Classic Maya Polychrome Stucco Sculptures from Louisville, Belize 9781841713700, 9781407326825
322 64 73MB
English Pages [106] Year 2004
Polecaj historie
Table of contents :
Cover
Copyright
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter One
Chapter Two
Chapter Three
Chapter Four
Chapter Five
Chapter Six
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
References
Citation preview
Classic Maya Polychrome Stucco Sculptures from Louisville, Belize Astrid Runggaldier
BAR International Series 1264 2004
Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 1264 Classic Maya Polychrome Stucco Sculptures from Louisville, Belize © Astrid Runggaldier and the Publisher 2004 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781841713700 paperback ISBN 9781407326825 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841713700 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by John and Erica Hedges in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2004. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.
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CONTENTS : TABLE OF CONTENTS L IST OF F IGURES L ISTOF TABLES L IST OF ABBREV IAT IONS PREFACE
i v i v i v i i
CHAPTER ONE : I n troduc t ion
1
CHAPTER TWO : G eograph ica l S e t t ing
2
CHAPTER THREE : H i s tory o fR e search
5
CHAPTER FOUR S tucco F ind sf rom Gann 's 1 936 E xp lora t ions 1 I nt h eB r i t i sh Mu seum 1 A tT u lane U n iver s i ty 2 8 CHAPTER F IVE : F ie ld R e search o fS pr ing 2 000 a nd 2 002 F ie ldwork Me thodo logy S i te P lan S urf ace C o l lec t ion s T e s tp i t U n i t s T rench L O5
3 5 3 5 3 7 4 0 4 4 5 4
CHAPTER S IX : D iscus s ion a nd Conc lus ion s C hrono logy o ft h eS i te O ther F ind s A r ch i tec ture E va lua t ion o ft h eS tucco F ind s
6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 8
APPEND IX A APPEND IX B APPEND IX C
7 6 7 8 8 7
REFERENCES
9 1
L IST OF F IGURES F igu r e2 . 1 . Me soame r ica
L oca t ion
F igu r e2 . 2 . Map o f ( af t e rS id ry s 1 983 :4 ) . F igu re 2 . 3 . 1 968 : 7 ) .
o f
L ou i sv i l le
i n 2
a r ea a r ound L ou i sv i l le 2
F igu r e2 . 5 . Maya s i te s i n n o r ther n B e l ize ( Hammond 1 974 : 1 79 , u sed w i th p e rm i s s ion o ft h e a u tho r ) . 4 F igu r e3 . 1 . P o t te ry c o l lec ted b y T homp son a t L ou i sv i l le ( pho tog raph c ou r te sy o f N o rman H ammond ) . 5
F igu r e3 . 3 . S tucco h ead s f r om G ann 's e xcava t ion s ( Gann 1 943 , f i gu re 1 ,c ou r te sy o f t h e M idd le Ame r ican R e sea r ch I n s t i tu te , T u lane U n ive r s i ty ) . 7
G ann 's
e xcava t ion s 8
F igu r e3 . 7 . Map o f B e l ize s i te s k nown T homp son ( af t e rT homp son 1 939 , f i gu re 1 00 ) . F igu r e3 . 8 . P rec la s s ic " choco la te p o t s" L ou i sv i l le ( a f te rH abe r land 1 958 : 1 28 ) .
BM38 10 .21 .397 .
1 3
F igu re 4 . 5 .
BM38 -10 .21 .398 .
1 4
F igu re 4 . 8 .
BM38 -10 .21 .399 .
1 5
F igu r e4 . 9 .
BM39 -10 .21 .400
1 5
F igu re 4 . 10 .
BM38 -10 .21 .401
1 5
F igu re 4 . 12 .
BM38 -10 .21 .404
1 7
F igu re 4 . 13 .
BM38 -10 .21 .405
1 7
F igu re 4 . 14a . S un G od w i th t a u shaped f r on t t e e th ; e xamp le f r om S e iba l ( Sm i th 1 982 : 3 5 , f i g . 4 7E l e f t . C opy r igh t 1 982 b y t h e P re s iden t a nd F e l low so fH a rva rd C o l lege ) . 1 8
F igu r e3 . 4 . H ead s a nd f r agmen t s f r om G ann 's e x cava t ion s( af t e rG ann 1 939 : 2 54 ) . 8
F igu r e3 . 6 . H ead s f r om ( af t e rG ann 1 939 : 2 58 ) .
F igu re 4 . 4 .
F igu re 4 . 11 . S tucco p o r t ra i t f r om T emp le X IV , P a lenque ( S che le a nd M i l le r 1 986 : 6 4 , ©J u s t in K e r r 1 985 ,u sed w i th p e rm i s s ion ) . 1 6
F igu r e3 . 2 . L i th ics c o l lec ted b y T homp son a t L ou i sv i l le ( pho tog raph c ou r te sy o f N o rman H ammond ) . 5
e xcava t ion s 8
1 3
F igu re 4 . 7 . Ma ize a s ah uman h ead ; d e ta i l f r om e a s t s i de o fC opan S t e la D ( af t e rB audez 1 994 : 4 1) . 1 5
F igu r e2 . 4 . Mode rn r o ad s a r ound L ou i sv i l le ( a dap ted f r om U .K . M i l i ta ry S u rvey m ap 1 994 ) .. . . .3
G ann 's
BM38 10 .21 .396 .
F igu re 4 . 6 . E a r o f c o rn a s h uman h ead w i th m a ize l e ave s ; d e ta i l f r om T emp le o f t h e F o l ia ted C ro s s ,P a lenque ( a f te rS che le a nd M i l le r 1 986 : 1 95 ) . 1 4
S o i l map o f B e l ize ( af t e r F u r ley 2
F igu r e3 . 5 . H ead s f r om ( af t e rG ann 1 939 : 2 56 ) .
F igu r e4 . 3 .
F igu re 4 . 14b . S un G od w i th t a u shaped t e e th ; e xamp le f r om O xk in tok ( a f te r V ida l L o renzo 1 999 : 6 6 ) . 1 8
t o 9
f r om 9
F igu re 3 . 9 . S t a i r ca se o f c i r cu la r s t ruc tu re i n ve s t iga ted b y H abe r land ( a f te r H abe r land 1 958 : 1 28 ) . 9
F igu re 4 . 15 .
BM38 -10 .2 1 .406 .
1 8
F igu r e4 . 16a .
BM38 10 .2 1 .407 ; f r on tv i ew .
1 9
F igu re 4 . 16b .
BM38 10 .21 .407 ; s i d ev i ew .
1 9
F igu r e4 . 17 .
BM38 10 .21 .408 .
1 9
F igu r e4 . 18 .
BM38 -10 .21 .409 .
2 0
F igu r e4 . 1a .
BM38 -10 .21 .333 ; f r on tv i ew .
1 2
F igu re 4 . 19 . S tucco p o r t ra i t h ead f r om S e iba l ( Sm i th 1 982 : 3 5 , f i g . 4 7D . C opy r igh t 1 982 b y t h e P r e s iden ta nd F e l low so fH a rva rd C o l lege ) . 2 0
F igu r e4 . 1b .
BM38 10 .21 .333 ; s i de v i ew .
1 2
F igu r e4 . 20
BM38 -10 .21 .4 10
2 1
F igu r e4 . 2 .
BM38 10 .21 .395 .
1 2
F i gu r e4 . 21
BM38 10 .21 .4 11
11
1
F igu r e4 . 22 .
BM38 10 .21 .4 12 .
F igu re 4 . 23 .
BM38 10 .21 .4 13 .
2 2
F igu re 4 . 38 . S t ucco f r agmen t s f r om D z ib i lcha l tun ( Cogg in s 1 983 : 3 2 , c ou r te sy o f t h e a u tho ra nd t h eM .A R . I . , T u lane U n ive r s i ty ) . 3 2
F igu r e4 . 24a .
BM38 10 .21 .403 .
2 3
F igu re 5 . 1 .
F igu r e4 . 24b .
BM38 10 .21 .402 .
2 3
F igu re 4 . 24c .
BM38 10 .21 .394
2 3
S t ruc tu re 1d e s t royed b yb u l ldoz ing . 3 6
F igu re 5 . 2 . C ompo s i te p ho tog raph o f S t ruc tu r e 1 8p a r t ly d e s t royed b yb u l ldoz ing ) . 3 6
F igu r e4 . 25 . E xamp le s o fg l yph s f o r ' f i r e ' ( a f te r C oe a nd V an S t on e2 00 1 : 1 64 ) .
F igu re 5 . 3 . L ou isv i l le s i te m ap , s u rveyed b y Ma r c Wo lf a nd S co t t Sm i th , d r awn b yM . Wo lf . 3 8
F igu r e4 . 26 .
F igu re 5 . 4 . L ou i sv i l le s i te c o r e w i th t wo m a in p y ram id s , S t ru c tu r e 1a nd S t ruc tu re 1 8 ; m ap b y Ma r c Wo lf . 3 9
BM38 10 .21 .4 15 .
F igu r e4 . 27 . I lu s t ra t ion o f P ueb lo N uevo h ead f r om G ann 's p ub l ica t ion ( af t e rG ann 1 9 18 : 13 ) . 2 5
F igu re 5 . 5 .
Map o fa r ea so fs u rf ace c o l lec t ion . 4 0
F igu re 5 . 6 .
C e ram ic s c o lo rc onven t ion s .
F i gu r e5 . 7 .
P rec la s s ic p a t te rn -bu rn i shed s he rd . 4 1
F igu r e4 . 28 . F ragmen t o f P ueb lo N uevo h ead , s ame a sF ig . 4 . 27 ( a f te rG ann 1 926 : 2 42 ) . 2 5
4 1
F igu r e4 . 29a .
BM99 -206 ; f r on tv i ew.
F igu re 4 . 29b
BM99 -206 ; s i de v i ew.
F igu r e4 . 30a .
BM99 -207 ; f r on tv i ew
F igu re 5 . 8 .
S he rd sf r om s u rf ace c o l lec t ion .
4 2
F igu re 4 . 30 .
BM99 -207 ; s i de v i ew.
F igu r e5 . 9 .
P o s tc la s s ic h o l low s uppo r t .
4 2
F igu r e4 . 31 .
T u lane U n ive r s i ty ,3 789 .34 .
2 8
F igu re 5 . 10
E a s ts e c t ion o fL 02 , 1 . 5 mw ide . 4 5
F igu r e4 . 32 .
T u lane U n ive r s i ty , 3 689 .35 .
2 8
F igu r e5 . 11a . S ec t ion o fL 04 , i nl o o ted p i t a bove e xcava t ion , 1 . 5 mw ide . 4 7
F igu r e4 . 33 .
T u lane U n ive r s i ty , 3 789 .36 .
2 9
16
F igu r e4 . 34a . E xamp le o f s nake s p ine a nd t a i l ; d e ta i l f r om C opan S t e la A ( a f te rB audez 1 994 : 2 1) . 2 9 F igu r e4 . 34b . D ep ic t ion o f s p ine a nd v e r teb rae ; d e ta i l f r om S tucco P ane l , T on ina ( a f t e r Ma r t in a nd G rube 2 000 : 1 85 ) . 3 0 F igu r e4 . 35 . A l te rna t ive f o rm s o f t h e o ch k ' ak ' g l yph ( S tua r t 1 998 : 3 87 ,u sed w i th p e rm i s s ion o ft h e a u tho r ) . 3 0
F i gu re 5 . 11b . p i t , 1m w ide
S ec t ion o fL 04 , e xcava t ion i nl o o t ed 4 7
F i gu re 5 . 12 .
C e ram ic d ee rh ead f r om L O4
F igu re 5 . 13a . S t ruc tu re 1 8 .
C lean ing
p a r t ly
b u l ldozed 4 9
F i gu re 5 . 13b . S ec t ion o f L 06 , S t r . d r aw ing b yS heena H owa r th
1 8 ; p rof i le 4 9
F igu re 5 . 14 .
o f
4 8
We s ts i de o fS t ruc tu re 1 8i n2 002 5 1
F igu r e4 . 36 . S t u cco f r agmen t f r om D z ib i lcha l tun ( Cogg in s 1 983 : 3 0 , c ou r te sy o f t h e a u tho r a nd t h e M .A .R . I . ,T u lane U n ive r s i ty ) . 3 1 F igu r e4 . 37 . S t ucco e xamp le s o f s t y l ized m a ize f r om S t r . A -3 , S e iba l ( Sm i th 1 982 : 4 5 , f i g s . 5 0a -d . C opy r igh t 1 982 b y t h e P re s iden t a nd F e l low s o f H a rva rd C o l lege ) . 3 1
1 1
F igu re 5 . 15 . 2 002 .
S ou thea s t s i de o f S t ruc tu r e 1 8 i n 5 1
F igu re 5 . 16 . 1 8 .
C or n e r w a l l o fb u r ied b u i ld ing , S t r . 5 2
F i gu re 5 . 17 .
P e tdn s ty le b u r ied b u i ld ing , S t r . 1 8 . 5 2
F igu r e5 . 18 . S t r . 1 2
P la s te r f l oo r p re se rved i n s e c t ion , 5 4
F igu re 6 . 7 . F ragmen t s S ca le i s2 0c m .
F igu r e5 . 19 . S t r . 1 2
P o r t ion o f mode led s t u cco g l yph , 5
F igu re 6 . 8 . P ink g r an i te m e ta te , f r on t a nd s i de v i ew s . S ca le i s2 0 cm 6 5
F igu r e5 . 20 . P lan o f L a te C la s s ic S t ruc tu r e 1 2 . D raw ing b yL on sda le .
b u i ld ing 5 6
F igu re 6 . 9 . c m
F igu r e5 . 21 . E a s te rnmo s t p i e r o n s ou th w a l l , S t r . 1 2 . V iew E— W 5 7
N o r th
F igu r e5 . 24 .
