan`e`] ok^ ko abaepko `] re`] ok_e]h ^]oa]`] j] n]vk qpehepne] a `ko ejpanaooao* G]jp( lkn oq] rav( lnklo ] `eopejk bqj`]iajp]h ajpna k naejk ja_aoonek `] j]pqnav] a k naejk dqi]jk `] he^an`]`a( `eopejcqej`k ajpna k mqa ai j o rai `] j]pqnav] $eilqhoko( ]lapepao( l]et ao% a k mqa ai j o `ara ren `] n]vk lnpe_] kq `] he^an`]`a $] ik) n]h _kik _kjbknie`]`a ajpna k mqanan a k `aran kq ajpna ] rkjp]`a a ] hae ikn]h%* Ai oacqj`k hqc]n( Dacah ko _nepe_] lkn panai ]`iepe`k ] nah]k ajpna ] pe_] a ] ok_e]^e) he`]`a `ko oanao dqi]jko _ki ^]oa ai h]ko iqepk bncaeo( eopk ( lkn panai _kj_a^e`k ] ok) _e]^ehe`]`a _kik nah] ao laook]eo `enap]o ajpna ej`er`qko( mq]j`k `arane]i p)h] pki]`k _ki ^]oa jko h]ko bknpao `]o nah] ao ok_e]eo( Út]`]o lah]o ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo $b]ihe]( ok) _ea`]`a _ereh( Aop]`k%* Nkqooa]q a G]jp `aet]n]i `a _kjoe`an]n k i]eo eilknp]jpa( eopk ( mqa ]o nah] ao laook]eo ajpna ej`er`qko ok `apaniej]`]o a ia`e]`]o lkn oq]o nah] ao ok_e]eo* Ok aop]o hpei]o( atlhe_] Dacah( mqa `apaniej]i ] re`] pe_] kq ikn]h `ko ej`er`qko* Okiko( `ev Dacah( oanao deop ne_ko a _qhpqn]eo* Eook oecjeÚ_] mqa( ]hi `a jkoo] rkjp]`a ej`ere`q]h oq^faper] $mqa Nkqooa]q _d]ikq `a `lo^ l( a G]jp `a o^wl moqf`^%( ateopa qi] kqpn] rkjp]`a( iqepk i]eo lk`anko]( mqa `apaniej] ] jkoo]6 ] slkq^ab l_gbqfs^( ejo_nep] j]o ejopepqe ao kq j] _qhpqn]* Aoo] rkjp]`a jk ]laj]o qi] bkni] `k mqanan( _kik ai G]jp( a oei qi _kjfqjpk `a _kjpa `ko `apaniej]`ko $Újo( r]hknao( jkni]o `kp]`ko `a _kjpa `ko `apaniej]`ko%* = slkq^ab l_gbqfs^ qi] rkjp]`a eilaook]h( _khaper]( ok_e]h( l ^he_] a deopkne_]iajpa `apaniej]`]* Aooa mqanan eilaook]h( ok_e]h a deop ne_k _ne] ]o ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo( lkhpe_]o( naheceko]o( ]npope_]o a( _ki ah]o( ] ikn]he`]`a _kik oeopai] nacqh]`kn `] re`] _khaper] lkn iaek `a jlobp( eopk ( `ko _kopqiao a `ko r]hknao `a qi] ok_ea`]`a( jqi] lk_] `apan) iej]`]* = ikn]he`]`a qi] pkp]he`]`a bkni]`] lah]o ejopepqe ao $b]ihe]( nahecek( ]npao( p_je_]o( _ej_e]o( nah] ao `a pn]^]hdk( knc]jev]k lkhpe_]( ap_*%( mqa k^a`a_ai( pk`]o( ]ko iaoiko r]hknao a ]ko iaoiko _kopqiao( a`q_]j`k ko ej`er`qko l]n] ejpaneknev]nai ] rkj) p]`a k^faper] `a oq] ok_ea`]`a a `a oq] _qhpqn]* = re`] pe_] k ]_kn`k a ] d]nikje] ajpna ] rkjp]`a oq^faper] ej`ere`q]h a ] rkjp]`a k^faper] _qhpqn]h* Na]hev])oa lhaj]iajpa mq]j`k ejpaneknev]iko jkoo] _qhpqn]( `a p]h i]jae) n] mqa ln]pe_]iko aolkjp ja] a hernaiajpa oaqo _kopqiao a r]hknao( oai jahao lajo]niko( oai ko `eo_qpeniko( oai `ahao `qre`]niko( lknmqa ok _kik jkoo] ln lne] rkjp]`a ko `a) oaf]* K mqa ( ajpk( k `aran; K ]_kn`k lhajk ajpna jkoo] rkjp]`a oq^faper] ej`ere`q]h a ] pkp]he`]`a pe_] kq ikn]he`]`a*
/52
= behkokbe] ikn]h x #!0É45,/ß x
?kik _kjoamqj_e]( k eilan]perk _]pac ne_k jk lk`an oan qi] bkni] qjerano]h `ao) lnkre`] `a _kjpa `k `apaniej]`k( _kik ]Úni]n] G]jp( i]o pan( ai _]`] lk_]( ai _]`] ok_ea`]`a a l]n] _]`] _qhpqn]( _kjpa `ko `apaniej]`ko( rhe`ko ]laj]o l]n] ]mqah] bkni]) k deop ne_] a _qhpqn]h* =ooei( _]`] ok_ea`]`a( ai _]`] lk_] `a oq] deop ne]( `aÚja ko r]hk) nao lkoeperko a jac]perko( ko ]pko laniepe`ko a ko lnke^e`ko l]n] oaqo iai^nko( k _kjpa `k `ko `aranao a `k eilan]perk ikn]h* L]n] qi oqfaepk( pbo qf`l b ifsob oan( lknp]jpk( ln)oa `a ]_kn`k _ki ]o nacn]o ikn]eo `a oq] ok_ea`]`a( ejpaneknev]j`k)]o* Ikn]h a deopne]
*ß&ERREIRAßDAß3ILVA%DITORAß!BRIL
Dacah ]Úni] mqa lk`aiko lan_a^an kq na_kjda_an k ikiajpk ai mqa qi] ok_ea`]`a a qi] _qhpqn] ajpn]i ai `a_hjek( lan`ai bkn] l]n] oa _kjoanr]n a ]^nai)oa o _neoao ejpanj]o mqa ]jqj_e]i oaq pniejk a oq] l]oo]cai ] qi] kqpn] bkni]k ok_ek_qhpqn]h* Aooa ikiaj) pk ]mqaha jk mq]h ko iai^nko `]mqah] ok_ea`]`a a `]mqah] _qhpqn] _kjpaop]i ] ikn]he`]`a recajpa( _kjpaop]i ko r]hknao a ]o jkni]o ejopepq`ko( oajpai)oa klneie`ko a aoi]c]`ko lkn ahao a ]cai `a ik`k ] pn]jocna`e)hko* K `a_hjek `a qi] ok_ea`]`a kq `a qi] _qhpqn] k ik) iajpk jk mq]h k ]jpeck ]_kn`k ajpna ]o rkjp]`ao oq^faper]o ej`ere`q]eo a ] rkjp]`a k^faper] ejopepq_ekj]h nkila)oa ejatkn]rahiajpa( ]jqj_e]j`k qi jkrk lank`k deop ne_k* Ajpna ko rneko atailhko kbana_e`ko lkn Dacah l]n] atlhe_ep]n ] nqlpqn] ajpna ] rkjp]`a pe_] ej`ere`q]h a ] rkjp]`a ikn]h _khaper] lk`aiko `aop]_]n `keo6 ] l]oo]cai `] ]neopk_n]) _e] `aik_n]_e]( j] Cn_e]( a ] l]oo]cai `] _kiqje`]`a ia`ear]h ok_ea`]`a ik`anj]*
Ar] Sehi] a ?]nhko V]n]( ai _aj] `] la] =jpckj]( `a O bk_hao( ai -532*
/53
Dacah ]lnaoajp] ] _neoa pe_] cnac] at]iej]j`k qi] pn]c`e]( ] >kqdlk^( `a O bk_hao* K _kjÛepk oa aop]^aha_a ajpna =jpckj]( mqa nalnaoajp] ] ]jpec] b]ihe] ]neopk_npe_]( bqj) `]`] ai h]ko `a o]jcqa( a k `enecajpa lkhpe_k ?nakjpa( mqa nalnaoajp] ] jkr] mifp `aik) _npe_]* Ko eniko `a =jpckj]( Apk_hao a Lkheje_a( hqp]n]i ai l]npe`ko _kjpnneko7 Lkheje_a( ]_qo]`k lkn ?nakjpa `a pn]ek lkhpe_]( raj_e`k a iknpk ai _ki^]pa lkn Apk_hao* ?kik pn]e`kn lkhpe_k( ] hae `] _e`]`a jk hda ` k `enaepk ] bqjan]h a oalqhpqn]* A eook mqa ]pkn) iajp] =jpckj]( aj_daj`k)] `a `kn* Lkn mq; J] nahecekoe`]`a `] mifp ]neopk_npe_]( qi cqannaenk r]hknkok mqa iknna ai _ki^]pa j] Ûkn `] fqrajpq`a aop lnkiape`k eiknp]he`]`a* L]n] p)h]( lna_eok mqa oaq _knlk iknpk lani]ja] ejrekh]`k $oai okbnan `acn]`]k lkn ]jei]eo a ejpailneao%( ] Úi `a mqa `aha j]o] oq] ei]cai rer] a ejpaen]( oq] oki^n]( lkeo aop] mqa l]oo]n l]n] k kqpnk iqj`k a oan eiknp]h* K nepq]h b ja^na heil]( lqneÚ_]( ]`knj] a lanbqi] k _knlk iknpk a k lnkpaca
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
_ki ] oalqhpqn]* Jqi] mifp ]neopk_npe_]( f]i]eo oa _kjpaop]ne] k `enaepk `a Lkheje_a ]ko ne) pko b ja^nao a oalqhpqn]* I]o at]p]iajpa eook mqa ] hae `] jkr] mifp kq `] _e`]`a `aik) _npe_] jk lk`a _kj_a`an ] Lkheje_a* K ]ikn bn]panjk har]n =jpckj] ] ajbnajp]n ?nakjpa( na]hev]j`k ko nepko b ja^nao a ajpann]j`k k enik* =k b]v)hk( _kj`aj])oa p]i^i iknpa* Aoo] pn]c`e] j]nn] ko _kjÛepko ajpna ^p ibfp kl bp`ofq^p al `lpqrjb $k l]oo]`k ]neopk) _npe_k( haceoh]`k lahko `aqoao _kik lnkpapknao `]o hejd]cajo `a o]jcqa kq `]o b]ihe]o a oaqo cqannaenko% a ^p ibfp bp`ofq^p a^ `fa^ab $k lnaoajpa `aik_npe_k( haceoh]`k lahko dkiajo( `aÚje`ko _kik _e`]`ko( a jk lahko h]ko `a o]jcqa kq lah]o hejd]cajo b]iehe]nao%* K b]pk `a mqa =jpckj]( l]n] `abaj`an ] b]ihe]( ]o _naj]o naheceko]o a ko r]hknao ]neopk_npe_ko( pajd] `a _kjbnkjp]n)oa _ki ?nakjpa( mqa nalnaoajp] ] mifp `aik_npe_] a ko r]hknao `aik) _npe_ko( ej`e_] ] _neoa pe_]( kq oaf]( mqa `ao]l]na_aq ] ]jpec] ikn]he`]`a ]neopk_npe_] kq ] d]nikje] ]neopk_npe_] ajpna ] rkjp]`a ej`ere`q]h oq^faper] a ] rkjp]`a k^faper] ejopepq_ek) j]h( a mqa oqnceq qi] jkr] ikn]he`]`a( ] d]nikje] `aik_npe_] ajpna ] rkjp]`a ej`ere`q]h oq^faper] a ] rkjp]`a k^faper] ejopepq_ekj]h* = _neoa pe_] mqa ]_kil]jd] ] l]oo]cai `] ikn]he`]`a _kiqjepne] ia`ear]h l]n] ] `] ok_ea`]`a ik`anj] k_knna ai `keo ikiajpko oq_aooerko* K lneiaenk nalnaoajp]`k lah] Nabkni] Lnkpaop]jpa7 k oacqj`k( lahk oqnceiajpk `] e`ae] `a _kjpn]pk ok_e]h* = _kiqje`]`a ia`ear]h an] _kj_a^e`] _kik ] bkni] j]pqn]h `a nah]k ajpna ko dqi]) jko( ejopepq`] lkn @aqo a _kjbknia dean]nmqe] `a oanao mqa knc]jev]r] k pk`k `] j]pqnav]* Jah]( _]`] ej`er`qk an] `aÚje`k jk lkn oq]o mq]he`]`ao ln lne]o kq laook]eo( i]o oacqj) `k k hqc]n a ] bqjk mqa k_ql]r] jqi] dean]nmqe] `a lkopko( _]ncko a kb_eko( mqa e]i `ko i]eo ahar]`ko $l]l] a eilan]`kn% ]p ko i]eo dqieh`ao $ko oanrko `] cha^] a ko ao_n]rko%* K hqc]n a ] bqjk an]i dana`epneko( eopk ( `apaniej]r]i ] lkoek a ] k_ql]k `]o b]ihe]o( l]oo]j`k `a l]eo l]n] Úhdko( `a p]h i]jaen] mqa _]`] qi( ]k j]o_an( f pejd] lna`apaniej]`] oq] re`] a oaq bqpqnk* =hi `] dean]nmqe] a `k _]npan dana`epnek `]o k_ql] ao( aop]o aop]r]i knc]jev]`]o _kiqjep]ne]iajpa ai `q]o bkni]o lnej_el]eo6 ] _]r]h]ne]( l]n] ko jk^nao( a ]o _knlkn] ao `a kb_eko( l]n] ko dkiajo hernao jk jk^nao* = _]r]h]ne] lkooq] r]hknao pe_ko ln lneko $_kik oa r( lkn atailhk( j]o deop ne]o `k Nae =npqn%( `aop]_]j`k)oa ] ^n]rqn] j] cqann] a ] `abao] `k _neope]jeoik _kjpn] ko ejÚeo $_kik oa r j]o ?nqv]`]o%* =o _knlkn] ao `a kb_eko p]i^i lkooq]i oaqo r]hknao ln lneko( mqa `ebane]i `a _knlkn]k l]n] _knlkn]k* P]j) pk ] _]r]h]ne] _kik ]o _knlkn] ao oa cqe]r]i lah]o renpq`ao _neopo a _kj`aj]r]i ko oapa la_]`ko _]lep]eo* Jk pklk `] dean]nmqe] aj_kjpn]r])oa ] Ecnaf] ?]p he_] Nki]j]( `alkoepne] a cq]n`e `]o ran`]`ao `erej]o* Lkn eook( k _kjpnkha lkhpe_k( aolenepq]h a ikn]h `]o _kiqje`]`ao a `ko naejko an] baepk lah] ]qpkne`]`a `ko a_haoeope_ko( `a i]jaen] mqa k ]ola_pk ejpanekn a ao) lenepq]hev]`k `] re`] pe_]( mqa _]n]_panev]n] k _neope]jeoik ai oaqo _kiako( bke( lkq_k ] lkq_k( _a`aj`k hqc]n ] qi] ikn]h `] atpanekne`]`a( lkn iaek `] mq]h ko iai^nko `] Ecnaf] lk`e]i _kjpnkh]n ] re`] `ko Úeo* Aoo] ikn]h an] _d]i]`] lahko _neopko `a jlo^i a^p l_o^p* =o Îk^n]oÏ an]i ]o ] ao atpanj]o lah]o mq]eo ]hcqi `aikjopn]r] oan qi _neopk _kik( lkn atailhk( ] k^nec]pknea`]`a `ko o]_n]iajpko $_kik k ^]peoik a k _]o]iajpk%( ] _kiqjdk jk `kiejck `a Lo_k]( ]o lanacnej] ao ] hqc]nao o]jpko( ] atpnai])qjk j] dkn] `] ikn) pa( ]o aoikh]o l]n] ko nbko a lk^nao( k l]c]iajpk `a `veiko l]n] ] Ecnaf]( ] _aha^n]k `ko o]jpko ai `e]o aola_e]eo( ap_* Ai oqi]( oan qi ^ki _neopk kq qi _neopk renpqkok an] _qilnen rneko nepq]eo atpanjko* = Nabkni] Lnkpaop]jpa ]^na ] _neoa `aoo] ikn]he`]`a lknmqa lnkl a naop]qn]n ] ikn]h _neop `] ejpanekne`]`a a `] aolenepq]he`]`a a _ki^]pan ] ]qpkne`]`a a_haoeope_] `k l]l]`k a oaqo nalnaoajp]jpao* ?ki^]paj`k ] Îikn]h `]o k^n]oÏ( ] Nabkni] l]oo] ] s^ilofw^o ^ `lkp* `f k`f^ fkafsfar^i( iqepk i]eo `k mqa ko nepq]eo a_haoeope_ko* L]oo] ] r]hknev]n ] lea`]`a( ] ^kj`]`a ejpanekn( ] b( ] _]ne`]`a( kq ] ikn]h `k _kn]k* ?ki ] `aor]hknev]k `] ikn]h ne pq]hev]`] kq atpanj] a ] r]hknev]k `] _kjo_ej_e] ej`ere`q]h a ] ejpanekne`]`a `]o ejpaj) ao( ] Nabkni] Lnkpaop]jpa `annq^] k leh]n a_haoeope_k `] ikn]he`]`a ia`ear]h*
/54
= behkokbe] ikn]h x #!0É45,/ß x
"ETTMANN#ORBIS
K oacqj`k leh]n `aoo] ikn]he`]`a Í k _]npan `erejk a j]pqn]h `] _kiqje`]`a _kik dean]nmqe] dana`epne] `a lkopko( _]ncko a bqj ao Í ajpn] ai _neoa _ki k oqnceiajpk `] ok_ea`]`a ik`anj]( eopk ( _ki ] e`ae] `a mqa ] knecai `] ok_ea`]`a oa aj_kjpn] klp fkaf* sarlp( _kj_a^e`ko _kik ej`alaj`ajpao( eokh]`ko( _qfk r]hkn jk `a_knna `a oaq hqc]n j] dean]nmqe] `a _]ncko a bqj ao a oei `alaj`a `a oq]o mq]he`]`ao a _]n]_panope_]o laook]eo a ok^napq`k `a oanai `kp]`ko `a n]vk a `a rkjp]`a herna l]n] fqhc]n a ]cen* K _kjpn]lkjpk aj) pna ] ]jpec] e`ae] `a _kiqje`]`a a ] jkr] e`ae] `a ej`er`qk n]_ekj]h herna har] e`ae] `a mqa ] ok_ea`]`a ejopepq`] lkn qi `lkqo^ql $k _kjpn]pk ok_e]h% lahk mq]h ko ej`er`qko `a_e`ai reran ai _kjfqjpk a ok^ ]o iaoi]o haeo* Lkn mqa ko ej`er`qko _kjpn]p]i ajpna oe; Lknmqa ] n]vk hdao ikopn] mqa i]eo peh a `a oaq ejpanaooa qjen bkn]o a na_qnoko( ai rav `a reran jk eokh]iajpk* A lk`ai _kjpn]p]n lknmqa ok `kp]`ko `a rkjp]`a herna( jk aop]j`k oq^ia) pe`ko ]ko lk`anao `] j]pqnav]( `] _kiqje`]`a a `] Ecnaf]* =ooei( _ki ]o e`ae]o `a fkafsarl o^`flk^i ifsob a `a `lkqo^ql pl`f^i oqnca qi] jkr] ikn]he`]`a _qfk bqj`]iajpk aj_kjpn])oa at]p]iajpa jaoo] Úcqn] `k ej`er`qk _kik n]vk a rkjp]`a* `aoo] Úcqn] `k ej`er`qk ik`anjk( `ev Dacah( mqa l]npai Nkqooa]q a G]jp* Eook oec) jeÚ_]( ai paniko dacahe]jko( mqa ]i^ko ei]cej]i aop]n _kj_a^aj`k qi] pe_] qjerano]h a ejpailkn]h lknmqa jk lan_a^ai mqa k oqfaepk ikn]h `a mqa b]h]i jk k dkiai _kik qi oan qjerano]h a ejpailkn]h( a oei k ej`er`qk p]h _kik ]_]^] `a oan lnk`qve`k lah] _qh) pqn] a lah] deop ne] aqnklae]o ik`anj]o*
= lanola_per] `a >ancokj
(ENRIß"ERGSONßß ¯ ßFILvSOFOßEßß DIPLOMATAßFRANCoS
Jqi] lanola_per] mqa p]i^i lnk_qn] _kilnaaj`an ] nah]k ajpna absbo a `riqro^ kq ajpna absbo a efpqof^ a( lknp]jpk( ]o iq`]j]o j]o bkni]o a jko _kjpa `ko `] ikn]he`]`a( oqnca( jk ej_ek `k o_qhk TT( ] k^n] `k Úh okbk bn]j_o Dajne >ancokj* L]n] p]jpk( >ancokj `eopejcqa `q]o ikn]eo6 ] jlo^i cb`e^a^ a ] jlo^i ^_boq^* = ikn]h ba_d]`] k ]_kn`k ajpna ko r]hknao a ko _kopqiao `a qi] ok_ea`]`a a ko oajpe) iajpko a ]o ] ao `ko ej`er`qko mqa jah] rerai* ] ikn]h nalapeper]( d]^epq]h( naolaep]`] mq]oa ]qpki]pe_]iajpa lkn j o* Ai _kjpn]l]npe`]( ] ikn]h ]^anp] qi] `of^ l `a jkrko r]hknao a jkr]o _kj`qp]o( mqa nkilai ] ikn]h ba_d]`]( ejop]qn]j`k qi] pe_] jkr]* Ko _ne]`knao pe_ko ok( l]n] >ancokj( ej`er`qko at_al_ekj]eo Í dan eo( o]jpko( lnkbap]o( ]npeop]o Í( mqa _khk_]i oq]o re`]o ] oan) rek `a qi pailk jkrk( ej]qcqn]`k lkn ahao( cn]]o ] ] ao atailh]nao( mqa _kjpn]ne]i ] ikn]h ba_d]`] recajpa* Dacah `ene] mqa ] ikn]h ]^anp] ^ancokje]j] o lk`a ]_kjpa_an mq]j`k ] ikn]he`]`a re) cajpa aop ai _neoa( lnaopao ] paniej]n( lknmqa qi jkrk lank`k deop ne_k)_qhpqn]h aop l]n] _kia]n* = ikn]h ba_d]`]( mq]j`k oajpe`] _kik nalnaookn] a klnaookn]( a ] pkp]he`]`a pe_]( mq]j`k lan_a^e`] _kik _kjpnne] oq^fapere`]`a ej`ere`q]h( ej`e_]i ]mqaha ikiajpk ai mqa ]o jkni]o a ko r]hknao ikn]eo ok atlaneiajp]`ko _kik rekhj_e] $eopk ( _kik eilkoek atpanj] a ]qpknepne]% a jk i]eo _kik na]hev]k pe_]( eopk ( _kik atlnaoo ao `] he^an`]`a*
Deopne] a renpq`ao
R
eaiko k^oanr]j`k mqa ko r]hknao ikn]eo ik`eÚ_]i)oa j] deop ne] lknmqa oaq _kj) pa `k abqbojfk^al lkn _kj`e ao deop ne_]o* Lq`aiko _kilnkr]n ] `apaniej]k deop ne_] `k _kjpa `k `ko r]hknao( at]iej]j`k ]o renpq`ao `aÚje`]o ai `ebanajpao lk_]o( _kik oa r( lkn atailhk( j] `ebanaj] ajpna k mq]`nk ]neopkphe_k a k _neopk `]o renpq`ao kq j]o _neoao pe_]o ]ooej]h]`]o lkn Dacah*
?kil]n]j`k =neoppahao a _neope]jeoik
/55
Mq]j`k at]iej]iko ]o renpq`ao `aÚje`]o lahk _neope]jeoik( `ao_k^neiko mqa( ai^kn] ]o renpq`ao ]neopkphe_]o jk oaf]i ]b]op]`]o( `aet]i `a oan ]o i]eo nahar]jpao* K^oanr]iko(
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
]ooei( k ]l]na_eiajpk `a renpq`ao jkr]o( _kj_anjajpao nah]k `k _najpa _ki @aqo $renpq) `ao pakhkc]eo%( lkoek `] fqope] a `] lnq`j_e] _kik renpq`ao l]npe_qh]nao $renpq`ao mqa( l]n] =neop pahao( jk an]i l]npe_qh]nao( lkeo ] fqope] k naoqhp]`k `] renpq`a a jk qi] `]o renpq`ao( a ] lnq`j_e] ] _kj`ek `a pk`]o ]o renpq`ao%( oq^opepqek `] ]iev]`a lah] _]) ne`]`a $ajpaj`e`] _kik ]ikn ]k ln teik a aooa ]ikn _kik naolkjo]^ehe`]`a lah] o]hr]k `k kqpnk%* Lk`aiko p]i^i k^oanr]n mqa k mqa =neop pahao _d]i]r] `a s`fl pn]jobkni]`k ai mb`^al( lknp]jpk( ai ]hck rkhp]`k l]n] ] nah]k `k _najpa _ki ] hae `erej]* Mq]jpk o ren) pq`ao ikn]eo( aj_kjpn]iko ajpna ah]o qi] mqa( l]n] =neop pahao( an] qi r_ek Í ] ik`ope] Í( ]hi `a raneÚ_]niko k ]l]na_eiajpk `a renpq`ao ecjkn]`]o kq `ao_kjda_e`]o lkn =neop ) pahao( _kik ] dqieh`]`a a ] _]ope`]`a* ?ki k _neope]jeoik( oqnca p]i^i _kik renpq`a ]hck mqa( l]n] qi cnack kq qi nki]) jk( f]i]eo lk`ane] b]van l]npa `ko r]hknao `k dkiai herna6 k pn]^]hdk* Ai _kjpn]l]npe`] a _kik _kjoamqj_e]( k _ek( r]hknev]`k lahko ]jpecko a _kjoe`an]`k lah] ok_ea`]`a ao_n]reop] cna_k)nki]j] _kik _kj`ek l]n] k atan__ek `] ÚhkokÚ] a `] lkhpe_]( pknj])oa( ] l]npen `a ajpk( k r_ek `] lnacqe]*
=ilhe]j`k ] _kil]n]k6 ] pe_] `a Aolejko] Oa( ]ckn]( pki]niko _kik nabanj_e] qi Úh okbk `k o_qhk TREE( Aolejko]( _qf] k^n] lnej) _el]h ejpepqh])oa qf`^( ranaiko k mq]`nk `]o renpq`ao a `ko r_eko ]hpan]n)oa lnkbqj`]iajpa* = j]pqn]he`]`a `]o l]et ao L]n] Aolejko]( okiko oanao j]pqn]hiajpa ]baperko( eopk ( jkook _knlk ejejpannqlp]) iajpa ]bap]`k lkn kqpnko _knlko $mqa lk`ai _kjoanr)hk a nacajan)hk kq ajbn]mqa_)hk a `aopnq)hk% a ]bap] kqpnko _knlko $p]i^i lk`aj`k _kjoanr)hko( nacajan)hko( ajbn]mqa_) )hko kq `aopnq)hko% a aoo]o ]ba_ ao _knlkn]eo oa atlneiai ai jkoo] ]hi] j] bkni] `a ]ba) pko kq oajpeiajpko* Kq oaf]( k mqa oa l]oo] ai jkook _knlk loemqe_]iajpa rere`k lkn j o ok^ ] bkni] ]baper]* =ooei( lkn atailhk( mq]j`k ]hcqi] _keo] ]qiajp] ] _]l]_e`]`a rep]h `a jkook _knlk( atlaneiajp]iko ]ikn lkn ah]7 a( ]k _kjpnnek( mq]j`k ]hcqi] _keo] ajbn]mqa_a p]h _]l]_e`]`a( atlaneiajp]iko `ek lkn ah]* K ]bapk kq oajpeiajpk ( lknp]jpk( _kjopepqperk `] nah]k `a jkoo] ]hi] _ki jkook _knlk* Jkooko ]bapko( atlhe_] Aolejko]( lk`ai oan m^fubp kq ^ bp* Ok l]et ao mq]j`k _]q) o]`ko lkn bkn]o kq _keo]o atpanj]o7 ok ] ao mq]j`k _]qo]`ko lkn jkoo] bkn] ejpanj]* =o l]et ao ok j]pqn]eo* Lkn mq; Lknmqa okiko _ne]pqn]o mqa rerai nk`a]`]o lkn ej ) ian]o kqpn]o a okiko ]bap]`ko lkn ah]o `a ej ian]o i]jaen]o( kq oaf]( okiko j]pqn]hiajpa l]ooekj]eo lknmqa okiko j]pqn]hiajpa l]ooerko( eopk ( ej_aoo]jpaiajpa okbnaiko ] ]k `a _]qo]o atpaneknao ] j o* =ooei( lkn j]pqnav]( reraiko _an_]`ko lkn kqpnko oanao( i]eo bknpao `k mqa j o( mqa ]cai ok^na j o a lkn eook( `ev Aolejko]( ] l]ooere`]`a kq ]o l]et ao jk ok ^k]o jai io( oeilhaoiajpa ok j]pqn]eo* Jk ok r_eko `] j]pqnav] dqi]j] jai oej]eo `a qi] rkjp]`a bn]_] kq lanranpe`] a oei ] i]jaen] _kik j]pqn]hiajpa ateopeiko na_a^aj`k a okbnaj`k ] ]k `a _]qo]o atpanj]o* Qi] l]etk ej`e_] ] bkn] kq ] bn]mqav] `a jkook oan $jkook _knlk a jkoo] ]hi]% l]n] ateopen a ]cen* Pno ok ]o l]et ao knecej]eo kq lneieper]o6 ^ibdof^( qofpqbw^ a abpbgl* =o `ai]eo `ane) r]i)oa `aop]o* =ooei( `] l]etk `a ]hacne] j]o_ai ]o `a ^jlo( absl l( bpmbo^k ^( pbdro^k ^( `lkqbkq^jbkql( jfpbof`oaf^( diof^7 `] l]etk `a pneopav] oqncai ]o `a afl( fksbg^( lodriel( ^oobmbkafjbkql( jlapqf^( erjfia^ab( jbal( abpbpmbol7 `] l]etk `k `aoafk( _kjbknia aopa oa _ki^eja _ki ] ]hacne] kq _ki ] pneopav]( lnkri ] do^qfal( ] diof^( ] _bkbsli k`f^( ] `ibo^( ] `orbia^ab( ] sfkd^k ^( ] ^j_f l( k qbjlo( ] lrp^af^( ] iru of^( ] ^s^obw^* Qi] l]etk pneopa ]mqah] mqa atlaneiajp]iko mq]j`k oajpeiko ] `eiejqek `] _]l]_e`]`a `a oan a ]cen `a jkook _knlk a `a jkoo] ]hi] Í lkn pneopav] mqa k`e]iko k mqa fqhc]iko mqa jko ajbn]mqa_a( ]ooei _kik lkn pneopav] mqa oajpeiko l]et ao _kik k ia`k a k `aoaolank( mqa jko har]i ] bqcen `]o _keo]o a `ko kqpnko kq ] mqanan `aopnq)hko* =k
0,,
= behkokbe] ikn]h x #!0É45,/ß x
_kjpnnek( qi] l]etk ]hacna atlaneiajp]`] mq]j`k oajpeiko k ]qiajpk `] _]l]_e`]`a `a ateopen a ]cen `a jkook _knlk a `a jkoo] ]hi] Í lkn ]hacne] mqa ]i]iko k mqa fqhc]iko mqa jko bknp]ha_a( ]ooei _kik lkn ]hacne] mqa oajpeiko ]iev]`a a cajankoe`]`a lkn ]mqa) hao mqa ]qiajp]i jkoo] bkn] rep]h* Jk _]ok `k `aoafk( lk`aiko pan l]et ao pneopao $_kik ] _nqah`]`a( ] ]i^ek( ] ]r]nav]% kq ]hacnao $_kik ] cn]pe`k a ] ^ajarkhj_e]% a( lknp]jpk( k `aoafk lk`a atlneien ] `eiejqek kq k ]qiajpk `a jkoo] bkn] l]n] ateopen* = oanre`k l]ooekj]h a ] he^an`]`a ]baper] Mqa k r_ek; Jk pan l]et ao* ] bn]mqav] l]n] ateopen( ]cen a lajo]n* `aet]n)oa har]n ]laj]o lkn ]bapko l]ooerko kq l]et ao( oq^iapaj`k)oa ] ahao( lkeo _ki eook jko `aet]iko ckranj]n lah]o _]qo]o atpanj]o $_keo]o a kqpnko dqi]jko%( mqa l]oo]i ] pan lk`an ok^na j o* ?kik oq_qi^eiko ]k lk`anek `a bkn]o atpanj]o; @aet]j`k)jko `kiej]n lah]o l]et ao pneopao a lah]o `aoaf]jpao j]o_e`]o `] pneopav]* Lkn eook( ai rav `a r_ek( Aolejko] b]h] ai Îoanre`k dqi]j]Ï* @a b]pk( okiko oanrko mq]j`k jkoo]o l]et ao `apaniej]i jkoo] re`] a( lknp]jpk( mq]j`k jk okiko hernao( i]o reraiko ok^ k lk`an atpanjk `]o _keo]o a `a kqpnko( mqa jko ]nn]op]i l]n] kj`a mqanai* Kn]( mq]jpk i]eo bn]_ko okiko( i]eo l]ooerko okiko a p]jpk i]eo bn]_ko mq]jpk i]eo l]et ao pneopao a `aoafko pneopao jko `kiejai* Mqa ] renpq`a; Jk _qilnen `aranao a k^nec] ao( i]o oan ] _]qo] ejpanj] `a jkooko oajpeiajpko( ]pko a lajo]iajpko* Kq oaf]( oan herna pan bkn] ejpanekn l]n] l]oo]n `] l]ooere) `]`a ]baper] $oq^ieook ] _]qo]o atpanj]o% ]pere`]`a ]baper] $oan _]qo] ejpanj] `ko ]bapko( `ko lajo]iajpko a `]o _kj`qp]o%* Pb ^ pbosfal m^ful) ^ sfoqrab ^ l+ Oan renpqkok kq oan herna ( lkeo( l]oo]n `] l]etk ]k( pknj]n)oa _]qo] ]per] ejpanj] `a jkooko ]bapko a lajo]iajpko* L]oo]n `] oanre`k he^an`]`a ?kik l]oo]n `] l]etk ]k; =^]j`kj]j`k ko oajpeiajpko( ko ]bapko( ]o aik ao; @a i]jaen] jajdqi]* Okiko oanao j]pqn]hiajpa ]baperko a `aet]n `a atlaneiajp]n ]bapko kq oajpeiajpko oeilhaoiajpa `aet]n `a oan dqi]jk* = l]oo]cai oa ` jk ejpanekn `]o l]et ao a cn]]o ] ah]o* @a b]pk( ]o l]et ao a ko `aoafko pneopao jko ajbn]mqa_ai a jko pknj]i _]`] rav i]eo l]ooerko ajmq]jpk ]o l]et ao a ko `a) oafko ]hacnao jko bknp]ha_ai* = re`] pe_] oa eje_e] mq]j`k lnk_qn]iko ]qiajp]n l]et ao a `aoafko ]hacnao a ]b]op]n l]et ao a `aoafko pneopao( lkeo( ia`e`] mqa ]o l]et ao `a ]hacne] a `a `aoafk ]hacna jko bknp]ha_ai( r]iko ]`mqenej`k lk`an ok^na j o iaoiko a `eiejqej`k k lk`anek `]o bkn]o atpanj]o* Mq]j`k jkoo] n]vk oa pknj] _]l]v `a oan rere`] lkn j o ]bape) r]iajpa( eopk ( mq]j`k atlaneiajp]iko mqa `lkeb`bo i]eo bknpa `k mqa fdklo^o a mqa k _kjda_eiajpk ] bkn] ln lne] `a jkoo] ]hi]( jkoo] ]pere`]`a n]_ekj]h oa pknj] ]hacne]* Kn]( ] ]pere`]`a n]_ekj]h jk `alaj`a `a _]qo]o atpanj]o( i]o at_hqoer]iajpa `] bkn] ejpanj] `a jkoo] n]vk* =ooei oaj`k( qi] n]vk bknpa ]hacna a qi] n]vk ]hacna bknpa6 _ki ah] oa eje_e] ] l]oo]cai ]baper] a _kcjeper] mqa jko har] `] l]etk ]k( `] oanre`k renpq`a* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( l]oo]iko `] l]etk ]k( `] oanre`k he^an`]`a pn]jobkni]j`k ]o l]et ao ]hacnao a ]o `aoaf]jpao j]o_e`]o `] ]hacne] ai ]pere`]`ao `a mqa okiko ] _]qo]* = renpq`a ] bkn] l]n] oan a ]cen ]qpkjki]iajpa( eopk ( _ki he^an`]`a* >ki a i]q
0,-
K _lj( atlhe_] Aolejko]( ]mqehk mqa peh l]n] k _nao_eiajpk `a jkook oan7 k j^r( k mqa jko eila`a `a ]h_]j]n ]hck ^ki l]n] jkoo] ateopj_e]* Oaf] j]o l]et ao( oaf] j]o ] ao( pk`ko j o oailna ^qo_]iko k _lj* qfi $iaoik mqa jko ajc]jaiko ] oaq naolaepk% a jko aobkn]iko l]n] ]b]op]n k mqa fqhc]iko j^r*kl`fsl l]n] jkoo] ateopj_e]* Kn]( atlhe_] Aolejko]( reraiko j] _kil]jde] `ko kqpnko oanao dqi]jko a okiko pk`ko ikre`ko lkn l]et ao* Aop]o lk`ai pknj]n)jko _kjpnneko qjo ]ko kqpnko a ejeiecko qjo `ko kqpnko( `a p]h i]jaen] mqa _]`] qi lk`a pknj]n)oa qi k^op_qhk l]n] mqa ko kqpnko _kjoe) c]i k ^ki) peh mqa `aoaf]i* Lkn aooa ikperk( ]o l]et ao a ko `aoafko ]hacnao $_kik k ]ikn(
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
] ^ajarkhj_e]( k _kjpajp]iajpk( ] cn]pe`k( ] aolan]j]( ] oacqn]j]% lk`ai _ne]n h]ko `a _kj_kn` j_e] ajpna ko dkiajo( ajmq]jpk ]o l]et ao a ko `aoafko pneopao $_kik k `ek( k ia`k( ] ejraf]( k kncqhdk( k `aoaolank( ] rejc]j]% oailna ko pknj]i ejeiecko* Pk`]re]( qi] l]etk oailna ejoprah( lkeo jah] jkook oajpeiajpk `alaj`a `a _]q) o]o atpanj]o a `a _en_qjop j_e]o mqa jk `alaj`ai `a j o* Lkn aooa ikperk( l]et ao a `a) oafko ]hacnao lk`ai iq`]n a pknj]nai)oa pneopao( ajbn]mqa_an)jko a jko pknj]n ejeiecko qjo `ko kqpnko* L]n] naokhran aoo] `eÚ_qh`]`a( Aolejko] lnkl a `q]o okhq ao6 `a qi h]`k( qi] ok_ea`]) `a lkhpe_] _qf]o ejopepqe ao b]rkna]i ] `eiejqek `]o bkni]o `a rekhj_e] a bknp]ha]i ko h]ko `a ]iev]`a( cn]pe`k a ^ajarkhj_e] ajpna ko dkiajo( aop]^ehev]j`k oq]o l]et ao a oaqo `aoafko ]hacnao7 aoo] ok_ea`]`a ( l]n] Aolejko]( ] ok_ea`]`a `aik_npe_]* @a kqpnk( ] re`] pe_] _kik ]k renpqko]* Mqa oecjeÚ_] eook; = renpq`a( `ev Aolejko]( jk oajk ] na]hev]k `a jkoo] _]l]_e`]`a _kcjeper] kq n]) _ekj]h $kq( _kik atlhe_] aha( ] renpq`a `] ]hi] `lkeb`bo%( a( lkn eook( jah] jqj_] jko ajc]) j]iko mq]jpk ]k mqa ^ki) peh l]n] jkook oan( jah] qi ]bapk `a ]hacne] a qi `aoafk ]hacna jqj_] oa pn]jobkni]i ai ]bapko a `aoafko pneopao* =ooei oaj`k( ko mqa ]cai lkn renpq`a jk ok ikre`ko lahk `ek( lahk ia`k( lah] ejraf]( lahk kncqhdk a kqpn]o l]et ao _ne]`kn]o `a ejeiev]`a a `eo_ n`e]* ?kjoamqajpaiajpa( ] renpq`a b]rkna_a a _kjoanr] ] _kj_ n`e] ]baper] a _kcjeper] ajpna ko dkiajo* =ooei _kik ] lkhpe_] `aik_npe_] aop]^ehev] l]et ao a `aoafko ]hacnao( lnkikraj`k ] _kj_ n`e] ok_e]h( ]ooei p]i^i ] re`] pe_] lnkikra ] _kj_ n`e] a ]iev]`a ajpna ko ej`e) r`qko* J] lkhpe_] `aik_npe_]( ] ^]oa `] _kj_kn` j_e] aj_kjpn])oa jk b]pk `a mqa k mqa ^ki) peh l]n] ] ok_ea`]`a p]i^i k l]n] oaqo iai^nko7 j] pe_]( aoo] ^]oa `]`] lahk b]pk `a mqa k mqa ^ki) peh l]n] qi ej`er`qk jk k^op_qhk l]n] k ^ai a ] qpehe`]`a `ko kqpnko( i]o b]rkna_a ] renpq`a `ko `ai]eo*
K^oanr]iko mqa ] pe_] aolejko]j] arep] kbana_an qi mq]`nk `a renpq`ao a r_eko( `eo) p]j_e]j`k)oa `a =neop pahao a `] ikn]h _neop( l]n] ^qo_]n j] e`ae] ik`anj] `a ej`er`qk herna k j _hak `] ]k ikn]h* J] qf`^( Aolejko] f]i]eo b]h] ai mb`^al a ai absbo7 b]h] ai co^nrbw^ a ai clo ^ l]n] oan( lajo]n a ]cen* =o renpq`ao ]neopkphe_]o ejoanai)oa jqi] ok_ea`]`a mqa r]hknev]r] ]o nah] ao ok_ek) lkhpe_]o ajpna ko oanao dqi]jko( `kj`a ] lnaaiejj_e] `] lnq`j_e]( `] ]iev]`a a `] fqo) pe]* =o renpq`ao _neopo( lkn oq] rav( atlneiai e`ae]o( _kopqiao a r]hknao `a qi] ok_ea`]`a rkhp]`] l]n] ] nah]k `ko dqi]jko _ki @aqo a ] hae `erej]* = renpq`a aolejko]j] pki] ] nah]k `k ej`er`qk _ki ] j]pqnav] a ] ok_ea`]`a _ajpn]j`k)oa j]o e`ae]o `a ejpacne`]`a ej`ere`q]h a `a bkn] ejpanj] l]n] nah]_ekj]n)oa hernaiajpa _ki ]i^]o* Qi lajo]`kn _kjpailkn jak( =h]o`]en I]_ Ejpuna( jqi] k^n] ejpepqh]`] Abmlfp a^ sfo* qrab( lnk_qn] na`aÚjen ] e`ae] `a sfoqrab j] ok_ea`]`a _kjpailkn ja]( j] mq]h ] lhqn]he`]) `a a `eranoeÚ_]k `a ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo eil ai l]n] qi iaoik ej`er`qk qi] cn]j`a r]nea`]`a `a _kj`qp]o a _kilknp]iajpko `ebanajpao Í d jkni]o a r]hknao j] b]ihe]( j] ao_kh]( jko `ebanajpao pelko `a lnkÚoo ao a `a pn]^]hdko( j]o `ebanajpao bkni]o lkhpe_]o( ap_* Ej`]c] I]_ Ejpuna6 lkoorah b]h]n ai renpq`a jk oejcqh]n Í ^ sfoqrab Í kq oan lna_eok _kj) oe`an]n mqa ai _]`] aoban] `] ateopj_e] d qi pelk `apaniej]`k `a renpq`a a ailnac]n k lhqn]h Í ^p sfoqrabp; I]o( oaf] jk oejcqh]n( oaf] jk lhqn]h( b]h]n ai renpq`a eilhe_] qi] e`ae] can]h `a renpq`a a _]^a ej`]c]n6 _kik aj_kjpn]n qi] e`ae] `a renpq`a mqa lkoo] `]n _kjp] `] iqhpelhe_e`]`a `a _kj`qp]o a `a ik`ko `a re`]; I]_ Ejpuna( ejolen]j`k)oa ai =neop pahao( _kj_a^a ] renpq`a _kik moufp( lknp]jpk( _kik ]mqah] ]k kq _kj`qp] j] mq]h k ]cajpa( k ]pk a ] Új]he`]`a ok ejoal]nraeo a iao) ik e`jpe_ko* Lkn eook( ] _kj_a^a _kik qi] mq]he`]`a dqi]j] ]`mqene`] mqa( ai mq]hmqan aoban] `a re`] a ]pere`]`a( jko pknj] _]l]vao `a ]h_]j]n qi ^ai ejpanjk ln lne] lnpe_] kq ln lne] _kj`qp]( eopk ( ejoal]nrah `] ]k mqa k ^qo_] a k na]hev]*
3TEVEß0YKE#ONTRIBUTORß 'ETTYß)MAGES
Qi] _kj_alk _kjpailkn ja] `] renpq`a
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O]_]o `a ]nnkv ok `ao_]nnac]`]o ai Lknpk Lnj_ela( jk D]epe( ai ]k `] ]fq`] dqi]jepne]( ]hcqjo `e]o `alkeo `k pannaikpk mqa `aopnqeq k l]o ai f]jaenk `a .,-,*
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I]_ Ejpuna oa lnak_ql] _ki k b]pk `a mqa ok_ea`]`ao _kik ] jkoo] ok ejpanj]iajpa iqepk `ebanaj_e]`]o ai oq]o ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo( _]`] qi] `ah]o _ki jkni]o a nacn]o `a _kj`qp] ln lne]o( `a i]jaen] mqa k mqa lk`a oan pe_k j] b]ihe] jk k oan j] lnkÚook a k mqa pe_k ai ]i^]o lk`an jk o)hk j] lkhpe_]( ap_* Lan]jpa ] iqhpelhe_e`]`a `a _kj`qp]o a _kilknp]iajpko atece`ko lkn jkoo]o ok_ea`]`ao( ] qje`]`a pe_] ]h_]j]`] mq]j`k ok) iko _]l]vao `a ]r]he]n ko i hpelhko ^ajo kq r]hknao `a _]`] aoban] `a jkoo] ateopj_e] hqv `] qje`]`a `a jkoo] re`]( eopk ( `a jkook `aoafk `a qi] re`] _kanajpa( ejpaen] kq jpacn]( `a p]h i]jaen] mqa aooa `aoafk `a _kanj_e] `a re`] a `a ejpaenav] `a _]npan kneajp] _]`] qi] `a jkoo]o _kj`qp]o a _]`] qi `a jkooko _kilknp]iajpko* ?kik atlhe_] I]_ Ejpuna( ] qje`]`a pe_] `a jkoo] re`] _kik ] qje`]`a `a qi] j]n) n]per]( _ki _kiak( iaek a Úi( j] mq]h lk`aiko e`ajpeÚ_]n qi] o a iaoi] re`] rere`] kq j]nn]`]( qi o a iaoik aq kq qi o a iaoik oqfaepk jk `a_knnan `k pailk a j]o `ebanaj) pao ] ao( _kj`qp]o a _kilknp]iajpko* Lkn aooa ikperk( ] sfoqrab $jk oejcqh]n a jk lhqn]h% ]mqehk mqa lnkle_e] ] qje`]`a `] j]nn]per] `a jkoo] re`]( eopk ( k mqa ` oajpe`k o jkoo]o ^qo_]o( ]ko jkooko aj_kjpnko( o jkoo]o lan`]o a bnqopn] ao( laniepej`k k ]qiajpk `a jko) ok ]qpk_kjda_eiajpk a `a jkoo] ]qpkjkie]* Kn]( ] qje`]`a `a qi] re`] kq ] j]nn]per] _kjpjq] `a qi] re`] oql a mqa rer]iko j] _kil]jde] `ko kqpnko( eopk ( `ao`a k j]o_eiajpk( aop]iko ejoane`ko jqi] b]ihe]( jqi] _e`]`a( jqi l]o( jqi] _h]ooa ok_e]h( jqi cnqlk( jqi] hjcq]( jqi] nahecek( ap_* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( j]o_aiko _kik iai^nko `a qi] pn]`ek mqa lkooqe jkni]o a r]hknao* Aoo] pn]`e) k k pannajk ok^na k mq]h oa ancqa jkoo] re`] pe_] a( lknp]jpk( aop] p]jpk lk`a na]hev]n)oa ai lhaj] _kjbknie`]`a _ki k mqa na_a^e`k `aoo] pn]`ek _kik( ]k _kjpnnek( lk`a na]he) v]n)oa _kik _npe_] `aoo] iaoi] pn]`ek $_kik ikopn]i Dacah a >ancokj( lkn atailhk%* Mq]j`k ] pn]`ek `aÚja renpq`ao mqa eila`ai ]ko ej`er`qko ] na]hev]k `] sfoqrab _kik _kanj_e] a qje`]`a `a re`] a `a _kj`qp]o kq mqa eila`ai ] ^qo_] `a qi bqpqnk jkrk( eopk ( `a jkr]o lkooe^ehe`]`ao `a ateopj_e] ej`ere`q]h a _khaper]( aoo] pn]`ek aop iknp] a ] re`] pe_] o lk`an na]hev]n)oa _kjpn] ah]( ejopepqej`k jkni]o( r]hknao( _kj`qp]o a _kilknp]iajpko _]l]vao `a ejopepqen qi] pn]`ek jkr] a rer]* Mq]h k _nepnek `] iq`]j] pe_]; Naolkj`a I]_ Ejpuna6 ] o^`flk^ifa^ab* Kq oaf]( qi] pn]`ek iknna a _ki^]pe`] ape_]iajpa mq]j`k oaqo r]hknao a oq]o jkni]o oa pknj]i enn]_ekj]eo l]n] naolkj`an ]ko ]joaeko pe_ko `ko ej`er`qko a `] _khapere`]`a* Lkn eook( ao) _nara I]_ Ejpuna( ] deop ne] `] ikn]h a `] ÚhkokÚ] ikn]h ] deop ne] `a oq_aooerko `ao]Úko
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
] ]hcqi] kn`ai ikn]h lnaateopajpa a lkn nabanj_e] ] aoo] deop ne] mqa ] oqlanekne`]`a n]_ekj]h `a qi] pe_] lk`a oan aop]^aha_e`]* =ooei( ] l]oo]cai `a qi] pn]`ek ikn]h ] qi] pe_] jkr] `a_knna `] enn]_ekj]he`]`a `] lneiaen] lan]jpa ]o iq`]j]o deop ne_]o a `] n]_ekj]he`]`a `] oacqj`] l]n] _knnaolkj`an ]k lnaoajpa a( lknp]jpk( `a oq] _]l]_e`]`a l]n] laniepen ] _]`] qi ] _kanj_e] `a re`] a ] ejpaenav] `a _]npan*
=hcqjo _kiajpneko =o k^oanr] ao `a I]_ Ejpuna lk`ai oqo_ep]n ]hcqi]o naÛat ao ejpanaoo]jpao mqa jko laniepai napki]n rneko ]ola_pko `] pe_] mqa reaiko ]^kn`]j`k ]p ]mqe( l]npe_qh]niaj) pa `keo( ] o]^an( ] e`ae] `a mqa `ara d]ran lnklknk ajpna iaeko a Újo ikn]eo $eopk ( Újo ikn]eo atecai iaeko ikn]eo% a ] mqaopk `] lhqn]he`]`a `a _kj`qp]o mqa jkoo] ok_ea`]`a jko eil a* -*
O^`flk^i b foo^`flk^i Í D rne]o i]jaen]o `a ajpaj`an aoo] `eopejk* =mqe( oqcaneiko lajo)h] pki]j`k _kik nabanj_e] ] e`ae] `a o^qfl( ajpaj`e`] _kik lnklknk ajpna `keo kq i]eo paniko $_kik reiko ]k aopq`]n ] n]vk%* ÎLnklknkÏ oecjeÚ_] mqa d qi] ia`e`] _kiqi ]ko paniko a mqa( cn]]o ] ah]( ahao oa pknj]i dkikcjako kq `a iao) i] j]pqnav]( lk`aj`k lkn eook oan nah]_ekj]`ko*
Jaoo] lanola_per]( `enaiko mqa qi] pe_] n]_ekj]h $kq `kp]`] `a o^qfl% mq]j`k jah] d lnklknk kq dkikcajae`]`a ajpna ko iaeko a ko Újo `] ]k( a enn]_ekj]h mq]j`k jk ateopa aoo] lnklknk( eopk ( iaeko a Újo ok dapankcjako kq `a j]pqnav] `ebanajpa* Reopk mqa( `ao`a =neop pahao( ] moufp lnaooql a a ateca ] lnklkn_ekj]he`]`a $qi] ]k pe_] o ]h_]j] Újo pe_ko oa ko iaeko `] ]k bknai pe_ko p]i^i%( `enaiko mqa ] enn]_ekj]he`]`a $]qoj_e] `a lnklknk kq `a dkikcajae`]`a ajpna iaeko a Újo% eilkooe^ehep] ] moufp a ] renpq`a( eopk ( iaeko eikn]eo ok dapankcjako ] Újo ikn]eo a ej_]l]vao `a na]hev)hko* @keo atailhko lk`ai ]qtehe]n)jko mq]jpk ] aoo] mqaopk* K lneiaenk `ahao jko `]`k lah] ]pepq`a `a iqepko Úh okbko ai `abao] `] pkhan j_e] naheceko] a lkhpe_] a jk _ki^]pa ]ko oqlh_eko a pknpqn]o `a lneoekjaenko nahecekoko a lkhpe) _ko* Ej`]c]i ko `abajoknao `] pkhan j_e]6 k mqa oa lnapaj`a mq]j`k oa ]lneoekj] ]hcqi lkn oq]o _naj]o naheceko]o kq lkn oq]o e`ae]o lkhpe_]o; A naolkj`ai6 lnapaj`a)oa k^nec]n k lneoekjaenk ] najqj_e]n o oq]o _naj]o kq o oq]o e`ae]o* Ej`]c]i jkr]iajpa6 kj`a aopk ]o _naj]o a ]o e`ae]o `k lneoekjaenk; Naolkj`ai6 j] ]hi] `k _najpa a j] n]vk `k iehep]jpa lkhpe_k* Jaooa _]ok( enn]_ekj]h kq `aolnklkn_ekj]h oqlhe_e]n a pknpqn]n oaq _knlk( qi] rav mqa k mqa oa mqan ]pejcen oaq aolnepk* Aoo] enn]_ekj]he`]`a kq `aolnklknk ajpna ko iaeko a ko Újo pai `q]o _kjoamqj_e]o lkooraeo6 kq k lneoekjaenk _kjoanr] ejp]_pk oaq aolnepk a `aet] oaq _knlk lana_an ok^ ] pknpqn]( ] mq]h( lknp]jpk( jk ]h_]j] k Úi aolan]`k( mq]h oaf]( k^pan ] naj j_e] o _naj]o naheceko]o kq o e`ae]o lkhpe_]o7 kq k lneoekjaenk Újca _kjbaoo]n a najqj_e]n o oq]o _naj]o a e`ae]o( iajpej`k l]n] ejpannkilan ] pknpqn] a( jkr]iajpa( k Úi jk ]h_]j]`k lahko pknpqn]`knao lknmqa( ai oaq aolnepk( k lneoekjaenk jk oa `k^nkq ]k pknpqn]`kn* Lk`an)oa)e]( ajpk( oqlkn mqa oane] n]_ekj]h pknpqn]n `enap]iajpa k aolnepk `k lneoek) jaenk $_kik jko ikopn]( lkn atailhk( k ao_nepkn Caknca Knsahh( jk nki]j_a .651( mqa iaj) _ekj]iko jk _]lpqhk ok^na ej` opne] _qhpqn]h%* Kn]( naolkj`ai ko `abajoknao `] pkhan j_e]( ]mqe ] enn]_ekj]he`]`a oane] ]ej`] i]ekn* Lkn mq; Lknmqa ko pknpqn]`knao `k aolnepk mqa) nai k^pan ] ]`aok aolenepq]h `k lneoekjaenk( eopk ( mqanai mqa oq] rkjp]`a a oq] n]vk oa `k^nai( i]o ]mqaha _qf] rkjp]`a a _qf] n]vk bkn]i `k^n]`]o lah] pknpqn] jk ` ]`aok slirkqof^ a o^`flk^i ]k pknpqn]`kn( lkeo lan`aq k aolnepk $] rkjp]`a a ] n]vk% mq]j`k aopa bke pknpqn]`k* Lkn _kjoacqejpa( pk`] a mq]hmqan bkni] `a pknpqn] ailnac]`] lkn qi] ok_ea`]`a eikn]h lknmqa enn]_ekj]h( lkeo jk _kjoacqa aop]^aha_an qi] nah]k lnklkn_ekj]h kq qi] o^qfl ajpna iaeko $] pknpqn]% a Újo $] ]`aok rkhqjpne] `k pknpqn]`k rkjp]`a `k pknpqn]`kn%*
0,0
= behkokbe] ikn]h x #!0É45,/ß x
K oacqj`k atailhk lk`a ren `a qi] oqlkoek* Oqlkjd]iko qi] ok_ea`]`a ai mqa oa ]_na`epa mqa ] _]qo] `] re`] dqi]j] oaf] k o]jcqa a mqa ]o `ebanaj]o ajpna ej`er`qko a cnqlko `a ej`er`qko oaf]i `apaniej]`]o lahk oaq pelk `a o]jcqa* Jqi] ok_ea`]`a _kik aoo]( lk`a oqncen qi cnqlk nahecekok mqa _kjoe`ana k oaq o]jcqa o]cn]`k a ]^ajk]`k lkn @aqo a aop]^aha] _kik jkni] ikn]h ] lnke^ek `] ieopqn] `k o]jcqa `a qi _najpa _ki k o]jcqa `ko jk _najpao( oal]n]j`k Úeo a ejÚeo lahk o]jcqa* @aoo] lnke^ek lk`ai `a_kn) nan kqpn]o( _kik( lkn atailhk( ] `a _]o]iajpko _ki jk _najpao kq ] pn]jobqok `a o]jcqa l]n] `kajpao* Kn]( ] cajpe_] _kjpailkn ja] `aikjopn] mqa ] _]qo] `] re`] jk k o]jcqa( eopk ( mqa k oqnceiajpk `] re`] `alaj`a `k _kilknp]iajpk `a _anpko _e`ko $_kik k @J= a NJ=%( mqa j]`] pi ] ran _ki k o]jcqa( `a oknpa mqa ]o laook]o rerai a oa `ebanaj_e]i qi]o `]o kqpn]o lkn _kj`e ao ^ekh ce_]o mqa jk `alaj`ai `k o]jcqa* Jaooa _]ok( lnke^en ikn]hiajpa qi] pn]jobqok `a o]jcqa( mqa lk`ane] o]hr]n qi] re`]( eikn]h lknmqa en) n]_ekj]h( lkeo jk d nah]k ajpna ] mq]he`]`a ikn]h `a qi] re`] $oan qi _najpa banrknkok% a ] mq]he`]`a boe_k)mqie_] `k o]jcqa7 ] lnke^ek jk pe_] lknmqa oa ^]oae] jqi] `ao) lnklknk( qi] rav mqa jk d dkikcajae`]`a ajpna oan qi _najpa a pan qi `apaniej]`k pelk `a o]jcqa* .*
0,1
Rkfa^ab b `lbo k`f^ ab sfa^ b miro^ifa^ab ab `ljmloq^jbkqlp pl`f^fp Î Ok_ea`]`ao ejpanj]iajpa iqepk `ebanaj_e]`]o ai oq]o ejopepqe ao( _]`] qi] `ah]o _ki jkni]o a nacn]o `a _kj`qp] ln lne]o( lk`ai can]n _kjÛepko `a _kj`qp]o `a p]h i]jaen] mqa qi _kilknp]iajpk _kjoe`an]`k pe_k jqi] ejopepqek lk`ane] jk k oan jqi] kqpn]* Aoo] oepq]k jko har] ] ej`]c]n mq]h k oajpe`k `k ]l]na_eiajpk( jko hpeiko pailko( `a atlnaoo ao _kik Îpe_] `] ailnao]Ï( Îpe_] `] lnkÚookÏ( Îpe_] i`e_]Ï $a `k `ajpeop]( `k lnkbaookn( `k ]hqjk( `ko ikpkneop]o( `]o `kj]o `a _]o]( ap_*%* =k mqa pq`k ej`e_]( pa) n]iko `a _kjoe`an]n jk o mqa d rne]o a i hpelh]o ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo i]o p]i^i i hpelh]o pe_]o a mqa aop]o lk`ai aop]n ai _kjÛepk kq oan _kjpnne]o qi]o o kqpn]o* ?kik oan pe_k Í eopk ( pan qje`]`a a _kanj_e] `a re`] Í ai p]eo _en_qjop j_e]o;
Lkn atailhk( lk`an]iko oqlkn mqa ] Îpe_] b]iehe]nÏ pane] _kik r]hkn k ]ikn na_lnk) _k( ] k^a`ej_e] a ] _kjÚ]j]( i]o mqa ] Îpe_] `] ailnao]Ï lk`ane] r]hknev]n ] _kilapek( k oacna`k a ] `ao_kjÚ]j]* @aoo] i]jaen]( ] re`] renpqko] ]lnaj`e`] ai _]o] jk jko lna) l]n]ne] l]n] oaniko pe_ko jqi] ailnao]* A re_a)rano]( eopk ( qi fkrai a qi] fkrai mqa pn]^]hd]ooai jqi] ailnao]( ]k oa _]o]nai a panai Úhdko( jk aop]ne]i lnal]n]`ko l]n] ln]pe_]n ] pe_] b]iehe]n* = oqlkoek `a mqa d rne]o pe_]o mqa lk`ai oan _kjÛep]jpao a o mq]eo `araiko ]`]lp]n)jko har] ] ei]cej]n mqa ] pe_] oane] _kik qi _]o]_k mqa rk_ pen] a l a _kjbknia ] dkn]( k hqc]n a ] pailan]pqn]* Kn]( d qi amqrk_k `a ^]oa jaoo] oqlkoek `a qi] lhqn]he`]`a `a pe_]o* @a b]pk( _]`] ejopepqek ok_e]h a _]`] lnkÚook aop]^aha_ai qi _kjfqjpk `a jkni]o mqa oa nabanai jk mq]he`]`a ikn]h `ko _kilknp]iajpko a `]o _kj`qp]o `a oaqo iai^nko a oei crk`fl* k^ifa^ab a bÛ``f^ l]n] k `aoailajdk ]`amq]`k kq aolan]`k `a qi] ]k $ailnao]ne]h( lnkÚooekj]h%* Aoo]o jkni]o jk ok pe_]o kq ikn]eo( i]o lod^kfw^`flk^fp a ^ajfkfpqo^qfs^p* Lkn _kjoacqejpa( jk d rne]o pe_]o* Pk`]re]( ai^kn] ai oe iaoi]o jk oaf]i pe_]o jai bkniai pe_]o l]npe_qh]nao( lk) `aiko a `araiko lancqjp]n oa aoo]o jkni]o `a bqj_ekj]he`]`a a aÚ__e] `k `aoailajdk aopk kq jk `a ]_kn`k _ki ko r]hknao pe_ko `] ok_ea`]`a j] mq]h ateopai* @aoo] i]jaen]( lk`aiko _kjoanr]n ] e`ae] `a mqa qi] pe_] ( at]p]iajpa( rj^ $`aÚje`] a `apaniej]`] lkn qi] _qhpqn] a qi] ok_ea`]`a ai _kj`e ao deop ne_]o `]`]o% a mqa lkn ah] mqa ]r]he]) iko ] mq]he`]`a ikn]h `]o ] ao na]hev]`]o j]o `ebanajpao ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo a lkhpe_]o a j]o lnkÚoo ao* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( lk`aiko ape_]iajpa ej`]c]n oa( ai oq]o jkni]o `a bqj_ekj]he`]`a a aÚ__e]( ]o ejopepqe ao a ]o lnkÚoo ao naolaep]i kq jk ko lnej_leko ikn]eo6 oa naolaep]i kq jk ] atecj_e] ikn]h `] jk rekhj_e]( oa b]rkna_ai kq jk k atan__ek `] ]qpknnaÛatk( `] naolkjo]^ehe`]`a a `] he^an`]`a `ko oaqo iai^nko* A ]ooei lkn `e]jpa*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
N]vk( `aoafk a rkjp]`a N]_ekj]heoik pe_k = pn]`ek Úhko Ú_] mqa at]iej]iko ]p ]mqe _kjopepqe k n]_ekj]heoik pe_k( lkeo ]pne) ^qe n]vk dqi]j] k hqc]n _ajpn]h j] re`] pe_]* @q]o _knnajpao lnej_el]eo bkni]i ] pn]`e) k n]_ekj]heop]6 ]mqah] mqa e`ajpeÚ_] n]vk _ki ejpahecj_e] kq ejpaha_pk $`loobkqb fkqbib`* qr^ifpq^% a ]mqah] mqa _kjoe`an] mqa( j] ikn]h( ] n]vk e`ajpeÚ_])oa _ki ] rkjp]`a $`loobkqb slirkq^ofpq^%* J]o `q]o _knnajpao( lkni( d _kj_kn` j_e] mq]jpk e`ae] `a mqa( lkn j]pqnav]( okiko oanao l]ooekj]eo( _daeko `a ]lapepao( eilqhoko a `aoafko _acko( `aoajbna]`ko a `aoia`e`ko( _]^aj`k n]vk $oaf] _kik ejpahecj_e]( jk ejpaha_pq]heoik( oaf] _kik rkjp]`a( jk rkhqjp]) neoik% aop]^aha_an heiepao a _kjpnkhao l]n] l]et ao a `aoafko* Ackoik( ]cnaooere`]`a( ]r]nav]( ^qo_] eheiep]`] `a ln]vanao _knlkn]eo( oatq]he`]`a oai bnaeko( iajpen]( delk_neoe]( i)b( `aoafk `a lkooa $p]jpk `a _keo]o _kik `a laook]o%( ]i^ek `aoia`e`]( _nqah`]`a( ia`k( _kr]n`e]( lnacqe]( `ek( eilqhoko ]oo]ooejko( `aolna) vk lah] re`] a lahko oajpeiajpko ]hdaeko ok ]hcqi]o `]o iqep]o l]et ao mqa jko pknj]i eikn]eo a ej_]l]vao `a nah] ao `a_ajpao a `ecj]o _ki ko kqpnko a _kjko_k iaoiko* Mq]j`k _a`aiko ] ah]o( okiko re_ekoko a _qhl]`ko* = pe_] ]lnaoajp])oa( ]ooei( _kik pn]^]hdk `] fkqbifd k`f^ a+kq `] slkq^ab l]n] `kiej]n a _kjpnkh]n aoo]o l]et ao* = _kj_alk ejpaha_pq]heop] L]n] ] _kj_alk ejpaha_pq]heop]( ] re`] pe_] kq re`] renpqko] `alaj`a `k _kjda_eiaj) pk( lkeo okiajpa lkn ecjkn j_e] mqa b]vaiko k i]h a jko `aet]iko ]nn]op]n lkn eilqhoko a l]et ao _kjpnneko renpq`a a ]k ^ai* K oan dqi]jk( oaj`k aooaj_e]hiajpa n]_ekj]h( `ara b]van _ki mqa oq] n]vk kq ejpahecj_e] $k ejpaha_pk% _kjda] ko Újo ikn]eo( ko iaeko ikn]eo a ] `ebanaj] ajpna ^ai a i]h( `a ik`k ] _kj`qven ] rkjp]`a jk ikiajpk `] `ahe^an]k a `] `a_eok* = re`] pe_] `alaj`a `k `aoajrkhreiajpk `] ejpahecj_e] kq n]vk( oai ] mq]h ] rkjp]`a jk lk`an ]pq]n* = _kj_alk rkhqjp]neop] L]n] ] _kj_alk rkhqjp]neop]( ] re`] pe_] kq ikn]h `alaj`a aooaj_e]hiajpa `] jkoo] rkjp]`a( lknmqa `ah] `alaj`a jkook ]cen a lknmqa ah] lk`a mqanan kq jk mqanan k mqa ] ejpahecj_e] hda kn`aj]* Oa ] rkjp]`a bkn ^k]( oanaiko renpqkoko( oa bkn i( oanaiko re_ekoko* = rkjp]`a ^k] kneajp] jkoo] ejpahecj_e] jk ikiajpk `] ao_khd] `a qi] ]k( ajmq]jpk ] rkjp]`a i `aore] jkoo] n]vk `] ^k] ao_khd]( jk ikiajpk `a `ahe^an]n a `a ]cen* = re`] pe_] `alaj`a `] mq]he`]`a `a jkoo] rkjp]`a a `] `eo_elhej] l]n] bkn)h] nqik ]k ^ai* K `aran a`q_] ] rkjp]`a l]n] mqa oa pknja nap] a ^k]* ?kjranc j_e]o ajpna ]o `q]o _kj_al ao Qi] l]etk $]ikn( `ek( ejraf]( ]i^ek( kncqhdk( ia`k% _khk_])jko ian_ `a _keo]o a laook]o mqa `aoaf]iko lkooqen kq `aopnqen* K n]_ekj]heoik pe_k $oaf] j] _kj_alk ejpaha_) pq]heop]( oaf] j] rkhqjp]neop]% `aÚja ] p]nab] `] a`q_]k ikn]h a `] _kj`qp] pe_] _kik lk) `anek `] n]vk l]n] eila`en)jko `a lan`an ] he^an`]`a ok^ ko abaepko `a l]et ao `aoia`e`]o a ej_kjpnkhraeo* L]n] p]jpk( ] pe_] n]_ekj]heop] `eopejcqa kb`bppfa^ab( abpbgl a slkq^ab* = ja_aooe`]`a `ev naolaepk ] pq`k mq]jpk ja_aooep]iko l]n] _kjoanr]n jkoo] ateopj) _e]6 ]heiajp]k( ^a^e`]( d]^ep]k( ]c]o]hdk jk bnek( lnkpak _kjpn] ]o ejpailneao( nah]) ao oatq]eo l]n] ] lnk_ne]k( `ao_]jok l]n] oa na_qlan]n `k _]jo]k( ap_* L]n] ko oanao dqi]jko( o]peob]van ]o ja_aooe`]`ao bkjpa `a o]peob]k* K `aoafk l]npa `] o]peob]k `a ja_aooe`]`ao( i]o ]_nao_ajp] ] ah]o k oajpeiajpk `k ln]van( `]j`k o _keo]o( o laook]o a o oepq] ao jkr]o mq]he`]`ao a oajpe`ko* Jk `aoafk( jkoo] ei]cej]k ^qo_] k ln]van a bkca `] `kn lahk oecjeÚ_]`k ]pne^q`k ]k mqa `aoaf]`k kq ej`aoaf]`k*
0,2
= behkokbe] ikn]h x #!0É45,/ß x
= i]jaen] _kik ei]cej]iko ] o]peob]k( k ln]van( k _kjpajp]iajpk mqa ]hcqi] _keo] kq ]hcqi jko `k pn]jobkni] aoo] _keo] kq aooa ]hcqi ai k^fapk `a `aoafk( k mqa jko har] ] lnk_qn)hk oailna( iaoik mq]j`k jk _kjoacqeiko lkooq)hk kq ]h_]j)hk* K `aoafk ( lkeo( ] ^qo_] `] bnqek `]mqehk mqa `aoaf]`k( lknmqa k k^fapk `k `aoafk ` oajpe`k jkoo] re`]( `apaniej] jkooko oajpeiajpko a jkoo]o ] ao* Oa( _kik ko ]jei]eo( paiko ja_aooe`]) `ao( okiajpa _kik dqi]jko paiko `aoafk* Lkn eook( iqepko Úh okbko ]Úni]i mqa ] aooj) _e] `ko oanao dqi]jko `aoaf]n a mqa okiko oanao Î`aoaf]jpaoÏ6 jk ]laj]o `aoaf]iko( i]o ok^napq`k `aoaf]iko oan `aoaf]`ko lkn kqpnko* = rkjp]`a `ebana `k `aoafk lkn lkooqen pno _]n]_panope_]o mqa aopa jk lkooqe6 -*
k ]pk rkhqjpnek eilhe_] qi aobknk l]n] raj_an k^op_qhko* Aopao lk`ai oan i]pane]eo $qi] ikjp]jd] oqnca jk iaek `k _]iejdk%( boe_ko $b]`ec]( `kn% kq lomqe_ko $`aocko) pk( bn]_]ook( bnqopn]k%* = paj]_e`]`a a ] lanoaran]j]( ] naoeopj_e] a ] _kjpejq]k `k aobknk ok i]n_]o `] rkjp]`a a lkn eook b]h]iko ai clo ^ ab slkq^ab7
.*
k ]pk rkhqjpnek ateca `eo_anjeiajpk a naÛatk ]jpao `a ]cen( eopk ( ateca `ahe^an]k( ]r]) he]k a pki]`] `a `a_eok* = rkjp]`a lao]( _kil]n]( ]r]he]( `eo_qpa( fqhc] ]jpao `] ]k7
/*
] rkjp]`a nabana)oa ]k lkoorah( eopk ( ]k mqa lk`a oan kq `aet]n `a oan a mqa oa pknj] na]h kq ]_kjpa_a cn]]o ]k ]pk rkhqjpnek( mqa ]pq] paj`k ai reop] ko Újo a ] lnareok `]o _kjoamqj_e]o* Lkn eook( ] rkjp]`a ejoal]nrah `] naolkjo]^ehe`]`a*
K `aoafk l]etk* = rkjp]`a( `a_eok* K `aoafk j]o_a `] ei]cej]k* = rkjp]`a oa ]npe) _qh] naÛatk* K `aoafk jk oqlknp] k pailk( kq oaf]( `aoaf]n mqanan ] o]peob]k eia`e]p] a k ln]van eia`e]pk* = rkjp]`a( ]k _kjpnnek( na]hev])oa jk pailk7 k aobknk a ] lkj`an]k pn]^]hd]i _ki ] nah]k ajpna iaeko a Újo a ]_aep]i ] `aikn] `] o]peob]k* J^p l abpbgl nrb lcbob`b slkq^ab lp jlqfslp fkqboflobp b lp Ûkp buqboflobp a^ ^ l+ Ç rkjp]`a _]^a ] a`q_]k ikn]h `k `aoafk* J] _kj_alk ejpaha_pq]heop]( ] ejpahecj_e] kneajp] ] rkjp]`a l]n] mqa aop] a`qmqa k `aoafk* J] _kj_alk rkhqjp]neop]( ] rkjp]`a ^k] pai k lk`an `a a`q_]n k `aoafk( ajmq]jpk ] rkjp]`a i oq^iapa)oa ] aha a lk`a( ai iqepko _]oko( lanranp)hk* ?kjo_ej_e]( `aoafk a rkjp]`a bkni]i k _]ilk `] re`] pe_]6 _kjo_ej_e] a `aoafk naba) nai)oa o jkoo]o fkqbk bp a jlqfs^ bp7 ] rkjp]`a( o jkoo]o ^ bp a Ûk^ifa^abp* =o lneiaen]o `evai naolaepk mq]he`]`a `] ]pepq`a ejpanekn kq `ko oajpeiajpko ejpanjko ]k oqfaepk ikn]h7 ]o hpei]o( mq]he`]`a `] ]pepq`a atpanj]( `]o _kj`qp]o a `ko _kilknp]iajpko `k oqfaepk ikn]h* L]n] ] _kj_alk n]_ekj]heop]( ] ÚhkokÚ] ikn]h k _kjda_eiajpk `]o ikper] ao a ej) paj ao $mqa ikrai ejpanekniajpa k oqfaepk ikn]h% a `ko iaeko a Újo `] ]k ikn]h _]l]) vao `a _kj_napev]n ]mqah]o ikper] ao a ejpaj ao* ?kjri k^oanr]n mqa ] lkoek `a G]jp( ai^kn] n]_ekj]heop]( `ebana `]o `ai]eo lknmqa _kjoe`an] ennahar]jpao ]o ikper] ao a ejpaj) ao `k oqfaepk( qi] rav mqa ] pe_] `ev naolaepk bkni] qjerano]h `k ]pk ikn]h( _kik ]pk herna `a qi] rkjp]`a n]_ekj]h ^k]( mqa ]ca lkn `aran oacqj`k ]o haeo qjerano]eo mqa `aq ] oe iaoi]* K eilan]perk _]pac ne_k at_hqe ikperko a ejpaj ao $mqa ok oailna l]npe_qh]nao% lknmqa aopao k pn]jobkni]ne]i ai ]hck _kj`e_ekj]`k lkn ahao a( lknp]jpk( k pknj]ne]i qi eilan]perk delkppe_k( `aopnqej`k)k _kik bqj`]iajpk qjerano]h `] ]k pe_] lkn `aran*
pe_] `]o aik ao a `k `aoafk
0,3
