Coins of the Ancient Thracians 9780904531367, 9781407347905

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
I. COINS OF THE THRACO-MACEDONIAN TRIBES (V-IV B.C. )
II. COINS OF THRACIAN RULERS OF THE V-IV CENTURY B.C.
III. COINS OF THE THRACIAN RULERS OF THE CENTURIES B.C.
IV. RARE THRACIAN COINS OF THE FIRST CENTURY B.C.
V. THE COINS OF RHOEMETALCES I AND HIS HEIRS
CATALOGUE
Comparative Table of the Diameters and Weights of the Coins Described in the Catalogue
Abbrevations and Bibliography
NOTES
INDEX
PLATES

Citation preview

Coins of the Ancient Thracians

Yordanka Y ouroukova translated from the Bulgarian by V. Athanassov

BAR Supplementary Series 4 1976

British Archaeological .Reports 122

Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England GENERAL EDITORS

A.C.C. Brodribb, M.A. Hands

Mrs. Y ,M ..

A.R. Hands, B.Sc.' M.A.' o.Pbtl. D.R. Walker, B.A.

B.A.R. SupPlementary Series 4, 1976 � "Coins of the Ancient Thr acians " © Yordanka Youroukova, c/o JUSAUTOR, Sofia, Bulgaria, 1976

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780904531367 paperback ISBN 9781407347905 e-book

DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531367

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS Page 1

I NTRODUCTION I .

COINAGE OF THE THRACO- MACEDON IAN TRIBES V-IV CENTURY B .C .

I .

4

COINS OF THE THRAC I AN RULERS OF THE V-IV CENTURY B .C .•

I I .

I V . V .

8

COINS OF THE THRAC I AN RULERS OF THE I I-I I CENTURY B .C .

2 6

RARE THRAC I AN COINS OF THE F IRST CENTURY B . C .

4 0

THE CO INS OF RHOE METALCES IAND H IS HEIRS

5 4

CATALOGUE

6 6

Co mpara t ive Table o f t he D iame ters a nd We ights o f t he C o ins Descr ibed i n t he Ca ta logue

1 01

B ib l iography a nd Abbrev ia t ions

1 05

Notes

1 12

I ndex

1 25

P la tes

a f ter p age 1 30

I NTRODUCT ION

A f ter Carry 's a t temp t t o s hed l ight o n t he h istory o f T hrace a nd h er c o inage , s uccessive s cho lars h ave a i med a t a t tr ibu t ing c o ins i n l a ter p er iods o fh i therto u nknown r u lers among t hose whose c hrono logy h as a lready b een e s tab l ished .

T he s tud ies c arr ied o ut b y Dobrousk i a nd Moushmov r epresen t

t he a ch ievemen ts i n T hrac ian n um is ma t ics u p t o t he e ar ly ' twen t ies . Wh i le Dobrousk i 's w ork h as b een l ost , Moushmov t ends t o p resen t t he a bundance o fh istor ica l f acts i n as omewha t e xcess ive ly s chema t ic manner , o r s imp ly d isregards t he m . B o th a u thors h ave d e l ibera te ly om it ted o r o ver looked t he m int ing o f c o ins b y T hraco- Macedon ian t r ibes, wh ich marks t he b eg inn ing o f t he s tr ik ing o f c o inage b yt he T hrac ian t r ibes . T hey h ave e ven f a i led t o ment ion t he e x ist ence o f Thrac ian i m ita t ions o ft he most w ide ly c ircu la ted c o inage i n a nt iqu ity . I n h is s tud ies Dobrousk i c overs t he p er iod u p t o t he r e ign o f Rhoemeta lces I a nd h is s uccessors , w ithou t f ur ther s tudy . T herefore , wha t i sl ack ing i n t he s tud ies o f t he c o inage o f t he T hrac ians , i s ag enera l a nd c omp le te s tudy o f T hrac ian n um is ma t ics , n o t o n ly i nc lud ing t he c o inage k nown t o s cho lars , b u t l a ter d iscover ies , wh ich h ave b een s ubj ected t o s epara te s tud ies a s we l l .

A l most a l l h istor ians who s tudy t he h istory

o f a nc ient T hrace a t temp t t o make u se o fn um is ma t ic ma ter ia l , wh ich i s of ten t he o n ly r e l iab le e v idence o ft he e x istence o f ac er ta in s ta te a nd i t s r e la t ions h ip w ith i t s n e ighbours . T he n um is ma t ic ma ter ia l p rov ides i nfor ma t ion o n t he e conomy a nd t he mutua l t rade l i nks i n T hrace , s o me t i mes p resen t ing a d is tor ted p icture b ec ause o f al ack o f ag enera l p erspect ive c over ing a l l T hrac ian n um is ma t ics . A n e rroneous i n terpre ta t ion a nd u se o ft he n um is ma t ic ma ter ia l a nd f a i lure t o t ake i nto a ccoun t t he s pec if ic c haracter ist ics o f e ach s epara te c o in may m is lead a r esearch w orker i n to d raw ing e i ther e rroneous c onc lus ions o r c om ing t o r ash c onc lus ions . On t he o ther h and t he s tudy o f T hrac ian c o ins s o le ly a s n um is ma t ic monu men ts r esu l ts i n t he ir s tudy o ut o f t he ir h is tor ica l c on tex t . I ti s t here fore n ecessary t o s tr ike a b a lance b e tween t he e v idence c om ing f rom h istor ica l s ources a nd t he d a ta p rov ided b y t he s tudy o f t he n um is ma t ic ma ter ia l .

I ti s t h is t ask t ha t we s e t b efore o urse lves i n t h is w ork , wh ich i s

n o t al igh t o ne b ear ing i n mind o n t he o ne h and t he s carc ity o f h istor ica l s ources a nd t he u nevenness o ft he ir t rea tmen t o f d if feren t p er iods , a nd o n t he o ther h and t he sma l l n u mber o f T hrac ian c o ins .

A l l t hese f actors may

r esu lt i n s cho lars c om ing t o h igh ly c on trad ic tory c onc lus ions . I ti s s uf f ic ien t t o p o in t t o t he c o inage o f Adeus , b e long ing , a ccord ing t o s ome , t o t he s econd h a lf o ft he f our th c entury B .C . a nd a ccord ing t o o thers ,

1

t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he t h ird c entury B .C. o r e ven t he midd le o ft he t h ird c entury B .C.

T he s ame i s t rue i n t he c ase o f t he c o inage o f S kos tokos,

Most is a nd o thers . A l l t hese d if f icu l t ies c a l l f or t he s tudy o f T hrac ian c o ins n o t o n ly a s t he c o inage o f i nd iv idua l r u lers , b u t a s t he monu men ts o f at rad it ion i nt he min t ing o f c o ins i n t he c ourse o f i t s d eve lopmen t . S evera l p er iods c an b e c lear ly d isc erned i n t he d eve lop men t o f T hrac ian c o in min t ing , a nd t hey c o inc ide w ith t he h is tor ica l d eve lopmen t o f t he T hrac ian t r ibes . T he e ar l iest p er iod i n t he min t ing o f T hrac ian c o ins i nc ludes t he c o inage o f t he T hraco- Macedon ian t r ibes, whose a ppearance p recedes t he c o inage o f t he T hrac ian r u lers c hrono log ica l ly .

T hese c o ins h ave n o t b een s tud ied s u f-

f i c ient ly a nd t he e x istence o fn u merous f orger ies , s t i l l t he b as is o f an u mber o f e rroneous c onc lus ions , c ons iderab ly h ampers t he ir s tudy .

Tha t i s why

t he o n ly c o ins we c ons ider h ere a re t hose whose a u then t ic ity h as b een p roved b eyond d oubt , c om ing f ro m h oards f ound i n Bu lgar ia . Co ins, n o t f ound i n B u lgar ia a nd n o t a ppear ing i n t he c o in c o l lect ions i n Bu lgar ian museu ms , s uch a s c o ins o ft he Edon i , B isa ltae e tc . a re n ot i nc luded h ere . T he f o l low ing p er iod c overs t he t ime o f t he e stab l ishmen t o f t he k ingdom o f t he Odrysae , p ass ing t hrough t he f i f th c entury B .C. a nd t he f i rs t h a lf o f t he f our th c en tury when i t was a t t he h e igh t o f i t s p ower .

T he f i rs t c o ins o f

t he Odrysaean r u lers , w ho c on t inued m int ing c o ins u p t o t he c onquest o f t he Odrysaean k ingdom b y t he Macedon ians , a ppear a tt ha t t ime . Th is i s t he r ichest p er iod i n T hrac ian c u lture a nd i n t he m in t ing o f T hracian c o ins . T he p er iod o f Macedon ian r u le , t he t ime o f t he m in t ing o f t he c o inage o f S ro ios a nd S euthes I I , i s o rgan ica l ly l i nked w ith t he s econd h a lf o f t he f our th c en tury B .C . S i mu l taneous ly L ys i machus , o ne o f A lexander 's c ommanders w ho p roc la i med h i mse lf a n i ndependan t r u ler , s truck c o ins i n T hrace . L ys i machus ' c o inage i s w idespread i n T hrace a nd f o l low ing h is d ea th s o me o f t he G reek c i ty-sta tes i n T hrace i ssued i m ita t ions o fh is s ta ters a nd t e tradrachmae . a ccoun t o ft he d i f ferences i n t ype a nd d enom ina t ion b e tween t he m a nd t he

O n

c o inage o ft he r e ma in ing T hrac ian r u lers , a nd d ue t o t he n u merous t ypes a nd s er ies f ound among t he m , w e h ave l ef t t hem , t o b e t he s ub ject o f as epara te s tudy . T he C e lt ic i nvas ion o f 2 78 B .C . a nd t he ir d om ina t ion o f T hrace u p t o 2 16 B .C . s epara te t h is p er iod f rom t he n ex t , w h ich i nc ludes T hrac ian c o ins m in ted i n t he c ourse o f t he l ast d ecades o f t he t h ird c entury B . C. a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he s econd c entury . T hrac ian c o inage o f t h is p er iod l oses i t s l i nks w ith t he t rad i t ion o ft he p rev ious p er iod .

T he g enera l d ec l ine wh ich

s e t i n f o l low ing t he C e lt ic i nvas ion i s r ef lected i nt he sma l l n u mber o f T hrac ian r u lers who i ssued c o inage a nd t he f ew s er ies i n c ircu la t ion . T he c o inage o f T hrac ian r u lers m in ted d ur ing t he f i rs t c entury B .C. t he f o l low ing p er iod - f or m a s epara te g roup .

-

T he i nf luence o f t he c o ins

m in ted b y t he Roman r epub l ic i s i ncreas ing ly f e l t o n t he l oca l t ypes , p ar t icu lar ly a f ter t he m id s econd c en tury B .C . w hen Macedon ia a nd G reece were t urned i n to p rov inces o f t he Ro man r epub l ic . 2

T he l ast p er iod - most ly i gnored s o f ar - i nc ludes T hrac ian c o ins min ted f rom t he f i rst c entury B .C . t i l l t he ' 40s o ft he f i rst c entury A .D . o f t he c o inage o f Rhoeme ta lces Ia nd h is s uccessors .

-c ons ist ing

T he t ypes o ft he c o inage

o ft he l ast T hrac ian k ings r ef lect t he ir g rea ter d ependence o n Ro me .

The

b as ic ma ter ia l f or t he s tudy o f t he Thrac ian c o ins o ft ha t p er iod c a me f ro m t he n um is ma t ic c o l lect ion o f t he Archaeo log ica l Museu m o f t he Bu lgar ian Acade my o f S c iences .

T h is made i tp oss ib le f or u s p ersona l ly t o s ee a nd g o

o ver a l l ' T hrac ian c o ins wh ich a ppear i n o ur c a ta logue . T he work we o f fer t o t he r eader i s mean t a s ag enera l s tudy o f T hrac ian n um is ma t ics , w ith a v iew t o s erv ing t he s pec ia l ist a nd ama teur n um is ma t ists e qua l ly .

We a i med a t p repar ing a b ook d irected t o aw ide r ead ing p ub l ic ,

r a ther t han c o mp i l ing a c orpus o f Thrac ian c o ins . I fi n t he c ourse o f o ur e xpos it ion we r efer t o minor e ven ts i n t he a nc ien t h is tory o f T hrace wh ich wou ld , t o ac er ta in e x ten t , h amper t he r eader , we f i nd i tn ecessary t o d o s o n o t o n ly b ecause p rev ious s cho lars h ave om it ted t hem , b ut a lso b ecause i t wou ld a l low t he r eader t o f o l low o ur r eason ing when we d raw c onc lus ions d iferen t f ro m t hose i n o lder works .

T h is c a l led n o t o n ly

f or t he i nc lus ion o f al ong c a ta logue , b u t l i tera ture o n t he b as ic p rob le ms o f T hrac ian n um is ma t ics , w ith a l l i t s d oubts , e rrors a nd om iss ions . O ne o f t he p r inc ipa l a i ms o f o ur work i s , h owever , t o p resent Thrac ian c o inage i n t he c ourse o f i t s d eve lop men t .

W ith t h is a pproach i n m ind , a n

a pproach wh ich r equ ires a c o mp lex me thod i n s o d if icu l t af i e ld , we e xpress t he h ope t ha t t he e rrors a nd om iss ions w i l l b e l ess a nd t he c onc lus ions b ased o n s ounder a rgu men ts .

3

I .

CO INS OF THE THRACO- MACEDON IAN TRIBES ( V-IV B .C. )

I n t he g enera l works o n a nc ien t n um is ma t ics a nd i n t he most p opu lar c orpuses a nd c a ta logues t he c o inage o ft he Derron i , Oresc i i ( Sa trae ) e tc . a nd o ther t r ibes a ppear u nder a c om mon h ead ing o f " Thraco- Macedon ian" ,1t he c o inage o ft he T hrac ian r u lers b e ing c ons idered s epara te ly . Wha t i s more , i n s ome c ases t hey a re a l toge ther e xc luded f rom " true" T hrac ian n um is mat i cs a nd a re p laced u nder Macedon ian n um is ma t ics .

2

A s im i lar a pproach i s

p resen t i n t he s pec ia l ized s tud ies o n T hrac ian n um is ma t ics , where t he a uthors b eg in s tra igh t f ro m t he c o ins m in ted b yt he f i rs t T hrac ian r u lers .

3

Pub l ica t ions o ft hese c o ins d o n o t a ppear e ven i n t he most r ecen t b ib l iogr aphy o f T hrac ian n um is ma t ics, 4 wh ich s erves t o s how t ha t i n t he p resen t s tage o ft he d eve lop men t o f a nc ien t n um is ma t ics a nd w ith t he a ccumu la t ion o f n ew ma ter ia l t he c o inage o ft he T hraco- Macedon ian t r ibes r e ma ins o nce a ga in I so la ted . Wh i le we wou ld l i ke t o a vo id a d iscuss ion w i th t he s uppor ters o f t h is c lass i f ica t ion , we wou ld l i ke t o p o int o u t t ha t t he f ac t t ha t t hey a l l r efer t o t he c o ins a s " Thraco- Macedon ian" , a s c o ins w h ich c hrono log ica l ly p receded t hose o ft he T hrac ian r u lers , d oes n o t a ctua l ly d isprove t he o rgan ic l i nks b e tween b o th t ypes o f c o ins - t he c o inage o ft he t r ibes a nd t hose o f t he r u lers . T hese c o ins a re o fp ar t icu lar ly g rea t h istor ica l s ign if icance a s as ource , f or t hey s hed l i gh t o ver an u mber o fp rob lems c onnected w i th t he e cono m ic a nd p o l it ica l d eve lop men t o ft he t r ibes, i n whose n ame t hey were m in ted a nd c ircu la ted . T he m in t ing t echn ique , t he i mages p laced o n t he c o ins , a nd f i na l ly t he ir c ircu la t ion , a l l p rov ide v a luab le i nfor ma t ion a s t o t he s k i l l o f t he e ngravers , a nd h ence t he d egree o f a dvance men t o ft he v ar ious h and icraf ts a nd o n t he d istr ibu t ion o ft he most p opu lar r e l ig ious c u l ts a nd a lso o n t rade l i nks . H owe ver , i ti s n o t o n ly t he s ign if icance o ft h is i nforma t ion t ha t c a l ls f or a c lose s tudy o ft he c o ins . C lass ify ing t hem a s " i so la ted o b jects" , h ence c ons ideri ng t hem s epara te ly a s monu men ts o f " archa ic p last ic a r t" h as b u i l t u p a n u mber o f e rroneous i deas , av ar ie ty o f c onf l ic t ing v iews , a nd f i na l ly h as made p oss ib le t he p ub l ish ing o f modern f orger ies a longs ide w ith t he o r ig ina ls . T he g rea test d anger w i th t he l a t ter l i es i n t he f act t ha t i n most c ases t hey d o n o t r eproduce t he o r ig ina l t ypes b ut " crea te" n ew t ypes , w ith i nven ted n ames o fu nknown t r ibes , r u lers a nd u nusua l i mages - t he o utcome o f t he i mag ina t ion o f t he modern e ngraver . T here i s h ard ly a ny o ther s er ies o f a nc ien t c o ins w ith s o g rea t an u mber o f f orger ies a s i n t he c ase o f t he c o ina ge o f t he T hraco- Macedon ian t r ibes , a nd a l though t he a u then t ic ity o f most o ft hese f orger ies h as l ong s ince b een d isputed , a nd u sed a s r e l iab le h istor ica l s ources .

s ubs tan t ia l a nd s er ious s tudy o f t h is c o inage .

4

5

t hey a re s t i ll p ub l ished

H ence t he s t i l l g rea ter n eed f or a

I no ur s tudy we o n ly c ons ider t hose c o ins whose a u then t ic ity i s b eyond d oub t a nd wh ich c ome f ro m h oards o r i so la ted f i nds o f c o ins, a l l o ft hem f rom Bu lgar ia . I n t he f i rs t p lace among t hem c ome t he c o ins o ft he Derron i f rom t he h oard f ro m t he v i l lage o f V e l ichkovo , Pazard jik r eg ion - au n ique h oard a s f ar a s i t s c on ten ts a re c oncerned . I th as b een e stab l ished t ha t o ft he 9 c o ins o ft he Derron i t hree d ies h ave b een u sed f or t he o bverse a nd f our f or t he r everse .

T he images a re a r t is-

6

t ic a nd i n h igh r e l ief - e v idence o ft he h igh l eve l o f e ngrav ing i n t ha t t r ibe u nknown t o h istor ica l s ources . I ti s u sua l ly a ccep ted t ha tt he Derron i i nhab i ted t he r eg ion a round Moun t Dyseron ( t oday K rusha p lan ina )7 a bound ing i n s i lver mines . The r eg ion o f Moun t Pangaeus , h owever , was a lso r ich i n s i lver , a s we l l a s t he moun ta ino us r eg ions n or th o f Macedon ia , i nhab ited b y t he Paeon ians, whose k ings min ted n u merous s er ies o ft e tradrachmae d ur ing t he I V c en tury B .C . A n i nscr ip t ion a ppears o n t he o bverse o f ar are t e tradrachma o ft he Paeon ian k ing L ycce ius ( 359-340) , a round t he i mage o f Apo l lo : A-P TONAIOE Accord ing t o s o me t h is i nscr ip t ion i s i t se lf a n e p ithe t c onnec ted w i th t he image p resen ted , t ha t o f Apo l lo o ft he Derron i a nd i nd ica t ing t ha t t he l oca l e p ithe t o f t he d e i ty d er ived f ro m t he n a me o ft he D erron i t r ibe .

8

I n o ther words t he

Derron i were c lose n e ighbours o ft he Paeon ians . I ti s e ven p oss ib le t ha t d ur ing t he r e ign o f L ycce ius t he ir t err i tory was p ar t o f t he Paeon ian k ingdom . T he h igh r e l ief o ft he t ypes p resen ted o n t he c o inage o f t he Derron i a nd t he ir s ty l ist ic c haracter ist ics, wh ich r em ind o ne o f l a te a rcha ic r e l ie f p last ic a r t , a re t he g rounds f or d a t ing t hese c o ins b e tween 5 10-480 B .C .9 T h is p er iod , h owever , c o inc ides w i th t he G raeco-Pers ian wars o f 5 13 B .C . ,t he c a mpa ign o f Dar ius a ga inst t he S cy th ians a nd u p t o t he c a mpa ign o f Xerxes i n G reece i n 4 80 B .C .

I ti s t herefore d i f f icu l t f or u s t o b e l ieve t ha t t he min-

t ing o ft he c o ins o ft he D erron i t ook p lace a t t ha t t ime . A no ther i ssue c onnected w i th t he s tudy o f t he c o inage o ft he Derron i i s t he p rob le m o ft he ir mone tary s tandard . H owever , q u i te d iverse v iews h ave b een e xpressed o n t he s ub ject . F or i nstance s ome c ons ider t he ir t e tradrachmae h ad b een min ted a ccord ing t o t he E ubo ic-A t t ic s tandard , " o thers c lass ify t hem a s o ctodrach mae , m in ted a ccord ing t o t he s ame mone tary s tandard ,1 1 wh i le o thers a ga in c onsider t hem min ted a ccord ing t o t he Baby lon ian o r Phoen ic ian mone tary s tandards .

1 2

T he l a test r esearch o n t h is p rob le m , wh ich i nc ludes n o t o n ly t he c o inage o ft he Thraco- Macedon ian t r ibes, b u t a lso t ha t o f t he Paeon ian r u lers , a s we l l a s s o me o ft he ma jor G reek c i ty-sta tes a long t he S ou thern c oast o f Thrace s uch a s Aenus Marones a nd A bdera , p rove t he e x istence o f a n i ndep enden t Thraco- Macedon ian mone tary s ta ndard .1 3 I t s b as ic u n it i s t he s ta ter we igh ing 9 .82 g ra ms ,

wh ich r epresen ts

1 /50

p ar t o ft he l i gh t Baby-

l on ian mina we igh ing 4 .91 g ra ms . U nder t h is s yste m t he c o ins o ft he D erron i ; s o f ar c ons idered a s d ecad rach mae a re i n f ac t t e trasta ters b e 3 9 .28 g rams .

1 4

( 4 x9 .82) whose t heore t ica l we igh t s hou ld

I n f act t ha t we igh t i s much c loser t o t he we igh t o f t he s o-

5

c a l led d ecadrach mae wh ich , w i th t he c o ins o ft he h oard o f t he v i l lage o f Ve l ichkovo , v ar ies f ro m 3 8 .90 t o 4 0 .65 g rams ( 3 8 .90 ; 4 0 .15 ;

4 0 .30 ;

4 0 .31 ;

4 0 .50 ;

4 0 .65 ) .

3 9 .40 ;

3 9 .95 ;

I ft hese c o ins a re r ea l ly d eca-

d rachmae min ted a ccord ing t o t he E ubo ic-At t ic s tandard , where t he b as ic u n i t i s t he d rach ma we igh ing 4 .30 g ra ms , t he ir a verage we igh t w ou ld h ave b een , w i th g rea ter o r sma l ler v ar ia t ions, a round 4 3 g ra ms , a nd w ou ld n o t r ange b e tween 3 9 a nd 4 0 .50 g rams . T he a ccep tance o ft he s ta ter a s t he b as ic u n it i n t he T hraco- Macedon ian s tandard p o in ts t o t he l i nks b e tween t he c o inage o f t he Derron i a nd t hose o f t he r e ma in ing T hrac ian t r ibes - t he Oresc i i , t he u nknown Thrac ian t r ibe i nhab it ing t he r eg ion a round Moun t P angaeus a nd o ther t r ibes w hose most w ide ly d is tr ibuted c o ins were s ta ters .

Connected w ith t hese c o ins i s t he

c o inage o ft he Paeon ian r u lers , whose c o inage was c ons idered t o h ave b een m in ted a ccord ing t o as pec ia l " Paeon ian" s tandard ,1 5 a s we l l a s t he c o ins o f A bdera , Maronaea a nd Aenus, min ted a ccord ing t o t he s o c a l led "Thas ian a nd A bder i te s tandards" .

1 6

T he a ccep tance o f ac om mon mone tary s ystem

c onform ing t o t he E astern a nd T hraco- Macedon ian t r ibes , a s w e l l a s t o t he Paeon ian a nd t he G reek c i ty-sta tes a long t he T hrac ian c oast n o t o n ly p o in ts t o t he c o mmerc ia l l i nks b e tween t he m , b u t t he g enera l e astward t rend o f t he ir t rade . Actua l ly , c onvers ion o ft he t e trasta ters o ft he D erron i i n to d ar ics a nd e lec tru m s ta ters was c arr ied o u t w ith c ons iderab le e ase . Xenophon s peaks o f o ne e lec tru m s ta ter b e ing e qua l t o o ne d ar ic w e igh ing 8 .42 g rams, t he r a t io o f g o ld t o s i lver b e ing 1 : 13 .3 , wh ich mean t t ha t t he v a lue o f o ne d ar ic was e qua l t o 11 .986/ 112 g ra ms o f s i lver .

T hree t e trasta ters o ft he Derron i

( 3 x3 9 .28 g rams) e qua l led 1 17 .84 g rams o f s i lver , t he c orrespond ing we igh t a nd v a lue o ft he Cyz icene e lec tru m s ta ter a nd t he d ar ic . I n s ta ters o f t he Oresc i i t h is r a t io a ppears a s f o l lows : 1 2 s ta ters - 1 Cyz icene e lectru m s ta ter - 1d ar ic . I ti s e v iden t f rom t hese r a t ios t ha t t he Ve l ichkovo ,Pazard jik r eg ion , h oard , o f c o ins o ft he D erron i , amoun ted t o ac ons iderab le s um a tt he t ime . T he s ta ters o ft he Oresc i i w ith a f igure o f ac en taur embrac ing a n ymph i n h is a r ms , ( P l . I I , F ig . 1 1) o n t he o bverse , a re c ons iderab ly r arer . T he s ty l ist ic p ecu l iar it ies o ft he c o ins o ft he Oresc i i , w h ich a lso s how a r esemb lance t o t hose o f a rcha ic p last ic works o f a r t , h ave p rov ided g rounds f or t he ir d a t ing :

t hey a lso b e long t o t he v ery b eg inn ing o f t he s ix th c entury B .C .

1 7

T he n ame o ft he Oresc i i t r ibe i s f am i l iar , a s i s t he c ase w i th t he Derron i , f rom t he ir c o inage . S o me s cho lars i den t ify t hem w ith t he S a trae ,1 8 a warl i ke t r ibe wh ich i nhab ited t he r eg ion a round Moun t Pangaeus . T he i mages o ft he c en taur a nd t he n ymph , w h ich a ppear o n t he c o ins o f t he Oresc i i a re c onnected w i th t he i mage o f as i lenus c arry ing a way a maenad , f ound o n t he c o ins o f a n u nknown Thrac ian t r ibe o f t he r eg ion a round Moun t Mangaeus . T hese i mages , c onnected w ith t he c u l t o f D ionysus , i nd ica te t he p opu lar ity o ft h is c u l t among t he T hraco- Macedon ian t r ibes . S ome a uthors a re e ven o f t he o p in ion t ha t t he mone tary t ypes c onnected w ith t he c ult o f D ionysus s hou ld b e s een a s p roof o ft he f orma t ion o f at r iba l a l l iance , t he c o inage o ft he v ar ious t r ibes t ak ing p ar t i n i tb ear ing t he i dent ica l D ionys iac

6

t ype .

2 0

The v iew h as e ven b een p u t f orward t ha t t he Oresc i i were t he c en tra l

u n ify ing l ink o f t h is a l l iance o f Western T hrac ian t r ibes . Wh i le t he c o ins o ft he O resc i i a re e x tre me ly r are a nd t he V e l ichkovo h oard i s u n ique i n t he c haracter o f i t s c on ten ts , t he d iscover ies o f c o ins w ith at ype o f aS i lenus c arry ing away a Maenad a re much more f requen t .

T hese

c o ins , min ted o ver a c ons iderab le l eng th o ft ime , a s i s e v iden t f ro m t he v ar ious s ty l ist ic e le ments o f t he ir i mages - b o th a rcha ic a nd c lass ica l -a ppear c h ief ly i n t he r eg ion b e tween t he Ba lkan Range , t he R iver S trymon ( t he S trou ma ) a nd t he Rhodopes .

T here i s n o d oubt t ha t t hey p ene tra ted i n to t he

i n ter ior o f p resen t d ay B u lgar ia a long t he r iver S trymon ( t he S trou ma ) .

A t-

t r ibu ted p r i mar i ly t o T hasos , t he ir c ircu la t ion , a s we l l a s t he s im i lar ity o f t he ir t ypes w i th t hose r epresen ted o n t he s o c a l led " D ionysus t ype" o f t he Oresc i i , a l lows u s t o c ons ider t he m a s b e ing m in ted b y a n u nknown t r ibe wh ich i nhab ited t he P angaeus r eg ion . L ike t he c o inage o ft he Oresc i i , t he b as ic u n it h ere was t he Baby lon ian s ta ter , t he b as is o f t he a bove men t ioned T hraco- Macedon ian s tandard .

H ow-

e ver , b es ides s ta ters t here a re c o ins o f sma l ler d eno m ina t ions i n e x istence w ith a n a verage we igh t o f a bou t 3 .7 5 g ra ms - d rachmae min ted a f ter 4 10 B . C. o n t he Ch ian mone tary s yste m . T he l at ter a ppear i n t he s o c a l led "m ixed" h oards f ound i n B u lgar ia t og e ther w i th c o ins f ro m t he T hrac ian Chersonesus a nd Par ion .

T he d istr ibu-

t ion o f t h is t ype o f c o in , t he l ong p er iod o ft he ir min t ing a nd t he d iference i n t he ir d eno m ina t ions a re p ecu l iar c harac ter ist ics wh ich s epara te t he m f ro m t he c o inage o f t he T hraco- Macedon ian t r ibes .

7

I .

COINS OF THRACIAN RULERS OF THE V -IV CENTURY B .C .

D ur ing t he f i rst d ecades o ft he f i f th c en tury B .C . ,f o l low ing t he d efea t o f t he P ers ians a t Mara thon i n 4 80 an ew s ta te was e stab l ished i n t he Eastern p ar t o ft he Ba lkan Pen insu la - t he K ingdo m o ft he Odrysae . T he K ingdom q u ick ly r ose i n i mpor tance a nd c onso l ida ted i t s p ower b eco m ing t he r iches t s ta te w ith t he g rea tes t i nco me i n t he t err itory b e tween t he I on ian B ay a nd t he Pon tus .2 1 T he K ing o ft he Odrysae was s ough t a s a n a l ly o ft he Greek c i ty-sta tes i n t he r eso lu t ion o ft he c o mp lex c on f l icts b e tween t hem , a nd A thens was p ar t icu lar ly a ct ive i n t h is r espect .

T hrough t he em inent Abde-

r i te N yphodorus , whose s ister was marr ied t o S i ta lces , s on o f T eres t he Odrysaean r u ler , A thens won h er o ver t o h er s ide i n t he war w i th t he c it ies o f t he C ha lc id icean P en insu la a nd Macedon ia . T hus i n 4 29 B .C . S i ta lces h eaded a n a rmy o f 1 50 ,000 men 23 i n ag rand iose c ampa ign a ga inst Macedon ia .

T h is c ampa ign made a s trong impress ion o n

h is c on temporar ies , a s i tr evea led t he migh t a nd p ower o ft he Odrysaean k ingdom .

T he f orces o f S i ta lces a re c ompared i n " The A charn ians" , t he

f a mous c omedy b y Ar istophanes, t o " a c loud o fl ocusts" .

2 4

S i ta lces was k i l led i n 4 24 B .C . d ur ing a war w i th t he T r iba l l i . c o ins o fh is h ave r eached u s .

The e ar l iest c o ins o f

2 5

No

Odrysaean r u lers a re

t hose o fh is b ro ther S paradokos - t he s on o f T eres . T he i nforma t ion o n S paradokos c om ing f rom h istor ica l s ources i s q u ite s can ty a nd an u mber o fh ypo theses h ave b een e xpressed o n h is r u le . Accordi ng t o s o me h is r e ign was p receded b y t ha t o f S i ta lces ‚ 26 i n t he o p in ion o f o thers h e r u led o ver o ne p ar t o f T hrace a s ap aradynast , av assa l o f a no ther r u ler .

2 7

H e must h ave b een o lder t han S i ta lces a nd h is r e ign p robab ly f e l l

b e tween 4 45-435 B .C .

2 8

T he c o ins m in ted b y h im a nd b ear ing h is n a me p rov ide u s w i th a dd it iona l i nforma t ion : ah orse mov ing t o t he l ef t o r t he h ead a nd p ro to me o f ag a l lopi ng h orse a ppear o n t he ir o bverse , ( P l . I V F ig . 1 7-22) o n t he ir r everse a n e ag le w i th o u tspread w ings , h o ld ing a s erpen t . T h is r egu lar image o f a n e ag le h o ld ing a s erpen t , ( P l . I V F ig . 1 7 -22) w h ich a lso a ppears o n t he c o ins min ted b y O lyn thus , o n t he C ha lc id icean P en insu la , d ur ing t he f if th c entury B .C. makes i tp oss ib le t o d raw t he c onc lus ion t ha t t he c o ins were minted ,2 9 o r a t l east t he d ie was p repared i n t he m in t o fO lyn thus . The i mage o f a c anter ing h orse a nd t he f orepar t o f ah orse a ppears o n t he Macedon ian c o ina ge o fA lexander I( 498-454 ) a nd P erd iccas ( 4 54-413) . T he image o f p ar t o f ag a l lop ing h orse i s a lso a c harac ter ist ic t ype o f t he sma l l s i lver c o ins min ted b y Maronaea d ur ing t he s econd h a lf o ft he f if th c en tury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he f our th c entury B .C .

3 0

T he s im i lar ity o f i mages a ppear ing o n t he c o ins o f S paradokos a nd t hose o f t he Macedon ian r u lers o f O lyn thus a nd Maronaea s uggests t ha t t he

8

t err i tory o f S paradokos was s i tua ted i n t he western most p ar t o ft he k ingdo m o f t he Odrysae , wh ich was c losest t o t he Cha lc id icean Pen insu la a nd Macedon ia . They p robab ly i nc luded t he s ou thern s lopes o ft he Rhodopes, s i tua ted t o t he n or th o f Maronaea . Ac onf ir ma t ion o ft h is, r esu l t ing f rom a n a na lys is o ft he c o ins o f S paradokos, i s f ound i n t he n arra t ive o f T hucyd ides o n t he f a mous c a mpa ign o f S i ta lces i n Macedon ia . T he s on o f S paradokos - S eu thes - who a ccompan ied S i ta lces i ns isted o n c a l l ing o f ft he c a mpa ign . H e was marr ied t o S tra ton icca - t he d augh ter o ft he Macedon ian k ing Perd iccas 1 . 3 1 I ti s c lear f rom t he n arra t ive o f T hucyd ides t ha t S eu thes n o t o n ly o pposed t he war w ith t he Macedon ians , b u t w anted t o c onso l ida te h is f r iend ly t i es w ith t he m t hrough a marr iage .

P robab ly h is t err itor ies were c losest t o Macedon ia a nd h ence

h e w as most i n terested i n ma in ta in ing p eacefu l r e la t ions w ith h er . T he min t ing o ft he c o inage o f S paradokos i n t he workshop o f O lyn thus , wh ich s ign if ied , i fn o t t he d ependen t p os it ion o ft he c i ty i n i t s r e la t ionsh ip w i th t he Odrysaean r u ler , a t l east a g ood r e la t ionsh ip b e tween t hem , must n o d oub t h ave t aken p lace b efore 4 32-431 B .C .

I n t he s ame y ear A thens c onc luded

at rea ty w ith S i ta lces , a lso d irected b o th a ga inst Macedon ia a nd t he C ha lc id ic ean c o lon ies . T he n ame o f S paradokos i s n o t men t ioned i n c onnect ion w i th t hese e ven ts ; t he n ame t ha t i s q uo ted i s t ha t o f S euthes, h is s on , who m Thucyd ides c a l led " second a f ter S i ta lces i n h is c our t" . T he c o inage o f S paradokos t ha t h as c o me d own t o u s c ons ists o f t wo d en om ina t ions - d rachmae a nd d iobo ls , m in ted , a s h as b een a ccepted s o f ar , a ccord ing t o t he E ubo ic-A t t ic s tandard . 3 2 T he we igh t o ft he d iobo ls v ar ies b e tween 1 .05 a nd 1 .30 g rams ( 1 .05 ;

1 .07 ;

1 .15 ;

1 .17 ;

1 .23 ;

1 .26 ;

1 .28 ;

1 .30) wh i le t ha t o ft he d rach mae b e tween 3 .70 t o 3 .97 g rams ( 3 .70 ;

3 .85 ;

3 .95 ;

3 .97 ) .

T he a verage we igh t o f t he d rachmae i s 3 .87 g rams a nd

t ha t o ft he d iobo ls 1 .20 g ra ms . H ence t he t e tradrachma s hou ld b e 1 5 .50 g rams . T hese f i gures s erve t o s how t ha t t he s tandard u sed i n t he mint ing o f t he c o ins o f S paradokos was n o t t he E ubo ic-A t t ic s tandard , where t he u sua l we igh t o ft he d iobo l i s 1 .44 g rams , t ha t o ft he d rachma 4 .36 g rams a nd t he t e tradrachma ,

1 7 .44 g rams .

3 3

We s hou ld t herefore a vo id r ash c onc lus ions a bou t e cono m ic a nd p o l it ica l t i es o ft he Odrysaean r u lers w i th A thens 3 4 b ased s o le ly o n t he s tandard t hey h ad a dop ted . N everthe less , t he p rob le m r e ma ins, wha t was t he s tandard a ccord ing t o w h ich S paradokos m in ted h is c o inage? A c arefu l s tudy o f t he c o ins min ted i n Aenus 3 5 a nd A bdera 3 6 s erves t o s how t ha t t he s ame workshop s imu l taneous ly u sed d i f feren t s tandards i n m in t ing c o ins o f d i f feren t d eno m inat i ons o ver t he s a me p er iod . Wha t i s more , d ur ing t he y ears 4 49-439 B .C. , u nder A then ian p ressure , t he w orkshops o f Aenus a nd A bdera , a s w e l l a s t hose i n mos t o ft he G reek c o lon ies a long t he Aegean c oast , c eased t o m in t c o ins . Af ter t he r esu mp t ion o ft he ir work t hey m in ted c o ins c h ief ly a ccord ing t o t he P ers ian a nd C h ian s tandards . H owever A enus, A bdera a nd Maronaea a lso made u se o f a no ther s tandard - t he T hraco- Macedon ian , emp loyed b y Macedon ian r u lers a s w e l l a s b y s o me T hraco- Macedon ian t r ibes .

9

T he we igh t o f t he d rachma o ft ha t s tandard ( 3rd s er ies) i s 3 .68 g rams , t ha t o ft he t r ihem iobo l 1 .22 g rams .

3 7

T hus q uo ted , t hese we igh ts , w ith a

g n inor d ivers ion , c orrespond t o t he we igh ts o ft he c o ins o f S paradokos .

H ow-

e ver a more d e ta i led c o mpar ison o ft he a bove men t ioned mean w e ights o fh is c o ins ( 3 .87 g rams f or t he d rach ma a nd 1 .20 g rams f or t he d iobo l , c orrespond t o t he Ch ian s tandard , w here t he d rach ma w e ighed a round 3 .88 g rams, a nd t he t e tradrach ma 1 5 .50 g rams .3 8 T h is s tandard s pread c h ief ly d ur ing t he l ast d ecades o ft he f if th c en tury B .C . a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he f our th c entury B .C. ,w hen i tb eca me k nown a s t he " Rhod ian" s tandard . S o me o ft he most a ct ive t rade c en tres s uch a s Byzant iu m , Aenus, Maronaea , Abdera a nd T hasos , a s w e l l a s o ther c en tres , m inted t he ir c o inage a ccord ing t o t h is s tand ard .

I ts pread n o t o n ly b ecause o ft he r es is tance o n t he p ar t o ft he Greek

c i ty-sta tes t o A then ian h egemony , b u t a lso d ue t o i t s c loseness t o t he e astern mone tary s tandards , w i th w h ich i t was o n ap ar . I t was n o t b y c hance t ha t Rhodes , o ne o ft he ma jor t rade c en tres o f a n t iqu ity , ac en tre o f t he t rans it t rade b e tween A s ia M inor a nd c on t inen ta l G reece , b ecame o ne o f t he c en tres wh ich s pread t he s tandard . Even i fS paradokos m in ted h is c o inage a ccord ing t o ar educed A then ianE ubo ic s tandard , b ased o n t he Pers ian s ig los w e igh ing 5 .20 g rams , t he t e trad rachma b e ing e qua l t o 3s ig lo i ,

3 9

we wou ld r each t he s a me c onc lus ion ,

n ame ly t ha t l i ke t he Macedon ian r u lers , a nd l i ke t he s o-ca l led Thraco- Maced on ian T r ibes a nd t he c i ty-sta tes a long t he T hrac ian c oast , h e m in ted h is c o inage f or t he n eeds o ft he t rade l i nks w ith t he l arge e astern monarchy . I ti s i n terest ing t o n o te t ha t o n h is c o ins t he i mage o ft he p ro tome o f a h orse a ppears o n sma l ler d enom ina t ions , d iobo ls, wh i le t he f u l l f i gure o f a h orse a ppears o n t he d rachmae . As im i lar c ase o f mark ing t he d eno m ina t ion t hrough t he t ype a ppear ing o n t he c o ins t hemse lves i s f ound o n t he c o inage o f Maronaea . On t hem t he f i gure o f ah orse i s f ound o n t he t e tradrach mae wh i le t he p ro to me i s o n ly f ound4 ° o n t he d idrachmae a nd t he d rachmae . T he n a me o f S paradokos i s c onnected w ith t e tradrachmae a s w e l l . t hem i s i n t he B r it ish Museu m c o l lect ion 4 1

O ne o f

a nd a no ther a t t he C ab ine t d e

Medan les .4 2 T he f i gure o f ah orse man , r id ing t o t he l ef t , a ppears o n t he o bverse i n as hor t c h la mys w i th a h igh c o l lar . O n h is h ead h e w ears a sma l l c ap i n t he f orm o f ab ere t .

I n h is h and h e i s h o ld ing t wo s pears .

Ah e l me t

a ppears i n t he f i e ld a bove . A n e ag le w ith o u tspread w ings a ppears o n t he r everse , s urrounded b y ac oncave s quare f rame . T he w e ight o fb o th s pec imens i s 1 6 .95 g rams a nd 1 7 .10 g rams r espec t ive ly , w h ich g ives u s g rounds t o c ons ider t ha t t hey w ere m in ted a ccord ing t o t he E ubo ic-A t t ic s tandard .

4 3

A lthough t hese c o ins a re a ccep ted b y mos t e xper ts o n a nc ien t n um is ma t ics a s a u then t ic 44 c er ta in p ecu l iar it ies o b l ige u s t o t ake t he ir o p in ions w ith c er ta in r eserva t ions .

A bove a l l as trange f act s tr ikes o ne :

b o th t he c o in f ro m t he

Br it ish Museu m a nd t ha t i n Par is h ave u neven r i ms - w i th a f lan p ar t ly c racked a nd b roken . Wha t i s more, o ne o f t he b roken o f f p arts i s a bso lu te ly i den t ica l o n t he o bverse o n b o th s pec i mens s tud ied .

I ti s o f t he s ame s ize a nd

i s s i tua ted o n b o th c o ins i n i den t ica l p os it ions b e tween t he l egs o ft he h orse . ( P l . XXV I I F ig . 1 5 , 1 6) . I ti s h ard ly p oss ib le t o i mag ine t ha t t h is was c hance d amage , r esu lt ing f rom t he s tr ik ing o ft he c o ins . Wha t i s more , a s we h ave

1 0

a lready p o in ted o ut , t hey a ppear i n t wo s pec i mens , wh ich o r ig ina te f ro m d i f feren t s e ts o f d ies . T he d a mag ing o ft he d ies a t t he s ame p lace ( and i n t h is c ase t he d ie i n q ues t ion i s t he l ower d ie t hrough wh ich t he o bverse was s truck a nd wh ich d id n o tb ear t he d irect i mpac t o f t he b low o ft he h ammer a nd h ence was d amaged much more s low ly ) makes u s d raw t he c onc lus ion t ha t wha t a ppears b efore u s i sn o t ac hance c o inc idence , b u t ad e l ibera te d amag ing o f t he d ie , w ith a v iew t o g iv ing t he c o ins a n a u then t ic t ouch . I nt he s econd p lace , r egard less o ft he p rec is ion w ith wh ich t he image o f t he r u ler moun ted o n ah orse , h is a t t ire a nd h orse , a l l d ep ic ted i n g rea t d et a i l ( even t he h arness c an b e d iscerned ) , h ave b een e ngraved a nd r egard less o ft he f act t ha t t hey a re i den t ica l o n b o th s pec i mens, i nd ica t ing t he h and o f t he s a me e ngraver , t he h e l me t i n t he b ackground - a c haracter ist ic s ign h as a d if feren t f or m o n t he t wo c o ins .

Wh i le t here i s ac rescen t , v isor a nd

c heek p ieces o n t he L ondon s pec i men , ( P l . XXVI I , F ig . 1 6,)r ese mb l ing t hose o ft he Thrac ian h e l me ts o ft he f our th-f if th c en tury B .C . ,4° t he c heek p ieces a re m iss ing i n t he Par is s pec i men a nd t he d istance b e tween t he v isor a nd t he b ack i s t oo l arge ;

t hus t he h e l me ts p resen ted r a ther r esemb le t he h e l me ts

o ft he s o-ca l led " Cor in th ian t ype" ( P l . XXV I I , F ig . 1 5 ) . I ti s h ard ly p oss ib le t ha t t he s ame a nc ien t e ngraver who , when work ing o n t he o bverses o ft he d ies r e ta ined a l l o ther d e ta i ls , s hou ld r epresen t t he h e lme t d if feren t ly .