S tucco i ns i tu o nd oo r jamb , S t r . 1 2 . 5 8
F igu re 5 . 25 . 1 2 .
P l in th r unn ing a l ong s ou th w a l l , S t r . 5 8
l ime s tone
mano s . 6 5
L ime s tone b a rk b ea te r . S ca le i s2 0 6 6
F igu re 6 . 10 . R econ s t ru c t ion d r aw ing o f S t r . 1 7 , N ohmu l ( Hammond e t a l . 1 987 : 2 73 ; u sed w i th p e rm i s s ion ) . 6 6
F igu r e5 . 22 . P i e r e n t i r e ly r emoved f r om G ann 's t r ench .V iew W —E . 5 7 F igu r e5 . 23 . 1 2 .
o f
F igu re 6 . 11 . T a sk c on s t ruc t ion , S t ruc tu re 1 , N ohmu l ( Hammond e t a l . 1 985 : 1 9 5 ; u sed w i th p e rm i s s ion ) . 6 7
w a l l f r om 2 000 t r en ch , S t r . 5 8
F igu re 6 . 12 . Wa te r co lo r r ende r ing , b y L ou i se B e lange r , o ft wo h uman a nd o ne g od s t ucco h ead s f r om L amana i( u sed w i th p e rm i s s ion o ft h ea r t i s t ) . 7 1
F igu r e 5 . 26 . E xpo sed f l oo rf r om s e c t ion , S t r . 1 2 . S ee a l so F ig . 5 . 18 . 5 9
F igu re 6 . 13 . S tucco h ead s f r om R -5 , P ied ra s N eg ra s : a ) a f te r Un ive r s i ty o f P enn sy lvan ia 1 934 , p l a te I ;b ) a f te r Un ive r s i ty o f P enn sy lvan ia 1 933 , p l a te X I . 7 1
F igu r e5 . 27 . 1 2 .
No r th w a l l i n 2 002 e xcava t ion , S t . 6 0
F igu re 6 . 14 . S tucco h ead f r om N aach tun ( a f t e r S chm id t ,d el aG a rza ,a nd N a lda 1 998 .5 34 ) . 7 2
F igu re 5 . 28a . s e a son .
S tucco g l yph f r agmen t f r om 2 002 6 1
F igu re 6 . 15 . S tucco h ead s f r om C oma lca lco ( a f te rS chm id t ,d el aG a r za ,a nd N a lda 1 998 : 5 33 ) . 7 2
F igu r e5 . 28b . 2 002 s e a son
Mode led
s t ucco
f r agmen t s
f r om 6 1
F igu re 6 . 16 . S tucco h ead le s s b ody , a nd monk ey h ead f r om B ecan ( a f te r P o t te r 1 977 : 3-34 ) . 7 3
F igu r e6 . 1 . E xamp le s o f P ro toc la s s ic c e ram ic v e s se ls uppo r t s . 6 2
F igu re 6 . 17 . S tucco h ead f r om Mano s R o ja s C amp ( p ho tog raphed i n t h e Me r ida Mu seum , Mex ico ) . 7 3
F igu re 6 . 2 . E xamp le s o fE a r ly a nd L a te C la s s ic p o lych rome s he rd s . 6 3
F igu re 6 . 18 . S tucco h ead f r om O ko lhu i tz ( af t e r R uppe r ta nd D en ison 1 943 ,p l a te 3 5 ) . 7 3
F igu r e6 . 3 . C e ram ic s ma l l f i nd s f r om e xcava t ion s —wh i s t le a nd f i gu r ine f r agmen t s , a nd m ode led d ee rh ead . 6 4
F igu re 6 . 19 . S tucco h ead f r om t h e H ou se o ft h e G ove rno r ,U xma l( a f te rG ann 1 924 ; f r on t i sp iece ) 7 4
F igu r e6 . 4 . Sma l l f i nd s f r om s u rf ace c o l lec t ion —g reen s tone c e l t f r agmen t , c e r am ic n e t w e igh t ,a nd N ephrona ia ss he l l b ead s 6 4 F igu r e6 . 5 . m idden .
F igu re 6 . 20 . S tucco h ead o f u nknown p roven ien ce ( a f te r S chm id t , d e l aG a r za , a nd N a lda 1 998 : 5 33 ) . 7 4
C he r t t o o l s f r om L a te P r ec la s s ic 6 4
F igu r e6 . 6 . F ragmen t so f mano a nd m e ta te f r om s u rf ace c o l lec t ion 6 4
i v
F igu re B la .
BM38 10 .2 1 .333 . F ron tv i ew .
7 9
F igu re B lb
BM38 10 .2 1 .333 . S i de v i ew .
7 9
F igu r eB -2 .
BM38 -10 .21 .395 .
7 9
F igu re B -25
T u lane Un ive r s i ty , 3 789 .36 .
8 4
F igu r eB -3 .
BM38 -10 .21 .396 .
7 9
F igu re B -26
T u lane Un ive r s i ty ,4 1 .342 .
8 4
F igu r eB -4 .
BM38 10 .21 .397 .
7 9
F igu re B -27
T u lane Un ive r s i ty , 3 9 .611 .
8 4
F igu re B -5 .
BM38 10 .21 .398 .
7 9
F igu re B -28 .
T u lane Un ive r s i ty , 3 792 .38 .
8 4
F igu r e B -6 .
BM38 10 .21 .399 .
8 0
F igu re B -29 .
T u lane Un ive r s i ty , 3 792 .39 .
8 4
F igu r eB -7 .
BM38 10 .21 .400 .
8 0
F igu re B -30 .
T u lane Un ive r s i ty , 3 792 .40 .
8 5
F igu re B -8 .
BM38 -10 .21 .40 1 .
8 0
F igu re B -31 .
T u lane U n ive r s i ty , 3 792 .4 1 .
8 5
F igu r eB -9 .
BM38 -10 .21 .404 .
8 0
F igu re B -32 .
T u lane U n ive r s i ty , 3 792 .42 .
8 5
F igu re B 10 .
BM38 10 .21 .405 .
8 0
F igu re B -33 .
T u lane Un ive r s i ty , 3 792 .43 .
8 5
F igu r e B 11 .
BM38 -10 .21 .406 .
8 0
F igu re B -34 .
T u lane Un ive r s i ty , 3 792 4 4
8 5
F igu re B 12 a .
BM38 10 .21 .407 . F ron tv i ew .
8 1
F igu re B -35 .
T u lane Un ive r s i ty , 3 792 .46 .
8 5
F igu r e B 12b .
BM38 10 .21 .407 . S ide v i ew .
8 1
F igu re B -36 .
T u lane Un ive r s i ty , 3 792 .47 .
8 6
F igu r e B 13 .
BM38 10 .21 .488 .
8 1
F igu re B -37 .
T u lane Un ive r s i ty , 3 792 .48 .
8 6
F igu re B -14 .
BM38 10 .21 .409 .
8 1
F igu re B -38 .
T u lane Un ive r s i ty , 3 792 .49
8 6
F igu r eB -15 .
BM38 -10 .21 .4 10 .
8 1
F igu re B -39 .
T u lane Un ive r s i ty , 3 792 .50 .
8 6
F igu re B -40 . F igu r eB 16 .
BM38 10 .21 .4 11 .
8 1
T u lane U n ive r s i ty , 3 792 .51 .
8 6
F igu r eB 17 .
BM38 10 .21 .4 12 .
8 2
F igu r eB 18 .
BM38 10 .21 .4 13 .
8 2
F igu re B -19a .
BM38 -10 .21 .403 .
8 2
F igu r eB 19b .
BM38 10 .21 .402 .
8 2
F igu re B 19c .
BM38 10 .21 .394 .
8 2
F igu r eB -20 .
BM38 -10 .21 .4 15 .
8 2
F igu r eB -21a .
BM99 -206 . F ron t v i ew .
8 3
F igu r eB -21b .
BM99 -206 . S ide v i ew .
8 3
F igu r eB -22a .
BM99 -207 . F ron tv i ew .
8 3
F igu re B -22b .
BM99 -207 . S ide v i ew .
8 3
F igu r eB -23 .
T u lane Un ive r s i ty , 3 789 .34 .
8 3
F igu r eB -24 .
T u lane Un ive r s i ty , 3 689 .35 .
8 3
F igu re C -1 . E xamp le s o f " Lou isv i l le B uff ' a nd " Buf fI nc ised" c e ram ic s . 8 7 F igu re C -2 . E xamp le s O range" c e ram ic s .
o f
" Lou isv i l le
R ed 8 8
F igu re C -3 . A lmo s t c omp le te " Lou i sv i l le R ed O range" b ow l . 8 8 F igu re C -4 . E xamp le s O range S pec ia l" c e ram ic s .
o f
" Lou isv i l le
R ed 8 9
F igu re C -5 . E xamp le s o f " Lou isv i l le R ed O range a nd C ream" c e ram ic s . T he s he rd i n t h e c en te r t op r ow h a s o rgan ic r e s i s t d eco ra t ion w i th a c hev ron d es ign . 9 0
L IST OF TABLES T ab le 5 . 1 . C la s s if ica t ion a nd n o te so nc e ram ic s a nd f i nd sf r om s u rf ace c o l lec t ion 4 3 T ab le 6 . 1 . T abu la t ion o fs t ucco h uman p or t ra i t h ead sf r om t h e Maya r e g ion . 6 9
L IST OF ABBREVIATIONS A .D . B .C . BM M .A .R . I . F ig . S t r .
a nno Dom in i b ef o re C h r i s t B r i t i sh Mu seum M idd le Ame r ican R e sea r ch I n s t i tu te f i gu re s t ruc tu re
v i
D uncan P r ing a nd L au ren S u l l ivan f o r t h e a na ly s i s o ft h e c e ram ic s f r om t h e 2 002 s e a son . T hank y ou a l so t o t h e R am i rez s i s te r s , t h e p eop le , a nd l a nd o wne r s o fL ou i sv i l le , B e l ize , w ho w e lcomed m e t o c a r ry o u ta r chaeo log ica lw o rk i nt h e i rf i e ld s .
PREFACE Among t h e s t ud ie s o f p l a s t ic a r t s m a s te r ed b y t h e Maya s t u ccowo rk h a s o f ten b een n eg lec ted b ecau se o f i t s l i m i ted p r e se rva t ion i n t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd . N eve r the le s s Maya s e t t lemen t s f e a tu red p rom inen t u se o f t h i s m ed ium f r om t h e P rec la s s ic f a c ing o fp l a tf o rm s a nd monumen ta l ma sk s , t ot h e m ode led r e l ief d eco ra t ion o f C la s s ic a r ch i tec tu r e , a nd t h e o rnamen ta t ion o f P o s t e la s s ie *a i de s . I n s p i te o f i t s p oo r s u rv iva l , s t ucco r e p r e sen t s o ne o f t h e f i ne s t m an if e s ta t ion s o f Maya a r t i s t ic a nd t e chno log ica l a ch ievemen t , a nd t h e r ema in s f r om t h e s ma l l s i te o fL ou i sv i l le i nN o r the rn B e l ize a t te s t t ot h e Maya m a s te ry o ft h i sf o rm o fa r t .
My g r a t i tude a l so g oe s t ot h e B r i t i sh Mu seum a nd t h e M idd le Ame r ican R e sea r ch I n s t i tu te a t T u lane U n ive r s i ty f o r a l low ing m e t ou se t h e i mage s f r om t h e i r c o l lec t ion s ; t o E . Wy l ly s A nd r ew s V f o r p rov id ing ac opy o fG ann 's 1 936 m anu sc r ip t , a nd t o Me s s r s . Swa ine , Adeney B r igg o fS t . J ame s 's f o rt h e a na ly s i s o f t h e umb re l la s pok e s . Iw ou ld l i k e t o e xp re s s g r a t i tude t o R aymond a nd B eve r ly S ack le r f o r g ene rou s ly f und ing t h i s w o rk , t o D r . A l lan Moo r e , A r chaeo log ica l C omm i s s ione r o f B e l ize i n 2 000 , a nd t o G eo rge T homp son , A rchaeo log ica l C omm i s s ione r o f B e l ize i n 2 002 , f o r g r an t ing p e rm i s s ion t o c a r ry o u t t h e a r chaeo log ica l a s se s smen ta nd s a lvage o pe ra t ion sa tL ou i sv i l le .
T he L ou i sv i l le s t uccoe s w e r e e xcava ted b y a ma teu r a r chaeo log i s t D r . T homa s G ann i n t h e m id 1 930 s . A l though t h ey c on s t i tu t e t h e l a rge s t n umbe r o f m ode led h uman h ead s f r om as i ng le Maya b u i ld ing , t h e c o l lec t ion l a cked c h rono log ica l a nd s t ra t ig raph ic c on tex t u n t i l t h i s w o rk s e t o u t t o r e cove r t h e s u rv iv ing d a ta , b ef o r e t h e i n ev i tab le o b l i te ra t ion o f t h e s i te , w h ich i n r e cen t y ea r s h a s b ecome i n c r ea s ing ly t h rea tened b y s uga r c ane a g r icu l tu r e , q ua r ry ing f o r c on s t ruc t ion m a te r ia l s , a nd o ppo r tun i s t ic l o o t ing .
