Classical Chinese: A Basic Reader 9781400885640

Table of contents :
Volume One
TEXTS
Title
Contents
Map 1: The Spring and Autumn Period
Map 2: The Warring States Period
A Brief Chronology of China
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Bilingual Table of Contents
The Prime Minister of Zhèng Refuses a Gift of Fish
There Was a Wealthy Man of Sòng
Waiting for a Hare at the Tree Stump
Chasing After the Smell
The Righteous Ways of Ancient Kings Triumph
The Owl Meets the Ringdove
Spears and Shields
The Innkeeper's Two Concubines
Stealing the Bell
A Man of Zhèng Buys Shoes
Benevolence and Righteousness
Sū Dài Admonishes the King of Zhào
The Letter from Yĭng Explained in Yān
The Fox Borrows the Tiger's Prestige
Grabbing the Gold
A Person of High Moral Character Is Exceedingly Circumspect in Selecting His Living Conditions
Carving the Boat and Seeking the Sword
The Pierced Jade Disk of a Man Surnamed Hé
Eastern Zhōu Wants to Plant Rice
Knotting Grass to Repay a Kindness
A Sheep is Lost at the Forked Road
Pulling Up the Sprouts
The Man from Yān
Drawing a Snake and Adding Feet
A Stroll on the Bridge Over the Háo River
Duke Huán of Qí Orders Guăn Zhòng to Administer the Affairs of State
Understanding the Music
Zēngzĭ Refuses a Grant of Land
Confucius Is Like a River, Like a Sea
Oppressive Government Is More Fearsome Than a Tiger
Dragging Its Tail Through the Mud
The Old Man at the Frontier Loses His Horse
The Teeth Have Gone, Yet the Tongue Remains
Yànzĭ and the King of Chŭ Discuss Robbing
Mí Zĭxiá
King Zhuāng of Chŭ Does Not Put to Death the One with Broken Capstring
Zigāo Administers the Government of the State of Wèi
Zōu Jì Subtly Admonishes the King of Qí to Accept Criticism
The Upright Wet Nurse of Wèi
Zĭchăn Would not Destroy the Local School
Errata to the Texts
A Quote from Laozi
Reading Texts
Appendixes:
1. List of Exercises
2. Excercises
3. Source of Text Selections
4. A Short List of Grammatical References
Volume Two
GLOSSARIES
Title
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Errata to the Glossaries
The Prime Minister of Zhèng Refuses a Gift of Fish
There Was a Wealthy Man of Sòng
Waiting for a Hare at the Tree Stump
Chasing After the Smell
The Righteous Ways of Ancient Kings Triumph
The Owl Meets the Ringdove
Spears and Shields
The Innkeeper's Two Concubines
Stealing the Bell
A Man of Zhèng Buys Shoes
Benevolence and Righteousness
Sū Dài Admonishes the King of Zhào
The Letter from Yĭng Explained in Yān
The Fox Borrows the Tiger's Prestige
Grabbing the Gold
A Person of High Moral Character Is Exceedingly Circumspect in Selecting His Living Conditions
Carving the Boat and Seeking the Sword
The Pierced Jade Disk of a Man Surnamed Hé
Eastern Zhōu Wants to Plant Rice
Knotting Grass to Repay a Kindness
A Sheep is Lost at the Forked Road
Pulling Up the Sprouts
The Man from Yān
Drawing a Snake and Adding Feet
A Stroll on the Bridge Over the Háo River
Duke Huán of Qí Orders Guăn Zhòng to Administer the Affairs of State
Understanding the Music
Zēngzĭ Refuses a Grant of Land
Confucius Is Like a River, Like a Sea
Oppressive Government Is More Fearsome Than a Tiger
Dragging Its Tail Through the Mud
The Old Man at the Frontier Loses a Horse
The Teeth Have Gone, Yet the Tongue Remians
Yànzĭ and the King of Chŭ Discuss Robbing
Mí Zĭxiá
King Zhuāng of Chŭ Does Not Put to Death the One with Broken Capstring
Zigāo Administers the Government of the State of Wèi
Zōu Jì Subtly Admonishes the King of Qí to Accept Criticism
The Upright Wet Nurse of Wèi
Zichăn Would not Destroy the Local School
Volume Three
ANALYSES
Title
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Errata to the Analyses
The Prime Minister of Zhèng Refuses a Gift of Fish
There Was a Wealthy Man of Sòng
Waiting for a Hare at the Tree Stump
Chasing After the Smell
The Righteous Ways of Ancient Kings Triumph
The Owl Meets the Ringdove
Spears and Shields
The Innkeeper's Two Concubines
Stealing the Bell
A Man of Zhèng Buys Shoes
Benevolence and Righteousness
Sū Dài Admonishes the King of Zhào
The Letter from Yĭng Explained in Yān
The Fox Borrows the Tiger's Prestige
Grabbing the Gold
A Person of High Moral Character Is Exceedingly Circumspect in Selecting His Living Conditions
Carving the Boat and Seeking the Sword
The Pierced Jade Disk of a Man Surnamed Hé
Eastern Zhōu Wants to Plant Rice
Knotting Grass to Repay a Kindness
A Sheep is Lost at the Forked Road
Pulling Up the Sprouts
The Man from Yān
Drawing a Snake and Adding Feet
A Stroll on the Bridge Over the Háo River
Duke Huán of Qí Orders Guăn Zhòng to Administer the Affairs of State
Understanding the Music
Zēngzĭ Refuses a Grant of Land
Confucius Is Like a River, Like a Sea
Oppressive Government Is More Fearsome Than a Tiger
Dragging Its Tail Through the Mud
The Old Man at the Frontier Loses a Horse
The Teeth Have Gone, Yet the Tongue Remians
Yànzĭ and the King of Chŭ Discuss Robbing
Mí Zĭxiá
King Zhuāng of Chŭ Does Not Put to Death the One with Broken Capstring
Zigāo Administers the Government of the State of Wèi
Zōu Jì Subtly Admonishes the King of Qí to Accept Criticism
The Upright Wet Nurse of Wèi
Zĭchăn Would not Destroy the Local School
Appendix: Grammatical Terminology

Citation preview

CLASSICAL CHINESE A BASIC READER T E X T S

:6:.7}19!:

Naiying Yuan

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Jl~&

Haitao Tang

James Geiss

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY

Copyright © 2004 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX 20 1TR All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Control Number: 2004100562 Volume 1 (Texts) ISBN: 0-691-12089-7 Volume 2 (Glossaries) ISBN: 0-691-12090-0 Volume 3 (Analyses) ISBN: 0-691-12091-9 3-Volume Set Paperback ISBN: 978-0-691-11831-4 First one volume printing, 2017 Paperback ISBN: 978-0-691-17457-0 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This publication has been made possible by generous grants from The Mercer Trust and The Consortium for Language Teaching and Learning The publisher would like to acknowledge the authors of this volume for providing the camera-ready copy from which this book was printed Printed on acid-free paper press.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

CONTENTS

Contents Map 1: The Spring and Autumn Period

iv

Map 2: The Warring States Period

V

A Brief Chronology of China

vi

Foreword

vii

Acknowledgments

X

Bilingual Table of Contents

xi

E rrata to the Texts

xv

A Quote from Laozi

1

Reading Texts

2

Appendixes:

182

1. List of Exercises

182

2. Excercises

183

3. Source of Text Selections

280

4. A Short List of Grammatical References

282

i ii

Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing

30

30 30 30 30 30

30 30

30 30 30 30 30

30

30

30

30 30 3030 30 30

30 30 30 30

30 30 30

30 30 30

30 30 30

30

30 30

StraightforwardStraightforward or down-to-earth or down-to-earth

30 30

Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing

30

30 30 30 30

30 30 30

30 3030 30

30 30

30

or down-to-earth StraightforwardStraightforward down-to-earth Straightforward orordown-to-earth

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A Brief Chinese Chronology f.'3 ~ 21 1!t IG f9 M 161!!: frl

Northern Qi

550-577

fgftiJ 161!tfrlfg ftiJ 11 1!t frl

Western Wei

Wll

535-556

WIBJ

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~!: IBJ Northern Zhou

JI(J!.J

;m 770- ;m 256

&1. Xia Dvnastv

if6

Shang Dynasty Western Zhou Dynasty

.ml

Eastern Zhou Dynasty

Zhou Dynasy

M 110- ftiJ 476

till

Stl770-Stl221

Warring States Period

•

Wfl

tl

Western Han

Han Dynasty

••

Eastern Han

.:::11

Three Kingdoms

25-220 220-265

jj Shu

221-263

!R

222-280

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Five Synasties

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265-316

•w

317-420

Eastern Jin Dvnastv

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Song

r¥UIJ f¥j ~~f)} Southern and Northern Dynasties

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Southern

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Dynasties

~ Liang

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Chen ~r;Northern Wei

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618-907

fi~ Later Liang

907-923

tim

923-936

fi~ Later Jin

936-946

fitl

947-950

fij!J

951-960

Later Han LaterZhou

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Song Dynasty

Wu Western Jin Dynasty

581-618

Later Tang

M2o6-~m24

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Wei

Ill

Tang Dynasty

Stl221-lN207

Qin Dynasty

557-581

Sui Dvnastv

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Spring and Autwnn Period

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960-1127

WJ~

1127-1279

Northern Song Dynasty Southern Song Dynasty

jf Liao Dynasty

11:

1115-1234

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1271-1368

Jin Dvnastv

420-479

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YuanDvnastv

BJJ

479-502

Ming Dynasty

m

502-557

Qing Dynasty

tf!¥~11 Republic of China

557-589

tf!¥A~~~~~~ People's Republic of China

368-534 534-550

vi

916-1125

1368-1644 1644-1911 19121949-

FOREWORD

Foreword Classical, or literary, Chinese is a written language that matured long before the Qin era. It developed and was used in China’s governing and elite culture for nearly three millenia. Though it has undergone changes and developments, its syntactical structures in general have remained intact. Its importance lies in part because the great legacies of Chinese culture down to the twentieth century were recorded and preserved in this medium. Classical Chinese is thus the language in which much of Chinese culture has long been transmitted. In consequence, it is only through this medium that one can most fully and accurately understand Chinese cultural traditions. In addition, many idioms, set phrases, allusions, and sentence patterns in modem Chinese are inherited from classical Chinese. Even when reading academic writings in modem Chinese, one benefits greatly from having an adequate proficiency in classical Chinese, because in discussing specific topics or making their own points, Chinese scholars tend to cite or quote relevant supporting material from classical Chinese texts. For this reason, a good command of classical Chinese is indispensable for the study of Chinese literature, thought, history, political and social institutions, etc. Confucius said: “If an artisan wishes to do his work well, he must first sharpen his tools.” With this textbook we therefore seek to introduce the major grammatical structures of classical Chinese using an analytical and comparative approach, so as to provide students the ‘sharpened tools’ with which they can explore classical Chinese texts, or, to put it in another way, this textbook seeks to provide students the key that unlocks the door to the bright and fertile field of Chinese studies. To accomplish this, the textbook is set up in three volumes. Volume one contains the main texts by which the student is introduced to the various lingual and syntactic aspects of classical Chinese. Volume two contains the glossaries to these texts, and volume three, the detailed grammatical analyses of the texts. The forty textual selections in volume one have been chosen from fourteen Chinese classics written between the fifth century B.C. and the first century A. D. They have been taken directly from authoritative editions such as SBBY (SPPY) and SBCK (SPTK), with no words or structure altered for pedagogical reasons. Thus, the student, from the very beginning of his or her study, deals directly with authentic classical texts. These texts have been carefully selected on the basis of their merits both in terms of their form—because they illustrate important grammatical pattems-and in terms of their content-because they represent important salient features of Chinese culture, such as the wit, humor, wisdom, v ii

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

moral conviction, and political ideals it exhibits. The classical Chinese texts and their modem Chinese translations occupy opposite pages in the book, so that they can be consulted and compared readily. Both the classical and the modem texts are provided with pinyin phonetics for pronunciation, so that students can vocalize them correctly. The English translation of the text facilitates for the students a quick and thorough understanding of the classical passage as a whole. These reading texts are pedagogically arranged so that they proceed from short texts to longer ones, and from the grammatically simple and easy to the more complicated and difficult. The appended exercises that are provided in a variety of formats are meant to help students review and reinforce their classroom learning. Volume two contains all the glossaries to the texts in Volume one. Each glossary entry is phonetically spelled out, grammatically classified, and its meaning within the context in which it is used, fully explained. Within the explanation, should there be unfamiliar yet important terms, these terms are further explained, so that students can understand fully both the original classical texts and the explanatory modem ones. The annotations are given in both modem Chinese and in English. Also should there exist a proverb or a set phrase that has been derived from a text, this has been duly noted. Volume three provides both grammatical analyses as well as literal translations of the texts in Volume one. Every sentence that appears in a text in Volume one is fully diagrammed to show the grammatical relations between its various parts. In the diagrams it has often been necessary to insert items of context that classical Chinese texts may omit, such as subjects and/or objects, or items that are customarily omitted in classical Chinese, such as prepositions, in order to show the entire grammatical structure of the sentence in terms of modem Chinese or English. Such added elements have been put in brackets in the translations. When there is a major grammatical point that deserves special attention, it has been fully explained with an asterisk preceding it. After this diagrammatic analysis, each sentence is translated into both modem Chinese and English. This translation generally is provided in three clear steps: first, the sentence is translated verbatim; second, the differences between classical and modem Chinese, and between Chinese and English are highlighted; and third, the entire sentence is rendered into smooth modem Chinese and natural English respectively. Of these steps, the second is the most important. In this step, all the contemporary lingual components classical Chinese omits are reflected in brackets in the modem Chinese translation, any words added to make the meaning of a sentence clear and its flow natural in modem translation are marked by a smaller font type, with those changes made for rhetorical reasons given in boldface. In the English version, all the counterparts

viii

FOREWORD

of the aforementioned changes and additions shown in the modern Chinese translation appear in the English translation as well, in brackets, in smaller font type, and in boldface, while words in italics in the English translation represent the elements that have no counterpart in the original Chinese texts but that are obligatory to make sense in English. Furthermore, these words in italics pinpoint the grammatical differences between Chinese and English. Students interested in comparing the two languages will find this most helpful. In order to anticipate the sorts of questions that might be raised in a classroom, we have tried our best to provide clear and detailed explanations. In addition, this textbook has been designed so as to be useful whether a teacher conducts the course in Chinese or in English. We do wish to point out that this textbook represents a bold attempt to experiment with a new, though not untried, approach to the teaching of classical Chinese, and, as such, will inevitably yet have some shortcomings. We hope that they are few, and hope, furthermore, that the users of this textbook would provide us comments on their experiences with it as well as offering us any constructive suggestions they might have for its improvement. The Authors

ix

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

Acknowledgments

First and foremost, we want to express our heartfelt gratitude to Professor Frederick Wade Mote, the founder of the East Asian Studies Department at Princeton Uiversity, and to the late Professor Ta-Tuan Ch’en, the Director of the Chinese Language Program in the EAS Department at Princeton University for nearly three decades. Had it not been for their great insight, recognizing classical Chinese as an important link in the teaching of Chinese culture, and their strong support, encouraging the constant improvement of teaching materials and methods, this textbook project would not have been undertaken, much less completed. Next, we are much indebted to Ms. Deborah Herndon, the former secretary of the Chinese Linguistics Project at Princeton University, who designed the format for this textbook; to our former students of classical Chinese, Michael Chang, Ryan O’Connor, and the many others who helped at various times in its development with inputting texts; to Ms. Zhang Ydo, our computer specialist, who drew the two historical maps of the Spring and Autumn Period and of the Warring States Period. Our earnest thanks then go to Mr. Ralph L. Meyer, Editor in the Cambridge History of China Project, Professor Andrew H. Plaks of Princeton University, and Professor Thomas Nimick of The United States Military Academy at West Point. All three of them have rendered significant assistance in producing the final form of the manuscript. And last, but not least, this textbook, at its inception, was sponsored by the Consortium for Language Teaching and Learning, and, upon its publication, has been granted a generous subsidy by the Mercer Trust Fund, to both of which institutions we are immensely grateful. The Authors

x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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The Prime Minister of Zheng Refuses a Gift of Fish . . j~

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There Was a Wealthy Man of Song

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Waiting for a Hare at the Tree Stump

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Spears and Shields

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Stealing the Bell

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A Man of Zheng Buys Shoes

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24

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

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Benevolence and Righteousness

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The Letter from Ylng Explained in Y"an +~rn'\

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The Fox Borrows the Tiger's Prestige

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Yangzi wen wei shen.me zheiyang, H\guan .de xiiiohuo.zi hu:fda shuo: "Nei.ge mei.de jue.de

ti ziji hen mei, ke.shi wo bing bu gandao ti mei; nei.ge chou.de jue.de ta ziji hen chou, ke.shi wo bing bu gandao ti chou." Yangzi shuo: "Tudi.men Ji .zhu zhe ju hua, yao.shi y:f.ge ren zoo gaoshang .de shi, que qudiao jue.de ziji hen gaoshang .de xinll, na.me ti dao na.ll qu bu shoo huany:fng .ne?''

Yangzi asked why this was. The young man who kept the inn replied, saying: "The beautiful concubine considers herself very beautiful, but I definitely do not feel that she is beautiful. The ugly concubine considers herself very ugly, but I definitely do not feel that she is ugly." Yangzi said: "Disciples, remember these words, if a person does good deeds without being smug about it, then where could he go and not be welcomed?"

21

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

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Dao Zhong Humminzi Shuoshan

Fan shi zhi bhl, you qie qi zhong fu er zou zhe. Qiiing n1n you sheng, ju ren wen zhi, ju yan qi er. zeng ren wen zhi, ke ye; zi yan qi er, rei yi.

Daw Jong Hwainantzyy Shuoshan

Fann shyh jy bay, yeou chieh chyi jong fuh erl tzoou jee. Chiang ran yeou sheng, jiuh ren wen jy, jiuh yean chyi eel. Tzeng ren wen jy, kee yee; tzyh yean chyi eel, bey yii.

22

LESSON 9

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Dio Zhong Dang Fan Jlshe rei dabru.le.de shl.hou, you.ge tOu.le ta.de zhong bei.zhe tii taopao.de ren. Zhong dingding dangdang.de fii.chii shengyin.hu, tou zhong.de ren hrupa bieren ting.jian zhongsheng, ganjin wu.zhu ta zlji.de er.duo. Yanwu bieren ting.jian zhongsheng, hai suan shuo.de guo.qu; ziji wu.zhu ziji .de er.duo, tai huang. tang .Iii!

STEALING THE BELL

When Fan Jlshe was defeated, there was a person who stole his bell and fled carrying it on his back. The bell was clanging. Fearing that other people would hear it, he covered his own ears quickly. To hate other people hearing the sound of the bell is reasonable, but it is extremely absurd of him to cover up his own ears!

23

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

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Zheng Ren Mai Lfl Hanfeizi Waichushu5

Zheng ren you qie mai lfl zhe, xian zi duo qf zu, er zhi zhl qi zuo. Zhi zhl shi er wang cao zhl. YT de lfl, nai yue: “Wu wang chi du.”

Jenq Ren Mae Leu Hamfeitzyy Waychuushuo

Jenq ren yeou chiee mae leu jee, shian tzyh duoh chyi tzwu, erl jyh jy chyi tzuoh. Jyh jy shyh erl wanq tsau jy. Yii der leu, nae iue: “Wu wanq chyr duh.”

24

LESSON 10

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Zheng Ren Mai Lif You.ge disuan mai xie .de Zhenggu6 ren, xian zlji lilingyiliang ta.de jiao, ranhou jiu ba liang hao .de chima fang zai ta.de zuowei.shang. Deng.dao ta dao shichang qu .de shi.hour wang.le dai chima.

Ta yi.jing nadao xie' .le, cai xiang.qi.lai shiio: "Wo wang.le ba

chima dm.lai."

A MAN OF ZH~NG BUYS SHOES

There was a man from the state of Zheng who was going to buy a pair of shoes. First he measured his feet; then he put the measurement on his seat. When it was time to go to the marketplace, he forgot to take it along. Only when he had already gotten his shoes did he think of it and say: "I forgot to bring along the measurement."

25

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

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Fan gui er qii zhi.

Jl ian, shi ba, sui bu de Itt Ren yue: "He bu shi zhi yi zu?" Yue: "Ning xin qi du, wu z1 xln ye."

Faan guei erl cheu jy. Jyi faan, shyh bah, suey bu der leu. Ren iue: "Her bu shyh jy yii tzwu?" lue: "Ninq shinn chyi dub, wu tzyh shinn yee."

26

LESSON 10

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Ta zhuanshen huijUi qii mi chima. Deng.dao ta huihii .de shi.hoiir, shl yi.jing shou .le, ta. jiii mei mai.dao xie. You reo shuo: "Nin wei shen.me bu yong jiao hii shl.yishl xie .ne?'' Mai

xie .de reo shuo:

"Wo nlng ke xiangxln nei.ge chima, ye bii xiangxln wo zlji .a."

He turned around and went back home to get it By the time he had returned, the market was closed, so he didn't get any shoes. Someone said: "Why didn't you use your feet to try them on?" The person buying shoes said: "I would rather trust in that measurement than trust in myself!"

27

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

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XI you kiin di san ren, you Qf Lii zhi jiiin, tong shi er xue, jin ren yi zhi dao er gui. Qi fu yue: "Ren yi zhi dao riio he?" Bo yue: "Ren yi shi wo ai shen er hou ming."

Ren Yih Liehtzyy Shuofwu

Shi yeou kun dih san ren, you Chyi Luu jy jian, tomg shy erl shyue, jinn ren yih jy daw erl guei. Chyi fuh iue: "Ren yih jy daw ruoh her?" Bor iue: "Ren yih shyy woo ay shen erl how ming."

28

LESSON 11

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R6n Yl C6ngqian you san xiongdi, H jia dao Qi

Lu yf dai qu qiuxue,

gensui .zhe tong yiwei

laoshi dushii, ba renyi .de daoli xue.de hen touche jiu huijia .le. Ta.men.de fuqin shuo: "Renyi.de daoli zen.me yang?" Da er.zi shuo: "Renyi shi wo kanzhong zlji.de shengming kanqing mingsheng."

BENEVOLENCE AND RIGHTEOUSNESS

Once upon a time, there were three brothers; they left home and travelled in the region

Lu

of the states of Qi and to seek learning, and studied with the same teacher. They exhaustively studied the doctrine of benevolence and righteousness, and then returned home. Their father said: "What is the doctrine of benevolence and righteousness like?" The eldest son said: "Benevolence and righteousness would make me value my life and put my reputation second."

29

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Zhong yue: "Ren yl shi wo sha shen yi cheng mfng." Shii yue: "Ren yl shi wo shen mfng bing qmin." BI san shu xiang ian, er t6ng chii yu Ru, shu shl shu rei ye?

Jonq iue: "Ren yih shyy woo sha shen yii chemg ming." Shu iue: "Ren yih shyy woo shen ming binq chyuan." Bii san shuh shiang faan, erl tomg chu yu Ru, shwu shyh shwu fei ye?

30

LESSON 11

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Er er.zi shuo: "Renyi shi wo xisheng ziji.de shengming hii jianli mfngsheng." San er.zi shuo: "Renyi shi wo ba shengming he mingsheng dou baoquan zhu." Na siin.zhong daoli hnxiiing chongtii, ke.shi dou c6ng Rujiii fiizhan chu.lm, nei.ge dui nei.ge cuo .ne?

The second son said: "Benevolence and righteousness would make me sacrifice my life in order to establish my reputation." The third son said: "Benevolence and righteousness would make me preserve both my life and my reputation intact." These three doctrines are mutually contradictory, yet they all come from the teachings of the Confucian school. Which of them is right, which wrong?

31

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

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Su Dli Jib Zhlo W4ng Zhangu6ce Yance Zhao qie fa Yan, Sii Dai wei Yan wei Hui Wang yue: ".ITn zhe chen lai, guo Yi Shui, bang fiing chii pu, er yu zhu6 qi rou. Bang he er qian qi hui. Yu yue: ' Jln ri bu yii, ming rl bu yii, jf you si bang.' Bang yi wei yu yue:

Su Day Jiann Jaw Wang Janngwo~h

Ian~h

Jaw chiee far Ian, Su Day wey Ian wey Huey Wang iue: "Jin jee chem lai, guoh Yih Shoei, banq fang chu pub, erl yuh jwo chyi row. Banq her erl chyan chyi huey. Yuh iue: 'Jin ryh bu yeu, ming ryh bu yeu, jyi yeou syy banq.' Banq yih wey yuh iue:

32

LESSON 12

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Su Dai Jian Zhao Wang Zhaogu6 jiiing.yao gongdi Yangu6, Sii Dai wei Yangu6 du'i Zhao Huiwang shuo: "Zhei ci wo lai, duguo Yishui shi, yi.ge bang zheng chiilai shai tai.yang, yi zhi yu zhu6.zhu ta.de rou, banghe.long.qi.laijia.zhu ta.de zui. Yu shuo: 'Jintian Hiotian bu xiayii, mingtian laotian ye bu xiayii, jiu hui you shrusl.Ie .de bang.' Bang ye dui yu shuo:

SU DAI ADMONISHES THE KING OF ZHAO When the state of Zhao was on the brink of attacking the state of Yan, Sii Dai spoke to King Hui of Zhao on behalf of the state of Yan, saying: "This time when I came to the state of Zhao and was crossing the Yi River, a clam had just come out to sun itself, when a snipe pecked at its flesh. The clam closed up and clamped down on its beak. The snipe said:

'If today it does not rain, and if tomorrow it also does not rain, then there will be a dead clam.' The clam also said to the snipe:

33

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

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'.ITn rl bu chii, ming rl bu chii, ji you si yu.' Liang zhe bu ken xiang she, yu fii de er bing qin zhi. .ITn Zhao qie fa Yan, Yan Zhao jiii xiang zhi yi bl da zhong, chen kong qiang Qin zhi wei yu fii ye, gu yuan wang shu jl zhi ye." Hul wang yue: "Shan." Nm zhi.

'Jin ryh bu chu, ming ryh bu chu, jyi yeou syy yuh.' Leang jee bu keen shiang shee, yu fuu der erl binq chyn jy. Jin Jaw chiee far Ian, Ian Jaw jeou shiang jy yii bih dah jonq, chem koong chyang Chynjy wei yu fuu yee, guh yuann wang shwujihjy yee." Huey Wang iue: "Shann." Nae jyy.

34

LESSON 12

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'Jin tian ni.de zui b8 bu chii qu, rningtiiin ni.de zui ye ba bu chii qu, jiu hut you jiasi.le de yu.' Shuangrang shei ye bu yuan.yi fangkiii shei, biiyu .de Hio.tour :tixian .Ie ta.men, jiu ba ta.men liii ytqf zhuo.zhu .le. XH\nzai Zhaogu6 jiangyao gongda Yangu6, Yangu6 Zhaogu6 changjiii.de huxiang chengju jieguo shi laobiixtng pffa, wo danxin qiangda .de Qi'ngu6 hut chengwei biiyu .de lao.tour .a, suoyi xiwang dawang zhoumi.de kaoltl yfxia zhejian shi .a." Zhao Hutwang shuo: "Hao." Zhaogu6 Jiu bu qu gongdi Yangu6 .le.

'If today your beak cannot be pulled out, and if tomorrow your beak also cannot be pulled

out, then there will be a dead snipe.' Neither was willing to let the other go; an old fisherman found them and caught them both at once. Now the state of Zhao is on the verge of attacking the state of Yan. If the states of Yan and Zhao are at a standoff for a long time, fighting to the point where the common people become worn out, I fear that the powerful state of Qfn will become the old fisherman; therefore, I would like your majesty to consider this carefully." King Hut of Zhao said: "Agreed." Whereupon Zhao stopped the attack on Yan.

35

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

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Ying Shu Yan Shuo Hanfeizi Waichushuo

Ying ren you wei Yan xiang guo shu zhe, yb shu, huo bu ming, yin wei chi zhu zhe yue: “Ju zhu.” Yun € t gud shu “ju zhu.” “Ju zhu” fei shu yi ye.

Yiing Shu Ian Shuo Hamfeitzyy Waychuushuo

Yiing ren yeou wey Ian shianq gwo shu jee, yeh shu, huoo bu ming, in wey chyr jwu jee iue: “Jeu jwu.” Yun erl guoh shu “jeu jwu.” “Jeu jwu” fei shu yih yee.

36

LESSON 13

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Ying Shii Yin Shuo You .ge song.gei Yingu6 .de zruxiang y'i teng x'in .de Yingdii reo, zai wan.shang xie xln, zhuguing bu gou liang, tajiu gao.su mila.zhu .de ren shuo: "Ba la.zhujii gao yl.dianr." Yi'ngdii reo yin shuo zhei ju hua, jieguo jiu CUOWu.de xie .Shang .le "jii zhu" zhe liang .ge z'i. "Jii zhu" bing bush'i xln.ll .de yl.si .a.

THE LETTER FROM YING EXPLAINED IN YAN

There was a man from the capital city of Ying who sent a letter to the prime minister of the state of Yin. He wrote the letter in the evening; the candlelight was not bright enough, so he said to the person holding the candle: "Raise up the candle a bit." As a result of saying these words he mistakenly wrote in the two characters: "Raise candle." "Raise up the candle" was not meant to be in the letter.

37

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

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Yan xiang shou shii er shuo zhi, yue: "'Jii zhu' zhe, shang mfng ye. 'Shang mfng' ye zhe, jii xhin er ren zhi." Yan Xiang bai Wang, da yue, gu6 yi zhi. Zhl ze zhl yi, rei shii yl ye. Jin shl xue zhe duo sl ci lei.

Ian shianq show shu erl shuo jy, iue: "'Jeu jwu' jee, shanq ming yee. 'Shanq ming' yee jee, jeu shyan erl renn jy." Ian Shianq bair Wang, dah yueh, gwo yii jyh. Jyh tzer jyh yii, fei shu yih yee. Jin shyh shyue jee duo syh tsyy ley.

38

LESSON 13

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Yangu6 zaixifmg jiedao .le zhe teng xin jiii jieshi zhe liang.ge zi, shuo: •• 'Iii zhu' shi ch6ngshang mfngzhi .de yi.si, 'ch6ngshang mfngzhi' .a, shi tuijii you daode you cruneng .de ren lru renyong ta.men .de yi.si." Yangu6 z8.ixiang ba ta.de xiangia binggao gei Yan Wang, Yan Wang rei.chang gao.xing, Yangu6 yin. wei jii yong xianren jiii bian.de hen tai.pfng. Yan.gu6 tai.pfng dao~shi tai.pfng .le, ke.shi Yangu6 zaixiang.de jie.shi bing bu.shi xin.fi .de yi.si .a. Z3.i xiandai .de xuezhe zhong, duoshu xiang Yangu6 z8.ixiang zhe lei .de ren.