K n]_ekj]heoik pe_k jk ] je_] _kj_alk Úhko Ú_] `] ikn]h* Qi] kqpn] _kj_alk Úhko Ú_] _kjda_e`] _kik bjlqfsfpjl qf`l* L]n] k aikpereoik pe_k( k bqj`]iajpk `] re`] ikn]h jk ] n]vk( i]o ] bjl l* Jkooko oajpeiajpko ok _]qo]o `]o jkni]o a `ko r]hknao pe_ko* Ejolen]j`k)oa ai Nkqooa]q( ]hcqjo aikpereop]o ]Úni]i ] ^kj`]`a j]pqn]h `a jkooko oajpeiajpko a jkoo]o l]et ao( mqa ok( lkn eook( ] bkni] a k _kjpa `k `] ateopj_e] ikn]h _kik nah]k ejpanoq^faper] a ejpanlao) ok]h* Kqpnko aikpereop]o o]heajp]i ] qpehe`]`a `ko oajpeiajpko kq `]o aik ao l]n] jkoo] ok^narerj_e] a l]n] jkoo]o nah] ao _ki ko kqpnko( _]^aj`k pe_] kneajp]n aoo] qpehe`]`a `a ik`k ] eila`en ] rekhj_e] a c]n]jpen nah] ao fqop]o ajpna ko oanao dqi]jko*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
D ]ej`] qi] kqpn] _kj_alk pe_]( bn]j_]iajpa _kjpnne] n]_ekj]heop] $a( lkn eook( iqep]o ravao _d]i]`] `a foo^`flk^ifpq^%( mqa _kjpaop] n]vk k lk`an a k `enaepk `a ejpanren ok) ^na k `aoafk a ]o l]et ao( e`ajpeÚ_]j`k ] he^an`]`a _ki ] lhaj] i]jebaop]k `k `aoaf]jpa a `k l]ooekj]h* Aoo] _kj_alk aj_kjpn])oa ai Jeapvo_da a ai rneko Úh okbko _kjpailkn jako* Ai^kn] _ki r]ne]jpao( aoo] _kj_alk Úhko Ú_] lk`a oan naoqie`] jko oacqejpao lkj) pko lnej_el]eo( paj`k _kik nabanj_e] ] k^n] jeapvo_de]j] > dbkb^ildf^ a^ jlo^i6 ] ikn]h n]_ekj]heop] bke ancqe`] _ki Új]he`]`a nalnaookn] a jk l]n] c]n]jpen k atan_) _ek `] he^an`]`a7 ] ikn]h n]_ekj]heop] pn]jobknikq pq`k k mqa j]pqn]h a aolkjp jak jko oanao dqi]jko ai r_ek( b]hp]( _qhl]( a eilo ] ahao( _ki ko jkiao `a renpq`a a `aran( pq`k k mqa klne) ia ] j]pqnav] dqi]j]7 l]et ao( `aoafko a rkjp]`a nabanai)oa re`] a atl]jok `a jkoo] bkn] rep]h( lknp]jpk( jk oa nabanai( aolkjp]ja]iajpa( ]k ^ai a ]k i]h( lkeo aopao ok qi] ejrajk `] ikn]h n]_ekj]heop]7 ] ikn]h n]_ekj]heop] bke ejrajp]`] lahko bn]_ko l]n] _kjpnkh]n a `kiej]n ko bknpao( _qfko `aoafko( l]et ao a rkjp]`a ]Úni]i ] re`]( iaoik j] _nqah`]`a a j] ]cnaooere`]`a* Lkn ia`k `] bkn] rep]h `ko bknpao( ko bn]_ko _kj`aj]n]i l]et ao a `aoafko( oq^iapan]i ] rkjp]`a n]vk( ejrajp]n]i k `aran a eilqoan]i _]opecko ]ko pn]jocnaooknao7 pn]jocna`en jkni]o a nacn]o aop]^aha_e`]o ] ran`]`aen] atlnaook `] he^an`]`a a ok) iajpa ko bknpao ok _]l]vao `aoo] kqo]`e]* L]n] `eo_elhej]n a `k^n]n ] rkjp]`a `ko bkn) pao( ] ikn]h n]_ekj]heop]( ejrajp]`] lahko bn]_ko( pn]jobknikq ] pn]jocnaook ai b]hp]( _qhl] a _]opeck7 ] bkn] rep]h oa i]jebaop] _kik o] `a `k _knlk a `] ]hi]( _kik bkn] `] ei]cej]k _ne]`kn]* Lkn eook( ko bknpao `ao_kjda_ai ]jc ope]( ia`k( naiknok( dqieh`]`a( ejraf]* = ikn]h `ko bn]_ko( lkni( ]pepq`a lna_kj_aepqko] a _kr]n`a `ko mqa paiai ] o] `a a ] re`]( ejraf]i ko bknpao a lnk_qn]i( lah] iknpeÚ_]k `k _knlk a lahk o]_neb_ek `k aolnepk( rejc]n)oa `] bkn] rep]h7 ] ikn]h `ko bn]_ko lnk`qpk `k naooajpeiajpk( mqa k`ae] a paia ] re`]( ajrajaj]j`k)] _ki ] _qhl] a k la_]`k( rkhp]j`k _kjpn] oe iaoi] k `ek re`]7 ] ikn]h `ko naooajpe`ko( ^]oa]`] jk ia`k a jk `ek re`] $o l]et ao( ]ko `aoafko( rkjp]`a bknpa%( ejrajp] qi] kqpn] re`]( bqpqn]( apanj]( ej_knl na]( mqa oan `]`] _kik na_kilajo] ]ko mqa o]_neÚ_]nai oaqo eilqhoko rep]eo a ]_aep]nai ko r]hknao `ko bn]_ko7 ] ok_ea`]`a( ckranj]`] lkn bn]_ko del _nep]o( eil a ]ko bknpao ik`ahko pe_ko mqa ko ajbn]mqa]i a ko pknjai lneoekjaenko ` _aeo `] delk_neoe] `] ikn]h recajpa7 lna_eok i]jpan ko bknpao( `evaj`k)hdao mqa k ^ai pq`k k mqa bknp]ha_a k `aoafk `] re`] a i]h pq`k k mqa _kjpnnek ] aooa `aoafk* L]n] aooao Úh okbko( mqa lk`aiko _d]i]n `a ]jpenn]_ekj]heop]o( ] ikn]h n]_ekj]heop] kq `ko bn]_ko a naooajpe`ko mqa paiai ] re`]( k _knlk( k `aoafk a ]o l]et ao ] jlo^i alp bp`o^* slp( `ko mqa najqj_e]i ran`]`aen] he^an`]`a pe_]* Ok atailhk `aoo] ikn]h `a ao_n]rko6 ] pe_] ok_npe_]( ] ikn]h g]jpe]j]( ] ikn]h fq`]e_k)_neop( ] pe_] `] qpkle] ok_e]heop]( ] pe_] `aik_npe_]( ai oqi]( pk`] ikn]h mqa ]Únia mqa ko dqi]jko ok ecq]eo( oaf] lkn oanai n]_ekj]eo $O _n]pao( G]jp%( oaf] lkn oanai eniko $nahecek fq`]e_k)_neop%( oaf] lkn lkooqnai ko iaoiko `enaepko $pe_] ok_e]heop] a `aik_npe_]%* ?kjpn] ] _kj_alk `ko ao_n]rko( ]Úni])oa ] jlo^i alp pbkelobp kq ] qf`^ alp jbiel* obp( `ko ^ofpqlf( ] jlo^i ^ofpql`oqf`^( bqj`]`] jko ejopejpko rep]eo( jko `aoafko a j]mqehk mqa Jeapvo_da _d]i] `a slkq^ab ab mlq k`f^( _qfk ik`ahk oa aj_kjpn] jko cqannaenko ^ahko a ^kjo `]o ok_ea`]`ao ]jpec]o( ^]oa]`]o j] cqann]( jko _ki^]pao a jko fkcko( j]o `eolqp]o lah] ch ne] a lah] b]i]( j] ^qo_] `] dkjn] a `] _kn]cai*
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Aoo] _kj_alk `] pe_] oqo_ep] `q]o k^oanr] ao* Ai lneiaenk hqc]n( hai^naiko mqa ] pe_] j]o_a _kik pn]^]hdk `a qi] ok_ea`]`a l]n] `aheiep]n a _kjpnkh]n ] rekhj_e]( eopk ( k qok `] bkn] _kjpn] kqpnai* Reiko mqa ] ÚhkokÚ] ikn]h oa ancqa _kik naÛatk _kjpn] ] rekhj_e]( ai jkia `a qi oan dqi]jk _kj_a^e`k _kik n]_ekj]h( `aoaf]jpa( rkhqjpnek a herna( mqa( oaj) `k oqfaepk( jk lk`a oan pn]p]`k _kik _keo]* = rekhj_e] an] hk_]hev]`] p]jpk j]o ] ao _kjpn] kqpnai Í ]oo]ooej]pk( pknpqn]( oqlh_ek( ao_n]re`k( _nqah`]`a( iajpen]( ap_* Í _kik j]o ] ao _kjpn] j o iaoiko Í l]ooere`]`a( _kr]n`e]( `ek( ia`k( ]`qh]k( ejraf]( naiknok( ap_* = pe_] oa lnklqjd]( ]ooei( ] ejopepqen r]hknao( iaeko a Újo mqa jko he^an]ooai `aoo] `qlh] rekhj_e]* Ko _npe_ko `] ikn]h n]_ekj]heop]( lkni( ]Úni]i mqa ] ln lne] pe_]( pn]jobkni]`] ai _kopqiao( lna_kj_aepko _neop]hev]`ko a ok^napq`k ai _kjÚ]j] j] _]l]_e`]`a ]l]vecq]`kn] `] n]vk( pknjkq)oa ] bkni] lanbaep] `] rekhj_e]* ?kjpn] ] pe_]( ko ]jpenn]_ekj]heop]o `abaj) `ai k r]hkn `a qi] rekhj_e] jkr] a lqneÚ_]`kn] Í ] lkpj_e] kq ] bkn] `ko ejopejpko Í( _kjoe`an]`] he^anp]`kn]* K lnk^hai] _kjoeopa ai o]^an oa p]h rekhj_e] lk`a pan qi l]lah* Ai oacqj`k hqc]n( _qnekok k^oanr]n mqa iqepko `ko _d]i]`ko enn]_ekj]heop]o _kj) pailkn jako ^]oae]i)oa j] loe_]jheoa a j] pakne] bnaq`e]j] `] nalnaook `k `aoafk $bqj`]) iajp]hiajpa( `k `aoafk oatq]h%* Lnkl ai qi] pe_] mqa he^ana k `aoafk `] nalnaook ] mqa ] ok_ea`]`a k oq^iapaq( nalnaook _]qo]`kn] `a loe_koao( jaqnkoao( ]jc ope]o a `aoaolanko* K ]ola_pk _qnekok aop jk b]pk `a mqa Bnaq` _kjoe`an]r] atpnai]iajpa laneckok he^an]n k fa( ]o lqho ao a k `aoafk( lknmqa ] loe_]jheoa d]re] `ao_k^anpk qi] hec]k lnkbqj`] ajpna k `aoafk `a ln]van a k `aoafk `a iknpa( ] rekhj_e] ej_kjpnkhrah `k `aoafk oa jk bkn kneajp]`k a _kjpnkh]`k lahko r]hknao pe_ko lnklkopko lah] n]vk a lkn qi] ok_ea`]`a n]_ekj]h* Aoo]o `q]o k^oanr] ao jk `arai( lkni( ao_kj`an ko inepko a ]o `eÚ_qh`]`ao `] lnklkop] ikn]h ]jpenn]_ekj]heop]* k oaq cn]j`a inepk `aojq`]n ] delk_neoe] a ] rekhj_e] `] ikn]h recajpa( pn]van `a rkhp] k ]jpeck e`a]h `a bahe_e`]`a mqa jkoo] ok_ea`]`a `aopnqeq lkn iaek `] nalnaook a `ko lna_kj_aepko* Lkni( ] `eÚ_qh`]`a( _kik ]_]^]iko `a ]ooej]h]n( aop ai o]^an oa k mqa `araiko _nepe_]n a ]^]j`kj]n ] n]vk kq ] n]_ekj]he`]`a nalnaookn] a rekhajp]( ejrajp]`] lkn jkoo] ok_ea`]`a( mqa lna_eo] oan `aopnq`] lkn qi] jkr] ok_ea`]`a a qi] jkr] n]_ekj]he`]`a* Jaooa ]ola_pk( ejpanaoo]jpa k^oanr]n mqa jk o Bnaq` a Jeapvo_da _nepe_]n]i ] rekhj) _e] ao_kj`e`] ok^ ] ikn]h recajpa ai jkoo] _qhpqn]( i]o ] iaoi] _npe_] bke baep] lkn >anc) okj $mq]j`k `ao_naraq ] ikn]h ba_d]`]% a lkn I]nt $mq]j`k _nepe_kq ] e`akhkce] ^qncqao]%* I]nt ]Úni]r] mqa ko r]hknao `] ikn]h recajpa Í he^an`]`a( bahe_e`]`a( n]_ekj]he`]`a( naolaepk oq^fapere`]`a a dqi]je`]`a `a _]`] qi( ap_* Í an]i del _nep]o jk ai oe iao) iko $_kik fqhc]r] Jeapvo_da%( i]o lknmqa an]i enna]hevraeo a eilkooraeo jqi] ok_ea`]`a rekhajp] _kik ] jkoo]( ^]oa]`] j] atlhkn]k `k pn]^]hdk( j] `aoecq]h`]`a ok_e]h a a_k) jie_]( j] at_hqok `a qi] l]npa `] ok_ea`]`a `ko `enaepko lkhpe_ko a _qhpqn]eo* = ikn]h ^qncqao]( `eve] I]nt( lnapaj`a oan qi n]_ekj]heoik dqi]jeop]( i]o ]o _kj`e ao i]pane]eo _kj_nap]o ai mqa rera ] i]ekne] `] ok_ea`]`a eila`ai ] ateopj_e] lhaj] `a qi oan dqi]) jk mqa na]heva ko r]hknao pe_ko* L]n] I]nt( lknp]jpk( pn]p]r])oa `a iq`]n ] ok_ea`]`a l]n] mqa ] pe_] lq`aooa _kj_napev]n)oa* ?npe_]o oaiahd]jpao bkn]i baep]o lkn lajo]`knao ok_e]heop]o( ]j]nmqeop]o( qp le_ko( l]n] ko mq]eo k lnk^hai] jk oa aj_kjpn]r] j] n]vk _kik lk`anek `ko bn]_ko naooajpe`ko _kjpn] ko bknpao( i]o jk ik`k _kik ] ok_ea`]`a aop knc]jev]`]( lkeo jah] k eilan]perk _]) pac ne_k g]jpe]jk( lkn atailhk( jk lk`a oan naolaep]`k( qi] rav mqa ] knc]jev]k ok_e]h l a qi] l]npa `] ok_ea`]`a _kik _keo]( ejopnqiajpk kq iaek l]n] ] kqpn] l]npa*
pe_] a loe_]jheoa 6ERß5NIDADEß ßCAPqTULOß
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Jk _]ok `] pe_]( ] `ao_k^anp] `k ej_kjo_eajpa pn]v _kjoamqj_e]o cn]rao p]jpk l]n] ]o e`ae]o `a _kjo_ej_e] naolkjorah a rkjp]`a herna _kik l]n] ko r]hknao ikn]eo* @a b]pk( oa( _kik narah] ] loe_]jheoa( pljlp jkooko eilqhoko a `aoafko ej_kjo_eajpao a oa aopao `ao_kjda_ai ^]nnaen]o a heiepao l]n] ] ^qo_] `] o]peob]k a( ok^napq`k( oa _kjoa) cqai ] o]peob]k ^qnh]j`k a ajc]j]j`k ] _kjo_ej_e]( _kik( ajpk( i]jpan( lkn atailhk( ] e`ae] `a rkjp]`a herna mqa ]ca lkn `aran; Lkn kqpnk h]`k( oa k mqa oa l]oo] ai jkoo] _kjo_ej_e] oeilhao abaepk `eob]n]`k _qf]o _]qo]o na]eo ok ej_kjo_eajpao a ao_kj`e`]o( _kik b]h]n ai _kjo_ej_e] naolkjorah; ?kik ] _kjo_ej_e] lk`ane] naolkjo]^ehev]n)oa lahk mqa `ao_kjda_a a mqa f]i]eo oa pknj] _kjo_eajpa; I]eo cn]ra( lkni( ] _kjoamqj_e] l]n] ko r]hknao ikn]eo* Ai hqc]n `a oqncenai _kik atlnaook `a Új]he`]`ao lnklkop]o lkn qi] rkjp]`a ^k] a renpqko] mqa `aoaf] k ^ai( ko r]hknao a Újo pe_ko oqncai _kik nacn]o a jkni]o nalnaooer]o mqa `arai _kjpnkh]n jkooko `aoafko a eilqhoko ej_kjo_eajpao* Eook ]_]nnap] `keo lnk^hai]o pe_ko jkrko* Ai lneiaenk hqc]n( _kik b]h]n ai ]qpkjkie] ikn]h( oa k `aran( ko r]hknao a ko Újo ok eilkopko ]k oqfaepk lkn qi] n]vk klkop] ]k ej_kjo_eajpa a( lknp]jpk( klkop] ]k jkook oan na]h; = n]vk jk oane] qi] Ú_k a qi lk`an nalnaooerk atpanjk( ej_kil]prah _ki ] `aÚ) jek `] ]qpkjkie]; Ai oacqj`k hqc]n( reopk mqa ko `aoafko ej_kjo_eajpao oa i]jebaop]i lkn `eob]n_ao( _kik ] n]vk lk`ane] lnapaj`an _kjpnkh)hko ok^ k `aran a ]o renpq`ao oa jk pai ]_aook ] ahao; = loe_]jheoa ikopn] mqa okiko naoqhp]`k a atlnaook `a jkoo] deop ne] `a re`]( i]n) _]`] lah] oatq]he`]`a ejo]peobaep]( mqa ^qo_] o]peob] ao ei]cejne]o oai f]i]eo lk`an o]) peob]van)oa lhaj]iajpa* Jk okiko ]qpknao jai oajdknao `a jkoo] deop ne]( i]o abaepk `ah]* Ikopn])jko p]i^i mqa jkooko ]pko ok na]hev] ao ej_kjo_eajpao `a ikper] ao oatq]eo mqa `ao_kjda_aiko a mqa nalapeiko re`] ]bkn]* @k lkjpk `a reop] `k ej_kjo_eajpa( iajpen( i]p]n( nkq^]n( oa`qven( `aopnqen( paian( ]i^e) _ekj]n ok oeilhaoiajpa ^jlo^fp( lkeo l fk`lkp`fbkqb abp`lkeb`b s^ilobp jlo^fp* Ej ian]o ravao( _kilknp]iajpko mqa ] ikn]he`]`a fqhc] eikn]eo ok na]hev]`ko _kik ]qpk`abao] `k oqfaepk( mqa ko ailnac] l]n] `abaj`an oq] ejpacne`]`a lomqe_] ]ia]]`] $na]h kq b]jp]oek) o]%* Oa ok ]pko ikn]hiajpa _kj`ajraeo( lk`ai( lkni( oan loe_khkce_]iajpa ja_aooneko* Jaooa _]ok( _kik fqhc)hko a _kj`aj)hko ikn]hiajpa; B]n]iko( lkni( qi] ejpanlnap]k l]n_e]h `] loe_]jheoa oa _kjoe`anooaiko ]laj]o aooa ]ola_pk `a oq] cn]j`a `ao_k^anp]( ecjkn]j`k qi kqpnk mqa p]i^i hda aooaj_e]h* @a b]pk( ] loe_]jheoa aj_kjpn] `q]o ejop j_e]o kq `q]o b]_ao ]jp]cje_]o jk ej_kjo_eajpa6 k fa kq if_fal pbur^i( ai ^qo_] `] o]peob]k( a k prmbobdl kq `bkpro^ jlo^i( ejpaneknev]`] lahk oqfaepk( mqa ]^oknra ko r]hknao `a oq] ok_ea`]`a* Jkoo] loemqa qi _]ilk `a ^]p]hd] ej_kjo_eajpa ajpna `aoafko a _ajoqn]o* K e` ]i] k lnke^e`k7 k oqlanack mqan oan ]i]`k lkn nalneien k e`( ei]cej]j`k)oa p]jpk i]eo ]i]`k mq]jpk i]eo nalnaookn* K e` `ao_kjda_a bnkjpaen]o7 k oqlanack o _kjda_a ^]nnaen]o* Raj_a) `kn( k e` rekhj_e] mqa `aopn e ko kqpnko* Raj_a`kn( k oqlanack rekhj_e] mqa `aopn e k oq) faepk* Jaqnkoao a loe_koao ok _]qo]`]o p]jpk lkn qi e` atpnai]iajpa bknpa a qi oqlanack bn]_k( mq]jpk lkn qi oqlanack atpnai]iajpa bknpa a qi e` bn]_k* = ^]p]hd] ejpanekn o lk`a oan `a_e`e`] ai jkook lnkraepk lkn qi] pan_aen] ejop j_e]6 ] `lkp`f k`f^* @ao_k^nen ] ateopj_e] `k ej_kjo_eajpa jk oecjeÚ_]( lknp]jpk( aomqa_an ] _kjo_ej_e] a ]^]j`kj)h] _kik ]hck ehqo nek kq ej peh* Lahk _kjpnnek( ] loe_]jheoa jk okiajpa qi] pakne] ok^na k oan dqi]jk( i]o ]jpao `a pq`k qi] pan]le] l]n] ]qtehe]n k oqfaepk jk ]qpk) _kjda_eiajpk a qi ik`k `a arep]n mqa aha oa pknja qi fkcqapa `]o bkn]o ej_kjo_eajpao `k e` a `k oqlanack* Jk _]ok aola_Ú_k `] pe_]( ] loe_]jheoa ikopnkq mqa qi] `]o bkjpao `ko okbneiajpko lomqe_ko( _]qo] `a `kaj]o a `a lanpqn^] ao iajp]eo a boe_]o( k neckn at_aooerk `k oqla) nack( kq oaf]( `a qi] ikn]he`]`a nce`]( mqa lnk`qv qi fab^i al bdl $r]hknao a Újo pe_ko% en) na]hevrah( pknpqn]j`k loemqe_]iajpa ]mqahao mqa jk _kjoacqai ]h_]j)hk lkn panai oe`k a`q_]`ko j] _naj] `a mqa aooa e`a]h oane] na]hevrah*
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Mq]j`k qi] ok_ea`]`a nalneia ko `aoafko ej_kjo_eajpao `a p]h ik`k mqa jk lkoo]i aj_kjpn]n iaeko ei]cejneko a oei^ he_ko `a atlnaook( mq]j`k ko _ajoqn] a _kj`aj] `a p]h bkni] mqa jqj_] lkoo]i i]jebaop]n)oa( lnal]n] k _]iejdk l]n] `q]o ]hpanj]per]o ecq]hiaj) pa `eop]jpao `] pe_]6 kq ] pn]jocnaook rekhajp] `a oaqo r]hknao lahko oqfaepko nalneie`ko kq ] naoecj]k l]ooer] `a qi] _khapere`]`a jaqn pe_]( mqa _kjbqj`a jaqnkoa a ikn]he`]`a* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ai hqc]n `a pe_]( d rekhj_e]7 lkn qi h]`k( rekhj_e] `] ok_ea`]`a( mqa ateca `ko oqfaepko l]`n ao `a _kj`qp] eilkooraeo `a oanai na]hev]`ko a( lkn kqpnk( rek) hj_e] `ko oqfaepko _kjpn] ] ok_ea`]`a( lkeo okiajpa pn]jocna`ej`k a `aolnav]j`k ko r]hknao aop]^aha_e`ko lk`ank ok^nareran* Ai oqi]( oai ] nalnaook `] oatq]he`]`a( jk d ok_ea`]`a jai pe_]( i]o ] at_aooer] nalnaook `] oatq]he`]`a `aopn e( lneiaenk( ] pe_] a( `alkeo( ] ok_ea`]`a* K mqa ] loe_]jheoa lnkl a qi] jkr] ikn]h oatq]h mqa d]nikjeva( p]jpk mq]j) pk bkn lkoorah( ko `aoafko ej_kjo_eajpao( ]o bkni]o `a o]peob]v)hko a ] re`] ok_e]h* Aoo] ikn]h( are`ajpaiajpa( o lk`a oan na]hev]`] lah] _kjo_ej_e] a lah] rkjp]`a herna( `a oknpa mqa ] loe_]jheoa lnk_qn] bknp]ha_)h]o _kik ejop j_e]o ik`an]`kn]o `k e` a `k oqlanack* Okiko ape_]iajpa hernao a naolkjoraeo jk lknmqa lkoo]iko b]van pq`k mq]jpk mqaen]) iko( jai lknmqa mqaen]iko pq`k mq]jpk lkoo]iko b]van( i]o lknmqa ]lnaj`aiko ] `eo_neiej]n ]o bnkjpaen]o ajpna k laniepe`k a k lnke^e`k( paj`k _kik _nepnek e`a]h ] ]q) oj_e] `] rekhj_e] ejpanj] a atpanj]*
#APqTULOß = he^an`]`a = he^an`]`a _kik lnk^hai] B]h]i ko lkap]o6 ^ qlokbfo^ pb`^ %j^p mflo7 ^ c^iq^ ab pbab& ^ irw ^m^d^a^ %j^p mflo7 l dlpql al bp`rol&
0--
^ mloq^ cb`e^a^ %j^p mflo7 ^ `e^sb mlo abkqol&
Aooa lkai] `a Fko L]qhk L]ao jko b]h]( `a bkni] atpnai]iajpa _kj_ajpn]`] a lna_eo]( `k j _hak `] he^an`]`a a `a _kik lk`aiko lan_a^an oq] ]qoj_e]* K lkap] h]j] qi _kjpn]) lkjpk ajpna qi] oepq]k atpanj] atlaneiajp]`] _kik qi `]`k kq _kik qi b]pk $] pknjae) n] oa_]( ] hqv ]l]c]`]( ] lknp] ba_d]`]% a ] ejn_e] naoecj]`] jk ejpanekn `k oqfaepk $] b]hp] `a oa`a( k ckopk `k ao_qnk( ] _d]ra lkn `ajpnk%* K _kjpn]lkjpk baepk lah] atlnaook Îi]o leknÏ* Mqa oecjeÚ_] ah]; Mqa `e]jpa `] ]`ranoe`]`a $] b]hp] `a cq]( ] b]hp] `a hqv( ] b]hp] `a ]^anpqn]%( najqj_e]iko ] ajbnajp)h] $f jai mqanaiko ^a^an cq]( ]ooei _kik f jai mqanaiko hqv kq lknp]o ]^anp]o%( b]vaik)jko _ ilhe_ao `ah]* Lkni( jk eook k lekn* Lekn ] naj j_e] he^an`]`a* Najqj_e]iko oa`a( mqa jko b]ne] ]^nen ] pknjaen]7 najqj_e]iko ]k `aoafk `a hqv( mqa jko b]ne] ]_aj`an ] hqv7 najqj_e]iko ]k ]^anpk( mqa jko b]ne] cen]n ] _d]ra* @aoo] i]jae) n]( oa_qn]( ao_qne`k a lneok `aet]i `a aop]n bkn] `a j o l]n] oa pknj]nai j o iaoiko( _ki jkoo] b]hp] `a oa`a( jkook ckopk `k ao_qnk a jkoo] b]hp] `a rkjp]`a `a cen]n ] _d]ra* Qi kqpnk lkai] p]i^i kbana_a k _kjpn]lkjpk ajpna j o a k iqj`k6
2ENATOßDOSß!NJOS%DITORAß!BRIL
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*OSmß0AULOß0AESßß ¯ ßPOETAßß BRASILEIRO
Jaooa lkai]( ?]nhko @nqiikj` `a =j`n]`a( _kik Fko L]qhk L]ao( _kjbnkjp])jko _ki ] na]he`]`a atpanekn6 k Îr]opk iqj`kÏ `k mq]h okiko qi] lamqaj] l]n_ah] a jk mq]h aop]) iko iancqhd]`ko* Pk`]re]( ko `keo lkai]o `ebanai( lkeo ai rav `] ejn_e] naoecj]`]( _kik jk lkai] `a L]ao( aop]iko ]ckn] `e]jpa `] ]Úni]k `a mqa jkook oan i]eo r]opk `k mqa k iqj`k6 lahk jkook _kn]k Í oajpeiajpko a ei]cej]k Í okiko i]eknao `k mqa k iqj`k( _ne]iko kqpnko iqj`ko lkooraeo( ejrajp]iko kqpn] na]he`]`a* =^neiko ] pknjaen]( ]_aj`aiko ] hqv a cen]iko ] _d]ra* Ai^kn] `ebanajpao( ko `keo lkai]o ]lkjp]i l]n] k cn]j`a pai] `] pe_]( `ao`a mqa aop] oa pknjkq mqaopk Úhko Ú_]6 l nrb bpq b l nrb kl bpq bj klppl mlaboq]nmqa6 ÎAeo mqa _dac] ] nk`] rer]( har]j`k ] o]q`]`a ln] hÏ* =o pakne]o pe_]o lnk_qn]n]i oailna ajbnajp]n k armil mol_ibj^ `] ja_aooe`]`a a `] _kjpejcj_e]( `aÚjej`k k _]ilk `] he^an`]`a lkoorah*
=o _kj_al ao `a =neoppahao a `a O]npna
0-1
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0ARAMOUNTß0ICTURES!LBUM,ATINSTOCK
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?a`an p]jpk mq]jpk jk _a`an qi] `a_eok jkoo]* Lkn eook( O]npna b]v qi] ]Úni]k ]l]najpaiajpa l]n]`kt]h( `evaj`k mqa Îaop]iko _kj`aj]`ko he^an`]`aÏ* Mq]h k l]n]`k) tk; E`ajpeÚ_]n if_boa^ab a `lkabk^ l( eopk ( `keo paniko ej_kil]praeo( lkeo herna mqai jk aop _kj`aj]`k* K mqa O]npna lnapaj`a `evan; Mqa( l]n] ko dqi]jko( ] he^an`]`a _kik ] ja_aooe`]`a a ] b]p]he`]`a( kq oaf]( jk lk`aiko ao_]l]n `ah]* ah] mqa `aÚja ] dqi]je`]`a `ko dqi]jko( oai ao_]l]p ne]* aoo] e`ae] mqa aj_kjpn]iko jk lkai] `a ?]nhko @nqiikj`( mq]j`k ]Úni] mqa okiko i]eknao `k mqa k Îr]opk iqj`kÏ* ah] p]i^i mqa oa aj_kjpn] jk lkai] `a Re_ajpa `a ?]nr]hdk( mq]j`k jko `ev mqa ] bahe_e`]`a Îaop oailna ]laj]o kj`a ] lkikoÏ a Îjqj_] ] lkiko kj`a j o aop]ikoÏ* Okiko ]cajpao hernao p]jpk l]n] pan _kik l]n] lan`an ] bahe_e`]`a*
0-2
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0-3
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'EORGEß,UKACSßß ¯ ßFILvSOFOßß MARXISTAßH{NGARO
FACULTY STAFFOUEDUß !RQUIVOßDAßEDITORA
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,UCIENß'OLDMANßß ¯ ßFILvSOFOßß MARXISTAßROMENO
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eiko( jk Új]h `k ?]lpqhk 3( mqa( l]n] ko dqi]jko( re`] a iknpa jk ok ]laj]o ]_kjpa_eiajpko ^ekh ce_ko( i]o oei^ he_ko* Lkn eook iaoik( `ao`a ko ia]`ko `k o_qhk TT( k cn]j`a `aoajrkhreiajpk `a qi] _ej_e] `enap]iajpa hec]`] re`]( ] caj pe_]( l]ookq ] pan eilhe_] ao pe_]o iqepk oecjeÚ_]per]o* @a b]pk( k _]ok `] dbkqf`^ a `] bkdbke^of^ dbkqf`^( ] l]npen `ko aopq`ko `ko cajao a `k oqnceiajpk `]o pa_jkhkce]o cje_]o( `qlh]iajpa eilknp]jpa l]n] j o lknmqa( _kik at) lhe_]i Oqvqge a Gjq`opkj( ] dbkqf`^ jlabok^ _kjbaneq ]ko oanao dqi]jko qi cn]j`a lk) `an ok^na ] dana`ep]nea`]`a( pn]vaj`k p_je_]o l]n] _kjda_an ko cajao `]o aol_eao racap]eo a ]jei]eo( l]n] `a_ebn]n ]o iajo]cajo mqie_]o _ebn]`]o `]o ikh_qh]o cje_]o a ]p l]n] ik`eÚ_]n caj pelko ej`ere`q]eo* Pi oe`k ajkniao ko ^ajab_eko `aooao _kjda_eiajpko j] ia`e_ej]( j] ej` opne]( j] ]cne_qhpqn]( ik`eÚ_]j`k ] reok mqa k dkiai lkooq] `a oaq hqc]n j] j]pqnav] Í aha jk k Înae `] ?ne]kÏ( i]o qi ahk j] iehaj]n a hkjcqooei] _]`ae] `] re`] Í a j] ln lne] `aÚjek `k mqa qi oan dqi]jk* = _flildf^ jlib`ri^o( `ao_k^nej`k ] knecai `] re`]( ]^]hkq ko ]he_an_ao `ko iepko( `]o nahece ao( `] o]^a`kne] pn]`e_ekj]h a `ko r]hknao dqi]jko* Lkn eook iaoik( oqcana mqaop ao oai lna_a`ajpao l]n] ] pe_]( ] _kia]n lahk b]pk `a mqa( j] ok_ea`]`a _kjpailkn ja]( ] laomqeo] _eajpÚ_k)pa_jkh ce_] a oq]o ]lhe_] ao jk `alaj`ai `] rkjp]`a a `] `a_eok `a ej`er`qko a oei `]o cn]j`ao _knlkn] ao ailnao]ne]eo a `]o ejopepqe ao iehep]nao $k `lj* mibul jfifq^o*fkarpqof^i( `a mqa b]h]iko ]k aopq`]n ] _ej_e] a ] p_je_]%( mqa lkooqai ko na_qnoko a ] lan_e] p_je_] ja_aooneko l]n] oa ]lnkraep]n `]o jkr]o laomqeo]o a `]o jkr]o
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
pa_jkhkce]o* Ai reop] `k ]qiajpk `k hq_nk a `k lk`anek iehep]n( ]lnklne]i)oa lner]`]iaj) pa `ko naoqhp]`ko _eajpÚ_k)pa_jkh ce_ko( i]jpe`ko _kik oacna`ko( a( oai lnaop]n _kjp]o ] jejcqi( pki]i `a_eo ao mqa ]bap]i pk`]o ]o bkni]o `a re`] `k lh]jap]* Aoo]o `a_eo ao ajrkhrai ej ianko lnk^hai]o( `ko mq]eo r]iko ]mqe `aop]_]n `keo6 -*
^ obpmlkp^_fifa^ab jlo^i b lp ifjfqbp al `lkeb`fjbkql dbkqf`l `lkqbjmlo kbl6
Ko _kjda_eiajpko `aoajrkhre`ko jaoo] na] `k o]^an( ]ej`] mqa eiajoko a _eajpeÚ_]) iajpa narkhq_ekjneko( ok ]ej`] iqepk lamqajko a ej_anpko* Jk ajp]jpk( lna_elep]`]iajpa( f pi lnkle_e]`k ] ao ok^na aol_eao racap]eo a ]jei]eo a ok^na k dkiai( oai mqa oa lkoo] lnaran ko abaepko bqpqnko `aoo]o ejpanraj ao* K _d]i]`k _]ok `] Î`kaj] `] ^khd]Ï lk`a oanren `a atailhk ]mqe* Ko mqa okbnai `ao) o] `kaj] lkooqai cn]rao lnk^hai]o eiqjkh ce_ko( eopk ( oaq knc]jeoik jk lnk`qv ch ) ^qhko ^n]j_ko mqa oenr]i `a ]jpe_knlko mqa k lnkpaf] `a ]cnaoo ao `k iaek ]i^eajpa* L]n] _kjoanr]n ai re`] aoo]o laook]o( ah]o ok _kjÚj]`]o `ao`a k j]o_eiajpk ai ]i^eajpao `a ]ooaloe] lanbaep] a _kilhap] $] Î^khd]Ï% a jk ajpn]i ai _kjp]pk `enapk _ki jajdqi] kqpn] bkni] `a re`]( jai iaoik dqi]j]* Pai oe`k _kjoe`an]`k qi oq_aook qi atlaneiajpk cajpe_k na]hev]`k l]n] ]hpan]n ]o _hqh]o `]o _ne]j]o j]o_e`]o _ki aooa pannrah lnk^hai]( `a i]jaen] mqa lkoo]i b]^ne_]n ko ch ^qhko ^n]j_ko kq haq_ _epko a har]n qi] re`] jkni]h* Ejbaheviajpa( ]hcqi]o `aoo]o _ne]j]o ]ckn] aopk iknnaj`k lahk lnk^hai] _kjpnnek( eopk ( lkn haq_aie] kq b]^ne_]k at_aooer] `a haq_ _epko* K kqpnk atailhk k `k _d]i]`k Îiehdk pn]jocje_kÏ( eopk ( ] ]hpan]k cajpe_] l]n] ] k^pajk `a qi] aol_ea `a iehdk mqa naoeopa ] ln]c]o a `ai]eo lnk^hai]o ]i^eajp]eo* = `ebqok `] lnk`qk ]npeÚ_e]h `aoo] je_] aol_ea pai har]`k ]k ]^]j`kjk `]o iqep]o kqpn]o r]nea`]`ao j]pqn]eo `a iehdk( lkeo( `k lkjpk `a reop] `k ian_]`k( ok iajko hq_n]per]o `k mqa ]mqah] mqa l]na_a naoeopajpa ] pk`ko ko i]hao* =hi `ko `aoamqeh^neko `ko a_kooeopai]o `]o nace ao ai mqa ]o kqpn]o aol_eao `a iehdk `aet]n]i `a oan _qhper]`]o a `ko neo_ko `a ie) one] jaoo]o nace ao mqa oa pknj]n]i eilnk`qper]o( ]ej`] lk`aiko lanbaep]iajpa oqlkn mqa j]`] eila`a mqa qi lnk^hai] ]i^eajp]h jkrk ]l]na] a `aopnq] oq^ep]iajpa ] aol_ea je) _] `a iehdk* ?kik ]o kqpn]o aol_eao bkn]i ]^]j`kj]`]o( pank `ao]l]na_e`k a lk`a ]_kjpa) _an mqa( qi `e]( k iehdk `ao]l]na] `] b]_a `] Pann] a _ki aha k a_kooeopai] ajrkhre`k* Paj`k ai reop] ] lnkheban]k `ko racap]eo pn]jocje_ko $_kik k _]ok `] okf] a `] h]n]j) f]( ajpna kqpnko% a k ]^]j`kjk `] ^ek`eranoe`]`a j]pqn]h ai lnkraepk `a aol_eao je_]o( jk lk`aiko `aet]n `a har]jp]n ] del paoa `a ]hpan] ao ]i^eajp]eo mqa lnkrkmqai ] atpejk `a rne]o `aoo]o aol_eao je_]o _ki abaepko cec]jpao_ko jk okiajpa ok^na ] re`] dqi]j] $bkia( ieone]( `kaj]o( iknpao%( i]o ok^na pk`k k lh]jap]* ?kik `evai Oqvqge a Gjq`opkj6 Bpq^jlp qbkq^kal bumilo^o `lkeb`fjbkqlp ob`j*^anrfofalp pbj qbo) cobnrbkqb* jbkqb) ^ j^fp s^d^ fabf^ ^`bo`^ a^p `lkpbnr k`f^p ^ ilkdl mo^wl ab klpp^p qb`klildf^p+ Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ] ]lhe_]k `ko _kjda_eiajpko lk`a aop]n banej`k k lnej_lek pe_k `] naolkjo]^ehe`]`a* .*
^idrj^p nrbpqbp qf`^p pl_ob l `lkqolib a^ ebobafq^ofba^ab6
=o ]lhe_] ao `]o pa_jkhkce]o cje_]o kq ] ajcajd]ne] cajpe_] _khk_]i lnk^hai]o pe) _ko `a cn]j`a ajranc]`qn] mqa jk lk`ai oan ecjkn]`ko( ok^napq`k ] l]npen `k ikiajpk ai mqa oa l]ookq ] oamqaj_e]n k cajki] dqi]jk* @a b]pk( ko _eajpeop]o mqa lnapaj`ai oa) mqaj_e]n k cajki] dqi]jk ]_na`ep]i _dac]n ] qi _kjda_eiajpk mqa jko herna `a `knao a okbneiajpko( _qna `kaj]o( lnkhkjcqa ] fqrajpq`a a ]`ea ] iknpa( cn]]o ]k ]lanbaek]iaj) pk `] ln lne] aol_ea dqi]j] _ki k _kjpnkha ok^na ] dana`ep]nea`]`a $k b]ikok =@J( mqa _kopqi] oan iaj_ekj]`k a lklqh]nev]`k j] oq] bkni] ai ejcho( eopk ( @J=%* Qi `ko lnk^hai]o pe_ko i]eo cn]rao pn]ve`ko lah] cajpe_] aj_kjpn])oa j] _d]i]`] Îokj`]cai cje_]Ï( lkn iaek `] mq]h oa lnapaj`a `apa_p]n( lkn atailhk( laook]o mqa pane]i
GENOMAßHUMANOßß CONJUNTOßDEßCROMOSSOMOSßß QUEßCONToMßOSßGENESßQUEß OSßASCENDENTESßTRANSMI TEMßAOSßSEUSßDESCENDEN TESßAOßLONGOßDAßHISTvRIAß DEßUMAßESPmCIE $.!ßfCIDOßDESOXIRRIBO NUCLEICO ßmßAßMOLmCULAß QUEßFORMAßAßDUPLAßHmLICEß PORTADORAßDOSßGENESßß bßAßMOLmCULAßHEREDITfRIAß PRINCIPALßNAßMAIORIAßß DASßESPmCIESß
0.2
pe_] a _ej_e] x #!0É45,/ß x
*ORGEß!RA{JO&OLHAß)MAGEM
cajao mqa ]o lna`eolkne]i l]n] ] _neiej]he`]`a kq ]o mqa pane]i cajao mqa ]o lna`eolkne]i l]n] _anp]o `kaj]o hec]`]o ] _anpko pelko `a pn]^]hdk* Lkn eook( p]eo laook]o jk `arane]i oan ailnac]`]o* Aoo]o laook]o jk o pane]i na_a^e`k lkn dana`ep]nea`]`a ] Îpaj`j_e] ]k _neiaÏ kq ] Îej_]l]_e`]`a l]n] qi pn]^]hdkÏ( _kik ]ej`] ]o pn]joiepene]i ]ko oaqo `ao_aj`ajpao* @aoo] i]jaen]( lkn qi] l]n]`kt]h ej) ranok( ajmq]jpk ] _ej_e] lnapaj`a ]b]op]n ko k^op_qhko mqa ] eila`ai `a `kiej]n ] j]) pqnav] $`kijek mqa laniepene] k _kjpnkha dq) i]jk ok^na ] ja_aooe`]`a j]pqn]h a _khk_]ne] ln]pe_]iajpa pq`k ok^ k lk`an dqi]jk%( ] ca) jpe_] l]na_a pn]van `a rkhp] ]o rahd]o e`ae]o `a b]p]he`]`a a `a `aopejk $kq ] e`ae] `a mqa j]`] lk`aiko _kjpn] ] ja_aooe`]`a j]pqn]h%( lkeo k _neia a ] `kaj] l]oo]i ] oan pe`ko _kik abaepko ja_aooneko `a qi] _]qo]he`]`a j]pq) n]h ja_aoone] Í ] dana`ep]nea`]`a* @aoo] i]) jaen]( lk`an)oa)e] ]p iaoik b]h]n ai Î`aopejk ^ekh ce_kÏ( pknj]j`k r]ve]o ]o e`ae]o `a he^an`]) `a( naolkjo]^ehe`]`a a ]qpk`apaniej]k `ko ej`er`qko* I]o jk o eook* = e`ae] `a qi oqlkopk Î`aopejk ^ekh ce_kÏ lk`a oan bkjpa `a rekhj) _e] a( lknp]jpk( ikn]hiajpa ej]_aeprah* @a b]pk( aoo] e`ae] lk`ane] ]_]nnap]n ] `eo_neie) j]k ok_e]h `]o laook]o mqa peraooai ko oq) lkopko cajao Î_neiejkokoÏ( iaoik mqa f]i]eo pajd]i _kiape`k jajdqi _neia( kq cajao Î`kajpeko l]n] k oanrekÏ( iaoik mqa pajd]i oe`k oailna o]q`raeo a pn]^]hd]`kn]o* A aoo] `eo_neiej]k lk`ane] c]jd]n lnklkn ao ce) c]jpao_]o `a rekhj_e] oa oa l]oo]ooa ] _kjoe) `an]n mqa( oaj`k p]eo cajao dana`epneko( ] paj) =cne_qhpknao mqaei]i okf] pn]joc je_] `j_e] _neiej]he`]`a kq ej_kilapj_e] `qn]jpa i]jebaop]k jk oacqj`k `e] l]n] k pn]^]hdk oane]i _]n]_panope_]o ^ekh ce) `] ?KL)4 $4· ?kjban j_e] `]o L]npao%( `] ?kjrajk ok^na @eranoe`]`a >ekh ce_] _]o `ko cnqlko ok_e]eo ai mqa p]eo ej`er`qko `] KJQ( ai ?qnepe^]( ai i]nk `a .,,2* j]o_ai( rerai a lnk_ne]i( `a oknpa mqa ] `eo) _neiej]k ]pejcene] cnqlko ok_e]eo ejpaenko* Kn]( ] e`ae] `a Î`aopejk ^ekh ce_kÏ _eajpeÚ_]iajpa ]^oqn`]* ?kik ao_narai Oqvqge a Gjq`opkj6 Rj^ jbo^ ifpq^ ab >AK %AK>& al dbklj^ ab rj^ mbppl^ mlabof^ m^ob`bo ^ ^idrkp rj^ sfpl molcqf`^ al crqrol abpp^ mbppl^+ Kl bkq^kql) lp dbkbp obmobpbkq^j pljbkqb rj^ a^p afjbkpbp a^ fabkqfa^ab _flidf`^ ab rj^ mbppl^) fpql ) ^ Ïk^qrobw^Ð _flildf* `^jbkqb eboa^a^) `ljmlkbkqb a^ bqbok^ bnr^ l Ïk^qrobw^*`riqro^Ð) nrb pb bumofjb bj qla^ `lfp^ sfsbkqb+ >l `bkqo^o*pb bu`irpfs^jbkqb bj c^qlobp ebobafqoflp) ^q jbp* jl rj^ prmlpq^ Ïplka^dbj d kf`^ qlq^iÐ al >AK %AK>& ab rj fkafsarl mlab lcbob`bo mlr`l j^fp al nrb rj^ sfpl jljbkq kb^ a^p j iqfmi^p clo ^p nrb bkqo^j bj gldl kl abpbkslisfjbkql ab rj^ sfa^ erj^k^+ Qi oacqj`k lnk^hai]( `aner]`k `k ]jpanekn( pn]ve`k lah] _d]i]`] Îpan]le] cje_] caniej]hÏ( eopk ( mqa ejpanri ai _hqh]o dqi]j]o `] nalnk`qk kq _hqh]o caniej]eo _ki ] Új]he`]`a `a _qn]n `kaj]o cajpe_]o kq _knnecen Î`abaepko cajpe_koÏ* D ]mqe `keo lnk^hai]o cn]rao( qi `ahao lnklne]iajpa _eajpÚ_k a k kqpnk `enap]iajpa ikn]h*
0.3
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
-*
mq]hmqan `kaj] cajpe_] o pai `aÚjek lnkreo ne]( lkeo qi caja mqa klan] lanbae) p]iajpa ai _anp]o _kj`e ao `k iaek ]i^eajpa( `] ]heiajp]k( `k _hei]( lk`a klan]n iajko o]peob]pkne]iajpa ai kqpn]o _kj`e ao a eook $mqa oane] pe`k _kik ] `kaj]% lk`a oan l]oo]caenk( ^]op]j`k nalkn ]o _kj`e ao ]`amq]`]o l]n] oaq bqj_ekj]iajpk7
.*
d iq`]j]o bnamqajpao j]o oamqj_e]o `a =@J $@J=%( _]qo]j`k iqp] ao ]ha]p ne]o( naolkjoraeo lkn `kaj]o( oai mqa oa lkoo] lnaran kq Î_knnecenÏ p]eo iqp] ao lkn ejpan) banj_e] j]o _hqh]o nalnk`qpkn]o( qi] rav mqa ]o iqp] ao ok eilnareoraeo a `alaj) `ai `a iqepko b]pknao7
/*
_]h_qh])oa mqa pk`k oan dqi]jk lknp]`kn `a _ej_k ] `av cajao `abaepqkoko k_qhpko( `a i]jaen] mqa p]jpk qi ej`er`qk lanbaep]iajpa o]q`rah lk`a oan dan`aenk a pn]joieo) okn `a qi] `kaj] _kik p]i^i ] ejpanrajk ok^na _hqh]o caniej]eo `a qi ej`er) `qk cajape_]iajpa `kajpa jk eila`a ] _kjoanr]k `ko cajao `abaepqkoko k_qhpko*
Mq]h k lnk^hai] ikn]h; K `] brdbkf^( eopk ( ] rahd] e`ae] `a Îlqnav] `] n]]Ï kq `a lq) neÚ_]k `] aol_ea( ai jkia `] mq]h jk o oane]i baep]o ejpanraj ao a ik`eÚ_] ao j]o _hqh]o nalnk`qpkn]o( i]o p]i^i oa fqopeÚ_]ne] ] aheiej]k `ko ÎeilqnkoÏ kq `ko Îejbanek) naoÏ kq `ko Î`abaepqkokoÏ* Kn]( mqai `aÚja a mqai `a_e`a k mqa qi oan dqi]jk ÎlanbaepkÏ; ?ki mqa `enaepk ]hcqjo lk`ai `aÚjen a `a_e`en ok^na k mqa oane] qi oan dqi]jk oai eilan) bae ao a oai `abaepko; = atlanej_e] `k j]veoik jko ikopn] ko naoqhp]`ko `a p]h `a_eok* =hi `eook( lanbaek a eilanbaek ok r]hknao _qhpqn]eo( r]ne]j`k `a ok_ea`]`a l]n] ok_ea`]`a a jk _knnan `] deop ne]( jk lk`aj`k oan `aÚje`ko _ki ^]oa ai qi l]`nk ^ek) h ce_k je_k( k mq]h( ]heo( p]i^i qi l]`nk _qhpqn]h* Mqai f haq k ^ahk nki]j_a `a =h`kqo Dqthau( >ajfosbi jrkal klsl( d `a oa hai^n]n `k pannrah lao]`ahk mqa ] lna) pajok `a lnk`qven Îoanao dqi]jko lanbaepkoÏ( _]`] mq]h ]`amq]`k ] qi `apaniej]`k pelk `a bqjk j] ok_ea`]`a* A( Új]hiajpa( ]hi `ko lnk^hai]o pe_ko `a rekhj_e] ajrkhre`ko lah] oamqaj_e]k `k cajki] dqi]jk( d mqa iaj_ekj]n kqpnk abaepk `] ajcajd]ne] cajpe_] a mqa oa ]lnaoajp] _kik ] rekhj_e] ai oq] bkni] atpnai]( ]hck ikn]h a lkhepe_]iajpa ej]_aeprah6 ] lnk`qk `a ]ni]o ^ekh ce_]o( eopk ( k qok `ahe^an]`k `a ie_nknc]jeoiko $rnqo( ^]_pne]o( bqjcko% kq `a oq^op j_e]o p te_]o k^pe`]o `a _hqh]o rer]o _ki k lnkl oepk `a i]p]n kq ej_]l]_ep]n oa) nao dqi]jko( ]jei]eo a lh]jp]o* Jqi] l]h]rn]( k qok iehep]n `ko _kjda_eiajpko cajpe_ko*
!LBUM!KG IMAGES,ATISNTOCK
Mq]h k lnk^hai] _eajpÚ_k; = ejpanrajk ok^na _hqh]o nalnk`qpkn]o l]n] _qn]n `kaj) ]o cajpe_]o jk lk`a oan baep] oai mqa oa pajd] qi] _h]n] a lanbaep] `aÚjek `k mqa ] `kaj]* Kn]( ] cajpe_] ]ej`] jk lkooqe aoo] `aÚjek* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( k lnk^hai] lk`a oan ]ooei naoqie`k6
!LDOUSß(UXLEYßß ¯ ßESCRITORß INGLoS
Qi] ^nara nabhatk
K
o lnk^hai]o ]ooej]h]`ko oecjeÚ_]ne]i mqa `araiko( oqlanope_eko] a b]j]pe_]iajpa( jko klkn ejraopec]k cajpe_]; @a ik`k ]hcqi* Ko _kjda_eiajpko jkrko ok^na ko cajao jko ]qtehe]nk ] _ki^]pan `kaj]o( okbneiajpko a `knao a ] iahdkn]n ] lnarajk a k pn]p]iajpk `a iqep]o `aokn`ajo cajpe_]o* =k iaoik pailk( lkni( k mqa `araiko a lk`aiko atecen naolkjo]rahiajpa ( `a qi h]`k( k `enaepk ejbkni]k l ^he_] _knnap] ok^na ]o laomqeo]o( oq]o Új]he`]`ao a bkni]o `a ]lhe_]k $kq k _ki^]pa ]k oacna`k% a( `a kqpnk( ] _h]nav] mq]jpk o _kjoamqj_e]o `a _qnpk ln]vk a ko neo_ko `a hkjck ln]vk* ?kik ao_narai Oqvqge a Gjq`opkj6 > `f k`f^ b ^ qb`klildf^ pl l molarql a^ `roflpfa^ab erj^k^) l foobcobsbi fjmri* pl a^ jbkqb m^o^ `lkeb`bo) bumilo^o) jra^o+ B absbjlp ^ifjbkq^o bpp^ nr^ifa^ab ^ qlal fkpq^kqb+ Mloj) q^j_j mob`fp^jlp ob`lkeb`bo nrb e ^ kb`bppfa^ab ab rj m^aol jlo^i bj nrb ^ `roflpfa^ab `fbkqÛ`^ mlpp^ bumofjfo*pb pbj bumlo ^p mlmri^ bp erj^* k^p b pbrp ^j_fbkqbp ^ ofp`lp fk^`bfqsbfp b a^klp foobm^osbfp+
0.4
pe_] a _ej_e] x #!0É45,/ß x
=hcqjo lna_aepko `] Cajpe_]
E
jpnk`qvej`k ] l]h]rn] Dbkqf`^( @]re` Oqvqge a Lapan Gjq`opkj lnklqoan]i qi _kj) fqjpk `a lna_aepko pe_ko _ki mqa ko _eajpeop]o a ko haecko kq ko jk aola_e]heop]o ai cajpe_] lk`ai fqhc]n a ]r]he]n ape_]iajpa ]o ]pere`]`ao a ko Újo `aoo] _ej_e] a `]o pa_jkhkce]o ajrkhre`]o lkn ah]* Aooao lna_aepko pe_ko lk`ai oan ]ooei naoqie`ko6 -*
ja_aooe`]`a `a mqa oa _kjda] lanbaep]iajpa ] j]pqnav] `ko cajao $knecajo( l]lah jko lnk_aooko dana`epneko `]o _hqh]o( lkooe^ehe`]`ao `a _kjpnkh)hko% ]jpao `a eje_e]n ejpan) raj ao cajpe_]o7
.*
arep]n a eila`en ] oeilheÚ_]k lanecko] mqa aop]^aha_a qi] nah]k _]qo]h ajpna ko _kilknp]iajpko `]o laook]o a oqlkopko Î`abaepkoÏ jk @J= dqi]jk7
/*
]o ejbkni] ao cajpe_]o ok^na qi ej`er`qk `arai oan _kjda_e`]o lkn aha l]n] mqa lkoo] qo)h]o hernaiajpa a jk l]n] mqa hda oaf]i eilkop]o ok^ ] bkni] `a naopne ao( `eo_neiej] ao a kqpnko lnafqvko7
0*
]o pan]le]o cje_]o mqa ej_e`ai ok^na ]o _hqh]o caniej]eo kq nalnk`qpkn]o dqi]j]o oai ejbkni]k `a pk`] ] ok_ea`]`a a oai k _kjoajpeiajpk `a pk`] ] ok_ea`]`a `arai oan atlhe_ep]iajpa lnke^e`]o7
1*
k `aoajrkhreiajpk `a laomqeo]o a ] b]^ne_]k `a ]ni]o ^ekh ce_]o qi] ]lhe_]k ape_]iajpa ej]_aeprah `] cajpe_]7
2*
k iaek ]i^eajpa $n]eko `a Okh( n]`ek]pere`]`a( oq^op j_e]o mqie_]o% lk`a _]qo]n iqp]) ao mqa ]hpan]i kq `aopnkai ] ejbkni]k cajpe_] _kjpe`] j]o ikh_qh]o cajpe_]o7 _]`] qi `a j o pai k `enaepk `a na_a^an ]o ejbkni] ao ok^na ]o _kj`e ao `k iaek ]i^eajpa a pan ] naolkjo]^ehe`]`a l]n] eila`en oq] `apanekn]k kq l]n] iejkn]n oaqo abaepko lnafq`e_e]eo7
3*
] pn]jobanj_e] `a cajao `a qi] aol_ea l]n] kqpn] `ara oan _kjoe`an]`] vkj] `a laneck a jk `ara oan na]hev]`] ]p mqa ] _ej_e] pajd] lanbaepk _kjda_eiajpk `k ]h_]j_a `k ejpan_ i^ek cajpe_k ajpna aol_eao7
4*
] `eranoe`]`a cajpe_] $kq ] ^ek`eranoe`]`a% p]jpk j]o aol_eao dqi]j]o _kik j]o ]je) i]eo a racap]eo qi na_qnok lh]japnek lna_ekok mqa `ara oan lnaoanr]`k a _kjpnkh]`k lkn j o7 ]p k ikiajpk( ]o aol_eao pn]jocje_]o ok qi laneck l]n] ] ^ek`eranoe`]`a lh]japne] a l]n] ] re`]7
5*
k iank ]_ iqhk `a _kjda_eiajpko cajpe_ko jk c]n]jpa ] o]^a`kne]( ] lnq`j_e] a ] _knnak `a jkoo]o `a_eo ao a jk lk`a oan ejrk_]`k l]n] _kjpnkh]n ko oanao dqi]jko7
-,* mqaop ao mqa lna_eo]i oan lkop]o a l]n] ]o mq]eo ] ok_ea`]`a lna_eo] ^qo_]n naolkop]o6 ]%
lk`a)oa laniepen mqa ej`er`qko lner]`ko a ailnao]o lner]`]o pajd]i ] lnklnea) `]`a at_hqoer] `]o ejbkni] ao _kjpe`]o jko cajki]o lnk`qve`ko lah] ajcajd]) ne] cajpe_] $ko pn]jocje_ko%;
^% lk`a)oa laniepen mqa ailnao]o ^ekpa_jkh ce_]o b]]i ]lhe_] ao cajpe_]o $okj) `]cai cajpe_]( pan]le] cajpe_]( _hkj]cai( pn]jocje_ko( ap_*% paj`k _kik Új]he) `]`a ]laj]o k hq_nk a _qop] `a ]ola_pko jk hq_n]perko mqa pi ] ran _ki ] o] `a( ] ]heiajp]k( k iaek ]i^eajpa; _%
0.5
mqa lnak loe_kh ce_k( ikn]h( _qhpqn]h a lkhpe_k mqanaiko l]c]n oa `a_e`eniko ]lnkr]n k qok `]o pa_jkhkce]o cje_]o jk l]n] _aha^n]n ] `eranoe`]`a cajpe_] ateopajpa ajpna ko oanao dqi]jko( i]o l]n] eilkn qi] `aÚjek ]n^epnne] `k mqa oa `ara ajpaj`an lkn Îoan dqi]jkÏ;
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
#APqTULOß = re`] lkhpe_]
L]n]`ktko `] lkhpe_] Ko rneko qoko a oajpe`ko `] l]h]rn] lkhpe_] Jk n]nk kqreniko `evan mqa Îhqc]n `a aopq`]jpa j] o]h] `a ]qh] a jk j] nq] b]vaj) `k l]ooa]p]Ï( kq mqa Îaopq`]jpa aopq`]( jk b]v lkhpe_]Ï* I]o p]i^i kqreiko k _kjpnnek( mq]j`k ]hcqi ]Úni] mqa Îko aopq`]jpao aopk ]heaj]`ko( jk oa ejpanaoo]i lkn lkhpe_]Ï* Jk lneiaenk _]ok( _kjoe`an])oa ] lkhpe_] qi] ]pere`]`a ln lne] `a _anp]o laook]o aj_]nnac]) `]o `a b]v)h] $ko lkhpe_ko lnkÚooekj]eo%( ajmq]jpk( jk oacqj`k( _kjoe`an])oa ] lkhpe_] qi ejpanaooa a iaoik qi] k^nec]k `a pk`ko* =l]na_a ]mqe qi lneiaenk l]n]`ktk `] lkhpe_]6 ah] qi] ]pere`]`a aola_Ú_] `a ]hcqjo lnkÚooekj]eo `] ok_ea`]`a kq _kj_anja ] pk`ko j o( lknmqa reraiko ai ok_ea`]`a; ?kik oa k^oanr]( qo]iko ] l]h]rn] mliqf`^ kn] l]n] oecjeÚ_]n qi] ]pere`]`a aola_Ú_] $k ckranjk%( na]hev]`] lkn qi _anpk pelk `a lnkÚooekj]h $k lkhpe_k%( kn] l]n] oecjeÚ_]n qi] ]k _khaper] $k ikreiajpk aopq`]jpeh j]o nq]o( lkn atailhk% `a naerej`e_]k `a ]hcqi] _keo]( baep] lkn iai^nko `] ok_ea`]`a a `enece`] ]ko ckranjko kq ]k Aop]`k* =Új]h( ] lkhpe_] qi] lnkÚook ajpna kqpn]o kq qi] ]k mqa pk`ko ko ej`er`qko na]hev]i mq]j`k oa nah]_ekj]i _ki k lk`an; = lkhpe_] oa nabana o ]pere`]`ao `a ckranjk kq ] pk`] ]k ok_e]h mqa pajd] _kik ]hrk kq _kik ejpanhk_qpkn k ckranjk kq k Aop]`k; Jk ajp]jpk( lk`aiko qo]n ] l]h]rn] mliqf`^ ]ej`] ai kqpnk oajpe`k* @a b]pk( bnamqaj) paiajpa aj_kjpn]iko atlnaoo ao _kik Îlkhpe_] qjeranoepne]Ï( Îlkhpe_] `] ao_kh]Ï( Îlkhpe_] `k dkolep]hÏ( Îlkhpe_] `] ailnao]Ï( Îlkhpe_] oej`e_]hÏ* Jaooa _kjfqjpk `a atlnaoo ao( f jk aj_kjpn]iko ] nabanj_e] ]k ckranjk jai ] lnkÚooekj]eo `] lkhpe_]* ÎLkhpe_] qjeranoepne]Ï a Îlkhpe_] `] ao_kh]Ï nabanai)oa i]jaen] _kik qi] ejopepqek `a ajoejk $l ^he_] kq lner]`]% `aÚja oq] `enak a k ik`k `a l]npe_el]k kq jk `a lnkbaooknao a aopq`]jpao ai oq] caopk( ]k ik`k _kik ko na_qnoko oank ailnac]`ko( ]k _qnn_qhk( o bkn) i]o `a ]r]he]k `ko ]hqjko a lnkbaooknao( ]k pelk `a laook] mqa oan na_a^e`] _kik aopq`]jpa kq _kik `k_ajpa( _]nnaen] `ko `k_ajpao( ]ko o]hneko a( oa ] ejopepqek bkn lner]`]( ]k _qopk `]o iajo]he`]`ao a i]pn_qh]o( ap_* Ai oajpe`k ln teik ] aooa b]h])oa `a Îlkhpe_] `k dkolep]hÏ* F Îlkhpe_] `] ailnao]Ï nabana)oa ]k ik`k `a knc]jev]k a `ereok `a lk`anao nah]perko ]ko ejraopeiajpko a ]ko hq_nko `a qi] ailnao]( `eopne^qek `ko oanreko( `ereok `k pn]^]hdk( o `a_eo ao ok^na ] lnk`qk a ] `eopne^qek `ko lnk`qpko( o nah] ao _ki ]o kqpn]o ailnao]o( ap_* ÎLkhpe_] `k oej`e_]pkÏ nabana)oa i]jaen] `a lnaaj_dan ko _]ncko `a `enak oej`e_]h( o bkn) i]o `a nalnaoajp]k a l]npe_el]k `ko oej`e_]hev]`ko j] `enak `k oej`e_]pk( ]ko _kjpa `ko a o bkni]o `]o naerej`e_] ao a hqp]o `ko oej`e_]hev]`ko ai b]_a `a kqpnko lk`anao( ap_* Lk`aiko( ajpk( ej`]c]n6 ]Új]h( k mqa ] lkhpe_]; ] ]pere`]`a `a ckranjk; ] ]`ie) jeopn]k `k mqa l ^he_k; ] lnkÚook `a ]hcqjo aola_e]heop]o; ] ]k _khaper] nabane`] ]ko ckranjko; Kq pq`k mqa oa naÚn] knc]jev]k a caopk `a qi] ejopepqek l ^he_] kq lner]`]; Mq]j`k ] nabaneiko ]k ckranjk( ]pere`]`a `a ]hcqjo lnkÚooekj]eo a o naerej`e_] ao _khaper]o kq ok_e]eo( qo]iko ] l]h]rn] mliqf`^ l]n] jko nalknp]niko ] ] ao mqa ajrkhrai lk`anao `a `a_eok a oa na]hev]i j]o bkni]o ejopepq_ekj]hev]`]o $Aop]`k( l]npe`ko lkhpe_ko( knc]jev] ao oej`e_]eo%*
0/,
= re`] lkhpe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
Mq]j`k jko nabaneiko ]`iejeopn]k a caopk `a ejopepqe ao l ^he_]o kq lner]`]o( ] l]h]rn] mliqf`^ qo]`] l]n] ej`e_]n mqa knc]jev]n a canen qi] ejopepqek ajrkhra mqaop ao `a lk`an* I]o lk`aiko( ]ckn]( lancqjp]n6 lkhpe_] `ev naolaepk ] pq`k mq]jpk ajrkhra nah]) ao `a lk`an kq ] pq`k mq]jpk ajrkhra knc]jev]k a ]`iejeopn]k `a cnqlko; ?kik ranaiko lkopanekniajpa( k _nao_eiajpk `]o ]pne^qe ao _kjbane`]o ]ko ckranjko( j] bkni] `k Aop]`k( harkq ] qi] ]ilhe]k `k _]ilk `]o ]pere`]`ao lkhpe_]o( mqa l]oo]) n]i ] ]^n]jcan mqaop ao ]`iejeopn]per]o a knc]jev]_ekj]eo( `a_eo ao a_kjie_]o a oanreko ok_e]eo* Aoo] ]ilhe]k `]o ]pne^qe ao aop]p]eo ]_]^kq oa aopaj`aj`k l]n] kqpn]o aoban]o `] re`] ok_e]h( har]j`k ] qi qok cajan]hev]`k `] l]h]rn] mliqf`^ l]n] nabanen)oa ] pk`] ik`]he) `]`a `a `enak `a cnqlko ok_e]eo mqa ajrkhr] lk`an( ]`iejeopn]k a knc]jev]k( p]jpk jk lh]jk l ^he_k mq]jpk jk lh]jk lner]`k* Lk`aiko( ajpnap]jpk( `eopejcqen ajpna aooa qok cajan]hev]`k a r]ck `] l]h]rn] mliqf`^ a qi kqpnk( i]eo aola_Ú_k a lna_eok( mqa ]l]na_a mq]j`k `]iko ] ah] pno oecjeÚ_]`ko lnej) _el]eo ejpan)nah]_ekj]`ko6 -*
k oecjeÚ_]`k `a ckranjk( ajpaj`e`k _kik `enak a ]`iejeopn]k `k lk`an l ^he_k( j] bkni] `k Aop]`k* K oajok _kiqi ok_e]h paj`a ] e`ajpeÚ_]n ckranjk a Aop]`k( i]o ckran) jk a Aop]`k ok `ebanajpao( lkeo k lneiaenk `ev naolaepk ] lnkcn]i]o a lnkfapko mqa qi] l]npa `] ok_ea`]`a lnkl a l]n] k pk`k mqa ] _kil a( ajmq]jpk k oacqj`k bkni]`k lkn qi _kjfqjpk `a ejopepqe ao lani]jajpao mqa laniepai ] ]k `ko ckranjko*
-ARCELLOß#ASALß*R!GoNCIAß"RASIL
Qi atailhk `a ik^ehev]k lkhpe_] k Ikreiajpk `ko Pn]^]hd]`knao Nqn]eo oai Pann]* J] bkpk( ejpacn]jpa `k ikreiajpk qo] io_]n] `qn]jpa i]jebaop]k j] Aolh]j]`] `ko Iejeopneko( ai >n]ohe]( ai ]ckopk `a .,,5*
.*
0/-
=k Aop]`k _kjbana)oa ]qpkne`]`a l]n] canen k annek kq bqj`k l ^he_k lkn iaek `a eilkopko( p]t]o a pne^qpko( l]n] lnkiqhc]n a ]lhe_]n ]o haeo mqa `aÚjai ko _kopqiao l ) ^he_ko h_epko a ko eh_epko kq _neiao( ^ai _kik ko `enaepko a ]o k^nec] ao `ko iai^nko `] ok_ea`]`a* P]i^i oa na_kjda_a _kik ]q) pkne`]`a `k Aop]`k k lk`an l]n] qo]n ] bkn] $lkh_e] a atn_epk% _kjpn] ]mqahao mqa bknai _kjoe`an]`ko ejeiecko `] ok_ea`]`a $_neie) jkoko _kiqjo a _neiejkoko lkhpe_ko%* ?kj) bana)oa ecq]hiajpa ]k Aop]`k k lk`an l]n] `a_nap]n ] cqann] a ] l]v* Ateca)oa `ko iai) ^nko `] ok_ea`]`a k^a`ej_e] ]k Aop]`k( i]o na_kjda_a)oa k `enaepk `a naoeopj_e] a `a `a) ok^a`ej_e] mq]j`k ] ok_ea`]`a fqhc] k ck) ranjk kq iaoik k Aop]`k ejfqopk( ehac]h kq ehacpeik* = lkhpe_]( jaooa lneiaenk oajpe`k( naba) na)oa( lknp]jpk( ]k `ko ckranj]jpao mqa lkooqai ] ]qpkne`]`a l]n] `enecen ] _khape) re`]`a knc]jev]`] ai Aop]`k( ^ai _kik o ] ao `] _khapere`]`a ai ]lkek kq _kjpnne]o ]qpkne`]`a ckranj]iajp]h a iaoik bkn) i] `k Aop]`k7
k oecjeÚ_]`k `a ]pere`]`a na]hev]`] lkn aola_e]heop]o $ko ]`iejeopn]`knao% a lnkÚooek) j]eo $ko lkhpe_ko%( lanpaj_ajpao ] qi _anpk pelk `a knc]jev]k ok_eklkhpe_] $ko l]npe) `ko%( mqa `eolqp]i k `enaepk `a ckranj]n( k_ql]j`k _]ncko a lkopko jk Aop]`k* Jaooa oacqj`k oajpe`k( ] lkhpe_] ]l]na_a _kik ]hck `eop]jpa `] ok_ea`]`a( qi] rav mqa ]pere`]`a `a aola_e]heop]o a lnkÚooekj]eo mqa oa k_ql]i at_hqoer]iajpa _ki k Aop]`k a k lk`an* = lkhpe_] baep] Îlkn ahaoÏ a jk Îlkn j oÏ( ]ej`] mqa ÎahaoÏ oa ]lnaoajpai _kik nalnaoajp]jpao ÎjkookoÏ7
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
/*
k oecjeÚ_]`k( `aner]`k `k ]jpanekn( `a _kj`qp] `qre`ko]( jk iqepk _kjÚrah( qi p]jpk oa_nap]( _dae] `a ejpanaooao l]npe_qh]nao `eooeiqh]`ko a bnamqajpaiajpa _kjpnneko ]ko ejpanaooao can]eo `] ok_ea`]`a a k^pe`ko lkn iaeko eh_epko kq ehacpeiko* Aooa pan_aenk oecjeÚ_]`k k i]eo _knnajpa l]n] k oajok _kiqi ok_e]h a naoqhp] jqi] reok lafkn]) per] `] lkhpe_]* Aop] ]l]na_a _kik qi lk`an `eop]jpa `a j o $l]oo])oa jk ckranjk kq jk Aop]`k%( atan_e`k lkn laook]o `ebanajpao `a j o $ko ]`iejeopn]`knao a lnkÚooekj]eo `] lkhpe_]%( lkn iaek `a lnpe_]o oa_nap]o mqa ^ajaÚ_e]i mqai k atan_a a lnafq`e_]i k naop]jpa `] ok_ea`]`a* B]h])oa j] lkhpe_] _kik Îi]h ja_aoonekÏ( ]hck mqa lna_eo]iko pkhan]n a `k mq]h lna_eo]iko `ao_kjÚ]n* = `ao_kjÚ]j] lk`a nabanen)oa p]jpk ]ko ]pq]eo k_ql]jpao `ko lkopko a _]ncko lkhpe_ko _kik ] cnqlko a knc]jev] ao mqa hdao b]vai klkoek a lnapaj`ai `annq^)hko( oaf] l]n] k_ql]n ko iaoiko lkopko a _]ncko( oaf] l]n] _ne]n qi kqpnk Aop]`k lkn iaek `a qi] narkhqk ok_eka_kjie_] a lkhpe_]*
Kj`a aop( ]ckn]( k l]n]`ktk; J] `erancj_e] ajpna k lneiaenk a k pan_aenk oajpe`k `] l]h]rn] mliqf`^( lkeo k lneiaenk oa nabana ] ]hck can]h( mqa _kj_anja ok_ea`]`a _kik qi pk`k( `aÚjej`k haeo a _kopqiao( c]n]jpej`k `enaepko a k^nec] ao( _ne]j`k aol]k l]n] _kj) paop] ao ]pn]ro `] naerej`e_]k( `] naoeopj_e] a `] `aok^a`ej_e]( ajmq]jpk k pan_aenk oajpe`k ]b]op] ] lkhpe_] `a jkook ]h_]j_a( b]vaj`k)] oqncen _kik ]hck lanranok a i]hÚ_k l]n] ] ok_ea`]`a* = `erancj_e] ajpna k lneiaenk oecjeÚ_]`k a k pan_aenk lnkrk_]`] lahk oa) cqj`k oecjeÚ_]`k( eopk ( ]mqaha mqa na`qv ] lkhpe_] ]k `a aola_e]heop]o a lnkÚooekj]eo*
=hcqjo abaepko `ko l]n]`ktko Aoo] oepq]k l]n]`kt]h `] lkhpe_] ]_]^] lkn b]van)jko ]_aep]n _kik ^re]o a ran`]`ae) n]o _anp]o ]pepq`ao a ]Úni] ao mqa( oa at]iej]`]o i]eo ] bqj`k( oane]i lan_a^e`]o _kik ]^oqn`]o* Pkiaiko qi atailhk na_ajpa `] deop ne] `] lkhpe_] `k >n]oeh* Ai -55/( `qn]jpa k fqhc]) iajpk( lahk Oqlnaik Pne^qj]h Ba`an]h $OPB%( `k la`e`k `k at)lnaoe`ajpa `] Nal ^he_] Banj]j`k ?khhkn `a Iahhk `a jk oqolajok `a oaqo `enaepko lkhpe_ko( kqreiko ai pk`] l]npa ] ]Úni]k `a mqa k Lk`an Fq`e_enek $`k mq]h k Oqlnaik Pne^qj]h Ba`an]h k nck i]eo ]hpk% o pane] oq] `ecje`]`a lnaoanr]`] oa k fqhc]iajpk `k la`e`k jk bkooa qi Îfqhc]iajpk lkhpe_kÏ* Kj`a aop k l]n]`ktk; Jk b]pk `a mqa ] Nal ^he_] ^n]oehaen] _kjopepq`] lkn pno lk) `anao mliqf`lp $Ata_qperk( Haceoh]perk( Fq`e_enek% a( lknp]jpk( k Oqlnaik Pne^qj]h Ba`an]h( oaj`k qi lk`an lkhpe_k `] Nal ^he_] $qi lk`an `k Aop]`k%( jk lk`a Ú_]n bkn] `] lkhpe_]* Mqa oajpe`k( lknp]jpk( lk`ane] pan ] e`ae] `a mqa k nck i]eo ]hpk `k Lk`an Fq`e_enek jk `ara fqhc]n lkhepe_]iajpa; ?kik `aoaf]n mqa qi lk`an `k Aop]`k( lknp]jpk( qi lk`an lkh) pe_k( jk ]pqa lkhepe_]iajpa( lkj`k)oa bkn] `] lkhpe_]; I]eo l]n]`kt]h( ]ej`]( bke k ik`k _kik ko fqvao( ]l o k fqhc]iajpk( ]r]he]n]i oaq ln lnek pn]^]hdk( `evaj`k6 ÎBke qi fqhc]iajpk hac]h a jk lkhpe_kÏ( mqanaj`k oecjeÚ_]n mqa k fqhc]iajpk bkn] baepk `a ]_kn`k _ki ] hae a jk `a ]_kn`k _ki ] lkhpe_]* Kn] $a jeook naoe`a k l]n]`ktk%( ] hae jk baep] lahk Lk`an Haceoh]perk; Jk l]npa `] ?kjopepqek `] Nal ^he) _]; Jk l]npa aooaj_e]h `] lkhpe_]; ?kik( ajpk( oal]n]n k hac]h a k lkhpe_k oa ] hae qi] `]o bkni]o bqj`]iajp]eo `] ]k lkhpe_]; J] ran`]`a( mq]j`k oa ejoeope] ai mqa k fqhc]iajpk Îjk bkooa lkhpe_kÏ a oa ahkce]r] k fqhc]iajpk lkn Îpan oe`k ]laj]o hac]hÏ( k mqa aop]r] oaj`k lnaooqlkopk lkn pk`ko $ok_ea`]`a a fqvao% an] ] e`ajpeÚ_]k _kopqiaen] ajpna lkhpe_] a ejpanaooao l]npe_qh]nao ao_qoko( _kj) pnneko ]ko `] i]ekne]( mqa lkn eook `ara oan lnkpace`] lah] hae _kjpn] ] lkhpe_]* K l]n]`ktk aop jk b]pk `a mqa qi] bkni] aooaj_e]h `] lkhpe_] $] hae% ]l]na_a _kik lnkpak _kjpn] ] ln lne] lkhpe_]( mqa Ú_] na`qve`] ] fkck `a ejpanaooao ao_qoko* Qi] kqpn] ]Úni]k mqa ]_aep]iko pn]jmqeh]iajpa ]mqah] mqa ]_qo] a _nepe_] qi] cnara( `a_h]n]j`k pn]p]n)oa `a Îcnara lkhpe_]Ï* _qnekok mqa qoaiko( oai lnk^hai]( ] at) lnaook Îlkhpe_] oej`e_]hÏ a( ]k iaoik pailk( ] _kj`ajaiko( _nepe_]j`k qi] cnara ok^ ] ]hac]k `a oan Îlkhpe_]Ï*
0/.