Ia m i n deb ted t o D r . C lemency C ogg in s f o r g ene rou s ly a l low ing m e t ou se h e r l i b ra ry a nd Ia m g r a tef u l f o rh e rs ugge s t ion s i nt h ep r epa ra t ion o ft h i s p ub l ica t ion . Many t h ank s a l so t o A lex G an to s f o r h i s p a t ience , e ncou ragemen t , a nd d i scu s s ion s o ft h i s m a te r ia l ; t o A l We so low sky f o r h i s t e ach ing s o n e d i to r ia l w o rk a nd p ub l ica t ion s ; a nd t o S hannon P l ank f o r s ha r ing l o ng d ay s o fo ff ice w o rk . T hank y ou t o my f am i ly f o rt h e i r s uppo r t a nd t h e i r f a i th i n my p u r su i to f ac a r ee ri na r chaeo logy .
T he l a ck o fd e ta i led p roven ience f o r t h e L ou i sv i l le s t uccoe s h a s n o d oub t c on t r ibu ted t o t h e o b scu r i ty i n to w h ich b o th t h es cu lp tu r e sa nd t h es i te h ave b een d r opped s i nce t h e i r i n i t ia l d i scove ry . T h i s w o rk s e ek s t o r e con tex tua l ize t h i s c o l lec t ion o f s t uccowo rk a nd r e in t rodu ce i ti n to t h e b ody o f k now ledge a nd l i t e ra tu re o n t h e Maya , s ot h a tf u tu re d i scove r ie sa nd a na ly se so f Maya s t ucco w i l ln o tf a i l t or emembe r t h e e v idence f r om L ou i sv i l le , i ns p i te o ft h ei mm inen td i sappea rance o ft h es i te .
ACKNO WLEDG MENTS Iw ou ld l i k e t o t h ank t h e p r inc ipa l i n ve s t iga to r o f t h is p ro jec t , D r . N o rman H ammond , f o rh i sd i r ec t ion a nd i n sp i ra t ion i n t h e f i e ld a nd t h roughou t t h e p r epa ra t ion o ft h i s p ub l ica t ion . T he p r e sen t w o rk i s t h e r e su l t o fr e sea r ch c a r r ied o u t f o r my MA t h e s i s a tB o s ton U n ive r s i ty . T he f i e ld r e sea r ch c onduc ted a tL ou i sv i l le w ou ld n o t h ave b een p o s s ib le w i thou t t h e w o rk o f Ma r c Wo lf , S co t t Sm i th , a nd t h e s t uden t s o f t h e B o s ton U n ive r s i ty B e l ize A r chaeo log ica l F i e ld S choo l o f 2 000 a nd o f 2 002 . Ia m a l so g r a tef u l t o N o rman H ammond a nd K e r ry S ageb ie l f o r t h e i d en t if ica t ion o ft h e c e ram ic s f r om t h e 2 000 f i e ld s e a son , a nd t o v i i
o n f i e ldwo rk m e thod s , f o l lowed b y d a ta o b ta ined f r om m app ing , s u rf a ce c o l lec t ion s , t e s tp i ta nd t r ench e xcava t ion s c once rn ing t h e s i te p l an , t h e c e ram ic s equen ce , t h e s t ra t ig raphy , a nd t h e c on tex t o f G ann 's c o l lec t ion . I n p a r t icu la r , t h e s e c t ion o n t h e t r en ch o pe ra t ion c onduc ted a tt h e l o ca t ion o fG ann 's p r ev iou s e xcava t ion s i s ad e sc r ip t ion a nd a na ly s i s o f t h e e v idence s uppo r t ing t h e i d en t if ica t ion o f t h e b u i ld ing t h a t w a s o n ce d eco ra ted w i th t h e s t ucco h ead s .
Chap ter One I n troduc t ion T h i s w o rk p r e sen t s t h e d a ta a s semb led i n a n a r chaeo log ica l p ro jec t c a r r ied o u t a t t h e a n c ien t Maya s i te o f L ou i sv i l le i n n o r the rn B e l ize . I n a dd i t ion t os u rvey a nd m app ing , t h e p ro jec t f o cu sed o n t wo m a in g oa l s : t oc onduc ts a lvage w o rk i no rde r t op rov ide ac h rono logy o ft h e s i te t h rough s u r f ace c o l lec t ion a nd t e s tp i t e xcava t ion s ; a nd t o r e con tex tua l ize t h e f i nd s f r om p r ev iou s w o rk a tt h e s i te , i np a r t icu la rb y d e te rm in ing t h rough e xcava t ion t h e o r ig ina l l o ca t ion o fT homa sG ann 's t r enche sa nd t h e s ou r ce o f t h e s t ucco h ead s n ow h e ld a t t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum a nd a tT u lane U n ive r s i ty .
C hap te r S i x c omb ine s t h e e v idence f r om t h e c a ta log o fs t uccowo rk a nd t h e r e cen t ly e xcava ted ma te r ia l s . T he r e su l t s a r e a d i scu s s ion o f t h e o ve ra l l c h rono logy o f t h e s i te f r om c e ram ic s a nd o t he r f i nd s , o ft h e a r ch i tec tu r e a tL ou i sv i l le i nc ompa r i son t o o t he r e xamp le s o f s im i la r c on s t ru c t ion m e thod s , a nd o ft h e s t ucco m a te r ia l s i nr e la t ion t oo t he r s i te s w he re h uman p o r t ra i tu r eh a sb een r e cove r ed .
C hap te r Two d e sc r ibe s t h e g eog raph ica l l o ca t ion o f t h e s i te o f L ou i sv i l le a nd i t s e nv i ron s . G eo log ica l a nd e nv i ronmen ta l i n f o rma t ion p rov ide s t h e s e t t ing f o r t h e t y pe o f r e sea r ch t h a t w a s c onduc ted a tt h e s i te a nd t h e b ackg round f o rt h e i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e s i te l a you t . T he g eo log ica ln a tu r eo ft h ea r ea a ppea r s t oh ave i nf luenced t h e p l ann ing o ft h e a r ch i tec tu ra l g roup s a tL ou i sv i l le . T he l o ca t ion o ft h e t wo m a in p y ram id s a s w e l l a s t h e p u ta t ive l o ca t ion o f a c au seway m igh t h ave b een d i rec t ly r e la ted t o t h e s ha l low l ime s tone r i dge s a nd o u tc ropp ing s t h a t d e te rm ine t h et e r r a in o ft h es i te .
T he a na ly s i s o fe v iden ce r e cove red f r om L ou i sv i l le w i th t h i s p ro jec t c onc lude s t h a t t h e i d en t if ica t ion o f G ann 's e xcava t ion w a s i n deed s ucce s sf u l , a nd t h a t t h e c o l lec t ion s o f s t ucco h ead s a nd f r agmen t s h ave b een r e un i ted w i th t h e i ra r chaeo log ica lc on tex t . T h ree a ppend ice s f o l low t h e ma in b ody o f t e x t : A ppend ix A r e p roduce s t h e o r ig ina l m anu sc r ip t o f G ann 's d i scove ry t h a t w a s e d i ted f o r p ub l ica t ion ; A ppend ix B g roup s i mage s o f t h e s t ucco a r t if ac t s f r om t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum a nd T u lane U n ive r s i ty ; a nd A ppend ix C r e po r t st h ec e ram ic a na ly s i s c a r r ied o u t b y D uncan P r ing a nd L au ren S u l l ivan o n t h e L a te P r ec la s s ic s he rd s f r om am idden f ound i no ne o ft h et e s tp i t s .
C hap te r T h r ee i n t roduce s t h e h i s to ry o fr e sea r ch a t t h e s i t e , p r ima r i ly i nt e rm so ft h ew o rk c onduc ted b y G ann b ecau se h i s e xcava t ion s a r e d i rec t ly r e spon s ib le f o r t h e c oncep t ion o f t h is w o rk . T he b ackg round i n f o rma t ion a l so c ove r s w o rk b y o t he r a r chaeo log i s t s a nd v i s i to r s o ve r t h e c ou r se o f t h e 2 0t h c en tu ry . E r i c T homp son , Wo lf gang H abe r land , Er n e s tene G reen , N o rman H ammond , a nd R aymond S id ry s h ave a l p ub l ished a ccoun t s o f t h e a r chaeo log ica l r ema in s a t L ou i sv i l le , b u t n o s y s tema t ic i n ve s t iga t ion s h ad b een u nde r taken u n t i l 2 000 . T he d ange r o f l o s ing t h e e v idence t o r e cen t a g r icu l tu ra l a nd d e s t ruc t ive a c t iv i t ie s h a s m ade t h is w o rk a l lt h em o r eu rgen t . C hap te r F ou r f o cu se s o n t h e c o l lec t ion s o f s t u cco m a te r ia l f r om t h e B r i t ish Mu seum a nd T u lane U n ive r s i ty . E ach i t em i sd e sc r ibed i na n a nno ta ted c a ta log a nd i l u s t r a ted f r om a va i lab le p ho tog raph s i n A ppend ix B s o a s t o k eep a l l s t ucco a r t if ac t s t h a t w e re e xcava ted b ef o re t h i s p ro jec t i n a s i ng le s e c t ion . C hap te r F ive p r e sen t s t h e d a ta r e cove red f r om t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e sea r ch c onduc ted i n 2 000 a nd 2 002 . T he r e sea r ch d e s ign i se xp la ined i n as e c t ion 1
l ime s tone r i dge a nd i s e qu id i s tan t f r om t h e R io H ondo a nd t h eN ew R ive r , e a ch a bou t5 . 5 km a way . S apo te L agoon i s4 . 4 km d i rec t ly w e s t o ft h e s i te , b ef o re r e ach ing t h e R io H ondo , a nd t h e s wamp s o f t h e J one s a nd N icho l son a r ea a r e 1 . 5 km t o t h e
Chap ter Two G eograph ica l S e t t ing
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F ig . 2 . 2 . Map o f a rea a round L ou i sv i l le ( a f ter S idrys 1 983 : 4 ) .
F ig .2 . 1 . L oca t ion o fL ou i sv i l le i n Me soamer ica .
s ou thea s t , 4km b ef o re t h e s wamp s s u r round ing t h e P emb roke H a l l b r anch o f t h e N ew R ive r a nd t h e N ew R ive ri t se lf ( F ig . 2 . 4 ) .
T he Maya s i te o fL ou i sv i l le i sl o ca ted i nt h eC o roza l D i s t r ic t o f n o r ther n B e l ize , C en t ra l Ame r ica ( F ig . 2 . 1 a nd F ig . 2 . 2 ) , a l ong t h e N o r the rn H ighway , a pp rox ima te ly 1 5 k m N o r th o fO range Wa lk T own a nd 1 8 km S ou th o f C o roza l . T he s i te b ea r s t h e n ame o ft h e mode rn v i l lage s i tua ted o n t h e w e s te rn s i de o f t h e No r the rn H ighway , a nd i ts pan s b o th s i de s o f t h e r o ad . O n ly a f ew m ound s c an b e d e tec ted a mong t h e c on tempo r a ry h ou se s i n t h e t own ; t h e moder n c hu r ch i sb u i l t d i r ec t ly o n t o p o f o ne o f t h e mound s , wh i le t h e m a jo r i ty o f t h e mound s , i n c lud ing t h e c e remon ia l c o r e , a r e l o ca t ed o n t h e e a s ter n s i de o f t h e h i ghway . T he m app ing p ro jec tc ove red a na r ea r ough ly l x 1 .5 km , mo s t ly o n t h e e a s t er ns i de o ft h e h i ghway , b u t i ti sl i ke ly o t he r mound s e x tend b eyond t h i s a r ea , a nd t h a t a t o ne t ime t h es i te w a sl a rge rt h an t h a tv i s ib le t o day .
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F ig . 2 . 3 . S o i l m ap o fB e l ize ( a f ter F ur ley 1 968 : 7 ) .