Wha t i s s tranger , h owever , i s t he manner i n wh ich t he

e ag le o n t he r everse o ft hese t e tradrachmae i s d ep ic ted .

A s we h ave a lready

men t ioned , t he t ype w i th a n e ag le w ith o utspread w ings h o ld ing a s erpen t i n h is b eak i s ac harac ter is t ic a nd c onstan t t ype f or t he r everse o f t he d rach mae a nd d iobo ls o f S paradokos . H ence i ts hou ld b e d ep icted i n t he s ame manner o n t he c o inage o f g rea ter d eno m ina t ions ( t e tradrach mae) min ted b y t he s ame r u ler .

A c arefu l s tudy w i l l c onv ince u s , h owever , t ha t i ti s d if f icu lt t o n o t ice

a ny s im i lar i ty b e tween t he t wo d es igns .

Wh i le b o th w ings o ft he e ag le a re

s pread o ut w ide ( P l . I V , F igs . 1 7-22) o n b o th t he d rachmae a nd t he d iobo ls , o n ly o ne w ing i s r epresen ted o n t he t etradrachmae ( P l . XXV I I , F igs . 1 5-16) . I ti s e v iden t t ha t t he e ngraver h as f a i led t o g rasp t he mean ing o f t he t ype d ep ic ted a nd i n t he p lace o ft he s econd w ing h e h as e ngraved t he b ird , s tand ing o n s hor t l egs .

I t s b eak i s l owered t o t he g round s o t ha t t he e n tang led s nake

c anno t b e d iscerned , w h i le o n t he c o ins o f sma l ler d enom ina t ions e ven t he h ead c an b e s een .

T he b ird h as a t h ick w idened t a i l , wh ich , o n t he L ondon

s pec i men , ( P l . XXV I I , F ig . 1 6) i s s o mewha t c u t o f f f ro m t he b ody . T h is b ird , a s i ti s p resen ted , r ese mb les a d omest ic h en r ather t han a r ega l e ag le . T hus, t he t ype w h ich d i f fers b oth i n s ty le a nd c ompos it ion f rom t he r ema in ing t ypes a ppear ing o n t he d iobo ls a nd t he d rachmae o f S paradokos c lear ly i nd ica tes t he work o f amodern e ngraver , w ho , h av ing f a i led t o u nderstand t he mean ing o ft he t ype , h as d irec ted h is " crea t ive" i mag ina t ion t o d ep ic t ing t he f i gure o ft he r u ler a s ah orseman . I n t he t h ird p lace , i n t he i nscr ip t ion c on ta in ing t he n a me o f t he r u ler t here a re c er ta in i ncons is tanc ies : t hus t he l e t ter r ia ppears i n t he i nscr ip t ion o n t he Par is s pec i men n o t w ith o ne s hou lder s hor ter , t he c haracter is t ic d e l in ia-

r

t i on o ft he p er iod t o wh ich t he c o ins b e long , b u t w ith e qua l ly l ong s hou lders ( P l . XXV I I , F igs . 1 5-16) . 1 1

Here o nce a ga in we c ome a cross a m is take w h ich a n a nc ien t e ngraver wou ld n ever make .

T he mistake c ou ld o n ly b e a ccoun ted f or b y ar ash a p-

p roach o r t he o ver look ing o f s o me s ee m ing ly ' m inor ' d e ta i ls , wh ich p lay a ma jor r o le i n e p igraphy a nd h ence i n n um is ma t ics . F ina l ly t he a t t ire o ft he r u ler , who i s d ressed i n as hor t c h lamys a nd i n t rousers r each ing t o t he k nees a nd l eav ing t he l ower l eg u ncovered , w ho l ly c onf l icts w i th t he e v idence o n t he c lo th ing o f t he T hrac ians wh ich X enophon p rov ides u s w ith . T hey wore f ox-sk in h a ts , t he ir c lo th ing c overed n o t o n ly t he c hes t , b u t t he t h ighs a s we l l a nd when t hey w ere r id ing t hey h ad a c loak ( c Lp a , ) , c over ing t he m d own t o t he l egs a nd n o t as hor t c loak ( c h lamys xx ö zp :k ) 4 6 S paradokos was s ucceeded b y h is s on S eu thes I .

P resu mab ly a n h e ir o f

S paradokos a nd h ence o fh is t err itory , h e was a n i nf luen t ia l f igure a nd a ccordi ng t o T hucyd ides was " second a f ter S i ta lces i n h is c our t" . I ti s g enera l ly a ccep ted t ha t a f ter t he d ea th o f S i ta lces , S eu thes b ecame h is s uccessor a nd t he r u ler o f t he e n t ire Odrysaean K ingdo m . H ence s cho lars h ave b een s earchi ng f or v ar ious e xp lana t ions o ft h is, a t af i rst g lance , s trange c ho ice - n o t t he s on o f S i ta lces s ucceed ing h is f a ther , b ut h is n ephew b eco m ing h is s uccess or t o t he Odrysaean t hrone . H istor ica l s ources p rov ide u s w ith v ery l i t t le i n for ma t ion o n S eu thes I . T he most i n terest ing i s t ha t o f T hucyd ides , o n t he a nnua l i nco me o ft he Odrysaean k ingdom , wh ich c o l lected 4 00 t a len ts i n t axes f ro m t he b arbar ian p eop les a nd t he G reek c i t ies .

T ha t was a c ons iderab le s um a t t he t ime

e qua l l ing 1 0 ,400 k g o f s i lver ( one t a len t amoun t ing t o 2 6 .192 k i lograms o f s i lver) . I f we t ransfer t he m i n to Cyz icene e lectru m s ta ters - c o ins w h ich p layed t he p ar t o f ac om mon ly a ccep ted means o fp aymen t - we c ome t o a n a pprox i ma te s um o f 9 2,000 s ta ters ( one Cyz icene s ta ter w e igh ing 1 6 .36 g ra ms , e qua l l ing o ne d ar ic , we igh ing 8 .42 g rams , t he r a t io o f g o ld t o s i lver b e ing 1 : 13 .3 , i te qua l led 1 11 .986 g rams) .4 8 I ft he p ay o f o ne mercenary f or o ne mon th was o ne s ta ter , a s i s e xp l ic i t ly s ta ted b y Xenophon ,4 9 i tw ou ld b e p oss ib le w ith t h is s um t o p ay t he a nnua l s a lar ies o f 7 ,500 mercenar ies . P robab ly a l l G reek c o lon ies a long t he Aegean were among t he G reek c i t ies w h ich p ayed a t ax t o t he Odrysaean r u lers - f rom A bdera t o Byzan t ium a s we l l a s s ome o ft he G reek c o lon ies a long t he B lack s ea c oast , s uch a s Apo l lon ia , Messe mbr ia e tc . Ano ther r u ler o f t he n ame Mesades 5 0 r e igned d ur ing t he r e ign o f S eu thes Ii n Eas tern T hrace , n ot f ar f ro m Byzan t iu m .

H is r e la t ionsh ip 5 1 w i th S euthes

I , S i ta lces a nd T eres r e ma ins u nknown , b u t t he f ac t t ha t h is s on S euthes I s peaks o f T eres a s h is g rea t-grand fa ther 5 2

s erves t o s how t ha t Mesades was

a lso o ne o ft he d escendan ts o f T eres . A n o rphan d r iven away f ro m h is f a ther 's t err i tor ies , S eu thes I w as b rough t u p i n t he c our t o f Medokos, 5 3 w ho was p robab ly r e la ted t o h im . T he n ames o f t he t wo T hrac ian r u lers , Medokos a nd S eu thes I a re ment ioned f or t he f i rs t t ime i n 4 05 B .C . i n c onnect ion w ith t he b a t t le o f Aegospo tam i . 5 4 I n t he y ear 4 00 B .C . S euthes I e ngaged G reek mercenar ies u nder t he c ommand o f Xenophon i n o rder t o r ega in h is f a ther 's t err i tor ies .

1 2

B es ides t he p aymen t ,

h e o f fered Xenophon h is d augh ter 's h and .

5 5

J udg ing f rom t h is r epor t t ha t i n

4 00 B .C . S eu thes I 's d augh ter was o ld e nough t o b e marr ied , we c an d raw t he c onc lus ion t ha t h e h i mse lf was n o l onger a y outh a nd t ha t a t t he t ime h e was a tl east b e tween 2 5 a nd 3 0 y ears o ld . Tha t e stab l ishes t he d a te o f h is b ir th t owards 4 30-425 B .C . T he i nforma t ion o fh is b e ing b rough t u p i n t he c our t o f Medokos a lso g ives u s ar e la t ive d a t ing o ft he i n it ia l p er iod o f t he r e ign o f Medokos wh ich s hou ld b e n o t l a ter t han 4 20-415 B .C . T hese d a tes s how t ha t i ti s q u ite p oss ib le t ha t , a s s o me s cho lars b e l ieve , Medokos was a ctua l ly t he s on o f S i ta lces .

5 6

Th is e xp la ins t he f am i ly r e la t ions w ith S eu thes I . P rov ided t ha t t he t err itory o f S euthes Ir ea l ly was s i tua ted i n t he s ou thwes t p art o ft he k ingdom o ft he Odrysae , t ha t o f Medokos o n t he s outhern s lopes o ft he Rhodopes a nd a long t he m idd le a nd l ower s tre tches o f t he R iver Arda , a nd t ha t Mesades ( hence S eu thes I ) r e igned o ver t he Propon t is , we c an d raw t he c onc lus ion t ha t t he d ecen tra l iza t ion o f t he Odrysaean k ingdo m b egan a s e ar ly a s t he f i rst d ecades o ft he f if th c entury B .C. I n f ac t I . T odorov , i n h is s tudy " The T hrac ian K ings" 5 7 s peaks o f a" dua l ist ic" Odrysaean s ta te , u nder t he r u le o ft wo k ings , Medokos a nd S eu thes I . men t ioned i n 3 91 B .C . a s t he a l l ies o f A thens . 5 8

S eu thes I a nd Medokos a re A ccord ing t o s o me a uthors

t he s tr ik ing o f s i lver c o ins o f d i f feren t d eno m ina t ions 5 9 i s l i nked w ith t he ir n ames . T he c o ins a t tr ibu ted t o S eu thes I a re o f t wo d eno m ina t ions, d idrachmae a nd d rach mae . Af i gure o f ah orseman w ith a c h lamys f l ut ter ing f rom t he q u ick move men t , h o ld ing i n h is r igh t h and a s pear h e i s a bou t t o t hrow , a pp ears o n t he o bverse . T he s pec i men k ep t i n t he C abine t d e Meda i l les b ears t he f o l low ing i nscr ip t ion o n t he r everse : EEY8A APFYPION a nd t ha t o ft he Br i t ish Museu m :

E EY0A KOMMA

. T he we igh t o ft he f i rst s pec i men i s 8 .47

g rams a nd t ha t o ft he s econd 8 .59 . " i ng 4 a nd 4 .81 g rams 6 1

O n t he o bverse o f t he d rach mae w e igh-

ah orse , g a l lop ing t o t he r igh t , i s p resen ted , a nd u nder

i ta ppears t he l e t ters E E

( P l . XXV I I , F ig . 1 a ) , wh i le o n t he r everse , t here

i s a n i nscr ip t ion Z E MA . KOMMA

( P l . XXV I I , F ig . l a ) .

C erta in d e ta i ls a ppear o n t hese c o ins wh ich g ive u s g round t o c ast s ome d oub t o n t he ir a u then t ic ity .

A bove a l l t he f or mu la wh ich a ppears i n t he i n-

s cr ip t ions o n t he c o in i s u nusua l . Z EY8A

i nstead o f E EY80Y

l ow ing i t "

o c p röp o v

T he n ame o f S eu thes a ppears i n t he f or m

a s i ts hou ld b e i n t he g en it ive .

T he words f o l-

"a nd " x 6µµo c "w i th t he r espect ive mean ing " s i lver"

a nd " t he s igne t s ea l" g ive

t he t ex t t he f o l low ing mean ing :

S eu thes" a nd " the s ea l o r d ie o f S euthes" .

' the s i lver o f

Tha t t ype o f i nscr ip t ion d oes n o t

a ppear o n a ny o ther a nc ien t c on te mporary c o inage o f S eu thes I .

S ome s cho l-

a rs s ee a c onnect ion b e tween t hese i nscr ip t ions a nd t he i nscr ip t ion =

YOE

X _ A .PAKTHP w h ich i s f ound o n t he r everse o f i m ita t ions o f T has ian t e tradrach ma i n c i rcu la t ion among t he T hrac ians . T h is a na logy h owever c an h ard ly b e a cc ep ted .

Above a l l t he t e tradrach mae w i th t he i nscr ip t ion " KOTI-O E

XAPAKTHP "were s truck t hree c entur ies a f ter t hose o f S eu thes I .

A lso , t he

a pparen t ly u nusua l i nscr ip t ion h as a c oncre te a nd l og ica l mean ing - i td et erm ines t he r a t io o ft he t e tradrachmae o f K o tys t o t he T has ian t e tradrachmae ,

1 3

whose t ypes a nd we igh ts t hey e n t ire ly r eproduce .

The o n ly d if ference h owever ,

i s t ha t t hey were s truck i n t he n a me o f K o tys " w i th t he s ea l o f K o tys" . T he i nscr ip t ions o ft he c o ins a t tr ibu ted t o S eu thes I d o n o t h ave t ha t meani ng .

H istor ica l s ources r evea l t ha t S eu thes I d id n o t e ven h ave s uff ic ien t

g o ld a nd s i lver t o p ay t he mercenar ies o f Xenophon t he p aymen t d ue .

I ns tead

o ft he s um h e h ad p ro m ised , h e o n ly g ave t hem o ne t a len t , 6 00 o xen, 4 ,000 s heep a nd 1 20 s laves .

6 3

Moreover i n t he t err itory where S euthes I r e igned , s i tua ted i n t he s ou the astern p ar t o f Thrace , a round t he P ropon t is , t here were n o r ich d epos its o f s i lver , wh ich c ou ld

e xp la in t he a ppearance o ft he u nusua l i nscr ip t ion " t he

s i lver o f S euthes" . On ly t wo s pec i mens o ft he d idrach mae o f S eu thes I hn q uest ion a re k nown , wha t i s more t hey were s truck b y t wo p a irs o f d ies .

Th is l im i ted n u mber

h ard ly g ives u s g round t o c ons ider t he i nscr ip t ion o f t he c o ins a s a n a nnouncemen t o f t he b eg inn ing o ft he s tr ik ing o f s i lver c o inage b y S euthes I . S econd ly , ac arefu l s tudy o ft he i nscr ip t ions a lso d raws a t ten t ion t o a no ther p ecu l iar i ty - t he d i f feren t u neven d e l inea t ion o f t he s ame l et ters - a m istake wh ich a n a nc ien t e ngraver c ou ld h ard ly make .

T hus i n t he n ame S eu thes t he

l e t ter Y i s d e l in ia ted i n t wo d i f feren t ways V a nd Y ( P l . XXV I I , F ig . l a a nd P l . V , F ig . 2 6) . T he f act t ha t o n t he o bverse o f sma l ler d enom ina t ions ( drachmae ) t he i n it ia ls o ft he n ame o f S eu thes E E( 1 1-) a ppear u nder t he h ooves o ft he h orse 64 c anno tb e o ver looked . T hus i n t he c ase o f t hese t wo s pec i mens t he n ame o f t he r u ler a ppears s i mu ltaneous ly b o th o n t he o bverse a nd t he r everse . I ti s d if f icu lt t o f i nd a n e xp lana t ion o ft h is d ua l r ender ing o f t he n a me o f t he r u ler wh ich i s v ery r are i n a nc ien t c o ins .6 5 We s hou ld a lso l i ke t o d raw a t ten t ion t o a n i n terest ing f act , t ha t t he s ame d ua l r ender ing i s f ound o n s ome s i lver c o ins o f Medokos .

H owever , s o me d oubt e x is ts a s t o t he ir a u thent ic ity .

6 6

And f i na l ly , t he c o ins c lass if ied a s d idrachmae we igh ing 8 .47 g rams a nd 8 .59 g rams a nd d rach mae w e igh ing 4 .91 g rams a nd 5 .00 g ra ms b e long n e i ther t o t he Pers ian n or t he Ch ian mone tary s tandard , o n wh ich mos t ma jor t rade c en tres s i tua ted n o t f ar f rom t he k ingdo m o f S eu thes I , s uch a s Byzant ium , Aenus, T hrac ian C herssonese a nd Maronaea s truck t he ir c o inage t owards t he e nd o ft he f if th c en tury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he f our th c entury . U n t i l t he d iscovery o f s pec i mens f ound d ur ing r e l iab le a rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ions , t he a u then t ic ity o f t he c o ins o f S euthes I w i l l b e s ub ject t o d oubt , d ue t o t he a bove men t ioned a rgu men ts . S i lver c o ins o f sma l l d eno m ina t ions a t tr ibu ted t o Medokos - d iobo ls w e ighi ng 1 .09 , 1 .14 a nd 1 .13 g rams a nd t r ihem iobo ls we igh ing 0 .85 g ra ms 6 7 a re k nown - t wo i n t he Ber l in N um is ma t ic C ab ine t a nd t wo i n t he N um is ma t ic C o ll ec t ion o ft he Archaeo log ica l Museu m a t t he B u lgar ian A cademy o f S c iences . A ma le h ead w ith a p o inted b eard , w h ich i s , a ccord ing t o s o me a u thors , t he h ead o f D ionysus 6 8 i s p resen ted o n t he ir o verse .

H owever a s n o s pec if ic

c haracter ist ics a re p resen t , i ti s n o t c lear w ha t t he g rounds f or s uch a n a tt r ibut ion a re . T he p ortra i t o n t he o bverse o ft he t wo c o ins f rom B er l in ,

1 4

s truck w ith t he s a me d ie , i s s urrounded b y ac onvex r ing , a s we l l a s a n i ns cr ip t ion

MHTOKO

i n e xceed ing ly sma l l l e t ter ing .

Ad oub le a xe a ppears o n t he r everse , a round i tr uns t he s ame i nscr ip t ion MH(T)0K0

. An i den t ica l i nscr ip t ion a lso a ppears o n t he t wo s pec i mens

i n t he S of ia C o l lect ion .

The h and le o ft he a xe i s a lso p ar t o f t he l e t ter T .

T he f our c o ins a t tr ibu ted t o Medokos h ave b een s truck b y t hree d if feren t d ies f or t he o bverse a nd f our f or t he r everse . We mus t a lso n o te t ha t t he p or tra its o f ab earded ma le h ead r epresen ted o n t he o bverses ( w ith t he e xcep t ion o ft he s pec i mens f ro m Ber l in , wh ich were s truck w i th t he s a me d ies f or t he o bverse ) , v ary b o th i n i conography a nd s ty le . T he f i rst p or tra it i s af i gure o f am idd lea ged man ( d ie I- B er l in ) w i th a l ong n ose a nd sma l l b eard . ( Sof ia , i nv . N o . 6 601) t he b eard a lso c overs t he c heeks ;

W ith t he s econd

t he n ose i s s tra igh t

a nd s harp i n t he l ower p ar ts , t he e yes a re w ide o pen w ith p ro trud ing p up i ls . T he h a ir i s s l igh t ly c ur ly - t he c ur ls a re d ep icted w i th s evera l g enera l s trokes ( P l . V , F ig . 2 4 ) . And f i na l ly , t he p or tra i t o f a ma ture f i gure w ith a d rawnout f orehead , a qu i l ine n ose a nd l ong p o in ted b eard ( P l . V , F ig . 2 5 ) a lso a ppears o n ac o in i n t he n um is ma t ic Co l lec t ion o ft he Archaeo log ica l Museu m a t t he B u lgar ian Academy o f S c iences ( i nv . No . 4 951) . T hese t hree d if feren t p ortra its s erve t o s how t ha t t he c o in d ies a re t he work e i ther o f s epara te d ie-engravers , wh ich i s h ard ly p robab le i n t he c ase o f s o f ew s pec i mens r each ing u s, o r o f c on temporary f orgers who d e l ibera te ly a i med a t a rr iv ing a t d i f feren t s ty l ist ic a nd i conograph ic n uances i n t he r eprod uc t ion o f t he s a me t ypes . Wha t i s more , s ome o ft he s ty l ist ic f ea tures s upp or t t he s econd h ypo thes is . T hus , t he p resen ta t ion o ft he w ide o pen e ye w ith ap ro trud ing p up i l , s urrounded b y a n e ye l id , o n o ne o ft he p ortra i ts, i s c hara cter ist ic o ft he c o inage o ft he H e l len ist ic a ge .

6 9

Moreover t he p resen ta t ion

o ft he s hor t h a ir c on trad icts a l l a nc ien t s ources wh ich e xp l ic it ly p o in t o u t t ha t t he T hrac ians wore l ong b eards a nd h ad l ong h a ir c over ing t he b ack o f t he h ead .

7 0

The p or tra i t o f S euthes I I i s d ep icted w ith s uch h a ir , f or h e f a i led

t o f o l low t he c usto m o f s hav ing t he b eard a nd t he moustache a nd wear ing s hor t h a ir , s e t u p b y A lexander 1 1 .

7 1

B es ides t hese s ty l is t ic p ecu l iar i t ies i n t he i nscr ip t ions o f t he c o ins o ne c an n o t ice a d i f feren t manner o fp resen t ing t he s ame l e t ter .

T hus, i n o ne

i nscr ip t ion ( P l . V , F ig . 2 4 ) t he s ize o ft he om icron i s t he s ame a s t ha t o f t he r ema in ing l e t ters, w h i le i n t he o ther i nscr ip t ion ( P l . V , F ig . 2 5) i ti s much sma l ler t han t he n e ighbour ing l e t ters - a n e p igraph ic c haracter ist ic o f a l a ter p er iod . T he f a ir ly r ough a nd c rude e xecu t ion o f t he c o ins - a n u neven f l an , i l l eg ib le i nscr ip t ions e tc . c asts d oubts o ver t he h ypo thes is t ha t t hey were s truck i n t he min t o f Maronaea , whose w orkers a nd e ngravers were h igh ly s k i l led . I n s ty le a nd workmansh ip t he c o ins a t tr ibu ted t o Medokos d i f fer f rom t hose o f S ara tokos , aT hrac ian r u ler k nown o n ly f rom h is c o inage .

T he ir e xqu is ite

s ty le i nd ica tes t ha t t hey b e long t o t he a ge o f f i ne s tr ik ing o f c o ins , t he f i rst q uar ter o ft he f our th c en tury B .C . 7 2 T he t ypes o f t hese c o ins, ab unch o f g rapes ( P l . V , F igs . 2 8-30) o r av ine w ith ab unck o f g rapes h ang ing f rom i t , l i nk t he c o inage o f S ara tokos w ith t ha t o f T hasos a nd Maronaea . Th is c losen ess o f t he c o in t ypes makes i tp oss ib le t o e stab l ish i n g enera l l i nes t he

1 5

t err itor ies o f S ara tokos, w h ich o ccup ied t he S ou th-wes tern p ar t o f T hrace b e tween A bdera a nd Maronaea , a nd r eached a s f ar a s t he i s land o fT hasos . The s i lver c o ins o f S ara tokos - sma l l d enom ina t ions -t r ihem iobo ls w i th a n a verage we ight o f 0 .95 g rams a nd d iobo ls o f 1 .20 g ra ms , were s truck , a s was t he c ase o ft he c o inage o f Thasos, Maronaea , Abdera , Aenus , B yzant ium e tc ., a ccord ing t o t he Ch ian s tandard , t he c loseness o f w h ich t o t he e astern c o in s tandards f ac i l ita ted t rade c onnect ions b e tween t he G reek c o lon ies s i tuat ed a long t he Thrac ian c oastl ine a nd t he G rea t E as tern Monarchy .

T rade

c on tac ts w ith t he E ast h ad t he ir impact o n t he m in t ing o f c o ins b y t he Thrac ian r u lers o ft he f i rst h a lf o ft he f our th c entury B .C . who o ccas iona l ly i ssued s er ies o f s i lver c o ins a ccord ing t o t he C h ian s tandard . The n ame o f S ara tokos i s a lso c onnected w ith o ne r are b ronze c o in o f a v ery sma l l d eno m ina t ion .

The t ype , ab earded s a tyr a nd ab unch o fg rapes

( P l . V I , F ig . 3 1) , a l lows u s t o a t tr ibute i tt o t he c o inage o f S ara tokos, a s a n i nscr ip t ion i s l ack ing . I ti s p oss ib le t ha t t h is d a ta o n S ara tokos , s pr ing ing s o le ly f rom h is c o ina ge , w i l l b e b acked a nd c o mp le men ted b y o ther h istor ica l s ources a s was t he c ase , s o me t ime a go , w ith H ebryze lm is , t he s uccessor o f S euthes I . i nforma t ion wh ich h is b ronze c o ins p rov ide

T he

was s upp le men ted a nd b acked b y

a n i nscr ip t ion f ound o n t he a cropo l is o fA thens a t t he t urn o ft he c entury .

I t

i s d a ted 3 86-385 B .C . a nd i s ad ecree b estow ing h onours o n Hebryze lm is 7 3 t he k ing o ft he Odrysae ß o cc U XEl % T a 3V O b r ova c T )v . H is r e ign p robab ly l asted o n ly s evera l y ears b e tween 3 89-384 B .C . a nd h ad a roused c ons idera b le i n terest among s cho lars , who h ave a t temp ted t o p rov ide v ar ious t heor ies o n h is r e la t ionsh ip w i th S eu thes I a nd t he Odrysaean r oya l h ouse .

7 4

The b ronze c o ins s truck b y h im a re o f s evera l t ypes , wh ich d i f fer c h ief ly t hrough t he v ar ious t ypes a ppear ing o n t he ir o bverse ( head o f Apo l lo , Cybe le w ith a t urre ted c rown , Z eus) . On t he ir r everse ( w ith t he e xcep t ion o f o n ly o ne t ype o f c o in w i th t he p ro tome o f al i on) a c om mon c ypse le t ype , ac lay v ess e l w i th t wo h and les , s erv ing a s a measure f or whea t , was a " punn ing t ype" ( " types p ar lan ts" ) f or t he c o inage s truck a t Cypse la .

7 5

T he p resen t ing o f ac ypse le s hows t ha t H ebryze lm is m inted h is c o ins i n t he min t a t Cypse la wh ich was s i tua ted i n t he c onf ines o fh is t err i tory .

I n

o ther w ords, t he t err i tor ies o f H ebryze lm is r eached , t o t he wes t , t he v a l ley o ft he R iver Mar itsa ( t he H ebros) . T h is i s c onf ir med b y t he f act t ha t t he ma jor ity o f f i nds o fh is c o inage c o me f ro m t he l ower s tre tch o ft he R iver Mar i tsa , t he f i nds b e ing u near thed d ur ing work o n t he E d irne-D6deagach r a i lroad , a s we l l a s i n t he v ic in ity o f Cypse la i t se lf .

7 6

S o me c o ins o f H ebryze lm is h ave b een r es truck w ith agi monogram a nd c oun ter mark , t he h ead o f aG orgon ( P l . V I , F ig . 3 3) . T he l a t ter was, p erh aps , t he s igne t o f t he m in t i n Par ion , where t he c o ins were r es truck . D uri ng t he f i rst h a lf o f t he f our th c entury B .C . t he i mage o f aG orgon a ppears o n t he o bverse o f s i lver c o ins m in ted i n Par ion - a c i ty s i tua ted n o t f ar f rom t he t err itory o f H ebryze lm is . Af ter t he d ea th o f Hebryze lm is i n 3 84/383 B .C . t he t err i tor ies o ver w h ich h e r u led p assed t o K o tys I .

T he l a t ter r e igned f or a bou t 2 4 y ears - u p t o

1 6

3 59 B .C. when h e was k i l led b y t wo y oung c i t izens o f Aenus . v iews h ave b een e xpressed o n t he l i neage o f K o tys I .7 8

7 7

Contrad ictory

C lass ica l a u thors

p rov ide u s w i th d e ta i led i nfor ma t ion o n h im a nd i n p ar t icu lar t hey s tress h is c rue l ty , h is w i lfu l c haracter a nd h is c unn ing .7 9 Th is d a ta h owever , c lear ly c on ta ins t he s ub ject ive j udge men ts o f G reek wr iters a nd o ra tors , who f o l lowe dw i th u nease t he p o l icy o f as k i lfu l d ip loma t a nd a b le c om mander .

The

f ac tt ha t A thens p roc la imed h im a n h onorary c i t izen a nd p resen ted h im w ith ag o lden wrea th 8 ° i s e v idence o ft he p ract ica l efor ts o ft he A then ian r u lers t o w in o ver t he Thrac ian r u ler . O n t he o ther h and K o tys ma in ta ined a ct ive t i es w ith t he He l len ic c i tys ta tes , me mbers o ft he S econd A then ian L eague ,a nd p a rt ly c ontr ibu ted t o i t s b reak ing u p .

I n h is a t te mp t t o c on tro l t he Dardane l les a nd t he H e l lespont ,

whose p r i me i mpor tance f or t rade w ith t he East h e r ecogn ized , K o tys b ese iged S es tos a nd l a ter Per in thos . I nt he f ace o f t he t hrea t f ro m A thens a nd i n p ar t icu lar f ro m Macedon ia h e a t temp ted t o w in o ver a nd u n ite an u mber o f l oca l r u lers i n t he e astern p ar t o ft he Ba lkan Pen insu la , s end ing t he m s i lver p h ia la i a s as ign o f h is f r iend ly d ispos it ion . T he r ead ing o ft he i nscr ip t ions e ngraved o n t hem , i nscr ip t ions wh ich c on ta in t he n ame o f t he d onor , K o tys , i s ap art icu lar p roof o f t he f ars igh ted f ore ign p o l icy o ft h is T hrac ian r u ler .

8 1

S i lver a nd b ronze c o ins a re k nown t o h ave b een s truck b y K o tys . The s i lver c o ins a re o f sma l l d eno m ina t ions - o bo ls , h em iobo ls a nd d iobo ls , mint ed a ccord ing t o t he C h ian mone tary s tandard . On t he o bverse t here a ppears ab earded ma le h ead , a nd o n t he r everse a c o ty le . The c o ty le i s as tandard t ype f or t he r everse o f t he s i lver a nd b ronze c o ins o f K o tys I .

On t he c o ins

t he n ame Ko tys i s g iven i n t he g enit ive KOTYOE o r KOTY . S ome t i mes, h owever , i nstead o f t he s hor t f or m KOTY t here a ppears t he f or m KOTO wh ich p robab ly i s t he I on ic f or m o f t he g en it ive . Among t he t ypes c arr ied o n t he o bverse o f t he b ronze c o ins , t ha t o f a h orse man w i th a c h lamys w ith e nds f l ut ter ing f rom t he q u ick movemen t o f t he h orse man i s o fp ar t icu lar i n terest . H is r igh t h and i s l if ted a bove t he h ead o ft he h orse . T he t ype o f ah orseman i s f ound o n t he c o ins o f S ro ios a nd t hose o f S kostokos , whose n ames a re o n ly k nown t hrough t he ir c o inage . T he c haracter ist ic i mage o f ah orse man o n t he c o inage o f t hese t wo u nknown T hrac ian r u lers , wh ich i s c lose ly l i nked w ith t he t ype p resen t o n t he c o inage o f K o tys I , makes i tp oss ib le t o s uppose w ith s ome d egree o f p robab i l ity t he e x is tence o f l i nks b e tween t hese t wo r u lers a nd t he h e ir o f K o tys I , K ersob lep tes , a nd c ons ider t he ir t err i tor ies t o h ave b een i n s ou th-east T hrace , t he s ame r eg ion a s t he t err i tor ies o f K o tys I . T he p or tra te o f ab eard less d iademed ma le f ace o n ab ronze c o in i s a lso o f i n terest .

T he p resence o ft he d iade m , o ne o f t he r ega l i ns ign ia , p o in ts

t o t he p or tra i t o f K o tys h i mse lf . A l though n o i nd iv idua l f ea tures c an b e d ist i ngu ished , wh ich i s q u ite n a tura l i n t he a ge o f K o tys , when t he a r t o f e ngrav ing p or tra its o n c o ins was h ard ly a t i t s i ncep t ion , t he a t temp t o f K o tys It o p lace h is p or tra it i nstead o ft he t ype o f s ome d e ity i s a n i n teres t ing e lemen t i n t he h istory o f T hrac ian n um is ma t ics .

1 7

On t he o bverse o f ac o in , s o f ar n o t y e t p ub l ished , t here a ppears t he p ro tome o f ah orse w i th h arness, mov ing t o t he l ef t ( P l . V I I , F ig . 3 7 ) .

T h is

f igure r ese mb les t he t ypes o f t he c o inage s truck b y Maronaea , w here a g a ll op ing h orse o r t he p ro to me o f ah orse a re q u i te f requen t .

The i mage o f a

h orse i s a lso f ound o n t he c o ins o f Amadokos, m in ted i n t he min t a t Maronaea . B ut t he s im i lar ity b e tween t he c o inage o f K o tys a nd t ha t o f Amadokos i s n o t l im ited t o t he r eproduct ion o ft he s a me t ypes . T he c o in o f Ko tys i n q uest ion , j ust l i ke t hose where t he o bverse r epresen ts a g a l lop ing h orse man , d if fers f rom t he r est o ft he c o inage o ft ha t r u ler i n t he t h ickness o ft he f l an ( 4 m m) . I n t h is c haracter ist ic - t he u nusua l t h ickness o ft he f l an - i tr esemb les t he c o inage o f Ama tokos I a nd T eres I s truck i n t he m in t o f Maronaea . The p lac ing o f ac ypse le ( cup w ith t wo h and les) o n t he r everse o ft he c o in o f K o tys - a r egu lar s igne t o ft he Cypse la min t -r efutes t he s upposit ion t ha t t h is c o in o f K o tys c ou ld h ave b een s truck i n t he m in t o f Maronaea .

Ra ther

we s hou ld a ccep t t he v iew t ha t t he s im i lar ity o f t he t ypes a nd t he f abr ic o ft he c o ins o f K o tys a nd s o me o ft he c o ins o f Ama tokos ( i nc lud ing t hose b ear ing t he n ame Medokos) a re a n i nd ica t ion o f c on te mporary c o ins , af act w h ich e xp la ins t he a dop t ion o ft he t ypes p resen ted o n t he m . I ti s u sua l ly a ccep ted , t ha t Ama tokos I , w ho was t he s on o f Ama tokos I ,8 2 b eca me k ing o n ly af ter t he d ea th o f K o tys Ii n 3 59 B .C .

T he n ames o f t hree

T hrac ian r u lers a ppear i n at rea ty , c onc luded u nder t he a eg is o f A thens Ber isades , Ama tokos a nd K erso lep tes .

T h is g ave g rounds t o t he t hes is t ha t

t he u n ited T hrac ian s ta te o f K o tys Ia f ter h is d ea th was d iv ided i n to t hree p ar ts u nder t he t hree a bove ment ioned r u lers .

8 3

H ence t he r e ign o f Ama tokos I

s hou ld f a l l i n t he p er iod b e tween 3 59-350 B .C .

8 4

I n o ther words , a s ar u ler Ama tokos I was n o t ac on te mporary o f K o tys I ; a s i s e v iden t f rom t he v iews we q uo ted ‚ h e b ecame a r u ler f o l low ing t he a ssass ina t ion o f t he l a t ter i n 3 59 B .C . ,a nd r e igned o n ly o ver p ar t o fh is t err i tor ies . T h is i nd ica tes t ha t t he c o ins o f Ama tokos I w ere ' s truck a f ter t hose o f K o tys I , wh ich c on trad icts t he s im i lar ity i n t he t ypes a nd d es ign wh ich w e p o in ted o u t . On t he o ther h and t he p os i t ion o f Ama tokos I i n t he Odrysaean k ingdom o ver a p er iod o f a l most 3 2 y ears - f ro m t he d ea th o f h is f a ther Medokos , w hose n ame i s men t ioned f or t he l ast t ime i n h is tor ica l s ources i n 3 91 B .C . , u p t o 3 59 B .C . when Ama tokos I r ece ived p ar t o f t he Odrysaean k ingdom , r ema ins u nknown . T h is c ons iderab le p er iod , w h ich wou ld b e e xpected t o t ake u p t he g rea ter p ar t o ft he l i fe o f Ama tokos I , c o inc ides w i th t he r e ign o f H ebryze lm is a nd K o tys I . A no ther f ac t t ha t a t tracts a t ten t ion i s t he c ons iderab le n u mber o f c o ins o f Ama tokos I f wh ich h ave r eached u s ; s o s hor t ap er iod .

t hey c ou ld h ard ly h ave b een s truck o ver

We must b ear i n m ind t he v ar ie ty o f t ypes a ppear ing o n

t he c o inage o f Ama tokos I , wh ich g ives s ome a u thors g rounds t o s uspec t t ha t t hey were m in ted b y t wo d i f feren t r u lers Ama tokos Ia nd Ama tokos I .

T he

s ame r esearchers , j udg ing f ro m l i ngu is t ic a nd o ther c ons idera t ions, f a i l t o i den t ify Medokos a nd Ama tokos I , a nd at h ird r u ler a ppears i n t he h istory o f T hrace t owards t he e nd o f t he f i f th c entury u p t o t he m idd le o f t he f our th c ent ury B .C. ,who f or ms t he l i neage Medokos -Ama tokos I- Ama tokos 1 .

1 8

8 6

B ronze c o ins w ith a h orse g a l lop ing t o t he r igh t a nd a d oub le-axe a round wh ich r uns a n i nscr ip t ion

I V E ITO/K/O

a re a t tr ibu ted t o Medokos .

T he

8 7

s ame t ype ( on ly t he h orse i s p resen ted g a l lop ing t o t he l ef t ) i s h owever , f ound o n ac o in w ith t he i nscr ip t ion : AM-/OKO ( P l . I X , F ig . 5 1) .ä s I n b o th c ases t h is manner o fp resen ta t ion o ft he n a me o ft he r u ler o n c o ins w i th i dent ica l t ypes s uppor ts t he v iews o ft hose who c ons ider Medokos a nd Ama tokos Ia s b e ing i den t ica l , t he n a me o ft he r u ler a ppear ing i n t he f or m Medokos Mf iboxog , = M fr uoxog A p ,o cbö l to s cr ip t ion

MHTOKO

Ama tokos .

S hou ld t he c o in w i th t he i n-

b e a ccep ted a s ac o in s truck b y Medokos a nd t ha t w ith

t he i nscr ip t ion Ama tokos a s b e long ing t o h is s on , we wou ld c o me t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t t he min t ing o ft hese c o ins w ith i den t ica l t ypes o ccurred o ver a s hor t p er iod o ft ime , c o inc id ing w ith t he l ast y ears o ft he r e ign o f Medokos a nd t he b eg inn ing o ft he r e ign o fh is s on Ama tokos .

T he b ronze c o ins o f

K o tys I , w ith t he ir t h ick f l ans a nd t he p resen ta t ion o ft he p ro to me o f ah orse , r esemb l ing t he c o ins w i th t he i nscr ip t ion

MHTOKO

a nd

AMATOKO

,must

h ave b een s truck a round t he ' 80s o ft he f our th c entury B .C . T he b ronze c o inage o f Ama tokos I f a l ls i n to t wo p r inc ipa l g roups .

T he

f i rs t i s t ha t w ith t he n ame o f t he r u ler a round a d oub le-axe a nd ab unch o f g rapes - a c haracter ist ic t ype o ft he c o ins o f Maronaea ( P l . a, F igs . 4 75 0) . T he s econd g roup o f c o ins i nc ludes t hose whose o bverse s hows a d oub lea xe s urrounded b y a n i nscr ip t ion c on ta in ing t he n ame o f Ama tokos ( P l . I X , F ig . 4 4 ) .

On t he r everse , a round t he i mage o f av ine , a ppear s evera l n ames

o f mag istra tes o f t he m in t , p receded b y t he p repos i t ion

EPI

-a s i s t he

c ase w i th t he c o ins o f Manaea a nd A bdera . I nf act a l most i den t ica l t ypes a ppear o n b o th g roups -t he d oub le-axe ( b ipenn is) a nd ab unch o f g rapes w i th t he f i rst , a nd t he d oub le-axe ( b ipenn is) a nd b unches o f g rapes w i th t he s econd .

T he d i f ference b e tween t he m i s n o t i n

t he i n terpre ta t ion o ft he t ypes p resen ted ( t he b unch o f g rapes a nd v ine l aden w ith g rapes a re a c harac ter ist ic t ype o f t he c o ins o f Maronaea ) , b u t r a ther i n s ome p ecu lar it ies i n t he s ty le wh ich c ou ld h ard ly b e i n terpre ted a s ar e l iab le i nd ica t ion a s f ar a s t he c hrono log ica l o rder o f m in t ing i s c oncerned .

T he

b as ic d i f ference b e tween t he m i s r a ther i n t he p resen ta t ion o f t he n a mes o f t he mag istra tes o ft he m in t o n t he r everse o f t he c o ins o f t he s econd g roup . C o ins w i thou t t he n ames o ft he mag istra te o f t he m in t9 0 a ppear w i th t he i ssue o f Teres I , t he s uccessor o f Ama tokos I , wh ich a re c ons iderab ly r arer .

Th is , h owever , d oes n o t make u s c o me t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t a no ther

T eres e x isted , t o whom o ne o ft he t ypes c ou ld b e a t tr ibu ted .

B o th g roups o f

c o ins w ith t he n ame o f Ama tokos r ef lect t wo s uccess ive p er iods i n t he c o inage o f Ama tokos I , d if f icu l t t o f i t i n t he n ine y ears wh ich s cho lars a t tr ibu te t o h is r e ign .

Apparen t ly Ama tokos I 's r e ign was much l onger .

I n t ha t c ase

h is r e ign mus t h ave c overed , i fn o t t he e n t ire 3 2 y ears b e tween 3 91 B . C . a nd 3 59 B . C. ,a t l east a c ons iderab le l eng th o f t ha t p er iod . I n c onc lus ion i ta ppears t ha t Ama tokos I - t he d irect d escendan t o f Medokos ( Ama tokos I )r u led o ver t he s ame p ar t o f t he Odrysaean k ingdom wh ich h is f a ther h ad r u led o ver , a nd p resumab ly i m med ia te ly f o l low ing h is d ea th .

I n o ther words , Ama tokos I was a c ontemporary o f K o tys I .

1 9

T he n ame o f a no ther T hrac ian r u ler , t ha t o f Ber isades , a ppears i n t he s ame t rea ty , where t he n ame o f Ama tokos his men t ioned a longs ide t ha t o f t he s uccessor o f K o tys I , K ersob lep tes .

The t rea ty i s d a ted 3 57 B .C .

I ti s

p ar t o f a n i nscr ip t ion c u t o n as tone f ound i n A thens i n 1 886 9 1 a nd s e tt les t he r e la t ionsh ip b e tween t he T hrac ian d ynas ts Ber isades , Ama tokos a nd K ersob lep tes o n t he o ne h and , a nd A thens o n t he o ther , i n c onnec t ion w ith t he p aymen t o f t he a nnua l t r ibu te f ro m t he G reek c o lon ies a long t he T hrac ian c oas t .9 2 Wh i le Ber isades d id n o t m int c o inage , h is s on K e tr ipor is , whose n ame a ppears i n at rea ty o f 3 56 B .C . d irected a ga inst Ph i l ip I ( an a l l iance c onc luded u nder t he a eg is o fA thens w ith t he Paeon ian r u ler L ycce ius a nd t he I l lyr ian r u ler G rab

9 3

) , d id m in t b ronze c o ins .

T he t ypes p resented o n t hose c o ins - a b earded h ead o f D ionysus w ith a n i vy wrea th ( P l . X , F igs . 5 2-53 ) a nd h is a t tr ibu tes , t he t hyrsos a nd t he k ant haros , h ave b een b orrowed , a s i n t he c ase o ft he d es igns o n t he c o ins o f S ara tokos , f ro m T has ian t ypes . We h ave a lready men t ioned t ha t t he r e ign o f S ara tokos f a l ls t owards t he v ery b eg inn ing o ft he f our th c entury B .C . He r u led o ver t he p ar t o f Thrace b e tween A bdera a nd Maronaea - t he n e ighbours o f t he i s land o f T hasos -t he s a me t err i tory wh ich was l a ter u nder t he r u le o f Ber isades a nd K e tr ipor is . T herefore t here i s e v idence o f t he e x istence i n t he s ou th-western p ar t o f T hrace o f ad ynasty , d ur ing t he f our th c entury B .C . ,r epresen ted b y t he t hree a bove men t ioned r u lers - S ara tokos , Ber isades , a nd K e tr ipor is . I ti s c lear , t ha t Ber isades was a lso a c on te mporary o f Ama tokos I a nd Ko tys I ; h is s on K ersob lep tes was a d irec t h e ir o f K o tys I .

H is n ame i s k nown t o u s n o t o n ly

f rom i nscr ip t ions a nd h istor ica l s ources , b u t a lso f ro m h is c o inage .

H is t er-

r i tor ies i nc luded t he l ower r eaches o f t he H ebros ( t he R iver Mar i tsa , u p t o Byzan t iu m ) . Accord ing t o t he t rea ty o f 3 57 B .C . b e tween A thens a nd T hrac ian r u lers ,Kersob lep tes u nder took t o c ede t o A thens t he e n t ire Thrac ian Chersonese w i th t he e xcep t ion o f Card ia .

9 4

K ersob lep tes a t temp ted t o p lay a n a c t ive p ar t

i n t he r e la t ionsh ip b o th b e tween A thens a nd t he r ema in ing Thrac ian r u lers a s we l l .

H e ma inta ined a w e l l o rgan ized a r my o f mercenar ies , l ed b y C har idemes

-o ne o f t he b est c o m manders o fh is t ime .