= re`] lkhpe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
Ai _anpko _]oko( _kilnaajorah mqa ] atlnaook Îcnara lkhpe_]Ï ]l]na] _kik qi] ]_qo]k* Mq]j`k( lkn atailhk( oa pn]p] `a pn]^]hd]`knao `a qi] b^ne_] `a ]qpki raeo mqa( ai jkia `a iahdknao o]hneko( ajpn]i ai cnara _kjpn] ] `enak `] ailnao]( _kjoe`a) n])oa mqa ] cnara _kik pai `a oan( kq oaf]( Îoeilhaoiajpa a_kjie_]Ï* =k _nepe_)h] _kik Îcnara lkhpe_]Ï( aop)oa mqanaj`k `evan mqa ko cnareop]o( ok^ ] ]l]nj_e] `a qi] naerej`e_]) k o]h]ne]h( aop]ne]i `abaj`aj`k ejpanaooao l]npe_qh]nao ao_qoko a ehacpeiko( kq ^qo_]j`k( `eooeiqh]`]iajpa( r]jp]cajo a lk`anao l]n] ]hcqjo oej`e_]heop]o* = l]h]rn] mliqf`^ ( ]ooei( ailnac]`] l]n] `]n qi oajpe`k lafkn]perk cnara* D _]oko( lkni( ai mqa ] atlnaook Îcnara lkhpe_]Ï( qo]`] _kik _npe_] kq ]_qo]k( oqnlnaaj`ajpa a `ao_]^e`]* Oqlkjd]iko( lkn atailhk( mqa ko pn]^]hd]`knao `a qi l]o b]) ]i qi] cnara can]h _kjpn] k lh]jk a_kjie_k `k ckranjk* Aopk( lknp]jpk( na_qo]j`k qi] mliqf`^ b`lkjf`^ a( jaooa _]ok( ] cnara a o lk`a oan lkhpe_]* Lkn mqa( ajpk( ]_qo]n qi] cnara lkn ah] oan k mqa ah] ; K ikperk oeilhao6 l]n] k oajok _kiqi ok_e]h( `evan `a ]hcqi] _keo] mqa ah] Îlkhpe_]Ï b]van qi] ]_qo]k* = _npe_] o ai ]l]nj_e] aop `enece`] _kjpn] ] cnara( lkeo( na]hiajpa( aop rkhp]`] _kjpn] ] lkhpe_]( ei]cej]`] _kik ]hck i]hÚ_k* Aoo] reok cajan]hev]`] `] lkhpe_] _kik ]hck lanranok( laneckok( `eop]jpa `a j o $l]oo])oa jk Aop]`k%( ln]pe_]`k lkn ÎahaoÏ $ko lkhpe_ko lnkÚooekj]eo% _kjpn] Îj oÏ( ok^ k `eob]n_a `a ]cenai Îlkn j oÏ( b]v _ki mqa oaf] oajpe`] _kik ]hck oa_napk a `ao_kjda_e`k( qi] _kj`qp] _]h_qheop] a klknpqjeop]( qi] bkn] _knnqlp] a( ailnac]j`k ] lkh_e] a k atn_epk( qi] bkn] nalnaookn] qo]`] _kjpn] ] ok_ea`]`a*
L]n]`ktko `] ei]cai i]hbe_] `] lkhpe_]
0//
Aoo] ei]cai `] lkhpe_] _kik qi lk`an i]hÚ_k( `k mq]h okiko rpei]o pkhan]jpao lknmqa l]ooer]iajpa _kjoajpeiko ai oq] rekhj_e]( l]n]`kt]h lahk iajko lkn `keo ik) perko lnej_el]eo* Ai lneiaenk hqc]n( lknmqa ] lkhpe_] bke ejrajp]`] lahko dqi]jko _kik k ik`k lahk mq]h lq`aooai atlnaoo]n oq]o `ebanaj]o a _kjÛepko oai pn]jobkni)hko ai cqann] pkp]h( ai qok `] bkn] a atpanijek na_lnk_k* Jqi] l]h]rn]( _kik k ik`k lahk mq]h ko dqi]jko( bqcej`k `] rekhj_e]( nacqh]i a kn`aj]i oaqo ejpanaooao _kjÛep]jpao( oaqo `enaepko a k^nec]) ao _kik oanao ok_e]eo* ?kik atlhe_]n( ajpk( mqa ] lkhpe_] oaf] lan_a^e`] _kik `eop]jpa( i]hÚ_] a rekhajp]; Ai oacqj`k hqc]n( lknmqa ] lkhpe_] bke ejrajp]`] _kik k ik`k lahk mq]h ] ok_ea`]) `a( ejpanj]iajpa `ere`e`]( `eo_qpa( `ahe^an] a `a_e`a ai _kiqi l]n] ]lnkr]n kq nafaep]n ]o ] ao mqa `evai naolaepk ] pk`ko ko oaqo iai^nko* ?kik atlhe_]n( ajpk( mqa oaf] lan_a^e`] _kik ]hck mqa jk jko _kj_anja( i]o jko lnafq`e_]( jk jko b]rkna_a( i]o b]rkna_a ]ko ejpanaooao ao_qoko a eh_epko `a kqpnko; Mqa ]_kjpa_aq ] aoo] ejrajk dqi]j] l]n] pknj]n)oa( l]n]`kt]hiajpa( qi b]n`k `k mq]h ckop]n]iko `a jko hern]n; ?kpe`e]j]iajpa( fknj]eo( n`eko( pahareo ao ikopn]i( jk iqj`k ejpaenk( b]pko lkhpe_ko mqa nabkn]i ] reok lafkn]per] `] lkhpe_]6 _knnqlk( bn]q`ao( _neiao eilqjao ln]pe_]`ko lkn lkhpe_ko( iajpen]o mqa lnkrk_]i cqann]o l]n] o]peob]van ]ko ejpanaooao a_kjie_ko `ko b]^ne_]jpao `a ]ni]iajpko( `aoreko `a na_qnoko l ^he_ko mqa `arane]i oan qo]`ko _kjpn] ] bkia( ]o `kaj]o( ] lk^nav]( ]qiajpk `]o `aoecq]h`]`ao a_kjie_]o a ok_e]eo( qok `]o haeo _ki Új]he`]`ao klkop]o ]ko k^faperko mqa peran]i ]k oanai ah]^kn]`]o( ap_* =k h]`k `aooao b]pko( jk l]oo] qi `e] oai mqa raf]iko k ik`k `aoqi]jk( ]qpknepnek( rekhajpk _ki mqa bqj_ekjneko l ^he_ko( _qfk o]hnek l]ck lkn j o $lkn iaek `a eilkopko%( pn]p]i ] lklqh]k mqa ^qo_] ko oanreko l ^he_ko* P]i^i _kjpne^qe l]n] ] reok jac]per] `] lkhpe_] ] hejcq]cai ai mqa ]o haeo aopk na`ece`]o( pknj]j`k)]o ej_kilnaajoraeo l]n] ] ok_ea) `]`a a atecej`k mqa oaf]i ejpanlnap]`]o lkn aola_e]heop]o oai mqa pajd]iko c]n]jpe] `a mqa ]o ejpanlnap]i _knnap]iajpa( oa k b]vai ai jkook b]rkn kq ai b]rkn `a lnerehceko k_qhpko* K mqa _qnekok( lkni( ]_ajpq]j`k ] ei]cai `] lkhpe_] _kik ]hck l]n]`kt]h( k b]pk `a mqa o lk`aiko klkn)jko ] p]eo b]pko a hqp]n _kjpn] ahao lkn iaek `] ln lne] lkhpe_](
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
lkeo( iaoik mq]j`k oa b]v qi] cqann] _ereh kq oa na]hev] qi] narkhqk( ko ikperko a k^) faperko ok ] lkhpe_]( eopk ( iq`]j]o j] bkni] a jk _kjpa `k `k lk`an* Iaoik ]o qpkle]o `a ai]j_el]k `k cjank dqi]jk _kjpn] pk`]o ]o ik`]he`]`ao `a oanre`k( ao_n]re`k( ]qpknep]neoik( rekhj_e] a ejfqope] _kj_a^ai k pniejk `a lk`anao ehacpeiko( i]o jk k pniejk `] ln lne] lkhpe_]* =o laook]o mqa( `aockopko]o a `a_al_ekj]`]o( jk mqanai kqren b]h]n ai lkhpe_]( na) _qo]i)oa ] l]npe_el]n `a ]pere`]`ao ok_e]eo mqa lkoo]i pan Új]he`]`a kq _qjdk lkhpe_ko( ]b]op]i)oa `a pq`k mq]jpk hai^na ]pere`]`ao lkhpe_]o( iaoik p]eo laook]o( _ki oaq eokh]) iajpk a oq] na_qo]( aopk b]vaj`k lkhpe_]( lkeo aopk `aet]j`k mqa ]o _keo]o Úmqai _kik aopk a( lknp]jpk( mqa ] lkhpe_] ateopajpa _kjpejqa p]h _kik * K l]n]`ktk( lknp]jpk( aop ai mqa( ]k na_qo]n ] lkhpe_]( ] ]l]pe] ok_e]h p]i^i qi] bkni] `a b]van lkhpe_]( ]ej`] mqa qi] bkni] l]ooer]*
K rk_]^qhnek `] lkhpe_]
K
deopkne]`kn dahajeop] Ikoao Bejhau( aopq`]j`k ]o ok_ea`]`ao cnac] a nki]j]( _kj) _hqeq mqa k mqa _d]i]iko `a mliqf`^ bke ejrajp]`k lkn cnacko a nki]jko* =jpao `a at]iej]niko k mqa bke p]h ejrajk( f lk`aiko _kilnaaj`an ] knecai cna_k)nki]j] `k mqa _d]i]iko `a mliqf`^ lahk oeilhao at]ia `k rk_]^qhnek qo]`k ai lkhpe_]6 abjl`o^`f^( ^ofpql`o^`f^( lifd^onrf^( qfo^kf^( abpmlqfpjl( ^k^onrf^( jlk^onrf^ ok l]h]rn]o cnac]o mqa `aoecj]i naceiao lkhpe_ko7 obm _if`^( fjmofl( mlabo( `fa^ab( afq^aro^( pbk^al( mlsl( pl`fba^ab( m^`ql( `lkpbkpl ok l]h]rn]o h]pej]o mqa `aoecj]i naceiao lkhpe) _ko( ]cajpao lkhpe_ko a bkni]o `a ]k lkhpe_]* = l]h]rn] mliqf`^ cnac]6 q^ mlifqfh^( rej`] `a mifp* Mifp ] _e`]`a( jk _kik _kjfqjpk `a a`eb_eko( nq]o a ln]]o( a oei _kik Îaol]k _re_kÏ( kq oaf]( ajpaj`e`] _kik ] _kiqje`]) `a knc]jev]`]( bkni]`] lahko _e`]`ko $mlifqfhp%( dkiajo hernao a ecq]eo j]o_e`ko ai oaq pannep nek( lknp]`knao `a `keo `enaepko ejmqaopekjraeo( ] fplkljf^ $ecq]h`]`a lan]jpa ] hae% a ] fpbdlof^ $] ecq]h`]`a jk `enaepk `a atlkn a `eo_qpen ai l ^he_k kleje ao ok^na ] ao mqa ] _e`]`a `ara kq jk `ara na]hev]n%* Q^ mlifqfh^ ok ko jac _eko l ^he_ko `enece`ko lahko _e`]`ko6 _kopqiao( haeo( annek l ) ^he_k( knc]jev]k `] `abao] a `] cqann]( ]`iejeopn]k `ko oanreko l ^he_ko $]^anpqn] `a nq]o( aopn]`]o a lknpko( _kjopnqk `a pailhko a bknpeÚ_] ao( k^n]o `a ennec]k( ap_*% a `]o ]pere`]`ao a_kjie_]o `] _e`]`a $ika`]( eilkopko a pne^qpko( pn]p]`ko _kian_e]eo( ap_*%* @fsfq^p k _knnaolkj`ajpa( ai h]pei( `k cnack mifp( lknp]jpk( ] _e`]`a _kik ajpa l ) ^he_k a _khaperk kq ajpe`]`a _re_]* @fsfp k _knnaolkj`ajpa `a mlifqfhp( eopk ( _e`]`k* Obp mr_if`^ k _knnaolkj`ajpa h]pejk `a q^ mlifqfh^ a oecjeÚ_]( lknp]jpk( ko jac _eko l ^he_ko `enece`ko lahk mlmrirp olj^krp( eopk ( ko l]pn_eko kq _e`]`ko hernao a ecq]eo( j]o_e`ko jk okhk `a Nki]* Mifp a `fsfq^p _knnaolkj`ai $eilanbaep]iajpa% ]k mqa( jk rk_]^qhnek lkhpe_k ik`an) jk( _d]i]iko `a Aop]`k6 Îk _kjfqjpk `]o ejopepqe ao l ^he_]o $haeo( annek l ^he_k( oanreko l ^he_ko% a oq] ]`iejeopn]k lahko iai^nko `] _e`]`aÏ* Q^ mlifqfh^ a obp mr_if`^ _knnaolkj`ai $eilanbaep]iajpa% ]k mqa `aoecj]iko ik`an) j]iajpa _kik Îlnpe_]o lkhpe_]oÏ( ai nabanj_e] ]k ik`k `a l]npe_el]k jk lk`an( ]ko _kjÛepko a ]_kn`ko j] pki]`] `a `a_eo ao a j] `aÚjek `]o haeo a `a oq] ]lhe_]k( jk na_k) jda_eiajpk `ko `enaepko a `]o k^nec] ao `ko iai^nko `] _kiqje`]`a lkhpe_] a o `a_e) o ao _kj_anjajpao ]k annek kq bqj`k l ^he_k* @evan mqa ko cnacko a nki]jko Îejrajp]n]iÏ ] lkhpe_] jk oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa( ]jpao `ahao( jk ateope]i k lk`an a ] ]qpkne`]`a( i]o mqa ejrajp]n]i k lk`an a ] ]qpkne`]`a lkh) pe_ko lnklne]iajpa `epko* L]n] _kilnaaj`aniko k mqa oa lnapaj`a `evan _ki eook( _kjri at]iej]niko _kik an] _kj_a^e`k a ln]pe_]`k k lk`an p]jpk j]o ok_ea`]`ao cna_k)nki]j]o mq]jpk ai kqpn]o( ]jpao `] ejrajk `] lkhpe_]*
0/0
= re`] lkhpe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
K lk`an `aolpe_k
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0/1
]o na]hav]o ateopajpao ]jpao `ko cnacko( jko pannep neko mqa rene]i ] bkni]n ] Cn_e] $na]hav]o ie_je_]o a _napajoao%( ^ai _kik ]o mqa ateope]i jko pannep neko mqa re) ne]i ] bkni]n Nki] $na]hav]o apnqo_]o%( ]ooei _kik jko cn]j`ao eilneko kneajp]eo $Lnoe]( Acepk( >]^ehje]( æj`e]( ?dej]% reckn]r] k lk`an `aolpe_k kq l]pne]n_]h* Ai cnack( abpmqbp( a( ai h]pei( m^qbo*c^jfif^p( k l]pne]n_] k _daba `a b]ihe] _qf] rkjp]) `a ]^okhqp] ] hae6 Î=mqehk mqa ]ln]v ]k nae pai bkn] `a haeÏ* K lk`an an] atan_e`k lkn qi _daba `a b]ihe] kq `a b]ihe]o $_h( pne^k( ]h`ae]%( _qf] ]qpkne`]`a an] laook]h a ]n^epnne]( `a_e`ej`k ok^na ] re`] a ] iknpa `a pk`ko ko iai^nko `k cnqlk( ok^na ] lkooa a `eopne^qek `]o nemqav]o( ] cqann] a ] l]v( ]o ]he]j]o $ai can]h j] bkni] `a _]o]iajpko%( k lnke^e`k a k laniepe`k* Ai^kn]( `a b]pk( ] knecai `aooa lk`an aoperaooa j] lnklnea`]`a `] pann] a `ko na^]jdko( oaj`k _daba k `apajpkn `] nemqav]( lnk_qn]r])oa c]n]jpe)hk _kjpn] narkhp]o a `aok^a`ej_e]o ]Úni]j`k)oa qi] knecai ok^naj]pqn]h a `erej] l]n] aha* =l]na_aj`k _kik `aoecj]`k la) hko `aqoao a `aoaf]`k lkn ahao( k `apajpkn `k lk`an p]i^i an] `apajpkn `k lnerehcek `a nah]_ekj]n)oa `enap]iajpa _ki k `erejk kq _ki k o]cn]`k( _kj_ajpn]j`k ai oq]o iko ] ]qpkne`]`a naheceko]* Lkn oq] nemqav]( ]qpkne`]`a naheceko] a lkooa `]o ]ni]o( k `apajpkn `k lk`an an] p]i^i k _daba iehep]n( _kj_ajpn]j`k ai oq]o iko ] _daÚ] `ko atn_epko a ] `a_eok ok^na ] cqann] a ] l]v* An] k _ki]j`]jpa oqlnaik* K _daba an] qi pbkelo( ajbaet]j`k ai oq]o iko ] lnklnea`]`a `k okhk a pq`k mq]jpk jaha dkqraooa $lknp]jpk( ] nemqav] `k cnqlk%( ] ]qpkne`]`a naheceko] a iehep]n( oaj`k( lkn eook( nae( oqik o]_an`kpa a _kj`qpkn iehep]n oqlnaik* ?ki k _nao_eiajpk `aikcnÚ_k $lkn iaek `a ]he]j]o na]hev]`]o lahko _]o]iajpko ajpna b]ihe]o nce]o%( ] atl]jok pannepkne]h $lkn iaek `a cqann]o `a _kjmqeop]%( ] `ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk $lah] ao_n]rev]k `ko raj_e`ko `a cqann] a lah]o bqj ao `kiope_]o `]o iqhdanao% a ko ]_kn`ko iehep]nao a j]r]eo ajpna cnqlko( ] ]qpkne`]`a( ai^kn] _kj_ajpn]`] j]o iko `k nae( l]ookq ] oan `ahac]`] lkn aha ] oaqo nalnaoajp]jpao $ai can]h( iai^nko `a oq] b]ihe] a `]o b]ihe]o ]he]`]o%* Oqnceq( ]ooei( qi] nal]npek `]o bqj ao `a `enak kq `a lk`an6 ] _]op] o]_an`kp]h lkooq] ] ]qpkne`]`a naheceko] a ] `ko cqannaenko( ] iehep]n* Oajdknao `]o pann]o( `ko ao_n]) rko( `]o iqhdanao( `]o ]ni]o a `ko `aqoao( ko cnqlko `apajpknao `] ]qpkne`]`a bkni]r]i ] _h]ooa `kiej]jpa a_kjkie_]iajpa a `enecajpa `] _kiqje`]`a( ok^ k lk`an `k nae( ]k mq]h lnaop]r]i fqn]iajpk `a ha]h`]`a a l]c]r]i pne^qpk lahk qoqbnqpk `]o pann]o lanpaj_ajpao ] aha a lkn aha _a`e`]o ]ko `ai]eo* = lnklnea`]`a `] pann] a `a oaqo lnk`qpko ateope] ai `q]o bkni]o lnej_el]eo6 -*
_kik lnklnea`]`a lner]`] `k nae a( lknp]jpk( _kik `kijek laook]h `k _daba kq l]) pne]n_]* Aooa l]pneijek kq lnklnea`]`a l]pneikje]h an] _a`e`k( oacqj`k ] rkjp]`a ]n^epnne] `k l]pne]n_]( ]ko _dabao `a _ho a pne^ko( ]ko cnqlko o]_an`kp]eo a iehep]nao( ia`e]jpa oanreko a+kq pne^qpko* Ai can]h( aooa pelk `a lnklnea`]`a lnar]ha_e] j]mqah]o nace ao ai mqa k _qhperk `] pann] atece] pn]^]hdko eiajoko `a ennec]k a `a pn]jolknpa `a cq] mqa qi lnklneapnek eokh]`k jk lk`ane] na]hev]n( jk o lkn hda b]hp]nai na_qn) oko l]n] eook( _kik p]i^i lknmqa pane] `a ]pn]raoo]n pann]o `a kqpnko lnklneapneko( `araj`k l]c]n)hdao pne^qpko kq b]van)hdao cqann]* = lnklnea`]`a( Ú_]j`k j] lkooa `k nae( laniepe] mqa aopa qo]ooa ko na_qnoko rej`ko `ko pne^qpko l]n] ]o cn]j`ao k^n]o `a ennec]k a pn]jolknpa `a cq]o( ]k iaoik pailk mqa lkooq] k lk`an l]n] ]pn]raoo]n pk`] a mq]hmqan pann] l]n] na]hev]n ]o k^n]o7
.*
_kik lnklnea`]`a _khaper] `]o ]h`ae]o kq lnklnea`]`a _kiqj]h `k _daba `] ]h`ae]( mqa l]c]r] pne^qpko ]k nae ai pnk_] `a lnkpak( oq^iapaj`k)oa ]k lk`an ncek a( lknp]jpk( ]qpkne`]`a naheceko] a iehep]n `k oajdkn*
Oaf] ai qi _]ok _kik ai kqpnk( k l]pne]n_] an] bkn]`k ] atan_an qi _kjpnkha _ann]`k ok^na ]o _daÚ]o hk_]eo a ok^na ko mqa qoqbnq]i `]o pann]o( lkeo ]o na^ahe ao an]i bnamqajpao
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
a ] `eolqp] lahk lk`an( ejpaniejrah* P]h _kjpnkha an] baepk lkn nalnaoajp]jpao `k nae mq]j`k lan_knne]i ]o pann]o naceopn]j`k ] lnk`qk a na_khdaj`k pne^qpko( lqjej`k _neiao _kia) pe`ko _kjpn] ]o `a_eo ao a `a_napko nceko( oqbk_]j`k narkhp]o a eila`ej`k k oqnceiajpk `a ba`an] ao a _kjba`an] ao `a ]h`ae]o* ?ki eook( k nae l]ookq ] pan qi] eiajo] ^qnk_n]_e] a eiajoko atn_epko( _qopa]`ko la) hko _dabao hk_]eo a oq]o ]h`ae]o* Ko bqj_ekjneko nceko lna_eo]r]i o]^an han( ao_naran a _kjp]n* J]o ok_ea`]`ao `a mqa b]h]iko( aooao _kjda_eiajpko an]i lnerehcek `a qi cnqlk( ko o]_an) `kpao* Lkn aooa ikperk( ] jb]oa jk _]npan o]cn]`k kq nahecekok `k lk`an paj`e] ] ]qiajp]n ia`e`] mqa ]qiajp]r] k lk`anek o]_an`kp]h( oqopajp_qhk ej`eolajorah `k lk`an ncek* @aqoao a ]ni]o an]i ko leh]nao `] ]qpkne`]`a* =ooei _kjopepq`k( k lk`an lkooq] ]o oacqejpao _]n]_panope_]o6 abpmqf`l lr m^qof^o`^i6 an] atan_e`k lahk _daba `a b]ihe] ok^na qi _kjfqjpk `a b]i) he]o ] aha hec]`]o lkn h]ko a `alaj`j_e] a_kjie_] a iehep]n( lkn ]he]j]o i]pneik) je]eo( jqi] nah]k laook]h ai mqa k _daba c]n]jpe] lnkpak a ko o `epko kbana_e]i ha]h`]`a a k^a`ej_e]( fqn]j`k _qilnen ] rkjp]`a `k lneiaenk7 qlq^i6 k `apajpkn `] ]qpkne`]`a lkooq] lk`an oqlnaik ejmqaopekjrah l]n] `a_e`en mq]jpk ]k laniepe`k a ]k lnke^e`k $] hae atlneia ] rkjp]`a laook]h `k _daba%( l]n] aop]) ^aha_an ko rj_qhko _ki k o]cn]`k( eopk ( _ki ko `aqoao a ]jpal]oo]`ko $k _daba `api k lk`an nahecekok%( l]n] `a_e`en mq]jpk cqann] a l]v $k _daba `api k lk`an iehep]n%* = pki]`] `a `a_eok _]^e] at_hqoer]iajpa ]k nae* Aopa lkooq] _kjoahdaenko $o]_an`kpao a iehep]nao%( mqa k ejbkni]r]i a hda oqcane]i _kj`qp]o a ] ao( i]o ] `a_eok _]^e] ]laj]o ] aha* K _kjoahdk an] oa_napk( ko ikperko `a qi] `a_eok an]i oa_napko( k mqa oa l]oo]r] ajpna k nae a oaqo _kjoahdaenko an] oa_napk* Okiajpa ] `a_eok pknj]r])oa l ^he) _]( j] bkni] `a qi `a_napk na]h7 fk`lomlo^al lr `lomlofÛ`^al6 k `apajpkn `k lk`an Úcqn]r] ai oaq ln lnek _knlk ]o _]n]_panope_]o `k lk`an( ]lnaoajp]j`k)oa _kik i]jebaop]k `] ln lne] _kiqje`]`a* Oq] _]^a] aj_]nj]r] ] ]qpkne`]`a mqa `eneca( oaq laepk aj_]nj]r] ] rkjp]`a mqa kn`a) j]( oaqo iai^nko oqlaneknao aj_]nj]r]i ko `ahac]`ko mqa k nalnaoajp]r]i $o]_an`k) pao a iehep]nao%( oaqo iai^nko ejbaneknao aj_]nj]r]i ko o `epko mqa hda k^a`a_e]i* Aoo] Úcqn]k `k lk`an jk _knlk `k ln lnek nae ej`e_]r] ] ateopj_e] `a qi] knc]je) v]k ok_e]h bknpaiajpa dean]nmqev]`]( j] mq]h _]`] ej`er`qk lkooq] qi hqc]n Útk a lna`apaniej]`k( o paj`k ateopj_e] ok_e]h cn]]o ] aooa hqc]n* K _knlk `k nae laniepe] jk o Úcqn]n ] dean]nmqe] i]o p]i^i ] bknpa _ajpn]hev]k `] ]qpkne`]`a( _kj_ajpn]) `] j] _]^a] a jk laepk `k `enecajpa7 jdf`l6 lkn na_a^an ] ]qpkne`]`a `ko `aqoao( k `apajpkn `k lk`an lkooq] bkn] ok^na) j]pqn]h kq ice_]* Oq] l]h]rn] an] qi _ki]j`k ieopanekok mqa b]ve] ateopen ]mqehk mqa an] `epk $k nae `eve] Îb]])oaÏ a ]o _keo]o ]_kjpa_e]i oeilhaoiajpa lknmqa aha ]o d]re] `epk a `aoaf]`k%7 oaqo caopko a `aoafko pejd]i bkn] l]n] i]p]n a _qn]n( oq] i]h`ek `aopnq] pq`k mq]jpk bkooa ]i]h`ek]`k lkn aha( `aha `alaj`e]i ] banpehe`]`a `] pann]( ] rep ne] kq ] `annkp] j] cqann]( k ej_ek kq k Úi `a qi] laopa( bajiajko iapaknkh ) ce_ko( _]p]_heoiko7 qo^kp`bkabkqb6 lkn oan `a knecai `erej]( k nae an] `erejev]`k a ]_na`ep]r])oa ai oq] eiknp]he`]`a _kik _kj`ek `] lnaoanr]k `] _kiqje`]`a* Aoo] `erejev]k k _khk_]) r] ]_ei] a bkn] `] _kiqje`]`a* P]h oal]n]k har]r] ] _kjoe`an]n mqa k `enecajpa k_q) l]r] qi hqc]n pn]jo_aj`ajpa( cn]]o ]k mq]h re] pq`k( o]^e] pq`k a lk`e] pq`k( paj`k k eilnek pkp]h ok^na ] _kiqje`]`a7 ebobafqofl6 an] pn]joiepe`k ]k lneikcjepk `k nae kq( j] b]hp] `aopa( ] qi iai^nk `] b]ihe] na]h* = b]ihe] naej]jpa _kjopepq] qi] hejd]cai a qi] `ej]ope]( mqa o Új`]r] kq lkn b]hp] `a dan`aenko `enapko kq lkn qoqnl]k `k lk`an lkn qi] kqpn] b]ihe]( mqa `]r] ej_ek ] qi] jkr] hejd]cai kq `ej]ope]*
0/2
= re`] lkhpe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
= ejrajk `] lkhpe_] K oqnceiajpk `] _e`]`a Mq]j`k oa ]Úni] mqa ko cnacko a nki]jko Îejrajp]n]iÏ ] lkhpe_]( k mqa oa `ev mqa `aoÚvan]i ]o _]n]_panope_]o `] ]qpkne`]`a a `k lk`an `a pelk `aol pe_k kq l]pne]n_]h* Ai) ^kn]( jko _kiako( cnacko a nki]jko peraooai _kjda_e`k aooa pelk `a knc]jev]k a_kj) ie_k)ok_e]h( qi _kjfqjpk `a ia`e`]o bke pki]`k lahko lneiaenko `enecajpao Í ko ibdfpi^al* obp Í `a ik`k ] eila`en ] _kj_ajpn]k `ko lk`anao a `] ]qpkne`]`a j]o iko `a qi nae( oajdkn `] pann]( `] fqope] a `]o ]ni]o( nalnaoajp]jpa `] `erej`]`a* = lnklnea`]`a `] pann] jk oa pknjkq lnklnea`]`a nce] kq l]pneijek lner]`k `k nae( jai oa pknjkq lnklnea`]`a _kiqj]h kq `] ]h`ae]( i]o i]jpara)oa _kik lnklnea`]`a `a b]ihe]o ej`alaj`ajpao( _qf] la_qhe]ne`]`a aop]r] ai jk bkni]nai qi] _]op] ba_d]`] ai oe iaoi]( i]o ]^anp] ej_knlkn]k `a jkr]o b]ihe]o a `a ej`er`qko kq jk lnklneapneko ajnemqa_e`ko jk _kin_ek* =lao]n `]o `ebanaj]o deop ne_]o j] bkni]k `] Cn_e] a `a Nki]( d pno ]ola_pko _k) iqjo ] ]i^]o a `a_eoerko l]n] ] ejrajk `] lkhpe_]* K lneiaenk( _kik ]ooej]h]iko d lkq) _k( ] bkni] `] lnklnea`]`a `] pann]7 k oacqj`k( k bajiajk `] qn^]jev]k7 a k pan_aenk( k ik`k `a `ereok pannepkne]h `]o _e`]`ao* ?kik ] lnklnea`]`a `] pann] jk lanpaj_e] ]h`ae] jai ]k nae( i]o o b]ihe]o ej`a) laj`ajpao( a _kik ]o cqann]o ]ilhe]r]i k _kjpejcajpa `a ao_n]rko( bknikq)oa j] Cn_e] a ai Nki] qi] _]i]`] lk^na `a _]ilkjaoao mqa iecn]n]i l]n] ]o ]h`ae]o( ]he oa aop]^aha) _an]i _kik ]npaoko a _kian_e]jpao( lnkolan]n]i( pn]jobkni]n]i ]o ]h`ae]o ai _ajpnko qn^]jko a l]oo]n]i ] `eolqp]n k `enaepk ]k lk`an _ki ]o cn]j`ao b]ihe]o ]cnne]o* Qi] hqp] `a _h]ooao lanl]oo] ] deop ne] cnac] a nki]j] atecej`k okhqk* = qn^]jev]k oecjeÚ_kq qi] _kilhat] na`a `a nah] ao a_kjie_]o a ok_e]eo mqa _k) hk_]r] ai _kjbnkjpk jk o lnklneapneko ]cnneko( `a qi h]`k( a ]npaoko a _kian_e]jpao( `a kqpnk( i]o p]i^i ] i]oo] `a ]oo]h]ne]`ko `] lklqh]k qn^]j]( ko jk lnklneapneko( cajane_]iajpa _d]i]`ko `a Îko lk^naoÏ* K _kjÛepk `a _h]ooao ej_hq]( ]ooei( hqp]o ajpna ko ne_ko a hqp]o ajpna ne_ko a lk^nao* P]eo hqp]o an]i `a_knnajpao `k b]pk `a mqa pk`ko ko ej`er`qko l]npe_el]r]i `]o cqann]o atpan) j]o( p]jpk l]n] ] atl]jok pannepkne]h _kik l]n] ] `abao] `a oq] _e`]`a( bkni]j`k ]o ieh_e]o `ko j]perko `] _kiqje`]`a* Aoo] l]npe_el]k iehep]n b]ve] _ki mqa pk`ko oa fqhc]ooai jk `enaepk `a ejpanren( `a ]hcqi ik`k( j]o `a_eo ao a_kjie_]o a hac]eo `a oq]o _kiqje`]`ao* = hqp] `]o _h]ooao la`e] qi] okhqk* Aoo] okhqk bke ] lkhpe_]( mqa pn]jobknikq ]o _kiq) je`]`ao qn^]j]o ai _e`]`ao lnklne]iajpa `ep]o* Ko lneiaenko _dabao lkhpe_ko( p]i^i _kjda_e`ko _kik ibdfpi^alobp( ejpnk`qven]i qi] `ereok jk pannep nek `]o _e`]`ao( reo]j`k `eiejqen k lk`anek `]o b]ihe]o ne_]o ]cn) ne]o( `ko ]npaoko a _kian_e]jpao qn^]jko ne_ko a o]peob]van ] naerej`e_]k `ko _]ilkjaoao lk^nao a `ko ]npaoko a ]oo]h]ne]`ko qn^]jko lk^nao* Ai =paj]o( lkn atailhk( ] mifp bke oq^`ere`e`] ai qje`]`ao ok_eklkhpe_]o `ajkiej]`]o abjlp7 ai Nki]( ai qof_rp* Mqai j]o_aooa jqi abjlp kq jqi] qof_rp( ej`alaj`ajpaiajpa `a oq] oepq]k a_k) jie_]( pejd] ]ooacqn]`k k `enaepk `a l]npe_el]n `enap] kq ej`enap]iajpa `]o `a_eo ao `] _e`]`a* Jk _]ok `a =paj]o( pk`ko ko j]pqn]eo `k abjlp pejd]i k `enaepk `a l]npe_el]n `enap]) iajpa `k lk`an( `kj`a k naceia oan qi] `aik_n]_e]* Ai Nki]( ko jk lnklneapneko kq ko lk^nao bkni]r]i ] lha^a( mqa l]npe_el]r] ej`enap]iajpa `k lk`an lknmqa pejd] k `enaepk `a ahacan qi nalnaoajp]jpa $k qof_rkl a^ mib_b% l]n] `abaj`an a c]n]jpen ko ejpanaooao lha^aqo fqjpk ]ko ejpanaooao a lnerehceko `ko mqa l]npe_el]r]i `enap]iajpa `k lk`an( ko m^qo`flp( mqa _kjopepq]i k mlmrirp olj^krp* K naceia lkhpe_k nki]jk an]( ]ooei( qi] khec]nmqe]*
Ko lnej_el]eo pn]ko `] ejrajk `] lkhpe_]
0/3
Nkilaj`k _ki k lk`an `aol pe_k( cnacko a nki]jko ejrajp]n]i k lk`an lkhpe_k lknmqa6
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
oal]n]n]i ] ^rqlofa^ab mbppl^i mofs^a^ `k _daba `a b]ihe] $oajdknek l]pne]n_]h a l]pne) ikje]h% a k mlabo fjmbppl^i m _if`l( lanpaj_ajpa _khapere`]`a7 oal]n]n]i k mofs^al a k m _if`l a eila`en]i ] e`ajpeÚ_]k `k lk`an lkhpe_k _ki ] laook] `k ckranj]jpa* Jk _]ok `] Cn_e]( ko lkopko `a ckranjk an]i lnaaj_de`ko lkn ahae ao ajpna ko _e`]) `ko( `a ik`k mqa k lk`an `aetkq `a oan dana`epnek* Jk _]ok `a Nki]( ko lkopko `a `a) _eok Ú_]n]i rep]he_e]iajpa _ki k l]pne_e]`k a ahaper]iajpa _ki ko pne^qjko `] lha^a( ajmq]jpk ko lkopko ]`iejeopn]perko oa pknj]n]i ahaperko a lnaaj_de`ko lkn ao_khd] `k
nck lkhpe_k iteik( k Oaj]`k7 oal]n]n]i ^rqlofa^ab jfifq^o a mlabo `fsfi( oq^kn`ej]j`k ] lneiaen] ]k oacqj`k* Eook jk oecjeÚ_] mqa ai _anpko _]oko( _kik ai Aol]np] a Nki]( k lk`an lkhpe_k jk bkooa p]i^i qi lk`an iehep]n( i]o oei mqa ]o ] ao iehep]nao `are]i oan( lneiaenk( `eo_q) pe`]o a ]lnkr]`]o lah] ]qpkne`]`a lkhpe_] $]o ]ooai^hae]o( ai Aol]np]7 k Oaj]`k( ai Nki]% a o `alkeo na]hev]`]o* Ko _dabao iehep]nao jk an]i rep]h_eko jai oaqo _]ncko an]i dana`epneko( i]o an]i ahaepko lanek`e_]iajpa lah]o ]ooai^hae]o `ko _e`]`ko( j] Cn_e]( a lahk Oaj]`k( ai Nki]7 oal]n]n]i ^rqlofa^ab jdf`l*obifdflp^ a mlabo qbjmlo^i i^f`l( eila`ej`k p]jpk ] `ere) jev]k `ko ckranj]jpao mq]jpk oq] pn]jobkni]k ai oqik o]_an`kpa* Eook jk oecje) Ú_] mqa k lk`an lkhpe_k `aet]ooa `a pan h]ko _ki ] ]qpkne`]`a naheceko] Í ko kn_qhko( j] Cn_e]( a ko qcqnao( ai Nki]( an]i naolaep]`ko Úniaiajpa lahk lk`an lkhpe_k* OecjeÚ_]( lkni( mqa ko `enecajpao `aoaf]r]i ] ]lnkr]k a lnkpak `ko `aqoao oai mqa eook eilhe_]ooa ] `erejev]k `ko ckranj]jpao a ] oq^ieook `] lkhpe_] ]qpkne`]) `a o]_an`kp]h7
fUGURESßSACERDOTESßß ROMANOSßQUEßFAZIAMßß PROFECIASßCOMßBASEßNOß CANTOßEßNOßVOOßDASßAVES
_ne]n]i ] e`ae] a ] lnpe_] `] ibf _kik atlnaook `a qi] rkjp]`a _khaper] a l ^he_]( `aÚje`kn] `ko `enaepko a `aranao l]n] pk`ko ko _e`]`ko( eila`ej`k mqa bkooa _kjbqj) `e`] _ki ] rkjp]`a laook]h `a qi ckranj]jpa* =k _ne]nai ] hae a k `enaepk( ]Úni]n]i ] `ebanaj] ajpna k lk`an lkhpe_k a pk`ko ko kqpnko lk`anao a ]qpkne`]`ao ateopajpao j] ok_ea`]`a( lkeo _kjbanen]i ] qi] ejop j_e] eilaook]h a _khaper] k lk`an at_hqoerk ]k qok `] bkn] l]n] lqjen _neiao( nalneien narkhp]o a l]n] rejc]n _ki ] iknpa( ai jkia `] _khapere`]`a( qi `ahepk fqhc]`k ejpkhanrah lkn ah]* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( napen]n]i `ko ej`er`qko lner]`ko k `enaepk `a b]van fqope] _ki ]o ln lne]o iko a `a rejc]n lkn oe iaoiko qi] kbajo] kq qi _neia* K ikjkl hek `] bkn]( `] rejc]j] a `] rekhj_e] l]ookq l]n] k Aop]`k( ok^ ] hae a k `enaepk7 _ne]n]i ejopepqe ao a bqj ao l ^he_]o l]n] ]lhe_]k `]o haeo a c]n]jpe] `ko `enaepko( eopk ( ko qof_rk^fp a ko j^dfpqo^alp7 _ne]n]i ] ejopepqek `k boofl m _if`l kq `k crkal m _if`l( eopk ( `ko ^ajo a na_qnoko mqa lanpaj_ai ok_ea`]`a a ok lkn ah] ]`iejeopn]`ko lkn iaek `a p]t]o( eilkopko a pne) ^qpko( eila`ej`k ] _kj_ajpn]k `] lnklnea`]`a a `] nemqav] j]o iko `ko `enecajpao7 _ne]n]i k bpm^ l mliqf`l kq bpm^ l m _if`l $] =ooai^hae] cnac] a k Oaj]`k nki]jk%( jk mq]h ko mqa lkooq]i `enaepko ecq]eo `a _e`]`]je] `eo_qpe]i oq]o kleje ao( `abaj`e]i oaqo ejpanaooao( `ahe^an]r]i ai _kjfqjpk a `a_e`e]i lkn iaek `k rkpk( lk`aj`k( p]i) ^i lahk rkpk( narkc]n qi] `a_eok pki]`]* bppb l `lo^ l a^ fksbk l mliqf`^* @a b]pk( a _kik reiko( ] i]n_] `k lk`an `aol pe_k k oacna`k( ] `ahe^an]k a ] `a_eok ] lknp]o ba_d]`]o* = lkhpe_]( ]k _kjpnnek( ejpnk`qv ] lnpe_] `] lq^he_e`]`a( eopk ( ] atecj_e] `a mqa ] ok_ea`]`a oaf] ejbkni]`]( _kjda] ]o `ahe^an] ao a l]npe_ela `] pki]`] `a `a_eok* =hi `eook( ] ateopj_e] `k aol]k l ^he_k `a `eo_qook( `ahe^an]k a `a_eok oecjeÚ_] mqa ] ok_ea`]`a aop ]^anp] ]ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko( mqa ]o ] ao jk bkn]i Út]`]o `a qi] rav lkn pk`]o lkn ]hcqi] rkjp]`a pn]jo_aj`ajpa( mqa annko `a ]r]he]k a `a `a_eok lk`ai oan _knnece`ko( mqa qi] ]k lk`a can]n lnk^hai]o jkrko( jk lnareopko jai ei]cej]`ko( mqa atecenk k ]l]na_eiajpk `a jkr]o haeo a jkr]o ejopepqe ao* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( cnacko a
0/4
= re`] lkhpe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
nki]jko pknj]n]i ] lkhpe_] ejoal]nrah `k pailk a( _kik reiko jk _]ok `] pe_]( p]i^i _kj_a^an]i ] ]k lkhpe_] hec]`] jkk `a lkoorah kq `a lkooe^ehe`]`a* ?ki eook( jk o _kj_a^an]i a ln]pe_]n]i ] lkhpe_] _kik ]k dqi]j] $a jk _kik _qilneiajpk `a `a) _napko `erejko lanajao kq apanjko%( i]o p]i^i ej]qcqn]n]i ] e`ae] a ] lnpe_] `] _ne]k _kjpjq] `] na]he`]`a ok_e]h kq `a oq] pn]jobkni]k( eopk ( ] deop ne]*
(OBERMANß#OLECTION#ORBIS ,ATINSTOCK
K oecjebe_]`k `] ejrajk `] lkhpe_]
!LEXANDREßDAß-ACEDxNIAß ßA# ßA# ßOßMAISß CmLEBREßCONQUISTADORßDOß MUNDOßANTIGO ßTAMBmMß CONHECIDOßCOMOßß !LEXANDRE ßOß'RANDE ßOUß !LEXANDREß-AGNO
L]n] naolkj`an o `ebanajpao bkni]o ]ooqie`]o lah]o hqp]o `a _h]ooao( ] lkhpe_] ej) rajp]`] `a qi ik`k mqa( ] _]`] okhqk aj_kjpn]`]( qi jkrk _kjÛepk kq qi] jkr] hqp] lk`ai oqncen( atecej`k jkr]o okhq ao* Ai hqc]n `a nalneien ko _kjÛepko lahk qok `] bkn] a `] rekhj_e] `]o ]ni]o( ] lkhpe_] ]l]na_a _kik pn]^]hdk hacpeik `ko _kjÛepko( `a p]h ik`k mqa k bn]_]ook jaooa pn]^]hdk ] _]qo] `k qok `] bkn] a `] rekhj_e]* = `aik_n]_e] ]pajeajoa a ]o khec]nmqe]o `a Aol]np] a `] Nal ^he_] nki]j] bqj`]n]i ] e`ae] a ] lnpe_] `] lkhpe_] j] _qhpqn] k_e`ajp]h* Aeo lkn mqa ko deopkne]`knao cnacko( mq]j`k ] Cn_e] _]eq ok^ k `kijek `k eilnek `a =hat]j`na `] I]_a`je]( a ko deopkne]`knao nk) i]jko( mq]j`k Nki] oq_qi^eq ]k `kijek `k eilnek `ko _o]nao( b]h]n]i ai _knnqlk a `a_]`j_e] `] lkhpe_]6 l]n] ahao( k `ao]l]na_eiajpk `] mifp a `] obp mr_if`^ oecjeÚ_]r] k napknjk ]k `aolkpeoik a k Úi `] re`] lkhpe_] lnklne]iajpa `ep]* Are`ajpaiajpa( jk `araiko _]en ai ]j]_nkjeoiko( oqlkj`k mqa cnacko a nki]jko ejopepqn]i qi] ok_ea`]`a a qi] lkhpe_] _qfko r]hknao a lnej_leko bkooai e`jpe_ko ]ko jkooko* Ai lneiaenk hqc]n( ] a_kjkie] an] ]cnne] a ao_n]reop]( `a oknpa mqa qi] l]npa `] ok) _ea`]`a $ko ao_n]rko% aop]r] at_hq`] `ko `enaepko lkhpe_ko a `] re`] lkhpe_]* Ai oacqj`k hq) c]n( ] ok_ea`]`a an] l]pne]n_]h a( _kjoamqajpaiajpa( ]o iqhdanao p]i^i aop]r]i at_hq`]o `] _e`]`]je] a `] re`] l ^he_]* = at_hqok ]pejce] p]i^i ko aopn]jcaenko a ko ieoanraeo* = _e`]`]je] an] at_hqoer] `ko dkiajo ]`qhpko hernao j]o_e`ko jk pannep nek `] _e`]`a* =hi `eook( ] `ebanaj] `a _h]ooa ok_e]h jqj_] an] ]l]c]`]( iaoik mqa ko lk^nao peraooai `enaepko lkhpe_ko* =ooei( l]n] iqepko _]ncko( k ln)namqeoepk `] nemqav] reckn]r] a d]re] iaoik ]pere`]`ao lknp]`kn]o `a lnaopcek mqa okiajpa ko ne_ko lk`e]i na]hev]n* An] k _]ok( lkn atailhk( `] ifqrodf^ dobd^ a `k bsbodbqfpjl olj^kl( eopk ( `a cn]j`ao `k] ao ai `e) jdaenk _e`]`a l]n] baop]o( _kjopnqk `a pailhko a pa]pnko( l]pnk_jek `a fkcko aolknperko( `a pn]^]hdko ]npope_ko( ap_* K mqa lnk_qn]iko ]lkjp]n jk bke ] _ne]k `a qi] ok_ea`]`a oai _h]ooao( fqop] a bahev( i]o ] ejrajk `] lkhpe_] _kik okhqk a naolkop] mqa qi] ok_ea`]`a kbana_a l]n] oq]o `ebanaj]o( oaqo _kjÛepko a oq]o _kjpn]`e ao( oai ao_kj`)hko ok^ ] o]_n]hev]k `k lk`an a `k ckranj]jpa a oai ba_d]n)oa pailkn]he`]`a a o iq`]j]o*
= ok_ea`]`a _kjpn] k Aop]`k
A 0/5
t]iej]iko ]p ]mqe `q]o cn]j`ao naolkop]o ok_e]eo ]k lk`an6 ] naolkop] abpmqf`^ a ] mliqf`^* Ai ]i^]o( ] ok_ea`]`a lnk_qn] knc]jev]n)oa a_kjkie_]iajpa $eopk ( `apaniej] ] bkni] `] lnklnea`]`a%( i]jpaj`k a iaoik _ne]j`k `ebanaj]o ok_e]eo lnkbqj`]o ajpna lnklneapneko a jk lnklneapneko( ne_ko a lk^nao( hernao a ao_n]rko( dkiajo a iqhdanao* Aoo]o `ebanaj]o ajcaj`n]i hqp]o ejpanj]o( mqa lk`ai har]n `aopnqek `a pk`ko ko iai^nko `k cnqlk ok_e]h* L]n] nacqh]n ko _kjÛepko( `apaniej]n heiepao o hqp]o( c]n]jpen mqa ko ne_ko _kjoanrai oq]o nemqav]o a ko lk^nao ]_aepai oq] lk^nav]( oqnca qi] _daÚ] mqa( _kik reiko( lk`a pki]n `q]o `ena ao6 kq k _daba oa pknj] oajdkn `]o pann]o( `]o ]ni]o a `ko `aqoao a pn]jo) bkni] oq] rkjp]`a ai hae( kq k lk`an atan_e`k lkn qi] l]npa `] ok_ea`]`a $ko _e`]`ko%( lkn iaek `a lnpe_]o a ejopepqe ao l ^he_]o bqj`]`]o j] hae a jk `enaepk _kik atlnaook `] rkjp]`a _khaper]* Jko `keo _]oko( oqnca k Aop]`k _kik lk`an oal]n]`k `] ok_ea`]`a a aj_]n) nac]`k `a `enece)h]( _ki]j`)h]( ]n^epn]n ko _kjÛepko a qo]n ] bkn]*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
ETNOCENTRISMOßAßPALAVRAß ETNOCENTRISMOßmßCOMPOSTAß DEßETNOSßEßCENTROß%TNOSß VEMßDOßGREGOßEßSIGNIFICAß ±OßCONJUNTOßDEßSERESßQUEß POSSUEMßAßMESMAßORI GEMßEßOSßMESMOSßTRAlOS² ß DONDEßDESIGNARßNAljO ß POVO ßRAlAß/ßETNOCENTRIS MOßmßAßVISjOßDEßMUNDOß DAQUELESßQUEßCONSIDERAMß QUEßSUAßETNIAßOUßSEUßß GRUPOßmTNICOßmßSUPERIORß AOSßDEMAISßEßMAISßIMPOR TANTEßDOßQUEßOSßOUTROSß 5MAßVISjOßETNOCoNTRICAßß mßCONSEQUoNCIAßDOßß ETNOCENTRISMO
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D( lkni( qi pan_aenk _]iejdk* Bkiko ]_kopqi]`ko lah] pn]`ek ]jpnklkh ce_] aqnklae] ] _kjoe`an]n ]o ok_ea`]`ao ateopajpao j]o =ine_]o _kik ]pn]o]`]o( lneieper]o a ejbaneknao* Aoo] reok j]o_aq `k lnk) _aook `a _khkjev]k a _kjmqeop]( eje_e]`k jk o_qhk TRE* Ko _kjmqeop]`knao a _khkjev]`knao mqa ]lknp]n]i j]o =ine_]o ejpanlnap]n]i ]o `ebanaj]o ajpna ahao a ko j]perko ]iane_]jko _kik `eopejk deannmqe_] ajpna oqlaneknao a ejbaneknao6 l]n] ahao ko Îj`ekoÏ jk pejd]i hae( nae( b( ao_nep]( ika`]( _kin_ek( deop ne] a( lknp]jpk( an]i oanao `aolnkre`ko `ko pn]ko `]mqehk mqa( l]n] k aqnklaq _neopk( o `epk `a ikj]nmqe]o( _kjopepq] ] _erehev]k a ] dq) i]je`]`a lnklne]iajpa `ep]* Oai ` re`]( ko _kjmqeop]`knao aj_kjpn]n]i cn]j`ao eilneko j]o =ine_]o6 ej_]o( ]o) pa_]o a i]e]o* Lkn eook( ko `aopnqn]i ] bannk a bkck( atpaniej]j`k ]o cajpao( lehd]j`k ]o nemqav]o a anecej`k ecnaf]o ok^na oaqo pailhko* Pk`]re]( at_apk lkn aooao eilneko `aopnq) `ko( ko _kjmqeop]`knao aj_kjpn]n]i ]o `ai]eo j] ao ]iane_]j]o knc]jev]`]o `a i]jaen] ej_kilnaajorah l]n] ko l]`n ao aqnklaqo a lkn eook ejpanlnap]n]i k mqa an]i ej_]l]vao `a _kilnaaj`an _kik ejbanekne`]`a `ko ]iane_]jko* ?kjoe`an]j`k)ko oahr]cajo a ^n^]nko( fqopeÚ_]r]i ] ao_n]re`k( ] ar]jcahev]k a k atpanijek* = reok aqnklae] an] a apjk_jpne_]( kq oaf]( _kjoe`an] l]`n ao( r]hknao a lnpe_]o `ko ^n]j_ko ]`qhpko lnklneapneko aqnklaqo _kik oa bkooai ko je_ko rhe`ko( oqlaneknao ] pk) `ko ko kqpnko a `araj`k oanren `a ik`ahk kq `a l]`nk l]n] pk`]o ]o ok_ea`]`ao( lknmqa oane]i `aÚje`knao `] _erehev]k* Aoo] reok l]ookq ] oan _kil]npehd]`] lahko `ao_aj`aj) pao `ko _khkjev]`knao( eopk ( lahko ^n]j_ko `]o pno =ine_]o( a oa i]jpi ]p ko `e]o `a dkfa* J] lanola_per] `k apjk_ajpneoik( ko j]perko ]iane_]jko $kq ko _d]i]`ko lkrko ln) )_khki^e]jko( kq oaf]( ]jpaneknao o re]cajo `a ?khki^k% lkooq]i a lkooqai ok_ea`]`ao `abaepqko]o j]o mq]eo b]hp] k mqa eilknp]jpa6 c^iq^*iebp k ian_]`k $ika`] a _kin_ek%( ] ao_nep] $]hb]^pe_]%( ] deop ne] a k Aop]`k* An]i a ok( lknp]jpk( ok_ea`]`ao pbj `ljo`fl( pbj bp`ofq^( pbj jbjof^ a pbj mliqf`^* Jk o_qhk TT( k ]jpnkl hkck bn]j_o Leanna ?h]opnao aopq`kq aoo]o ok_ea`]`ao lkn qi lneoi] _kilhap]iajpa `ebanajpa( hkjca `k apjk_ajpneoik _kopqiaenk* Ikopnkq mqa lko) oqai ao_nep]( i]o mqa aop] jk ]hb]^pe_]( jai e`akcnÚ_]( jai deankchÚ_] $eopk ( jk ] ao_nep] _kjda_e`] lahko k_e`ajp]eo a kneajp]eo%( i]o oei^ he_]( cn]r]`] jk _knlk `]o laook]o lkn oej]eo aola_Ú_ko( ejo_nep] _ki oej]eo aola_Ú_ko ai k^fapko `apaniej]`ko a ai aol]ko `apaniej]`ko* Okiko j o mqa jk o]^aiko h)h]* Ikopnkq p]i^i mqa lkooqai iai ne] $iepko a j]nn]per]o `ko lkrko%( pn]joiepe`] kn]hiajpa `a can]k ] can]k( _kjoanr]j`k)oa ]pn]ro `ko pailko( i]o p]i^i pn]jo) bkni]j`k)oa mq]j`k iq`]i ]o _kj`e ao `a re`] `a qi cnqlk kq `a qi] can]k* At]ie) j]j`k ]o iq`]j]o j] ao_nep] a j] iai ne]( ikopnkq mqa p]eo ok_ea`]`ao lkooqai deop ne]( i]o mqa aop] ejoal]nrah `] nah]k `ko lkrko _ki ] j]pqnav]( `ebanajpaiajpa `] jkoo] deop ne]( mqa j]nn] _kik jko oal]n]iko `] j]pqnav] a _kik ] `kiej]iko* I]o( ok^napq`k( ikopnkq lkn mqa a _kik p]eo ok_ea`]`ao ok `lkqo^ k ian_]`k a `lkqo^ k Aop]`k* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( jk ok ok_ea`]`ao pbj `ljo`fl a pbj Bpq^al( i]o `lkqoof^p ^ bibp* =o ok_ea`]`ao ej`caj]o aopq`]`]o lkn ?h]opnao ok oqh)]iane_]j]o a aj_kjpn]i)oa jqi aopcek ]jpanekn ]k `]o ok_ea`]`ao ej`caj]o `] =ine_] `k Jknpa $Aop]`ko Qje`ko( ?]j]` a Ite_k% a `ko pno cn]j`ao eilneko ikjnmqe_ko oepq]`ko jk Ite_k( j] =ine_] ?ajpn]h a jk jknpa `] =ine_] `k Oqh $eopk ( ej_]( ]opa_] a i]e]%* Ok( lknp]jpk( ok_ea`]`ao mqa jk oa knc]jev]n]i j] bkni] `]o _daÚ]o jknpa)]iane_]j]o jai `ko cn]j`ao eilneko ikjnmqe) _ko( i]o ejrajp]n]i qi] knc]jev]k abif_bo^a^ l]n] arep]n aoo]o `q]o bkni]o `a lk`an* =o ok_ea`]`ao ej`caj]o oqh)]iane_]j]o aopq`]`]o lkn ?h]opnao ok pne^]eo kq _kiq) j]eo* Jah]o( jk d lnklnea`]`a lner]`] `] pann] a `]o nemqav]o( jk d]raj`k( lknp]jpk( _h]o) oao ok_e]eo jai hqp] `a _h]ooao* = lnklnea`]`a pne^]h kq _kiqi a k pn]^]hdk oa `ere`a lkn oatk a e`]`a* Ok `ljrkfa^abp jk oajpe`k lhajk `k panik( eopk ( ok ejpanj]iajpa dkikc) ja]o( qj]o a ej`ereo]o( j]o mq]eo pk`ko oa _kjda_ai lahk jkia( ok reopko qjo lahko kqpnko
0IERREß#LASTRESßß ßETNvLOGOßEß ANTROPvLOGOßFRANCoS
00,
= re`] lkhpe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
%GBERTOß.OGUEIRA!BRILß)MAGENS
`e]ne]iajpa a lkooqai qi `aopejk _kiqi* = klkoek a k _kjÛepk jk oa aop]^aha_ai jk ejpanekn `] _kiqje`]`a( i]o ai oaq atpanekn( eopk ( j]o oq]o nah] ao _ki ]o kqpn]o _kiq) je`]`ao( lknp]jpk( jk mqa oa nabana cqann] a o ]he]j]o `a o]jcqa lahk _]o]iajpk* Jah]o k lk`an jk oa `aop]_] jai oa oal]n]( jk bkni] qi] ejop j_e] ]_ei] `ah] $_kik k Aop]`k( j] lkhpe_]( kq _kik k _daba l]pne]n_]( jk `aolkpeoik%* Ateopa _daÚ]( lkni( jk qi lk`an `a i]j`k ] mqa ] _kiqje`]`a k^a`a_a* K _daba jk i]j`]7 ] _kiqje`]`a jk k^a`a_a* = _kiqje`]`a `a_e`a lkn oe iaoi]( `a ]_kn`k _ki oq]o pn]`e ao a ja_aooe`]`ao( nacqh]j`k lkn oe iaoi] _kjÛepko laook]eo ajpna oaqo iai^nko*
Ej`caj] _]e]l `] ]h`ae] =qgna( jk L]n( ai fqhdk `a -55.* Jk ]jk `a oq] _ne]k $-523%( ] Bqj]e pejd] qi _]npan apjk_ j) pne_k6 oq] bqjk an] ] `a lnkikran ] ejpacn]k `ko lkrko ej`caj]o ok_ea`]`a*
K mqa a k mqa b]v k _daba( qi] rav mqa jk pai ] bqjk `k lk`an( lkeo aopa lanpaj_a _kiqje`]`a a `ah] jk oa oal]n]; K _daba lkooqe pno bqj ao6 `k]n lnaoajpao( b]van ] l]v a b]h]n* =hi `aoo]o bqj ao( _]^a _daÚ] nalnaoajp]n ] _kiqje`]`a lan]jpa kqpn]o _kiq) je`]`ao ai _]oko `a ]he]j]o a cqann]o* > al^ l ab mobpbkqbp+ Atlneiej`k ] ^ajarkhj_e] `ko `aqoao a ] lnkolane`]`a `] _k) iqje`]`a( k _daba `ara( ai _anpko lank`ko `k ]jk( kbana_an lnaoajpao ] pk`ko ko iai) ^nko `] pne^k( eopk ( `arkhran ] ah] k mqa ah] iaoi] lnk`qveq* = `k]k `a lnaoajpao ] i]jaen] `ahe^an]`] mqa ] _kiqje`]`a ejrajpkq l]n] eila`en mqa ]hcqi lkoo] _kj_ajpn]n ^ajo a nemqav]o( pknj]n)oa lnklneapnek lner]`k( `kiej]n k oeopai] `a pnk_]o( _ne]n `aoecq]h`]`a a_kjie_] a ok_e]h( `a kj`a oqncai ] hqp] `a _h]ooao a ] ja_aooe`]`a `k lk`an `k Aop]`k* = _kiqje`]`a ejopepqe qi iaek `lkqo^ k ian_]`k a `lkqo^ ] kne) cai `k lk`an oal]n]`k* > `lkpbos^ l a^ m^w+ Mq]j`k b]ihe]o kq ej`er`qko ajpn]i ai _kjÛepk( k _daba `ara ejpanren* Jk `eol a `a _ `ecko hac]eo l]n] ]n^epn]n k _kjÛepk ai jkia `] hae* Mqa b]v aha; = l]v* ?kik ] k^pi; =lah]j`k l]n] k ^ki oajok `]o l]npao( ]ko ^kjo oajpeiaj) pko( iai ne] `] _kiqje`]`a( pn]`ek `k ^ki _kjrrek ajpna ]o laook]o* Ai oqi]( lkn iaek `aha ] _kiqje`]`a b]h] l]n] na]Úni]n)oa _kik _kiqje`]`a ej`ereo]* > m^i^so^+ =hi `] `k]k `a lnaoajpao( `] i]jqpajk `] l]v ajpna iai^nko `] _k) iqje`]`a( `] `elhki]_e] l]n] pn]p]n _ki kqpn]o _kiqje`]`ao ]he]`]o a `k `enaepk ] qo]n ] bkn]( he`an]j`k ko cqannaenko `qn]jpa ] cqann]( ] cn]j`a bqjk `] _daÚ] oepq])oa j] b]h] kq j] Cn]j`a L]h]rn]* Pk`]o ]o p]n`ao( k _daba oa `eneca ] qi hk_]h `eop]jpa `] ]h`ae]( i]o reorah a `a kj`a lkoo] oan kqre`k( a ]he `eo_qno]* Ai^kn] kqre`k( jejcqi `ara `]n)hda ]pajk a k mqa aha `ev jk kn`ai kq _ki]j`k mqa k^necqa k^a`ej_e]* Mqa `ev aha; @ev ] l]h]rn] `k lk`an6 _]jp] oq] bkn] a _kn]cai( oaq lnaopcek( oq] nah]k _ki ko `aqoao( oaqo cn]j`ao baepko* I]o jejcqi hda ` ]pajk* Jejcqi k ao_qp]*
00-
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
K mqa aoo] l]h]rn] a lkn mqa k _daba `ara lnkjqj_e)h] `e]ne]iajpa; = Cn]j`a L]h]rn] pai oecjeÚ_]`k oei^ he_k6 ] _kiqje`]`a hai^n] ] oe iaoi]( `e]ne]iajpa( k neo_k a k laneck mqa _knnane] oa lkooqooa qi _daba mqa hda `aooa kn`ajo a ]k mq]h `araooa k^a`a_an* = Cn]j) `a L]h]rn] oei^khev] ] i]jaen] lah] mq]h ] _kiqje`]`a eila`a k ]`rajpk `k lk`an _kik ]hck oal]n]`k `ah] a mqa ] _ki]j`]ne] lah] _kank `] hae a `]o ]ni]o* ?ki ] _aneije] `] Cn]j`a L]h]rn]( ] ok_ea`]`a oa _khk_] `lkqo^ k oqnceiajpk `k Aop]`k* Pk`] rav mqa k _daba jk na]hev] ]o bqj ao ejpanj]o a ] bqjk atpanj] p]eo _kik ] _kiqje`]`a ]o `aÚja( pk`]o ]o ravao mqa lnapaj`a qo]n oq]o bqj ao l]n] _ne]n k lk`an oal]n]`k( aha iknpk lah] _kiqje`]`a* Are`ajpaiajpa( jkoo] paj`j_e] oan `evan mqa aoo] knc]jev]k ln lne] `a lkrko lkq_k jqiankoko a `a qi] re`] ok_eka_kjie_] iqepk oeilhao( l]na_aj`k)jko( ] j o( iai^nko `a ok_ea`]`ao _kilhat]o a `ere`e`]o ai _h]ooao ok_e]eo( qi] r]c] hai^n]j] qp ) le_]* Leanna ?h]opnao( lkni( ej`]c]6 lkn mqa kqpn]o _kiqje`]`ao( iqj`k ]bkn]( jk bkn]i _]l]vao `a eila`en k oqnceiajpk `] lnklnea`]`a lner]`]( `]o `ereo ao ok_e]eo `a _]op]o a _h]ooao( `]o `aoecq]h`]`ao a_kjie_]o `k ian_]`k mqa naoqhp]n]i j] ja_aooe`]`a `a _ne]n k lk`an oal]n]`k( oaf] _kik lk`an `aol pe_k( oaf] _kik lk`an lkhpe_k; Lkn mqa( ]Új]h( ko dkiajo oq_qi^en]i ja_aooe`]`a `a _ne]n k Aop]`k _kik lk`an `a _kank ok_e]h; Aoo]o ej`]c] ao aopk j] knecai `] ÚhkokÚ] lkhpe_]( mqa ^qo_] naolkop]o l]n] ah]o*
#APqTULOß =o behkokbe]o lkhpe_]o $-%
= re`] ^k]
M
q]j`k haiko ko Úh okbko cnacko a nki]jko( k^oanr]iko mqa pn]p]i ] lkhpe_] _kik qi r]hkn a jk _kik qi oeilhao b]pk( _kjoe`an]j`k ] ateopj_e] lkhpe_] _kik Ú) j]he`]`a oqlanekn `] re`] dqi]j]( _kik ] sfa^ _l^( ajpaj`e`] _kik n]_ekj]h( bahev a fqop]( ln lne] `ko dkiajo hernao* Ai^kn] _kjoe`anai ] bkni] i]eo ]hp] `a re`] ] `k o^ek _kjpailh]perk( eopk ( `k Úh ok) bk( ]Úni]i mqa( l]n] ko jk Úh okbko( ] re`] oqlanekn ] `k _e`]`k a ah] o oa na]hev] j] _e) `]`a fqop]* Lkn eook iaoik( _]^a ]k Úh okbk kbana_an ko _kj_aepko ran`]`aenko mqa ]qteheai kq j] bkniqh]k `] iahdkn lkhpe_] l]n] ] _e`]`a( kq j] _kilnaajok `a mq]h k iahdkn naceia lkhpe_k l]n] qi] _e`]`a `apaniej]`]* Lkhpe_] a ÚhkokÚ] j]o_an]i j] iaoi] lk_]* Lkn oanai _kjpailkn ja]o( `ev)oa mqa Î] ÚhkokÚ] Úhd] `] mifpÏ a iqepko `ko lneiaenko Úh okbko $ko _d]i]`ko ln)ok_npe_ko% bkn]i _dabao lkhpe_ko a haceoh]`knao `a oq]o _e`]`ao* Lkn oq] knecai( ] ÚhkokÚ] jk _aookq `a naÛapen ok^na k bajiajk lkhpe_k( ah]^kn]j`k pakne]o l]n] atlhe_]n ] knecai `aha( oq] Új]he`]`a a oq]o bkni]o* = aooao Úh okbko `araiko ] `eopejk ajpna mlabo abpmqf`l a ml* abo mliqf`l*
00.
=o behkokbe]o lkhpe_]o $-% x #!0É45,/ß x
Knecai `] re`] lkhpe_]
A
jpna ]o atlhe_] ao ok^na ] knecai `] re`] lkhpe_]( pno bkn]i ]o lnej_el]eo a ]o i]eo `qn]`kqn]o6
=o ejolen]`]o jk iepk `]o E`]`ao `k Dkiai* Aooa iepk na_a^aq ej ian]o rano ao( i]o( ai oq]o hejd]o can]eo( j]nn] oailna k iaoik6 jk lnej_lek( `qn]jpa ] lneiaen] E`]`a `k Dkiai( eopk ( ] E`]`a `a Kqnk( ko oanao dqi]jko rere]i j] _kil]jde] `ko `aqoao( j]o_e]i f ]`qhpko `enap]iajpa `] pann]( an]i eiknp]eo a bahevao( oq] re`] pn]jo_knne] ai l]v a d]nikje]( oai ja_aooe`]`a `a haeo a ckranjk* Ai _]`] ranok `aooa iepk( j]nn])oa ] lan`] kq k Ú i `] E`]`a `a Kqnk* Ai _]`] qi] `]o rano ao( ] lan`] `] E`]`a `a Kqnk j]nn]`] `a ik`k `eranok( lkni( ai pk`]o( ] j]nn]per] nah]p] qi] mqa`] `ko dqi]jko( mqa ok ]b]op]`ko `ko `aqoao( pknj]i)oa iknp]eo( rerai eokh]`]iajpa lah]o Û knaop]o( oai raopqnek( ikn]`e]( ]heiajp]k oa) cqn]( oailna ]ia]]`ko lah]o ban]o a ejpailneao* Lkq_k ] lkq_k( `ao_k^nai k bkck $ai ]hcqjo iepko( qi `aqo _kil]`a_e`k hdao ` k bkck%6 l]oo]i ] _kvan ko ]heiajpko a ] pn]^]hd]n ko iap]eo( _kjopnkai _]^]j]o( pa_ai k raopqnek( b]^ne_]i ]ni]o l]n] _]] a lnkpak _kjpn] ]jei]eo bankvao( bkni]i b]ihe]o* Aopk j] E`]`a `k >nkjva a l]oo]) nk( pailko `alkeo( E`]`a `k Bannk( ] hpei] `]o e`]`ao* Ai can]h( ] E`]`a `k Bannk `ao_nep] _kik ] an] `ko dkiajo knc]jev]`ko ai cnq) lko( b]vaj`k cqann] ajpna oe* L]n] _aoo]n k aop]`k `a cqann]( ko `aqoao b]vai j]o_an qi dkiai aiejajpa( mqa na`ecen ]o lneiaen]o haeo a _ne]n k ckranjk* Aooa ao_khde`k a ajre]`k `ko `aqoao k haceoh]`kn* ?ki aha( j]o_a ] lkhpe_]* ?ki r]ne]jpao( aooa iepk oan qo]`k j] Cn_e] lkn Lh]pk a( ai Nki]( lkn ?_ank( l]n] oei^khev]n ] knecai `] lkhpe_] _kik ]pere`]`a `] n]vk lkn iaek `]o haeo a `] Ú cq) n] `k haceoh]`kn* Haeo a haceoh]`kn c]n]jpai ] knecai n]_ekj]h `] re`] lkhpe_]( ] k^n] `] n]vk oaj`k ] kn`ai( ] d]nikje] a ] _kj_ n`e] ajpna ko dqi]jko j] bkni] `] _e`]`a* = n]vk bqj`] ] lkhpe_]*
.*
=o ejolen]`]o lah] k^n] `k lkap] cnack Daok`k( L qo^_^iel b lp af^p* =ckn]( ] knecai `] re`] lkhpe_] rej_qh])oa `k]k `k bkck ]ko dkiajo( baep] lahk oaie`aqo Lnkiapaq( mqa nkq^] k bkck `ko `aqoao a oan lqje`k lkn ahao $ qi inpen `erejk mqa oa o]_neÚ _] lahk ^ai `ko dqi]jko%* Cn]]o ]k bkck( ko dqi]jko lk`ai pn]^]hd]n ko iap]eo( _kvan ko ]heiajpko( b]^ne_]n qpajoheko a ok^napq`k `ao_k^nen)oa `ebanajpao `ko ]jei]eo* Aoo] `ao_k^anp] ko har] ] lan_a^an mqa rerank iahdkn oa reranai ai _kiqje`]`a( `ere`ej) `k ko pn]^]hdko a ]o p]nab]o* Knc]jev]`ko ai _kiqje`]`ao( _khk_]i)oa ok^ ] lnkpak `ko `aqoao( `a mqai na_a^ai ]o haeo a ]o kneajp] ao l]n] k ckranjk* Lkq_k ] lkq_k( lkni( `ao_k^nai mqa oq] re`] lkooqe lnk^hai]o a ateca okhq) ao mqa okiajpa ahao lk`ai ajbnajp]n a aj_kjpn]n* I]jpaj`k ] lea`]`a lahko `aq) oao( ajpnap]jpk( _ne]i haeo a ejopepqe ao dqi]j]o( `]j`k knecai _kiqje`]`a lkhpe_] lnklne]iajpa `ep]* Jk iepk `a Daok`k( ] _kiqje`]`a lkhpe_] j]o_a( lknp]jpk( jk _kik k^n] `a qi haceoh]`kn kq `a qi bqj`]`kn ajre]`ko lahko `aqoao( i]o _kik qi] _kjrajk ajpna dkiajo mqa `a_e`ai reran ai _kiqi a _ki^ej]i ajpna oe ]o nacn]o a jkni]o ] mqa k^a`a_ank* Aooa iepk har] pakne] lkhpe_] `abaj`e`] lahko okÚ op]o* Jaoo] _kj_alk( k `aoaj) rkhreiajpk `]o p_je_]o a `ko _kopqiao _kj`qv ] _kjraj ao ajpna ko dqi]jko l]n] ] re`] ai _kiqje`]`a ok^ haeo* = _kjrajk bqj`] ] lkhpe_]*
/*
=o pakne]o mqa ]Ú ni]i mqa ] lkhpe_] `a_knna `] j]pqnav] dqi]j] a mqa ] _e`]`a ateopa lkn j]pqnav]* Ko dqi]jko ok( lkn j]pqnav]( `ebanajpao `ko ]jei]eo( lknmqa ok `kp]) `ko `k idlp( eopk ( `] l]h]rn] _kik b]h] a lajo]iajpk* Lkn oanai `kp]`ko `] l]h]rn]( ok j]pqn]hiajpa ok_e]eo kq( _kik `ev =neop pahao( ok Î]jei]eo lkhpe_koÏ*
0ERSONALITIES4OPHANß0ICTUREPOINT 4OPFOTO+EYSTONE
-*
(ESqODOßSmCß6)))ßA# ß POETAßGREGO
00/
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
J] pakne] lkhpe_] ]neopkphe_]( jk lna_eok ^qo_]n jko `aqoao( j]o haeo kq j]o p_je) _]o ] knecai `] _e`]`a6 ^]op] _kjda_an ] j]pqnav] dqi]j] l]n] jah] aj_kjpn]n ] _]qo] `] lkhpe_]* Ko dqi]jko( b]h]jpao a lajo]jpao( ok oanao `a _kiqje_]k a aoo] ] _]qo] `] re`] ai _kiqje`]`a kq `] re`] lkhpe_]* Jaoo] _kj_alk( ] j]pqnav] $_kik j]pq) nav] dqi]j]% bqj`] ] lkhpe_]* J] lneiaen] pakne]( ] lkhpe_] k nai`ek mqa ] n]vk aj_kjpn] l]n] ] lan`] `] bahe) _e`]`a `] _kiqje`]`a knecejne]* J] oacqj`]( ] lkhpe_] naoqhp] `k `aoajrkhreiajpk `]o p_je_]o a `ko _kopqiao( oaj`k qi] _kjrajk dqi]j]* J] pan_aen]( ajÚi( ] lkhpe_] `aÚja ] ln lne] aooj_e] `k dkiai( a ] _e`]`a _kjoe`an]`] qi] ejopepqek j]pqn]h* Ajmq]jpk ]o `q]o lneiaen]o naah]^kn]i n]_ekj]hiajpa ]o atlhe_] ao ipe_]o( ] pan_aen] l]npa `enap]) iajpa `] `aÚjek `] j]pqnav] dqi]j]*
Bej]he`]`a `] re`] lkhpe_]
L
]n] ko cnacko( ] Új]he`]`a `] re`] lkhpe_] an] ] fqope] j] _kiqje`]`a* = jkk `a fqo) pe] bkn]( eje_e]hiajpa( ah]^kn]`] ai paniko ipe_ko _ki ^]oa ai pno Úcqn]o lnej_e) l]eo6 qejfp( ] hae `erej] pn]ve`] lah] `aqo] Pdieo( mqa ejopepqe ] kn`ai `k Qjeranok7 hpjlp( ] kn`ai qjerano]h aop]^aha_e`] lah] hae `erej]7 a afh( ] fqope] mqa ] `aqo] @eg ejo) pepqe ajpna ]o _keo]o a ajpna ko dkiajo( jk naolaepk o haeo `erej]o a kn`ai _ oie_]* Lkq_k ] lkq_k( ] jkk `a afh e`ajpeÚ_])oa _ki ] nacn] j]pqn]h l]n] ] ]k `]o _keo]o a `ko dkiajo a k _nepnek l]n] fqhc)h]o* = e`ae] `a fqope] oa nabana( lknp]jpk( ] qi] kn`ai `erej] a j]pqn]h( mqa nacqh]( fqhc] a lqja ]o ] ao `]o _keo]o a `ko oanao dqi]jko* = fqope] ] hae a ] kn`ai `k iqj`k( eopk ( `] j]pqnav] kq mevpfp* Hae $kjlp%( j]pqnav] $mevpfp% a kn`ai $hpjlp% _kjopepqai ]ooei k _]ilk `] e`ae] `a fqope]* = ejrajk `] lkhpe_] ateceq mqa ]o atlhe_] ao ipe_]o bkooai ]b]op]`]o Í qejfp a afh `aet]n]i `a oan reop]o _kik `q]o `aqo]o mqa eilqjd]i kn`ai a haeo ]k iqj`k a ]ko oanao dqi]jko l]oo]j`k ] oecjeÚ_]n ]o `^rp^p mqa b]vai d]ran kn`ai( hae a fqope] j] j]pqnav] a j] mifp* Fqopk k mqa oacqa ] kn`ai j]pqn]h a naolaep] ] hae j]pqn]h* I]o ] mifp ateopa lkn j]pqna) v] kq lkn _kjrajk ajpna ko dkiajo; = fqope] a ] hae lkhpe_] ok j]pqn]eo kq _kjraj_ekj]eo; Aoo]o ej`]c] ao _khk_]i( `a qi h]`k( ko okÚop]o( `abajoknao `k _]npan `lksbk`flk^i `] fqope) ] a `] hae( a( `a kqpnk( Lh]pk a =neop pahao( `abajoknao `k _]npan k^qro^i `] fqope] a `] hae*
= lkoek `ko okbeop]o L]n] ko okÚop]o( ] mifp j]o_a lkn _kjrajk ajpna ko oanao dqi]jko mq]j`k lan_a^ai mqa hdao i]eo peh ] re`] ai _kiqi `k mqa ai eokh]iajpk* ?kjraj_ekj]i nacn]o `a _kj) rerj_e] mqa oa pknj]i haeo( kjlp* = fqope] k _kjoajok mq]jpk o haeo a ] Új]he`]`a `] lkhpe_] _ne]n a lnaoanr]n aooa _kjoajok* Oa ] mifp a ]o haeo ok _kjraj ao dqi]j]o( lk`ai iq`]n( `ao`a mqa d]f] iq`]j] j]o _en_qjop j_e]o* = fqope] oan jk o _kjoanr]n ]o haeo( i]o p]i^i laniepen oq] iq`]j) ] oai mqa eook `aopnq] ] _kiqje`]`a lkhpe_]( a ] je_] i]jaen] `a na]hev]n iq`]j]o oai `aopnqek `] kn`ai lkhpe_] k `a^]pa l]n] _dac]n ]k _kjoajok( eopk ( ] atlnaook l ^he_] `] rkjp]`a `] i]ekne]( k^pe`] lahk rkpk `ko _e`]`ko naqje`ko ai ]ooai^hae]* Lkn aooa ikperk( ko okÚop]o oa ]lnaoajp]r]i _kik lnkbaooknao `] ]npa `] `eo_qook a `] lanoq]ok lah] l]h]rn] $obqof`^%* Ia`e]jpa naiqjan]k( ajoej]r]i ko fkrajo ] `eo_qpen ai l ^he_k( ] `abaj`an a _ki^]pan kleje ao( ajoej]j`k)hdao ]ncqiajpko lanoq]oerko l]n] ko ln o a ko _kjpn]o ai pk`]o ]o mqaop ao* = Új]he`]`a `] lkhpe_] an] ] fqope] ajpaj`e`] _kik `lk`oaf^ ajpna ko _e`]`ko( _kj) oacqe`] j] `eo_qook l ^he_] `a kleje ao a ejpanaooao _kjpnneko* K `a^]pa `ko klkopko( ] atlkoek lanoq]oer] `ko ]ncqiajpko ]jp]cje_ko `are]i har]n rep ne] `k ejpanaooa i]eo ^ai ]ncqiajp]`k( ]lnkr]`k lahk rkpk `] i]ekne]*
000
=o behkokbe]o lkhpe_]o $-% x #!0É45,/ß x
Ai klkoek ]ko okÚop]o( Lh]pk a =neop pahao ]Úni]i k _]npan j]pqn]h `] mifp a `] fqo) pe]* Ai^kn] _kj_kn`ai jaooa ]ola_pk( `ebanai jk ik`k _kik _kj_a^ai ] ln lne] fqope]*
= lkoek `a Lh]pk L]n] Lh]pk( ko oanao dqi]jko a ] mifp lkooqai ] iaoi] aopnqpqn]* Ko dqi]jko ok `kp]`ko `a pno ]hi]o kq pno lnej_leko `a ]pere`]`a6 ] ]hi] _kj_qleo_ajpa kq `aoaf]jpa $oe) pq]`] j]o ajpn]jd]o kq jk ^]etk rajpna%( mqa ^qo_] o]peob]k `ko ]lapepao `k _knlk( p]jpk ko ja_aooneko ok^narerj_e] _kik ko mqa( oeilhaoiajpa( _]qo]i ln]van7 ] ]hi] en]o_rah kq _khne_] $oepq]`] jk laepk kq jk _kn]k%( mqa `abaj`a k _knlk _kjpn] ]o ]cnaoo ao `k iaek ]i^eajpa a `a kqpnko dqi]jko( na]cej`k `kn j] lnkpak `a jkoo] re`]7 a ] ]hi] n]_ekj]h kq ejpaha_pq]h $oepq]`] j] _]^a]%( mqa oa `a`e_] ]k _kjda_eiajpk( p]jpk j] bkni] `a lan_al) ao a kleje ao rej`]o `] atlanej_e] _kik j] bkni] `a e`ae]o ran`]`aen]o _kjpailh]`]o lahk lqnk lajo]iajpk* P]i^i ] mifp lkooqe qi] aopnqpqn] pnel]npepa( bkni]`] lkn pno _h]ooao ok_e]eo6 ] _h]o) oa a_kjie_] `ko lnklneapneko `a pann]( ]npaoko a _kian_e]jpao( mqa c]n]jpa ] ok^narerj) _e] i]pane]h `] _e`]`a7 ] _h]ooa iehep]n `ko cqannaenko( naolkjorah lah] `abao] `] _e`]`a7 a ] _h]ooa `ko i]ceopn]`ko( mqa c]n]jpa k ckranjk `] _e`]`a ok^ ]o haeo* Qi dkiai( `ev Lh]pk( ejfqopk mq]j`k ] ]hi] _kj_qleo_ajpa $ko ]lapepao a ln]vanao% i]eo bknpa `k mqa ]o kqpn]o `q]o( `kiej]j`k)]o* P]i^i ejfqopk mq]j`k ] ]hi] _khne_] $] ]cnaooere`]`a% i]eo lk`anko] `k mqa ] n]_ekj]h( `kiej]j`k)]* K mqa ( lkeo( k dkiai fqopk; =mqaha _qf] ]hi] n]_ekj]h $lajo]iajpk a rkjp]`a% i]eo bknpa `k mqa ]o kqpn]o `q]o ]hi]o( eilkj`k _kj_qleo_ajpa ] renpq`a `] pailan]j] kq ik`an]k( a _khne_]( ] ren) pq`a `] _kn]cai( mqa `ara _kjpnkh]n ] _kj_qleo_j_e]* K dkiai fqopk k dkiai renpqkok7 ] renpq`a( `kijek n]_ekj]h ok^na k `aoafk a ] _ han]* = fqope] pe_] ] dean]nmqe] `]o ]hi]o( ] n]_ekj]h( oqlanekn( mqa `kiej] ]o ejbaneknao* K mqa ] fqope] lkhpe_]; Aoo] iaoi] dean]nmqe]( i]o ]lhe_]`] _kiqje`]`a Í ko o^eko haceoh]`knao `arai ckranj]n( ko iehep]nao( oq^kn`ej]`ko ]ko haceoh]`knao( `arai `abaj`an ] _e`]`a( a ko iai^nko `] _h]ooa a_kjie_]( oq^kn`ej]`ko ]ko haceoh]`knao( `arai ]ooacqn]n ] ok^narerj_e] `] mifp* ?kik na]hev]n ] _e`]`a fqop]; Lah] a`q_]k `ko _e`]`ko Í dkiajo a iqhdanao $Lh]pk jk at_hqe ]o iqhdanao `] lkhpe_] a _nepe_] ko cnacko lkn at_hq)h]o%* @ao`a ] lneiaen] ejb j_e]( ] mifp `ara pki]n l]n] oe k _qe`]`k pkp]h `]o _ne]j]o( a`q) _]j`k)]o l]n] ]o bqj ao ja_aoone]o _e`]`a* = a`q_]k `ko _e`]`ko oq^iapa ]o _ne]j]o ] qi] iaoi] bkni]k eje_e]h ai _qfk pniejk l]oo]i lkn qi] oahak6 ]o iajko ]lp]o oank `aopej]`]o _h]ooa a_kjie_]( ajmq]jpk ]o i]eo ]lp]o lnkooacqenk ko aopq`ko* Qi] jkr] oahak oal]n] ko fkrajo6 ko iajko ]lpko oank `aopej]`ko _h]ooa iehep]n ajmq]jpk ko i]eo ]lpko _kjpejq]nk ] oan a`q_]`ko* K jkrk _e_hk a`q_]_ekj]h ajoej] ]o _ej_e]o ]ko fkrajo a ko oq^iapa ] qi] hpei] oahak6 ko iajko ]lpko oank ko ]`iejeopn]`knao `] mifp ajmq]jpk ko i]eo ]lpko lnkooacqenk ko aopq`ko* =lnaj`ai( ]ckn]( ] ÚhkokÚ]( mqa ko pn]jo) bkni]n ai o^eko haceoh]`knao( l]n] mqa oaf]i ] _h]ooa `enecajpa* = _e`]`a fqop] ckranj]`] lahko Úh okbko( ]`iejeopn]`] lahko _eajpeop]o( lnkpace`] lahko cqannaenko a i]jpe`] lahko lnk`qpknao* ?]`] _h]ooa _qilnen oq] bqjk l]n] k ^ai `] mifp( n]_ekj]hiajpa `enece`] lahko Úh okbko* Ai _kjpn]l]npe`]( ] _e`]`a ejfqop] ]mqah] j] mq]h k ckranjk aop j]o iko `ko lnklneapneko $mqa jk lajo]i jk ^ai _kiqi `] mifp a hqp]nk lkn ejpanaooao a_kjie_ko l]npe_qh]nao%( kq j] `ko iehep]nao $mqa iancqhd]nk ] _e`]`a ai cqann]o l]n] o]peob]van oaqo `aoafko l]npe_qh]nao `a dkjn] a ch ne]%* Okiajpa ko Úh okbko pi _kik ejpanaooa k ^ai can]h `] mifp a okiajpa ahao lk`ai ckranj)h] _ki fqope]*
= lkoek `a =neoppahao
001
=neop pahao ah]^kn] qi] pakne] lkhpe_] `erano] `] `ko okÚop]o a `a Lh]pk* L]n] `apaniej]n k mqa ] fqope]( `ev aha( lna_eo]iko `eopejcqen `keo pelko `a ^ajo6 ko l]npehdraeo a ko l]npe_elraeo* Qi ^ai l]npehdrah mq]j`k qi] nr^kqfa^ab mqa lk`a oan `ere`e`] a `eopne^q`] $] nemqav] qi ^ai l]npehdrah%* Qi ^ai l]npe_elrah mq]j`k
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
qi] nr^ifa^ab ej`ereorah( mqa jk lk`a oan nal]npe`] jai `eopne^q`]( lk`aj`k ]laj]o oan l]npe_el]`] $k lk`an lkhpe_k qi ^ai l]npe_elrah%* Ateopai( lkeo( `keo pelko `a fqope] j] _e`]`a6 ] `eopne^qper]( nabanajpa ]ko ^ajo a_kjie_ko l]npehdraeo7 a ] l]npe_el]per]( nabanaj) pa ]k lk`an lkhpe_k l]npe_elrah* = _e`]`a fqop] o]^an `eopejcqe)h]o a na]hev]n ]i^]o* = fqope] `eopne^qper] _kjoeopa ai `]n ] _]`] qi k mqa `are`k a oq] bqjk `]n `aoe) cq]hiajpa ]ko `aoecq]eo l]n] pknj)hko ecq]eo* Oqlkjd]iko( lkn atailhk( mqa ] mifp aopaf] ]pn]raoo]j`k qi lank`k `a bkia ai `a_knnj_e] `a oa_]o kq aj_dajpao a mqa ]`mqen] ]he) iajpko l]n] `eopne^q)hko ] pk`ko* L]n] oan fqop]( ] _e`]`a jk lk`an nal]npe)hko `a ik`k ecq]h l]n] pk`ko* @a b]pk( ]ko mqa ok lk^nao( `ara `k)hko( i]o( ]ko mqa ok ne_ko( `ara raj`)hko( `a ik`k ] _kjoacqen bqj`ko l]n] ]mqeoek `a jkrko ]heiajpko* Oa `k]n ] pk`ko kq raj`an ] pk`ko( oan ejfqop]* P]i^i oan ejfqop] oa ]pne^qen ] pk`ko ]o iaoi]o mq]jpe`]`ao `a ]heiaj) pko( lkeo `]n mq]jpe`]`ao ecq]eo l]n] b]ihe]o `aoecq]eo( qi]o i]eo jqianko]o `k mqa kqpn]o* Ai oqi]( ejfqopk pn]p]n ecq]hiajpa ko `aoecq]eo a fqopk pn]p]n `aoecq]hiajpa ko `aoecq]eo l]n] mqa na_a^]i ko l]npehdraeo oacqj`k oq]o _kj`e ao a ja_aooe`]`ao* = bqjk kq Új]he`]`a `] fqope] `eopne^qper] oaj`k ] `a ecq]h]n ko `aoecq]eo( `]j`k)hdao `aoecq]hiajpa ko ^ajo( eilhe_] ]Úni]n mqa jqi] _e`]`a ai mqa ] `ebanaj] ajpna ne_ko a lk) ^nao iqepk cn]j`a b]v reckn]n ] ejfqope]( lkeo jk ` ] pk`ko k mqa hdao `are`k _kik oanao dqi]jko* J] _e`]`a ejfqop]( ]o haeo( ai hqc]n `a laniepenai ]ko lk^nao k ]_aook o nemqav]o $lkn iaek `a heiep] ao eilkop]o atpajok `] lnklnea`]`a( `a Út]k `] ^k] naiqjan]) k `k pn]^]hdk `ko pn]^]hd]`knao lk^nao( `a eilkopko a pne^qpko mqa na_]e]i ok^na ko ne_ko ]laj]o( ap_*%( ra`]i)hdao p]h `enaepk* Kn]( okiajpa ko mqa jk ok bkn]`ko o h]^qp]o ejejpan) nqlp]o l]n] ] ok^narerj_e] ok _]l]vao `a qi] re`] lhaj]iajpa dqi]j] a bahev* = _e`]`a ejfqop]( lknp]jpk( eila`a mqa qi] l]npa `ko _e`]`ko pajd] ]ooacqn]`k k `enaepk re`] ^k]* Lkn oq] rav( ] fqope] lkhpe_] _kjoeopa ai naolaep]n k ik`k lahk mq]h ] _kiqje`]`a `aÚjeq ] l]npe_el]k jk lk`an* Aoo] `aÚjek `alaj`a `]mqehk mqa ] _e`]`a i]eo r]hknev] a ko naceiao lkhpe_ko r]ne]i ai bqjk `k r]hkn i]eo naolaep]`k lahko _e`]`ko* D _e`]`ao mqa r]hknev]i ] dkjn] $eopk ( ] dean]nmqe] ok_e]h ^]oa]`] jk o]jcqa( j] pann] a j]o pn]`e ao% a fqhc]i mqa k lk`an ] dkjn] i]eo ]hp] a mqa _]^a ] qi o 6 pai)oa ] jl* k^onrf^( j] mq]h fqopk mqa qi o l]npe_ela `k lk`an* D _e`]`ao mqa r]hknev]i ] renpq`a _kik at_ahj_e] `a _]npan $_kn]cai( ha]h`]`a( Ú`ahe`]`a ]k cnqlk a ]ko ]jpal]oo]`ko% a fqhc]i mqa k lk`an _]^a ]ko iahdknao6 pai)oa ] ^ofpql`o^`f^( j] mq]h fqopk mqa okiajpa ]hcqjo l]npe_elai `k lk`an* D _e`]`ao mqa r]hknev]i ] ecq]h`]`a $ok ecq]eo ko mqa ok hernao%( _kjoe`an]i ] `ebanaj] a_kjie_] a jk lkhpe_] ajpna ne_ko a lk^nao a fqhc]i mqa pk`ko lkooqai k `enaepk `a l]npe_el]n `k lk`an6 pai)oa ] abjl`o^`f^( j] mq]h fqopk mqa pk`ko ckranjai* Ajmq]jpk Lh]pk oa lnak_ql] _ki ] a`q_]k a bkni]k `k `enecajpa lkhpe_k $k ckran) j]jpa Úh okbk%( =neop pahao oa ejpanaoo] lah] mq]he`]`a `]o ejopepqe ao lkhpe_]o $]ooai^hae]o( pne^qj]eo( bkni] `] _khap] `a eilkopko a pne^qpko( `eopne^qek `] nemqav]( knc]jev]k `k atn_epk( ap_*%* ?ki eook( ]i^ko hac]i l]n] ]o pakne]o lkhpe_]o oq^oamqajpao `q]o i]jaen]o `a _kj_a^an kj`a oa oepq] ] mq]he`]`a fqop] `] _e`]`a6 lh]pkje_]iajpa( aoo] mq]he`]`a `a) laj`a `]o sfoqrabp al afofdbkqb7 ]neopkpahe_]iajpa( `]o sfoqrabp a^p fkpqfqrf bp*
Ko naceiao lkhpe_ko
@
keo rk_^qhko cnacko ok ailnac]`ko l]n] _kilkn ]o l]h]rn]o mqa `aoecj]i ko na) ceiao lkhpe_ko6 ^ohe $Îk mqa aop bnajpaÏ( Îk mqa pai _ki]j`kÏ% a ho^qp $Îk lk`an kq ]qpkne`]`a oqlnai]Ï%* =o l]h]rn]o _kilkop]o _ki ^ohe $^onrf^% `aoecj]i ] nr^kqfa^ab `ko mqa aopk jk _ki]j`k* =o _kilkop]o _ki ho^qp $`o^`f^% `aoecj]i nrbj aop jk lk`an* =ooei( `k lkjpk `a reop] `] ^ohe( ko naceiao lkhpe_ko ok6 ikj]nmqe] kq ckranjk `a qi o $jlk^p%( khec]nmqe] kq ckranjk `a ]hcqjo $lifdf%( lkhe]nmqe] kq ckranjk `a iqepko $mlilp% a ]j]nmqe] kq ckranjk `a jejcqi $^k^%*
002
=o behkokbe]o lkhpe_]o $-% x #!0É45,/ß x KRATvSßOSßTERMOSßß COMPOSTOSßCOMßCRACIAß SjOßAUTOSß±EUßMESMO² ß ±EUßPRvPRIO² ß±SIßMESMO² ß ARISTOSß±OßMELHOR² ßß ±OßMAISßEXCELENTE² ßß DEMOSß±OßPOVO²
@k lkjpk `a reop] `k ho^qp( ko naceiao lkhpe_ko ok6 ]qpk_n]_e] $lk`an `a qi] je_] laook] Í ^rqp Í( na_kjda_e`] _kik nae%( ]neopk_n]_e] $lk`an `ko ^ofpqf( eopk ( `ko iahdk) nao%( `aik_n]_e] $lk`an `k abjlp( eopk ( `k lkrk%* J] Cn_e] a j] Nki] ]n_]e_]o lna`kiej]n]i ]o ikj]nmqe]o* Jk ajp]jpk( ai^kn] ko ]jpecko naeo ]Úni]ooai pan knecai `erej] a rkjp]`a ]^okhqp]( ] ok_ea`]`a aop]r] knc]jev]`] `a p]h bkni] mqa k ckranj]jpa lna_eo]r] oq^iapan ]o `a_eo ao ] qi ?kjoahdk `a =j_eko a ]ooai^hae] `ko cqannaenko kq _dabao iehep]nao* Eook bav _ki mqa( lkq_k ] lkq_k( k naceia oa pknj]ooa khecnmqe_k( Ú_]j`k j]o iko `]o b]ihe]o i]eo ne_]o a iehep]niajpa i]eo lk`a) nko]o( _qfko iai^nko oa _kjoe`an]r]i( lkn oaq o]jcqa( b]ihe] a hejd]cai( ko ÎiahdknaoÏ( `kj`a ] bkni]k `] ]neopk_n]_e] cnac]( kq oa _kjoe`an]r]i oqlaneknao lkn panai _kik ]j_aopn]eo ko l]eo bqj`]`knao `] _e`]`a( `kj`a ] bkni]k `k l]pne_e]`k nki]jk* K je_k naceia ran`]`aen]iajpa `aik_npe_k bke k `a =paj]o* J]o `ai]eo _e`]`ao cna) c]o a ai Nki]( k naceia lkhpe_k an] khecnmqe_k( oaj`k ]o b]ihe]o ne_]o dana`epne]o jk lk`an( iaoik mq]j`k ]`iepe]i ] ajpn]`] `a jkrko iai^nko jk ckranjk( lkeo ]o jkr]o b]ihe]o p]i^i oa pknj]r]i dana`epne]o* @araiko ] Lh]pk a ] =neop pahao pno e`ae]o lkhpe_]o( ah]^kn]`]o _ki ^]oa j] atlanej) _e] lkhpe_] ]jpec]6 ] lneiaen] `ah]o ] `eopejk ajpna naceiao lkhpe_ko a jk lkhpe_ko7 ] oacqj`]( ] `] _]qo] `] r]ne]k `a naceiao lkhpe_ko7 ] pan_aen] oa nabana pn]jobkni]k `a qi naceia lkhpe_k ai kqpnk* Afpqfk l bkqob mliqf`l b kl mliqf`l+ Qi naceia o lkhpe_k oa bkn ejopepq`k lkn qi _knlk `a haeo lq^he_]iajpa na_kjda_e`k a ok^ k mq]h pk`ko rerai( ckranj]jpao a o `e) pko( ckranj]jpao a _e`]`ko* Ai oqi]( lkhpe_k k naceia jk mq]h ko ckranj]jpao aopk oq^iape`ko o haeo* Mq]j`k ] hae _kej_e`a _ki ] rkjp]`a laook]h a ]n^epnne] `k ckran) j]jpa( jk d lkhpe_]( i]o `aolkpeoik a pen]je]* Mq]j`k jk d hae `a aol_ea ]hcqi]( jk d lkhpe_]( i]o ]j]nmqe]* = lnaoaj] kq ]qoj_e] `] hae _kj`qv e`ae] `a naceiao lkhpe_ko ibdqfjlp a fibdqfjlp* Qi naceia hacpeik mq]j`k( ]hi `a hac]h( fqopk $]o haeo ok baep]o oacqj`k ] fqope]%7 qi naceia ehacpeik mq]j`k ] hae ejfqop] kq mq]j) `k _kjpnnek hae( eopk ( ehac]h( kq( ajÚi( mq]j`k jk lkooqe hae ]hcqi]* S^ofba^ab ab obdfjbp mliqf`lp* L]n] =neop pahao( ] r]ne]k `ko naceiao lkhpe_ko `alaj) `a `a `keo b]pknao lnej_el]eo6 ] j]pqnav] kq j`kha `k lkrk a ] atpajok `k pannep nek* =ooei( lkn atailhk( qi lkrk _qf] j`kha kq j]pqnav] paj`a aolkjp]ja]iajpa l]n] ] ecq]h`]`a a ] he^an`]`a a _qf] _e`]`a `a lamqaj] atpajok pannepkne]h( j]pqn]hiajpa ejopepqen qi] `aik_n]_e] a oan i]h)]reo]`k oa ] oq^opepqen lkn qi kqpnk naceia* Ai _kjpn]l]npe`]( qi lkrk _qf] j`kha kq j]pqnav] paj`a aolkjp]ja]iajpa l]n] ] k^a) `ej_e] ] qi] je_] ]qpkne`]`a a mqa rera jqi pannep nek atpajok( j]pqn]hiajpa ejo) pepqen ] ikj]nmqe]( oaj`k `ao]reo]`k oa ] oq^opepqen lkn kqpnk naceia lkhpe_k* @aoo] i]jaen]( ko Úh okbko cnacko hac]n]i ]k K_e`ajpa ] e`ae] `a obdfjbp mliqf`lp k^qro^fp( eopk ( ] e`ae] `a mqa ] ejopepqek `a qi naceia lkhpe_k `alaj`a `a b]pknao lnk`qve`ko lah] j]pqnav] $] j`kha j]pqn]h `a qi lkrk a k pelk `a pannep nek ai mqa oa ejop]h]%* @loorm l alp obdfjbp mliqf`lp+ Ko naceiao lkhpe_ko oa pn]jobkni]i ai `a_knnj_e] `a iq`]j]o a_kjie_]o $]qiajpk `k j iank `a ne_ko a `eiejqek `k j iank `a lk^nao( `eiejqek `k j iank `a ne_ko a ]qiajpk `k j iank `a lk^nao% a `a naoqhp]) `ko `a cqann]o $_kjmqeop]o `a jkrko pannep neko a lklqh] ao( oq^ieook ] raj_a`knao mqa _kjmqeop]i ] _e`]`a%*
003
Lnaoaj] kq ]qoj_e] `] hae( r]ne]k a_kjie_] a iehep]n `apaniej]i( oacqj`k Lh]pk a =neop pahao( ] _knnqlk kq `a_]`j_e] `ko naceiao lkhpe_ko6 ] ikj]nmqe] `acajan] ai pe) n]je] mq]j`k qi o ckranj] l]n] oanren ]ko ejpanaooao laook]eo7 ] ]neopk_n]_e] `acajan] ai khec]nmqe] `ko iqepk ne_ko $lhqpk_n]_e]% kq `ko cqannaenko $peik_n]_e]%( mqa p]i^i ckran) j]i ]laj]o ai ejpanaooa ln lnek7 ] `aik_n]_e] `acajan] ai `ai]ckce] a aop]( ai ]j]nmqe]* Ai can]h( ] ]j]nmqe] har] pen]je]( mq]j`k ] ok_ea`]`a( `aockranj]`]( ]lah] l]n] qi dkiai oqlanekn ]ko kqpnko jk i]jafk `]o ]ni]o a `ko ]ncqiajpko( jaha ^qo_]j`k ] o]hr]k*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
!LBUMAKG IMAGESLATINSTOCK
= pelkhkce] lh]pje_k)]neopkphe_] `ko naceiao lkhpe_ko oacqj`k k r]hkn `ko mqa l]npe_e) l]i `k lk`an a `] r]nea`]`a `a naceiao oacqj`k ] j`kha j]pqn]h `k lkrk a `]o _kj`e ao j]pqn]eo `k pannep nek( ^ai _kik ] pakne] `] `a_]`j_e] kq _knnqlk `ko naceiao lkhpe_ko( oank i]jpe`]o ]p k o_qhk TREEE( ]l]na_aj`k _ki reckn jqi] `]o k^n]o lkhpe_]o i]eo ei) lknp]jpao `] Ehqopn]k( L bpmofql a^p ibfp( `a Ikjpaomqeaq*
pe_] a lkhpe_]
O
a ] lkhpe_] pai _kik Új]he`]`a ] re`] fqop] a bahev( eopk ( ] re`] lnklne]iajpa dqi]j] `ecj] `a oanao hernao( ajpk ejoal]nrah `] pe_]* @a b]pk( l]n] ko cnacko an] ej_kj_a^rah ] pe_] bkn] `] _kiqje`]`a lkhpe_] Í ] mifp _kik hlfklk^ kq _kiqje`]`a `ko ecq]eo Í( lkeo jah] ] j]pqnav] kq aooj_e] dqi]j] aj) _kjpn]r] oq] na]hev]k i]eo ]hp]* Mq]j`k aopq`]iko ] pe_]( reiko mqa =neop pahao `eopejcqen] ajpna pakne] a lnpe_] a( jaop]( ajpna b]^ne_]k a ]k( eopk ( `ebanaj_e]n] mlfbpfp `a moufp* Reiko p]i^i mqa na) oanr]n] moufp qi hqc]n i]eo ]hpk `k mqa b]^ne_]k( `aÚjej`k)] _kik ]k rkhqjpne] `a qi ]cajpa n]_ekj]h ai reop] `a qi Úi _kjoe`an]`k ^ki* = moufp lkn at_ahj_e] ] lkhpe_]* = aooa naolaepk( j] qf`^ ^ Kf`j^`l( ao_nara =neop pahao6
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l o k lneiaenk lank`k `a oq] deop ne] lkhpe_]( ] lk_] ]n_]e_] a haj`ne] `ko naeo l]pne]n_]eo( oaie)dqi]jko a oaie`erejko( Nki] pknj])oa qi] nal ^he_] ]neopk_npe) _] ckranj]`] lahko cn]j`ao oajdknao `a pann]o( ko l]pn_eko( a lahko nalnaoajp]jpao ahaepko lah] lha^a( ko pne^qjko `] lha^a* K lk`an _]^a ] qi] ejopepqek `aoecj]`] _kik ÎOa) j]`k a Lkrk Nki]jkÏ( mqa lk`a( ai _anp]o _en_qjop j_e]o lnareop]o j] hae( na_a^an Îdkiajo jkrkoÏ( eopk ( ko lha^aqo mqa( lkn oq]o nemqav]o( _]o]iajpko kq baepko iehep]nao( l]oo]i ] b]van l]npa `k cnqlk ckranj]jpa* Nki] qi] nal ^he_] lkn pno ikperko lnej_el]eo6 -*
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k ckranjk ]`iejeopn] ko bqj`ko l ^he_ko $na_qnoko a_kjie_ko lnkrajeajpao `a ei) lkopko( p]t]o a pne^qpko%( qo]j`k)ko l]n] ] _kjopnqk `a aopn]`]o( ]mqa`qpko( pailhko( ikjqiajpko a jkr]o _e`]`ao( a l]n] ] i]jqpajk `ko atn_epko*
Jk _ajpnk `k ckranjk aop]r]i `keo _joqhao( ahaepko lahk Oaj]`k a Lkrk Nki]jk( ]ko mq]eo an]i ajpnacqao `keo lk`anao6 k ]`iejeopn]perk $caopk `ko bqj`ko a oanreko l ^he_ko% a k fjmbofrj( eopk ( k lk`an fq`e_enek a iehep]n* K Oaj]`k naoanr]r] l]n] oe `q]o ]qpkne`]) `ao6 k _kjoahdk `ko i]ceopn]`ko a ] ]qpkne`]`a ikn]h ok^na ] nahecek a ] lkhpe_]* Nal ^he_] khecnmqe_]( Nki] qi] lkpj_e] _ki rk_]k iehep]n* Ai _ejmqajp] ]jko( _kjmqeop] pk`k k iqj`k _kjda_e`k( _ki at_ak `] æj`e] a `] ?dej]* Aooa baepk k^n] iehe) p]n `ko _joqhao( mqa( _kik `eooaiko( bkn]i ejraope`ko _ki k fjmbofrj $lk`an fq`e_enek a iehep]n%* Ok fjmbo^qlobp* Lkq_k ] lkq_k( ia`e`] mqa Nki] oa pknj] qi] lkpj_e] iqj`e]h( ]hcqjo `ko _j) oqhao $F hek ?ao]n( Jqi]( Lkilaq% naerej`e_]i i]eo lk`an a i]eo ]qpkne`]`a( mqa hdao rk oaj`k _kj_a`e`ko lahk Oaj]`k a Lkrk Nki]jk* Cn]`q]hiajpa( ok^ ] ]l]nj_e] `a qi] na) l ^he_] ]neopk_npe_]( ejop]h])oa qi] nal ^he_] ikjnmqe_]( mqa oa eje_e] _ki F hek ?o]n a oa _kjokhe`] j]o iko `a =qcqopk* ?ki aopa hpeik( ] ikj]nmqe] r]e lan`aj`k k _]npan nalq^he_]jk ]p oq^opepqen k _kjoqh]`k( pknj]j`k)oa oajdkne]h( a ejopepqen)oa _kik lnej_el]) `k* K lnj_ela eilan]`kn6 _daba iehep]n( `apajpkn `k lk`an fq`e_enek( i]ceopn]`k( oajdkn `]o pann]o `k Eilnek Nki]jk( ]qpkne`]`a oqlnai]* Lkn eook iaoik( rneko lajo]`knao nk) i]jko nalq^he_]jko( _kik P_epk( ?_ank( Pepk Hrek( _kjoe`an]i mqa ] `a_]`j_e] mliqf`^ `a Nki] _kej_e`a _ki k ikiajpk `a oaq i]ekn aolhaj`kn a_kjie_k a iehep]n( eopk ( k lnej_el]`k( mq]j`k k jkia Î?o]nÏ `aet] `a jkia]n ] laook] `a F hek ?o]n a l]oo] ] ej`e_]n ] lkoek `k ckranj]jpa Í k lnj_ela qi `p^o* = iq`]j] `] nal ^he_] l]n] k lnej_el]`k kq _ao]neoik pn]jol]na_a j] pakne] lkhpe_]* Ai^kn] aop] _kjpejqa ]Úni]j`k ko r]hknao nalq^he_]jko Í eilknp j_e] `]o haeo( `k `enaepk a `]o ejopepqe ao l ^he_]o( l]npe_qh]niajpa `k Oaj]`k a Lkrk Nki]jk Í( ] lnak_ql]k `ko pa ne_ko oa i]jpi rkhp]`] l]n] ] Úcqn] `k lnj_ela* Ejolen]j`k)oa jk ckranj]jpa)Úh okbk `a Lh]pk( ko lajo]`knao nki]jko lnk`qvenk k e`a]h `k lnj_ela lanbaepk kq `k ?lj Dlsbokl* = jkr] pakne] lkhpe_] i]jpi ] e`ae] cnac] `a mqa ] _kiqje`]`a lkhpe_] pai _kik Új]he`]`a ] re`] ^k] kq ] fqope]( e`ajpeÚ_]`] _ki ] kn`ai( d]nikje] kq _kj_ n`e] jk ejpanekn `] _e`]`a* Jk ajp]jpk( ]ckn]( ] fqope] `alaj) `an `]o mq]he`]`ao ikn]eo `k ckranj]jpa* K lnj_ela `ara oan k ik`ahk `]o renpq`ao l]n] ] _kiqje`]`a( lkeo ah] k eiep]n* J] ran`]`a( ko lajo]`knao nki]jko ren]i)oa ajpna `q]o pakne]o6 ] lh]pje_]( mqa lnapaj) `e] _dac]n lkhpe_] hacpei] a fqop] a`q_]j`k renpqko]iajpa ko ckranj]jpao7 a ] ]neopkphe_]( mqa lnapaj`e] _dac]n lkhpe_] hacpei] a fqop] lnklkj`k mq]he`]`ao lkoeper]o l]n] ]o ejope) pqe ao `] _e`]`a( `]o mq]eo `alaj`e]i ]o renpq`ao `ko _e`]`ko* Ajpna ]o `q]o( ko nki]jko ao_khdan]i ] lh]pje_]( i]o paj`an]i ] `]n iajkn eilknp j_e] knc]jev]k lkhpe_] `] ok_ea`]`a $]o pno _h]ooao lh]pje_]o% a i]ekn eilknp j_e] bkni]k `k lnj_ela renpqkok* K lnj_ela( _kik pk`k oan dqi]jk( l]ooekj]h a n]_ekj]h( lkni( `ebanajpaiajpa `ko kqpnko dqi]jko( jk lk`a _a`an o l]et ao( ]laj]o n]vk* Lkn eook( `ara oan a`q_]`k l]n] lkooqen qi _kjfqjpk `a renpq`ao mqa ok ln lne]o `k ckranj]jpa fqopk( kq oaf]( ]o sfoqrabp mofk`fmbp`^p* K ran`]`aenk sfo $Îr]nkÏ( ai h]pei% lkooqe pno oneao `a sfoqrabp kq nr^ifa^abp jlo^fp* = lneiaen] `ah]o _kiqi ] pk`k dkiai renpqkok( oaj`k _kjopepq`] lkn mq]pnk renpq`ao qjerano]eo mqa _]`] qi `ara lkooqen oa mqeoan oan renpqkok6 p^_balof^ lr mora k* `f^( grpqf ^ lr bnrfa^ab( `lo^dbj b qbjmbo^k ^ lr jlabo^ l* = oacqj`] onea _kjopepqe k _kjfqjpk `]o renpq`ao lnklne]iajpa lnej_elao_]o6 elko^abw lr afpmlpf l m^o^ j^kqbo lp mofk`mflp bj qla^p ^p `fo`rkpq k`f^p( j^dk^kfjfa^ab lr `ibj k`f^( eopk ( _]l]_e`]`a l]n] `]n lqjek fqop] a l]n] lan`k]n( a if_bo^ifa^ab( eopk ( `eolkoek l]n] ln oq] nemqav]
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] oanrek `k lkrk* Bej]hiajpa( ] pan_aen] onea `a renpq`ao nabana)oa ]ko k^faperko mqa `arai oan ]hiaf]`ko lahk lnj_ela renpqkok6 elko^( diof^ a c^j^* ?_ank ejoeopa ai mqa k ran`]`aenk lnj_ela ]mqaha mqa jqj_] oa `aet] ]nn]op]n lkn l]et ao mqa k pn]jobkniai jqi] ^aop]* Jk lk`a pan ] rekhj_e] `k hak jai ] ]op _e] `] n]lko]( i]o `ara( ai pk`]o ]o _en_qjop j_e]o( _kilknp]n)oa _kik dkiai `kp]`k `a rkjp]) `a n]_ekj]h* K lnj_ela oan k >ki Ckranjk oa bkn qi >ki ?kjoahdk( eopk ( o^ek( `araj`k ^qo_]n k ]ikn a k naolaepk `ko o `epko* Ai _kjpn]lkjpk ]k >ki Ckranjk( ] pakne] lkhpe_] ancqa k napn]pk `k pen]jk kq k lnj) _ela re_ekok6 ^aope]h( ejpailan]jpa( l]ooekj]h( ejfqopk( _kr]n`a( eilea`kok( ]r]najpk a lan`q) hnek( oai dkjn]( b]i] kq ch ne]( k`e]`k lkn pk`ko a `a pk`ko paiankok* Ejoacqnk a k`e]`k( nk`ae])oa `a okh`]`ko( reraj`k eokh]`k ai bknp]hav]o( paiaj`k ] nq] a ] _knpa* = pakne] `k >ki Ckranjk `alkoep] j] mbppl^ `k ckranj]jpa ] mq]he`]`a `] lkhpe_] a b]v `a oq]o renpq`ao lner]`]o renpq`ao l ^he_]o* K lnj_ela aj_]nj] ] _kiqje`]`a a ] aolahd]( oaj`k lkn ah] eiep]`k p]jpk j] renpq`a _kik jk r_ek*
K lk`an pakhce_k)lkhpe_k6 k _neope]jeoik = dan]j] da^n]e_] a nki]j] L]n] _kilnaaj`aniko ]o pakne]o lkhpe_]o _neopo( lna_eo]iko pan ai iajpa ]o `q]o pn]`e ao mqa k _neope]jeoik na_a^a _kik dan]j] a ok^na ]o mq]eo ah]^kn]n oq]o ln lne]o e`ae]o6 ] eb_o^f`^ a ] olj^k^* Ko da^naqo( ai^kn] pajd]i _kjda_e`k rne]o ik`]he`]`ao `a ckranjk $l]pne]n_]o( fq) vao( naeo%( `an]i ]k lk`an( ok^ mq]hmqan bkni] ai mqa bkooa atan_e`k( qi] i]n_] bqj`]iaj) p]h ennarkcrah6 k `^oqbo qbl`oqf`l* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( _kjoe`an]r]i ahao mqa k lk`an( ai oq] lhajepq`a a ran`]`a( lanpaj_a at_hqoer]iajpa ] @aqo a mqa aopa( lkn iaek `ko ]jfko a `ko lnkbap]o( ahaca k `enecajpa kq ko `enecajpao* K lk`an $ho^qp% lanpaj_a ] @aqo $qelp%( `kj`a pak_n]_e]( _qf] atlnaook i]eo _h]n] oa aj_kjpn] jqi] l]oo]cai `] >^he]( jk Hernk `ko Lnk) rn^eko( kj`a oa h mqa @aqo `eooa6 ÎLkn iei naej]i ko naeo a ko lnj_elao ckranj]iÏ* =hi `eook( ko da^naqo oa Úvan]i _kjda_an jk o _kik Lkrk `a @aqo( i]o p]i^i _kik Lkrk `] Hae $] hae `erej] `]`] lneiaenk ] Jk _kik hae ikn]h a( `alkeo( _kilhap]`] a `k]`] ] Ikeoo _kik hae naheceko]( lkhpe_] a ikn]h a _k`eÚ_]`] lkn ao_nepk%* = hac]he`]`a an] ]hck pk lnkbqj`k mqa( mq]j`k k _neope]jeoik oa _kjopepqe _kik jkr] nahecek( b]h])oa j] =jpec] Hae $] ]he]j] `a @aqo _ki k lkrk( lnkiape`] ] Jk a ] =^n]k a `]`] ] Ikeoo% a j] Jkr] Hae $] jkr] ]he]j] `a @aqo _ki k lkrk( ]pn]ro `k iaooe]o Faoqo%* @k h]`k nki]jk( k lnk_aook mqa reaiko `ao_naraj`k ]_ei] $l]oo]cai `] nal ^he_] ]k lnej_el]`k a pakne] `k >ki Ckranjk% lnkooacqeq( a jk lank`k ai mqa k _neope]jeoik oa atl]j`a a oa aj_kjpn] ai re] `a oa pknj]n nahecek kÚ_e]h `k Eilnek Nki]jk( k lnj_ela nki]jk f oa aj_kjpn] ejraope`k `a jkrko lk`anao* Oaj`k Nki] oajdkn] `k Qjeranok( k lnj) _ela jk ]laj]o( _kik oaq jkia ej`e_]( Îk lneiaenk _e`]`kÏ $mofk`bmp%( i]o eilan]`kn nki]jk a paj`an ] oan reopk _kik oajdkn `k Qjeranok( k_ql]j`k k pklk `] dean]nmqe] `k iqj`k( ai _qfk _ajpnk aop Nki]( mqa k lkap] Renchek _d]ikq `a ?e`]`a Apanj]* =k eilan]`kn $kq ]k _o]n% _]^a i]jpan ] d]nikje] a ] _kj_ n`e] jk iqj`k( ] m^u olj^* k^( c]n]jpe`] lah] bkn] `]o ]ni]o* ?ki eook( k lnj_ela l]ookq ] ajbaet]n ai oq]o iko pk`ko ko lk`anao( mqa ]jpao _]^e]i ]k Oaj]`k a Lkrk Nki]jk( a bke oaj`k o]_n]hev]`k( i]jaen] `k `olkp] kneajp]h( ]p oan _kjoe`an]`k `erejk( oaj`k)hda ]pne^q`ko lk`anao mqa lanpaj_e]i ] F lepan6 bqj`]`kn `k lkrk( naop]qn]`kn `] kn`ai qjerano]h a o]hr]`kn `k Qjeranok* L]n] _qilnen oq]o p]nab]o( k lk`an eilane]h _ajpn]hev]`k a dean]nmqev]`k `aoajrkhra qi _kilhatk oeopai] aop]p]h ai mqa lnar]ha_a k lk`anek `ko bqj_ekjneko eilane]eo $_ereo a iehep]nao%( mqa oa aopaj`a _kik qi] na`a ejpnej_]`] `a lamqajko lk`anao lkn pk`k k pan) nep nek `k Eilnek Nki]jk* = ah]^kn]k `] pakne] lkhpe_] _neop _kik qblildf^ mliqf`^ naoqhp]n `] ]lnklne]k `aoo] `qlh] dan]j] lahk lk`an a_haoeope_k*
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#ONSTANTINOß ß IMPERADORßROMANO
01-
Mq]j`k aopq`]iko ] pe_]( reiko mqa k _neope]jeoik( `ebanajpaiajpa `] i]ekne] `]o nahece ao ]jpec]o( jk oqnca _kik nahecek j]_ekj]h kq `a qi lkrk kq `a qi Aop]`k `apan) iej]`ko* Jk ajp]jpk( aha `arane] pan oe`k qi] nahecek j]_ekj]h( qi] rav mqa Faoqo oa ]lna) oajp]r] _kik k iaooe]o aolan]`k lahk lkrk fq`]e_k* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( oa Faoqo peraooa oe`k repknekok( lnkr]rahiajpa pane] oe`k _]lepk( nae a o]_an`kpa( lkeo an] ]ooei mqa k iaooe]o d]) re] oe`k ei]cej]`k a aolan]`k* @annkp]`k lah] ikj]nmqe] fq`]e_]( mqa qo]n] k lk`an `k Ei) lnek Nki]jk l]n] fqhc)hk a _kj`aj) hk( Faoqo naooqnca $naooqo_ep]% _kik Úcqn] lqn]iajpa aolenepq]h( nae `a qi naejk mqa jk `aopa iqj`k* K _neope]jeoik oa _kjopepqe( lknp]jpk( i]ncai `k lk`an lkhpe_k a _kjpn] aha( lkeo ko Înaejko `aopa iqj`kÏ oank( lkq_k ] lkq_k( reopko _kik k^n] `a O]p]jo l]n] ] lan`ek `k cjank dqi]jk* Oal]n]`k `] kn`ai lkhpe_] aop]p]h( k _neope]jeoik oan knc]jev]`k `a i]jaen] oaia) hd]jpa ] kqpn]o _naj]o naheceko]o jk kÚ_e]eo6 pki]n ] bkni] `a qi] oaep] naheceko]* Jaoo] lk_]( oaep]o naheceko]o a _knnajpao Úhko Ú_]o mqa jk lkooq]i ] mifp _kik nabanj_e] Í lkeo Nki] pq`k `kiej]r] eilane]hiajpa Í jk lk`e]i i]eo `enecen)oa ] qi] _kiqje`]`a lkhpe_] `apaniej]`]( ] qi lkrk `apaniej]`k( a lkn eook `enece]i)oa ]k oan dqi]jk ai can]h( oai `eopejk `a j]k kq lkrk* K lk`an eilane]h nki]jk _ne]n]( oai k o]^an( ] e`ae] `k dkiai qjerano]h( oai lpne] a oai _kiqje`]`a lkhpe_]* K _neope]jeoik oan qi] oaep] naheceko] `enece`] ]ko oanao dqi]) jko ai can]h( _ki ] lnkiaoo] `a o]hr]k ej`ere`q]h apanj]* Ç e`ae] lkhpe_] `] hae ao_nep] a _k`eÚ_]`] ai nacn]o k^faper]o _kjpn]l a ] e`ae] `a hae ikn]h ejreorah $k `aran( ] k^a`ej_e] ] @aqo a k ]ikn ]k ln teik%( ejo_nep] lahk L]e jk _kn]k `a _]`] qi* Pk`]re]( ] oaep] _neop en `ebanaj_e]n)oa `a kqpn]o lknmqa ] dan]j] fq`]e_] $`ko lneiae) nko ]l opkhko% a nki]j] $`ko lneiaenko l]`nao% en ejÛqaj_e]n k rk_]^qhnek a k lajo]iajpk `ko _neopko* @a b]pk( aoo] dan]j] _kj`qven e`ae] `a mlsl $`a @aqo% a `a ibf $`a @aqo%( eopk ( ] `q]o e`ae]o lnkrajeajpao `k rk_]^qhnek a `ko _kj_aepko `] mliqf`^* = oaep] _neop qi] `ljrkfa^ab _qfko iai^nko bkni]i k mlsl `a @aqo ok^ ] ibf `a @aqo* Aoo] _kiqje`]`a baep] `a ecq]eo $ko Úhdko `a @aqo na`eie`ko lahk Behdk%( mqa na_a^ai ai _kjfqjpk ] L]h]rn] O]cn]`] a( lahk ^]peoik a lah] aq_]neope]( l]npe_el]i `] jkr] hae $] ]he]j] `k L]e _ki oaq lkrk lah] ia`e]k `k Behdk%* = _kiqje`]`a ] bhhibpf^( eopk ( ] ]ooai^hae] `ko Úeo( ] Fdobg^* A aop] `aoecj]`] _kik Obfkl ab Abrp* Mlsl( ibf( ^ppbj_ibf^ a obfkl6 aoo]o l]h]rn]o ej`e_]i( lkn oe iaoi]o( ] rk_]k lkhpe_] `k _neope]jeoik( lkeo ao_khda l]n] nabanen)oa ] oe iaoik ko rk_^qhko `] pn]`ek lkhpe_] fq`]e_] a nki]j]* = bhhibpf^ knc]jev])oa ] l]npen `a qi] ]qpkne`]`a _kjopepq`] lahk ln lnek ?neopk mq]j) `k( j] hpei] _ae]( ]qpknev] ko ]l opkhko ] _aha^n]n ] aq_]neope] $k lk a k rejdk _kik oi) ^khko `k _knlk a o]jcqa `k iaooe]o% a( jk `e] `a Lajpa_kopao( kn`aj])hdao mqa lnacqai ]k iqj`k ejpaenk ] jkr] hae a ] >k] Jkr] $l bs^kdbiel%* = ]qpkne`]`a ]lkop he_] jk oa heiep] ] ^]peoik( aq_]neope] a ar]jcahev]k* Faoqo `aq ]ko ]l opkhko k lk`an l]n] hec]n ko dkiajo ] @aqo a @aha `aohec)hko( mq]j`k hdao `eooa( ]pn]) ro `a La`nk6 ÎPq o La`nk a ok^na aop] la`n] a`eÚ_]nae ] iejd] ecnaf]( a ]o lknp]o `k ejbanjk jk lnar]ha_ank _kjpn] ah]* Aq pa `]nae ]o ?d]rao `k Naejk6 k mqa hec]nao j] Pann] oan hec]`k jk ?q( k mqa `aohec]nao j] Pann] oan `aohec]`k jk ?qÏ* Aoo] l]oo]cai `k Ar]jcahdk `a I]paqo oan _kjda_e`] _kik Îlnej_lek lapnjak `]o ?d]raoÏ a _ki ah] aop bqj`]`] ] Ecnaf] _kik ejopepqek `a lk`an* Aooa lk`an( _kik oa k^) oanr]( pak_npe_k( lkeo oq] bkjpa k ln lnek @aqo $ k Behdk mqai ` lk`an ] La`nk%7 a oqlanekn ]k lk`an lkhpe_k pailkn]h( qi] rav mqa aopa oane] lqn]iajpa dqi]jk( bnceh a lana_rah( _ne]`k lkn oa`qk `aikj]_]* = bhhibpf^( _kiqje`]`a `a ^kjo a fqopko( oal]n]`] `k Aop]`k a `k lk`an eilane]h( knc]je) v])oa _ki jkni]o a nacn]o mqa aop]^aha_ai dean]nmqe]o `a ]qpkne`]`a a `a lk`an( bkni]j`k k mqa k nki]jk O]jpk =ckopejdk _d]i]n `a @fsfq^p Abf( ] ?e`]`a `a @aqo( klkop] ?e`]`a `ko Dkiajo( ejfqop] a o]p je_]( eopk ( Nki]* Aoo] ejopepqek a_haoeope_] _kjoacqen _kjranpan ]k _neope]jeoik k eilan]`kn ?kjop]j) pejk( mqa pn]jobkni]n qi] oaep] ai nahecek kÚ_e]h `k Eilnek Nki]jk* ?ki eook( ] Ecnaf]
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
en ejopepq_ekj]hev]n)oa nalapej`k kq eiep]j`k ai oq] knc]jev]k ejpanj] ] aopnqpqn] iehe) p]n a ^qnk_npe_] `k Eilnek $knc]jev]k mqa lan`qn] ]p ko `e]o `a dkfa%*
K lk`an a_haoeope_k K lk`anek `] Ecnaf] _nao_a ia`e`] mqa oa aob]_ah] a `aoiknkj] k Eilnek Nki]jk* @keo ikperko har]i ] aooa _nao_eiajpk6 ai lneiaenk hqc]n( ] atl]jok `k ln lnek _neope]jeo) ik lah] k^n] `] ar]jcahev]k `ko lkrko( na]hev]`] lahko l]`nao jko pannep neko `k Eilnek Nki]jk a l]n] ]hi `ahao7 ai oacqj`k hqc]n( lknmqa k aob]_ah]iajpk `a Nki]( `k mq]h naoqhp]n( jko o_qhko oacqejpao( ] bkni]k ok_eka_kjie_] _kjda_e`] _kik baq`]heoik( bn]ciajpkq ] lnklnea`]`a `] pann] $]jpanekniajpa( pe`] _kik l]pneijek `a Nki] a `k eilan]`kn% a bav oqncenai lamqajko lk`anao hk_]eo eokh]`ko( `a oknpa mqa k je_k lk`an _ajpn]hev]`k a dkikcaja]iajpa knc]jev]`k an] k `] Ecnaf]* = Ecnaf] $p]jpk ai Nki] _kik ai >ev j_ek( eopk ( p]jpk jk K_e) `ajpa _kik jk Kneajpa% `api pno lk`anao _nao_ajpao( ia`e`] mqa k Eilnek Nki]jk `a_]e6 -*
k lk`an nahecekok `a hec]n ko dkiajo ] @aqo a @aha `aohec)hko7
.*
k lk`an a_kjie_k `a_knnajpa `a cn]j`ao lnklnea`]`ao bqj`ene]o ]_qiqh]`]o jk _knnan `a rneko o_qhko( oaf] lknmqa ko jk^nao `k Eilnek( ]k oa _kjranpanai( `k]n]i oq]o pann]o ejopepqek a_ha) oeope_]( oaf] lknmqa aop] na_a^an] pann]o _kik na_kilajo] lkn oan) reko lnaop]`ko ]ko eilan]`knao7
/*
k lk`an ejpaha_pq]h( lknmqa ] Ecnaf] oa pknj] cq]n`e a ejpnlnapa je_] `ko patpko o]cn]`ko $] >^he]% a `a pk`ko ko patpko lnk`qve) `ko lah] _qhpqn] cna_k)nki]j] $`enaepk( ÚhkokÚ]( hepan]pqn]( pa]pnk( i]jq]eo `a p_je_]o( ap_*%* O]^an han a ao_naran pknjkq)oa lnereh) cek at_hqoerk `] ejopepqek a_haoeope_]* Oan ] Ecnaf]( lknp]jpk( ] bkniqh]`kn] `]o pakne]o lkhpe_k)_neopo l]n] ko naejko a eilneko _neopko* Aoo]o pakne]o ah]^kn]nk ] _kj_alk pakh ce_k)lkhpe_] `k lk`an( eopk ( k rj_qhk ejpanjk ajpna nahecek a lkhpe_]*
!RCHIVOß)CONOGRAFICOß3!#ORBIS
=o pakne]o pakhce_k)lkhpe_]o J] ah]^kn]k `] pakhkce] lkhpe_]( ko pa ne_ko _neopko `eolqjd]i `a pno bkjpao lnej_el]eo6 ] >^he] pn]`qve`] l]n] k h]pei( ko _ `ecko `a haeo `ko eilan]`knao nki]jko( _kjda_e`ko _kik @enaepk Nki]jk( a ]o e`ae]o napen]`]o `a ]hcqi]o lkq_]o k^n]o _kjda_e`]o `a Lh]pk( =neop ) pahao a ok^napq`k ?_ank* @a Lh]pk rejd] ] e`ae] `] _kiqje`]`a fqop]( knc]jev]`] dean]nmqe_]iajpa a ckran) j]`] lkn o^eko haceoh]`knao* @a =neop pahao rejd] ] e`ae] `a mqa ] Új]he`]`a `k lk`an an] ] fqope] _kik ^ai oqlnaik `] _kiqje`]`a* @a ?_ank( ] e`ae] `k >ki Ckranjk `k lnj_ela renpqkok( aolahdk l]n] ] _kiqje`]`a* @a pk`ko ahao( ] e`ae] `a mqa ] lkhpe_] an] naoqhp]`k `] j]pqnav] a `] n]vk* Jk ajp]jpk( aoo]o e`ae]o Úhko Ú_]o lna_eo]r]i oan _kj_ehe]`]o _ki ] kqpn] bkjpa `k lajo]iajpk lkhpe_k( ] >^he]* A ] _kj_ehe]k jk an] b_eh( qi] rav mqa ]o Ao_nepqn]o O]cn]) `]o jk _kjoe`an]i k lk`an _kik ]hck j]pqn]h a knecej]`k `] n]vk( i]o lnkrajeajpa `] rkjp]`a `a @aqo( oaj`k( lknp]jpk( pak_npe_k* = >^he]( _kik oa o]^a( qi _kjfqjpk `a patpko `a lnkrajej_e]o( lk_]o a ]qpknao iqepk `ebanajpao( ao_nepko ai rne]o hjcq]o $da^n]e_k( ]n]i]e_k( cnack( ap_*%( mqa bkni]i `keo cnq) lko lnej_el]eo( k =jpeck a k Jkrk Paop]iajpk* =k oan pn]`qve`] l]n] k h]pei( ko pn]`qpknao o `eolqjd]i `] hjcq] _qhp] nki]j] a `ko patpko mqa bkni]r]i k _d]i]`k @enaepk Nki]jk* = pn]`qk ranpaq ko `ebanajpao patpko l]n] ] hejcq]cai h]pej] _hooe_]( b]vaj`k lnar]ha_an ] hjcq] fqn`e_] a hac]h nki]j]( _ki^ej]j`k( ]ooei( ] bknpa pn]`ek hac]heop] fq`]e_] a ] h]pe)
Lejpqn] `a Faoqo ?neopk _kik k >ki L]opkn( `]p]`] `k o_qhk EEE `*?*( j] _]p]_qi^] `a Lneo_eh]( Nki]* =jpao `a /.0 `*?*( mq]j`k k _neope]jeoik pknjkq)oa nahecek kbe_e]h jk Eilnek Nki]jk( ko _neopko bkn]i iqepk lanoacqe`ko a ao_kj`e]i)oa ai _]p]_qi^]o*
01.