When the prime minister of the state of Yan received the letter, he expounded on these two characters and said: "'Raise up the candle' means to esteem wisdom; 'to esteem wisdom' means to select people of virtue and talent and to employ them." The prime minister of the state of Yan reported his interpretation of this phrase to the king of Yan, who was greatly pleased by it; the king of Yan then used this policy of selecting virtuous and talented people to govern the state well and the state was consequently well-governed. Now for the state of Yan to achieve orderly government is one thing, but the prime minister of Yan' s interpretation of the phrase was not what the letter meant. Among contemporary scholars, the majority are like the sort of this prime minister of Yan.

39

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

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Hu Jii Hii Wei ztmngu6ce

Chuce

Hii qiu bai shou er shf zhi, de hu. Hu yue: "Zi wu gin shf wo ye, tiiin di shi wo zhang bai shou, jin zi shf wo, shi ni tian di ming ye.

Hwu Jea Huu Uei Janngwotseh

Chuutseh

Huu chyou bae show erl shyr jy, der hwu. Hwu iue: "Tzyy wu gaan shyr woo yee, tian dih shyy woo jaang bae show, jin tzyy shyr woo, shyh nih tian dih minq yee.

40

LESSON 14

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Hu Jia Hii wei Laohii xunzhao ge zhang dongwu bii chi tii.men, de dao.le yizhi hU:li. Hu:H shuo:

"Nin jue bu gan chi wo, laotiiinye shi wo zuo gezhong dong. wu .de lingxiu, xianzai nin yao.shi chi wo, zhe .shi weibei laotiiinye mingling de xfngwei .a.

THE FOX BORROWS THE TIGER'S PRESTIGE

A tiger was looking for all sorts of wild animals to eat; he got a fox. The fox said: "You certainly dare not eat me: Heaven has made me the leader of all the wild animals; now, if you eat me, it goes against the command of Heaven.

41

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

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Zi yi wo wei bu xln, wu wei zi xiiin xing, zi sui wo hou, guiin bai shou zhi ji~tn wo er gan bu zou hii?'' Hii yi wei nin, gil sui yii zhi xing, shou jian zhi jie zou. Hii bu zhi shou wei ji er zou ye, yi wei wei hu ye.

Tzyy yii woo wei bu shinn, wu wey tzyy shian shyng, tzyy swei woo how, guan bae show jy jiann woo erl gaan bu tzoou hu?'' Huu yii wei ran, guh suey yeu jy shyng, show jiann jy jie tzoou. Huu bu jy show wey jii erl tzoou yee, yii wei wey hwu yee.

42

LESSON 14

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Yaoshl nin renwei wo bu chengshi. wo wei nin ZID qhin.t6u zou. nin gensui .zai wo hou.t6u. nin kan.kan gezhong dong.wu kan.jian wo que hai gan bu taopao .rna?" Laohujue.de hU.li .de hua hen you daoli. suO.yi jiu gen ta yikuair zou. dong. wu kan.jian ta.men lia dou taopao .le. Laohu bu zhi.dao dong.wu yin. weipa zlji cai mopaO .a, hai yiwei ta.men pa hU.li .ne.

If you think me untrustworthy, I will walk ahead of you; you follow behind me, and observe whether any wild animals see me and dare not flee... The tiger thought the fox •s words reasonable. so he just went along with him. When the animals saw these two, they all fled. The tiger, thinking they feared the fox, did not know that only because the wild animals feared him did they run away.

43

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

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Xi Qf reo you yu jin zhe. Qing dan, yi guan er zhi shi, shi yU JID zhe zhi suo, yin jue q1 jin er qu. Li bii de zhi, wen yue: "Reo jie zai yan, zi jue reo zhi jin he?" Dui yue: "Qii jin zhi sm, bu jian reo, tu jian jin."

Jyue Jin

Liehtzyy Shuofwu

Shi Chyi reo yeou yuh jin jee. Ching dann, yih guano erl jy shyh, shyh yuh jin jee jy suoo, in jyue chyi jin erl chiuh. Lih buu der jy, wenn iue: "Reo jie tzay ian, tzyy jyue ren jy jin her?" Duey iue: "Cheujinjy shyr, bujiann ren, twujiannjin."

44

LESSON 15

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Jue lin C6ngqhin you.ge xiang yao jin.zi .de Qfgu6 ren. dru.shang miio.zi jiu dao shlchling qu .le, dao .le

zru daqingzao tii chuiin.shang yi.fu,

mru jin.zi .de ren .de pu.zi, jfke qiling.le ta.de

jin.zi jiu plio .le. Jigguiin daizhao .le ta, wen tii shuo: "Bie ren dou zai na.li, nfn qiang renjiii.de jin.zi, wei shen.me?" Tii hufda shuo: "zai na jin.zi .de shl.hou, wo mei kan.jian shen.me ren, zhl kan.jian .le jin.zi."

GRABBING THE GOLD

There once was a man from the state of Qf who lusted after gold. Bright and early one morning, he donned his cap and gown and went to the marketplace; upon arriving at a goldsmith's shop, he straightaway snatched up the man's gold and fled. After the constable had caught him, he asked him: "There were other people there, yet you grabbed the man's gold--why?" He answered saying: "When I took the gold, I didn't see any people, I saw only gold."

45

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

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Jun ZI Shen Suo Cang Shuoyuan Zayan

Kongzi yue: "Bu zhi qi zi, shi qi suo you; bu zhi qi jiin, shi qi suo shi." You yue: "yii shan ren jii, ni rU hin zhl zhi shi, jill er bu wen qi xiang,

ze yii zhi hua yi;

Jiun Tzyy Shenn Suoo Tsamg Shuoyuann Tzaryan

Koongtzyy iue: "Bu jy chyi tzyy, shyh chyi suoo yeou; bu jy chyi jiun, shyh chyi suoo shyy." Yow iue: "Yeu shann ren jiu, ru rub Ian jy jy shyh, jeou erl buh wen chyi shiang, tzer yeu jy huah yii;

46

LESSON 16

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LM~~·~1'·~~A~~·-~~-M~--·1; Jun Zi Shen Suo Cang Kongzi shuo: "Yl.ge reo yao.shi bu liaojie ta zi.ji .de h3.i.zi, na jiu kan.kan ta.de hai.zi jiejiao .de peng.you; yi.ge reo yaw.shi bu liaojie ta zl.ji.de jiinzhii, na jiu kan.kan ta.de jiinzhii paiqian .de reo." You shuo: "Yl.ge reo gen shan.liang.de reo zai yl.kuarr zhu, haoxiang shi jinru .le yang lanzhi .de wii.zi yi.yang, diiijiii .le jiu wen.bu.jian lanzhi.de xiiingqi .le. Zhe jiu shi reo shou dao xiinrin bian.de gen lanzhi yi.yang xiiing .le;

A PERSON OF HIGH MORAL CHARACTER IS EXCEEDINGLY CIRCUMSPECT IN SELECTING HIS LIVING CONDITIONS

Confucius said: "If one does not understand one,s own child, one need only obsetve whom one,s child befriends. If one does not understand one,s ruler, one need only obsetve whom one,s ruler dispatches." Confucius also said: "Living together with a person of good character is like going into a room where sweet-scented plants are being raised: after having stayed a long while, one cannot smell the fragrance of the sweet-scented plants anymore; this is because the person has been changed by the influence of the environment and has become as fragrant as the sweet-scented plants.

47

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

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yu e ren jii, ni nl bao yu zhi sl, jill er bu wen qf chou, yl yu zhi hua yi." Gu yue: "Dan zhi suo cang zhe chl; wii zhi suo cang zhe he." Jiin zi shen suo cang.

yeu eh ren jiu, ru rub baw yu jy syh, jeou erl bub wen chyi chow, yih yeu jy huah yii." Guh iue: "Dan jy suoo tsamg jee chyh; u jy suoo tsamg jee heh." Jiun tzyy shenn suoo tsamg.

48

LESSON 16

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Yi.ge ren gen xie e .de ren zai yi.kuair zhu, haoxiang shi jinru .le mm xhinyu.de pu.zi yfyang,

ctai jiii .le jiu wen.bu.jian xhinyu.de chou. weir .le, zhe jiu shl ren shoudao xiinran ye bian.de gen xianyu yfyang chou .le." Suo.yi you ren shuo: "Zhiih6ng se zhong chiicang.de nei.ge dong.xi hui bian hong; wiihei se zhong chiicang.de nei.ge dong.xi hui bian hei." Pinde gaoshang.de ren duiyu xuanze zi.ji sheng.hu6.de huanjing caiqii rei.chang shenzhong .de

w.du.

Living with a malevolent person is like going into a store that sells salted fish: after having stayed a long while, one cannot smell the stench of the salted fish anymore; this too is because the person has been changed by the influence of the environment and has become as malodorous as the salted fish." So it has been said: "That which is kept in cinnabar red reddens; that which is kept in raven black blackens." A person of high moral character is exceedingly circumspect about selecting his living conditions.

49

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

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Ke Zhou Qiu Jiin LOshlchiinqiii

Chaj1n

Chii ren you she jUing zhe, qf jian zl zhou zhong zhul yu shui. Ju ql qf zhou yue: "Shl

wu jian zhi suo c6ng zhul." Zhou zhi, c6ng qf suo ql zhe ru shui qiu zhi. Zhou yi xfng yi, er jian bu xfng. Qiu jian ruo ci, bu yl huo hii ?

Keh Jon Chyou Jiann Leushyhchuenchiou Charjin

Chuu ren yeou sheh jiang jee, chyi jiann tzyh jou jong juey yu shoei. Jiuh chih chyi jou iue: "Shyh wu jiann jy suoo tsorng juey." Jou jyy, tsorng chyi suoo chih jee rub shoei chyou jy. Jou yii shyng yii, erl jiann bub shyng. Chyou jiann ruoh tsyy, bu yih huoh hu?

50

LESSON 17

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You .ge du he .de Chugu6 ren, ta.de jian c6ng chuan.shang diao.dao shul.li .qu .le. Du he .de ren ganjin zili nei thio chmin bian.shang ke .le yf.ge ji.hao shuo: "Zhe.li shi wo.de jian c6ng chuan.shang diao .xia.qu .de di.ffing." Chuan tfng .le, ta c6ng ta ke J1.hao .de nei.ge di.fiing tiao.jin shul.li qu zhao jian. Chmin yi.jing wang qian zou .le, ke.shi jian bing mei yfdong. Ia zheiyang.zi .de zhao jian, bu ye hen hu.tu .rna?

CARVING THE BOAT AND SEEKING THE SWORD

There was a man from the state of Chu who was crossing a river; his sword dropped from the boat into the water. He immediately cut a notch on the side of the boat, saying: "This is the place where my sword dropped from the boat" When the boat had stopped, he jumped into the water to look for it from the place where he had cut the notch. The boat had moved ahead but the sword had not. Looking for the sword like this is very dim-witted, is it not?

51

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

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Chii ren He sh'i de yii pu Chii shan zhong, feng er xian zhi L'i Wang. L'i Wang shi yii ren xiang zhi. Yii ren yue: "Shl ye." Wang yi He wei kuang,

Her Shyh Jy Bih

er yue qi zuo zu.

Hamfeitzyy Hershyh

Chuu ren Her shyh der yuh pwu Chuu shanjong, fenq erl shiannjy Lih Wang. Lih Wang shyy yuh ren shianqjy. Yuh ren iue: "Shyr yee." Wang yii Her wei kwang, erl yueh chyi tzuoo tzwu.

52

LESSON 18

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He Shl Zhi Bi Chugu6 reo Heshi c6ng Chugu6.de shan.Il dedao .le yf-kuai ban.zhe yu .de shf.t6u, jiu peng.zhe qu ba ta xian gei Ll Wang. U Wang ming.ling yujiangjiandlng nei kuai yushf. Yujiang shuo: "Zhe shi putong.de shf.t6u." Li Wang renwei Heshl shi.ge pian.zi, jiu

kiindiao .le ta.de zuo jiao.

THE PIERCED JADE DISK OF

A MAN SURNAMED HE

A man of the state of Chu surnamed He got a stone containing jade from the mountains of Chu; he respectfully presented it to King Li of Chu. King Li orderd a jade worker to appraise it; the jade worker said: "This is ordinary stone." The king thought He a liar and so cut off his left foot.

53

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JiLl Wang hong, Wii Wangji wei, He you feng qi pu er xian zhi Wii Wang. Wii Wang shi

yU ren xiang zhi, you yue: "Shi ye." Wang you yl He weikuang, er yue qi you zu. Wii Wang hong, Wen Wang ji wei, He niii bao qi pu, er kii yu Chii shan zhi xia, san rl san ye, lei j'in

er jl yl xue.

Jyi Lih Wang hong, Wuu Wang jyi wey, Her yow fenq chyi pwu erl shiann jy Wuu Wang. Wuu Wang shyy yuh ren shianqjy, yow iue: "Shyr yee." Wang yow yii Her wei kwang, erl yueh chyi yow tzwu. Wuu Wang hong, Wen Wangjyi wey, Her nae baw chyi pwu, erl ku yu Chuu shan jy shiah, san ryh san yeh, ley jinn erl jih yii shiueh.

54

LESSON 18

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Dengdao Li Wang si .le, Wu Wang deng.shang .le wangwei, Heshi you peng.zhe na.kum yushi qu ba ta xian.gei Wu Wang. Wu Wang ming.ling yujiang jianding nakuai yushi, yujiang you shuo: "Shi putong.de shi.t6u." Wu Wang ye renwei Heshi shi .ge pian.zi, jiu kandiao .le ta.de you jiao. Wu Wang si .le, Wen Wang deng.shftng .le wangwei. Heshi jiu bao.zhe nakuai yushf, zai Chugu6.de shan.xia kii, kii.le santian sanye, yanlei dou kii guang.le, jie-:zhe ku-:chii xue lai.

When King Li died, King Wu acceded to the throne; He again respectfully presented the stone containing jade to King Wu. King Wu ordered a jade worker to appraise it; again he said: "It is ordinary stone." The king too thought He a liar and so cut off his right foot. When King Wu died, King Wen acceded to the throne. The man surnamed He then cradled the stone containing jade in his arms and cried at the foot of the mountains of Chu. He cried for three days and three nights; when he had cried out all his tears, he kept on crying with tears of blood.

55

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Wang wen zhi, shi ren wen qi gu, yue: "Tiiin xia zhi yue zhe duo yi, zi xi kii zhi bei ye?'' He yue: "Wu rei bei yue ye. Bei fu! Bao yu er ti zhi yi shi, zhen shier ming zhi yi kuang,

ci wu suo yi rei ye." Wang niH shi yu ren 1I qi pii, er debao yan, sui ming yue: "He Shi zhi Bi."

Wang wen jy, shyy ren wenn chyi guh, iue: "Tian shiah jy yueh jee duo yii, tzyy shi ku jy bei yee ?" Her iue: "Wu fei bei yueh yee. Bei fwu! Bao yuh erl tyi jy yii shyr, jen shyh erl ming jy yii kwang, tsyy wu suoo yii bei yee." Wang nae shyy yuh ren lii chyi pwu, erl der bao ian, suey minq iue: "Her Shyhjy Bih."

56

LESSON 18

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Wen Wang tingdao zhejian shi, pai ren qu wen ta tongkii.de yuangu, shuo: "THin.xia bei kandiao jHio .de ren duo .la, nln wei shen.me kii.de na.me beitong .ne?'' Heshl shuo: "Wo bing bu.shi yin. wei bei kandiao .le jiao er beitong. Wo beitong.a! Yushl shi kuru baogui .de yu, ke.shi yujiang jiao ta zuo shi.t6u. Wo shi .ge zhongcheng zhengzhl .de ren, ke.shi wang jiao wo zuo pian.zi, zhe cai shi wo beitong.de yuan.gu .a!" Wenwangjiu ming.ling yujiang qie kai neikuru yushl, jieguo c6ng shl zhong de.dao ylkuai baoyu, wang yushi jiu gei ta qii ming jiaozuo "Heshi zhi bi".

Upon hearing of this, the king sent a person to ask about the reason for his great wailing, who said: "In this world there are many who have had a foot cut off; why do you cry so grievously?" He said: "I do not grieve because my feet were cut off. Oh, I grieve because this is a piece of precious jade, yet the jade worker calls it ordinary stone. I am an upright man, but am called a liar by the king: this is why I grieve." The king then ordered a jade worker to cut open this piece of stone containing jade and got from it a piece of precious jade. Thereupon the king named it "The pierced jade disk of the man surnamed He."

57

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

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Dong Zhou Yu Wei Dao Zlulngu6ce DOngzhouce

Dong Zhou yu wei dao, Xi Zhou bu xia shui, Dong Zhou huan zhi. Siizi wei Dong Zhou jiin yue: "Chen qing shi Xi Zhou xia shui, ke hii?'' Nai wang jian Xi Zhou zhi jiin, yue: "Jiin zhi m6u guo yi. Jin bu xia shui, suo yi fu Dong Zhou ye.

Dong Jou Yuh Wei Daw Janngwotseh

Dongjoutseh

Dong Jou yuh wei daw, Shi Jou bu shiah shoei, Dong Jou huann jy. Sutzyy wey Dong Jou jiun iue: "Chern chiing shyy Shi Jou shiah shoei, kee hu?'' Nae woang jiann Shi Jou jy jiun, iue: "Jiun jy mou guoh yii. Jin bu shiah shoei, suoo yii fuh Dong Jou yee.

58

LESSON 19

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Dong Zhou Yd Wei Dao Dong Zhou xiang.yao zhong dao.zr, Xi Zhou bu fang.xia shui .lm, Dong Zhou danxin zhei.ge qfng.xfng. Siizl dui Dong Zhou jiin shuo: "Qing ring wo shl Xi Zhou fang.xia shu! .lm, ke.yi .rna?" Siizl jiu qu jian Xi Zhou .de jiinzhii shuo: "Nfn.de jl.hua cuo .la. Xian.zai nin bu fang.xia shu! .qu, zhe shi nfn yonghii shl Dong Zhou fuzu .de ban.fa .a.

EASTERN ZHOU PLANTS RICE

The Eastern Zhou kingdom wanted to plant rice; the Western Zhou kingdom would not let the river water flow downstream, and the Eastern Zhou ruler was worried about the situation. Siizl spoke to the Eastern Zhou ruler saying: "I ask that you allow me to make the Western Zhou let the river water flow downstream; may I?" Siizl then went to see the ruler of the Western Zhou and said: "Your plan is wrong. If you now do not let the water flow downstream, that will be your way to enrich the Eastern Zhou kingdom.

59

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

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Jin ql min jie zhong mm, wu tuo zhong yi. Jiin ruo yu hai zhi, bu ruo yl wei xia shui, yi bing ql suo zhong. Xia shui, ze Dong Zhou bi fu zhong dao; zhong dao, er fu duo zhi. Ruo shi, ze Dong Zhou zhi min ke ling yi yang Xi Zhou, er shou m'ing yu jiin yi." Xi Zhou jiin yue: "Shan." Siizi yi de liang guo zhi jin ye.

Jin chyi min jie jonq may, wu tuo jonq yii. Jiun ruoh yuh hay jy, bu ruoh i wey shiah shoei, yii binq chyi suoo jonq. Shiah shoei, tzer Dong Jou bih fuh jonq daw; jonq daw, erl fuh dwo jy. Ruoh shyh, tzer Dong Joujy min kee linq i yeang Shi Jou, erl show minq yu jiun yii." Shi Jou jiun iue: "Shann." Sutzyy yih der Ieang gwo jy jin yee.

60

LESSON 19

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Xian.zai Dong Zhou .de biiix'ing dou zhong mai.zi, bu zhong bie.de liang.shl .le. Nin jiaruo xiangyao hm Dong Zhou, bii ni gei ta.men fang yic'i shui lai siinhai ta.men zhong.de mm.zi. Nin yao.sh'i fang.xia shui .qii, na.me Dong Zhou yi ding hu'i zai zhong dao.zi; Dong Zhou zhong dao.zi, nin jiii zai tingzhi fang shui. Ruguo xiang zhei.yang, na.me nin jiii neng shi Dong Zhou .de brux'ing wanquan yilai Xi Zhou, jieguo jiii jieshou nin.de m'ingl'ing .le." Xi Zhou jiin shuo: "Hao." Siizi ye de.dao liang guo .de choujin .a.

Now the Eastern Zhou people all are planting wheat and nothing else. If you wish to harm them, it would be better to let the water flow downstream once to spoil the wheat that they have planted. If you let the water flow downstream, the Eastern Zhou will certainly plant rice again; when they have planted rice, then you stop it again. If you do it this way, you can make the people of the Eastern Zhou depend completely on the Western Zhou and as a result accept orders from you." The Western Zhou ruler said: "Excellent!" Siizi also received compensation for his services from both kingdoms.

61

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Cbi.i, Wei Wuzi you bi qie, w1i ii. Wuzi jf, mlng Ke yue: "Bi jia sbi. •• Jf bing ze yue: "Bi yi wei xun." Jf ZU, Ke jia zhi, yue: "Jf bing ze luan, wu c6ng qf zbi ye."

Jye Tsao Baw En Tzuoojuann Shiuangong shyrwuunian

Cbu, Wey Wuutzyy yeou bib cbieb, wu tzyy. Wuutzyy jyi, minq Ke iue: "Bib jiah sbyb." Jyi binq tzer iue: "Bib yii wei sbiunn." Jyi tzwu, Ke jiah jy, iue: "Jyi binq tzer luann, wu tsomg cbyi jyb yee."

62

LESSON 20

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Qi chii, Wei wuzi you .ge chongai .de yl tai.tai, ta mei.you hai.zi. Wuzi bing .le, mingling ta.de er.zi Wei Ke shuo: "Ni yiding yao ba zhei.ge qie jia chii.qu." Wiizi bing zhong .le que shuo: "Ni ylding yao yong ta lai gei wo pei zang." Dengdao Wuzi si .le, Wei Ke ba nei.ge yi tai.tai jia .le chii.qu, ta shuo: "Ren bing zhong .le jiu shenzhi buqing .le, wo tingc6ng ta shenzhi qingxing shl .de mlng.fing .a."

KNOTTING GRASS TO REPAY A KINDNESS

Originally, Wei Wiizi had a favorite concubine; she had no children. When Wiizi fell

ill, he ordered his son, Wei Ke, saying: "You must marry her off." When Wiizi became severely ill, he said instead: "You must have her buried with me as a sacrificial offering." When Wiizi died, Wei Ke married her off. He said: "When a person is so severely ill, his senses are disordered, I obeyed the charge he gave when his mind was right."

63

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Ji 'Fiisbi zbi yi', Ke jian Hio ren jie cao yi kang Du Hui. Du Hui zbi er dian, gu buo zbi. Ye meng zhi yue: ·"Yu, er suo jia fu ren zbi fU ye. Ef yong xian ren zbi zhl ming, yu sbi yibao."

Jyi 'Fuu sbyb jy yib ', Ke jiann lao ren jye tsao yii kanq Dub Hwei. Dub Hwei jyb erl dian, gub buob jy. Yeb menq jy iue: "Yu, eel suoo jiab fub ren jy fub yee. Eel yonq sbian renjy jyb minq, yu sbyb yii baw."

64

LESSON 20

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Dengdao 'Fiishi zhi yi' .de shi.hou , Wei ke kan.jian yi.ge lam·en bi cao ctacheng jie lm lanzii Du Hui. Du Hui ban .le yi.xia jiu diedao .le, suo.yi Wei ke fuhuo .le ta. Ye.li Wei ke mengjian nei.ge laoren shuo: "Wo jiu.shi ni jiachii.qu .de nei.ge nn.ren .de fu.qin .a. Ni yong ni fu.qin shengqian shenzhi qingxing shi .de mingling, wo yinci baoda ni."

At the time of 'The battle of Fiishi', Wei Ke saw an old man knotting up grass to impede Du Hui. Du Hui stumbled and fell down; therefore Wei Ke captured him. At night, Wei Ke dreamt he saw this old man, who said: "I am the father of that woman whom you married off. You followed the order that your deceased father gave when he was in his right mind; for this I am repaying you."

65

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Yangzi zhi Hn ren wang yang, jl shuai qi' dang, you qing Yangzi zhi shu zhui zhi. Yangzi yue: "Xi! Wang yl yang, he zhui zhe zhi zhong?" Lin ren yue: "Duo qi'lu."

Chyi Luh Wang Yang Liehtzyy Shuofwu

Yangtzyy jy lin ren wang yang, jib shuay chyi daang, yow chiing Yangtzyy jy shuh juei jy. Yangtzyy iue: "Shi! Wang i yang, her juei jee jy jonq?" Lin ren iue: "Duo chyi luh."

66

LESSON 21

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Yangzi .de linjii diii .le yang, linjiiji shuailing .zhe ta.de qinshii, you qingqiu Yangzi .de xiaosi yikuair qu zhuigan paodiao .de yang. Yangzi shuo: "Yi! diii.le yizhi yang, wei shen.me zhui t:i .de ren na.me duo?" Linjii shuo: "Yin. wei you hen duo chruu."

A SHEEP IS LOST AT THE FORKED ROAD

Yangzi's neighbor lost a sheep; the neighbor not only led his relatives, but also asked y angzi' s young servant boys to go together with them to chase after the lost sheep. Yangzi said: "Hey! You've lost one sheep, why are so many people chasing after it?" The neighbor said: "Because there are many forked paths."

67

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"Huo yang hii?'' Yue: "Wang zhi yl." Yue: "Xi wang zhi?" Yue: "Qi lu zhi zhong you you qi yan, wu bu zhi suo zhi, suo yi fan ye." Yangzi qi ran bian r6ng, bu yan zhe yi shi, bu xiao zhe jlng rl.

Jib faan, wenn: "Huoh yang hu?'' lue: "Wangjy yii." Iue: "Shi wangjy?" Iue: "Chyi luh jy jong yow yeou chyi ian, wu bu jy suoo jy, suoo yii faan yee." Yangtzyy chi ran biann rong, bu yan jee yi shyr, bu shiaw jee jinq ryh.

68

LESSON 21

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Lfnjii huflcii .le yihou, Yangzi wen: "Zhaodao yang .le .rna?" Lfnjii shuo: "Ba yang .gei diii .le." Yangzi shuo: "Wei shen.me ba yang .gei diu .le .ne?'' Lfnjii shuo: "Chruii .II you you chalii, wo bu zhidao ta pao.dao na tiao chalii shang .qu.le, suo.yi jiu huflai .la." y angzi hen youshang .de gmbian .le lianshang .de shenqfng, chenmo .le hen jiii, yi zhengtian dou bu xiao.

After the neighbor had returned, Yangzi asked: "Did you find the sheep?" The neighbor said: "I have lost it." Yangzi said: "Why did you lose it?" The neighbor said: "There are even more forked paths in the forked paths; I do not know down which path it ran; therefore, I returned." Yangzi's expression became very morose; he was silent then for a long time and did not laugh even once the whole day.

69

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Song reo you min qf miao zh'i bu zhang er ya zh'i zhe. Mang mang ran gu'i, wei qf reo yue: "Ji'n rl bing yi! Yu zhu miao zhang yi!" Qf zi qiii er wang shi zhl, miao ~ ga.O yi.

Yah Miau ~enqtzyy

Ciongsuenchooushanq

Sonq reo yeou miin chyi miau jy bu jaang erl yah jy jee. Mang mang ran guei, wey chyi reo iue: "Jin ryh binq yii! Yu juh miau jaang yii!" Chyi tzyy chiu erl woang shyh jy, miau tzer gao yii.

70

LESSON 22

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Yi Miao You.ge diinxin tii.de mh1o zhang .bu dajiu qu ba miao ba giio yidianr .de Song.gu6 ren, tii hen lei .de hui jiii, gao.su tii jiii.li .de ren shuo: 'Tm.tiiin wo ke lei hum .la! wo giingcm biingzhu miao zhang gao .le!" Tii.de er.zi pao.zhe dao tian.li qu kan miao, miao yuan.lm dou yi.Jing kii .la.

PULLING UP THE SPROUTS

There was a person from the state of Song who was concerned that his sprouts would not grow tall and so pulled them up a bit. He returned home exhausted and spoke to the people in his family saying: "Today I am tired out! I have just helped the sprouts grow taller!" His son ran to the fields to look at the sprouts, but it turned out that the sprouts had all withered.

71

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Tiiin xia zhi bu zhu mhio zhang zhe gua yi. Yi wei wu yi er she zhi zhe, bu yun mhio zhe ye; zhu zhi zhang zhe, ya miao zhe ye. Fei hi wu yl, er you hai zhi.

Tian shiah jy bu juh miau jaang jee goa yii. Yii wei wu yih erl shee jy jee, bu yun miau jee yee; juhjy jaangjee, yah miaujee yee. Fei twu wu yih, erl yow hay jy.

72

LESSON 22

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Tian.xia bu bang.zhu mhio zhang .de ren tai shao .Ia. Renwei peiyang ta mei.you hao.chu jiu

ta .de ren shl bu tl miao chudiao yecao .de ren; bangzhu ta zhang .de ren shl ba miao ba gao yl.dianr .de ren. Yamiao zhei zhong ZUOia bujin mei.you hao.chu, ian.er hai hm .le ta.

fangql

The people in the world who do not help their sprouts grow are few indeed! The people who think there is no advantage in nurturing something and thus abandon it are the people who do not weed their sprouts. The people who want to help something grow are the people who pull their sprouts up a bit. This method of pulling the sprouts up a bit not only has no benefit, but on the contrary also harms them.

73

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Yan ren sheng yu Yan, zhang yu Chu, ji lao er huan ben guo. Guo nn guo, tong

xing zhe kuang zhi, zhi cheng yue: "Ci Yan guo zhi cheng." Qi ren qiao ran bian r6ng.

Ian Ren

Liehtzyy Joumuhwang

Ian ren sheng yu Ian, jaang yu Chuu, jyi lao erl hwan been gwo. Guoh Jinn gwo, torng shyng jee kwang jy, jyy chemg iue: "Tsyy Ian gwo jy chemg." Chyi ren cheau ran biann rong.

74

LESSON 23

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Yin Ren You yf.ge Yangu6 ren, zai Yangu6 chusheng, zai Chiigu6 zhangda, deng dao lao .le .de shf.hou huf ta zl.ji .de lao.jia .qii.

zm ta jlng.guo nngu6 .de shf.hou, gen ta yiqi zou.de ren

pian ta, zhi.zhe chengqiang shuo: "Zhe shi Yangu6 .de chengqiang." Nei.ge Yangu6 ren hen nanguo.de grubian .le lian.shang.de shenqfng.