I n t e rm s o f g eo log ica l c ha rac te r iza t ion n o r the rn B e l ize i sp a r t o f t h e Y uca tan P en in su la p l a tf o rm , w h ich i sb o rde red t o t h e s ou th b y t h e much o l de r m e tamo rph ic m a s s if o f t h e Maya Moun ta in s . T he 2
F ig . 2 . 4 . Modern r oads a round L ou i sv i l le ( adap ted f rom U .K . M i l i tar y S ur ve y map 1 994 ) .
t h e Mex ican b o rd e r , a nd p rov ide s a ny e a sy t r ave l r ou te t h a t c ou ld h ave b een a s i gn if ican t a x i s o f c ommun ica t ion a nd t r ade f o r a nc ien t s e t t lemen t s ( McDona ld a nd H ammond 1 985 : 2 6 ) . L ou i sv i l le i s l o ca ted o n t h i s , a si st h e ma jo r c e r emon ia l c en t e r o f N ohmu l , a nd a n umbe r o f o t he r m ino r c en te r s a r e s c a t te red a l ong t h es ou the rn a nd mo r ee l eva ted a r ea o f t h e r i dge ( F ig . 2 . 5 ) . A m a t r ix o f d i s tance s b e tween s i te s a l ong t h e R io S an P ab lo r i dge h a s b een s ugge s ted t o r e p re sen t c u l tu ra l ly s i gn if i can t d i s t r ibu t ion s o f s e t t lemen t s a nd c e r emon ia l c en te r s ( Ha r r i son 2 000 : 3 4 ) . A l though L ou i sv i l le i sl o ca ted b eyond t h e n o r th ea s t e dge o f t h e a na ly s i s a r ea ( Ha r r i son 2 000 : f i gu re 3 ) , wh ich f o cu se s ma in ly o n s i te s w i th p o s s ib le a cce s s t o t h e r e sou rce s o f P u l l t rou se r Swamp , i t s r e la t ion sh ip t o n ea rby s i te s s uch a s N ohmu l , B uena V is ta , a nd C a ledon ia f a l l w i th in a tl e a s to ne o ft h et h ree " cu l tu r a l ly s i gn if i can t d i s tance r a nge s" p ropo sed b y H a r r i son .
c ou r se o ft h e r i ve r s f r om t h e m oun ta in s , a c ro s s t h e l ime s tone s he lf , a nd o u t t ot h e s e a i nt h e n o r th , h a s d e te rm ined t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f a luv ia l d epo s i t s , w h ich c on s i s tm o s t ly o fc a lca r eou sc l ay s( Hammond 1 973 : 2 ) . T he s o i l s o ft h i s a r ea , w h ich a r e t h e r e su l t o ft h e c a lca reou s p a r en t m a te r ia l s , a r e t y p ica l ly t h in a nd p oo r ly d r a ined . I n p a r t icu la r t h e s o i l s o f t h e L ou i sv i l le s e t , t h a t a r e p a r t o f ag roup o f f i ve s im i la r ly d e r ived s o i l s e t s , a r e o n ly 2 . 5 c m t o5 0 c m t h ick , a nd p rone t os i gn if ican t w a te r r unof fb ecau se u nde r la in b y a l a ye r o f c ompa c t l i me s tone ( McDona ld a nd H ammond 1 985 : 2 1 ) . T he a r ea w he r e L ou i sv i l le i sl o ca ted i si nf a c t c ha rac te r ized b y s ome p oo r ly u nde r s tood l e n se s o fu ncon so l ida ted l ime s tone t h a t h ave b ecome c ompac ted a nd i n du ra ted d i rec t ly b e low t h e s o i l l a ye r s ( McDona ld a nd H ammond 1 985 : 1 4 , 2 0 ) . T he a r ea b e tween t h e R io H ondo a nd t h e N ew R ive r , a l though f l a t c ompa red t o c en t ra l a nd s ou ther n B e l ize , i s n one the le s s d ef ined b y a n u ndu la t ing l a nd scape t h a t c an b e d i v ided i n to f i ve p a ra l le l r i dge s r unn ing S ou thwe s t—No r thea s t , w he r e t h e h i ghe s t e l eva t ion s a r e f ound i n t h e s ou ther n p o r t ion o ft h e w e s ter nmo s t r i dge s ( Hammond 1 973 : 3 ) . T he se r i dge s a r e a n i n te r e s t ing f e a tu re b ecau se , a s H ammond p o in t s o u t , " p r ac t ica l ly a l o f t h e k nown Maya s i te s a r e o n t h e f i r s t f o u r , a nd a lmo s t a l l m oder n s e t t lemen t s o n t h e f i r s t t h r ee" ( 1 973 : 3 ) , w i th t h e n umbe r ing r unn ing w e s t t o e a s t . Mo s t t own s a r e s i tua ted o n t h e w e s t er nmo s t , t h e S an P ab lo r i dge , b o rde red o n t h e w e s tb y t h e R io H ondo a nd r u nn ing n o r thea s t b eyond L ou i sv i l le . T he r i dge r un s w i thou ti n te r rup t ion sf r om t h e G ua tema lan t o
T he c l ima te i ss ub t rop ica l w i th 8 0% h um id i ty , w i th a n a ve rage r a inf a l l a tL ou i sv i l le o f 1 343 mm ( 5 3" ) , a nd w i th a d ry s e a son o f f ou r t o f i ve m on th s b e tween J anua ry a nd A p r i l o r May ( Hammond 1 973 : 2 ) . T he o r ig ina l f o re s t s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e g eo logy a nd h yd ro logy o f t h e a r ea a r e a lmo s t e n t i r e ly g one , r e p la ced b y v ege ta t ion a s semb lage s t h a t r e su l ted f r om al o ng h i s to ry o fh uman a c t iv i ty . Mo s t o f t h e mound s o f L ou i sv i l le t h a t a r e n o t l o ca ted a mong t h e b u i ld ing s a nd o r cha rd s o f t h e mode rn t own a r e s u r rounded o r c ove r ed b y s uga r c ane , e x ten s ive ly c u l t iva ted i nn o r ther n B e l ize . T he p l ow ing a nd b u rn ing r e g imen o f s uga r c ane c u l t iva t ion b r ing s p o t te ry a nd o t he r a r t if ac t s t ot h e s u rf a ce , b u t a l so e xpo se s s he rd s t o mo re i n ten se w ea the r ing w h ich r e su l t s i ns u rf a ce a s semb lage st h a t 3
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x . S an E s t evan 2 . C howa co l 3 . Nohmu l 4 . C o lha 5 . L ou i sv i l l e 6 . C u e l lo 7 . Av en tu ra 8 . S an ta R i ta 9 . S an V i c to r x o . P rog re s so I K i chpanha 1 2 . S an ta E lena 1 3 . B u ena V i s ta 1 4 . C a l edon ia x 5 . H ipo l i to G roup 1 6 . Ma r t in ez G roup 1 7 . S an An ton i o x 8 . B e nue V i e j o ( San ta C ruz )
1 9 . 2 0 . 2 1 . 2 2 . 2 3 . 24 . 2 5 . 2 6 . 2 7 . 2 8 . 2 9 . 3 0 . 3 1 . 3 2 .
E lP o s i to C e r rO S C han C hen S an L u i s P a t chcha can P rog r e s so I I Hon ey C amp ( Laguna d eO n ) S an L o r enzo Y o C r e ek S an L aza ro I B a rk l og C hunox P u eb l o NU EVO C han P in eR idg e 3 3 . S an P ed ro Ambe rg r i s 3 4 . S an J uan Ambe rg r i s 3 5 . B ound t oS h ine
3 6 . S a r ten e ja 3 7 . S a l t ilo 3 8 . S a joma l 3 9 . C cm s e jo 4 0 . O rang e Wa lk 4 1 . C a ro l ina 42.S pan i sh P o in t 4 3 . Y akakh e 4 4 . Augu s t P in eR id g e 4 5 . S an R oman 46-S an L az .a ro I I 4 7 . C h iwa L agoon 4 8 . S h ip s tern 4 9 5 0 . 5 1 . 5 2 . 5 3 .
Mi l e 70 I nd ian H i l l H igh B luf f C ond emn ed P o in t R o cky P o in tN o r th
F ig . 2 . 5 . Maya s i tes i n n or thern B e l ize ( Ham mond 1 974 : 1 79 , u sed w ith p erm iss ion o ft he a u thor ) .
O the r m ound g r oup s a r e f o und i nh uam i l t h a t c an r e ach a c oup le o f m e te r s i n h e igh t . T h i s i s t h e t y p ica l v ege ta t ion o f f a l low f i e ld s a nd a r ea s t h a t w e re p l owed i nt h e p a s t , a nd i n c lude s w i ld p apaya t r ee s a nd t h ick g r a s se s t h a t c omp le t e ly o b scu r e v i s ib i l i ty o ft h es u rf ace s c a t te ro fa r t if ac t s .
h ave l o s tt h e i rd i s t inc t ive s l ip sa nd a r em o re d i ff icu l t o r i mpo s s ib le t oi d en t if y . S i zeab le m ound s a r e a l so a f f ec ted b y a t temp t s t o f l a t ten t h e a r ea f o r e a s ie r p l ow ing , r e su l t ing i n t h e l o s s o f t h e u ppe r s t ra t ig raph ic l a ye r so fc u l tu ra lm a te r ia l . S ome o ft h e m ound s a tL ou i sv i l le a r e t o o l a rge a nd b u rden some t op l ow o ve r , a nd a r e t h e ref o re l ef t t o b e o ve rg rown b y b u sh , w i th v i ne s a nd m ode ra te s i zed t r ee s s u ch a s t h e c ohune p a lm . P a tche s o f c ohune p a lm f o r e s t a r e g ene ra l ly ag ood i n d ica t ion o f Maya r u in s , p o s s ib ly b ecau se t h e i r g r ow th a nd d i s t r ibu t ion i sd e te rm ined b y t h e c a lca reou s c on ten t o f t h e m ound s c on s t r uc ted w i th l i me s tone b l ock s a nd m a r l . 4
Chap ter T hree H i s tory o fR e search T he f i r s t m en t ion i np r in t o f t h e s i te o f L ou i sv i l le a ppea red i n t h e 1 929 F i e ld Mu seum o f N a tu ra l H i s to ry o fC h icago A nnua l R epor t o ft h e B oard o f T ru s tee s ( Thomp son 1 929 : 4 15 -4 17 ) . J . E r ic S . T homp son h ad b ecome i n vo lved i nt h e a r chaeo logy o f B e l ize , t h en t h e C rown C o lony o f B r i t i sh H ondu ra s , o n ly af ew y ea r s e a r l ie r w i th t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum 's f i r s t e xped i t ion t o s ou the rn B e l ize ( Hammond 1 983 : 2 1 ) . I n 1 927 a nd 1 928 h e h ad r e tu rned t o B e l ize u nde r t h e a u sp ice s o f t h e F i e ld Mu seum o fN a tu ra l H i s to ry , n ow C h icago N a tu r a l H i s to ry Mu seum ( Thomp son 1 928 : 2 15 -216 ; 1 929 : 4 15 -4 17 ) . I n 1 928 h e s p en t t h e f i r s t f i ve m on th s o f t h e y ea r i n ve s t iga t ing s i t e s f o r t h e p u rpo se o f g a the r ing i n f o rma t ion o n Maya p o t te ry a nd i t s c h rono log ica l s e quence . Among t h e se s i te s w e re a f ew i n n o r ther n B e l ize , a nd h e r e po r ted t h a t h e " began e xcava t ion s a mong s ome s ma l l r u in s a t L ou i sv i l le , af ew m i le s f r om C o roza l" ( Thomp son 1 929 : 4 17 ) , w he r e h e g a the r ed as ma l l c o l lec t ion o f a r t if ac t s . T he o b jec t sc on s i s to ft e ns he rd s( F ig . 3 . 1) , f ou r c he r t i mp lemen t s , f ou r o b s id ian b l ade s , a g r een s ton e c e l t , a nd aj ade b ead ( F ig . 3 . 2 ) ; t h ey a r e n ow s t o red i n C h icago . T he e xcava t ion s w e re n o t d e sc r ibed , a nd s oon T homp son moved o n t o o t he r l o ca t ion s t h a t h e b e l ieved mo re i n te re s t ing ( Thomp son 1 929 : 4 17 ) .
F ig . 3 .2 . L i th ics c o l lec ted b y T hompson a t L ou is vi l le ( pho tograph c our te sy o f Norman H ammond ) .
I n t h a t s ame y ea r T homp son s h a red p a r t o f h i s t r ave l s w i th T homa s G ann , am ed ica l o ff ice r o ft h e C o lony w i th a n a c t ive i n te re s t i na r chaeo logy , a nd t o ge the r t h ey c ha r te r ed ab oa t t oc a r ry t h em u p t h e B e l ize R ive r t o E l C ayo ( Thomp son 1 963 : 16 ) . L ou i sv i l le mu s t n o t h ave l e f t a ny p a r t icu la r i mp re s s ion o n T homp son , a nd h em u s tn o t h ave t o ld G ann a bou tt h e s i te h eh ad j u s tv i s i ted b ecau se G ann d oe s n o t s e em t o h ave b een a wa r e o f i tu n t i l 1 935 ( Gann 1 936 ) , a nd h i s w r i t ing s n eve r m en t ion T homp son 's v i s i t . T homa s G ann w a s s t a t ioned i nB r i t i sh H ondu ra s i n 1 894 , a nd r ema ined t h e re a f t e r r e t i r emen t u n t i l s ho r t ly b ef o re h i s d ea th i n 1 938 ( Hammond 1 973a : 6 ;R ungga ld ie r a nd H ammond 2 000 -200 1 : 2 6 ) . H e b egan p u r su ing h i s i n te re s t s i n a r chaeo logy , a nd d ocumen ted h i s i n ve s t iga t ion s b eg inn ing i n 1 895 , c on t inu ing t o p ub l i sh a bou t Maya r u in s u n t i l h i s d ea th a nd p o s thumou s ly b o th i n s c ho la r ly p ub l ica t ion s a nd i n p opu la r b ook s o f a dven tu re s e ncoun te red i nh i s t r ave l s i nB e l ize a nd n e ighbo r ing c oun t r ie s ( Gann 1 895 ; 1 897 ; 1 900 ; 1 905 ; 1 9 11 ; 1 9 14 16 ; 1 9 18 ; 1 924 ; 1 925 ; 1 926 ; 1 927 ; 1 928 ; 1 938 ; 1 939 ; 1 943 ; G ann a nd G ann 1 939 ) . A l though G ann m igh tn o tb ec on s ide red ar e p r e sen ta t ive o ft h e p e r iod o f t h e "Ma jo r S cho la r s" , a s d ef ined b y H ammond ( 1982 : 3 52 ) , h i s c on t r ibu t ion s a r e s t i l l u sef u l t o a r chaeo log i s t s w o rk ing i n B e l ize . U nf o r tuna te ly h i s l e s s t h an c a r ef u l r e co rd ing m e thod s , a nd h i s o f t en h ype rbo l ic w r i t ing s t y le h ave e a rned h im t h e d i s t ru s t o f p rof e s s iona l a r chaeo log i s t s , wh ich m ay b e t h e r e a son s i te s s uch a sL ou i sv i l le w e r e f o rgo t ten f o rd ecade s . H ammond , who e xcava ted t wo s i te s t h a t h ad b een a m a jo r i n te r e s t o f G ann 's ( Hammond 1 975 ; 1 985 ) , f ound t h a t a t l e a s t t h e p ub l ica t ion f o r t h e Sm i th son ian I n s t i tu t ion ( Gann 1 900 ) w a s " by t h es t anda rd s o ft h e t ime , a s obe r a nd r e spon s ib le f i e ld r e po r t" ( Hammond 1 983 : 2 0 ) . O the r d i sag r ee a nd b e l ieve
F ig . 3 . 1 . P o t tery c o l lec ted b y T hompson a t L ou isvi l le ( pho tograph c our tesy o fN orman H am mond ) .