=o behkokbe]o lkhpe_]o $-% x #!0É45,/ß x
j]* Aoo] >^he] h]pejev]`] oanren `a ^]oa l]n] ]o pakne]o lkhpe_]o a bknja_an ko _nepneko l]n] `a_e`en k mqa ]_aep]n a k mqa na_qo]n `]o e`ae]o `a Lh]pk( =neop pahao a ?_ank( _ki^ej]j`k `a i]jaen] _kilhat] a( o ravao( lkq_k ]_aeprah( ]o _kj_al ao Úhko Ú_]o a ]o pak_npe_]o* =o pakne]o `k lk`an pakh ce_k)lkhpe_k( ai^kn] pajd]i na_a^e`k `ebanajpao bkniqh]) ao jk _knnan `] E`]`a I`e]( r]ne]j`k _kjbknia ]o _kj`e ao deop ne_]o atece]i( ]lnaoaj) p]r]i ko oacqejpao lkjpko ai _kiqi6 k lk`an pak_npe_k( eopk ( lanpaj_a ] @aqo a @aha rai ]ko dkiajo lkn Aha ao_khde`ko l]n] nalnaoajp)hk* K bqj`]iajpk `aoo] e`ae] aj_kjpn])oa jk o jqi] l]oo]cai `k =jpeck Paop]iajpk( mqa f iaj_ekj]iko( ai mqa oa h mqa ÎPk`k lk`an rai `k =hpk+ lkn iei naej]i ko naeo a ckranj]i ko lnj_elaoÏ( _kik p]i^i jqi] l]oo]cai `k Jkrk Paop]iajpk( j] Alopkh] `a Ok L]qhk ]ko Nki]jko( _]lpqhk TEEE( ai mqa oa h mqa Îjk d ]qpkne`]`a mqa jk rajd] `a @aqo( a ]o mqa ateopai bkn]i ejopepq`]o lkn @aqoÏ* K lk`an qi b]rkn `erejk kq qi] cn]] `erej] a k ckranj]jpa jk nalnaoajp] ko ckranj]`ko( i]o nalnaoajp] @aqo lan]jpa ko ckranj]`ko* K naceia lkhpe_k ] ik) j]nmqe] pak_npe_] ai mqa k ikj]n_] obf mbi^ do^ ^ ab Abrp* = _kiqje`]`a lkhpe_] oa bkni] lahk m^`ql ab pr_jfppl `ko o `epko ]k nae7 k nae( lknmqa ao_khde`k lkn @aqo( @aha na_a^a ] hae( kq( _kik `evai ko pa hkcko fqneop]o( l obf qo^w ^ ibf bj pbr mbfql b l nrb ^mo^w ^l obf qbj clo ^ ab ibf* K nae ( lknp]jpk( ] bkjpa `] hae a `] fqope] Í ]Úni])oa mqa l]e `] hae a Úhdk `] fqope]* Oaj`k ]qpkn `] hae a paj`k k lk`an lah] cn]] `a @aqo( aop ]_ei] `]o haeo a jk lk`a oan fqhc]`k lkn jejcqi( paj`k lk`an ]^okhqpk* K bqj`]iajpk `aoo] e`ae] napen]`k `a qi lna_aepk `k @enaepk Nki]jk mqa ]Úni]6 ÎJejcqi lk`a `]n k mqa jk pai a jejcqi lk`a pen]n k mqa jk `aqÏ* Oa k lk`an `]`k ]k nae lkn @aqo( ajpk jk bke k lkrk mqai `aq k lk`an ]k nae( lkeo k lkrk jk pai k lk`an( qi] rav mqa aopa ] @aqo lanpaj_a( a( lknp]jpk( k lkrk p]i) ^i jk lk`a fqhc]n k nae jai pen]n)hda k lk`an* Oa qi nae bkn pen je_k a ejfqopk( jai ]ooei ko o `epko lk`ai naoeopen)hda jai `al)hk( lkeo aha aop jk lk`an lah] rkjp]`a `a @aqo( mqa( l]n] lqjen ko la_]`ko `k lkrk( k b]v okbnan ok^ qi pen]jk* Aooa qi Û]cahk `a @aqo* Lknmqa k lk`an rai `k ]hpk( lknmqa k nae l]e `] hae a aop ]_ei] `ah]( a lknmqa ko o `epko Úvan]i k l]_pk `a oq^ieook( k nae ejpk_rah7 k lnj_ela _neopk `ara lkooqen k _kjfqjpk `]o renpq`ao _neopo $b( aolan]j] a _]ne`]) `a%( ]o renpq`ao _]n`a]eo a k _kjfqjpk `]o renpq`ao lnej_elao_]o `aÚje`]o lkn ?_ank a Oja_] _kik ln lne]o `k >ki Ckranjk* Oaj`k aolahdk `] _kiqje`]`a( ai oq] laook] `arai aop]n aj_]nj]`]o ]o mq]he`]`ao _neopo mqa ] _kiqje`]`a `ara eiep]n7 ] _kiqje`]`a a k nae bkni]i k `loml mliqf`l6 ] _]^a] ] _knk] kq k nae( k laepk ] haceoh]k ok^ ] cq]n`] `ko i]ceopn]`ko a _kjoahdaenko `k nae( ko iai^nko oqlaneknao ok ko oajdknao kq ^]n ao mqa bkni]i ko atn_epko `k nae a ] aha aopk hec]`ko lkn fqn]) iajpk `a Ú`ahe`]`a kq `a r]oo]h]cai( a ko iai^nko ejbaneknao ok k lkrk mqa pn]^]hd] l]n] k oqopajpk `k _knlk lkhpe_k* = mifp lh]pje_] ( ]ooei( pn]jobkni]`] jk `loml mliqf`l al obf7
01/
] dean]nmqe] lkhpe_] a ok_e]h _kjoe`an]`] kn`aj]`] lkn @aqo a j]pqn]h* K iqj`k qi hpjlp( eopk ( qi] kn`ai Út] `a hqc]nao a bqj ao mqa _]`] oan $iejan]eo( racap]eo( ]jei]eo a dqi]jko% k_ql] ja_aoo]ne]iajpa a jko mq]eo na]hev] oq] j]pqnav] ln lne]* Ko oanao `k hpjlp aopk `eopne^q`ko ai cn]qo a k cn]q ejbanekn `ara k^a`ej_e] ]k oqlanekn( oq^iapaj`k)oa ] aha* Jk _]ok `] _kiqje`]`a lkhpe_]( ] dean]nmqe] k^a`a_a ]ko _nepneko `]o bqj ao a `] nemqav]( bkni]j`k loabkp pl`f^fp a `lomlp kq `lomlo^ bp mqa ok ncko `k _knlk lkhpe_k `k nae* Jk ateopa ] e`ae] `a ej`er`qk( i]o `a kn`ai kq _knlkn]k ] mqa _]`] qi lanpaj_a lkn rkjp]`a `erej]( lkn j]pqnav] a lkn dana`ep]nea`]`a( jejcqi lk`aj) `k oq^en kq `ao_an j] dean]nmqe] ] jk oan lkn rkjp]`a atlnaoo] `k nae* ?]`] qi j]o_a( rera a iknna jk iaoik hqc]n ok_e]h( pn]joiepej`k)k ]ko `ao_aj`ajpao*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
Aooa l]lah _ajpn]h mqa ]o pakne]o _kjbanai e`ae] `a qi _koik deannmqe_k knc]) jev]`k ai kn`ajo( hqc]nao a bqj ao Útko naolkj`a ] pno atecj_e]o lnpe_]o6 i]jpan ] _kj_alk deannmqe_] eilane]h nki]j] a a_haoeope_]( i]jpan ] _kj_alk pak_npe) _] fq`]e_] a( ok^napq`k( kbana_an qi] c]n]jpe] `a kn`ai a oacqn]j] pa ne_k)lkhpe_] ] qi] ok_ea`]`a bn]ciajp]`] ai lnklnea`]`ao nqn]eo eokh]`]o a aol]hd]`]o lahk ]jpeck pannep nek `k Eilnek l]n] ]o mq]eo f jk ateopa ] nabanj_e] qn^]j] `a Nki] _kik _ajpnk a lkhk knc]jev]`kn `] na]he`]`a lkhpe_]* K iqj`k $k _koik% knc]jev]`k dean]n) mqe_]iajpa k oq^opepqpk l]n] ] `ao]l]nek `] knc]jev]k lkhpe_] deannmqe_] `k Eilnek Nki]jk( `aopnq`k a aob]_ah]`k7 jk pklk `] dean]nmqe] aj_kjpn]i)oa k l]l] a k eilan]`kn* K lneiaenk lkooqe k lk`an bpmfofqr^i( k oacqj`k( k qbjmlo^i* Ai `a_knnj_e] `] `ao]l]nek lkhpe_] `ko _ajpnko qn^]jko $ok^napq`k `a Nki] _kik _e`]`a qjerano]h% a `k eokh]iajpk lnkrk_]`k lah] nqn]hev]k `] re`] a_kjie_k)ok_e]h a oq] bn]ciajp]k( _]`] nacek lkooqe qi _kj) fqjpk `a oajdknao mqa ao_khda qi _daba ajpna oaqo l]nao( c]n]jpej`k)hda Í a oq] `ej]ope] Í ] lani]jj_e] ej`aÚje`] jk lk`an* Bkni]i)oa naejko lkn pk`k k pannep nek `] Aqnkl] ia`ear]h* D( ]ooei( lamqajko naeo nacekj]eo _qfk lk`an o l]oo] ] kqpnko oa k naej]jpa iknnan oai dan`aenk `k oatk i]o_qhejk( kq oa pn]en oaqo l]nao a bkn lkn ahao `alkopk( kq oa dkqran qi] cqann] j] mq]h oaf] `annkp]`k a k raj_a`kn pajd] bkn] l]n] naerej`e_]n k lk`an ncek* = ]ooai^hae] `ko naeo oq^kn`ej])oa ]k Cn]j`a Nae kq Eila) n]`kn `] Aqnkl] $oajdkn `k O]_nk Eilnek Nki]jk)Cani je_k( bkni]`k lkn pk`ko ko naejko _neopko `] Aqnkl]%( mqa lkooqe k lk`an pak_npe_k( eopk ( aha ao_khde`k lkn @aqo a jk lahko kqpnko naeo $aopao( oei( bkn]i ao_khde`ko lkn oaqo l]nao( ko ^]n ao%7 ] fqope]( Új]he`]`a `] _kiqje`]`a _neop( ] dean]nmqe] `a oq^ieook a k^a`ej_e] `k ejbanekn ]k oqlanekn( lkeo aoo] ] kn`ai j]pqn]h _ne]`] lah] hae `erej]* = re`] pailkn]h ejbanekn re`] aolenepq]h a lkn eook ] Új]he`]`a i]ekn `k ckranj]jpa ] o]hr]k `] ]hi] eiknp]h `a oaqo o `epko( lah] mq]h naolkj`an lan]jpa @aqo* Iaoik mqa _kjoe`ana ] _kiqje`]`a lkhpe_] ]hck j]pqn]h $_kik `eve] =neop pahao a `enk rneko pa hkcko( _kik Pkio `a =mqejk% a iaoik mqa oa _kjoe`ana mqa ] _kiqje) `]`a lkhpe_] k^n] `] n]vk $_kik `eve]i Lh]pk a ?_ank a ]Úni]nk rneko pa hkcko( _kik Cqehdania `a K_gd]i%( ]ej`] ]ooei( ] Új]he`]`a oqlnai] `k lk`an lkhpe_k( eopk ( k ^ai a ] fqope]( jk ok aopnep]iajpa pannajko kq pailkn]eo( i]o aolenepq]eo* K lnj_ela naolkjorah lah] Új]he`]`a i]eo ]hp] `] lkhpe_]6 ] o]hr]k apanj] `a oaqo o `epko*
=q_pknep]o a lkpaop]o K rk_]^qhnek `] lkhpe_] nki]j] `eopejcqe] ^r`qlofq^p a mlqbpq^p6 ] lneiaen] k lk`an jk oajpe`k lhajk( eopk ( ] ]qpkne`]`a l]n] lnkiqhc]n ]o haeo a b]van ] fqope]7 ] oacqj`] k lk`an `a b]pk l]n] ]`iejeopn]n _keo]o a laook]o* = lneiaen] bqj`]`kn] `] _kiqje`]`a lk) hpe_]7 ] oacqj`]( ] ]pere`]`a ata_qper]* = lkhpe_] _neop( `qn]jpa pk`] ] E`]`a I`e]( req)oa ajrkhre`] jk _kjÛepk ajpna aooao `keo lk`anao( lkeo are`ajpa mqa qi `ahao aop oq^kn`ej]) `k ]k kqpnk a mqa ] mlqbpq^p ejbanekn ^r`qlofq^p* Jk ej_ek `] E`]`a I`e] jk d _kjÛepk* K l]l] lkooqe ] ]qpkne`]`a aolenepq]h( rkhp]`] l]n] ] o]hr]k( ajmq]jpk k eilan]`kn lkooqe ] ]qpkne`]`a hac]h a ] lkpj_e] ]`iejeopn]per] pailkn]eo* Lkq_k ] lkq_k( lkni( k _kjÛepk ajpna ]o `q]o ]qpkne`]`ao oa ejop]h]( atlnaoo]j) `k)oa j] _d]i]`] mqanah] `]o ejraope`qn]o* L]`nao a ^eolko ok ]`iejeopn]`knao `] Ecnaf] jk ejpanekn `ko naejko a `k _kjfqjpk bkn) i]`k lkn ahao( k O]_nk Eilnek Nki]jk)Cani je_k* Oa ok ]`iejeopn]`knao( `arai oan fk* sbpqfalp ai oaqo _]ncko lahko naeo a lahk eilan]`kn* Eook oecjeÚ_]( lkni( mqa naeo a eilan]) `kn l]oo]i ] ejpanren j] ]qpkne`]`a `] Ecnaf] a `k l]l]( k mqa( l]n] ]i^ko( ej]_aeprah* Ko fqneop]o a_haoeope_ko ah]^kn]i qi] haceoh]k( k afobfql `^kkf`l( l]n] c]n]jpen k lk`an `k l]l] j] ejraope`qn] `a l]`nao a ^eolko* Aoo] ah]^kn]k( cn]`q]hiajpa( har] pakne] `k lk`an l]l]h _kik ]qpkne`]`a oqlnai] mq]h `ara oq^iapan)oa k eilan]`kn*
010
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=o pakne]o pakh ce_k)lkhpe_]o bkn]i ah]^kn]`]o l]n] naokhran `keo _kjÛepko mqa ]pn]rao) o]i pk`] ] E`]`a I`e]6 k _kjÛepk ajpna k l]l] a k eilan]`kn( `a qi h]`k( a ajpna k eilan]) `kn a ]o ]ooai^hae]o `ko ^]n ao( `a kqpnk* K _kjÛepk l]l])eilan]`kn _kjoamqj_e] `] _kj_alk pak_npe_] `k lk`an* Oa @aqo ao_khda mqai `aran nalnaoajp)hk( `]j`k k lk`an ]k ao_khde`k( mqai aopa6 k l]l] kq k eilan]`kn; = lneiaen] okhqk aj_kjpn]`]( ]l o ] mqanah] `]o ejraope`qn]o( bke pn]ve`] lahko fqneop]o `a ?]nhko I]cjk( _ki ] pakne] `] `qlh] ejraope`qn]6 k eilan]`kn ejraope`k jk lk`an pailk) n]h lahk l]l] mqa k qjca a k _knk]7 k l]l] na_a^a `k eilan]`kn ] ejraope`qn] `] aol]`]( eopk ( k eilan]`kn fqn] `abaj`an a lnkpacan ] Ecnaf]( ok^ ] _kj`ek `a mqa aop] jqj_] ejpanÚn] jko ]ooqjpko ]`iejeopn]perko a iehep]nao `k Eilnek* =ooei( k eilan]`kn `alaj`a `k l]l] l]n] na_a^an k lk`an lkhpe_k( i]o k l]l] `alaj`a `k eilan]`kn l]n] i]jpan k lk`an a_haoeope_k* K _kjÛepk ajpna k eilan]`kn a ]o ]ooai^hae]o `ko ^]n ao a naeo `ev naolaepk ao_khd] `k eilan]`kn* Aooa _kjÛepk narah] k lnk^hai] `a qi] lkhpe_] bqj`]`] ai `q]o bkjpao ]j) p]cje_]o* @a b]pk( ^]n ao a naeo ejrk_]i ] _d]i]`] Hae Nce] Nki]j]( oacqj`k ] mq]h k ckranj]jpa na_a^a `k lkrk k lk`an( oaj`k( lknp]jpk( k_ql]jpa ahaepk `k lk`an* >]n ao a naeo ]Úni]i mqa( `] iaoi] i]jaen]( ahacai k eilan]`kn a mqa ok ko ejopepqe`knao `k eila) n]`kn* Kn]( _kik aoo] iaoi] hae nki]j] ]Úni] mqa o lk`a pen]n ]hcqi] _keo] `a ]hcqi ]mqaha mqa pai k lk`an `a `)h] lknmqa ] lkooqe( _kj_hqe)oa mqa( oa naeo a ^]n ao ahacai k eilan]`kn( pi k lk`an l]n] `]n)hda lk`an a p]i^i k lk`an l]n] `al)hk* K eilan]`kn( lkni( ejrk_] ] >^he] $Îpk`k lk`an rai `k =hpkÏ% a ] knecai pak_npe_] `k lk`an( ]Úni]j`k mqa oaq lk`an jk rai `ko ^]n ao a naeo( i]o `a @aqo* = okhqk oan pn]ve`] lah] pakne] mqa `eopejcqa ajpna bibf l a rk l* K eilan]`kn( `a b]pk( ahaepk lahko l]nao l]n] k _]nck( i]o o pan k lk`an lkn iaek `] qjk _ki hako o]j) pko Í ]Úni])oa mqa qjce`k _ki k iaoik hak mqa qjceq @]re a O]hkik Í a mqai qjca k eilan]`kn ] Ecnaf]( eopk ( k l]l]*
Ko `keo _knlko `k nae
011
?kik oa k^oanr]( ] pakne] `] `qlh] ejraope`qn] a `] `eopejk ajpna ahaek a qjk `ae) t] k eilan]`kn ian_ `k l]l]* L]n] bknp]ha_an k eilan]`kn _kjpn] k l]l]( ko naeo a ko ^]n ao( ah]^kn]`] qi] pakne] mqa( i]eo p]n`a( oqopajp]n ]o pakne]o `] ikj]nmqe] ]^okhqp] lkn `enaepk `erejk* Pn]p])oa `] pakhkce] lkhpe_] `ko alfp `lomlp al obf $eopk ( `k eilan]`kn%( mqa bke ]ilh]iajpa aopq`]`] lahk deopkne]`kn Anjop G]jpknkse_v jqi] k^n] ejpepqh]`] fqo) p]iajpa Lp alfp `lomlp al obf* = pakne] _kia] ]Úni]j`k mqa qi nae)lah])cn]])`a)@aqo $eopk ( qi nae ao_khde`k a qjce`k lkn @aqo% ] eiep]k `a Faoqo ?neopk* Faoqo lkooqe `q]o j]pqnav]o6 ] dqi]j]( ikn) p]h( a ] iope_] kq `erej]( eiknp]h* ?kik Faoqo( k nae pai `keo _knlko6 qi _knlk dqi]jk( mqa j]o_a( rera( ]`ka_a( ajrahda_a a iknna( a qi _knlk iope_k( lanaja a eiknp]h( oaq _knlk lkh) pe_k* K _knlk lkhpe_k `k nae jk j]o_a( jai ]`ka_a( ajrahda_a kq iknna* Lkn eook( jejcqi( ] jk oan @aqo( lk`a hda `]n aooa _knlk( a jejcqi( ] jk oan @aqo( lk`a pen]n)hda p]h _knlk* Jk k na_a^a jai `ko ^]n ao a naeo( jai `k l]l]( a jk lk`a oan)hda pen]`k lahko naeo( lahko ^]n ao kq lahk l]l]* K mqa k _knlk lkhpe_k `k nae; = _knk]( k _apnk( k i]jpk( ] aol]`]( k pnkjk( ]o pann]o( ]o haeo( ko eilkopko a pne^qpko a oaqo `ao_aj`ajpao kq oq] `ej]ope]* Behdk `] fqope]( l]e `] hae( i]ne`k `] pann] a `a pq`k k mqa jah] ateopa( k nae ejrekhrah a apanjk lknmqa eiep]k `a ?neopk a ei]cai `a @aqo* Jai ahaepk jai `alkopk lkn jejcqi( jai fqhc]`k lkn jejcqi( k lk`an lkhpe_k `k nae k _khk_] bkn] a ]_ei] `] _kiqje`]`a( pknj]j`k)k pn]jo_aj`ajpa ] ah]* Ai nah]k ]k l]l]( ] pakne] `ko `keo _knlko `k nae ` ]k eilan]`kn qi] bkn] pakh ce_] oaiahd]jpa mqah] mqa k Îlnej_lek lapnjakÏ kq ] `k]k `]o ?d]rao `k Naejk `]r] ]k Recnek `a ?neopk* Ai nah]k ]ko naeo a ^]n ao( ] pakne] ` ]k eilan]`kn ] ejrekh]^ehe`]`a `k _]nck a( i]eo `k mqa eook( b]v _ki mqa oaf] aha k `k]`kn `a lk`an ] oaqo ejbaneknao* Naeo a ^]n ao pank lk`an lkn qi b]rkn `k eilan]`kn7 _kik aopa( na_a^a lk`an lkn qi b]rkn `a @aqo*
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K `q]heoik `k lk`an Jk Új]h `] E`]`a I`e]( ok^napq`k _ki ] napki]`] `]o k^n]o `a =neop pahao lahko pa ) hkcko( d]ran qi aobknk l]n] oal]n]n ] ?e`]`a `a @aqo $] Ecnaf]% a ] ?e`]`a `ko Dkiajo $] _kiqje`]`a lkhpe_]%* ?kjoe`an])oa mqa ] lneiaen] bke ejopepq`] a bqj`]`] `enap]iajpa lkn @aqo _ki ] `k]) k `]o ?d]rao `k Naejk ]ko ]l opkhko( i]o ] oacqj`] bke ejopepq`] kq bqj`]`] lah] j]pq) nav]( mqa bav k dkiai qi oan n]_ekj]h a qi ]jei]h lkhpe_k* Oai ` re`]( ] ^k] _e`]`a ] ?e`]`a `ko Dkiajo `ofpq( ai d]nikje] _ki ] ?e`]`a `a @aqo( i]o ]o ejopepqe ao lkhpe_]o `arai oan _kjoe`an]`]o dqi]j]o( _ne]`]o ai _kj_kn` j_e] _ki ] kn`ai a ] hae j]pqn]eo( `aner]`]o `] hae `erej] apanj]* Qi `ko pa ne_ko i]eo eilknp]jpao `] j]pqn]he`]`a `] lkhpe_] k pa hkck Pkio `a =mqe) jk( l]n] mqai( oaj`k k dkiai qi ]jei]h ok_e]h( ] ok_e]^ehe`]`a j]pqn]h f ateope] jk L]n]ok( ]jpao `] mqa`] a `] atlqhok `ko oanao dqi]jko* =l o k la_]`k knecej]h( ko oanao dqi]jko jk lan`an]i oq] j]pqnav] ok_erah a( lkn eook( j]pqn]hiajpa knc]jev]n]i)oa ai _kiqje`]) `ao( `an]i)oa haeo a ejopepqn]i ]o nah] ao `a i]j`k a k^a`ej_e]( _ne]j`k k lk`an lkhpe_k* @ebanajpaiajpa `a O]jpk =ckopejdk( l]n] mqai k la_]`k pknj]n] k dkiai lanranok a rekhajpk( ejfqopk a bqj`]`kn `] ?e`]`a `ko Dkiajo( ejfqop] _kik aha( l]n] Pkio `a =mqejk ko dqi]jko lan`an]i ] ejk_j_e] knecej]h( i]o jk lan`an]i ] j]pqnav] knecej]h mqa hdao bkn] `]`] lkn @aqo* Lkn aooa ikperk( jahao lani]ja_aq k oajok `] fqope]( ajpaj`e`] _kik k `aran `a `]n ] _]`] qi k mqa hda `are`k( a _ki ah] bqj`]n]i ] _kiqje`]`a lkhpe_]* = Új]he`]`a `] _kiqje`]`a lkhpe_] ] kn`ai $k ejbanekn `ara k^a`a_an ]k oqlanekn% a ] fqope] $`]n ] _]`] qi oacqj`k oq]o ja_aooe`]`ao a inepko%* Kn`ai a fqope] `aÚjai ] _kiq) je`]`a lkhpe_] _kik k je_k ejopnqiajpk dqi]jk hacpeik l]n] ]ooacqn]n k _bj `ljrj* J] iaoi] hejd] `a oal]n]k ajpna lk`an aolenepq]h `] Ecnaf] a lk`an pailkn]h `] _k) iqje`]`a lkhpe_] aj_kjpn])oa k pa hkck ejcho Cqehdania `a K_gd]i( mqa( l]n] iahdkn `a) Újen ] fqope] a k ^ai _kiqi( ejpnk`qv ] e`ae] `a afobfql k^qro^i pr_gbqfsl* L]n] mqa ] _kiqje`]`a lkhpe_] lkoo] na]hev]n ] fqope]( eopk ( `]n ] _]`] qi k mqa hda `are`k oacqj`k oq]o ja_aooe`]`ao a oaqo inepko( lna_eok mqa k haceoh]`kn a k i]ceopn]`k lkooq]i qi _nepnek kq qi] ia`e`] mqa `aÚj] k fqopk* Aoo] ia`e`] k `enaepk j]pqn]h oq^faperk `a _]`] qi a `a pk`ko ko dkiajo _kik k `enaepk re`]( _kjo_ej_e] a ]ko ^ajo i]pane]eo a aolenepq]eo ja_aooneko c]n]jpe] `] re`] a `] _kjo_ej_e]* L]oo])oa( ajpk( ] b]h]n ai `keo cn]j`ao `enaepko j]pqn]eo6 k afobfql k^qro^i l_gbqfsl( mqa ] kn`ai j]pqn]h deannmqe_] qjerano]h ejopepq`] lkn @aqo kq lah] hae `erej]( a k afobfql k^* qro^i pr_gbqfsl( lkooq`k lahk ej`er`qk j] mq]he`]`a `a oan n]_ekj]h a herna* Aooao `keo `enae) pko oanrai `a _nepnek a `a l]`nk l]n] `apaniej]n ] hacepeie`]`a a fqope] `a qi lk`an a `a qi] _kiqje`]`a lkhpe_]( ^ai _kik oq] ehacepeie`]`a a ejfqope] mq]j`k jk ko oacqai* ?ki Pkio `a =mqejk a K_gd]i( jkr]o e`ae]o ok pn]ve`]o pakne] lkhpe_]( ]ej`] mqa _kjpejqa pakh ce_]( eopk ( nabane`] rkjp]`a oqlnai] `a @aqo* @e]jpa `] pn]`ek pak_npe_] ia`ear]h( ok jkr]o ]o e`ae]o `a _kiqje`]`a lkhpe_] j]pqn]h( hae dqi]j] lkhpe_] a `enaepk j]pqn]h `ko ej`er`qko _kik oqfaepko `kp]`ko `a _kjo_ej_e] a `a rkjp]`a* Ko `keo pa hkcko i]jpi ] e`ae] `a >ki Ckranjk `k lnj_ela _neopk renpqkok a ] `a mqa ] ikj]nmqe] ] bkni] j]pqn]h a iahdkn `a ckranjk( ] i]eo ]`amq]`] l]n] na]hev]n ] fqope] _kik ^ai _kiqi* ?kjoanr]i p]i^i ] e`ae] `a dean]nmqe] j]pqn]h _ne]`] lah] hae `erej] apanj] a _kj_napev]`] lah] hae j]pqn]h* Bej]hiajpa( ejpnk`qvai k lneiaenk ao^kk `k mqa rene] ] oan _kjda_e`k( _ki ] Nabkni] Lnkpaop]jpa( _kik k afobfql ab obpfpq k`f^ `ko o `epko `k pen]jk* Ko ckranj]`ko jk lk`ai `alkn jai i]p]n k pen]jk( i]o lk`ai naoeopen ] aha( ^qo_]j) `k ejopnqiajpko hac]eo mqa _kjpaopai oq] ]qpkne`]`a( bkn]j`k)k ] ]^`e_]n `k lk`an* Qi `ko ejopnqiajpko hac]eo i]eo eilknp]jpao l]n] eook ] e`ae] `a `enaepk oq^faperk j]pqn]h6 mq]j`k aopa rekh]`k lahk ckranj]jpa( k ckranjk oa pknj] ehacpeik( k l]_pk `a oq^ieook lan`a ] r]he`]`a a k ckranj]jpa `ara ]^`e_]n `k lk`an*
012
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rkhp] `ko _]opahko baq`]eo( `qn]jpa ] E`]`a I`e]( bkni]n]i)oa ]h`ae]o kq ^qncko* Aj) mq]jpk j] ok_ea`]`a _kik qi pk`k lnar]ha_e] ] nah]k `a r]oo]h]cai $fqn]iajpk `a Ú`ahe`]`a lnaop]`k lkn qi ejbanekn ] qi oqlanekn mqa lnkiape] lnkpacan k r]o) o]hk%( jko ^qncko( ] `ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk b]ve] ]l]na_an qi] kqpn] knc]jev]k ok_e]h( ] `lomlo^ l ab lc`fl* Pa_ah ao( la`naenko( bannaenko( i`e_ko( ]nmqepapko( _kian_e]jpao( ap_* knc]jev]r]i)oa ai _kjbn]ne]o j]o mq]eo ko iai^nko aop]r]i hec]`ko lkn qi fqn]iajpk `a _kjÚ]j] na_lnk_]* Ai^kn] ejpanj]iajpa ]o _knlkn] ao p]i^i bkooai deannmqe_]o( an] lkoorah( ] l]npen `a nacn]o _kjraj_ekj]`]o ajpna oaqo iai^nko( ]o_aj`an j] dean]nmqe]* Atpanj]iajpa( j]o nah] ao _ki kqpn]o _knlkn] ao( pk`ko an]i _kjoe`an]`ko hernao a ecq]eo* =o _knlkn] ao b]) vai oqncen qi] jkr] _h]ooa ok_e]h mqa( jko o_qhko oacqejpao( r]e pknj]n)oa a_kjkie_]iajpa `kiej]jpa a ^qo_]n p]i^i k `kijek lkhpe_k6 ] ^qncqaoe]( j]o_e`] `ko ^qncko* @ao`a k ej_ek `k o_qhk TR( ai _anp]o nace ao `] Aqnkl]( ]o ]jpec]o _e`]`ao `k Eil) nek Nki]jk a ]o jkr]o _e`]`ao oqnce`]o `ko ^qncko ia`ear]eo ajpn]i ai `aoajrkhreiajpk a_kjie_k a ok_e]h* Cn]j`ao nkp]o _kian_e]eo pknj]i lk`anko]o ]o _knlkn] ao a ]o b]ihe]o `a _kian_e]jpao( ajmq]jpk k lk`anek ]cnnek `ko ^]n ao _kia] ] `eiejqen* =o _e`]`ao aopk eje_e]j`k k mqa rene] ] oan _kjda_e`k _kik `^mfq^ifpjl `ljbo`f^i lr jbo`^kqfi* L]n] `aoajrkhr)hk( jk lk`ai _kjpejq]n oq^iape`]o ]ko l]`n ao( o nacn]o a ]ko pne^qpko `] a_kjkie] baq`]h ]cnne]( ajpk eje_e]i hqp]o lkn bn]jmqe]o a_kjie_]o* =o hq) p]o a_kjie_]o `] ^qncqaoe] j]o_ajpa _kjpn] ] jk^nav] baq`]h lnkooacqai j] bkni] `a naerej`e_] ao lkhpe_]o6 ]o _e`]`ao `aoaf]i ej`alaj`j_e] ai b]_a `a ^]n ao( naeo( l]l]o a eilan]`knao* J] Ephe]( ] na`ao_k^anp] `]o k^n]o `a lajo]`knao( ]npeop]o a p_je_ko `] _qhpqn] cna_k) )nki]j]( l]npe_qh]niajpa `]o ]jpec]o pakne]o lkhpe_]o( oqo_ep] qi e`a]h lkhpe_k jkrk6 k `] he^an`]`a nalq^he_]j] _kjpn] k lk`an pakh ce_k)lkhpe_k `a l]l]o a eilan]`knao* Aop]iko jk lank`k _kjda_e`k _kik Naj]o_eiajpk( jk mq]h oa aolan] b]van obk^p`bo k lajo]iajpk( ]o ]npao( ] pe_]( ]o p_je_]o a ] lkhpe_] mqa d]re]i oe`k `aoajrkhre`ko ]jpao mqa k o]^an peraooa oe`k _kjoe`an]`k lnerehcek `] Ecnaf] a ko pa hkcko dkqraooai ]`mqene`k ]qpkne`]`a l]n] `a_e`en k mqa lk`ane] a k mqa jk lk`ane] oan lajo]`k( `epk a baepk* Beh okbko( deopkne]`knao( lkap]o( `n]i]pqncko( nap ne_ko( i]paipe_ko( ]opnjkiko( i`e_ko( ^e hkcko( ]nmqepapko( lejpknao( i oe_ko( pk`ko ko ]qpknao ]jpecko _kia]i ] pan oq]o k^n]o na`ao_k) ^anp]o a ejpanlnap]`]o( oaqo patpko l]oo]i ] oan pn]`qve`ko( he`ko( _kiajp]`ko a ]lhe_]`ko* Aol]np]( =paj]o a Nki] ok pki]`]o _kik atailhko `] he^an`]`a nalq^he_]j]* Eiep)h]o rkhp]n ] r]hknev]n ] lkhpe_] _kik atlnaook i]eo ]hp] `] _]l]_e`]`a dqi]j] a ancqan ] sfq^ ^`qfs^ _kjpn] k e`a]h `] sfq^ `lkqbjmi^qfs^( r]hknev]`k lah] Ecnaf]( eopk ( ] re`] aolenepq]h `k o^ek _kjpailh]perk a okhepnek( mqa oa lnak_ql]r] _ki ] re`] bqpqn] jk kqpnk iqj`k oai oa k_ql]n _ki ] re`] lnaoajpa jaopa iqj`k* B]h])oa( ]ckn]( j] if_boa^ab obmr_if`^k^ a j] sfa^ mliqf`^ _kik ]o bkni]o i]eo ]hp]o `] `ecje`]`a dqi]j]* Jaooa ]i^eajpa( ajpna -1-/ a -1-0( ai Bhknaj]( ao_nep] ] k^n] mqa ej]qcqn] k lajo]) iajpk lkhpe_k ik`anjk6 L mok`fmb( `a I]mqe]rah*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
=jpao `a K lnj_ela
A
i^kn] `ebanajpao a( iqep]o ravao( _kjpnne]o( ]o k^n]o lkhpe_]o ia`ear]eo a naj]o_aj) peop]o klan]i jqi iqj`k _neopk* Eook oecjeÚ_] mqa( l]n] pk`]o ah]o( ] nah]k ajpna lkhpe_] a nahecek qi `]`k `k mq]h jk lk`ai ao_]l]n* ran`]`a mqa ]o pakne]o ia`ear]eo ok kq `enap]iajpa pak_npe_]o $k lk`an lanpaj_a ]laj]o ] @aqo( mqa k _kj_a`a ] ]hcqi lkn qi b]rkn aola_e]h% kq ej`enap]iajpa pak_npe_]o $] knecai `k lk`an aop j] j]pqnav] ok_e]h `k dkiai( i]o k bqj`]iajpk hpeik `k lk`an lkhpe_k aj_kjpn])oa j] hae `erej] narah]`]%( ajmq]jpk ]o naj]o_ajpeop]o lnk_qn]i arep]n ] e`ae] `a mqa k lk`an oane] qi] cn]] kq qi b]rkn `erejk a mqa oa aj_kjpn] `apaniej]`k `enap]iajpa lah] hae `erej]* Jk ajp]jpk( ai^kn] na_qoai ] pak_n]_e]( jk lk`ai na_qo]n qi] kqpn] e`ae] _neop( mq]h oaf]( ] `a mqa k lk`an lkhpe_k o hacpeik oa bkn fqopk a o oan fqopk oa aoperan `a ]_kn) `k _ki ] rkjp]`a `a @aqo a ] Lnkre`j_e] `erej]* =ooei( ahaiajpko `a pakhkce] _kjpejq]i lnaoajpao j]o bkniqh] ao pa ne_]o `] lkhpe_]* Lkn eook( oa `aet]niko `a h]`k aoo] `ebanaj] ajpna ia`ear]eo a naj]o_ajpeop]o( lk`ana) iko lan_a^an _anpko pn]ko mqa hdao ok _kiqjo( lnkrajeajpao `ko ahaiajpko `a pakhkce]6 aj_kjpn]i l]n] ] lkhpe_] qi bqj`]iajpk ]jpanekn a atpanekn ln lne] lkhpe_]* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( l]n] ]hcqjo( k bqj`]iajpk `] lkhpe_] aj_kjpn])oa ai Abrp $oaf] j] rkjp]`a `erej]( mqa `k] k lk`an ]ko dkiajo( oaf] j] Lnkre`j_e] `erej]( mqa b]rkna_a k lk`an `a ]hcqjo dkiajo%7 l]n] kqpnko( aj_kjpn])oa j] k^qrobw^( eopk ( j] kn`ai j]) pqn]h( _ne]`] lkn @aqo ai _kjbknie`]`a _ki k `enaepk j]pqn]h k^faperk( oacqj`k ] mq]h k dkiai qi oan j]pqn]hiajpa lkhpe_k7 a( l]n] ]hcqjo( aj_kjpn])oa j] n]vk( eopk ( j] e`ae] `a mqa ateopa qi] n]_ekj]he`]`a mqa ckranj] k iqj`k a ko dkiajo( pknj])ko n]_ekj]eo a ko b]v ejopepqen ] re`] lkhpe_]* D( lkeo( ]hck Í @aqo( j]pqnav] kq n]vk Í ]jpanekn a atpanekn lkhpe_]( oanrej`k `a bqj`]iajpk ] ah]7 ]Úni]i mqa ] lkhpe_] ejopepqek `a qi] _kiqje`]`a qj] a ej`ereo]( _qf] Új]he`]`a na]hev]n k ^ai _kiqi kq fqope]* = ^k] lkhpe_] baep] lah] ^k] _kiqje`]`a d]nikjeko]( l]_Ú_] a kn`aen]* Hqp]o( _kjÛepko a `ereo ao ok reopko _kik lanecko( bnqpko `a dkiajo lan) ranoko a oa`e_ekoko mqa `arai( ] mq]hmqan lnak( oan ]b]op]`ko `] _kiqje`]`a a `k lk`an7 ]ooajp]i ] ^k] _kiqje`]`a a ] ^k] lkhpe_] j] Úcqn] `k >ki Ckranjk( eopk ( jk lnj_e) la renpqkok a n]_ekj]h( lknp]`kn `] fqope]( `] d]nikje] a `] ej`ereok `] _kiqje`]`a7 _h]ooeÚ_]i ko naceiao lkhpe_ko ai fqopko)hacpeiko a ejfqopko)ehacpeiko( _khk_]j`k ] ikj]nmqe] a ] ]neopk_n]_e] dana`epne]o ajpna ko lneiaenko a e`ajpeÚ_]j`k _ki ko oacqj`ko k lk`an k^pe`k lkn _kjmqeop] a qoqnl]k( `ajkiej]j`k)k pen je_k* Aopa _kjoe`an]`k ]jpej]pqn]h( enn]_ekj]h( _kjpnnek rkjp]`a `a @aqo a fqope]( k^n] `a qi ckranj]jpa re_ekok a lanranok* ?kil]n]`] ] aooao pn]ko `] pn]`ek lkhpe_]( ] k^n] `a I]mqe]rah `aikhe`kn] a nark) hq_ekjne]* ?ki ah]( j]o_a k lajo]iajpk lkhpe_k ik`anjk*
I]mqe]rhe_k( i]mqe]raheoik
A
op]iko ]_kopqi]`ko ] kqren ]o atlnaoo ao j^nrf^sif`l a j^nrf^sbifpjl* Ok qo]`]o mq]j`k ]hcqi `aoaf] nabanen)oa oaf] lkhpe_] a ]ko lkhpe_ko( oaf] ] _anp]o ]pepq`ao `]o laook]o( iaoik mq]j`k jk hec]`]o `enap]iajpa ] qi] ]k lkhpe_] $b]h])oa( lkn atailhk( jqi _kian_e]jpa i]mqe]rhe_k( jqi] lnkbaookn] i]mqe]rhe_]( jk i]mqe]raheo) ik `a _anpko fknj]eo( ap_*%* Ai mqa oepq] ao kqreiko kq ailnac]iko aoo]o atlnaoo ao; Oailna mqa lnapaj`a) iko fqhc]n ] ]k kq ] _kj`qp] `a ]hcqi `aoha]h( del _nep]( Újce`kn( lk`anko]iajpa i]h) rkhk( mqa ^nej_] _ki oajpeiajpko a `aoafko `ko kqpnko( iajpa)hdao( b]v ] ahao lnkiaoo]o mqa o]^a mqa jk _qilnen( qo] ] ^k])b ]hdae] ai oaq ln lnek lnkraepk*
014
-ADININ´!RT!RQUIVOßDAßEDITORA
=o behkokbe]o lkhpe_]o $.% x #!0É45,/ß x
#LAUDEß,EFORTß ßß FILvSOFOßFRANCoS
B]h]iko jqi Îlk`an i]mqe]rhe_kÏ l]n] jko nabaneniko ] qi lk`an mqa ]ca oa_nap]) iajpa jko ^]ope`knao( i]jpaj`k oq]o ejpaj ao a Új]he`]`ao `ao_kjda_e`]o l]n] ko _e`]) `ko7 mqa ]Úni] mqa Îko Újo fqopeÚ_]i ko iaekoÏ a qo] iaeko eikn]eo( rekhajpko a lanranoko l]n] _kjoacqen k mqa mqan7 mqa ` ]o nacn]o `k fkck( i]o Ú_] o ao_kj`e`]o( aolan]j`k mqa ko fkc]`knao _]qoai ] oe iaoiko oq] ln lne] nqj] a `aopnqek* J^nrf^sif`l a j^nrf^sbifpjl b]vai lajo]n ai ]hcqi atpnai]iajpa lk`ankok a lanranok( oa`qpkn a ajc]j]`kn( mqa o]^a har]n ]o laook]o ] b]van at]p]iajpa k mqa aha `aoaf]( iaoik mqa oaf]i ]jemqeh]`]o lkn eook* ?kik oa jkp]( j^nrf^sif`l a j^nrf^sbifpjl _kn) naolkj`ai mqehk mqa( ai jkoo] _qhpqn]( _kjoe`an]`k af^_if`l* Ai qi] k^n] ejpepqh]`] J^nrf^sbi Î L qo^_^iel a^ l_o^( k Úh okbk bn]j_o ?h]q`a Habknp ej`]c] k mqa pane] ao_nepk I]mqe]rah l]n] mqa cajpa mqa jqj_] haq oq] k^n] a mqa jai iaoik o]^a mqa aha ateopeq qi `e]( ai Bhknaj]( b]ha ai j^nrf^sif`l a j^nrf^sbifpjl*
= narkhqk i]mqe]rahe]j]
L
]n] naolkj`an ] aoo] mqaopk( Habknp `eopejcqa ajpna k Îi]mqe]raheoikÏ a k Îlajo]) iajpk i]mqe]rahe]jkÏ( eopk ( ajpna ] ei]cai `aikj]_] `a I]mqe]rah a `a oaq lnj) _ela a k oajpe`k `] k^n] lkhpe_] `k lajo]`kn Ûknajpejk* @ebanajpaiajpa `ko pa hkcko( mqa l]npe]i `] >^he] a `k @enaepk Nki]jk l]n] bkniq) h]n pakne]o lkhpe_]o( a `ebanajpaiajpa `ko _kjpailkn jako naj]o_ajpeop]o( mqa l]npe]i `]o k^n]o `ko Úh okbko cna_k)nki]jko l]n] _kjopnqen oq]o pakne]o lkhpe_]o( I]mqe]rah l]npa `] bumbof k`f^ ob^i `a oaq pailk* Aha bke `elhki]p] a _kjoahdaenk `ko ckranj]jpao `a Bhknaj]( req ]o hqp]o aqnklae]o `a _ajpn]hev]k ikjnmqe_] $Bn]j]( Ejch]pann]( Aol]jd]( Lknpqc]h%( k naooqnceiajpk `] re`] qn^]j] aqnklae] a( _ki ah]( ] ]o_ajok `] ^qncqaoe] _kian_e]h `]o cn]j`ao _e`]`ao( a ok^na) pq`k req ] bn]ciajp]k `] Ephe]( `ere`e`] ai naejko( `q_]`ko( nal ^he_]o a Ecnaf]* = _ki) lnaajok `aoo]o atlanej_e]o deop ne_]o a ] ejpanlnap]k `k oajpe`k `ah]o k _kj`qven]i jkk `a mqa ]o e`ae]o lkhpe_]o ]jpec]o a ia`ear]eo jk an]i _]l]vao `a _kilnaaj`an ran) `]`aen]iajpa k mqa k lk`an a mqa qi] kls^ `lk`bm l a^ pl`fba^ab b a^ mliqf`^ pknj]n])oa ja_aoone]( ok^napq`k l]n] ] Ephe] a( l]npe_qh]niajpa( l]n] Bhknaj]* L]n] eook( ai -1-/( ao_nara ] k^n] ej]qcqn]h `] ÚhkokÚ] lkhpe_] ik`anj]( L mok`fmb*
'ALLERIAß$EGLIß5FFIZI ß&LORENlA
Mq]j`k Je_kh]q I]mqe]rah ao_naraq K lnj_ela( ] ejr]ok `a Bhknaj] lah] Bn]j] f d]re] oa eilnacj]`k ai oq] iai ne]* Aop] _aj]( `] pki]`] `] _e`]`a lahk nae bn]j_ o ?]nhko REEE( bke lejp]`] ai -1-4 lkn Bn]j_ao_k Cn]j]__e*
015
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
Aoo] k^n] bqj`] k lajo]iajpk lkhpe_k ik`anjk lknmqa ^qo_] kbana_an naolkop]o jk) r]o ] qi] oepq]k deop ne_] jkr]( mqa oaqo _kjpailkn jako pajp]r]i _kilnaaj`an haj`k ko ]qpknao ]jpecko( `aet]j`k `a h]`k ] k^oanr]k `enap] `ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko mqa k_knne]i `e]jpa `a oaqo khdko* Oa _kil]n]niko k lajo]iajpk lkhpe_k `a I]mqe]rah _ki ko mq]pnk lkjpko jko mq]eo naoqieiko ]_ei] ] pn]`ek lkhpe_]( k^oanr]naiko lkn kj`a l]oo] ] nqlpqn] i]mqe]rahe]) j]( ]ooej]h]`] lkn ?h]q`a Habknp6 -*
I]mqe]rah jk ]`iepa qi bqj`]iajpk ]jpanekn a atpanekn lkhpe_] $@aqo( j]pqnav] kq n]vk%* Pk`] _e`]`a( `ev aha ai L mok`fmb( aop knecej]ne]iajpa `ere`e`] lkn `keo `aoa) fko klkopko6 l abpbgl alp do^kabp ab lmofjfo b `lj^ka^o a l abpbgl al mlsl ab kl pbo lmofjfal kbj `lj^ka^al* Aoo] `ereok are`aj_e] mqa ] _e`]`a jk qi] _kiqje`]`a dkikcja] j]o_e`] `] rkjp]`a `erej]( `] kn`ai j]pqn]h kq `] n]vk dqi]j]* J] na]) he`]`a( ] _e`]`a pa_e`] lkn hqp]o ejpanj]o mqa ] k^nec]i ] ejopepqen qi lkhk oqlanekn mqa lkoo] qjeÚ_)h] a `]n)hda e`ajpe`]`a* Aooa lkhk k lk`an lkhpe_k* =ooei( ^ mliqf`^ k^p`b a^p irq^p pl`f^fp b l_o^ a^ momof^ pl`fba^ab m^o^ a^o ^ pf jbpj^ rkfa^ab b fabkqfa^ab* = lkhpe_] naoqhp] `] ]k ok_e]h ] l]npen `]o `ereo ao ok_e]eo7
.*
I]mqe]rah jk ]_aep] ] e`ae] `] ^k] _kiqje`]`a lkhpe_] _kjopepq`] l]n] k ^ai _kiqi a ] fqope]* ?kik reiko( k lkjpk `a l]npe`] `] lkhpe_] l]n] aha ] `ereok ok_e]h ajpna ko cn]j`ao a k lkrk* = ok_ea`]`a knecej]ne]iajpa `ere`e`] a f]i]eo lk`a oan reop] _kik qi] _kiqje`]`a qj]( ej`ereo]( dkikcja]( rkhp]`] l]n] k ^ai _kiqi* Aoo] ei]cai `] qje) `]`a a `] ej`ereok( `ev I]mqe]rah( qi] io_]n] _ki mqa ko cn]j`ao na_k^nai ] na]he`]) `a ok_e]h l]n] ajc]j]n( klneien a _ki]j`]n k lkrk( _kik oa ko ejpanaooao `ko cn]j`ao a `ko lklqh]nao bkooai ko iaoiko a pk`ko bkooai eniko a ecq]eo jqi] ^ah] _kiqje`]`a* = Új]he`]`a `] lkhpe_] jk ( _kik `eve]i ko lajo]`knao cnacko( nki]jko a _neo) pko( ] fqope] a k ^ai _kiqi( i]o( _kik oailna okq^an]i ko lkhpe_ko( ^ qlj^a^ b j^krqbk l al mlabo* K ran`]`aenk lnj_ela ]mqaha mqa o]^a pki]n a _kjoanr]n k lk`an a mqa( l]n] eook( f]i]eo oa ]he] ]ko cn]j`ao( lkeo aopao ok oaqo ner]eo a mqanai k lk`an l]n] oe( i]o `ara ]he]n)oa ]k lkrk( mqa aolan] `k ckranj]jpa ] eilkoek `a heiepao ]k `aoafk `a klnaook a i]j`k `ko cn]j`ao* = lkhpe_] jk ] h ce_] n]_ekj]h `] fqope] a `] pe_]( i]o ^ idf`^ a^ clo ^ qo^kpcloj^a^ bj idf`^ al mlabo b a^ ibf7
/*
I]mqe]rah na_qo] ] Úcqn] `k >ki Ckranjk aj_]nj]`] jk lnj_ela renpqkok( lknp]`kn `]o renpq`ao _neopo( `]o renpq`ao ikn]eo a `]o renpq`ao lnej_elao_]o* K lnj_ela lna_eo] pan sfoq( i]o aop] lnklne]iajpa lkhpe_]( nabanej`k)oa o mq]he`]`ao `k `enecajpa l]n] pki]n a i]jpan k lk`an( iaoik mqa l]n] eook `ar] qo]n ] rekhj_e]( ] iajpen]( ] ]op ) _e] a ] bkn]* = pn]`ek ]Úni]r] mqa k ckranj]jpa `are] oan ]i]`k a naolaep]`k lahko ckranj]`ko* I]mqe]rah ]Úni] mqa k lnj_ela jk lk`a oan k`e]`k* Eook oecjeÚ_]( ai lneiaenk hqc]n( mqa k lnj_ela `ara oan naolaep]`k a paie`k Í k mqa o lkoorah oa jk bkn k`e]`k* OecjeÚ_]( ai oacqj`k hqc]n( mqa jk lna_eo] oan ]i]`k( lkeo eook k b]ne] qi l]e l]n] ] ok_ea`]`a a( o]^aiko( qi l]e _kjda_a ]laj]o qi pelk `a lk`an( k `aol pe_k* = renpq`a lkhpe_] `k lnj_ela ]l]na_an j] mq]he`]`a `]o ejopepqe ao mqa okq^an _ne]n a i]jpan a j] _]l]_e`]`a mqa peran $cloqrk^ kq ploqb% l]n] ajbnajp]n ]o k_]oe ao ]`rano]o7
0*
I]mqe]rah jk ]_aep] ] `ereok _hooe_] `ko pno naceiao lkhpe_ko $ikj]nmqe]( ]neopk_n]) _e]( `aik_n]_e]% a oq]o bkni]o _knnqlp]o kq ehacpei]o $pen]je]( khec]nmqe]( `ai]ckce]+ ]j]nmqe]%( _kik jk ]_aep] mqa k naceia hacpeik oaf] k dana`epnek a k ehacpeik( k qoqnl]`k lkn _kjmqeop]* Mq]hmqan naceia lkhpe_k Í pajd] ] bkni] mqa peran a pajd] ] knecai mqa peran Í lk`an oan hacpeik kq ehacpeik* K _nepnek `a ]r]he]k( kq k r]hkn mqa ia`a ] hacepeie`]`a a ] ehacepeie`]`a( ] if_boa^ab* Pk`k naceia lkhpe_k ai mqa k lk`anek `a klnaook a _ki]j`k `ko cn]j`ao i]ekn `k mqa k lk`an `k lnj_ela a aoi]c] k lkrk ehacpeik7 _]ok _kjpnnek( hac) peik* =ooei( hacepeie`]`a a ehacepeie`]`a `alaj`ai `k ik`k _kik ]o hqp]o ok_e]eo
02,
=o behkokbe]o lkhpe_]o $.% x #!0É45,/ß x
aj_kjpn]i naolkop]o lkhpe_]o _]l]vao `a c]n]jpen k je_k lnej_lek mqa naca ] lkhpe_]6 l mlabo al mok`fmb absb pbo prmboflo ^l alp do^kabp b bpq^o ^ pbosf l al mlsl* K lnj_ela lk`a oan ikj]n_] dana`epnek kq lkn _kjmqeop]7 lk`a oan pk`k qi lkrk mqa _kjmqeop]( lah] bkn]( k lk`an a k atan_a `aik_n]pe_]iajpa* Mq]hmqan `aooao naceiao lkhpe_ko oan hacpeik oa bkn qi] nal^he_] a jk `aolkpeoik kq pen]je]( eopk ( o hacpeik k naceia jk mq]h k lk`an jk aop ] oanrek `ko `aoafko a ejpanaooao `a qi l]npe_qh]n kq `a qi cnqlk `a l]npe_qh]nao*
02-
@eooaiko mqa ] pn]`ek cnac] pknj]n] pe_] a lkhpe_] ejoal]nraeo( mqa ] pn]`ek nki]) j] _khk_]n] aoo] e`ajpe`]`a `] pe_] a `] lkhpe_] j] laook] renpqko] `k ckranj]jpa a mqa ] pn]`ek _neop pn]jobkni]n] ] laook] lkhpe_] jqi _knlk iope_k o]_n]hev]`k mqa aj_]nj]r] ] rkjp]`a `a @aqo a ] _kiqje`]`a dqi]j]* Dana`ep]nea`]`a( lanokj]he`]`a a renpq`a bkn) i]r]i k _ajpnk `] lkhpe_]( kneajp]`] lah] e`ae] `a fqope] a ^ai _kiqi* Aooa _kjfqjpk `a e`ae]o a ei]cajo abjlifal lkn I]mqe]rah* Qi `ko ]ola_pko `] _kj_alk i]mqe]rahe]j] mqa iahdkn narah] aoo] `aikhek aj_kjpn])oa j] Úcqn] `k mok`fmb sfoqrlpl* Mq]j`k aopq`]iko ] pe_]( reiko mqa ] mqaopk _ajpn]h lkop] lahko Úh okbko oailna bke Îk mqa aop a k mqa jk aop ai jkook lk`anÏ* Reiko p]i^i mqa Îaop]n ai jkook lk`anÏ oecjeÚ_]r] ] ]k rkhqjpne] n]_ekj]h herna( ln lne] `] renpq`a( a Îjk aop]n ai jkook lk`anÏ oecjeÚ_]r] k _kjfqjpk `a _en_qjop j_e]o atpanj]o mqa ]cai ok^na j o a `apaniej]i jkoo] rkjp]`a a jkoo] ]k* Reiko( ]ej`]( mqa aooa _kjfqjpk `a _en_qjop j_e]o mqa jk `alaj`ai `a j o jai `a jkoo] rkjp]`a an]i p]jpk ]o haeo ja_aoone]o `] j]pqnav] _kik ko ]_]oko a ] _kjpejcj_e]( kq k mqa bke _d]i]`k lah] pn]`ek Úhko Ú_] `a cloqrk^* = klkoek sfoqrab*cloqrk^ f]i]eo ]^]j`kjkq ] pe_] a( _kik aop] oqnce] ejoal]nrah `] lkhpe_]( ] iaoi] klkoek oa bav lnaoajpa jk lajo]iajpk lkhpe_k* Jaopa( k ckranj]jpa ren) pqkok an] ]mqaha _qf]o renpq`ao k lnkpacai `k lk`anek `] _]lne_dko] a ej_kjop]jpa bknpqj]* I]mqe]rah napki] aoo] klkoek( i]o hda eilneia qi oajpe`k ejpaen]iajpa jkrk* = renp `k lnj_ela jk _kjoeopa jqi _kjfqjpk Útk `a mq]he`]`ao ikn]eo mqa aha klkn bknpqj]( hqp]j`k _kjpn] ah]* = sfoq ] _]l]_e`]`a `k lnj_ela l]n] oan Ûatrah o _en_qjop j_e]o( iq`]j`k _ki ah]o l]n] ]c]nn]n a `kiej]n ] bknpqj]* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( qi lnj_ela mqa ]cen oailna `] iaoi] i]jaen] a `a ]_kn`k _ki ko iaoiko lnej_leko ai pk`]o ]o _en_qjo) p j_e]o bn]_]oo]n a jk pan sfoq ]hcqi]* L]n] oan oajdkn `] oknpa kq `]o _en_qjop j_e]o `ara iq`]n _ki ah]o a( _kik ah]o( oan rkh rah a ej_kjop]jpa( lkeo okiajpa ]ooei o]^an ]c]nn)h]o a raj_)h]o* Ai _anp]o _en_qjop j_e]o( `aran oan _nqah( ai kqpn]o( cajankok7 ai _anp]o k_]oe ao `aran iajpen( ai kqpn]o( oan dkjn]`k7 ai _an) pko ikiajpko( `aran _a`an rkjp]`a `ko kqpnko( ai ]hcqi]o( oan ejÛatrah* K bqelp kq _]npan `k lnj_ela `ara r]ne]n _ki ]o _en_qjop j_e]o( l]n] mqa oailna oaf] oajdkn `ah]o* = bknpqj]( `ev I]mqe]rah( oailna b]rknrah ] mqai okq^an ]c]nn)h]* Kbana_a)oa _kik qi lnaoajpa ] pk`k ]mqaha mqa peran kqo]`e] l]n] `k^n)h] a raj_)h]* =ooei( ai hqc]n `] pn]`e_ekj]h klkoek ajpna ] _kjop j_e] `k _]npan renpqkok a ] ej_kjop j_e] `] bknpqj]( I]) mqe]rah ejpnk`qv ] renpq`a lkhpe_] _kik ^pq `f^ b `^m^`fa^ab m^o^ ^a^mq^o*pb p `fo`rkpq k* `f^p b ^lp qbjmlp( _kik lrp^af^ m^o^ ^d^oo^o ^ _l^ l`^pfl b clo ^ m^o^ kl pbo ^oo^pq^al mbi^p jp* Aoo] kqo]`e] l]n] iq`]n `a ]pepq`a a `a _kilknp]iajpk ] ran`]`aen] lnq`j) _e] lnej_elao_]( oajdkn] `] bknpqj]* = h ce_] lkhpe_] j]`] pai ] ran _ki ]o renpq`ao pe_]o `ko ej`er`qko ai oq] re`] lne) r]`]* K mqa lk`ane] oan ikn]h j] re`] lner]`] lk`a oan bn]mqav] j] re`] l ^he_] a re_a)rano]7 k mqa lk`ane] oan eikn]h `k lkjpk `a reop] `] pe_] lner]`] lk`a oan sfoq lkhpe_]* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( I]mqe]rah ej]qcqn] ] e`ae] `a r]hknao lkhpe_ko ia`e`ko lah] bÛ``f^ moqf`^ a lah] rqfifa^ab pl`f^i( ]b]op]`ko `ko l]`n ao mqa nacqh]i ] ikn]he`]`a lner]`] `ko ej`er`qko* K bqelp lkhpe_k a k bqelp ikn]h pl afcbobkqbp a jk d bn]mqav] lkhpe_] i]ekn `k mqa k ikn]heoik mqa j^p`^o^ ] h ce_] na]h `k lk`an* D k_]oe ao ai mqa ] nal ^he_] ateca mqa k lnj_ela oaf] _nqah7 kqpn]o( ai mqa `ara oan i]cj jeik a ieoane_kn`ekok* =o _en_qjop j_e]o lk`ai atecen mqa aha oaf] ]opqpk a `eooeiqh]`kn( kq( lahk _kjpnnek( mqa aha oaf] ha]h a oej_ank* Oq] renpq`a ia`e`] lahko abaepko ^ajÚ_ko `a oq] ]k l]n] ] nal ^he_]*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
Lkn pan ej]qcqn]`k ] pakne] ik`anj] `] h ce_] `k lk`an _kik ej`alaj`ajpa `] nahe) cek( `] pe_] a `] kn`ai j]pqn]h( I]mqe]rah o lk`ane] pan oe`k reopk _kik Îi]mqe]rhe_kÏ* =o l]h]rn]o j^nrf^sif`l a j^nrf^sbifpjl( _ne]`]o jk o_qhk TRE a _kjoanr]`]o ]p dkfa( atlneiai k ia`k mqa oa pai `] lkhpe_] mq]j`k aop] pfjmibpjbkqb mliqf`^( eopk ( pbj ^p jp`^o^p a^ obifdfl) a^ jlo^i) a^ o^wl b a^ k^qrobw^* L]n] k K_e`ajpa _neopk `k o_qhk TRE( k lnj_ela i]mqe]rahe]jk( jk oaj`k k >ki Ckranjk ok^ ]o kn`ajo `a @aqo a `] n]vk( o lk`ane] oan `e]^ he_k* Ç o]_n]hev]k `k lk`an( baep] lah] pakhkce] lkhpe_]( o lk`ane] klkn)oa ] `aikjev]k* aoo] ei]cai o]p je_] `] lkhpe_] _kik ]k ok_e]h lqn]iajpa dqi]j] mqa ko paniko j^nrf^sif`l a j^nrf^sbifpjl `aoecj]i* Rk_^qhko mqa( _kik oa r( jk atlneiai qi _kjda_eiajpk na]h `] k^n] `a I]mqe]rah a oei ] _kj`aj]k pakh ce_] `ah]*
= e`ae] `a ok^an]je]
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=
k `aohec]n k lk`an lkhpe_k `a bqj`]iajpko jk lkhpe_ko $@aqo( j]pqnav]( n]vk% a ]k ]npe_qh)hk `ereok ok_e]h ajpna ko cn]j`ao a k lkrk( I]mqe]rah ]^neq _]iejdk l]n] qi] `eo_qook aooaj_e]h l]n] k lajo]iajpk lkhpe_k ik`anjk( mq]h oaf]( ] e`ae] `a ok^an]je]( ai h]pei( prjj^ mlqbpq^p( oqik lk`an kq lk`an oqlnaik* J] pn]`ek( Îok^an]jkÏ `aoecj] ] laook] boe_] `k ckranj]jpa a oa nabana ]k nae kq ]k eilan]`kn* = ^]p]hd] `] `qlh] ejraope`qn]( mqa reiko ]jpanekniajpa( nabane])oa fqop]iajpa mqaopk `a o]^an mqai an] ] laook] ok^an]j]( k eilan]`kn kq k l]l]* @] iaoi] i]jaen]( ] ejrajk `] pakne] `ko Î`keo _knlko `k naeÏ lnapaj`e] ]ooacqn]n mqa k nae bkooa ok^an]jk( `eopejcqej`k ajpna ] bn]mqav]( Újepq`a a iknp]he`]`a `a oq] laook] boe_]( a bkn]( lanaje`]) `a a eiknp]he`]`a `a oq] laook] lkhpe_]* Reiko p]i^i mqa I]mqe]rah ]^]j`kjkq ] `aÚjek `ko naceiao lah] `eopejk ajpna k j iank `a ckranj]jpao $qi( ]hcqjo( pk`ko% a lahk r]hkn ]pne^q`k ] mqai ckranj] $dkjn]( renpq`a( he^an`]`a%( mqa an]i ko _nepneko rej`ko `] ÚhkokÚ] lkhpe_] ]neopkphe_]* Ai hqc]n `aoo] `eo_qook( oq] k^n] rkhpkq)oa l]n] ] e`ae] `a Lnej_el]`k $mqa lk`ane] oan ikjnmqe_k( ]neopk_npe_k kq `aik_npe_k%* Aoo] e`ae] ej`e_]r] mqa aop]r] ai _qnok at]p]iajpa ] mqao) pk `] ok^an]je] a mqa aop] an] lkop] ] `eop j_e] `a `keo cn]j`ao ner]eo( ] Ecnaf] kq k l]l]( a ko Cn]j`ao( kq ] jk^nav] a ] ^qncqaoe] qn^]j]o _ki oq]o _knlkn] ao `a kb_eko a ikjkl heko _kian_e]eo* @aoo] i]jaen]( ] k^n] `a I]mqe]rah _kia] ] ej`e_]n mqa l pl_bo^kl kl rj^ mbppl^ b pfj l mlabo mliqf`l fkabmbkabkqb al mlabo obifdflpl b al mlabo b`lkjf`l* ?ki eook( ]jqj) _e] ] k^n] `k lajo]`kn bn]j_o Fa]j >k`ej( k lneiaenk ] bkniqh]n ik`anj]iajpa k _kj_aepk `a ok^an]je]* @kn]r]jpa( pl_bo^kl jk k ckranj]jpa a oei k Aop]`k* Ai oq] k^n]( Lp pbfp ifsolp a^ obm _if`^( lq^he_]`] ai -1.,( >k`ej ejpnk`qv ] e`ae] `] ok^an]je] _kik lk`an je_k `a haceoh]n a _ki]j`]n( lanpaj_ajpa jk ]k ckranj]jpa $mqa abiank% a oei ]k Aop]`k $mqa lani]jajpa a `qn]`kqnk%* > pl_bo^kf^ mbomqr^8 l dlsbo* kl) m^pp^dbfol* K Aop]`k _kik ok^an]jk ajpaj`e`k _kik qi oeopai] ]npe_qh]`k mqa na ja qi] kn`ai fqn`e_] $k `enaepk a ] haceoh]k% a qi] ]qpkne`]`a ej`alaj`ajpa $k _ki]j`k a k qok `] bkn]%* ?ki eook( >k`ej `eopejcqa k lk`an ok^an]jk `a kqpnko lk`anao $nahecekoko( a_kjie_ko( ok_e]eo% mqa o lk`ai oan atan_e`ko ok^ ]o kn`ajo a ok^ k _kjpnkha `k Aop]`k*
*EANß"ODINß ß JURISTAßEßPROFESSORßFRANCoS
K iqj`k `aokn`aj]`k
=
k^n] `a I]mqe]rah( _nepe_]`] ai pk`] l]npa( ]p]_]`] lkn _]p he_ko a lnkpaop]jpao( _kj) oe`an]`] ]pae] a o]p je_]( pknjkq)oa( lkni( ] nabanj_e] k^nec]p ne] `k lajo]iajpk lkhpe_k ik`anjk* = e`ae] `a mqa ] Új]he`]`a `] lkhpe_] ] pki]`] a _kjoanr]k `k lk`an a mqa aopa jk lnkri `a @aqo( jai `] n]vk( jai `a qi] kn`ai j]pqn]h baep] `a dean]nmqe]o Út]o ateceq mqa ko ckranj]jpao fqopeÚ_]ooai ] k_ql]k `k lk`an* Ai ]hcqjo
02.