T he c omp lex p o l it ica l s i tua t ion

a r is ing f ro m t heoverhang ing t hrea t o f a Macedon ian i nvas ion , p u t a n e nd t o K ersob lep tes ' amb i t ious p lans . Regard less o f t he t rea ty c onc luded w ith A thens i n 3 46 B . C. ,a f ter a s hor t s iege o fh is s trongho lds , K ersob lep tes was f orced t o s ub m it t o P h i l ip I a nd s end o ne o f h is s ons a s ah ostage t o t he Macedon ian c ap ita l . 95 A s av assa l o f t he Macedon ian k ing h e r e ma ined t he r u ler o fh is t err i tory f or s o me t ime .

9 6

T h is p os it ion h owever , was o n ly t e mporary , a nd i n 3 42 B .C . P h i l ip I l ed a n ew c ampa ign i n to T hrace - t he f our th s uccess ive o ne d irected n o t o n ly a ga inst K ersob lep tes , b u t T eres I a s w e l l .

T he c a mpa ign e nded i n 3 41 B .C .

w ith t he d efea t o ft he T hrac ians , K ersob lep tes a nd T eres I b e ing d e throned .

9 7

T he r everse o f t he c o ins s truck b y K ersob lep tes b ear a c ypse le , a s i s t he c ase w i th t hose o f H ebryze lm is a nd K o tys I , w h ich i s ac haracter ist ic f ea ture o f t he c o inage o ft hese Odrysaean r u lers .

2 0

T he p resen ta t ion o f ac ypse le o n t he r everse o fb ronze c o ins o f sma l l d en om ina t ions, a round wh ich a ppears t he l e t ter e ( P l . V I I I , F ig . 6 5 ) o r t he monogra m

/ 0 i . A . Q

( P l . V I I I , F ig . 6 6) r evea ls t he e x is tence o f s t i l l a n-

o ther u nknown T hrac ian r u ler who d oes n o t a ppear i n h istor ica l s ources a nd who s truck c o ins o ft he s a me t ype i n t he s a me mint a t Cypse la .

Apparen t ly

i n t h is c ase we h ave a f our th r u ler , who s truck c o ins w ith t he s igne t o f Cypse la , a s d id h is p redecessors Hebryze lm is, Ko tys Ia nd K ersob lep tes . I t I s h ard t o e stab l ish t he n a me o ft h is d ynas t , Ph i le tas o r Ph i lemon o r o therw ise .

These n a mes a re n o t T hrac ian .

Ph i lemon was t he n a me o ft he f a ther

o f Amyn iades , a n A then ian e nvoy t o t he c our t o f S i ta lces .

9 8

Ph i lo tas was a

Macedon ian c o m mander , c ondemned t o d ea th b y t he s o ld iers o fA lexander t he G rea t , 99 wh i le Ph i lo me lus was a c o m mander f rom Phoc is, a c on temporary o f K ersob lep tes , who i n 3 55 B .C . c aptured t he s hr ine i n De lph i . s ence o f s uch r are n a mes i n Thrace i s n o e xcep t ion .

1 00

The p re-

They a ppear w ith t he

n ames o ft he s ons o f o ther c on te mporary T hrac ian r u lers - K e tr ipor is a nd Monun ius, t he s ons o f B er isades . 1" Co ins o f t h is t ype wh ich , j udg ing f ro m t he s ty le , b e long t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he f our th c en tury B .C . ,1 02 h ave b een f ound i n t he v ic in ity o f E d irne ,

1 03

p robab ly t he t err itor ies o ft he u nknown

r u ler P h i le tas o r Ph i lemon . T he o rder o f r u lers who s truck c o ins w ith t he i mage o f ac ypse le s hou ld b e p u t a s f o l lows c hrono log ica l ly : 1 .

Hebryze lm is ( s . 3 89-384 ) - where i ta ppears f or t he f i rst t ime .

2 .

Ko tys I( 384-359) .

3 . 4 .

Kersob lep tes ( 359-341) . Ph i l( e tas)? - f ro m 3 41 o nward .

A pparen t ly " Ph i le tas" ( ?) was o ne o f t he s uccessors o f K ersob lep tes , whose r e ign was s hor t , j udg ing f ro m t he sma l l n u mber o f c o ins wh ich h ave r eached u s . Wh i le h istor ica l s ources d o n o t men t ion a ny th ing a bou t " Ph i le tas" , t hey d o c on ta in s o me i nfor ma t ion o n a no ther r u ler , Teres I , w ithou t p o in t ing o u t a ny r e la t ionsh ip b e tween h im a nd a ny o fh is c onte mporary d ynasts i n T hrace . Or igi na l ly a n a l ly o f Ph i l ip I a ga inst K ersob lep tes a nd l a ter a n a l ly o ft he l a t ter a ga inst Ph i l ip 1 ,

1"

h e was d e throned s i mu l taneous ly w ith K ersob lep tes a s t he

d irect o utcome o f t he s uccessfu l c ampa ign o f Ph i l ip I i n Macedon ia i n 3 423 41 .1 05 D raw ing c onc lus ions b ased o n t hese f ac ts s cho lars s ee i n h im as ucc essor o f Ama tokos I - p robab ly h e was h is so n . 1 06 T h is s uppos it ion i s c onf ir med b y t he c o inage o f T eres I , wh ich b ears t he s ame t ypes a s t hose a ppear ing o n t he c o inage o f Ama tokos I - t he d oub le-axe a nd t he v ine w ith a b unch o f g rapes , a ccompan ied i n most c ases b y t he n a mes o ft he mag istra tes o ft he min t , p receded b y t he p repos it ion EPI . T hus i f we e xam ine t he t ypes d ep icted o n t he c o ins o f t he T hrac ian r u lers w e may c ome t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t t he v ar ious d ynasts who r e igned o ver t he s ou thern r eg ions o f T hrace i n t he c ourse o f t he f our th c en tury B .C . ,h ad t he ir own m in ts w i th t he ir own t rad it ions a nd e stab l ished s igne ts wh ich c ou ld b e c ons idered a s t he s ymbo ls o ft he c i t ies where t he c o ins w ere s truck .

T he

a ppearance o f t hese s ymbo ls o n t he c o inage o f t he T hrac ian r u lers t hus t ransf orms t he m i n to t he s ymbo ls o ft he d ynasts t hemse lves .

T hus s uccess ive

r u lers o f o ne d ynasty r epresen ted b y Hebryze lm is a nd i nc lud ing K o tys I ,

2 1

K ersob lep tes a nd P h i le mon ( ?) ( Ph i le tas ? ) s truck c o ins i n t he f ur thermost s ou th-eastern r eg ion o f T hrace a long t he l ower r eaches o ft he Hebros ( t he R iver Mar itsa ) a nd Byzant iu m . Ano ther d ynas ty wh ich r e igned o ver t he t err i tory i n t he e astern p ar t o f Rhodopes b e tween Maronaea a nd t he T hrac ian C hersonese i s r epresented b y t he r u lers Medokos ( Ama tokos I ) , Ama tokos I , T eres I . T he t err i tory o f at h ird d ynasty r epresented b y S ara tokos Ber isades - K e tr ipor is was s i tua ted west o f Maronaea , t o t he Macedon ian b order , t he R iver Mesta , t he S trymon a nd t he A egean . T h is was t he o n ly o ne o ft he t hree d ynast ies wh ich r e ta ined i t s mone tary t rad it ions d ur ing t he p er iod o f Macedon ian r u le i n t h is p ar t o f S outh-eastern T hrace . Ano ther u nknown r u ler , S ro ios , h a lf o f t he f our th c entury B .C.

1 07

s truck b ronze c o ins d ur ing t he s econd

Ab eard less ma le h ead w i th s hor t h a ir i s d e-

p ic ted o n t he o bverse ( P l . V I I I , F ig . 6 7 ) , a nd a g a l lop ing h orse man , w ith a c h lamys b i l low ing o u t i n t he sw if t movemen t , w i th h is r igh t h and r a ised i n g ree t ing o ver t he h orse , a ppears o n t he r everse

( P l . V I I I , F ig . 6 7) .

T he p or tra it o ft he ma le h ead f ound o n t he o bverse o ft hese c o ins h as s pec if ic f ea tures wh ich i nd ica te t ha t wha t we h ave b efore u s i s ap or tra it o f t he r u ler h i mse lf . 1 08 T he h a ir i s s tra igh t a nd c u t s hor t , t he f orehead i s sma l l, t he n ose l ong , wh i le t he c h in i s s harp a nd s l igh t ly p ro truded .

The

c lose-shaved f ace a nd t he s hor t c u t h a ir s how t ha t S ro ios , u n like S euthes I I , h ad a dop ted t he c us to m o f s hav ing t he b eard a nd moustache , i n troduced b y A lexander 1 1 . r u ler .

1"

T he t ype o ft he h orseman may a lso

r epresen t aT hrac ian

I conograph ica l ly i ti s v ery c lose t o t he t ype p resen ted o n t he c o inage

o f K o tys I . I ti s p oss ib le t ha t S ro ios was o ne o ft he T hrac ian d ynasts who ma inta ined ac er ta in d egree o f i ndependence i n t he p er iod o f Macedon ian d om ina t ion . 1 10 T he a bsence o ft he t i t le ß ac ! AE I% wh ich a ppears o n t he c o inage o f t he D idoch i a f ter 3 06 B .C . s hows t ha t S ro ios may h ave r e igned b etween 3 36 a nd 3 06 B .C . One more T hrac ian r u ler o ft he l ast d ecades o ft he f our th c entury B .C . a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he t h ird c entury B .C . c on t inued t o s tr ike c o ins , b ear ing t ypes s im i lar t o t hose o n t he c o inage o f S ro ios .

T he r u ler we h ave i n mind

i s S eu thes I I , who r e igned i n t he p resen t-day Va l ley o f Roses a long t he u pper r eaches o ft he T onsus ( t he R iver T ound ja ) a nd w ho was a c on te mporary o f A lexander I I ( 339-329 ) a nd L ys i machus ( 3 23-281) .

I t was S euthes I I who

s en t e nvoys t o A thens i n 3 00 B .C . ,a s i s a pparen t f rom t he f ragment o f a n i nscr ip t ion ,

a nd h is n a me a lso a ppears i n c onnect ion w ith s evera l a t temp ts

11

o f t he T hrac ians t o o ver throw Macedon ian r u le . T hus , a s e ar ly a s t he r e ign o f A lexander I I , when h e was o ccup ied w ith t he c ampa ign a ga inst t he P ers ian emp ire , a n u pr is ing b roke o u t i n T hrace h eaded b y S euthes 1 1 ,

12

a t t he t ime when t he Macedon ian c o mmander Z opyr ion was

d efea ted b y t he G e tae i n 3 25 B .C . L ys i machus .

S eu thes I I c on t inued h is r es is tance u nder

H is tor ica l s ources t e l l u s t ha t h e h ad a c ons iderab le a r my a t

h is d isposa l , n u mber ing s ome 2 0 ,000 i n fan try a nd 8 ,000 h orse , A lexander 's s uccessor a ppeared i n T hrace .

when

I nt he b a t t le wh ich t ook p lace i n

3 22 B .C . b o th s ides s uf fered s ubstan t ia l l osses .

2 2

13

14

I n 3 13 B .C . Lys i machus f ound h i mse lf f aced w ith n ew d if icu l t ies .

A

r ebe l l ion o ft he B lack S ea c o lon ies was o rgan ized a nd h eaded b y Ca la t is . S eu thes I I made u se o ft h is f avourab le o ccas ion t o t ry h is s treng th w ith Lys imachus o nce a ga in .

He b egan n ego t ia t ions w i th t he G reek c i ty s ta tes

a nd p rom ised t he m mi l itary a id .1 15 However t h is a t te mp t t o o ver throw t he r u le o f L ys i machus was a lso i n v a in . L ys i machus c ap tured Odes s os , b ese iged Ca la t is a nd i n ab loody b a t t le d efea ted t he f orces o f S eu thes . 1 16 Th is was p robab ly t he l as t e p isode o ft he l ong a nd h ero ic s trugg le waged b y S eu thes I H a ga ins tt he f ore ign i nvaders . T he d a ta t ob e f ound i n h istor ica l s ources i s s uppor ted b y wha t i s t o b e d rawn f ro m t he s tudy o fh is c o ins . Our i deas o ft he p ersona l i ty o f S eu thes I I , h is t enac i ty a nd h ero is m a re f u l ly s uppor ted b y t he f ea tures o ft he p or tra i t o ft he r u ler a ppear ing o nt he o bverse o f o ne o fh is s er ies o fb ronze c o ins . ( P l . X I , F igs . 6 8-72) . T he p or tra it o f af u l ly g rown man w i th p ro m inen t c heek b ones, a qu i l ine n ose a nd w ide o pen e yes , r evea ls a s er ious a nd s trong p ersona l ity .

T he b eard a round t he f ace a nd t he l ong h a ir i nd ica te t ha t S euthes

I I f o l lowed t he a nc ien t T hrac ian c ustom o f wear ing l ong h a ir a nd g row ing a l ong b eard , n o t a dop t ing t ha t i n troduced b y A lexander 1 1 .

1 17

T he d iadem o n

h is h ead i s i n t he f or m o f al aure l wrea th . I n f or m t h is d iade m d if fers f rom a l l t he o thers k nown t o u s f ro m monu men ts o r f ro m h is tor ica l s ources . 1 18 T he t ype o n t he r everse o ft h is s er ies o fb ronze c o ins i s o f g rea ter i n terest ( Pl . X I , F igs . 6 8-72) . O nce a ga in t he t ype o f S eu thes I I a ppears h ere , a s a h orseman w i th t he c haracter ist ic l ong b eard a nd h a ir . T hus t he t ypes o n b o th s ides o ft he c o in c oncern t he p ersona l i ty o f t he r u ler h i mse lf . u n ique c ase i n a nc ien tn um is ma t ics .

T h is i s a

T h is p ar t icu lar f ea ture a nd t he l aure l

1 19

wrea th a ppear ing u nder t he h orse ( a s ymbo l o f v ictory ) g ive u s g rounds t o s uppose t ha t t he s tr ik ing o ft hese c o ins t ook p lace o n s o me s pec ia l o ccas ion : t he p roc la ma t ion o f S euthes I I a s a n i ndependen t r u ler , wh ich o ccurred o n t he d ea th o fA lexander I I i n 3 23 B .C .

I ti s p oss ib le ,however , t ha t t hese c o ins

1 20

were m inted s o me t ime e ar l ier , i n c onnect ion w ith t he f i rst a t temp t o f S eu thes I I t o o ver throw t he r u le o ft he Macedon ians i n 3 25 B .C . d o n o t t e l l u s h ow t h is u pr is ing e nded .

H is tor ica l s ources

T he d efea t o f t he Macedon ian a rmy b y

t he G e tae , t he d ea th o ft he c o m mander Z opyr ion a nd t he f ac t t ha t A lexander I I w as o ccup ied w ith t he Pers ian c ampa ign p robab ly t ipped t he s ca les i n f av our o ft he T hrac ians .

T he r epor t t ha t o n ly t wo y ears a f ter t he r evo lt i n t he

y ear 3 23 B .C . S eu thes ma inta ined a c ons iderab le a rmy s uppor ts t h is s uppos it ion a nd i nd ica tes t ha t f or s o me t ime h is h ands were n o t t i ed b y Macedon ian f orces . I n s ty le a nd workmansh ip t hese c o ins d i f fer f ro m a no ther g roup o fb ronze c o ins , i n wh ich t he o r ig ina l p or tra its o f S euthes I I h ave b een r ep laced o n t he o bverse b y t he h ead o f ab earded Z eus ( P l . X I , F igs . 7 5-88) a nd o n t he r everse w ith a c onven t iona l image o f ah orse man .

On t he ir r everse t hey o f ten h ave

a n a dd i t iona l s ign - a f i ve , s ix o r e igh t-po in t s tar .

C o ins o f t h is t ype h ave

c ome d own t o u s i n g rea ter n u mbers, a f ac t wh ich s hows t ha t t hey were m int ed o ver a l onger p er iod . T h is t ype was f requen t ly r estruck b y o ther r u lers, c on temporar ies o f S eu thes I I . S uch c o ins p rov ide u s w ith s o me i n terest ing d a ta .

Above a l l t hey s hed l igh t o n t he u nknown f a te o f S euthes I I , af ter h is

d efea tb y L ys i machus i n 3 13 B .C .

2 3

T he c o ins r estruck b y S eu thes I I b e long t o P h i l ip 1 ( 359-339) ; I I ( 339-323) ;

Cassander ( 3 16-297) a nd L ys i machus ( 323-281) .

A lexander

1 21

Wh i le t he c o ins o ft he f i rst t wo r u lers d o n o t p rov ide c oncre te i n for ma t ion , t hose o f Cassander , wh ich a re t he g rea test i n n umber , s how t ha tt h is r estr iki ng was c arr ied o u tb y S eu thes I I af ter 3 16 B .C . The most p rec ise a nd r e l iab le d a ta i s p rov ided b y c o ins o f L ys imachus o f t he s ame t ype , t he o bverse r epresen t ing t he h ead o f A thena , t he r everse a t rophy w ith t he i nscr ip t ion

BALIAEYE AYEIMAXOY

1 22

As f ar a s t hese c o ins a re c oncerned we a re g iven t wo f i xed d a tes , wh ich d e ter m ine t he ir c hrono log ica l l im its . They a re t he y ear 3 06 B .C . ,when t he t i t le o f ß O C C Y LX c i 5g a ppears f or t he f i rst t ime o n t he c o inage o f t he D iadoch i, a nd 2 81 B .C . ,t he y ear o ft he d ea th o f L ys i machus .

T he f i rst d a te

( 306 B .C . )s erves a s t he t er m inus p os t q uem f or t he b ronze c o ins o f L ys i machus a nd t he p ivo t i n d a t ing t he ir r estr ik ing b y S eu thes I I . A t a ny r a te , i to ccurred a f ter 3 06 B .C . ,wh ich s hows t ha t t he r e ign o f S eu thes I I c on t inued a t l east u p t o t he e nd o ft he f our th c entury B .C . I n o ther words , f rom t he d a ta a va i lab le i ti s c lear t ha t a f ter h is d efea t i n 3 13 B .C . S euthes I I n o t o n ly was n o t d e throned , b u t c ont inued t o s tr ike a nd r estr ike c o ins . I n t he s econd p lace t he d i f feren t c o ins r estruck b y S eu thes I I a lso c ast l i gh t o n t he c ircu la t ion o f c o ins i n T hrace , a s w e l l a s i n t err itor ies o f S eu thes I I h i mse lf .

The r estruck c o ins b e long c h ief ly t o Macedon ian r u lers - Ph i l ip

I , A lexander I I a nd Cassander , t he n u mber o f l a t ter 's c o ins b e ing t he g rea te st . T h is i s e v idence o ft he e x ten t t o wh ich t he b ronze c o ins o ft he Macedon ian r u lers were w idespread i n t he f our th c entury B . C. : t he ir c ircu lat i on e xceeded t ha t o ft he c o inage o f i t s " law fu l" r u ler L ys i machus . I n t he t h ird p lace t he r es truck c o ins w ith t ypes s uch a s ah ead o f Zeus a nd ah orse man

p rov ide a r e la t ive d a t ing o f t hese s er ies , w h ich were s t i l l min ted

d ur ing t he l ast d ecade o ft he f our th c entury B .C .

T he c o ins o f C assander

mos t f requen t ly s ub ject t o r estr ik ing a re o f t he s a me t ype : o n t he o bverse t hey b ear t he h ead o f H erak les w i th a l i on s k in , a nd o n t he r everse a l i on . T he i nscr ip t ion o n t he c o in c on ta ins o n ly t he n a me o ft he r u ler , wh ich s hows t ha t t hey were s truck b e tween t he y ears 3 16 B .C . a nd 3 06 B .C .

Th is a l lows u s t o

c onc lude t ha t d ur ing t ha t p er iod t he g rea test n umber o f " fore ign" c o ins were r estruck w ith t he t ypes o ft he c o ins o f S euthes I I . F ina l ly , t he v ery t echn ique o f r estr ik ing s hows h ow p ressed S eu thes I I was f or money a nd t ha t h e was s hor t o f f unds a nd t ime , t he n ecessary c ond it i on f or t he m in t ing o fn ew s er ies . S euthes I I s truck o ther b ronze t ypes . On t he ir o bverse t hey b ear a n e ag le ( P l . X I I I , F igs . 9 0-97) , o n t he r everse a n i nscr ip t ion s urrounded b y a wrea th o f s heaves o fb ar ley ( P l . X I I I , F igs . 9 5-97 ) o r aw inged t hunderbo l t ( Pl . X I I I , F igs . 9 0-94 ) . S ome s cho lars a t tr ibute t hese c o ins t o S eu thes I V w hose r e ign f a l ls a round t he y ear 2 00 B .C . 1 23 T he i nscr ip t ion s urrounded b y aw rea th o f e ars o f whea t i s a lso f ound o n t he c o inage o f L ys i machus , wh i le t ha t o ft he w inged t hunderbo l t o n t 1 _ S C o f a no ther t ype o f c o in s truck b y S eu thes I I ( t he o bverse r epresen ts a n . gh tp o in t s tar ( P l . X I I I , F ig . 9 8) , wh ich o f ten a ppears a s a n a dd it iona l s ign , _ , nh is

2 4

c o ins ) , a nd t he h ead o f ab earded Z eus o n t he o bverse o f o ther t ypes , a re a lso c haracter is t ic t ypes o ft he c o inage o f S eu thes I I ( P l . X I I I , F igs . 9 9-100 ) . T hus t he t ypes a ppear ing o n t hese r are s er ies o fb ronze c o ins a re i n terc onnec ted a nd a lso l i nked w i th t ypes o ft he c o inage o f L ys i machus 1 24 a nd t he a dd i t iona l emb le ms o n t he c o inage o f S eu thes I I .

A l l t h is g ives u s g rounds

t o a t tr ibute t he c o inage s truck b yt h is r u ler t o h im . T he ir c onnect ion w i th t he c o ins o f L ys i machus a nd w ith t hose o f S euthes I I o ft he s o-ca l led " second" t ype a re e v idence o f t he s tr ik ing o f t hese c o ins a t al a ter d a te , most p robab ly t he l ast d ecade o ft he f our th c en tury B .C . T he r e ign o f S euthes I I must h ave e nded s oon a f ter t ha t, i n t he f i rst y ears o f t he t h ird c entury B .C .

T he s tudy o ft he c o ins o ft he T hrac ian r u lers s truck d ur ing t he f our th c ent ury B .C . ,a n a ge o f s tr ife , s trugg les a nd d yna m ic c hanges, am idst wh ich f a lls t he c onquest o f T hrace b y t he Macedon ians , d raws o ur a t ten t ion t o s evera l f acts . Wha t s tr ikes u s a bove a l l i s t he sma l l n u mber o f s i lver c o ins s truck b y t he Thrac ian d ynasts .

Wha t i s more t hey a re among t he sma l lest d eno m ina t ions ,

a nd a re r arer t han t he s i lver c o ins o ft he G reek c i ty-sta tes a long t he Thrac ian c oas t . Th is s hows t he r e la t ive ly sma l ler i mpor tance o ft hese d enom ina t ions i n t rade i n T hrace . A lthough f ound i n g rea ter n umbers t han t he s i lver c o ins , t he b ronze c o ins o ft he T hrac ian d ynasts l ead u s t o t he s ame c onc lus ions . With t he e xcep t ion o f ah oard o f c o ins o f S euthes 1 11 25 a l l t he r ema in ing h oards o f t he f our th c en tury B .C . f ound i n Bu lgar ia c on ta in c o ins o f G reek c i ty-sta tes , t he Macedon ians a nd Paeon ian k ings .

T he e lectru m s ta ters o f Cyz icus r e ma ined

t he p r inc ip le means o fp ay men t i n t he t rade o f t h is p er iod , a nd t he c i ty-sta tes made u se o f t hese e lec tru m s ta ters i n e va lua t ing t he ir t rade c on tracts . 1 26 We s hou ld n o te t ha t i n t he r are i nstance when T hrac ian d ynasts s truck s i lver c o ins, t hey a dop ted t he Ch ian ( Rhod ian) s tandard , wh ich i s a dap ted t o t he P ers ian mone tary s tandard . Actua l ly , i n t he c ourse o f t he f our th c ent ury B .C. most o ft he ma jor G reek c i ty-sta tes a long t he c oast o f t he Nor th Propon t is a nd t he Aegean ( Byzan t iu m , Aenus , Maronaea , e tc . )minted t he ir c o ins a ccord ing t o t he P ers ian mone tary s tandard . 1 27 T he c o ins o ft he T hrac ian r u lers a re s o r are t ha t we a re j ust if ied i n r a is ing t he q uest ion w he ther t he ir s tr ik ing was mean t t o mee t t he n eeds o f t rade , o r whe ther we s hou ld s ee i n t he m t he s ymbo ls o f r ega l a u thor ity . D uri ng t he s a me p er iod a l l c on te mporary r u lers a nd e ven t he s a traps o f A s ia M inor m in ted c o ins wh ich n o t o n ly s erved a s a means o f p aymen t , b u t were a n e xpression o f e conom ic a nd h ence p o l it ica l i ndependence . H owever , c ert a in a u thors i n t he ir t rea t men t o ft he T hrac ian r u lers e rroneous ly a t tr ibu te a l ack o ff i nesse t o t he m a nd c ons ider t hem " barbar ic i m ita t ions" . 1 28 I n f ac t , t h is v iew i s n o t b ased o n c orrect o bserva t ion .

A l most a l l t he T hrac ian c o ins

were m inted i n t he workshops o ft he G reek c i ty-sta tes a long t he T hrac ian c oas t :

Maronaea , T hasos , Cypse la o r o ther c i ty-sta tes , o r b y e ngravers

t ra ined b y t hem , a s i s t he c ase w i th t he c o ins o f S eu thes I I .

2 5

I I.

CO INS OF THE THRACIAN RULERS OF THE

CENTUR IES B .C.

T he c onsequences o f Macedon ian r u le , t he r iva lry b e tween t he D iodoch i , t he r e ign o f L ys i machus a nd i n p ar t icu lar t he d om ina t ion o f t he C e l ts c over t he e n t ire t h ird c en tury B .C. ( f ro m 2 76 B .C. t o 2 16 B .C.), i nclud ing i n tern a l r iva lr ies b e tween t he Ce l ts. T hese e ven ts a re a l l c lear ly r e f lected i n t he s tr ik ing o f T hrac ian c o ins o f t he p er iod. F ew c o ins o f t he t h ird a nd s econd c en tury B .C. h ave c o me d own t o u s ; i n mos t c ases t hey b e long t o r u lers whose n a mes d o n o t a ppear i n o ther h ist or ica l s ources.

T hus c o ins a re t he o n ly s ource wh ich c an s hed l i ght o n t he

p o l it ica l a nd e cono m ic h istory o f T hrace o ver ap er iod wh ich i s s cant i ly d ocumen ted b y a nc ien t a u thors a nd e p igraph ica l d ata. Fur ther more , t he l ack o f a dd it iona l i n forma t ion o n t he h istory a nd l i fe o f t hese r u lers whose n a mes a ppear o n c o ins h a mpers t he d a t ing a nd e stab l ishmen t o f a n e xact c hrono logy o f t he c o ins t he mse lves. Among t he c o ins o f t he r u lers whose r e igns f a l l i n t he t h ird c en tury B .C. w e p lace t hose o f S kos tokos i n t he f i rs t p lace. A s f ar a s t he t ype o f bronze c o ins b ear ing h is n a me i s c oncerned , t hey c losely r ese mb le t hose s truck b y t he T hrac ian r u lers o ft he f our th c en tury B .C. s u f f ic ien t ly s tud ied a s y et .1 29

These c o ins h ave n o t b een

Withou t b as ing t he ir a sser t ions o n a ny s er ious

p roofs Dobrousk i a nd Moush mov a re u nan i mous i n e xpress ing t he s uppos it ion t ha t S kos tokos w as o ne o f t he s ons o f B er isades who , a f ter t he l a t ter 's d ea th i n 3 57-356 B .C., r e igned o ver p ar t o f h is t err i tory u nder t he s upre me p ower o f h is b ro ther K etr ipor is.

I n o ther words t hese a u thors c ons ider S kos tokos

1 30

t o b e ac on temporary o f Ph i l ip I a nd c la im t ha t h e r e igned t owards t he Midd le o ft he f our th c en tury B .C . Th is c hrono logy h as b een a ccep ted b y I mhoofB lu mer ,131 who , j udg ing f ro m t he c arefu l a nd s k i lfu l work mansh ip o f t he c o ins , a t tr ibu ted t hem t o t he p er iod o f P h i l ip I .

G enera l ly s peak ing t ha t i s a l l t ha t

we f i nd i n n um is ma t ic l i tera ture o n S kostokos a nd h is c o inage . H is n ame a ppears more f requen t ly w hen c er ta in a u thors w ish t o s tress t he d i f ference " be tween S kos tokos , ac on te mporary o f P h i l ip I a nd S kostokos , ac on te mporary o f L ys i machus". I n o rder t o a ch ieve g rea ter c lar i ty t hey e ven r efer t o t he f ormer a s S kos tokos Ia nd t he l a t ter S kos tokos I .1 32

T he " second"

S kos tokos i s g iven g rea ter p ro m inence i n s cho lar ly l i tera ture. H is n a me a ppears o n t he r everse o f t e tradrach mae a nd d rachmae w h ich were im itat ions o f t he c o ins o f L ys i machus.

I ti s g iven i n t he g enit ive EKOZTOKOY a nd i s

n ot p receeded b y t he p repos it ion EP I , w h ich u sua l ly s tands b efore t he n a mes o f t he mag is tra tes o f t he m in t . T he s tudy o ft hese c o ins made i tp oss ib le t o e xpress c er ta in a ssu mp t ions o n t he h istor ica l e ven ts c oncern ing S kos tokos H , t he m in t w here t he c o ins w ere s truck a nd t he ir r e la t ive c hrono logy .

1 33

I ti s g enera l ly c ons idered t hat

S kos tokos I w as a T hrac ian d ynas t , u nknown t o h istor ica l s ources , who ,

2 6

f o l low ing t he a ssass ina t ion o f Lys i machus i n 2 81 B .C. p roc la i med h i msel f a n i ndependen t r u ler .

J udg ing f ro m t he t ype o f t he S estos m in t a ppear ing

o n t hese c o ins , s cho lars g enera l ly c ons ider t hat h is t err itory o ccup ied t he S ou th-eas tern p ar t o f Thrace n ear t he c i ty o f S estos. T h is , i n g enera l , i s t ha t s ta te o f s tud ies o f t he c o ins o f S kos tokos I , wh ich w e c ons ider t o b e c lose ly l inked w ith t he b ronze c o ins o f S kos tokos I . The f irst p rob le m wh ich d raws o ur a t ten t ion i s whether w e s hou ld a gree w ith t he e x is tence o f t wo d i f feren t Thrac ian r u lers ( based s o le ly o n c o ins a n i den t ica l n a me , S kos tokos , wh ich

i s n o t v ery c o m mon .

)w ith

A s w e h ave

a lready s een t he o n ly " proof" o f t he p re m ise t ha t t he S kostokos Il ived i n t he m idd le f our th c entury B .C. i s t he " sk i lfu l workmansh ip" o f h is c o ins. On ly a f u l ler a na lys is o f t hese c o ins c an s uppor t o r r e ject t ha t c la i m.

1 34

T he

f irs t p o in t we c an p u t f orward c oncern ing t he c o ins i s t he ir e xcep t iona l s carc ity , n o d oubt p roof t ha t t hey were m inted i n l im ited n u mbers a nd o ver as hor t p er iod .

However , d esp ite t h is s carc ity , t hey f a l l i n to t wo g roups

a ccord ing t o t he ir i conography . On t he o bverse o f t he f irst g roup ( Pl. X , 1 01 ) t here a ppears t he h ead o f ab eard less y ou th w ith l ong h a ir , f a l l ing b ack o n t he n eck , a nd a l aure l wrea th o n t he r igh t .

On t he r everse a ppears a h orse man g a l lop ing t o t he r igh t .

H is

l ef t h and i s s l igh t ly r a ised t o t he h ead o f t he h orse , a nd h e i s h o ld ing t he r e ins w ith t he r igh t h and .

A bove i ta ppears t he i nscr ip t ion : EKOZTOKOY .

On t he o bverse o f t he s econd g roup t here a lso a ppears a b eard less h ead o f ay ou th ( Apo l lo? ) w ith s hor t h a ir a nd a l aure l wrea th .

On t he r everse

t here i s t he f igure o f ah orse man o n ag a l lop ing h orse , w ith a c h la mys b il lowi ng o u t i n sw if t move men t.

With h is r ig i r t h and h e i s t hrow ing a s pear a nd

w ith t he l e f t p robab ly h o ld ing t he h orse 's r e ins.

The s a me i nscr ip t ion i s

f ound a bove t he h orse man: EKOZTOKOY ( P l . X , F ig . 1 02 ) . I n t he mse lves t he t ypes o f t hese c o ins c anno t p oss ib ly p rov ide e xac t c hrono log ica l d a ta o n t he p er iod o f t he ir m in t ing , a nd h ence o n t he r u ler i n whose n ame t hey w ere p u t i nto c ircu la t ion .

T he image o f t he h orse man i s

a lso f ound o n t he b ronze c o ins o f t he f our th c en tury T hrac ian r u ler Ko tys I ( 383-359 ), S ro ios a nd S eu thes 1 1 ( 324-300 ).

I t i s t h is t hat a l lows u s t o l i nk

t he c o ins o f S kos tokos w ith t he c o ins o f T hrac ian r u lers d ated s o f ar t o t he f our th c entury B .C., r a ther t han t o t hose b e long ing t o al ater p er iod , t he e nd o f t he t h ird c entury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he s econd c en tury B .C . Cer ta in s ty l is t ic p ecu l iar it ies , h owever , p rov ide u s w i th more c oncrete d ata o n t he p er iod i n wh ich c o ins o f S kos tokos w ere m inted.

N o d oub t w e

s hou ld a dd t o t hese t he e p igraph ic c harac ter is t ics o f t he i nscr ip t ion , c ont a in ing t he n a me o f t he r u ler .

A s ty l is t ic p ecu l iar ity i n t he t rea t men t o f t he

h ead o f t he y ou th w ith l ong h a ir f a l l ing d own t he b ack o f t he h ead , a nd a l aure l wrea th , a ppear ing o n t he f irs t g roup o f c o ins ( Pl. X , F ig . 1 01 ) a s w e l l a s o n o ther c o ins , i s p ar t icu lar ly s tr ik ing .

T he e ye i s d ep icted w ide o pen w ith

marked ly p ro trud ing p up i ls , s urrounded b y a n e yebrow a bove , wh ich g ives t he f ace a s pec ia l e xpress ion o f t ens ion .

T he s a me manner o f t reat ing t he

e ye i s k nown f ro m t he c o ins o f t he S e leuc id a nd t he P to le my d ynas t ies , a s we l l a s f ro m s o me o f t he s er ies o f t etradrach mae o f L ys i machus.

1 35

T h is

g ives u s g rounds t o c ons ider t ha t t he c o ins o f t he S kostokos Ih ard ly b e long

2 7

t o t he r e ign o f Ph i l ip I , a nd t ha t t hey s hou ld most p robab ly b e a t tr ibu ted t o t he e ar ly H e l len ist ic p er iod , i .e . t ha t o f L ys i machus, t he S e leuc ids a nd t he P to le m ies .

T he i nscr ip t ion , wh ich c on ta ins s im i lar e p igraph ica l c haracter ist ics t o t ha t o ft he t e tradrach mae o f S kostokos I ( P l . X , F igs . 1 03-104) , p o in ts t o t he s a me p er iod. I n b oth i nstances t he s ig ma i s marked w ith h or izon ta l s hou lders a nd t he s ize o f t he om icron i s much sma l ler t han t ha t o f t he n e ighbour ing l et ters T a nd K .

T he K h as s hor t s hou lders .

However , t he s k i l fu l work-

mansh ip o f t hese c o ins , wh ich s hows t he h and o f a n e xper ienced d ie-engraver , s hou ld n ot b e t aken a s ac hrono log ica l s ign .

I to n ly s hows t ha t t he d ies u sed

t o s tr ike t he b ronze c o ins o f S kos tokos Iw ere n o t t he w ork o f i nexper ienced mas ter-cra f ts men , a s c an b e t raced i n many i ns tances w ith t he c o ins o f S euthes I I a nd S ro ios , b u t t he w ork o f e ngravers w el l a cqua in ted w ith t he s pec if ic s k i l ls o f d ie e ngrav ing .

I ti s n a tura l t o e xpect t ha t s uch c raf ts men

c ou ld b e f ound i n am in t w i th a l ong t rad it ion , w h ich makes u s l ook t owards t he m in ts o f t he Greek c i t ies a long t he T hrac ian c oast. Fro m a l l we h ave s a id s o f ar , j udg ing f ro m t he a na lys is o f t he c o ins o f S kos tokos I , i ti s e v iden t t hey w ere c on te mporary w ith t he c o ins o f S kostokos I , wh ich l eads u s t o b e l ieve t ha t i n t h is c ase w e o n ly h ave t wo t ypes o f t he s a me r u ler - S kostokos.

T he t etradrach mae a nd t he d rach mae , a ttr ibuted

t o S kos tokos I a ccord ing t o t he s ame s cho lars ,

1 36

a re b e l ieved t o h ave b een

m in ted i n S estos ( bas ing t h is c la im o n t he p resence o f ah erma , a n a dd it iona l s ign d ep ic ted o n t he m ). t he image o f ah enna .

A ctua l ly h owever , S es tos n ever s truck c o ins w ith T he o n ly c i ty where t h is s ign d oes a ppear i s Aenus ,

whose d e ity w as Hermes. On t he o ther h and , t he d istr ibu t ion o f t he t e tradrach mae o f S kos tokos d eterm ines t o ac er ta in e x ten t , t he r eg ion w here w e s hou ld s earch f or t he ir min t .

A l l f inds 1 37

c o me f ro m t he r igh t b ank o f t he H ebros ( t he Mar itsa ).

-

Had t hey b een m in ted i n S estos , t hey w ou ld h ave t rave l led f ar b efore r each ing t he H ebros ( Mar itsa ) v a l ley a nd b een i n c ircu la t ion a long i t s u pper r eaches. On t he o ther h and , i ft he t err itor ies o f S kostokos o ccup ied t he A egean c oas t , c lass ica l a u thors w ou ld h ard ly h ave f a iled t o men t ion h is n a me.

We s hou ld

a lso n o t f orget t ha t S estos was c lose t o t he c ap ita l o f L ys i machus , Card ia , r ena med a s L ys i mache ia b y h im a nd t ha t s uch a n amb it ious r u ler wou ld h ard ly t o lera te a ny i ndependen t T hrac ian d ynas t i n t he h ear t o f h is t err itor ies.

S o t h is impor tan t c ons idera t ion a lso s uppor ts t he s uppos it ion t ha t

t he t e tradrach mae a nd d rach mae o f S kos tokos w ere m in ted n ot a t t he S estos m in t , b u t a t t ha t o f Aenus. T he p ro m inen t French n um is ma t is t A . S eyr ig s hares t he s a me v iew i n as hor t f oo tnote r eferr ing t o S kos tokos a s a" tyran t o f Aenus" . 138 We a re n ot c oncerned h ere w ith t he e xac t mean ing w h ich t he a u thor g ave t o t he t er m " tyran t". I t i s o f g reater i mpor tance t ha t h e ,t oo , c ons iders t he Aenus m in t t o h ave b een t he m in t wh ich s truck im itat ions o f t e tradrachmae a nd d rach mae o f L ys i machus , w ith t he n a me o f S kostokos o n t hem.

2 8

T he a bsence o f t he t i t le ß 0 ' ,6 1 ,XE( K . ;b oth o n t he b ronze c o ins a nd t he im it a t ion t e tradrachmae a nd d rach mae o f Lys i machus c an b y n o means b e t aken a s p roof o f a n e ar l ier d a t ing ( pr ior t o 3 06 B .C. when t he D iadoch i a ssu med t ha t t i t le ).

Wha t i s more , t he n a me o f Lys i machus i s p receded b y i to n h is

s i lver c o inage. Mos t p robab ly , a s h as b een s hown b y t he Aenus m in t , where t he t e trad rachmae a nd t he d rach mae w ere s truck , a nd j udg ing f ro m t he t err itory where t hese c o ins were i n c ircu lat ion , a nd f ro m t he f igure o f ah orseman o n t he r everse o f t he b ronze c o ins , S kos tokos mus t h ave b een a d escendan t o f t he e as tern b ranch o f t he Odrysaean r u lers ( ra ther t he l i ne o f K otys I Kersob lep tes t han t ha t o f B er isades - K etr ipor is ). I ti s p oss ib le t ha t S kos tokos , ac on te mporary o f L ys i machus , s truck h is b ronze c o ins , a s d id S ro ios , b efore 3 06 B .C.

A f ter t he d ea th o f L ys i-

machus f or a b r ie f p er iod ( 281-279 ) h is a u thor ity s pread o ver Aenus , i n whose min t h e h ad t etradrach mae a nd d rachmae s truck , p lac ing h is n a me o n t he m. The s k i lfu l work mansh ip o f t he b ronze c o ins a nd t he d a ta o n t he s i tes where t hey w ere f ound ( two o f t hem w ere f ound i n t he v ic in ity o f D i mo t ica ,

1 39

wh ile

t he r e ma inder c a me f ro m h oards , l oca ted b etween Ed irne a nd S tara Z agora )1 4 ° g ive u s g rounds t o c ons ider t ha t t hey , t oo , w ere s truck i n t he Aenus m in t . T he a bsence o f t he t i t le Bac 1 , ?,, E 1 5g i n t he i nscr ip t ion o n t he c o ins c annot b e c ons idered a r e l iab le c hrono log ica l s ign.

An e loquen t c ase i n p o in t a re t he

b ronze c o ins o f a no ther r u ler , Adeus , wh ich a re c hrono log ica l ly p receded b y t hose o f S kostokos.

T he n a me o f t he r u ler i s n o t p receded b y a ny t i t le o n

e ither r u ler 's c o ins. T he p ract ice o f p lac ing t he n a me o f t he r u ler , i n whose n a me t hey w ere s truck a nd p u t i n to c ircu la t ion ( appear ing o n t he c o ins o f b o th S kos tokos a nd Adeus ) a dequate ly r evea ls t he c o m mon f ea tures i n t he l i ves o f t hese t wo r u lers who l i ved i n t wo d i f feren t a ges.

A s i s e v iden t f ro m t he i nscr ip t ions , t hey d id

n ot h ave t he p ower o f k ings , b u t w ere l oca l d ynas ts , who u nder c er ta in h ist or ica l c ond it ions r esu l t ing f ro m s tr ife , wars , e tc., s ucceeded i n e x tend ing t he ir t err itor ies a nd t e mporar ily d om inated c ons iderab le c i t ies s uch a s A enus ( as w as t he c ase o f S kos tokos) a nd Cypse la i n t he c ase o f A c ieus) . T he s carc ity o f t he c o ins o f S kostokos s hows t ha t t hey w ere s truck o ver as hor t p er iod ; h e p robab ly p er ished s oon a f ter t he d ea th o f L ys i machus i n t he s trugg le w ith t he C e l ts i n 2 79-278 B .0 .1 41 T he c o ins o f a no ther r u ler , Adeus , a re d ated t o t he t h ird c entury B .C. H igh ly c on trad ictory v iews h ave b een e xpressed o n Adeus , a s w e l l a s o n t he e xact c hrono logy o f t he b ronze c o ins s truck i n h is n a me.

1 42

J udg ing b y t he

e tymo logy o f t he n a me - A deus - w h ich i s n o t , a ccord ing t o mos t a uthors , Thrac ian , b u t Macedon ian , t hey c ons ider t ha t Adeus h i mse lf w as o f Maced on ian d escen t. H is c o ins , wh ich a re f ound o n ly i n s outh -east B u lgar ia , f ro m t he v a l ley o f t he R iver T ound ja u p t o t he b ay o f Burgas ,

1 43

make u s

t h ink t ha t i rrespec t ive o f h is d escen t , A deus mus t h ave r e igned o ver s o me p ar t o f S ou th-eastern T hrace. c o ins o f Adeus 1 45 i n teres t .

1 44

I n t h is r espec t t he f i nding o f 1 4 b ronze

d ur ing t he e xcava t ions a t S eu thopo l is i s o f p ar t icu lar

T he c o ins o f Adeus h ave b een p ub l ished many t imes a nd we s ha l l t herefore a vo id a n u nnecessary d escr ip t ion o f t he ir t ypes.

Wha t w e w ou ld

l ike t o n ote i s t he b reak i n t he s ty le a nd i conograph ic t rad it ions , f or t hey h ave n oth ing i n c o m mon w ith t he t ypes o f t he c o ins o f t he T hrac ian r u lers o f t he f our th c en tury B .C. a nd t he f irs t d ecades o f t he t h ird c en tury B .C. The t ype o f Apo l lo a nd a t r ipod i s o ne o f t he mos t f requen t o n t he c o ins o f Adeus , t ha t o f t he b earded H erak les c overed w ith a l i on s k in a nd c arry ing ac rook a re c haracter is t ic o f Macedon ian c o inage . Moreover , t he i mage o f Apo l lo a nd t he t r ipod a ppear q u ite o f ten o n Macedon ian c o ins o f t he t h ird c en tury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he s econd c entury B .0

. 146

I n f act , t ypes o f

H erak les , o f Apo l lo a nd t he t r ipod , o f A thena a nd o f as pearhead a l l a ppear o n t he c o ins o f Cassander ( 3 11-297 ).

1 47

I f w e l im it o ur e v idence t o t h is , i tw ou ld b e l og ica l t o c ons ider A deus t o b e ac on te mporary o f Cassander , a nd h ence a lso o f L ys i machus.