THE MAN FROM YAN

There was a man of the state of Yan who was born in Yan, grew up in the state of Chii, and when he grew old, returned to his native land. While he was passing through the state of nn, the person travelling together with him tricked him; pointing at the city wall, he said: "This is the city wall of the state of Yan." This man from Yan glumly changed his expression.

75

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Jyy sheh iue: "Tsyy ruoh Iii jy sheh." Nae kuey ran erl tann. Jyy sheh iue: "Tsyy ruoh shian ren jy lu." Nae jiuann ran erl chih. Jyy Ioong iue: "Tsyy ruoh shian ren jy joong." Chyi ren ku bu tzyh jinn.

76

LESSON 23

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Yiqi zou.de reo zhi.zhe tudimiao shuo: "Zhe shi ni ciin.zi.li.de tiidimiao." Nei.ge Y"angu6 reo jiu hen beiai .de tan qi. Yiqi zou.de reo zhi.zhe fang.zi shuo: "Zhe.shl ni ziixian.de rrnioshe." Nei.ge Yangu6 reo jiu yanlei tentenluoxia.de kii .le. Yiqi zou.de reo zhi .zhe yfpian fendui shuo: "Zhe shi ni zuxian .de fenmu." Nei.ge Yangu6 reo kii .de zhi .bu zhu zi.ji.

The person travelling with him pointed at an altar to the local god of the soil and said: "This is your village's altar to the local god of the soil." The man from Yan then sighed heavyheartedly. The person travelling with him pointed at a cottage and said: "This is your ancestors' thatched cottage." The man from Yan then cried, the tears streaming in rivulets down his face. The person travelling with him pointed at some tumuli and said: "These are your ancestors' grave mounds." This person from Yan could not stop himself from crying.

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Tong xing zhe e ran da xiao yue: "Yu xi dai ruo, ci Jin guo er." Qi reo da can. Ji zhi Yiin, zhen jian ran guo zhi cheng she, zhen jian xian reo zhi lu zhong, bei xin geng wei.

Tomg shyng jee eh ran dah shiaw iue: "Yu shi day ruoh, tsyy Jinn gwo eel." Chyi ren dab tsam. Jyi jyh Ian, jen jiann Ian gwo jy chemg sheh, jen jiann shian reo jy lu joong, bei shin genq uei.

78

LESSON 23

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Gen ta ylqi zou .de ren haha da xiao shuo: "Wo gangcm pian ni, zhe.li zhi buguo shl nngu6 ba.le." Nei.ge Yiingu6 ren reichang cankul. Dengdao ta dao .le Yangu6 .de shihou, zhen kanjian .le Yangu6 .de chengqiang gen tiidlmiao, zhen kanjian .le ziixian .de nuiohi gen fenmu, ta .de beishiing .de xinqfng iandao qingwei duo .le.

The person travelling with him spoke with a gaffaw, said: "Just now I tricked you; this is only the state of nn." This man from Yan was mortified. When he arrived in the state of Yan and truly saw the state of Yiin' s city wall and altar to the local god of the soil and truly saw his ancestors' thatched cottage and grave mounds, his feelings of grief were instead ~ven less intense than before.

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Chii you cf zhe, c'i ql sheren zhi jiii. Sheren xiang wel yue: "Shu ren yin zhi, bu zu; yl ren yin zhi, you yu. Qing hua dl wei she, xian cheng zhe yin jiii." Yi ren she xian cheng.

Huah Sher Tian Tzwu

Janngwotseh Chyitseh

Chuu yeou tsyr jee, tsyh chyi shehren jy jeou. Shehren shiang wey iue: "Shuh ren yiinjy, buh tzwu; yih ren yiinjy, yeou yu. Chiing huah dih wei sher, shian cherngjee yiin jeou." Yih ren sher shian cherng.

80

LESSON 24

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Chugu6 you .ge jisi .de ren, d.gei ta .de menke yi bei jiu. Menke.men ylkuair shang.lhing shuo: "Ji.ge ren he zhei beijiii,jiii bugou; yi.ge ren he ti, que you tai duo. Rang za.men zai dimian .shang hua zuo yitlao she, xiin hua wan .de ren he jiii." Yi.ge ren she xiin hua cheng .le.

DRAWING A SNAKE AND ADDING FEET

In the state of Chii there was a person performing a sacrifice; he offered his retainers a goblet of liquor. The retainers discussed this among themselves saying: "With several people drinking this goblet, the liquor will not suffice; with one person drinking it, there will be more than enough. Let us each draw a picture of snake on the ground; the one who finishes first drinks the liquor." One person finished drawing a snake first.

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Yin jiu qie yin, nai zuo shou chi zhi, you shou hua she yue: "Wti neng wei zhi zti." Wei cheng, yl ren zhi she cheng. Du6 qf zhi yue: "She gu wti zti, zi an neng wei zhi zti ?" Sui yin qf jiu. Wei she zti zhe zhong wang qf jill.

Yiin jeou chiee yiin, nae tzuoo shoou chyr jy, yow shoou huah sher iue: "Wu neng wey jy tzwu." Wey chemg, yih ren jy sher chemg. Dwo chyi jy iue: "Sher guh wu tzwu, tzyy an neng wey jy tzwu ?" Suey yiin chyi jeou. Wey sher tzwu jee jong wang chyi jeou.

82

LESSON 24

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Tii mi .guo jiu lru jiang.yao he, que yong zuoshou duan .zhe jiuooi ' yong youshou hua .zhe she shuo: " Wo neng gei ta tian .shang jUio." Tii .de shejUio hru mei.you hua wan, llng yf.ge ren .de she hua cheng .le. Nei.ge ren qiang .guo nei zhl jiuooi shuo : "She benlai mei.you jiao, nin zen. me neng gei ta tian .shang jiao .ne?'' jiu ba nei bei jiu he diao .le. Gei she tian jiao .de ren zhongyu shldiao .le ta .de jiu.

He took up the liquor and was about to drink, but using his left hand to hold the goblet while drawing the snake with his right, he said: "I can add feet to it." His snake's feet were not yet completed, when another person's snake was completed. That person grabbed away the goblet and said: "A snake by nature has no feet; how can you add feet to it?" Thereupon, he drank the liquor. In the end, the one who added feet to his snake lost his liquor.

83

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Hio Liang Zhi Y6u Zhuangzi Qiiishui

Zhuangzi yii Hulzi you yu Hao liang zhi shang. Zhuangzi yue: "Tiao yu chii you cong rong, shl y6 zhi le ye." Hulzi yue: "Zl rei yu, in zhi y6 zhi le?" Zhuangrl yue: "Zl rei wo, an zhi wo zhi bu zhi yu zhi le?"

Haur Liang Jy You Juangtzyy Chioushoei

Juangtzyy yeu Hueytzyy you yu Haur liang jy shanq. Juangtzyy iue: "Tyau yu chu you tsong rong, shyh yu jy leh yee." Hueytzyy iue: "Tzyy fei yu, an jy yu jy leh?" Juangtzyy iue: "Tzyy fei woo, an jy woo jy bu jy yu jy leh?"

84

LESSON 15

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Hao Liang Zhi You Zhuangzi gen Huizi zru Haoshui .de qiao shang xianyou. Zhiiangzi shoo: "Tiao yu fuchii shuimian huo zru shuizhong youdong .de hen zi.zru, zhe shi yu kurule .a!" Huizi shoo: "Nin bu.shi yu, nin zen.me zhidao yu kuaile .ne?" Zhuangzi shoo: "Nin bu.shi WO, nin zen.me zhi.dao wo bu zhi.dao yu kuaile .ne?''

A STROLL ON THE BRIDGE OVER THE HAO RIVER

Zhuangzi and Huizi were strolling on the Hao River bridge. Zhuangzi said: "The minnows dart in and out of the water, leisurely and contendedly swimming -- this is fish being happy." Huizi said: "You are not a fish; how do you know that the fish are happy ?" · Zhuangzi said: "You are not I; so how do you know that I do not know the fish are happy?"

85

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Zhuangzi yue: "Qing xun qi ben. Zi yue 'Rii an zh'i yule' ~n zhe, Ji yi zhi wu zh'i zh'i er wen wo, wo zh'i zh'i hao shang ye."

Hueytzyy iue: "Woo fei tzyy, guh bujy tzyy yii; tzyy guh fei yu yee, tzyy jy bujy yujy leh, chyuan yii." Juangtzyy iue: "Chiing shyun chyi been. Tzyy iue 'Ruu anjy yu leh' yunjee, jib yii jy wu jy jy erl wenn woo, woo jy jy Haur shanq yee."

86

LESSON 25

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Hulzi shuo: "Wo bu.sh'i nin, wo guran bu zhi.dao nin .Ia; nin benlai ye bu.sh'i yu .a, nin bu zhi.dao yu kuaile sh'i haowuyiwen .de .Ia." Zhuangzi shuo: "Rang za.men hui.dao bianlun .de qidian. Nin shuo 'nin zen.me zhi.dao yu kuaile .a,' nin yijing zhi.dao wo zhidao yu

kuaile .le em wen wo c6ng nar zhi.dao yu kuaile .de. Wo zru Haoshui .de qiao.shang zhi.dao '•1'e .de .a." yu'kuw

Hu'izi said: "I am not you; indeed, I don't know you; you by nature are not a fish: there is absolutely no question that you don't know that the fish are happy." Zhuangzi said: "Let's go back to the starting point of our argument. When you said, 'How did you come to know this,' you already had to have known that I knew the fish are happy, only then could you have asked me where I knew it from. I came to know it from being on the bridge over the Hao River."

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Qi Huangong Shi Guin Zhong Zhi Guo Shuoyuan Ziinxian

Qf Hmingong shi Guan Zhong zhl guo, Guan Zhong dul yue: "Jian bu neng Hn gul." Huangong yi wei shang qing, er guo bu zhl. Huangong yue: "He gu?'' Guan Zhong dul yue: "Pin bu neng shi fu." Huangong cl zhi Qi. guo shl zii yl nian, er guo bu zhl.

Chyi Hwangong Shyy Goan Jonq Jyh Gwo Shuoyuann Tzuenshyan Chyi Hwangong shyy Goan Jonq jyh gwo, Goan Jonq duey iue: "Jiann bu neng lin guey." Hwangong yii wei shanq ching, erl gwo bujyh. Hwangong iue: "Her guh?" Goan Jonq duey iue: "Pyn bu neng shyy fuh." Hwangong tsyh jy Chyi gwo shyh tzu i nian, erl gwo bujyh.

88

LESSON 26

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Qi Huangong Shi Guan Zhong Zhi Guo Qf Hmingong ming.llng Guan Zhong guanli gu6zheng, Guan Zhong hufda shuo: "Dl. wei di .de ren biineng tongzhl dl. wei gao .de ren." Hmingong renmlng Guan Zhong zuo shangqing, keshi gu6jia hai bu tai.pfng. Huangong shuo: "Gu6jia yin. wei shen.me yuan.gii hai bu tai.pfng .ne?'' Guan Zhong hufda shuo: "Pfnqi6ng .de ren biineng chruqian fiiyou .de ren." Huangong cl.gei ta Qfgu6 yl nian .de huowii shui, ke.shl gu6jia hai bu tai.pfng.

DUKE HUAN OF QI ORDERS GUAN ZHONG TO ADMINSTER THE AFFAIRS OF STATE

Duke Hulin of Qf ordered Guan Zhong to administer the affairs of state. Guan Zhong responded, saying: "Those of low rank cannot rule over those of high rank." Duke Huan appointed Guan Zhong the chief minister, yet still the state of Qf was not peaceful and orderly. Duke Huan said: "Why is the state not yet peaceful and orderly?" Guan Zhong responded, saying: "Those who are poor cannot order about those who are rich." Duke Huan bestowed on him the proceeds from the commodity taxes of Qf for one year, yet the state was still not peaceful and orderly.

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Hmingong yue: "He gu?'' Dui yue : "Shii bu neng zhi qin." Hmingong li yi wei jongfu, Qf

guo da an, er sui ba tian xia.

Kongzi yue: "Guan Zhong zhi xian, bu de ci san qmin zhe, yi

bu neng shi qf jiin min mian er 00 yi."

Hwangong iue: "Her guh?" Duey iue: "Shu bu neng jyh chin." Hwangong lih yii wei Jonqfuh, Chyi gwo dah an, erl suey bah tian shiah. Koongtzyy iue: "Goan Jonq jy shyan, bu der tsyy san chyuan jee, yih bu neng shyy chyi jiun nan miann erl bah yii."

90

LESSON 26

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Huangong shuo: "Gu6jia yin. wei shen.me yuan.gu hai bu tru.pfng .ne?" Guan Zhong hufda shuo: "Gen jiinzhii guan.xl yuan .de ren buneng kong.zhl gen jiinzhii guan.xl jln .de reo." Huangong ba ta sheng dao jf gao .de di. wei, ziincheng ta wei Zhongfu, Qfgu6 jiu bian .de reichang trupfng, zhongyu cheng.wei quan tianxia zhiih6u .de lingxiu. Kongzi shuo: "Pfng Guan Zhong na.me you caigan, yao.shl ta debudao zhe sanzhong quanshl .a, na.me ye jiu buneng shi ta .de jiinzhii miandul .zhe nanf"ang chengwei zhiih6u .de lingxiu .le!"

Duke Hmin said: "Why is the state still not peaceful and orderly?" Guan Zhong responded, saying: "Those distant from the ruler cannot control those close to the ruler." Duke Huan raised him up to the highest position, and with all due respect called him Uncle Zhong. Then the state of Qf became very peaceful and in the end gained control over all the feudal lords on earth. Confucius said: "Even someone with Guan Zhong's capability, had he been unable to get these three kinds of power, would, indeed, not have been able to have caused his ruler to be facing south, acknowledged as the leader of the feudal princes."

91

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

~**~~~~**~~~ ~**~~~ ~**~~~

is ~ r J! ~ , ~ r M It z o 1J Jjt iffi ~ tE :A wo • r MB: "@~¥, ~~ llft¥£:Aw 1>iiizra,, o

iffi ~ tE rt 11
=fX~~tJ-1:k.tJ-JI.1 (l.»)

*(

tB

AZ

Jli

CTb / r ® c $ f A £ 5 £~t i l o0 lJ)] M PPlilt~

3 .& 3.

( L . 20 ) (L.lO)

4.11 =fX~~tJ-1:k.tJ-JI.1o

s.5 .;)t ^

< ( ~z.) E £ )

(L.38)

fift z. S Lft U ~ . # , ’:et o KJtiJ O fr ff^

(L.40)

o°

B. ?If+ + Prep B. Prep ++ V= V= NN Nl Nl

1. 1.

JJt lit

2.

^TfcTb

3. 3.

4. 4.

lJ N2 N2 Tb l'J lb ~ f Q~ R

S

:etau § * !l

PJ 75

*~

~A. Wk

~ tB £Z pPft Jt J^ vV til 0° ZPft~ 2 .S L M . I~ S tiltB° 0 (J;A : ~~) Oik : B & )

m*OO

(L.t9> (L.i9)

1~ oo

(L.17) (L.17)

Z.fift~ m ^ J l t tB i l o0 (J;A:Jf.J) m • ffl) z.~

filill P3I

1F W

® ~tBo til°

Sentences Using 'zuyi': ‘zuyi’:

tBo til ° tBo a;)tiP ® & •

vV --

A. a.

BZm ~z.~

JE~ s a ~

b. B.

m

?FIE.Pl * g ja

a~

c.

?"

~IE.~

iti

N N

£~

257

0O

1~-r

o

1~-T?

(L.28) (l.28) (L.29)

(L.29)

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

14.

ftfh4Q A.

Passive Sentences:

5ft ~ iiJ fl f~ '

Nl

~ ifii ~ ~

Nl B.

~

N2

v

*A.

~0

v pff ''

N2

~ ~

PIT

~

(~=lf) (L.3)

(~···

ffi =li)

0

(¥till lit ...... )

Jl v Jl If

Nl

c.

~1-T ~A.~

Nl

D.

&:' Jl ~tl!

B-T!i

(L.3S)

0

(220-265 A.D.>~ (265 - 419 A.D.> Xinyu

12. 1!!: ~IT ~g Shishuo

if! )

;Uj ~ r a carriage [:8~J~tt*~~~~-~G~m~oft~m~~~·

D~ fei shii 9.

~ (

[:8~Jffifi;~tt*~~~~-~~~-:r-;

7. ~mian

s.

r:g ~PJ J ~ ffl'; a mat

rth ~ii] ]

5. ~ct~ng 6.

r:8 ~PJ J A:8 ; !l! ~ , :8 $ , * tJJ ~ personal name; surnamed Guan, named Nign, and courtesy named You-an r:8 ~PJ ] A:8 ; t'± ¥ , :8 ~ , * r f/!, personal name; surnamed Hua, named :x-m, and courtesy named Zi-yu rIiiU ~PJ J M~ once

*

a

OOftMWA~&:8±~~-o~*M~··-* ~ ~ if ~~ )( !i! i'F Jlo ' t!! ~ - ffB if~ -1!!: j~ ¥1J E.. "I!!:

*cu ~~3~-~~ o 259

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

title of a book; A New Account of the Tales of the World, authored by the retainers of Prince ofLinchuan, Liu Yiqing (403-444), and published under Liu 's name. As a lively record of words and deeds of scholar-officials from Eastern Han down to the end of the Jin dynasty, it is a valuable source for the study of Chinese society and intellectual life. The book has been translated into English by Richard Mather. 13. tl~'J

Dexing

~*

r~~l

«mm~~»•~•~~-,wMeti&•~~ ti3A.tl3~tB&~'J~ Moral Conduct--a chapter heading in Shlshuo XiiJyil

fc:o, ~ Answer the following questions in either Chinese or English: t.i*aAtt$to•tt~!t.{I(JJJ:w~~~1f.~?

Do you think that Guan Ning's breaking off with Hua Xln is fully justified?

*-

2. -/ca -{,~ ~ f" $ ' -f* .f. ;t Jl1At ? What would you do if you were in the position of Guan Ning?

260

EXERCISES

\¥?J

~*

11 ~ l!~

••~~~9Tffi~•~•4~Ba•~

Consult the glossaries given below and then translate the following passage into modem Chinese or into English:

z i~ ~ =~ , Jt -A. jt , 1t -A. m- o jt if ~g »~ m- if a

~

=

,

:g:

foHm?" mifB: "-=ffoJM=mH1?" B: "R-W!i-a$

#Azftj~'

~~o"aifa:

"R~~*#Aft*ffi~'~*~fu;~foJM=fitt

?"~~~,jtif~m~~,~~mifomif~~~o

~ ~ *~ ~ (Peng Duanshu)

..

~

~.3:. l'l=f"

«4

"' -1t m7- iJ. ))

:

1. l.ishii

r~ Ji!J ] r~

l i1 @~

r~

] ~ ~ a monk Ji!J ] ~ ; ri ff ~ poor ] 15- IDf to tell ] :m ~ to intend to ] ~\j HK ii ~ ~~ lf 1St (tu6)W

yo 6. t1K yo

Ji!J r~ JPJ rw fl. r111 Ji!J r111 fttJ

1. m~

~

2. @~hi

M seng

3.

4. j{ pin

s.

~g

NaoMi

8.

M' shl foJr.J

he shl 9.

tt wang

10. JfN. ping

tt.ttltoo

ll9 }II Sichuan, name of a province ;

i1 ~ ~~ it!! 15

border area; a remote place

Mt. PUtu6 in Zhejiang province;

a sacred place for Buddhism

r111 Ji!J ] i'i to rely on r11J Ji!J ml ~ C~ J

g M what to rely on?

r 111 l ¥U ••• ~ to go there r ~ Ji!J ] 1m -r- a bottle r~ Ji!J ] ~ r¥1 mi! fli B~ *I!§ monk/nun] ( lD

• ft. -i.l; (nigii)

'

~ li9i! an alms bowl [of a Buddhist r¥J ' Jb ~OJ tl. ~ ~ 3$ ioJ A ft.*¥)

a nun

• 1t ~ (hua yuan) to solicite alms (as a means for favorable karma) 12.

JE zu

13.

l:ii

* 14.ti1F.*

shU ni:in l:ii

[ W fl. Jm ] JE~ ; ~enough [ Jib Ji!) ] tJ. ever since r~ rm Ji!J l ~r ~ 1F t1. ~:t ~ 1F iW ¥1J !Jt 1±

*

*;

for the past several years; since several years ago

261

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

r111 ~ Hi l fl (gu>-ill ll:t ; • (lin> -ill Iii to rent/hire a boat r • 1m ] ¥1J i¥f15 / il "* to go to the south r IIJ 1m ] li still

15.Jf r.t mai zhOu 16.

""f xia

17. ~you

18. ~ BJ) ~ ( I1J ~ yue ming nian

Hi ]

=

~ ~ BJ) ~ ; ~

--+

¥1J 7

m

7

BJ) ~ past the second year ~ on the third year

r • f.!) ] 1§- IDi to tell; to inform W-15- .. :a- r• 1m li ] w. (z) 1§- • :a- to tell the wealthy monk of it yi gao fii zhe 20. ttJi can r~ w f.!) ] tfli 1l to be ashamed ttJif!!. r ~ f.!l ml tti 11 tG ml f!!. ; 1ti fl tf1 •• f!!. a shamefaced look 19.1§- gOO

can se

~

f=, 1f. Answer the following questions: Lit M •J• -.\t :$ .f.~1Ji: tt :f-1't Ji ?

What do you think the story is trying to say?

2.

"It 'li 1t

0

Comment on the wealthy monk.

262

EXERCISES

'fo~Jt~JJ~~o"

ran

x

x

je:_ 89 ~ Bit Jit t3 fi ~ -9tTranslate the following passage into modern Chinese or into English: ~§m~e~A~,mM~~~o~A~§ma:

,~~~o"§ma:

"~*~•,~•~~o~ft~*~'~§

mM&8?"~ft~,~§ma:

wa~~?"§ma= o"~~~B:

"~~~~

"*•~,-~-~o~W~~

"~A~~,~~~~;•~u•~~Aa

"ft¥~ft~A,ffiA~-~~o"~m~wm,

'fo~Jt~JJ~~o" 'fo~Jt~JJ~~o"

'fo~Jt~JJ~~o" 'fo~Jt~JJ~~o" ~it: 1. iij

E: fs

Xtin Jub6

2. jl yuan 3. J-*ji 4. {i zhi

5. i!i~~ hti zei 6. ;J:~ gong 1.

!Bjun

8•

~:&

iia

yu'

9. ~~ xiang

'fo~Jt~JJ~~o" 'fo~Jt~JJ~~o" [ IU iiiJ ] jl il :l:t!!-----+ ¥1J til jl ~~ :l:t!! 15 ~ to travel far [ ~ fllj ] AAi illness [ IJJ Jllj ] :Je ¥1J it happens that [ ~ Jllj ~ ] i!i~ A. ; t:fl II~~ 1:f )( ~t. ft ~~A. the nomads

[ 111 fllj ] :ft fJ

to attack

[~~lt:flll~tt~ftB~~,~UM* a political division in ancient China; a prefecture

[ 111 Jllj ]

~ IDf to tell

[ lid JiB ] li. ~~ mutually ; ~D " ~~ " ~ Yt ~ &. ~ tJJ gP] {§. • ti{ ~g ' .. ~H .. ff ~(] ~t :g ~PJ " ~ .. , " f~ " , ~ " -flh "

*

m

' {'J= j{ ~g o When the word 'xiang' is followed by a transitive which does not have an object, the word 'xiang' then functions as the pronominal object meaning 'me', 'you' or 'him/her'

lO.~~:m_

xiang shl

11.1& ba1 12. ft yl 13.1&ft bai yl

JltAI "f!:l" .m ~D ~t :8 ~ii.l [ 1JJ Jllj jj ] # {~ to visit you [ Jib fllj ] I& tl to corrupt; to ruin [ ~ til] ]

mft

[JJJJl!lm l

a sense of righteousness

l&ti£IDihira,~Jmft to spoil our friendship

263

"f~" here it means 'you'

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER

~it: ~it: qi ye 15.

aj•

16. 1fi jiin

17.::k11! dajiin

[m~]

DJIH! ~] .• ,II@? ~ 1ft ~] •• ,II@ ?

1f!lf¥ army; troop [ ~ pig~~ l it ::k ~~f· ~---+ ft fi'Ha 1JI ~ our troops

[ ~ 1ig ]

ml ~ ms ; fl fl !B the entire prefecture

[ ~ jig

19. • jln

[ IU ~ ] 7i; ~ ;

20. ~kong

[~~jig] ~ empty

[ lb jig ] &foJ~-T rU he zi

mm

22. ~ du 23.

Jl: zhi

how can this be...?

[ IU ~ig l B ~ already

18. ~ms yi jiin

21.19:. rU

can this be ... ?

• ~

~ gB totally; completely

7

to be evacuated

[ft~Jig] {~you

[ ~ rdJ ~ IJf1ij ] 19:. [ ~ ) foJ ~ -T ? [ IU pig ] [ ., ~ig ]

~

13

alone; singly

w; if ---+ if r

to stay; to remain

24. ~11..

[lb~igj~] ~1],.,(J; ,(Jf!lJ1t~7

25. ~wei

[ ., ~ig ] ~ •

26.$ ning

[ Db lb Jig ] $ fj would rather ~ ---+ $ to use; to take

buren

27. ~ yi 28. ~soon 29.

{t d8i

What a man are you?

disturbed (characterized by pity); cannot stand the sight of [something]; cannot bear to [do something]

; ~

r

to abandon; to desert

[., ] m

[ ~ f.ll] ~~~---+ ~ $ life

[ lb ~

] {t tf

to take the place of; to substitute for

~H~tt~A$:$ft~~$ftfi~A~~$ ~it

30.

ft.M

wobei

[ ~ Jig m]

m]

31. flf Gffi ban shi

[ ., ~ig

32. li huan

[

33. ~ quan

[ I1J pig ]

-~~

bing huo quan

I1J f.IJ ] liD

fi IDl ~ 9E

ft flRJ

to die instead of my friend

we; we folks

D\J IHJ •

~ to recall the troop; to withdraw the troop

* II *)

X yi 5. 5. ~ $□ shi sh! 6. 6. t:H tB chii chu 7. 7. -13: £ qii qu 8. 8. B B t~ rl ri zhong zhong

[ IJ H1Jl!J b»1lilt po] ] ¥1J :!l $ -1:;: ~i rJ1i. to to take take aa tour tour to to the the east east * i«l ] 'hI%-F St) jl!J fnj ]] [ IJ

5 '\SM5E.

a child; children

debate; to to argue argue m~ r, Ill : *m toto debate;

[ 1J $11Jl!J 0 ]] ~ iX^i~ to to think; think; to to believe believe W)Jl!J 10 ]] 1m ~~ to to start; start; to to begin [ 1J begin [ IJ to $ ) Jl!J 10 ]] t:li tB ~ 2?5 :* :ff?(■ ~ i£B to come come out; out; to to rise rise [ 1J Jl!l ]] i§ Win ? 5 SII 6 to to be be away away from from [~ B # flU f U ljl!J i 0 ]l ::t ~~ P i :ff- ¥1J f IJ~ ~ A~ G:) ~ 4* ra, Pal §C 5iL :; ~ 4 1lf

*

9. f)] chii 9. W chu

[ ld jl!J]

10 10.$:~ che che gal gai

[ ~ fl!J ] i5 it

11 1 1. .• ^• S pan yU yu

* 1Jl!l 0 ]l !JIT-~~11 SI ? IS tl(qian>~*iil $1 (qian) (ft ^ (wan) [~ aa plate plate or or aa large large shallow shallow bowl bowl

12. ~wei wei 12.

r•tliJ] I I 10] ~ £ J f Z'# & rnl m ]] [~

.

pan

13.fct t.5{ & 13.tt

cang liang liang cang

14. ~l~ mm 14. tan tan tang tang

M r# 9D~t~

ru tan tan tang tang ni

noontime; noontime; midday midday

Ji!~ just about just [done q|| just about [to [to do do something]; something]; to to have have just [done something] something]

*

$: J: ~

$

an umbrella-like umbrella-like carriage carriage canopy canopy an

tobe tobe icy cold; cold; frigid frigid t.~ icy

[[ 1J ~ 71< ~.1 -1:;: to test test boiling boiling water water with with one's hand; IK) fl!l 10 lilt] !§ ] iEfJ .f. ^ f¥1Jlj ^ tK fM i (lit.) (lit.) to one’s hand; here: here: to to place place one's one’s hand hand into into scalding scalding hot hot water water

'fo~Jt~JJ~~o" 'fo~Jt~JJ~~o"

as as if if putting putting one's one’s hand hand into into scalding scalding hot hot water water

270 270

EXERCISES

1s. ~ re 16. i~ liang

17.rk jue 18. ~wei 19.~~

diio zhi

.::._

r~w~J ~ hot;wann

r~ #

~

)

i~ cold; cool

[ II tfiJ ) li JE [~ Jt ~ M1 to decide [who is right and who is wrong] rIIJ Jfij ) li , ~ , , ~ to say

r~ wjfij )

~

&fit.... ;

learning

~.

rl:l,

knowledgeable; erudite; to have much

l'c:o9 ~ Answer the following questions either in Chinese or in English:

1. ~ ._ A lt. Mti: :$ -M.: tl: 1 • MrJJ It 1 In your opinion, how many questions have been raised in this story? 2. ~fi~~fi~l'r~ "-'M•l·-JL~~3kf.t? Afl-Ji? ~~~fi~l'r~ #f.t#~'~A·tl:-~*'~~~~~~~$! Can you decide which of the children is right? Why do you think so? If you can decide who is right and who is wrong, and explain the reason for your judgment, you are even wiser than Confucius.