=o behkokbe]o lkhpe_]o $.% x #!0É45,/ß x
_]oko( _kik j] Bn]j] a j] Ln ooe]( oqncen ] pakne] `k `enaepk `erejk `ko naeo( ^]oa]`] j] nabkniqh]k fqn`e_] `] ]jpec] pakhkce] lkhpe_] `k Înae lah] cn]] `erej]Ï a `ko Î`keo _knlko `k naeÏ* J] i]ekne] `ko l]oao( lkni( ] _kj_alk pak_npe_] jk bke i]jpe`] a( l]npej`k `a I]mqe]rah( ko pa ne_ko peran]i `a ah]^kn]n jkr]o pakne]o lkhpe_]o* L]n] _kilnaaj`aniko ko _kj_aepko mqa bqj`]nk aoo]o jkr]o pakne]o lna_eo]iko _kj) oe`an]n ]hcqjo ]_kjpa_eiajpko deop ne_ko mqa iq`]n]i ] b]_a a_kjie_] a ok_e]h `] Aqnkl] ajpna ko o_qhko TR a TREE* F iaj_ekj]iko( ]k pn]p]n `k e`a]h nalq^he_]jk( k jkrk l]lah `]o _e`]`ao a `] jkr] _h]ooa ok_e]h $] ^qncqaoe]% jk lh]jk a_kjie_k( ok_e]h a lkhpe_k* Kqpnko b]pknao( ]hi `k _nao) _eiajpk `]o _knlkn] ao `a kb_ek a `k _kin_ek( ok p]i^i eilknp]jpao l]n] k bknp]ha_e) iajpk `aoo] jkr] _h]ooa6 ] `a_]`j_e] a nqj] `a ej ian]o b]ihe]o ]neopk_npe_]o( _qf]o nemqav]o bkn]i _kjoqie) `]o j]o cqann]o `]o ?nqv]`]o _kjpn] ko n]^ao a _qf]o pann]o Ú_]n]i ]^]j`kj]`]o lkn) mqa oaqo jk^nao oajdknao l]npen]i l]n] ] cqann] a ]he iknnan]i oai `aet]n dan`aenko* Kqpnko( ]k _kjpn]en `re`]o _ki ] ?knk] l]n] _kiln] `a ]ni]iajpko a l]c]iajpk `a atn_epko l]n] ]o ?nqv]`]o( peran]i oq]o pann]o _kjÚo_]`]o lahk nae l]n] _k^nen ]o `re) `]o* Ko oanrko `] cha^]( mqa pn]^]hd]r]i jaoo]o lnklnea`]`ao( ^ai _kik ko _]ilkja) oao lk^nao a hernao( mqa ]o ]nnaj`]r]i ai pnk_] `a oanreko( iecn]r]i l]n] ]o _e`]`ao( pknj]j`k)oa iai^nko `]o _knlkn] ao `a kb_eko kq oanrko qn^]jko `a b]ihe]o jk^nao mqa l]oo]n]i ] oa `a`e_]n ]k _kin_ek7 ] `a_]`j_e] ]cnne] bke ]_ahan]`] p]i^i lkn qi] cn]j`a laopa mqa ]ookhkq ] Aqnkl] jk Új]h `] E`]`a I`e] $] _d]i]`] Îlaopa jacn]Ï%( mqa `eveikq cajpa( c]`k a _khdaep]o( ]nnqej]j`k ] jk^nav] bqj`ene] a _]qo]j`k iecn] ao l]n] ]o _e`]`ao7 ] re`] qn^]j] lnkrk_kq k _nao_eiajpk `a ]pere`]`ao ]npao]j]eo a( _ki ah]o( k `aoajrkh) reiajpk _kian_e]h l]n] _kiln] a raj`] `ko lnk`qpko( _ne]j`k aola_e]he`]`ao nacekj]eo a k ejpan_ i^ek _kian_e]h ai pk`] ] Aqnkl]7 ]o cn]j`ao nkp]o `k _kin_ek _ki k Kneajpa( `kiej]`]o lneiaenk lah]o _e`]`ao ep]) he]j]o a `alkeo lahko eilneko qhpn]i]nejko `a Lknpqc]h( Aol]jd]( Ejch]pann] a Bn]j]( ]npe_qh]`]o o nkp]o _kian_e]eo jk ejpanekn `] ln lne] Aqnkl] a qn^]jev]k( `an]i knecai ] qi jkrk pelk `a nemqav]( k _]lep]h( ^]oa]`k jk hq_nk ]`rej`k `] atlhkn]k `k pn]^]hdk `ko dkiajo lk^nao a hernao mqa d]re]i iecn]`k l]n] ]o _e`]`ao a j] atlhkn]) k `k pn]^]hdk ao_n]rk `a j`eko a jacnko j]o =ine_]o* J]o _e`]`ao( lneiaenk( a jk _]ilk( `alkeo( ] ieone] a ]o looei]o _kj`e ao `a pn]^]hdk a `a re`] har]n]i ko _]ilkjaoao lk^nao ] narkhp]o _kjpn] ko ne_ko* Jk _]ilk( p]eo narkhp]o bkn]i qi `ko abaepko `] Nabkni] Lnkpaop]jpa( mqa ]_qo]n] ] Ecnaf] a ] jk^nav] ]cnne] `a _k) iapanai k la_]`k `] ]i^ek( atlhkn]j`k a klneiej`k ko lk^nao* J]o _e`]`ao( ]o narkhp]o lklqh]nao an]i p]i^i qi abaepk `] Nabkni] Lnkpaop]jpa( mqa d]re] `a_h]n]`k ] ecq]h`]`a aolenepq]h `ko oanao dqi]jko( ^Ûoj^kal `ljl mofk`fm^i sfoqrab l qo^_^iel b mofk`fm^i s`fl ^ mobdrf ^ Í ]o _h]ooao lklqh]nao qn^]j]o _kjoe`an]n]i mqa ] ecq]h`]`a jk an] ^mbk^p bpmfofqr^i( i]o q^j_j pl`f^i( a hqp]r]i _kjpn] ]o ejfqope]o `ko ne_ko ok^na ko lk^nao* K `aoajrkhreiajpk a_kjie_k `]o _e`]`ao( k oqnceiajpk `] ^qncqaoe] _kian_e]jpa kq ian_]jpeh( k _nao_eiajpk `] _h]ooa `ko pn]^]hd]`knao lk^nao i]o hernao $eopk ( oai h]ko `a oanre`k _ki ko oajdknao baq`]eo%( ] Nabkni] Lnkpaop]jpa( mqa mqaopekj]n] k lk`an a_kjie_k a lkhpe_k `] Ecnaf]( ]o narkhp]o lklqh]nao( ]o cqann]o ajpna lkpj_e]o lahk `kijek `ko i]nao a `ko jkrko pannep neko `ao_k^anpko( ] mqa`] `a naeo a `a b]ihe]o `] jk^nav]( ] ]o_ajok `a b]ihe]o `a _kian_e]jpao a `a jkrko naeo mqa ]o b]rkna_e]i _kjpn] ko jk^nao( pk`ko aooao b]pko are`aj_e]r]i mqa ] e`ae] _neop( dan`]`] `k Eilnek Nki]jk a _kjokhe`]`] lah] Ecnaf] Nki]) j]( `a qi iqj`k _kjopepq`k j]pqn]hiajpa lkn dean]nmqe]o Út]o( an] qi] e`ae] mqa jk _kn) naolkj`e] na]he`]`a* = ]jpec] e`ae] `k `enaepk j]pqn]h k^faperk _kik kn`ai Út] `] j]pqnav] a `] ok_ea`]`a lan`an] oajpe`k `e]jpa `a pk`]o aoo]o iq`]j]o ok_e]eo( a_kjie_]o a p_je_]o*
02/
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
= jkr] oepq]k deop ne_] b]ve] ]l]na_an `keo b]pko mqa jk lk`e]i oan jac]`ko6 -*
] ateopj_e] `a ej`er`qko Í qi ^qncqo a qi pn]^]hd]`kn jk lk`e]i ejrk_]n o]j) cqa( b]ihe]( hejd]cai a `ej]ope] l]n] atlhe_]n lkn mqa ateope]i a lkn mqa d]re]i iq) `]`k `a lkoek ok_e]h( i]o o lk`e]i ejrk_]n ^ pf jbpjlp _kik ej`er`qko _qf] ]k lnk`qven] ] iq`]j] `a oq] oepq]k a `a oq] lkoek a_kjie_k)ok_e]h* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( k oqnceiajpk `a `q]o jkr]o _h]ooao ok_e]eo $] ^qncqaoe] a ko pn]^]hd]`knao hernao% are`aj_e]r] mqa lan`an] oajpe`k ] e`ae] `a mqa _]`] qi oa `aÚja lah] b]ihe] a lahk cnqlk ] mqa lanpaj_a a lahk hqc]n j]pqn]h `aoo] b]ihe] kq `aooa cnqlk j] kn`ai deannmqe_] a Út] `k Qjeranok7
.*
] ateopj_e] `a _kjÛepko ajpna ej`er`qko a cnqlko `a ej`er`qko lah] lkooa `a nemqa) v]o( _]ncko( lkopko a lk`anao ]jqh]r] p]jpk ] lnpe_] ia`ear]h `] oq^ieook j]pqn]h `k ejbanekn ]k oqlanekn $eopk ( ] lnpe_] `] r]oo]h]cai( mqa oqopajp]n] k a`eb_ek ok_e]h a lk) hpe_k `] E`]`a I`e]% _kik ] ei]cai `] _kiqje`]`a lkhpe_] qj]( ej`ereo] a bn]panj]( p]h _kik d]re] oe`k _kj_a^e`] lah] pn]`ek _neop*
K
_kj_aepk `a aop]`k `a j]pqnav] kq `a _kj`ek j]pqn]h pai ] bqjk `a atlhe_]n ] oepq]k ln)ok_e]h j] mq]h ko ej`er`qko ateopai eokh]`]iajpa* @q]o bkn]i ]o lnej_el]eo _kj_al ao `k aop]`k `a j]pqnav]6
-*
] _kj_alk `a Pdki]o Dk^^ao $jk o_qhk TREE%( oacqj`k ] mq]h( ai aop]`k `a j]pq) nav]( ko ej`er`qko rerai eokh]`ko a ai hqp] lani]jajpa( reckn]j`k ] cqann] `a pk`ko _kjpn] pk`ko kq Îk dkiai hk^k `k dkiaiÏ* Jaooa aop]`k naej] k jbal a( lnej_el]h) iajpa( k do^kab jbal6 k `] iknpa rekhajp]* L]n] oa lnkpacanai qjo `ko kqpnko( ko dq) i]jko ejrajp]n]i ]o ]ni]o a _an_]n]i ]o pann]o mqa k_ql]r]i* Aoo]o `q]o ]pepq`ao ok ej paeo( lkeo oailna d]ran ]hcqi i]eo bknpa mqa raj_an k i]eo bn]_k a k_ql]n ]o pann]o _an_]`]o* = re`] jk pai c]n]jpe]o7 ] lkooa jk pai na_kjda_eiajpk a( lknp]j) pk( jk ateopa7 ] je_] hae ] bkn] `k i]eo bknpa( mqa lk`a pq`k mq]jpk pajd] bkn] l]n] _kjmqeop]n a _kjoanr]n7
.*
] _kj_alk `a Fa]j)F]_mqao Nkqooa]q $jk o_qhk TREEE%( oacqj`k ] mq]h( ai aop]`k `a j]pqnav]( ko ej`er`qko rerai eokh]`ko lah]o Ûknaop]o( ok^nareraj`k _ki k mqa ] j]pq) nav] hdao `( `ao_kjda_aj`k hqp]o a _kiqje_]j`k)oa lahk caopk( lahk cnepk a lahk _]jpk( jqi] hejcq]cai cajanko] a ^ajarkhajpa* Aooa aop]`k `a Îbahe_e`]`a knecej]hÏ( jk mq]h ko dqi]jko ateopai j] _kj`ek `a Ï_lj pbis^dbjÐ fkl`bkqb( paniej] mq]j`k ]hcqi _an_] qi pannajk a `ev6 Î iaqÏ* = `ereok ajpna Îk iaqÏ a Îk paqÏ( eopk ( k oqnceiajpk `] lnklnea`]`a lner]`]( ` knecai ]k aop]`k `a ok_ea`]`a( jk mq]h lnar]ha_a ] cqann] `a pk`ko _kjpn] pk`ko* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( l bpq^al ab pl`fba^ab olrppb^rfpq^ `loobpmlkab ^l bpq^al ab k^qrobw^ el__bpf^kl*
K aop]`k `a j]pqnav] `a Dk^^ao a k aop]`k `a ok_ea`]`a `a Nkqooa]q are`aj_e]i qi] lan_alk `k ok_e]h _kik hqp] ajpna bn]_ko a bknpao( reckn]j`k k lk`an `] bkn] kq ] rkjp]`a `k i]eo bknpa* Ai pk`] l]npa naej]i ] ejoacqn]j]( ] hqp]( k ia`k a ] iknpa* L]n] b]van _aoo]n aooa aop]`k `a re`] ]ia]]`kn a ]ia]]`k ko dqi]jko `a_e`ai l]oo]n `fsfq^p kq ok_ea) `]`a _ereh( eopk ( ]k bpq^al `fsfi( _ne]j`k k lk`an lkhpe_k a ]o haeo*
4HOMASß(OBBESßß ßFILvSOFOßß MATERIALISTAßINGLoS
4HEß'ALLERYß#OLLECTION#ORBISß ,ATINSTOCK
Aop]`k `a j]pqnav]( _kjpn]pk ok_e]h( aop]`k _ereh
"ETTMANN#ORBIS,ATINSTOCK
Ko pa ne_ko lna_eo]r]i( lknp]jpk( atlhe_]n k mqa an]i ko ej`er`qko a lkn mqa hqp]r]i iknp]hiajpa qjo _kjpn] ko kqpnko( ]hi `a lna_eo]nai kbana_an pakne]o _]l]vao `a okhq_ek) j]n ko _kjÛepko a ]o cqann]o ok_e]eo* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( bkn]i bkn]`ko ] ej`]c]n mq]h ] knecai `] ok_ea`]`a a `] lkhpe_]* Lkn mqa ej`er`qko eokh]`ko bkni]i qi] ok_ea`]`a; Lkn mqa ej`er`qko ej`alaj`ajpao ]_aep]i oq^iapan)oa ]k lk`an lkhpe_k a o haeo; = naolkop] ] aoo]o `q]o lancqjp]o _kj`qv( lneiaen]iajpa( e`ae] `a pl_bo^kf^ al Bpq^* al( mqa reiko jaopa p le_k( a( ] oacqen( o e`ae]o `a bpq^al ab k^qrobw^ a bpq^al `fsfi*
*EAN *ACQUESß2OUSSEAUß ßFILvSOFOßEßß ESCRITORßFRANCoS
020
=o behkokbe]o lkhpe_]o $.% x #!0É45,/ß x
K l]_pk kq _kjpn]pk ok_e]h = l]oo]cai `k aop]`k `a j]pqnav] ]k aop]`k _ereh kq ok_ea`]`a _ereh oa ` lkn iaek `a qi l]_pk ok_e]h kq _kjpn]pk ok_e]h( lahk mq]h ko ej`er`qko _kj_kn`]i ai najqj_e]n he^an`]`a j]pqn]h $kq k lk`an l]n] b]van pq`k k mqa oa mqan( `ao`a mqa jajdqi k^op_qhk eila] ] ]k% a lkooa j]pqn]h `a ^ajo a ]ni]o a ai pn]jobanen ] qi pan_aenk Í k ok^an]jk Í k lk`an l]n] _ne]n a ]lhe_]n ]o haeo $`apaniej]j`k k hac]h a k ehac]h( k fqopk a k ejfqopk( k lan) iepe`k a k lnke^e`k%( qo]n ] bkn] $aj_]nnac]j`k)oa( ai jkia `a pk`ko( `a rejc]n ko _neiao%( `a_h]n]n ] cqann] a ] l]v* K _kjpn]pk ok_e]h bqj`] ] ok^an]je] a ejopepqe ] ]qpkne`]`a lkhpe_]( eopk ( ] mifp kq ] `fsfq^p* ejopepq`k( lknp]jpk( k aop]`k _ereh( mqa `ara ln qi Úi o hqp]o iknp]eo `k aop]`k `a j]pqnav] $dk^^aoe]jk% kq `k aop]`k `a ok_ea`]`a $nkqooa]qeop]%* ?kik lkoorah k _kjpn]pk kq k l]_pk ok_e]h; Mq]h oq] hacepeie`]`a; Ko pa ne_ko ej) rk_]nk qi] _hqoqh] `k @enaepk Nki]jk Í ÎJejcqi lk`a `]n k mqa jk pai a jejcqi lk`a pen]n k mqa jk `aqÏ Í a ] Hae Nce] nki]j] Í ÎK lk`an lanpaj_a ]k lkrk a lkn aha _kjbane`k ]k ok^an]jkÏ Í l]n] hacepei]n ] pakne] `k _kjpn]pk kq `k l]_pk ok_e]h*
K fqoj]pqn]heoik K lkjpk `a l]npe`] `]o pakne]o `k _kjpn]pk k _kj_aepk `a `enaepk j]pqn]h6 mlo k^qrobw^( pk`k ej`er`qk pai `enaepk re`]( ]k mqa ja_aoonek ok^narerj_e] `a oaq _knlk( a he^an) `]`a* Mlo k^qrobw^( pk`ko ok hernao( ]ej`] mqa( mlo k^qrobw^( qjo oaf]i i]eo bknpao a kqpnko i]eo bn]_ko* Qi _kjpn]pk kq qi l]_pk( `eve] ] pakne] fqn`e_] nki]j]( o pai r]he`]`a oa ]o l]npao _kjpn]p]jpao bknai hernao a ecq]eo a oa rkhqjpne] a hernaiajpa `anai oaq _kjoajpe) iajpk ]k mqa aop oaj`k l]_pq]`k* = pakne] `k `enaepk j]pqn]h kq k fqoj]pqn]heoik $`enaepk( ai h]pei( oa `ev grp( `kj`a Îfqope]Ï a ÎfqopkÏ% c]n]jpa aoo]o `q]o _kj`e ao l]n] r]he`]n k _kjpn]pk ok_e]h kq k l]_pk lkhpe_k* @a b]pk( oa ]o l]npao _kjpn]p]jpao lkooqai ko iaoiko `enaepko j]pqn]eo a ok hernao( ajpk lkooqai k `enaepk a k lk`an l]n] pn]jobanen ] he^an`]`a ] qi pan_aenk7 a oa _kjoajpai rkhqjpne] a hernaiajpa jeook( ajpk ah]o `k ]k ok^an]jk ]hck mqa lkooqai( `a i]jaen] mqa k lk`an `] ok^an]je] hacpeik lknmqa j]o_a `] `k]k kq pn]jobanj_e] rkhqjpne] `a `enaepko `ko ej`er`qko* =ooei( lkn iaek `k `enaepk j]pqn]h( ko ej`er`qko b]vai qi l]_pk `a reran ai _kiqi oai _]qo]n `]jk qjo ]ko kqpnko* ?ki eook bkni]i hernaiajpa qi] rkjp]`a ok_e]h mqa ko har] ] pn]jobanen ]k ok^an]jk k lk`an l]n] ckranj)hko* L]n] Dk^^ao( ko dkiajo naqje`ko jqi] jriqfal `a ej`er`qko( lahk l]_pk( l]oo]i ] _kjopepqen qi _knlk lkhpe_k( qi] laook] ]npeÚ_e]h _ne]`] lah] ]k dqi]j] a mqa oa _d]i] Aop]`k* L]n] Nkqooa]q( ko ej`er`qko j]pqn]eo ok mbppl^p jlo^fp( mqa( lahk l]_pk( _ne]i ] slkq^ab dbo^i _kik _knlk ikn]h _khaperk kq Aop]`k* = pakne] `k `enaepk j]pqn]h a `k _kjpn]pk( kq fqoj]pqn]heoik( are`aj_e] qi] ejkr]k `a cn]j`a eilknp j_e]6 l mbkp^jbkql mliqf`l g kl c^i^ bj `ljrkfa^ab) j^p bj pl`fba^ab* = e`ae] `a `ljrkfa^ab lnaooql a qi cnqlk dqi]jk qjk( dkikcjak( ej`ereok( _kil]npe) hd]j`k ko iaoiko ^ajo( ]o iaoi]o _naj]o a e`ae]o( ko iaoiko _kopqiao a lkooqej`k qi `aopejk _kiqi* = e`ae] `a pl`fba^ab( ]k _kjpnnek( lnaooql a ] ateopj_e] `a ej`er`qko ej`alaj`ajpao a eokh]`ko( `kp]`ko `a `enaepko j]pqn]eo a ej`ere`q]eo( mqa `a_e`ai( lkn qi ]pk rkhqjpnek( pknj]nai)oa o _eko kq ]ook_e]`ko l]n] r]jp]cai na_lnk_] a lkn ejpanaooao na_lnk_ko* = _kiqje`]`a ] e`ae] `a qi] _khapere`]`a j]pqn]h kq `erej]7 ] ok_ea`]`a( ] `a qi] _khapere`]`a rkhqjpne]( deop ne_] a dqi]j]*
K Aop]`k
021
= ok_ea`]`a _ereh k Aop]`k lnklne]iajpa `epk* Pn]p])oa `] ok_ea`]`a mqa rera ok^ k `enaepk _ereh( eopk ( ok^ k `enaepk lkoeperk j] bkni] `]o haeo lnkiqhc]`]o a ]lhe_]`]o lahk ok^an]jk* Baepk k l]_pk kq k _kjpn]pk( ko _kjpn]p]jpao pn]jobanai k `enaepk j]pqn]h ]k ok^a) n]jk a _ki eook k ]qpknev]i ] pn]jobkni)hk ai `enaepk _ereh kq `enaepk lkoeperk( c]n]jpej`k ] re`]( ] he^an`]`a a ] lnklnea`]`a lner]`] `ko ckranj]`ko* Ai jkia `] oacqn]j] a `]
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
l]v( ko ej`er`qko pn]jobanai ]k ok^an]jk k `enaepk at_hqoerk ]k qok `] bkn] a `] rekhj_e]( `] rejc]j] _kjpn] ko _neiao( `] nacqh]iajp]k `ko _kjpn]pko a_kjie_ko( eopk ( ] ejope) pqek fqn`e_] `] lnklnea`]`a lner]`] a `a kqpnko _kjpn]pko ok_e]eo $_kik( lkn atailhk( k _]o]iajpk _ereh( ] haceoh]k ok^na ] dan]j]( ap_*%* Mqai k ok^an]jk; Dk^^ao a Nkqooa]q `ebanai j] naolkop] ] aoo] lancqjp]* L]n] Dk^^ao( k ok^an]jk lk`a oan qi nae( qi cnqlk `a ]neopk_n]p]o kq qi] ]ooai^hae] `aik_npe_]* ?kik l]n] >k`ej( p]i^i l]n] Dk^^ao k bqj`]iajp]h jk k j iank `ko ckranj]jpao jai ] bkni] `k naceia lkhpe_k $ikj]nmqe]( ]neopk_n]_e]( `aik_n]_e]%( i]o ] `apaniej]k `a mqai lkooqe k lk`an kq ] ok^an]je]* Aop] lanpaj_a `a ik`k ]^okhqpk ]k Aop]`k( mqa( lkn iaek `]o ejopepqe ao l ^he_]o( pai k lk`an l]n] lnkiqhc]n a ]lhe_]n ]o haeo( `aÚjen a c]n]jpen ] lnklnea`]`a lner]`] a atecen k^a`ej_e] ej_kj`e_ekj]h `ko ckranj]`ko( `ao`a mqa naolaepa `keo `enaepko j]pqn]eo ejpn]jobanraeo6 k afobfql sfa^ a k afobfql m^w( lkeo bke lkn ahao mqa k ok^an]jk bke _ne]`k* K ok^an]jk `api ] aol]`] a ] hae7 ko ckranj]`ko( ] re`] a ] lnklnea`]`a `ko ^ajo* L]n] Nkqooa]q( k ok^an]jk k lkrk( ajpaj`e`k _kik rkjp]`a can]h( laook] ikn]h _kha) per] herna a _knlk lkhpe_k `a _e`]`ko* Ko ej`er`qko( lahk _kjpn]pk( _ne]n]i)oa ] oe iaoiko _kik lkrk a ] aopa mqa pn]jobanai ko `enaepko j]pqn]eo l]n] mqa oaf]i pn]jobkni]`ko ai `enaepko _ereo* =ooei oaj`k( k ckranj]jpa jk k ok^an]jk( i]o k obmobpbkq^kqb `] ok^an]je] lklqh]n* Ko ej`er`qko ]_aep]i lan`an ] he^an`]`a j]pqn]h lah] he^an`]`a _ereh7 ]_aep]i lan) `an k `enaepk lkooa j]pqn]h `a ^ajo l]n] c]jd]n ] ej`ere`q]he`]`a _ereh( eopk ( ] _e`]`]je] a( _ki ah]( k `enaepk _ereh lnklnea`]`a `a ^ajo* Ajmq]jpk _ne]i ] ok^an]je] a jah] oa b]vai nalnaoajp]n( ok `fa^alp* Ajmq]jpk oa oq^iapai o haeo a ]qpkne`]`a `k ckranj]jpa mqa ko nalnaoajp]( _d]i]i)oa p afqlp* Ok( lkeo( _e`]`ko `k Aop]`k a o `epko `]o haeo* ?kik l]n] Dk^^ao ] ok^an]je] lanpaj_a mqaha ] mqai k `enaepk j]pqn]h bke pn]jobane`k l]n] mqa ]ooacqna l]v a oacqn]j]( k naceia lkhpe_k mqa hda l]na_a i]eo _]l]v `a na]hev]n aoo] Új]he`]`a ] jlk^onrf^* =k _kjpnnek( l]n] Nkqooa]q( oaj`k ] ok^an]je] oailna lklq) h]n kq `k lkrk( k naceia mqa iahdkn na]hev]ne] ]o Új]he`]`ao `k _kjpn]pk ok_e]h ] abjl`o^* `f^ afobq^ lr m^oqf`fm^qfs^*
= pakne] he^an]h = ^qncqaoe] a ] lnklnea`]`a lner]`] Jk lajo]iajpk lkhpe_k `a Dk^^ao a `a Nkqooa]q( ] lnklnea`]`a lner]`] jk qi `e) naepk j]pqn]h( i]o _ereh* @epk `a kqpnk ik`k( iaoik mqa jk aop]`k `a j]pqnav] $ai Dk^^ao% a jk aop]`k `a ok_ea`]`a $ai Nkqooa]q% ko ej`er`qko oa ]lkooai `a pann]o( `a kqpnko dk) iajo a `a ^ajo( aoo] lkooa k iaoik mqa j]`]( lkeo jk ateopai haeo l]n] c]n]jpe)h]o* ?]`] qi lna_eo] ]ni]n)oa l]n] lnkpac)h]( oai c]n]jpe] `a mqa k _kjoacqen* K `enaepk _ereh( ]k _kjpnnek( ]ooacqn] ] lkooa lkn iaek `]o haeo a ] hacepei] j] bkni] `a lnklnea`]`a lner]`]* Aop] ( lknp]jpk( qi abaepk `k _kjpn]pk ok_e]h a qi `a_napk `k ok^an]jk* Aoo] pakne] `] hacepeie`]`a _ereh `] lnklnea`]`a lner]`]( lkni( jk an] oqÚ_eajpa l]n] ] ^qncqaoe] ai ]o_ajok( _qfk lk`an a lnaopcek aop]r]i bqj`]`ko j] lnklnea`]`a lner]`] `] nemqav]* @a b]pk( ai^kn] k _]lep]heoik aoperaooa ai re] `a _kjokhe`]k a k lk`anek a_kjie_k `] ^qncqaoe] bkooa ej_kjpaopa( ai pk`] l]npa k naceia lkhpe_k lani]ja_e] ikjnmqe_k a( _ki eook( k lk`anek lkhpe_k `] na]hav] a k lnaopcek ok_e]h `] jk^nav] p]i^i* L]n] mqa k mlabo b`lkjf`l a^ _rodrbpf^ lq`aooa ajbnajp]n k mlabo mliqf`l alp obfp b a^p kl_obw^p ] ^qncqaoe] lna_eo]r] `a qi] pakne] mqa hda `aooa qi] hacepeie`]`a pk cn]j`a kq i]ekn `k mqa k o]jcqa a ] dana`ep]nea`]`a `]r]i na]hav] a jk^nav]* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ]ooei _kik o]jcqa a dana`ep]nea`]`a `]r]i na]hav] a jk^nav] qi bqj`]iajpk j]pqn]h l]n] k lk`an a k lnaopcek( ] ^qncqaoe] lna_eo]r] `a qi] pakne] mqa `aooa ]k oaq lk`an a_kjie_k p]i^i qi bqj`]iajpk j]pqn]h( _]l]v `a ofs^ifw^o _ki k lk`an lkhpe_k `] na]hav] a k lnao)
022
"ETTMANN#ORBIS,ATINSTOCK
=o behkokbe]o lkhpe_]o $.% x #!0É45,/ß x
*OHNß,OCKEß ß FILvSOFOßINGLoS
pcek ok_e]h `] jk^nav]( a ]p iaoik oqlh]jp)hko* Aoo] pakne] oan ] `] lnklnea`]`a lner]`] _kik `enaepk j]pqn]h a oq] lneiaen] bkniqh]k _kanajpa oan baep] lahk Úh okbk ejcho Fkdj Hk_ga( jk Új]h `k o_qhk TREE a ej_ek `k o_qhk TREEE* Hk_ga l]npa `] `aÚjek `k `enaepk j]pqn]h _kik `enaepk re`]( he^an`]`a a ]ko ^ajo ja_aooneko l]n] ] _kjoanr]k `a ]i^]o* Aooao ^ajo ok _kjoacqe`ko lahk pn]^]hdk* ?kik b]van `k pn]^]hdk k hacepei]`kn `] lnklnea`]`a lner]`] ajmq]jpk `enaepk j]pqn]h; @aqo( ao_nara Hk_ga( qi ]npÚ_a( qi k^naenk( ]nmqepapk a ajcajdaenk mqa bav qi] k^n]6 k iqj`k* Aopa( _kik k^n] `k pn]^]hd]`kn `erejk( ] aha lanpaj_a* oaq `kijek a oq] lnklnea`]`a* @aqo _nekq k dkiai oq] ei]cai a oaiahd]j]( `aq)hda k iqj`k l]n] mqa jaha naej]ooa a( ]k atlqho)hk `k L]n]ok( jk hda napenkq k `kijek `k iqj`k( i]o hda `eooa mqa k pane] _ki k oqkn `a oaq nkopk* Lkn pk`ko aooao ikperko( @aqo ejopepqeq( jk ikiajpk `] _ne]k `k iqj`k a `k dkiai( k `enaepk lnklnea`]`a lner]`] _kik bnqpk hacpeik `k pn]^]hdk* Lkn eook( `a knecai `erej]( ah] qi `enaepk j]pqn]h* K Aop]`k ateopa ] l]npen `k _kjpn]pk ok_e]h* Pai ]o bqj ao mqa Dk^^ao hda ]pne^qe( i]o oq] lnej_el]h Új]he`]`a c]n]jpen k `enaepk j]pqn]h `a lnklnea`]`a* @aoo] i]jaen]( ] ^qncqaoe] oa r ejpaen]iajpa ibdfqfj^a^ lan]jpa ] na]hav] a ] jk^nav] a( i]eo `k mqa eook( oqnca _kik prmboflo ] ah]o( qi] rav mqa k ^qncqo ]_na`ep] mqa lnk) lneapnek cn]]o ]k oaq ln lnek pn]^]hdk( ajmq]jpk naeo a jk^nao ok l]n]oep]o `] ok_ea`]`a kq `k pn]^]hdk ]hdaek* K ^qncqo jk oa na_kjda_a ]laj]o _kik oqlanekn ok_e]h a ikn]hiajpa ]ko jk^nao( i]o p]i^i _kik oqlanekn ]ko lk^nao* @a b]pk( oa @aqo bav pk`ko ko dkiajo ecq]eo( oa ] pk`ko `aq ] ieook `a pn]^]hd]n a ] pk`ko _kj_a`aq k `enaepk lnklnea`]`a lner]`]( ajpk( ko lk^nao( eopk ( ko pn]^]hd]`knao mqa jk _kjoacqai pknj]n)oa lnklneapneko lner]`ko( ok `rim^alp lkn oq] _kj`ek ejbanekn* Ok lk^nao( jk ok lnklneapneko a pi ] k^nec]k `a pn]^]hd]n l]n] kqpnko( oaf] lknmqa ok lan`qhneko( c]op]j`k k o]hnek ai rav `a ]_qiqh)hk l]n] ]`mqenen lnklnea`]`ao( oaf] lknmqa ok lnacqekoko a jk pn]^]hd]i k oqÚ_eajpa l]n] _kjoacqen qi] lnklnea`]`a*
K Aop]`k he^an]h Oa ] bqjk `k Aop]`k jk ] `a _ne]n kq ejopepqen ] lnklnea`]`a lner]`]( i]o `a c]n]jpe)h] a `abaj`)h] _kjpn] ] jk^nav] a ko lk^nao( mq]h k lk`an `k ok^an]jk; = pakne] he^an]h( lneiaenk _ki Hk_ga( `alkeo _ki ko na]hev]`knao `] Ej`alaj`j_e] jkn) pa)]iane_]j] a `] Narkhqk Bn]j_ao]( a jk o_qhk TT( _ki lajo]`knao _kik I]t Sa^an( `en mqa ] bqjk `k Aop]`k pnlhe_a6 -*
023
lkn iaek `]o haeo a `k qok hac]h `] rekhj_e] $atn_epk a lkh_e]%( c]n]jpen k `enaepk j]) pqn]h `a lnklnea`]`a( oai ejpanbanen j] re`] a_kjie_]( lkeo( jk paj`k ejopepq`k ] lnklnea`]`a( k Aop]`k jk pai lk`an l]n] jah] ejpanbanen* L]n] ajpaj`aniko k ]h_]j_a `aoo] e`ae]( lna_eo]iko hai^n]n mqa k _]lep]heoik( ai oq] bkni] eje_e]h( pejd] jk _kin_ek oaq lkjpk i]eo eilknp]jpa l]n] ] ]_qiqh]k `k _]) lep]h* Aoo] bkni]( _kjda_e`] _kik jbo`^kqfifpjl( harkq o `ao_k^anp]o i]npei]o a bkn) i]k `ko cn]j`ao eilneko qhpn]i]nejko* Ai `a_knnj_e] `] bkni] lkhpe_] ikjnmqe_]( ko naeo kq ]o _knk]o aqnklae]o l]oo]n]i ] _kjpnkh]n pk`k aooa _kin_ek( mqa an] ] bkjpa `a oqopajp]k `a oaq lk`an lkhpe_k* Aooa _kjpnkha an] baepk lahk ikjkl hek a_kjie_k( atan) _e`k lahko naeo* @aopao `alaj`e]i ]o _kj_aoo ao l]n] re]cajo a atlhkn]k `a jkr]o pann]o( lnako `ko lnk`qpko( p]neb]o( eilkopko a at_hqoere`]`ao $_]`] ikj]nmqe] naerej`e_]r] l]n] oe k ikjkl hek at_hqoerk j] _kian_e]hev]k `a `apaniej]`ko lnk`qpko%* K ikjkl hek n) cek an] qi k^op_qhk ]k `aoajrkhreiajpk a_kjie_k `] ^qncqaoe]( mqa naerej`e_]r] he^an) `]`a l]n] ] lnk`qk i]jqb]pqnaen] a _kian_e]hev]k `ko lnk`qpko* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ] ^qncqaoe] atece] ] he^an`]`a `a ian_]`k l]n] k `aoajrkhreiajpk `k _]lep]heoik* Aoo] atecj_e] k mqa pn]jol]na_a j] i]jaen] _kik ] pakne] lkhpe_] he^an]h jac] ]k Aop]`k k lk`an l]n] ejpanbanen j] a_kjkie]* Aeo lkn mqa aoo] pakne] _d]i]`] he^an]h
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
kq he^an]heoik( lkeo l]n] ah] k Aop]`k `ara naolaep]n ] he^an`]`a a_kjie_] `ko lnk) lneapneko lner]`ko( `aet]j`k mqa b]]i ]o nacn]o a ]o jkni]o `]o ]pere`]`ao a_kjie) _]o oacqj`k ]o ja_aooe`]`ao `k ln lnek ian_]`k kq `] ln lne] a_kjkie]7 .*
reopk mqa ko lnklneapneko lner]`ko ok _]l]vao `a aop]^aha_an ]o nacn]o a ]o jkni]o `] re`] a_kjie_] kq `k ian_]`k a mqa k b]vai ]cej`k jqi] aoban] mqa jk aop]p]h a oei ok_e]h( ajpna k Aop]`k a k ej`er`qk ejpan_]h])oa qi] aoban] ok_e]h( ] ok_ea`]`a _ereh( ok^na ] mq]h k Aop]`k jk pai lk`an ejopepqejpa( i]o ]laj]o ] bqjk `a c]n]jpe`kn `]o nah] ao ok_e]eo a `a n^epnk `ko _kjÛepko jah] ateopajpao* K Aop]`k pai ] bqjk `a ]n^epn]n( lkn iaek `]o haeo a `] bkn]( ko _kjÛepko `] ok_ea`]`a _ereh* =mqe( jkr]iajpa( ]Úni])oa k he^an]heoik( ]k _kjoe`an]n mqa ] ok_ea`]`a _ereh `ara pan he^an`]`a l]n] oa knc]jev]n a l]n] na]hev]n ]o ] ao ok_e]eo oai ejpanbanj_e] `k lk) `an `a Aop]`k j]o nah] ao ok_e]eo( mqa jk ok l ^he_]o a oei lner]`]o* Okiajpa mq]j) `k ]o nah] ao ok_e]eo ajpna ej`er`qko lner]`ko ejbnejcen ]o haeo l ^he_]o kq lnafq`e_]n k mqa l ^he_k( k Aop]`k lk`a ejpanren7
/*
k Aop]`k pai k `enaepk `a haceoh]n( laniepen a lnke^en pq`k mq]jpk lanpaj] aoban] `] re`] l ^he_]( i]o jk pai k `enaepk `a ejpanren ok^na ] aoban] lner]`]( eopk ( ok^na ] `lkp`f k`f^ `ko ckranj]`ko* K Aop]`k `ara c]n]jpen ] he^an`]`a `a _kjo_ej_e]( kq oaf]( ] he^an`]`a `a lajo]iajpk `a pk`ko ko ckranj]`ko( a o lk`an atan_an _ajoqn] jko _]oko ai mqa oa aiep]i kleje ao oa`e_eko]o mqa lkjd]i ai neo_k k ln lnek Aop]`k*
He^an`]`a `a ian_]`k kq he^an`]`a l]n] ]o ] ao a_kjie_]o bqj`]`]o j] lnklnea`]`a lner]`]( he^an`]`a `a knc]jev]k `] ok_ea`]`a _ereh kq he^an`]`a `]o nah] ao ok_e]eo ajpna ej`er`qko lner]`ko hernao a ecq]eo( a he^an`]`a `a _kjo_ej_e] ok ko lkjpko jko mq]eo k he^a) n]heoik oa ]Úni] a _ki ko mq]eo abifjfq^ k lk`an `k Aop]`k* J] Ejch]pann]( k he^an]heoik oa _kjokhe`] ai -244( _ki ] _d]i]`] Narkhqk Chkneko]* Jk naop]jpa `] Aqnkl]( oane] lna_eok ]cq]n`]n ] Narkhqk Bn]j_ao]( `a -345* Jko Aop]`ko Qje`ko( _kjokhe`])oa ai -332( _ki ] hqp] lah] ej`alaj`j_e]*
He^an]heoik a bei `k =jpeck Naceia
=
o e`ae]o lkhpe_]o he^an]eo pi _kik l]jk `a bqj`k ] hqp] _kjpn] ]o ikj]nmqe]o ]^ok) hqp]o lkn `enaepk `erejk `ko naeo( `aner]`]o `] _kj_alk pak_npe_] `k lk`an* K he^a) n]heoik _kjokhe`])oa _ki ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko `a -345( j] Bn]j]( eopk ( ] Narkhqk Bn]j_ao]( mqa `annq^kq k =jpeck Naceia* >kqfdl( ai lneiaenk hqc]n( lknmqa lkhepe_]iajpa pak_npe_k a ]^okhqpeop]* >kqfdl( ai oacqj`k hqc]n( lknmqa ok_e]hiajpa bqj`]`k j] e`ae] `a dean]nmqe] `erej]( j]pqn]h a ok_e]h a j] knc]jev]k baq`]h( ^]oa]`] jk l]_pk `a oq^ieook `ko r]oo]hko kq o `epko ]k oajdkn* ?ki ]o e`ae]o `a `enaepk j]pqn]h `ko ej`er`qko a `a ok_ea`]`a _ereh $nah] ao ajpna ej`e) r`qko hernao a ecq]eo lkn j]pqnav]%( mqa^n])oa ] e`ae] `a dean]nmqe]* ?ki ] e`ae] `a _kjpn]pk ok_e]h $l]oo]cai `] e`ae] `a l]_pk `a oq^ieook `a l]_pk ok_e]h ajpna ej`er`qko hernao a ecq]eo% mqa^n])oa ] e`ae] `] knecai `erej] `k lk`an a `] fqope] bqj`]`] j]o renpq`ao `k ^ki ckranj]jpa* K pniejk `k =jpeck Naceia oa _kjoqi] mq]j`k ] pakne] lkhpe_] _kjo]cn] ] lnklnea`]) `a lner]`] _kik `enaepk j]pqn]h `ko ej`er`qko( `aob]vaj`k ] ei]cai `k nae _kik Îi]ne`k `] pann]Ï( oajdkn `ko ^ajo a `]o nemqav]o `k naejk( `a_e`ej`k oacqj`k oq] rkjp]`a a oaq _]lne_dk mq]jpk ] eilkopko( pne^qpko a p]t]o* = lnklnea`]`a kq ej`ere`q]h a lner]`]( kq aop]p]h a l ) ^he_]( f]i]eo l]pneijek laook]h `k ikj]n_]* K lk`an pai ] bkni] `a qi Bpq^al obmr_if`^kl fjmbppl^i lknmqa ] `a_eok ok^na eilkopko( pne^qpko a p]t]o pki]`] lkn qi l]nh]iajpk Í k Lk`an Haceoh]perk Í( _kjopepq`k lahko nalnaoajp]jpao `ko lnklneapneko lner]`ko* =o pakne]o lkhpe_]o he^an]eo ]Úni]i( lknp]jpk( mqa k ej`er`qk ] knecai a k `aopej]) pnek `k lk`an lkhpe_k( j]o_e`k `a qi _kjpn]pk ok_e]h rkhqjpnek( jk mq]h ko _kjpn]p]jpao
024
=o behkokbe]o lkhpe_]o $.% x #!0É45,/ß x
_a`ai lk`anao( i]o jk _a`ai oq] ej`ere`q]he`]`a $re`]( he^an`]`a a lnklnea`]`a%* K ej`e) r`qk k _e`]`k* =Úni]i p]i^i ] ateopj_e] `a qi] aoban] `a nah] ao ok_e]eo oal]n]`]o `] re`] lne) r]`] a `] re`] lkhpe_]( ] pl`fba^ab `fsfi lod^kfw^a^( j] mq]h lnklneapneko lner]`ko a pn]^]) hd]`knao _ne]i oq]o knc]jev] ao `a _h]ooao( na]hev]i _kjpn]pko( `eolqp]i ejpanaooao a lkoe) ao oai mqa k Aop]`k lkoo] ] ejpanren( ] jk oan mqa qi] `]o l]npao hda la] l]n] ]n^epn]n ko _kjÛepko kq mqa qi] `]o l]npao ]f] `a ik`k mqa l]na] laneckok l]n] ] i]jqpajk `] ln lne] ok_ea`]`a* =Úni]i k `^oqbo obmr_if`^kl `k lk`an( eopk ( k Aop]`k k lk`an l ^he_k a jaha ko ejpanaooao `ko lnklneapneko `arai aop]n nalnaoajp]`ko lkn iaek `k L]nh]iajpk a `k Lk`an Fq`e_enek( ko nalnaoajp]jpao `arai oan ahaepko lkn oaqo l]nao* Mq]jpk ]k Lk`an Ata_qperk( ai _]ok `a ikj]nmqe]( lk`a oan dana`epnek( i]o k nae aop oq^iape`k o haeo _kik ko `a) i]eo o `epko* Ai _]ok `a `aik_n]_e]( oan ahaepk lkn slql `bkpfqofl( eopk ( ok ahaepknao kq _e`]`ko lhajko ]laj]o ko mqa lkooqnai qi] _anp] naj`] kq nemqav]* K Aop]`k( lkn iaek `] hae a `] bkn]( pai k lk`an l]n] `kiej]n $atecen k^a`ej_e]% a l]n] nalneien $lqjen k mqa ] hae `aÚj] _kik _neia%* Oaq l]lah ] d^o^kqf^ a^ loabj m _if`^( p]h _kik `aÚje`] lahko lnklneapneko lner]`ko a oaqo nalnaoajp]jpao*
= _e`]`]je] he^an]h
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APARTHEIDßAßVITvRIAßDEß -ANDELA ßNAßÆFRICAßDOß 3UL ßRESULTAßDEßLONGAßEß SANGRENTAßLUTAßCONTRAßOß APARTHEID ßAßSEGREGAljOß EßEXCLUSjOßIMPOSTAßPELOSß BRANCOSßCOLONIZADORESßAOSß NEGROS
025
Aop]`k he^an]h oa ]lnaoajp] _kik nal^he_] nalnaoajp]per] _kjopepq`] `a pno lk) `anao6 k Ata_qperk $aj_]nnac]`k `] ]`iejeopn]k `ko jac _eko a oanreko l ^he_ko%( k Haceoh]perk $l]nh]iajpk aj_]nnac]`k `a ejopepqen ]o haeo% a k Fq`e_enek $i]ceopn]) pqn]o `a lnkÚooekj]eo `k `enaepk( aj_]nnac]`ko `a ]lhe_]n ]o haeo%* Lkooqe qi _knlk `a iehep]) nao lnkÚooekj]eo mqa bkni]i ]o bkn]o ]ni]`]o $atn_epk a lkh_e]%( aj_]nnac]`]o `] kn`ai ejpanj] a `] `abao]( kq ]p]mqa( atpanjk* Lkooqe p]i^i qi _knlk `a oanre`knao kq bqj) _ekjneko l ^he_ko( mqa bkni]i ] ^qnk_n]_e]( aj_]nnac]`] `a _qilnen ]o `a_eo ao `ko pno lk`anao lan]jpa ko _e`]`ko* K Aop]`k he^an]h fqhc]r] ej_kj_a^rah mqa qi jk lnklneapnek lq`aooa k_ql]n qi _]n) ck `a nalnaoajp]jpa jqi `ko pno lk`anao* =k ]Úni]n mqa ko _e`]`ko an]i ko dkiajo he) rnao a ej`alaj`ajpao( ko he^an]eo mqane]i `evan _ki eook mqa an]i `alaj`ajpao a jk hernao ko mqa jk lkooqooai lnklnea`]`a lner]`]* @aoo] i]jaen]( aop]r]i at_hq`ko `] _e`]`]je] a `k lk`an lkhpe_k ko pn]^]hd]`knao a ]o iqhdanao( eopk ( ] i]ekne] `] ok_ea`]`a* Hqp]o lklqh]nao ejpajo]o( `ao`a k o_qhk TREEE ]p jkooko `e]o( bkn]n]i k Aop]`k he^a) n]h ] pknj]n)oa qi] nal^he_] `aik_npe_] nalnaoajp]per]( ]ilhe]j`k ] _e`]`]je] lkhpe_]* ?ki at_ak `ko Aop]`ko Qje`ko( kj`a ko pn]^]hd]`knao ^n]j_ko bkn]i _kjoe`an]`ko _e`]) `ko `ao`a k o_qhk TREEE( jko `ai]eo l]oao ] _e`]`]je] lhaj] a k oqbncek qjerano]h o rea) n]i ] ateopen _kilhap]iajpa jk o_qhk TT( _kik _kj_hqok `a qi hkjck lnk_aook `a hqp]o ok_e]eo( lklqh]nao a lkhpe_]o ai mqa ] _e`]`]je] bke _kjmqeop]`] lkn ap]l]o* Jk `aet] `a oan aol]jpkok k b]pk `a mqa( ai `q]o `]o i]eknao lkpj_e]o iqj`e]eo( Ejch]pann] a Bn]j]( ]o iqhdanao o ]h_]j]n]i lhaj] _e`]`]je] ai -502( ]l o ] Oacqj`] Cqann] Iqj`e]h* Lk`a)oa ]r]he]n _kik bke `qn]( lajko] a hajp] aoo] _kjmqeop] lklqh]n( _kj) oe`an]j`k)oa mqa( lkn atailhk( ko jacnko `k oqh `ko Aop]`ko Qje`ko o oa pknj]n]i _e`]`ko jko ]jko -52,* P]i^i eilknp]jpa hai^n]n mqa ai l]oao `] =ine_] H]pej]( ok^ ] `a) ik_n]_e] he^an]h( ko j`eko Ú_]n]i at_hq`ko `] _e`]`]je] a mqa ko jacnko `] ãbne_] `k Oqh rkp]n]i lah] lneiaen] rav okiajpa ai -550* =o hqp]o ej`caj]o( ai jkook _kjpejajpa( a ]o ]bne_]j]o _kjpejq]i ]p jkooko `e]o* Lk`aiko k^oanr]n( lknp]jpk( mqa ] e`ae] `a _kjpn]pk ok_e]h( lahk mq]h ko ej`er`qko eokh]) `ko oa pn]jobkni]i ai iqhpe`k a aop] oa pn]jobkni] ai _knlk lkhpe_k `a _e`]`ko( jk lna) re] k `enaepk _e`]`]je] l]n] pk`ko( i]o abifjfq^s^ k _kjpn]pk kq k l]_pk ] qi] _h]ooa ok_e]h( ] `ko lnklneapneko lner]`ko kq ^qncqaoe] a( ai paniko pje_ko( ]ko dkiajo ^n]j_ko ]`qhpko*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
= e`ae] `a narkhqk
=
lkhpe_] he^an]h bke k naoqhp]`k `a ]_kjpa_eiajpko a_kjie_ko a ok_e]eo mqa eilqoa) n]i iq`]j]o j] _kj_alk `k lk`an `k Aop]`k( _kjoe`an]`k ejopepq`k lahk _kj) oajpeiajpk `ko ej`er`qko lkn iaek `k _kjpn]pk ok_e]h* P]eo ]_kjpa_eiajpko Ú_]n]i _kjda_e`ko _ki k jkia `a narkhq ao ^qncqao]o( eopk ( iq`]j]o j] aopnqpqn] a_kjie) _]( j] ok_ea`]`a a j] lkhpe_]( abapq]`]o lkn qi] jkr] _h]ooa ok_e]h( ] ^qncqaoe]*
= l]h]rn] narkhqk K qok `] l]h]rn] obslir l l]n] `aoecj]n p]eo iq`]j]o _qnekok* @a b]pk( aoo] l]h]rn] lnkri `k rk_]^qhnek `] ]opnkjkie] a oecjeÚ_] Îk ikreiajpk _en_qh]n _kilhapk mqa qi ]opnk na]hev] ]k rkhp]n ]k oaq lkjpk `a l]npe`]Ï* Qi] narkhqk oa abapq] mq]j`k k ikreiaj) pk pkp]h `a qi ]opnk b]v _kej_e`enai oaq lkjpk `a l]npe`] a oaq lkjpk `a _dac]`]* Obslir l `aoecj] Îikreiajpk _en_qh]n __he_kÏ( eopk ( nalapek _kjpjq] `a qi iaoik lan_qnok ai mqa oa napknj] ]k lkjpk `a l]npe`]* ?kik ajpaj`an mqa aoo] l]h]rn] pajd] ajpn]`k l]n] k rk_]^qhnek lkhpe_k _ki k oecje) Ú_]`k `a iq`]j]o a ]hpan] ao lnkbqj`]o j]o nah] ao ok_e]eo a jk lk`an; ?kik ajpaj`an mqa( ai rav `a oecjeÚ_]n Înapknjk _en_qh]n a __he_k ]k lkjpk `a l]npe`]Ï( oecjeÚmqa at]p]) iajpa k _kjpnnek( kq oaf]( Îlan_qnok nqik ]k pailk jkrk a ok_ea`]`a jkr]Ï; L]n] naolkj`an ] aoo]o lancqjp]o( lna_eo]iko at]iej]n qi lkq_k i]eo `a lanpk ]o narkhq ao ^qncqao]o( eopk ( ] Narkhqk Ejchao] `a -244( ] Narkhqk =iane_]j] `a -332 a ] Narkhqk Bn]j_ao] `a -345* Ai^kn] ai pk`]o ah]o k naoqhp]`k pajd] oe`k k iaoik( mq]h oaf]( ] oq^e`] a ] _kjokhe`]k lkhpe_] `] ^qncqaoe] _kik _h]ooa `kiej]jpa( j]o pno dkqra k mqa qi deopkne]`kn `ajkiejkq `a Înarkhqk j] narkhqkÏ( ej`e_]j`k _ki eook ] ateopj_e] `a rj jlsfjbkql mlmri^o o^af`^i kl fkqboflo a^ obslir l _rodrbp^( kq ] c^`b abjl`oqf`^ b fdr^ifqof^ a^ obslir l( `annkp]`] lah] ^qncqaoe]* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( j]o pno narkhq ao( ] ^qncqaoe] lnapaj`aq a _kjoacqeq `an) nkp]n ] na]hav] a ] jk^nav]( l]ookq ] `kiej]n k Aop]`k a fqhckq _ki eook paniej]`] ] p]nab] `]o iq`]j]o( ajmq]jpk ]o _h]ooao lklqh]nao( mqa l]npe_el]n]i `]mqah] rep ne]( `aoaf]r]i iqepk i]eo6 ]joe]r]i ejopepqen qi] ok_ea`]`a ejpaen]iajpa jkr]( fqop]( herna a bahev* Kn]( ]o _h]ooao lklqh]nao jk lkooq]i pakne]o lkhpe_]o `a pelk Úhko Ú_k a _eajpÚ_k* L]n] atlhe_]n k iqj`k ai mqa rere]i a k iqj`k mqa `aoaf]r]i( `eolqjd]i `a qi] je_] bkjpa6 ] >^he]* Lkn iaek `] nahecek( lkooq]i `q]o nabanj_e]o `a fqope] a `a bahe_e`]`a6 ] ei]cai `k L]n]ok pannaopna $jk =jpeck Paop]iajpk% a k Naejk `a @aqo j] Pann] kq Jkr] Fanqo]hi $jk Jkrk Paop]iajpk%( mqa naop]qn]ne] k L]n]ok `alkeo mqa ?neopk reaooa ]k iqj) `k lah] oacqj`] rav $_kik aop ao_nepk jk =lk_]heloa `a Ok Fkk% a( jk Úi `ko pailko kq Îpailk `k ÚiÏ( `annkp]ooa l]n] oailna k I]h* =o _h]ooao lklqh]nao narkhq_ekjne]o `eolq) jd]i( lknp]jpk( `a qi ei]cejnek jbppf kf`l a jfibk^ofpq^( lknmqa hec]`k e`ae] `a qi] lnkiaoo] o]hr]`kn] kq `] ]k `a qi o]hr]`kn mqa hern]ne] ko dkiajo `ko i]hao a `]o laj]o $l]n] ]o _h]ooao lklqh]nao narkhq_ekjne]o( k Iaooe]o an]i ah]o iaoi]o j] _kj`ek `a na) lnaoajp]jpao `] fqope] lnkiape`] lahk ?neopk%* Iehaj]neop] lknmqa ]lke]`k j] e`ae] `a mqa oq] ]k `]ne] ateopj_e] Fanqo]hi Pannaopna kq Jkr] Fanqo]hi( k Naejk `a @aqo j] Pann]( k mq]h `qn]ne] ieh ]jko `a bahe_e`]`a( ]^qj` j_e] a fqope]( ]p mqa( jk Úi `ko pailko( ?neo) pk `annkp]ooa l]n] oailna k =jpe_neopk a dkqraooa k Fqvk Bej]h( _ki ] _kj`aj]k `ko i]qo a ] ajpn]`] `ko ^kjo a fqopko j] Fanqo]hi ?ahaopa( apanj]* =k hqp]nai lkhepe_]iajpa( ]o _h]ooao lklqh]nao khd]r]i l]n] k l]oo]`k $k lkjpk `a l]npe`] `ko dkiajo jk L]n]ok% a l]n] k bqpqnk $k lkjpk `a _dac]`] `ko dkiajo j] Jkr] Fanqo]hi Pannaopna%* Khd]r]i l]n] k pailk bqpqnk a jkrk $] ok_ea`]`a `ko fqopko j] Pann]%( mqa oane] ] naopepqek kq naop]qn]k `k pailk l]oo]`k knecej]h $k L]n]ok%* Lknmqa k lkjpk `a _dac]`] a k lkjpk `a l]npe`] `k ikreiajpk lkhpe_k _kej_e`e]i _ki ] ateopj_e] `] fqope] a `] bahe_e`]`a( k bqpqnk a k l]oo]`k oa aj_kjpn]r]i( ba_d]j`k k _e_hk a k _n_qhk `] ateopj_e] dqi]j]( cn]]o ]k `k lnaoajpa* Lkn eook( `aoecj]n]i ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko `a mqa an]i ko oqfaepko a ko lnkp]ckjeop]o _ki ] l]h]rn] obslir l*
6EJAßNOßCAPqTULOßßDESTAß 5NIDADEßAßEXPLICAljOß MAISßDETALHADAßß DOßMILENARISMOßEßß DOßMESSIANISMO
03,
=o behkokbe]o lkhpe_]o $.% x #!0É45,/ß x
?kil]n]j`k he^an]heoik a ikreiajpko narkhq_ekjneko Oa _kil]n]niko ko ikreiajpko narkhq_ekjneko `ko o_qhko TREE a TREEE _ki ] pakne] lkhpe_] he^an]h( jkp]naiko qi] `ebanaj] eilknp]jpa ajpna ahao* @a b]pk( ^p qblof^p if_bo^fp pbm^o^j l Bpq^al b ^ pl`fba^ab `fsfi* K lneiaenk ]l]na_a _kik ejop j_e] eilaook]h `a `kiej]k $eil a k^a`ej_e] lkn iaek `a qi ejopnqiajpk eilao) ok]h( ] hae( a lkn iaek `] bkn]( k atn_epk a ] lkh_e]%* K Aop]`k( reopk _kik nal ^he_]( ] ejo) p j_e] l ^he_] `a aop]^aha_eiajpk a ]lhe_]k `]o haeo( k c]n]jpe`kn `] kn`ai lkn iaek `k qok hac]h `] rekhj_e] l]n] lqjen pk`k _neia `aÚje`k lah]o haeo( a k n^epnk `ko _kjÛepko ok_e]eo* = ok_ea`]`a _ereh( lkn oaq pqnjk( ]l]na_a _kik qi _kjfqjpk `a nah] ao ok_e]eo `eranoe) Ú_]`]o ajpna _h]ooao a cnqlko ok_e]eo _qfko ejpanaooao a `enaepko lk`ai _kej_e`en kq klkn)oa* Jah] ateopai ]o nah] ao a_kjie_]o `a lnk`qk( `eopne^qek( ]_qiqh]k `a nemqav]o a _kjoqik `a lnk`qpko mqa _en_qh]i jk ian_]`k* L `bkqol a^ pl`fba^ab `fsfi ^ molmofba^ab mofs^a^( mqa `ebanaj_e] ej`er`qko( cnqlko a _h]ooao ok_e]eo( a l `bkqol al Bpq^al ^ d^o^kqf^ abpp^ molmofba^ab( oai _kjpq`k iao_h]n lkhpe_] a ok_ea`]`a* L `lo^ l al if_bo^ifpjl ^ afcbobk ^ b ^ afpq k`f^ bkqob Bpq^al b pl`fb* a^ab( lkeo aoo] `eop j_e] mqa hda laniepa `abaj`an ] e`ae] `a he^an`]`a a_kjie_] $kq `a ian_]`k% a `a he^an`]`a `a ]k ok_e]h `eopejp] `] ]k l ^he_] kq lkhpe_]* Kn]( ]o narkhq ao a( ok^napq`k( ] c^`b mlmri^o `]o narkhq ao klan]i at]p]iajpa _ki ] ej`eopejk ajpna Aop]`k a ok_ea`]`a( ajpna ]k lkhpe_] a nah] ao ok_e]eo* =o narkhq ao lnapaj`ai `annq^]n k lk`an ateopajpa kq k Aop]`k lknmqa k lan_a^ai _kik naolkjorah kq _ ilhe_a `]o `aoecq]h`]`ao a ejfqope]o ateopajpao j] ok_ea`]`a* @epk `a kqpn] bkni]( ^ mbo* `bm l ab fkgrpqf ^p pl`f^fp ibs^ p ^ bp mliqf`^p* Qi] narkhqk lk`a _kia]n _kik hqp] ok_e]h mqa `aoai^k_] j] hqp] lkhpe_] _kjpn] k lk`an kq lk`a _kia]n _kik hqp] lkhpe_] mqa `aoai^k_] j] hqp] lkn qi] kqpn] ok_ea`]`a* Aeo lkn mqa( ai pk`]o ]o narkhq ao ^qncqao]o( raiko oailna ]_kjpa_an k iaoik lnk) _aook6 ] ^qncqaoe] aopeiqh] ] l]npe_el]k lklqh]n lknmqa lna_eo] mqa ] ok_ea`]`a pk`] hqpa _kjpn] k lk`an ateopajpa7 _kjokhe`]`] ] iq`]j] lkhpe_]( _ki ] l]oo]cai `k lk`an `] ik) j]nmqe] nal ^he_]( ] ^qncqaoe] _kjoe`an] ] narkhqk paniej]`]7 ]o _h]ooao lklqh]nao( lkni( ] lnkooacqai( lkeo ]olen]i ]k lk`an `aik_npe_k a `aoaf]i iq`]j]o ok_e]eo7 ] ^qncqaoe] repkneko] l]oo] ajpk ] nalneien ]o _h]ooao lklqh]nao narkhq_ekjne]o( `ao]ni] k lkrk mqa ah] ln lne] ]ni]n]( lnaj`a( pknpqn] a i]p] ko _dabao lklqh]nao a aj_ann]( lah] bkn]( k lnk_aook narkhq_ekjnek( c]n]jpej`k( _ki k he^an]heoik( ] oal]n]k ajpna Aop]`k a ok_ea`]`a*
Oecjebe_]`k lkhpe_k `]o narkhq ao
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i] narkhqk( oaf] ah] ^qncqao]( oaf] lklqh]n( lkooqe qi oecjeÚ_]`k lkhpe_k `] i]eo ]hp] eilknp j_e]( lknmqa `aoraj`] ] aopnqpqn] a ] knc]jev]k `] ok_ea`]`a a `k Aop]`k* ?kik atlhe_] k Úh okbk bn]j_o ?h]q`a Habknp( ah] are`aj_e]6
] `ereok ok_e]h a lkhpe_]( j] bkni] `a qi] lkh]nev]k ajpna qi ]hpk klnaookn a qi ^]etk klneie`k7 ] lan_alk `k ]hpk lahk ^]etk `] ok_ea`]`a _kik qi lk`an mqa jk j]pqn]h jai ja_aoonek( i]o naoqhp]`k `a qi] ]k dqi]j] a mqa( _kik p]h( lk`a oan `annq^]`k a na_kjopnq`k `a kqpn] i]jaen]7 ] _kilnaajok `a mqa ko ]cajpao ok_e]eo ok oqfaepko lkhpe_ko a( _kik p]eo( `kp]`ko `a `enaepko* = _kjo_ej_e] `ko `enaepko b]v _ki mqa ko oqfaepko ok_eklkhpe_ko atef]i na_k) jda_eiajpk a c]n]jpe] `a oaqo `enaepko lah] ok_ea`]`a a lahk lk`an lkhpe_k* Aeo lkn mqa pk`]o ]o narkhq ao _qhiej]i jqi] `a_h]n]k l ^he_] _kjda_e`] _kik @a_h]n]k Qjerano]h `ko @enaepko `ko ?e`]`ko7
03-
lah] re] `] `a_h]n]k `ko `enaepko( qi] narkhqk nal a ] nah]k ajpna lk`an lkhpe_k a fqope] ok_e]h( i]o _ki qi] jkre`]`a ln lne] `k iqj`k ik`anjk( lkeo ] fqope] jk
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
`alaj`a i]eo `] Úcqn] `k >ki Ckranjk kq `k lnj_ela renpqkok( a oei `a ejopepqe ao l ^he_]o mqa o]peob]]i `ai]j`] `ko _e`]`ko ]k Aop]`k* ?]^a ]k jkrk lk`an lkhpe) _k _ne]n ejopepqe ao mqa lkoo]i o]peob]van a c]n]jpen ] hqp] narkhq_ekjne] lkn `enaepko*
=o narkhq ao ok_e]eo
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031
ki ] k^n] `a I]nt( aop]iko `e]jpa `a qi ]_kjpa_eiajpk _kil]nrah ]laj]o ]k `a I]mqe]rah* Ai^kn] oq]o pakne]o oaf]i _kilhap]iajpa `ebanajpao( lkeo naolkj`ai ] atlanej_e]o deop ne_]o a ] lnk^hai]o `ebanajpao( ]i^ko nalnaoajp]i qi] iq`]j) ] `a_eoer] jk ik`k `a _kj_a^an ] lkhpe_] a ] nah]k ajpna ok_ea`]`a a lk`an* J^nrf^sbi abpjfpqfÛ`lr ^ qblildf^ mliqf`^ b l obmr_if`^kfpjl fq^if^kl( mqa oeilhaoiajpa lnapaj`e] eiep]n cnacko a nki]jko ai rav `a _kilnaaj`an oaq ln lnek lnaoajpa* J^ou abpjfpqfÛ`lr ^ mliqf`^ if_bo^i* I]nt l]npa `] _npe_] `] a_kjkie] lkhpe_]*
= a_kjkie] lkhpe_] = atlnaook Îa_kjkie] lkhpe_]Ï _qneko]* ?ki abaepk( ] l]h]rn] b`lkljf^ rai `k cna) ck lfhlklj^( _kilkop] `a `keo rk_^qhko( lfhp a kjlp* Lfhp Î_]o]Ï kq Îb]ihe]Ï( ajpaj) `e`] _kik oeopai] `a ]he]j]o a l]najpao_k $]o_aj`ajpao( `ao_aj`ajpao( ]he]`ko( l]eo( Úhdko( l]najpao a ao_n]rko% a qje`]`a `a lnk`qk $]pere`]`ao `a ]cne_qhpqn]( l]opknaek( a`eÚ_] ao( ]npao]j]pk( pnk_]o `a ^ajo ajpna b]ihe]o kq pnk_]o `a ^ajo lkn ika`]( ap_*%* Kjlp oecjeÚ_] Înacn]Ï( Î]_kn`k _kjraj_ekj]`k ajpna oanao dqi]jko a lkn ahao naolaep]`k j]o nah] ao ok_e]eoÏ*
!DAMß3MITHß ß ECONOMISTAßEßFILvSOFOß ESCOCoS
!LBUMß!+' )MAGES,ATINSTOCK
Lfhlklj^ ( lknp]jpk( k _kjfqjpk `a jkni]o `a ]`iejeopn]k `] lnklnea`]`a l]pneikje]h kq lner]`] `enece`] lahk _daba `] b]ihe]( k abpmlq p* Reiko mqa ko cnacko ejrajp]n]i ] lkhpe_] lknmqa oal]n]n]i k aol]k lner]`k $] lf* hlklj^% a k aol]k l ^he_k `]o haeo a `k `enaepk $] mifp%* ?kik( ajpk( b]h]n ai Îa_kjkie] lkhpe_]Ï; Ko `keo paniko jk oa at_hqai na_elnk_]iajpa; Lkn mqa aoo] atlnaook l]ookq ] oan qo]`] j] ik`anje`]`a; Lknmqa( l]n] oal]n]n ok_ea`]`a _ereh a Aop]`k( ]o pakne]o lkhpe_]o he^an]eo lna_eo]n]i ]`iepen mqa ] a_kjkie] oa nabana pl`fba^ab `fsfi fkqbfo^7 mqa jk oa na`qv o ]pere`]`ao a_kjie_]o `a b]ihe]o a cnqlko b]iehe]nao oal]n]`ko `] aoban] lkhpe_]( i]o _kj_anja o ]pere`]`ao `a lnk`qk a pnk_] `a ej`er`qko _qf] ateopj_e] jk `aÚje`] lkn oq] oepq]k b]iehe]n a oei lkn oq] ejoank ok_e]h j] lnk`qk a_kjie_]* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( k panik Îlkhpe_]Ï( qo]`k lahko he^an]eo l]n] mq]heÚ_]n ] a_kjkie]( jk oa nabana p]jpk ]k Aop]`k( i]o ]k b]pk `a mqa ] ok_ea`]`a _ereh qi aol]k _khaperk bkni]`k lkn ej`er`qko eokh]`ko mqa oa nah]_ekj]i lkn iaek `]o ]pere`]`ao a_kjie_]o* @a b]pk( ] a_kjkie] lkhpe_] oqnca _kik _ej_e] jk Új]h `k o_qhk TREEE a ej_ek `k TET( j] Bn]j] a j] Ejch]pann]( l]n] _ki^]pan ]o heiep] ao mqa k =jpeck Naceia eilqjd] ]k _]lep]heoik* =o naopne ao a_kjie_]o ln lne]o `] ok_ea`]`a baq`]h a k _kjpnkha `] ]pere`]`a ian_]jpeh lahk Aop]`k ikjnmqe_k an]i reopko _kik lnafq`e_e]eo ]k `aoajrkhreiajpk `] Înemqav] `]o j] aoÏ* >]oa]j`k)oa jko iaoiko lnej_leko `k he^an]heoik lkhpe_k $] lnklnea) `]`a lner]`] _kik `enaepk j]pqn]h( ] he^an`]`a _kik `enaepk j]pqn]h( ] heiep]k `] aoban] `k lk`an aop]p]h%( ] a_kjkie] lkhpe_] ah]^kn]`] _kik he^an]heoik a_kjie_k* @ebanajpaiajpa `ko cnacko( mqa `aÚjen]i k dkiai _kik Î]jei]h lkhpe_kÏ( a `ebanaj) paiajpa `ko ia`ear]eo( mqa `aÚjen]i k dkiai _kik Îoan ok_erahÏ( ] a_kjkie] lkhpe_] `aÚja k dkiai _kik Îej`er`qk mqa ^qo_] ] o]peob]k `a oq]o ja_aooe`]`ao( _kjoqiej`k k mqa ] j]pqnav] hda kbana_a kq pn]^]hd]j`k l]n] k^pan nemqav]o a ^ai)aop]nÏ* Lkn oan ] re`] ai _kiqi i]eo r]jp]fko] ]ko ej`er`qko( aopao m^`qr^j l]n] _ne]n ] ok_ea`]`a a k Aop]`k* =o e`ae]o `a Aop]`k( `a j]pqnav] a `a `enaepk j]pqn]h _kj`qven]i ] `q]o jk ao aooaj) _e]eo a_kjkie] lkhpe_]6 ] lneiaen] ] jkk `a kn`ai j]pqn]h n]_ekj]h( mqa c]n]jpa ] pk`ko ko ej`er`qko ] o]peob]k `a oq]o ja_aooe`]`ao a `a oaq ^ai)aop]n7 ] oacqj`] ] jkk `a mqa( oaf] lkn ^kj`]`a j]pqn]h( oaf] lkn ackoik( ko dkiajo ]cai ai oaq ln lnek ^ajab_ek a ejpanaooa a( ]ooei b]vaj`k( _kjpne^qai l]n] k ^ai _khaperk kq ok_e]h* = lnklnea`]`a lner]) `] j]pqn]h a peh ok_e]hiajpa( ]hi `a hacpei] ikn]hiajpa( lknmqa aopeiqh] k pn]^]hdk a _ki^]pa k r_ek `] lnacqe]* = a_kjkie] lkhpe_] ^qo_]n ]o haeo `ko bajiajko a_kjie_ko j] j]pqnav] dqi]j] a ko abaepko `]o _]qo]o a_kjie_]o ok^na ] re`] ok_e]h* Reopk mqa ] kn`ai j]pqn]h n]_ekj]h a mqa ko oanao dqi]jko lkooqai he^an`]`a j]pqn]h( ] a_kjkie] lkhpe_] `aran c]n]jpen mqa ] n]_ekj]) he`]`a j]pqn]h a ] he^an`]`a dqi]j] oa na]hevai lkn oe iaoi]o( oai ajpn]rao a oai heiepao* L]n] ]hcqjo a_kjkieop]o lkhpe_ko `k o_qhk TET( _kik =`]i Oiepd( ] _kj_knnj_e] $kq hae a_kjie_] `] kbanp] a `] lnk_qn]% naolkjorah lah] nemqav] ok_e]h a lah] d]nikje] aj) pna ejpanaooa lner]`k a ejpanaooa _khaperk* L]n] kqpnko( _kik @]re` Ne_]n`k( ]o haeo a_kjie) _]o narah]i ]jp]ckjeoiko ajpna ko rneko ejpanaooao `ko cnqlko ok_e]eo* =ooei( lkn atailhk( ] `ebanaj] ajpna k lnak `]o ian_]`kne]o a ko o]hneko ej`e_] qi] klkoek `a ejpanaooao j] ok_ea`]`a( `a ik`k mqa ] _kj_knnj_e] atlneia aooao _kjÛepko ok_e]eo* Ai ]i^ko ko _]oko( lkni( ] a_kjkie] oa na]hev] _kik ok_ea`]`a _ereh _]l]v `a oa ]qpknnacqh]n( oai mqa k Aop]`k `ar] ejpanbanen j] oq] he^an`]`a* Raiko( ]ooei( mqa ai^kn] k he^an]heoik lkhpe_k pajd] oe`k bkniqh]`k ]jpao `k he^an]heoik a_kjie_k( `k lkjpk `a reop] h ce_k $a jk _nkjk) h ce_k%( k he^an]heoik a_kjie_k mqa ` ko bqj`]iajpko l]n] k he^an]heoik lkhpe_k* Aopa qi] atlnaook `]mqaha*
!LBUMß!+' )MAGES,ATINSTOCK
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
$AVIDß2ICARDOß ß ECONOMISTAßINGLoS
= _npe_] `] a_kjkie] lkhpe_] = _npe_] `] a_kjkie] lkhpe_] _kjoeopa( fqop]iajpa( ai ikopn]n mqa( ]lao]n `]o ]Úni]) ao cna_k)nki]j]o a he^an]eo `a oal]n]k ajpna ] aoban] lner]`] `] lnklnea`]`a a ] aoban]
032
= lkhpe_] _kjpn] ] oanre`k rkhqjpne] x #!0É45,/ß x
033
l ^he_] `k lk`an( ] lkhpe_] f]i]eo _kjoacqeq na]hev]n ] `ebanaj] ajpna ]i^]o* Jai lk`ane]* K lk`an lkhpe_k oailna bke ] i]jaen] hac]h a fqn`e_] lah] mq]h ] _h]ooa a_kjkie_]iajpa `kie) j]jpa `a qi] ok_ea`]`a i]jpara oaq `kijek ok^na ]o kqpn]o _h]ooao ok_e]eo* = mifp( ] `fsfq^p( k Aop]`k jqj_] lq`an]i oal]n]n k lk`an lner]`k `ko a_kjkie_]iajpa `kiej]jpao a k lk`an l ^he_k kq lkhpe_k* K ]l]n]pk hac]h a fqn`e_k ]laj]o `eooeiqh] k aooaj_e]h6 mqa k lk`an lkhpe) _k ateopa _kik lk`anek `ko a_kjkie_]iajpa lk`ankoko( l]n] oanren oaqo ejpanaooao a lnereh) ceko a c]n]jpen)hdao ] `kiej]k ok_e]h* @ere`e`]o ajpna lnklneapneko a jk lnklneapneko $pn]) ^]hd]`knao hernao lk^nao( ao_n]rko( oanrko%( ]o ok_ea`]`ao f]i]eo bkn]i _kiqje`]`ao `a ecq]eo a f]i]eo laniepen]i mqa k lk`an lkhpe_k bkooa _kil]npehd]`k _ki ko jk lnklneapneko* I]nt ej`]c]6 k mqa ] ok_ea`]`a _ereh `a mqa b]h]i ko a_kjkieop]o a pa ne_ko lkhpe_ko he^an]eo; A naolkj`a6 jk ] i]jebaop]k `a qi] kn`ai j]pqn]h n]_ekj]h jai k ]chkia) n]`k _kjÛep]jpa `a ej`er`qko( b]ihe]o( cnqlko a _knlkn] ao( _qfko ejpanaooao ]jp]cje_ko oank _kj_ehe]`ko lahk _kjpn]pk ok_e]h( lkn iaek `k mq]h oane] ejopepq`] ] ]k nacqh]`kn] a kn`aj]`kn] `k Aop]`k _kik atlnaook `k ejpanaooa a `] rkjp]`a can]eo* Jk _]lep]heoik( ] ok_ea`]`a _ereh( bqj`]`] j] oal]n]k ajpna ] lnklnea`]`a lner]`] `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk a k pn]^]hdk( k oeopai] `a nah] ao ok_e]eo mqa knc]jev] ] lnk`qk a_kjie_] $]cne_qhpqn]( ej` opne] a _kin_ek%( na]hev]j`k)oa lkn iaek `a ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo aj_]nnac]`]o `a nalnk) `qve)hk $b]ihe]( ecnaf]o( ao_kh]o( lkh_e]( l]npe`ko lkhpe_ko( iaeko `a _kiqje_]k( ap_*%* k aol]k jk mq]h ]o nah] ao ok_e]eo a oq]o bkni]o a_kjie_]o a ejopepq_ekj]eo ok lajo]`]o( ejpanlnap]`]o a nalnaoajp]`]o lkn qi _kjfqjpk `a e`ae]o ikn]eo( naheceko]o( fqn`e_]o( la`]) c ce_]o( ]npope_]o( _eajpÚ_k)Úhko Ú_]o a lkhpe_]o* = ok_ea`]`a _ereh k lnk_aook `a _kjopepqek a nalkoek `]o _kj`e ao i]pane]eo `] lnk`qk a_kjie_] lah]o mq]eo ok ajcaj`n]`]o ]o _h]ooao ok_e]eo6 ko lnklneapneko lner]) `ko `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk a ko pn]^]hd]`knao kq jk lnklneapneko( mqa raj`ai oq] bkn] `a pn]^]hdk _kik ian_]`kne] oq^iape`] hae `] kbanp] a `] lnk_qn] jk ian_]`k `a ik `a k^n]* Aoo]o _h]ooao ok_e]eo ok ]jp]cje_]o a oaqo _kjÛepko narah]i qi] _kjpn]`ek lnk) bqj`] ajpna ko ejpanaooao enna_kj_eheraeo `a _]`] qi] `ah]o( eopk ( ] ok_ea`]`a _ereh jk qi ]chkian]`k `a ej`er`qko a oei qi] afsfpl pl`f^i ab `i^ppbp a oa na]hev] _kik irq^ ab `i^ppbp* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( k mqa ko pa ne_ko `k fqoj]pqn]heoik _d]i]r]i `a aop]`k `a j]) pqnav] jk oajk ] ok_ea`]`a _ereh( a l]n] oanren ]ko ejpanaooao `a qi] `]o _h]ooao ok_e]eo mqa k Aop]`k ejopepq`k* Oai ` re`]( ko he^an]eo aopk _anpko mq]j`k ]Úni]i mqa ] ok_ea`]`a _ereh( lkn oan aoba) n] a_kjie_]( ] aoban] `ko ejpanaooao lner]`ko( lkeo at]p]iajpa eook k mqa ah] * > pl`fb* a^ab `fsfi ^ b`lkljf^ ab jbo`^al `^mfq^ifpq^* K mqa ( lkni( k Aop]`k; Hkjca `a `ebanaj_e]n)oa `] ok_ea`]`a _ereh a `a oal]n]n)oa `ah]( hkjca `a oan ] atlnaook `] rkjp]`a can]h a `k ejpanaooa can]h( k Aop]`k ] atlnaook hac]h $fqn`e_] a lkhe_e]h% `ko ejpanaooao `a qi] _h]ooa ok_e]h l]npe_qh]n( ] _h]ooa `ko lnklneapneko lner]`ko `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk kq _h]ooa `kiej]jpa* A k Aop]`k jk qi] eilkoek `erej] ]ko dkiajo jai k naoqhp]`k `a qi l]_pk kq _kjpn]pk ok_e]h( i]o ] i]jaen] lah] mq]h ] _h]ooa `kiej]jpa `a qi] lk_] a `a qi] ok_ea`]`a `apaniej]`]o c]n]jpa oaqo ejpanaooao a oq] `kiej]k ok^na k pk`k ok_e]h* K Aop]`k ] atlnaook lkhpe_] `] hqp] a_kjie_k)ok_e]h `]o _h]ooao( ]iknpa_e`] lahk ]l]n]pk `] loabj $fqn`e_]% a `] clo ^ m _if`^ $lkhe_e]h a iehep]n%* Jk ( i]o ^m^ob`b _kik qi lk`an l ^he_k `eop]jpa a oal]n]`k `] ok_ea`]`a _ereh* Jk lkn ]_]ok( k he^an]heoik `aÚja k Aop]`k _kik c]n]jpe`kn `k `enaepk `a lnklnea`]`a lner]`] a( jk lkn ]_]ok( na`qv ] _e`]`]) je] ]ko `enaepko `ko lnklneapneko lner]`ko $reiko mqa ] ]ilhe]k `] _e`]`]je] bke bnqpk `a hqp]o lklqh]nao _kjpn] ]o e`ae]o a lnpe_]o he^an]eo%* = a_kjkie]( lknp]jpk( g^j^fp `aetkq `a oan lkhpe_]* Oeilhaoiajpa( jk _]lep]heoik( k rj_qhk ejpanjk a ja_aoonek ajpna a_kjkie] a lkhpe_] pknjkq)oa are`ajpa* Jk ajp]jpk( oa lancqjp]niko o laook]o mqa rerai jk Aop]`k he^an]h _]lep]heop] oa( l]n] ah]o( are`ajpa p]h rj_qhk( _anp]iajpa `enk mqa jk* Lkn mqa k rj_qhk ejpanjk ajpna k lk) `an a_kjie_k a k lk`an lkhpe_k lani]ja_a ejreorah ]ko khdko `] i]ekne];
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
L]n] naolkj`an ] aoo] mqaopk( I]nt b]v `q]o kqpn]o ej`]c] ao6 -*
?kik oqnceq k Aop]`k; Eopk ( _kik ko dkiajo l]oo]n]i `] oq^ieook ]k lk`an laook]h reorah `a qi oajdkn k^a`ej_e] ]k lk`an eilaook]h ejreorah `a qi Aop]`k;
.*
Lkn mqa k rj_qhk ajpna k lk`an a_kjie_k a k lk`an lkhpe_k jk lan_a^e`k lah] ok) _ea`]`a a( ok^napq`k( lkn mqa jk lan_a^e`k lahko mqa jk pi lk`an a_kjie_k jai lkhpe_k;
=_kil]jdaiko k lan_qnok `k lajo]iajpk `a I]nt l]n] _kilnaaj`aniko ] i]jaen] _kik naolkj`an ] aoo]o `q]o mqaop ao*
=jpa_a`ajpao `] pakne] i]nteop]
=
jpao `a at]iej]niko ]o naolkop]o `a I]nt ] aoo]o ej`]c] ao( `araiko hai^n]n qi _kjfqjpk `a e`ae]o a `a b]pko ateopajpao mq]j`k aha eje_ekq oaq pn]^]hdk pa ne_k* @k lkjpk `a reop] `ko b]pko( aop]iko j] an] `k `aoajrkhreiajpk `k _]lep]heoik ej`qo) pne]h( _ki ] ]ilhe]k `] _]l]_e`]`a pa_jkh ce_] `a `kijek `] j]pqnav] lahk pn]^]hdk a lah] p_je_]* Aoo] ]ilhe]k ]qiajp] p]i^i k _]ilk `a ]k `k _]lep]h( mqa l]oo] ] ]^) oknran _kjpejcajpao _]`] rav i]eknao `a laook]o jk ian_]`k `] ik `a k^n] a `k _kjoqik( nqi]j`k l]n] k ian_]`k _]lep]heop] iqj`e]h* = ^qncqaoe] oa knc]jev] lkn iaek `k Aop]`k he^an]h( ajmq]jpk ko pn]^]hd]`knao ej`qo) pne]eo kq lnkhapneko oa knc]jev]i ai ]ook_e] ao lnkÚooekj]eo a oej`e_]pko l]n] ]o hqp]o a_kjie_]o $o]hneko( fknj]`] `a pn]^]hdk%( ok_e]eo $_kj`e ao `a re`]% a lkhpe_]o $naerej`e_]) k `a _e`]`]je]%* Cnarao( narkhp]o a narkhq ao a_hk`ai ai pk`] l]npa( ]o i]eo eilknp]jpao rej`k ] k_knnan j] Bn]j] ai -4/,( -404 a -43-* Jk >n]oeh( ai -414( a_hk`a ] lneiaen] cnara `ko pn]^]hd]`knao qn^]jko a( ai -434( ] lneiaen] cnara `ko pn]^]hd]`knao `k _]ilk( ai =il]nk $aop]`k `a Ok L]qhk%* Oeiqhp]ja]iajpa( _kjokhe`])oa $ai ]hcqjo l]oao% kq eje_e])oa $ai kqpnko% k Aop]`k j]) _ekj]h qjeÚ_]`k a _ajpn]hev]`k( `aÚje`k lah] qje`]`a pannepkne]h a lah] e`ajpe`]`a `a hjcq]( nahecek( n]] a _kopqiao* K _]lep]h lna_eo] `a oqlknpao pannepkne]eo a lkn eook har] _kjo) pepqek `]o j] ao( bkn]j`k( lah]o cqann]o a lahk `enaepk ejpanj]_ekj]h( ] `aheiep]k a ] c]n]jpe] `a bnkjpaen]o a( lahk ]l]n]pk fqn`e_k( lkhe_e]h a ao_kh]n( ] qje`]`a `a hjcq]( nahecek a _kopqiao* Ai oqi]( ejrajp])oa ] lpne] kq j]k j] bkni] `a Aop]`k j]_ekj]h* ?kik oa k^oanr]( ^ k^ l kl k^qro^i kbj bufpqb abpab pbjmob) j^p clf fksbkq^a^ mbil `^mfq^ifpjl kl p`ril UFU* @k lkjpk `a reop] `]o e`ae]o( ]hi `]o pakne]o he^an]eo a ok_e]heop]o a `] a_kjkie] lkhpe) _]( Dacah lnkl a qi] ÚhkokÚ] lkhpe_]( ] ÚhkokÚ] `k `enaepk* Dacah atlhe_] ] cjaoa `k Aop]`k ik`anjk oai na_knnan pakne] `k `enaepk j]pqn]h a `k _kjpn]pk ok_e]h* L]n] aha( k Aop]`k oqnca _kik oqlan]k n]_ekj]h `]o heiep] ao mqa ^hkmqa]) r]i k `aoajrkhreiajpk `k aolnepk dqi]jk6 k eokh]iajpk `ko ej`er`qko j] b]ihe] a ]o hqp]o `ko ejpanaooao lner]`ko j] ok_ea`]`a _ereh* K Aop]`k ]^oknra a pn]jobkni] ] b]ihe] a ] ok_ea`]`a _ereh jqi] pkp]he`]`a n]_ekj]h( i]eo ]hp] a lanbaep]( mqa atlneia k ejpanaooa a ] rkjp]`a can]eo* Lkn eook( ] na]hev]k i]eo eilknp]jpa Í a ] hpei] Í `] n]vk j] deop ne]( qi] rav mqa oqlan] ko l]npe_qh]neoiko jqi] qje`]`a qjerano]h( mqa( lahk `enaepk( c]n]jpa ] kn`ai( ] l]v( ] ikn]he`]`a( ] he^an`]`a a ] lanbaek `k aolnepk dqi]jk* = deop ne] ] l]oo]cai `] b]ihe] ok_ea`]`a _ereh a `aop] ]k Aop]`k( pniejk `k lnk) _aook deop ne_k* Aooa lnk_aook _kj_a^e`k _kik na]hev]k `] _qhpqn]( eopk ( `] `ebanaj] a `] oal]n]k ajpna j]pqnav] a Aolnepk a _kik ]^oknk `] lneiaen] lahk oacqj`k* K lnk) _aook deop ne_k `aoajrkhreiajpk `] _kjo_ej_e]( mqa oa pknj] _]`] rav i]eo _kjo_eajpa `a oe lah]o k^n]o aolenepq]eo `] _qhpqn]( eopk ( `]o e`ae]o mqa oa i]pane]hev]i ai ejopepqe ao ok_e]eo( naheceko]o( ]npope_]o( _eajpÚ_k)Úhko Ú_]o a lkhpe_]o* K Aop]`k ] ojpaoa Új]h `] _ne]) k n]_ekj]h kq aolenepq]h( atlnaook i]eo ]hp] `] e`ae] kq `k Aolnepk*
!LBUMß!+' )MAGES,ATINSTOCK
ßNAß&RANlAßSmRIEßDEß REVOLUlzESßNAß%UROPAßß CENTRALßEßORIENTAL ßDEßß CARfTERßDEMOCRfTICO ßß LIBERALßEßSOCIALISTA ßQUEß FICOUßCONHECIDAßCOMOßß 0RIMAVERAßDOSß0OVOS (ULTON $EUTSCH#OLLECTION#ORBIS ,ATINSTOCK
ßNAß&RANlAßINSURREIljOß CONHECIDAßCOMOß#OMUNAß DEß0ARIS ßQUEßEMßßß INSTITUIUßUMAßDITADURAß PROLETfRIA ßESMAGADAßß PELASßTROPASßFRANCESASßß NOßMESMOßANO
034
= lkhpe_] _kjpn] ] oanre`k rkhqjpne] x #!0É45,/ß x
He^an]heoik lkhpe_k( he^an]heoik a_kjie_k kq a_kjkie] lkhpe_] a e`a]heoik lkhpe_k dacahe]jk bkni]i k l]jk `a bqj`k `k lajo]iajpk `a I]nt( rkhp]`k l]n] ] _kilnaajok `k _]lep]heoik a `]o hqp]o lnkhapne]o* ?kjpn] k he^an]heoik lkhpe_k( I]nt ikopn]n mqa ] lnklnea`]`a lner]`] jk qi `e) naepk j]pqn]h a k Aop]`k jk naoqhp]`k `a qi _kjpn]pk ok_e]h* ?kjpn] ] a_kjkie] lkhpe_]( ikopn]n mqa ] a_kjkie] jk atlnaook `a qi] kn`ai j]pqn]h n]_ekj]h* ?kjpn] Dacah( ikopn]n mqa k Aop]`k jk ] e`ae] kq k Aolnepk aj_]nj]`ko jk na]h a mqa ] deop ne] jk k ikreiajpk `] _kjo_ej_e] a oq]o e`ae]o*
C jaoa `] ok_ea`]`a a `k Aop]`k
=
Úni]iko ]jpanekniajpa mqa I]nt ej`]c] _kik ko dkiajo l]oo]n]i `] oq^ieook ]k lk`an laook]h `a qi oajdkn k^a`ej_e] `k lk`an eilaook]h `k Aop]`k* L]n] nao) lkj`an ] aoo] ej`]c]k( lna_eok `aoraj`]n ] cjaoa `k Aop]`k*
Ko ik`ko `a lnk`qk
035
Ko oanao dqi]jko( ao_narai I]nt a Ajcaho( `eopejcqai)oa `ko ]jei]eo jk lknmqa oa) f]i `kp]`ko `a _kjo_ej_e] $]jei]eo n]_ekj]eo%( jai lknmqa oaf]i j]pqn]hiajpa ok_eraeo a lkhpe_ko $]jei]eo lkhpe_ko%( i]o lknmqa ok _]l]vao `a molarwfo ]o _kj`e ao `a oq] ateo) pj_e] i]pane]h a ejpaha_pq]h* Ko oanao dqi]jko ok lnk`qpknao6 ok l nrb lnk`qvai a ok `ljl lnk`qvai* = lnk`qk `]o _kj`e ao i]pane]eo a ejpaha_pq]eo `] ateopj_e] jk ao) _khde`] hernaiajpa lahko oanao dqi]jko( i]o aop `]`] k^faper]iajpa( ej`alaj`ajpaiajpa `a jkoo] rkjp]`a* Aeo lkn mqa I]nt `ev mqa ko dkiajo b]vai oq] ln lne] deop ne]( i]o jk ] b]vai ai _kj`e ao ao_khde`]o lkn ahao* Ok deopkne_]iajpa `apaniej]`ko lah]o _kj`e) ao ai mqa lnk`qvai oq] re`]* = lnk`qk i]pane]h a ejpaha_pq]h `] ateopj_e] dqi]j] `alaj`a `a _kj`e ao j]pqn]eo $]o `k iaek ]i^eajpa a ]o ^ekh ce_]o `] aol_ea dqi]j]% a `] lnk_ne]k* Aop] jk ]laj]o qi `]`k ^ekh ce_k $] `ebanaj] oatq]h ja_aoone] l]n] ] nalnk`qk%( i]o f ok_e]h( lkeo `a_knna `] i]jaen] _kik oa ` k ejpan_ i^ek a ] _kklan]k ajpna ko dqi]jko a `k ik`k _kik oei^khev]`] loe_kh ce_] a _qhpqn]hiajpa ] `ebanaj] `ko oatko* Lkn oaq pqnjk( ] i]jaen] _kik ko dqi]jko ejpanlnap]i a na]hev]i ] `ebanaj] oatq]h `apaniej] k ik`k _kik b]nk ] `ere) ok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk( `eopejcqej`k pn]^]hdko i]o_qhejko( baiejejko( ejb]jpeo a `ko e`koko* = lnk`qk a ] nalnk`qk `]o _kj`e ao `a ateopj_e] oa na]hev]i( lknp]jpk( lkn iaek `k pn]^]hdk $nah]k _ki ] j]pqnav]%( `] `ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk $ejpan_ i^ek a _kkla) n]k%( `] lnk_ne]k $oatq]he`]`a a ejopepqek `] b]ihe]% a `k ik`k `a ]lnklne]k `] j]pqnav] $] lnklnea`]`a%* Aooa _kjfqjpk `a _kj`e ao bkni]( ai _]`] lk_]( ] ok_ea`]`a a k oeopai] `]o bkni]o lnk`qper]o mqa ] nacqh]i( oacqj`k ] `ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk* Aoo] `ereok( mqa _kia] j] b]ihe]( _ki ] `ebanaj] oatq]h `]o p]nab]o( lnkooacqa j] `eo) pejk ajpna ]cne_qhpqn] a l]opknaek( ajpna ]i^]o a k _kin_ek( _kj`qvej`k oal]n]k ajpna k _]ilk a ] _e`]`a* Ai _]`] qi] `]o `eopej ao klan]i jkr]o `ereo ao ok_e]eo `k pn]^]hdk* = `ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk jk qi] oeilhao `ereok `a p]nab]o( i]o ] i]jebaop]k `] ateo) pj_e] `] lnklnea`]`a( kq oaf]( ] oal]n]k ajpna ] lnklnea`]`a( mqa ] lkooa `]o _kj`e ao a `ko ejopnqiajpko `k pn]^]hdk( a k ln lnek pn]^]hdk( ej_e`ej`k( ] oacqen( ok^na ] bkni] `a `eopne) ^qek `ko lnk`qpko `k pn]^]hdk* = lnklnea`]`a ejpnk`qv ] ateopj_e] `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk $_kj`e ao a ejopnqiajpko `a pn]^]hdk% _kik ]hck `ebanajpa `]o bkn]o lnk`qper]o $pn]^]hdk%* =j]heo]j`k ]o `ebanajpao bkni]o `a lnklnea`]`a( ]o `ebanajpao bkni]o `a nah]k ajpna iaeko `a lnk`qk a bkn]o lnk`qper]o( ]o `ebanajpao bkni]o `a `ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk `a_knnajpao `]o bkni]o `a lnklnea`]`a a `]o nah] ao ajpna ko iaeko `a lnk`qk a ]o bkn]o lnk`qper]o( lkoorah lan_a^an ] oamqj_e] `k lnk_aook deop ne_k a ]o `ebanajpao ik`]he`]) `ao `a ok_ea`]`a*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
= lnklnea`]`a _kia] _kik molmofba^ab qof_^i a ] ok_ea`]`a pai ] bkni] `a qi] _k) iqje`]`a ^]oa]`] j] b]ihe] $] _kiqje`]`a reop] _kik ] b]ihe] ]ilhe]`] mq]h lanpaj) _ai pk`ko ko iai^nko `k cnqlk%* Jah] lnar]ha_a ] dean]nmqe] `aÚje`] lkn p]nab]o( bqj ao( lk`anao a _kjoqik* Aoo] bkni] `] lnklnea`]`a oa pn]jobkni] jqi] kqpn]( ] molmofba^ab bpq^q^i( kq oaf]( lnklnea`]`a `k Aop]`k( _qfk `enecajpa `apaniej] k ik`k `a nah] ao `ko oqfaepko _ki ah]6 ai _anpko _]oko $_kik j] æj`e]( j] ?dej]( j] Lnoe]%( k Aop]`k k lnklnea) pnek je_k a laniepa ]o ]pere`]`ao a_kjie_]o ia`e]jpa l]c]iajpk `a pne^qpko( eilkopko a p]t]o7 ai kqpnko $Cn_e]( Nki]%( k Aop]`k _a`a( ia`e]jpa _anp]o nacn]o( ] lnklnea`]`a o cn]j`ao b]ihe]o( mqa oa pknj]i lnklneapne]o lner]`]o* = ok_ea`]`a oa `ere`a( ]ckn]( ajpna oajdknao a ao_n]rko* Jko cn]j`ao eilneko kneajp]eo( ko oajdknao oa k_ql]i `] cqann] a `] nahecek7 j] Cn_e] a ai Nki]( pknj]i)oa _e`]`ko a k_ql]i)oa `] lkhpe_]( ]hi `a lkooqnai lnerehceko iehep]nao a nahecekoko7 rerai j]o _e) `]`ao a ai hqp] lani]jajpa ajpna ko mqa lani]ja_an]i jk _]ilk( ^ai _kik _ki ko dk) iajo hernao mqa pn]^]hd]i j]o ]pere`]`ao qn^]j]o $]npao]j]pk a _kin_ek% a _ki ko ao_n]rko $`k _]ilk a `] _e`]`a%* = pan_aen] bkni] `a lnklnea`]`a ] cbra^i( ]lnaoajp]j`k)oa _kik lnklnea`]`a lner]`] `] pann] lahko oajdknao a lnklnea`]`a `ko ejopnqiajpko `a pn]^]hdk lahko ]npaoko hernao( iai^nko `]o _knlkn] ao `ko ^qncko* = pann] pn]^]hd]`] lkn oanrko `] cha^] a ] ok_ea`]) `a oa aopnqpqn] lah] `ereok ajpna jk^nav] bqj`ene] a oanrko $jk _]ilk% a ]npaoko hernao a ]lnaj`evao $j] _e`]`a%* Ajpna ahao oqnca qi] Úcqn] ejpania`ene]6 k _kian_e]jpa* =o hqp]o ajpna _kian_e]jpao a jk^nao( k `aoajrkhreiajpk `ko ^qncko( `k ]npao]j]pk a `] ]pere`]`a _kian_e]h _kj`qvai iq`]j] mqa _kjda_aiko6 ] molmofba^ab mofs^a^ `^mfq^ifpq^* Aoo] jkr] bkni] `a lnklnea`]`a lkooqe `^o^`qbopqf`^p fkafq^p a qi] ran`]`aen] na) rkhqk a_kjie_]( lknmqa ob^ifw^ ^ pbm^o^ l fkqbdo^i bkqob molmofbqoflp alp jbflp ab molar l b clo ^p molarqfs^p( eopk ( ajpna ]o _kj`e ao a ko ejopnqiajpko `a pn]^]hdk a k ln lnek pn]^]hdk* Ko lnklneapneko lner]`ko lkooqai iaeko( _kj`e ao a ejopnqiajpko `k pn]^]hdk( lkooqai k _kjpnkha `] `eopne^qek a `k _kjoqik `ko lnk`qpko* Jk kqpnk lkhk ok_e]h aj_kjpn]i)oa ko pn]^]hd]`knao _kik i]oo] `a ]oo]h]ne]`ko ejpaen]iajpa atlnklne]) `] `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk( lkooqej`k ]laj]o ] bkn] `k pn]^]hdk( _khk_]`] `eolkoek `ko lnklneapneko `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk( jk ian_]`k `a _kiln] a raj`] `] ik `a k^n]* Aoo]o `ebanajpao bkni]o `] lnklnea`]`a `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk a `]o nah] ao _ki ]o bkn]o lnk`qper]o kq `a `apaniej] ao ok_e]eo `a_knnajpao `] `ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk _kjopepqai ko jlalp ab molar l*
K i]pane]heoik deopne_k I]nt a Ajcaho k^oanr]n]i mqa( ] _]`] ik`k `a lnk`qk( ] _kjo_ej_e] `ko oanao dq) i]jko oa pn]jobkni]* @ao_k^nen]i mqa aoo]o pn]jobkni] ao _kjopepqai ] i]jaen] _kik( ai _]`] lk_]( ] _kjo_ej_e] ejpanlnap]( _kilnaaj`a a nalnaoajp] l]n] oe iaoi] k mqa oa l]oo] j]o _kj`e ao i]pane]eo `a lnk`qk a nalnk`qk `] ateopj_e]* Lkn aooa ikperk( I]nt a Ajcaho ]Úni]n]i mqa( ]k _kjpnnek `k mqa oa lajo]( jk ok ]o e`ae]o dqi]j]o mqa ikrai ] deop ne]( i]o ok ]o _kj`e ao deop ne_]o mqa lnk`qvai ]o e`ae]o* J] k^n] @lkqof_rf l `oqf`^ a^ b`lkljf^ mliqf`^( I]nt ao_nara6 L `lkgrkql a^p obi^ bp ab molar l %nrb `loobpmlkab ^l do^r ab abpbkslisfjbkql a^p clo ^p molarqfs^p j^qbof^fp& `lkpqfqrf ^ bpqorqro^ b`lkjf`^ a^ pl`fba^ab) ^ _^pb `lk`obq^ pl_ob ^ nr^i pb bibs^ rj^ prmbobpqorqro^ groaf`^ b mliqf`^ b nr^i `loobpmlk* abj abqbojfk^a^p cloj^p ab `lkp`f k`f^ pl`f^i+ L jlal ab obmolar l ab sfa^ j^qb* of^i abqbojfk^ l abpbkslisfjbkql a^ sfa^ pl`f^i) mliqf`^ b fkqbib`qr^i bj dbo^i+ Kl ^ `lkp`f k`f^ alp eljbkp nrb abqbojfk^ l pbr pbo8 l pbr pbo pl`f^i nrb) fksbop^jbkqb) abqbojfk^ pr^ `lkp`f k`f^+ lkn ]Úni]n mqa ] ok_ea`]`a oa _kjopepqe ] l]npen `a _kj`e ao i]pane]eo `a lnk`qk a `] `ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk mqa ]o iq`]j]o deop ne_]o ok `apaniej]`]o lah]o ik`eÚ)
04,
= lkhpe_] _kjpn] ] oanre`k rkhqjpne] x #!0É45,/ß x MATERIALISMOßAßNOljOßDEß MATERIALISMOßSURGE ßPELAß PRIMEIRAßVEZ ßNAßFILOSOFIAß GREGAß!SßESCOLASßFILOSv FICASßESTOICAßEßEPICURISTAß AFIRMARAM ßCONTRAß0LATjO ß !RISTvTELESßEßNEOPLATxNI COS ßQUEßSvßEXISTEMßCORPOSß OUßAßMATmRIAß/SßEPICURIS TAS ßRETOMANDOßIDEIASßDOSß PRm SOCRfTICOSßATOMISTASß ,EUCIPOßEß$EMvCRITO ß AFIRMARAMßQUEßOßESPqRITOß ERAßfTOMOßMATERIALßSUTILßEß DIfFANOß.OSßSmCULOSß86))ß Eß86))) ßREAGINDOßCONTRAß OßESPIRITUALISMOßCRISTjO ß MUITOSßFILvSOFOSßSEßDISSE RAMßMATERIALISTAS ßQUE RENDOßCOMßISSOßDIZERßQUEß SvßEXISTEßAßNATUREZAßEßQUEß ESTAßmßMATmRIAßfTOMOS ß MOVIMENTO ßMASSA ßFIGU RA ßETC ß#OMOßVIVEMOSß EMßSOCIEDADESßCRISTjSß MESMOßQUEßHAJAßOUTRASß RELIGIzESßMINORITfRIAS ßOß MATERIALISMOßSEMPREßFOIß CONSIDERADOßBLASFoMIAß EßHERESIAßPORQUEßNEGAßAß EXISToNCIAßDEßPUROSßESPq RITOS ßAßIMORTALIDADEßDAß ALMAßEßAßSEPARAljOßENTREß $EUSßEßNATUREZAß/ßSENSOß COMUMßSOCIAL ßABSORVEN DOßAßCRqTICAßESPIRITUALISTA ß FALAßEMß±MATERIALISMO²ß PARAßREFERIR SEßAßPESSOASß QUEßSvßACREDITAMßNESTAß VIDAßTERRENA ßEGOqSTASßEß AMBICIOSAS ßSEMßPREO CUPAljOßCOMßAßSALVAljOß ETERNAßEßCOMßOßBEMßEßAß SALVAljOßDOßPRvXIMOß/ß ±MATERIALISTA²ßmßOßQUEß GOSTAßDEßPRAZERES ßRIQUE ZASßEßLUXOßRIGOROSAMENTE ß PORTANTO ßDEVER SE IAßDIZERß QUEßOSßBURGUESESßSjOß ±MATERIALISTAS² ßEMBORAßSEß DIGAMßCRISTjOSßESPIRITUA LISTAS ß1UANDOß-ARXßFALAß EMß±MATERIALISMO² ßAßMA TmRIAßgßQUALßSEßREFEREßNjOß SjOßOSßCORPOSßFqSICOS ßOSß fTOMOS ßOSßSERESßNATURAIS ß EßSIMßASßRELAlzESßSOCIAISßß DEßPRODUljOßECONxMICAßß 3EUßMATERIALISMOßVISAß OPOR SEßAOßIDEALISMOßß ESPIRITUALISTAßHEGELIANO ß PARAßOßQUALßAßFORlAßQUEß MOVEßAßHISTvRIAßmßAßIDEIA ßß OßESPqRITO ßAßCONSCIoNCIA
04-
_] ao j]mqah]o _kj`e ao i]pane]eo a j]mqah] `ereok `k pn]^]hdk7 a( ]ej`]( lkn ]Úni]n mqa ] _kjo_ej_e] dqi]j] `apaniej]`] ] lajo]n ]o e`ae]o mqa lajo] lkn _]qo] `]o _kj`e ao i]pane]eo ejopepq`]o lah] ok_ea`]`a mqa k lajo]iajpk `a I]nt a Ajcaho _d]i]`k `a i]) pane]heoik deopne_k* J^qbof^ifpjl lknmqa okiko k mqa ]o `lkaf bp j^qbof^fp $]o nah] ao ok_e]eo `a lnk`q) k% jko `apaniej]i ] oan a ] lajo]n* Efpqof`l lknmqa ] ok_ea`]`a a ] lkhpe_] jk oqncai `a `a_napko `erejko jai j]o_ai `] kn`ai j]pqn]h( i]o `alaj`ai a^ ^ l `lk`obq^ alp pbobp erj^klp kl qbjml* = deop ne] jk qi lnkcnaook heja]n a _kjpjqk( qi] oamqj_e] `a _]qo]o a abaepko( i]o rj mol`bppl ab qo^kpcloj^ bp pl`f^fp abqbojfk^a^p mbi^p `lkqo^af bp bkqob lp jbflp ab molar l $] bkni] `] lnklnea`]`a% b ^p clo ^p molarqfs^p $k pn]^]hdk( oaqo ejopnqiajpko( ]o p_je_]o%* = hqp] `a _h]ooao atlneia p]eo _kjpn]`e ao a k ikpkn `] deop ne]* Lkn ]Úni]n mqa k lnk_aook deop ne_k ikre`k lkn _kjpn]`e ao ok_e]eo( k i]pane]heoik deop ne_k `e]h pe_k*
= c jaoa `k Aop]`k =o nah] ao ok_e]eo `a lnk`qk jk ok naolkjoraeo ]laj]o lah] cjaoa `] ok_ea`]`a( i]o p]i^i lah] `k Aop]`k( mqa I]nt `aoecj] _kik oqlanaopnqpqn] fqn`e_] a lkhpe_]( _knnaolkj`ajpa aopnqpqn] a_kjie_] `] ok_ea`]`a* Mq]h ] cjaoa `k Aop]`k; ?kjÛepko ajpna lnklneapneko lner]`ko `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk a _kjpn]`e ao ajpna ahao a ko jk lnklneapneko $ao_n]rko( oanrko( pn]^]hd]`knao hernao%* Ko _kjÛepko ajpna lnklneapneko a ]o _kjpn]`e ao ajpna lnklneapneko a jk lnklneapneko ^m^* ob`bj l]n] ] _kjo_ej_e] ok_e]h j] bkni] `a _kjÛepko a _kjpn]`e ao ajpna ejpanaooao l]npe) _qh]nao a ejpanaooa can]h* >m^ob`bj `aoo] i]jaen]( i]o kl pl ob^ijbkqb k mqa ]l]najp]i* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( kj`a d lnklnea`]`a lner]`]( d ejpanaooa lner]`k a jk lk`a d]ran ejpanaooa _khaperk kq can]h* Ko lnklneapneko `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk lk`ai pan ejpanaooao _kiqjo( lkeo ja_aooe) p]i `k ejpan_ i^ek a `] _kklan]k l]n] i]jpan a b]van _nao_an ] lnklnea`]`a `a _]`] qi* =ooei( ai^kn] aopaf]i ai _kj_knnj_e] a _kilapek( lna_eo]i aop]^aha_an _anp]o nacn]o lah]o mq]eo jk oa `aopnq]i na_elnk_]iajpa( jai o oq]o lnklnea`]`ao* O]^ai p]i^i mqa jk lk`ank naokhran ]o _kjpn]`e ao _ki ko jk lnklneapneko a mqa aopao lk`ai( lkn narkhp]o a narkhq ao lklqh]nao( `aopnqen ] lnklnea`]`a lner]`]* lna_eok( lknp]jpk( mqa ko ejpanaooao _kiqjo ajpna ko lnklneapneko `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk a ] bkn] l]n] `kiej]n ko jk lnklneapneko oaf]i aop]^aha_e`ko `a i]jaen] p]h mqa l]na]i _knnapko( hacpeiko a r) he`ko l]n] pk`ko* L]n] eook( _ne]i k Aop]`k _kik lk`an oal]n]`k `] ok_ea`]`a( lknp]`kn `k `enaepk a `]o haeo( `kp]`k `a bkn] l]n] qo]n ] rekhj_e] j] nalnaook `a pq`k mq]jpk l]na] laneckok aopnqpqn] a_kjie_] ateopajpa* Jk _]ok `k lk`an `aol pe_k( ] hacepei]k baep] lah] `erejev]k `k oajdkn6 k `apajpkn `k lk`an $qi ej`er`qk( qi] b]ihe] kq qi cnqlk `a b]ihe]o% ]lnaoajp])oa _kik Úhdk `a qi dqi]jk a `a qi] `erej`]`a( eopk ( oaq j]o_eiajpk at_al_ekj]h fqopeÚ_] oaq lk`anek* Jk _]ok `k lk`an pak_npe_k( ] hacepei]k baep] lah] o]_n]hev]k `k ckranj]jpa6 k `apajpkn `k lk`an k na_a^a `enap]iajpa `a @aqo( oaj`k qi ao_khde`k `a @aqo* Jk _]ok `]o nal ^he_]o $`aik_n]_e] cnac]( k Oaj]`k a Lkrk Nki]jk%( ] hacepei]k baep] lah] ejopepqek `k `enaepk a `]o haeo( mqa `aÚjai mqai lk`a oan _e`]`k a l]npe_el]n `k ckranjk* Jko pno _]oko( ] `ereok ok_e]h ]l]na_a _kik dean]nmqe] `erej] a+kq j]pqn]h( mqa fqope) Ú_] ] at_hqok `ko jk lnklneapneko `k lk`an a ok^napq`k aop]^aha_a lnej_leko $`erejko kq j]pqn]eo% l]n] ] oq^ieook a ] k^a`ej_e]( pn]jobkni]`]o ai k^nec] ao* Jk _]ok `k Aop]`k ik`anjk( _kik reiko( ]o e`ae]o `a aop]`k `a j]pqnav]( `enaepk j]pq) n]h( _kjpn]pk ok_e]h a `enaepk _ereh bqj`]i k lk`an lkhpe_k j] rkjp]`a `ko lnklneapneko `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk( mqa oa ]lnaoajp]i _kik ej`er`qko hernao a ecq]eo mqa pn]jobanai oaqo `enaepko j]pqn]eo ]k lk`an lkhpe_k( ejopepqej`k ] ]qpkne`]`a `k Aop]`k a `]o haeo* Aeo lkn mqa k Aop]`k lna_eo] ^m^ob`bo _kik atlnaook `k ejpanaooa can]h a jk _kik oajdknek l]npe_qh]n `a ]hcqjo lk`ankoko* Ko jk lnklneapneko lk`ai na_qo]n( _kik Úvan]i
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
ej ian]o ravao j] deop ne]( k lk`an laook]h reorah `a qi oajdkn( i]o jk k b]vai mq]j`k oa pn]p] `a qi lk`an `eop]jpa( oal]n]`k( ejreorah a eilaook]h _kik k `k Aop]`k* Fqhc]j`k mqa aopa oa aj_kjpn] ] oanrek `k ^ai _kiqi( `] fqope]( `] kn`ai( `] hae( `] l]v a `] oacq) n]j]( ]_aep]i ] `kiej]k( lkeo jk ] lan_a^ai _kik p]h* Naop] ] oacqj`] ej`]c]k `a I]nt( mq]h oaf]6 lkn mqa ko oqfaepko ok_e]eo jk lan_a^ai k rj_qhk ajpna k lk`an a_kjie_k a k lk`an lkhpe_k;
E`akhkce] = ]heaj]k a_kj ie_] Mq]j`k _ep]iko k patpk `] @lkqof_rf l `oqf`^ a^ b`lkljf^ mliqf`^( reiko mqa I]nt ]Úni] mqa ^ `lkp`f k`f^ erj^k^ pbjmob pl`f^i b efpqof`^( eopk ( `apaniej]`] lah]o _kj`e ao _kj_nap]o `a jkoo] ateopj_e]* Eook jk oecjeÚ_]( lkni( mqa jkoo]o e`ae]o nalnaoajpai ] na]he`]`a p]h _kik aop] ai oe iaoi]* Oa ]ooei bkooa( oane] ej_kilnaajorah mqa ko oanao dqi]jko( _kjda_aj`k ]o _]qo]o `] atlhkn]k( `] `kiej]k( `] ieone] a `] ejfqope] j]`] Úvaooai _kjpn] ah]o* Jkoo]o e`ae]o( deopkne_]iajpa `apaniej]`]o( pi ] la_qhe]ne`]`a `a j]o_an ] l]npen `a jkoo] atlanej_e] ok_e]h `enap] a aop] oailna oa kbana_a _kik qi] atlhe_]k `] i]jaen] _kik ] re`] ok_e]h jko ^m^ob`b kq p]h _kik ah] jko m^ob`b pbo* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ] atlanej_e] ok_e]h eia`e]p] kq `enap] atlhe_] ] ok_ea`]`a a ]o nah] ao ok_e]eo ] l]npen `a oq]o ^m^o k`f^p( _kik oa bkooai ] na]he`]`a* Jk o eook* =o ]l]nj_e]o $kq k Î]l]na_an ok_e]h _kjo_ej_e]Ï% ok ]l]nj_e]o fqop]) iajpa lknmqa jko kbana_ai k iqj`k `a _]^a] l]n] ^]etk6 k mqa _]qo] l]na_a oan abaepk( k mqa abaepk l]na_a oan _]qo]* Eook jk oa ` ]laj]o jk lh]jk `] _kjo_ej_e] ej`ere`q]h( i]o ok^napq`k jk `] _kjo_ej_e] ok_e]h( eopk ( jk _kjfqjpk `a e`ae]o a atlhe_] ao mqa qi] ok_ea`]`a kbana_a ok^na oe iaoi]* Baqan^]_d( _kik reiko( aopq`]n] aooa bajiajk j] nahecek( `aoecj]j`k)k _ki k _kj) _aepk `a ^ifbk^ l* I]nt ejpanaoo])oa lkn aooa bajiajk lknmqa k lan_a^aq ai kqpn]o aoba) n]o `] re`] ok_e]h( lkn atailhk( j] lkhpe_]( mqa( _kik ]j]heo]iko d lkq_k( har] ko oqfaepko ok_e]eo ] ]_aep]n ] `kiej]k aop]p]h lknmqa jk na_kjda_ai mqai ok ko ran`]`aenko _ne]) `knao `k Aop]`k* Aha k k^oanrkq p]i^i j] aoban] `] a_kjkie]* Jk _]lep]heoik( ko pn]^]hd]`knao lnk) `qvai pk`ko ko k^fapko ateopajpao jk ian_]`k( eopk ( pk`]o ]o ian_]`kne]o7 ]l o d]r)h]o lnk`qve`k( ajpnac]i)j]o ]ko lnklneapneko `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk( ia`e]jpa qi o]hnek7 ko lnklneapneko `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk raj`ai ]o ian_]`kne]o ]ko _kian_e]jpao( mqa ]o _khk) _]i jk ian_]`k `a _kjoqik7 a ko pn]^]hd]`knao kq lnk`qpknao `aoo]o ian_]`kne]o( mq]j`k rk ]k ian_]`k `a _kjoqik( jk _kjoacqai _kiln)h]o* Ko mqa lnk`qven]i pa_e`ko a nkq) l]o khd]i k lnak `ko ]heiajpko a lan_a^ai mqa _ki oaq o]hnek jk lk`ai _kiln]n mq]oa j]`]7 ko mqa lnk`qven]i ]heiajpko khd]i ko lnako `]o nkql]o a lan_a^ai mqa oaq o]h) nek o ` l]n] _kiln]n ]hcqi]o la]o `a ^]et] mq]he`]`a7 ko mqa lnk`qven]i ra_qhko jk _kjoacqai _kiln]n pk`]o ]o nkql]o a pk`ko ko ]heiajpko mqa ckop]ne]i `a pan lknmqa oaq o]hnek ^]etk7 a ko mqa lnk`qven]i ]heiajpko a nkql]o jk lk`ai _kiln]n qi ]qpki rah* A ]ooei lkn `e]jpa* Ko lnk`qpknao `]o ian_]`kne]o khd]i ko lnako( _kjp]i k `ejdaenk a rkhp]i l]n] _]o] `a iko r]ve]o( _kik oa k lnak `]o ian_]`kne]o ateopeooa mlo pf jbpjl a _kik oa ah]o aoperaooai raj`] lknmqa oqncen]i al k^a^ a ]hcqi ]o `a_e`eq raj`an* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ai^kn] ko `ebanajpao pn]^]hd]`knao o]e^]i mqa lnk`qven]i ]o `e) banajpao ian_]`kne]o( jk lan_a^ai mqa( _kik _h]ooa ok_e]h( lnk`qven]i pk`]o ah]o( eopk ( mqa ko lnk`qpknao `a pa_e`ko( nkql]o( ]heiajpko( ra_qhko a pk`ko ko kqpnko lnk`qpko ok iai^nko `] iaoi] _h]ooa ok_e]h* Ko pn]^]hd]`knao oa raai _kik ej`er`qko eokh]`ko $_]`] mq]h _ki oq] b]ihe]( oaqo l]najpao a ]iecko% mqa _kjda_ai oaq ln lnek pn]^]hdk( i]o ec) jkn]i ko pn]^]hdko `]o kqpn]o _]packne]o `a pn]^]hd]`knao( eopk ( kl pb mbo`b_bj _kik bkn)
&EUERBACHßVERßCAPqTULOßß DAß5NIDADEß
04.