5
t h a t " Gann 's m e thod s , wh ich b ecau se o f h i s p r inc ipa l d u ty i n t h e c oun t ry o f ten i n vo lved c on t inu ing e xcava t ion w i thou t s upe rv i s ion , r ema in ed mo r e d e s t ruc t ive t h an p ro t ec t ive o f e v idence f r om b eg inn ing t oe nd . T he c omb ina t ion o f t h i s a pp roach w i th t h e m in ima l a moun t o f i n f o rma t ion a va i lab le f o r t h e Maya a r ea i ng ene ra l g ave m uch o fG ann 's r e po r t ing ad i s t inc t ive f l avo r t h a t i sn one t o o p a la tab le t oday" ( Pende rga s t 1 993 : 4 ) . When t h ey w e r e p ub l i shed , h oweve r , G ann 's r e po r t s a nd b ook s d id i mp re s s f a vo rab ly : h i s w o rk w a s d e sc r ibed a s d e se rv ing " h igh c ommenda t ion" ( A . C . B . 1 920 : 6 4 ) , a nd I n a n U nknown L and w a s c ompa r ed t oJ ohn L . S t ephen s ' b ook s ( Long 1 925 : 7 8 ) . I n t h e c a se o f L ou i sv i l le , G ann 's p ub l ica t ion s p roved u sef u l i n v e r if y ing h i s p r e sence a nd c on tex tua l iz ing h i s f i nd s , b u t t h e re w a s a l so s i gn if i can t i n accu racy a nd i n con s i s ten cy , p a r t o f w h ich m ay b e d ue t o t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum 's a cce s s ion ing o f b o th t h e N ohmu l a nd L ou i sv i l le m a te r ia l s a f te r G ann 's d ea th ( Rungga ld ie r a nd H ammond 2 000 -200 1 : 2 7 ) .
w a s s en t t o T u lane U n ive r s i ty f o r p ub l ica t ion i n V o lume I Vo f Maya R e sear ch ( Append ix A ) . T he b u i ld ing t h a t i n te re s ted G ann w a s a t t h e s ou thwe s ter n e dge o f ap l aza w i th s even mound s ( Gann 1 936 : 1 ) . J u s t s ou th o f t h e b u i ld ing h e e xcava ted i so ne o f t wo l a rge p y ram id s , w h ich h e n eve r m en t ioned , p robab ly b ecau se h e h ad b een a l e r ted t o w ha t h e c a l led a " t rea su re t r ove" a nd a l ready k new w he re t od i g , o rb ecau se h e c on s ide red t h e se t o b e " l ook -ou t mound s" t h a t " neve r c on ta in a ny t r ace s o f b u r ia l , p o t t ry [ s ic ] o r i mp lemen t s" ( Gann 1 897 : 3 11) . G ann i d en t i f ied f ou r p e r iod s o f c on s t ruc t ion ; t h e e a r l ie s t w a s as t one t emp le t h a t h ad b een d eco ra ted w i th af r ieze o f mode led s t ucco h uman h ead s . F rom t h i s h e r e cove r ed 4 1 a pp rox ima te ly l i f e -s ize h ead s , t wo t o r so s , a nd a n umbe r o f or n amen ta l s t ucco f r agmen t s a l ong o ne o f t h e b u i ld ing 's w a l l s ( Gann 1 936 : 3 ) . B ecau se o f t h e p o s i t ion o f t h e mound r e la t ive t o t h e p l aza h e a s sumed t h i s s t ruc tu re h ad b een f a c ing N o r th , a nd r e po r ted u ncove r ing aw a l l 3 4 f e e t l o ng w i th af ou r -f oo td oo ro pen ing , wh ich h e t e rmed t h e " no r th w a l l" , a nd aw a l l i nt h e w es t t h a t w a s 2 1 f e e t l o ng ; b o th w a l l s w e re t h r ee f e e t t o n o mo re t h an s i x f e e t i n h e igh t ( Gann 1 936 : 1 ) . T h e s ou th a nd e a s t w a l l s w e re n o t f ound , a nd G ann i n te rp re ted t h e se a s h av ing b een c omp le te ly d e s t royed .
B ef o re e xcava t ing a t L ou i sv i l le G ann h ad i n ve s t iga ted mound s a t mo re t h an 5 0 s i te s a nd h ad c omp i led a t ypo logy o f t h e d i f f e r en t k i nd s o f mound s t h a t c on s i s ted o f s even c a tego r ie s : s epu lch ra l mound s ; mound s c on ta in ing a n o va l p l a s t e r ed c hambe r ; mound s e r ec ted o ve r b u i ld ing s ; f o r t if i ed mound s ; s i gna l a nd l o ok -ou t mound s ; r e f u se m ound s o r k i tchen m idden s ; a nd mound s o f u nknown u se ( Gann 1 897 : 3 08 ) . I n t h e s ame r e po r t h e d e sc r ibed f i nd ing s f r om t h e s i te o fP ueb lo N uevo ( F ig . 2 . 5 ) w h ich i n c luded " two l a rge h uman h ead s , mou lded i n p l a s te r a nd b ea r ing t r ace s o f r e d a nd b lue c o lou r ing s" ( Gann 1 897 : 3 08 ) . I n al a te r r e po r t o nt h e s ame mound a tP ueb lo Nuevo ( Mound 2 0 )h e c l a imed t o h ave f ound t wo h uman t o r so s , t h ree h uman h ead s , a nd t wo h eadd re s se s ( Gann 1 9 18 : 12 113 ) . A f ew y ea r s l a te r h e d e sc r ibed o ne o f t h e se h ead s a nd n o ted t h a t " a n umbe r o f s im i la r h ead s w e r e f ound i nt h e s ame t emp le" ( Gann 1 926 : 2 43 ) .
T he h ead s w e re f ound d e tached f r om t h e w a l l s , G ann b e l ieved , n o t a s t h e r e su l t o fw ea the r ing a nd d ecay ,b u ta st h er e su l to f : [ C ]on s id e r ab le t r oub le t o p r e se r v e t h e h ead s , a st h ey w e r e a l p l a ced f a ce d ownwa rd i nt h e m a r l d u s t , a nd n o tm u t i la t ed m o r e t h an w a s a b so lu t e ly n e ce s s a r y i n d e ta ch ing t h em f r om t h e w a l l s , w h e r ea s t h e s t u cco m ou ld ing s w e r e b r oken i n to s ma l l p i e ce s a nd u s ed m e r e ly t o f i l l i n t h e l a t e r s u b s t ru c tu r e .( Gann 1 9 36 : 3 )
I tw a s n o t u n t i l 1 935 t h a t G ann d i scove r ed al a rge n umbe r o fs t ucco h ead s a tt h e s i te o fL ou i sv i l le . H e a nd h i s w if e Ma ry o wned ac oconu t p l an ta t ion j u s t o u t s ide o fC o roza l , a nd w h i le l i v ing t h e re t h ey h ad l e a rned ( maybe e ven w e re c on ta c ted b yt h eo wne ro f t h e l a nd w he re al a rge p a r t o ft h e L ou i sv i l le s i te i s l o ca ted ) t h a t ad i scove ry h ad b een m ade a nd " a t r ea su r e t r ove d ug f r om a n a nc ien t Maya mound" ( Gann 1 939 : 2 53 ) . G ann a nd h i s w if e s e t o u t t o e xcava te t h e mound t h e l a nd o wne r w a s c l ea r ing t o o b ta in m a te r ia l f o r ar oad , a nd s oon a f te r ar e po r t
G ann d e sc r ibed s ome o f t h e h ead s , t h e i r e xp re s s ion s , a nd t h e i r h eadd re s se s , a nd c onc luded t h a t t h e se c on s t i tu ted a n i mpor tan t d i scove ry " a s i t f ur n i she s u s w i th a s cu lp tu re g a l le ry e xh ib i t ing t h e p o r t ra i t s o ft h em en , w omen , a nd c h i ld ren who l i ved a nd w en ta bou tt h e i rs e ve ra l o ccupa t ion sa tt h i s s i te" ( Gann 1 936 : 5 ) . H e d i v ided t h e p o r t r a i t s i n to t h ree g roup s , mo re o r l e s s b a sed o n t h e i r f a c ia l c ha rac te r i s t ic s , a nd l i nked t h e se t o p o s s ib le s oc ia l c l a s se s ( Gann 1 936 : 3 4 ) . I nh i s l a s tp opu la rb ook h e 6
c a r r ied o n t h e c l a s s d i s t inc t ion , " t he d om inan t , o r a r i s toc ra t ic , a nd t h e c oa r se r , o r p l ebe ian" , a nd c ompa red t h e L ou i sv i l le h ead s w i th s ku l ls f r om N ohmu l , a nd p o r t ra i t s o n Maya s t e lae w he re Maud s lay i d en t if ied c onque ro r s a nd c onque red p eop le ( Gann 1 939 : 7 3 ) .
S ome o f t h e r ewo rd ing e ven c au sed a c hange o f m ean ing r ega rd ing t h e l o ca t ion o ft h e h ead s r e la t ive t ot h el a you to ft h es t ruc tu re : G ann h ad s t a ted t h a t : T he i n t e r io r h ad b e en c ov e r ed b y a l a ye r o f s moo th y e l low s t u cco , w i th e l abo r a t e c l a r e t -co lou r ed m ou ld ing s i n t h e s am e m a t e r ia l . ( Gann 1 9 36 : 1 ;s e e A pp end ix A f o rf u l lt e x t )
T he s t ucco h ead s a nd o t he r f r agmen t s f r om L ou i sv i l le w e re a cce s s ioned b y t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum i n 1 938 , a nd b y t h e M idd le Ame r ican R e sea r ch I n s t i tu t e a t T u lane i n 1 939 . T he 1 936 m anu sc r ip t w a s n o t p ub l i shed a s e xpec ted b ecau se t h e f o u r th v o lume o f Maya R e search w a s n eve r i s sued , a nd i t w a s p r in ted o n ly l a te r , i nt h e f i r s tv o lume o fM idd le Amer ican R e sear ch R ecord s , a f te r s i gn if i can t e d i t ing b yt h ee d i to rR obe r t Wauchope ( Gann 1 943 ) . T h r ee h ead s a nd s i x s t ucco f r agmen t s f r om t h e T u lane c o l lec t ion w e re i n c luded a si lu s t ra t ion s ( F ig . 3 . 3 ) , b u t much o f t h e i n te rp r e ta t ion a nd d a t ing s ugge s t ion sw e r ed e le ted a l toge the r .
Wauchope 's r e ph ra s ing o f t h e s ame s en tence d ec la r ed t h a t " mode led h ead s c ove r ed t h e i n te r io r" ( Gann 1 943 : 1 4 ) , a l though G ann h ad n o t s pec if ied t h e l o ca t ion o ft h e" mou ld ing s ." I tm ay b e , h oweve r , t h a t G ann i n f a c t t h ough t t h e h ead s w e r e i n t h e i n t e r io r , a f te rt h ey h ad b een d e tached f r om t h e f r ieze a nd b u r ied f a ce -down o n t h e i n ne r f l oo r o f t h e b u i ld ing , s ub sequen t ly t o pped b y o t he r s t ucco f r agmen t s a nd r ubb le , when t h e s t ruc tu r e h ad b een f i l led i na nd e n la rged . G ann b e l ieved h e h ad e xcava ted t h e n o r th w a l l b ecau se t h e s ou th o ne w a s g one ; Ib e l ieve , i n s tead , t h a t h e e xpo sed t h e s ou th w a l l , a nd n eve re xcava ted f a re nough t of i nd t h e n o r ther no ne . I nt h i s s c ena r io , t h e h ead s t h a t h e i n t erp re ted a sl i n ing t h e i n te r io r o f t h e n o r th w a l l w ou ld a c tua l ly h ave b een o n t h e e x te r io ro ft h e s ou th w a l l . I ti sn o tc e r ta in t h a t a l l 4 1 h ead s w ou ld h ave d eco ra ted o n ly t h e s ou th w a l l ; i f o ne c on s ide r s t h e i r s i ze r e la t ive t ot h e l e ng th o ft h e m ound , t h e a r rangemen t o f t h e h ead s o n t h e s ou ther n f a çade mu s t h ave b een s t acked i no rde r t o f i tt h em a l l . A l te rna t ive ly , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h e h ead sc ame f r om t h r ee i fn o tf ou rs i de so ft h eb u i ld ing , a r ranged l i ke a f r ieze r unn ing a l ong t h e t o p e dge o ft h e w a l ls , a nd t h a t t h ey w e r e i nf a c t , a s G ann s ugge s ted , d e tached a nd b u r ied a l l a l ong o ne w a l l , c ached i n al i ne i nt h e i n te r io r . T he d i f f e r en t s t a te o f p r e se rva t ion o f t h e i n d iv idua l h ead s ( s ee A ppend ix B ) i n d ica te s t h a t t h ey m igh t h ave b een e xpo sed t o d i f f e r en t w ea the r ing p a t te rn s , s uch a s w ou ld o ccu r i ft h ey w e re a t tached t o w a l l s f a c ing d i f f e ren t c a rd ina l d i r ec t ion s . N eve r the le s s , t h e f r on t o f t h e s t ruc tu re , d eco ra ted w i th a n e l abo ra te s t ucco f r ieze , w ou ld h ave l o oked o n to t h e p y ram id j u s t s ou th o f t h i s b u i ld ing .