271

A A BASIC BASIC CLASSICAL CLASSICAL CHINESE CHINESE READER READER

m nm w -b

;e.. r

x Tua

a ftit•x

J~ Pt. Translate Translate the the following following passage passage into into modem modem Chinese Chinese or or into into English: English:

B T -tm « ° n m m j - B s "H~*·~tt~~o • q m ? m ° 5~~~·H~tt~Zo-~IJ~B:

"1i~~ll~~, :lt1i~mm~=s

=&

o

> b : "mn••·~~••·~~~~?~~• H~tt~~·B= ~ 1i~ i¥Hli ifi1 1ft 1i~ ~~ lli o~t: mm~ 11: ;; ~t: # ti « *W*~ *-8: ;; ~t: II* ~ !X o^1i~

m m m m m m m #mm*±

~gt~.mm, ••~~ m »m m m z o°

fmmmz,* a= b :

'llf! ‘mi *'

~it: MHIftW? w

~~~JtA~z~ m~wmm E:lB~JH·~~um~~JH·~~~~o In traditional China, the term "1"-1 M. "Oit: inner relatives) referred to members of one's own household (i.e., relatives by blood), while the term" 7'~ ""(lit: outer in-laws) referred to relatives by marriage or members of their families (i.e., in-laws or relatives by marriage). In contemporary usage, this distinction is no longer maintained, and the term now refers only to relatives by marriage or members of their families.

4.

5L 5(j

xiong di

5. ~ qi

r ~ ji!J )

-m: -m: '

~ ~ elder and younger brothers

r~li!l)~~~~~·m"~"~ti;•~;~ ~ a man's spouse; the opposite of" ~ "(husband); principal or legal wife; wife 13

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

• fe. ~ peiou

~~a:

a spouse

r~~)~~~~~~*B~~~A;~~~

a wife taken in addition to a man's principal or legal spouse; a concubine

• -«- qii

at

1. ~D zhi shi

r~ f.iJ J ~;g •

rtg A ;

H~ ~

acquaintances; friends

rJl1J lb jPJ )

~~

m

[ 1b i1P.J )

{± ; {± to live in/at [a place]

~..,

r~ ?if. jPJ )

8.

~

9. 10.

to get married; to take a wife [said of a man only]

~b

,

neng

jii

t::J

ku

~~a: ~~a: 11. tfij hili

'*

can; be able to

511 ; 115

embittered; pained

o ~ flj ~a 511

[ lb JI;J li ) El

embittered

himself felt very

r

~ jPJ J 7lij ; *. r¥: fi ili ~ it!! 8~ ftB 7t the sea; that part of the ocean near to the shore;

• :k.. il-

an ocean

dayang

• ft ~Judi

land; a landmass

~~a: ~~a:

r~ fa!] li J 7lij il J:

[at] the seashore

12. ~ yue

r .,.

iill.J J 1OJ 1.m ' -§ 11'1\ Here " iilr. "has the same meaning as the character .. to take delight in; to like

....... ..,,..

13. _. zhou

[~MjPJ)~~~~~~~-R~M;e~ the period from dawn to dusk; daylight hours; daytime

-L..

14. f~ ye

a..

!M

~

,

r;:~

11

A-A "

m";

ie

r~ M jPJ) f~~~¥1J~~~-m~ra,, ~a ~~a" ~ II ~~ 11 f~ !t ; & ; & ~~ the period from dusk tO dawn; the opposite of" 8 "(day) and ... "(daytime); night; nightime

m

14

LESSON 4

15.

M SUI

16.Z zhr

r 111 ~m J ~aM ; ~at± t~ iii

to follow [on]; to follow behind

r tt M J *~ -m- n~ s g5 r:p ~ , itt! " , "~1B" , "'b" ur,J o f±*x~~ ":::k~~

, ~, , "iih" , flj

0,

The word "Z" functions as a singular and plural third person pronoun: it is equivalent in meaning to" -fth" (him), "~"(her), "'t:" (it) [ {!',] (them). Here "it" refers to the "very stinky person."

fu

[ IIJ 1m ]

~ not

18. ~ qii

r 111 JiiJ ]

.Uim

11. ~

to leave; to go [away]; to separate [from]

~~a:

~~~~ LITERAlLY:

zhuxiiizhifii j "A man who chases after a stink"

~h IIt.J 1:i ~ f:ij: ~'g !I ~r (pihao) ~'g A. This expression is used to describe a person who behaves oddly or does peculiar things; it is roughly equivalent to the expressions "an odd duck" or "a queer bird" in English.

15

~~a: :$jiM;;oM;;EI:

~~a:

t.it:f.

xian wang

r~ f.iJ J i5 ft 8~ ~ :f.

antiquity (e.g., Yao and Shun)

+ ~ .J.

2.

z zhl

,

shengwang

~[] ~

'\

~

the sage kings of

the most intelligent and virtuous rulers

• 1:.. Yao

a legendary ruler said to have reigned from 2357 to 2255 B.C.

+~Shun

a legendary ruler said to have reigned from 2255 to 2205 B.C.

rWJ il!l J mtf (!j !fli ~g ) ;I t~ f1f W -— tm~ fll r[ • Jitmfttt 1im rm o tt 11 t~ ti f1f 1t 1.f indeterminate pronoun meaning "nobody" “nobody” or "nothing"; “nothing”; here it an indetenninate

r

r

1f

ES I

and

J Dl (zan) (zan) H ~ to to praise praise Jlt fL :: ~ (kua) to brag [about]; to vaunt itm

J

*rm

^ j5 things

*

“nothing” means "nothing"

.... ti ~-t "liJ wuzhldaicl wrizhldaicl ej xian 10. P ~fl

Wl H hI J ] *' j|iljJ ~ §? r[ 111 f.!)

an indeterminate indeterminate pronoun pronoun an

to pierce through

^ (feng)* r~ ~ iiiJ J tl fU0

sharp

12.M he 12.

[fenf^flS]

What

1 3 . ru

r[5•1

11. 11.

fJj

fi li

ftiJ

ftiJ ~[] he ru heru

jtH J ] •^ iii]

ft» ? to be like

fg J ] i$1t Jf ? ~P.f t~ ^ ? r[ ^if! •5 | |p] jii] m

like? How would it be?

25

What would it be

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

•l1t4iil-&t

a pseudo linking-verbial phrase

zifnx'icfyif

14.~

fu

15.

Hi

16.

t!! ye

11.

:;k fu

18.

OJ

ylng

ke

19. 1!t shl

ICJ t!t : t6ngsh1

rld 1m]

~

r lb jiiJ ]

@] ~

rDb iiiJ ]

~ i]\ ~ ~ 8~ ~g ..

not

indicate a tone of resolution

an ending particle used to

(Jibji!]]~{f'OJ§·~i)\~~~~

When it appears at the beginning of a sentence, the particle " ~ " indicates that the writer or speaker is about to express an opinion or make a comment.

r Db 111 jiiJ ] r~ jiiJ ] r~

~ ; OJ~ can; to be possible; to be likely

a. ~ 1-t the times; the era b. i!t the world

ra,

1m m]

a. ICJ-(!M~1t; ICJ~ at the same time

b.

20:ft 11

to respond; to reply

r 111 1m ]

ra, ; ICJ -

ICJ - (1M 1!!: in the same world

tjl:J iL to stand Jlt ~ : ff. fr.

26

to exist

(1M 1!!:

wJ:

LESSON 7 7 LESSON

A

1f

H

axiangmaodun r'~~msJ\Z~o LITERALLY: UI'ERALL Y:

“To use your sword against your shield yourself' yourself’ "To

t~~~a~ffi,ft~~-~~~~,~ffi~~ f c t t i B H * ! ' 'n i)W ^ S ;l® (< n c h n ) > T S B - & in which a This proverb is used as a metaphor to describe a situation in person’s words or deeds are self-contradictory. person's

27 27

fl~~ fl~~ fl~~ ~t:.i~JP..Iit:t~'

32!32!32!32! t.32!ru 1. m ni

r[ lfJ ftt ili.l ]]

@ iffi ff lie to to receive receive

2. 2. ~~ H\ 10

r[ ~45 Pli.J pfll ]]

~~ lift ~ ^ travelers travelers

M ~~ 32! nilfi nlU\

3. ^zj qie P I? 4. ~~.:r

Yangzi Yang zi

32!32! I hI So ]

Jfc IK 5

]!»1 ]] r[ ~45 ili.l r[ «~J SPli.J| ]]

-r

32! 32! tEj

an inn

concubine ~ :::t :::t aa concubine ~; ~ f; *(Yang Zhii) (~ :: P»?&~ t;lt»$< Y ang Zh u>0 °(}S

II~~~~

ti 170 99

"\

° ? f g "~"~ft~ffl)o~~~ft~~Ao*rm' S » * ° « W * ? 5 S « T * - «W ¥ISK iig«£ w••o~~-m-~T*'~~-~Rft~ (~+) C i * ) "\' (&+) < « ■ ? • » "\' (~+)~-~--~0 < « * > 4,# s i j - g p » » ~±~& o" « £ ? # “ & «"~fX" ” ' “ « - €'f ' J "f.OC-.:§.~IJ~Tifif~~ ?;Tifn?&°” Yangzi Yangzi is is the the philosopher philosopher Yang Yang Zhii Zhu (fl. (fl. 4th 4th cent. cent. B.C.), B.C.), courtesy courtesy name name Zijii. Ziju. He He lived lived in in the the state state of of Wei Wei during during the the era era of of the the Warring Waning States States (403(403 - 221 221 B.C.). B.C.). His His works works are are no no longer longer extant, extant, and and his his philosophy philosophy can can only only be be partially partially reconstructed reconstructed on on the the basis basis of of passages passages quoted quoted in in such such pre-Qfn pre-Qm (before (before 221 221 B.C.) B.C.) texts texts as as the the Mencius, the the Zhuingzl, Zhuangzi, and and the the Liezi Liezi. He He held held that that self-interest self-interest (~ ft) lie) governed governed human human behavior behavior and and is is famous famous for for the the remark: remark: "Even “Even if if it it were were to to benefit benefit the the whole whole world, world, II would would not not pluck pluck out out aa single single strand strand of of my my hair." hair.” (Note: (Note: In In the the pre-Qin pre-Qm period, period, the the characters characters "~I" “PI ” and and "“ ~~ I I ..” were were interchangeable.) interchangeable.) an •.#tan • it mtongyong tongydng H i Ill SI WeiguoWeigud •♦ .fiT

28 28

note;author’s/editor’s author'S/editor'scomment comment note; [ofwords wordsororcharacters] characters] [of interchangeable interchangeable statethat thatflourished flourishedfrom fromthe the aastate twelfth century century to to 209 209 B.C. B.C. and and twelfth occupied occupied parts parts of of present present day day Hebei Hebei and and Henan Henan provinces provinces

LESSON 8

• ilL 14 liuchuan

to transmit, or to be transmitted, from person to person or from generation to generation

• "" it xueshu6

a theory

• .:t ~ zhiizhang • A :fX weiwo

to hold a view; to advocate [do something] for oneself

+ .lk. - ~ ~11:.. T Even if it [would] benefit [all the people] ifi1 ~ ~

under Heaven, [he] would not pluck out one strand of [his own] hair.

biylmaolitianxia

erbuwei

5.

6.

Z

zlii

¢, /1'-

Song

rJJJ jPJ ]

flj ... ~ ; ~ to go to

r~M]Wa~~~~~~,~~~m~aw~

1*-

A state that flourished from 858 to 286 B.C. and occupied part of present day Hemin province.

m sii

[J}JJP]]

, 8 . t~ /h yu

r1t iiiJ ]

7.

9. ~~~A. ni H1 ren

f±fa';

~&

to lodge for the night; to stay overnight ~

at; in

r ~ am i! J n~ rg s~ :~:: A.

the owner of the inn; the innkeeper

r

~t:.i~JP..Iit:t~'~ ~ jiij ] ~

m(ll)

beautiful ;

9r ~

r~ ~ iiiJ J

~~ ~IN (choulou> ; ~~ ;

12. ~ gui

r~ ~ am]

!i!! i)l ~ ;

11

rJJJ ~iij g~ ]

to be favored

13. ~ jian

r~ ~ am ]

11.

!& e

©~

shou chong

~

good-looking

ft ~

ugly

m*Jl

to be highly ranked; to be highly regarded

!i!! i)l i~ ;

~ •~ tJl

to be of low status; to be held in contempt 29

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

r111 ft!l m] to be out of favor

© ~~R bu shou chong

.:r ;

r

14.'J' .:r

~ Jii.J ] lJ\ ix (huo) 1F -~A. (here it refers to the innkeeper)

4«:

rJJJii!lmJ

16. ~0 zhi

r111 100 ] 1! ~ ; ~it

xiao zi

a young man

13~~~; wt~I36U~~ to think oneself very beautiful to perceive

r

11.

t!! ye

Db jig ] JJt ~ ~ 11\ ~ ~ 8'g ~g *t here to indicate a tone of resolution

18.

§ ~

r111 JPJ m] 13 ~~- ; itt~ 13 6 UIR

19.

zl

e

5B r

dizi

2o. ~G

Ji

to think oneself very ugly

~t:.i~JP..Iit:t~' ~t:.i~JP..Iit:t~' ~t:.i~JP..Iit:t~'

r111 jPJ ]

g~ i±

to remember; to bear in mind

21. ~T xfng

r111 jig ] wff

22.1f xilin

( ~ ?iJ. ii!J ] fii ttl ~j

1.-

; flit

Jtt ~ :

r

23. 24.

to put into practice; to do

; ~ :;t ~ virtuous; talented fii la ~ ; iilj ~ virtuous; exalted

* ;i1t *

~ jig ] fii li ~~ 8~ [what is] worthy of esteem

*

qu

§

H

z1 xian

' xin 25.1Q ~ ,, 26 .~at

a fmal particle used

r111 Ji!l ]

t;; ¥-i!

;

~ t;;

rAj 8~

[what is1virtuous;

to get rid of; to remove

(111jPJmJI3~~-;~~13offi~~ to be self-righteous; to vaunt oneself

r~ 1m ] r

,IJ fl ;

~ it

*

mentality; sensibility; feelings

111 jiiJ ] f:t A.% ~ ~ ?~ ~ (zhi)B'g ~ 11 to have strong or intense feelings toward someone or something 30

LESSON 8

Jtt ~ : 27. ~ z3i

~It@ to be loved; to be welcome

r••~l -~~·~~~"~" o•~~~

"~"~mm~~·~~~~~~&~~~·~ ~ ~ "WE" 0 "a.il " is an interjection expressing an emphatic exclamatory tone; it can be translated as "~ " in spoken Chinese. When "a.il" is used in conjunction with the question word "foJ" to form a genuine or rhetorical question, it can be translated as "II@ " in spoken Chinese.

•j}'t"liJ

an interjection

gantanci

4b $11hb A

§=•

;-tfr j~ 3=fi '

a

~

Ji.

manzhiiosiin qiiinshouyi

EI ~ (ltfitjiaoao) jg ik tft ~ ' i! ~ (qianxii)~ flj fU ~

0

Haughtiness invites loss, while modesty brings gain.

«*•~~~-!-o"JA£~a: zlyiweixian I

4«:S B T S tb S 'JA S One deems oneself as way above others in terms of talents and virtue.

31

~;It_~

la~(~)

53;.Wf 1.

~ diiO

(111Jm] {f,j (~1m]

2. ~ zhong

(~

~

to steal

It& (zei)

;

'J' {f,j

] Ji , • , '

ti:. re. J...\i ++

Fan shi

bai

m~(tOng)~ •

(tie)~ pX;

r~~Jft•m•a~ft~~~m~-,m~M Here fa~ (lit. surnamed Fan) refers to Fan Jfshe, one of the six chief ministers of the state of Jin. (Jisoo).

• fJr

J&

'

[of characters] to be interchangeable [with one another]

• if II Jlngu6

4.

~~

a comprehensive term for metal musical instruments, usually of bronze or iron; here, a bell with a clapper. (fhe characters "it" and" ii" were interchangeable in early classical Chinese.)

•it tong 3.

a thief

r 111 1m ] *fHJt

A state that flourished from the twelfth century to 376 B.C. and occupied parts of present day Shanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Hebei provinces. a high official in ancient times; a minister

qfng

~ I&

; ft lR

* M*r:p ~

~ I&

'

m1m (Sheng)

to fail; to be defeated in war or in a contest, the opposite of "1m" (to be victorious)

fa ff:,z J&

Fan shi zhi bru

t~fa ~ 'tf±~JGiW 4901:F~~~ 13 -iftJ!PimM r

fJ J& ffif §

"Fan's defeat" refers to Fan Jfshe' s defeat at the hands of Zhao Jianzi, another minister of the state of nn, in 490 B.C.

s. M

qie

( 111 PJ ]

{f,j to steal 32

LESSON 9

6. ~ fu

r tJJ im )

~(rei)

JE

r tJJ am )

~;~ifJ

7.

" zou

8. ~ qUing

raw im)

to carry on the back to run away

!T fT IS II ttl!

•At*-'lil

clang

an onomatopoeia

xii!ingshengcf

'IX 9. '''' nin

r~~) m~~3~~~~·e~~e~~ "~»

;ffl~~~~~~·e~~R~~"i:t!!»

When it is used as an enclitic particle following an adjective or an adverb, it is somewhat similar to the suffix "-like" or "-ly" in English and means "in [such] a way or manner."

• 'liJ ~ cwei MIJR.

Jt.a ''''

qUingnin

a suffix

r~~)rrrr•~~;§•w*m~~ resonantly; clangorously

+

If !! xiangliang

resonant and reverberating

+

it lf- yueer

pleasant to the ear

10.

tl ju

r th jig ]

~ ttl

11.

M wen

r th ~)

~~ tohear

12.

Jf

ju

r lid iiPJ ]

,§

yan

r 111 jiij ]

jig if

13. ~

m

(wu)

14. ·t~ zeng

1s. OJ

ke

{± ;

r th iii.) )

;

tt ;

~ t-1 to be afraid; to fear

~ ~ quickly; at once

(zhegru) ;

m:f. jig{±

it ta

; JR.~

jig f(@ (zheyan) to cover up to cover with one's hands to hate; to abhor

«*•~~~-!-o"JA£~a: «*•~~~-!-o"JA£~a:

sx: "rr»

o

As a verb it means "to sanction" or "to approve." It can be translated into spoken Chinese as "iiJ ~ " or 'iT" and into English as "to be acceptable," or "to be all right."

33

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

-----. ii Jl ~ t~ ~ .:J;; to be acceptable/pennissable -----. ii ll ~ 1M JLm!I to be reasonable 16.

r

t!! ye

J m 'ilJ *

*'J

Db 1m tE ~ iJ\ If ~ ~~ ~ a fmal particle used here to convey a tone of judgment or decision

«*•~~~-!-o"JA£~a: r ~ fl. 1m J jl1f m!I ; ridiculous; absurd

18.*

~ ~ (huiingmiii) ; ~

m

rJJb~mJmf±'ilJ*•~~~~m~,~mmf±~ ~ ~PJ ~ ~ M '~ ' *~ 'i" f9Hm :

y}

oo , ,

~~~~~~

(~N~~)o

The word"~" is a fmal particle used here as an interjection; it usually follows an adjective and adds an emphatic tone to the word it follows. It is roughly equivalent to the interjection •lljt •(Ui: 7 + "-! ) in spoken Chinese. For example, the phrase"~ ~."can be put into spoken Chinese as "~i ~ llJt" (so very long). Such interjectory elements can be rendered into English by the use of an exclamation mark or by adding such intensifying words as "so," "very," "how," "indeed," etc. (e.g., "How ridiculous!" or "Ridiculous indeed!").

... J:jt-.

mood of emphatic interjection

gantanyi1q1

4«: 4«: 4«:

yaneroaoling

LITERALLY: "To cover one's

m~ll~flil~

~b llif1J

fto

I

ears when stealing a bell."

0

13 6 KJ\ Iii 13 6 '

B,ij Bf.l 3@ (zhe)it ~ 7

8'g

* ' fli ~ ~ it jg

To deceive oneself. This phrase is used as a metaphor to describe situations where one is attempting to deceive oneself into thinking that there is a way to cover up something that clearly cannot be covered up. 34

%+ n iPAJfJi 4«: 1. it~ Zheng

4«: 4«: 4«:

[

~

Pl!l ] IJ ~ A state that flourished from 806 to 375 B.C.

and occupied parts of present-day Shanxi and Hemin provinces.

[ fJJ 1m ]

~

to buy shoes

3.

f«

Hl

[ ~ ifiiJ ] ft

4.

J3.

qie

1M~ ; tJ Jt to be going to or about to [do something]; to be on the verge/brink of [doing something]

5.

.%

xian

6.

§

zi

[ ft jig ] El B oneself (himself, herself, itself)

7.

Jl

duo

( fJJ 1m ] •

du

( ~ pig ]

[ ld Jm ]

«*•~~~-!-o"JA£~a: [ * «*•~~~-!-o"JA£~a: « ] first

to measure

R "1' (chiciin)

;

R li (chima)

measurement; size

8.

g_ zu

( ~ ft!l ] JmiJ

foot; feet

9.

1: zhi

( fJJ

to put; to place

z zhi

( ft ii!J ] 'E ; Jlt JiL f~ R li it; here, "it" refers to the

10.

pig ]

"/if

measurement

11. ~ zuo

l % m ]

12. ~ zhi

r~jigJ ~~~~,~~~~wm•~~,~• n~ 8 ~15 ~ 8~ "[~ JfU ... [tfJ ~~ l" ' (Jl U.,W it (( 1~ it }) !@. - lf it.. : , J:t. , ( b I) ; !@. $.. lf + -=- :

S &

seat

35

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

"!l." 0) The word "~" functions here as a preposition used to introduce a temporal clause. It resembles an adverb in this sentence and is roughly equivalent to the phrase" [~ 1¥U ··· [ug ~ ~~ 1" in spoken Chinese and to "when," "reaching the point when..." "at the time that. .." in English. These meanings are derived from the basic denotation of the verb "~ ", "to reach or arrive at a place." Compare note 23 below. (See Yang Shuda's Cf Quan, ch. 1, p. 9, "bl"; ch. 5, p. 12, "zhl':) 14.

ill

shi

r~~J~a~£~~m;~••m~~n; iP t; markets; a marketplace ~~-~M~~~-~n~fi~WS~ th /~ 8~ th the act of gathering together on a regular or temporary basis to trade; commerce; commercial activities

a m

• f i 15. g wang

rth ~ J g g[.

16.1* dio

rth ftiJ J ~

11.

B yr

18.

Jj

nm

( IU iiiJ J

19. ~

em

r th ftiJ J ~

20.

&:

ian

r 1b ftiJ J •

21.

~m gui

22. ~~ qii 23.

&

jf

trade

maoyi

to forget

to hold; to take

( IU JiiJ J B ~ already

::t

then; only then

to grasp; to take Itt JiL : 11/f to take along; to carry along to tum

Jlt II : M\ JJ to tum oneself around

r th iiiJ J [ill ~

to return

tt" : !ill~ to go home

r th iiiJ J ~

to fetch; to pick up; to get

«*•~~~-!-o"JA£~a: «*•~~~-!-o"JA£~a: 36

II

)

fH 'i"n~ 8 ~58~

~ ··~··~fH raJ o 0

LESSON 10

{( i~.

(Jt ~-it.

"£~ 1¥U ···£A~ ~~~J !@. EEJ 1f it.. : II Jj_ II 0 )

The word "&"functions here as a preposition used to introduce a temporal clause. It resembles an adverb in this sentence and is used like the word"~". It is roughly equivalent to the phrase "[~ l~U ... [~ ~~~]"in spoken Chinese and to "when," "at the point when," etc., in English. These meanings are derived from the basic denotation of the verb" & ", "to reach a place." (See Yang Shuda's Cf Quan, ch. 4, p. 9, ''ji":)

24.

1m

ba

rlfJ jjJ J {" 11:

Jlt ~ :

[ IU Jm J

26. ~ shi

rth iPJ J ~ ~ ~

27.

J;A

2s. •

31.

then; thereupon

to try [on]

r1t jPJ J m Literally: to use; here, with; by [means of]

rung; ning

rJib JJJ iiiiJ J $

wu

§

{~

til

ye

zixin

32.

~ 11: to close; to finish

yi

29. {~ xin 30. ~

~s

;~

25. ~ sui

n~ ~

*;

to cease

[ lfJ IPJ J fH {§

OJ ; $Ia

would rather; to prefer

to believe in or to trust in

r~~J•~~~,~~-"~"~rm

The word" • "functions here as an adverb that indicates negation of what follows it; here, it is equivalent in meaning to "=f" (not).

[ 1JJ iPJ mJ 13 B {§ 13 B ; *H {~ 13 B

to believe in

rJib iPJ J mn~ 'a]*.~~~ 8~ ~~ *t

a fmal

oneself; to trust one's own judgment

particle used here to indicate a tone of resolution

37

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

"R~Z~ "R~Z~ "R~Z~ "R~Z~

nnoshouchengguil

~~Bl* '~"ft&!lo to adhere blindly to established conventions

"R~Z~ "R~Z~ to fall into a rut; to get into a rut

38

"R~Z~ "R~Z~ '~~~~~ '~~~~~ '~~~~~ 2.

~ yl

r

~ ji!l ] {- tl benevolence; humanity; mercy; kindness; charity

r~

ji!l ]

iE it ; iE • ~ tru

3. .:1±. Ef XI

[ ~ M Jii.J ]

4. ~~ kiin di

r~ Pi!! Jli ] £

5.

~ you

rI'J Pi!! ]

righteous ways; righteousness

formerly; once upon a time

~

elder and younger brothers

tJJj fjG to play; to go for a ramble; to roam

D~ ~T to travel ------+ j~ l:l:i / ft ~ ;J< ~ to go out to seek learning ------+ flj · · · ~ ;J< ~ to travel to ...to seek learning

6." Ql ~~mz~Jij•~mz~~~~mffifto The name of a vassal state of the Zhou dynasty that flourished from the twelfth century to 221 B.C. and occupied part of present-day Shandong province.

• )IJ .fJJ 7. , , Lii

Zhouchao

the ZhOu dynasty (the 12th century- 256 B.C.)

r~~]~~~~,~±*W9~~ili•~w~

'fl. t5 ?I i* (sii) tfi fl

(hoi) 89- 1J' ffB 9

The name of a vassal state of the Zhou dynasty that flourished from 1108 to 249 B.C. and occupied the southern part of present-day Shandong province as well as a small part of Jiangsii and Anhui provinces.

• .fJi .:1:..

territory

Jingtu

39

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

• '~~~~~ ~

B

zhijian

~ tt biiokuo

r~ Ji!J ] r~

t:p

ji!J m]

ra,

to include; to comprise

middle; in between [of]

~ t:p

ra,

within a specific space [of]

~ ~IN¥ the area [of]

9. t~ c6ng

r111 JPJ J iN Fll

1o.Iff] tong

r~ 'iJ. JPJ ] f5J tl ~ -----+

to follow

f5J -

the same kind

{M: the same person

11. ~ffl shi

r~ ii!J J ~ Bffi

12.~

[111JPJ]f5J"ft"~~*~*'~*~~**)

Jtn

a teacher

89~*> According to the explanation given by Zhii JUI1sheng in his book Shuowen Tongxrin Dingsheng, here it is equivalent to "'l'i" ; " jG " to exhaust 13.

mdao

r~ JPJ J mII

14.

it£

r111 iii.l aD J ~ 7ii i- Jl ~ ii II

1=. zm

jin ren yi zhidao

.f.+ .tnr 15. :f:l'11lJ

ruo he

16.

is

b6

11.~ &

doctrine; philosophy to finish studying the

doctrine of benevolence and righteousness

~rei- • ~ m fl.* 7 had finished studying the doctrine of benevolence and righteousness ~rei-il8~iifl~t~~N~ffit 7 had thoroughly and exhaustively studied the doctrine of benevolence and righteousness

r•• Ji!J mJ ~ fnJ ; •

what is it like?

r~ JPJ J * 5G r

{t .II ;

the eldest son

rlfJ 100 J ~ m to cherish 40

~ ~ tl ? like what?

LESSON 11

it

18.

shen

r~ 1m J $it R ----+

the body

El £1t ; El c, eg ~ iifi

one's body ; one's own life

((:cJ:-.)) : "..-&:llll' ~~x•' -'f-ikWt1Js

o"

The classic offilial piety: "Our body, with hair and skin, [is what we] receive from our parents, [we] do not dare to allow it to be injured [in any way]."

AlLUSION:

~

r111 im mJ ~ mEl $it

B

al shen

19.

1k. ~

...

hou

---+~It

to cherish one's body

El B 89~ iifi

to value one's own life

r~~J~~-Q~~-~,•~~~~~-~~~~~ f~ fi In a series of things or sequence of events,"~" refers to those which occur later in order or in time; it is used in contradistinction to u;t ", which refers to those that precede in order or time. (See also L. 14, no. 22, p. 58) t~ iii ; ~ Bi < iii , Bi f~ fi >the back (as opposed to the front)

N rru

20.

~ mfng

21.~~

hou mfng

r~ ~ J ~ v

rru

reputation

r111 reg mJ ~ ~ •

~ t~

to take reputation as that which

comes after (i.e., second)

~~~Vf±~Bfi

to hold that reputation is secondary

it t' ~ v ~ m~

to think/feel that reputation is unimportant

----+ ~ f~ ~ 22.

{$

23.

~ sha

zhong

~Jijsha shen

r~ ii!J ]

= JC:::;.

V

to disdain reputation

the second son

~A.ffii~Jij~:t

r111 1m mJ ti tt (xisheng)El 0 ~ ~ iifi to sacrifice one's own life

41

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

,*

c~a·••~»: "~+~A'•*~~•~ a .A ~;. .5t 1- o "

LOCUS CLASSICUS: Analects, Chapter 15: "The determined scholar and the man of virtue will not seek to live at the expense of injuring their virtue. They will even sacrifice their lives (They will kill themselves) to preserve their virtue complete."

[Legge, The Chinese Classics, Vol. 1, p. 297.]

24. ~ yi

ril jiiJ )

*

25. JJX; cheng

rtJJ jlij )

in ~ ; P.X; ~

in order to; so as to to accomplish; to achieve

~ ~ ft to establish

~

B

r tJJ jii.J !li ]

PX; tift ~ v to achieve repute ~ ~ ft ~ V to establish one's reputation

chengmfng 26. ~~ shii 0

*

ji

27.~ bing

r ~ jlij )

=r ~

the third son

r ~ jiij ) B 'J' 8~ ~ r

the youngest son

( IU JliJ ) - il:e ; -IE] together

Jlt ~ : [ jjlij fml ]~ 28.

i:'

qmin

~i:'

blngquan

r J1J 1m )

f* ~ ;

~

jt f§ !t

protect or guard; to keep intact

r

both to assure the safety of; to

1b iliJ m) ~{*~ ; ~~~f~W intact; to keep both from harm's way

to keep both

~~mz~Jij•~mz~~~~mffifto 0

,

AlLUSION: The book of odes , "The greater odes"; Ode 260: "Intelligent is he and wise, protecting his own person;" [Legge,

The Chinese Classics, Vol. 4, p. 543.]

29. ~ bi

r mm TnJ J ~B o~ ~~ > ,

!fij " tt , 31
a: n

to go against; to disobey; to contravene

14. DJl ming

~

r~ jPJ J '® ~

command; order; mandate

1s. PA

r1t- jiij J .m ; ~ ; Jl:~ II Bi ~ {'f " re"

yi

functions like the word "lB" in colloquial Chinese

16.~ wet

rlb jPJ J {'f ~

' 17. ~§ xm

r~ ?jJ. f.!) J {§ Jf ; ~.