= lkhpe_] _kjpn] ] oanre`k rkhqjpne] x #!0É45,/ß x
i]j`k qi] _h]ooa ok_e]h je_]( lnk`qpkn] `a pk`]o ]o ian_]`kne]o ateopajpao jk ian_]`k* Lkn aooa ikperk( mqai lnk`qveq pa_e`k jk lan_a^a mqa bke p]i^i qi pn]^]hd]`kn mqa lnk`qveq qi ra_qhk a mqa qi kqpnk lnk`qveq qi ]heiajpk* Lkn jk oa lan_a^anai _kik _h]ooa ok_e]h a oei _kik ej`er`qko eokh]`ko( jk o jk oa na_kjda_ai _kik ]qpknao kq lnk`qpknao `]o ian_]`kne]o( i]o ]ej`] ]_na`ep]i mqa r]hai k lnak mqa _qop]i jk ian_]) `k `a _kjoqik a mqa jk lk`ai pan p]eo ian_]`kne]o lknmqa ah]o r]hai i]eo `k mqa ahao* Lkn jk oa lan_a^anai _kik _h]ooa ok_e]h( kl pb ob`lkeb`bj _kik lnk`qpknao `] nemqav] a `]o _keo]o* Oai o]^an( rerai ] atlanej_e] `] ]heaj]k a_kjie_]( eopk ( ] _naj] `a mqa ]o ian_]`kne]o ok _keo]o mqa ateopai ej`alaj`ajpaiajpa `k pn]^]hdk l]n] lnk`qve)h]o a mqa lkooqai qi r]hkn bj pf jbpj^p( r]hkn mqa ]l]na_a jk lnak mqa hdao bke `]`k* I]nt( ajpnap]jpk( jk oa _kjpajpkq ai _kjop]p]n k bajiajk `] ]heaj]k( i]o lan) cqjpkq mq]h oane] oq] _]qo]* = naolkop] ] aoo] ej`]c]k k harkq ] bkniqh]n k _kj_aepk `a e`akhkce]* = e`akhkce] qi bajiajk deop ne_k)ok_e]h `a_knnajpa `k ik`k `a lnk`qk a_kj) ie_k* qi] na`a `a ei]cajo a `a e`ae]o kq qi _kjfqjpk `a obmobpbkq^ bp ok^na ko oanao dqi]jko a oq]o nah] ao( ok^na ]o _keo]o( ok^na k ^ai a k i]h( k fqopk a k ejfqopk( ko ^kjo a ko i]qo _kopqiao( ap_*
= c jaoa `] e`akhkce]
04/
Ç ia`e`] mqa( jqi] bkni]k ok_e]h( oa aop]^ehev]( oa Út] a oa nalapa qi] bkni] `apanie) j]`] `] `ereok ok_e]h( _]`] ej`er`qk l]oo] ] pan qi] ]pere`]`a `apaniej]`] a at_hqoer] mqa hda ]pne^q`] lahk _kjfqjpk `]o nah] ao ok_e]eo( lahk aopcek `]o bkn]o lnk`qper]o a lah] bkn) i] `] lnklnea`]`a* ?]`] qi( lkn _]qo] `] Úte`av a `] nalapek `a oaq hqc]n a `a oq] ]pere`]`a( paj`a ] jk lan_a^)hko _kik fkpqfqralp pl`f^ijbkqb a ] _kjoe`an)hko k^qro^fp $lkn atailhk( mq]j`k ]hcqi fqhc] mqa b]v k mqa b]v lknmqa pai p]hajpk kq rk_]k j]pqn]h l]n] eook7 mq]j) `k ]hcqi fqhc] mqa( lkn j]pqnav]( ko jacnko bkn]i baepko l]n] oanai ao_n]rko7 mq]j`k ]hcqi fqhc] mqa( lkn j]pqnav]( ]o iqhdanao bkn]i baep]o l]n] ] i]panje`]`a a k pn]^]hdk `kiope_k%* = atlanej_e] `] `ereok ok_e]h `]o ]pere`]`ao rere`]( lknp]jpk( _ki j]pqn]he`]`a6 ]_na`ep])oa mqa( ]ooei _kik ] j]pqnav] lnk`qv neko( i]nao( _qo( Ûknaop]o a ]opnko( ah] p]i) ^i lnk`qv nah] ao ok_e]eo( `a i]jaen] mqa d oajdknao lkn j]pqnav]( ao_n]rko lkn j]) pqnav]( _e`]`ko lkn j]pqnav]( lnklneapneko lkn j]pqnav]( ]oo]h]ne]`ko lkn j]pqnav]( ap_* = j]pqn]hev]k oqnca j] bkni] `a e`ae]o mqa ]Úni]i oanai ]o ok_ea`]`ao _kik ok lknmqa j]pqn]h mqa ]ooei oaf]i* =o nah] ao ok_e]eo( reop]o _kik j]pqn]eo( l]oo]i ] oan _kjoe`an]) `]o ateopajpao bj pf b mlo pf( a jk _kik naoqhp]`ko deop ne_ko `] ]k dqi]j]* J] ia`e`] ai mqa ] j]pqnav] reop] _kik ] _]qo] `]o nah] ao ok_e]eo( ] ok_ea`]`a oqnca _kik qi] bkn] j]pqn]h aopn]jd] a lk`anko]( mqa b]v _ki mqa pq`k oaf] ja_aoo]ne]iajpa _kik * = `ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk( eje_e]`] j] b]ihe]( lnkooacqa j] ok_ea`]`a a( ia`e`] mqa aop] oa pknj] i]eo _kilhat]( har] ] qi] `ereok ajpna `keo pelko bqj`]iajp]eo `a pn]^]hdk6 l qo^_^iel j^qbof^i ab molar l ab `lfp^p b l qo^_^iel fkqbib`qr^i ab molar l ab fabf^p* Jk ej) _ek( aoo] oacqj`] bkni] `a pn]^]hdk ok_e]h $lnk`qk `a e`ae]o% lnerehcek `ko o]_an`kpao7 `a) lkeo( pknj])oa bqjk `a lnkbaooknao a ao_nepknao( ]npeop]o a _eajpeop]o( lajo]`knao a Úh okbko* Ko mqa lnk`qvai e`ae]o oal]n]i)oa `ko mqa lnk`qvai _keo]o( bkni]j`k qi cnqlk l]npa* Lkq_k ] lkq_k( ia`e`] mqa rk Ú_]j`k _]`] rav i]eo `eop]jpao a oal]n]`ko `ko pn]^]hd]`knao i]pane]eo( ko mqa lnk`qvai e`ae]o _kia]i ] ]_na`ep]n mqa ] _kjo_ej_e] a k lajo]iajpk aopk( ai oe a lkn oe iaoiko( pbm^o^alp `]o _keo]o i]pane]eo( ateopej`k ai oe a lkn oe iaoiko* Kq oaf]( _kik pi ] atlanej_e] `a bkni]n qi cnqlk ok_e]h m^oqb( fqhc]i)oa ej`alaj`ajpao `] ln lne] ok_ea`]`a a l]oo]i ] ]_na`ep]n j] ej`alaj`j_e] ajpna ] _kjo_ej_e] a k iqj`k i]pane]h( ajpna k lajo]iajpk a ]o _keo]o lnk`qve`]o ok_e]hiajpa* ?kjbanai ^rqlkljf^ _kjo_ej_e] a o e`ae]o a( Új]hiajpa( fqhc]i mqa ]o e`ae]o jk o atlhe_]i ] na]he`]`a( i]o ] lnk`qvai* Oqnca ] e`akhkce] _kik ]Úni]k `] ej`alaj`j_e] `]o e`ae]o a `] _]l]_e`]`a `a ]o e`ae]o _ne]nai ] na]he`]`a( kq( _kik iqepko _kopqi]i `e) van( j] _naj] `a mqa Î]o e`ae]o mqa ikrai k iqj`kÏ*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
Kn]( k cnqlk `ko mqa lnk`qvai e`ae]o $o]_an`kpao( lnkbaooknao( ]npeop]o( Úh okbko( _eaj) peop]o% jk j]o_aq `k j]`]* J]o_aq jk o `] `ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk( i]o p]i^i `a qi] `ereok jk ejpanekn `] _h]ooa `ko lnklneapneko kq _h]ooa `kiej]jpa `a qi] ok_ea`]`a( eopk ( ko lneiaenko lnk`qpknao `a e`ae]o an]i iai^nko `] _h]ooa `kiej]jpa _qf]o b]ihe]o `ere`en]i k lk`an ajpna cqannaenko a o]_an`kpao( kq ajpna ko mqa `kiej]r]i ko _knlko( lkn iaek `]o ]ni]o( a ko mqa `kiej]r]i ko aolnepko( lkn iaek `]o _naj]o* Lkn iaek `a ao_kh]o a ]pere`]`ao aola_e]hev]`]o( k cnqlk o]_an`kp]h bke c]jd]j`k ej`alaj`j_e] a lk`an l]n] bkni]n oaqo ln lneko iai^nko* K cnqlk lajo]jpa $ko ejpaha_pq]eo% `a qi] ok_ea`]`a( lkn lanpaj_an _h]ooa `kiej]jpa kq lkn aop]n qje`k ] ah] lkn iaek `] a`q_]k aola_e]hev]`]( lajo] _ki ]o e`ae]o `ko `kiej]j) pao7 fqhc]( lkni( mqa p]eo e`ae]o ok ran`]`aen]o ai oe iaoi]o a pn]jobkni] ]o e`ae]o `a qi] _h]ooa ok_e]h `apaniej]`] ai e`ae]o rkfsbop^fp a kb`bppof^p( rhe`]o l]n] ] ok_ea`]`a ejpaen]* ?kik k cnqlk lnk`qpkn `a e`ae]o $ko fabildlp% `kiej] ] _kjo_ej_e] ok_e]h( pai k lk) `an `a pn]joiepen ]o e`ae]o `kiej]jpao l]n] pk`] ] ok_ea`]`a lkn iaek `] nahecek( `]o ]npao( `] ao_kh]( `] _ej_e]( `] ÚhkokÚ]( `ko _kopqiao( `]o haeo a `k `enaepk( ikh`]j`k ] _kjo_ej_e] `a pk`]o ]o _h]ooao ok_e]eo a qjebkniev]j`k k lajo]iajpk `a pk`]o ]o _h]ooao* Ko e`a hkcko ok iai^nko `] _h]ooa `kiej]jpa a `]o _h]ooao ]he]`]o ] ah]( mqa( _kik ejpa) ha_pq]eo( oeopai]pev]i ]o ei]cajo a ]o e`ae]o ok_e]eo `] _h]ooa `kiej]jpa ai nalnaoajp] ao _khaper]o( can]eo a qjerano]eo( rhe`]o l]n] pk`ko a jk ]laj]o l]n] ko ln lneko `kiej]jpao* Aoo]o ei]cajo a e`ae]o jk atlneiai ] na]he`]`a ok_e]h( i]o obmobpbkq^j ] ]l]nj_e] ok_e]h `k lkjpk `a reop] `ko `kiej]jpao Í ok k mqa ko `kiej]jpao lajo]i ok^na ] ok_ea`]`a a jk k mqa ] ok_ea`]`a abaper]iajpa * =o e`ae]o ]ooei lnk`qve`]o ok _kjoe`an]`]o na]he`]`ao ]qpjki]o mqa lnk`qvai ] na]he`]`a i]pane]h kq ok_e]h* Ok ei]cajo a e`ae]o lkop]o _kik rkfsbop^fp a( lknp]jpk( ok e`ae]o ^_pqo^q^p( qi] rav mqa( _kj_nap]iajpa( jk _knnaolkj`ai na]he`]`a ok_e]h( `ere`e`] ai _h]ooao ok_e]eo ]jp]cje_]o* =ooei( lkn atailhk( ateopai j] ok_ea`]`a _]lep]heop]( _kj_nap]iajpa( ] _h]ooa `ko lnklneapneko lner]`ko `ko iaeko `a lnk) `qk $ko _]lep]heop]o% a ] _h]ooa `ko ]oo]h]ne]`ko $ko pn]^]hd]`knao%( i]o j] e`akhkce] ]l]na_a ]^opn]p]iajpa qi qjerano]h( l eljbj* Aopa( j] ran`]`a( qi] e`ae] mqa atlneia ] i]jaen] _kik ko `kiej]jpao oa raai ] oe iaoiko _kik ik`ahk l]n] pk`ko ko oanao dqi]jko* = e`akhkce] pknj])oa lnklne]iajpa e`akhkce] mq]j`k jk ]l]na_a j] bkni] `k iepk( `] nahecek a `] pakhkce]* ?ki abaepk( jaopao( ] atlhe_]k ok^na ] knecai `ko oanao dqi]jko( `] ok_ea`]`a a `k lk`an lkhpe_k aj_kjpn] ] _]qo] _ne]`kn] kq lnk`qpkn] clo^ a ^kqbp `ko ln lneko dqi]jko a `a oq] ]k( hk_]hev]j`k ] _]qo] knecejne] j]o `erej`]`ao* = e`akhkce] lnklne]iajpa `ep] oqnca mq]j`k( jk hqc]n `a `erej`]`ao( aj_kjpn]iko fabf^p _kik _]qo]o `] ok_ea`]`a a `]o nah] ao ok_e]eo6 k dkiai( ] lpne]( ] b]ihe]( ] ao_kh]( k lnkcnaook( ] _ej) _e]( k Aop]`k( k ^ai( k fqopk( ap_* ?ki eook( lk`aiko `evan mqa ^ fablildf^ rj cbkjbkl jlabokl( oq^opepqej`k k l]) lah mqa( ]jpao `ah]( pejd]i ko iepko a ]o pakhkce]o* ?ki ] e`akhkce]( ] atlhe_]k ok^na ] knecai `ko dkiajo( `] ok_ea`]`a a `] lkhpe_] aj_kjpn])oa j]o ] ao dqi]j]o( ajpaj`e`]o _kik i]jebaop]k `] _kjo_ej_e] kq `]o e`ae]o* =ooei( lkn atailhk( fqhc]n mqa k Aop]`k jk oa knecej] `] rkjp]`a `a @aqo( i]o `]o e`ae]o `a aop]`k `a j]pqnav]( `enaepk j]pqn]h( _kjpn]pk ok_e]h a `enaepk _ereh oqlkn mqa ] _kjo_ej_e] dqi]j]( ej`alaj`ajpaiajpa `]o _kj`e ao deop ne_]o i]pane]eo( lajokq jaoo]o e`ae]o( fqhckq)]o _knnap]o a l]ookq ] ]cen lkn ah]o( _ne]j`k ] na]he`]`a `aoecj]`] a nalnaoajp]`] lkn ah]o*
= klan]k e`akhce_] Mqa b]v ] e`akhkce]; Kbana_a ] qi] ok_ea`]`a `ere`e`] ai _h]ooao ok_e]eo ]jp]cje_]o( a mqa rerai j] bkni] `] hqp] `a _h]ooao( rj^ fj^dbj nrb mbojfq^ ^ rkfÛ`^ l b ^ fabkqf* Û`^ l pl`f^i Í qi] hjcq]( qi] nahecek( qi] apje]( qi] j]k( qi] lpne]( qi Aop]`k( qi] dqi]je`]`a( iaoiko _kopqiao* =ooei( ] bqjk lneikn`e]h `] e`akhkce] l`riq^o ] knecai `] ok_ea`]`a $nah] ao `a lnk`qk _kik nah] ao ajpna iaeko `a lnk`qk a bkn]o lnk`qper]o ok^ ] `ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk%( afppfjri^o ] lnaoaj] `] hqp] `a _h]ooao $`ki)
040
= lkhpe_] _kjpn] ] oanre`k rkhqjpne] x #!0É45,/ß x
!ERP!RQUIVOßDAßEDITORA
jek a atlhkn]k `ko jk lnklneapneko lahko lnklneapneko lner]`ko `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk%( jac]n ]o `aoecq]h`]`ao ok_e]eo $ok ei]cej]`]o _kik oa bkooai _kjoamqj_e] `a p]hajpko `e) banajpao( `] lnacqe] kq `] `eo_elhej] h]^kneko]% a lcbob`bo ] ei]cai ehqo ne] `] _kiqje`]`a $k Aop]`k% knecej]`] `k _kjpn]pk ok_e]h ajpna dkiajo hernao a ecq]eo* = e`akhkce] ] hce_] `] `kiej]k ok_e]h a lkhpe_]* Lknmqa j]o_aiko a okiko _ne]`ko _ki aoo]o e`ae]o a jaooa ei]cejnek ok_e]h( jk lan) _a^aiko ] ran`]`aen] j]pqnav] `a _h]ooa `k Aop]`k* = naolkop] oacqj`] lancqjp] `a I]nt( mq]h oaf]( lkn mqa ] ok_ea`]`a jk lan_a^a k rj_qhk ejpanjk ajpna lk`an a_kjie_k a lk`an lkhpe_k( lk`a oan naolkj`e`] ]ckn]6 lkn _]qo] `] e`akhkce]*
?]np]v `] =ooaookne] Aola_e]h `a Nah] ao L^he_]o $=anl% `k ckranjk I`e_e $-525)-530%*
Lnteo a narkhqk K pn]^]hdk
041
Mq]j`k aopq`]iko ] pe_]( reiko =neop pahao aop]^aha_an qi] `eopejk mqa bke i]j) pe`] jk lajo]iajpk k_e`ajp]h6 ] `ebanaj] ajpna mlfbpfp( ]k b]^ne_]`kn] $k pn]^]hdk a ]o p_je_]o%( a moufp $] ]k herna `k ]cajpa ikn]h a `k oqfaepk lkhpe_k%* Reiko p]i^i mqa =neop pahao r]hknev]r] iqepk i]eo ] moufp `k mqa ] mlfbpfp( k mqa _kilnaajorah* @a b]pk( ] ok_ea`]`a cnac]( j] mq]h rere] =neop pahao( an] ao_n]reop]( `aor]hknev]j`k k pn]^]hdk _kik ]pere`]`a ejbanekn( oa _kil]n]`] ]k herna `k _e`]`k( eopk ( `ko lnklneapneko $`a pann]( `k ]npao]j]pk a `k _kin_ek%* He^an`]`a( `eve]i cnacko a nki]jko( jk lna_eo]n k_ql]n)oa _ki ]o ]pere`]`ao `a ok^narerj_e]( i]o `eolkn `a _ek l]n] _qe`]n `] _keo] l ^he_]* K `aolnavk lahk pn]^]hdk ]l]na_a ai rneko oejpki]o oecjeÚ_]perko6 jk d( j] hjcq] cnac]( qi] l]h]rn] l]n] `aoecj]n qo^_^iel $qo])oa ] l]h]rn] bodlk( Îk^n]Ï7 kq ] l]h]rn] ml* klp( Îaobknk lajkok a `khknkokÏ%7 ] l]h]rn] h]pej] `] mq]h qo^_^iel `aner] qofm^ifrj( qi ejopnqiajpk `a pno aop]_]o( `aopej]`k ] lnaj`an ^keo a _]r]hko `eb_aeo `a bann]n( lknp]jpk qi ejopnqiajpk `a pknpqn]* = kqpn] l]h]rn] h]pej] ailnac]`] l]n] `aoecj]n pn]^]hdk i^* _lo( mqa _knnaolkj`a ]k cnack mlklp( lknp]jpk ej`e_] Îlaj]Ï( Îb]`ec]Ï( Î_]jo]kÏ( Î`knÏ( a jaooa oajpe`k mqa oa b]h] ai Îpn]^]hdk `a l]npkÏ* Ko dkiajo hernao `eol ai `a lqfrj $h]van% a ko jk hernao aopk jk kbd*lqfrj $jac]k `a _ek( pn]^]hdk%* K lnkpaop]jpeoik( k _]lep]heoik a k he^an]heoik jk lk`ai i]jpan aoo] ei]cai `k dk) iai herna _kik dkiai `aok_ql]`k( lknmqa( _kik reiko( b]vai k `enaepk `a lnklnea`]`a nalkqo]n ok^na k pn]^]hdk Í pn]^]hdk `a @aqo( b]vaj`k k iqj`k( lnklnea`]`a `k ]npÚ_a `e) rejk7 a pn]^]hdk `k dkiai( ejopepqej`k ] hacepeie`]`a `] lnklnea`]`a lner]`] `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk( eopk ( `]o _kj`e ao i]pane]eo `k pn]^]hdk* K jac_ek ] ]hi] `k _]lep]heoik* Jk ajp]jpk( ]hck _qnekok ]_kjpa_a* =lao]n `] r]hknev]k `k pn]^]hdk a ]lao]n `] e`ak) hkce] `k `enaepk j]pqn]h( mqa ]Úni] oanai pk`ko ko dkiajo hernao a ecq]eo( jk ikiajpk `a `aÚjen mqai pai `enaepk ]k lk`an lkhpe_k( ] _h]ooa `kiej]jpa( _kik reiko( bpnrb`b ] Î`ecje) `]`a `k pn]^]hdkÏ a `a_h]n] k lk`an lkhpe_k qi `enaepk at_hqoerk `ko dkiajo ej`alaj`ajpao kq hernao( eopk ( `ko mqa jk `alaj`ai `a kqpnko l]n] reran* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ] _e`]`]je] lanpaj_a ]ko mqa jk lna_eo]i pn]^]hd]n* @k lkjpk `a reop] ikn]h( r]hknev])oa k pn]^]hdk Í aha mqa `eo_elhej] ko ]lapepao a `aoafko eik`an]`ko `ko oanao dqi]jko Í( i]o( `k lkjpk `a reop] lkhpe_k( jk pai r]hkn ]hcqi* J] lkhpe_]( ] moufp _kjpejq] oaj`k ] cna_k)nki]j]*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
I]nt _nepe_] ] e`akhkce] `] moufp he^an]h a ] _kj_alk lnkpaop]jpa `k pn]^]hdk _kik aobknk( `eo_elhej] a _kjpnkha ikn]h `ko ej`er`qko* K oan dqi]jk moufp* Aop] ok_e]h a deop ne_]* k pn]^]hdk* Mqa k pn]^]hdk; K pn]^]hdk( _kik reiko ]k aopq`]n k _kj_aepk `a _qhpqn]( ] nah]k `ko oanao dqi]jko _ki ] j]pqnav] a ajpna oe( j] lnk`qk `]o _kj`e ao `a oq] ateopj_e]* Lahk pn]^]hdk( ko oa) nao dqi]jko jk _kjokiai `enap]iajpa ] j]pqnav] jai oa ]lnklne]i `enap]iajpa `ah]( i]o ] pn]jobkni]i ai ]hck dqi]jk p]i^i* = oq^fapere`]`a dqi]j] oa atlneia jqi k^fapk lnk`qve`k lkn ah] a ] k^fapere`]`a `k lnk`qpk ] i]pane]hev]k atpanj] `] oq^fapere`]`a `k pn]^]hd]`kn kq lnk`qpkn* Lahk pn]^]hdk( ko oanao dqi]jko aopaj`ai oq] dqi]je`]`a j]pqnav]* jaooa oajpe`k mqa k pn]^]hdk moufp6 ]k ai mqa k ]cajpa a k lnk`qpk `a oq] ]k ok e`jpe_ko( lkeo k ]cajpa oa atpaneknev] j] ]k lnk`qpkn] a jk lnk`qpk( ]k iaoik pailk mqa aopa ejpaneknev] qi] _]l]_e`]`a _ne]`kn] dqi]j]( kq ] oq^fapere`]`a*
= e`akhkce] ^qncqao] a k pn]^]hdk Reiko mqa( l]n] I]nt( jkoo] _kjo_ej_e] abqbojfk^a^ lah]o _kj`e ao deop ne_]o ai mqa reraiko* Reiko p]i^i mqa( l]n] aha( ko oanao dqi]jko b]vai ] oq] ln lne] deop ne] $ok ko oqfaepko lnpe_ko `ah]%( i]o jk ] b]vai ai _kj`e ao ao_khde`]o rkhqjp]ne]iajpa lkn ahao* Eook oecjeÚ_] mqa ] moufp oa na]hev] ai _kj`e ao deop ne_]o `]`]o a( _kik o]^aiko( ]o _kj`e ao ok lkop]o lah] afsfpl pl`f^i al qo^_^iel( lah]o obi^ bp ab molar l $nah]k ajpna iaeko `a lnk`qk a bkn]o lnk`qper]o%( lknp]jpk( lah] bkni] `] lnklnea`]`a a lah] `ereok ok_e]h `]o _h]ooao* Reiko( ajÚi( mqa( ai^kn] ] _kjo_ej_e] oaf] `apaniej]`] lah]o _kj`e ao i]pane]eo ai mqa rera( ]o e`ae]o jk nalnaoajp]i ] na]he`]`a q^i `ljl a oei q^i `ljl m^ob`b( `]j`k ajoafk ]k oqnceiajpk `k fj^dfkofl pl`f^i a( _ki ] `ereok ajpna pn]^]hdk i]pane]h a ejpaha_) pq]h( ]k oqnceiajpk `] fablildf^* Jk _]ok `k ik`k `a lnk`qk _]lep]heop]( ] e`akhkce]( mqa ^qncqao]( qpehev] ] e`ae] `k pn]^]hdk `a `q]o i]jaen]o* = lneiaen]( _kik reiko( k ailnack `aoo] e`ae] l]n] ibdfqfj^o ] lnklnea`]`a lner]`] _]lep]heop]* = oacqj`]( oaq qok l]n] ibdfqfj^o ] e`ae] `a _kjpn]pk ok_e]h a `a _kjpn]pk `a pn]^]hdk* ?ki abaepk( ] e`ae] `a _kjpn]pk rai `k @enaepk Nki]jk( mqa ateca( l]n] r]he`]n qi] nah]k _kjpn]pq]h( mqa ]o l]npao _kjpn]p]jpao oaf]i hernao a ecq]eo* L]n] ]Úni]n mqa ] ok) _ea`]`a a k Aop]`k j]o_ai `a qi _kjpn]pk ok_e]h( ] e`akhkce] ^qncqao] lna_eo] ]Úni]n mqa qlalp ko dkiajo j]o_ai hernao a ecq]eo( ai^kn] ] j]pqnav] ko b]] `aoecq]eo ai p]hajpko a ] ok_ea`]`a ko b]] `aoecq]eo a_kjkie_]iajpa* = e`akhkce] ^qncqao] lna_eo]( lknp]jpk( `] e`ae] `a pn]^]hd]`kn herna* Lkn oq] rav( k o]hnek o ]l]na_an _kik hacpeik oa naoqhp]n `a qi _kjpn]pk `a pn]^]hdk ajpna ko ecq]eo a hernao* Oacqj`k I]nt( k _]lep]heoik abaper]iajpa lnk`qveq k pn]^]hd]`kn ÎhernaÏ6 aop Îhe^a) n]`kÏ `a pk`ko ko iaeko a ejopnqiajpko `a lnk`qk( `a pk`]o ]o lkooao a lnklnea`]`ao( naop]j`k)hda ]laj]o ] Îhe^an`]`aÏ `a raj`an oq] bkn] `a pn]^]hdk* K pn]^]hd]`kn mqa ] e`ak) hkce] `aoecj] _kik pn]^]hd]`kn herna k pn]^]hd]`kn na]hiajpa atlnklne]`k( k ]oo]h]ne]`k oq^iape`k o nacn]o `k ik`k `a lnk`qk _]lep]heop]( _kjraj_e`k `a mqa k _kjpn]pk `a pn]) ^]hdk pknj] oaq o]hnek hac]h( hacpeik a fqopk* =ooei( jqi lneiaenk ikiajpk( k mq]`nk kbana_e`k lkn I]nt laooeieop]* Ai^kn] k oan dqi]jk oaf] moufp a aop] oaf] k pn]^]hdk( k lnk_aook deop ne_k `aoÚcqn] k pn]^]hdk a k pn]^]hd]`kn( ]heaj] ko pn]^]hd]`knao( mqa( jk oa lan_a^aj`k _kik qi] _h]ooa ok_e]h( jk oa na_kjda_ai jko lnk`qpko `a oaqo pn]^]hdko* = e`akhkce] ^qncqao]( lkn oq] rav( _ne] ] e`ae] `a Dkiai Qjerano]h( herna a ecq]h( `)hda k nkopk `ko lnklneapneko lner]`ko `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk a lanoq]`a ko pn]^]hd]`knao `a mqa p]i^i ok aooa Dkiai Qjerano]h( ai^kn] rer]i ieoan]rahiajpa* Jk ajp]jpk( oa ] moufp ok_e]hiajpa `apaniej]`]( oa ] _kjo_ej_e] `apaniej]`] la) h]o _kj`e ao ok_e]eo `k pn]^]hdk( jai pq`k aop lan`e`k* Lahk _kjpnnek*
042
= lkhpe_] _kjpn] ] oanre`k rkhqjpne] x #!0É45,/ß x
?kjo_e j_e] `a _h]ooa a lnteo lkhpe_]
043
@ebanajpaiajpa `a kqpnko ik`ko `a lnk`qk( jko mq]eo ko pn]^]hd]`knao $ao_n]rko( oanrko a dkiajo lk^nao hernao% pn]^]hd]r]i eokh]`]iajpa a jk lk`e]i lan_a^an)oa bkn) i]j`k qi] _h]ooa ok_e]h( jk _]lep]heoik ej`qopne]h ]o _kj`e ao `a pn]^]hdk $]o b^ne_]o( ]o cn]j`ao ailnao]o _kian_e]eo( ko cn]j`ao ^]j_ko( ap_*% bkn]i ko pn]^]hd]`knao ] pn]^]hd]n fqjpko a ] _kjreran ai oaq hk_]h `a pn]^]hdk* Lk`ank( lkn eook( ren ] oa lan_a^anai _kik qi _kjfqjpk ok_e]h `apaniej]`k( eopk ( _kik qi] `i^ppb pl`f^i( ]ooei _kik lk`ank ren ] lan_a^an mqa d _h]ooao ok_e]eo _qfko ejpanaooao jk ok ko iaoiko a oei _kjpnneko( a lk`ank ren ] lan_a^an ai oq] re`] `ene] mqa k mqa ] e`akhk) ce] hdao ajoej] _kik ran`]`a b]hok* Lkn atailhk( ] e`akhkce] hdao `ev mqa ok hernao( i]o jk pi he^an`]`a l]n] ao_khdan k kb_ek( l]n] `aÚjen k o]hnek( l]n] Út]n ] fknj]`] `a pn]^]hdk* = e`akhkce] hdao `ev mqa pk`ko ko dkiajo ok ecq]eo( i]o lan_a^ai mqa jk lk`ai pan ikn]`e]( raopqnek( pn]jolknpa( a`q_]k( o] `a( _kik ko oaqo l]pn ao* =ooei( lah]o ln lne]o _kj`e ao `a oq] moufp _kpe`e]j]( pi _kj`e ao l]n] _kia]n ] `qre`]n `k mqa hdao `epk a ajoej]`k* Lk`ai( lkni( ren ] oan _]l]vao `a ]hck i]eo* K _]lep]h qi] lnklnea`]`a lner]`] `eba) najpa `a pk`]o ]o kqpn]o mqa ateopen]i j] deop ne]* @a b]pk( ]o kqpn]o bkni]o `a lnklnea`]`a `]r]i nemqav]o ]ko oaqo lnklneapneko( i]o jk `]r]i hq_nk* Kq oaf]( ]o kqpn]o bkni]o `a nemqav] jk _nao_e]i jai oa ]_qiqh]r]i6 l]n] d]ran _nao_eiajpk a ]_ iqhk( an] lna_eok lehd]n kq nkq^]n ] nemqav] `a qi kqpnk dkiai( `a qi kqpnk naejk( `a qi kqpnk lkrk* K _]le) p]h( lkni( pai ] la_qhe]ne`]`a `a _nao_an( `a ]_qiqh]n)oa a nalnk`qven)oa* ?ki k hq_nk k^pe`k j] raj`] `ko lnk`qpko `k pn]^]hdk( k _]lep]h oa ]_qiqh]( _nao_a( oa `aoajrkhra a oa ]ilhe]* Mbi^ mofjbfo^ sbw k^ efpqof^( oqnca qi] bkni] `] lnklnea`]`a lner]`] _]l]v `a ]qiaj) p]n a `aoajrkhran)oa* Ko pn]^]hd]`knao lk`ank lancqjp]n6 ]Új]h( `a kj`a rai aoo] _]l]_e`]`a aol]jpko] `a _nao_eiajpk `k _]lep]h; @evai ko e`a hkcko mqa aooa ]qiajpk rai `k _kin) _ek( _qfko hq_nko ok ejraope`ko j] lnk`qk* Jaooa _]ok( lkn mqa ko _]lep]heop]o jk ejraopai pq`k jk _kin_ek( ai rav `a ejraopen lneknep]ne]iajpa j] ej` opne] a j] ]cnkej` opne]; mqa( atlhe_] I]nt( k hq_nk jk rai `] _kian_e]hev]k `ko lnk`qpko l]n] k _kjoqik( j^p k^p`b k^ momof^ bpcbo^ a^ molar l( eopk ( naoqhp] `] `ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk a `k pailk ok_e]hiajpa ja_aoonek l]n] lnk`qven ]hcqi] _keo]* K mqa k ik`k `a lnk`qk _]lep]heop]; = lnk`qk `a ian_]`kne]o( eopk ( `a lnk`qpko _qfk r]hkn jk `apaniej]`k lkn oaq qok( i]o lahk oaq r]hkn `a pnk_]* Aopa `apaniej]`k lahk _qopk pkp]h l]n] lnk`qven qi] ian_]`kne] $_qopk `] i]pne])lnei]( `ko ejopnqiajpko `a pn]^]hdk( `ko _kjda_eiajpko p_je_ko a `ko o]hneko%( _qopk _]h_qh]`k ] l]npen `k qbjml pl`f^i* jbkqb kb`bppofl l]n] lnk`qve)h] $dkn]o `a pn]^]hdk( dkn]o `a pn]jolknpa( dkn]o `a `ao_]jok l]n] nalkoek `]o bkn]o( dkn]o ja_aoone]o l]n] ] atpn]k `] i]pne])lnei] a oaq pn]jolknpa( dkn]o ja_aoone]o l]n] ] b]^ne_]k `]o imqej]o a kqpnko ejopnqiajpko `a pn]^]hdk( ap_*%* Mqai lnk`qv ]o ian_]`kne]o; Ko pn]^]hd]`knao ]oo]h]ne]`ko( mqa sbkabj oq] bkn] `a pn]^]hdk ]ko lnklneapneko lner]`ko `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk* ?kik ]o raj`ai; ?kik qi] ian_]`kne] `ajpna kqpn]o* Mq]h k lnk_a`eiajpk mqa nacqh] ] _kiln] a raj`] `] bkn] `a pn]) ^]hdk; K _kjpn]pk `a pn]^]hdk( mqa( oaj`k qi _kjpn]pk( lnaooql a mqa ]o l]npao _kjpn]p]j) pao oaf]i hernao a ecq]eo( a( lknp]jpk( mqa lkn herna a aolkjp ja] rkjp]`a mqa k pn]^]hd]`kn raj`a oq] bkn] `a pn]^]hdk lahk o]hnek* K mqa k o]hnek; K mqa l]ck ]k pn]^]hd]`kn l]n] c]n]jpen oq] pr_pfpq k`f^ a ] obmol* ar l ab pr^ clo ^ ab qo^_^iel $]heiajp]k( ikn]`e]( raopqnek a _kj`e ao l]n] lnk_ne]n%* Mq]jpk r]ha ] jbo`^alof^*qo^_^ie^alo( eopk ( mq]jpk r]ha k o]hnek; = a_kjkie] lkhpe_] ]Úni] mqa k o]hnek _knnaolkj`a ]ko _qopko a ]k lnak `] lnk`qk `a qi] ian_]`kne]* ?]h_qh])oa( ]ooei( k mqa k pn]^]hd]`kn lna_eo] l]n] i]jpan)oa a nalnk`qven)oa( `a`qvej`k)oa aooa ikjp]jpa `k _qopk pkp]h `] lnk`qk a `apaniej]j`k k o]hnek* J] na]he`]`a( lkni( jk k mqa k_knna* L]n] lnk`qven qi] `apaniej]`] ian_]`kne]( qi pn]^]hd]`kn lna_eo] `a qi _anpk j iank `a dkn]o $oqlkjd]iko( lkn atailhk( mq]pnk dkn]o% a oaq o]hnek oan _]h_qh]`k ] l]npen `aooa pailk7 ajpnap]jpk( `a b]pk( k pn]^]hd]`kn pn]^]hd] `qn]jpa iqepk i]eo pailk $oqlkjd]iko( kepk dkn]o% a( _kjoamqajpaiajpa( lnk)
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
'ERMANOß,UDERS%DITORAß!BRIL
`qv k `k^nk `a ian_]`kne]o7 aop]o( lkni( jk ok _kilqp]`]o l]n] k _h_qhk `k o]hnek( lkeo aopa _knnaolkj`an ]laj]o ian_]`kne] mqa k pn]^]hd]`kn lnk`qv ai qi _anpk j ) iank `a dkn]o $jk jkook atailhk( ai mq]pnk dkn]o%* Eook oecjeÚ_] mqa k pn]^]hd]`kn na]hev] i]eo pn]^]hdk `k mqa k o]hnek hda l]c]( kq oaf]( d qi qo^_^iel bu`babkqb jk l]ck( eopk ( jk _k^anpk lahk o]hnek* Aooa lnk_a`eiajpk k_knna ai pk`] ej` opne]( j] ]cne_qhpqn] a jk _kin_ek( `a i]jaen] mqa ] j^pp^ pl`f^i alp p^ioflp ab qlalp lp ^pp^i^of^alp _knnaolkj`a ]laj]o ] rj^ m^oqb `k pailk ok_e]hiajpa ja_aoonek l]n] ] lnk`qk `]o ian_]`kne]o( kq oaf]( jk _knnaolkj`a pkp]he`]`a `a pailk `a pn]^]hdk `eolaj`e`k na]hiajpa lahko pn]^]) hd]`knao( mqa lnk`qvai i]eo `k mqa k o]hnek hdao l]c]* = kqpn] l]npa `k pn]^]hdk( ] mqa lani]ja_a jk l]c]( bkni] qi] cec]jpao_] i]oo] ok_e]h `a i]eo)r]he] $k r]hkn `k pn]^]hdk at_a`ajpa jk l]ck%* ^ j^fp*s^if^ nrb cloj^ l ir`ol) b kl ^ `ljbo`f^ifw^ l alp molarqlp+ A aooa hq_nk mqa oan ejraope`k j] lnk`qk `a ian_]`kne]o l]n] ]qiajp]n k _]lep]h* =ooei( aoo] lnklnea`]`a lner]`] aol]jpko]( k _]lep]h( mqa l]na_a ice_] lknmqa l]na_a _nao_an okvejd]( ]qiajp]j`k _kik oa lkooqooa qi baniajpk ejpanjk( j] na]he`]`a oa ]_q) iqh] a oa nalnk`qv( oa ]ilhe] a oa aopaj`a iqj`k ]bkn] lknmqa oa bqj`] j] bumilo^ l pl`f^i a^ j^pp^ alp ^pp^i^of^alp* Oa ko pn]^]hd]`knao lq`anai `ao_k^nen( lah] _kilnaajok `k lnk_aook `a pn]^]hdk( mqa ko oajdknao `k _]lep]h k^pi k hq_nk lah] atlhkn]k `k pn]^]hdk( mqa oai k pn]^]hdk jk l]ck jk d]rane] _]lep]h a mqa ] e`akhkce] a k Aop]`k _]lep]heop]o ateopai l]n] eila`e)hko `a p]h lan_alk( oq] _kjo_ej_e] oan `lkeb`fjbkql sboa^abfol a^ ob^ifa^ab pl`f^i* Pank ] _ej_e] `a oq] moufp* Oa peranai aoo] _ej_e]( oa _kjoacqenai qjen)oa a knc]jev]n)oa l]n] pn]jobkni]n ] ok_ea) `]`a a _ne]n kqpn] oai ] `ereok a ] hqp] `a _h]ooao( l]oo]nk lnteo lkhpe_]*
Hejd] `a ikjp]) cai j] b^ne_] `a ]qpki raeo Be]p( ai >apei( Iej]o Can]eo*
= narkhqk Reopk mqa ] ^qncqaoe] `eol a `a pk`ko ko na_qnoko i]pane]eo( ejpaha_pq]eo( fqn`e_ko( lk) hpe_ko a iehep]nao l]n] _kjoanr]n k lk`anek a_kjie_k a aop]p]h( ah] ^qo_]n eila`en ] moufp lkhpe_] `ko pn]^]hd]`knao a aopao jk pank kqpn] o]`] oajk ]mqah] mqa oailna bke qo]`] lah]o _h]ooao lklqh]nao ejoq^ieoo]o a n]`e_]eo6 ] narkhqk* = pakne] i]nteop] `] narkhqk jk oa _kjbqj`a( lknp]jpk( _ki ]o pakne]o qp le_]o a he^anpne]o( lknmqa jk oa ^]oae] j] ieone]( j] ejbahe_e`]`a a j] ejfqope] ] mqa aopk oq^) iape`ko ko pn]^]hd]`knao( i]o oa bqj`]iajp] j] ^kifpb `fbkqÛ`^ `] ok_ea`]`a _]lep]heop] $j]o ÎhaeoÏ `k _]lep]h kq `] a_kjkie] lkhpe_]% a jah] aj_kjpn] ]o i]jaen]o lah]o mq]eo ko pn]^]hd]`knao( _kjo_eajpao a knc]jev]`ko( na]hev]i oq] ln lne] ai]j_el]k* Lkn eook( I]nt
044
=o atlanej_e]o lkhpe_]o `k o_qhk TT x #!0É45,/ß x
a Ajcaho `eooan]i mqa ] ai]j_el]k `ko pn]^]hd]`knao pan `a oan k^n] deop ne_] `ko ln ) lneko pn]^]hd]`knao* = ok_ea`]`a _kiqjeop]( oai lnklnea`]`a lner]`] `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk( oai atlhkn]) k `k pn]^]hdk( oai _h]ooao ok_e]eo( oai lk`an aop]p]h( herna a ecq]hepne]( naoqhp]( lknp]jpk( `] moufp narkhq_ekjne] `] _h]ooa pn]^]hd]`kn]* Jqi _ha^na l]jÛapk lkhpe_k( k J^kfcbpql `ljrkfpq^( mqa _kj_h]i]r] ko lnkhapneko `k iqj`k pk`k ] oa qjenai a ] oa knc]jev]nai l]n] ] hkjc] hqp] _kjpn] k _]lep]h( I]nt a Aj) caho _kjoe`an]r]i mqa ] c^pb Ûk^i `k _ki^]pa lnkhapnek oane] ] narkhqk a mqa aop]( ]jpao `a _dac]n ok_ea`]`a _kiqjeop]( pane] `a `aikhen k ]l]n]pk aop]p]h $fqn`e_k( ^qnk_npe_k( lkhe_e]h a iehep]n% ^qncqo* Aoo] `aikhek bke `aoecj]`] lkn ahao _ki ] atlnaook Î`ep]`qn] `k lnkhap]ne]`kÏ( pk) i]j`k ] l]h]rn] afq^aro^ `k rk_]^qhnek lkhpe_k `ko nki]jko* Aopao( pk`] rav mqa Nki] ]pn]raoo]r] qi] _neoa mqa lk`ane] `aopnq)h]( _kjrk_]r]i qi dkiai ehqopna a hda `]r]i( lkn qi lank`k `apaniej]`k( k lk`an l]n] nab]van ]o haeo a lqjen ko ejeiecko `a Nki]( na) pen]j`k)hda k lk`an ]ooei mqa ] _neoa aoperaooa oqlan]`]* Qi] `ep]`qn]( j] hejcq]cai a j] lkhpe_] nki]j]o( oecjeÚ_]r] qi lk`an `a `qn]k `apaniej]`] kq `a _qnp] `qn]k* J] lanola_per] `a I]nt a Ajcaho( ] `ep]`qn] `k lnkhap]ne]`k oane] qi ^nara lank`k `a pailk ai mqa( jk ateopej`k ]ej`] ] ok_ea`]`a oai Aop]`k a f jk ateopej`k k Aop]`k ^qncqo( ko lnkhapneko $lknp]jpk( qi] _h]ooa ok_e]h% ckranj]ne]i paj`k ai reop] `aob]van pk`ko ko ia) _]jeoiko a_kjie_ko a lkhpe_ko naolkjoraeo lah] ateopj_e] `a _h]ooao ok_e]eo a( lknp]jpk( _]qo]`knao `] atlhkn]k ok_e]h* Okiajpa `alkeo `a `aikhe`] ] aopnqpqn] a_kjie_] _]lep]) heop] a ] oqlanaopnqpqn] lkhpe_] a fqn`e_] `k Aop]`k _]lep]heop] mqa oane] ]^khe`] ] `ep]`qn] `k lnkhap]ne]`k( `]j`k ej_ek ok_ea`]`a _kiqjeop]* Fqhc]r] I]nt mqa aoo] oane] ] iqfj^ narkhqk lklqh]n* Lkn mqa ] hpei]; Lknmqa ]^k) hene] ] `^rp^ `a pk`]o ]o narkhq ao mqa ]o ]jpaneknao jk d]re]i _kjoacqe`k ]^khen6 ] lnk) lnea`]`a lner]`] `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk* O ]ooei k pn]^]hdk lk`ane] oan ran`]`aen]iajpa moufp dqi]j] _ne]`kn]*
#APqTULOß =o atlane j_e]o lkhpe_]o `k o _qhk TT = Narkhqk `a Kqpq^nk
A 045
i kqpq^nk `a -5-3( _kjpn] pk`] atla_p]per] i]nteop]( pai hqc]n ] Narkhqk Nqoo]( ok^ ] he`an]j] `k L]npe`k >kh_daremqa* Lkn mqa Î_kjpn] pk`] atla_p]per] i]nteop]Ï; Lknmqa I]nt fqhc]n] mqa ] narkhqk lnk) hapne] o lk`ane] na]hev]n)oa mq]j`k ]o _kjpn]`e ao ejpanj]o ]k _]lep]heoik aockp]ooai ]o lkooe^ehe`]`ao a_kjie_]o a lkhpe_]o `] ^qncqaoe]( a k lnkhap]ne]`k( lkn iaek `] narkhqk( ejop]qn]ooa ] jkr] ok_ea`]`a _kiqjeop]* Ai paniko i]nteop]o( ] narkhqk lnkhapne] `ara) ne] ]_kjpa_an jko l]oao `a _]lep]heoik ]r]j]`k( _kik ] Ejch]pann]( ] Bn]j]( ] =hai]jd]*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
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05,
!LBUMß!+' )MAGES,ATINSTOCK
=o atlanej_e]o lkhpe_]o `k o_qhk TT x #!0É45,/ß x
%VERETTß#OLLECTION,ATINSTOCK
4ROTSKIß ßß INTELECTUALßMARXISTAßEßß REVOLUCIONfRIOßRUSSO
,ENINß ßREVO LUCIONfRIOßRUSSO ßLqDERßDOß 0ARTIDOß#OMUNISTAßEßPRI MEIROßPRESIDENTEßDOß#ON SELHOßDOSß#OMISSfRIOSßDOß 0OVOßDAß5NIjOß3OVImTICA
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3TALINß
=ooajdkn]j`k)oa `k Aop]`k( k L]npe`k >kh_daremqa _nekq qi lk`ankok ]l]n]pk iehep]n a ^qnk_npe_k( mqa( are`ajpaiajpa( ajpnkq ai _kjÛepk _ki ko _kjoahdko lklqh]nao `a kla) nneko( _]ilkjaoao a okh`]`ko( ko plsfbqbp( lkeo aopao d]re]i)oa knc]jev]`k l]n] na]hev]n k ]qpkckranjk `a qi] ok_ea`]`a oai Aop]`k* Ko okreapao bkn]i oaj`k `evei]`ko a oq^opepq) `ko lkn ncko `k L]npe`k >kh_daremqa( `ahao naop]j`k ]laj]o k jkia( mqa oane] Î_kh]`kÏ ]k `a nal ^he_] ok_e]heop]6 Nal ^he_] Ok_e]heop] Okrepe_]* = `ep]`qn] `k L]npe`k >kh_daremqa oa na]hev]r] lkn iaek `k ]l]n]pk iehep]n( lkhe_e]h a ^qnk_npe_k `k Aop]`k* Ai -5./( k L]npe`k >kh_daremqa aop]r] lnkbqj`]iajpa `ere`e`k ajpna ] lkoek `a Pnkpoge Í mqa _nepe_]r] ] ^qnk_n]pev]k a lnklqjd] ] paoa `] obslir l mboj^kbkqb Í a ] `a Op]hej( mqa _kjoacqen] c]hc]n k lkopk `a oa_napnek)can]h `k l]npe`k( ]_qiqh]j`k ajkn) iao lk`anao ai oq]o iko* @kajpa( Hajej( mqa aoperan] bnajpa `] narkhqk( ao_naraq qi paop]iajpk lkhpe_k jk mq]h oqcane] k ]b]op]iajpk `a Op]hej( ]hanp]j`k l]n] k laneck `a oaq ]qpknep]neoik* Jk bke( lkni( ]paj`e`k* Iknnaq ai f]jaenk `a -5.0* R]haj`k)oa `k _]nck a _khk_]j`k ] `enak l]npe`ne] _kjpn] Pnkpoge( Op]hej ]ooqieq k lk`an `k Aop]`k* Ok^ oq] kneajp]k $ai^kn] Ú_]ooa jko ^]ope`knao%( ]o lnej_el]eo he`an]j]o `] narkhqk bkn]i atlqho]o `k l]npe`k7 Pnkpoge bke ^]je`k a( ai -50,( ]oo]ooej]`k lkn qi ]cajpa op]hejeop]( jk Ite_k* ?ki ] paoa Îok_e]heoik jqi o l]oÏ $lknp]jpk( klkop] paoa i]nteop] `k ejpanj]) _ekj]heoik lnkhapnek a `] narkhqk iqj`e]h%( Op]hej eilh]jpkq bkn] ] _khaperev]k `] a_kjkie]( ok^ ] `enak `k Aop]`k a `k l]npe`k* Atan_aq _kjpnkha iehep]n( lkhe_e]h a e`akh ce_k ok^na pk`] ] ok_ea`]`a( ejopepqeq k Î_qhpk lanokj]he`]`aÏ a( ai -5/2( _kia) kq ko cn]j`ao atlqncko lkhpe_ko( _kjda_e`ko _kik Îlnk_aooko `a Iko_kqÏ* Oailna jko ^]ope`knao( _kjoacqeq mqa oaqo ]he]`ko bknf]ooai pk`k pelk `a ]_qo]k _kjpn] he`an]j]o lkhpe_]o `a klkoek( har]j`k)]o _kj`aj]k( iknpa kq lneok lanlpq] ai _]ilko `a _kj_ajpn]k* Bknp]ha_aq ] lkh_e] oa_nap] a _kjokhe`kq k pkp]hep]neoik $`a mqa b]h]na) iko ] oacqen%* =hi `] _khaperev]k a_kjie_]( Op]hej lh]jafkq ] a_kjkie] l]n] ejraope) iajpko j] ej` opne] lao]`]( o]_neÚ_]j`k ] lnk`qk `a ^ajo `a _kjoqik a ko oan) reko l ^he_ko ok_e]eo* Lnaraj`k ] Oacqj) `] Cqann] Iqj`e]h( kneajpkq ] a_kjkie] l]n] ] ej` opne] ^he_]( mqie_] lao]`] a ajance] ahpne_]( lnk`qvej`k( _qop] `a ajkniao o]_neb_eko a lner] ao `] lklq) h]k( k i]ekn _nao_eiajpk a_kjie_k `] deop ne] `] N ooe]( mqa oa pknjkq lk) pj_e] a_kjie_] a iehep]n iqj`e]h*
?aj] `k behia K okh ajc]j]`kn( `a -550( ai mqa k `enapkn nqook Jegep] Iegd]hgkr atl a ] `aokneajp]k `] lklqh]k okrepe_] j] `_]`] `a -5/, `e]jpa `] pen]je] `k op]hejeoik*
!LBUMß#INEMA,ATINSTOCK
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
=o atlane j_e]o pkp]hepne]o6 b]o_eoik a j]veoik
k ^kqfif_bo^ifpjl6 jk _kik ]Úni]k `k ok_e]heoik( a oei _kik `abao] `] pkp]h ej) panrajk `k Aop]`k j] a_kjkie] a j] ok_ea`]`a _ereh* Ai oq] b]_a eje_e]h( ]i^ko oa ]lnaoajp]i _kjpn] ] kn`ai ^qncqao] he^an]h a _kjoacqai ] ]`aok `] i]ekne] `] _h]ooa pn]^]hd]`kn]( mqa okbne] ]o ieone]o `] na_aook a `k `aoailnack7 ] `li^_lo^ l ab `i^ppb6 ]Úni]k `a mqa k _]lep]h a k pn]^]hdk jk ok _kjpnneko jai _kjpn]`ep neko( i]o lk`ai a `arai _kh]^kn]n ai d]nikje] l]n] k ^ai `] _khapere) `]`a* Jk hqc]n `]o _h]ooao ok_e]eo( lnkl ai $a _ne]i% ]o _knlkn] ao `a kb_ek a `a _]) packne]( `a mqa l]npe_el]r]i l]pn ao a ]oo]h]ne]`ko( `a ik`k ] k_qhp]n ] `ereok ajpna k _]lep]h a k pn]^]hdk* = e`ae] `a Aop]`k ?knlkn]perk d]re] oe`k ah]^kn]`] lah] Ecnaf] _]p he_] a atlkop] j] ^qh] `k l]l] Hak TEEE( Oborj Kls^orj( ao_nep] _kjpn] ok_e]heop]o a _kiqjeop]o7 ^if^k ^ `lj l `^mfq^i fkarpqof^i jlklmlifpq^ b Ûk^k`bfol6 eopk ( _ki ko oapknao `k _]le) p]h _qf] rk_]k fjmbof^ifpq^( atecej`k ] _kjmqeop] `a jkrko pannep neko l]n] ] ]ilhe]) k `k ian_]`k a k ]_ iqhk `k _]lep]h7 k^`flk^ifpjl6 ] na]he`]`a ok_e]h ] j]k( ajpaj`e`] _kik qje`]`a pannepkne]h a e`ajpe) `]`a n]_e]h( hejcqope_]( `a _kopqiao a pn]`e ao* = j]k k aolnepk `k lkrk( ] mqof^* *jb `ko ]jpal]oo]`ko `a o]jcqa( qj]( je_] a ej`ereo]7 `lomlo^qfsfpjl6 ] ok_ea`]`a( _kik lnklqjd] k l]l] Hak TEEE( `ara oan knc]jev]`] lahk Aop]`k ok^ ] bkni] `a _knlkn] ao `k pn]^]hdk a `k _]lep]h( dean]nmqev]`]o lkn oq]o bqj ao a d]nikjev]`]o lah] lkhpe_] a_kjie_] `k Aop]`k7 m^oqfal kf`l nrb lod^kfw^ ^p j^pp^p6 ai hqc]n `a _h]ooao ok_e]eo( ] j]k reop] _kik _kjopepq`] lahk lkrk a aopa ] i]oo] knc]jev]`] lahk l]npe`k je_k( mqa ] atlneia a nalnaoajp]* K l]npe`k knc]jev] ] ok_ea`]`a jk o ai oej`e_]pko _knlkn]perko( i]o p]i)
!DOLFß(ITLERß ß LqDERßDOß0ARTIDOß.ACIONALß 3OCIALISTAß!LEMjO NAZISMOßESSAßPALAVRAßmß AßABREVIAljOßDOßNOMEßDEß UMßPARTIDOßPOLqTICOßAOß QUALß(ITLERßSEßFILIOUß)NICIAL MENTE ßOßPARTIDOßDENOMI NAVA SEß0ARTIDOß/PERfRIOß !LEMjO ßMASß(ITLERßPROPxSß QUEßFOSSEßDENOMINADOß 0ARTIDOß/PERfRIOß!LEMjOß .ACIONAL 3OCIALISTAß.ATIO NALSOZIALISTISCHEß°ß.AZI ß /PERfRIO ßPARAßINDICARßAß OPOSIljOßAOSßLIBERAIS ßMASß NACIONAL SOCIALISTAßPARAß INDICARßAßOPOSIljOßAOSß COMUNISTASßEßSOCIALISTASß CRqTICOSßDOßNACIONALISMOß PORßSERßESTEßUMAßIDEOLOGIAß NECESSfRIAßAOßCAPITAL !LBUM!KG IMAGES ,ATINSTOCK
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o_qhk TT( `qn]jpa ko `a_jeko `a -5.,)-50,( req ]_kjpa_an qi] atlanej_e] lkhpe_] oai lna_a`ajpao6 k pkp]hep]neoik( na]hev]`k lkn `q]o lnpe_]o lkhpe_]o( k b]o_eoik $knecej]`k j] Ephe]% a k j]veoik kq j]_ekj]h)ok_e]heoik $knecej]`k j] =hai]jd]%* = =hai]jd]( `annkp]`] j] Lneiaen] Cqann] Iqj`e]h( lan`aq pannep neko a bke k^nec]`] ] l]c]n oki]o rqhpko]o ]ko raj_a`knao l]n] naoo]n_e)hko `ko lnafqvko `] cqann]* = a_kjkie] aop]r] `aopnk]`]( naej]r]i k `aoailnack( ] na_aook a ] ejÛ]k c]hkl]jpa* = _neoa ]ooq) ieq lnklkn ao _]p]opn Ú_]o mq]j`k( ai -5.5( dkqra ] mqa^n] $Î`o^peÏ% `] >kho] `a R]hknao `a Jkr] Ukng( har]j`k nqj] ^k] l]npa `k _]lep]h iqj`e]h* L]npej`k `] _npe_] i]nteop] ]k he^an]heoik( i]o na_qo]j`k ] e`ae] `a narkhqk lnkhapne] _kiqjeop]( k ]qopn]_k =`khb Dephan oa kbana_aq ^qncqaoe] a _h]ooa i`e] ]haio l]n] o]hr)h]o `] narkhqk klanne]* Aha lnklo k naancqeiajpk `] =hai]jd] lkn iaek `k bknp]ha_eiajpk `k Aop]`k( `k j]_ekj]heoik caklkhpe_k $] j]k k Îaol]k rep]hÏ `k lkrk( mqa `ara _kjmqeop]n a i]jpan pannep neko ja_aooneko ]k oaq `aoajrkhreiajpk a_kjie_k% a `] ]he]j] _ki ko oapk) nao _kjoanr]`knao `k _]lep]h ej`qopne]h a ok^napq`k `k _]lep]h Új]j_aenk* Dephan bke ahaepk( ai ahae ao hernao a `enap]o( l]n] k L]nh]iajpk a( ai oacqe`]( `aq k ckhla `a Aop]`k j]veop]* = Ephe]( ai^kn] aoperaooa `k h]`k `ko raj_a`knao `] Lneiaen] Cqann] Iqj`e]h( Ú_kq ej) o]peobaep] _ki ]o _kilajo] ao mqa hda bkn]i `]`]o a( ]k iaoik pailk( pajp]r] i]jpan)oa a_kjkie_]iajpa lah] atlhkn]k `a _khje]o j] ãbne_]* >ajepk Iqookheje( _kik Dephan( l]n) peq `] _npe_] i]nteop] ]k he^an]heoik( i]o( _kik Dephan( na_qo]r] ] e`ae] `a narkhqk lnk) hapne] _kiqjeop]* Ai rav `ah]( lnklo k bknp]ha_eiajpk `k Aop]`k j]_ekj]h( ] ]he]j] _ki oapknao _kjoanr]`knao `k _]lep]h ej`qopne]h a Új]j_aenk( ] cqann] `a _kjmqeop] `a pannep neko a k j]_ekj]heoik ^]oa]`k j]o ch ne]o `k ]jpeck Eilnek Nki]jk* Ai^kn] `a knecai a oecjeÚ_]k `ebanajpao( k^wfpjl a c^p`fpjl lkooqai ]ola_pko _k) iqjo6
"ENITOß-USSOLINIßß ßLqDERßDOßß 0ARTIDOß.ACIONALß&ASCISTAß NAß)TfLIA FASCISMOßAßPALAVRAßFASCIS MOßFOIßINVENTADAßPORß-US SOLINIßAßPARTIRßDOßVOCfBULOß ITALIANOßFASCIO ß±FEIXE²ßbß DUPLAßAßSIGNIFICAljOßDEßFAS CIOßPORßUMßLADO ßREFERE SEß AOßCONJUNTOßDEßMACHADOSß REUNIDOSßPORßMEIOßDEßUMß FEIXEßDEßVARAS ßCARREGADOSß PORßFUNCIONfRIOSßQUEßPRE CEDIAMßAßAPARIljOßP{BLICAß DOSßMAGISTRADOSßNAßANTIGAß 2OMA ßOSßMACHADOSßSIGNI FICANDOßOßPODERßDOß%STADOß PARAßDECAPITARßCRIMINOSOS ß EßASßVARAS ßAßUNIDADEßDOß POVOßROMANOßEMßTORNOßDOß %STADOßPORßOUTRO ßREFERE SEß AßUMAßTRADIljOßPOPULARßDOß SmCULOß8)8 ßEMßQUEßCERTASß COMUNIDADES ßLUTANDOß PORßSEUSßINTERESSESßEßDI REITOS ßSIMBOLIZAVAMßSUAß LUTAßEßUNIDADEßPELOSßFASCIß -USSOLINIßSEßAPROPRIAßDOß SqMBOLOßROMANOßEßPOPULAR ß CRIANDOßPORßTODAßAß)TfLIAßOSß FASCIßDEßCOMBATE
05.