T he c ircu-

l a t ion o f h is c o ins , h owever , wh ich i mpe l led u s t o c ons ider t hat t he t err itor ies u nder h is r u le mus t h ave b een i n S ou th-eas tern Thrace , r uns c on trary t o s uch a s uppos it ion . I tw ou ld , a bove a l l , b e d i f f icu l t t o i mag ine t he e x ist ence o f ar u ler s uch a s Adeus who w ou ld s tr ike c o ins , b ear ing o n ly h is n ame , o ver a l ong p er iod i n t he m ids t o f t he k ingdo m o f ar u ler a s amb it ious a s L ys i machus. T he f ormer f act h as b een e stab l ished b y t he n u merous c o ins o f Adeus w h ich h ave c o me d own t o u s , t he v ar iety o f t he ir d eno m ina t ions a s w e l l a s o f t he t ypes o n t he m. Wha t i s more , i f Adeus , l ike S kos tokos, w as a l oca l d ynast w ho b eca me i ndependen t a f ter t he d ea th o f L ys i machus a nd b egan m in t ing h is s i lver c o ins a s we l l , w e s hou ld e xpect s o me s im i lar ity b etween t he c o ins o f S eu thes I I , S ro ios a nd S kostokos , e xpress ing i t se lf a bove a l l i n b orrow ing t ypes f ro m t he ir c o ins. T he l ong p er iod d ur ing w h ich Adeus s truck c o ins i ld ica tes i n i t se lf , t hat h is r e ign c anno t b e a t tr ibu ted t o t he s hor t i n terregnu m a f ter t he d ea th o f L ys i machus i n 2 81 B .C., u p t o t he i nvas ion o f t he C e lts i n 2 79-277 B .C. Ano ther p roof o f t he l a ter d a t ing o f t he c o inage o f Adeus i s p rov ided b y t he r estr ik ing o f t he c o ins w ith t he t ypes o f t he m in ts a t T om i1 48 a nd C aby le 1 49 o n t he m. T om i b egan m in t ing c o ins c o mpara t ively l a te , d ur ing t he s econd h a l f o f t he t h ird c en tury B .0 .1 5° T herefore t he r es tr ik ing o f t he c o ins t ook p lace a t t he e ar l ies t i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he t h ird c en tury B .C. The c ase o f t he o ther c i ty w h ich r es truck c o ins i s o f g reater i n teres t . C aby le 's t ype , wh ich w as u sed i n r estr ik ing , w as t he s a me r ound monogram , c ons ist ing o f t he t hree i n it ia l l e t ters o f t he c i ty

s truck i n t he s ame p lace o n t he o bverse

o f t he c o ins , o n t he f ace o f Z eus ( i n t he c ase o f t he c o inage o f An t iochus I I ), a nd t he h ead o f Apo l lo ( i n t he c ase o f t he c o ins o f A deus ), a s w el l a s t he b ronze c o ins o f An t iochus I I ( 223-187 ) a nd t he c o ins o f A deus.

T h is s hows

t ha t t hese c o ins a l l r eached t he C aby le money- market , where t hey w ere r es truck w ith t he s ign o f t he t own , a t t he s a me t ime.

However this simultaneous circulation of coins from one and the same city on the market establishes their chronology once again. In this case the coins of Antiochus III, whose reign (223-187) is known exactly, determine the relative chronological order coinciding with the reign of Adeus. The existence of a dynast Adeus during the first decades of the Celtic invasion in South-eastern Thrace is also not very likely. During this period, with the exception of several isolated peripheral settlements of the south coast and Strandja, the Thracian hinterland was under the rule of the Celts •151 After the unsuccessful campaign of Antiochus II Theos in Thrace (in 260 or 255 B. C. ) which was preceded by the conclusion of an alliance with Apol­ lonia and Mesambria aimed chiefly against the Celts, 152 Maronaea, Aenus and the Thracian Chersonese were captured by Ptolemy II 153 together with Lysimacheia. Historians of this period believe that certain Thracian tribes who rved in the vicinity of the territories ruled by the EgJrptians in Sout .ern Thrace partially succeeded from time to time in overthrowing the authority of the local rulers� 154 This was possibly the case with the dynast Adeus who, according to Pomponius Trogus, was put to death in Cypsela in 230 B.C. by order of Ptolemy III.155 The data on this dynast, whose name, as most scholars note, is extremely rare, cannot be considered as coincidental with the name Adeus, which appears on the coins • 156 Above all they localize the territory of Adeus in the South­ eastern part of Thrace, in the vicinity of Cypsela, whose mint struck the coins of the eastern branch of the Odrysaean dynasty during the fourth century B.C., those of Hebryzelmis, Kotys I and Kersobleptes. Thus the historical sources we have already quoted coincide with the information on the circulation of the coins of Adeus, which in themselves suggest the localization of his lands in South-eastern Thrace. Furthermore, the fac+ that Adeus lived in the second half of the third century B.C • also meets the above mentioned arguments on the types of his coins. The lack of any links between them and the coins of the Thracian rulers of the fourth century B.C., and the beginning of the third century B.C., is explained by a hiatus in the minting of Thracian coins, as a result of the devastation of the Thracian economy caused by the invasion of the Celts. Adeus appears as a political figure in the last decade of the Celtic in­ vasion, when their power had begun to wane. No doubt, he was assisted by the proximity of the Southern Thracian coast, which was constantly disputed between the Hellenistic rulers Antigonus Gonatus, the Seleucids and the Ptolemies. The types of his coins, borrowed from the Macedonian series, show that the latter had a wide circulation in the markets of Thrace . The coins of Macedonian rulers of the third century B.C.157 found at excavations in Seuthopolis also point to the same conclusion. In conclusion, it appears that Adeus reigned over part of South-eastern Thrace along the lower reaches of the River Hebros (the Maritsa) towards the end of the troubled period of Celtic rule up to approximately 230 B. C.

31

T he k ingdo m o f t he C elts w as o ver thrown a t t he e nd o f t he t h ird c en tury B .C.

However n o s trong T hrac ian k ingdo m t ook i t s p lace.

The i n terna l

s tr ife a nd r iva lry b e tween t he s epara te T hrac ian d ynas t ies , t he s trugg le o f t he S e leuc ids,

P to le m ies a nd Macedon ians t o d om ina te t he s ou thern p ar t

o f T hrace , a nd f ina l ly t he p ressure o f Ro man e xpans ion , i ncreas ing ly f e l t i n t he Eas t , e xer ted a n ega t ive i n f luence o n e cono m ic a nd p o l i t ica l l i fe i n T hrace. S p lend id g o ld a nd s i lver v esse ls , o rna men ts , p ec torals a nd h e l me ts , s i lver a nd g o ld t rapp ings f or h orses , c harac ter is t ic o f t he p er iod o, 7t he f l ower ing o f T hrac ian a r t , f ro m t he f i f th t o t he f our th c en tury B .C. ,wh ich s t i l l make as trong i mpress ion t oday w i th t he ir e labora te w orkmansh ip a nd t he r i ch imag ina t ion o f t he l oca l Thrac ian c ra f ts men , a re l ack ing i n Thrac ian t u mu l i d at ing f ro m t he e nd o f t he t h ird c entury.

T he o n ly ma jor f i nd , d a t ing f ro m

t he s econd t o t he f irs t c entury B .C. i s t ha t o f t he 1 4 p ha lerae o f G a l iche , Oryahovo d is tr ic t. 1 58 The i mages o n t hese p ha lerae s how a n a ive t rea tmen t , as u m mary p resenta t ion a nd a n e v iden t d ecay i n T hrac ian a rt. On t he T hrac ian money market t he p r inc ipa l c o ins i n c ircu la t ion d ur ing t he s econd c en tury B .C. w ere t hose o f t he Macedon ian r u lers Ph i l ip V a nd P erseus , t hose o f s o me He l len ic r u lers i n A s ia M inor a nd Egyp t , a s w e l l a s im ita t ions o f t he t e tradrach mae o f A lexander I I a nd L ys i machus , s truck b y t he c i t ies o f t he Ba lkan P en insu la a nd A s ia M inor .

1 59

T hrac ian t e tra-

d rach mae o f t he s o c a l led s econd p er iod , a nd t etradrachmae o f A thens , t he t e tradrachmae o f t he f irst Macedon ian Reg ion a l l p enetra ted i n to T hrace d ur ing t he s econd h a lf o f t he s econd c en tury B .C.

Ro man r epub l ican d enar i i

a ppear i n t he f inds f ro m Nor th-western Bu lgar ia , a longs ide w ith c o ins f ro m Dyrrhactiu m a nd Apo l lon ia , w h ich l ater p enetra ted i n to T hrace. A l l t h is v ar iety o f monetary means o f e xchange , c ircu la t ing i n t he marke ts d ur ing t he s econd a nd t he f irs t c en tury B .C., i s r ef lected i n a n u mber o f f inds

u near thed i n B u lgar ia.

Among t he m t he h oard f rom t he

v i l lage o f Ma tza , n ear Nova Z agora , a nd t he h oard f ro m t he v il lage o f B el itsa , n ear Razlog a re o f s pec ia l i n teres t.

T he h oard f ound a t t he v i l lage

o f Ma tza , n ear N ova Z agora , c on ta ins , a longs ide t he 4 11 T hasos t e tradrachmae o f t he s o c a l led " second" p er iod , 2 2 t e tradrach mae , i m itat ions o f t he t e tradrach mae o f L ys i machus ;

2 4 t etradrachmae a nd 3 0 d rach mae , i m ita-

t i ons o f t he t e tradrachmae o f A lexander I I a nd o ne t e tradrach ma o f t he I s t Macedon ian Reg ion .

1 6

°

I n t he f i nd a t t he v i llage o f B e l itsa , n ear R a .z log , a longs ide w i th t he 2 8 t e tradrachmae f ro m Thasos t here a ppear 2 7 t e tradrach rna .e f ro m A thens ( second p er iod );

5t e tradrach mae w ith t he n a me o f t he

u, . estor Aes i ltas,

2c is tophor i, 1 2 d rach mae f ro m Dyrrhach iu m ( so me o f t he m b arbarous i m ita t ions ) a nd 3 6 Ro man Repub l ican d enar i i.

1 61

T he p resence i n t hat

f ind o f s evera l s i lver i ngots o f t he s a me w e igh t , s hows t hat t hey s erved a s a means o f p ay men t . T he d rach mae o f Apo l Ion ia a nd

l i ) , Trr ' n .ach ium , t he t e tradrachmae o f

T hasos, t he t e tradrach rnae o f t he f i rs t Macedon ian R eg ion , t hose w i th t he n a me o f t he Quaestor A es il las a nd i n p ar t icu lar t he g :ow ing n u mber o f Repub l ican d ens r i i, i l lus trate t he g radua l e conom ic p ressure w h ich R o me was e xorc is ing i n T hrace , a s f ar b ack a s t he m idd le o f t he s econd c en tury B. ( ' , ,

The t wo h oards a bove men t ioned i l lus tra te v ery wel l t he s i mu l taneous c irc u la t ion o n t he marke ts i n t he e as tern p ar t o f t he Ba lkan P en insu la , n o t o n ly o f c o ins o f d i f feren t k inds s truck b y v ar ious r u lers a nd m in ts , b u t d if feren t d eno m inat ions ( t etradrachmae , d rachmae , c istophor i , d enar i i , e tc. ).

Th is c annot b u t s ugges t t ha t i n t h is i nstance wha t ma t tered was n o t

s o much t he c o in i t se l f , b ut t he p rec ious meta l f ro m wh ich i t was s truck . The p resence o f t he o rd inary s i lver i ngo ts i n t he Be l itsa h oard , n ear Razlog , i s a no ther p roof o f t h is f act. F ur ther more , i ti s h ard ly l i ke ly t ha t a n o rd inary p erson i n Thrace c ou ld d if feren t ia te b e tween a l l t he t ypes o f c o ins wh ich c ame t o h is h and . Na tura ll y , h e w ou ld d ist ingu ish a nd p refer t he most p opu lar c o ins i n c ircu la t ion o n t he marke t ( Thasos t e tradrach mae , f or e xa mp le ) .

Hence , when a s hor tage

o f T hasos t e tradrachmae was f e l t o n t he marke t , t he min t b egan t urn ing o u t im i ta t ions . An a ive , a l most c h i ld l ike p resen ta t ion o ft he images, a nd d el inea t ion o ft he l et ters b y means o f d o ts a nd l i nes , s how t he h and o f i l l i tera te l oca l d ie-engravers .

S ome t i mes t hey wen t a s f ar a s t o a bandon t he c onven-

t iona l i mage a ppear ing o n t he o r ig ina l c o in , g iv ing f ree r e in t o t he ir imag inat ion a nd c rea t ing c rea tures wh ich s ee m t o c o me f rom a s trange f a iry land . One f i nds t he image o f H erak les , t he p ro tector o ft he Thas ians, d ep ic ted o n t he r everse o ft he im i ta t ions o ft he Thasos t e tradrach mae , w ith h orns o n h is h ead ( P l. XV I , F ig . 1 26) , wh ich , i n s ome c ases , b ecome r ays , w i th a s trong ly marked b reast ( P l . X , F ig . 1 27) .

T hey a lso p resen ted t he f i gure

mov ing t o t he l ef t ( P l . X , F ig . 1 28) . Wha t i s more , t hese im ita t ions a re f ound i n h oards d ated t o t he e nd o f t he s econd c en tury B .C. t o t he f irs t h a l f o f t he f i rst c en tury B .C. a longs ide t he o r ig ina l t e tradrachmae f ro m Thasos , wh ich i s e v idence o f t he ir s i mu l tan eous c ircu la t ion.

T he p rob le m o f t he " barbarous i m ita t ions" i s s o i n teres t-

i ng a nd e x tens ive , t ha t i n i t se l f i ts hou ld b e t he s ub ject o f as eparate d e ta iled s tudy . Wha t we w ou ld l ike t o p o in t o u t h ere i s t he a ct ive p ar t ic ina t ion o f a nc ien t c o ins a nd im itat ions m in ted b y t he Thrac ians t hemse lves, i n t he c ircu la t ion o f g oods a nd money d ur ing t he s econd a nd f i rs t c en tur ies B .C.

T he p ar t

p layed b y t he T hrac ian c o ins i s a c tua l ly g rea ter , a s i ta ppeared a t at ime when t he min t ing o f t he T hrac ian c o ins o f T hrac ian d ynasts a nd r u lers w as , i n f ac t , a t i t s l owes t l eve l. A l though t he n a mes o f n u merous Thrac ian r u lers a ppear i n s ources d ea l ing w ith T hrace i n c onnect ion w ith d i f feren t e ven ts , w e c an o n ly a t tr ibu te t he b ronze c o ins o f K o tys a nd t he s i lver a nd b ronze c o ins o f a nother r u ler Mos t is , whose n a me i s n ot men t ioned i n a ny o ther s ource , t o t he s econd c en tury B .0 . T he n a me o f Ko tys , t he s on o f S eu thes a nd a c om te mporary a nd a l ly o f P erseus , i s c onnec ted w ith s o me r are b ronze c o ins. 1 62 Many o f t he m a re o f v ery sma l l d enom inat ions.

The h ead o f Ar te m is ( P l. XV , F igs. 1 23-

1 24 ) a ppears o n t he o bverse o f t he c o ins o f o ne t ype , wrong ly d escr ibed b y Moushmov a s ah ead o f A po l lo 1 63

( t he t yp ica l h a ir s ty le o f Ar te m is , t he h a ir

t urned o ver t he f orehead i n t he s hape o f a sma l l d iade m , is c lear ly s een ).

T he

r everse o f t hese c o ins s hows a h orse mov ing r igh t , w ith l e f t f ore leg r a ised .

3 3

( P l. XV , F igs. 1 23-124 ).

On t he o bverse o f av ery sma l l b ronze c o in , s o

f ar u npub l ished , a ma le h ead a ppears w ith l ong s tra igh t h a ir , r each ing t he s hou lders , a nd a n a qu il ine n ose ( Pl. X , F ig . 1 24 ).

Th is may b e ap or tra it

o f Kotys h i mse lf , b ut ow ing t o t he v ery sma l l s ize o f t he c o in a nd t he w ork o f a n i nexper ienced e ngraver n o o ther d eta ils c an b e made o u t .

A h orse i s

f ound o n t he r everse , i n t h is c ase t oo , mov ing l e f t w ith t he r igh t f ore leg r a ised

( P l. X , F ig . 1 24 ).

T he t ype o f ac an ter ing o r g a l lop ing h orse

a ppears f requen t ly o n t he b ronze c o ins o f Ph il ip V ( 220-179 ) a nd P erseus ( 178-168 ) ,c on te mporar ies o f Ko tys.

T hus w e h ave a dd it iona l p roo f f or

1 64

a t tr ibu t ing t he r are b ronze c o ins w e men t ioned , w h ich b ear t he n ame Kotys , p rec isely t o t he Thrac ian K ing K o tys , ac on te mporary o f P erseus. The s carc ity o f t hese c o ins s hows t ha t t hey w ere s truck i n l im i ted n u mbers o ver a s hor t p er iod . e xchange o f g oods

I n o ther w ords , t hey d id n o t p lay a g rea t p ar t i n t he

a nd money a nd p robab ly s erved Kotys a s a n o f f ic ia l e x-

p ress ion o f h is r ega l a u thor ity . T he n ame o f Kotys i s ment ioned o n many o ccas ions b y Ro man a u thors , i n c onnect ion w ith t he w ars b e tween Macedon ia a nd Ro me.

A l though Kotys

was a n a l ly o f P erseus , a nd a t t he h ead o f ab ody o f 1 ,000 h orse men t ook p ar t i n t he T h ird Macedon ian War a nd t he d efea t o f P ub l ius L ic in ius Crassus , t he s ources a re u nan i mous i n t he ir h igh ly f avourab le r eferences t o h i m.

c haracter ize h im a s ap erson w i th e xcep t iona l m il itary a b i l ity , ag en t le c hara cter , p ossess ing n ob il ity a nd w isdo m , k ind a nd w or thy o f f r iendsh ip .1 66 H is tor ica l s ources , h owever , a lso r evea l t he d ependen t p os it ion o f t he Thrac ian r u ler i n h is r e lat ionsh ip w ith P erseus. ah ostage i n Macedon ia ;

The s on o f K o tys - By tys, was

i t was f ro m t here t ha t , t oge ther w ith t he c h i ldren

o f P erseus , h e was t aken t o Ro me.

T he Ro mans s en t h im b ack t o h is f ather

i n o rder t o w in o ver Ko tys t hrough h is g ra t itude t o t he m.

1 67

We d o n o t k now what t ook p lace i n T hrace a f ter t he d ea th o f K o tys.

T he

n a me o f t he T hrac ian k ing T eres , who w as marr ied t o t he d augh ter o f Ph i l ip V , a nd whose t err itor ies w ere s i tua ted s o mewhere a round Byzant ium , i s men t ioned i n c onnec t ion w ith t he u nrest o f P seudo-Ph i l ip ( 148-146 ) .

Teres

s uppor ted t he p retender a nd r eco m mended h im t o t he r e ma in ing r u lers , among who m was t he T hrac ian K ing Barsabas .1 68

P seudo-Ph i l ip w as h anded

o ver t o t he Ro mans b y a no ther T hrac ian r u ler Bysas o r Byses .1 69 The s a me p er iod ( 150-140 ) c o inc ided i n Thrace w ith t he r e ign o f Dyeg ilos a nd h is s on Z ybe lm ios , n otor ious f or h is c ruP l ty a nd d escr ibed b y D iodorus a nd Va ler ius Max i mus .1 70

A l l t h is g oes t o s how , t ha t i n t he m idd le o f t he

s econd c en tury B .C. T hrace w as b roken u p b etween s epara te l oca l d ynasts , w ho o f ten p ursued t he ir own p o l icy . Wha t p os it ion d id Most is o ccupy among t he m a nd w hen d id h e l i ve a nd r u le?

On ly c o ins , b ear ing h is n a me, c as t s o me l i gh t o n t hese i n terest ing

p rob le ms.

T he l ack o f d ata a bou t t h is r u ler makes i tp oss ib le f or s cho lars

t o a t tr ibute h is r e ign t o d if feren t h istor ica l p er iods.

Most o f t hem c ons ider

h is r e ign t p h ave b een a round t he y ears 2 00-150 I . c'

/T he p ub l ish ing o f

at etradrach ma o f Mos t is , i n t he Br it ish Museum C o l lec t ion 1 72 a nd w h ich h ad b een r es truc ik o ver a T hasr,st e tradrach ma o f t he s o c a l led " second"

;4

1 65

T hey

p er iod made i tp oss ib le t o d raw n ew a nd i n teres t ing c onc lus ions. 1 73

The

s econdary u se o f t he f l an o f t he T hasos t e tradrachma , wh ich mus t h ave b een min ted a s e ar ly a s 1 46 B .C. , a ss igns t he r e ign o f Mos t is t o t he l as t q uar ter o f t he s econd c entury B .C. And h ere , o f c ourse , i ti s p oss ib le t o make a dd i t iona l c orrect ions , w h ich wou ld a ss ist u s i n a more e xact d a t ing o f t he c o ins o f Most is. T he b ronze c o ins o f Most is f orm s evera l t ypes a nd d eno m ina t ions. Mos t w idespread a re t hose whose o bverse d ep icts t he b us ts o f Z eus a nd Hera ( Pl . XVI I, F igs. 1 34-135 ), a nd o n t he r everse a n e ag le , p erched o n at hund erbo l t ( Pl. XV I I, F igs. 1 34-135 ). S pec i mens whose o bverse s hows t he h ead o f A po l lo ( Pl. XV I I , F igs. 1 37-138 ) a nd t he r everse , i n most c ases , ah orse w ith a r igh t f ore leg r a ised a lso a ppear ( P l. XV I I, F igs. 1 37-138 ). T he h ead o f ab earded Z eus w ith a l aure l wrea th ( Pl . XV I I , F ig . 1 42 ) a ppears o n t he o bverse o f as er ies o f sma l l d eno m ina t ions a nd a s hea f o f a rrows w ith a b ow o n t he r everse. H owever t he mos t i nterest ing t ypes a re t he c o ins where t he o bverse h as a h e l me ted ma le h ead f ac ing r igh t , ac u irass o n t he r everse ( P l . XV III , F ig . 1 41 ). Ac arefu l s tudy o f t hese c o ins s heds l i gh t o n Thrac ian a rmour t owards t he e nd o f t he s econd c en tury B .C.

T he h e l me t d ep icted h as a c res t a nd c heek-

p ieces , p robab ly a t tached b y h inges t o t he h e l met . T he c heek-p ieces w ere c onnec ted u nder t he c h in . T here w as a sma l l p eak a bove t he f orehead. T he c u irass s hown o n t he r everse h as s hor t s leeves.

The sma l lest d eta i ls d e-

p ic ted o n t he h el me t a nd t he c u irass s how t ha t t he e ngraver was w e l l a cqua in te d w ith h is s ub jec t. H e d e mons tra ted h is a b il ity i n p or tray ing t he p or tra it a s w e l l . The f orehead i s h idden b y t he p eak o f t he h e l met , b u t t he e yes , w ide o pen , w ith s l igh t ly p rotruded p up i ls a nd s k i lfu l ly d rawn s hadows , g ive t he who le f ace a c oncen trated a nd w orr ied e xpress ion . T he n ose i s s tra igh t , s l igh t ly w ider a t t he n os tr i ls , t he l i ps w e l l d e l inea ted a nd p ursed , a nd t he c h in s l ight ly t hrust f orward. A l l t hese f ea tures n a tura l ly a dd u p t o a n e lemen t o f s tubbornness a nd g ive i t as tern t ouch , wh ich n a tura l ly c o mb ines w ith t he e xpress ion o ft he e yes. T h is r ea l ism i n p or tray ing t he p or tra it o f as er ious a nd e lder ly man i n m il itary g arb l eads u s t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t we p robab ly h ave b efore u s t he p or tra it o f Mostr is h i msel f .

c o in

T he i den t ica l p or tra it a ppears o n t he o bverse o f a n e x tre me ly r are b ronze ( Pl. XV I I , F ig . 1 43 ). T he p or tra it p resen ted i s t ha t o f a man w i th a

d iadem o n h is h ead .

T he e xpress ion o f h is e yes , w ith t he s hadows u nder

t he m , t he s tra igh t n ose a nd a n e nerget ica l ly p ursed mou th a re a bso lu te ly i den t ica l w ith t he c harac ter is t ic f ea tures o f t he p or tra it p resen ted o n t he f irs t c o in.

I n t h is c ase t he d iade m s hows t ha t t he image b e fore u s i s t ha t

o f Most is h i mse lf . T hus b o th c o ins p resen t t wo d i f feren t p or tra its o f t he T hrac ian r u ler o ne o f t he m s hows h im a s aw arr ior i n m il itary g arb , t he o ther w ear ing a d iadem , o ne o f t he s igns o f r ega l a u thor ity . w ith r e markab le r ea l ism.

Both p or tra its a re d ep icted

Wha t i s p resen ted t o u s i s n o t t he i dea l ized p or-

t ra it o f ar u ler i n t he p r i me o f h is y ou th a nd p hys ica l b eau ty , b u t t he i mage o f a n e lder ly man , w orn o ut b y l i fe.

3 5

I n s peak ing o f t he b ronze c o ins o f Mos t is a nd t he t wo p or tra its o n t he m a t ten t ion s hou ld b e d rawn t o t he f o l low ing p o in ts :

t he c o mparat ive ly l arge

n u mber o f c o ins wh ich h ave c o me d own t o u s a nd t he ir v ar ie ty o f t ypes a nd d eno m ina t ions s how t ha t t hey w ere s truck i n c ons iderab le q uan t it ies o ver a g rea t l eng th o f t ime.

The h igh q ua l ity o f workmansh ip a nd t he a r t is t ic mer i t

o f t he p or tra its o n t he c o ins p o in t t o t he h and o f e xper ienced d ie-engravers , a nd make i tp oss ib le t o c ons ider t ha t t he p repara t ion o f t he d ies a nd t he s tr iki ng o f t he c o ins t ook p lace i n aw e l l o rgan ized m in t , wh ich h ad a t i t s d isposa l ah igh ly q ua l if ied s ta f f .

An i den t ica l monogra m i s f ound o n most o f t he

c o ins : We h ave n o i n for ma t ion a s t o t he p rec ise p rovenance o f t he c o ins .

How-

e ver t hey c o me f ro m t he n um is ma t ic c o l lec t ions i n t he P lovd iv , S l iven , Ya mb o l a nd Bourgas Museu ms , wh ich s hows t hat mos t o f t he c o ins c ome f ro m r eg ions i n t he v ic in ity o f t hese c i t ies , i .e. S outh-eas tern T hrace , w h ich s hou ld l oca l ize t he t err itor ies o ver wh ich Most is r e igned . T he t ype o f a n e ag le p erched o n at hunderbo l t , f requen t ly f ound o n t he r everse o f t he b ronze c o ins o f Mos t is , i s t yp ica l o f t he c o ins o f d i f feren t c i t ies i n t he Bosporus P on tus , P aph lagon ia , Tyras , Chersonese , Am isus , S inope , e tc., s truck d ur ing t he r e ign o f M ithr ida tes V I ( 120-63 ) B .0 .1 74 I n most c ases t he n a me o f t he r u ler i s n ot men t ioned o n t hese c o ins. The p resence o f t he e ag le p erched o n at hunderbo l t ( t yp ica l o f t he c o inage o f M ithr ida tes V I ) o n t he b ronze c o ins o f Most is may b e i n terpre ted a s ap roo f t ha t t he T hrac ian k ing was a c on te mporary o f M i thr ida tes V I. T he t e tradrach ma o f Most is , r es truck o ver a n o lder T hasos t e tradrachma m in ted a f ter 1 46 B .C. ,o n t he o ne h and , a nd t he i mage o f a n e ag le p erched o n at hunderbo l t , t ypes c lose ly c onnec ted w ith t he t ype o f M ithr ida tes V I, o n t he o ther , a re c on f ir ma t ion o f t he d a t ing o f t hese c o ins t o t he l as t q uar ter o f t he s econd c en tury B .C.

H owever t he r ese mb lance o f t he c o ins o f Mos t is

t o t hose s truck b y M ithr ida tes V I, a s w e l l a s t hose s truck b y c er ta in o ther r u lers i n As ia M inor ( Cappadoc ia , P erga mon , By thyn ia , e tc.) i s n o t s ole ly c on f ined t o t hese f ea tures. T he s ys te m o f d a t ing a s er ies o f c o ins a ccord ing t o t he y ear o f r u ler 's r e ign , a s w as d one o n t he c o inage o f t he r u lers o f C appadoc ia c on te mporary w ith M ithr ida tes V 1 ,

1 75

w as u sed f or t he f irs t t ime i n Thrac ian c o inage o n

t he r everse o f t he t e tradrach mae o f Mos t is.

F ur ther more , t he t ype o f

A thena s ea ted o n at hrone a nd h o ld ing i n h er h and t he s tatue o f N ike

( P l.

XV I I , F igs . 1 31-132 ) o n t he r everse , b orrowed f ro m t he c o ins o f L ys i machus , i s f ound d ur ing t he s econd c en tury B .C. o n ly o n t he t etradrach mae s truck i n Byzan t iu m b y Ar iaras I V o f Cappadoc ia ( 220-163 ) a nd o f An t iochus V I I ( 139-129 ).

1 76

T h is i s s t il l a no ther a rgu men t i n f avour o f c onnec t ing t he

c o ins o f Most is w ith t hose o f c er ta in r u lers o f A s ia M inor , who r e igned i n t he m idd le a nd t he s econd h a l f o f t he s econd c en tury B .C. T he s im i lar ity b e tween t he t e tradrach mae o f Mos t is a nd t hose s truck b y c er ta in Cappadoc ian a nd S yr ian r u lers i s n ot r estr icted t o t he r eproduct i on o f t he s a me t ype : t ha t p er iod . t hese c o ins ;

t he s ea ted A thena N icephoros , at ype a lready r are i n

I t c an b e t raced i n t he s im i lar s ty l is t ic c harac ter is t ics o f a l l o f t he m c harac ter ist ic o f l a ter H e l len is t ic a r t , p ar t icu lar ly

3 6

n ot iceab le i n t he t reatmen t o f t he p or tra it o f t he r u ler , o n t he o bverse o f t he t e tradrachmae. Most is i s d ep ic ted w ith s hor t c ur ly h a ir , as tra igh t n ose , l i ps o n a we l l d ef ined f i ne p rof i le a nd w ith c h in s o mewha t t hrus t f orward . s pec i mens t he e yes a re w ide o pen , w i t h p ro trud ing p up ils.

On most

The h a ir i s

t ied w ith a d iade m -a n arrow r ibbon w ith e nds s l igh t ly c urv ing t owards t he b ack o f t he n eck . t he b ody ;

The h ead i s n o t p resen ted s epara te ly a nd i so la ted f rom

ad raped man t le worn b y t he r u ler i s c lear ly d iscern ib le.

A

s im i lar p or tra it a ppears o n t he t e tradrach mae o f A lexander Ba la ( 150-145 ), Orophernes , K ing o f C appadoc ia ( 158-157 ), 1 29 ),

1 79

e tc.

1 78

1 77

a nd An t iochus V II ( 139-

The p or tra it o f Most is a lso r esemb les t ha t o f M ithr ida tes V I

t o ac er ta in e x ten t , o n h is t etradrachmae o f t he s o c a l led " f irs t" a nd " second" t ype.

The t e tradrachmae min ted b efore 9 6 B .C. b e long t o t he " f irst" t ype.

A r ea l ist ica l ly d rawn p or tra it o f t he y oung a nd amb it ious r u ler o f t he Bosporus a nd P on tus 1 80 i s f ound o n t he m. On t he t e tradrachmae o f t he s o c a l led " sec ond" t ype , s truck b e tween 9 6 B .C . a nd 8 5 B .C., t he p or tra it o f Mithr ida tes V I i s s t i l l r ea l is t ic.

T he f ea tures a re s harp a nd t he f ace h as a w orn l ook .

The t e tradrachmae s truck i n t he p er iod 8 5 B .C.-66 B .C. d ep ict a n a bso lu te ly i dea l ized image o f t he r u ler . The h a ir i s l ong , w ith s cat tered c ur ls , t he f ea tures o f t he f ace a re e xpress ively r egu lar . s l igh t ly u pward .1 81

T he f ace i s l ook ing f orward ,

-

T hese f acts , s uppor ted b y a l l t he a rgu men ts o n t he c onnec t ion b e tween t he t ypes o n t he c o ins o f Mos t is a nd t hose o f M ithr ida tes V I , s how t ha t i t i s h ard ly p oss ib le t o d a te t he s tr ik ing o f t he t e tradrachmae o f Mos t is a f ter 8 5 B .C. when a n a bso lu te ly i dea l ized image b eg ins t o a ppear o n t he c o ins o f Mithr ida tes V I , f ar f rom a ny r ese mb lance t o t he r ea l image o f t he r u ler . Thus , we a rr ive a t t wo d a tes wh ich p rov ide t he t erm inus a nte g ue m a nd t he t erm inus p os t g ue m o f t he m in t ing o f t he c o ins o f Most is.

T hey a re t he

y ear 1 46 B .C. ,when T hasos b egan s tr ik ing t he t etradrach mae o f t he " second" p er iod a nd t he y ear 8 5 B .C. ,t he y ear when t he image o f M ithr ida tes V I b eg ins t o a ppear o n t he t e tradrach mae a s t he image o f a n i dea l ized p or tra it o f ar u ler.

I ti s i n t h is p er iod o f 6 0 y ears t ha t t he r e ign o f Mos t is f a l ls.

S ince h is r e ign , a s i s e v iden t f ro m t he y ears o f h is r u le g iven o n t he t etradrach mae ( f ro m 1 3 t o 3 8 ), l asted a t l eas t 3 8 y ears , 2 2 y ears o f h is r e ign i n t h is c hrono log ica l p er iod a re u naccoun ted f or .

We t herefore h ave

g rea ter g rounds t o c ons ider t he r e ign o f Most is t o h ave b egun i n t he l a t ter p ar t o f t he s econd c en tury B .C. ,a nd i n t ha t c ase h is r e ign c on t inued s o mewhere u p t o t he y ear 9 0 B .C. ,r a ther t han b eg inn ing i n t he f irst d ecades o f t he s econd h a l f o f t he s econd c en tury B .C.

T h is i s n o t o n ly b ased o n t he

s im i lar ity o f t he t ypes o f M ithr ida tes V I a nd Mos t is , wh ich w e men t ioned , b ut a lso o n t he d ata o bta ined f ro m a nc ien t a u thors o n t he s i tua t ion i n T hrace a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he s econd c en tury B .C . T he n ames o f v ar ious T hrac ian r u lers a nd d ynast ies a re men t ioned i n c onnec t ion w ith t he u nres t a round Pseudo-Ph i l ip , wh ich c aused c oncern a nd c on fus ion among t he Ro mans , b u t t he n a me o f Mos t is i s m iss ing among t he m .

3 7

Mos t l ike ly h e must h ave c o me t o p ower i n t he l as t q uar ter o f t he s econd c en tury B .C. a nd h is r e ign must h ave e nded 3 8 y ears l a ter , i n 8 6 B .C. ,when S u 1 1a , a f ter t he d e fea t o f tw o Pon t ic a rm ies , s acked A thens , o ccup ied Macedon ia a nd p assed t hrough T hrace w ith h is f orces o n h is w ay t o t he He l lespon t.

Wha t i s s trange , h owever , i s t he f ac t t hat s o l ong

1 82

ar e ign s hou ld h ave p assed u nno t iced b y h istor ica l s ources , p ar t icu lar ly b ear ing i n m ind t ha t d ur ing t hat p er iod M ithr ida tes V I u r ited a round h i mself f or t he s trugg le a ga ins t Ro na n o t o n ly t he c i t ies a round t he Bosporus a nd t he P ontus , b ut many o f t he Thrac ians , S cy th ians a nd Bastarn ians , " fr iends o f t he Pon t ian K ing" a s App ian e xp l ic ite ly n otes.

1 83

Odessos w as a lso w ith in t he s phere o f i n f luence o f M ithr idates V I.

The

s i lver t etradrachmae s truck b y Odessos , i m ita t ions o f t hose o f A lexander I I , w ith a n o bverse o f H erak les w i th t he l i on s k in , t he f ace o f Herak les h av ing t he f ea tures o f t he r u ler o f t he P on tus ,1 84 i s p roo f o f t he l a t ter 's i n f luence. Apo l lon ia , o ne o f t he p r inc ipa l Greek c o lon ies a long t he Wes tern P on t ic c oas t , a lso c onc luded a t rea ty w ith M ithr ida tes V I.

Mesa mbr ia a lso j o ined t h is

a l l iance a nd a lso s hared t he f a te o f Apo l lon ia , w h ich was c rue l ly p un ished b y L ucu l lus i n 7 2 B .C.

1 86

Most is mus t e v iden t ly h ave b een o ne o f t he f o l lowers o f M ithr ida tes i n Thrace i n h is s trugg le a ga ins t Ro me a nd t herefore K o tys a nd h is s on S ada las , a l l ies o f Ro me d ur ing S u l la 's c a mpa ign , w ere h is e ne m ies.

A Thrac ian

c on t ingen t u nder t he c o m mand o f Amatokos , t he s on o f T eres , ah igh Odrysa ean c o m mander , was s en t t o a ss is t S u l la b y t he T hrac ian k ing S adalas , a n a l ly o f t he Ro mans.

1 87

T he h istor ians o f t he t ime p assed o ver i n s i lence t he

n a me o f Most is , j ust a s t hey d id t he n a mes o f t he r e ma in ing a dheren ts o f M ithr ida tes , men t ion ing o n ly t hose who j o ined t he Ro man s ide. H is tor ica l s ources e xp l ic it ly s tress t ha t t he S cy th ians , T hrac ians a nd Bas tarn ians w ere c ons tan t a l l ies o f t he K ing o f t he P on tus a nd a ccoun ted f or a c ons iderab le p ar t o f h is f orces .1 88

I n t he c ourse o f t he F irs t War o f

M ithr ida tes V I w ith Ro me ( 88-85 ) t he i ncurs ions o f t he T hrac ians i n to t he p rov ince o f Macedon ia b eca me q u ite f recmen t.

R ebe l l ions b roke o u t i n

Macedon ia i t se lf , a lso i ns t iga ted b y M ithr ida tes V I.

1 89

I t i s d i f f icu lt t o d eterm ine wh ich p ar t o f T hrace was u nder t he r u le o f Most is.

I ti s c lear t ha t h is t err itor ies l ay i n t he S ou th-eas tern r eg ions, b u t

f ur ther w es tward t han t he t err itor ies u nder t he r u le o f Kotys a nd h is s on S ada las. Mos t is may h ave b een K ing o f t he B ess i, w ho w ere t rad it iona l ly a n t i-Ro man , i n t he ir s tr iv ing t o r e ta in t he ir p o l i t ica l i ndependence . D ur ing h is c ampa ign i n T hrace , Marcus L ucu l lus d e fea ted t he Bess i f irst a nd o verr an t he ir f or t if ied s e t t lemen ts l i skuda ma a nd Caby le .

1 90

T he t rea tmen t o f

t he Ro man c o m mander s hown t o t he war l ike Bess i r eca l ls t he c rue l f a te o f Apo l lon ia . a nd s ugges ts t ha t t he Bess i were g u i l ty i n t he e yes o f t he Ro mans , a . s were t he i nhab i tan ts o f Apo l lon ia , i n t he war b e tween M i thr ida tes V I a nd Ro me , f or b e ing o n t he s ide o f t he K ing o f P on tus . c o ins o f Most is , f r,i r . :1a bove d i i n t h c o 1 1 ,3 c L ions 91L .7 s uppor t t h is v iew .

T he c ircu la t ion o f t he

P lovd iv , Y ambo l a nd S l iver museu m

1 85

T he c o ins o f Most is s hed a n i n teres t ing l i gh t o n t he h is tory o f T hrace t owards t he e nd o f t he s econd a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he f irs t c en tury B .C. J us t a s t he s ta ters a nd t e tradrach mae , s truck i n A thens a round t he y ear 1 21 B .C. w ith t he n a me o f M ithr ida tes a nd h is e nvoy Ar is thones , r evea l h er f r iend ly a t t itude t owards M ithr ida tes V , t he f a ther o f M ithr ida tes Eupa tor , a nd t he e nsu ing l ong a l l iance o f A thens w ith t he Pon t ic k ings ,1 91 a nd t e tradrach mae s truck i n Amph ipo l is w ith t he n a me a nd image o f t he Cappadoc ian r u ler Ar iarades I X1 92 s how t ha t Amph ipo l is , wh ich was f avoure d b y t he Ro mans , w as a lso i n t he h ands o f t he K ing o f t he P on tus , s o t he c o ins o f Most is r evea l t he e x istence o f aT hrac ian r u ler who was a s uppor ter o f M ithr ida tes V I.

3 9

I V .

RARE THRACIAN CO INS OF THE F IRST CE NTURY B .C.

The Ro man i nvas ion o f t he w estern p ar t o f t he Ba lkan p en insu la a nd t he u se o f Macedon ia a s ab ase f or c o mpa igns a ga ins t t he Greek c o lon ies a f fecte d t he i ndependence o f t he Odrysaean r u lers o f t he f irst c en tury B .C. o n ly p ar t ia l ly .

Wha t i s more, t he ir f l ex ib le p ro-Ro man p o l icy , w h ich g uaran teed

t he m t he a ss is tance o f t he m igh ty c onqueror , made i tp oss ib le f or t he m t o e x tend t he ir p ossess ions , t o b ear t he t i t le ( i n mos t c ases ) o f ß c x ,c L XE t 5 g e p c xxj )v ,a nd t o m in t c o ins , wh ich i s o ne o f t he p r inc ip le s igns o f r egal a u thor ity .

The min t ing o f c o ins i s a lso p roo f o f t he r ise o f a money e cono my

b etween t he T hrac ians t he mse lves , i n i t se l f as ign o f e cono m ic p rosper i ty . The c o ins o f t he Odrysaeans ' f irst c en tury B .C. r u lers a re c o mparat ive ly r are.

Na tura l ly , w e h ave d e l ibera te ly e xc luded t he v ar ied c o inage

o f Rhoe meta lces I , d esp ite t he f act t ha t t he b eg inn ing o f h is r e ign i nc ludes t he l ast d ecades o f t he f irs t c en tury B .C.

T he t ypes o f t he c o inage o f

Rhoe meta lces I , wh ich a re c op ies o f t hose o f Augus tus , a nd p lace s ide b y s ide t he h eads o f t he t wo r u lers , a nd t he i nc lus ion o f t he n a me o f A ugus tus a nd h is t i t le i n G reek , g ive u s g rounds t o c ons ider t he c o inage o f Rhoe meta lces Ia s an ew , o r r a ther a f ina l s tage i n t he h istor ica l d eve lop men t o f Thrac ian n um is ma t ics. T he Thrac ian c o ins o f t he f irs t c en tury wh ich h ave r eached u s c an b e p rov is iona l ly c lass if ied i n t hree g roups.

T he f irst g roup c ons ists o f b ronze

c o ins w i th a l mos t i dent ica l p or tra its o n t he o bverse :

t he b ust o f t he r u lers

i s d ep ic ted o n t he o bverse , wh ile a n e ag le p erched o n at hunderbo l t a ppears o n t he r everse. KOTYOZ f o l lows :

H owever , o n t he r everse o f o ne o f t he m t he i nscr ip t ion

a ppears , wh i le t he i nscr ip t ion o n t he r e ma in ing o nes r uns a s BAZIA _EY

AAA / 10Y

. Th is s im i lar ity o f t ypes h as l ed a l l

s cho lars w ork ing i n t he f i e ld o f Thrac ian n um is ma t ics t o c ons ider t he m t he c o inage o f af a ther a nd a s on . Who w ere t hese r u lers w ith t he n a mes o f Ko tys a nd S ada las?

I th as

b een e s tab l ished f ro m wr it ten s ources a nd e p igraph ica l monu men ts t ha t s evera l r u lers b ore t hese n a mes d ur ing t he f i rst c entury B .C. af ather-son s equence , t hey a ppear i n t he f o l low ing o rder : S ada las I ( C . 8 7-75 ) Ko tys I

5 7-48 )

K o tys I

( c . 5 7-48 )

S ada las I

4 8-42 )

S ada las I ( 2 . 4 8-42 ) Ko tys I I

( c . 3 8-18 )

4 0

Arranged i n

I nt wo o f t he t hree p oss ib le i nstances S ada las i s t he n ame o f t he f a ther , a nd K o tys t ha t o f t he s on .

H owever , t he p or tra it o f ay oung , b eard less man

i s f ound o n t he c o ins o f S ada las , wh ile t he p or tra it o f a mature man a ppears o n t hose o f Ko tys. 1 93 T hese h eads p or trayed o n t he c o ins p rove t ha t Kotys was t he f ather a nd S ada las t he s on . They c o inc ide i n o ur s che me w ith t he d oub le s et - K otys I a nd S ada las I . S o me o f t he mos t i n terest ing a nd r are a nc ien t c o ins f ound i n Bu lgar ia f a l l i n t he s econd g roup -t he t etradrachmae w ith t he i nscr ip t ion : KOTYOE XAPAKTHP

. on t he r everse o f t hese t etradrachmae , wh ich a re e ssent ia l ly

im i ta t ions o f t he Thasos t e tradrach mae, i n w ide c ircu la t ion among t he Thrac ians , i nstead o f t he c o m mon i nscr ip t ion HPAKAEOE E2THPOE 0AZION t here a ppears KOTYOE XAPAKTHP. Who i s t he Kotys whose n a me i s f ound o n t hese c o ins?

S cho lars p rov ide v ar ious a nswers , i n mos t c ases w ithou t a ny

a rgumen ts wha tsoever i n s uppor t o f t he m. T hey q uo te a l mos t a l l Thrac ian r u lers o f t he n ame o f Ko tys who r e igned a f ter t he b eg inn ing o f t he f irst c en tury B .C., u p t o t he t wen t ies o f t he f irs t c en tury A . D.