,.

,.

18.~ wet 19.% xian

;

~ {'f

r1t- jPJ J ~ ; ~ ; if

J.-

21.

fi

sui

to take; here it

to regard as; to consider [to be] honest; trustworthy; of good faith

for; on behalf of

r~~J~~-Q~tEOO~'N"W"~fi

In a series of things or sequence of events, "$'G " refers to those which occur first in order or in time; it is used in contradistinction to "~ ", which refers to those that follow in order or time. (See L. 11, no. 19, p.41)

rIU iPJ J :tf 00 oo 20. ~T xing

here,

rlfJ faiJ J ~

in front of; ahead of; before

to walk

rlb Jig J ~a Fl!

to follow

57

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

22. ~~ hou

[

~

Jm J

t~NfilifH~8315f~; ~fffi

the back (as opposed to the front) of something (See L. 11, no. 19, p.41)

[ IU ftiJ J {f ~ lffi behind 23.11 guan 24.

}£ zOU

25.-¥ hii

r1b ii!J J ~

to see; to observe

rtb ii!J J ~~

toflee

r~fti.1Jm1f~*'•~~~-&~,~•~e 85 r:p 89 II lll§ ? II When it appears at the end of a sentence, the particle " .P. " expresses an interrogative or rhetorical tone; it is roughly equivalent to the colloquial Chinese question word "n! ? "

26.

tl!

ye

r~~JWm1f~*~rru-~~~83•oo,a~ {-*"ils9~gl:,

m*slml')(, or~~

~~lljij"

When the particle " t!! " appears at the end of the first clause of a compound sentence, it expresses a tone of reflective caesura which is intended to mark the transition to the text immediately following it. This tone can be expressed in spoken Chinese by the word "lllij ". In English, somtimes "filler words" like "so" serve the same function in a sentence. 27 .. ~~

r1b Jm J ~ ~ ; it f'

2s. :W yu

r1t ii!J J iN

yiwei

,_ 29 . J;;t. s Jie

~~~a: 3t.

tl!

ye

to regard; to consider [to be]

together with

~~~a: ~~~a:

r111 ii!J J N tl Gu) ; ~ ttl

; ttl

to fear; to be afraid of

r~~Jm1f~~~~*'•~~•-~••• m~,Rft83A~~,3~m~*Mm83mao

e ~5 r:p ilJ ~ ~

Pf'i , 0 A particle used at the end of a narrative sentence, expressing an acknowledgement of a certain fact or situation, so as to convince the listener. It usually carries II

58

LESSON 14

an indicative and exaggerative tone. It can be rendered intro spoken Chinese as "DP:I ".

~~~a: ~~~a: IJTRRALLY:

huji3hiiwei

I

"The fox borrows the tiger's awesomeness."

th ot.r {~it EU A. a~ ~ tJ

*

~ E (qiyii)A o This proverb is akin to the English saying "an ass in a lion's skin." It is used as a metaphor to describe situations where one person relies upon associations with powerful and influential people to bully or cheat the weak and defenseless.

59

~~~a: ~~~a: ~~~a: ~~~a: , 1. .... r~ JUe

r 111 Jm ]

~I& (du6qu) ;

t!

(qi3ng)

to take by force; to snatch; to grab

:£: jin

r~

3. UA yu

/h,

r JJJ Jm ] !! ~

~~~a: ~~~a:

r~JmmJ !!~~r~A. one who desires or lusts after gold

4. t~ qing

r~ 3- jig J rR ~

s. B

r ~ lUI ii!J J ~ B~

2.

y:;;B

dAn

B

'~­ qing dan

6. ~ yi

yi 7.

ii1

guan guan

8.

JOO shi

jig ] ~

::r

gold to desire; to long for; to lust after

~' ~ yu

Ef- HI

dawn; morning

r

~ lUI ii!J J ~ "~ ~ ~ ; rR II ; morning; bright and early in the morning

r ~ if~!] J ~ ijji clothes r .m f'F 111 if~!] J ~ ~ ijji

r JJJ Jm ] tt ; flj ... ~

to sell

60

early in the

to put on a cap

to go to [a place]

~ ; flj jf ; to reach; to arrive [at]

r JJJ ii!J J fl

:

rR Ef-

to put on clothes

r~ im J tPm r a cap; a hat r.m fF JJJ Jm J IX tPm r lit~

9.

;

refreshing; exhilarating

flj 7

LESSON 15

~~~a: ~~~a:

pff

[

~

friJ

m ] II :£: r 83 A.

suo

[ ~ Ji!J ]

~ PIT

11. ~ yin

[ IU Ji!J ]

nt ~ ; ~

10.

Jtlj JfL

12. ~

qu

r., ji!J ) r ~ ji!J ]

14.

M bu

~~~a: ~~~a:

r., jJij )

~~

;

~ 7 to run away

m83 ~ ~ ; 1J\ ~an official of low rank

Ilt JfL : W(Jing) ~ tlE ; J.f (dai)

r., ji!J ifi )

16. ~

r mm tt iJ!J J ~ 1it

~.::t::.

,

18. v.t tu

a police officer; a constable

to catch; to arrest

flE flj ; J.f tf

r tJJ Ji!J J Po~

17. ~ jUm

forthwith; straightaway

to leave to run away

15. rll~ wen

yan

a location; a place

thereupon; see L.3, note 13

: fW ~IJ

iWim ~~

13. ~ fi

; :J:t!! 15

one who sells gold

to have caught

to ask; to question

, 1it ~, , , ~,

1~ 1-t ~ riT

The word " ~, is equivalent in meaning to "n~ ~, [at the place in question], where "~" refers to a location.

r., ji!J]

~~

to see

( IU Ji!J ) ,R only

61

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

~~~a: ~~~a: ~~~a: Ll'l'BRALLY:

llllngzhihiin "Profit makes wisdom dimwitted."

~~&~R~-~~~~mm~>~~~M~*~•~ 7!8~-~~~

0

The desire for gain or profit can turn even a wise man into a dimwit. This proverb is used as a metaphor to describe someone who is blinded by the lust for gain or befuddled by greed to the point of being willing to do virtually anything to satisfy it.

62

~~~a: ~~~a: ~~~a: ~~~a: ~~~a:

t.Sr t.Sr jiinzi

3.

3.

fiff

suo

fiff

suo

83

r

~ jiiJ ) tPo tl ~ fi!6 A. a man of high moral character; a perfect or true gentleman; a man of virtue

r ~ ¥~- Pm J tam ; ,J,,u

cautious; careful; prudent; circumspect

*

r

ft jiiJ ) fij 1-t :1:& 15 ' A. ' ~ ~~ a relative pronoun that can refer to people, places, or things (See sentence analysis)

r mm ft!l J tJB fiM

those; this; that 4. ~ cang

pff~

suocang

5.1Lr Kong zi

r Ill ft!l J

HI K

a demonstrative pronoun meaning these;

to conceal; to hide

m

ttl~ = t§'BJt , f± here it means to keep oneself; to dwell

r 111 Ji!l mJ Me Jt z ft!! ; mf± z Jt!!

the place of keeping; the place of living; here it means where one lives

( ~ Ji!1 ) (ZhOngni) '

(551 - 479 B.C.)~ :f~

tii t)( ~ 1t ft. ljJ A.

0

*

• ~ .fi: (Qiii) • {lfl /b ifj ft il ~ Wft ' f~ ~~

*

r~83m~o~~~~~-~~·~~~-~­ ~ ' 1!! tlt 1t 1t ~ A. fU ~ ~ ~ 11 ~ ~ (sheng) $'6 ftffl 0 " Kong Qiii (551 - 479 B.C.) (known also by his courtesy name Zhongni) was a man from the state of Lu who lived during the Spring and Autumn period. He founded the Confucian School, which advocated and promoted the doctrine of benevolence. His thought has had a profound and far-reaching influence, and his teachings are widely accepted and revered throughout East Asia even today. For generations, he has been known as "the greatest sage and teacher". 63

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

6.

mshl

r111 jig ] ft

7.

N..

r~1m]

Jm~

afriend

r111 jig ]

$6 5t

to associate with; to befriend

you

to look at; to observe or inspect

p}f N..

r~jig mJ *a5t83A. ; 'a5ts~Jm:&

8.

"8

jiin

r~ jig ] 8 ±.

9.

if

shl

r111 jPJ ]

suo shl

PJT it

suo shl

10. ~ shan

@.A

shan ren

the person whom one befriends

i.lit il

a sovereign; a monarch; a ruler (p3iqi3n) ; ~

jl to dispatch

r ~ JPJ mJ tnt ils~ A.

the person whom one dispatches; the emissary

[ ~ fl. 1m ]

r

~ ~

m]

;

~r

virtuous; good

83 A. ; A.

~ 1m ~ ~ ~r benevolent fellow; a good person

11.,@ jii

r111 jPJ ] m{±

12. ~D ni

r• •

JPJ ]

a kind-hearted and

to reside; to dwell; to live [in]

~o 15.1 ;

it ;

~r ft ~ to be similar; to be like

r

13.

M tan

~ jig ] - tl ~ ¥. a kind of fragrant grass; fragrant thoroughwort; orchid

14.

z

~ ~ ~ itt a kind of fragrant herb; a kind of purplish fungus symbolizing nobility

15.

'If, .::~:::. sht

++

zhi

(

)-m

r~ ~)

ffir

aroom

M~Z~r~~mmJ~~M~~~83rn.:r·~~ffl~~~ hin zhi zhi shl

15 ' 1.\ ~T ~ Jl ±i ~ Jlo ~ j!j f\l6 B~ A.~ !l B~ tl Pfi

a room suffused with the natural fragance of sweetscented herbs and grasses. This phrase is a metaphor for a very

LITBRAILY:

64

LESSON 16

clean place, a morally uplifting environment, or a gathering place for virtuous individuals. 16. ~ jiu

[liUJm)

17.lm wen

[thim) ffl

18. ~ xiang

r~ ~m) ~~; ~~JL

19.

JlU ze

2o.1t.

hua

oii~

xiin ran

(liUJm)

&(A

~ra,&;

fJ r

P_l (xiu)

~[~]

for a long time to smell fragrance

then [it is ... ]

[lflim) ~ 1t ; [ mof~ r:p 1 ~ ~

to change; to change [imperceptibly]

rtJJ iliJ )

ii z f.t ff ~ ,

~

z f.t ff ~

to fumigate and

make aromatic, to dye and make colorful

-~~~~~~;n~~§~;&MM~~A ,.~,~~-fl~ffl~m~~-~~~~w

to exert a gradual uplifting or degrading influence on one's habits and lifestyle through prolonged association or contact with persons, things, and/or one's environment

21. ~

e

~~~a: ~~~a:

rM '?if. 1m ) r~ ~m m)

~B !&

r~ iliJ )

•

Rf

r~ iii.J )

rtf !I

23.

si

~~ ~

; t1

malevolent; evil; bad

~B~&s3A.; tiA a malevolent person; a miscreant

22. ~ 1!!, baoyu

;

(yan)~, ;

IIi (xian) ~-

marketplace;

salted fish

Mr

a store; a shop

!r1 t!t, z ~ r ~ ~m B! ) ft tR ~j,3 m- tl , tb l fr1 m~ ~ !tf! 15 , bao yu zrusi ~ 83 ntm~ 'J\ A W! ~ 83 !I rJT LITERAlLY: a market for salted fish. This is a metaphor for a filthy place, a bad or objectionable environment, or a gathering place for small-minded persons of ill repute.

65

~

A A BASIC BASIC CLASSICAL CLASSICAL CHINESE CHINESE READER READER •• GLOSSARIES GLOSSARIES

24. 24.

:Pt dan dan

r[ ~ 45 jPJ I ”) ]]

f} i.P (sha) (sha) cinnabar cinnabar

**IiL ~fe

cinnabar red; vermillion

[~~~a: ^ piD ] II

25. 25. ~ cang cang

pff~ ~ Pi? ^3

suocangzhe suocangzhe

r[ tJJ Wj ji!J J!»! ]]

vermillion

{i {$ (chU) (chu) iC Wl ;5 q~ M( Wl to to keep keep

r[ ~45 JiiJ p”I I» na ]]

fi I( 9 tJB lie 8' f£) §fl 111 fll ]R ill IDj j5

*I f} W *I II

those those things things kept kept

IPJ ]] %L bright brightred; red; scarlet scarlet [[ 0~ ^3- |p)

26. 26. iffi ^ chi chi

[[ tJJ SS liPJ ]]

to to tum turn red; red; to to redden redden

r[ ~^ 1m pH ] ] .~ m~ raven raven black black r[ ~ ^ 3W 1m I hI ]] .~ m Ht raven raven black black

27 27..•J~ t| wii wu

28. 28. ~ i l l hf:. he; hei hei

r r[ tJJ WJ 1m fill ]]

[ ~ 3^ ji!J ] ~ black black

•W?J! IPs

to to turn turn black; black; to to blacken blacken

~~~a: 4@ JIU H

'~~:t~~r;F.J jinzhuzhechi-jinmozhehe '~~:t~~r;F.J "He "He who who nears nears vennillion vermillion becomes becomes red; red; he he who who nears nears ink ink becomes becomes black." black.”

I..JTBRALLY: literally :

'~~:t~~r;F.J '~~:t~~r;F.J '~~:t~~r;F.J This This proverb proverb is is used used as as aa metaphor metaphor that that means means good good companions companions have have aa beneficial beneficial influence, influence, while while bad bad ones ones have have aa deleterious deleterious influence. influence. a proverb; proverb; aa saying saying

♦ Wt&yanyu

66 66

'~~:t~~r;F.J '~~:t~~r;F.J

;It IJ ~:; jiang

rJJJ P.1 ]

~lj to cut; to carve; to notch

2. ~ zhou

r ~ 1m ]

Bll

6.

ii

a boat; a ship

Jl:~ Jl

: Ill II ; 88- It

the side of a boat 3.

*

qiti

rJJJ ii!l ]

~ (xun)

4.

nU

jian

r~ JiiJ ]

jlj

jiang

rlb P.1 ]

•

6.

ii

* ; ;tx ~~

a sword (di.i) ;

~

to cross [a river by boat]; to ford

6.

ii

jiang

r~ P.1 ]

tDJ

a river

7.

§

zi

r1t Jill ]

~

from

rlfJ jiiJ ]

:M!

to fall; to drop

( IIJ JiiJ ]

~~

rJJJ jiiJ ]

~lj ; ~lj ( gc ~)

8. ~ zhui 9.

ill

ju

10. ~ qi E3

11. AE shi

rm~ tt 1m ]

; fl ~

Jl:~

;

at once; forthwith; immediately

mt!

"~"(this [place]). cong

r1t jiiJ ]

f.:£

13. ~T xing

rJJJ jiiJ ]

)£ to move ahead

12.

I,M

m: J.-

,

to look for; to search for

from

67

to carve out; to cut [a notch] here; it is equivalent to the word

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

t~ii~I!PAlfn +-+

14. ;;f5 15.

ruo

t~ ci

t~ii~I!PAlfn t~ii~I!PAlfn

r•• Jig m ]

1il1il 1il1il 16.

~

[ ffl

huo

17.¥ hii

t~ii~I!PAlfn t~ii~I!PAlfn

it 1§: ti

ff! IU JiiJ ] it Ji fi

r ~ ?if. P.J ] r WJ JiiJ ]

o!

fliJl ~

to be like this like this

dim-witted; addle-brained

an interrogative particle

3i 1il *~ t~ii~I!PAlfn t~ii~I!PAlfn LITERALLY: "To notch the boat in order to find the sword."

thiJWP:P~-*IJJi~ ' ~~Dffl"i£6~~~·~~ (guzhi) ~jet ' Jfj I' ft (y6chiin) ~ JJ t~ flit¥ 0

o

~~rn!I¥Jt

To cut a notch on the side of the boat to indicate where a sword fell into the river in order to be able to know where to look for it later. This is a metaphor for holding tenaciously to a certain way of thinking or of doing things no matter how illogical or senseless it may be, for being stubbornly set in one's ways, and for doing things in a very stupid, clumsy way.

68

'-~~:i~~~

V'

'-~~:i~~~

1il

.a;

1. shl 1 . R shi ?D R He shi

2. bl 2. ~ HI bi

iB

,

3. 3. ·1v llf de de

r

surname;aafamily family name name c «~ mii!l ]] »~ aasurname;

ili!JSjfi ~ ~ 8'g A aa man man surnamed surnamed He He [[ «~ W S ] ] ttftftA [r~~].ffi6'~~~R/~~~ 45 fnl ] M 19 ' 4* 'C> W 7L / il^l ££l X a~~~ a round flat piece of jade with a hole in its center piece of jade with a hole in its center

r

1JJ IhI li!l ]] 3Jl1 1# ti I; [ Wj

JJt j f tfiL f t ::

to obtain obtain to

~ fat !Jl

;

t' flj%(Itoto get; get; to to have have gotten gotten

4. 4 . 1:E~ 31 yupu yu pu

[[~jiijjfi] « H 8 S ] ^~~~tt~1Jiffi #5W5BI aa stone stone containing containing [a [a piece piece of] of] jade jade [inside [inside it] it]

5. ^ feng 5. feng

1JJ !Pi) ii!l ]] pR ptij .f.^tf ~ totohold holdup upwith withboth bothhands hands(to (toshow show [ SSl respect); respect); to to offer offer to to aa superior superior

~' 6. 6. 1111\ Ha xian xian

r1JJ ji!J ]

7. 7. I S :£ ZE Uwang Li wang

mi

~ bf.iJ (Mie) ' ’ ~ [( 45 *9 ]) !{1^.$(Mie) 45 ft~ $sl 01!} 8'sJ(Xiongxuan) (Xiongxuan) King King U Li of of Chu Chu (r. 758 758-- 741 741 B.C.) B.C.) (r.

8. 8. i l l shi shi

if

lb ~ ]]op ~ ~to order to order or command [ W) or command

9. 9 . :EA. i a yuren yuren

[r~P..J]~~;W~~~,ft~~,m~w~~ £ f n ^iE; 8'g I A. a jade fi^JXA a jade worker; worker; an an artisan artisan who who cuts cuts open open stones stones containing containing jade, jade, carves carves and and polishes polishes jade, jade, and and makes makes implements implements or or objects objects of ofjade jade

10.1il xiang

lb jii.J ] ff iffi ~ 41 '' ft Ji: 111 M i! fit ;* &omn>JE $!m(jian)AEt to to examine examine carefully carefully and and assess assess the the value value of of [something]; [something]; to to appraise appraise

*

r

~ iX itt! ~

*

fl§ ~ ~ A. to to present present respectively respectively

r

r

69 69

A A BASIC BASIC CLASSICAL CLASSICAL CHINESE CHINESE READER READER •• GLOSSARIES GLOSSARIES

11. 11. :0 S ' shi shi 12. 12. ~ IE kming kuang

r

[ ^~ i f nft!l ] ]J

E rut 1

aa stone stone

r[ lbSO jiiJif"! ]J ~iHf.i r[ ~^ Jm bhI ]JHif.i-=f ~P

r

ijx If J11P

to to deceive deceive tocheat; cheat;to

aliar a liar

13. ^'J yue

111 fn] JiiJ ]J [ Wj

14. 14. ~ H ; hong hong

lb 1*3 JiiJ J] ^t!l 'ft ft ?{§ lJij. ^~ 3.X. ~ ^~ H • toto die die (said (said of ofaa feudal feudal lord) [ Wl i 5E lord)

15.1Et 15. 5 £ 3I E Wii Wu wang wang

~ )] &£^(Mie) !1.1 $ (Mie) »' £:g$ii)S ~~ Jit(Xiongtong) (Xiongtoog) »' JJi .:f.EZ^ S5fj [( £~ M SZ KingWu Wii of ofChu Chii (r. (r.740 740--690 690B.C.) B.C.) King

16. 16. ~p EP ji ji

1b IJiiJ it »; SJ fU **’ ···£~ [ S& hI J] sfc

17. f i

jiiJ J] 3E .X. li.'iii. i; [ ~ an]

18. 18.

wei

to to cut cut off off the the foot foot £as [as aa punishment] punishment]

r

r

r

:tSli.'iii.

to go go to to [aplace] ra place] to

here: the the throne throne here:

IP 15 ji wei

C(IJJJiiJmJ~8~~~;~~8~;•~~ M M H I 3 9 J S (ft± * ; S - t S l f t ! accedetoto the the throne; throne; to to take take the the throne; throne; to to become become the the ruler ruler totoaccede

Wen Wen wang wang

)(I

~ fn] iPJ ]] !1.1 (Mie) [ 35 (Mie) ,» :g 35 A~ # 8H ® (Xioogzi) (Xiongzi) ,» JEt .X. 3 l £ .T? KingWen WenofofChu Chii(r.(r.689-675 689-675B.C.) B.C.) King

7J nm

IU HJiiJ it 5; [(§!] r) J] ififc

19. 19. 75 nai 20. 20. ~ M bao bao

21. S

lei

r

*

z

n1:te ~

then; thereupon thereupon then;

rC111M MJPJ J1 m:f. Iff !II -1± ;; ~ ~ mm

to to hold hold in in the the arms; arms; to to cradle cradle

r

D~ 7& tears [ £~ f nJiiJ l ] J iHfJI tears

r

~ ., 22 22.• .ffii. m JlD jin

lb iPJan]J] jG C totoexhaust; exhaust; to to have have consumed consumedentirely entirely [M ’m ;* J'Jfc

23 23.. • jiji

[( lb iPJ a”!J] II MM M to tocontinue continue

24. 24. ~ £ xiXT

[K

M m ff! ] f t ; & < t l &

~J;. 25 2 5• .1 6 '~'

[ ^

^ M ] IS IS » fU'O

J,.:;:;l· uc;

bei

70 70

Why grieved

LESSON 18

26. ~~= tei

r 111 wm ] r~ 1M to grieve r111 wm ] mt:E th ~PJ , ~ ~ ~PJ z ;ru tb~~~-

.

,

~ IJ\ ff

rr ~ ,

~·~~~·~~~U~»

used before a verb or an adjective to negate the following predicate, it functions like the adverb "not."

:k

21.

2s.1f

fu

(WJ ~] ~~Pi, ~~~ "ll!ij !

an exclamatory particle that can be rendered "IJ!ij" in spoken Chinese, and it is analogous to "oh! " in English. bao

w=rr baoyu 29. ~ ti

(M

~

1m ] Jf it

precious

r~~mm] Jf:Rs~~ a valuable piece of jade

r lfJ ~ ] m~ to label m. ... {'F ; ~ ... it£ ~ ou ... to give a name to ...

30. ~ zhen

w=rr

rM ~ iiiJ ] r ~ iiiJ m ]

zhen shi

31. ~ ming

fJ, II

~

yan

34. Dfl ming

~ ~ iE .H loyal and upright

~ ti ~

virtuous

~ ~ iE i: 8~ A.

ff ti ~ B~ A.

a loyal upright man a man of virtue/integrity

... n ~ au ... to give a name to ...

rlfJ~]~~;woo ~

33. ~

*

(IJJ ~] $~ toname ~

32.

»

. ~~~;re~woo-.B

to work [jade]; to cut and polish jade

r mm ft iiiJ )

1i~ ~

; f:E ~B JL ;

~~ ~B JL

in it; from it (here: from the stone) See Lesson 15, no.16

r f!fJ ~ ) ~

DU •••

~~ ;

n ~ ; au ··· ~

*f'F ··· ;

~ ···

n

to name ... ; to make up a name for [something/someone]

71

"-~-f-11~~~ "-~-f-11~~~ "-~-f-11~~~ )K JSI k^ "-~-f-11~~~ "-~-f-11~~~

$.

-.: -.: JN.. JN.. 1.

*

JU JaJ Dong Zhou DongZhou

#A yu yu

2. 2. ^ 3. ^

wei

*

1^1 ]] J6J ')} 13 § (441 (441 B.C.) if:6 ~~]I!"@=~ o° UM}6JI ([ £~ PJ 0o (i ~ ~-rtg W it~~~~ l ' I P ^ T t P '» ft f i S~ ( 2(249 4 9 B.C.)tBl B.C.)® ~~~~r~M7 o° After After 441 441 B.C. B.C. the the territory territory of of the the ancient ancient kingdom kingdom of of Zhou Zhou was was divided between two rulers: the king in the east ruled the divided between two rulers: the king in the east ruled the Eastern Eastern Zhou, Zhou, with with its its capital capital at at Xiadii, Xiadu, east east of of Luoyang. Luoyang. The The Eastern Eastern Zhou kingdom was vanquished and annexed by the Zhou kingdom was vanquished and annexed by the state state of of Qfn Qin in in 249 B.C. 249 B.C.

m

mm&imj

*II

+ ZhoucMo ♦ )tJ $ .fJI Zhouchao

theZhou Zhoudynasty dynasty the

+ ♦ it 1 T~ * shoudii shoudu

capitalcity city capital

• m~ xiiiomie xiaomie

extenninate;totovanquish vanquish[of [ofstates] states] totoexterminate;

r[ lb desire;totolong longfor for Kl ii!J Jln) ]] m f~ c totodesire;

r

todo; do; to tomake make c lb » hpig] ] m#it to

Lit. :: lf IS

to to plant plant

fm-r

4. 4. n~ ffi dao dao

[r~ii!l] « H ] tS T rice, rice, especially especially rice rice grown grown in in flooded flooded paddy paddy fields fields

E m 5. lffi JaJ XiZhou xt

r[ ~£ i 1m « n)

zhou

J6J ~ .:£. (r. (r. 440440 - 431 431 B.C.) B.C.) {f ffi 441 441 B.C. B.C. M i t 1t!1 IS ~ 65

mm~~•~m~,&Mrffil6J~otr~.frm~ «6*t8(jie)»si*ft ’ tii*Bjaia otiPtttsw o (i~

° « i (255 (255B.C.)fBl~ll~r'fiM7 B.o«isH«&maT°o

In In 441 441 B.C., B.C., King King Kao Kao of of Zhou Zhou (r. (r. 440-431 440-431 B.C.) B.C.) installed installed his his younger younger brother, brother, Jie, Jie, as as the the Duke Duke of of Hemin; Henan; also also known known as as "The “The Lord Lord of of the the Western Western Zhou," Zh5u,” he he was was the the frrst first ruler ruler of of the the Western Western Zhou Zhou kingdom, kingdom, which which made made Luoyang Luoyang its its capital capital city. city. In In 255 255 B.C. B.C. the the Western Western Zhou Zhou kingdom kingdom was was vanquished vanquished and and annexed annexed by by the the state state of of Qi'n. Qm. 72 72

LESSON 19

6.

r

xia

r~ 1m ] {u. tE {f;f I@

the lower place; the bottom

rmft! 111 li!1 J ff ··· ¥U ~ J~L ~ ; ff ··· r 'lb. r

rxia shui 11< 7.

to send down

rlb 1m m]

{f

*mer

to make the water flow down-

stream

1b. 7.f
~~~•,

00 ic fi: BJH~

LITBRAILY: Zuo's commentary. This book is an exegetical commentary by Zuo Qiiiming of the Zhou dynasty on the Spring and Autumn Annals ( $f tX ) , a work traditionally said to have been edited by Confucius.

• .. muan 6. '§"

0

Xuangong

to write; to compile

( ~ ii!J ) I· If B3 ~ ± ' tz! ~ J\ ~ 0 , '§' , ;li! -fth ~ ~ ~dt 0

(Ji) ~

{j(

(Tul) '

ft {)L +

The ruler of the state of Lii; his surname was Ji "~ " and his given name Tui "{1( ". He ruled for 18 years and was given the posthumous title Xuan "fr "

+ it ft shlhao

a posthumous honorific title

76

LESSON 20 20 LESSON

the fifteenth fifteenth year year of of Duke Duke Xuiin's Xuan’s reign: reign: 594 594 B.C. B.C. + the Xuangong shfwiinian shfwunian Xuiingong

M ~ “h 1i 31 ^~ '§"

7. chii 7. f}] $D chu

8s. .lJlitr 86®?

[[ld I DJi!J] J Bre~JJ' f f l » ~fflHti~Ut~!-~ originally; at at first; first; at at the outset;this originally; the outset; thisword wordisisoften oftenused usedtotointroduce introduce a recounting of of past events events

[r~ « w n »~-' 8 t • SStchdu) iii]) ~m(ch6u)'* tftk~1t~r118~:A

WeiWuzi

—‘°o "lit" IJ.:Z-

it

[ S& Jh jiiJ ]) SI ft^~ totofavor favor

~-ffi!B~~~JJE o° Wei of the six chief ministers of state of Wei Chou Chou was was one one of the six chief prime prime ministers of the the state of Jin nn during the Spring and Autumn period. He was given the posthumous “Wu”. posthumous honorific honorific title title "Wii".

r

9. H: bibl

it ~ biqie blqie

r~ Ji!J Mi )

~~ ;

r

r

ft ~ 8~ ~ ::t ::t

w.r zr

jiiJ ]) ~ C~ «W

11. £ ~ jijf 11.

[m m :

~fflHti~Ut~!-~

10. M

zi

a favorite concubine

child

12. np op mmg mlng

111 m11!1 i ) iw

r

$

13. 13. I{ Ke Ke

PJ 3J [ «~ W

r

Rli , Rlit:rs~5e,.:r Wei Ke, Ke, Wei Wuzl’s Wiizl's son.

14. >)h ~\ bi bl

mil m [[ IU M fp) & 'M aE! 1? jOO )]) ‘J~' ~ J; — - :Q:: ~ must; must; have have to to

1 5 .~ ! § j ijUt a 15.

JJJ fJiiJn [ ®

,

a

..0.

\

r

~ to order; to instruct; to command

J ft:tlf l~; «!

3(r$a~t

re· ..

t11t~ t « == ~m*; •···MftA.*s~t to marry marry off off (said (said of of women women only). only). E3 shi 16. H JE sh'1

'§" M jia shi

rm

m

A.