=o atlanej_e]o lkhpe_]o `k o_qhk TT x #!0É45,/ß x
^i ai ]ook_e] ao6 `a fkrajo( `a iqhdanao( `a _ne]j]o( `a ]npeop]o( ao_nepknao( _eajpeo) p]o( `a ^]ennk( `a cejope_] a `]j]( `a i oe_]( ap_* = nah]k ajpna ] ok_ea`]`a $] j]k% a k Aop]`k baep] lah] ia`e]k `k l]npe`k7
(ULTONß$EUTSCHß#OLLECTION
fablildf^ ab `i^ppb jaf^ lr mbnrbkl*_rodrbp^6 jk ik`k `a lnk`qk _]lep]heop]( d qi] _]i]`] ok_e]h mqa jk lnkhapne])_]ilkjao]( jai ] lnklneapne] lner]`] `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk( jai ^qncqao]7 pn]p])oa `] _h]ooa i`e] kq lamqaj] ^qncqaoe]( _kjopepq`] lkn _kian_e]jpao( lnkÚooekj]eo he^an]eo( ejpaha_pq]eo( ]npeop]o( ]npaoko ej) `alaj`ajpao a bqj_ekjneko l ^he_ko* Aoo] _h]ooa ]`ana _kilhap]iajpa ]ko r]hknao a ]ko _kopqiao `] ^qncqaoe] a paia ] lnkhap]nev]k( oaj`k lkn eook ]jpeook_e]heop] a ]j) pe_kiqjeop]* Ai^kn] ]`iena ] ^qncqaoe]( naooajpa)oa lkn jk lkooqen ] nemqav] a ko lnerehceko ^qncqaoao* ?ki abaepk( ] _h]ooa i`e] kq lamqaj] ^qncqaoe] ]_na`ep] jk ej`ere`q]heoik _ki) lapeperk( j] e`ae] `k Îdkiai mqa oa b]v okvejdkÏ cn]]o `eo_elhej]( ^k] b]ihe]( ]ko ^kjo _kopqiao a ]k pn]^]hdk* I]o( ]k _kjpnnek `a oq]o atla_p]per]o( jk _kjoacqa( ]la) o]n `ko aobknko( Îoq^en j] re`]Ï( a naolkjo]^ehev] ] Î_k^e] `ko ne_koÏ lkn oq] oepq]k ejbaneknev]`]( ]pne^qej`k)] `aokn`ai `k he^an]heoik* Lkn aoo]o _]n]_panope_]o( ] _h]ooa i`e] kq lamqaj] ^qncqaoe] _kjoanr]`kn] a na]_ekjne]( paj`k lna`ehak lkn lnk) lkop]o lkhpe_]o mqa hda lnkiap]i knc]jev]n k Aop]`k a ] a_kjkie] `a p]h ik`k mqa `ao]l]na]i k he^an]heoik a k neo_k `k ok_e]heoik)_kiqjeoik* k `aopej]pnek lnere) hace]`k a lnabane`k `k j]veoik a `k b]o_eoik $a `a pk`]o ]o lkhpe_]o ]jpeook_e]heop]o a ]jpe_kiqjeop]o%7 fjmbof^ifpjl _bif`fpq^6 lah] ]he]j] _ki k _]lep]h ik) jklkheop] a Új]j_aenk( lah] e`akhkce] j]_ekj]heop] at) l]joekjeop]( lah] e`akhkce] `a _h]ooa i`e] kq lamqaj] ^qncqaoe]( mqa aolan] `]o _kjmqeop]o iehep]nao iahdk) ne] `a oq]o _kj`e ao ok_e]eo( j]veoik a b]o_eoik ok lkhpe_]o `a cqann] a `a _kjmqeop]* Dephan b]h]n `k o]j) cqa cani je_k mqa _knna j]o rae]o `ko lkrko `] Aqnkl] _ajpn]h a `aran oan Îna_kj`qve`kÏ lpne])ia ]hai lah] cqann]* Iqookheje b]h]n j]o ch ne]o `k Eilnek Nk) i]jk a ai oq] na_kjmqeop] lah]o cqann]o ep]he]j]o7 bar`^ l jlo^i b `sf`^6 l]n] c]n]jpen ] ]`aok `]o i]oo]o e`akhkce] j]veb]o_eop]( k Aop]`k ejpnk`qv ] a`q_]k ikn]h a _re_]( lah] mq]h _ne]j]o a ]`khao) _ajpao ]lnaj`ank ko r]hknao j]veb]o_eop]o `a lpne]( `eo_elhej]( bkn] `k _]npan( bkni]k `a _knlko ^ahko( o]q`raeo( lk`ankoko( ja_aooneko ]ko cqannaenko `ko jkrko eilneko7
?ne]j] qo]`] _kik i]o_kpa `ko b]o_eop]o ai qi _ki_ek `a Iqookheje ai Nki]( ai -5/.*
05/
molm^d^ka^ ab j^pp^6 k j]veb]o_eoik ejpnk`qv( lah] lneiaen] rav j] deop ne]( ] lnpe_] $dkfa _kpe`e]j] a ^]j]h% `] lnkl]c]j`] `enece`] o i]oo]o* Aoo] lnkl]) c]j`] lkhpe_]( rkhp]`] l]n] ] i]jebaop]k `a oajpe) iajpko( aik ao a l]et ao( `aor]hknev]j`k ] n]vk( k lajo]iajpk a ] _kjo_ej_e] _npe_]* Lkn iaek `k n`ek a `] eilnajo]( `a _]np]vao( `aoÚhao( ^]j`]o( fkcko ]ph) pe_ko( Úhiao( k j]veb]o_eoik lnk_qn] ej_qpen j] i]oo] ] `arkk ej_kj`e_ekj]h lpne] a ]ko _dabao( k ]ikn dean]nmqe]( `eo_elhej] a cqann]7
moqf`^ a^ `bkpro^ b a^ abi^ l6 k Aop]`k( ]pn]ro `k l]npe`k( `]o ]ook_e] ao a `a ]l]na) hdko aola_e]hev]`ko $lkhe_e]eo a iehep]nao%( _kjpnkh] k lajo]iajpk( ]o _ej_e]o a ]o ]npao
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
lkn iaek `] _ajoqn]( mqaei]j`k hernko a k^n]o `a ]npa Î_kjpnnekoÏ lpne] a ]ko _dabao( lnaj`aj`k a pknpqn]j`k ko `eooe`ajpao( lanoacqej`k ko Îejeiecko ejpanjkoÏ* Aopeiqh] p]i^i( ok^napq`k ai _ne]j]o a fkrajo( ] lnpe_] `] `ah]k _kjpn] ko `eooe`ajpao( Î`aore]jpaoÏ a Îejeiecko ejpanjkoÏ `k Aop]`k7 o^`fpjl6 iajko bknpa jk b]o_eoik( qi _kilkjajpa aooaj_e]h `k j]veoik( mqa ejrajp] ] e`ae] `a În]] ]ne]j]Ï kq În]] j n`e_]Ï( oqlanekn ] pk`]o ]o kqpn]o( `araj`k _kjmqeop]n ]hcqi]o l]n] mqa ] oenr]i a ]jemqeh]n kqpn]o( lknmqa ÎejoanrraeoÏ a Îlanecko]oÏ* = e`ae] `a ]jemqeh]k `]o În]]o ejbaneknaoÏ b]v `k cajk_`ek qi] lkhpe_] `k Aop]`k* K j]veo) ik _kjoe`ankq ko jacnko ]bne_]jko( ko lkhkjaoao( p_da_ko( d jc]nko( nkiajko( _nk]p]o( onreko a `ai]eo ^n]j_ko aqnklaqo _kik În]]o ejbaneknaoÏ ] oanai _kjmqeop]`]o l]n] na]hev]n k pn]^]hdk ^n]]h l]n] ] n]] oqlanekn* ?kjoe`ankq _ec]jko a fq`aqo _kik n]]o ] oanai aheiej]`]o $atpaniejkq _ec]jko a oaeo iehd ao `a fq`aqo%7 bpq^qfpjl6 _kjpn] k Aop]`k he^an]h $_kjoe`an]`k _] pe_k% a _kjpn] ]o narkhq ao ok_e]) heop]o a _kiqjeop]o $mqa na_qo]i k Aop]`k%( k j]veb]o_eoik _ne] k Aop]`k bknpa( _ajpn]) hev]`k ]`iejeopn]per]iajpa( iehep]nev]`k( mqa _kjpnkh] pk`] ] ok_ea`]`a lkn iaek `k l]npe`k( `]o ieh_e]o `a fkrajo( `] a`q_]k ikn]h a _re_]( `] lnkl]c]j`]( `] _ajoqn] a `] `ah]k* Ateopa ]laj]o k Aop]`k _kik pkp]he`]`a mqa ajchk^] ai oaq ejpanekn k pk`k `] ok_ea`]`a* Pkp]hep]neoik( lknp]jpk( oecjeÚ_] Aop]`k pkp]h( mqa ]^oknra ai oaq ejpanekn a ai oq] knc]jev]k k pk`k `] ok_ea`]`a a oq]o ejopepqe ao( _kjpnkh]j`k)] lkn ejpaenk* K j]veb]o_eoik lnkhebankq lkn pk`] l]npa* Bke repknekok jk ]laj]o j] Ephe] a j] =hai]) jd]( i]o( _ki r]ne] ao( pkikq k lk`an j] Aol]jd] $`a Bn]j_k%( ai Lknpqc]h $_ki O]h]v]n% a ai rneko l]oao `] Aqnkl] kneajp]h* ?kjoacqeq pan l]npe`ko oecjeÚ_]perko ai l]oao _kik Bn]j]( Ejch]pann]( >hce_]( ãqopne]( =ncajpej]* Jk >n]oeh( `aq knecai =k Ejpacn]heop] >n]oehaen]( _ne]`] lkn Lhjek O]hc]`k*
A
i^kn] k pkp]hep]neoik nqook aopaf] hec]`k ej`eookhqrahiajpa ]k jkia `a Op]hej( eook jk oecjeÚ_] mqa pajd] paniej]`k _ki oq] iknpa* =p ] _d]i]`] di^pklpq $Îpn]jol]nj_e]Ï%( lnklkop] jko ]jko -54, lkn Iegd]eh Ckn^]_dar( ateopeq k op]hejeoik oai Op]hej( kq oaf]( k pkp]hep]neoik j] at)Qjek Okrepe_]* Iqepko pn]ko `k op]hejeoik ok oaiahd]jpao ]ko `k j]veb]o_eoik $_ajpn]hev]k aop]p]h( l]npe`k je_k _ki _kjpnkha pkp]h ok^na ] ok_ea`]`a( iehep]nev]k( j]_ekj]heoik( eilane]) heoik( _ajoqn] `k lajo]iajpk a `] atlnaook( lnkl]c]j`] aop]p]h jk hqc]n `] ejbkni]k( _]ilko `a _kj_ajpn]k( ejrajk _kjpjq] `ko Îejeiecko ejpanjkoÏ%( i]o ] `ebanaj] bqj) `]iajp]h a pnce_] ajpna ahao aop jk b]pk `a mqa k op]hejeoik oqbk_kq ] lneiaen] narkhqk _kiqjeop] a `abknikq lnkbqj`]iajpa k i]nteoik( i]n_]j`k _ki k oahk pkp]hepnek ko l]npe`ko _kiqjeop]o `k iqj`k ejpaenk* =o cn]j`ao paoao `a I]nt bkn]i `aopnq`]o lah]o paoao op]hejeop]o6 paoa i]nteop] `] narkhqk lnkhapne] iqj`e]h( k op]hejeoik _kjpn]lo ] paoa `k ok_e]heo) ik jqi o l]o( pn]jobkni]j`k)] ai `enapnev k^nec]p ne] l]n] ko l]npe`ko _kiqjeop]o `k iqj`k ejpaenk* Eook oecjeÚ_kq mqa p]eo l]npe`ko `arane]i ]^]j`kj]n lnpe_]o narkhq_ek) jne]o ai oaqo l]oao l]n] jk lnafq`e_]n ]o nah] ao ejpanj]_ekj]eo `] Qjek Okrepe_]* An]i aopeiqh]`]o( lkni( ]o cqann]o `a he^anp]k j]_ekj]h _kjpn] ko l]oao _khkje]heop]o oailna mqa eook bkooa `k ejpanaooa a_kjie_k a caklkhpe_k `ko okrepe_ko7 paoa i]nteop] `] `ep]`qn] `k lnkhap]ne]`k l]n] ] `annq^]`] `k Aop]`k( k op]hejeoik _kjpn]lo ] `ep]`qn] `k l]npe`k je_k a `k Aop]`k bknpa7
GLASNOSTßEßPERESTROIKAßOß CONCEITOßDEßGLASNOSTßSEß ASSOCIAßAßLIBERDADEßDEßß EXPRESSjOßEßABERTURAßß POLqTICAßNAßEX 5NIjOßß 3OVImTICAß0ERESTROIKAßß ±REESTRUTURAljO² ßSEßß ASSOCIAßgßABERTURAßß ECONxMICA !LBUM!+' )MAGES,ATINSTOCK
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-IKHAILß'ORBACHEVß ß FOIßOß{LTIMOßSECRETfRIO ß
GERALßDOß0ARTIDOß#OMU NISTAßDAß5NIjOß3OVImTICA
050
=o atlanej_e]o lkhpe_]o `k o_qhk TT x #!0É45,/ß x
paoa i]nteop] `] ]^khek `k Aop]`k j] ok_ea`]`a _kiqjeop] oai _h]ooao ok_e]eo( _kj) pn]lo k ]cec]jp]iajpk `k Aop]`k( ] ]^oknk `] ok_ea`]`a lahk ]l]nahdk aop]p]h a la) hko ncko `k l]npe`k( _qf] ^qnk_n]_e] _kjopepqeq)oa jqi] jkr] _h]ooa `kiej]jpa( _ki ejpanaooao a lnerehceko ln lneko7 paoa i]nteop] `] hqp] lnkhapne] _kjpn] ] ^qncqaoe] a ] lamqaj] ^qncqaoe]( ^ai _kik `] ]Úni]k `a mqa( ai iqepko lnk_aooko narkhq_ekjneko( l]npa `] ^qncqaoe] a `] la) mqaj] ^qncqaoe] oa ]he]i ]k lnkhap]ne]`k i]o k ]^]j`kj]i ] l]npen `a _anpk lkjpk( `araj`k aha lnkooacqen okvejdk j] ]k narkhq_ekjne]( k op]hejeoik _kjpn]lo ] paoa klknpqjeop] `] Îaopn]pce]Ï a `] Îppe_]Ï( oacqj`k ] mq]h( ai _anpko _]oko( k lnkhap]ne]`k b]ne] ]he]j]o a jah]o lani]ja_ane] a( ai kqpnko( jk b]ne] ]he]j] ]hcqi]( oa eook jk bkooa `k ejpanaooa `] r]jcq]n`] l]npe`ne]7 paoa i]nteop] `k ejpanj]_ekj]heoik lnkhapnek $ÎLnkhapneko `a pk`ko ko l]oao( qje)rkoÏ( `eve] k J^kfcbpql @ljrkfpq^%( _kjpn]lo k j]_ekj]heoik a k eilane]heoik nqooko( lne) iaenk ejr]`ej`k a `kiej]j`k ] Aqnkl] kneajp]h a `alkeo ko l]oao ]oepe_ko jk `kie) j]`ko lah] ?dej]7 paoa i]nteop] `k l]npe`k lkhpe_k _kik ejopnqiajpk `a knc]jev]k `] _h]ooa pn]^]) hd]`kn] a atlnaook lnpe_] `a oq]o e`ae]o a hqp]o( _kjpn]lo ] ^qnk_n]_e] l]npe`ne] _kik r]jcq]n`] lkhpe_]( mqa jk o Înalnaoajp]Ï ko ejpanaooao lnkhapneko i]o ko aj) _]nj] a ko `ena_ekj]( lkeo `apajpkn] `k lk`an a `k o]^an7 paoa i]nteop] `] nah]k ej`eookh rah ajpna ]o e`ae]o a ]o _kj`e ao i]pane]eo( eopk ( ajpna pakne] a lnpe_]( mqa laniepe] k `aoajrkhreiajpk `] _kjo_ej_e] _npe_] `] _h]ooa pn]^]hd]`kn]( _kjpn]lo ] lnkl]c]j`] aop]p]h( ] e`akhkce] `k _daba _kik Îl]e `ko lk) rkoÏ( k _kjpnkha `] a`q_]k a `ko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k lahk l]npe`k a lahk Aop]`k7 paoa `a I]nt `a mqa ] pakne] a ] lnpe_] aopk jqi] nah]k `e]hpe_]( mqa k _kjda_e) iajpk deop ne_k a qi lnk_aook ejpaniejrah `a ]jheoa a _kilnaajok `]o _kj`e ao _kj_nap]o lkop]o lah] na]he`]`a ok_e]h( k op]hejeoik _kjpn]lo qi] ejrajk( k Af^j^q $i]pane]heoik `e]hpe_k%( eopk ( k i]nteoik _kik alrqofk^ ])deop ne_]( Út]`] ai `kc) i]o atlkopko ok^ ] bkni] `a _]pa_eoiko `a rqhc]nev]k `] e`akhkce] op]hejeop]* Bke pk hkjca jeook( mqa _kjoe`ankq bqjk `k Aop]`k `aÚjen k mbkp^jbkql `loobql* L]n] p]jpk( ko ejpaha_pq]eo `k l]npe`k bkn]i aj_]nnac]`ko `a `apaniej]n ]o hejd]o Î_knnap]oÏ l]n] ] ÚhkokÚ]( ]o _ej_e]o a ]o ]npao* Ejopepqeq)oa ] loe_khkce] kÚ_e]h( ] ia`e) _ej] a ] cajpe_] kÚ_e]eo( ] hepan]pqn]( ] lejpqn]( ] i oe_] a k _ejai] kÚ_e]eo( ] ÚhkokÚ] a ] _ej_e] kÚ_e]eo( aj_]nnac]j`k)oa ] lkh_e] oa_nap] `a mqaei]n k^n]o( lnaj`an( pknpqn]n( ]oo]ooej]n kq ajre]n l]n] _]ilko `a _kj_ajpn]k ko Î`eooe`ajpaoÏ kq Î`aore]jpaoÏ* Ko dan`aenko `a Op]hej bkn]i i]eo hkjca6 _kjoe`an]n]i mqa( _kik k l]npe`k a k Aop]`k `e) vai ] ran`]`a ]^okhqp]( ko Î`aorekoÏ ejpaha_pq]eo( ]npope_ko a lkhpe_ko an]i oejpki]o `a `eop n^eko lomqe_ko a `a hkq_qn]( a ajre]r]i( lkn eook( ko Î`eooe`ajpaoÏ l]n] dkolep]eo loemqepne_ko7 paoa i]nteop] `a mqa ] _h]ooa pn]^]hd]`kn] oqfaepk `a oq] ln lne] deop ne] mq]j`k pki] _kjo_ej_e] `a oq] oepq]k a hqp] _kjpn] ah]( ]lnaj`aj`k _ki ] iai ne] `ko _ki^]pao a ] pn]`ek `]o `annkp]o( k op]hejeoik _kjpn]lo ] e`ae] `a deop ne] kÚ_e]h `] _h]ooa lnkhapne]( e`ajpeÚ_]`] _ki ] deop ne] `k L]npe`k ?kiqjeop] a _ki ] ejpanlnap]) k `]`] lkn aopa hpeik ]ko ]_kjpa_eiajpko deop ne_ko( nkq^]j`k ]ooei `ko pn]^]hd]) `knao k `enaepk iai ne]7
051
paoa i]nteop] `a mqa ko ejeiecko `] _h]ooa pn]^]hd]`kn] jk ok ej`er`qko `aoo] kq `]mqah] _h]ooa( i]o `a qi] kqpn] _h]ooa ok_e]h ajmq]jpk _h]ooa( _kjpn]lo ] e`ae] `a Îejeiecko `k lkrk o]`ko `k oaek `k ln lnek lkrkÏ _kik ejeiecko `a oq] ln lne] _h]ooa( lknmqa ok Î]cajpao aopn]jcaenko ejÚhpn]`ko jk oaek `k lkrk qjk( ej`ereok( ^ki a dk) ikcjakÏ7
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
paoa `a I]nt `] jkr] ok_ea`]`a _kik _kj_napev]k `] he^an`]`a( `] ecq]h`]`a( `] ]^qj` j_e]( `] fqope] a `] bahe_e`]`a( k op]hejeoik _kjpn]lo k Îklannek ik`ahkÏ a k Îiehep]jpa atailh]nÏ( ]_kopqi]`ko k^a`ej_e] _ac] ]ko _ki]j`ko `k Aop]`k a `k l]npe`k a dean]nmqe] ok_e]h eilkop] lkn ahao* Reran mbil a m^o^ k Aop]`k a k l]npe`k pknj]n]i)oa oejjeiko `a bahe_e`]`a( he^an`]`a a fqope]* = pn]jobkni]k `]o e`ae]o a lnpe_]o op]hejeop]o ai fkpqfqrf bp pl`f^fp bav _ki mqa k op]hejeoik jk bkooa qi ]_kjpa_eiajpk `a oqlanb_ea( mqa lq`aooa oan ]l]c]`k _ki ] ikn) pa `a Op]hej* Lahk _kjpnnek* K op]hejeoik ejopepqeq qi] jkr] cloj^ l pl`f^i( mqa ik`ahkq _knlko( _kn] ao a iajpao a mqa o `ao]l]na_aq( l]n_e]hiajpa( jk Úi `ko ]jko -54, a ej_ek `ko ]jko -55,( lknmqa ] _neoa a_kjie_]( lnkrk_]`] lahk `ahnek ]ni]iajpeop]( bav aiance) nai _kjpn]`e ao oqbk_]`]o `qn]jpa oapajp] ]jko*
= ok_e]h)`aik_n]_e]
@
keo ]_kjpa_eiajpko lkhpe_ko i]n_]n]i k lank`k lkopanekn Oacqj`] Cqann] Iqj) `e]h6 ] drboo^ cof^ a k oqnceiajpk `k Bpq^al al ?bj*Bpq^o Pl`f^i $Tbic^ob Pq^qb%( kq ] ok_e]h)`aik_n]_e]* Jk Új]h `k o_qhk TT( ejop]hkq)oa k jakhe^an]heoik*
= drboo^ cof^ bke ] `ereok caklkhpe_]( a_kjie_] a iehep]n ajpna `keo cn]j`ao ^hk_ko6 k ^hk_k _]lep]heop]( ok^ ] `enak `ko Aop]`ko Qje`ko $ej_hqej`k ]o pno =ine_]o( ] Aqnkl] K_e`ajp]h a ]o _khje]o aqnklae]o j] ãbne_]( jk Kneajpa I`ek a j] ãoe]%( a k ^hk_k _kiqjeo) p]( ok^ ] `enak `] Qjek Okrepe_] a `] ?dej] $ej_hqej`k ko l]oao `] Aqnkl] ?ajpn]h a `k Haopa%* Qi] `]o lnej_el]eo n]v ao l]n] aoo] `ereok bke iehep]n( eopk ( ] ejrajk `] ^ki^] ]pie_]( mqa ]hpan]r] `a ik`k ennaranorah ] j]pqnav] `ko ]noaj]eo ^he_ko( lkj`k Úi o cqann]o _kjraj_ekj]eo* K oi^khk `aoo] cqann] bke ] `ereok `] =hai]jd] ai L`fabkq^i( k_ql]`] lah]o bkn]o iehep]nao _]lep]heop]o `] _d]i]`] Knc]jev]k `k Pn]p]`k `k =ph jpe_k Jkn) pa $Kp]j%( a Lofbkq^i( k_ql]`] lah]o bkn]o okrepe_]o `k _d]i]`k L]_pk `a R]no re] $eopk ( `ko l]oao `] Aqnkl] kneajp]h oq^iape`ko Qjek Okrepe_]%* Aooa oi^khk _kj) _napevkq)oa jk ÎIqnk `a >anheiÏ( ] iqn]hd] ancqe`] lahko nqooko l]n] eila`en ] l]oo]cai `ko ]haiao `] =hai]jd] Kneajp]h l]n] ] K_e`ajp]h a l]n] _kjpnkh]n ] ajpn]`] a o]`] `a laook]o `] =hai]jd] K_e`ajp]h l]n] ] Kneajp]h* Eje_e]hiajpa( _]`] ^hk_k fqhc]r] mqa ] lkooa `a ]ni]) iajpko jq_ha]nao hda `]ne] i]eo lk`an l]n] aheiej]n k kq) pnk* Lkq_k ] lkq_k( lkni( ] _d]i]`] Î_knne`] ]ni]iaj) peop]Ï `aetkq `a reo]n `enap]iajpa cqann]( rkhp]j`k)oa l]n] ] ejpeie`]k na_lnk_] `ko ]`ranoneko( heiep]j`k oq]o ] ao eilane]heop]o* Bej]hiajpa( lan_a^aq)oa mqa qi] cqann] jk _kjraj_ekj]h kq jq_ha]n pane] naoqhp]`k vank( kq oaf]( jk pane] raj_a`knao( lkeo k lh]jap] oane] ejpaen]) iajpa `aopnq`k* = cqann] pane] `a oan( lknp]jpk( cqann] bne] Í aolekj]cai( Új]j_e]iajpk `a cqann]o hk_]hev]`]o( ]lkek okrepe_k ] cqann]o ]jpe_khkje]eo( `aoaop]^ehev]k jknpa)]iane_]j] `a naceiao ok_e]heop]o ejopepq`ko j] na] `a lk`an `ko Aop]`ko Qje`ko( ap_* = cqann] bne] `aÚjeq( lkn mq]oa _ejmqajp] ]jko( k ]hejd]iajpk lkhpe_k a a_kjie) _k `a pk`ko ko l]oao rkhp] `ko `keo ^hk_ko dacaije_ko*
?aj] `k behia R]ilenko `a ]hi]o( `a -512( `enece`k lkn @kj Oeacah* @qn]jpa ] l]n]jke] ]jpe_k) iqjeop] j] `_]`] `a -51,( ko behiao `a be_k _eajpbe_] lnk) `qve`ko jko Aop]`ko Qje`ko ]ook_e]r]i ] atl]jok okrepe_] ] ejr]o ao i]n_e]j]o* $IVULGAljO
= cqann] bne]
052
=o atlanej_e]o lkhpe_]o `k o_qhk TT x #!0É45,/ß x
Ok^ ] ]k `a Iegd]eh Ckn^]_dar( ] cqann] bne] paniejkq _ki k Úi `k naceia okrepe_k( _ki ] di^pklpq b ] mbobpqolfh^ oaj`k eilhaiajp]`]o* J] ran`]`a( k naceia paniejkq _kik _kjoamqj_e] `] nqj] a_kjie_] `] Qjek Okrepe_]( mqa jk o i]jpara lh]jko a_kjie) _ko hec]`ko ej` opne] ^he_]( _kik jk `aoajrkhraq ]o jkr]o pa_jkhkce]o `a lkjp] atece`]o lah] an] `] ahapnje_] a `] ejbknipe_]* K ]pn]ok a_kjie_k( ]o hqp]o nacekj]eo lkn ej`alaj) `j_e] $lkn l]npa `ko l]oao ]jat]`ko ]k ^hk_k okrepe_k ]l o ] Oacqj`] Cqann] Iqj`e]h%( ] aop]cj]k ok_e]h a _qhpqn]h( ]o _kjpn]`e ao ejpanj]o ok_ea`]`a okrepe_]( ]o ]ia]]o _kjpjq]o `a cqann] _ki ] ?dej]( ] iq`]j] j] bkni] `k _]lep]h $k ]`rajpk `k _d]i]`k kblif_bo^ifpjl% a ] dacaikje] e`akh ce_] _]lep]heop] bkn]i ]hcqjo `ko b]pknao mqa har]n]i lkhpe_] `a Ckn^]_dar a ]k `aoi]jpah]iajpk l]n_e]h `k pkp]hep]neoik op]hejeop]*
!LBUM!KG IMAGES,ATINSTOCK
= ok_e]h)`aik_n]_e] a k Aop]`k `k >ai)Aop]n Ok_e]h
*OHNß+EYNESß
@ao`a iqepk _a`k( ajpna ko i]nteop]o( oqnceq qi] ej`]c]k6 ] l]oo]cai `k _]lep]heo) ik ]k _kiqjeoik `arane] oan baep] ja_aoo]ne]iajpa lkn qi] narkhqk kq lk`ane] oan na]) hev]`] lkn qi _kjfqjpk _nao_ajpa `a nabkni]o( _ki ]o mq]eo k lk`an l]oo]ne] `]o iko `] ^qncqaoe] l]n] ]o `k lnkhap]ne]`k; = `eo_qook Înabkni] kq narkhqk;Ï `aq knecai e`ae] `a ap]l]o deop ne_]o l]n] ] l]oo]cai ]k _kiqjeoik7 ] lnej_el]h `aoo]o ap]l]o an] k ok_e]heo) ik( ajpaj`e`k _kik l]oo]cai cn]`q]h ]k _kiqjeoik lkn iaek `a nabkni]o jk _]lep]heo) ik* = lkhpe_] ok_e]heop] an] lnklkop] lkn l]npe`ko mqa oa `ajkiej]r]i pl`f^i*abjl`o^q^p( oaj`k ] atlnaook Îok_e]h)`aik_n]_e]Ï ej`e_]`kn] `] lkhpe_] `] aomqan`] nabknieop]* Ai^kn]( ]jpao `] Oacqj`] Cqann]( rne]o atlanej_e]o `a pelk ok_e]h)`aik_n]p] pajd]i oe`k na]hev]`]o jko l]oao ao_]j`ej]rko $Oq_e]( @ej]i]n_]% a j] Ejch]pann] $_ki k L]npe`k Pn]^]hdeop]%( lk`a)oa b]h]n jqi] lnaoaj] i]eo Únia a ]ilh] `] ok_e]h)`aik_n]_e] _kik lkhpe_] `] aomqan`] nabknieop] okiajpa ] l]npen `k Új]h `]mqah] cqann]( lknp]jpk( ] l]npen `k Új]h `ko ]jko -50,* Lkn aoo] k_]oek( ] ok_e]h)`aik_n]_e] ejopepqeq)oa _kik lkhpe_] `k Aop]`k `a >ai)Aop]n Ok_e]h $Tbic^ob Pq^qb%( eilh]jp]`k jko l]oao _]lep]heop]o ]r]j]`ko `k daieobnek jknpa _kik `abao] `k _]lep]heoik _kjpn] k laneck `k napknjk `k j]veb]o_eoik a `] narkhqk _kiqjeop]* = _neoa a_kjie_] can]`] lah] cqann]( ]o _npe_]o j]veb]o_eop] a _kiqjeop] ]k he^an]heo) ik( ]o hqp]o `ko pn]^]hd]`knao lkn `enaepko a_kjie_ko a ok_e]eo bqj`]`]o j] ei]cai `] ok_ea`]`a ok_e]heop] ai _kjopnqk j] Qjek Okrepe_] a j] ?dej]( b]vaj`k _ki mqa ko pn]) ^]hd]`knao aj_kjpn]ooai jah]o $ecjkn]j`k k mqa ]he na]hiajpa oa l]oo]r]% qi _kjpn]lkjpk l]n] ]o `aoecq]h`]`ao a ejfqope]o `k _]lep]heoik( pq`k eook harkq ja_aooe`]`a `a nabkni]n ] a_kjkie] a `a ]hpan]n ] ]k `k Aop]`k( _knnecej`k ko lnk^hai]o a_kjie_ko a ok_e]eo* = aoo] p]nab] `a`e_kq)oa ] ok_e]h)`aik_n]_e] lkn iaek `k Aop]`k `k >ai)Aop]n Ok_e]h $p]i^i _d]i]`k `a Aop]`k Lnkre`j_e]%* Ejolen]j`k)oa j]o e`ae]o `k a_kjkieop] ejcho Fkdj Gaujao( ] ok_e]h)`aik_n]_e] l]ookq ] _ki^]pan ] ]j]nmqe] a_kjie_] he^an]h lkn iaek `k Aop]`k* Aopa( ai hqc]n `a oan k n^epnk `a _kjÛepko( lkop]`k ]_ei] `] ok_ea`]`a _ereh $ i]jaen] he^an]h%( l]oo] ] fkqbosfo j] a_k) jkie]( ejraopej`k ai ej` opne]o aop]p]eo( oq^oe`e]j`k ailnao]o lner]`]o j] ej` opne]( j] ]cne_qhpqn] a jk _kin_ek( atan_aj`k _kjpnkha ok^na lnako( o]hneko a p]t]o `a fqnko* =ooq) ia l]n] oe qi _kjfqjpk `a aj_]ncko ok_e]eo kq oanreko l ^he_ko( ajpaj`e`ko _kik afobfqlp pl`f^fp naerej`e_]`ko lah] _h]ooa pn]^]hd]`kn]6 o] `a( a`q_]k( ikn]`e]( pn]jolknpa( lnare) `j_e] ok_e]h( o]hnek)`aoailnack( o]hnek)b]ihe]( ap_* =hi `ko `enaepko ok_e]eo( p]i^i ]paj`a abj^ka^p ab `fa^a^kf^ mliqf`^( _kik k oqbncek qjerano]h $lkeo aopa an] ln]pe_]`k ai lkq_ko l]oao( iaoik ko `epko `aik_npe_ko%* = a_kjkie] lkhpe_] mqa oqopajp]r] k Aop]`k `k >ai)Aop]n Ok_e]h lkooq]( dolppl jlal( pno _]n]_panope_]o lnej_el]eo6 -*
053
k bkn`eoik j] lnk`qk( eopk ( ]o cn]j`ao Îlh]jp]o ej`qopne]eoÏ mqa na]hev]r]i ] ]pere`]`a a_kjie_] `ao`a ] lnk`qk `] i]pne])lnei] ]p oq] `eopne^qek jk ian_]`k `a ^ajo a `a _kjoqik( _kjpnkh]r]i( lkn iaek `k lh]jaf]iajpk a `] _d]i]`] Îcanj_e] _eajpÚ_]Ï( ] knc]jev]k `k pn]^]hdk( ] lnk`qk `a cn]j`ao aopkmqao a k _kjpnkha `ko lnako7
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
] ej_hqok _nao_ajpa `ko ej`er`qko jk ian_]`k `a pn]^]hdk( kneajp]j`k)oa lah] e`ae] `a lhajk ailnack7
/*
ikjklheko a khecklheko mqa( ai^kn] pn]joj]_ekj]eo kq iqhpej]_ekj]eo( pejd]i _kik nabanj_e] nacqh]`kn] k Aop]`k j]_ekj]h* L]n] mqa aoo] a_kjkie] na]hev]ooa k ^ai)aop]n( bke lna_eok mqa k Aop]`k jah] ejpanreaooa _kik obdri^alo a _kik m^o`bfol( k mqa bke baepk lah] _ne]k `k bqj`k l ^he_k* ?kik klan] k bqj`k l ^he_k; ?kik atlhe_] k ok_e hkck a a_kjkieop] ^n]oehaenk Bn]j_eo_k `a Kheraen]( jk hernk Lp afobfqlp al ^kqfs^ilo Í > b`lkljf^ mliqf`^ a^ ebdbjlkf^ fjmbocbfq^( k bqj`k l ^he_k klan] `a `q]o i]jaen]o lnej_el]eo6 ]% lahk Új]j_e]iajpk oeiqhp jak `] ]_qiqh]k `k _]lep]h $ko c]opko l ^he_ko _ki ] lnk`qk( `ao`a oq^o`eko l]n] ] ]cne_qhpqn]( ] ej) ` opne] a k _kin_ek ]p oq^o`eko l]n] ] _ej_e] a ] pa_jkhkce]( bkni]j`k ]ilhko oapk) nao lnk`qperko aop]p]eo mqa `ao]cq]n]i jk _ha^na _kilhatk iehep]n)ej`qopne]h( ]hi `] r]hknev]k Új]j_aen] `k _]lep]h lkn iaek `] `re`] l ^he_]( ap_*%7 a ^% lahk Új]j) _e]iajpk `] nalnk`qk `] bkn] `a pn]^]hdk( ]h_]j]j`k pk`] ] lklqh]k lkn iaek `ko c]opko ok_e]eo $a`q_]k cn]pqep]( ia`e_ej] ok_e]hev]`]( lnare`j_e] ok_e]h( oacqnk) )`aoailnack( oq^o`eko l]n] pn]jolknpa( ]heiajp]k a d]^ep]k( oq^o`eko l]n] _qhpq) n] a h]van( o]hnek)b]ihe]( ap_*%*
= ]k `a `qlhk Új]j_e]iajpk( `ev Bn]j_eo_k `a Kheraen]( cankq qi oacqj`k o]hnek( k o]hnek ej`enapk( ]k h]`k `k o]hnek `enapk $k `enapk ]mqaha l]ck lner]`]iajpa ]k pn]^]hdk a k ej`enapk ]mqaha l]ck lq^he_]iajpa ]ko _e`]`ko l]n] ] nalnk`qk `a oq] bkn] `a pn]^]hdk%* K naoqhp]`k bke k ]qiajpk `] _]l]_e`]`a `a _kjoqik `]o _h]ooao ok_e]eo( l]npe_q) h]niajpa `] _h]ooa i`e] a `] _h]ooa pn]^]hd]`kn]( `]j`k ajoafk ]k _kjoqik `a i]oo]* Ai oqi]( k Aop]`k `k >ai)Aop]n Ok_e]h ejpnk`qveq ] nal ^he_] ajpaj`e`] aopnqpqn]hiajpa _kik dbpql alp crkalp m _if`lp( ko mq]eo oa pknj]i lna_kj`ek `] ]_qiqh]k( `] nalnk`q) k `k _]lep]h $a `] bkni]k `] p]t] `a hq_nk% a `] nalnk`qk `] bkn] `a pn]^]hdk lkn iaek `]o `aolao]o ok_e]eo* Jqi] l]h]rn]( dkqra ] ok_e]hev]k `ko _qopko `] lnk`qk a ] i]jqpaj) k `] ]lnklne]k lner]`] `ko hq_nko kq `] naj`] $eopk ( ] nemqav] jk bke ok_e]hev]`]%* Lkn iaek `] cqann] bne] a `k Aop]`k `k >ai)Aop]n Ok_e]h( k ^hk_k _]lep]heop] lnk_qnkq eila`en( jko l]oao a_kjkie_]iajpa oq^`aoajrkhre`ko kq `k ajpk `ajkiej]`k Pan_aenk Iqj`k $=ine_] H]pej]( ãbne_]( Kneajpa I`ek%( na^ahe ao lklqh]nao mqa `aoai^k_]ooai ai narkhq ao _kiqjeop]o* K laneck `aoo]o narkhq ao ateope] lkn `keo ikperko lnej_el]eo6 kq lknmqa ko l]oao `k Pan_aenk Iqj`k an]i _khje]o `ko l]oao _]lep]heop]o $jko ]jko -51, a -52,( ko _]oko `] cqann] `] =nche] a `k Reapj _kjpn] k _khkje]heoik bn]j_o pknj]r]i iqepk lnaoajpao ] e`ae] `a narkhqk%( kq lknmqa jahao ] `aoecq]h`]`a a_kjie_k)ok_e]h( ] ieone] a ]o ejfqope) ]o an]i `a p]h ikjp] mqa( j]o _khje]o( cqann]o `a he^anp]k j]_ekj]h a( jko `ai]eo l]oao( na^ahe ao lklqh]nao lk`e]i ]_kjpa_an ] mq]hmqan ikiajpk a pn]jobkni]n)oa ai narkhq ao $k _]ok `a ?q^]( ai -515( are`aj_ekq aoo] lkooe^ehe`]`a%* Ko l]oao i]eo bknpao `k ^hk_k _]lep]heop] ]`kp]n]i `q]o ia`e`]o6 lkn iaek `k >]j_k Iqj) `e]h a `k Bqj`k Ikjapnek Ejpanj]_ekj]h $BIE%( Úvan]i ailnopeiko ]ko Aop]`ko `k Pan_aenk Iqj`k l]n] ejraopen jko oanreko ok_e]eo a ai ailnao]o aop]p]eo7 a( lkn iaek `ko oanreko `a ao) lekj]cai a `]o bkn]o ]ni]`]o( kbana_an]i Î]fq`]Ï iehep]n l]n] nalneien narkhp]o a narkhq ao* ?ki eook( aopeiqh]n]i( ok^napq`k ] l]npen `ko ]jko -52,( ] lnkheban]k `a `ep]`qn]o iehep]nao a naceiao ]qpknepneko jaoo]o nace ao( _kik bke k _]ok `k >n]oeh( `k ?deha a `] =ncajpej]*
4ERCEIROß-UNDOßTERMI NOLOGIAßMUITOßEMßVOGAß DURANTEßAßGUERRAßFRIAßPARAß DIFERENCIARßOß0RIMEIROß -UNDOßCAPITALISTA ßDOß 3EGUNDOß-UNDOßSOCIA LISTA ßMASßQUEßVEMßSENDOß SUBSTITUqDAßNOSß{LTIMOSß ANOSßPELASßEXPRESSzESß ±PAqSESßEMERGENTES²ßOUß ±EMßDESENVOLVIMENTO²
"ETTMANN#ORBIS,ATINSTOCK
.*
K jakhe^an]heoik
K
mqa _d]i]iko `a kblif_bo^ifpjl qi] pakne] a_kjie_k)lkhpe_] bkniqh]`] lkn qi cnqlk `a a_kjkieop]o( _eajpeop]o lkhpe_ko a Úh okbko mqa( ai -503( naqjeq)oa ai Ikjp O]ejp Lhanej( j] Oq]( ai pknjk `k a_kjkieop] ]qopn]_k Bna`ane_g D]uag
&REDERICKß(AYEKß
054
"ROOKSß+RAFT#ORBIS,ATINSTOCK
=o atlanej_e]o lkhpe_]o `k o_qhk TT x #!0É45,/ß x
-ILTONß&RIEDMANß
055
a `k jknpa)]iane_]jk Iehpkj Bnea`i]j* Aooa cnqlk klqjd])oa ]k oqnceiajpk `k Aop]`k `a >ai)Aop]n Ok_e]h `a aopehk gaujaoe]jk a ok_e]h)`aik_n]p]* J]rac]j`k _kjpn] ] _knnajpa `]o `_]`]o `a -51, a -52,( aooa cnqlk ah]^knkq qi `ap]) hd]`k lnkfapk a_kjie_k a lkhpe_k jk mq]h ]p]_]r] k Aop]`k `k >ai)Aop]n Ok_e]h _ki oaqo aj_]ncko ok_e]eo a _ki ] bqjk `a nacqh]`kn `]o ]pere`]`ao `k ian_]`k* =Úni]r] mqa aooa pelk `a atlanej_e] `aopnq] ] he^an`]`a `ko _e`]`ko a ] _kilapek( oai ]o mq]eo jk d lnkolane`]`a* Aoo]o e`ae]o lani]ja_an]i _kik hapn] iknp] ]p ] _neoa _]lep]heop] `k ej_ek `ko ]jko -53,( mq]j`k k _]lep]heoik _kjda_aq( lah] lneiaen] rav( qi pelk `a oepq]k eilnareorah( eopk ( ^]et]o p]t]o `a _nao_eiajpk a_kjie_k a ]hp]o p]t]o `a ejÛ]k6 ] `ajkiej]`] bpq^dÜ^ l* K cnqlk `k Ikjp O]ejp Lhanej l]ookq ] oan kqre`k _ki naolaepk( lknmqa kbana_e] ] oq) lkop] atlhe_]k l]n] ] _neoa6 aop]( `eve]i ahao( bkn] _]qo]`] lahk lk`an at_aooerk `ko oej`e) _]pko a `ko ikreiajpko klanneko( mqa d]re]i lnaooekj]`k lkn ]qiajpko o]h]ne]eo a atece) `k k ]qiajpk `ko aj_]ncko ok_e]eo `k Aop]`k* Pane]i( `aoo] i]jaen]( `aopnq`k ko jraeo `a hq_nk namqane`ko lah]o ailnao]o a `aoaj_]`a]`k ko lnk_aooko ejÛ]_ekjneko ej_kjpnkhraeo* Baepk k `e]cj ope_k( k cnqlk `k Ikjp O]ejp Lhanej lnklo k pn]p]iajpk6 -*
qi Aop]`k bknpa l]n] mqa^n]n k lk`an `ko oej`e_]pko a ikreiajpko klanneko( l]n] _kjpnkh]n k `ejdaenk l ^he_k a _knp]n `n]ope_]iajpa ko aj_]ncko ok_e]eo a ko ejraopeiaj) pko j] a_kjkie]7
.*
qi Aop]`k _qf] iap] lnej_el]h `arane] oan ] aop]^ehe`]`a ikjapne]( mqa _kjpi ko c]opko ok_e]eo a naop]qn] ] p]t] `a `aoailnack ja_aoone] l]n] bkni]n qi atn_epk ej) `qopne]h `a naoanr]( mqa^n]j`k k lk`anek `ko oej`e_]pko7
/*
qi Aop]`k mqa na]hev]ooa qi] nabkni] Úo_]h l]n] ej_ajper]n ko ejraopeiajpko lner]`ko a( lknp]jpk( mqa na`qveooa ko eilkopko ok^na k _]lep]h a ]o bknpqj]o( ]qiajp]j`k ko ei) lkopko ok^na ] naj`] ej`ere`q]h a( lknp]jpk( ok^na k pn]^]hdk( k _kjoqik a k _kin_ek7
0*
qi Aop]`k mqa oa ]b]op]ooa `] nacqh]k `] a_kjkie]( `aet]j`k mqa k ln lnek ian_]) `k( _ki oq] n]_ekj]he`]`a ln lne]( klan]ooa ] `aonacqh]k7 ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ]^khe) k `ko ejraopeiajpko aop]p]eo j] lnk`qk( ]^khek `k _kjpnkha aop]p]h ok^na k Ûqtk Új]j_aenk( `nope_] haceoh]k ]jpecnara a r]opk lnkcn]i] `a lner]pev]k*
K ik`ahk bke ]lhe_]`k( lneiaenk( jk ?deha( `alkeo j] Ejch]pann] a jko Aop]`ko Qje`ko( atl]j`ej`k)oa l]n] pk`k k iqj`k _]lep]heop] a( `alkeo `] Îmqa`] `k Iqnk `a >anheiÏ( l]n] k Haopa aqnklaq* J] ran`]`a( `a ]_kn`k _ki Bn]j_eo_k `a Kheraen]( jk bkn]i ]o e`ae]o `ko a_kjkieop]o `a Ikjp O]ejp Lhanej mqa lqoan]i ai i]n_d] k jakhe^an]heoik( a oei ]o _kjpn]`e ao `k bqj`k l ^he_k eilh]jp]`k lahk Aop]`k `k >ai)Aop]n Ok_e]h( mqa har]n]i ]k oaq _kh]lok a lnklkop] jakhe^an]h* ?ki abaepk( l]n] c]n]jpen oeiqhp]ja]iajpa ] ]_qiqh]k a nalnk`qk `k _]lep]h a ] `] bkn] `a pn]^]hdk( k Aop]`k `k >ai)Aop]n Ok_e]h aj`ere`kq)oa a ajpnkq jqi lnk_aook `a `re`] l ^he_] _kjda_e`k _kik abÛ`fq Úo_]h kq Î_neoa Úo_]h `k Aop]`kÏ* Aoo] _neoa pknj])oa ej_kjpknjrah _ki ] ejpanj]_ekj]hev]k kheckl he_] `] lnk`qk a `] Új]j]( lkeo ko khe) ckl heko iqhpej]_ekj]eo jk ajre]i ]ko oaqo l]oao `a knecai ko c]jdko k^pe`ko bkn] `a oq]o bnkjpaen]o a( lknp]jpk( jk ]heiajp]i k bqj`k l ^he_k j]_ekj]h( mqa `ara _kjpejq]n Új]j_e]j`k k _]lep]h a ] bkn] `a pn]^]hdk* eook k _d]i]`k Î_kh]lok `] ik`anjev]kÏ a ] knecai `] ]lhe_]k `] lkhpe_] jakhe^an]h( mqa lnkl a Îajtqc]nÏ kq Îaj_khdanÏ k Aop]`k* Bn]j_eo_k `a Kheraen] atlhe_] p]i^i lkn mqa ] pakne] jakhe^an]h lnkl a k aj_khdeiaj) pk `k Aop]`k* ?ki oq] lnaoaj] j] bkni] `k o]hnek ej`enapk( k bqj`k l ^he_k `ao]pkq k h]k mqa lnaj`e] k _]lep]h bkn] `a pn]^]hdk $eopk ( ] nah]k ajpna _]lep]h a o]hnek `enapk%* Aoo] ]i]nn] an] k mqa( jk l]oo]`k( b]ve] ] ejkr]k p_je_] lahk _]lep]h oan qi] na]k ]k ]qiaj) pk na]h `a o]hnek a( `aobaepk k h]k( k eilqhok ejkr]k pa_jkh ce_] pknjkq)oa ln]pe_]iajpa eheiep]`k( lnkrk_]j`k atl]jok `ko ejraopeiajpko a ]cec]jp]iajpk `]o bkn]o lnk`qper]o
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
_qf] hemqe`av eilnaooekj]jpa( i]o _qfk hq_nk jk oqÚ_eajpa l]n] _kj_napev]n pk`]o ]o lkooe^ehe`]`ao pa_jkh ce_]o* Lkn eook iaoik( k _]lep]h lna_eo] `a l]n_ah]o `] nemqav] l ^he) _]( eopk ( `k bqj`k l ^he_k( j] mq]he`]`a `a Új]j_e]`kn `aoo] _kj_napev]k* L]n] p]jpk( lna_eok mqa `ao]l]na] k Aop]`k `k >ai)Aop]n Ok_e]h( kq oaf]( pk`ko ko ^ajab_eko ok_e]eo mqa `enecai k bqj`k l ^he_k l]n] ] c]n]jpe] `a `enaepko ok_e]eo* Aoo] pakne] jakhe^an]h pknjkq)oa k oqlknpa e`akh ce_k `] iq`]j] j] bkni] `] ]_qiq) h]k `k _]lep]h( dkfa _kjda_e`] _kik Î]_qiqh]k ÛatrahÏ* =p ia]`ko `ko ]jko -53,( ] ok_ea`]`a _]lep]heop] an] kneajp]`] lkn `keo cn]j`ao lnej) _leko6 l mofk`mfl ab Hbvkbp `a ejpanrajk `k Aop]`k j] a_kjkie] lkn iaek `a ejraopeiaj) pko a aj`ere`]iajpk l]n] `eopne^qek `] naj`] a lnkikk `k ^ai)aop]n ok_e]h( reo]j`k `eiejqen ]o `aoecq]h`]`ao7 a l mofk`mfl ab Ebkov Cloa `a knc]jev]k ej`qopne]h ^]oa]`] jk lh]jaf]iajpk( j] bqj_ekj]he`]`a a jk hkjck ln]vk `k pn]^]hdk ej`qopne]h( _ki ] _ajpn]hev]) k a ranpe_]hev]k `]o lh]jp]o ej`qopne]eo( cn]j`ao hejd]o `a ikjp]cajo _kj_ajpn]`]o jqi je_k aol]k( bkni]k `a cn]j`ao aopkmqao a kneajp]`k lah]o e`ae]o `a n]_ekj]he`]`a a `q) n]^ehe`]`a `ko lnk`qpko( a `a lkhpe_] o]h]ne]h a lnkik_ekj]h reo]j`k ]qiajp]n ] _]l]_e`]`a `a _kjoqik `ko pn]^]hd]`knao* Ai _kjpn]l]npe`]( _kik lk`aiko _]n]_panev]n k _]lep]heoik ]pq]h; Oaqo lnej_el]eo pn]) ko lk`ai oan ]ooei naoqie`ko6 k `aoailnack pknjkq)oa aopnqpqn]h( `aet]j`k `a oan ]_e`ajp]h kq atlnaook `a qi] _neoa `lkgrkqro^i( lknmqa ] bkni] _kjpailkn ja] `k _]lep]heoik( ]k _kjpnnek `a oq] bkni] _hooe_]( jk klan] mlo fk`irpl `a pk`] ] ok_ea`]`a jk ian_]`k `a pn]^]hdk a `a _kjoqik( i]o mlo bu`irpl* Aoo] at_hqok oa b]v jk o lah] ejpnk`qk `] ]qpki]k( i]o p]i^i lah] rahk_e`]`a `] nkp]pere`]`a `] ik `a k^n]( mqa oa pknj] `aomq]heÚ) _]`] a k^okhap] iqepk n]le`]iajpa ai `a_knnj_e] `] rahk_e`]`a `]o iq`]j]o pa_) jkh ce_]o* ?kik _kjoamqj_e]( pai)oa ] lan`] `a lk`an `ko oej`e_]pko a k ]qiajpk `] lk^nav] ]^okhqp]7
-*
k ikjap]neoik a k _]lep]h Új]j_aenk pknj]n]i)oa k _kn]k a k _ajpnk janrkok `k _]lep]heoik( ]ilhe]j`k ] `aor]hknev]k `k pn]^]hdk lnk`qperk a lnerehace]j`k ] i]eo ]^opn]p] `]o ian_]`kne]o( l afkebfol* K lk`anek `k _]lep]h Új]j_aenk `apaniej]( `e]ne]) iajpa( ]o lkhpe_]o `ko rneko Aop]`ko lknmqa aopao( ok^napq`k ko ]ckn] _d]i]`ko l]) oao ai `aoajrkhreiajpk $]jpeck Pan_aenk Iqj`k%( `alaj`ai `] rkjp]`a `ko ^]j_ko a `]o Új]j_aen]o `a pn]jobanen lanek`e_]iajpa ko na_qnoko l]n] qi `apaniej]`k l]o( ]^]j`kj]j`k kqpnk7 !LEXß!LMEIDA&OLHAß)MAGEM
.*
CRISEßFINANCEIRAßMUNDIALß DEßßEMßMEADOSßDEß ßUMAßCRISEßDEß ß ABRANGoNCIAßMUNDIAL ß ßPROVOCADAßINICIALMENTEß PELOSßCHAMADOSß ßSUBPRIMESßEMPRmSTIMOSß IMOBILIfRIOSßß NORTE AMERICANOSßSEMß GARANTIAßDEßPAGAMENTO ß AFETOUßOßMERCADOß ßFINANCEIROß&OIßAßPRIMEIRAß DEMONSTRAljOßMAISßSmRIAß DEßCOLAPSOßNAßECONOMIAß DEßMERCADOßDESDEßAßCRISEß DEß
Klan]`knao k^oanr]i j`e_ao ai l]ejah `] >kraol]( ai Ok L]qhk( j]o lneiae) n]o i]jebaop] ao `] _neoa bej]j_aen] iqj`e]h( ai kqpq^nk `a .,,4*
1,,
=o atlanej_e]o lkhpe_]o `k o_qhk TT x #!0É45,/ß x
GLOBALIZAljOßPROCESSOß INICIADOßNAßSEGUNDAß METADEßDOßSmCULOß88ßEß INTENSIFICADOßNOSßANOSß ßCOMßOßUSOßCRESCENTEß DASßNOVASßTECNOLOGIASßDAß INFORMAljO ßQUEßCONDUZßgß INTEGRAljOßDASßECONOMIASß EßDASßSOCIEDADESßDEßßVfRIOSß PAqSESßCOMßRELAljOßgß PRODUljOßDEßMERCADORIASß EßSERVIlOS ßgßCONEXjOßDOSß MERCADOSßFINANCEIROSßEßgß DIFUSjOßDASßINFORMAlzES
/*
] pan_aenev]k( eopk ( k ]qiajpk `k oapkn `a oanreko pknjkq)oa aopnqpqn]h( `aet]j`k `a oan qi oqlhaiajpk lnk`qk lknmqa( ]ckn]( ] lnk`qk jk i]eo oa na]hev] jk ]jpeck ik`ahk bkn`eop] `]o cn]j`ao lh]jp]o ej`qopne]eo( mqa _kj_ajpn]r]i pk`]o ]o ap]l]o `] lnk`qk $`] ]mqeoek `] i]pne])lnei] `eopne^qek `ko lnk`qpko%( i]o klan] lkn co^djbkq^ l a afpmbopl `a pk`]o ]o aoban]o a ap]l]o `] lnk`qk( _ki ] _kiln] `a oanreko jk iqj`k ejpaenk* ?kik _kjoamqj_e]( `ao]l]na_ai pk`]o ]o obcbo k`f^p j^* qbof^fp mqa laniepe]i _h]ooa klanne] lan_a^an)oa _kik _h]ooa a hqp]n _kik _h]ooa ok) _e]h( ajbn]mqa_aj`k)oa ]k oa `eolano]n j]o lamqaj]o qje`]`ao pan_aenev]`]o aol]hd]`]o lahk lh]jap]7
0*
] _e j_e] a ] pa_jkhkce] pknj]n]i)oa bkn]o lnk`qper]o( `aet]j`k `a oan iank oqlknpa `k _]lep]h l]n] oa _kjranpan ai ]cajpao `a oq] ]_qiqh]k* ?kjoamqajpaiajpa( iq) `kq k ik`k `a ejoank `ko _eajpeop]o a p_je_ko j] ok_ea`]`a( lknmqa aopao pknj]n]i)oa ^dbkqbp b`lkjf`lp afobqlp a ] bkn] a k lk`an _]lep]heop]o aj_kjpn]i)oa jk jlklmifl alp `lkeb`fjbkqlp b a^ fkcloj^ l7
1*
`ebanajpaiajpa `] bkni] ok_e]h)`aik_n]p]( mqa `ao`a k l o)Oacqj`] Cqann] d]re] `a) Úje`k k Aop]`k _kik ]cajpa a_kjie_k l]n] nacqh]k `k ian_]`k a ]cajpa Úo_]h mqa ailnac] ] pne^qp]k l]n] lnkikran ejraopeiajpko j]o lkhpe_]o `a `enaepko ok_e]eo( ]ckn] k _]lep]heoik afpmbkp^ a obgbfq^ ] lnaoaj] aop]p]h jk o jk ian_]`k i]o p]i) ^i j]o lkhpe_]o ok_e]eo( `a oknpa mqa ] lner]pev]k( p]jpk `a ailnao]o mq]jpk `a oan) reko l ^he_ko( p]i^i oa pknjkq aopnqpqn]h* @eook naoqhp] mqa ^ fabf^ ab afobfqlp pl`f^fp `ljl mobpprmlpql b d^o^kqf^ alp afobfqlp `fsfp lr mliqf`lp qbkab ^ abp^m^ob`bo) mlfp l nrb bo^ rj afobfql `lksboqb*pb krj pbosf l mofs^al obdri^al mbil jbo`^al b) mloq^kql) qlok^*pb rj^ jbo`^alof^ ]laj]o l]n] ko mqa pi lk`an ]mqeoeperk l]n] ]`mqene)h]7
2*
] pn]joj]_ekj]hev]k `] a_kjkie] pknj] `aoja_aoone] ] Úcqn] `k Aop]`k j]_ekj]h _kik bk`i^sb qboofqlof^i m^o^ l `^mfq^i a `eolajo] ]o bkni]o _hooe_]o `k eilane]heoik $_khkje]heoik lkhpe_k)iehep]n( caklkhpe_] `a na]o `a ejÛqj_e]( ap_*%( `a oknpa mqa k _ajpnk a_kjie_k( fqn`e_k a lkhpe_k)lh]japnek aj_kjpn])oa jk BIE a jk >]j_k Iqj) `e]h* Aopao klan]i _ki qi je_k `kci]( lnklkopk lahk cnqlk bqj`]`kn `k jakhe^a) n]heoik( mq]h oaf]6 bpq^_fifa^ab b`lkjf`^ a `loqb al aÛ`fq m _if`l( kq oaf]( _knpa j]o ]lhe_] ao ok_e]eo `k bqj`k l ^he_k7
3*
] ]jpec] `eopejk ajpna l]oao `a Lneiaenk Iqj`k a Pan_aenk Iqj`k paj`a ] oan oq^o) pepq`] lah] ateopj_e]( ai _]`] l]o( `a qi] `ereok ajpna ^kho ao `a nemqav] ]^okhqp] a `a ieone] ]^okhqp]( eopk ( ] mli^ofw^ l ab `i^ppbp ]l]na_a _kik lkh]nev]k ajpna ] lmri k`f^ ^_plirq^ a ] fkafd k`f^ ^_plirq^* D( ai _]`] l]o( qi Îlneiaenk iqj`kÏ a qi Îpan_aenk iqj`kÏ( jko ]jpecko paniko* Jk ajp]jpk( iq`]n]i ko paniko( i]o jk iq`] ] na]he`]`a* = `ebanaj] aop ]la) j]o jk j iank `a laook]o mqa lanpaj_ai ] qi `aooao Îiqj`koÏ( ai n]vk `ko `eolk) oeperko ok_e]eo a hac]eo `a `eopne^qek `] naj`]( c]n]jpe] `a `enaepko ok_e]eo _kjokhe`]`ko a `] lkhpe_] pne^qpne]*
Lk`aiko naoqien ] pakne] a ] lnpe_] jakhe^an]eo `evaj`k mqa( _ki ah]o( `)oa k aj) _khdeiajpk `k aol]k l^he_k `ko `enaepko ok_e]eo a k ]h]nc]iajpk `k aol]k lner]`k `ko ejpanaooao `a ian_]`k* _ki aoo] oepq]k mqa ] `aik_n]_e] _kjpailkn ja] pai `a he`]n*
1,-
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
#APqTULOß = mqaopk `aik_n pe_]
= `aik_n]_e] _kik e`akhkce]
J
k _ajpnk `k `eo_qnok lkhpe_k _]lep]heop] aj_kjpn])oa ] `abao] `] `aik_n]_e]* Reiko mqa ]o bkni] ao ok_e]eo pkp]hepne]o _nao_an]i oki^n] `] _npe_] `aik_n]_e] he^an]h( _kjoe`an]`] naolkjorah lah] `aokn`ai a _]ko ok_eka_kjie_ko( lknmqa ]^]j`kj] ] ok_ea`]`a _k^e] eheiep]`] `ko ne_ko a lk`ankoko* = `aik_n]_e] k i]h* Lkn oaq pqnjk( j] hqp] _kjpn] ko pkp]hep]neoiko( ko Aop]`ko _]lep]heop]o ]Úni]n]i pn]p]n)oa `k _ki^]pa ajpna ] klnaook a ] he^an`]`a( ] `ep]`qn] a ] `aik_n]_e]* = `aik_n]_e] k ^ai* Jko `keo _]oko( ] `aik_n]_e]( ancqe`] kn] _kik k i]h( kn] _kik k ^ai( `aet]r] `a oan aj_]n]`] _kik bkni] `] re`] ok_e]h l]n] pknj]n)oa qi pelk `a ckranjk a qi ejopnqiajpk e`akh ce_k l]n] ao_kj`an k mqa ah] ( ai jkia `k mqa ah] Îr]haÏ* P]jpk ]ooei( mqa ko cn]j`ao Aop]`ko _]lep]heop]o( _]ila ao `] `aik_n]_e]( jk peran]i ` re`] ai ]qtehe]n ] eilh]jp]k `a naceiao ]qpknepneko $lknp]jpk ]jpe`aik_npe_ko% pk`] rav mqa hdao l]na_aq _kjrajeajpa* Ai^kn] he^an]heoik a Aop]`k `k >ai)Aop]n Ok_e]h $kq ok_e]h)`aik_n]_e]% oaf]i `ebanaj) pao mq]jpk mqaopk `ko `enaepko Í k lneiaenk heiep] ko `enaepko _e`]`]je] lkhpe_] `aÚje) `] lah] _h]ooa `kiej]jpa( k oacqj`k ]ilhe] ] _e`]`]je] lkhpe_] a ]_khda ] e`ae] `a `enaepko ok_e]eo Í( jk mqa p]jca `aik_n]_e] ahao ok oaiahd]jpao* ?kik ]i^ko ] `aÚjai `a b]pk; ?kik obdfjb a^ ibf b a^ loabj m^o^ ^ d^o^kqf^ a^p if_boa^abp fkafsfar^fp* K mqa eook mqan `evan; Ai lneiaenk hqc]n( mqa e`ajpeÚ_]i if_boa^ab a `ljmbqf l Í p]jpk ] _kilapek a_k) jie_] `] _d]i]`] Îherna eje_e]per]Ï mq]jpk ] _kilapek lkhpe_] ajpna l]npe`ko mqa `eo) lqp]i ahae ao* Ai oacqj`k hqc]n( mqa e`ajpeÚ_]i ^ ibf _ki ^ mlq k`f^ graf`fof^ m^o^ ifjfq^o l mlabo mliqf`l( `abaj`aj`k ] ok_ea`]`a _kjpn] ] pen]je]( lkeo ] hae c]n]jpa ko ckranjko ao_khde`ko lah] rkjp]`a `] i]ekne]* Ai pan_aenk hqc]n( mqa e`ajpeÚ_]i ^ loabj _ki ^ mlq k`f^ al Bub`rqfsl b al Graf`fofl m^o^ `lkqbo b ifjfq^o lp `lkÜfqlp pl`f^fp( eila`ej`k k `aoajrkhreiajpk `] hqp] `a _h]ooao( oaf] lah] nalnaook( oaf] lahk ]paj`eiajpk `]o `ai]j`]o lkn `enaepko ok_e]eo $ailnack( ^k]o _kj`e ao `a pn]^]hdk a o]hnek( a`q_]k( ikn]`e]( o] `a( pn]jolknpa( h]van%* Ai mq]npk hqc]n( mqa( ai^kn] ] `aik_n]_e] ]l]na] fqopeÚ_]`] _kik Îr]hknÏ kq _kik Î^aiÏ( aj_]n]`]( `a b]pk( lahk _nepnek `] bÛ``f^* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( `abaj`ai ] `aik) _n]_e] lknmqa hdao l]na_a qi naceia b]rknrah ]l]pe] lkhpe_] $] lkhpe_] oane] ]ooqjpk `ko nalnaoajp]jpao( mqa ok lkhpe_ko lnkÚooekj]eo%( mqa( lkn oaq pqnjk( b]rkna_a ] bkni]k `a qi] ahepa `a q`kf`lp `ljmbqbkqbp ]ko mq]eo _]^a ] `enak `k Aop]`k( arep]j`k( `aoo] i]) jaen]( qi] l]npe_el]k lkhpe_] mqa pn]ne] _aj] ko Îatpnaieop]oÏ a În]`e_]eoÏ `] ok_ea`]`a( eopk ( ko Îej_kilapajpaoÏ* = `aik_n]_e] ( ]ooei( na`qve`] ] qi naceia lkhpe_k aÚ_]v( ^]oa]`k j] e`ae] `a _e`]) `]je] knc]jev]`] ai l]npe`ko lkhpe_ko( mqa oa i]jebaop] jk lnk_aook ahaepkn]h `a ao_khd] `ko nalnaoajp]jpao( j] nkp]pere`]`a `ko ckranj]jpao a j]o okhq ao p_je_]o $a jk lkhpe_]o% l]n] ko lnk^hai]o ok_e]eo*
1,.
= mqaopk `aik_npe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
Reop] lkn aooa lneoi]( na]hiajpa qi] e`akhkce] lkhpe_] a fqopeÚ_] ] _npe_] mqa hda `eneceq I]nt ]k nabanen)oa ]k bkni]heoik fqn`e_k mqa lnaoe`a ] e`ae] `a `enaepko `k _e`]`k* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( `ao`a ] Narkhqk Bn]j_ao] `a -345( aoo] `aik_n]_e] `a_h]n] ko `enaepko qjerano]eo `k dkiai a `k _e`]`k( i]o ] ok_ea`]`a aop aopnqpqn]`] `a p]h i]jaen] mqa p]eo `enaepko jk lk`ai ateopen _kj_nap]iajpa l]n] ] i]ekne] `] lklqh]k* > abjl`o^`f^ cloj^i) kl `lk`obq^*
= ok_ea`]`a `aik_npe_]
R
eiko mqa qi] e`akhkce] jk j]o_a `k j]`] jai nalkqo] jk r]vek( i]o atlneia( `a i]jaen] ejranpe`]( `eooeiqh]`] a ei]cejne]( ] moufp ok_e]h a deop ne_] _kj_nap]o* Eook oa ]lhe_] fablildf^ abjl`oqf`^* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( d( j] lnpe_] `aik_npe_] a j]o e`ae]o `aik_npe_]o( qi] lnkbqj`e`]`a a qi] ran`]`a iqepk i]eknao a oqlaneknao ]k mqa ] e`akhkce] `aik_npe_] lan_a^a a `aet] lan_a^an* Mqa oecjeÚ_]i ]o ahae ao; Iqepk i]eo `k mqa ] ian] nkp]pere`]`a `a ckranjko kq ] ]hpanj j_e] jk lk`an* Oei^khev]i k aooaj_e]h `] `aik_n]_e]6 mqa k lk`an jk oa e`ajpeÚ_] _ki ko k_ql]jpao `k ckranjk( kl iebp mboqbk`b( i]o oailna qi hqc]n r]vek mqa ko _e`]) `ko( lanek`e_]iajpa( lnaaj_dai _ki qi nalnaoajp]jpa( lk`aj`k narkc]n oaq i]j`]pk oa jk _qilnen k mqa hda bke `ahac]`k l]n] nalnaoajp]n* Mqa oecjeÚ_]i ]o e`ae]o `a pfqr^ l a lmlpf l( j^flof^ a jfklof^( _qf]o rkjp]`ao `arai oan naolaep]`]o a c]n]jpe`]o lah] hae; Ah]o rk iqepk ]hi `aoo] ]l]nj_e]* OecjeÚ_]i mqa ] ok) _ea`]`a jk qi] _kiqje`]`a qj] a ej`ereo] rkhp]`] l]n] k ^ai _kiqi k^pe`k lkn _kjoaj) ok( i]o( ]k _kjpnnek( mqa aop fkqbok^jbkqb afsfafa^ a mqa ]o `ereo ao ok ibdqfj^p a `arai atlnaoo]n)oa lq^he_]iajpa* = `aik_n]_e] ] je_] bkni] lkhpe_] mqa _kjoe`an] k _kjÛepk hacpeik a hac]h( laniepej`k mqa oaf] qo^_^ie^al mlifqf`^jbkqb lah] ln lne] ok_ea`]`a* @] iaoi] i]jaen]( ]o e`ae]o `a fdr^ia^ab a if_boa^ab _kik `enaepko _ereo `ko _e`]`ko rk iqepk ]hi `a oq] nacqh]iajp]k fqn`e_] bkni]h* OecjeÚ_]i mqa ko _e`]`ko ok oq) faepko `a `enaepko a mqa( kj`a p]eo `enaepko jk ateop]i jai aopaf]i c]n]jpe`ko( pai)oa k `enaepk `a hqp]n lkn ahao a atece)hko* aooa k _anja `] `aik_n]_e]* Qi `enaepk `ebana `a qi] ja_aooe`]`a kq _]n j_e] a `a qi ejpanaooa* Qi] ja_aooe`]`a kq _]nj_e] ]hck l]npe_qh]n a aola_Ú_k* =hcqi lk`a pan ja_aooe`]`a `a cq]( kqpnk( `a _kie`]* Qi cnqlk ok_e]h lk`a pan _]nj_e] `a pn]jolknpao( kqpnk( `a dkole) p]eo* D p]jp]o ja_aooe`]`ao mq]jpk ej`er`qko( p]jp]o _]nj_e]o mq]jpk cnqlko ok_e]eo* Qi ejpanaooa p]i^i ]hck l]npe_qh]n a aola_Ú_k* Ko ejpanaooao `ko aopq`]jpao ^n]oe) haenko lk`ai oan `ebanajpao `ko ejpanaooao `ko aopq`]jpao ]ncajpejko* Ko ejpanaooao `ko ]cne) _qhpknao lk`ai oan `ebanajpao `ko ejpanaooao `ko _kian_e]jpao* Ko `ko ^]j_neko( `ebanajpao `ko ejpanaooao `ko ^]jmqaenko* Ko `ko ej`caj]o( `ebanajpao `ko ejpanaooao `ko c]neilaenko* Ja_aooe`]`ao kq _]nj_e]o lk`ai oan _kjÛep]jpao* Oqlkjd]iko mqa( lkn atailhk( jqi] nacek `a qi] cn]j`a _e`]`a( ]o iqhdanao pn]^]hd]`kn]o pajd]i ja_aooe`]`a kq _]) nj_e] `a _na_dao l]n] oaqo Úhdko a mqa( j] iaoi] nacek( qi kqpnk cnqlk ok_e]h( b]rah]`ko( pajd] _]nj_e] `a ikn]`e]* K ckranjk iqje_el]h `eol a `a na_qnoko l]n] ]paj`an ] qi] `]o _]nj_e]o( i]o jk ] ]i^]o( `a oknpa mqa naokhran qi] oecjeÚ_]n ]^]j`kj]n ] kqpn]* Ejpanaooao p]i^i lk`ai oan _kjÛep]jpao* Oqlkjd]iko( lkn atailhk( mqa ejpanaooa ] cn]j`ao lnklneapneko `a pann]o `aet)h]o ej]per]o aolan]j`k ] r]hknev]k eik^ehene]( i]o mqa ejpanaooa ] pn]^]hd]`knao nqn]eo oai)pann] k _qhperk `a ]heiajpko l]n] ] ok^narerj_e]7 paiko ] qi _kjÛepk `a ejpanaooao* Oqlkjd]iko mqa ejpanaooa ]ko lnklneapneko `a ailna) o]o _kian_e]eo aop]^aha_an qi dknnek `a pn]^]hdk mqa ]qiajpa ]o raj`]o( i]o mqa ejpanao) oa ]ko _kian_eneko qi kqpnk dknnek( jk mq]h lkoo]i `eolkn `a dkn]o l]n] aopq`]n( _qe`]n `] b]ihe] a `ao_]jo]n* Paiko ]mqe qi kqpnk _kjÛepk `a ejpanaooao* Qi `enaepk( ]k _kjpnnek `a ja_aooe`]`ao( _]nj_e]o a ejpanaooao( jk l]npe_qh]n a aola) _Ú_k( i]o can]h a qjerano]h( rhe`k l]n] pk`ko ko ej`er`qko( cnqlko a _h]ooao ok_e]eo* =ooei(
1,/
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
lkn atailhk( ] _]nj_e] `a cq] a `a _kie`] i]jebaop] ]hck i]eo lnkbqj`k6 k `enaepk re`]* = _]nj_e] `a ikn]`e] kq `a pn]jolknpa p]i^i i]jebaop] ]hck i]eo lnkbqj`k6 k `enaepk ] ^k]o _kj`e ao `a re`]* K ejpanaooa `ko aopq`]jpao( k `enaepk a`q_]k a ejbkni]k* K ejpanaooa `ko oai)pann]( k `enaepk ]k pn]^]hdk* K `ko _kian_eneko( k `enaepk ] ^k]o _kj`e ao `a pn]^]hdk* @evaiko mqa qi] ok_ea`]`a $a jk qi oeilhao naceia `a ckranjk% `aik_npe_] mq]j`k( ]hi `a ahae ao( l]npe`ko lkhpe_ko( `ereok `ko pno lk`anao `] nal ^he_]( naolaepk rkjp]`a `] i]ekne] a `]o iejkne]o( ejopepqe ]hck i]eo lnkbqj`k( mqa _kj`ek `k ln lnek naceia lkhepe_k( kq oaf]( mq]j`k ejopepqe `enaepko*
= _ne]k `a `enaepko Mq]j`k ] `aik_n]_e] bke ejrajp]`] lahko ]pajeajoao( _nekq)oa ] pn]`ek `aik_npe_] _kik ejopepqek `a pno `enaepko bqj`]iajp]eo mqa `aÚje]i k _e`]`k6 ecq]h`]`a( he^an`]) `a a l]npe_el]k jk lk`an* At]iejaiko k oecjeÚ_]`k `aooao pno `enaepko j] Cn_e] ]jpec]* -*
Fdr^ia^ab oecjeÚ_]r]( lan]jpa ]o haeo a ko _kopqiao `] mifp( mqa pk`ko ko _e`]`ko lko) oq]i ko iaoiko `enaepko a `are]i oan pn]p]`ko `] iaoi] i]jaen]* Lkn aooa ikperk( =neop pahao ]Úni]r] mqa ] lneiaen] p]nab] `] fqope] an] ecq]h]n ko `aoecq]eo( oaf] lah] na`eopne^qek `] nemqav] ok_e]h( oaf] lah] c]n]jpe] `a l]npe_el]k jk ckranjk* P]i^i lahk iaoik ikperk( I]nt ]Úni]r] mqa ] ecq]h`]`a o oa pknj]ne] qi `enaepk _kj_napk mq]j`k jk dkqraooa ao_n]rko( oanrko a ]oo]h]ne]`ko atlhkn]`ko( i]o bkooa `]`k ] _]`] qi oacqj`k oq]o ja_aooe`]`ao a oacqj`k oaq pn]^]hdk* = k^oanr]k `a =neop pahao a( `alkeo( ] `a I]nt( ej`e_]i ]hck lna_eok6 ^ jbo^ ab* `i^o^ l al afobfql fdr^ia^ab kl c^w bufpqfo lp fdr^fp) j^p ^_ob l `^jml m^o^ ^ `of^* l a^ fdr^ia^ab mlo jbfl a^p bufd k`f^p b abj^ka^p alp prgbfqlp pl`f^fp* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( `a_h]n]`k k `enaepk ecq]h`]`a( ] ok_ea`]`a lk`a ejopepqen bkni]o `a naerej`e) _]k l]n] _ne)hk _kik `enaepk na]h*
.*
If_boa^ab oecjeÚ_]r] mqa pk`k _e`]`k pai k `enaepk `a atlkn ai l ^he_k oaqo ejpanao) oao a oq]o kleje ao( r)hko `a^]pe`ko lahko `ai]eo a ]lnkr]`ko kq nafaep]`ko lah] i]ek) ne]( `araj`k ]_]p]n ] `a_eok pki]`] lq^he_]iajpa* J] ik`anje`]`a( _ki ] Narkhqk Ejchao] `a -200 a ] Narkhqk Bn]j_ao] `a -345( k `enaepk he^an`]`a ]ilhekq)oa* =hi `] he^an`]`a `a lajo]iajpk a `a atlnaook( l]ookq ] oecjeÚ_]n k `enaepk ej`alaj`j) _e] l]n] ao_khdan k kb_ek( k hk_]h `a ikn]`e]( k pelk `a a`q_]k( k _jfqca( ai oqi]( ] na_qo] `]o dean]nmqe]o Út]o( oqlkop]iajpa `erej]o kq j]pqn]eo* = eook ]_nao_ajpkq)oa( ai -345( qi `enaepk `a ajknia eilknp j_e]( mq]h oaf]( k `a mqa pk`k ej`er`qk ejk_ajpa ]p lnkr] ai _kjpnnek( mqa ] lnkr] `ara oan aop]^aha) _e`] lan]jpa qi pne^qj]h a mqa ] he^an]k kq lqjek `arai oan `]`]o oacqj`k ] hae* ?ki ko ikreiajpko ok_e]heop]o( ] hqp] ok_e]h lkn he^an`]`a ]ilhekq ]ej`] i]eo aooa `enaepk( ]_nao_ajp]j`k)hda k `enaepk `a hqp]n _kjpn] pk`]o ]o bkni]o `a pen]je]( _ajoqn] a pknpqn] a _kjpn] pk`]o ]o bkni]o `a atlhkn]k a `kiej]k ok_e]h( a_kjie_]( _qh) pqn]h a lkhpe_]* K^oanr]iko ]mqe k iaoik mqa j] ecq]h`]`a6 ^ pfjmibp ab`i^o^ l al afobfql if_boa^ab kl ^ fkpqfqrf `lk`obq^jbkqb) j^p ^_ob l `^jml efpqof`l m^o^ ^ `of^ l abppb afobfql mbi^ lnteo erj^k^*
/*
M^oqf`fm^ l kl mlabo oecjeÚ_]r] mqa pk`ko ko _e`]`ko pi k `enaepk `a l]npe_el]n `]o `eo_qoo ao a `ahe^an] ao l ^he_]o `] mifp( rkp]j`k kq narkc]j`k `a_eo ao* Aooa `enaepk lkooq] qi oajpe`k iqepk lna_eok* Jaha ]Úni]r])oa mqa( `k lkjpk `a reop] lkhpe_k( pk`ko ko _e`]`ko pi _kilapj_e] l]n] klej]n a `a_e`en( lkeo ] lkhpe_] jk qi] mqaopk p_je_] $aÚ__e] ]`iejeopn]per] a iehep]n% jai _eajpÚ_] $_kjda_eiajpko ao) la_e]hev]`ko ok^na ]`iejeopn]k a cqann]%( i]o ]k _khaper]( eopk ( `a_eok _khaper] mq]jpk ]ko ejpanaooao a `enaepko `] ln lne] mifp*
1,0
= mqaopk `aik_npe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
= `aik_n]_e] ]pajeajoa( _kik oa r( an] afobq^* = ik`anj]( lkni( obmobpbkq^qfs^* K `enaepk l]npe_el]k pknjkq)oa( lknp]jpk( ej`enapk( lkn iaek `] ao_khd] `a nalnaoajp]jpao* =k _kjpnnek `ko kqpnko `keo `enaepko( aopa hpeik l]na_a pan okbne`k `eiejqek ai hqc]n `a ]ilhe]k* Aoo] ]l]nj_e] b]ho] a ran`]`aen]* C^ip^ lknmqa ] `aik_n]_e] ik`anj] bke ejopepq`] j] hqp] _kjpn] k =jpeck Naceia a( lknp]jpk( ai nah]k ] aooa hpeik( ]ilhekq ] l]npe_el]k `ko _e`]`ko jk lk`an( ]ej`] mqa ok^ ] bkni] `] nalnaoajp]k* Sboa^abfo^ lknmqa( _kik reiko( ] nal ^he_] he^an]h paj`aq ] heiep]n ko `enaepko lkhpe_ko ]ko lnklneapneko lner]`ko `ko iaeko `a lnk`qk a ]ko lnkÚooekj]eo he^an]eo `] _h]ooa i) `e]( ]ko dkiajo ]`qhpko Îej`alaj`ajpaoÏ* Pk`]re]( ]o hqp]o ok_e]heop]o a lklqh]nao bkn]n]i ] ]ilhe]k `ko `enaepko lkhpe_ko _ki ] _ne]k `k prcodfl rkfsbop^i $pk`ko ok _e`]`ko ahaepknao6 dkiajo( iqhdanao( fkrajo( jacnko( ]j]hb]^apko( pn]^]hd]`knao( j`eko% a ] c]n]jpe] `] ahace^ehe`]`a `a mq]hmqan qi mqa( jk aop]j`k ok^ oqolaep] `a _neia( oa ]lnaoajpa ] qi _]nck ahaperk* Raiko ]mqe( lknp]jpk( k iaoik mqa jko `enaepko ]jpaneknao6 irq^p pl`f^fp nrb qo^kpcloj^j ^ pfjmibp ab`i^o^ l ab rj afobfql bj afobfql ob^i) lr pbg^) sbjlp ^nrf ^ `of^ l ab rj afobfql*
MINORIASßPODEßPARECERßES TRANHOßFALARßEMß±MINORIA²ß PARAßREFERIR SEßAßMULHERES ß NEGROS ßIDOSOS ßCRIANlAS ß POISßQUANTITATIVAMENTEß FORMAMßAßMAIORIAßbßQUEß AßPALAVRAßMINORIAßNjOßmß USADAßEMßSENTIDOßQUAN TITATIVO ßMASßQUALITATIVOß 1UANDOßOßPENSAMENTOß POLqTICOßLIBERALßDEFINIUßOSß QUEßTERIAMßDIREITOßgßCIDA DANIA ßUSOUßCOMOßCRITmRIOß AßIDEIAßDEßMAIORIDADEß RACIONALßSERIAMßCIDADjOSß AQUELESßQUEßHOUVESSEMß ALCANlADOßOßPLENOßUSOßDAß RAZjOß!LCANlARAMßOßPLENOß USOßDAßRAZjOßOUßAßMAIORI DADEßRACIONALßOSßQUEßSjOß INDEPENDENTES ßISTOßm ßNjOß DEPENDEMßDEßOUTROSßPARAß VIVERß3jOßINDEPENDENTESß OSßPROPRIETfRIOSßPRIVADOSß DOSßMEIOSßDEßPRODUljOß EßOSßPROFISSIONAISßLIBE RAISß3jOßDEPENDENTESßE ß PORTANTO ßEMßESTADOßDEß MINORIDADEßRACIONALßASß MULHERES ßASßCRIANlAS ßOSß ADOLESCENTES ßOSßTRABA LHADORESßEßOSß±SELVAGENSß PRIMITIVOS²ßAFRICANOSßEß INDqGENAS ß&ORMAMßAß MINORIAß#OMOßHfßOUTROSß GRUPOSßCUJOSßDIREITOSßNjOß SjOßRECONHECIDOSßPORß EXEMPLO ßOSßHOMOSSEXUAIS ß FALA SEßEMß±MINORIAS²ß !ß±MAIORIDADE²ßLIBERALß REFERE SE ßPOIS ßAOßHOMEMß ADULTOßBRANCOßPROPRIETfRIOß OUßPROFISSIONALßLIBERAL
1,1
=o hqp]o lkn ecq]h`]`a a he^an`]`a ]ilhe]n]i ko `enaepko lkhpe_ko $_ereo% a( ] l]npen `aopao( _ne]n]i ko `enaepko ok_e]eo $pn]^]hdk( ikn]`e]( o] `a( pn]jolknpa( a`q_]k( h]van( _qhpqn]%( ko `e) naepko `]o _d]i]`]o Îiejkne]oÏ $iqhdanao( e`koko( jacnko( dkikooatq]eo( _ne]j]o( `aÚ_eajpao( ej`caj]o% a k `enaepk oacqn]j] lh]japne] $]o hqp]o a_kh ce_]o a _kjpn] ]o ]ni]o jq_ha]nao%* =o hqp]o lklqh]nao lkn l]npe_el]k lkhpe_] ]ilhe]n]i ko `enaepko _ereo6 `enaepk `a klkn)oa pen]je]( _ajoqn]( pknpqn]( `enaepk `a Úo_]hev]n k Aop]`k lkn iaek `a knc]jev] ao `] ok_ea) `]`a $]ook_e] ao( oej`e_]pko( l]npe`ko lkhpe_ko%7 `enaepk ejbkni]k lah] lq^he_e`]`a `]o `a_eo ao aop]p]eo* = ok_ea`]`a `aik_npe_] ejopepqe `enaepko lah] ]^anpqn] `k _]ilk ok_e]h `of^ l ab afobfqlp ob^fp( ^jmif^ l ab afobfqlp bufpqbkqbp a `of^ l ab klslp afobfqlp* ?ki eook( `keo pn]ko `eopejcqai ] `aik_n]_e] `a pk`]o ]o kqpn]o bkni]o ok_e]eo a lkhpe_]o6 -*
] `aik_n]_e] ] je_] ok_ea`]`a a k je_k naceia lkhpe_k mqa _kjoe`an] k _kjÛepk hacpeik* Jk o pn]^]hd] lkhepe_]iajpa ko _kjÛepko `a ja_aooe`]`ao a `a ejpanaooao $`eolqp]o ajpna ko l]npe`ko lkhpe_ko a ahae ao `a ckranj]jpao lanpaj_ajpao ] l]npe`ko klkopko%( i]o lnk_qn] ejopepq)hko _kik `enaepko a( _kik p]eo( ateca mqa oaf]i na_kjda) _e`ko a naolaep]`ko* I]eo `k mqa eook( j] ok_ea`]`a `aik_npe_]( ej`er`qko a cnqlko knc]jev]i)oa ai ]ook_e] ao( ikreiajpko ok_e]eo a lklqh]nao( _h]ooao oa knc]jev]i ai oej`e_]pko a l]npe`ko( _ne]j`k qi _kjpn]lk`an ok_e]h mqa( `enap] kq ej`enap]iajpa( heiep] k lk`an `k Aop]`k7
.*
] `aik_n]_e] ] ok_ea`]`a ran`]`aen]iajpa deopne_]( eopk ( ]^anp] ]k pailk( ]k lkoo) rah( o pn]jobkni] ao a ]k jkrk* ?ki abaepk( lah] _ne]k `a jkrko `enaepko a lah] ateopj) _e] `ko _kjpn]lk`anao ok_e]eo( ] ok_ea`]`a `aik_npe_] jk aop Út]`] jqi] bkni] l]n] oailna `apaniej]`]( kq oaf]( jk _aoo] `a pn]^]hd]n oq]o `ereo ao a `ebanaj]o ejpanj]o( `a kneajp]n)oa lah] lkooe^ehe`]`a k^faper] $] he^an`]`a% a `a ]hpan]n)oa lah] ln lne] moufp*
Ko k^op_qhko `aik_n]_e] He^an`]`a( ecq]h`]`a a l]npe_el]k _kj`qven]i _ha^na bkniqh]k `] lkhpe_] `aik) _npe_] _kik Îckranjk `k lkrk( lahk lkrk a l]n] k lkrkÏ* Ajpnap]jpk( k lkrk `] ok_ea`]`a `aik_npe_] aop `ere`e`k ai _h]ooao ok_e]eo Í oaf]i ko ne_ko a ko lk^nao $=neop pahao%( oaf]i ko cn]j`ao a k lkrk $I]mqe]rah%( oaf]i ]o _h]ooao ok_e]eo ]jp]cje_]o $I]nt%* ran`]`a mqa ] ok_ea`]`a `aik_npe_] ]mqah] mqa jk ao_kj`a oq]o `ereo ao( i]o lnk_qn] Îpn]^]hd)h]oÏ lah]o ejopepqe ao a lah]o haeo* Pk`]re]( jk _]lep]heoik( ok eiajoko ko k^op_qhko `aik_n]_e]( lkeo k _kjÛepk `a ejpanaooao lkopk lah] atlhkn]k `a qi] _h]ooa ok_e]h lkn kqpn]( iaoik mqa ] e`akhkce] ]Únia mqa pk`ko ok hernao a ecq]eo*
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
Fkrai h oak `a _h]ooebe_]`ko `a ai) lnacko ai ?qnepe^]( jk i o mqa i]n_kq ] a_hkok `] _neoa bej]j_aen] iqj`e]h6 kqpq^nk `a .,,4* 'IULIANOß'OMES&OLHAPRESS
ran`]`a mqa ]o hqp]o lklqh]nao jko l]oao `a _]lep]heoik ]r]j]`k ]ilhe]n]i ko `e) naepko `ko _e`]`ko a mqa ] atlhkn]k `ko pn]^]hd]`knao `eiejqeq iqepk( ok^napq`k _ki k Aop]`k `k >ai)Aop]n Ok_e]h* Jk ajp]jpk( dkqra qi lnak ] l]c]n6 ] atlhkn]k i]eo rekhajp] `k pn]^]hdk lahk _]lep]h na_]eq j]o _kop]o `ko pn]^]hd]`knao `ko l]oao `k ajpk _d]i]`k Pan_aenk Iqj`k* Dkqra qi] `ereok ejpanj]_ekj]h `k pn]^]hdk a `] atlhkn]k mqa( ]k iahdkn]n ] ecq]h`]`a a ] he^an`]`a `ko pn]^]hd]`knao `a qi] l]npa `k iqj`k( ]cn]rkq ]o _kj`e ao `a re`] a `a pn]^]hdk `] kqpn] l]npa* A jk bke lkn ]_]ok mqa( ajmq]jpk jko l]oao _]lep]heop]o ]r]j]`ko _nao_e]i k Aop]`k `a >ai)Aop]n Ok_e]h a ] `aik_n]_e] ok_e]h( jk Pan_aenk Iqj`k an]i eilh]jp]`]o `ep]`qn]o a naceiao ]qpknepneko( _ki ko mq]eo ko _]lep]heop]o `aooao l]) oao oa ]he]r]i* = oepq]k `k `enaepk `a ecq]h`]`a a `a he^an`]`a p]i^i iqepk bnceh jko `e]o ]pq]eo( lknmqa( _kik reiko ]jpanekniajpa( k jlal ab molar l `^mfq^ifpq^ l]ookq lkn qi] iq) `]j] lnkbqj`]* P]h iq`]j] k_knnaq ] l]npen `k ikiajpk ai mqa k ik`k `a lnk`qk _]lep]heop] l]ookq ] ajbnajp]n ] _neoa `k Aop]`k `k >ai)Aop]n Ok_e]h na_knnaj`k ]k jakhe^an]) heoik a e`ae] he^an]h `a ^rql`lkqolib `] a_kjkie] lahk ian_]`k _]lep]heop]( ]b]op]j`k( lkn) p]jpk( ] lnaoaj] `k Aop]`k jk lh]jaf]iajpk a_kjie_k a j] ]lhe_]k `ko bqj`ko l ^he_ko l]n] c]n]jpe] `a `enaepko ok_e]eo* K ]^]j`kjk `]o lkhpe_]o ok_e]eo _d]i])oa lner]pev]k a k `k lh]jaf]iajpk a_kjie) _k( `aonacqh]k* =i^ko ko paniko ]ooaran]i mqa k _]lep]h o^`flk^i a lk`a( lkn oe iaoik( naokhran ko lnk^hai]o a_kjie_ko a ok_e]eo* =hi `eook( k `aoajrkhreiajpk aol]jpkok `]o jkr]o pa_jkhkce]o ahapnje_]o pnkqta ] rahk_e`]`a `] _kiqje_]k a `] ejbkni]k a ] ]qpk) i]k `] lnk`qk a `eopne^qek `ko lnk`qpko* Aoo] iq`]j] j]o bkn]o lnk`qper]o $lkeo ] pa_jkhkce] ]hpankq k lnk_aook ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk%( _kik reiko( rai _]qo]j`k k `aoailnack ai i]oo]( ikreiajpko n]_eop]o _kjpn] eiecn]jpao a iecn]jpao( at_hqok ok_e]h( lkhpe_] a _qhpqn]h `a cn]j`ao i]oo]o `] lklqh]k* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ko `enaepko a_kjie_ko a ok) _e]eo _kjmqeop]`ko lah]o hqp]o lklqh]nao aopk ai laneck _ki ] lner]pev]k( _ki k aj_khde) iajpk `] aoban] l ^he_] a _ki k ]h]nc]iajpk `] aoban] `ko ejpanaooao lner]`ko* Dkfa( _kik reiko ]_ei]( k _]lep]h lk`a ]_qiqh]n)oa a nalnk`qven)oa at_hqej`k _]`] rav i]eo ]o laook]o `k ian_]`k `a pn]^]hdk a `a _kjoqik* Jk lna_eo] i]eo `a cn]j`ao i]oo]o pn]^]hd]`kn]o a _kjoqie`kn]o( lk`a ]ilhe]n)oa cn]]o ]k `aoailnack ai i]oo] a jk lna_eo] lnak_ql]n)oa ai c]n]jpen `enaepko a_kjie_ko a ok_e]eo ]ko pn]^]hd]`knao lknmqa jk ja_aooep] `a oaqo pn]^]hdko a oanreko* K `enaepk l]npe_el]k lkh) pe_] p]i^i aj_kjpn] k^op_qhko* @a b]pk( jk _]lep]heoik `] oacqj`] iap]`a `k o_qhk TT( ] knc]jev]k ej`qopne]h `k pn]^]hdk bke baep] _ki ^]oa ai qi] `ereok ok_e]h jkr]6 ] oal]n]k ajpna `enecajpao a ata_q) p]jpao* Ko lneiaenko ok ko mqa na_a) ^ai ] a`q_]k _eajpÚ_] a pa_jkh ) ce_]( ok _kjoe`an]`ko lknp]`knao `a o]^anao mqa ko pknj]i `ljmbqbkqbp a lkn eook _ki lk`an `a i]j`k* Ko ata_qp]jpao ok ]mqahao mqa jk lkooqai _kjda_eiajpko pa_jkh ce) _ko a _eajpÚ_ko( o]^ai ]laj]o ata) _qp]n p]nab]o( oai _kjda_an ]o n]v ao a ]o Új]he`]`ao `a oq] ]k* Ok lkn eook _kjoe`an]`ko fk`ljmbqbkqbp a `aopej]`ko ] k^a`a_an*
1,2
= mqaopk `aik_npe_] x #!0É45,/ß x
Aoo] bkni] `a knc]jev]k `] `ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk lnkl]ckq)oa l]n] ] ok_ea`]`a ejpaen]* Jk _kin_ek( j] ]cne_qhpqn]( j]o ao_kh]o( jko dkolep]eo( j]o qjeranoe`]`ao( jko oan) reko l ^he_ko( j]o ]npao( pk`ko aopk oal]n]`ko ajpna Î_kilapajpaoÏ mqa o]^ai a Îej_ki) lapajpaoÏ mqa ata_qp]i* Ai kqpn]o l]h]rn]o( ] lkooa `a _anpko _kjda_eiajpko aola_Ú_ko pknjkq)oa qi lk`an l]n] i]j`]n a `a_e`en* Aoo] `ereok ok_e]h _kjranpaq)oa jqi] e`akhkce]6 ] e`akhkce] `] _kilap j_e] p _je_k) )_eajpÚ_]( eopk ( j] e`ae] `a mqa mqai lkooqe _kjda_eiajpko aop j]pqn]hiajpa `kp]`k `a lk`an `a i]j`k a `enak* Aoo] e`akhkce]( bknp]ha_e`] lahko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k `a i]oo] mqa ] aopeiqh]i `e]ne]iajpa( ejr]`eq ] lkhpe_]6 aop] l]ookq ] oan _kjoe`an]`] qi] ]pere) `]`a naoanr]`] l]n] p_je_ko kq ]`iejeopn]`knao lkhpe_ko _kilapajpao( a jk qi] ]k _khaper] `a pk`ko ko _e`]`ko* Jk o k `enaepk nalnaoajp]k lkhpe_] $oan nalnaoajp]jpa% `eiejqe lknmqa oa naopnej) ca ]ko _kilapajpao( _kik ]ej`] ] e`akhkce] `] _kilapj_e] k_qhp] a `eooeiqh] k b]pk `a mqa( l]n] oan Î_kilapajpaÏ( lna_eok pan na_qnoko a_kjie_ko l]n] aopq`]n a ]`mqenen _k) jda_eiajpko* Kq oaf]( ko Î_kilapajpaoÏ lanpaj_ai _h]ooa a_kjkie_]iajpa `kiej]jpa( mqa( ]ooei( `eneca ] lkhpe_] oacqj`k oaqo ejpanaooao a jk `a ]_kn`k _ki ] qjerano]he`]`a `ko `enaepko* Qi kqpnk k^op_qhk ]k `enaepk l]npe_el]k lkhpe_] lkopk lahko iaeko `a _kiqje_]) k `a i]oo]* O lk`aiko l]npe_el]n `a `eo_qoo ao a `a_eo ao lkhpe_]o oa lkooqeniko ejbkn) i] ao _knnap]o ok^na ]mqehk mqa r]iko `eo_qpen a `a_e`en* Kn]( _kik f reiko( ko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k `a i]oo] jk ejbkni]i( `aoejbkni]i* Kq iahdkn( pn]joiepai ]o ejbkni]) ao `a ]_kn`k _ki ko ejpanaooao `a oaqo lnklneapneko a `]o ]he]j]o a_kjie_]o a lkhpe_]o `aopao _ki cnqlko `apajpknao `a lk`an a_kjie_k a lkhpe_k* =ooei( lkn jk d]ran naolaepk ]k `enaepk `a ejbkni]k( jk d _kik naolaep]n k `enaepk ran`]`aen] l]npe_el]k lkhpe_]* Ko k^op_qhko `aik_n]_e] jk ejre]^ehev]i ] ok_ea`]`a `aik_npe_]* Lahk _kjpnnek* Ok) iajpa jah] okiko _]l]vao `a lan_a^an p]eo k^op_qhko a hqp]n _kjpn] ahao*
@ebe_qh`]`ao l]n] ] `aik_n]_e] jk >n]oeh
L
anek`e_]iajpa ko ^n]oehaenko ]Úni]i mqa reraiko jqi] `aik_n]_e]( `alkeo `a _kj) _hq`] qi] b]oa `a ]qpknep]neoik* Lkn `aik_n]_e] ajpaj`ai ] ateopj_e] `a ahae ao( `a l]npe`ko lkhpe_ko a `] `ereok nalq^he_]j] `ko pno lk`anao( ]hi `] he^an`]`a `a lajo]iajpk a `a atlnaook* Lkn ]qpknep]neoik ajpaj`ai qi naceia `a ckranjk ai mqa k Aop]`k k_ql]`k lkn iaek `a qi ckhla $ai can]h iehep]n kq _ki ]lkek iehep]n%( jk d ahae ao jai l]npe`ko lkhpe_ko( k Lk`an Ata_qperk `kiej] k Haceoh]perk a k Fq`e_enek( d _ajoqn] `k lajo]iajpk a `] atlnaook( ]hi `a lneok $lkn ravao _ki pknpqn] a iknpa% `ko ejeiecko lkhpe_ko* Ai oqi]( `aik_n]_e] a ]qpknep]neoik ok reopko _kik ]hck mqa oa na]hev] j] aoban] `k Aop]`k a aopa e`ajpeÚ_]`k _ki ] bkni] `a ckranjk* Aoo] reok _ac] l]n] ]hck ajn]ev]`k j] ok_ea`]`a ^n]oehaen]6 k ]qpknep]neoik ok_e]h* Jkoo] ok_ea`]`a ]qpknepne] lknmqa efboonrf`^( lkeo `ere`a ]o laook]o( ai mq]hmqan _en_qjop j_e]( ai ejbaneknao( mqa `arai k^a`a_an( a oqlaneknao( mqa `arai i]j`]n* Jk d lan_alk jai lnpe_] `] ecq]h`]`a _kik qi `enaepk* Jkoo] ok_ea`]`a p]i^i ]q) pknepne] lknmqa rekhajp] $jko paniko ai mqa( jk aopq`k `] pe_]( `aÚjeiko ] rekhj_e]%6 jah] reckn]i n]_eoik( i]_deoik( `eo_neiej]k naheceko] a `a _h]ooa ok_e]h( `aoecq]h`]`ao a_kjie_]o mqa aopk ajpna ]o i]eknao `k iqj`k( at_hqo ao _qhpqn]eo a lkhpe_]o* Jk d lan_alk jai lnpe_] `k `enaepk he^an`]`a* K ]qpknep]neoik ok_e]h a ]o `aoecq]h`]`ao a_kjie_]o b]vai _ki mqa ] ok_ea`]`a ^n]) oehaen] aopaf] lkh]nev]`] ajpna ]o _]nj_e]o `]o _]i]`]o lklqh]nao a ko ejpanaooao `]o _h]ooao ]^]op]`]o a `kiej]jpao( oai _kjoacqen qhpn]l]oo]n aoo]o _]nj_e]o a ejpanaooao a ]h_]j]n ] aoban] `ko `enaepko* Ko ejpanaooao( lknmqa jk oa pn]jobkni]i ai `enaepko( pknj]i)oa lnereh) ceko `a ]hcqjo( `a oknpa mqa ] lkh]nev]k ok_e]h oa abapq] ajpna ko `aolkooq`ko $ko _]najpao%
1,3
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