Thus , s ome a re o f t he o p in ion t ha t w e h ave b e fore u s c o ins o f

Ko tys V ( 12-19 A .D .) - t he s on o f Rhoe meta lces 1 ,1 94

w as was e x to l led b y

Ov id . O thers c ons ider t ha t t hese t etradrachmae w ere s truck b y Ko tys I V , ac on te mporary o f Augus tus , o n t he o ccas ion o f t he s hor tl ived a n t i-Ro man u pr is ing o f t he T hrac ians , wh ich b roke o u t i n t he y ear 1 6 B .0 .1 95

A lthough

men t ioned q u ite c ursor i ly , i n af ootno te , t he v iew h as a lso b een e xpressed t ha t t he c o ins i n q uest ion s hou ld b e a t tr ibu ted t o t he r e ign o f K otys I I ( 574 8 )• 1 96 T he e ar l iest d a t ing , a t tr ibut ing t he c o ins t o t he f irs t d ecades o f t he f irs t c entury B .C. ,a ppears i n ar ecen t Bu lgar ian p ub l icat ion. 1 97

T he

a uthor c oncludes t hat K o tys w as a n Odrysaean d ynas t , t he f a ther o f S ada las I , who r u led o ver Eas tern T hrace b e tween 8 7-75 B .C. T he c o ins w ere s truck i n as pec ia l m in t , o rgan ized a t h is c our t . T here i s n o d oub t t ha t t hese c on trad ict ing v iews o n t he i den t ity o f a n u nknown Thrac ian r u ler a re d ue c h ief ly t o t he s can t s ources a nd t he s carc ity o f e p igraph ica l monumen ts o f t he f irs t c en tury B .C. ,a s w e l l a s t he s can t n um is mat ic ma ter ia l w e h ave a t o ur d isposa l.

On ly a c o mpar ison o f a l l t he

c o mp lex d ata c an a ss is t u s i n r each ing t he c orrec t s o lu t ion o f t h is i n teres ti ng p rob le m. I t wou ld b e l og ica l , a bove a l l , t o c ons ider t ha t among t he s evera l r u lers o f t he n a me o f Kotys w e s hou ld t ry t o i den t ify t he r u ler who a nswers t o t wo b as ic c ond it ions.

T he f i rs t i s t he n ecess ity t o h ave b een r ecogn ized b y t he

Romans a s t he p o l it ica l a u thor ity o f t he l and , a s w e l l a s e cono m ic s tab il ity , wh ich wou ld a l low h im t o s tr ike s i lver c o ins ; whose n a me b ronze c o ins w ere s truck , af ac t

a nd t he s econd t o b e ar u ler i n wh ich e stab l ishes t he e x is tence

o f am in t where s i lver c o ins c ou ld h ave b een m in ted .

4 1

I n t he l igh t o f t hese r equ ire men ts , among t he l i s t o f r u lers who b ear t he n a me o f Ko tys , t he n a me o f Kotys V ( 12-19 ) i s r u led o u t a l mos t a utoma t ica l ly.

Ad irec t h e ir o f h is f a ther Rhoe meta lces I , whose c o ins i nvar i-

a b ly b ear t he n a me o r h ead o f Augustus ( i n mos t c ases b o th ), p roo f o f t he d ependence o f t h is Odrysaean r u ler o n t he Ro mans , Kotys V c ou ld i n n o c ase h ave s hown s uch a d egree o f i ndependence a s t o s tr ike t etradrach mae b ear ing o n ly h is n a me.

N o c o ins o f h is s hor t r e ign 1 2-19 A .D . h ave c o me

d own t o u s , ar e ign o ver o n ly h al f o f h is f a ther 's t err itor ies , c ons is t ing o f ' t he f i e lds , c i t ies a nd t he n e ighbour ing p laces a round Greece ',

1 98

a nd wh ich

p assed i n a n a l mos t i ncessan t s trugg le w ith h is u nc le Rhaescupor is. I f w e l ook b ack c hrono log ica l ly , w e c annot h e lp s ee ing h ow i ncons is ten t a re t he c la i ms o f t he a u thors who c onnec t t he s tr ik ing o f t hese c o ins w ith t he n a mes o f Ko tys I V a nd t he o u tbreak o f t he s hor t l ived u pr is ing o f t he Thrac ians a ga ins t t he Ro mans i n 1 6 B .0 .1 99

T h is u pr is ing , i n w h ich t he

Bess i w ere most a c t ive , was a lso d irected a ga inst t he Odrysaean r oya l h ouse , wh ich was l oya l t o t he Ro mans.

Vo logeses , t he H igh Pr ies t o f

D ionysus , k i l led Rhaescupor is , t he s on o f Ko tys , t ook o ver t he f orces o f h is u nc le Rhoe me ta lces a nd f orced h im t o f l ee. 2 0u

wha t we s hou ld a lso p o in t

o ut i s t ha t t he u pr is ing , wh ich a ctua l ly b roke o u t i n t he y ear 1 B .C.,

2 01

i s c on fused w ith t he u nrest among t he B ess i, a n e ven t wh ich o ccurred s evera l y ears e ar l ier . 202 The o p in ion , t ha t t he t etradrach mae i n q ues t ion s hou ld b e c onnec ted w ith t he n a me o f t he l i t t le k nown Odrysaean d ynas t K o tys , who r u led o ver E as tern Thrace a t t he v ery b eg inn ing o f t he f irs t c en tury B .C. ,i s n ot p ar t icu lar ly a cceptab le. 203

T he d a ta D iodorus g ives u s o n t h is d 3m .as t2 04

a re i nsuf f ic ien t

t o a l low t he d raw ing o f c oncrete c onc lus ions a s t o t he t err itory h e r e igned o ver , h is e cono m ic p o ten t ia l , wh ich wou ld h ave made i tp oss ible f or h im t o s tr ike s i lver c o ins , a nd h ence h is p o l it ica l p res t ige i n r e la t ion t o t he Ro mans a nd t he r e ma in ing t r ibes a nd d ynast ies among t he T hrac ians.

Wha t i s more

n o b ronze c o ins s truck i n t he n a me o f Ko tys Iw h ich c ou ld s erve a s c onv inci ng p roof o f t he e x is tence o f am in t a t t he c our t o f t h is T hrac ian d ynas t , h ave r eached u s.

The e ar ly d a t ing o f t hese c o ins i s n o t s uppor ted b y t he ir s im ilar-

i ty t o a ny s er ies , n or i s i ts uppor ted b y b arbar ian i m itat ions o f T hasos t etrad rach mae , o r b y t he r ounded f or m o f t he s igma , t he i nd ica t ion o f al a ter o r ig in . 2 °5 A l l t hese a rgu men ts d irect o ur a t tent ion t o t he r e ign o f Kotys I o r I I, ( c . 5 7-48 ) a s t he most p robab le p er iod o f t he m in t ing o f t he t etradrach mae i n q ues t ion . C icero i nI n P isone m , as peech p rosecut ing P iso , t he g overnor o f Macedon ia f ro m 5 7 t o 5 5 B .C. ,p rov ides u s w ith i n teres t ing i n forma t ion o n t h is T hrac ian r u ler . 2"

Br ibed b y K otys w ith 3 00 t a len ts , a n e normous

s um a t t he t ime , wh ich i nd ica tes t he ma ter ia l p o ten t ial o f t he K ing o f t he Odrysae , Ca lpurn ius P iso o rdered t he b ehead ing o f Rhabocen tes , o ne o f t he p ro m inen t me mbers o f t he Bess i t r ibe. T he n a me o f K otys i s a lso men t ioned b y Roman h is tor ians i n c onnect ion w ith t he c iv il war b e tween C aesar a nd P o mpe ius i n 4 8 B .0 C .

Kotys t ook t he

s ide o f P o mpe ius , a ss is ted h im w ith s upp l ies a nd s en t h im 5 00 h andp icked

4 2

Thrac ian s o ld iers u nder t he c o m mand o r h is s on S ada 1a a z. 207 A no lh er T h -r a c ian r u ler . Rhaescupor ls , a lso t ook p ar t o n t he s ide o f E c mpe ius , h ead ing ac on t ingen t o f 2 00 men . 20

Regard less o f t he c ourage s hown b y t he T hra-

c ians P o mpe ius l os t t he b a t t le o f Pharsa lus. A f ter t he d efea t a t P harsa lus Caesar c rue l ly p un ished a l l t he Ro mans who h ad f ol lowed P o mpe ius.

H owever , a s f ar a s t he T hrac ians w ere c on-

c erned , h e s howed a s trange magnan im ity .

N o t o n ly d id h e n o t t ake a ny

s teps a ga inst t he m , b u t h e p ub l ic ly e xpressed h is a dm ira t ion o f t he l oya l ty o f S ada las t o t he c ause o f P o mpe ius 2U9 Caesar 's t act ics were h ard ly d ue t o t he r espect o f av eteran s o ld ier f or t he c ourage o f h is e ne my .

I t s hou ld

r a ther b e s een a s af ar-s ighted d ip lo ma t ic move , t hrough wh ich Caesar a i med a t w inn ing o ver t he Odrysaean r u ler Kotys , t he f a ther o f S ada las , who was ar ea l f orce b o th p o l it ica l ly a nd a cono m ica l ly . I ti s e v iden t , f ro m wha t h as b een s a id s o f ar t ha t b etween t he f our Thrac ian r u lers o f t he n a me o f Ko tys , t o who m s pec ia l is ts a t tr ibu te t he c o ins , t he o n ly o ne who h ad l arge s ums a s h is d isposa l , a ccord ing t o s ources , a nd ma in ta ined a c ons iderab le a rmy , t hrough w h ich h e a ss is ted h is a l l ies , was Ko tys 1 ( 1 1 1 ).

I t s hou ld a lso b e n o ted t ha t s o f ar b ronze c o ins a re n o t k nown

t o h ave b een s truck i n t he n a me o f Kotys I , Ko tys I l ( IV ) a nd K otys I V ( V ). As a lready p o inted o u t , K o tys I ( II ) h i mse lf m in ted b ronze c o ins. I ti s t here fore most n a tura l t o a t tr ibu te t he s i lver c o ins t o t he s ame r u ler . N o d eta iled d escr ipt ion o f t hese c o ins w i l l b e g iven h ere a s t hey h ave a lready b een p ub l ished ,2 10 b u t a t ten t ion w il l o n ly b e d rawn t o s o me o f t he ir p ar t icu lar f ea tures. A s a lready n o ted , t he c o ins i n q uest ion a re im ita t ions o f a n e x tre me ly p opu lar t ype among t he T hrac ians - t he t ypes o f Thasos t e tradrach mae.

The o n ly d if ference b e tween t he o r ig ina l T hasos t e tradrach-

mae a nd t he s o c a l led ' barbar ian im itat ions ' i s i n t he i nscr ipt ion e ngraved o n t he r everse. T h is i nscr ip t ion i s e x tre me ly i n teres t ing , a s t he n a me o f t he r u ler i n i ti s e xpressed i n a n u nusua l f orm . I ti s c o m mon f or t he Thasos t etradrach mae t o b ear t he i nscr ip t ion HPAKAEOYE Z S 2THPOE 8AEION I n t he i m ita t ions , i n mos t c ases t h is i nscr ip t ion i s v ir tua l ly o b l itera ted . However , o n t he c o ins i n q uest ion i tr uns a s f o l lows : KoTyoz x mAKTHp T he f irst p ar t o f t h is i nscr ip t ion , q u ite c lear i n i t se lf , i s t he n ame o f ar u ler , K o tys, i n t he g en it ive ( a c o m mon p rac t ice o n a l mos t a l l a nc ien t c o ins , where t he n ame o f t he r u ler i s g iven i n t he g en i t ive EAAAAAOY , POINE ITAAKOY ) . T he s econd p ar t o f t he i nscr ip t ion i s u nusua l , c on ta ini ng t he word Xapoo tTf IP i n t he n om ina t ive. I to bv ious ly d enotes d ie , o r s ea l . I n t ha t c ase t he e n t ire i nscr ip t ion t akes t he mean ing ' d ie o r s ea l o f Kotys '. T h is f orm o f i nscr ip t ion d oes n ot a ppear o n a ny o ther t ype o f c o in. T h is i s w hy w e a re i nc l ined t o c ons ider t ha t t h is i s a n e xpress ion o f t he r e la t ions h ip o f t hese t e tradrachmae o f Ko tys t o t he Thasos t e tradrachmae.

A s f ar

a s t he t ype a nd w e igh t a re c oncerned , t hey a re e n t ire ly r eproduct ions o f t he Thasos t etradrachmae , t he o n ly d i f ference i s t ha t t hey w ere s truck i n t he n a me o f Kotys , i .e. w ith t he d ie o f Ko tys.

Kotys d i f feren t ia ted t hese c o ins

f ro m t he Thasos t etradrach mae t hrough h is d ie a nd t hus made t he m h is own

4 3

l ega l t ender .

Wha t i s more , i th as b een e stab l ished , f rom t he c lose s tudy

o f t hree s pec i mens , t ha t t he o bverses w ere s truck w ith t he s a me d ie , wh ile d i f feren t d ies w ere u sed f or t he r everse. 2 12 I t was l ong a go e s tab l ished t ha t when c o ins w ere min ted t he t op ma tr ix , b ear ing t he e ngraved r everse a nd t he d irect b low o f t he h a mmer , w as worn o u t much s ooner t han t he b ot to m d ie.

T h is d ie h as i t s s pec ia l n ame

XAPAKTIP . 2 13 A s t he d i f ference i n t he t e tradrach mae o f Kotys a nd t hose f ro m Thasos i s s o le ly i n t he i nscr ip t ion , e ngraved o n t he r everse , b y means o f t he t op d ie , t he w ord r c ipo cw-u f )p may r efer s o le ly t o i t . T he c o ins i n q uest ion a re l im ited i n n u mber : o n ly s ix s pec i mens a re k nown .214 Wha t i s more , f our o f t he m c o me f rom c o in h oards c on ta in ing T hasos t etradrach mae , o r ig ina ls a s w el l a s im ita t ions.

T he ir p resence

i n t hese h oards s hows t ha t t hey s erved a s a means o f p aymen t a nd c annot b e c lass if ied a s ' non-ge ld ' .2 15 F ur ther more , t he a bove men t ioned f ac ts o n t he u se o f t hree d i f ferent d ies f or t he o bverse o f t hese t e tradrach mae i nd ica tes t ha t t he s tr ik ing o f t hese c o ins w as n ot s o l im ited a s w e imag ined , j udg ing f ro m t he n umber o f s pec i mens f ound .

S pec ia l is ts i n t he f i e ld o f a nc ien t n um is mat ics h ave r e-

c en t ly c arr ied o u t r esearch o n t he t echn ique o f c o in s trk ing , wh ich h as e ven made i tp oss ib le t o d eterm ine w ith in c er ta in l im i ts t he a nnua l o utpu t o f a g iven m in t .

Thus , c o mpar ing t he n u mbers o f t he A then ian t e tradrach mae

o f t he s o c a l led ' second ' p er iod wh ich h ave r eached u s w ith t he n umber o f t he d ies u sed f or t he ir s tr ik ing , E. Rava in , E. Rob inson , M.Tho mpson , a nd L .Brune t t i e s tab l ished t ha t d ur ing t he p er iod 1 67-140 B .C. a bout 3 m i l l ion t e tradrachmae w ere s truck i n t he A then ian m in t .2 16

O f c ourse t hese a re

r ough e s t i ma tes , a s t he e xac t n u mber o f t he c o ins a d ie c ou ld s tr ike i s n o t k nown . I ti s g enera l ly a ccep ted t ha t w ith t he o bverse ( bot to m ) d ie t h is n u mber v ar ied b e tween 4 000 t o 6 000 t e tradrachmae. 2 17 I n o ur p ar t icu lar c ase , mak ing u se o f t hese d a ta , w e m igh t a lso c o me t o a n a pprox i ma t ion o f t he t e tradrach mae w h ich m ight h ave b een m in ted b y Ko tys.

T he p ropor t ion 1 :3 b etween t he b ot to m u sed d ie ( t he o bverse ) a nd

t he t op d ies , p rov ided t he d ies o f t he t hree s pec imens h ad n ot b een e xa m ined , c ou ld s ugges t t he e x istence o f a t l east o ne more b ot to m d ie.

I n t ha t c ase,

a gree ing o n t he sma l lest s ugges ted f igures , w ith t he a va i lab le d ata a s o ur b as is , t he n u mber o f t he t e tradrachmae K ctys c ou ld h ave h ad s truck c ou ld h ave b een a round 8 000. I fw e mu l t ip ly t h is f igure b y 1 6 .40 g ra ms t he a verage w e igh t o f o ne t e tradrach ma , w e s ha l l s ee , t ha t o n ly 1 3.120 k g . o f s i lver was u . ;ed t o m in t t hese c o ins , wh ich i s e qua l t o h alf a t a len t . Th is q uan t it y o f s i lver w as i ns ign if ican t , b ear ing i n m ind t he p o ten t ia l o f K o tys I , w ho g ave Ca lpurn ius P iso t he l u mp s um o f 3 00 t a len ts a s a b r ibe .2 18 T he l im ited n u mber o f t e tradrachmae o f K o tys w h ich h ave r eached u s c ou ld b e e xp la ined b y t he p oss ib i l ity t ha t a sma l l p ar t o f t hese c o ins w as k ep t a s b u l l ion .

Once r each ing t he Romans i n t he f or m o fb r ibes ,

a id , e tc. t he c o ins w ere p robab ly me lted d own a nd t he me ta l s erved t o m in t n ew s er ies o f Repub l ican Ro man d enar i i.

4 1

I ti s i nteres t ing t o n o te t ha t c er ta in s er ies o f b arbar ian im ita t ions o f t he Thasos t etradrach mae s how t he s a me s ty l ist ic c haracter ist ics wh ich we f i nd o n t he c o ins o f Kotys. On t he ir o bverses t he e yes , n ostr ils a nd t he l i ps o f D ionysus , a re d ep icted i n t he s a me manner , b y d o ts.

The s ame manner h as

b een u sed f or t he c ur ls o fh is h a ir . On t he r everses , t he c lub o f Herak les i s a lso d rawn b y d ots. I n b o th t ypes o f c o ins t he e nd o f t he i nd iv idua l l et ters i n t he i nscr ip t ion f in ish i n d ots a s w e l l

( P l. X IX , F igs. 1 45-146 ).

T h is s im i lar ity i n s ty le b e tween t he c o ins o f Kotys a nd c er ta in b arbar ian im ita t ions o f T hasos t e tradrach mae i nd ica tes t he p oss ib i l ity t ha t t hey were s truck i n t he s a me min t .

Natura l ly , t he f ina l s o lut ion o f t he p rob le m c an

o n ly b e a rr ived a t a f ter ! Id e ta i led s tudy a nd c lass if ica t ion o ft he b arbar ian im ita t ions o f t he Thasos t e tradrach mae a nd i n p ar t icu lar o f t he c o ins o r ig in at ing f ro m h oards f ound i n Nor th-eas tern Bu lgar ia. O f t he s ix k nown s pec i mens o f Kotys t e tradrach mae f our f or med a p ar t o f h oards f ound i n t he V arna a nd S hou men d istr icts. l im i ted c ircu la t ion

T h is t err itor ia l ly

l oca l izes t he m in t , where t he c o ins t he mse lves w ere

s truck t o a cer ta in e x ten t .

We h ave n o p rec ise i nforma t ion o n t he n or thern

b oundar ies o f t he Odrysaean k ingdo m i n t he r e ign o f K otys I .

They were

p robab ly p ressed f ur ther n or th w ith t he d ec l ine o f t he m igh t o f Bureb is ta a nd w ith t he c onso l ida t ion o f t he Odrysaean k ingdo m. S trabo , w hose y ou th c o inc ided w ith t he r e ign o f Kotys I a nd S ada las c a l ls t he Thrac ians , w ho i nhab it t he l ands b e tween t he H ebros a nd Cypse la o n t he o ne h and a nd Odessos o n t he o ther ,2 19 Odrysaeans. Cer ta in h is tor ians t h ink t ha t Odessos f ormed p ar t o f t he t err itor ies o ver wh ich t he Odrysaean r oya l h ouse ( i n t h is c ase Kotys I a nd S ada las 1 )2 20

r e igned .

However , ad ecree o f t he r e ign o f S ada las I , who , af ter t he d ea th o f Bureb ista , o ccup ied p ar t o f t he K ingdo m o f t he G etae , b order ing o n Odessos , i s o fp ar t icu lar impor tance. The s tra tegos Menogenes was t he g overnor o f t h is r eg ion , a nd r es tored 0dessos 2 21 w ith t he h e lp o f t he k ing h i mse lf . I n o ther w ords , t he d ecree i s d a ted b e tween 4 5 B .C. ( t he p robab le y ear o f t he d ea th o f Bureb ista ) a nd 4 2 B .C. when S ada las I w as k i l led. 2 22 U nder t hese c ircu mstances t he c ircu la t ion o f t he t etradrachmae o f Kotys I , f ound a l mos t s o le ly i n t he r eg ion a round a nc ien t Odessos , c an b e e xp la ined o n ly i n t wo w ays . E ither i n 4 5 B .C. Ko tys I was s t il l a l ive ( h is n a me a ppears i n h istor ica l s ources i n 4 8 B .C. f or t he l as t t ime i n c onnect ion w ith t he b a t t le o f Pharsa lus ) o r t he r eg ion o f Odessos f e l l t o t he Odrysaeans b efore 4 5 B .C. - a t t he l a test , a t t he v ery b eg inn ing o f t he ' 50s o ft he f irst c en tury B .C. T h is f irst e xp lana t ion i s s o mewha t w eakened by t he f act t ha t a t t he t ime w hen t he d ecree was i ssued Kotys I w as a lready d ead , a nd t he n a me S ada las I i s e xp l ic i t ly men t ioned . T he amaz ing s im i lar ity i n s ty le , a lready i nd ica ted b e tween t he t e trad rachmae o f K otys a nd c er ta in b arbar ic im ita t ions o f t he T hasos t e tradrachmae , g ives u s g rounds f or more p rec ise d a t ing o f t he l a t ter .

I ti s n a tura l

t o c ons ider , t ha t t hese i m ita t ions w ere a lso m in ted t owards t he m idd le o f t he f i rs t c en tury B .C.

4 5

The t h ird g roup o f c o ins , s ub jec t o f o ur s tudy , i nc ludes b ronze c o ins, whose p rec ise c lass if ica t ion h as c aused c on trad ictory v iews .

On t he ir o b-

v erse a ppears t he b ust o f ad iade med r u ler wear ing a man t le a nd d iade m f aci ng r igh t .

Around i t r uns t he i nscr ip t ion :

F ig . 1 53) .

BAELLEYE KOTYE

( P l . XX ,

On t he r everse o f t he c o ins w ith a l arger modu le a ppears a w inged

v ic tory , mov ing l ef t .

I n h er r igh t h and s he h o lds a wrea th a nd i n h er l ef t a

p a lm b ranch , l ean ing o n h er s hou lder . BAEIA ME PAIEKOHOPIAOE

Around t he image r uns t he i nscr ip t ion :

o r PAIEKOHOPIA0E.

The i den t ica l i nscr ip-

t ion r uns o n t he r everse o ft he c o ins w ith a sma l ler modu le a round a s tand ing t rophy ( P l . XX , F ig . 1 57) . H ere a ga in , w ithou t p resen t ing a ny s er ious a rgu men ts , most n um is mat i s ts c ons ider t ha t t hese c o ins were s truck b y K otys V ( t he s on o f Rhoe meta c les I ) a nd h is u nc le Rhaescupor is 1 1. 2 23

These a u thors d o n ot d we l l o n

t he t hree p ecu l iar it ies wh ich c haracter ize t he m : 1 .

The i nscr ipt ions o n t he o bverse a nd t he r everse men t ion t he n a mes o f t wo d if feren t r u lers.

2 .

On t he i ns , . . . ip t ion o f t he o bverse , a ccompany ing t he p or tra i t o f t he r u ler , t he f irst n a me i s p resen ted n ot i n t he u sua l g en it ive, b ut i n t he n om ina t ive.

3 .

The n a me o f t he s econd r u ler i n t he i nscr ip t ion o n t he r everse i s i n t he g ene t ive, a nd i s n o t c onnected w ith a ny c oncrete p or tra it o f ar u ler .

I t was Crow foo t ,

who , r eferr ing t o e p igraph ic mater ia l , t wo i nscr ipt ions

f ro m A thens i n wh ich t he n a mes o f Kotys a nd Rhaescupor is a re men t ioned , a nd o ne b us t w ith f ea tures wh ich h e f inds s im ilar t o t hose a ppear ing o n t he c o ins o f t ha t r u ler , f or med t he c onc lus ion t hat t h is was t he b ust o f K o tys I V , t he s on o f Rhaescupor is. 2 24

Therefore t he p or tra it s hown o n t he c o ins i s

t ha t o f K otys I V . I n ad eta i led s tudy o f t he i nscr ip t ions f ro m Byza a nd A thens , w here t he n a mes o f Rhaescupor is a nd Ko tys a re men t ioned , T . I vanov e xpresses t he o p in ion t ha t t he c o ins i n q ues t ion were o n ly m in ted i n t he n a me o f K ing Kotys ,

2 25

wh ich n a me , a s w e men t ioned a bove , i s g iven i n t he n om inat ive.

Accord ing t o h im , t he g enet ive , t he f or m o f t he n ame o f Rhaescupor is o n t he r everse o f t he c o ins , a nd t he a bsence o f h is i mage, s how t hat K o tys i s t he s on o f Rhaescupor is.

T he Ko tys i n q ues t ion , K o tys I V , i s a ccord ing t o

t he s a me a uthor t he f a ther o f t he t wo b rothers Rhoe meta lces I a nd R haesc upor is 1 .2 26 A . Roga lsky h as r ecen t ly r igh t ly a rgued , f ro m a c o mpar ison o f t he d a ta f ro m t he a na lys is o f t he n um is ma t ic ma ter ia l w ith t he i n for ma t ion f ro m h is tor ica l s ources t hat t hese c o ins c an b y n o means b e a t tr ibuted t o K otys V a nd Rhaescupor is 1 1. 2 27

H e d oes a ccep t , h owever , t ha t t hey were s truck

b y Rhoe meta lces a s t he g uard ian o f t he m inor Rhaescupor is I .

T hat i s why

t he n a me o f t he l a te K o tys I V , t he f a ther o f Rhaescupor is , a ppears i n t he n om ina t ive.

We s ha l l n ot dwe l l h ere o n t he manner L n wh ich Roga lsky d rew

t he f irs t p ar t o f t hese c onc lus ions t ha t t he c o ins c an b y n o means b e a t tr ibu ted t o K otys V a nd Rhaescupor is I , i .e. i ti s c onv inc ing , l og ica l , a nd c an b e a ccep ted. 4 6

The second part should now be considered. Were the coins actually minted by Kotys IV and his son Rhaescuporis II? The problem is in fact more complicated, for the name of Rhoemetalces I is also involved here. Thus, instead of discussing solely the portrait of the ruler on the coin, accompanied by an inscription containing his name, as well as the name of another ruler, whose image is not depicted, we have to consider the role ot a third ruler, whose name and image were not even suggested on the coins. Before presenting an opinion on the views we quoted, we should summa­ rize the information which the analysis of the coins provides. The types and the inscriptions depicted on them actually bring together two personages - that of Kotys and Rhaescuporis, each of whom individually bore the title of king, Scxot.A.su c; • What is more, the fact that the name of one of them, Rhaescuporis, is given in the genetive, together with the figure of Victory and a trophy (traditional symbols of victory) which acco:.npany him gives us grounds to consider, judging by a common practice in ancient nu­ mismatics, that Rhaescuporis was the ruler who struck these coins and that the types should be linked with a successful military campaign, in which he took an active part. The validity of these statements can be supported solely by the informa­ tion provided by historical sources and epigraphical data on the Thracian ruler Kotys and Rhaescuporis. While we would run into more difficulties in identifying the name of Kotys, since the name is so common that some scholars consider it a common-Thracian name, 229 that of Rhaescuporis is considerably rarer. 230 Actually during the period in question we know of only three rulers bearing the name of Rhaescuporis. In the first place comes Rhaescuporis III, the brother of Rhoemetalces I, who after the latter's death reigned over half of his kingdom, which included the 'untilled, wild reaches close to the enemy'. 231 During his comparatively short reign (1219), which passed in an incessant struggle with his nephew Kotys IV (V), and in his striving to win the favour and support of Tiberius, he would hardly have dared to strike coins without the name and image of the Emperor. The hatred, furthermore, which the uncle, Rhaescuporis III, felt for his nephew Kotys IV (V), which also led to the assassination of the latter, 232 could hardly allow the minting of coins with an obverse bearing in a central position the image of Kotys IV (V). The arguments that the portrait of an elderly man on the coin does not coincide with the real age of the young Kotys IV (V), 233 are not convincing. They might have some meaning if we accept the premise that the portrait of the ruler shown on the obverse of the coins is that of the younger son of Rhoemetalces I - Kotys IV (V). Many scholars forget, however, that the portrait in question could belong to another Kotys, much more closely connected with Rhaescuporis III. It could be that of Kotys of the Sapaeian House, the father of the two brothers Rhoemetalces I and Rhaescuporis III.

47

Kotys o f t he S apae ian H ouse 1 Rhoe meta lces I

' 1 Rhaescupor is I I

Ko tys I V ( V ) T he e nm ity t owards h is n ephew - t he s on o f am igh ty b rother , w ho l ef t h im i n t he b ackground f or many l ong y ears , may l og ica l ly e xp la in t he p lac ing o f t he image o f t he f a ther o n t he c o ins. Actua l ly , o ur p rob le m i s n o t t ha t o f i den t ify ing t he image o f Ko tys o n t he o bverse o f t he c o ins , b ut t o e s tab l ish whe ther t he ir m in t ing c ou ld b e c onnec ted w i th t he n a me o f Rhaescupor is I I.

The a rgu men ts a ga ins t s uch a c lass if i-

c a t ion a re a lso s uppor ted b y t he a va i lab le e p igraph ica l ma ter ia l. i tp roves t ha t Rhaescupor is I I n ever b ore t he t i t le ß o cc X E c

Above a l l

a s i s e x-

p l ic itely s hown o n t he c o ins. Un l ike h is n ephew Ko tys I V ( V ) who i n t he i nscr ip t ion f ro m Ca la t is i s r eferred t o a s ß ar X w KöTvog T OV POLw ry rc (Xxc c ,2 34 h e , l ike h is s on Rhoe meta lces I i n t he f irs t y ear o f h is r e ign , w as o n ly c a l led e p cxx v 5 i 3v6c -c r ig .2 35 T he n ex t Rhaescupor is whose n a me w e meet i n h istor ica l s ources , i s Rhaescupor is I - t he m inor s on o f Kotys ( IV ), whose g uard ian was Rhoe meta lces I . T he i nfor ma t ion w e h ave o n h im i s r a ther s can t a nd d oes n ot s uppor t t he o p in ion t ha t t he c o ins i n q uest ion c ou ld b e c onnected w ith h is n a me.

He w as k i l led i n t he u pr is ing o f t he Bess i i n t he s econd c en tury B .C.

b y Vo logeses , t he H igh Pr iest o f D ionysus . 2 36

B u t we d o n o t k now h ow o ld

h e was a t t he t ime o f h is d eath , a nd o n ly t he f act t ha t u n t i l h is d ea th h e was a ward o f h is u nc le Rhoe meta lces , s hows t ha t h e w as a m inor. I n f act t he n a me o f Rhoe meta lces , a s ag uard ian o f Rhaescupor is I , a n o b l iga t ion h e u nder took a f ter t he d ea th o f Ko tys I I , i s men t ioned f or t he f irst t ime i n c onnec t ion w ith t he c a mpa igns o f Marcus L o l l ius a ga ins t t he B ess i, c o mpa igns w h ich t ook p lace i n t he y ear 1 9 o r 1 8 B .0 .2 37 On t he o ther h and t he a pprox i ma te a ge o f Rhaescupor is I i s a rr ived a t f ro m t he a ge o f h is f a ther Kotys I I.

A t t he t ime o f t he a ssass ina t ion o f

S ada las I i n 4 2 B .C., P o le mocra t ia , h is w idow , w ith h er sma l l c h i ld s ough t t he a ss is tance o f t he Ro mans i n t he p erson o f Bru tus , t o w ho m s he l e f t g rea t r iches. 2 38

An i nscr ipt ion , f ound i n B is ia , o rdered b y K ing K o tys .

i n c o m me morat ion o f h is p aren ts K ing S ada las a nd Queen P o le mocrat ia,

2 39

c orrects t he e rroneous p assage i n D io Cass ius , w h ich s ta tes , t hat S adalas d ied w ithou t p rogeny a nd b equea thed h is k ingdo m t o t he Ro mans. 2 4° A l l t h is makes i tq u ite c lear , t ha t a t t he t ime o f t he a ssass ina t ion c f S ada las , h is s on , t he f u ture K o tys H I , w as a sma l l c h ild .

H ence , h is n a me i s n ot men t ioned

i n t he s tormy e ven ts o f 4 2 B .C. wh ich r esu ' L ted i n t he d efeat o f Brutus a t Ph i l ipp i, wh i le h is mother 's n a me P o le mocra t ia i s i nd icated b y App ian n t he n a me o f t he w idow o f aT hrac ian r u ler a nd mo ther o f a smal l c h ild , w ho p rov ided Bru tus w i +1 -1c ons iderab le ma ter ia l a ss is tance. 4 8

2 41

P oss ib ly t he f ac t t ha t t he n a me o f P o le mocra t ia a nd h er sma l l c h i ld a re n o t l i nked w ith S ada las I m is led D io Cass ius i n to d raw ing t he wrong c onc lus ion t hat S ada las I d ied w ithou t l eav ing d irec t h e irs , wh ich h as s ince b een r ec t if ied b yt he i nscr ip t ion o f B iz ia. T he n a me o f Kotys I I i s n o t men t ioned among t he n ames o f t he r u lers who t ook p ar t i n t he b a t t le o f A c t iu m. Among t he f o l lowers o f An thony , P lu tarch ment ions t he T hrac ian r u ler S ada las P 242

I t was Rhoeme ta lces , who , o r ig ina l ly o n t he s ide o f An thony ,

l a ter f ough t o n t he s ide o f Augus tus a nd g ave Augustus c ause t o s ay , o n o ne o ccas ion , when r a is ing a t oast , t ha t ' he l iked t reachery , b ut h ad n o p ra ise f or t ra itors ' .2 43 T herefore Ko tys I I w as t oo y oung i n 3 1 B .C. t o t ake p ar t i n s o import an t ab a t t le a s Act iu m .

A s t he d irect h e ir o f Ko tys I a nd S ada las I , whose

p o l it ica l a uthor i ty a nd w ea lth made t he m w e lco me a l l ies o f t he Ro mans , t he p ar t ic ipa t ion o f K otys I I i n t he b a t t le o f Ac t iu m w ou ld n ot h ave b een p assed o ver b y a nc ien t h istor ians. P robab ly n ot l ong a f ter t he b a t t le o f Ac t iu m w ith t he p a tronage o f Aug ustus , Ko tys I I b eca me K ing .

A f ter t he t r iu mpha l c a mpa ign o f M. L ic in ius

Crassus a ga ins t t he D ac ians , Bastarn ians a nd t he Bess i i n 2 9 B .C. ,t he f amous s hr ine o f D ionysus , w h ich h ad u nt i l t hen b een i n t he h ands o f t he Bess i ,

2 44

p assed i n to h is h ands.

T he s u m mary o f a l l t h is d a ta t herefore

a l lows u s t o s uppose , t ha t when h e a scended t he t hrone

Ko tys I I was b are ly

more t han 2 0 y ears o ld . C o mpar ing t h is i n forma t ion w ith t he men t ion o f t he n ame o f Rhoe met a lces Ia s ag uard ian o ft he c h ildren o f K o tys 1 1 ,

2 45

d ur ing t he c a mpa igns

o f M. L o ll ius a ga inst t he Bess i i n t he y ear 1 9 o r 1 8 B .C., w e i nev itab ly c o me t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t Ko tys mus t h ave d ied r a ther y oung a t a bou t t he a ge o f 3 0. I ti s o n ly n a tura l t o e xpec t t hat a t t h is a ge h e wou ld h ard ly h ave h ad g rown u p c h ildren . T h is i s p roved b y t he f ac t t ha t u pon h is d ea th h is s on Rhaescupor is I w as u nder t he g uard iansh ip o f Rhoe meta lces I . A l l t h is l og ica l ly b r ings u s t o t he d raw ing o f t he f o l low ing c onc lus ions : 1 .

The image o f t he e lder ly man w h ich a ppears o n t he o bverse o f t he c o in a nd w h ich , a ccord ing t o C raw foo t , i s i den t ica l w ith t he b ust a t A thens r epresen t ing a man o f a bou t 5 0 ,cou ld n ot b e t he p or tra it o f K otys I l who d ied i n t he p r i me o f h is y outh .

2 .

Rhaescupor is I w as t oo y oung t o s tr ike c o ins i n h is n a me a nd t o t ake p ar t i n p erson i n a ny b a t t le wh ich w ou ld h ave b rough t h im f a me o r g lory , a nd w h ich c ou ld e xp la in t he i mage o f V ic tory a nd t he t rophy a ppear ing o n t he r everse o f t he c o ins.

3 .

The s trong p ersona l ity o f Rhoe meta lces I , who i n t he c ourse o f a l mos t 4 0 y ears p layed a n a c t ive p ar t i n t he p o l it ica l l i fe o f t he Thrac ians , d oes n o t a l low u p t o a ccep t t he v iew t ha t i tw as p oss ib le t ha t h e c aused c o ins t o b e m in ted b y h is a u thor ity , w ithou t e ven p lac ing a monogram c on ta in ing h is n ame.

4 9

Wha t i s more , i rrespect ive o f t he p os it ion o f Rhoe meta lces Ia s a g uard ian o f t he c h ildren o f Ko tys H I , Rhoe meta lces Iwas a lso a r u ler i n h is f ather 's k ingdo m , t he l and o f t he S apae ians , a nd i ti s i n t ha t c apac ity t ha t h e i s men t ioned u p t o 3 1 B .C. One more r u ler r e ma ins i n t he s hor t l i s t o f r u lers b ear ing t he n a me o f Rhaescupor is -Rhaescupor is I o f t he S apae ian H ouse.

The l ands h e

r e igned o ver o ccup ied t he t err itor ies b e tween t he Korpy l ian a nd S apae ian p asses . 2 46

T o t he e as t t hey d ropped d own t owards Ph i l ipp i a nd t he v a l ley

o f N es tos ( t he p resen t d ay R iver Mesta ).

Thus Rhaescupor is a nd h is b ro ther

Rhaskos , c ontro l l ing t he mos t impor tan t p asses i n t he Rhodopes , c ou ld n o t h e lp e xer t ing a c erta in p ressure o n t he Greek c o lon ies a long t he A egean a nd Propon t is c oast l ine - Abdera , Maronaea , a nd A enus. A t t he h ead o f 2 00 h andp icked men Rhaescupor is t ook p ar t i n t he b at t le o f Pharsa lus , where h e f ough t o n t he s ide o f P ompe ius , I , t he s on o f Ko tys I h ad d one.

2 47

j ust a s S ada las

L ater h is n a me i s men t ioned o nce a ga in

i n c onnect ion w ith t he e ven ts o f 4 2 B .0 C .

H istor ica l s ources r epor t t ha t i n

h is s uccess fu l m i l itary c a mpa igns i n t he e as tern p ar t o f t he Ba lkan P en insu la Brutus was a ss isted , a bove a l l b y ' a r u ler o f t he n a me o f Rhaescupor ides '. 248 These c a mpa igns w ere i n f act p un it ive e xped it ions a ga inst t he Bess i a nd t he c onques t o f t he t err itor ies o f S ada las I . 2 49

Once a ga in Rhaescupor is t ook

p ar t i n t he b a t t le o f P h il ipp i o n t he s ide o f Bru tus w ith 3 000 h orse men. 25° A ll t h is i n for ma t ion o n Rhaescupor is a l lows u s t o d raw s evera l i n teres ti ng c onc lus ions.

Wha t s tr ikes o ne mos t i s h is r egu lar s id ing i n t he c iv il

wars o f Ro me w ith t he s ide s uppor ted b y Ko tys I a nd h is h e irs : S ada las I a nd h is d augh terinlaw , P o le mocra t ia. t he Asthe ian H ouse 251

h is s on

The c loseness b e tween

a nd Rhaescupor is Ii s a lso s een i n h is j o in t a c t ion w i th

Brutus a ga ins t t he Bess i, p robab ly r e turn ing S ada las I t o h is l ands.

F ina l ly ,

i ti s p rec ise ly t he s on o f Rhaescupor is , k nown a s t he Ko tys o f t he S apae ian House, a s h as a lso b een p roved b y a n i nscr ip t ion ,

2 52

who was a lso i n B iz ias ,

p robab ly a s t he g uard ian o f t he m inor s on o f S ada las I , t he f uture K o tys I I. The c lose r e la t ions b etween t he S apae ian a nd Asthe ian Houses , a nd t he ir j o in t a c t ion wh ich mos t s cho lars a t tr ibute t o al a ter p er iod ,

2 53

a s ar esu l t o f

t he marr iage b etween t he d augh ter o f Ko tys o f t he S apae ian House ( hence t he s ister o f Rhoe meta lces ), a nd t he s on o f S ada las I ( Kotys I I ) a re p oss ib ly d ue t o t he f act t ha t Ko tys I a nd Rhaescupor is Iw ere c lose ly r e lated.

We c anno t

r u le o u t t he p oss ib il ity t ha t i t was P o le mocra t ia , t he w ife o f S ada las I , who was t he d augh ter o f Rhaescupor is I . Bes ides t he c lose l inks a nd j o in t a c t ions b e tween Ko tys I a nd h is h e irs a nd Rhaescupor is I , h istor ica l s ources a lso s how t he ma ter ia l p oten t ia l o f t he S apae ian r u ler , a nd t he c ons iderab le f orces h e ma in ta ined , a l l o f wh ich made h im ad es ired a nd s ough t a f ter a l ly f or b o th a n tagon ists a l ike i n t he c iv il wars o f R o me.

H is i mpor tance g rew p ar t icu lar ly g rea t a f ter t he

a ssass inat ion o f S ada las I i n 4 2 B .C.

F ro m t ha t mo men t o n , Rhaescupor is

I , a n e lder ly man o f p oss ib ly o ver 5 0 ( 1 1 y ears l a ter a t Act iu m , h is g randson Rhoe me ta lces Ii s men t ioned among t he Thrac ian r u lers who t ook p ar t i n t he b a t t le ) b eca me i fo n ly f or a s hor t t ime , ak ey p o l i t ica l f igure.

I tw ou ld n o tb e p ress ing t he p o in t t oo f ar t o e xpress t he b e l ie f t hat h e t ook o ver t he d efence o f t he i n teres ts o f t he A sthe ian House.

I ti s p oss ib le

t o s ee h is a ct ive p ar t i n t he c a mpa igns o f Bru tus , o ne a ga inst t he Bess i a nd t he o ther t o t ake o ver t he l ands o f S ada las I , i n t ha t l i gh t . The t r iu mphan t c a mpa igns o f Bru tus, who , t o q uote t he w ords o f D io Cass ius , h ad r ece ived h e lp ' a bove a l l f ro m a r u ler o f t he n a me o f Rhaescupor ides ', 2 54 p robab ly p rov ided t he o ccas ion f or m in t ing t he c o ins i n q uest ion . T he v erac ity o f s uch a s uppos it ion i s n o t o n ly s uppor ted b y t he p rev ious a rgumen ts we h ave p u t f orward , b ased o n a nc ien t a u thors , b ut b y p ure n um is ma t ic e v idence a s w el l.

I n t he f irst p lace w e mus t n o te t ha t t he t ype

o f v ic tory a ppear ing o n t he c o ins a nd p ar t icu lar ly t ha t o f t he t rophy a re n o t c harac ter ist ic o f t he c o ins o f t he Thrac ian r u lers.

They a re o bv ious ly

images b orrowed f ro m R o man c o ins. Even a r ap id g lance a t t he m in t ing o f c o ins b y Bru tus i n c onnec t ion w ith t he m i l itary c a mpa igns makes i t p oss ib le t o p o in t o u t t ha t t hese t ypes a re t yp ica l o f h is c o ins wh ich , a ccordi ng t o S ydenha m ,

2 55

w ere m in ted i n Greece i n t he y ear 4 3-42 B .C.