71\ fft PJ ]) ]tfc tt »; 3® f® too :3( A this this [one]; [one]; this this woman woman [ Jjt 2K t 1*1

[ r•~mJremtoo~A.~W*;re~~W*; » H » ] iB « < H £ A « ffi* ; ; IK in ~~ M~ ~~aSlJ 5JIJAA.~ 77

A A BASIC BASIC CLASSICAL CLASSICAL CHINESE CHINESE READER READER •• GLOSSARIES GLOSSARIES

to to give give this this [woman] [woman] away away in in marriage marriage [to [to someone]; someone]; to to marry marry this this [woman] [woman] to to somebody somebody

m

r

17. 17. (r9 bing bing

[ IJJ fti!l Hh) )] W9 Jjxj~. §§*$$ 18 become) become) severely severely ill ill

~(pg

[ IJJ Wj iiiJ ali )] W9 JjX] M * become become critically critically ill ill

jibing ji bing

18. JtU MU zeze t8.

19. fpJ xun 19.70 xun

.,

20. S . Jlji 20.&

m; W9 fi Ul IEIB

r

[ 311

fpJ ]

r

[ £~ Pi!) M )] jig ~ ~ A.~ f~ aa person person or or thing thing to to be be buried buried together with with the the deceased deceased as as part part of of the the funeral funeral offerings offerings together

r1t iii.) I?) )]

[

([ ~) . . .* ( fE at IJj: ) H i flj 5(J“

when; at at the when; the time time of o f ... ...

r

[ IJJ W} 1m I'll )] 7E 7E to to die die

,

[ Rl! 38* 1m I hI ]) it sfc then then

22. JtU Mil ze ze 22.

to be severely ill; ill; to to to be severely

on the the contrary contrary on

6P

,

21. ^ zu zu 21.$

to worsen worsen (said (said of of an an illness); illness); (to (to to

r

r

ilL

~ '4J 1m1 J ] ~ H ilL $L ;I one's one’s right right mind mind

24. |j(h c6ng cong 24.

t:t

IJJ 1^1 i~ ]) [ Wl

a zhi 25. fu~

'4J 3») 1m ]] [ ^~ &

2 6 .1 8 f t Fushi

[r~i~J~~·~~~~-~~~·tE~~~~ * H ] A place place located day Shanxi province that A located in in present present day Shanxi province that belonged belonged to to the territory under the the control the state the Spring the territory under control of of the state of of nn Jin during during the Spring and Autumn period. and Autumn period.

luan 23. Ml luan

27. 27.

~n. -,Jt,

yt yi'

r

r

I! f-'f

lt!J ~ la ~ ' f ffl (W

confused; not confused; not to to be be in in

to obey; to obey; to to comply comply with with

,. ~ ~. H? m WM

to be one's right to be in in one’s right mind mind

r

1m 1)IHciJC a battle; engagement C ^~ p^i ISt2:a battle; an an engagement

'm If:. z ~~ r~ i~ mJ t±tm a ~~~~~ti Fushizhlyi Fushi zhi yi

S1i.1:f .^

: " ~ ffi ~ {jG ~

o

tcfi [:I· J'E§" ~+

a"

' =ff\. n~ fm The battle at Fushi. Fushi. This This battle battle is is recorded recorded in in the the Zuo's Zud’s The battle at 15th year year of Xuan. "In “In autumn, autumn, in in Commentary under under the the 15th of Duke Duke Xuan. 78 78

LESSON 20

the 7th month, Duke Hulin of Qfn invaded nn, and halted his army at Fiishi." (Legge, The Chiin Qiii with the Zuo Zhuan, p. 328).

28.

-..L..

11 kang

·~~~ Qfn Huangong

the posthumous title of Duke Hmin of Qin (r.603-575 B.C.)

• 1*. fa

to attack; to invade

• i.X.cl

to station troops; to halt one's army

rlb jig J .. ~ll (lanzu)

to block; to impede

* tJ ±

29.,± [HI

~ 1m J A. ~ , ~ m; ~ from the state of Qfn.

30. I( zhi

1b jig J ; j£ Mg ~ JHIP ~ fU ~ll il ~ J:. 't: to trip [on something]; to have one's foot bump into or catch on some obstacle while walking; to stumble.

DuHuf

31.

M

dian

r

*'

r

rlb 1m J a itJ

*'

to fall; to tumble down.

r

MfffiM

[ lb 1m II J

32.

Jl

huo

r1b jig J if (fu >J1 ; HE f±

33.

&

ye

[ ~ 1m ) & Bi ; & ~!I!

34.

y

meng

zhierdian

a great military figure

7-

rlb 11!1 J i'F ~ ; ~ ji

it~ ifiJ 7 to stumble and fall to capture

the night to dream; to see

[someone/something] in a dream

fJt

..6.

[ ft

36.

ffij er

ft JiiJ ) IDJ II jij II ' i~ "ffil " haS the Same meaning aS ,._" here: second person pronoun; you

37.

~A.

[ ~ 1m J B ~~ -9:. =f

35. ~ yu

furen

jig )

first person pronoun; I

r

79

;

-9:. A.

a married woman

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

38.

it A.

[~

xian reo './.>. ..6. 39.lo op

zh'im'ing

~

J

'.H $'G

JJt ~ : ~ t!t tf3 ~ tJt

[ ~ iii.J IS J tlfJ ~ r! E

sh'i yi

~ ;ij! ;

•~iilH

[your] deceased father

~ 8~ $ ~

someone while he is in his right mind

r1t JPJ Hi ]

40.~~

refering to one's ancestors as a group

an order given by

!lSI JJt because of that; for this reason a prepositional phrase

jiecfyri

40.~~ "-~-f-11~~~ LITBRALLY:

jiecaooooen

l

"Knot grass to repay a kindness"

"-~-f-11~~~ "-~-f-11~~~ ~~~7Ef~ ~!!

:

~~15tt3 A.~IJ\~ilt :l:tf! wearily; exhaustedly

;

*- ~ JJ li i:tJ!

[ ~ fl. JPJ ) ~F 1if ~ Z ; ~ [tl 1 extremely tired; exhausted [to the point of collapse] [M~)ffl~~B~~~~~~-o~a~eM ~

"7""

~ ~~~,

This particle is placed after an adjective to reinforce or intensify its meaning. It is equivalent to the words " 7 ~ " or "llJt " in spoken Chinese.

1.

-r yu

r ft ji!J )

8.

Yh

zhu

( 1b jPJ ) M Bh to aid; to help

9.

tl

qii

[ lb ii!l )

10.

t±.

wang

[ lb

~

fX

first person pronoun: "I''

n~ t~ :l:tf! ;iE to go quickly; to hasten; to hurry along

Jlt II :

~ to run

) ¥U •••~ 87

to go to [a place]

. A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

11. .RU

re

( ii! ft!l ) tiD ;

1m* B ~

16. ~ yi

( ~ P.J ) fiJ ~ ;

tianxia

17.

18.

few ~r ~ advantage

r

she

~ ~)

lb jPJ ) ~. ; ~ and pay no heed to

*i yon

r111 ~ ]

19. 4~

tiE

rei to

r

:::f 'if

to abandon; to throw away

~ ~ EEl ~! rfJ If 1ji to weed [a field]

( IIJ JPJ ) :::fBi ; :::f iB

not only

20. )( you

rld jPJ )

21 . ~ hm'·

r111 ~ J fl W

to injure; to hann

rft ~ iPJ )

it /them (the pronoun here refers back to the

~

22.

z

zhi

sprouts)

3i ; I!

'b

88

also; moreover

LESSON ll

~, ~,

~~D~,Z~?

yrunhiozhuzhang

I

I.JTBRALLY: "To pull up the seedling, hoping to make it grow faster"

~-TB: ~-TB: ~~-r~~~,, ~~-r~~~,, ~~D~,Z~? ~~D~,Z~? ~-TB: ~-TB: ~~-r~~~,, ~~-r~~~,, ~~D~,Z~? ~~D~,Z~? This metaphor is used to describe a situation in which a person disregards something's natural or intrinsic pace of growth or development and as a result of excessive enthusiasm to bring the matter to a speedy resolution, on the contrary, ruins everything.

89

~~D~,Z~?

~·

1\'\'\ / \ . .

~, ~,

;ME-

l. '"" Yan

( ~ Jm ] lma ~ The name of a state (see L.l2, no. 6, p. 46)

2. ~ sheng

r Jh Jm ]

l:l1 ~

to be born

3. ~ zhang

r Jh f.!) ]

~

to grow up

4. ~ Chii

( ~ 100 ] m; ~ the name of a state (see L. 7, no. 3, p. 24)

5.

&..

ji

6. ~ lao

7. 8.

r1t jig ]

*

r ~ fl. iPJ ] r

fU

~ ;

to reach (see L. 10, no. 23, p. 36)

1:F ~

aged; old

m]

ji lao

&.. ~

1t jig ~ fU ~ 7 when he was old

31

huan

r Jh Jig ]

ben

r~fl. jig]

*

-*11 ben guo -z;z:

9. 8 10.

rcJ J.-

11.~1

@]

c~ ~ ~ J

upon reaching old age;

to return to

;

A.l3 B8~

**8~ -100 original; one's own...

r~~m]~l3B**~~•;•~;~• one's native country; one's homeland

nn

r ~ 100 ]

tong

( IU JPJ ] :Jt I6J ; -

xing

rJh IPJ ]

~~

i:

the name of a state (see L. 9, no. 3, p. 32)

re

together

to walk; to travel

90

LESSON 23

r6J ~T ~

tong xing zhe

r~ Ji!J IB J - m~ B':J A.

12. ~ kuang

rlb jig )

13. f~ zhi

rlb jig J ~

14.

~ cheng

r~ M )

(UTBRAU.Y:

enclose)

fi ;

Jt{ •

a fellow traveller

to cheat; to trick; to deceive

to point at; to be pointing at

:tJ& ill ; :tJ& ll a city; a city wall

the four walls of a city and the area that they

15. ~9JC lfA IW\

~~D~,Z~?~~D~,Z~? ~~D~,Z~?

16. ~ r6ng

r~ ji!J )

qiaoran

~~

bianr6ng +-+

17. 1::;

1s.

ruo

mn

~ J:. 8':1 ,. 11 facial expression; demeanor

r1f1 Jli.J mJ ~• ~~ ;

~• ~J:.

s'gilflil

to change one's facial expression

(AM«II!JJ~=A.·~~;~-~~ a second person pronoun; you or your

r~ji!JJ~~-~m~~-,~•~=+~•• !I! '~*iZt~tti:f' !~!I! Originally, in pre-Qfn times, this term referred to a neighborhood of 25 families; later it came to be used as a generic term for local communities: a village

19.

i±

she

r~ ji!J J ± !t!! Jtij

20.

DJJ

kul

( 111 jig J P.i Jffi.

an altar to the local god of the soil

to sigh

( ld JfiJ ) Pjt .m. !f!! sighingly ~~D~,Z~? kulran Jltll = ~~~it!! ; ~a it!! heavy-heartedly; wistfully

21.

P_l tan

rlb jiiJ )

ll.i 1:

to sigh

91

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

22. ~ she

r~ jig ) m.1M ; mr

a house; a building

$t A.

r~ Ji!J )

tll $fa

24.Jil hi

r~ fe!l )

~ (mao).. ; ~ ~ a rustic dwelling

23.

xiiin

2s. HJ

ren

xuan

r111 jig )

~ Iii

one's ancestors

m~ mr

a cottage; a thatched hut

31 , 7i , : ii 7~

to shed tears

r

r·a~ A ,,,...

xuan nin

ld Ji!J ) ~~ ~~ :l:tf! ; D~ 7~ ~ j.ft f.§ streaming; in a stream (said of tears); in rivulets

U

r~ jig )

il it ;

27. ~ zhong

r~ jig )

:II~

** ·-

r111 JPJ )

i£lJ ftiU ; 5l (ke> ftiU

26.

long

28 . ffl Jffi

~13~

bu zijin

:II~

r

:l:tf!

tumuli

Note: This word was a dialectical variant for"~ "and was used at that time in the region controlled by the states of Qin and nn.

FT .L!:

grave mounds to restrain roneselfJ

to stop

rIJJ PJ m) [13 6 1:R: ffiU ~ -1± § a ; 11: ~ -1± § a

cannot stop [doing something]; cannot stop oneself from [doing something]

*

r

29. D~~ eran

ld iii.~ ) ug ug ~ :l:tf! "guffaw-like"; an onomatopoetic adverb used to express the sound of boisterous laughhter

30.1i xi

r~ rm Ji!J )

31. ~ dai

32.

n er

~ Wi generally this word means "in the past"

JJ:~ II

:

rlb ~ ) a'\ • ; Iii

r1111

~~

:::t

here it means: "just now."

to cheat; to deceive; to trick

M ) ffil B ; .R ~ ~ •·· H 7

"ifff B" : simply; only; nothing more than

92

an elided form of

LESSON LESSON 23 23

33.11 33. 'Hi} can can

r. fl. P.J ) [

1i fl.

34. 34. ?l fj* bei bei

r•

~ {IJ J; IS ~ffi Jl grief-stricken grief-stricken HHH

B i> bei xln

~fattg,Dif [( £~ 0Ji!J1 II] 8 ] K A K i i O W ;; ~JMttg,Dif grief; feelings feelings of of grief grief grief;

J!

IIJ IhI P.J ]] [( §!l

35. 35. M geng geng

36. 36.

fl. li!J ]

[to [to feel] feel] ashamed; ashamed; [to [to be] be] mortified mortified

Wt:

wei wei

IE I1& gengwei

J! IE 1JD tin

r[ 1~^ fl. ^ Ji!J P I ]]

even even (more, (more, less) less)

ff • ;* lk1> W i'P

r

fl. H*l Ji!l ]] JJ!E f-~. [ ~ iBr f before]. before].

93 93

; ff •

slight; tenuous slight;tenuous

~7 T slighter; slighter; even even less less [than [than

I P — " h £ 3 IS ~[]A if ~ '

El

~[]

5.3:. fltlf

•

fnl )3 r 111 PJ

•A

to to paint paint or or draw draw [a [a picture] picture]

2. 2. t e she she

r ~ ji!J )

tE

a snake

3. t~ ^ tian tian 3.

[ 111 Sft Jm p^l )] itt (zeng) (zeng) 1JD JU » 7$1:. ^ _ t ;I

1. 1. M hua hua

t't

4. 4.

zu .fE zu

5. 5.

1ill

6. 6.

nJ R§

,

Cl ci

dci

r ~^ iliJ ! hI )]

JII jj§P

feet feet

m.

[ 111 W) Jii.J K*I )] ~ ^ ?E Ulfl [|$ ~ §£ IB .7G 5fc1] to to offer offer sacrifices sacrifices £to [to the the spirits spirits or or ancestors] ancestors]

r 111 n mJii.J i)

.. (sh3ng) Jm m(shang) R i ;; Jm ~ (1:. *& ~ ~ *& ~ ~ ll ~

D..!f! Ji) toto bestow Bj&li) bestow [upon]; [upon]; to to give give (used (used only only when when someone someone of of superior superior status status gives gives something something to to someone someone of of inferior inferior status, status, or or when when someone someone of of aa senior senior generation generation gives gives something something to to someone someone of of aa junior junior generation.) generation.)

+ ♦ J:. J l ~ shlmgjf shangjt ♦ "F

~[] xiaji

the the higher higher authorities; authorities; one's one’s superiors superiors

[one's] [one’s] subordinates subordinates or or inferiors inferiors

+ -k ¥. zhangbei zhangbei

• IJt .. wanbei winbei 7. S A sheren

1JD JU 1:. _h to to add add [on] [on]

r[ ~* «~] 1 r,~

elders elders of of aa family; family; the the older older generation generation the the juniors juniors in in aa family; family; the the younger younger generation generation

"Gate “Gate guests"; guests”; also also known known as as "retainers". “retainers”. In In classical classical times, times, retainers, retainers, advisors, advisors, and and consultants consultants were were maintained maintained and and housed housed at at the the expense expense of of wealthy, wealthy, influential influential persons, persons, usually usually persons persons of of rank, and and were were dependent dependent on on them them for for their their livelihoods. livelihoods. By By extension, extension, the the term term came came to to include include all all kinds kinds of of hangers-on hangers-on attached attached to to the the households households of of the the aristocracy. aristocracy.

UI'BRAILY: lite ra lly :

94

LESSON 24

8. ~ zhi

r~~)~~-m~~~~~uw;-m~~ a cylindrical vessel used for drinking wine; a beaker; a goblet

• a .1111qimln 9.

tm

jiu

food containers, including plates, dishes, bowls, cups, etc.

r

~ jig ) ~ liquor; spirits; wine; brewed or distilled alcoholic beverages

Note: Wine made from the fennented juice of gmpes was not known in classical times and was fJrSt introduced from Central Asia only in the Tang dynasty (609960A.D.)

~~

zhi jill

r~ ~ m) -

~ iifi

a beaker of spirits; a goblet of liquor

r~ fl. JiiJ )

~ several

liA. shu ren

r~ jig m)

~ {00

11.

fX

yin

r111 jig ) 01

12.

.fE.

zu

r~ fl. jig )

10.ti shu

several persons

to drink

~

sufficient

~..@

r~ fl. jig m) =1\ ~

insufficient; not enough

f*

r~ jig )

the remains; the remainder

buzu

13.

A.

yu

frf*

youyu

.;£

14. iif! qing

~J (sheng) !*

rJb pi!] m)

lf jj ~

r~ fl. jig Hi ) ::t ~

to have a surplus too much

r••~JiiJ)•~~-~~~=•tt~;~~~

a polite expression used to introduce a suggestion: "let us ...."

• -It tl jianyi 15.

it!!

di

to suggest

r~ il!l ] ± ftf! ; ttl! iii 95

the ground

A A BASIC BASIC CLASSICAL CLASSICAL CHINESE CHINESE READER READER •• GLOSSARIES GLOSSARIES

• :l:t!! hua hua di di

16. ^

wei

17 17.. .5JG cheng cheng

51

r[ tltJd SPm* l m § § ]J •# [ *[n~ £ ] 1*1tf! & ;; [f£ 11tf! oo 1: if to ... on to draw draw... on the the ground ground r

ltJ I?) ji!J ]] nJG ~ [ W$

to to become; become; to to tum turn into into

r

ltJ jig [ W} if") ]]t tjG f i knJG* ;^ jG to tocomplete; complete; to tofmish finish

r

Jm ]

18. 18. ^ I yin yin

[ ltJ #d

t9. 19. 13. JeL qie qie

r[ ld§!l jliJ gp) ]]

20.JJ 20. Th niii nai

but;however however [ ld 8U Jm I ”) ]] ~p §Pbut;

ft

21. 21. &

zuo zuo

~ ~ [.*] [$: ]

Mf ~ H

to to draw draw [to [to oneself]; oneself]; to to take take

to to be be going going to; to; to to be be about about to to

r r

[ ^~ fl. ^ IjliJ ”] ]]

1.r. il e~f£j

r

the theleft left[side]; [side];on onthe theleft left

22. 22. f~ chi Chi

~f )) [ ltJ Id Jm 1*0 ]] ~ $ (Cl

23.:ti you 23. you

jig ]] ';fj il [ ^~ ^fl. 1^1 j£z~ ffr the the right right [side]; [side]; on on the the right right

24. ^

r[ ld@!l jiiJphI ]]

wei

25. 25. ~ 5 ^ duo dud

Ia:!

26. 26. S

gu gu

;; ~ ^ (~ )

to to hold; hold;holding holding

r

[ 11 ] li f:f not not yet; yet; still still not not

r[ ltJ ji!Jifi*! ]] tt (qmng)~ ~] (qiang)Sf ;» tt [[j£]

to to take take [by [by force]; force]; to to snatch snatch [away] [away]

r[BI ld Jm ffl ]1 * * 3* fc e r=i BJ p

(si ;

s.m

2 7 . $ an

[

28.~ sui 28 M sui

r[BJ ld PJ W ]]

nt ~ ;5 iM:i t

29. ~ zhong zhong 29 M

r[ bldi 1m ]]

~ 1it finally; finally; eventually; eventually; in in the the end end a m

r[ ltJ » SP.J3 ]]

~ ~ to to lose lose

-t

30. 30. t

wang wang

]

originally (by (by nature); nature); naturally naturally originally

96 96

how

hereupon; hereupon; then then

LESSON LESSON 24 24

A

I f -r~~i-~zmilil,~m-• huashetianzu UTBRAIL snake and and add add feet feet to to it.” it." lite ra llyY:: "Draw “Draw aa snake

•

to enter, to go into

[~1M) tflllliS1tiffi~~lfB~b'*8~~fi, ~~~~

t~~~ This term is used as a general appellation for the various nomadic tribes living to the north and northwest of Chinese territory in antiquity (as well as in later times). During the Qin and periods, "!ij" usually refers to the Xiongnu people. It is common to translate" !ij" into English as "barbarian(s)," but it could also be rendered as "northern nomads". (It almost always has a pejorative connotation).

Han

A~~

ru hu

r111 ~m m)

:lmA.i3~A.~~i±

;

:lmA.i3~A.s~tm1i

to enter the [northern] barbarians' territory

129

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

9. 9j diao

13.

iM

11.

~ ju

fu

r

(wei) ; ra,

J1J jnJ ] Ejj lt lt [~ flj :f ~ ~A. ] to offer .condolences; to console [someone who has met with misfortune]

ra thoroughbred; ~ ~ Wi good fortune good fortune a ]thoroughbred; a~fine thoroughbred; a thoroughbred; horse aa fine thoroughbred; horse a fine a fine horse ahorse fine horse r1u Pm J ~ , Jm m- !ij mu ~PJ , ~ , , " frii , " ~ "· ~ ~ m , •• PX; & ra, 'il]

,

The adverb" :II" meaning "lit" or "then" is generally used in combination with the adverbs "~ ", " foJ", " ~ ", etc. in rhetorical interrogative sentences; e.g., "foJ :II", which literally means "what then ... ?" "why then ... ?" or "how then ... ?"

fcJ • ·•· ¥ r1!1 lE M • J he ju... hii

12. ~ wei 13.

iM

fu

why would [it not] ... ?

rJ1J im ]

PX; ~ ; • PX; to become; to turn into

r~ ~ ] Wi ~

14. ~ jiang

rIIJ iJ!J ] mti

15.1~ ~~

r~ ii!J jfi ]

junma

;l'tA.::k1tlf 17.

~~ huo

18. ~ liang

~Jrft[:f] ···WE? it mft [:f] ... hi ?

good fortune to lead

9r ,~

a thoroughbred; a fine horse

m•

rtJJ jig ]

• • ; rOJ ••• congratulations to [someone]

r~ ~ ]

~ ~ misfortune; disaster

r~ 'fl. ii!1 ] 9r

good

rtJJ jJij ]

~ 91

20.~ ql

rJ1J ftiJ ]

It ,~

21. ~ duo

r1JJ jPJ ] rt ; ~ r

19.

~r hao ,

to congratulate; to offer

;

~ IX to be fond of; to like

to ride [on horseback]

130

* ;¥-¥

(shuai)

r

*

to fall down (off)

LESSON 32

22.

M bl

23.

di

*

24. • ju

iiii ii

r~ jig ]

M.J (ku8)it

the thighbone

r1u ft!l J :km:tt~ ; *•~ on a large scale; in great numbers rlb ji!J ]

~ t}] ( !II II¥ ) to mobilize [troops]

r111 P.J m)

**'Hl~~th!f!~

to mobilize on a large scale

2s. A. ru

r 1b ii!l )

~A. to invade

26.

T

ding

r~ ii!J )

pX; ~ }13 A. an adult male

27.

H±

zhuang

rm~ jig )

28.

SI

yin

rlb jig ) rm 9

~ M±

Jt~~

; fl M±

strong; robust

to draw a bow =

til~*

;

llX~*

; ~m*

to pull over; to pick up; to take up 29. ~f xhm

r ~ jig )

9

~ bowstring

Jlt~

ii ii

rlb jig m] tL 1m 9

Jlt Mt :

yin xhm ~

30. ~ zhan

: 9

bows

~

m9

r lb fa!l ]

f'F ~ ; tT it -~~ alone

31.

ii

du

r ld JPj]

32.

jJt

bo

rm~ 1m ] 11 (que)

*

~ to draw a bowstring

to take up [their] bows

to fight [in battle]

lame; lamed

r

34.{t hua

lb P.J ) f¥ ~ ; ~ ... ~ ~ (iJ ~ to secure; to keep secure; to save from danger

34.{t 34.{t hua hua

r~ P.J )

~ ~~ change

131

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

r ~ Jli.J ]

35. ~ ji

~ 10

:II rut

;

the extreme; the end

r•~J~R;•R~~~;aft~:II~

to ascertain to the extreme; to explore to the end

1t ~OJ fuJi ( 111 r.g m J 9l1tt~~~aii!r>nRfUil~ hua bu ke ji the ultimate ending of this transforming can never be ascertained 36.

shen

r M fl. 1m ]

ce

r 111 ~ J lltl :i:

?~ ~

OJ mu r M fl. ~m m J

-~

?~

37.lP~

shen bu ke ce

?~ Jt deep; profound to fathom; to measure

?~~~~eli r!

-r >mu :1:

so deep as to be beyond any means of measuring; of unfathomable depth

~~lt ~~lt

~ ~1:1 ~ ,~ ~

*

' ,:W,; ~0 !JF. ~

~~

s ~~ ~

::f :IE: g ? ,

= ,

saiwengsh1mi-yanzh1reifu

11 t.t a3 ~rut J ~ ~ ~ 7

.~

,

~ ~ ~o

m

"When the old man on the frontier lost his horse, how could it be known to not be good fortune?"

LITERALLY:

~~~;tiz~ c~m; t~mmnt!) ~~~;tiz~ c~m; t~mmnt!) This is used as a metaphor for situations in which apparent disaster, defeat, or loss may turn into or lead to good fortune or success. It is used in the same way that the saying "a blessing in disguse" is used in English, but with the sense of "a loss may tum out to be a gain."

132

LESSON 32

:EA.~~~:o :EA.~~~:o :EA.~~~:o :EA.~~~:o :EA.~~~:o

?~IH~ ii

i* r ?it~ :i:

of unfathomable depth

133

foJ:Jc.:rzlft!!? -s= + -~ = -Eur .:;p_ foJ:Jc.:rzlft!!? foJ:Jc.:rzlft!!?

& fHHI 1.

ii'

chi

2.

-c

wang

:EA.~~~:o :EA.~~~:o

[ 1JJ ii!f ]

a. ~ fi. tE b. ~ 1;;

3. ~ she 4.

ff

cun

s. 1it ~

Chang Chuang

6. ~ jf

1. ~-=f

[ ~ iii.J ] 3" rut

r IJJ iii.J ]

~ tE to not exist

7~ fi to lose; to have lost; to not have

the tongue

ff tE ; tE

to exist

z Bffi personal name, traditionally said to have been Laozi's teacher [ ~ iii.J )

A~

, fH fi ~ ~ -T

r ~ 1m ] AAi illness; sickness r 111 jllj ) ~ wg to be ill; to be sick r~~J~*·~n·*~·~~a•a~M

JGt ~ ~ ,

Laozi'

;

;

m~a~ ttJ 9~ A

Traditionally said to have been a philosopher who lived during the Spring and Autumn period and the founder of the Taoist School of his given name Ef ( If ) philosophy. His surname was Li and his courtesy name Dan (Qllj. ).

fan zul

li1 ~ ~j ~

ft ftfX fX ft fX

r1tJ JPJ m)

Jl&f~.

to violate the law; to commit a criminal offense

~H 7 ~X IT .II 8~ ~ to commit a criminal offense punishable under the category of punishment requiring the cutting off of one foot

19. ~ yl

r~ ~ jPJ )

~ ISJ

~8

rlit R8 ~ )

13 -

Jb!

r1tJ ~ )

yl rl

20.

*

you

[if

yuan

j1j1 ii

different

*-

another day

(guang) ;

rm j1j1

to stroll

21. ~~~(m~~)~~·~~-~ffo guo 22.

*~

guo yuan

23. ~ shi' 24.

tJii

tao

25.1t gan

* ,:t!t * 1m m) t! ti *tfl , m *

r ~ Ji!l )

t! H ~ ' lb

8~ !if! 15 an area of

land used to grow vegetables, flowers, and trees

r~

£: 71
( !ll ~ ' ~ fn~ lJft >~ fli

' *'

=

A :1! o ~ t:l:l ~ + 1F l!fo

I

r~ JiiJ J ¥~;

61.

65.J!!1{ shang

;

l l 'lr.:p-::IP !J IIJ ., J

-g .,.. ~ LBJ f ace to f ace (w1•th ...]; to (my] f ace

to point out and chide

; ~- faults

rtJJ ji!J J ~ }{I r~ IPJ J 9f ~

to receive to bestow a reward; to reward

a reward; an award

r~jig mJ 1:~sg~~

the highest reward

rtJJ Jig J ¥1: ; ¥ lti (xi3n)

to submit [a document to a

superior]; to present [something] to one's superior ( ~

Ji!J J ff {§ ;

{8 ~~I~

sg tf f§

'

ii 1if M ~ ~

(rou)•

a piece of writing; a letter, in general, anything in writing submitted to the king by an inferior was called a memorial

_l.

shang shii

68.

tp

1i

zhong shang

69. ~ bang

rJ1J Jm mJ 1: ~.

memorialize

to submit a written memorial; to

r~ Jig mJ tp ~ ~ ~ :s

rtJJ jPJ J ~ rm sg f~ • Jlt fL :

mg¥

172

the middle reward

to point out and chide in public to criticize

LESSON 38

1o.m

yl

rJh f.!) ]

-m

r~ P.J m)

er

r~ P.J )

11. ~Jl chao shl 72. ~

73.r:! xia shang 74.

fJJ

chii

iii ~

rld jiiJ )

-mta

'Jlif~ [at] the royal court or [in] the marketplace

]1: ~

r~ P.J m)

to discuss

the ear; ears

""f~tE~.the lowest reward

F4g F4g at the outset; at first

rJJJ ~m mJ ~til!-;;-

75.l!~

to present remonstrances

jmjian

"fcJ~?"

r~ fig )

*Jlt r, : r, ;ru

a door; a gate in front of the gate

~

77 .

.IJ!

ting

shu

( M ~ P..l )

rld P..l ]

shi shi

"fcJ~?"

83.

jinian ~

~{1M

'M 'M ;

,

Han

several; a few; a number of ~ 'M often; frequently

fti ~ f~ §f. from time to time; at times

rld 1m ] ra, ~ ; M ~ occasionally; once in a while r~ ii!l m) -

M!tf. i!i&

like a marketplace

as [crowded as] a marketplace

8o.~Jii IJii

82.

; IJ5t -T the front courtyard

tt• : itilftj}-tj [ff!f]

ruo shl

II

~ IJ5t

r• • fig m ] • ill tl- tj

78.tirP 79.

r ~ P.J ]

~~

[on the] anniversary; a full year later

r~ JiiJ) ~~~ , f±~~iiJm~~~~&~~~*ffBz

tt!! 173

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

The name of a state that existed during the Warring States period and occupied the northwestern yart of present-day Henan and the eastern part of present-day Shanxi provinces.

84.~

wei

r~ JPJ J m; ~ , 1± ~ rOJ m~ ~~: ttB .& wrm ~ rm itj ffB

ztt!!

The name of a state that existed during the Warring States period and occupied the northern part of present-day Henan and the southwestern part of present-day Shanxi provinces. 85. ~ jie

86. ~Jl chao

r1u JliJ J w

all

r111 wm J to'JJgo~to; the¥1J court 'JJ ~ * ~ t5 ± of a ruler and to accept his

LITBRAI.LY:

sovereignty; to pay court

87.

pff ~~

r~ ii!J mJ plf ~ ~

!!!!.t-

zhan

r111 ji!J J tl 1t

to do battle

sheng

r111 jPJ J 1m ~lj

to win

suo wei

88.~

89.

1m

ra~

zhan sheng

r

m tl

th jPJ J 1m victory; to triumph

that called; what is called

; Jl f~ 1M ~u

to battle and win; to win a

"fcJ~?"

I?'1 fa~ 7fl mentfngruoshil LITBRALY: "At the

gate and in the courtyard it was as crowded as a marketplace."

::A:r, mn~c~fJJG r:FWH~ftillti~ff ,

~3*~!sg A. Ul ~ This phrase is used to describe a place bustling with social activity, where many people are constantly coming and going.

174

~~~~~*Uit ~~~~~*Uit ~~~~~*Uit ~~~~~*Uit "fcJ~?" "fcJ~?"