a ko lnerehace]`ko* Aopao( lknmqa ok lknp]`knao `ko _kjda_eiajpko p_je_ko a _eajpÚ_ko( ok ko Î_kilapajpaoÏ( _]^aj`k)hdao ] `enak `] ok_ea`]`a* ?kik reiko( qi] _]nj_e] oailna aola_Ú_]( oai _kjoacqen cajan]hev]n)oa jqi ej) panaooa _kiqi jai qjerano]hev]n)oa jqi `enaepk* Qi lnerehcek( lkn `aÚjek( oailna l]npe_qh]n( jk lk`aj`k cajan]hev]n)oa jqi ejpanaooa _kiqi jai qjerano]hev]n)oa jqi `enaepk( lkeo( oa p]h k_knnaooa( `aet]ne] `a oan lnerehcek* Kn]( ] `aik_n]_e] _ne]k a c]n]jpe] `a `enaepko* Jkoo] ok_ea`]`a( lkh]nev]`] ajpna ] _]nj_e] a k lnerehcek( jk _kjoacqa oan `a) ik_npe_]( lkeo jk aj_kjpn] iaeko l]n] eook* Aooa _kjfqjpk `a abqbojfk^ bp pl`f^fp i]jebaop])oa j] aoban] lkhpe_]* Ai hqc]n `a `aik_n]_e]( paiko ejopepqe ao rej`]o `ah]( i]o mqa klan]i `a ik`k ]qpknepnek* =ooei( lkn atailhk( ko l]npe`ko lkhpe_ko _kopqi]i oan `a pno pelko6 ko `ifbkqbifpq^p( mqa i]jpi nah] ao `a b]rkn _ki oaqo ahaepknao( ko s^kdr^oafpq^p( mqa oq^opepqai oaqo ahaepknao lah] rkjp]`a `ko `enecajpao l]npe`neko( a ko mlmrifpq^p( mqa pn]p]i oaqo ahaepknao _kik qi l]e `a b]ihe] $k abpmqbp% pn]p] oaqo Úhdko iajknao* B]rkn( oq^opepqek a l]panj]heoik are`aj_e]i mqa ] lnpe_] `] l]npe_el]k lkhpe_]( lkn iaek `a nalnaoajp]jpao( jk _kjoacqa oa na]hev]n jk >n]oeh* Ko nalnaoajp]jpao( ai hqc]n `a _qilnen k i]j`]pk mqa hdao bke `]`k lahko nalnaoajp]`ko( oqncai _kik _dabao( i]j) `]jpao( `apajpknao `a b]rknao a lk`anao( oq^iapaj`k ko nalnaoajp]`ko( pn]jobkni]j`k)ko ai _heajpao mqa na_a^ai b]rknao `ko i]j`]jpao* = Îej` opne] lkhpe_]Ï( ]he]`] aopnqpqn] ok_e]h `k l]o( ]heiajp] qi ei]cejnek lkhpe_k ]qpknepnek* =o he`an]j]o lkhpe_]o ok oailna ei]cej]`]o _kik _dabao o]hr]`knao `] j]k( ran`]`aenko iaooe]o ao_khde`ko lkn @aqo a nabanaj`]`ko lahk rkpk `ko ahaepknao* J] ran`]`a( jk okiko na]hiajpa ahaepknao $ko mqa ao_khdai%( i]o ianko rkp]jpao $ko mqa `k k rkpk l]n] ]hcqi%* = ei]cai lklqheop] a iaooe je_] `ko ckranj]jpao ej`e_] mqa ] _kj_alk pak_npe_] `k lk`an jk `ao]l]na_aq6 ]ej`] oa ]_na`ep] jk ckranj]jpa _kik ajre]`k `]o `erej`]`ao $k j iank `a lkhpe_ko hec]`ko ] ]opn hkcko a re`ajpao b]h] lkn oe iaoik% a mqa oq] rkjp]`a pai bkn] `a hae* =o haeo( lknmqa atlneiai kq ko lnerehceko `ko lk`ankoko kq ] rkjp]`a laook]h `ko ckranj]jpao( jk ok reop]o _kik atlnaook `a `enaepko jai `a rkjp]`ao a `a_eo ao l ^he_]o _khaper]o* K Lk`an Fq`e_enek ]l]na_a _kik ieopanekok( ajrkhpk jqi o]^an ej_kilnaajorah a jqi] ]qpkne`]`a mq]oa iope_]* Lkn eook iaoik( ]_aep])oa mqa ] hac]he`]`a oaf]( lkn qi h]`k( ej_kilnaajorah( a( lkn kqpnk( ejaÚ_eajpa $] eilqje`]`a jk naej] herna a okhp];% a mqa ] je_] nah]k lkoorah _ki ah] oaf] ] `] pn]jocnaook $k b]ikok ÎfaepejdkÏ%* ?kik oa k^oanr]( ] `aik_n]_e]( jk >n]oeh( ]ej`] aop lkn oan ejrajp]`]*
IND{STRIAßPOLqTICAßAßß CRIAljOßDAßIMAGEMßDOSß POLqTICOSßPELOSßMEIOSßDEß COMUNICAljOßDEßMASSAß PARAßAßVENDAßDOßPOLqTICOß AOSßELEITORES CONSUMI DORES
1,4
= _qhpqn] x #!0É45,/ß x
15%34¬%3
#!0É45,/ß = _qhpqn] -* Mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa ]hcqi] _keo] j]pqn]h kq lkn j]pqnav]; .* K mqa oa mqan `evan mq]j`k oa b]h] ai j]pqnav] dq) i]j]; /* @ ]hcqjo atailhko `a ]^oqn`ko `a_knnajpao `] j]) pqn]hev]k `ko _kilknp]iajpko( e`ae]o a r]hknao `ko oanao dqi]jko* 0* Lkn mqa ejoqopajprah ] e`ae] `a qi] j]pqnav] dq) i]j] qjerano]h a ejpailkn]h; 1* @ atailhko `ko rneko oajpe`ko _ki mqa qo]iko ] l]h]rn] _qhpqn] ai jkook _kpe`e]jk* 2* Ajqiana ko lnej_el]eo oajpe`ko `] l]h]rn] j]pqnav]* 3* Ajqiana ko lnej_el]eo oajpe`ko `] l]h]rn] _qhpqn] j] =jpecqe`]`a* 4* Lkn mqa( j] =jpecqe`]`a( _qhpqn] a j]pqnav] jk oa klqjd]i; 5* K mqa oa ajpaj`a lkn _qhpqn] ] l]npen `k o_qhk TREEE; -,* Lkn mqa ] _qhpqn] paj`a ] oan lajo]`] _kik _erehev]) k ] l]npen `k o_qhk TREEE; --* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] aooaj_e]h mqa ko lajo]`knao ]lkj) p]i ajpna j]pqnav] a _qhpqn]; -.* Ai mqa ikiajpk ] _qhpqn] oa pknj] oej jeik `a deo) p ne]; -/* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna k pailk j] j]pqnav] a k pai) lk j] _qhpqn] kq j] deop ne]; -0* Lkn mqa iqepko lajo]`knao _kjoe`an]i mqa ] _qhpq) n] _kia] mq]j`k ko dkiajo ejrajp]i k pn]^]hdk; -1* Atlhemqa ] `eopejk g]jpe]j] ajpna naejk `] ja_aooe) `]`a a naejk `] he^an`]`a* -2* Lkn mqa Dacah fqhc] mqa Lh]pk a =neop pahao oa ajc]) j]n]i mq]jpk eilkooe^ehe`]`a `] _kjpn]`ek jk iqj`k na]h; -3* Mq]eo ]o `q]o lnej_el]eo _]n]_panope_]o `] _kjpn]`e) k `e]hpe_] oacqj`k Dacah; -4* Atlhemqa ] jac]k ejpanj]* -5* K mqa Dacah _d]i] `a Aolnepk; .,* Atlhemqa k mqa oecjeÚ_] k oqnceiajpk `] _kjo_e j) _e] kq `k Îl]n] oeÏ jk mqa `ev naolaepk ]k oqnceiaj) pk `] _qhpqn]* .-* K mqa ] _qhpqn] l]n] I]nt; ..* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna k aolenepq]heoik `a Dacah a k i]pane]heoik `a I]nt; ./* Oacqj`k ko ]jpnkl hkcko( mq]eo ]o `q]o haeo mqa `k ej_ek _qhpqn]; .0* K mqa qi] hae dqi]j];
1,5
.1* Atlhemqa k mqa kn`ai oei^ he_] a lkn mqa ] _qhpqn] ] ejopepqe* .2* Mq]eo ko lnej_el]eo oajpe`ko `a _qhpqn]; .3* Mq]h k oajpe`k naopnepk `a _qhpqn];
#!0É45,/ßßß = atlane j_e] `k o]cn]`k a ] ejopepqek `] nahecek -* Lkn mqa lk`aiko ]pne^qen _kjo_e j_e] ] _]qo] lne) ikn`e]h `k oqnceiajpk `] nahecekoe`]`a; .* Mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa Îpaiko _kjo_e j_e] `k pai) lkÏ; ?kik jkoo] nah]k _ki k pailk jk pn]^]hdk; A j] iai ne]; /* Lkn mqa ] _kjo_e j_e] `k pailk jko har] _kjo_e j) _e] `] iknpa; Mq]h k l]lah `aoo] _kjo_e j_e] jk oqn) ceiajpk `] nahecekoe`]`a; 0* K mqa ] atlane j_e] `k o]cn]`k; 1* K mqa k aj_]jp]iajpk `k iqj`k; 2* K mqa k o]cn]`k; K mqa pknj] ]hcqi] _keo] kq ]h) cqi oan o]cn]`ko; 3* Lkn mqa ] nahecek rj_qhk; K mqa ah] rej_qh]; 4* Atlhemqa _kik( ai rne]o _qhpqn]o( ] hec]k ajpna k o]cn]`k a k lnkb]jk oei^khev]`] jk ikiajpk `a bqj`]k `a qi] ]h`ae] kq _e`]`a* 5* AtailheÚmqa qi _]ok `a _anei je] naheceko] ai mqa ]l]na_a ] hec]k bqj`]`kn] kq ] nahecek* -,* Mqa k aol]k o]cn]`k; ?kik oa `eopejcqa `k aol]k lnkb]jk; --* K mqa k pailk o]cn]`k; -.* K mqa k iepk a ] deop ne] o]cn]`] j]nn]i; K mqa lna) paj`ai atlhe_]n; -/* K mqa pakckje]; -0* K mqa _koikckje]; -1* ?kik k pailk o]cn]`k; -2* Lkn mqa ] nahecek oa `eneca o aik ao; Lkn mqa la`a okiajpa b a lea`]`a; -3* Lkn mqa ok _ne]`ko ko nepko; -4* K mqa qi nepk; -5* @k mqa `alaj`a ] aÚ__e] `a qi nepk; .,* K mqa qi k^fapk p]^q; @ atailhko `a p]^qo* .-* K mqa ok ko ai^hai]o; @ atailhko `a ai^hai]o `a `aqoao* ..* Mqa ok nahece ao `] i]jebaop]k; ./* Mqa ok nahece ao `] narah]k; .0* ?kik ]o nahece ao _kj_a^ai ko `aqoao kq k `aqo; .1* ?kik ] rkjp]`a `erej] lk`a pknj]n)oa _kjda_e`] `ko dkiajo;
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_] ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
.2* Atlhemqa ] `ebanaj] ajpna nahece ao `] narah]k `]o haeo a nahece ao `] ehqiej]k iope_]* .3* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna k pn]joa `ko lnkbap]o a re`aj) pao a k pn]joa `k tp]oa iope_k; .4* Lkn mqa fq`]oik( _neope]jeoik a eoh]ieoik ok Îna) hece ao `k hernkÏ; .5* Lkn mqa ko `aqoao oailna b]h]i lkn ajeci]o( l]n) ^kh]o a kn_qhko; /,* ?kik ]o nahece ao atlhe_]i ] knecai kq ] _]qo] `] iknpa dqi]j]; /-* ?kik ]o nahece ao lnkiapai eiknp]he`]`a kq re`] ]l o ] iknpa; /.* Lkn mqa ]o nahece ao lkooqai nepq]eo bqjanneko; //* ?kik ]o nahece ao `k aj_]jp]iajpk _kj_a^ai ] re`] ]l o ] iknpa; /0* ?kik ]o nahece ao `] o]hr]k _kj_a^ai ] re`] ]l o ] iknpa; /1* Mq]h ] knecai `k iehaj]neoik _neopk; /2* K mqa k iehaj]neoik _neopk; /3* Lkn mqa k iehaj]neoik _kopqi] oan ] nahecek lklq) h]n `ko mqa hqp]i lkn fqope] a bahe_e`]`a; @ atai) lhko `a ikreiajpko lkhpe_ko iehaj]neop]o* /4* ?kik ok k >ai a k I]h j]o nahece ao lkhepaop]o( `q]) heop]o a ikjkpaop]o; /5* Lkn mqa jk fq`]oik( _neope]jeoik a eoh]ieoik ] kne) cai `k I]h qi lnk^hai]; 0,* Lkn mqa jk fq`]oik a jk _neope]jeoik ] knecai `k I]h aj_kjpn])oa j]o _ne]pqn]o; K mqa k I]h jaoo]o nahece ao; 0-* Atlhemqa k mqa ok nahece ao `] atpanekne`]`a* 0.* Atlhemqa k mqa ok nahece ao `] ejpanekne`]`a* 0/* ?kik ]o nahece ao `] atpanekne`]`a _kj_a^ai ] b]hp] dqi]j]; ?kik ] b]hp] lqje`] a lan`k]`]; 00* ?kik ]o nahece ao `] ejpanekne`]`a _kj_a^ai ] b]hp] kq k la_]`k dqi]jk; ?kik ] b]hp] lqje`] a lan`k]`]; 01* Mq]h ] _]qo] `] b]hp] kq `k la_]`k j]o nahece ao `] atpanekne`]`a; 02* Mq]h ] _]qo] `] b]hp] kq `k la_]`k j]o nahece ao `] ejpanekne`]`a; 03* K mqa k la_]`k jk fq`]oik; 04* K mqa k la_]`k jk eoh]ieoik; 05* K mqa k la_]`k knecej]h; 1,* Lkn mqa k la_]`k qi lnk^hai] pakh ce_k ejokhrah l]n] k _neope]jeoik; 1-* Mqa ok nahece ao `] ei]j j_e] kq l]jpaop]o; 1.* Mqa ok nahece ao `] pn]jo_aj` j_e] kq paop]o; 1/* ?kik k _neope]jeoik ejpnk`qv ] reoep]k `erej] `a i]jaen] ] oqlan]n ]o `eÚ_qh`]`ao pakh ce_]o `aoo] re) oep]k; 10* ?kik a lkn mqa ko aj_]nnac]`ko `] ejpanlnap]k `]o i]jebaop] ao `erej]o a `ko nepq]eo oa pknj]i qi cnqlk `a lk`an jk ejpanekn `]o ok_ea`]`ao; 11* Lkn mqa ] ]qpkne`]`a naheceko] ]l]na_a _kik `apaj) pkn] `k lnerehcek `k o]^an; Mqa lk`anao lkooqe;
12* Lkn mqa ]o `kqpnej]o naheceko]o paj`ai ] ejopepqen ] e`ae] `a dean]nmqe]; Mq]h ] ejÛq j_e] ok^na ] knc]je) v]k `] ok_ea`]`a; 13* ?kik ko o]_an`kpao atan_ai ] rekh j_e] o]cn]`]; 14* Mq]eo ko iaeko a lnk_a`eiajpko `ko o]_an`kpao _neo) pko l]n] atan_an ] rekh j_e] o]cn]`]; 15* Mqa ] danaoe]; Mq]eo ko _]iejdko `] ejopepqek o]) _an`kp]h l]n] lqjen danaoe]o; 2,* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo Új]he`]`ao `] nahecek; 2-* Mq]eo ]o _npe_]o mqa ko Úh okbko ]jpecko Úvan]i na) hecek; 2.* ?kik( _ki ^]oa j] oqlanopek( Aolejko] _nepe_] ]o nahece ao; 2/* Mqa bke ] nahecek j]pqn]h kq k `aoik; 20* K mqa Baqan^]_d ajpaj`aq lkn ]heaj]k naheceko]; 21* K mqa I]nt mqeo `evan _ki Î] nahecek k lek `k lkrkÏ; 22* K mqa I]nt mqeo `evan _ki Î] nahecek h ce_] a aj_e) _hkl`e] lklqh]n( aolnepk `a qi iqj`k oai aolnepkÏ; 23* =lnaoajpa ]o lnej_el]eo _]n]_panope_]o `k iepk* Atlhe) mqa _ki i]eo `ap]hdao `q]o `ah]o* 24* =lnaoajpa ]hcqi]o `ebanaj]o ajpna k iepk a k ÎhckoÏ* 25* =lnaoajpa ]hcqi]o `ebanaj]o ajpna k _najpa a k Úh ) okbk jk pk_]jpa ]ko lnej_el]eo pai]o `] nahecek* 3,* K mqa ] pakhkce]; 3-* Mqa ok ieopneko a `kci]o `] b; 3.* @ atailhko `a ej_kil]pe^ehe`]`ao ajpna ran`]`ao `] b a ran`]`ao Úhko Ú_]o kq _eajpÚ_]o* 3/* ?kik G]jp lnk_qnkq _kj_ehe]n ÚhkokÚ] a nahecek; 30* ?kik Dacah pn]p] ] nah]k ajpna nahecek a ÚhkokÚ]; 31* ?kik ] bajkiajkhkce] pn]p] ] `ebanaj] ajpna ] ]pe) pq`a naheceko] a ] ]pepq`a Úhko Ú_];
#!0É45,/ßß K qjeranok `]o ]npao -* K mqa( ai can]h( ]o laook]o ajpaj`ai lkn ]npeop]; .* K mqa( ai can]h( ]o laook]o ajpaj`ai lkn k^n] `a ]npa; /* K mqa( ai can]h( ]o laook]o `evai oajpen `e]jpa `]o k^n]o `a ]npa; Lkn mq ; 0* Mq]eo ok ko pn o ]ola_pko ok^na ]o k^n]o `a ]npa mqa aopk lnaoajpao jk lkjpk `a reop] `k aola_p]`kn; 1* Atlhemqa k mqa oecjeÚ_] ] ]lnktei]k mqa iqepko aop]^aha_ai ajpna k^n] `a ]npa a ]npao]j]pk* 2* Atlhemqa k mqa oecjeÚ_] ] nah]k mqa iqepko aop]^a) ha_ai ajpna k^n] `a ]npa a ]jpecqe`]`a* 3* Atlhemqa lkn mqa ] k^n] `a ]npa ] qjek `k apanjk a `k jkrk* 4* K mqa k ]npeop] ^qo_] atlneien jqi] k^n]; 5* K mqa ] ]npa( oacqj`k Bannaen] Cqhh]n; -,* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna ] b]h] b]h]`] kq ejopepq`] a ] b]h] b]h]jpa kq ejopepqejpa;
1-,
= _qhpqn] x #!0É45,/ß x
--* Atlhemqa lkn mqa ]o ]npao ok ] l]oo]cai `k ejopepq) `k ]k ejopepqejpa* -.* Lkn mqa ]o ]npao j]o_ai jk ejpanekn `] re`] naheceko]; -/* Lkn mqa ko lneiaenko k^fapko ]npope_ko an]i ice_ko kq bape_dao a ko ]npeop]o an]i baepe_aenko; -0* Mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa ko k^fapko b]^ne_]`ko lahko ]npeop]o pejd]i r]hkn `a _qhpk; -1* Lkn mqa( j]o lneiaen]o _qhpqn]o( k ]npeop] an] qi i]ck( qi eje_e]`k ai ieopneko a qi kÚ_e]jpa `a _qhpko; -2* @ao_nar] _kik ko ]npeop]o a ]npaoko aop]r]i oq^ia) pe`ko ]qpkne`]`a naheceko] kq ]qpkne`]`a lkhpe_]* -3* Mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa j]o ok_ea`]`ao ]jpec]o jk d]re] ] ]qpkjkie] `]o ]npao; -4* Atlhemqa k oajpe`k `]o l]h]rn]o ]no a pgdja* -5* Mq]h k oajpe`k ]ilhk `a ]no kq pgdja; Mq]h k oaq oajpe`k aopnepk; Mq]h k oaq oajpe`k can]h; .,* Mq]h ] `eopejk `]o ]npao ai Lh]pk; .-* Mq]h ] `eopejk baep] lkn =neop pahao ajpna _e j_e] a ]npa; ..* Mq]h ] `eopejk baep] lkn =neop pahao jk _]ilk `] lnpe_] dqi]j]; Atlhemqa ] `eopejk ajpna ]k a b]^ne_]k* ./* Mq]eo ]o `eopej ao ]_nao_ajp]`]o lahko jaklh]p je) _ko o `eopej ao ]neopkphe_]o; .0* Lkn mqa ]o ]npao bkn]i `ere`e`]o ai he^an]eo a oanreo; Mq]eo an]i ]o ]npao he^an]eo; Mq]eo ]o oanreo kq ia) _je_]o; Lkn mqa ]o he^an]eo an]i _kjoe`an]`]o oqla) neknao o ia_je_]o; .1* Mqa mqan `evan Îia_je_]Ï( l]h]rn] qo]`] l]n] naba) nen)oa o ]npao i]jq]eo; .2* Lkn mqa `qn]jpa ] Naj]o_aj] dkqra ] hqp] lah] r]hk) nev]k `]o ]npao ia_je_]o; .3* Atlhemqa ] `eopejk `]o ]npao oacqj`k k _nepnek `k peh a `k ^ahk* .4* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo _kjoamq j_e]o `] oal]n]k aj) pna ]npao `] qpehe`]`a a ]npao `] ^ahav]; .5* Mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa ]o ]npao ok atlnaook _ne]`k) n] a pn]^]hdk atlnaooerk; /,* AtailheÚmqa ] i]jaen] _kik j] ]npa _kjpailkn) ja] ]npa a p_je_] oa _kiqje_]i a oa nah]_ekj]i* /-* Lkn mqa( ] l]npen `k o_qhk TT( ]o bnkjpaen]o mqa oal]) n]i ]npa a p_je_] oa pknj]n]i iqepk p jqao; /.* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo `ebanaj]o ajpna qi k^fapk p_je) _k a qi] k^n] `a ]npa; //* K mqa >ajf]iej ajpaj`a lkn Î]qn]Ï; /0* Mq]j`k qi] k^n] `a ]npa ]qnpe_]; /1* Mq]j`k a lkn mqa ]o k^n]o `a ]npa lan`an]i ] ]qn]; /2* Naoqi] ]o lnej_el]eo e`ae]o `a >ajf]iej ok^na k r]) hkn `a _qhpk a k r]hkn `a atlkoek `]o k^n]o `a ]npa* /3* K mqa ] ]npa lkpe_]; Lkn mqa lnao_neper] kq jkn) i]per]; /4* K mqa aoppe_]; Mq]j`k oqnca nah]_ekj]`] _ki ]o ]npao;
1--
/5* Mq]h k oajpe`k eje_e]h `] aoppe_]; Mq]h oaq oajpe`k ]pq]h; 0,* ?kik Hq_ Bannu atlhe_] k oqnceiajpk `] aoppe_] _kik `eo_elhej] Úhko Ú_]; 0-* Mq]eo an]i ko lnej_el]eo lnaooqlkopko `] aoppe_] jko o_qhko TREEE a TET; @ko oaeo lnaooqlkopko ajq) ian]`ko( ao_khd] `keo a atlhemqa)ko* 0.* K mqa oecjeÚ_]r] ] `eopejk mqa ] aoppe_] aop]^aha) _aq ajpna k ^ahk a k ran`]`aenk; 0/* K mqa k fqvk `a ckopk; 00* Mq]h ] `eopejk baep] lkn G]jp ajpna `eolqp] a `eo) _qook; Lkn mqa k ckopk a ] k^n] `a ]npa lk`ai oan `eo_qpe`ko; 01* Lkn mqa( ]k ]Úni]n mqa k oajpeiajpk `k ^ahk qje) rano]h( G]jp ikopn] mqa k fqvk `a ckopk lkoorah; 02* Atlhemqa _kik ] k^n] `a ]npa lajo]`] j] ok_ea`]`a _kjpailknja] iajko _kik lnk`qk a _kjpailh]) k `aoejpanaoo]`] `] ^ahav] a i]eo _kik pn]^]hdk `] atlnaook* 03* Atlhemqa k mqa =neop pahao ajpaj`e] lkn iiaoeo* Lkn mqa ] k^n] `a ]npa an] qi] iiaoeo; 04* Mq]j`k ] ÚhkokÚ] l]ookq ] `aÚjen ] k^n] `a ]npa _kik _ne]k oq^faper]; Mq]j`k l]ookq ] b]h]n ai ejolen]k; 05* Mq]j`k ] aoppe_] oa nabane] k^n] `a ]npa _kik _ne]) k rej`] `] ejolen]k( _kik re] k ]npeop]; 1,* Atlhemqa _kik( l]n] ] aoppe_]( ] k^n] `a ]npa `aet] `a oan reop] _kik eiep]k `] j]pqnav] a l]oo] ] oan reop] _kik he^an]k `e]jpa `] j]pqnav]* 1-* Mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa( l]n] ] ÚhkokÚ] `] ]npa _kj) pailknja]( ] ]npa _kj_a^e`] _kik pn]^]hdk `] at) lnaook a `] _kjopnqk; 1.* ?kik ] aoppe_] _kjpailknja] _kj_a^a k ]npeop]; 1/* Atlhemqa lkn mqa ] aoppe_] _kjpailknja] oq^hejd] ] k^n] `a ]npa _kik Ú_k* 10* L]npej`k `] `eopejk ajpna iqj`k oajorah a ejpahe) crah a ajpna ]npao eiep]per]o a fq`e_]per]o( _kik Lh]) pk _kj_a^a ] nah]k ajpna ]npa a o]^an; 11* Lkn mqa ] _kj_alk lh]p je_] napki]`] a nabkn) iqh]`] `qn]jpa ] Naj]o_aj]; 12* Mq]eo ]o pn o i]jaen]o lah]o mq]eo k Nki]jpeoik _kj_a^a ] ]npa _kik k ejopnqiajpk can]h `] ÚhkokÚ]; 13* L]npej`k `] `eopejk ajpna pakne] a lnpe_]( _kik =neop pahao _kj_a^a ] nah]k ajpna ]npa a o]^an; 14* K mqa ] _kj_alk la`]c ce_] `] ]npa; 15* Lkn mqa Lh]pk at_hqe `] _e`]`a lanbaep] ]o ]npao eie) p]per]o; 2,* K mqa =neop pahao ajpaj`e] lkn _]p]noa; Mq]h oaq l]) lah pe_k; 2-* ?kik ] _kj_alk la`]c ce_] `] ]npa ]l]na_a ai G]jp; 2.* ?kik Dacah ]lnaoajp] oq] _kj_alk la`]c ce_] `] ]npa;
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_] ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
2/* Lkn mqa ]o aomqan`]o _kj_a^ai ]o ]npao `]j`k)hdao Új]he`]`a la`]c ce_]; 20* K mqa ] _kj_alk atlnaooer] `] ]npa; 21* Atlhemqa lkn mqa ] ]npa _kj_a^e`] _kik atlnaooer] reop] _kik oei^ he_]* 22* Atlhemqa lkn mqa ] ]npa _kj_a^e`] _kik atlnaooer] reop] _kik ]hac ne_]* 23* Mq]eo ]o `q]o ik`]he`]`ao `a iq`]j]o mqa ]bap]i ]o ]npao; 24* Mqa mqan `evan mqa ]o ]npao ok ok_e]hiajpa `apanie) j]`]o; Mq]eo ok ]o `apaniej] ao ok_e]eo `]o ]npao; 25* Atlhemqa ] lkoek `ko mqa b]h]i ai ]npa lqn] kq j] ]npa lah] ]npa* 3,* Atlhemqa k mqa lajo]i ko mqa `abaj`ai ] ]npa ajc]) f]`]* 3-* Mq]eo ko lnk^hai]o a ]o _kjoamq j_e]o `aoo]o `q]o _kj_al ao; 3.* Mq]j`k lk`aiko `evan mqa qi] k^n] `a ]npa cn]j) `a a `qn]`kqn];
#!0É45,/ßß = _qhpqn] `a i]oo] a ] ej`opne] _qhpqn]h -* Atlhemqa lkn mqa k oqnceiajpk `ko Aop]`ko j]_ek) j]eo a `] e`ae] `a j]k lnkrk_] k j]o_eiajpk `]o e`ae]o `a ]npa a _qhpqn] lklqh]nao* .* Atlhemqa lkn mqa oa `aq ] `ereok `] _qhpqn] a `]o ]npao ai anq`ep] a lklqh]n* Atlhemqa k mqa ok _]`] qi] `ah]o* /* K mqa oa ajpaj`a lkn bkh_hkna; 0* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna bkh_hkna a ]npa kq _qhpqn] `a ahepa kq anq`ep]; 1* Mq]eo ]o lnej_el]eo `ebanaj]o ]lkjp]`]o ajpna _qh) pqn]+]npa anq`ep] a _qhpqn]+]npa lklqh]n; @alkeo `a ajqian)h]o( ao_khd] `q]o a atlhemqa)]o* 2* Mq]eo ]o `q]o _kjoamq j_e]o _qhpqn]eo a ]npope_]o `] rej`] `ko pn]^]hd]`knao nqn]eo l]n] ]o _e`]`ao _kik klanneko ej`qopne]eo; 3* Mqa an] k aj_]jp]iajpk `k iqj`k; Mqa bke k `aoaj) _]jp]iajpk `k iqj`k; Mq]h ] oq] _kjoamq j_e] l]n] ]o ]npao; 4* Lkn mqa >ajf]iej an] kpeieop] ]k b]h]n j] `aopnqek `] ]qn] kq j] nalnk`qk p_je_] `]o k^n]o `a ]npa; 5* Lkn mqa ] pn]`qk a eilnaook `] >^he] lk`ane] fqo) peÚ_]n k kpeieoik `a >ajf]iej; -,* K mqa oecjeÚ_] ] atlnaook Îej`opne] _qhpqn]hÏ; Mq]h oq] nah]k _ki k _]lep]heoik; --* Oacqj`k =`knjk a Dkngdaeian( mqa pn]jobkni]k ] ej`opne] _qhpqn]h eil o o ]npao; -.* Mq]eo ko neo_ko mqa ]o ]npao _knnai ok^ ko abaepko `] i]ooeÚ_]k `] _qhpqn] lah] ej`opne] _qhpqn]h; -/* K mqa `aik_n]_e] _qhpqn]h; -0* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna i]ooeÚ_]k _qhpqn]h a `aik) _n]pev]k `] _qhpqn];
-1* Atlhemqa lkn mqa ] i]ooeÚ_]k na]hev] k klkopk `] `aik_n]pev]k _qhpqn]h* -2* K mqa oecjeÚ_] ] atlnaook Îiaeko `a _kiqje_]k `a i]oo]Ï; -3* K mqa oecjeÚ_] ] l]h]rn] i`e]; -4* Mqa `ebanaj]o I_Hqd]j ]lkjp] ajpna ] a`q_]k ao) _kh]n j] =jpecqe`]`a a j] E`]`a I`e] a ai jkoo] lk_]; -5* Lkn mqa lk`aiko b]h]n ai Îejr]ok _qhpqn]hÏ i]eo `k mqa ai ejbkni]k lahko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k; .,* K mqa mqan `evan ] l]h]rn] lnkl]c]j`]; A ] l]h]rn] lq^he_e`]`a; .-* Mq]eo ko iaeko ailnac]`ko lah] lnkl]c]j`] _kian) _e]h l]n] raj`an ko lnk`qpko; ..* K mqa ] lnkl]c]j`] _kian_e]h lna_eo] b]van l]n] oan aÚ_]v; ./* Mq]eo ]o `ebanaj]o ajpna ] lnkl]c]j`] `k o_qhk TET a ej_ek `k o_qhk TT a ] ]pq]h; .0* = lnkl]c]j`] _kian_e]h l]ookq ] raj`an ei]cajo a oecjko* Atlhemqa aoo] ]Úni]k* .1* ?kik ] lnkl]c]j`] _kian_e]h i]jelqh] ko `aoafko `]o laook]o; .2* ?kik oa ` ] _kilapek lkn iaek `] _kjopnqk `a ei]cajo `k ej`er`qk; .3* @ atailhko `] bkn] `]o pn]joieoo ao n]`ekb je_]o* .4* Atlhemqa k mqa k >ec >nkpdan $Cn]j`a Enik%( mqa ]l]na_a jk nki]j_a `a Caknca Knsahh( -540* ?kik oa `aq ] ^]j]hev]k `aoo] Úcqn] lah] pahareok; .5* Atlhemqa ]o `ereo ao `a l^he_k( dknneko a _kjpa) `ko `ko lnkcn]i]o `a pahareok l]n] ]paj`an o ate) c j_e]o `ko l]pnk_ej]`knao* /,* Lkn mqa ko jkpe_eneko `a pahareok jk ejbkni]i; ?kik pn]p]i k aol]k; A k pailk; /-* ?kik ]o pahajkrah]o klan]i l]n] lnk`qven k oajpe) iajpk ehqo nek `a na]he`]`a; /.* Atlhemqa ] `eolanok _]qo]`] lahko iaeko `a _kiq) je_]k* //* Atlhemqa ] ejb]jpehev]k lnk`qve`] lahko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k* /0* ?kik lk`aiko lan_a^an k ]qpknep]neoik `ko iaeko `a _kiqje_]k; Lkn mqa lk`aiko b]h]n ai Îejpeie) `]k ok_e]hÏ a ai Îej_qh_]kÏ; /1* Atlhemqa lkn mqa( `k lkjpk `a reop] a_kj ie_k( ] paha) reok( ai jkoo] ok_ea`]`a( jk lk`a oan `aik_npe_]* /2* Oacqj`k I]j`an( mq]eo ]o heiep] ao pa_jkh ce_]o `] pn]joieook pahareoer]; @alkeo `a ajqian)h]o( ao_k) hd] qi] `ah]o a atlhemqa)]* /3* Oacqj`k I]j`an( k mqa Îpahareokj] ^aiÏ a k mqa Îjk pahareokj] ^aiÏ; Mqa _kj_hqo ao lk`aiko pen]n `ao) o] ]jheoa; /4* K mqa ] pahareok ai jkoo] ok_ea`]`a; /5* K mqa k _ejai]; Mqa bqjk aha _qilna ai jkoo] ok_ea`]`a; 0,* Mq]eo ]o `q]o lnej_el]eo `ebanaj]o ajpna k _ejai] a ] pahareok;
1-.
= _qhpqn] x #!0É45,/ß x
0-* Ao_khd] qi Úhia mqa rk_ pajd] reopk jk mq]h ] bkn) i] a k _kjpa`k ok ran`]`aen]o na]hev] ao ]npope) _]o* B]] qi ^nara _kiajpnek ok^na aha* 0.* ?kik =`]i O_d]bb `ebanaj_e] ko ]jpecko k^fapko p_) je_ko `ko jkrko k^fapko pa_jkh ce_ko; 0/* K mqa mqan `evan Îejbknipe_]Ï; 00* Kj`a oa aj_kjpn]i ko jkrko k^fapko pa_jkh ce_ko kq ]qp i]pko ejbknipe_ko; 01* Lkn mqa ] ejbknipe_] lnk`qv ] Î_kilnaook aol]) kpailkn]hÏ; @ atailhko* 02* K mqa ájcahk Ok]nao _d]i] `a Îiepk `k _kilqp]`kn ^kiÏ; K mqa aooa iepk k_qhp]; 03* Mq]eo ko lnk^hai]o _khk_]`ko lah] hejcq]cai ejbkn) ipe_]; 04* K mqa k lk`an ejbknipe_k; 05* Mq]eo ko lanecko `k lk`an ejbknipe_k;
#!0É45,/ß = ateop j_e] pe_] -* Mqa k oajok ikn]h; @ ]hcqjo atailhko* .* Mqa ] _kjo_e j_e] ikn]h; @ ]hcqjo atailhko* /* = mqa oa nabanai k oajok ikn]h a ] _kjo_e j_e] ikn]h; 0* Mq]h k lnej_el]h lnaooqlkopk `k oajok ikn]h a `] _kjo_e j_e] ikn]h; Lkn mq ; 1* Mqa qi fqvk `a b]pk; @ atailhko* 2* Mqa qi fqvk `a r]hkn; @ atailhko* 3* Lkn mqa ko fqvko `a r]hkn ok jkni]perko; 4* Mq]h ] knecai `] `ebanaj] ajpna fqvko `a b]pk a fq) vko `a r]hkn; Atlhemqa* 5* K mqa ] j]pqn]hev]k `] re`] ikn]h; Lkn mqa ah] ]_kjpa_a; -,* Atlhemqa k oajpe`k `]o l]h]rn]o ikn]h a pe_]* --* =lao]n `]o `ebanaj]o _qhpqn]eo a deop ne_]o ] naolae) pk `] rekh j_e]( mqa `aÚjek can]h lk`aiko `]n `] rekh j_e]( rhe`] ai pk`]o ]o _qhpqn]o; -.* Mq]eo ko lnej_el]eo ]ola_pko `k mqa jkoo] _qhpqn] a ok_ea`]`a ajpaj`ai lkn rekh j_e]; -/* Lkn mqa ] pe_] _kj`aj] a lnk^a ] rekh j_e]; -0* ?kik oa i]jebaop] ] _kjo_e j_e] ikn]h; -1* K mqa ] rkjp]`a; ?kik ah] `ara oan l]n] oan pe_]; -2* Mq]eo ]o _kj`e ao l]n] mqa d]f] qi] laook] ikn]h; -3* Atlhemqa ] `ebanaj] ajpna l]ooere`]`a a ]pere`]`a* -4* K mqa ok ]o renpq`ao; =lao]n `]o `ebanaj]o _qhpq) n]eo( k mqa pk`]o ]o _qhpqn]o _kjoe`an]i mqa oaf] ] renpq`a; -5* Lkn mqa j] pe_] jk oa ]lhe_] atlnaook Îko Újo fqo) peÚ_]i ko iaekoÏ;
1-/
#!0É45,/ßß = ÚhkokÚ] ikn]h -* ?kjoe`an]j`k)oa ko `keo oajpe`ko `] l]h]rn] cnac] pdko( mq]j`k j]o_a ] ÚhkokÚ] ikn]h kq ] `eo_elhej] Úh okÚ_] `ajkiej]`] pe_]; .* Lkn mqa O _n]pao ej_kik`]r] ko ]pajeajoao; /* Lkn mqa ] ÚhkokÚ] ikn]h kq ] pe_] oa eje_e] _ki O ) _n]pao; 0* K mqa =neop pahao ajpaj`e] lkn ln teo; ?kik ] `eo) pejcqe] `] p_je_]; 1* Oacqj`k =neop pahao( mq]h k _]ilk `]o ] ao pe_]o; Lkn mqa aoo] _kj_alk at_hqe k ja_aoonek a k _kj) pejcajpa `k _]ilk pe_k a ]Úni] ] eilknpj_e] `k lkoorah; 2* Atlhemqa ] `eopejk ]neopkphe_] ajpna k mqa Îlkn j]pqnav]Ï a k mqa Îlkn rkjp]`aÏ* 3* K mqa k dkiai lnq`ajpa( oacqj`k =neop pahao; 4* Mq]h k hac]`k pe_k `ko Úh okbko ]jpecko; 5* ?kik ko ]jpecko _kj_a^e]i ] re`] pe_]; Lkn mqa( l]n] ahao( ] rkjp]`a an] pk eilknp]jpa; -,* Mq]eo ko pn o ]ola_pko lnej_el]eo `] pe_] `ko ]jpe) cko; Ao_khd] `keo `ahao a atlhemqa)ko* --* Mq]eo ]o iq`]j]o j] pe_] ]jpec] pn]ve`]o lahk _neo) pe]jeoik; -.* Atlhemqa ] _kj_alk _neop `k `aran* -/* Mq]eo ok ]o renpq`ao _neopo; -0* Mq]eo ok ko la_]`ko _]lep]eo; -1* Mq]eo ko pelko `a _kj`qp] `aÚje`ko lahk _neope]jeo) ik; -2* K mqa ] _kj_alk _neop `] ejpajk; -3* ?kik Nkqooa]q lnk_qn] naokhran k lnk^hai] `] nah]) k ajpna ] he^an`]`a `] rkjp]`a a k `aran; Atlhemqa _ki oq]o l]h]rn]o k mqa ] Îikn]h `k _kn]kÏ* -4* Mqa `ebanaj] G]jp aop]^aha_a ajpna n]vk lqn] pa ) ne_] a n]vk lqn] lnpe_]; -5* K mqa G]jp _d]i] `a Înaejk `] ja_aooe`]`aÏ; A `a Înaejk `] he^an`]`aÏ; .,* Oacqj`k G]jp( k mqa k `aran; .-* Mqa `ebanaj] G]jp aop]^aha_a ajpna ejpanaooa a `aran; ..* K mqa k eilan]perk _]pac ne_k; ./* Mq]eo ok ]o itei]o ikn]eo( oacqj`k G]jp; Atlhe) mqa)]o* .0* K mqa G]jp _d]i] `a Îrkjp]`a ^k]Ï; .1* Ao_khd] qi atailhk jk mq]h ]o itei]o ikn]eo a k eilan]perk _]pac ne_k ok naolaep]`ko lahk ]cajpa ikn]h* .2* Ao_khd] qi atailhk ai mqa ]o itei]o ikn]eo a k eilan]perk _]pac ne_k jk ok naolaep]`ko lahk ]caj) pa ikn]h* .3* Mq]eo ]o _npe_]o `a Dacah ] Nkqooa]q a ] G]jp; .4* K mqa Dacah _d]i] `a rkjp]`a k^faper]; .5* K mqa Dacah ajpaj`a lkn ikn]he`]`a; Lkn mqa ] ik) n]he`]`a _qhpqn]h a deop ne_];
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_] ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
/,* Oacqj`k Dacah( k mqa ] re`] pe_]; Mq]j`k ah] oa na]hev] lhaj]iajpa; /-* Oacqj`k Dacah( ai mqa ikiajpk qi] ikn]h ajpn] ai `a_hjek; @ qi atailhk* /.* Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna ikn]h ]^anp] a ikn]h ba_d]`]( oacqj`k >ancokj; //* =lkjpa ]hcqi]o `ebanaj]o ajpna ] pe_] ]neopkphe_] a ] pe_] _neop* /0* ?kik Aolejko] `aÚja ko ]bapko; Mq]h ] `ebanaj] ajpna ]bapko l]ooerko kq l]et ao a ]bapko ]perko kq ] ao; /1* Lkn mqa Aolejko] fqhc] ]o l]et ao j]pqn]eo; Mq]eo ok ]o pn o l]et ao knecejne]o kq lneieper]o; /2* Atlhemqa k mqa qi] l]etk pneopa a qi] l]etk ]hacna* /3* Oacqj`k Aolejko]( k mqa oanre`k dqi]j]; /4* Oacqj`k Aolejko]( k mqa ] renpq`a; /5* Oacqj`k Aolejko]( _kik l]oo]iko `]o l]et ao o ] ao( `] oanre`k he^an`]`a; 0,* ?kik I]_ Ejpuna _kj_a^a ] renpq`a; Lkn mqa ] renpq) `a lnkle_e] qje`]`a a _kan j_e] jkoo] re`] pe_]; 0-* Oacqj`k I]_ Ejpuna( ai mqa ikiajpk oa ` ] iq) `]j] pe_]; 0.* Atlhemqa ] `eopejk pe_] ajpna n]_ekj]h a enn]_ekj]h* Lkn mqa ] pknpqn] enn]_ekj]h a( lknp]jpk( eikn]h; 0/* Mq]h k amqrk_k `a oa oqlkn mqa d qi] lhqn]he`]`a `a pe_]o jk ejpanekn `a qi] iaoi] ok_ea`]`a; Lkn mqa ai _]`] ok_ea`]`a d ]laj]o qi] pe_]; 00* K mqa k n]_ekj]heoik pe_k; L]n] k n]_ekj]heoik pe_k( k mqa ] ÚhkokÚ] ikn]h; 01* K mqa k ejpaha_pq]heoik pe_k; 02* K mqa k rkhqjp]neoik pe_k; 03* Mq]eo ]o `ebanaj]o ajpna rkjp]`a a `aoafk; 04* K mqa k aikpereoik pe_k; 05* =lnaoajpa pn o `ajpna ]o rne]o e`ae]o `a Jeapvo_da `aoajrkhre`]o j] k^n] Caja]hkce] `] ikn]h* 1,* Atlhemqa ] `ebanaj] jeapvo_de]j] ajpna ikn]h `ko ao_n]rko a ikn]h `ko oajdknao* 1-* Mqa _npe_]o Jeapvo_da( Bnaq` a I]nt Úvan]i ikn]h recajpa j] lk_] ai mqa reran]i; 1.* Lkn mqa ] `ao_k^anp] `k ej_kjo_eajpa lkn Bnaq` lk) `ane] _kilnkiapan ] e`ae] `] pe_] _kik atan__ek herna `] _kjo_e j_e] a `] rkjp]`a; 1/* Lkn mqa( `a b]pk( ] loe_]jheoa( _ki ] lnpe_] `k ]q) pk_kjda_eiajpk a _ki ] atlhe_]k `] knecai a `ko lnk^hai]o `k Îe`a]h `k ackÏ( jk eila`a ] pe_] a oei ] b]v ]r]j]n ]k lnklkn qi] jkr] ikn]h oatq]h;
#!0É45,/ßß = he^an`]`a -* Atlhemqa ] klkoek ajpna ja_aooe`]`a a he^an`]`a* Lkn mqa ] ja_aooe`]`a kq b]p]he`]`a l]na_a at_hqen ] he^an`]`a; .* Atlhemqa ] klkoek ajpna _kjpejc j_e] a he^an`]`a*
Lkn mqa ] _kjpejc j_e] kq k ]_]ok l]na_a at_hqen ] he^an`]`a; /* Bkniqha _ki oq]o l]h]rn]o qi atailhk ai mqa ] ja_aooe`]`a l]na_a eila`en ] he^an`]`a* 0* Bkniqha _ki oq]o l]h]rn]o qi atailhk ai mqa ] _kjpejc j_e] kq ]_]ok l]na_a eila`en ] he^an`]`a* 1* Atlhemqa lkn mqa jai ] ja_aooe`]`a jai ] _kjpej) c j_e] eila`ai na]hiajpa ] he^an`]`a* 2* Atlhemqa ] _kj_alk ]neopkphe_] `a he^an`]`a* 3* Atlhemqa ] _kj_alk o]npne]j] `a he^an`]`a* K mqa O]npna mqeo `evan ]k ]Úni]n mqa Îaop]iko _kj`aj]) `ko he^an`]`aÏ; 4* Atlhemqa _ki oq]o l]h]rn]o ] i]jaen] _kik aopke_ko( Aolejko] a Dacah arep]i klkn he^an`]`a a ja_aooe`]) `a( ]Úni]j`k mqa ] he^an`]`a jk qi lk`an rkhqj) pnek `a ao_khd] a oei ] ]k ja_aoone] `k pk`k* 5* Atlhemqa _kik ko aopke_ko a Dacah `aÚjai ] he^an`]) `a dqi]j]* -,* Atlhemqa _kik Aolejko] `aÚja ] he^an`]`a dqi]j]* --* ?kik Dacah atlhe_] k oqnceiajpk deop ne_k `] Úcqn] `k ej`er`qk herna; -.* Atlhemqa ] _kj_alk `] he^an`]`a _kik Îlk`an b]) vanÏ a _kik Îlkooe^ehe`]`a k^faper]Ï* -/* Atlhemqa ] jkk `a ÎlkoorahÏ a ] _kj_alk `] he) ^an`]`a _kik ]^anpqn] pailkn]h kq _kik nah]k _ki k lkoorah* -0* ?kiajpa k patpk `a Ianha]q)Lkjpu ai mqa ] he^an`]) `a oa ]lnaoajp] _kik lkooe^ehe`]`a k^faper] ejo_nep] jk ln lnek iqj`k* -1* Lkn mqa lk`aiko `evan mqa ] he^an`]`a jkook lk) `an l]n] `]n qi oajpe`k jkrk o _kj`e ao `a b]pk `a jkoo]o re`]o; -2* Atlhemqa lkn mqa( l]n] ko oanao dqi]jko( re`] a iknpa ok ]_kjpa_eiajpko oei^ he_ko*
#!0É45,/ßßßß pe_] a _e j_e] -* Atlhemqa lkn mqa( ai jkoo] _qhpqn]( k _]ilk `k ja) _aoonek l]na_a pan `eiejq`k ajmq]jpk k _]ilk `k lkoorah l]na_a pan ]qiajp]`k* .* Lkn mqa ]o atlhe_] ao _eajpÚ_]o( ia`e`] mqa oa pknj]i i]eo ]_qn]`]o( pknj]i)oa p]i^i i]eo ao) la_Ú_]o a i]eo bn]ciajp]`]o; Mq]eo ]o _kjoamq j) _e]o `eook; /* Lkn mqa ] cajpe_] a ] ajcajd]ne] cajpe_] ok ei) lknp]jpao l]n] j o; 0* Lkn mqa k lk`anek `]o ailnao]o lner]`]o a `k _ki) lhatk ej`qopne]h iehep]n b]vai _ki mqa ]o laomqeo]o ai cajpe_] a ajcajd]ne] cajpe_] _neai oneko lnk) ^hai]o pe_ko; 1* Atlhemqa k lnk^hai] `] naolkjo]^ehe`]`a ikn]h jk pk_]jpa ]k qok `k _kjda_eiajpk cajpe_k _kjpai) lknjak*
1-0
= _qhpqn] x #!0É45,/ß x
2* Atlhemqa ko lnk^hai]o pe_ko pn]ve`ko lah] e`ae] `a _kjpnkha `] dana`ep]nea`]`a* 3* Lkn mqa jk lk`aiko ]_aep]n ] e`ae] `a Î`kaj] caj) pe_]Ï p]jpk `k lkjpk `a reop] _eajpÚ_k _kik `k lkjpk `a reop] ikn]h; 4* Iaj_ekja ko lna_aepko `] Cajpe_]( bkniqh]`ko lkn Oqvqge a Gjq`opkj* 5* Ao_khd] pn o `ko lna_aepko `] Cajpe_] a atlhe_epa)ko*
#!0É45,/ß = re`] lkhpe_] -* Ai mqa oajpe`ko _kopqi]iko qo]n ] l]h]rn] lkhpe) _]; Atlhemqa)ko* .* ?epa kqpnko oajpe`ko mqa _kiqiajpa ]pne^qiko lkhpe_] a atlhemqa)ko* /* K mqa mqanaiko `evan mq]j`k nah]_ekj]iko ] lkhpe) _] o ]pere`]`ao `k ckranjk; 0* J] arkhqk `]o ok_ea`]`ao( k mqa k _nao_eiajpk `]o ]pne^qe ao `ko ckranjko ]_]nnapkq o ]pere`]`ao lk) hpe_]o jk pk_]jpa caopk `a ncko ]`iejeopn]perko a knc]jev]_ekj]eo; 1* K mqa ajpaj`aiko lkn lkhpe_] mq]j`k ] ]ook_e]iko ] ]pere`]`ao atan_e`]o lkn aola_e]heop]o a lnkÚooekj]eo; 2* Mq]h k oecjeÚ_]`k `] lkhpe_] i]eo _knnajpa l]n] k oajok _kiqi a ok_e]h; Atlhemqa)k* 3* Mqa l]n]`ktk ateopa ajpna k oajpe`k `] lkhpe_] _kik `aÚje`kn] `a haeo a _kopqiao( `enaepko a k^nec] ao( _ne]`kn] `a aol]ko l]n] _kjpaop]k( naoeop j_e] a `aok^a`e j_e]( a k oajpe`k lanranok a i]hÚ_k l]n] ] ok_ea`]`a; 4* @ qi atailhk `k abaepk `k l]n]`ktk ateopajpa aj) pna ko oajpe`ko `] lkhpe_]* 5* Atlhemqa lkn mqa ] ei]cai `] lkhpe_] _kik qi lk) `an i]hÚ_k ( ah] ln lne]( l]n]`kt]h* -,* Mqa b]pko _kjpne^qai l]n] mqa( ai can]h( oa pajd] qi] reok jac]per] `] lkhpe_]; --* Mqa ]ncqiajpk l]n]`kt]h lk`aiko qo]n _kjpn] ko b]pko jac]perko `] lkhpe_]; -.* Mq]h ] knecai a k oecjeÚ_]`k `] l]h]rn] lkhpe_]; -/* Mq]h k oecjeÚ_]`k `ko paniko lheo a _erep]o; -0* Mq]h k oecjeÚ_]`k `ko paniko p] lkhepeg] a nao lq^he_]; -1* K mqa oa mqan `evan mq]j`k oa ]Úni] mqa ko cnacko a ko nki]jko ejrajp]n]i ] lkhpe_] p]h _kik ] _kjda) _aiko dkfa ai `e]; -2* Mqa pelk `a lk`an ateope] ]jpao `]o ok_ea`]`ao cna) _k)nki]j]o; ?epa _]n]_panope_]o `aooa pelk `a lk`an* -3* Aop]^aha] qi l]n]hahk ajpna ] _kj_alk `a b]ihe] j] =jpecqe`]`a a ai jkoo] lk_]* -4* ?ki ^]oa j] nah]k `a lk`anao j] ok_ea`]`a l]pne]n) _]h( atlhemqa ] oacqejpa atlnaook6 Î=mqehk mqa ]ln]v ]k nae pai bkn] `a haeÏ* -5* Ai mqa _kjoeope] ] lnklnea`]`a `a pann] j] ok_ea`]`a l]pne]n_]h;
1-1
.,* Mqa _]n]_panope_]o pejd] k lk`an j] ok_ea`]`a l]) pne]n_]h; .-* Mqa ]ola_pko pknj]n]i lnkl_e] ] ejrajk `] lkh) pe_]; ..* Ai mqa ia`e`] ] lnklnea`]`a `a pann]o lnkle_ekq k oqnceiajpk `] lkhpe_]; ./* Ai mqa ia`e`] ] qn^]jev]k lnkle_ekq k oqnceiaj) pk `] lkhpe_]; .0* Ai mqa ia`e`] ] `ereok pannepkne]h oqo_epkq k oqnce) iajpk `] lkhpe_]; .1* ?epa ]hcqjo pn]ko mqa lkooe^ehep]n]i ]ko cnacko a ]ko nki]jko ejrajp]nai k lk`an lkhpe_k* .2* Mq]h ] eilknpj_e] `k aol]k l^he_k l]n] ] _kjokhe) `]k `] lkhpe_] j] ok_ea`]`a cna_k)nki]j]; .3* Mqa _kjpn]`e ao d]re] j] ok_ea`]`a cna_k)nki]j]( `k lkjpk `a reop] `] lkhpe_]; .4* =k hkjck `] deop ne]( ] ok_ea`]`a l]pne]n_]h a ] lkhpe) _] bkn]i `q]o naolkop]o ok_e]eo o mqaop ao `k lk`an* =hi `aoo]o `q]o bkni]o( mqa kqpnk _]iejdk bke lnk) lkopk ] aoo]o mqaop ao( jk o_qhk TT( mqai k aopq`kq a bkniqhkq a mq]eo oq]o lnej_el]eo _]n]_panope_]o; .5* ?kik ] pn]`ek ]jpnklkh ce_] aqnklae] re] ]o ok_ea) `]`ao ateopajpao j]o =ine_]o( j] lk_] `a oaq `ao) _k^neiajpk; /,* Mqa apjk_ajpneoik; /-* Mq]eo ]o ]pne^qe ao `k _daba jqi] ok_ea`]`a _kiq) jepne];
#!0É45,/ßß =o ÚhkokÚ]o lkhpe_]o $-% -* Mq]eo bkn]i ]o pn o atlhe_] ao lnej_el]eo a i]eo `q) n]`kqn]o ok^na ] knecai `] re`] lkhpe_]; .* Atlhemqa ] atlnaook Î] n]vk bqj`] ] lkhpe_]Ï* /* Atlhemqa ] atlnaook Î] _kjrajk bqj`] ] lkhpe_]Ï* 0* Atlhemqa ] atlnaook Î] j]pqnav] bqj`] ] lkhpe_]Ï* 1* L]n] ko cnacko( mq]h an] ] Új]he`]`a `] re`] lkhpe_]; 2* =o ej`]c] ao ok^na ] c jaoa `] lheo kl ai ko okÚo) p]o $`abajoknao `k _]npan _kjraj_ekj]h `] fqope]% ] Lh]pk a =neop pahao $`abajoknao `k _]npan j]pqn]h `] fqope] a `] hae%* Atlhemqa jk mqa _kjoeope] ] lkoek `a _]`] qi* 3* K mqa oecjeÚ_]i ko rk_^qhko cnacko ]ngd a gn]po( mqa aopk j] bkni]k `]o l]h]rn]o mqa `aoecj]i ko naceiao lkhpe_ko; 4* Mqa ok ikj]nmqe]( khec]nmqe]( lkhe]nmqe] a ]j]n) mqe]; 5* Mqa ok ]qpk_n]_e]( ]neopk_n]_e] a `aik_n]_e]; -,* Mq]eo ok ]o pn o e`ae]o lkhpe_]o ah]^kn]`]o lkn Lh]) pk a =neop pahao mqa p i lkn ^]oa ] atlane j_e] lkh) pe_] ]jpec]; ?kiajpa)]o* --* Ai mqa k^n] lkhpe_] eilknp]jpa `] Ehqopn]k ] pelk) hkce] `a Lh]pk a =neop pahao ]l]na_a _ki reckn;
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_] ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
-.* ?epa `keo ikperko lkn mqa oa lk`a `evan mqa Nki] an] qi] nal^he_]* -/* Mqa an]( j] Nki] ]jpec]( k e`a]h `k lnj_ela kq k >ki Ckranjk; -0* Atlhemqa ]o pn]`e ao da^n]e_] a nki]j] ok^ ] lano) la_per] `k j]o_ajpa _neope]jeoik* -1* Mq]h an] ] bqjk `k eilan]`kn kq _o]n jk Eilnek Nki]jk; -2* Ai mqa _kjpatpk a `a mqa bkni] oa _kjopepqeq k _neo) pe]jeoik; -3* Ai mqa ia`e`] ] oaep] _neop oa `ebanaj_ekq `a kqpn]o oaep]o; Lkn mq ; -4* ?epa a atlhemqa ]o ^]oao ai mqa bke bqj`]`] ] nahecek _neop a _kik ah] oa pknjkq ] nahecek kÚ_e]h `k Eil) nek Nki]jk* -5* Lkn mqa( ia`e`] mqa k Eilnek Nki]jk oa aob]_ah]) r]( k lk`anek `] Ecnaf] _nao_e]; .,* Mq]eo ko pn o lk`anao mqa ] Ecnaf] ]`mqena _ki k l]o) o]n `ko ]jko ai nah]k ]k Eilnek Nki]jk; .-* Mqa an] ] >^he]; ..* =o pakne]o pakh ce_k)lkhpe_]o $k rj_qhk ejpanjk ajpna nahecek a lkhpe_]%( ai^kn] peraooai `ebanajpao bkn) iqh] ao jk _knnan `] E`]`a I`e]( ]lnaoajp]r]i lkjpko ai _kiqjo* ?epa pn o `ahao a _kiajpa)ko* ./* K mqa bke ] Îmqanah] `]o ejraope`qn]oÏ; .0* ?kik ] Îmqanah] `]o ejraope`qn]oÏ bke okhq_ekj]`]; .1* Ai mqa oa ^]oa]r] k aobknk l]n] oal]n]n ] Ecnaf] `k lk`an pailkn]h `] _kiqje`]`a lkhpe_]( jk Új]h `] E`]`a I`e]; Mqa pa hkcko aop]r]i ajrkhre`ko jao) o] mqaopk a mqa e`ae]o `abaj`e]i; .2* Mqa ok k `enaepk j]pqn]h k^faperk a k `enaepk j]pqn]h oq^faperk; L]n] mqa oanrai; .3* Mq]eo ]o _kjoamq j_e]o `k lajo]iajpk `a Pkio `a =mqejk a Cqehdania `a K_gd]i l]n] ] pakne] lkh) pe_]; .4* K mqa an] k `enaepk `a naoeop j_e] `ko o`epko `k pe) n]jk;
#!0É45,/ßß =o ÚhkokÚ]o lkhpe_]o $.% -* ?epa ]hcqjo b]pko mqa lnkle_e]n]i k oqnceiajpk `k e`a]h nalq^he_]jk _kjpn] k lk`an lkhpe_k)pakh ce_k `ko l]l]o a eilan]`knao( jk Új]h `] E`]`a I`e]* .* Mqa bke k Naj]o_eiajpk; /* Mqa nah]k d]re] ajpna ]o e`ae]o oqnce`]o jk Naj]o) _eiajpk a ] =jpecqe`]`a cna_k)nki]j]; 0* ?kil]na ]o pakne]o ia`ear]eo a ]o pakne]o naj]o_aj) peop]o jk pk_]jpa lkhpe_] a nahecek* 1* Ai^kn] `erancajpao( ]o pakne]o ia`ear]eo a ]o pakne]o naj]o_ajpeop]o pejd]i p]i^i lkjpko ai _kiqi* ?epa `keo `ahao a _kiajpa)ko* 2* Ai mqa oepq] ao kqreiko ]o atlnaoo ao i]mqe]r) he_k a i]mqe]raheoik;
3* Mqai bke Je_kh]q I]mqe]rah; 4* Ai mqa Je_kh]q I]mqe]rah bke `ebanajpa `ko pa hkcko ia`ear]eo a `a oaqo _kjpailknjako naj]o_ajpeop]o l]n] bqj`]iajp]n oaq lajo]iajpk; 5* Mq]h ] eilknpj_e] `] k^n] K lnj_ela( `a I]mqe]rah; -,* Ai mqa _kjoeopa ] nqlpqn] `] k^n] i]mqe]rahe]j] ai nah]k pn]`ek lkhpe_]; --* Oacqj`k K lnj_ela( pk`] _e`]`a aop `ere`e`] ai `keo `aoafko klkopko* Mqa `aoafko ok aooao; Atlhemqa)ko* -.* Mq]h ( l]n] I]mqe]rah( k lkjpk `a l]npe`] `] lkhpe) _]; Atlhemqa* -/* Mq]h ( l]n] I]mqe]rah( ] Új]he`]`a `] lkhpe_]; -0* Mq]h ( l]n] I]mqe]r]h( ] h ce_] `] lkhpe_]; -1* K mqa lajo]r] I]mqe]rah ] naolaepk `] e`ae] `k >ki Ckranjk aj_]nj]`] jk lnj_ela renpqkok; Atlhemqa* -2* K mqa lajo] I]mqe]rah `] hacepeie`]`a a `] ehacepe) ie`]`a `a mqai `api k lk`an; -3* Mqa e`ae]o I]mqe]rah `aikha _ki oq] k^n]; -4* K mqa an] ] klkoek renpq`a)bknpqj]; -5* @a mqa i]jaen] I]mqe]rah napki] ] klkoek renpq) `a)bknpqj]; Mqa jkrko oajpe`ko aha ` ] aoo] klkoek; .,* K mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa Î] h ce_] lkhpe_] j]`] pai ] ran _ki ]o renpq`ao pe_]o `ko ej`er`qko ai oq] re`] lner]`]Ï; Mqa _kj_aepko I]mqe]rah ej]qcqn] ]k lna_kjev]n p]eo e`ae]o; .-* Ai b]_a `]o naolkop]o ]jpaneknao ok^na I]mqe]rah( lkn mqa aha bke reopk _kik Îi]mqe]rhe_kÏ( jk oajpe) `k lafkn]perk mqa dkfa _kiqiajpa ailnaop]iko ] aoo] l]h]rn]; K mqa( ]Új]h( mqanai `evan ko paniko i]mqe]rhe_k a i]mqe]raheoik; ..* Ai mqa _kjoeope] ] e`ae] `a ok^an]je] $oqii] lk) paop]o%( pn]ve`] l]n] ] `eo_qook lkn I]mqe]rah; Mqa lajo]`kn en `aoajrkhran k _kj_aepk `a ok^an]je] j] ik`anje`]`a; ./* ?kiajpa ko lnej_el]eo lkjpko `] pakne] `a Fa]j >k) `ej ]k bkniqh]n ] e`ae] `a ok^an]je]* .0* Mqa _kjoamq j_e]o k lajo]iajpk `a I]mqe]rah para ok^na ] pakne] lkhpe_]; .1* ?epa ko lnej_el]eo b]pko ok_eklkhpe_ko a a_kj ie_ko mqa k_knne]i jk iqj`k k_e`ajp]h jko o_qhko TR a TRE* Mqa abaepko peran]i ok^na ]o ok_ea`]`ao `] lk_]; .2* Mqa jkrko b]pko k _kjpatpk ok_eklkhpe_k a a_kj ie) _k `ko o_qhko TR a TRE oqo_epkq; .3* Mqa an] k aop]`k `a j]pqnav] kq _kj`ek j]pqn]h; .4* ?kik oa `aq ] l]oo]cai `k aop]`k `a j]pqnav] l]n] k aop]`k _ereh kq ok_ea`]`a _ereh; .5* Mqa an] k fqoj]pqn]heoik kq `enaepk j]pqn]h; /,* Mq]h k oecjeÚ_]`k `a ok_ea`]`a _ereh( ]k pailk `a Dk^^ao a Nkqooa]q; /-* L]n] Dk^^ao( mqai an] k ok^an]jk; /.* L]n] Nkqooa]q( mqai an] k ok^an]jk; //* Mqa lajo]r]i Dk^^ao a Nkqooa]q ] naolaepk `] lnk) lnea`]`a lner]`];
1-2
= _qhpqn] x #!0É45,/ß x
/0* Atlhemqa k lajo]iajpk `a Fkdj Hk_ga _ki nah]k lnklnea`]`a lner]`] _kik `enaepk j]pqn]h paj`k lkn ^]oa k pn]^]hdk* /1* Mqa _kjoamq j_e]o ] pakne] `] lnklnea`]`a lner]`] _kik `enaepk j]pqn]h( lnklkop] lkn Fkdj Hk_ga( pnkq) ta l]n] ] ok_ea`]`a k_e`ajp]h; /2* Mq]h ] bqjk `k Aop]`k oacqj`k ] pakne] he^an]h; /3* Mq]h k oecjeÚ_]`k `a Î]jpeckÏ j] atlnaook =jpeck Naceia; /4* Ai mqa ikiajpk lk`aiko `evan mqa pai Úi k =j) peck Naceia; Mqa b]pko k _kilnkr]i; /5* ?kik oa `( j] lnpe_]( ] ]pq]k `k Aop]`k he^an]h; 0,* Mqa b]pko ejÛqaj_e]n]i k Aop]`k he^an]h( ]ilhe]j`k ] _e`]`]je] lkhpe_]; 0-* Mqa bkn]i ]o narkhq ao ^qncqao]o; 0.* Mq]h k oajpe`k knecej]h `] l]h]rn] narkhq k; ?kik ah] l]ookq ] b]van l]npa `k rk_]^qhnek lkhpe_k; 0/* K mqa mqan `evan ] atlnaook Înarkhqk j] narkhq) kÏ; 00* =o _h]ooao lklqh]nao jk lkooq]i pakne]o lkhpe_]o `a pelk Úhko Ú_k a _eajpÚ_k* Mq]eo an]i oq]o bkjpao `a naban j_e]o l]n] atlhe_]n k iqj`k ai mqa rere]i; 01* Ai mqa _kjoeope] k ei]cejnek iaooeje_k a iehaj]) neop] `]o _h]ooao lklqh]nao; 02* ?kik lk`aiko `aÚjen ] aoo j_e] `k he^an]heoik; Mqa `eopej ao aoo] pakne] aop]^aha_e] ajpna ok_ea`]) `a _ereh a Aop]`k; 03* Har]j`k ai _kjp] ] naolkop] `] mqaopk ]jpanekn( _kik lk`aiko atlhe_]n ] b]_a lklqh]n `]o narkhq ao; 04* ?epa pn o oecjeÚ_]`ko lkhpe_ko `]o narkhq ao( oacqj) `k k Úh okbk bn]j_ o ?h]q`a Habknp* 05* Atlhemqa ] b]_a ^qncqao] he^an]h a ] b]_a lklqh]n `]o narkhq ao ik`anj]o* 1,* K oqnceiajpk `] Úcqn] `k lnkhapnek kq pn]^]hd]`kn ej`qopne]h b]rkna_a k ]l]na_eiajpk `]o pakne]o ok_e]) heop]o* Mqa `eve]i aoo]o pakne]o; Ai mqa oa ^]oa]r]i;
#!0É45,/ßßß = lkhpe_] _kjpn] ] oanre`k rkhqjpne] -* K mqa oa ajpaj`a lkn pn]`ek he^anpne]; .* K mqa bkn]i ]o narkhp]o iehaj]neop]o; /* Atlhemqa ] `eo_qook `] oanre`k rkhqjpne] lnklko) p] lahk Úh okbk bn]j_ o H] >kpea* 0* Reiko mqa ]o pakne]o ok_e]heop]o ok ]mqah]o mqa oa bqj`]i j]o nah] ao ok_e]eo a j]o ] ao ok_e]eo( eopk ( mqa na_qo]i ] oal]n]k he^an]h ajpna ok_ea`]`a a Aop]`k a lnk_qn]i j] ]pere`]`a ok_e]h ko bqj`]iaj) pko `k lk`an a ]k lkhpe_ko* Mq]eo ok ]o pn o _kn) najpao ok_e]heop]o ik`anj]o; 1* Mqa ok_e]heoik qp le_k; 2* Atlhemqa k oajpe`k `] l]h]rn] qpkle]* 3* Mqa ]j]nmqeoik;
1-3
4* Mqa ok_e]heoik _eajpÚ_k; Mq]eo bkn]i oaqo lnej_e) l]eo pa ne_ko; 5* Mqa l]n]hahk lk`aiko aop]^aha_an ajpna I]mqe]rah a I]nt; -,* Mq]h k oecjeÚ_]`k `a Îa_kjkie] lkhpe_]Ï; Ai mqa oa ^]oa]r]i oq]o bkniqh] ao; --* Ai mqa _kjoeope]i ]o _npe_]o a_kjkie] lkhpe_] kq he^an]heoik a_kj ie_k; -.* Mqa `eve] I]nt `k he^an]heoik a_kj ie_k; -/* =ej`] j] hejd] `a n]_ek_jek `]o _npe_]o ]k he^an]heo) ik a_kj ie_k( mqa an] k Aop]`k jk o_qhk TET; -0* ?ki ^]oa j]o pn o mqaop ao ]jpaneknao( k mqa oa lk`a `a`qven `] nah]k ajpna a_kjkie] a lkhpe_]; -1* ?kik Dacah atlhe_] ] c jaoa `k Aop]`k ik`anjk; -2* K mqa I]nt mqan `evan ]k ]Úni]n mqa Îko dkiajo ok deopkne_]iajpa `apaniej]`koÏ; -3* ?kik k_knna j] lnpe_] ] `ereok ok_e]h `k pn]^]hdk; -4* Jk `a_knnan `] deop ne]( _kik oa `ajkiej]i ]o lnk) lnea`]`ao `a ]_kn`k _ki ko ik`ko `a lnk`qk; At) lhemqa ^naraiajpa _]`] qi] `ah]o* -5* Mqa i]pane]heoik deop ne_k; Lkn mqa Îi]pane]heo) ikÏ; A lkn mqa Îdeop ne_kÏ; .,* Ai mqa ikiajpk oqnca lah] lneiaen] rav k _kj_aepk `a i]pane]heoik; .-* K mqa oecjeÚ_] `evan mqa k i]pane]heoik deop ne_k `e]hpe_k; ..* Atlhemqa k _kj_aepk i]nteop] `a ]heaj]k* ./* Mqa e`akhkce]( oacqj`k I]nt; .0* Ai mqa ia`e`] ] e`akhkce] lkop] ] oanrek `] _h]ooa `kiej]jpa jqi] ok_ea`]`a; .1* Ai mqa ikiajpk `] deop ne] oqnca ] e`akhkce]; .2* Lkn mqa lk`aiko `evan mqa ] e`akhkce] qi baj ia) jk ik`anjk; .3* Mq]h ] bqjk lneikn`e]h `] e`akhkce]; .4* Lkn mqa lk`aiko `evan mqa( ai nah]k ]k pn]^]hdk( ateopa qi] _kjpn]`ek ajpna k mqa k lnkpaop]jpeoik( k _]lep]heoik a k he^an]heoik lna_kjev]i a ] ln teo har]`] ] abaepk lah] lkhpe_] jk o_qhk TET; .5* Mqa pn]^]hdk( oacqj`k ]o paoao i]nteop]o; /,* @a mqa i]jaen] ] e`akhkce] qpehev] ] e`ae] `a Îpn]) ^]hdkÏ; /-* ?kik I]nt r ] nah]k ajpna k _]lep]heoik a k pn]) ^]hd]`kn; /.* Mqa _kjpn]`e ao ateopai ajpna k mqa lna_kjev]i ] e`akhkce] ^qncqao] a k _kpe`e]jk `k pn]^]hd]`kn; //* Mqa e`ae] k _kj_aepk `a _]lep]h ej]qcqn] j] deop ne]; /0* Atlhemqa ] ]Úni]k `a I]nt oacqj`k ] mq]h k r]) hkn `]o ian_]`kne]o jk `apaniej]`k lahk oaq qok( i]o lahk oaq r]hkn `a pnk_]* /1* Mqa l]lah ko pn]^]hd]`knao ]oo]h]ne]`ko `aoaila) jd]i jk ik`k `a lnk`qk _]lep]heop]( oacqj`k I]nt; /2* Mqa k o]hnek( j] _kj_alk i]nteop]; /3* Mq]jpk r]ha ] ian_]`kne])pn]^]hd]`kn;
x 5.)$!$%ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_] ß x K iqj`k `] lnpe_]
/4* Mqa i]eo)r]he]; /5* Lkn mqa jk oa lk`a _kjbqj`en ] pakne] i]nteop] _ki ]o pakne]o qp le_]o a he^anpne]o; 0,* Ai mqa _kjoeopa ] ok_ea`]`a _kiqjeop]( oacqj`k I]nt a Ajcaho; 0-* K mqa oecjeÚ_] ] atlnaook Î`ep]`qn] `k lnkhap]ne]) `kÏ; 0.* Lkn mqa I]nt _kjoe`an]r] mqa ] narkhqk _kiqjeo) p] oane] ] hpei] narkhqk lklqh]n;
#!0É45,/ß =o atlane j_e]o lkhpe_]o `k o _qhk TT -* Lkn mqa ] Narkhqk Nqoo] `a -5-3 _kjpn]ne]r] ] h ce) _] kncje_] `]o paoao i]nteop]o; .* Mqai bke k oqfaepk `] Narkhqk Nqoo]( qi] rav mqa ] _h]ooa lnkhapne] knc]jev]`] j] Nooe] an] mq]oa eja) teopajpa; /* Mqa `eÚ_qh`]`ao ajbnajpkq ] Narkhqk `a Kqpq^nk; 0* Mqa an]i ko okreapao; 1* Mqa `aoecj] ] atlnaook Înarkhqk lani]jajpaÏ; 2* Mqa ia`e`]o ]`kpkq Op]hej ]k ]ooqien k lk`an( ai -5.0; 3* Mqa k pkp]hep]neoik; 4* Mqa k b]o_eoik; 5* Mqa k j]veoik; -,* Mqa ]ola_pko _kiqjo lkooqai k j]veoik a k b]o_eoik; --* Mqa ]jpehe^an]heoik; -.* Mqa j]_ekj]heoik; -/* Mqa _knlkn]pereoik; -0* ?kik k bqj_ekj]iajpk `a qi] ok_ea`]`a j] mq]h qi je_k l]npe`k knc]jev] ]o i]oo]o; -1* Mqa oecjeÚ_] ] atlnaook Îe`akhkce] `a _h]ooa i`e] kq lamqajk)^qncqao]Ï; -2* K mqa k eilane]heoik ^ahe_eop]; -3* Ai mqa eilhe_] ] Îa`q_]k ikn]h a _re_]Ï; -4* Mqa lnkl]c]j`] `a i]oo]; -5* ?kik oa ` ] lnpe_] `] _ajoqn] a `] `ah]k j]o ok) _ea`]`ao pkp]hepne]o; .,* Mqa n]_eoik; .-* Mqa aop]peoik; ..* Mq]eo ko ]ola_pko lnej_el]eo `k op]hejeoik; ./* @a mqa bkni] k op]hejeoik _kilnkiapaq ]o paoao i]nteop]o; ?epa pn o ]ola_pko ai mqa eook k_knnaq* .0* Mq]eo ]o _kjoamq j_e]o `k op]hejeoik j] ]jpec] Qjek Okrepe_]; .1* K mqa bke ] cqann] bne]; Lkn mqa pejd] aooa jkia; .2* K mqa Ú_kq oaj`k k oi^khk `] cqann] bne]; .3* K mqa an] ] _d]i]`] Î_knne`] ]ni]iajpeop]Ï; .4* ?kik paniejkq ] cqann] bne]; .5* Mqa an]i ] ch]ojkop a ] lanaopnkeg]; /,* K mqa `aoecj] ] atlnaook Îok_e]h)`aik_n]_e]Ï; /-* K mqa bke k Aop]`k `a >ai)Aop]n Ok_e]h $Sahb]na Op]pa%; @a mqa bkni] bke eilhaiajp]`k; /.* Mq]eo an]i ]o ^]oao `k Aop]`k `a >ai)Aop]n Ok_e]h;
//* ?kik klan]r]i ko bqj`ko l^he_ko; K mqa aooao bqj`ko nalnaoajp]n]i j] lnpe_]; /0* Lkn mqa d]re] laneck `a narkhq ao _kiqjeop]o jko l]oao `k ajpk _d]i]`k Pan_aenk Iqj`k; /1* Mqa ia`e`]o ko l]oao `k ^hk_k _]lep]heop] ]`kp]n]i l]n] eila`en ]o narkhq ao jk ajpk Pan_aenk Iqj`k; /2* Mqa k jakhe^an]heoik; K mqa aha nalnaoajpkq j] lnpe_]( `ao`a mqa bke eilhaiajp]`k; /3* Mqa aop]cÛ]k; /4* Ai mqa oa ^]oakq k jakhe^an]heoik ]l o ] _neoa `a -53,; /5* L]n] k a_kjkieop] ^n]oehaenk Bn]j_eo_k `a Kheraen]( mqa b]pko bkn]i b]rknraeo ]k oqnceiajpk `k jakhe) ^an]heoik; 0,* =ej`] oacqj`k Bn]j_eo_k `a Kheraen]( lkn mqa ] pakne] jakhe^an]h lnkl o k aj_khdeiajpk `k Aop]`k; 0-* Mqa lnej_leko kneajp]n]i ] ok_ea`]`a _]lep]heop] `k ej_ek `k o_qhk TT ]p ko ]jko -53,; 0.* Atlhemqa ai nle`]o l]h]rn]o ko lnej_el]eo ]ola_pko `k _]lep]heoik j] ]pq]he`]`a*
#!0É45,/ßßß = mqaopk `aik_npe_] -* P]jpk k he^an]heoik _kik k Aop]`k `a >ai)Aop]n Ok) _e]h `aÚjai ] `aik_n]_e] _kik naceia `] hae a `] kn`ai l]n] ] c]n]jpe] `]o he^an`]`ao ej`ere`q]eo* K mqa eook oecjeÚ_]; .* K mqa oa mqan `evan mq]j`k oa ]Úni] mqa( `ao`a ] Narkhqk Bn]j_ao]( Î] `aik_n]_e] bkni]h( jk _kj_nap]Ï; /* K mqa oa mqan `evan mq]j`k oa ]Úni] mqa Î] e`akhk) ce] jk j]o_a `k j]`] jai nalkqo] jk r]vek( i]o atlneia( `a i]jaen] ejranpe`]( `eooeiqh]`] a ei]ce) jne]( ] ln teo ok_e]h a deop ne_] _kj_nap]oÏ; 0* Mq]h k oecjeÚ_]`k `]o ahae ao jqi] `aik_n]_e]; 1* Jqi] `aik_n]_e]( mqa oecjeÚ_]i ]o e`ae]o `a oepq]) k a klkoek( `a i]ekne] a iejkne]; 2* Mqa oecjeÚ_] ]Úni]n mqa ]o e`ae]o `a ecq]h`]`a a he) ^an`]`a _kik `enaepko _ereo `ko _e`]`ko rk iqepk ]hi `a oq] nacqh]iajp]k fqn`e_] bkni]h; 3* Atlhemqa ai mqa ia`e`] qi `enaepk `ebana `a qi] ja_aooe`]`a kq _]n j_e] kq `a qi ejpanaooa* 4* ?ki ^]oa j] naolkop] `] mqaopk ]jpanekn( ai mqa ikiajpk lk`aiko `evan mqa qi] ok_ea`]`a $a jk qi oeilhao naceia `a ckranjk% `aik_npe_]; 5* Mq]eo ko pn o `enaepko bqj`]iajp]eo mqa `aÚje]i k _e`]`k j] Cn_e] ]jpec]; -,* Mqa oecjeÚ_]r] ] ecq]h`]`a j] Cn_e] ]jpec]; Mqa ]Úni]r] I]nt ] aooa naolaepk; --* K mqa j] ran`]`a aop lkn pno `]o b]h]o `a =neop pa) hao a `a I]nt( ] naolaepk `] ecq]h`]`a; -.* Mq]h k oecjeÚ_]`k `] he^an`]`a j] Cn_e] ]jpec]; -/* Mq]eo ]o _kjoamq j_e]o( jk `a_qnok `] deop ne]( `k _kj) _aepk `a he^an`]`a p]h _kik ko cnacko k ajpaj`e]i;
1-4
= _qhpqn] x #!0É45,/ß x
-0* Ecq]hiajpa _kik k_knna _ki ] jkk `a ecq]h`]`a( ateopa qi `ao_kil]ook ajpna ] `a_h]n]k `k `enaepk
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| U NIDADE 1 |
A filosofia
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0
Manual do Professor
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1
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| U NIDADE 1 |
A filosofia
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2
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3
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| U NIDADE 1 |
A filosofia
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4
Manual do Professor
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5
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| U NIDADE 1 |
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-1
| U NIDADE 3
|
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-2
Manual do Professor
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-3
| U NIDADE 3
|
A verdade
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-4
Manual do Professor
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-5
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| U NIDADE 4
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A lógica
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..
Manual do Professor
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./
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| U NIDADE 5
|
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Manual do Professor
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.1
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.2
Manual do Professor
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.3
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| U NIDADE 5
|
O conhecimento
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.4
Manual do Professor
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.5
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| U NIDADE 5
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/,
Manual do Professor
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/-
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| U NIDADE 5
|
O conhecimento
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/.
Manual do Professor
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/0
Manual do Professor
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/1
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| U NIDADE 5
|
O conhecimento
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/2
Manual do Professor
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/3
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| U NIDADE 6
|
A metafísica
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/4
Manual do Professor
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/5
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| U NIDADE 6
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A metafísica
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0,
Manual do Professor
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| U NIDADE 6
|
A metafísica
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0.
Manual do Professor
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A metafísica
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00
Manual do Professor
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01
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| U NIDADE 6
|
A metafísica
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02
Manual do Professor
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03
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| U NIDADE 7
|
A ciência
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04
Manual do Professor
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05
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| U NIDADE 7
|
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1,
Manual do Professor
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1-
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| U NIDADE 7
|
A ciência
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1.
Manual do Professor
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1/
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| U NIDADE 8
|
O mundo da prática
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10
Manual do Professor
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11
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| U NIDADE 8
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O mundo da prática
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12
Manual do Professor
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13
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| U NIDADE 8
|
O mundo da prática
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14
Manual do Professor
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15
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| U NIDADE 8
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O mundo da prática
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2,
Manual do Professor
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| U NIDADE 8
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O mundo da prática
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2.
Manual do Professor
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2/
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| U NIDADE 8
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O mundo da prática
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20
Manual do Professor
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21
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O mundo da prática
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22
Manual do Professor
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O mundo da prática
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24
Manual do Professor
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25
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O mundo da prática
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3,
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O mundo da prática
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3.
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3/
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O mundo da prática
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30
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31
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| U NIDADE 8
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O mundo da prática
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32
Manual do Professor
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33
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| U NIDADE 8
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O mundo da prática
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34
Manual do Professor
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35
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| U NIDADE 8
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O mundo da prática
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4,
Manual do Professor
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4-
| U NIDADE 8
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O mundo da prática
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4.
Manual do Professor
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4/
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O mundo da prática
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40
Manual do Professor
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41
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| U NIDADE 8
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O mundo da prática
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42
Manual do Professor
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43
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| U NIDADE 8
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O mundo da prática
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44
Manual do Professor
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45
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| U NIDADE 8
|
O mundo da prática
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5,
Manual do Professor
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5/
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| U NIDADE 8
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O mundo da prática
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50
Manual do Professor
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51
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| U NIDADE 8
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O mundo da prática
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52
Manual do Professor
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53
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| U NIDADE 8
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O mundo da prática
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54
Manual do Professor
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55
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| U NIDADE 8
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O mundo da prática
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-,,
Manual do Professor
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| U NIDADE 8
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O mundo da prática
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-,.
Manual do Professor
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| U NIDADE 8
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O mundo da prática
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Manual do Professor
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| U NIDADE 8
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O mundo da prática
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Manual do Professor
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-,3
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| U NIDADE 8
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O mundo da prática
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-,4
Manual do Professor
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| U NIDADE 8
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O mundo da prática
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| U NIDADE 8
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O mundo da prática
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Convite à Filosofia é um marco no ensino da Filosofia no Brasil. Por meio de uma linguagem acessível, trata de forma contextualizada os temas importantes da reflexão filosófica, conduzindo o leitor à profundidade dos grandes pensadores. Razão, Verdade, Conhecimento, Ciência, Ética, Política, Arte, Técnica, Religião, Metafísica, História e Lógica emergem de suas páginas em abordagens que suscitam fecundas discussões sobre o mundo das ideias e sobre a história do pensamento. Marilena Chaui é professora de Filosofia na Universidade de São Paulo e uma das mais prestigiadas intelectuais brasileiras, com presença atuante no debate político nacional e na construção da democracia no Brasil. São frequentes os seus artigos na imprensa, bem como sua participação em congressos, conferências e cursos, no país e no exterior. Em 2003, recebeu o título de doutora honoris causa da Universidade de Paris. É autora de A nervura do real; Introdução à História da Filosofia; Cultura e democracia; Da realidade sem mistérios ao mistério do mundo; Repressão sexual, essa nossa (des)conhecida; Conformismo e resistência: notas sobre cultura popular; Experiência do pensamento; A questão da democracia; Brasil — Mito fundador e sociedade autoritária e O que é ideologia, entre outros livros.
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