F i g .3 . 3 .S t ucco h ead sf r om G ann ' se x cava t ion s( Gann 1 9 43 , f i gur e 1 , c our te sy o f t h e M idd le Amer i can R e sear ch I n s t i tu t e ,T u lane U n ive r s i ty ) .
T he p opu la rp o s thumou s b ook G lor ie s o ft h e Maya , p ub l i shed i n L ondon i n 1 938 , i n c luded t h e d e sc r ip t ion o fL ou i sv i l le i ni t s l a s tc hap te r , d i f f e r ing f r om t h e m anu sc r ip tr e por to n ly i ne mbe l l i shmen to f t h e w r i t ing s t y le ( Gann 1 939 : 2 35 -259 ) . T h is h oweve r i n c luded p ho tog raph s o f e i gh t h ead s a nd t wo f r agmen t s , w h ich w e re a mong t h e B r i t i sh 7
Mu seum h o ld ing s ( F ig s . 3 . 4 , 3 . 5 , a nd 3 . 6 ) . I n t h e s ame y ea r t h a t G ann 's b ook w a s p ub l i shed i n t h e U n i ted S t a te s , T homp son p ub l ished h i s S an J o se monog raph w i th a na ppend ix l i s t ing t h e Maya s i te s
F ig . 3 .5 . Head s f rom Gann 's e xcava t ion s ( a f ter Gann 1 939 : 2 56 ) .
F ig .
3 .4 .
H eads
a nd
f r agmen t s
f r om
Gann 's
e xcava t ions ( af ter Gann 1 939 : 2 54 ) .
o f B e l ize a nd i n ve s t iga t ion s t h a t h ad b een c a r r ied o u t a te ach ( Thomp son 1 939 : 2 78 -282 ) . T he s ho r t d e sc r ip t ion o f L ou i sv i l le , b a sed o n h i s o wn F ie ld Mu seum e xped i t ion a nd o n G ann 's e xcava t ion , i n c luded t h e l o ca t ion o f c o l lec ted a r t if a c t s a nd m en t ioned R am i rez , t h e l a ndowne r , w ho h ad a c cumu la ted m a te r ia l s f r om t h e s i te . G lor ie s o ft h e Maya w a s p robab ly n o t p r in ted y e t , b u t T homp son p o s se s sed a c opy o f t h e 1 936 manu sc r ip t , wh ich G ann h ad l i ke ly g i ven h im . T he a ppend ix a l so i n c luded t h e f i r s t m ap o fs i te s i nB e l ize , a nd o ne o f t h ef ew m ap s t ot h i sd ay t h a tf e a tu re L ou i sv i l le ( F ig . 3 . 7 ) .
F ig . 3 . 6 . H ead s f rom Gann 's e xcava t ions ( a f ter Gann 1 939 : 2 58 ) .
s howed t h em t h e c o l lec t ion o f p o t te ry h e h ad a c cumu la ted w h i le c l ea r ing f o r s uga r c ane , wh ich i n c luded t wo P r ec la s s ic " choco la te p o t s" ( F ig . 3 . 8 ) . H abe r land r e po r ted ar ound s t ruc tu re w i th a n i n se t s t a i r ca se ( F ig . 3 . 9 ) t h a t w a s d i scove r ed when R am i rez a t temp ted t ol e ve l amound n ea r h i s h ou se w i th a t r ac to r ( Habe r land 1 958 : 1 28 ) . T he r ound p l a tf o rm , a n u nu sua l f e a tu re , s pa rked H abe r land 's i n te re s ta nd h ec o l lec ted s ome s he rd sf r om t h e f i l l t o
N ea r ly t wen ty y ea r s p a s sed b ef o re a no the r a r chaeo log i s t v i s i ted L ou i sv i l le . Wo lf gang H abe r land s pen t o n ly ad ay a tt h e s i te , a c compan ied b y t h e A r chaeo log ica l C omm i s s ione r H am i l ton A nde r son , a nd m e t t h e l a ndowne r R am i rez , who 8
o fs i te s a s aw ho le ( G reene 1 973 : 2 80 ) . A t l e a s tt wo 1 x l mt e s tp i t sw e r ed ug a tL ou i sv i l le t h a tc ou ld s t i l l b ei d en t if ied i nt h es p r ing o f2 000 . Two y ea r s a f t e r G r eene 's i n ve s t iga t ion s t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum -Camb r idge U n ive r s i ty C o roza l P ro jec t , l e ad b y N o rman H ammond , c a r r ied o u t a r e conna i s sance a t a n umbe r o f s i te s i n c lud ing L ou isv i l le ( Hammond 1 973b : 2 1 ) . O n ly t h e t wo m a jo rp y ram id sw e r el o ca ted ; t h er e s to ft h es i te w a s n o t v i s ib le i n t h e a e r ia l p ho tog raph s o r o n t h e g round b ecau se u nde r h eavy s e conda ry b u sh a nd s uga r c ane c r op s . T he c e ram ic s e quen ce , f r om s u rf ace c o l lec t ion , w a s d e sc r ibed a s s im i la r t o S an E s tevan a nd p o s s ib ly e x tend ing i n to t h eL a te C la s s ic ( Hammond 1 973b : 2 1 ; H ammond e ta l . 1 973 : 6 1) .
. 1 Y4 -6 1 3 lC II 4A 1 1 40 6 1CACAO
9
cgr en c h r n an
C ey I )
m i z e r —
L EGEND
5 ka s w i t h c o rb e l led » bit s c r s team ( pen o r = ma ma O t te r Nte3 r ep o rte d ol i t era tu r e o r r ep rese nt ed i nc o l lect ions , See u n ra do rt ed I nl i t e ra tu r e o r uwe rros ented m c o i l ed : i ons C13 P i n elb r ig e -u ne u r t ed t o MI» c u l taa t io n . •
C on t our s i nM e ta,3 5 rr ie 2 . 5
b a wd
D en .
F ig . 3 . 8 . P rec las s ic " choco la te p o t s" f r om L ou isv i l le ( a f ter Haber land 1 958 : 1 28 ) .
F ig .3 . 7 . Map o fB e l ize s i te s k nown t oT hompson ( a f ter T hompson 1 939 , f i gure 1 00 ) .
e s tab l i sh a d a te f o r t h e c on s t ruc t ion , w h ich h e p l aced i n t h e M idd le P r ec la s s ic ( Habe r land 1 958 : 1 29 ) . U nf o r tuna te ly , H abe r land a l so r e po r ted t h a t " sho r t ly a f te rwa rd s a nd w e l l b ef o re a ny th ing b y t h e w ay o f s c ien t if ic e xcava t ion c ou ld b e d one , a h u r r icane d e s t royed t h e p y ram id a sw e l l a s t h e v e ry i n te r e s t ing p r iva t e c o l lec t ion o f Mr . R am i r ez" ( Habe r land 1 958 : 1 29 ) . T he y ea r o f h i s v i s i t w a s 1 954 , a nd i n 1 955 h u r r icane J ane t h i t t h e n o r ther n p a r to fB e l ize , a nd d e s t royed mo s to fC o roza l . I n t h e s umme r o f 1 971 E rne s tene G reene i n ve s t iga ted 2 2 s i te s i nn o r the rn B e l ize b y c a r ry ing o u t s u rf ace s u rvey a nd e xcava t ing t e s t t r enche s , i n a n e f f o r t t o e s tab l ish b y r e g r e s s ion a na ly s i s a r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e l o ca t ion o f t h e s i te s a nd t h e i r p r ox im i ty t o a g r icu l tu ra l l a nd a nd w a te r s ou r ce s ( G r eene 1 973 : 2 79 -293 ) . Among t h o se s i t e s w a s L ou i sv i l le , i d en t if iab le o n ly o n t h e p ub l i shed m ap , s i nce al i s t o ft h e s i te s w a s n o t i n c luded i nt h e r e po r t a nd t h e c onc lu s ion s w e r e d r awn f r om t h e l o t
F ig . 3 . 9 . S ta ircase o fc i rcu lar s t ruc ture i nve s t iga ted b y H aber land ( a f ter H aber land 1 958 : 1 28 ) .
9
I n 1 974 a n a r chaeo log ica l s u rvey o fn o r the rn B e l ize c ondu c ted b y t h e U n ive r s i ty o f C a l if or n ia a t L o s A nge le s a l so i n ve s t iga ted m any o f t h e s ame s i te s , a nd a l though L ou i sv i l le w a s p a r t o f t h e r e sea rch a r ea , i ts e em s t oh ave b een a dd r e s sed s o le ly t h rough a l ready p ub l i shed d a ta ( S id ry s 1 983 ) . L ou i sv i l le w a s n o to ne o ft h et we lve m apped a nd s amp led s i te s , a nd a l though i n c luded i n t h e m ap s , i tw a s r e f e r r ed t o o n ly i n c ompa r i son t o C han C hen , j u s t 1 7 km n o r thwe s t o f L ou i sv i l le , whe re a r ound p l a tf o rm , d a t ing t o t h e E a r ly C la s s ic , w a s i d en t if ied a nd e xcava ted ( S id ry s 1 983 : 9 2 -103 ; S id ry s a nd A nd r e sen 1 978 : 6 38 -650 ) . L ou i sv i l le , i t w a s s ugge s t ed , c on ta ined 2 0 t o 9 9 mound s , a nd w a s " c lea r ly ad e se rv ing c and ida te f o r f u tu r e f i e ldwo rk" ( S id ry s 1 983 : 1 9 , 3 95 ) . T he r ound s t ru c tu re a t L ou i sv i l le w a s a l so r e cen t ly i n c luded i n as t udy o f P r ec la s s ic r ound s t ruc tu re s i nt h eu ppe rB e l ize R ive r v a l ley ( A ime r s , P ow i s , a nd Awe 2 000 : 7 2 ) , a nd t h e s i t e , u sua l ly a b sen t f r om mo s tm ap s , w a s m en t ioned i n ar e v iew o f a r chaeo log ica l r e sea rch i n n o r ther n B e l ize , a l though t h i s d i d n o t m en t ion t h e s t ucco h ead s ( Nondedeo 1 998 : 1 8 , 7 2 ) . H abe r land 's s ho r t v i s i t a nd h i s p ub l ica t ion i n t h e " Sho r te r N o te" s e c t ion o f Man m ade amo re l a s t ing i mp re s s ion t h an G ann 's e xcava t ion a nd h i su n iqu ef i nd s . F o l low ing a n i n spec t ion o ft h e s i te b y H ammond i n 1 998 , t h e n eed t or e co rd a nd i n ve s t iga t e t h e e x tan t m ound s o f L ou i sv i l le b ecame a ppa ren t b ecau se o f t h e n eg lec t a nd d e s t ruc t ion t h a t w a s s e r iou s ly a f f ec t ing t h e p r e se rva t ion o f i n f o rma t ion t o b e g a ined f r om t h i s a nd s im i la r s i te s . D u r ing t h e 2 000 a nd 2 002 f i e ld s e a son s o f t h e B os ton U n ive r s i ty C ue l lo a nd L a M i lpa P ro jec t s , L ou i sv i l le w a s m apped , s u rf a ce c o l lec t ion s w e re g a the red , f i ve t e s t p i t s w e re d ug , a nd o ne t r ench w a s e xcava t ed i nt h e l o ca t ion t h a th ad b een G ann 's s t uccoed b u i ld ing .
1 0
Mu seum . G ann a l so m en t ion s a mong t h e h ead s t wo t h a t a r e t h o se o f t h e g od s T la loc a nd t h e " Long N o sed" g od ( Gann 1 939 : 2 56 ; 1 943 : 1 4 ) , b u t h e d oe s n o t i lu s t ra te t h e se , n o r d oe s h e d e sc r ibe w he the rt h ey w e r e t h e s ame s i ze a st h e o t he r s t ucco h ead s .
Chap ter F our S tucco F ind sf r om G ann 's 1 936 E xp lora t ion s T h et e rm s t ucco i sb e ing u sed h e r e i nt h es ame s en se o f f unc t iona l d i f f e r en t ia t ion f r om p l a s te r t h a t w a s u sed f o r t h e a na ly s i s o f S t ruc tu re 1 sub a t D z ib i lcha l tun :
O fa l t h ef i nd sf r om L ou i sv i l le o n ly e i gh th ead s a nd o ne f r agmen t w e r e p ub l i shed , a nd f r om P ueb lo N uevo o ne h ead ,o ne t o r so , a nd ap a r t ia lh eadd re s s .