The

s a me a u thor i s o f t he o p in ion t ha t s o me o f t hese c o ins must h ave b een s truck d ur ing t he war w ith t he T hrac ian t r ibes ( i n t h is c ase , p robab ly t he c a mpa igns a ga ins t t he Bess i ), wh i le o thers , wh ich b ear t he t i t le Impera tor , d a te f ro m a f ter t he ir s uccessfu l c o mp let ion wh ich g ave Brutus g rounds t o t ake t he t i t le. 2 56 Al a ter c lass if ica t ion 2 57 o f t he c o ins m in ted b y Bru tus e s tab l ishes t he e x is tence o f s ix d iferen t g roups. T he f i rst t hree , wh ich a re t he e ar l ies t , w ere m in ted d ur ing t he w in ter o f 4 3-42 B .C. wh ile t he l a tes t g roup , t he s ix th , d ur ing t he a utu mn o f 4 2 B .C., im med ia te ly b efore t he b at t le o f Ph i l ipp i. I ti s i nterest ing t o n o te h ere t ha t t he t ype o f t he t rophy i s f ound i n s evera l v ar ian ts o n ly o n t hose s er ies where Bru tus i s n a med Impera tor .2 58 I n o ther words , t h is t ype a s we l l a s t he t i t le i t se lf , i s l og ica l ly l i nked w ith t he s ame v ictor ious c ampa igns o f Bru tus , Rhaescupor is Ia lso t ak ing a n a ct ive p ar t i n t he m. At rophy , c ons ist ing o f ac u irass , ah e l met w ith a s hor t c rest , a n o va l s h ie ld , a nd t wo s pears a ppears o n as er ies o f d enar i i2 59

( P l. XXV I I , F ig . 4 2 )

wh ich w ere s truck i n t he s u m mer o f 4 2 B .0 .2 6° T he t rophy s urrounded b y t he t i t le a nd t he n a me o f Rhaescupor is , o n t he c o ins o f sma l ler d eno m inat i ons f orm ing t he s ub jec t o f t he p resen t s tudy , a re p resen ted i n t he s ame manner , b y c opy ing e ven t he sma l les t d eta i ls. The image o f V ic tory , a dvanc ing w ith a wrea th a nd p a lm b ranch r est ing o n h er s hou lder , a lso a ppears o n c o ins m in ted b y Bru tus 2 61 (pl . x x v-r- F ig . 5 a ). Th is s im ilari ty i nt he t ypes o f c o ins o f Bru tus a nd Rhaescupor is i s ar e l iab le c r iter ion f or t he d at ing a nd c lass if ica t ion o f t he l a t ter c o ins. We c an t here fore a ccep t t he v iew t hat t he t ypes o n t he c o ins o f Rhaesc upor is r eproduce t hose o f Bru tus ; i n o ther w ords , t hey w ere s truck a t a bou t t he s ame t ime a s t he c o ins o f Bru tus. T he d a t ing o f t he c o ins i s p roof o f t he i den t if icat ion o f t he r u ler i n whose n a me t hey w ere s truck . I tp o in ts w ith c er tain ty t o Rhaescupor is I , t he l oya l a l ly o f Brutus u p t o h is d e fea t a t P h i l ipp i , a n a l ly who g ave h im t he mos t a c t ive a ss is tance i n t he war a ga ins t t he B ess i. 5 1

The min t ing o f c o ins w i th t ypes b orrowed f rom t he c o ins o f Brutus p robab ly o ccurred af ter t he e nd o f t he c a mpa igns o f t he t wo a l l ies . b een j ust t hen t ha t t he t i t le ß c xc YAE I%

I t may h ave

wh ich p recedes h is n a me o n t he c o ins,

was b estowed o n Rhaescupor is Ia s t ha t o f I mpera tor was t o Brutus . The c ircu mstance t ha t t he c o ins o f Bru tus were s truck i n Greece , c o mp ara t ive ly c lose t o t he t err itor ies o f Rhaescupor is I , a nd p r i mar i ly s erved h is l eg ions i n t he ir mi l itary o pera t ions i n t he e as tern p ar t o f t he Ba lkan p en insu la , i s t he e xp lana t ion o f t he q u ick r eproduc t ion o f t he t wo mos t c haract er ist ic t ypes o n t he c o ins o f t h is k ing . The i den t if ica t ion o f Rhaescupor is f ac i l ita tes u s c ons iderab ly i n i den t ifyi ng K o tys , whose h ead , s urrounded b y h is n ame i s p resen ted o n t he o bverse o f t he c o ins .

I n o ne way o r a no ther Rhaescupor is Ii s l inked w ith t he t hree

r u lers , who b ore t he n ame K o tys : Kotys I

Kotys

S ada las I

Rhaescupor is - Rhaskos

Ko tys I I

Kotys d augh ter?

Rhaescupor is H

Rhoe meta lces I Rhaescupor is I l

As i s a pparen t f ro m t he a bove t ab le t h is c ou ld b e t he f a ther o f Rhaesc upor is I , who , a ccord ing t o s o me a u thors , was a lso c a l led Kotys ,262 h is s on Ko tys , t he f a ther o f Rhoe meta lces Ia nd Rhaescupor is I I a nd f i na l ly Ko tys I h i mse lf .

The t i t le ß ac u ?, , E. t % wh ich a cco mpan ies t he n a me o f

Ko tys , g ives u s g rounds t o d oubt t ha t t he p or tra i t d ep icted i s t hat o f K otys t he f ather o f Rhaescupor is I . h is n a me a t a l l. t i t le.

I n g enera l h istor ica l s ources d o n o t men t ion

T here i s a lso n o e p igraph ica l e v idence t ha t h e h e ld t h is

Wha t i s more , i ft he i nscr ip t ion wh ich c on ta ins t he n a me o f k ing

Rhaescupor is , t he s on o f Ko tys ,

2 63

r e fers a s most s cho lars a gree i td oes ,

t o Rhaescupor is Ii tb eco mes e v iden t t ha t t he t i t le ß c xc L 7 \ .E g was b orne o n ly b y h im a nd n o t b y h is f a ther Kotys. T he s econd s uppos it ion , t ha t t he image i s t ha t o f Rhaescupor is P s s on Ko tys i s a lso n ot v ery a ccep tab le. Rhaescupor is Iw ou ld h ard ly p lace t he h ead o f h is l iv ing s on i n ap os it ion o f h onour. T he a bove- men t ioned i nscr ipt i on f ro m Byz ias s hows t hat h e was i n t h is c i ty , p robab ly a f ter t he d ea th o f h is f a ther , i n h is c apac ity a s t he g uard ian o f t he m inor s on o f S ada las I , t he f uture Ko tys I I.

p o c a t ,X E . ög

T herefore , i fw e a ccept t ha t h e was g iven t he t i t le

a s ac o-ru ler w ith h is f a ther a nd i ft he c o ins r ef lected t h is p re-

c ise p o l it ica l mo men t , n o d oub t h is n a me w ou ld h ave a ppeared n o t i n t he n om ina t ive , b ut i n t he g enet ive. One more o b ject ion r e ma ins :

t hat t he p or tra it o f a n e lder ly man o n t he

o bverse d oes n o t f i t o ur i dea o f t he a ge o f t he s on o f I thaescupor is I . B .C. h e w as p robab ly i n t he p r i me o f h is y ou th .

5 2

I n 4 2

T hese c ons idera t ions i nev itab ly b r ing u s t o t he t h ird s uppos it ion , t hat t he p or tra it d ep ic ted o n t he c o ins s hou ld b e i den t if ied w ith Kotys I .

As w e

a lready ment ioned , ar a ther c lose r e la t ionsh ip e x isted b e tween Ko tys I a nd Rhaescupor is Ia s a l l ies who m igh t h ave b een r e la ted i n s o me way . Ko tys I h i mse l f was a r u ler o f c ons iderab le a u thor ity a nd ma ter ia l p oten t ia l a s a n a l ly , r espected a nd s ough t b y t he Ro mans.

The n a me o f Ko tys c o mmanded

r espec t n ot o n ly among t he Ro mans b u t among t he l oca l T hrac ian t r ibes a s wel l . Bronze a nd s i lver c o ins h ad a lso b een m in ted a s h as a lready b een ment i oned i n t he n a me o f K o tys I - s t il l a no ther p roof o f h is p o l it ica l a nd e con om ic p ower. A l l t h is g ives u s g rounds t o c ons ider t ha t Rhaescupor is Ip laced t he n a me a nd image o f Ko tys I , w el l k nown among Ro mans a nd T hrac ians a l ike , o n t he c o ins h e min ted .

T h is g esture o f Rhaescupor is h ad i t s p o l it ica l mo t ive.

Above a l l t hrough i th e a i med a t s tress ing t he f act t ha t h e was r e la ted t o t he l a te K otys , i n whose n ame h e b eca me a n a l ly o f h is d augh ter ( s is ter )inlawPo le mocra t ia a nd h er sma l l c h i ld .

Moreover , i n t he c ourse o f t he d rama t ic

y ear 4 2 B .C. w hen n o t o n ly t he f a te o f Brutus was t o b e d ec ided , b ut t ha t o f h is a l ly Rhaescupor is Ia s w e l l , p lac ing t he image o f t he p opu lar Kotys I was a lso o f p ropaganda v a lue. I ta ppears t ha t t hrough t he image o f Ko tys I Rhaescupor is a i med a t p rov ing t ha t h e w as o n ly a ct ing a s a n e xecu tor o f t he b ehests o f K otys I . I n p lac ing t ypes f or p ropaganda p urposes o n c o ins Rhaescupor is was a lso f o l low ing t he e xa mp le o f Brutus , who c aused t he e ngrav ing o n t he r everse o f as er ies o f d enar i i a nd a ure i i2 64 o f t wo d aggers a nd a n i nscr ip t ion E ID MAR i n o rder t o r em ind h is f o l lowers o f t he I des o f March 4 4 B .0 .s ymbo l ized b y t he a ssass ina t ion o f C aesar. P lac ing t he p or tra it o f aw e l l k nown d eceased r u ler o n c o ins a nd t hus d raw ing o n h is p o l it ica l c ap ita l w as b y n o means e xcep t iona l. T here w ere c ases i n a nc ien t c o inage when t he image o f aw e l l k nown p o l it ica l f igure was p laced o n t he o bverse o f c o ins i n ap rom inen t p os it ion , e ven t hough h e w as i n n o w ay r e la ted t o t he r u ler i n whose n ame t he c o in was s truck . One o f t he mos t c harac ter is t ic e xa mp les i n t ha t r espec t a re t he t e tradrach mae o f Lys i machus , whose o bverse b ear t he h ead o f A lexander o f Macedon .2 65 T he d a t ing o f t he c o ins a nd t he i den t if ica t ion o f t he r u ler i n whose n a me t hey w ere min ted a nd c ircu la ted b r ings u s b ack t o t he s ame h istor ica l p er iod when t he b ronze c o ins o f Ko tys I a nd S ada las I w ere s truck , a s w e l l a s t he t e tradrach mae w ith t he i nscr ip t ion KOT Y OZ . 7APAKTHP . T h is p er iod c oi nc ides w ith t he b eg inn ing o f t he c iv il wars i n Ro me w hen a s er ious p o l it ica l c r is is s et i n. T he K ingdo m o f t he Odrysae a ppeared a s af orce t o b e r ecko ned w i th i n t he e as tern p ar t o f t he Ba lkan p en insu la.

5 3

V .

THE CO INS OF RHOE METALCES IAND B IS HEIRS

Rhoe meta lces Ii s o ne o f t he g rea test p o l it ica l f igures i n t he h is tory o f Thrace d ur ing t he p er iod p receed ing i t s f ina l c onques t b y t he Ro mans.

H is

n a me i s men t ioned i n t he c ourse o f s o me f or ty y ears i n c onnect ion w i th a l l ma jor p o l it ica l e ven ts t ak ing p lace i n t he e astern p ar t o f t he Ba lkan p en insu la . T he s on o f t he S ape ian r u ler Ko tys ,

2 66

h e t ook p ar t i n t he b at t le o f A ct iu m

i n it ia l ly o n t he s ide o f An thony a nd t hen o n t he s ide o f Augustus. 2 67 H is n a me a s t he g uard ian o f t he c h i ldren o f K o tys I I c o mes u p i n c onn ect ion w ith t he c a mpa ign o f Marcus L o l l ius a ga ins t t he Bess i i n t he y ear 1 9 o r 1 8 B .C.

‚ 268

a t t he t ime o f t he u pr is ing o f t he Bess i a ga ins t t he Ro mans

a f ter t he a ssass ina t ion o f t he m inor Rhaescupor is , b y t he H igh Pr ies t o f D ionysus V o logeses , who o n ly b y means o f h is f a me a s ap rophet w on o ver t he a r my o f Rhoe meta lces , f orc ing t he l a t ter t o f l ee t o Thrac ian Chersonese. 2 69 On ly t he e nerge t ic a ss istance o f t he Ro man p roconsu l L uc ius P iso , t he g overnor o f Pamph i l ia , s ucceeded i n c rush ing t he r ebe l l ious Bess i a nd i n r es tor ing t he a u thor ity o f Rhoe me ta lces I , who f rom t he y ear 1 1 B .C . u p t o h is d ea th i n 1 2 A . D . b ecame t he r u ler o f t he who le o f T hrace .

2 70

T he e astern

p ar t o f Moes ia b e tween t he D anube a nd t he Ba lkan R ange was a lso a dded t o h is k ingdo m .

2 71

Rhoe me ta lces was o b l iged , i n e xchange , t o r epe l t he i nroads

o f t he S cy th ians, t he G e tae a nd Bastarn i f ro m t he N or th e ast . I n h is p o l icy Rhoe me ta lces Ip roved a l oya l a l ly o f t he Ro mans .

I n t he

y ear 6 A . D . when a D a l ma t ian a nd Pannon ian u pr is ing t ook p lace a ga inst t he Ro mans, Rhoe me ta lces w ith h is f orces s e t o f f t o t he r eg ion o f t he r ebe l l ion , a ss ist ing t he Ro mans .

2 72

I ta ppears t ha t d ur ing h is r e ign t he k ingdo m o f t he Odrysae , a l though i n f ac t d ependen t o n t he Ro mans , e n joyed a c er ta in d egree o f i n terna l a u tono my wh ich w as e xpressed i n t he r igh t o f i t s r u ler t o s tr ike a nd i n troduce many s er ies o f b ronze c o ins i n c ircu la t ion . On t he o bverse h owever , o f t hese c o ins , t he b ust o f A ugustus , o r o f Augustus a cco mpan ied b y h is w ife , i s s hown i n ap os it ion o f h onour , a nd a round t he m a n i nscr ip t ion i n G reek c on ta in ing h is n a me a nd t i t le. Thus , f or t he f irs t t ime i n T hrac ian n um is ma t ics c o inage a ppears n o l onger a s as ign o f r ega l a uthor ity , b u t ad irec t i nd icat ion o f t he d ependen t p os it ion o f t he T hrac ian r u ler who r ece ived h is p ower f ro m t he h ands o f t he Ro mans.

B es ides t h is e v idence o f t he p o l it ica l d ependence o f Rhoe meta lces I ,

t he n u merous s er ies o f b ronze c o ins s truck b y h im a re a lso p roof o f a n a ct ive p er iod o f c o in m int ing , n o d oub t d irec ted a t meet ing t he i ncreased d e mands o f i n terna l t rade e xchange.

T he p ro mo t ion o f t rade was f avoured

b oth b y t he s tab i l ity o f t he a uthor ity o f t he Odrysaean k ing , s uppor ted b y t he Ro mans , wh ich n o t o n ly g uaran teed a bou t t wo d ecades o f c o mpara t ive s ecur i ty

5 4

f or i t s s ub jec ts , b u t a lso b rough t a bout t he t err itor ia l i ncrease o f t he Odrys aean s ta te , a nd p u t s o me o f t he f a mous t rade c en tres , p rom inen t G reek c o lon ies a lso k nown f or t he ir s k ilfu l a r t isans , i n ad ependen t p os it ion . B es ides t he b ronze c o ins s truck i n t he n ame o f Rhoe me ta lces I s evera l s i lver c o ins k ep t i n t he c o l lect ions o f European museu ms 2 73 a re k nown , t he t ype r epresen t ing a n o bverse w ith t he p or tra it o f Augus tus , a nd t he r everse t ha t o f Rhoe meta lces I .

Un t i l r ecen t ly s o me a u thors w ere s o mewha t s cep t i-

c a l a bou t t he ir a u then t ic ity .2 74

T he ir d oub ts w ere r efu ted b y t he d iscovery

o f as im ilar s pec i men i n t he h oard f ro m S ad ievo , S l iven d is tr ic t , wh ich i s t he o n ly c ase o f o ne o f t hese c o ins w ith a n e xact k nown l oca t ion , w ith t he s pec i men c om ing f ro m a h oard . T he b ust o f Augustus a nd a monogram

KA (I E )AP (O E)

a ppears o n

t he o bverse o f t h is t ype. On t he l e f t r uns t he i nscr ip t ion BYZANT IA. The b ust o f Rhoe meta lces , d iade med , i s o n t he r everse o f t he c o ins. I n f ron t o f i ta ppears a monogra m , c on ta in ing h is n a me a nd t i t le: B(AZIA ME )P(O I )M(H)TAA (KOY ) T he s i lver c o ins w i th t he images o f Augus tus a nd Rhoe meta lces I , t hrough t he c ho ice o f s i lver a s a meta l , a nd t he f i nesse o f t he e ngrav ing o f t he images , i nd ica t ing t he w ork o f e xper ienced e ngravers , d i f fer f ro m t he a bove men t ioned b ronze c o ins.

I n t h is c ase w e c o me t o an ew s ign if ican t e le men t -t he i nscr ip-

t ion BYZANT IA , e ngraved i n t he f i e ld t o t he l e f t o f t he b us t o f Augustus. I t i s t h is i nscr ip t ion t ha t r a ises t he p rob le m o n t he r e la t ionsh ip b etween Byzan t iu m , Rhoe meta lces a nd A ugustus i n an ew l i gh t.

Above a l l i tr evea ls t ha t t he c o in

was m in ted i n t he m in t o f Byzan t iu m , t he c rea tor o f r ich t rad it ions i n t he f i e ld o f c o in m in t ing . The f a mous im ita t ions o f t he t e tradrach mae o f L ys i machus , wh ich d ue t o t he h igh l eve l o f workmansh ip w ere s ough t a nd v a lued b y t he Thrac ians , were m in ted t here a s l a te a s t he m idd le o f t he f i rs t c entury A .D . T he i nscr ip t ion BYZANT IA i t se l f r a ises s ome p rob le ms.

I ti s c usto mary

f or t he c i ty min t ing t he c o ins n o t t o p rov ide t he n a me o f t he c i ty , b u t a n a d jec t ive , i n t he g en it ive p lura l .

0 5Eco v ur , ov ,A7 T OXX C OV t , c (T7 JV , B 1 . ) (XVT

a s i tu sua l ly a ppears o n t he c o ins m in ted i n t h is c i ty . i n t he n om ina t ive f em in ine.

BYZANT IA i s , h owever ,

T h is u nusua l f orm o f t he n a me o f t he c i ty i s e xp la ined b y 275

t he a gree-

i ng o f t he n a me w ith t he d eno m ina t ion a l though t he l at ter h as b een om it ted . BYZANT IA (5 p c x ,x lm ) . Another e xp lana t ion i s q u ite p oss ib le n ame ly t ha t t he r ender ing o f t he n ame o f t he c i ty i n t he n om ina t ive w as u nder f luence , f or i ns tance ( Pop ,a ) ,2 76

e tc.

T he f act t ha t t he i nscr ip t ion o f t he c o in i s e ngraved w ith Greek l e t ters , u n l ike t he c on te mporary d enar i i o f Augustus , s hows t ha t t he t ype o f c o in i n q ues t ion was mean t t o s erve a r eg ion whose p opu la t ion s poke G reek . T he s tr ik ing o f t he c o ins w i th t he image o f Augustus a nd Rhoe meta lces a nd t he e xp l ic it men t ion ing o f t he m in t o f Byzan t iu m , n o t o n ly s hows i t s d ep endence o n t he Ro mans, t he u nd isputed mas ters o f t he Ba lkan p en insu la a nd As ia M inor , b u t t he d ependence o f Rhoe meta lces , who w as p a tron ized b y t he m. Th is i s t he o n ly p laus ib le e xp lana t ion o f t he p resence i n t he i nscr ip t ion o f t he n a me o f BYZANT IA. 5 5

What e xac t ly was t he r e la t ionsh ip o f B yzan t iu m , Thrac ian C hersonesus a nd t he r e ma in ing c i t ies o f Propon t is , a s f ar a s Rhoe meta lces Ia nd t he Ro man Emp ire were c oncerned i s n o t c lear .

J udg ing f ro m t he s ole r epor t

o f t he a sy lu m g iven t o Rhoe meta lces Ii n T hrac ian Chersonesus ,

2 77

w hen

p ursued b y t he r ebe l l ious Bess i i n t he y ear 1 A . D., makes i tp oss ib le t o c onc lude t hat i t was d irec t ly o r i nd irect ly u nder t he a u thor i ty o f t he Odrys ian r u lers. T he n arra t ive o f T ac itus o n t he d iv is ion o f t he Odrysaean k ingdo m b etween t he h e irs o f Rhoe meta lces I ,- h is b ro ther Rhaescupor is a nd h is s on K o tys , wh ich o ccurred i n t he y ear 1 3 A .D . p rov ides u s w ith i n teres t ing i n forma t ion o n t he t err itor ies o ver wh ich Rhoe meta lces I r e igned . N ot o n ly w ere t he t un t i l led , w i ld a nd c lose t o t he e ne my r eg ions ', i .e. t he n or th w es tern moun ta inous p ar ts o f Thrace i nc luded , b u t a lso ' t he p la ins, c i t ies a nd t he l ands n e ighbour ing t o G reece ', wh ich Augustus g ave t o K o tys t he s on o f Rhoe meta lces 1 .2 78

I t i s l og ica l t o e xpec t t hat i n t h is c ase u nder

t he ' c it ies ' n e ighbour ing t o Greece , s tood n o t t he c i t ies i n t he h in ter land o f T hrace , b u t t he o f f-shore G reek c o lon ies , w h ich w ere t o ac er ta in e x ten t d ependen t o n Rhoe meta lces I . The i nscr ip t ion o f Ca la t is

E ITL

I 3 c wL X

wç

KÖTUO

To i 3 P o

p l iTäÄ 3 to c

2 79

a nd t he v erses i n wh ich t he e x i le o f T om i , Ov id , p ra ises t he l i neage , h ero is m , f inesse a nd r ef ine men t o f k ing Kotys , t he s on o f Rhoe meta lces ,

2 8

°o n ly s how

t ha t t hese t wo ma jor G reek c o lon ies w ere a lso u nder t he a u thor ity o f Rhoe met a lces , a nd a f ter h is d ea th , u nder t hat o f K o tys. T he c ons iderab le n u mber o f s i lver c o ins w ith t he p or tra its o f Augus tus a nd Rhoe me ta lces a nd t he i nscr ip t ion BYZANT IA wh ich h ave r eached u s , g ives g round t o d raw t he c onc lus ion t ha t t hey w ere s truck o n s o me g rea t o ccas ion , c onnec ted n o d oub t w ith t he h is tory o f Odrysae o r , i n o ther w ords, t ha t t hey h ad a c o m me mora t ive c harac ter .

I t i s q u ite p oss ib le , t ha t t hey

w ere s truck i m med ia te ly a f ter t he d efea t o f t he Bess i i n 1 1 B .C. when t he Ro mans i ns ta l led Rhoe meta lces , who h ad b een l oya l t o t he m , o n t he t hrone. The p r inc ip le f igure i n t hese e ven ts was L uc ius P iso , t he g overnor o f P a mph i l ia , who b rough t h is f orces f ro m A s ia M inor i n to Thrace , p robab ly v ia Byzan t iu m . E v idence f or t he a t tr ibut ion o f t he c o ins t o t he e ar ly y ears o f t he r e ign o f Rhoe me ta lces Ii s t he p or tra it , w h ich h as a n a r t is t ic r ea l is m i n i t s t rea tmen t o f t he r u ler 's f eatures.

H ere Rhoe meta lces Ii s s hown w ith s hort

c ur ly h a ir , as tra igh t n ose a nd a n e nerge t ica l ly j u t t ing c h in , ap or tra i t w h ich r ese mb les t ha t o f ac o mpara t ive ly y oung man .

I fh e was a bou t 2 0-25 y ears

o ld a t t he t ime o f t he b a t t le o f Act iu m , t hen a t t he t ime o f h is c om ing t o t he Odrysaean t hrone , a n e ven t wh ich o ccurred s o me 2 0 y ears l a ter ( 11 B .C.) h e was a lready 4 0-45 y ears o ld , i.e. a t t he a ge wh ich f i ts t he a ge o f t he p or tra it o n t he c o in . F ina l ly t h is e ar ly d a t ing o f t he c o ins i sb acked b y t he l owes t t erm inus a n te q ue m o f t he S ad ievo h oard , S l iven r eg ion .

T he l ates t c o ins i n t he

h oard wh ich d e term ine t he t er m inus a n te q ue m o f t he who le h oard a re t hose o f Augus tus i n t he y ear 1 0 B .C.

5 6

T he b ronze c o ins s truck b y Rhoe meta lces Ia nd h is s uccessors a re among t he mos t i n teres t ing a nd a t t he s a me t ime t he most n eg lec ted c o ins i n t he f i eld o f T hrac ian n um is ma t ics.

I n t he c ourse o f d ecades i n t he

g enera l l i tera ture o n Anc ien t n um is ma t ics a spec ts o f t he m int ing o f c o ins b y Rhoe meta lces Ia nd h is s uccessors a re o n ly men t ioned o ccas iona l ly w ith mistakes a s t o wh ich o f t he m s truck c o ins a nd w ha t t ypes t hey s truck . Wha t i s more , i n o ne o f t he b as ic works o n T hrac ian n um is ma t ics ' A H istor ica l r ev iew o n t he C o inage o f t he T hrac ian K ings ' b y V . Dubrovs ld ., wh ich i s s t il l v a l id a s ar eference b ook i n an u mber o f i nstances , t he a u thor d oes n o t i nc lude a ny o ft he c o ins o f t he l as t T hrac ian r u lers. T hey h ave b een h ard ly t ouched o n b y N . Moushmov ,

2 81

who d oes n o t

s tudy t he p rob le m o f t he c haracter o f t he t ypes p resen ted o n t he c o ins o f Rhoemeta lces I , t he c oun termarks a ppear ing o n t he m , e tc. T he s ame a uthor g oes s o f ar a s t o q uote H ead , who e xpresses t he b e l ief t hat Rhoe meta lces I s truck c o ins w ith h is p or tra it a nd t he h ead o f T iber ius 2 82 w ithout g iv ing a ny d escr ip t ion o f a ny s uch c o in ; w ho a lso m ixes u p t he f a te o f Rhoe meta lces I a nd Rhoe meta lces I I , a nd a t tr ibu tes o ne c o in s truck i n P h ilade lph ia , As ia Minor , t o Rhoe meta lces I 1. 2 83 T he b ronze c o inage o f Rhoe meta lces If a l ls , a ccord ing t o t he t ypes o n t he m , i n to s evera l p r inc ip le g roups. T he f irs t g roup i nc ludes c o ins wh ich h ave n e ither t he image o ft he T hrac ian r u ler n or o f h is s uzera in t he Ro man Emperor .

T he d ependen t p os it ion o f Rhoe meta lces i s s uggested h owever ,

t hrough t he c ho ice o f t he t ypes o n t he m. T hus t he c apr icorn , t he s ign o f t he z od iac o f Augustus , i s s hown o n s o me o f t he c o ins ( Nos. 1 58-159 ) h is n a me a nd t i t le a round i t , al i ctor 's a xe ( f asces ), i n s o me c ases a cco mpan ied b y a c apr icorn , as e l la c uru l is a nd a s cep tre o n o thers ( Nos. 1 61-169 ).

T he s ym-

b o l ic mean ing o f t hese i mages i s c lear - t hey a re t he s ymbo ls o f t he a uthor ity , p resen ted t o a l l r u lers w ho r ecogn ized t he s upre me p ower o f t he Ro man Emp eror . I n s o me c ases ( Nos. 1 61-168 ) a monogra m o f Rhoe meta lces , i n r e l ief P (OI)i v i(H)TAA(KOY) i s s hown o n t he s e l la c uru l is. I n t he c ase o f a n e x tre me ly r are s er ies o f c o ins w h ich b e long t o t h is t ype ( No. 1 68 ) ah u man h ead , p rob ab ly t hat o f Rhoe meta lces h i mse lf , i s s hown o n t he s e l la c uru l is.

T here i s

n o d oub t t ha t t hese a re t he e ar l ies t s er ies o f t he Rhoe me ta lces I , c onnected w ith h is c om ing t o t he t hrone a nd h is r ece iv ing f ro m Augustus o f t he s y mbo ls o f s upre me p ower . T he s econd g roup i nc ludes t hose w h ich o n t he ir o bverse h ave t he b us t o f Augus tus b are-headed o r w i th a l aure l wreath ( Nos. 1 71-177 ). I n f ron t o f h im i nt he f ie ld t here a ppears e i ther a v esse l w ith a l ong n eck o r ac apr icorn . The i nscr ip t ion g o ing r ound i tr uns : K AIZAPOE Z EBAZTO Y . On t he r everse o f t he c o ins t he d iade med b ust o f R hoe me ta lces Ii s s hown . Around i tr uns t he i nscr ip t ion : B AZI L ME POI I V IHTAl a n A c ou nter mark - a monogra m o f t he n a me o f Rhoe meta lces - a ppears o n s o me

5 7

o f t hese c o ins ( Nos. 1 74-176 ) a lways o n t he s a me p lace , t he n eck o f Rhoemeta lces I .

I n i t s s hape t h is c oun ter mark i s a bso lu tely i den t ical w ith t he

r e l ief monogra m , wh ich a ppears o n t he r everse o f s o me o f t he c o ins o f t he s o c a l led ' f irst ' g roup. Co ins w ith t he b us t o f A ugus tus o n t he o bverse , a cco mpan ied b y ac apr ic orn o r av esse l w ith a l ong n eck , make u p t he t h ird g roup.

Around t he m

r uns t he i nscr ip t ion : K AIZAPCE ZEB . , : lETOY

( Nos. 1 78-182 )

The b ust o f Rhoe me ta lces Ia nd h is w ife P 3 rf rodor is S en ior a ppears o n t he r everse.

Around t he m r uns t he i nscr ip t ion :

B AZIA ME POINETAAKC . )Y

T he f our th g roup i nc ludes t hose o n whose o bverse t he b usts o f A ugustus a nd L iv ia a re f ound a cco mpan ied most o f ten b y ac apr icorn .

An i nscr ip t ion

r uns r ound t he m : K _ AIZAPOZ ZEBALTCY

1 83-188)

The b us t o f Rhoe me ta lces Ia nd h is w ife a re p resen ted o n t he r everse , s im il ar ly t o t he c o ins wh ich a re a t tr ibuted t o t he s o c a l led ' t h ird ' g roup . The s a me monogra m

R T.

n eck o f Rhoe meta lces.

i s f ound i n t he i den t ica l p lace o n t hese c o ins -t he I n s o me c ases i ti s i n r e l ie f ( Nos. 1 68-188 ) , i n

o thers t he c oun ter mark i s s et i n as quare f ra me ( No. 1 87 ) . T he f i f th g roup i nc ludes t he c o ins wh ich h ave t ype a nd i nscr ip t ions a bs o lu te ly i den t ica l w ith t hose o n t he c o ins o f t he s o c a l led ' f our th ' g roup.

The

o n ly d if ference i s o n t he r everse o f t he c o in - i n t he f i e ld i n f ron t o f t he b ust o f Rhoe me ta lces Ia nd Py thodor is S en ior t here i s a sma l l c h ild 's h ead .

A l l

s pec ia l is ts i n T hrac ian n um is ma t ics a gree t ha t i tr epresen ts t he s on o f Rhoemeta lces I - K otys - t he f uture h e ir o f t he t hrone. r el ie f RF

T he s a me monogra m i n

( Nos. 1 89-191) a ppears o n t he r everse o f s o me o f t hese c o ins.

Two o ther t ypes o f c oun ter marks a re f ound o n t hese c o ins - a n a nchor , s et i n a n o va l f ra me - t he r egu lar s ignet o f t he c o ins o f Apo l lon ia , o n t he B lack S ea c oas t ( No. 1 92 ) ,a nd a ma le h ead ( Nos. 1 93-194 ).

Ah ead a s a

c oun termark i s f ound t ogether w ith a nother t ype o f c oun ter mark - a n e ar o f b ar ley , s et o n t he o bverse o f t he c o in o f Rhoe me ta lces o f t he s o-ca l led ' sec ond ' g roup , N o. 1 77. c o ins s truck i n Card ia .

T he e ar o f b ar ley i s ac harac ter ist ic e le men t o f t he 2 84

T he r estr ik ing o f t he c o ins o f Rhoe me ta lces I

w ith c oun ter marks a nd r ecogn ized s igne ts o f t he c o inage o f Apo l lon ia a nd Card ia s hows a bove a l l t ha t T hrac ian c o ins c ircu la ted o n t he markets o f t hese t wo ma jor Greek c i t ies.

T h is c ircu la t ion c an b e e xp la ined o n t he o ne

h and b y t he e x is tence o f t rade l inks , e stab l ished b e tween t he Thrac ian p opu la t ion a nd t he G reek c o lon ies , a nd o n t he o ther w ith t he ir d ependence o n t he Thrac ian s ta te. T he c oun termarks o f Apo l lon ia a nd Card ia a lso p rov ide e v idence o f ap urel y n um is ma t ic c haracter .

T hey s how , t ha t c i t ies l i ke Apo l lon ia a nd Card ia ,

wh ich h ad s topped t he ir own s tr ik ing o f c o ins a l ong t ime a go , ma in ta ined o ff i c ia ls c harged w i th t he c on tro l o f t he c o ins i n r ircu la t ion , a nd t hrough c oun termark ing c o ins m inted a t s o me p ast p er iod i n t 11 ( r espec t ive t own, t hus made t he m l ega l t ender . Fam i l iar t o t he i nhab itan ts , t hese c oun ter marks b egan p lay ing t he r o le o f ab adge o f t he c i t ies . 5 8

S t il l a nother c oun termark , t he monogra m o f h is n a me RA ,Rhoe meta lces I , is f requen t ly f ound o n h is c o inage. Wha t i s c harac ter is t ic o f t h is c oun termark i s t ha t i ti s a lways p laced o n t he s a me p lace - o n t he r everse o f t he c o in e xact ly o n t he i mage o f t he T hrac ian r u ler . I n s o me c ases , h owe ver , t he s a me monogram , f ound i n r e l ief a nd s truck b y means o f t he t op d ie ( ma tr ix ), t ogether w i th t he t ype a nd t he i nscr ip t ion , p resen ted o n t he r everse , a ppears o n t he s a me p lace o n t he c o in . T he i dent ica l r e l ief monog ram i s f ound o n t he c o inage o f t he s o c a l led ' f irst ' g roup ,- o n t he s e l la c uru l is s et o n t he ir r everse. T h is monogra m , r epresen ted i n t wo d i f feren t t echn iques i n r e l ief , t hrough t he c o in d ie i t se lf , a nd i n t he f orm o f ac oun termark , l i nks , a bove a l l , t he c o inage o f t he s o c a l led ' f irs t ' g roup w ith t he n a me o f Rhoe me ta lces 1 .2 85

On

t hese c o ins i ti s o n ly i n r e l ief , i .e. impr in ted t hrough t he d ie i t se lf , wh ich i s a n a dd i t iona l r eason f or t he e ar l ier d a t ing o f t he c o ins o f t h is g roup.

I n t he

s econd p lace i t s a ppearance o n c o ins o f l a ter s er ies t hrough d i f feren t t echn iques p o in ts t o t he f ac t t hat t he s tr ik ing o f t he c oun termarks t ook p lace i n t he m in t where t hey h ad b een o r ig ina l ly s truck , a nd mos t l i kely t h is was t he m in t o f Rhoe me ta lces. T he p lac ing o f t he c oun termark e xact ly o n t he b ust o f Rhoe meta lces I , p laced o n t he r everse o f t he c o in , s hows t ha t t he T hrac ian r u ler l oya l t o t he R o mans c ou ld n ot a l low h i mse lf t o c oun termark h is monogra m o n t he o bverse o f t he c o ins , o ccup ied b y t he b ust o f A ugustus , wh ich was , i n o ther i nstances , mos t o f ten s ub jec t t o c oun ter mark ing .2 86 T he c oun termark R F t akes t he p lace o f t he r e l ief monogra m i n t he c ases , when a monogram i s m iss ing . I ta ppears most f requen t ly o n t he c o ins o f t he s o c a l led ' f our th ' a nd ' f i f th ' g roups , w h ich a s f ar a s t he c hrono l o gy i s c oncerned , a re t he l a tes t s er ies o f c o ins o f Rhoe meta lces I .

Th is

a lso e xp la ins t he f unct ion o f t h is c oun termark - wh ich r uns c on trary t o t he b as ic p r inc ip les u nder ly ing t he r estr ik ing o f c o ins i n a n t iqu ity . I t was n ot mean t t o g ive a n ew n om ina l v a lue t o t he c o ins o r t o r e in troduce b ad ly d amaged c o ins w ith w orn s ur faces , n or t o b ear t he o f f ic ial s igne t o n f ore ign c o ins.

As w e a lready men t ioned a bove s o me g enera l w orks o n a nc ien t

n um is ma t ics r efer b r ief ly t o t he m in t ing o f c o ins b y Rhoeme ta lces Ia nd Augustus. 2 87 Two b ronze c o ins a t tr ibu ted t o Rhoe meta lces 12 88 a r t ic le , wh ich c a me o u t s o me 7 0 y ears a go.

a re d escr ibed i n a n

I n t he ir i nscr ip t ion a nd imagery ,

t hey c losely r ese mb le t hose o f Rhoe meta lces I , b e long ing t o t he s o c a l led ' s econd ' g roup.

B efore c ons ider ing t he p rob le m o f whe ther Rhoe meta lces I

s truck a ny c o inage o r n ot , a nd i fs o , wha t t ypes , w e s hou ld p rov ide a b r ief s urvey o f t he h is tor ica l f ac ts o f t h is T hrac ian r u ler 's l i fe. S uccessor t o h is f a ther Rhaescupor is I I , w ho t reacherous ly murdered h is n ephew Ko tys I V a nd w as c onde mned b y t he Ro man S ena te t o e x i le i n A lexandr ia , where l a ter h e w as k i l led , p ro-Ro man p o l icy .

2 89

Rhoe meta lces I f o l lowed a n a c t ive

I n t he y ear A .D . 2 1 f i gh t ing t he r ebe l l ious T hrac ian

t r ibes t he Ko i la letes , Odrysae a nd t he Dac ians , h e w as b es iedged i n Ph i l ip opo l is a nd o n ly s aved b yt he a rr iva l o f a Ro man l eg ion u nder t he c o mmand o f t he p raetor o f Moes ia ,Pub l ius V e le ius.

5 9

I n t he y ear 2 6 when t he T hrac ians o nce a ga in r ebe l led a ga ins t t he a t te mp t o f t he Ro mans t o g e t r ecru its f ro m among t he m , Rhoe meta lces I t ook t he s ide o f t he c onquerors a nd a ct ive ly a ss is ted t he Ro mans ' c o m mander , P ope ius S ab inus , in h is a c t ion a ga inst t he r ebe ls. The n a me o f Rhoe meta lces I a nd h is w ife Py thodor is i s men t ioned i n s evera l i nscr ip t ions 292

wh ich p rov ide i n terest ing i n forma t ion o n t he b orders

o f h is l ands , h is g eneao logy a nd t he t i t les h e b ore.

J udg ing f ro m a l l t hese

s ources i ti s a pparen t t ha t t he t err itory o ver w h ich h e r e igned r eached t he Ba lkan Range t o t he N or th a nd Anh ia 1o 2 93 a nd West .

( presen t d ay Anh ia lo ) t o t he S ou th

Fro m t he i nscr ip t ion w e a lso l earn t ha t Rhoe meta lces I w as

' grandson , i n h is f a ther 's l ineage , o f k ing Kotys a nd g randson , a ccord ing t o h is mother 's l ineage ,of k ing Rhoe meta lces , ' 2 94

o r , i n o ther words , h is f a ther

Rhaescupor is I I was marr ied t o h is b ro ther 's d augh ter.

Rhoe meta lces I

h i mse lf was marr ied t o Py thodor is J un ior ,the d augh ter o f h is f irs t c ous in Ko tys I V a nd g randdaugh ter o f Rhoe meta lces Ia nd t he P on t ic r u ler P o le mon .2 95 As was t he c ase w ith h is f a ther Rhaescupor is I I , a t t he b eg inn ing o f h is r e ign Rhoe meta lces I o n ly b ore t he t i t le 51 . 3 v6rv r IS

2 96

.L a ter , a s ar eward

f or h is l oya lty t o t he Ro man c ause h e was r ecogn ized b y T iber ius a s a 1 3 0 (C 5L XE k . S o me a uthors b e l ieve t ha t h e was g ran ted t h is t i t le a f ter t he e ven ts o f 2 6 A .D . i n r ecogn it ion o f h is s erv ices d ur ing t he c rush ing o f t he a n t i-Ro man r ebe l l ion o f t he T hrac ians.

2 97

One i nscr ip t ion , h owever , d is-

c overed i n t he f oru m o f Ph i l ipp i a nd d ed ica ted t o ' k ing Rhoe meta lces , s on o f k ing Rhaescupor i tes ' g ives g round t o o ther s cho lars t o c ons ider t ha t Rhaes cupor is a nd Rhoe meta lces b ore t he t i t le o f k ing .2 98

Wha t i s more , i n t he

d ed ica t ion Rhoe meta lces , t he s on o f Rhaescupor is , i s c a l led C . J u l ius Rhoemeta lces wh ich s hows t hat h e w as a lso g ran ted Ro man c i t izensh ip b y t he emp eror .2 99 The i nscr ip t ion f ro m Ph i l ipp i i s a n a ct o f g ra t itude o f c i t izens o f t he c o lony t owards t he T hrac ian r u ler , t he d efender o f Ro man i nteres ts i n Thrace.

T h is makes i tp oss ib le f or u s t o e xpec t t ha t t he t err itor ies h e

r u led o ver w ere n e ighbour ing t o Ph il ipp i , ap rox im ity wh ich made i te as ier t o e s tab l ish f r iend ly r e la t ions b etween t he Ro man c o lony a nd t he T hrac ian r u ler . 3" Fro m t he i n forma t ion f ro m e p igraph ica l d a ta a nd a nc ien t s ources i t b eco mes a pparen t t hat Rhoe meta lces I , b y o ppos ing t he i n terests o f h is c o mpa tr io ts , w on c ons iderab le p rest ige w i th t he i nvaders.

T he f ac t t ha t t he

c h i ldren o f h is c ous in Ko tys I V , Rhoe me ta lces , K o tys a nd P o le mon , a l l o f t he m u nder a ge , r e ma ined i n Ro me a f ter t he d ea th o f t he ir f a ther a nd w ere b rough t u p t ogether w ith t he f uture emperor Ca l igu la , made i tp oss ib le f or h im t o e x tend h is i n f luence a nd p ower . T he p o l it ica l p res t ige o f Rhoe meta lces I , t he v as t t err itory h e r e igned o ver , t he r e lat ive c a lm w h ich s e t i n a f ter t he e ven ts o f 2 6 A . D. w h ich w ere a n impor tan t p rerequ is ite f or t he p ro mo t ion o f t rade a nd l ocal i ndus try c rea ted t he n ecessary c ond it ions f or t he m in t ing o f c o inage.

What i s more , t o

t he amb it ious Rhoe meta lces I , w hose g enea logy , t i t les a nd f ea ts a re r ef l ected i n e p igraph ica l monu men ts much more t han t hose o f h is u nc le Rhoemeta lces I , c o ins w ere t he mos t e f f ic ien t w ay o f s pread ing f avourab le p ropa ganda. 6 0

H owever t he i den t if ica t ion o f t hese c o ins i s made d if f icu lt b y t wo p rob le ms.

I n t he f i rst p lace c o me t he i den t ica l n a mes o f t he t wo Thrac ian

r u lers -t he n ephew a nd t he u nc le -Rhoe meta lces Ia nd Rhoe meta lces I who a ppear i n t he s a me manner o n t he c o ins.

And i n t he s econd p lace t he

c onven t iona l p resen ta t ion o f t he p or tra its o f t he Thrac ian r u ler a nd t he Roman emperor c anno t p rov ide u s w ith r e l iab le d a ta f or t he i den t if ica t ion o f t he r u lers. Another d i f f icu lty a r ises f ro m t he n a me o f Augus tus , whose n ame , t ransl a ted i n Greek a f ter h is d ea th GE 3 caT6g ,b eco mes a t i t le a dop ted b y a l l Roman emperors.

Under t he d irec t s uccessor t o Augus tus , T iber ius , t he

n a me o f Augus tus , c eß c c ,T6g ,wh ich a ppears o n t he c o ins s truck b y t he G reek c i t ies , d oes n ot l ose i t s mean ing a s an a me. I t s erves t o p o in t t o t he f act t ha t Augustus a nd T iber ius w ere r e lated , j us t a s w ere A ugus tus a nd L iv ia. T he c o inage o f Tr ipo l i i n L yd ia , w here t he i nscr ip t ion

G Eß c x ,GT r ) ZEBAETH

r uns r ound t he b ust o f L iv ia a nd t ha t o f S ar c ies i n Lyd ia where t he i nscr ip t ion s urround ing t he image o f T iber ius r uns : EEBAETOE KAIEAPEON EAPAIA MN

3 01

a re s uch i ns tances. T hese e xa mp les c ome t o s how t ha t i n o ur c ase t he t i t le

CE

ß a cn c%

w ithou t a ny a dd it iona l c harac ter is t ics c ou ld e qua l ly r efer t o A ugus tus a s w e l l a s T iber ius. T he c are fu l s tudy o f t he h oard o f t he v i l lage o f G ruevo , Momch i lgrad d is tr ict , p resen ts a c er ta in c lue t o t he s o lu t ion o f t hese d if f icu l t ies . F ound i n 1 955 i tc on ta ins 4 49 b ronze c o ins a t tr ibu ted t o Rhoe meta lces 1 . 302 F or tye igh t o f t he m a re i n av ery b ad s ta te a nd a re s hape less b its o f me ta l.

T he

r e ma in ing o nes , w ith o ne e xcep t ion , f a l l i n to t wo p r inc ip le g roups : On t he o bverse o f t he c o ins o f t he f i rst g roup ( 152 c o ins ) t he b us t o f a n emp eror i s d ep icted , a nd a round i tr uns t he i nscr ip t ion : KAI APO E ZEBAETOY o r A YTOKT .ATOPOE KAI APOE E EBAZTOY wh ile o n t he r everse i s t he b ust o f t he r u ler d iade med , s urrounded b y t he i nscr ip t ion : B AZIA ME POINETAAKOY On t he o bverse o f t he c o ins o f t he s econd g roup ( 248 c o ins ) t he b us t o f t he emperor i s a lso f ound s urrounded b y t he s ame i nscr ip t ions : Z EBAZTO Y o r AYTOKPATOPOE o r KAI APO E Z EBAETOY wh ile t wo b usts c lose t o o ne a no ther -t he r u ler , d iade med , a nd h is w ife , a ppear o n t he r everse , w ith a n i nscr ip t ion r unn ing a round t he m : B AELA ME POINHIAAKOY T he c o mpara t ive me thod o f s tudy ing t he d ies u sed i n s tr ik ing t hese c o ins makes i tp oss ib le t o d raw s o me i n terest ing c onc lus ions. Mos t o f t he c o ins a re c onnec ted t hrough c o m mon d ies f or t he o bverse a nd t he r everse , o r s ome t i mes f or b oth , w h ich s hows t ha t t he ir m in t ing t ook p lace o ver a s hor t p er iod o f t ime a nd t hey w ere c oncea led i n t he f orm o f ah oard s oon a f ter m in t ing .