2.

ftti

jie

r

~ r.g ] R II {369-225 B.C.) the name of a state that flourished during the Warring States period and was situated in present-day Henan province

r ~ f.!) ]

ftti bl

uprightness

r~~r.gJ~n;••~~,~-,8~~ upright; willing to die for righteousness, for one's country, or for one's sovereign 3.

~L £J:

r~ f.!) ]

4.

0.-T

r~ Jii.) ]

riimu

gongzi

5. ~ Qln

6.

1.

lt1l

po

ttEim

Weiwang Xili

~~ ~ a wet nurse

~ ~ ~ ~ T DJ.I ~ T a princeling; a general term used to refer to any son of a feudal lord

[ ~ r.g )

-~~ (338-206 B.C.) the name of a state that flourished during the Warring States period and was situated in present-day Shanxi province

r111 pi!) ]

tJ Bt ;

r

~ 1m ] ~II ~ ft R II ~ ~ ~~ - f1z8 ~ the last ruler of the state of Wei: King Xhi of Wei (r. 227-225 B.C.)

8. ~ zhii

r~ ~ r.g ]

9. ~ fing

r111 Jii.) ]

10.

ii

yi

n ~ to break; to destroy; to defeat

~ ~ numerous; many

~~ ;

r

~ ~ to order; to issue an order

[A~]~ft~m••~,w~a-~,-~M ~ ill an ancient unit of weight= 20 or M taels

a-

175

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

11.1i! nl

r 111 am J "

12. ~ zui

r ~ ~ J !~ I'J {Cheng fa)

13.~ yi

111 ~ J M 1m. ; entire family or clan

14. !ij yu

(1t

15.

ift

16. ~ 17. ~

*»*

r 111 f.iJ J ~ ~

to flee; to run away

§i

r ~ Jm m J ii ~

yang

ll'¥

jie hii

;h;:. • • • l[iT 21 .;;n 'I""J nhl ... he

r 111 ~ J ~at r ~ ji!] J

;

~~ iW 83 g!

r

former ministers

to recognize

f'-' ~

~ 1i anxiety ;

r 111 ~m mJ i9: 1tf f~ ~-

Ll'I'BRAILY:

to exterminate an

~a and

tao

wuyang

22.

am J

fJt 7t ~too

together

1mf& 20.·~

r

punishment

r ld ~ J - re

18. ~ shi

f&

to conceal; to hide

ju

guchen

19.

Ia

adversity

; -¥ ~ 11tt •

free from adversity/affiliction; safe and sound

(e: f.iJ J ~ ! D~ !

~/J\f'M(cuo)fff~~ ~

alas! (an interjection used to express frustration and disappointment)

( 111

~

j!f J

~ Jlf ¥JR ;

What shall I do about ... ?

iB ··· {&. .f1f ¥JR

What to do with ... ;

'!i an

~~~~~*Uit ~~~~~*Uit ~~~~~*Uit

'!i :{f

rlb f.i.) mJ ft foJ Jl ; ft Pll!

to be at/in what place?

ril ii!J J ifbl ~

suppose; if

an zhl

23. ifol ting

ft PBS JL where is ... ? ; fi ~ ; 176

~~

LESSON 39

ffi~B: ffi~B: 25.

..i..

t::J

yan

26. ~ jin

~~~~~*Uit ~~~~~*Uit (

111

~

] Wt

to speak; to tell

"2i ft ~+ ll :W ~ ~ ¥ f)l ' .7'G. ~ = + i® ~ - fi ' - fi X M. - ~ a solid piece of gold weighing 20 or (

~~

]

24 taels

27.

28.

~ ftiJ Dti )

£ ~

~~

(

l.R

r~ F!1 J 1i* M ; lffJ 1i*

kiin di

lei

11 J.R wu lei

elder and younger brothers

; raJ ~ 8'9 A.

kinsfolk

r111 F!l mJ 7~ ~ ut rrF a~n rm 1i* 8'9 A. not have kinsfolk [left alive]

~raJ ~ ~ A. if5 ~It~ kinsfolk will all be slaughtered

~ ~ fi ~

rti ~ mJ cf£ J £ ~ cr:p J 7~ ~ nr w~ a~n raJ ~

8'g A. I£~ [among] elder-younger brothers not-have kinsfolk left alive

kiindi wulei

~ 7~~ Olil~tEJ raJ~£~

there is no elder-younger brothers in the clan left alive

~ £~if5~&~

brothers will all be killed

29.lJf xii

rax f.iJ]

30. ~ chu

r~ 1m )

II£ pff ;

31. ~ yl

( IU 1m )

tB

32.~ zhong

( IU F!l ] flj Jl

~ , ~IJ\rlfil oh! alas! (an interjection used to express sorrow or dismay) ~ fj

place; whereabout

also; too after all; to the end; in the end

177

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

33. t: wang

34.~ :J:i:f.

35.~

( ~ 1m J

mie

r111 ii!l J r1J M

.1.

~

r1t ii!l J ~

shang

8~ M. Jl clan; kinsfolk

to extenninate; to wipe

benefit

r111 1m J & 1& ; T=f *& r~

ji!J

out

for

r~ 1m J fU ~

n

38./X. ian 39.

to perish; to be destroyed; £of a state1to fall

* ;151 M:

zu

ffi~B: 37. fiJ

rtJJ 1m J M t:

to revolt; to rebel; to tum against

J ~ m' itt! itz. ~ ~ A. ; ~ ±. one, s superior JJt II j~ IJ'\ ~ T ' Jt m• .I here it refers to the little prince, and in fact, to the deceased king of Wei

( M ?if. iiiJ J t& i2!

40.~ nl

r~ 1m ) t& j2! 41.

t!! ye

42 .

EB "P(

,.

wet

43.~ qi

treasonous

treason

riiJ PiiJ J mtE *'J If 'llJ *

a detenninative sentence

r111 JiiJ J ~ t.l ; ts r111 Jii.J J W1 ~ r

to

fear; to dread

to throw away; to abandon

mtit ; iE tit

44.

ft

yi

~ jliJ J righteousness

45.

ilL

Iuan

rM ?if. JiiJ J ~ ilL ; ~ B ( ~ JiiJ J ~ilL ;

46.~ chi 47.

kA

yi

rtJJ JiiJ )

~

;

a final particle used at the end of

~~~

what is fitting and proper;

muddled; confounded

folly

~ ii to hold onto; to rely on

( 1t JPJ ) [ fi 'E l

*

178

thereby to ...

LESSON 39

qiu

[ 1b jig ]

~ 5J
iiizra,, 1>iiizra,, 1>iiizra,, LITBRAILY:

"Greedy for life; fearful of death"

'1"7Effii~7E • tt~ $~n~Wf! This saying is a metaphor used to criticize a person for fearing to do what he ought to do because he values his own safety above all else.

1>iiizra,, 1>iiizra,, LITBRAILY:

"See profit; forget righteousness"

«Jf.t:liW~~---~4Ji~ This saying is used to describe the behavior of people who scheme to profit from something without any regard for what is right or just

1>iiizra,, 1>iiizra,, UI'BRALLY:

"To cast away life in order to pick up righteousness"

~iEftA!I~tiNi't1~$ This saying is used to describe the behavior of someone who is willing to

do what is right and just at any cost, even the cost of his own life.

183

1>iiizra,, 1>iiizra,, 1>iiizra,, MB:

t.-Til:

[~~]A~oWa~~~~~*~~g~,~

Zichan

-~* 0 ~--~M,.ftffl~oft·~~=+ ~~,fi~Wff~S~~~~~~~~;fl*#

~-~~~--~~~~*~~,~~~~~~

fr,~~Im~~* o ~Jit~~-~i"J', ~P~{*~~ ~'~~~~o~~~~§~ffi~U~,~~­ ~~S£~Wffi~~~o~~~~~-~W~~ u~~z- o Zichan was a high minister (grandee) of the state of Zheng during the Syring and Autumn period. His name was Gongsiin Qhio; Zichan was his courtesy name. He was erudite, broadly-experienced, and accomplished at statecraft. He was in charge of the government for more than twenty years . In domestic affairs, he put into practice policies that were tolemnt and generous, yet stem and fair, in diplomacy he paid homage to the two principal states contending for hegemony, the states of fm and Chii, but refused to accept any unreasonable demands from either state. For these reasons, though Zheng was a weak and small state, it remained sound, stable, and free from foreign invasion. The people of Zheng respected and supported Zichan, and the rulers of nn and Chii also respected him. He was one of ancient China's outstanding statesmen.

•#f'"

learned; erudite

b6xue

• , fJt1 duowen

to have broad experience; broadly-experienced

• -k ~ changy6

to be good at; to be accomplished at

• 1: 4

kuiinhou

tolerant and generous

• .ll aJl

yanmfng

stem and fair

• ..f Ji zhengba

to contend for hegemony; to strive for supremacy

184

LESSON 40

.ff:Jt._,_~."M!

•* sh

Ji

2.

hui

3. ~~ xiang

r lb jiiJ )

*~

xiao

r~

MB: .ff:Jt._,_~."M! MB: -:;6.

5. ai'U lun 6.

fA

zhl

7. ~ zheng

MB: MB:

outstanding; eminent

jiechii

~i tl

; ffF ~i

to destroy; to pull down

r~~)~~ffft~-~~M,-M=~~N· ~ - j!~ the name of an ancient admirnnistrative unit nominally comprised of 12,500 households

• 4.

to respect and support

~i

a 11. 1«.

a district; an administrative area

xfngzhengqiiyu

jiiJ ) .. :f:~

a school

~~.tif.;f±-tfJ.ff~·~-~

rlb ~ ) Gf ~

to comment on

r 111 jPJ )

fk ~ (zhang)

r~

ft.

jPJ )

r 111 JPJ m)

;

~ 'If to be in charge of; to conduct

political power, the government

fJt~ftt~

; ~'m"IJ*B*

to hold political power; to conduct the government

r

m ) fJt

~ JiiJ :j: ft • e~ A. those who hold political power; those who conduct the government

8.

9.

?& B,ij

r~ .jliJ ) A. ~

*

o ~

rm

, ~

e (Mie> ,

*?&

o_ij ,

Ranmfng

IB 1J B~

fcJ ~D heni

( • • Jm fti) ~DfoJ? :gJrtf? lit: Whatlike~ Like what? What do you think of it? How about it?

fcJ ~

( 1t Jm ifi ]

10.

hewei

~ ZOng Mie (courtesy name Ranmfng) was a high official of the state of Zheng.

~it~

185

?

What for? Why?

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

11. ~

fu

12. ~JI zhao 13.

9

Xl

r

r ~ 1m ]

!I! Ji

[

m(bang) Hi

~

JliJ ]

.ff:Jt._,_~."M! [ ~ 1m

iJ!

tui

the morning the evening

m] !f! ~iN .fjj Hi Jlt ~ :

zhao xi 14.

m

'OJ

Db iPJ ] ~ tE § , ~I)\ ~ ~ ~ When it is used at the beginning of a sentence, this particle usually indicates that the speaker or subject is offering what follows as a personal comment, observation or criticism.

r Jb iii] ]

morning and evening

~ 'ffl" ; ~ 'ffl" often; frequently

~ (tan) if!; (gui) ; jJg @)

back to; to return

tt. : I i'F JG 7 @1

15.

if

yl

16.@ shan

17.

:e

fou

r 111 1m ] m~

to go back to; to come

*

to return ... after work

to discuss critically; to comment on

r~~JPJ] ~r; ~~

good; appropriate

r~~]m:tEw~~~~~I)\~~~'OJ~~,• IJ\~~~-WoM~=~~=~~~ When it is used in an interrogative sentence asking for a simple affirmative or negative response (an A or not-A question), this word stands for the negative part of the question. For example: ~ to be true or to be untrue

e:

.ff:Jt._,_~."M!r~~~mm] ~~~~"; ~~~" .ff:Jt._,_~."M! to be appropriate or inappropriate

1s. ~ PIT ~ # qisuoshanzhe

J.-

19. ~T xing

r~

nB

m]

iPJ A.~~~~~~ Jtt ~ ~ those government policies and ordinances which people regard as good

r 1b 1PJ ] 1f ~T

etc.]

; it ~T to carry out; to implement [policies,

186

LESSON 40

20. ~

r/f ~ ~ r ~ ~m mJ A. ~ ~ ~ :::f' ~ ~ e~ tJB t~ ~ ~

qfsuoezhe

21.& El

22.~

those government policies and ordinances which people regard as inappropriate

gru

rlb 1m J I! & ; & .iE

shl

rmm It jig J Jlt ; mM

to change; to correct this; these

llt~: t~~~&&~~&tflA~~~~ ''This" here refers to the entire description of the village school and its functions in the foregoing passage.

23. ~ifi shi

zfcJ ruozhihe

24.£

25. ,~ zhong

~~~ zhongshan

r~ jliJ J ~ ftffi

a teacher

rli rA, mu jliJ J ~ it .~r ? ~ e or ~

?

how could... ? so how can ... ?

,u

[ M fl. jiij J ~ ~ ; ~ fli1J loyal; devoted; to devote one's total mental and physical energies [to some person, cause, task, etc.]

rlfJ 1m mJ ~ ['Jj~] ~ ~ n~ ~ ~

!f~

devoted to good; dedicated to good devoted to doing good

[1ffr J~~egiEf~~~uflliJ

with respect to implementing good government policies, to do one's utmost

~:~t,ut~e tJ :ttf! Wfr ~ ~ eg if~~ to do one's utmost to implement good government policies. 26.

i!

27.

m yuan

sun

rlb jiiJ J ~ 1>

to decrease; to slacken; to lessen

rlb jig J ~ ta

to hold a grudge against; to harbor resentment

toward somebody

r~ ~m J mta ift~

sun yuan

ill-win

r1b JPJ mJ ~ 1> mtD 187

to decrease [the feeling of] ill-will

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • GLOSSARIES

zoo

r 111 f.!) J ~ JJ!

to display; to make a show of

29. ~ wei

r ~ 1m J i1G fJ

might; prestige

28.

fp

~'F ;X:

zuowei

[111~mJ~&iJGfJ;~W~ANm~•* to display one's might and power; to cow others by a display of might; to make a show of force

Ilt J1 :

t~ l& ll Jl (yanli) 89

to use harsh measures

30. ~:Jj fang

~:Jj ~

fang yuan u.,

31.R qi

32.311 ju

r 111 ~ J ~ (du} {±

m

to block up; to prevent

r 111 ~ m J ~:n ~ mtH:

to block [the feeling of] ill-will

[ IU JiiJ J ft m··· ? ffl & r~:~, ~ IJ\ tf ~ Would it not. .. ?

Don't you mean to say... ? An adverb used at the head of a rhetorical question to indicate that the speaker anticipates a response to the contrary.

[ IU

~

J

,~ ~ :i:t!!

; ~H t~ ft!! quickly

33.

Jl

zhi

r Jh iPJ J fliU .L1:

to prevent; to check; to stop

34 .

.J II

chuan

r ~ ji!J J iilJ ii

a river; runing water

35.

i1c

joe

r 111 ~ J [ !.f ~n] 7ft (kul)ik

r

.ff:Jt._,_~."M!I1J JPJ .ff:Jt._,_~."M!

dikes or embankments

mJ *matt !t!!fli®:~~ to breach the dike on a large scale

r111 JPJ J {f ~H ; fit ~

to ravage; to endanger

Jlt ~ : ?(@ (yan} i~

37. (J shang

re

; 7.k ijt ~n fti (chOng} U1l to breach the dike; to overflow

• J.t. f4" mfang

36. ~H fan

(cuo) :hi§

r th iPJ J fl ~

to inundate

to injure; to hurt; to hann 188

LESSON 40

38.

R:

ke

39. ~ jiii

40.

lj\ ott

xiaojue

r1tb 111 ~ ] r111 ji!J ]

~ ~ to be able to [succeed, overcome]

~ (zheng)~

to save; to rescue

r111 jig mJ ,J \ mti ffiHfi 1m ti: IJ1i

to breach the dike on a small scale

Ilt• :

£~Mf;fl

00-(IM 1j\ D

to make a small breach in the dike

41.

mdao

r111 ~ ] r

J8i , lJ ~ ~ D

4 7k [Jj> ) I I fangminzhikou fangmmzhlkou shenyufangchuan shenyufangchuan

'

U'l'BRALLY: LITERALLY:

the the rivers." rivers.”

"Blocking “Blocking up up the the people's people’s mouths mouths is is worse worse than than blocking blocking up up

ISBN-13: ISBN-13 : 978-0-691-11831-4 978-0-691- 11831-4 (pbk.) (pbk.)

"~~~~ , "~~~~ _

0

" tg ffiA S K U S t - t b K t i M f f i j l l t *

99

"~~~~ , "~~~~:

" M itA R ® * *

’ tb fcttS N K S lr*

0

"It “It is is worse worse (more (more damaging) damaging) w to stop stop the the people people from from voicing voicing critical critical opinions opinions than than to to block block up up the the rivers." rivers.”

111= Ji't 1~ tlF ~

zuoweizuorul zuoweizuofu

m m m & • rnm rnm ° tyrannically tyrannically abuse abuse one's one’s power; power, to over-exert over-exert one's one’s power power and and position position by by acting acting imprudently imprudently to

192

CLASSICAL CHINESE A BASIC READER ··Jt~~ ··Jt~~

;1::..

~"

7Z.. //

~...!"

~

Naiying Yuan

r3:i.

Ji5

•..1=

·~

;~ ;~

Haitao Tang

··Jt~~ James Geiss

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

7'GIZ~im 7'GIZ~im

Errata to the Analyses

-

'\

vii

1/rlf.

~t~~P~,

~p±

1

The Prime Minister of Zheng Refuses a Gift of Fish

=.

*~~A.

-= . .

~**~~~

#i~-7'.

itl9:

8

There Was a Wealthy Man of Song

#

i~

7 . 1i. ..

13

Waiting for a Hare at the Tree Stump

ll9 . .

~~

g~~tk·~~

18

#i~-7'. ~~

22

Chasing Mter the Smell

Ji . .

7'GIZ~im

The Righteous Ways of Ancient Kings Triumph

__._.

/"

...

~Jih~

it#..·~·

29

#i~-7'. · -

35

tt-t·~;f..

42

nttli-7-·it~

52

The Owl Meets the Ringdove

t ..

~rg

Spears and Shields

/\ ...

~n~=~ The Innkeeper's Two Concubines

fL . .

~~(if)

Stealing the Bell

+ ..

#

~A.~RI A Man of Zheng Buys Shoes

Ill

i~

-t • ?}-1it 1!

57

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • ANALYSES

··Jt~~ ··Jt~~

+- . . += . .

tl~ Benevolence and Righteousness

··Jt~~

··Jt~~ ··Jt~~ ··Jt~~

63

70

Su Dai Admonishes the King of Zhao

+ .. +12!1 . .

~~-~~ # ~~ 1The Letter from Ying Explained in Yan

lUi f1JJEiK:

• ?~-it

~~~~--·1!*-

77

85

The Fox Borrows the Tiger's Prestige

+n' +A' +t . . +;\ . . +11 . .

1•J 1- • lJt.

tl~ Grabbing the Gold

*

93

lt~·~;t ~-Tt~PJT~ A Person of High Moral Character Is Exceedingly Circumspect in Selecting His Living Conditions

98

~u f-r* ~u

8*'~~·$~ Carving the Boat and Seeking the Sword

108

~~z~ --~~ 1-. ~*' The Pierced Jade Disk of a Man Surnamed He

115

*ml#A~ts

alll-.·*-.ftl*-

126

£ 14 • :i: 'A' + .A. -f

136

Eastern Zhou Wants to Plant Rice

=+ . .

~8 !ti¥& ~Knotting Grass to Repay a Kindness

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

{;_) ** tt-~

§

~ 1•J-t.

~!J~-[:$

142

~*

A Sheep is Lost at the Forked Road tt=~

filM

Jo..-1-·~~*J:.

151

Pulling Up the Sprouts

i:t

~

~A. The Man from Yan

1•] -T

• }ij fJ .!.

157

i:t 1m

~

:S:!lffi~.EE Drawing a Snake and Adding Feet

~~~~-·~

164

i:tE.~

M.-1- •tk1~ ?'I~Z.it!! A Stroll on the Bridge Over the Hao River

173

i:tA~

~~·-t-'1~ffi 0if ff {$7~ IJ Duke Huan of Qi Orders Guan Zhong to

182

Administer the Affairs of State ttt~

~IJ ~ Understanding the Music

-tt~·-t-'1-

i:t J\

~

~-=r~s Zengzi Refuses a Grant of Land

~L-1-~~

i:t fL

~

-tt~·-1--tt :tL-T~ii~ Confucius Is Like a River, Like a Sea

+~

trr iEi J~ n~ J1E

~~~c.

•

195

.(£~

. ;tt i3

Oppressive Government Is More Fearsome Than a Tiger

v

201

208

220

A A BASIC BASIC CLASSICAL CLASSICAL CHINESE CHINESE READER READER •• ANALYSES ANALYSES

' kJ ··Jt~~ f y r §§

-H ++ — '\'

~~:fj~~r:p ··Jt~~ Dragging Dragging Its Its Tail Tail Through Through the the Mud Mud

Hi 33 ··Jt~~··Jt~~

-J* • A f ··Jt~~ ··Jt~~

229 229

237 237

The The Old Old Man Man at at the the Frontier Frontier Loses Loses aa Horse Horse

- + -H H --+-

'

'\

H + E »

H + i

»

H + 7

'

n

= +-b -

h

+

a

'

-H + :h ''\ + A E +

'

® t S # « , & • * « The The Teeth Teeth Have Have Gone, Gone, Yet Yet the the Tongue Tongue Remians Remians §?i& l$£ifw ]$ • ftSU ST ··Jt~~ Y anzi and Yanzi and the the King King of of Chii Chu Discuss Discuss Robbing Robbing 3B?IS Mi Mi Zixia Zixia

# # * • # , »

··Jt~~ ··Jt~~

« & • # .& King King Zhuang Zhuang of of Chii Chu Does Does Not Not Put Put to to Death Death the the One One with with Broken Broken Capstring Capstring ?3§£l#riEfc « ,# ,* .£ « Zigao Zigao Administers Administers the the Government Government of of the the State State of of Wei Wei sp saw ittifc * « * • # * . Zou Zou Ji Ji Subtly Subtly Admonishes Admonishes the the King King of of Qi Qi to to Accept Accept Criticism Criticism

RiP~~ Sk SB?L fll S The The Upright Upright Wet Wet Nurse Nurse of of Wei Wei

··Jt~~ ··Jt~~

?'l A ··Jt~~

£ # •:* .« = .+ --* Zichan Zichan Would Would not not Destroy Destroy the the Local Local School School

Appendix: Appendix: Grammatical Terminology Terminology vi

245 245

257

269 269

282 282

302 302

314 314

338 338

355

367 367

List of Errata to the Analyses page 10 59 68 97 102 120 130 130 139 195 231 232 232 233 235 252 261 265 266 279 284 327 355 361 361 361 362 373

line 5 6 23 10 10 17 12 16 8 10 21 16 17 4 15 5 4 20 1 4 11 19 4 23 23 27 3 20

was be robbed the preposition… togethere 複句中。 ha cannot “之” 賓語倒 (don’t) grass to prep s v o ancestral temple basket v conj showthe 這個人 實在 實在 介紹； adj mod. pron s 鄉校， \prep o/ \adv adj/ 堤坊 堤坊 adjectiveto

vii





should be (shift right) (close up) together 複句。 he cannot “哭” 賓語常倒 (none) (shift right) adv (shift right) (shift left) (shift right) (shift right) (shift right) show the (shift right) 卻 卻 介紹， (shift right) (shift right) 鄉校 (shift right) (shift right) 堤防 堤防 adjective to

··Jt~~ ··Jt~~ ··Jt~~

··Jt~~ ··Jt~~ m n

ss

ip \\_i£ v

fe p p

oQJ I

H|5 f a fa. $L o ··Jt~~ Zheng minister refuse fish.

H|5 i] $ fa fa $L & o The prime minister of the state of Zheng refused a gift of H|5 @| % fa fa & & o The prime minister of the state of Zheng refused a gift of fish.

··Jt~~

*4~·-·~~~o"A~~: ··Jt~~ *4~·-·~~~o"A~~: ··Jt~~ ~&W~o~~~~~~£*~~£~~~~ *4~·-·~~~o"A~~: m r ° ,- :t~ ~m £ ijjJb m~m ,* tjjJb~mM~~&7ft£m w mm x ~§ n o ° This This is is aa typical typical Narrative Narrative Simple Simple Sentence Sentence that that comprises comprises of two parts: parts: the the subject and and the the verbal predicate. The predicate predicate is in in tum turn composed of aa verb verb and and its object. The standard standard word word order order of of aa narrative narrative sentence sentence is is Subject-Verb-Object. Subject-Verb-Object.

Lv

Q. o l2..l::§Q pr ep

_o o_

adj. adi . mod mo d _____

[:fit] [Si] ~ it*

\Vfprepl fprepl

oo

I/

nn nn

1i f!!Jj~ ~~ j'* S« fltfelft M;f~ Ptii

\ vv__________ 0o__________ /

sS

pP

*~

imm

mmm&’

"f¥~" "??£" PfHl~J~',' 161 lit N 1 i~ N 2" t u*5 r ffi n "wN tN f (Ai\:) :fD *5 fi "“ [mn~m Ni 1 (lli1J ~1!1] ~~ "~Jf~"

11

]

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • ANALYSES

( ~ Iii!!

I~

)~

N 2" ( Bj\;) fJH~ ::f lfi]

§ . ~ ~ 1jt :Je Aj\; DJ.j f'F " ~ 1m 'qJ " w , Ft- 1± 1U, ~ ~ 1:: tr, s~ ~.8U o

*

~0'

'

o

~J=I[~ ~g

:Je Bj\; DJ.j

~

((q:t~)U!~W~)) :A:A~:A:ftl{)o

g ;J;x

M'

,~,*~m~~~~oo~~~~~m,•oo

, ~ ~~ ~ , ~ ·.. ~ t~ .. · fi: ~ o , , [ n~ J1§- ~ ~ ..... ~~~ u~~ttooB~~{I~fl/ff~ ... o" ~

~7~M~-~~a~'~*e9=t:teB~~~ ~g

,

[n~

J Nl,

t'F , ± ~g,

•

o

The verb "~" has both a possessive and a durative aspect. Thus, the construction "Nl ~ N2" (Type A) and the construction "[~] Nl (time/location/group) ~ N2" (Type B) are slightly different. To draw this distinction, Chinese linguists usually call Type A a "possessive sentence" and Type B an "existential sentence". (See Lit Shiixiang's Zh6nggu6 Wenfa Yaolue pp. 66-69.) When"~" appears after a temporal prepositional p~ase, it means "at such a time something existed." " [1n] i:!r ;f ~ .... " means "At a time in the past there existed/Once there was..." For convenience in analysis and explanation, prepositional phrases" [fit] Nl" that occur in Type B sentences will be treated as "subjects" in this book.

~ ···~

jPJm]

(~

ji_ 1!_ \ y

9

u, •• ~"

" ..

·ZN ("·ZAJ "

Di lllili 1t_

prep

9

adjectival modifier

I

pronoun

The entire construction preceding the pronoun " ;f " is an adjectival modifier: here" ;f "means "a person who ..."; it transforms the construction into a noun phrase.

··Jt~~ ··Jt~~ ··Jt~~ Past have present-fish-to-Zheng-minister one,

*4~·-·~~~o"A~~: [In] the past there was a person who presented a gift offish to the prime minister of the state ofZheng;

*4~·-·~~~o"A~~: Once there was a person who presented a gift of fish to the prime minister of the state of Zheng;

2

LESSON 1

··Jt~~ v I

\ adv

s

p

··Jt~~ Zheng minister not accept.

··Jt~~ ··Jt~~ the prime minister of the state ofZheng did not accept it (i.e., the gift).

··Jt~~ ··Jt~~ the prime minister of the state of Zheng did not accept it.

··Jt~~ ··Jt~~ ··Jt~~ ··Jt~~ ··Jt~~ I \ y

s

0

\_V,!!..___ _ _ _ _____;.___ _ ___;

pl

p2 H

I [ ~] !!! 1t , Uill] o I

[conj) \ y

§_QX_ ~

\[prep)

pl

s

* gi!J ••• E3

[~]

[conj]

~~~~,

o

1t ?"

ady

v I

p2

, "a"

~~

"ID't"

8~~~~, {~[fi]~

~MID't~~oili"~"~WMID't~~~-,

•-ra,. rm ,

"13" JtU WfiJi ID't 8~ ~iS~~~

:f:l~

o

"~~" {~OJ~

W~g .. ~A " , ?& {~ ¥f :I~Ll:. ., 13 " .. ~ .. ·13" 'ilJ~

"~"and "B "both mean "to say" and are both used to

introduce a direct quotation. However, whereas "8 " _ always precedes the first word of the direct quotation, "~ " does not necessarily have to; it can sometimes be followed by an indire~t object, and then followed by "B " to form the pattern "llN [a person] B " (address [a person] saying).