T h i s r e po r t m ak e s n o d i s t in c t ion b e tw e en p l a s t e r a nd s t u cco a s f a r a s c ompo s i t ion i s c on ce rn ed s i nc en ot e chn i ca la n a ly s i si s a v a i lab le . T he o n ly d i s t in c t ion i s f u n c t ion a l : p l a s te r r e f e r s t ot h e c r u sh ed l i m e a n d w a t e r c o a t ing u s ed o nf l oo r sa nd w a l l s ,w he r ea s s t u c co r e f e r s t ot h e s am e o r as im i la rm a t e r ia l w h en i ti s u s ed f o r d e co r a t iv e p u rpo s e s , p r in c ip a l ly o n t h e f a cad e s o f m a son ry s t r u c tu r e s . ( Cogg in s 1 9 83 : 9 )
A s ide f r om t h e h ead s a nd o ne t o r so , t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum c o l lec t ion i n c lude s t h ree s t ucco f r agmen t s t h a t c ou ld b e g l yph ic . A t T u lane t h e c o l lec t ion s i n c lude t h r ee h ead s , a nd 1 5 s t ucco f r agmen t s , o n ly o ne o fw h ich i sr e cogn izab ly g l yph ic . T he f o l low ing c a ta log d e sc r ibe s f i r s t t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum h o ld ing s a nd t h en t h e T u lane U n ive r s i ty c o l lec t ion , o rgan ized i n r ough ly n ume r ica l o rde r , w i th t h e l owe r a cce s s ion n umbe r s f i r s t . T he L ou i sv i l le h ead s a t t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum a r e d e sc r ibed b ef o r e t h e o t he r f r agmen t s , s o t h e l a t te r a r e o u t o fo rde r i nt h e n ume r ica l s e quence . Ih ave c ho sen t o f o l low t h e a cce s s ion n umbe r s a s o rgan iz ing p r inc ip le t o t h e c a ta log b ecau se i n t h e a b sence o fc on tex tua l i n f o rma t ion f o rt h e se a r t if ac t s Ip r ef e r red n o t t o d e sc r ibe t h em b y g roup s o f i n te rp r e t ive c a tego r ie s b a sed o n p e r ce ived s im i la r i t ie s o r d i f f e r en ce s . T he d e sc r ip t ion a nd a na ly s i sr e ly o n ac o l lec t ion o fp ho tog r aph s t a ken b y N o rman H ammond i n t h e m id 1 980 s ; t h e i d en t if ica t ion o f c o lo r s , t h e ref o re , c an o n ly b e a s se s sed v i sua l ly , a nd a l though i ti s p o s s ib le t o d e tec t a tl e a s t t wo s hade s o f r e d , o ne o f wh ich i s w ha t G ann c a l led " c la re t" , p igmen t i d en t if ica t ion s w e re n o tp o s s ib le a tt h is t ime .
N o rman H ammond p ho tog raphed t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum c o l lec t ion o fs t ucco f i nd s f r om L ou i sv i l le i n 1 986 , a nd t h e c o l lec t ion a tT u lane U n ive r s i ty a y ea r l a te r . O f t h e 4 1 h ead s t h a t G ann d e sc r ibed f i nd ing , o n ly 2 1 a r ek nown t oe x i s t : 1 8a tt h eB r i t i sh Mu seum a nd t h ree a tT u lane . T he 1 8 h ead s a tt h e B r i t i sh Mu seum i n c lude a monkey h ead , n eve r m en t ioned b y G ann , a nd i ti su nknown w he the r h e i n c luded i ti nt h e c oun to f4 1 h ead s o rn o t ; t h ey a l so i n c lude a h ead l a be led a s L ou i sv i l le , b u t c e r ta in ly c om ing f r om P ueb lo Nuevo . Two h ead s f r om P ueb lo N uevo a r e l a be led a s s u ch a nd s t o r ed a tt h e B r i t i sh Mu seum ; t h i s t h i rd h ead w ou ld b e c ong ruen t w i th G ann 's m en t ion o f f i nd ing t h ree h ead s t h e r e ( Gann 1 9 18 : 13 ) . T he ref o re , n o t c oun t ing t h e m onkey h ead a nd t h e m is labe led h ead f r om P ueb lo N uevo , o n ly at o ta l o f 1 9 h ead s s u rv ive f r om t h e 4 1 o r ig ina l ly f ound b yG ann .
T he s t ucco h ead s a nd f r agmen t s a r e i l u s t ra ted i n c o lo r i nA ppend ix B , u s ing p ho tog raph s c ou r te sy o f N o rman H ammond , a nd i d en t if ied b y t h e i r o wn f i gu r e n umbe r s p r eceded b y " B" . As c hema t ic l i ne d r aw ing a c compan ie s t h ec a ta log d e sc r ip t ion s b e low t op o in to u t s ome o ft h e f e a tu re s t h a td i s t ingu i sh o ne s t ucco h ead f r om a no the r ; p r ev iou s ly p ub l i shed i mage s a r e a l so m en t ioned . F ragmen t s f r om T u lane U n ive r s i ty a r e i l u s t ra ted b y c o lo r p ho tog raph s i n A ppend ix B .
O ft h e " m i s s ing" h ead s o n ly o ne w a s p ho tog raphed a nd i n c luded i n G lor ie s o ft h e Maya ( Gann 1 939 : P l a te 2 56 ) , b u t i ti sn e i the r i nt h e B r i t i sh Mu seum n o r i n t h e T u lane c o l lec t ion , a nd t h e p ub l i shed p ho tog raph i st h e o n ly s u rv iv ing r e co rd . G ann a l so m en t ion s f i nd ing t wo t o r so s , b u t o n ly o ne i si nt h e B r i t i sh Mu seum . A t P ueb lo N uevo h e m en t ion s f i nd ing t wo t o r so s a s w e l l , o ne o f w h ich w a s p ho tog raphed i n E ng land a l ong w i th p a r t o f a h eadd r e s s ( Gann 1 9 18 : 13 ) , b u t n e i the r t h e t wo t o r so s n o r t h e h eadd r e s s f r agmen t a r e i nt h e B r i t i sh
I nt h eB r i t i sh Mu seum A cce s s ion N o . : BM38 -10 .21 .333 ( F ig . 4 . 1a a nd 4 . 1b ; A ppend ix B F ig s . B la a nd B lb ; s e e a l so F ig . 3 . 4a ) D imen s ion s( w id th xh e igh t ) : 1 8x24 c m 1
P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le P ub l i shed : G ann 1 939 P la te 2 54 D e sc r ip t ion : s t u cco ;r e d ,b lue ,b l a ck ,a nd wh i te p a in t
T h i s i so ne o ft h e mos tc omp le te h ead s ,r ough ly l i f e s i ze , w i th a h eadd re s s t h a t G ann d e sc r ibed a s " a h o r seshoe shaped f i l le t w o rn o ve rt h e f o r ehead w i th t h e e nd s h ang ing d own t o t h e e a r s ; i ns ome c a se s t h i s w a s c r owned b y ar ound m eda l l ion" ( Gann 1 939 : 2 54 ) . T h e r ound m eda l l ion i n t h i s c a se i s c l ea r ly t h e d ay s i gn c im i , o r d ea th , p a in ted r ed a nd i nf ixed o n to t h e b lue -pa in ted h eadd re s s . T he p r e sence o f ad ea th s i gn i s n o t n e ce s sa r i ly a n i n d ica t ion t h a t t h e i nd iv idua l w a s d ead o r i n a ny w ay r e la ted t od ea th ; i tm igh ts imp ly b et h en ame o f t h ep e r son ,t a ken p e rhap sf r om t h ed ay o fb i r th . T he e ye s a r e p a in ted w i th b l ack p up i l s o n a wh i te b ackg round , n o t c l o sed a s G ann s ugge s ted o f t h e ma jo r i ty o ft h e se h ead s , w h ich h e b e l ieved f o r t h i s r e a son t o b e d ea th ma sk s ( Gann 1 939 : 2 55 ) . T h i s i n d iv idua l h a s ar ound f a ce , p a in ted r e d , p uf f y c heek s , a nd a r e ced ing c h in , a nd w a s c a refu l ly mode led t os how t h e d e ta i l o ft h e p a r t ed l i p s , w i th e i the r ap ro jec t ing t ongue ,o rp e rhap sf i l ed t e e th .
F ig .4 . 1a .
F ig .4 . 1b .
A cce s s ion N o . : BM38 10 .21 .395 ( F ig . A ppend ix B F ig . B -2 ; s e ea l so F ig . 3 . 6a ) D imen s ion s : 1 6 .5x22 .5 c m P roven ience : L ou isv i l le P ub l i shed : G ann 1 939 P la te 2 58 D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco ; r e d ,b l ue ,a nd b l a ck p a in t
BM38 10 .21 .333 ; f ron tv iew .
F ig . 4 . 2 .
BM38 10 .21 .333 ; s i de v iew .
1 2
BM38 10 .21 .395 .
4 . 2 ;
T h i s h ead a ppea r s t o b e t h a t o f aw oman , w i th a n e l abo ra te h a i r s ty le o rb o l s te rh eadd re s s h e ld i np l a ce b y ad ev ice p a in ted i n "Maya b l ue" , a n o rgan ic d ye o f i n d igo f i xed w i th i n o rgan ic c l ay ( Fuen te 2 00 1 : 4 30 ) . T he f a ce i sa l so c a r ef u l ly p a in ted , w i th d a rk r ed a nd b l a ck o n t h e d own tu rned l i p s , d a rk r ed c i r c le s o n t h e c heek s , a nd d a rk b l ue o r b l a ck l i ne s a l ong t h e t o p o f t h e f o rehead a nd u nde r t h e e ye s . G ann w ro te a bou t t h i s p a r t icu la r h ead t h a t t h e d eco ra t ion w a s " p robab ly r e p r e sen t ing t h e s o r t o f f a ce p a in t ing s h eh ad u sed i nl i f e" ( Gann 1 939 : 2 54 2 55 ) . T h is i sa l so o ne o ft h e m o s t c omp le te h ead s , l i f e s ize , a nd r e nde red a lmo s t i nt h e f u l l r ound . I ti s t h e m o s t c onv inc ing c and ida t e f o r ap o r t ra i t o f a w oman , a l though h a i r s ty le s a nd f a ce d eco ra t ion s a r e n o t i n d ica t ive o f o ne o r t h e o t he r g ende r , e ven i f G ann w a s c onv inced t h a t w omen , a s w e l l a s m en a nd c h i ld ren , b o th o ft h e a r i s toc ra cy a nd t h e s l ave c l a s se sw e re r e p r e sen ted h e r e( Gann 1 939 : 2 55 ) .
T h i s h ead —a l so l i f e s ize a nd r e la t ive ly w ide r t h an t h e t wo p r ev iou s ly d e sc r ibed — sha re s w i th t h em s im i la r f a c ia l a t t r ibu te s , aw ide n o se , d own tu rned l i p s , a nd a r e ced ing c h in . T he e ye s h ave c a ref u l ly r e nde red e ye l id s , s l igh t ly l owe red , b u t n o t c l o sed a s G ann h ad s ugge s ted o ft h e m a jo r i ty o ft h e se h ead s . T he f a ce i sp a in ted r e d t h roughou t , i n c lud ing mo s t o f t h e h eadd r e s s . T h i s c on s i s t s o f ac a r touche l ik e d ev ice t h a t f r ame s t h e f a ce , w i th s t ucco mode l ing t h a t a ppea r s t o p o r t ray a s of t m a te r ia l , p e rhap s f e a the r s . T he h eadd r e s s i s b o rde r ed b y ab and p a in ted i n Maya b lue t h a t r un s a l ong t h ee dge o ft h e f a ce a nd r i se sc en t ra l ly f r om t h et o po ft h ef o rehead .
A cce s s ion N o . : BM38 10 .21 .397 ( F ig . A ppend ix B F ig . B -4 ; s e ea l so F ig . 3 . 5c ) D imen s ion s : 1 8x 19 c m P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le P ub l i shed : G ann 1 939 P l a te 2 56 D e sc r ip t ion : S t ucco ; r e d ,b l ue ,a nd b l a ck p a in t
4 . 4 ;
A cce s s ion N o . : BM38 10 .21 .396 ( F ig . 4 . 3 : A ppend ix B F ig . B -3 ; s e ea l so F ig . 3 . 5a ) D imen s ion s : 2 1 .5x22 .5 c m P roven ience : L ou isv i l le P ub l i shed : G ann 1 939 P l a te 2 56 ; H ammond a nd R ungga ld ie r 2 000 : 4 94 ; R ungga ld ie r a nd H ammond 2 000 -200 1 : 2 6 D e sc r ip t ion : S t ucco ; r e d ,b l ue ,a nd b l ack p a in t
F ig .4 . 4 .
F ig . 4 . 3 .
B N 138 10 .21 .397 .
T h i s i sa no the rh ead w i th aw e l l -p re se rved r e d w a sh o n t h e f a ce . T he e ye s a r e o pen a nd t h e p up i l s p a in ted b l ack . T he n o se i sw ide , w i th s omewha t f l a r ing n o s t r i l s , a nd t h e l i p s a r e p a r ted , w i th c a r ef u l ly r e nde r ed t e e th a nd t o ngue . T he t e e th a r e s im i la r t o t h o se o f BM38 10 .21 .333 ( Append ix B , F ig . B 1a ) ,w h ich p e rhap sr e p re sen tf i l ing .
BM38 -10 .21 .396 .