6 1

I n t he h oard o f t he v i l lage o f Gruevo , Mo mch i lgrad d is tr ict , t here a lso a ppears o ne w e l l p reserved c o in wh ich i s o f p ar t icu lar s ign if icance f or t he d a t ing o f t he h oard. i nscr ip t ion :

On i t s o bverse i th as a ma le b ust , a round i tr uns t he 8EOZANHZ 8EOZ MY T I

On t he r everse r uns a n i nscr ip t ion a round af e ma le b ust c overed b y a v e i l : APXEAAMIE

( SEA)

( Pl. XXV I I , F ig . 3 a )

A s i s e v iden t f ro m t he i nscr ip t ion o n t he o bverse ,th is c o in was m in ted i n My t i lene , o n t he i s land o f L esbos. T he b us t s hown o n t he c o in i s t ha t o f T heophanes o f My t i lene , ac lose f r iend o f P o mpe ius a nd t he h is tor ian o f h is m i l itary c a mpa igns. H e a pparen t ly d id much f or t he t own w here h e w as b orn , f or a f ter h is d ea th , h e w as v enera ted a s ad e ity .

H is s on P o mpe ius

T heophanes , ap rocura tor , l i ved i n A s ia M inor u nder t he r e ign o f Augustus a nd w as a p ersona l f r iend o f T iber ius. 3 03 The b ust o f t he e lder ly T heophanes , c a l led T heos , a ppears o n t he c o ins o f My t i lene d ur ing t he r e ign o f T iber ius o r r a ther d ur ing t he f i rst h a lf o f h is r e ign .3 04 T he c o in f ro m My t i lene , wh ich i s i n av ery g ood s ta te o f p reserva t ion , s hows t hat i th as b een i n c ircu la t ion f or a s hor t t ime.

Reach ing b y c hance

t he market o f t he e as tern p ar t o f t he B a lkan p en insu la , t ogether w ith o ther l oca l c o ins i t was b ur ied a s ah oard . I t s e xact d a t ing , h owever , b r ings u s t o more i n terest ing c onc lus ions. Above a l l i ts erves a s at e rm i nus p ost q ue m f or t he b ury ing o f t he h oard i t sel f , wh ich mus t h ave t aken p lace d ur ing t he r e ign o f T iber ius , n o t t ha t o f A ugustus , a nd h ence i n t he r e ign o f h is c on te mporary t he T hrac ian r u ler Rhoe meta lces I . C o ins o f t wo t ypes a ppear i n t he h oard o f G ruevo , wh ich r ese mb le t he c o ins o f t he s o c a l led ' second ' a nd ' t h ird ' g roup o f c o ins o f Rhoe meta lces I . Chrono log ica l ly t hese g roups b e long t o t he e ar ly s er ies o f c o ins m in ted b y t h is r u ler , a nd t here fore , i fw e a t tr ibu te t he c o ins o f t he h oard f ro m G ruevo t o Rhoemeta lces I , w e i nev itab ly c o me t o o ne p o in t - why a re l a ter s er ies o f c o ins s truck b y t he s a me r u ler a bsen t f ro m t he h oard? S econd ly , n o t o ne s ing le c o in i n t he h oard h as b een r es truck w ith t he monogram

RA

,which,

a s w e -h ave a lready men t ioned , a ppears q u ite

f requen t ly o n t he c o ins o f Rhoe meta lces Ib o th a s c oun termarks a nd o rd inary r e l ief monogra ms. I n t he t h ird p lace , o n t he c o ins o f Rhoe meta lces Io f t he s o c al led ' f i f th ' g roup a nd t hese o f t he Gruevo h oard t here e x ist c er ta in d i f ferences i n t he i conography a nd s ty le , wh ich a re e v iden t i n t he c ourse o f ac arefu l s tudy o f t he c o in d ies. F ina l ly , t he t i t le

AYTOK _PATOPO7 wh ich w e f i nd o n t he i nscr ip t ion o f

s o me c o ins o f t he G ruevo h oard a re a lso c harac ter is t ic o f t he p er iod o f T iber ius 3 05

6 2

A l l t hese a rgu men ts g ive u s g round t o a t tr ibute t he c o ins o f t he G ruevo h oard n ot t o Rhoe meta lces I , b u t t o h is n ephew , Rhoe meta lces I , whose r e ign c o inc ides w ith t ha t o f T iber ius , a nd t herefore w ith t he b ury ing o f t he h oard . T he h oard o f t he v i l lage o f Gruevo , Mo mch ilgrad r eg ion , i s c onv inc ing p roo f o ft he e x is tence o f c o ins s truck b y Rhoe me ta lces I a nd d e term ines t he ir b as ic t ypes.

Thus t h is f i l ls i n an a tura l g ap , ac on t inued a nd i nexp l icab le

h ia tus i n t he c o inage m in ted b y t he l a tes t T hrac ian r u lers f ro m t he y ear 1 2 A .D . ,t he y ear o f t he d ea th o f Rhoe me ta lces I , w hen w e c ou ld d a te , t heoreti ca l ly , a l l c o in s er ies o f t h is r u ler u p t o t he y ear 3 7 A .D. w hen t he g randson o f Rhoe meta lces I , Rhoe meta lces I I 306

b eg ins o nce a ga in t o m in t c o ins w ith

h is i mage a nd t he image o f Ca l igu la. T he l arge n u mber o f c o in d ies emp loyed i n t he s tr ik ing o f t he c o ins i n t he G ruevo h oard , a lso s hows t he s ca le o f t he m in t ing o f c o ins b y Rhoe meta lces I , wh ich i s a n i nd icat ion o f a n a c t ive e cono m ic l i fe. We d o n o t h ave e xact d a ta o n t he c on ten t o f t he r e ma in ing t hree h oards , a lso a t tr ibuted t o Rhoe me ta lces I -t he h oards o f P lovd iv , ' 307 Kard ja l i i, 308 a nd E rma Reka , Smo l ian d is tr ict . "9

T he c on ten t o f t he h oard f ro m t he

a nc ien t t own o f Ph i l ipopo l is , wh ich was p ar t o f t he t err itor ies r u led b y Rhoemeta lces I , i s o f p ar t icu lar i n terest .

I t was h ere t ha t i n 2 1 A .D.

Rhoeme ta lces I a nd h is w ife Py thodor is J un ior w ere b es ieged b y t he Thrac ian t r ibes w ho h ad r isen i n r ebe l l ion a ga ins t t he Ro man c onquerors.

I t i s q u ite

p oss ib le t ha t t he h oard f ro m P lovd iv w as h idden a t t hat t ime. T he p resence o f t he c o in o f My t ilene i n t he h oard o f t he Gruevo , Mo mc h ilgrad d istr ict , s truck n o t l a ter t han t he y ear 3 2 A .D . ( so me t ime w ou ld b e n ecessary f or i tt o r each t he markets o f T hrace ) ,i s a n i nd icat ion t ha t t he h oard w as b ur ied s o me t ime d ur ing t he m id-th ir t ies . T he image o f T iber ius a nd t he Thrac ian r u ler p laced o n t he c o ins o f Rhoe me ta lces I p o in t t o af u l l b reak w ith t he t rad it ion o f t he r ea l ist ic p ort raya l , c haracter ist ic o f t he H e l len is t ic a ge. T he c o ins o f Rhoe me ta lces I s how u s d if feren t p or tra i ts , w ith h is n a me r unn ing a round t he m , f ro m t he o ne o f ay oung man w ith a s tra igh t n ose , p ursed l i ps , w ide ly o pen e yes a nd h a ir t i ed w ith a d iade m , w hose e nds , b en t i nwards , r ese mb le l i t t le t resses ( P l. =

V , F igs. 1 94-197 ) ar ounded f ace a nd s tra igh t h a ir ( P l. XX IV , F ig .

2 00 ) t o t ha t o f ag rown , mature man , w i th s hor t c ur ly h a ir ( Pl . X ) ( IV , F igs. 2 01-208 ) a nd a s harp c h in . C lass ica l a u thors a nd e p igraph ica l monu men ts d o n o t s peak o f t he e ven ts o f t he l a ter y ears o f t he r e ign o f Rhoe meta lces I , h is p ersona l l i fe , o r t he d est in ies o f t he t err itor ies o ver wh ich h e r u led. T h is s i lence , i n p ar t icu lar o n t he p art o f a nc ien t h is tor ians , c ou ld b e e xp la ined b y t he g enera l p ac if icat i on w h ich s e t i n a f ter 2 6 A .D ., a y ear o f u pheava ls , b r ing ing w ith i ta c er ta in r es tora t ion o f t he i ndustry a nd t rade a nd h ence t he n eed o f n ew c o inage. R o man a u thors p rov ide i n forma t ion o n Thrace d ur ing t he r e ign o f t he emperor Ca l igu la ( 37-41). On a scend ing t he t hrone Ca l igu la , who w as b rough t u p w i th t he m inor s ons o f Ko tys , Rhoemeta lces , P o le mon a nd K otys , s howed

6 3

t he m s pec ia l a t ten t ion a nd f avours. 3 11 t he who le o f t he Thrace o nce a ga in ;

The e ldes t , Rhoe meta lces , w as g iven

Po le mon w en t t o h is mother An ton ia

Tr iphaena a nd b eca me k ing o f P on tus wh ile K otys was g iven Ar men ia M inor .3 12 T he u n if icat ion o f Thrace u nder t he r u le o f Rhoe meta lces I I meant t hat h e g ot n ot o n ly h is f a ther 's t err itor ies g overned u p t o h is c om ing o f a ge b y t he p rae tor T reb il ienus Ru fus , e ither d ied

3 13

b u t a lso t hose o f R hoe me ta lces I who

w ith n o d irec t h e ir , o r , d ue t o h is l oya l ty t o T iber ius , f e l l i n

d isgrace w ith t he a ccess ion o f t he n ew emperor .3 14 An i nteres t ing e p isode , d ep ic ted o n t he o bverse o f t he c o ins o f Rhoe meta lces 1 1 ,

3 15

r ef lects t he e ven ts a round h is c om ing t o t he t hrone.

Rhoe met-

a lces I I i s s hown i n f ron t o f Ca l igu la , w ho , d ressed i n at oga , i s s el ted o n at hrone a nd i s h and ing a d iade m t o t he T hrac ian r u ler .

Rhoe me ta lces I I i s

t ak ing t he d iade m , t he e nds o f wh ich a ppear l ike r ibbons , g rasp ing i tw ith t he r igh t h and , wh i le i n h is l ef t h and h e i s h o ld ing a s pear .

The r e la t ionsh ip

b etween t he t wo r u lers i s c lear ly e xpressed t hrough t he p ose t hey a re s hown i n -t he Ro man emperor , s ea ted o n t he t hrone , p resen t ing t he d iade m - a s y mbo l o f r ega l a u thor ity - t he T hrac ian r u ler t ak ing i tf ro m h im , s tand ing i n f ron t o f h i m. T he f o l low ing i nscr ip t ion r uns a round t h is t ype : BAZILE2E POIM I ITAAKA

/ KOTY2Z

On t he o bverse o f t he c o ins t he l aurea te b us t o f Ca l igu la a ppears f ac ing l ef t.

T he i nscr ip t ion h ere r uns a s f o l lows : PAI2 KAIZAPI PEPMA I , IIK2 ZEBALT2 T he i nscr ip t ions o n t he o bverse a nd t he r everse o f t hese c o ins a ppears

i n a n u nusua l f orm - t he n a me a nd t i t le o f t he emperor a re g iven i n t he d a t ive , wh ile t hose o f t he T hrac ian r u ler a re i n t he n om ina t ive .

T he c ause o f t h is

d ev ia t ion f ro m t he n orma l f or mu la o n t he c o in i n q uest ion c ou ld b e e xp la ined i n s evera l ways.

T he n om ina t ive c ase i s f am il iar f ro m t he c o inage o f Ko tys

I a nd Rhaescupor is I .

I n t ha t c ase , t he n a me o f Ko tys i s i n t he n om ina t ive ,

a s i tr efers t o t he p or tra it o f al a te r u ler .

T he n a me o f Rhaescupor is I , who

s truck t hese c o ins , i s g iven c orrec t ly , i n t he g en it ive . I n o ur c ase t here i s n o d oub t t ha t t he r u ler who m in ted t he c o ins w as Rhoe me ta lces I I.

H is n a me i s g iven i n t he n om ina t ive n o t o n ly o n c o ins o f

t he t ype i n q ues t ion , b u t a lso o n o ther c o ins , r ound t he b us t o f Rhoe meta lces I I.

T h is s hows t ha t t h is T hrac ian r u ler , b e ing b rough t u p i n Ro me , b roke

w ith t he Greek t rad it ions o f c o in m in t ing a nd a ccep ted t he Ro man f ormu la. On Ro man i mper ia l c o ins t he n a me o f t he r u ler i s i n t he n om ina t ive a nd e xp la ins h is i mage. r u ler An ton ia

A s im ilar c ase i s f ound w ith t he c o inage o f t he P on t ic

T r iphaena , t he mo ther o f Rhoe me ta lces I I.

c o ins m in ted b y h er , h er n a me i s g iven i n t he n om ina t ive TPYIAINA 3 16

6 4

I n mos t o f t he

T he g en it ive

f orm o ft he n a me Ko tys a pparen t ly s erves t o p o in t o u t

t he p a terna l n a me o f Rhoe me ta lces I I, who was t he s on o f Kotys I V .

Th is

was d one w ith t he a im o f d i f feren t ia t ing b etween t he n ew r u ler , Rhoe meta lces I I, t he s on o f Ko tys I V a nd g randson o f Rhoe me ta lces I , a nd Rhoe me ta lces I , t he s on o f Rhaescupor is I I. T he u se o f t he d a t ive , t he f orm o f t he n a me o f Ca l igu la , i s much s tranger . Apparen t ly i ti s a n e xcep t ion wh ich c annot b e e xp la ined b y t he d es ire o f t he d ie e ngraver t o d eno te i n whose n a me t he c o inage was m in ted.

N e ither i s i t

c onnec ted w ith t he p or tra it o f t he r u ler , whose n a me a ppears a lways i n t he n om ina t ive o r t he g en i t ive . H av ing i n m ind , o n t he o ther h and , t he b ehav iour o f t he e xceed ing ly amb it ious Ca l igu la who t hough t o f h i msel f a s ag od d e mand ing t he v enera t ion s hown t o ad e ity , w e a re j us t if ied i n a sk ing o urse lves whether t he Thrac ian r u ler , who k new t he c haracter o f t he emperor , d id n o t d e l ibera te ly e xpress t h is a t t itude t o Ca l igu la , a lready s hown i n t he e p isode d ep ic ted o n t he c o ins. U sua l ly t he n a me o f ar u ler o r d e ity , t o who m a d ed ica t ion i s made i n i nscr ip t ions , i s g iven i n t he d a t ive f or m.

T h is i s t he o n ly p laus ib le e xp lana-

t ion o f t he p lac ing o f t he n a me o f Ca l igu la i n t he d a t ive.

T he c o ins w ere

d ed ica ted b y Rhoe meta lces I I t o h is b ene fac tor Ca l igu la , t o who m h e owed h is p ower.

T he l im ited n u mber o f c o ins m in ted b y Rhoe meta lces I I wh ich

h ave r eached u s , t he u nusua l f ormu lae o f t he i nscr ipt ion o n t he m , t he e p isode o f t he p resen tat ion o f t he s ymbo ls o f r ega l a u thor ity t o Rhoe meta lces I I b y Ca l igu la , a l l c haracter ize h is m in t ing o f c o ins , a s ac o mme mora t ive c o inage r a ther t han o ne t o meet t he c urren t n eeds o f t he i n terna l marke t . T he c o ins o f Rhoe meta lces I I a re t he f i na l o f f ic ia l d ocu men ts o f t he Thrac ian r u lers , as ad e p i logue t o t he i ndependent e x istence o ft he T hrac ian k ingdom .

6 5

CATALOGUE

1 .

D erron i

AERRONI/

o bverse

Bearded man c lad i n s hor ts leeved l ong c h iton wear ing w ide b r i m med h a t ( caus ia ) s i ts i n b iga d rawn by t wo o xen r .

H is r . h and h o ld ing wh ip .

I n t he f ie ld a bove

b order o f d o ts , i n i t s m idd le e igh t-po in ted s tar . n ea th i tp a l me t te . r everse

I n t he midd le o f a n i ncuse s quare t hree s i lenus l egs w ith h orse h ooves r .

2 .

D erron i

S i lver ;

3 6 mm ;

s ta ter . F ro m t he V e l i tchkovo h oard , r eg ion . S of ia , I nv . No . 9 250

P l . I , 1

1 5 gt e traPazard jik

RONI----

o bverse S ame . r everse

B e-

Par t o fb order o f d o ts .

S a me d ie a s 1 .

I n t he midd le o f i ncuse s quare a t r iske l is r . 3 5 mm ;

4 0 .30 g

t e trasta ter .

S i lver :

F ro m t he Ve l itchkovo

h oard , Pazard jik r eg ion . S of ia , I nv . No . 8 743 3 .

D erron i

o bverse

AERRONI S ame .

r everse

S ame d ie a s 1 .

I n t he m idd le o f Meuse s quare a t r iske l is r . 3 5 mm ;

3 8 .90 g

t e trasta ter .

S i lver ;

F ro m t he Ve l itchkovo

h oard , Pazard jik r eg ion . P l . I , 3 4 .

D erron i

S of ia , I nv . No . 8 745 o bverse

S ame .

r everse

I n t he m idd le o f i ncuse s quare a t r iske l is r . 3 4 mm ;

S a me d ie a s l ast .

4 0 .65 g t e trasta ter .

S i lver ;

F ro m t he V e l itchkovo

h oard , Pazard jik r eg ion . S of ia , I nv . No . 8 742 . 5 .

D erron i

o bverse

k j

AERRO : \ JI

S ame . r everse

S a me d ie a s l ast .

I n t he m idd le o f i ncuse s quare a t r iske l is r . 3 6 mm ;

3 9 .95 g t e trasta ter .

h oard , Pazard jik r eg ion . S of ia , I nv . No . 8 744

6 6

S i lver ;

F ro m t he V e l itchkovo

6 .

D erron i

o bverse

A-K RRON IKON S ame .

D if ferent d ie .

I n t he f i e ld a bove t he b iga a n

e ag le , w ings s pread , f ly ing r ., h o ld ing l i zard i n h is b eak .

U nder t he o x -h a lf p a l me t te .

T races o f

b order o f d o ts . r everse

I n t he midd le o f i ncuse s quare a t r iske l is r . 3 5 mm ;

4 0 . 5 0 gt e trasta ter .

S i lver ;

F ro m t he Ve l itchkovo

h oard , Pazard jik r eg ion . S of ia , I nv . No . 8 739 .

P l . I , 6 7 .

Derron i

o bverse S ame . r everse

S a me d ie a s l as t .

Traces o fb order o f d o ts .

I n t he midd le o f a n i ncuse s quare a t r iske l is 1 . S i lver ; 3 5 mm ; 4 0 .50 g t e trasta ter . F ro m t he Ve l itchkovo h oard , Pazard jik r eg ion . S of ia , I nv . No . 8 740

8 .

D erron i

o bverse

ARRRONIKON S a me .

r everse

S a me d ie a s l ast .

I n t he midd le o f i ncuse s quare a t r iske l is r . 3 6 mm ;

4 0 . 3 5 gt e trasta ter .

S i lver ;

F ro m t he Ve l itchkovo

h oard , Pazard jik r eg ion . S o f ia , I nv . No . 8 738 9 .

Derron i

o bverse

( A E )RR ONIK O/N S a me .

r everse

D if feren t d ie .

T races o fb order o f d o ts .

I n t he m idd le o f i ncuse s quare a t r iske l is 1 . S i lver ; 3 8 mm ;

4 0 . 3 1 gt e trasta ter .

F ro m t he Ve l itchkovo

h oard , Pazard jik r eg ion . S o f ia , I nv . No . 8 741

P l . I , 9 1 0 .

Derron i - Con te mporary f orgery o bverse

AEPPI H er mes s tand ing r . s hou lders b are , wear ing p e tasos o n h is h ead .

L ef t h and r est ing o n t he n eck o f a n o x ,

d raw ing a c ar t ; whee l .

v ery l ow u nder t he o x t a i l p ar t o f a

I n h is r igh t h and H er mes h o lds a k yryke ion .

Border o f d o ts . r everse P l . I I , 1 0 1 1 .

Oresc i ( Sa t iae ) o bverse

I ncuse s quare .

S i lver ;

3 2 mm ;

3 4 .50 g t e trasta ter .

S of ia , I nv . No . 6 394

Bearded c en taur w i th h orse legs , l ong h a ir a nd t a i l , k nee l ing r . h o ld ing i n h is a r ms a l ong-ha ired maenad , c lad i n l ong c h i ton w ith s leeves, r . h and r a ised i n f ron t o f h er f ace , 1 . h and d ropped a t h er s ide . f i e ld d own , a s i fh av ing d ropped a n a pp le . a bove a g lobe .

6 7

I n

I n f i e ld

r everse

I ncuse s quare q uartered .

S i lver ;

2 6 mm ;

9 .40 g

s ta ter . S of ia , I nv . No . 6 962 .

P l . I I , 1 1 1 2 .

P ierced .

Oresc i ( Sa t iae ) - Conte mporary f orgery o bverse

Bearded l ong-ha ired c en taur w ith h orse-ta i l h a lfk nee l ing r ., h o ld ing i n h is a r ms a maenad .

r everse

I n t he midd le o f a n i ncuse s quare c rested C or inth ian h e l me t r .

S i lver ;

2 0 mm ;

8 .95 g s ta ter .

S of ia , I nv . No . 7 217 1 3 .

U nknown T hrac ian t r ibe ( Archa ic s ty le ) o bverse

Bearded s i lenus, n aked , k nee l ing r ., h o ld ing i n h is a r ms maenad , c lad i n l ong c h iton , 1 . h and d ropped b ackwards , r . h and r a ised t owards t he s i lenus ' f ace .

r everse

I ncuse s quare q uar tered .

S i lver;

2 2 mm ;

9 .45 g

s ta ter . P l . I I , 1 3 1 4 .

S of ia , I nv . No . 1 0473

U nknown T hrac ian t r ibe ( Class ica l s ty le ) o bverse

Bearded s i lenus, n aked , k nee l ing r igh t , h o ld ing i n h is a r ms maenad , c lad i n l ong c h i ton , 1 . h and d ropped b ackwards , r . h and r a ised b eh ind s i lenus ' s hou lder .

r everse

I ncuse s quare q uar tered .

S i lver ; 2 0 mm ; 8 .65 g

s ta ter . P l . I I , 1 4 1 5 .

S of ia , I nv . No . 8 621

S para tokos , a bou t 4 45-435 B .C . o bverse

H orse man a dvanc ing 1 . , c lad i n s hor t h igh-co l lared c h la mys .

Sma l l h a t o n h is h ead .

t wo s pears .

R . h and h o ld ing

I n t he f i e ld a bove - h e l me t .

Border

o f d o ts . r everse

E r IAPAAOKO I n t he m idd le o f i ncuse s quare , e ag le .

S i lver ; 2 6 mm ;

1 7 .10 g t e tradrach ma . P l . XXV I I , 1 5 1 6 .

Par is , f orgery . o bverse

S ame .

r everse

C 47

D if feren t d ie .

B order o f d o ts

Z F IAPAAOKO

S a me .

D if ferent d ie .

S i lver ;

2 5 mm ;

1 6 .95 g

t e tradrach ma . L ondon .

P l . XXV I I , 1 6

1 7 .

o bverse

( PA)/FA/LOKO H orse a dvanc ing 1 . ,r . f ore leg r a ised . k nuck le b one .

6 8

Border o f d o ts .

Benea th a

r everse

I n t he midd le o f i ncuse s quare a n e ag le , w ings s pread , h o ld ing s nake i n h is b eak .

S i lver ;

1 5 mm ;

3 .70 g

d rach ma . S of ia , I nv . No . 7 219

P l . I V , 1 7 o bverse

1 8 .

r everse

EPA/---0K0 S ame .

D if feren t d ie .

No a dd i t iona l s igne t .

S a me .

D if ferent d ie .

S i lver ; 1 5 mm ; 3 .85 g

d rach ma . S of ia , L nv . No .9565 ( p ierced )

P l . I V , 1 8 o bverse

1 9 .

r everse

EPA/PA/ 0K0 S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

S ame .

D if feren t d ie .

S i lver ; 1 5 mm ; 3 .75 g

d rach ma . S of ia , I nv . No . 4 544

P l . I V , 1 9 o bverse

2 0 .

ED/A F ore-par t g a l lop ing h orse 1 .

r everse

I n t he midd le o f a n i ncuse s quare a n e ag le , h o ld ing wrea th i n h is b eak .

S i lver ; 1 2 mm ; 1 .17 g d iobo l .

S of ia , I nv . No . 6 633

P l . I V , 2 0 2 1.

Border o f d o ts .

o bverse

S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

r everse

S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

S i lver ; 1 0 mm ; 1 .05 g

S of ia , I nv . No . 2 638 o bverse

2 2 .

r everse

S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

S ame .

D if feren t d ie .

.30 g S i lver ; 1 1 mm ; 1

d iobo l .

S of ia , I nv . No . 4 003

P l . I V , 2 2 o bverse

2 3 .

EP/A

E l l/A S ame .

D if feren t d ie .

F ore-par t o f g a l lop ing h orse r .;

b order o f d o ts . r everse

S ame .

D if ferent d ie .

S i lver ; 1 1 mm ; 1 .23 g d iobo l .

S of ia , I nv . No . 4 545 2 4 .

Medocus ( c . 4 15-391) o bverse MHT Ma le h ead r . b earded , w ith moustache , i nscr ip t ion l inear c onvex c irc le a round i t . r everse

M H O KO Around b ipenn is w ith a T -shaped h and le . 1 1 mm ; 1 .33 g d iobo l .

P l . V , 2 4

S of ia , I nv . No . 6 601 - f orgery?

6 9

S i lver ;

2 5 .

o bverse r everse

L ong-bearded ma le h ead w ith moustache r . M H O KO B ipenn is w i th a h and le .

S i lver ; 1 0 mm ; 0 .85 g

h em iobo l . S of ia , I nv . No . 4 951 - f orgery?

P l . V , 2 5 2 6 .

S euthes I

4 05-391)

o bverse

Beard less h orse man , h ead b are , g a l lop ing r ., w ith i nf la ted c h la mys .

H is r . h and t hrow ing a s pear , h is

1 . h and h o ld ing t he r e ins . r everse

EEY8A APFY PION S ha l low i ncuse s quare , w i th in wh ich t here i s a n i nS i lver ; 2 2 mm ; 8 .47 g d i-

s cr ip t ion i n t hree l i nes . d rach ma . Par is , f orgery ( ?) . o bverse

2 7 .

LE H orse p ranc ing r .

r everse

Border o f d o ts .

LEYSA KOMMA S i lver ; 1 8 mm ; 4 .05 g d rach ma .

P l . V , 2 7 2 8 .

S of ia , I nv . No . 6 480 - f orgery .

S ara tokos ( c . 4 00 B .C . ) o bverse

Young ma le h ead w i th l ong h a ir r .

r everse

Z /AP I n t he m idd le o f a n i ncuse s quare v ine-branch o f g rapes . S i lver ; 1 0 mm ; 0 .98 g t r ihe m iobo l . S of ia , I nv . N o . 154 c racked )

P l . V , 2 8 2 9 .

o bverse

S a me .

r everse

E /AP S ame .

D if feren t d ie .

T races o f i ncuse s quare .

D if ferent d ie .

S i lver ; 1 0 mm ; 0 .85 g t r i-

h em iobo l . S of ia , Avramov C o l lect ion .

P l . V , 2 9 3 0 .

o bverse

S ame .

D if ferent d ie .

r everse Monogram o f t he l e t ters LAP.

. 0KC

; a l l w ith in i ncuse s quare .

1 0 mm ; 0 .87 t r ihe m iobo l . P l . V , 3 0

S of ia , I nv . No . 3 237 ( p ierced )

7 0

a round wh ich S i lver ;

3 1.

o bverse

L ong-ha ired ma le h ead , b earded , w ith moustache 1 .

r everse

Bunch o f g rapes .

P l . V I , 3 1 3 2 .

Bronze ; 1 0 mm ;

S of ia , I nv . No . 7 002

H ebr ize lm is ( 2. .3 89-384 ) o bverse Beard less ma le h ead 1 . s urrounded b y c onvex c irc le r everse

S of ia , I nv . No . 5 744

P l . V I , 3 2 3 3 .

EBPYTEA .--L ion 's f ore-par t , r . f ore-paw r a ised . Bronze ; 1 6 mm .

o bverse

r everse

F e ma le h ead ( Cybe le ) ( ?) wear ing t urre ted c rown . E

Y

B

P

Co ty le , t wo-hand led .

Benea th e ar

t he c o ty le c oun ter mark , monogram .

o fb ar ley . M

On

Bronze ;

1 8 mm . S of ia , I nv . No . 7 197

P l . V I , 3 3 3 4 .

o bverse

S a me .

r everse

Co ty le , o n i tc oun ter mark a nd h ead o f g orgon . I nscr ip t ion o bscure . Bronze ; 1 7 mm . S of ia , Avramov C o l lect ion

P l . V I , 3 4 o bverse

3 5 .

S ame d ie a s No . 3 3 .

S ame .

D if feren t d ie .

On n eck - c oun ter mark ,

monogra m . F 1 r everse

Co ty le .

OnO ni tg orgon 's h ead .

B ronze ; 1 7 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 6 641 o bverse

3 6 .

r everse

Head o f Apo l lo 1 . , l aurea te w ith l ong h a ir . Y 9 /8 3 Co ty le , t wo-hand led ;

b enea th , e ar o fb ar ley .

Bronze ;

1 2 mm . S of ia , I nv . No . 6 562

P l . V I , 3 6 3 7 .

3 84-359) K o tys I ( o bverse

Bearded ma le h ead 1 . K T

r everse

0 Y

Co ty le , t wo h and les . b o l . S of ia , I nv . No . 1 21

P l . V I I , 3 7 3 8 .

o bverse

S ame .

B order o f d o ts .

D if feren t d ie .

7 1

S i lver ; 1 2 mm ; 0 .93 g h em io-

r everse

K

0

T

Y

S ame .

D if feren t d ie .

S i lver ; 1 0 mm ; 1 .10 g

d iobo l . S of ia , I nv . No . 3 467

P l . V I I , 3 8 3 9 .

o bverse

Horse man r ., wear ing c h la mys ; h is r . h and s tre tched o ut o ver h orse 's h ead ;

r everse

0

T

Y

Co ty le w ith in i ncuse s quare .

Bronze ; 1 8 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 3 591

P l . V II , 3 9 4 0 .

K

h orse c an ter ing .

o bverse

S ame .

D if ferent d ie .

r everse

S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

I nscr ip t ion o bscure .

Bronze ;

1 9 mm . S of ia , I nv . No . 1 045

P l . V I I , 4 0 4 1 .

o bverse

F ore-par t o f g a l lop ing h orse 1 . ( KO) T Y

r everse P l . V I I , 4 1 4 2 .

Co ty le w i th in i ncuse s quare .

Bronze ; 1 9 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 8 750 o bverse

Bearded ma le h ead 1 . KO TY

r everse P l . V I I , 4 2 4 3 .

Co ty le .

Bronze ; 9m m .

S o f ia , Avramov Co l lec t ion o bverse

Bearded ma le h ead r .

Border o f d o ts

0 r everse P l . V I I I , 4 3 4 4 .

Co ty le .

Bronze ; 9m m .

S of ia , I nv . No . 5 378

Amadocus ( c . 3 89-350) o bverse

A l \ J J L/OKO B ipenn is ;

r everse

T -shaped h and le , a bove c aduceus .

E l lI/KIE/A..TOZ V ine l aden w ith f ive b unches o f g rapes, w ith in l i near s quare .

P l . I X , 4 4

Bronze ; 2 4 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 2 002

7 2

45.

46.

obverse

/

AMO/OKO

Bipennis, T-shaped by the handle. incuse square.

The whole within

reverse

Vine branch with bunch of grapes. Sofia, Inv. No. 3427

Bronze; 19 mm.

obverse

(AMA)/OKO

Same.

47.

reverse

Same. Different die. Sofia, Inv. �o. 3811

obverse

(AM)A/(OK)O

Same.

Same. Different die. Sofia, Inv. No. 3457

obverse

(AMA)/OKO

Same. Different die. linear frame.

Pl. IX, 48

reverse · Same. Different die. Sofia, Inv. No. 5626

49.

obverse

AMA/OKO Same.

50.

Pl. IX, 50 51.

Same. Different die. Sofia, Inv. No. 8761

obverse

MHTO/KO/

Bronze; 19 mm.

Axe mon ogram (?) above in Bronze; 20 mm.

incuse square. Bronze; 20 mm.

Di fferent die.

reverse

Horse galloping r. with rein. Sofia, Inv. No. 5159

obverse

A(N� )/OKO

Same. reverse

Pl. IX, 51 52.

Different die;

reverse

Same.

Bronze; 19 mm.

Different die.

reverse

Pl. IX, 47 48.

Different die.

Bronze; 16 mm.

Different die.

Horse prancing I. Bronze; 17 mm. Sofia, Inv. No. 3097

Ketriporis (�. 356) obverse Head of bearded Dionysus r. crowned with ivy. reverse

Pl. X, 52

p (K)ETPITIOPIO�

Kantharos, thyrsos. Its upper end bound with fillet and crescent. Bronze; 1 7 mm. Sofia, Inv. No. 7220 'cracke,:l)

,.,.') 1 V

5 3 .

o bverse

S a me .

r everse

K IETPI S a me . D if ferent d ie . Bronze ; 9m m . S o f ia , Avramov Co l lec t ion

P l . X , 5 3 5 4 .

D if feren t d ie .

Kersob lep tes ( . 9 3 59-341) o bverse

F e ma le h ead r . w ith h a ir t ied a t b ack

r everse K

P

Co ty le . P l . V I I I , 5 4 5 5 .

o bverse

S a me .

Bronze ; 1 2 mm .

S ame . P l . V I I I , 5 5

D if feren t d ie .

( E

r everse

5 6 .

Benea th , b ar ley c orn .

S of ia , I nv . No . 6 848

D if feren t d ie .

Bronze ; 1 1 mm .

S o f ia , I nv . No . 6 560 o bverse

S ame .

D if feren t d ie .

S ame .

D if ferent d ie .

r everse

5 7 .

Bronze ; 1 6 mm .

S o f ia , I nv . No . 1 0724

P l . V I I I , 5 6 o bverse

S a me .

S ame d ie ( 56)

S ame .

D if feren t d ie .

r everse B ronze ; 1 2 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 6 693 5 8 .

Teres I ( c . 3 50-341) o bverse

P

E

B ipenn is , T -for med b y t he h and le . r everse

V ine l aden w i th f ive b unches o f g rapes w i th in l i near s quare . Bronze ; 2 1 mm . S of ia , I nv . No . 1 0940-64

P l . I X , 5 8 5 9 .

o bverse

P H

r everse P l . I X , 5 9

Border o f d o ts .

E I

S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

B order o f d o ts .

S ame .

D if feren t d ie .

2 ronze ; 2 2 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 3 187

7 4

6 0 .

o bverse

P H

r everse

S a me .

D if ferent d ie .

Border o f d o ts .

S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

Bronze ; 2 1 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 1 176 6 1.

o bverse

r everse

F

E

H _I S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

S a me .

D if ferent d ie .

Bronze ; 2 0 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 4 607 . 6 2 .

o bverse

P

iE

H Y S ame . S a me d ie a s 6 1. r everse

S a me .

S ame d ie a s 6 0 .

Bronze ; 2 2 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 3 888 . 6 3 .

o bverse

P H

r everse

E 1

Y

S ame .

S ame d ie a s 6 1.

S a me .

D if ferent d ie .

Bronze ; 2 2 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 8 235 6 4 .

o bverse

b

E

H S ame . r everse

D if ferent d ie .

Border o f d o ts .

H i ----/ETOE V ine l aden w i th f ive b unches o f g rapes , w ith in l i near s quare .

6 5 .

Bronze ; 2 1 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 3 593

P l . T X , 6 4

P h i le tas ( Ph i le mon?) ( g . 3 40 ) o bverse

Y oung male h ead ( Apo l lo?) r . l aurea te w i th l ong h a ir .

r everse C o ty le ; P l . V I I I , 6 5 6 6 .

t wo h and led .

Bronze ; 1 0 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 1 774 o bverse r everse

Ma le h ead r . l aur ( Zeus ? ) . Cp C o ty le ;

(- , X 1 i) t wo h and led , a bove monogram .

1 2 r am . P l . V I I I , 6 6

S of ia , Avra rnov C o l lec t ion

7 5

Bronze ;

6 7 .

S ro ios/second h a lf o ft he F our th Century B .C . o bverse

Beard less ma le h ead r . w ith s hor t s tra igh t h a ir ( Sro ios) .

r everse

Horse man r . wear ing i n f la ted c h la mys , h is r . h and s tre tched o u t o ver h orse 's h ead ;

h orse c an ter ing .

Bronze ; 1 8 mm . P l . V I I I , 6 7 6 8 .

S of ia , Avramov C o l lec t ion

S euthes I I ( c . 3 30-300) o bverse

Head o f S eu thes r . b earded w ith l ong h a ir , wear ing l aure l wrea th , t he s epara te l eaves c onnec ted . Border o f d o ts .

r everse

ZEY80Y S euthes, p ranc ing r . o n h orse-back b enea th wrea th . Bronze ; 2 1 mm . S of ia , I nv . No . 2 768

P l . V I I I , 6 8 6 9 .

o bverse

S ame .

r everse

ZEY80Y S ame .

S ame d ie a s 6 8 .

S a me d ie a s 6 8 .

B ronze ; 2 1 mm .

S o f ia , I nv . No . 2 006 7 0 .

o bverse

S ame .

r everse

ZEYSOY S a me .

S ame d ie a s 6 8 .

D if ferent d ie .

B ronze ; 2 1 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 6 435 7 1 .

o bverse

S ame .

r everse

ZEY80Y S ame .

D if feren t d ie .

D if feren t d ie .

C racked .

Bronze ; 2 2 mm .

I nv . No . 3 460 . 7 2 .

o bverse r everse

D if ferent d ie .

C racked .

O Y S a me . D if feren t d ie . S of ia , I nv . No . 6 274

P l . X I , 7 2 7 3 .

S ame .

o bverse

S a me .

r everse

ZE 1 80Y S ame .

B ronze ; 2 0 mm .

D if feren t d ie .

D if feren t d ie .

S of ia , I nv . No . 6 274 S of ia , I nv . No . 6 850

7 6

B ronze ; 2 0 mm .

7 4 .

o bverse

S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

r everse

E EYOOY S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

Bronze ; 1 9 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 4 350 7 5 .

o bverse

Z eus ' h ead r . l aurea te .

r everse

H orse man r . b e tween f orelegs o fh orse , f ive p o in ted s tar .

S of ia , I nv . No . 7 494

P l . X I , 7 5 7 6 .

Bronze ; 1 7 mm .

o bverse

S a me .

r everse

E EYOOY S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

D if feren t d ie .

Bronze ; 1 7 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 7 491

P l . X I , 7 6

S of ia , I nv . No . 7 492 7 7 .

o bverse

S a me .

r everse

E EY80Y S a me .

D if ferent d ie .

D if feren t d ie .

U nder t he r a ised 1 . f oreleg

o f t he h orse s ix-po in ted s tar . P l . X I , 7 7 7 8 .

B ronze ; 1 8 mm .

S of ia , L nv . No . 7 482 o bverse r everse

S a me .

S ame d ie a s 7 7 .

Z EYOOY S a me .

S a me d ie a s 7 7 .

Bronze ; 1 8 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 1 0905-60 S of ia , I nv . No . 7 486 7 9 .

o bverse r e \ ierse

S ame .

Z EIBCY S a me .

D if ferent d ie .

o bverse r everse

S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

D if feren t d ie .

h orse f ive-po in ted s tar . 2 0 mm . P l . X I , 8 0

S of ia , I nv . No . 7 486 o bverse

Bronze ; 2 1 mm .

Z EY80Y S ame .

8 1 .

U nder t he r a ised 1 . f oreleg

o f t he h orse e igh t-po in ted s tar . S of ia , I nv . No . 7 468 ( p iercea )

P l . X I , 7 9 8 0 .

D if feren t d ie .

S ame .

S ame d ie a s 8 0 .

7 7

Be tween t he f orelegs o f t he Border o f d o ts .

B ronze ;

r everse

ZEY8 OY S a me .

S a me d ie a s 8 0 .

Bronze ; 1 8 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 7 490 S of ia , I nv . No . 7 489 ( 1 8 m m) S of ia , I nv . No . 7 488 ( 1 8 m m) 8 2 .

o bverse

S ame .

r everse

( E)EY ( DOY S a me .

D iaeren t d ie .

D if ferent d ie .

Be tween t he f orelegs o ft he

h orse e igh t-po in ted s tar .

Border o f d o ts .

Bronze ;

2 0 mm . S of ia , I nv . No . 7 487 Restruck o n a Co in o f L ys i machus . 8 3 .

o bverse

Head o f Z eus r . l aurea te .

r everse

(LEY eoy MAXOY Horse man r .

Be tween t he f orelegs o f t he h orse

e igh t-po inted s tar . P l . X I , 8 3

Bronze ; 2 1 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 7 495 Restruck o n ac o in o f C assander .

8 4 .

o bverse

H ead o f Z eus r . l aurea te . p ar t o f l i on 's mane .

r everse

T races o f r es tr ik ing -

B order o f d o ts .

ZE 8 / KAZA H orse man r .

U nder t he r a ised 1 . f oreleg o f t he

h orse s ix-po in ted s tar .

B ronze ; 1 9 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 1 266

P l . X I , 8 4

Restruck o n ac o in o f C assander 8 5 .

o bverse

H ead o f Z eus r . l aurea te .

T races o f r es tr ik ing ;

o n Z eus ' f ace t races o f r ema ins o f l ion 's s k in wh ich h ad c overed H erac les ' h ead o n t he o bverse o f Cassander 's c o in . r everse

Border o f d o ts .

ZEY8II H orse man a dvanc ing r .

B e tween t he f orelegs o f

t he h orse f i ve-po inted s tar .

I n t he f ie ld i n f ron t o f

h i m -t races o f i nscr ip t ion h ead - t races o f l i on l y ing r .

Above h orse 's Bronze ; 1 8 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 7 496

P l . X I , 8 5

Restruck o n ac o in o f Cassander 8 6 .

o bverse

H ead o f Z eus r . l aurea te .

7 8

r everse

EEYBOY AEEA Under t he h orse 's f orelegs yzZy

H orse man r .

a nd t races o f l ion , f ro m a c o in o f Cassander . Bronze ; 1 7 mm . S of ia , I nv . No . 8 220

P l . X I , 8 6

Restruck o n ac o in o f Ph i l ip I 8 7 .

o bverse

F ace o f Z eus r . l aurea te .

r everse

E EYeCY H orse man a dvanc ing r .

Between t he f orelegs o f

t he h orse e igh t-po in ted s tar .

I n f ron t o f t he h orse

t races o f r estr ik ing - wrea th . i nscr ip t ion TIAII I(1 10Y) P l . X I , 8 7 8 8 .

Benea th t races o f

Bronze ; 1 9 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 7 35 Res truck o n ac o in o f Ph i l ip I o bverse

H ead o f Z eus r . l aurea te .

T races o f r estr ik ing -

h ead o f Apo l lo o ft he b ronze c o ins o f Ph i l ip I . r everse

EEY8 ( 0Y ) H orse man a dvanc ing r . i nscr ip t ion .

P l . X I , 8 8 8 9 .

Benea th t he h orse t races o f

Bronze ; 1 7 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 1 267 Restruck o n ac o in o f Cassander w ith a n u ncer ta in t ype . o bverse

H ead o f Z eus r . l aurea te .

Ano ther h ead d ep icted

a bove t he f i rst o ne , wh ich c an b e s een i ft he ma in image ( t ha t o f Z eus) i s t urned u ps ide d own .

S econd

i mage H erak les ( ?) . r everse

EEYCOY Horse man a dvanc ing r .

Benea th t races o f r estr ik ing

t he f orelegs o f al ion c ouchan t a nd p ar t o f a n i nscr ipt ion P l . X I I I , 8 9 9 0 .

. ..APOY

. Bronze ; 1 8 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 3 952 o bverse

A n e ag le w ith f o lded w ings , r . Border o f d o ts .

r everse

EEYGOY W inged t hunderbo lt .

P l . X I I I , 9 0 9 1 .

B ronze ; 1 7 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 4 576 o bverse r everse

S ame .

D if feren t d ie .

S ame .

Co mp le te ly o b l itera ted .

S of ia , I nv . No . 5 294 ; broken o f f )

7 9

Bronze ; 1 9 mm .

9 2 .

o bverse

S a me .

D if ferent d ie .

T races o f r estr ik ing -t races

o f l i on 's s k in ( Cassander ? ) . r everse

9 3 .

-

EEY OY S a me . D if feren t d ie . S of ia , I nv . No . 6 235

P l . X I I I , 9 2

Border o f d o ts .

o bverse

S a me .

r everse

ZEY 0Y S ame .