* ~ .. ·JtU .. • .. ~"

"JtU " ~ ~ jt ~PJ , ., ~" Jfl1£ J:.7t 'DJ t.l! l±l ~- $ Jt f'P ~ iW t~ , .. JtU" Jfl f£ ~N

*

m=?t'ilJ,m~iWmmmw~••~-~~ 8~ 11£ IDfU

o

3

8 ~iS OJ ~ ~ " ~t ?& .. · ijB Pr ··· " , :f:l

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • ANALYSES

~-~~a~~~o§~•"&»~~' ~- u~»

'

"J{U» w~m~

0

"~i" (since) and" JI.U

" (then) are both conjunctions." ~i" is used in the ftrst clause stating a fact as the premise, and "JI.U " is used in the second clause to draw a reasonable inference from it. In spoken Chinese this can be rendered as " ~i ?& ••· 11~ i!' · ·· ", comstituting a typical Inferential Complex Sentence. Either or both these conjunctions can be omitted without substantially changing the meaning of the sentence.

*4~·-·~~~o"A~~: *4~·-·~~~o"A~~: Someone address Zheng minister say: "Gentleman relish fish, what reason not accept?"

~

*"' A. f.j- ·~ til *~~ ~ :

1~ [ et ~ ] ;I~ [ {!] ~ ] 1t Jl ~ -lik ~ & ~ ~ ?" II

'f "" ~pt. .i.. ' [ »~ Jl ]

Someone addressed the prime minister of the state ofZheng, saying: "[Since] you relish eating fish, [then] [for] what reason did you not accept the gift of

fish?" >

*"'A. f.j- -~ til

*

1t Jll.~ 'lik ~ &

~~ ~

II

~ ~ ?"

1~ et ~ ;I~ 'f

""Uk pt. .i..

' »~Jig] ~

Someone addressed the prime minister of the state of Zheng saying: "Since you relish eating fish, why then did you not accept?"

E..

[lili[]

!i \ v

El : Y.

[s]

,

II

Q

p

I

~""~ Reply, say: ~

[J~ til

*

~~] ~ ""~

[The prime minister of the state ofZheng] replied, saying:

··Jt~~ 4

LESSON 1

He replied, saying:

Ji.-

"~~*~,«~4~~ prep \ v

s

o I

conj \adv

pl

v I

p2

"~~*~,«~4~~ "I for relish fish reason not accept.

*4~·-·~~~o"A~~: "I, because of relishing fish, consequently did not accept the gift of fish.

*4~·-·~~~o"A~~: "Because I relish eating fish, I thus did not accept.

* £A ·.. ~ ··· j~J~ ~ s~ ~

*

m

11 'aJ , .. ~, £ f~ fl' ~PJ , 1± J:. - 7t 'oJ ' fl' mJm ~ ~ !~HE ' " ~ ,. £ @ Jl ~PJ ,m:f:ET-?t'oJ,~~~~~*oe~~-~ ~~~~···pff~

.....

0

This is a typical Causal Complex Sentence. The first or subordinate clause states a cause or reason, which is here introduced by the preposition" W. "(because); the main clause which follows is usually introduced by the conjunction "r1&" (therefore) to express its effect or,cons~quence. This can be translated into spoken Chinese as " I2SI ~ ••• Fff W. ··· " and into English as "because... , thus ... "

Ji.=

[ 1i ][ £_] jt f!i Uill J ~ ~ [ conj] \v

[s]

o I

[ conj]

pl

\ v

o I

' [ l!lJ 1m_ [ conj]

p2

* £ ·.. ~u ·.. £ t~ ~ s~ ~I ~ ti 'aJ J:. -?t 'oJ '

\ y

ll 1t_ fli ; o

v

o I

p3

, .. ~, £ ijHPJ ,

tlHB- {~ ~1 ~

'

m1±

"~IJ" th£Jl~PJ

'm:f:ET-?t'oJ'~~fi~~~*oe~~ ~' JJJZ "~ £

.. · iM, / tjB ~ / tjB M ~t .. · ,.

o

)C§

~~m'oJ~,tttt~~"ti"~"~",

5

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • ANALYSES

II

JtU"

W~' 1113

f]J~~~'HB

II

,

{§.

8

,

glS~X ~ ;jW '

[t,t] -.¥.

7

[t,t l t~~

~ ·~ pt Jtj.\t..

0

J•J lk ~ '

[»~ Ji.

l

,

/f[l] do not accept [the fish], [then] I can get my official salary, [and so] can eat fish until the end of my life."

> ~ ~ g. o;t :t~

.f.. ~ ' t.t tt 4ft J•J -lA- ~ '

pt 4f J·J .f..

0

»~ Ji. tt -

¥7

,

If I do not accept, I can get my official salary and so can eat fish until the end of my life."

7

··Jt~~ ··Jt~~

··Jt~~ ··Jt~~ [1itJ 2& 1i 'i' A ,

\[prep] o I

\ v

o

I

p

s

~ :ff

ft ff 7:E 'i!J cp ( Jl!f; - ~ ' -6) 7- ~' ;j;Jl· ..=.. ) " ~ !:I:PJt 1£ lr: Pfi t'f. " ft ~P] ~g " ( ~D : [ 1i~ J5R ~

"*

"')fRJ'

~,'Gf,;JE "f±Nl (:t{h)~/:fff±N2"

o

In an existential sentence (see Lesson 1, sentence analysis 2), when " ~ " appears after a prepositional phrase indicating location (e.g., [ ii'S: ] *~ ),it means "at a certain place (Nl) there was N2" or "There was N2 at/in Nl."

..

··Jt~~ Song have wealthy person.

"~~*~,«~4~~ [In] the state of Song there was a very rich person.

"~~*~,«~4~~ In the state of Song there was a wealthy person.

-. ··Jt~~ ··Jt~~ s

p

s

p

~•

.....

*~~3~,&1£*~~mw~~·~

*

OJ kJ. ~ ~ PX; " ~N." ' 1~ ~ ~~ PX; "~." :SX: " • 7 " , "7 " ~ ~~ J&g ~ 1t. , £ ~ 7 *ff 8~ ·~ 6(.o

8

LESSON 2 2 LESSON

"tl" “ iE ” primarily primarily functions functions as as an an adjective adjective in in classical classical Chinese; Chinese;

however, however, in in this this sentence sentence it it functions functions as as aa verb verb and and cannot cannot be translated translated as as "very “very bad." bad.” It It must must be translated translated as as "become “become damaged" damaged” or or "be “be ruined" ruined” in in English English and and as as "“ tl7 m i "” in in spoken spoken Chinese, Chinese, where" where “ 7 7 "” indicates indicates that that because because of of some some change change aa new situation new situation has has arisen. arisen.

* l T t$"it1t:f: ’ o "it1t:f: Heaven rain, wall be-damaged.

- > ^ .T ^ ^ 1%. J o ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, It rained, and the wall around his his house house was damaged.

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, = > * lT ^ ’ o 7

It It rained, and the wall around his house was damaged.

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, s

p

[ £ ];tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, [ £ ] 2L §& * tULi SL&° [conj)~ fconi 1\adv v/

[conj]\ady rconil\adv aux aux

ppll

[s] [s]

vy

o/ °J

p2 p2

"it1t:f: ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?,

"

His son say: "Not “Not build, certainly will have robber." robber.” ->f~~jL-flJf.:

"[1~][-1-~]~it}J.!.J!tt' [»~J.l]-~i"*"

~ 0,

His son said: will certainly have sa/d: "[If] “[If] [you] do do not repair the thewall, wall, [then] we we will robbers." robbers.”

"it1t:f: ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, "it1t:f: ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, His son said: "If “If you do not repair the wall, we will definitely be robbed." robbed.’ ~m E

.. g_j[A z sS

x:

Q)i a i J;;,_ 5 - t[ ::

\\ adv adv

"“ ?G i

m, &::, MFS;g ~

o ,

yV_______________ [ol [oj________ I!

pp

9

J]

A A BASIC BASIC CLASSICAL CLASSICAL CHINESE CHINESE READER READER ANALYSES ANALYSES

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, Their Their neighbors' neighbors’ old old man man too too say. say.

>

° ” ] ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?,

The The old old man man next next door door also also said [[:: If If you don't don’t repair repair it, it, you will will be be robbed). robbed).

defmitely definitely

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, The The old old man man next next door door said said so so too. too.

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, The The old old man man next next door door said said so so too. too.

a. is.] M. aLiSAJ

\[prep] \fprep1 o/ o/

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, % ±t: ° \adv \adv adv adv

conj conj

adv adv

** ffi1 jfff

vv

oo

I/

pp

[s] [s]

"“mf " =f! J.gH~ 11' ~PJ ~g l£1 j}] ~pHg ~ ,>"“mf iW If" In"”=f!fm fr P U § (fc r a # « £ -® IiJ P I ’ fflS "if" fl'~m~m~~~--~~'•*"rm"*•

~j}]~m,~•~•m~, w ® l a i s - « i i « t f n 5 T - "rm"*~~o~ “m ” fZ '& n m

O

0

When When it it links links aa prepostional prepostional phrase phrase and and aa p_redicate, predicate, the the prepositional prepositional phrase phrase preceding preceding the the word" word “ lfiJ M "” functions functions like like an an adverb adverb describing describing the the predicate predicate following following the the word word "“ ifii M".”. InIn such such cases, cases, the the word" word “ ifii M "” need need not not be be literally literally translated translated into into spoken spoken Chinese. Chinese. In In English English it it can can be be rendered rendered as as "and" “and” or or incorporated incorporated into into an an adverbial adverbial phrase phrase (i.e., (i.e., when when it it got got dark). dark).

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?,o Evening Evening --- as as expected expected big big lose lose his his money. money.

♦ [i•J1 [ * n ]J~.W~1 * . . * . 7 [~*~]' [::/ftl~A..J*-~:k.-t~!k.#-1~ ~il.Jlto

[When] [When] it got dark, dark, [the wealthy wealthy man], man], as as expected, expected, lost his his money money in great great amount. 10

LESSON 2

-------7

[

*- ~ ~ 7 rN $

J•J 1 J*. .~K 1 [ ~ lit~ J • [:1f J1 ~ A. J

fit! t8

~0

[When] it got dark, [the wealthy man], as expected, lost a great amount of his money.

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, When it got dark, the wealthy man, as expected, lost a great amount of his money.

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, s

pl

p2

*;tC*!&~~r, rrn~~~A.zSt -~-fi~W~o~~~~~~m~m~~ ft·~ftft~~~~~~,~~~~WWM~

Z*oR~m"~"*~"~"*•m~M~ ~, or~~tnfis~ "OJ~"~ "~P"

o

The is a Contradictive Compound Sentence. The two clauses are not only contrary in meaning, but they also express a contradiction in logic, common sense, or expectation. The second clause is often linked to the first one with the conjunction "ffiJ " or" ?.~ " , which can be translated into spoken Chinese as " OJ ~ "or" ~p ".

*~

" *El "

~ ~ ~PJ

mwJJJ ~PJ

,

~ j}J

mtt;.

o

The word" fW "is an adjective that functions here as a putative verb (i.e., to think N Adj.). Here it means:

t)~Jt:r~~ ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?,

took their son to be bright

2)~~ (~E~ )Jtr~ considered their son to be bright

fr, H< ijrs sjj

3) fl ~~ 11h s~ :r thought their son bright

*rrn

"~"*••~@~m·~•·M-~M~m

~ t§ ~ 8~ IJJH*

& ff~,

0

11

' OJ ~~ ~ " OJ ~ " ' " ~p "

~

"

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER ANALYSES When the word" ffii "connects two predicates that are mutually contrary, it can be translated into spoken Chinese as " iiJ ~ " , ~P "or" & ~~g "and into English as "but," "yet," "on the contrary."

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, That family muchly bright their child, but suspect neighbors' old man. ~ »~ ~ A.. J.-:1. ~ ft!11r, tJ';J

JL

;m ::;.ta Qt a~ , -ar :1!:. ~ tt it ~ /1; £fJ :t- jJi

o

The people in that family considered their child very bright, but suspected the old man next door. > »~ ~ A.. f:

JL

-1f itt 1M if) ~ -T fll 4

a}} '

'1 :1!:. :i~ it it ~ /1; lt.J ;;t- jjf

o

That family thought their child very bright, but suspected the old man next door.

12

"it1t:f: "it1t:f: "it1t:f:y y

"it1t:f: "it1t:f: "it1t:f: +>r

"it1t:f: i m ^ L"it1t:f: i n i ” \prep \prep oo I/ \ \ vv oo I/ s

p

1£ s ^ffa tE - s'qJi ^9=J (dJe., ~ s i- - ~ s ,> 'OJ -:r 7} tff =) " 1f " 1:11 fJ! 1£ ~ ~ - mlUI 83 11' ~PJ ~g ~~ rni f i i f f l ^ S S A

°

There was a person in the state of Song who was tilling his field.

[EilSLt/ \_s£__ s. & > 2_/

\[prep] \ fprepl oo

sS

I\ v

o

I

p p

"it1t:f: "it1t:f: Field middle have stump,

13

A A BASIC BASIC CLASSICAL CLASSICAL CHINESE CHINESE READER READER •• ANALYSES ANALYSES

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?,♦ [In] [In] the field field there was aa tree stump.

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, = s > ’ In In the field there was aa tree stump.

f c/ H

«/*

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, IBL f t ’ £ £ B i 21 ’ ss

'W oo I/ \\ vv conj \v/ 'W \v/ \\ vv oo /I conj pl p2 p3 p4 pi p2 p3 p4

* ~ :t: flj ** ,- iffi j ~f mmK ifij 9E ■

•£••~•~o•~•~~~m•~• m~~~~~~~~•~*•~~-~m~­

RE13:ff -:.=EJI]f{~sgef'F/ne ,>~u! s i --~M sR ,' ~r~sgmm K g t w a t e °o

This This is is aa Sequential Sequential Compound Compound Sentence. Sentence. Tis Tis type type of of sentence sentence has has aa predicate predicate that that contains contains two two or or more more verbs verbs to to show show aa series series of of sequential sequential actions actions by by the the same same subject. subject. It It is is aa terse terse and and compact compact style. style.

*ifi1

“ifff" >mm ’ !ufliPS§!f§f "W"*••~~~m·••·M~~~m:ff 5 f c i £ s £ B S S f t l f * - "W"*~~~ "ifff” ~~~~-~~~· "#P" " if~ S t ” 0° When When the the word word "“iffi M "” links links two two predicates predicates in in aa sequential, sequential, temporal, temporal, or or causal causal manner, manner, the the word" word “iffi M "can ” can be be translated translated into into spoken spoken Chinese Chinese as as "tt" “ tfc ”and and into into English English as as "and," “and,” "and “and then," then,” "and “and so," so,” etc. etc.

£ * % # # # ’ ’ ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, Hare run hit stump, break neck and die,

— > —*HL& ^ Jl 9 ’ *~-~~~A~~-a·~~~A'~~~··· A A hare ran by, dashed into the tree stump, broke brake its neck, and then died;

= > X ’ 7 # -fi t ft 7 * *~-~~~A~~-a·~~~A'~~~··· 14

LESSON 3

A hare ran by, dashed into the tree stump, broke its neck, and then died;

lrn •

[~J ~ adv

s

~ffb

"\v

~

EJ 8~ illi 5L t!_, It il~~§E

o I conj \ v

o I \ v

pl

o

p2

a

I

p3

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, [s) v 0

* *#~~-~;f:ffil~tt, El 83

1§:~

~~~~~:

:tt ~~ 'iD o ~=~m

c3::~~m)

~~EJ~o~-~mC~S~m)NWM~­ ~§~~~~o~~~~=~mMffl-"W"

*~"~"* ,~~deM~"*"~"~ 0

,

This is a Purposive Complex Sentence. The second (main) clause expresses a purpose or goal, and the first (subordinate) clause indicates or describes the means whereby this purpose or goal is to be attained. The connective "W '' or " ~ " is generally used to introduce the second clause. The connective is equivalent to " or " ~ " in spoken Chinese.

*"

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, II

*

"it1t:f: II

~

II

~

,

O

The conjunction "ifii " links two predicates in sequence: the first predicate states an action; the second predicate shows the purpose of that action. When "ifii" is used in this way, it can be rendered as"* "or "-t. "in spoken Chinese and as an infinitive complement (to+ verb) in English.

!&!~~~~

*,

"~t~§t" ~fJJW*6fM, 't::Mrni~I£H~~~ ~J]::~g

"B"

*

1:W~W*l1i~~

" r B J~ t~ 5t " i1= fJJ gPJ " X ,

8~ W~g

,

!§: :fl

m~~B~~B-@m~~*6~,aas~ (yon)

'iY

o

The phrase "Ui tf 9ii. "is a verb-object (v-o) construction; the subject " 6 "(he himself) is understood and omitted. In its fullest form, the sentence would read " [ B ] Ui ~f 9ll. ". The entire sentence serves as the object of the verb "K ". This type of sentence construction, in which an independent clause

15

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • ANALYSES

functions as a grammatical element in a complex sentence, is called an embedding sentence construction ("i:!!. !J1 i'U "lit., a pregnant sentence).

~~A~~~~*l'~A·*~~~~o whereupon let-go his plough to guard stump, hope again get hare.

~~A~~~~*l'~A·*~~~~o ~~A~~~~*l'~A·*~~~~o ~~A~~~~*l'~A·*~~~~o 0

[the person tilling the field] then put down his plough in order to watch the tree stump, hoping to get a hare again. > -M-ro~A..~kiAT1~~~-t-•~m~.:r,

1-o

;.t;t-Yt.fl-J•JJt

The person tilling the field then put down his plough to watch the tree stump, hoping to get a hare again.

~~A~~~~*l'~A·*~~~~o ~~A~~~~*l'~A·*~~~~o \ o

[s)

ady

aux

ady

y I

conj

pl

\prep

s

o

y I

p2

~~A~~~~*l'~A·*~~~~o \ady

[s]

aux

ady

pl

*~

y

ol

conj

\prep

s

o

yl

p2

"~"~~~~oo•,~~~~~~~m,~ •~*~~~~~"~"~•m,m~~~~

tru!ift,

~~7~~~~~

0

The word" ~" at the head of this sentence appears to be the su~ect of the sentence; in fact it is the object of the verb " ~~ "; it has been placed at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis.

*~~*mm~: •th'i!J~~z~ 3:§: l f . j}J 'qJ

(agent or doer) v"

16

8g ~ j\ ~ o

* "" ~~

" Nl(patient or receiver) ~ N 2 ~

~ ft ~i!J

' 51 ~

LESSON 3

1if§ $1!:f N2 (agent or doer) , Nl~ ",ij-" ~

~)

, 5R !mu ,

ilJ ~- fflG S g\S B~

El 6) ( 5R lmiJ AJ ; (fjf.::lf

" ~"

;

; :fl'~PJ51 ~B~N2(doer)

j}J gPJ ~

, ~ , m&m > * TM±~sl~mi!a T ” » 0 i t f TM±~sl~mi!a c& l£3:^M l£ " P 7 TM±~sl~mi!a o0 9, 9 In this this sentence sentence the the adjective adjective “" IE g~ ”" functions functions as as aa verb verb In meaning meaning “to "to get get fat.” fat." It It can can be be translated translated into into spoken spoken Chinese Chinese as as “"Wf P 77 ”, where the indicates aa change ",where the word word"“ 77 ”"indicates change of of situation. situation. This This meaning meaning can can be be conveyed conveyed in in English English by by using using aa past past perfect perfect form of the the verb verb (e.g., (e.g., have have gotten). gotten). form of

22 22

LESSON 5

*lli

~*~·~,--M~~"OOu~~-'" 00 .. · tl! ? u ;& 7ft • Fo~ 83 ~g K ' f~ 'i' n~ 8 ~15 9=' 83 " WE " oOJ ~~ JJX: 8 ~15 83 " ~ it ~ .. · WE ? " ~ ~~ ~M .. ·WE?"

The final particle " t!1" functions here in conjunction with the interrogative adverb" 1oi" : "10J · ·· 1:!1" ; it expresses an interrogative tone (i.e., it marks a question ) and corresponds to the word " in the spoken Chinese construction " ~ {t li' ··· llJE ?"or"~ Pit ·"IVE ?" It should be translated into English as an interrogative sentence; the particle" t!1 "can be represented by a question mark.

WE "

TM±~sl~mi!a TM±~sl~mi!a zengzi say: "How fat? "

TM±~sl~mi!a TM±~sl~mi!a zengzi said: "How did [you] get so fat?"

>'t-ftt: TM±~sl~mi!a zengzi said: "How did you get so fat?"

"t~foJJI~ij~~¥; "t~foJJI~ij~~¥; "t~foJJI~ij~~¥; v

v

0

s

p H

[ft] [ill_]

ii

[conj]\v

[s]

*lli

~ comp/

pl

'

~

J3E_

conj

\(adj)v/

lli_ 0

n

part

p2

~*~·~,;&fflM·~~-,~'i'M8~9=' 83 " Pf?J " 0 iJ u 7 Pf?J " Jm ffl IF.f ' OJ ~~ IJX; " 111\l 0 12§ tt " JW 7 Pf?J " OJ ][ 1~ ~~ IJX; " )W J®: o " " The final particle " tE. " ex}!esses an explanatory tone; it corresponds to the word" Dfl"J " in spoken Chinese. When "7 "and "D~" are used together, they become the contraction " ll1't ".Thus," ~f 7 O~" can simply be translated as" ~f 111't ".

TM±~sl~mi!a TM±~sl~mi!a 23

A A BASIC BASIC CLASSICAL CLASSICAL CHINESE CHINESE READER READER •• ANALYSES ANALYSES

Reply Reply say: say: "Battle “Battle win, win, therefore therefore fatten." fatten.”

*~-~~~A~~-a·~~~A'~~~··· , [Zixia] [Zixia] replied, saying: saying: "[I] “[I] [Because] [Because] of winning a battle, battle, have therefore therefore gotten fat." fat.”

~~A~~~~*l'~A·*~~~~o ~~A~~~~*l'~A·*~~~~o Zixia Zixia replied, replied, saying: saying: "I “I have have gotten gotten fat fat bacause bacause II won won aa battle." battle.”

E

.

M _£

ss

B

:

“ [ i t h l M i j i f a ?"

\ vV____________ 0o_____/ pp

m_

[itt_] ili_ ?" "[ ft] §_ Mliik?”

II

\\ oo

s

vv I/ part part

pp

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ~~tt~,•m£"ttM» " f t a r o~*~~m~• o gm m i i "" g~ i i »” 8~ f t i~ r i~g g oo 1± & x * -g b 9=' * ,> ~ & r~=~'1 r 1t a ~PJ mm ~'F Wi ft W ST ~g ~ h# It ML ~~ ill ~ ^ f:E j}J ifr ~PJ IH M o°

z

"foJ" “ fa ” is is an an interrogative interrogative pronoun, pronoun, meaning meaning "what". “what”. In In this this

sentence sentence it it functions functions as as the the object object of of the the verb"~" verb “ l i ” (to (to say; say; to to mean). mean). In In classical classical Chinese, Chinese, when when "ftii “ f a "” functions functions as as an an object, object, it it is is usually usually placed placed immediately immediately in in front front of of the the verb. verb.

~

mJJR PX: *~it~ 8~ iE -m gm f¥;

,> JtU ~ := i!i&

If If this this interrogative interrogative sentence sentence were were recast recast according according to to the the conventional conventional word word order order of of aa narrative narrative sentence, sentence, it it would would be be written written as: as:

* “[& ] it M ik?” \\ vv

sS

oo I/ part part

p p

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, zengzi Zengzi say: "Say “Say what?" what?”

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, 24

LESSON 5

zengzi said: "What does [your remark] mean?''

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, zengzi said: "What do you mean by that?"

Ii.

II

, :g: A.J!;t.I".zf1J{U~z ,

E3 : \ v

s

o I

I:BJ!mft"z~:x~z.,

p

i1¥j ~ ~-T ~ q:t , *~D Mji\

,

~1]1 o

~;t.I".zf1Mj, ~~~ o ,

"it1t:f: Zixiasaid:

1i..-

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, s

\.....;v"---"V'-----l.Lo_ _.u.f0!./o,;res;u.pi..J...l.....Jf.....:o.J.......JlI

\conj

pl

y

o I

p2

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ~~,~~-~---~~M-$~--~~ DJ ~ PX; , il! ,

*,

0

When the action of the second part of the sentence results from the action of the first part, the conjunction " .IW "can be translated into spoken Chinese as"~" and into English as "and then," "and so," "and thus," etc.

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, An adjective used as a verb (putative usage): to take x to be

y; consider x y.

"it1t:f:

kAZ~~ kA~~~

take (consider, think) it to be splendid

;on 'l!:o. ,.,._, & fj,~, 1\\l) ~ ~

it~~~~

consider it splendid

25

A A BASIC BASIC CLASSICAL CLASSICAL CHINESE CHINESE READER READER •• ANALYSES ANALYSES

it. £']*&■'ft i t ill ~~A~~~~*l'~A·*~~~~o 9

"I “I enter enter see see ancient ancient kings' kings’ righteousness, righteousness, then then magnificate magnificate it, it, -----7

..

~ if!. )\.. ~

f.(. f:

r, , [{£. -t J:. 1;t J•J -t;

1~ ~

-1ff ~ (»~ #.. .iE. it ) f1l f: iii ;

.I.. ~ .iE. it

,

Z1xia Zixia said: said: "When “When I entered en te rs the gate of my my home (i.e., returned home), home), I saw saw [written [written in in books] books] the righteous righteous ways ways of of the sage sage kings kings of antiquity, and then I thought them magnificent; & - §... ■ J:. J l ::t # £ •J•J ] - i; £ * 1~ ' f t !l 3?.. ~ .iE. i£. iii t!!1 J•J ~ ~~ '* {£. it a t '’ f.(. f: -1ff »~ #.. .iE. it * fli * *f:* iii * ;5

=> > ., ~ {It ?}-

Z1xia Zixia said: "When “When I returned home, I saw written in books the righteous righteous ways ways of of the the sage sage kings kings of of antiquity antiquity and and thought thought them them magnificent; magnificent;

s..- [ff] Hi lgf2^[li»] [»]

\l.l(..v Ow.JlI \v___!V.:___""""o"--_...J..[.I.Upr~epi.UJ__...l..lo[ v______ o______ fprepl fol/

pl pi

[s] [S]

"it1t:f: \adv \adv

vv

ol of

p2 p2

~~A~~~~*l'~A·*~~~~o exit see wea1th/rank's wealth/rank’s pleasure, too aggrandize them. -----7

[~ 1 s1: 1 ~

r, , [{£.11-J:. J;t J·J *" 'l *" ~1i". ~ tk •

::J....f:.ff~ (»~~tk$)t1l.f.-.

,

0

When [I] [I] went out out (i.e., (i.e., left home), home), I saw [in [in the streets] streets] the pleasures pleasures of of wea1th wealth and rank, rank, and thought them them splendid splendid too. too.

*" " *"

=> * -!£r '’ {£. • J:. ::t J•J t % L t ~ 1!2". ~ tk .. > ~-tit ~ ;.t sh ' ::J....f:~»~~tk.$fli.f.-jJ 0 When I left home, I saw in the streets sheets the pleasures of wea1th wealth and rank and thought them splendid as well.

5 .H

"it1t:f: H 4L ’ "it1t:f: "it1t:f: \ v prep Tmodl o / \ v

sS

prep

[mod]

o

pp

26 26

I

LESSON 55 LESSON

il1.1il

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, USWf i l l fa « Ml ° When the pronoun “" ^ :1 ”" directly follows a numeral to form a pronominal pronominal phrase, phrase, its its antecedent antecedent (i.e., (i.e., the the noun noun it it refers refers to) to) usually usually appears appears in in the the previous previous text. text. In In such such cases, cases, the the modified modified pronoun v.~onoun “" ~ ”" can be translated into spoken Chinese as “" {lm ”" , “" ~ ”" ,, “" ?S fi ”" ,, etc., and into English as a demonstrative pronoun (i.e., these, those).

(IS ,

4i

w

il1.1il il1.1il The two battle in breast middle,

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, ■> &%& [ tr ’ These two feelings fought fought against each other in [my] heart;

;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, These two feelings fought against each other in my heart;

[s]

ili.llY .H

[j^] [g .] conj conj

£

l o m

[s]

g(v)

i s i i i y a > &

o_______ / \\'-'a~d'""'v---"v adv v_________ _ _ _____,.o'----'/

~

'i:!1

[B ]

i t ° \adi/ \illtif

conj conj

ppl i

[s] [s]

*§

p(v)

[s] [s]

p2 p2

, ~ w~ j}J ~PJ , 't frHru Iii~ ~, m~ 7 - f~m ± ~§ , ~ w~ ti:! ~ ~ ~A 1m ~A ~ , », ffFt fj}Jj “ i~A, r > ~PJ " a~D, 8~ w~g j_§Jf 'o] r:p § ~ ~ Jj- {lm Jj\ m r ~m

*

II

II

*

II

0

'oJ -T 8~ *fi ft4 fi ~ '@. !J1 (yun) 1!1

“M

o

Both “ 3# ” (to ” (to Both"~" (to triumph) triumph) and and"~" (to be be defeated) defeated) are are verbs; verbs; before “?A ” (which before each each verb verb the the subject subject" ~A" (which one) one) is is understood understood and and omitted. omitted. In In its its fullest fullest form, form, this this sentence sentence would would read: read: “"[[~A !A ]] ~ [[~A ?A ]]H ~ ." The The two two sentences sentences together together serve serve as as the the compound compound object object of of the the verb verb “" ~0 ”" This This type type of of sentence sentence construction, construction, in in which which an an independent independent clause clause (i.e., (i.e., aa complete complete sentence) as aa grammatical grammatical element element or or clause clause in in aa sentence) functions functions as complex complex sentence, sentence, isis called called an an embedding embedding sentence sentence construction construction ( 1:!!. !J! ti1 , lit: lit: “" pregnant pregnant sentence”). sentence").

’ f t o ;tJJtt~tt~J!(~~?, 27 27

A BASIC CLASSICAL CHINESE READER • ANALYSES

not-yet know triumph defeat, therefore skinny. ---4

[

~

A ] [~ ]il. ~~it[~ 1@3 ] JJJ.. [otJJ~ 1@3] Jlt M- YA [ ~ ]

frt 1l

0

[because I] still did not know [which] would triumph and [which] would be defeated, consequently, [I] got skinny.

~~A~~~~*l'~A·*~~~~o ~~A~~~~*l'~A·*~~~~o I did not yet know which would triumph and which would be defeated; as a result, I got skinny.

Ii..Ii.

.HE_ 0 , ~~A~~~~*l'~A·*~~~~o \v

adv [conj]

[prep

s

p

o]/

\(adjly/

conj

[s]

p

~~A~~~~*l'~A·*~~~~o Now ancient kings' righteousness triumph, therefore fat"

It -rl [~A J-fi 1~ ~ .J.. ~ .iE.lt [{1 ~ ·~ :f! Jtr JJJ.. 1 ' ~~¥A[~ h;tft~

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Now [because] the righteous ways of the sage kings of antiquity have triumphed [in my heart], consequently [I] have gotten fat"

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