Bronze ; 1 8 mm .

D if feren t d ie .

D if ferent d ie .

Da maged .

Bronze ; 1 9 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 2 702 9 4 .

o bverse r everse

S a me .

Border o f d o ts .

ZEY80Y S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

B ronze ; 1 3/ 15 m m .

S of ia , I nv . No . 7 34

P I . X I I I , 9 4 9 5 .

D if ferent d ie .

o bverse

S a me .

r everse

EEY 80Y

D if feren t d ie .

S urrounded b y wrea th o f b ar ley e ars .

Bronze ;

1 5 mm . S of ia , I nv . No . 3 715

P l . X I I I , 9 5 9 6 .

o bverse

S a me .

r everse

EEY 80Y S a me .

D if ferent d ie .

Bronze ; 1 4 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 6 188

P l . X I I I , 9 6 9 7 .

D if ferent d ie .

o bverse r everse

S ame .

D if feren t d ie .

B order o f d o ts .

D if feren t d ie .

B ronze ; 1 4 mm .

zRy SOY S a me .

S of ia , I nv . Y.

P l . X I I I , 9 7 9 8 .

3 6

o bverse

E igh t-po in ted s tar .

r everse

EEY80(Y) W inged t hunderbo l t .

P l . X I I I , 9 8 9 9 .

B ronze ; 1 2 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 9 827 o bverse

H ead o f Z eus r .

r everse

Z EY 80 -: 7 W inged t hunderbo lt b enea th Bronze ; 1 3 mm .

P l . X I I I , 9 9

S o f ia , I nv . No . 6 237 8 0

e igh t -po in ted s tar .

1 00 .

o bverse

H ead o f Z eus r . l aurea te .

r everse

( ZEY)0 ( 01) W inged t hunderbo l t .

P l . X I I I , 1 00 1 01.

B ronze ; 1 2 mm .

S of ia , Avra xnov Co l lect ion

S kostokos ( beg inn ing o f T h ird Century B .C . ) o bverse

Y oung ma le h ead b eard less ( Apo l lo ) r . l aurea te , l ong h a ir a t b ack o fn eck .

r everse

EKOETOKOY H orse man r . h is 1 . h and s tre tched o u t t owards h orse 's h ead ; t he r e in .

h orse c anter ing ;

h is r . h and h o lds

Benea th monogram .

B ronze ; 1 8

mm . P l. X , 1 01 1 02.

S of ia , I nv . No . 5 343 o bverse

Y oung ma le h ead b eard less r . w i th s hor t h a ir l aurea te ( Apo l lo?) .

r everse

EKOZT

B order o f d o ts .

( OKOY)

H orse man g a l lop ing r . h is c h lamys i nf la ted , w ith h is r . h and t hrow ing s pear ; h o ld ing t he r e in . g ram . P l . X , 1 02 1 03 .

h is 1 . h and

p robab ly

Benea th , o bscure o b ject o r mono-

Bronze ; 2 1 mm .

Par is o bverse

H ead o f A lexander I I w i th t aen ia a nd h orns o f Z eus Amon , r .

r everse

B AELA ME AYEIN IAXOY EKOZTOKOY A thena N ikephorus s ea ted o n at hrone . N ike r .

S he h o lds

Beh ind h er a l ong s pear r est ing o n t he g round .

Aga inst t he t hrone a n o va l s h ie ld i n t he m idd le o f w h ich i s t he i mage o f aG orgon ; S i lver ;

S o f ia , I nv . No . 1 684

P l . X , 1 03 1 04 .

o bverse

S a me .

r everse

B AZIAEQE AYEIMAXOY EKOZTOKOY S ame .

D if ferent d ie .

D if ferent d ie .

d rach ma . P l . X , 1 04

i n f i e ld 1 . , Her rn .

2 7 mm . 1 6 . 6 4 gt e tradrach ma .

S of ia , I nv . No . 8 056

8 1

S i lver ; 2 6 mm ; 1 6 .25 g t e tra -

1 . 05 .

B ronze c o ins w i th i nscr ip t ion o bverse

OAPOE2N

Beard less b ust o f Herac les r . c overed w i th l ion 's s k in .

r everse

oppoEQN Bu l l 1 . , s tepp ing o n s hepherd 's c rook .

B ronze ;

1 8 mm . S of ia , I nv . No . 3 294

P l . X , 1 05 1 06 .

Bronze c o ins ' 4 th i nscr ipt ion OAPOEQN I o bverse

S a me .

r everse

OAF S a me .

P l . X , 1 06 1 07 .

D if feren t c o in ( more b arbar ic s ty le ) .

Bronze ; 1 9 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 4 606

Kavaros ( abou t 2 78-213) o bverse

H ead o f Herac les wear ing l i on 's s k in .

r everse

BAE IA

= KAYAPO ( Y)

Z eus , s ea ted o n t hrone 1 . , h o ld ing e ag le i n r . h and e x tended , r est ing o n s cep tre , 1 .

I n f ie ld sma l l

f igure o f Ar te m is , h o ld ing t wo t orches . 2 9 mm ; P l . X IV , 1 07 1 08 .

S of ia , I nv . No . 8 536 o bverse

H ead o f Apo l lo r . l aurea te .

r everse

BAEIAEQE KAYAPOY W inged N ike s tand ing 1 .

Border o f d o ts .

L n r . h and o l ive b ranch .

I n f i e ld 1 . monogra m

Bronze ; 2 0 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 6 965

P l . X IV , 1 08 1 09 .

S i lver ;

1 6 .34 g .

o bverse r everse

H ead o fb earded H erac les r . BAEIAE

KAYA

Cornucop iae .

On b o th s ides e ar o fb ar ley .

Bronze ;

1 2 mm . S of ia , I nv . No . 6 586 . 1 10 .

Adeus ( second p ar t o f T h ird C entury B .C . ) o bverse

H ead o f Apo l lo r . l aurea te .

r everse

AAÄIOY T r ipod .

Monograms

2 1 mm . P l . X IV , 1 10

S of ia , I nv . No . 6 587

8 2

1 P

a nd

Bronze ;

I ll,

o bverse

S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

r everse

AAAIOY S a me . r o 7

D if feren t d ie .

Monogra ms

3 1

. I n f ron t i n f i e ld p ro to me o f l i on .

a nd Bronze ;

1 9 mm . P l . X IV , 1 11 1 12 .

S of ia , I nv . No . 3 674

B ronze c o inage o f Adeus o bverse

S a me .

r everse

AAAIOY S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

D if feren t d ie .

Monograms

B ronze ; 2 0 mm .

1 P and

S o f ia , I nv . No . 8 365 1 13 .

o bverse

S a me .

r everse

AAAIOY S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

D if feren t d ie .

Monogra ms

Bronze ; 2 1 mm . S o f ia , I nv . No . 2 048

P l . X IV , 1 13 1 14 .

M A

o bverse

S a me .

r everse

AAAIOY S ame .

D if feren t d ie .

D if feren t d ie .

Monogra m

Bronze ;

2 2 mm . S o f ia , I nv . No . 3 082

P l . X IV , 1 14 1 15 .

o bverse

S ame .

r everse

AAAIOY S a me . D if feren t d ie . S of ia , I nv . No . 6 753

P l . X IV , 1 15 1 16 .

D if feren t d ie .

o bverse

S a me .

r everse

AAAIOY S a me .

T hunderbo l t .

Bronze ; 2 1 mm .

D if feren t d ie .

D if feren t d ie .

Monograms

a nd

Bronze ; 1 9 mm . S of ia , I nv . No . 6 187 . 1 17 .

o bverse r everse

H ead o fb earded H erak les r . wear ing l i on 's s k in . AAAIOY S hepherd 's c rook .

Monograms

Bronze ; 1 5 mm . P l . X IV , 1 17

S of ia , I nv . No . 6 755

1 18 .

o bverse

S ame .

D if feren t d ie .

r everse

AAAI • Y S hepherd 's c rook a nd C aduceus . a nd

Monogra ms

I P

Bronze ; 1 8 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 6 694

P l . X IV , 1 18 1 19 .

/ 4 ( 7 \ .

o bverse

S a me .

r everse

AAAIOY

D if feren t d ie .

S hepherd 's c rook .

Monograms

A E

a nd

Bronze ; 1 8 mm . S of ia , L nv . No . 7 576

P l . X IV , 1 19 1 20 .

o bverse

Head o fb oar r .

r everse Po in t o f s pear .

Monograms

a nd

Bronze ; 1 6 mm . S of ia , I nv . No . 6 918

P l . X IV , 1 20 1 21 .

o bverse

S a me .

r everse

AAAIOY

D if feren t d ie .

S hepherd 's c rook .

Monogra ms A. a nd

E

Bronze ; 1 4 mm . S of ia . I nv . No . 6 757 1 22 .

o bverse

Head o f A thena r . w ith C or inth ian h e l me t .

On t he

t op o f h e l me t ac oun termark - s tar . r everse

AAAIO . Ow l 1 .

I n f ie ld a bove monogra m

Bronze ;

2 0 mm . S of ia , I nv . No . 1 856

P l . XV , 1 22 1 23 .

K o tys ( 178-168) o bverse r everse

Head o f Ar te m is r . -TI-Horse a dvanc ing r . r a ised 1 . f oreleg . 1 4 mm .

P l . X1 , 7 , 1 23 1 24 .

S of ia , I nv . No . 8 249 o bverse

Ma le h ead ( ?) , l ong h a ir t o t he s hou lders .

r everse

( B)AZI K E ,

--TI

Horse 1 . r a ised r . f oreleg . P l . 1 . r. V , 1 24

B ronze ;

S of ia , I nv . No . 6 123

8 4

Bronze ; 9 mm .

1 25 .

T hrac ian im ita t ion o f Thasos t e tradrach ma . o bverse

H ead o f D ionysus r . w i th i vy wrea th , h is c ur ly h a ir i nd ica ted b y s trokes .

r everse

Mean ing less i nscr ip t ion , l et ters a rranged d isorder ly H erak les s tand ing I . w ith p ro m inen t c hest , s ty l ized h ead , h is n ose a nd f orehead f or m ing s tra igh t l ine , h is mou th i nd ica ted b y ah o l low c oncav ity . l i on 's s k in i nd ica ted b y d o ts .

C lub a nd

S i lver ; 3 0 mm ; 1 6 .90 g

t e tradrach ma . S of ia , Avramov C o l lect ion

P l . XV I , 1 25 1 26 .

T hrac ian i m ita t ion o f T hasos t e tradrach ma . o bverse

H ead o f D ionysus r . s ty l ized .

r everse

I nscr ip t ion i n t hree l i nes o f d isorder ly a rranged d o ts . H erak les , s ty l ized , w ith t wo h orns .

S i lver ; 2 9 mm ;

1 6 .40 g t e tradrach ma . S of ia , Avra mov C o l lect ion

P l . XV I , 1 26 1 27 .

o bverse r everse

H ead o f D ionysus , h igh ly s ty l ized . I nscr ip t ion i n t wo l i nes o f d o ts a rranged i n c irc les . H erak les s ty l ized ; e nd ing i n d o ts .

P l . XV I , 1 27 1 28 .

S of ia , Be l i tsa Hoard , Raz log Reg ion .

T hrac ian im ita t ion o f Thasos t e tradrach ma . o bverse

D ionysus , r . s ty l ized , wear ing i vy wrea th .

r everse

I nscr ipt ion i n t wo l i nes o f d o ts . r . s ty l ized .

S i lver ; 3 0 mm ; 1 6 . / 0 g .

T hrac ian im ita t ion o f Thasos t e tradrach ma . o bverse

D ionysus s ty l ized .

r everse

I nscr ip t ion o f d isorder ly a rranged l et ters e nd ing i n d o ts .

H erak les, s ty l ized , h is c lub i nd ica ted b y d o ts .

S i lver ; 3 0 mm ; 1 5 .97 g t e tradrach ma . S of ia , Avramov C o l lec t ion .

P l . XV I , 1 29 1 30 .

Herak les a dvanc ing

S of ia , I nv . No . 2 164

P l . XV I , 1 28 1 29 .

s urround ing h is h ead r ays,

S i lver ; 2 9 mm ; 1 6 .92 g t etradrach ma .

T hrac ian im ita t ion o ft e tradrach ma o f L ys i machus . o bverse

H ead o f A lexander I I h igh ly s ty l ized , h is h a ir i nd ic a ted b y s trokes ;

h is i vy wrea th r ad ia te ;

f l owers

o f t he wrea th i nd ica ted b y d o ts, e nc losed i n c irc le t , f a l l ing o ver h is f orehead . r everse

I nscr ip t ion i n t hree l i nes o f d o ts a nd o ne l ine o f h aphazard ly a rranged l e t ters .

8 5

A thena ( ?) k nee l ing

r . o n h er k nee , i n u nusua l a t t itude , t he 1 . l eg b rough t f orward , t he r . b en t a t t he k nee . i nver ted r a inbow .

A bove ,

S i lver ; 3 1 mm ; 1 6 .10 g t e tra-

d rach ma . S of ia , I nv . No . 4 510

P l . XV I , 1 30 1 31 .

Mos t is ( end o f S econd-ear ly F irst Century B . C. ) o bverse r everse

Bust o f r u ler r . d iademed , wear ing p a ludamentu m . BAEIAES 2E ( M)OETIAOE / E i lt EAAAAOY ETOYE I F A thene N icephorus, s ea ted 1 . o n t hrone , h er r . h and h o ld ing sma l l s ta tue o f N ike , h er 1 . e lbow r est ing o n s h ie ld p ropped u p a ga inst t hrone . d le o ft he s h ie ld . g oddess .

L ong u pr igh t s pear b eh ind t he

S i lver ,3 1 mm ; 1 6 . 5 8 gt e tradrach ma .

Ber l in

P l . XV I I , 1 31 1 32 .

o bverse

S a me .

D if ferent d ie .

r everse

--IAE S 2E/MOETIA0E/E I II EAAAAOY ETOYE EA I n f i e ld 1 . monogram S i lver ; 3 3 mm .

P l . XV I I , 1 32 1 33 .

Head i n t he mid-

. S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

1 6 .10 g t e tradrach ma .

S of ia , I nv . No . 6 471 o bverse

H eads o f Z eus a nd Hera , j uga te r .

r everse

BAZIA ME MOETIAOE E ag le w i th f o lded w ings , o n t hunderbo lt , 1 . Bronze ; 2 0 mm . S o f ia , I nv . No . 5 231.

1 34 .

o bverse

S ame .

r everse

BAZIAES 2 E MOETIA (OE ) S a me .

D if ferent d ie .

D if ferent d ie .

A bove r . monogra m

Bronze ; 2 1 mm . S of ia , I nv . No . 4 181

P l . XV I I , 1 34 1 35 .

o bverse

S ame .

r everse

B AZIAES 2E ( M)OETIAOE S a me .

D if feren t d ie ( more b arbar ic s ty le ) .

D if feren t d ie ;

2 0 mm . P l . XV I I , 1 35

S of ia , I nv . No . 7 351

8 6

n o monogra m .

Bronze ;

1 36 .

o bverse r everse

S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

( barbar ic s ty le ) .

( B)AZIA _E S 2E ( M)OETIAOE S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

W ithout monogram .

Bronze ;

2 1 mm . S of ia , Avra mov Co l lect ion 1 37 .

o bverse

H ead o f Apo l lo r . l aurea te .

r everse

BAZIA ME MOETI ( AOE) H orse 1 . , r a ised r . f oreleg , a bove h is b ack monog ram R P

P l . XV I I , 1 37 1 38 .

. Bronze ; 2 0 mm .

S of ia , I nv . No . 6 919 o bverse

S a me .

r everse

BAZIA ME ( MO)ETIAOE S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

D if feren t d ie .

W ithou t monogra m .

Bronze ;

W ithou t monogra m .

Bronze ;

1 9 mm . S of ia , I nv . No . 4 182

P l . XV I I I , 1 38 1 39 .

o bverse

S ame .

r everse

BAZIA ME MOETIAOE S ame .

D if feren t d ie .

D if feren t d ie .

1 4 mm . S o f ia , I nv . No . 6 123 1 40 .

o bverse

S a me .

r everse

BAZIAE ( MOETIA (OE) S ame .

A P

D if feren t D ie .

D if feren t D ie .

A bove t he h orse monogram

Bronze ; 2 0 mm . S of ia , I nv . No . 6 558 1 41 .

o bverse

Ma le h ead r . w ith h e l me t w i th c res t a nd c heek p ieces .

r everse

BAEIA ME MOETIAOE C u irass w ith s hor t s leeves . B ronze ; 1 9 mm .

P l . XV I I I , 1 41

S of ia , I nv . No . 4 180

8 7

Monogram r .

p u

1 42 .

o bverse

Bearded h ead o f Z eus r . l aurea te .

r everse

BAZIAE S 2 (E ) MOETIAOE Bow , q u iver a nd a rrows .

Above monogra m

Bronze ; 1 5 n im . S of ia , I nv . No . 6 642

P l . XV I I , 1 42 1 43 .

o bverse

D iade med ma le h ead r .

r everse

BAZIA ME MOETIAOE Caduceus a nd monogra m S of ia , S to i lov Co l lect ion

P I . XV I I , 1 43 1 44 .

Bronze ; 1 2 mm .

o bverse

Head o f Ar te m is r .

r everse

BAZIA ME MOETIAOE Caduceus r . w i thou t monogra m .

B ronze ; 1 0 mm .

S of ia , S to i lov Co l lect ion

P l . XV I I , 1 44 1 45 .

L e.

Te tradrach ma w ith i nscr ip t ion KOTYOE XAPAKTHP o bverse r everse

Head o f D ionysus r . l aurea te KOTYOE XAPAKTHP Herak les s tand ing 1 . h is r . h and h o ld ing u pr igh t s hepherd 's c rook , l i on 's s k in h ang ing f rom h is 1 . h and .

Pr iva te Co l lect ion D r . Hara lanov

P l . XD ‹ , 1 45 1 46 .

S i lver ; 2 9 mm ; 1 6 .35 g t e tradrachma .

Te tradrach ma w ith i nscr ip t ion o bverse r everse

S a me .

HPAKAEOYE

E2THPOE OPAKQN

D if feren t d ie .

HPAKAEOYE E2THPOE 8PAKQN S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

I n f i e ld 1 . monogram

S i lver ; 3 0 mm ; 1 6 .05 gt e tradrach ma . S of ia , I nv . No . 7 433 .

P l . X I ), 1 46 1 47 .

T

T e tradrach ma w ith i nscr ip t ion HPAKAEOYE E S 2THPOE SPAKQN o bverse

S a me .

r everse

HPAKAEOYE E S 2THPOE OPAKON S a me .

D if feren t d ie .

D if feren t d ie .

I n f i e ld 1 . monogram M

S i lver ; 3 0 mm , 1 6 .35 g t e tradrach ma . S of ia , I nv . No . 4 820 .

8 8

1 48.

K o tys I ( c . 5 7-48 B .0 . ) o bverse D iade med ma le h ead r . r everse Eag le p erched o n t hunderbo lt 1 .

P l. XX , 1 48 1 49.

S o f ia ,

Bronze ; 1 2 m m.

I nv . No. 6 978

S ada las ( . 2 . 4 8-42 B .0 . ) o bverse Young ma le b us t r . c lad i n p a luda mentu m ( Sada las I ) w ear ing d iade m , i t s e nd t ouch ing t he s hou lders. r everse

( B)AEIA ME / ( EA)AAAOY Eag le w ith f o lded w ings p erched o n t hunderbo l t 1 . Bronze ; 1 5 m m.

P l. XX , 1 49 1 50.

S of ia , I nv. No. 3 840 o bverse S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

r everse ( BA)EIAE(S a) S a me. P l. XX , 1 50 1 51.

/ EAAAA(0Y)

D if feren t d ie.

Bronze ; 1 5 mm .

S o f ia , I nv. No. 6 920 o bverse S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

r everse ( B)AEIA(ES 2E)/ EAAAA(0Y) S a me. P l. XX , 1 51 1 52.

D if feren t d ie.

Bronze ; 1 6 m m.

S o f ia , I nv. No. 6 559 o bverse S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

r everse I nscr ip t ion o b l itera ted .

S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

Bronze ; 1 6 m m. P l. XX , 1 52 1 53.

S of ia , I nv . N o. 8 018

Rhaescupor is I ( C . 4 8-42 B .0 . ) o bverse B AZIAEYE KOTYE Ma le b us t ( Ko tys ) r . w ear ing p a luda men tu m a nd d iade m . r everse

B ALIA ME PAIEKOY I TOP ME N ike , w inged , a dvanc ing 1 . h er r . h and h o ld ing w rea th , h er 1 . h o ld ing p a lm , t ouch ing h er s hou lder . B ronze ; 2 1 m m.

P l. XX , 1 53 1 54.

S of ia , I nv. N o. 5 035 o bverse

B AZIAEYE S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

8 9

r everse

BAEIAE (S 2 E) S a me.

o bverse

BAEIAEYE KOTYE S a me.

r everse

-

D if feren t d ie .

D if feren t d ie.

Bronze ; 2 0 r am .

S o f ia , I nv. No. 2 914

P l . ) 0 ‹ , 1 55 o bverse

---YE KO- - S ame .

r everse

D if ferent d ie .

BALIA ME S a me.

P l. XX , 1 56

PAIEKOYT IOPEQE

D if feren t d ie .

Bronze ; 2 1 m m.

S of ia , I nv. N o. 9 408 o bverse

1 57.

Bronze ; 2 0 r am .

BAEILE S 2( E PAIEKOYT IOPEQE) S a me.

1 56.

D if feren t d ie.

S of ia , I nv. No. 6 117

P l. 2 0 Z , 1 54 , 1 55.

PAIE ( KOYT IOPEQE

BAE IAEYE S a me.

r everse

KOTYE

D if feren t d ie.

BAE TA ME PAIEKOHOPEQE Trophy o f c u irass , s hor t-cres ted h el me t , o va l s h ie ld a nd t wo s pears . Bronze ; 1 7 r am . 3 .28 g . P lovd iv

P l. ) 0 C , 1 57 1 58.

Rhoe meta lces 1 (11 B .0 . -A . D.12 ) o bverse

K

E EBAE (TOY )

Capr icorn r . h is 1 . l eg o n ag lobe. d ots. r everse

Border o f

---/POI -N ike s tand ing r ., h er r . h and h o ld ing w rea th , h er 1 . h and s uppor t ing p a lm t ouch ing t he g round. Border o f d ots.

P l. 2 0a, 1 58 1 59.

Bronze ; 1 4 mm .

S of ia , I nv. No. 6 976 o bverse

EEBAZ (TOY ) S a me.

r everse

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d ots.

D if feren t d ie.

I n f ron t o f N ike o va l c oun-

S a me.

t ermark w ith ma le h ead 1 . Bronze ; 1 5 m m. P 1. ) 0C I ,1 59 1 60.

S of ia , I nv. No. 8 422 o bverse

EE/BAE T/OY Fasces.

Border o f d o ts. 9 0

Border o f d o ts .

reverse

POIMHTAA(KOY)

Sella curulis, leaning on its spear upright. Bronze; 14 mm. Sofia, Inv. No. 5684

Pl. XXI, 160 161.

B

obverse

r;EBA/r;TOY

Fasces. Border of dots.

reverse

POIMHTAA/KOY

Same. Different die. Border of dots. Bronze; 15 mm. Sofia, Inv. No. 6460

Pl. XXI, 161 162.

B

obverse

�EBA/r;TOY Same.

reverse

PODJIHTAA/KOY B Same. Different die. Bronze; 15 mm. Sofia, Inv. No. 6924

obverse

Same. Different die. Border of dots.

reverse

POIMHTAAKOY B Same. Same die. Bronze; 15 mm. Sofia, Inv. No. 2863.

obverse

:EBAI:/TOY

Pl. XXI, 162 163.

164.

Different die. Border of dots.

Same. Different die. Border of dots.

reverse

BA POIM/HTA/AK/OY

Same. Different die. Bronze; 15 mm. Sofia, Inv. No. 6461.

165.

obverse

�E/BA/r;TOY F asces

and Capricorn r. Between the fore-leg of Capricorn, globe. Border of dots. reverse

POII\tlli/TAA/K/OY

Same. Different die. Border of dots. Bronze; mm. Sofia, Inv. No. 6452

13 Pl. XXI, 165 166.

obverse

r;E/BA----

Same. Different die. Border of dots. reverse Pl. XXI, 166

(POIMHT)/(A)/AKOY

Same. Different die. Bronze; 1 7 mm. Sofia, Inv. No. 4536 91

1 67.

o bverse

--ETOY S urrounded b y s quare o f t wo b orders o f d ots .

I n

t he m idd le o f t he c irc le f asces a nd c apr icorn r . r everse

POIM/HTAA/KOY S el la c uru l is a nd s cep tre. On s e l la c uru l is b asemonogra m . Border o f d o ts. Bronze ; 1 6 m m. S of ia , I nv. No. 6 974

P l. ) (X I, 1 67 o bverse

1 68.

EEBAE/T-/-Fasces a nd c apr icorn r .

r everse

POIMETAA/KOY Ma le h ead r . ( Rhoe meta lces ? ) o n s el la c uru l is ; s cep tre l ean ing a ga ins t i t . i n r e l ief

Border o f d o ts.

Bronze ; 1 7 m m.

S of ia , I nv. N o. 6 523

P l. 2 0C E, 1 68 1 69.

R A

On s e l la c uru l is monogra m

Por tra its o f Augus tus a nd Rhoe meta lces Io n s i lver c o ins. o bverse

BYZANTIA Bare h eaded b us t o f A ugustus r . monogra m

r everse

Bust o f Rhoe me ta lces I , t aen ia o n h ead , r . r . monogra m

M

Border o f d o ts. P l. XX [ I, 1 96 1 70.

I n f ron t o f i t-

KA(I )AF(0 ) Border o f d o ts.

B A(EIA ME)

I n f ron t

P (OI)M(H)TAA(KOY)

S i lver ; 2 1 m m. 3 .42 g .

Nova Z agora , S ad ievo h oard o bverse

KAI APOE Z EBAZTOY Bare h eaded b us t o f A ugustus. n ecked v esse l.

r everse

I n f ron t o f i t -l ong

Border o f d o ts.

BAEIAEQZ POIM I ITAAKOY Bust o f Rhoe meta lces , d iade med r .

Border o f d ots.

Bronze ; 2 0 m m. S of ia , I nv. No. 8 396. 1 71.

o bverse

KAI APOE ZEBAZTOY Bus t o f Augustus l aurea te r . I n f ron t o f i t , c apr icorn r.

r everse

BAZIAEQE POIN IHTAAKOY Bust o f Rhoe meta lces I , d iade med r . m m.

P l. XX I , 1 71

S of ia , I nv. N o. 6 458

9 2

Bronze ; 2 2

1 72.

o bverse

KAIE/APOE/ EEBAETOY Bust o f Augus tus l aurea te r . c orn r .

r everse

I n f ron t o f i t , c apr i-

Border o f d ots.

BAZIA ME PO I N E E ITAAK0 1 Bust o f Rhoe meta lces Id iade med r .

Border o f d o ts.

Bronze ; 2 5 m m. S of ia , I nv. No. 6 454 1 73.

o bverse

KAI Z/APOE/(E)EBAZTOY S a me.

r everse

S a me d ie ( 173 ).

Border o f d ots.

EAZII IE b 2E EC Lu l iT±L KOY Bust o f Rhoe meta lces I , d iade med r . monogrp m.

L inear f ra me.

On t he n eck Border o f d ots.

Bronze ; 2 4 m m. S of ia , I nv. No. 6 457

P l. XX I , 1 73 1 74.

o bverse

K I -L i _LAIO/EE/EBAZ:OY Bust o f Augustus l aurea te r .

I n f ron t o f i t , c apr i-

c orn. r everse

BAZIAE A U POI 12 1( TA I LKOY Bust o f Rhoe meta lces Id iade med r . c oun ter ma r k-monogra m

On t he n eck

. Border o f d o ts.

Bronze ; 2 3 m m. P l. XX I , 1 74 1 75.

S of ia , I nv. No. 6 922 o bverse

KAI ZAP (OZ)-/EBAZTOY Bust o f Augustus l aurea te r . r .

r everse

I n f ron t o f i tc apr icorn

Border o f d ots.

BAZI LES 2( )

PO I i \ FETAA _K OY

Bust o f Rhoe metalces I , d iade med r . c oun term a rk- monogra m

On t he n eck

.B order o f d ots.

i o nze ; 2 2 m m. P l. XX I, 1 75 1 76.

S of ia , I nv. „ o. 3 174 o bverse

KAI 2 1LI -02 ' , Z ---Bare h eaded b ust o f A ugustus r . marks.

Above e ar o f b ar ley ;

I n f ron t t wo c oun ter-

a bove i t ma le h ead

w ith in l inear s quare. r everse Bust o f Rhoe meta lces I r . Bronze ; 3 2 m m. P l. XX I I , 1 76

S of ia , I nv. No. 7 367.

9 3

1 77.

o bverse

KAIEAPOE EEBAETOY Bare h eaded b ust o f Augus tus r . I n f ron t o f i t , l ong n ecked v esse l. Border o f d ots.

r everse

BAZIAE/OE/POIMHTAAKOY Bus t o f Rhoe me ta lces Ia nd h is w ife r . d o ts.

P l. XX I , 1 77 1 78.

Border o f

Bronze ; 2 4 m m.

S of ia , I nv. No. 6 455 o bverse

KAIEAPOE EEBAETOY S a me.

r everse

D if feren t d ie .

Border o f d ots .

BAZIAE/QE/POIMHTAAKOY S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d ots .

Bronze ;

2 4 m m. S of ia , I nv. No. 7 57

P l. XX I I I, 1 78 1 79.

o bverse

KAIEAPOE EEBAETOY S a me.

r everse

D if feren t d ie.

B order o f d ots.

BAZIAEOEPOIN I F ITAAKOY S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d ots .

Bronze ;

2 3 m m. P l. XX I I I, 1 79 1 80.

S of ia , I nv. No. 6 921 o bverse

KAIEAPOE / E EBAETOY S ame.

r everse

D if feren t d ie.

BAZIAEQE POIN I I ITAAKOY S a me. D if feren t d ie. 2 2 m m.

P l. XX I I I, 1 80 1 81.

Border o f d ots . Bronze ;

S of ia , I nv. N o. 1 551 o bverse

KAIEAPOEEEBAETOY S a me.

r everse

D if feren t d ie.

P l. XX I I I, 1 81

B order o f d ots .

BAZIA ME POIK E ITAAKOY S a me. D if feren t d ie. 2 5 m m.

1 82.

Border o f d o ts .

B order o f d ots .

B ronze ;

S o f ia , I nv. N o. 6 454 o bverse

KAIEAPOE/EEBAETOY Two h eads o f Augus tus a nd L iv ia p laced s ide b y s ide. I n f ron t -c apr icorn r . Border o f d o ts.

9 4

r everse

BAZIAEQ(Z)E0 I l V IETAAKOY Two h eads o f Rhoe meta lces a nd h is w ife p laced s ide b y s ide r .

P I. = I I , 1 82

Bronze ; 2 8 m m.

S of ia , I nv. No. 1 0810-59 o bverse

1 83.

Border o f d o ts.

KAIZAPOZ / ZERAZTOY S a me.

r everse

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d ots.

BAZIA ME POIMHTAAKOY S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d ots.

Bronze ;

2 7 m m. P l. XX I I I , 1 83 1 84.

S of ia , I nv. N o. 6 750 o bverse

KAI APOZ ZEB/AZTOY S a me.

r everse

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d ots.

BAZIAES Z POIM E ITAAKOY S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

Over h ead o f Rhoe meta lces

r es truck c oun ter mark N c losed l inear s quare. Border o f d ots. P l. XX I I I , 1 87 1 85.

Bronze ; 2 7 m m.

S of ia , I nv. No. 6 752

B ronze c o ins o f Rhoe meta lces I o bverse

KAIZAPO/ZZ/EBAZTOY S a me.

r everse

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d o ts.

EAZIAEQZ POIM I ITALKOY S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

Over t he h ead o f

Rhoe me ta lces Imonogra m i n r el ief o f d o ts. P l. = I I , 1 85 1 86.

.Border

Bronze ; 2 8 m m.

S of ia , I nv. No. 5 627 o bverse

KAIZAPO/ZZ/EBAZTOY S a me.

r everse

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d ots.

BAZIAEQZ POIMHTAAKOY S a me.

D if feren t d ie. Over t he n eck o f Rhoe meta lces

R . T

c oun ter mark monogra m s quare.

Border o f d o ts.

,c losed

i n l inear

Bronze ; 2 8 mm .

S of ia , I nv. No. 6 189

P l. XXI I I , 1 86 1 87.

R T

o bverse

KAIZAPOZ ZEBAZTOY S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

I n f i e ld r . o va l c oun ter -

mark w ith b us t w ith in 1 .

9 5

Border o f d o ts.

r everse

BAZIA ME POIMHTAAKOY S a me.

S a me d ie a s l as t.

Over t he n eck o f

Rhoe me ta lces monogra m i n r e l ief o f d o ts.

. Border

Bronze ; 2 6 m m.

S of ia , I nv. No. 6 452

P l. 2 0 C I I I , 1 87 1 88.

RA

o bverse

KAIEAPOE ZEBAZTOY S a me.

r everse

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d ots .

BAZIA MEPOI 1 1 1 1HTAAKOY Two h eads o f Rhoe me ta lces a nd h is w ife p laced s ide b y s ide.

I n f ron t i n f i e ld r . smal l b us t ( Kotys I V ).

Over t he n eck o f Rhoe meta lces monogram i n r el ief P l. XX I I , 1 88 1 89.

R 7 Z

. Border

o f d o ts. Bronze ; 2 6 m m.

S of ia , I nv. No. 6 453 o bverse

KAIEAPOZZEBAZTOY S a me.

r everse

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d o ts .

BAZIA ME POIMHTAAKOY S a me.

S a me d ie a s 1 88.

Over t he n eck o f

Rhoe meta lces monogra m i n r e l ief R X o f d o ts. P l. XX I I , 1 89 1 90.

. Border

Bronze ; 2 7 m m.

S of ia , I nv. No. 2 100 o bverse

KAIZAPOE EEBAETOY S a me.

r everse

D if feren t d ie.

BAZIAEOE POIMHTAAKOY S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

monogra m i n r e l ief

Over t he n eck o f Rhoe meta lces

RT

. Border o f d ots. Bronze ;

2 6 m m. P l. XX I I , 1 90 1 91.

S of ia , I nv. No. 1 026 o bverse

KAIZAPOE S a me.

r everse

( ZEBAETOY)

D if feren t d ie.

BAZIA ME PO( I MHTAAKOY ) S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

w ith a nchor . P l. XX I I , 1 91

B order o f d ots.

S of ia , I nv. No. 7 353

9 6

I n f i e ld r . r ound monogram

Bronze ; 2 6 m m.

1 92.

o bverse

KAIZAPOEEEBAZTOY S a me.

r everse

D if feren t d ie.

BAZIA MEPOIN IETAAKOY S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

Rhoe meta lces f orm.

On t he n eck o f

c oun termark - h ead r . w i th in o va l

Border o f d o ts.

Bronze ; 2 4 m m.

S of ia , I nv. No. 6 456

P l. XX I I , 1 92 1 93.

Border o f d ots.

o bverse

K _ A .I EAPOE ZEBAZTOY S a me.

r everse

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d o ts.

BAZ IA ME PO IMHTAAKOY S a me.

S a me d ie a s 1 92.

On t he n eck o f

Rho meta lces I c oun ter mark - h ead , r . o va l f or m . Bronze ; 2 7 m m. P l. ) 0 ( I I , 1 93 1 94.

S of ia , I nv. No. 6 749

Rhoe meta lces I ( C . A .D. 1 9-36 ) o bverse

K _AI EAP/O/EZEBAETOY Bare h eaded b us t o f T iber ius r .

r everse

Border o f d o ts.

BAZIAE/ S 2Z PO IMHTAAKOY Bust o f Rhoe meta lces I d iade med r . d ots.

P l. XX IV , 1 94 1 95.

Border o f

Bronze ; 2 0 m m.

S of ia , I nv. No. 4 3 o bverse

K _AIZAP/OZ/ZEBAZTOY S a me.

r everse

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d ots.

BAZIAEQZ PO IMHTAAKOY S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d o ts.

Bronze ;

1 8 m m. S of ia , I nv . No. 4 184 1 96.

o bverse

KAI EAP/CE/ZEBAZTOY S a me.

r everse

S a me d ie a s 1 95.

B order o f d o ts.

B I LE IAE WEPO I MHTAA _KOY S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d ots.

2 0 m m. S of ia , 1 97.

o bverse

I nv . No . 2 393

KAI ZAP° Z/ZEBAZT O Y S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

9 7

Border o f d ots.

Bronze ;

r everse

BAEI .AE2EPOIN L E ITAAKOY S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d ots .

Bronze ;

2 0 m m. S of ia , I nv. No. 1 095/65

P l. › OC EV , 1 97 1 98.

o bverse

KAIEAPO/E/EEBAZTOY S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d o ts .

Bronze ;

2 0 m m. S of ia , I nv. No. 1 0952/65 1 99.

o bverse

KAIEAPOE EEBAETOY Bare h eaded b ust o f T iber ius r .

r everse

Border o f d ots .

BAZIA ME POINETAAKOY Bus t o f Rhoe meta lces I r . d iade med . d ots.

B order o f

Bronze ; 1 8 m m.

S of ia , I nv. No. 4 580 S o f ia , I nv. No. 6 239 2 00.

o bverse

KAIEAPOE EEBAETOY S a me.

r everse

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d ots .

BAZIA ME POIMHTA _AKOY S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d ots .

Bronze ;

1 9 m m. S o f ia , I nv . No. 3 188

P l. XX IV , 2 00 2 01.

o bverse

AYTOK IPATOPOE KAIEAPOE ZEBA(ETOY) Bare-headed b us t o f T iber ius r .

r everse

Border o f d ots .

BAZIA ME POI M ITAAKOY Two b usts o f Rhoe meta lces I a nd Py thodor is , p laced c lose r .

P l. XX IV , 2 01 2 02.

Bronze ; 2 4 m m.

S of ia , I nv . No. 6 531 o bverse

AYTOKPATOPOE KAIZAPOE EEBBAETOY S a me.

r everse

D if feren t d ie.

BAEIA ME POIMETAAKOY S a me.

S a me d ie a s 2 01.

2 5 m m. P l . XX IV , 2 02

Border o f d ots .

S of ia , I nv. No. 3 539

9 8

Border o f d o ts .

Bronze ;

2 03.

o bverse

AYTOKPATOPOE KAIEAPOE EEBAETOY S a me.

r everse

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d ots.

BAE----/POIM E ITAAKOY S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d o ts.

On t he

f ace o f Rhoe me ta lces I c oun ter mark- monogra m ,w ith in l inear s quare.

Border o f d o ts.

Bronze ; 2 4 m m. S of ia , I nv . N o. 3 042

P l. XX IV , 2 03 2 04.

o bverse

KAIEAPOE EEBAETOY S a me.

r everse

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d ots.

BAZIA ME POIME ITAAKOY S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

On t he f ace o f Rhoe meta lces

I c oun ter mark- monogra m

f < 7

w ith in l inear s quare.

b order o f d ots. Bronze ; 2 4 m m. S of ia , I nv. N o. 1 477

P l. XX IV , 2 04 2 05.

o bverse

KAIEAPOE EEBA(ETOY) S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

On t he n eck o f T iber ius

c ounter mark monogra m

w ith in l i near s quare.

Border o f d ots. r everse

BAZIA ME PO DE ITAAKOY S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d o ts.

Bronze ;

2 4 m m. S of ia , I nv. No. 4 4 2 06.

o bverse

K _AIEAPOEEEBAZTOY S a me.

r everse

D if feren t d ie. /POIK E ITAAKOY

S a me. D if feren t d ie.

Bronze ; 2 4 m m.

S of ia , I nv. No. 3 538

P l. XX IV , 2 06 2 07.

Border o f d o ts.

o bverse

KAIZAPOEZEBAETOY S a me.

r everse

D if feren t d ie.

Border o f d o ts.

BAZIA MEPOIN I F ITAAKOY S a me. D if feren t d ie. 2 3 m m.

Border o f d o ts.

S of ia , I nv. No. 8 71 2 08.

o bverse

KAIEAPOEEEBAZTOY S a me.

D if feren t d ie.

9 9

Border o f d ots.

B ron ze:

r everse

BAEIAEQE POIMI ITAAKOY S a me. D if feren t d ie . 2 4 mm .

B order o f d ots. B ronze ;

S o f ia , I nv. No. 6 751 2 09.

Rhoeme ta lces I I ( 2 . A .D . 3 8-46? ) o bverse

rAiS 2 KAIEAP/IEEBAETQ Bus t C a l igu la l aurea te 1 .

r everse

Borders o f d o ts .

BAEIAEYE POIM I ITAAKAE Bus t o f Rhoe me ta lces I l d iade med a nd w ear ing p a ludamen tum 1 . B order o f d o ts . Bronze ; 2 5 mm . S o f ia , I nv. N o. 6 464

P l. XXV , 2 09 2 10.

o bverse

FAIQKAIEAPIEEBAETS 2 S ame.

r everse

D if feren t d ie.

B order o f d ots.

B AEIAEYE POIM E ITAAKAE S a me. D i f feren t d ie. 2 5 m m.

B order o f d o ts. B ronze ;

S of ia , I nv . N o. 6 463 2 11.

o bverse

rAio KAIEAPI E EBAETS 2 S ame.

r everse

S a me d ie.

BAEIAEYE PO/IM I ITAAKAE S a me. D i f feren t d ie. 2 4 mm .

P l. XXV , 2 11 2 12.

B order o f d ots.

B ronze ;

S of ia , I nv . N o. 7 447 o bverse

rAio KAIEAPI I l EPMANI / --Bus t o f Ca l igu la l aurea te 1 .

r everse

B order o f d o ts.

---YEPOI/M I ITAAK/E K OTYQE Ca l igu la i n t oga s ea ted o n t hrone 1 . g iv ing d iade m t o Rhoemeta lces I I s t and ing i n f ron t o fh im . B order o f d o ts. Bronze ; 2 5 mm . S o f ia , I nv . N o. 1 303

P l. ) (XV I , 2 12 2 13.

Bronze c o in o f Rhoe me ta lces I I o bverse

I P AIQ KAIEAPI S ame . D if feren t d ie .

r everse

--YEPOI/MHTAAKAE/KOTYQE S ame.

P l. XXV , 2 13

B order o f d o ts.

S ame d ie a s l as t .

S of ia , I nv. N o. 6 809 1 00

Bronze ; 2 9 mm .

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ABBREV IAT IONS

PER IOD ICAL PUBL ICAT IONS

B l ip

Belo morsk i p reg led

BAH

Ves tn ik d revne i i s tor i i

r m i ts m n imn ru

m

God ishn ik n a P lovd ivska ta n arodn ia b ib l io teka imuse i God ishn ik n a n arodn ia muse i vP lovd iv God ishn ik n a S of i isk ia u n ivers i te t , I s tor iko f i lo log ichesk i f acu l tet

r c y4 4

G od ishn ik n a S of i isk ia u n ivers itet , F ilo log ichesk i f acu l tet

! ' I AH,

I zves t ia n a a rcheo log ichesk ia i ns t itu t

V I BAT I

I zves t ia n a « V arnensko to a rcheo log ichesko to d ruzhestvo

1 4 B i l

I zves t ia n a d ruzhes tvo to z a Bu lgarska i s tor ia

1 4 1 1M 1 1

f ro m v . I , 1 952, I zves t ia n a a rcheo log ichesko to d ruzhes tvo v g rad S ta l in ;

f ro m v . 1 0 -I zves t ia n a v arnenskoto a rcheo lo-

g ichesko d ruzhes tvo ;

f ro m v . 1 6 -I zves t ia n a n a n arodn ia

muse i va v V arna

P I T

Razkok i ip rouchvan ia

C 6I IY

S born ik z a n arodn i umo tvoren ia , n auka ik n jzhn ina

C r iBAH

S p isan ie n a BAN, f ro m 1 911 o nward

1 05

s emewnmes,

H poymBaHmo

D .BemeBnmen.

R poyqBaHmn

B lpxy M eCTI INTe m meHa y T pa loc re. C .,

1 965

1 i taBaTcKan,3ananHonoHTmücKme - T .B . RnaBaTcKan 3 ananHonoHTmgcKme r opona B V II-1 B eKax n o H ame4 e pw . M .,1952. r epacmmoB,

HO BN TI MK JA C KM - T .repacmmoB.

HO BN

TWI KNÜC KH T aTpanpaxmm O T I B e i ( n p.H.e.H BA3 , X, 1956, r ePaCHMOB,

c .

7 9

AH TN I MM M OHeTM C K omTpamap i cm - T .repaC NMOB, AH TH I MM M OHeTH C K oHTpamap i cm O T A onHa MI C INA i T paxmo- H AM , X V, 1946,c.52

r epacmmoB,

H axonKa O T c pe6Ipmm m oHe i rm - T .repacmM OB .

H axonKa O T c pe61pHm m oHeTm H a

A nexcamnlp I II B enmKm, A m3mmax m CT OCTOK O T I b roBnmB - I THEM,1940-41, c .104 r epacmmoB,

R opTpeT H a C eBT I II - T .repacmmoB.

H op-

T peT H a C eBT I II / 323-311 r .np.H .e./ B lpxy m oReTm .-HAH, r epacmmoB,

X IX,1955,

c .123

H axonga O T n exanpaxmm - T .repacmmoB. H axonKa O T n eKanpaxmm H a T pa l co-maxeA OHCROTO n neme n epoHm .-P IAA , X I,1938,c .249

r epoB,

P poygBaHmn - B .repoB .

H poynBaHmo i mpxy

3 a 1 1anHo-TpaKm i ec 1