1 3
T he h eadd r e s s s i t s l owe r o n t h e f o r ehead t h an a l l o t he rr e p r e sen ta t ion s i nt h is c o l lec t ion . I tc on s i s t s o f at r ip le b and p a in ted i n Maya b lue w i th r e d e dge s , a nd i nf ixed w i th ac en t ra l i t em . T h e l a t te r d oe s n o t s e em t oh ave b een am eda l l ion l i k e t h a t o n BM38 1 0 .21 .333 , a l though o ne c ou ld h ave b een a t tached a nd n ow f a l len o f f . R a the r , b ecau se o ft h et h ree -pa r t s co r ing o n t h i s c en t r a l p o r t ion , w h ich p a ra l le l s t h e r e s t o ft h e h eadband , i tc ou ld r ep r e sen t ak no t i na h eadd re s sm ade o fc l o th .
s p rou t ing f r om ac l ef t i nt h e f o r ehead . U ncu t e a r s o f c o rn a nd s p rou t ing l e ave s d ep ic ted a s t h e h uman h ead o ft h e Ma ize G od a r e ac ommon mo t if a ts i te s s u ch a sP a lenque ( F ig .4 . 6 )a nd C opan ( F ig .4 . 7 ) .
A cce s s ion N o . : BM38 10 .21 .398 ( F ig . 4 . 5 ; A ppend ix B F ig . B -5 ; s e ea l so F ig . 3 . 4b , a nd 3 . 6b ) D imen s ion s : 1 6x20 c m P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le P ub l i shed : G ann 1 939 P l a te 2 54 a nd P l a t e2 58 D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco ; r e d ,a nd b l ack p a in t
F ig .4 .6 . E ar o fc orn a s h uman h ead w i th ma ize l e ave s ; d e ta i l f rom T emp le o f t he F o l ia ted C ros s , P a lenque ( af ter S che le a nd M i l ler 1 986 : 1 95 ) .
F ig .4 . 5 .
T h i s h ead c ou ld b e t h a t o f a h uman b e ing i mpe r sona t ing a m a ize d e i ty , o r i t c ou ld b e a r e p re sen ta t ion o ft h e Ma ize G od h im se lf . T he Ma ize G od i si nf a c t o ne o f f ew d e i t ie s t h a t a r e d ep ic t ed w i th h uman f a ce s . A sB audez s t a te s" an th rpomo rph s h ave g ro te sque f a ce s , w i th t h e f o l low ing e xcep t ion s : c r ea tu re s r e p r e sen t ing m a ize h ave y oung i d ea l ized f a ce s , b u t d i f f e r f r om h uman s i n t h a t t h ey h ave m a ize h u sk s i n t h e p l ace o f h a i r" ( Baudez 1 994 : 2 66 ) . I nt h i s c a se t h e r e p re sen ta t ion m ay n o t b e t h a t o f a n i d ea l ized f a ce , a l though t h e d eep m a rk s h i gh l igh t ing t h e r ound c heek s s ugge s t t h a t t h i s i n d iv idua l i sp o s s ib ly ay oung m an , o re ven ac h i ld . T he s i ze o ft h ef a ce i ss l igh t ly s ma l le rt h an t h eh ead s d e sc r ibed a bove , a nd j u s t u nde r t h e s i ze o ft h e f a ce o f BM38 10 .2 1 .395 ,t h ep o s s ib le w oman .
B 1 \ 138 10 .21 .398 .
T h i s h ead i sn o t a sw e l l p r e se rved a so t he r s : t h e r e d p a in t o n t h e f a ce i sq u i te w ea the r ed , a nd t h e re a r e t r ace s o f b l ack p a in t a r ound t h e e ye s , b u t i t i s u nc lea rw he the rt h ep up i l s w e re p a in ted b l ack . A l so , w h i le t h e f a ce i sa lmo s t a l l p r e se rved , t h e h eadd r e s s i sm o s t ly m i s s ing , a nd o n ly a s ma l l p o r t ion o f i t s u rv ive s . T h i s i s n one the le s s v e ry i n te re s t ing b ecau se i ts e em s t od ep ic t al e af o fm a ize , p o s s ib ly 1 4
Af a i r ly c omp le t e s pec imen ,t h i s h ead s e em st oh ave u nde rgone h eavy w ea the r ing , a nd l o s t much o f i t s s u rf ace f i n i sh a nd d e ta i l s . T race s o f r e d p a in t a r e v i s ib le o n t h e l owe r p a r t o f t h e f a ce , a nd o n t h e h eadd re s s . T h i s a ppea r s t oc on s i s t o f ac ap , o rc l o th w rap , t h a t t e rm ina te s w i th at i ed e nd o r at a s se l t o o ne s i de . T he f a c ia l f e a tu r e s a r e d e l ica t e a nd n o t h eav i ly m a rk ed , p o s s ib ly t h e r e su l t o f w ea the r ing , w h ich h a s a f f ec ted t h e a r ea a r ound t h e e yes a nd m ade t h e se a lmo s t i n d i s t ingu i shab le . T h e n o se i s d i f f e r en t f r om t h e w ide a nd r ounded n o se s o f t h e h ead s s o f a r d e sc r ibed ; t h i s i sl o nge r , n a r rowe r , a nd a qu i l ine , r em in i scen t o f t h e t y p ica l ly Maya n o se s d ep ic ted , f o re xamp le , i nt h e s cu lp tu re so fP a lenque . T he f a ce i so va l i ns hape a nd t h e c h in n o t r e ced ing ; t h e mou th i s d ep ic ted i n s im i la r f a sh ion t o t h e mou th so ft h eh ead sd e sc r ibed a bove .
A cce s s ion N o . : BM38 10 .21 .400 ( F ig . A ppend ix B F i g .B -7 ; s e ea l so F ig . 3 . 5b ) D imen s ion s : 1 5 .5x 19 c m P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le P ub l i shed : G ann 1 939 P l a te 2 56 D e sc r ip t ion : S t ucco ; r e dp a in t
F ig . 4 . 7 . Ma ize a s ah uman h ead ; d e ta i l f r om e as t s i de o fC opan S te la D ( a f ter B audez 1 994 : 4 1) .
A c ce s s ion N o . : BM38 10 .21 .399 ( F ig . A ppend ix B F ig . B -6 ; s e ea l so F ig . 3 . 4d ) D imen s ion s : 1 5 .5x20 c m P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le P ub l i shed : G ann 1 939 P la te 2 54 D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco ; r e dp a in t
4 . 8 ;
F ig . 4 . 9 .
F ig .4 . 8 .
4 .9 ,
BM38 -10 .21 .400 .
T h i s i so ne o f t h e s ma l l h ead s i n t h i s c o l lec t ion , c ompa rab le w i th t h e p r ev iou s o ne i ns i ze . T he s hape
BM38 -10 .21 .399 .
1 5
o ft h e f a ce i so va l , a nd t h e n o se i sa ga in w ide a nd r ound w i th f l a r ing n o s t r i l s . T he u ppe r p a r t o f t h e f a ce , i n c lud ing t h e e ye s a nd t h e e n t i re h eadd re s s a r e g one , b u t t h e b reakage s how s a n i n te re s t ing f e a tu r e o f m anuf ac tu re : t h e f a ce i s s haped f r om a l a ye r , r ough ly 2c m t h ick , o fs t ucco a pp l ied o n to ac o r e o f p e rhap sr oughe rp l a s te ro rl ime a gg rega te . On ly v e ry f a in t t r ace s o fr ed p a in tr ema in a r ound t h e n o se a nd mou th . O ve ra l l t h e f e a tu r e s o ft h i s f a ce s e em v e ry s moo th a nd mo re s t y l ized t h an o t he r h ead s , a nd t h e t r a i t s s ugge s t ive o fp o r t ra i tu r e f o r mo s t o ft h e o t h e r h ead sa r ea b sen th e re .
A cce s s ion N o . : BM38 -10 .21 .401 A ppend ix B F ig . B -8 ) D imen s ion s : 1 6 .5x 15 .5 c m P roven ien ce : L ou i sv i l le Unpub l i shed D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco ;r e dp a in t
( F ig .
A l though o n ly p a r t o ft h e h ead i sp r e se rved , a mong t h e L ou i sv i l le h ead s t h i s o ne a ppea r s t ob e t h e mo s t s im i la r i nt h e s hape o ft h e f e a tu re s t o s om e o ft h e P a lenqu e s t u cco p o r t ra i t s o f r u le r s ( F ig . 4 . 11) b ecau se o f t h e n o se , a nd t h e l o ng a nd n a r row p ropor t ion s o ft h e f a ce , wh ich d i f f e r f r om t h e r ound f a ce s a nd w ide n o se s o ft h e ma jo r i ty o fh ead s f r om L ou i sv i l le .
4 . 10 ;
F ig . 4 . 11 . S tucco p or tra i t f r om T emp le X IV , P a lenque ( Sche le a nd M i l ler 1 986 : 6 4 , ©J us t in K err 1 985 , u sed w i th p erm i s s ion ) .
F ig .4 . 10 .
BM38 10 .21 .401 .
T he p r ev iou s h ead , w i th i t s b a re ly m a rked f e a tu re s , c on t ra s t s w i th t h is o ne , wh ich l o ok s l i ke ly t o h ave b een a p o r t ra i t i n s p i te o f t h e f a c t t h a t o n ly a f r agmen t o ft h e f a ce r ema in s . T he f a ce i sb roken a t t h e t o p o ft h e n o se b e low t h e e ye s , a nd t h e r e s t o f t h e h ead a nd h eadd r e s s d o n o t s u rv ive . T he s u r f a ce i s w ea th e red a nd t h e r e d p a in t s u rv ive s o n ly i n p a tche s , b u t t h e f e a tu r e s s how t h a t t h i s h ead mu s t h ave b een mode led w i th s i gn if i can t c a r e t op o r t r ay t h e f a c ia l d e ta i l s . T he mou th i s s t rong ly d own t u rned a nd s l igh t ly a symme t r ic , a nd t h en o se i sl o ng , n a r row , a nd s im i la r t o BM38 10 .21 .399 ( F ig . B -6 ) . 1 6
A cce s s ion N o . : BM38 -10 .21 .404 A ppend ix B F ig . B -9 ) D imen s ion s : 1 4x 17 c m P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le U npub l i shed D e sc r ip t ion : S t ucco ; r e dp a in t
F ig . 4 . 12 .
( F ig .
4 . 12 ;
A cce s s ion N o . : BM38 -10 .21 .405 A ppend ix B F ig . B -10 ) D imen s ion s : 1 2 .5x I7c m P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le U npub l i shed D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco
( F ig .
4 .1 3:
BM38 10 .21 .404 .
T he h eadd re s s o n t h is h ead i sd e s t royed , b roken t o j u s t a bove t h e e ye l id o n t h e f i gu r e 's r i gh t e ye . Wha t r ema in s i s mo s t o ft h e f a ce , l i f e s i ze , a l though t h e r e d p a in t i sb l o t chy , a nd t h e a r ea a r ound t h e e ye s i s v e ry w ea the red . T he e ye s t h em se lve s h ave l o s t d ef in i t ion , a nd o n ly v e ry f a in t t r ace s o f p a in t , p o s s ib ly b l ack , a r e v i s ib le w he r e t h e p up i l s w ou ld h ave b een . T he n o se i sw ide w i th f l a r ing n o s t r i l sa nd t h e l i p sa r ep a r ted , s how ing t h et e e th .
F ig . 4 . 13 .
BM38 10 .21 .405 .
T he f a c ia l f e a tu re s o ft h i s h ead a r e v e ry s im i la r t o BM38 10 .21 .399 ( Append ix B , F ig . B -6 ) i n t h a t t h ey a r e n o ts t rong ly m a rked , a nd p o s s ib ly t h er e su l t o f w ea the r ing . A s i n t h e o t he r h ead , t h e e ye s a r e n ea r ly i n v i s ib le a nd t h e s u rf a ce i sv e ry s moo th . O n t h i s h ead t h e r e a r e v i r tua l ly n o t r ace s o fr e d p a in t , a l though b yc ompa r ison w i th t h eo the r s i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h i s o ne w a s a l so p a in ted a to ne t i me . T he s i ze o ft h i s f a ce i ss ma l le r t h an BM38 10 .21 .399 , a nd i t s e em s t o h ave h ad n o h eadd re s s f o r t h e f o rehead e nd s i n as moo th r ounded e dge a nd t h e re a r e n o f r agmen t s o fd eco ra t ive e l emen t s . Ap o r t ion o ft h e f o r ehead i sb roken o f f , a s i st h e l owe r r i gh t c heek a nd c h in . T he mou th i so n ly h a lf p r e se rved , b u t e nough t os e e t h a t i ti sr e nde red i nt h e s ame m anne r a s i nt h e o t he r h ead s ; t h e l i p s a r e p a r t ed s how ing e i th e rt h et o ngue o ru ppe rt e e th . I ft h e se a r et e e th , i n t h i s e xamp le t h ey s e em , mo re t h an i n t h e o t he r h ead s , f i l ed t o ap o in t r em in i scen t o ft h e m anne r i n 1 7
A cce s s ion N o . : BM38 10 . 21 . 406 A ppend ix B F ig . B -11) D imen s ion s : 1 5 .5x 16 .5 c m P roven ien ce : L ou i sv i l le U npub l i shed D e sc r ip t ion : S t ucco ; r e dp a in t
wh ich t h e S un G od i su sua l ly d ep ic ted , w i th t a u s haped f i l ed f r on tt e e th ( F ig . 4 . 14a a nd 4 . 14b ) .
( F ig .
4 . 15 ;
F ig . 4 . 14a . S un God w i th t au shaped f r on t t e e th ; e xamp le f r om S e iba l ( Sm i th 1 982 : 3 5 , f i g . 4 7E l e f t . C opyr igh t 1 982 b y t he P res iden t a nd F e l low s o f Harvard C o l lege ) .
F ig . 4 . 15 .
BV 138 10 .21 .406 .
T h i s i so ne o ft h eh ead s i nt h ep oo re s to fc ond i t ion s : t h et op o ft h eh ead a nd h eadd re s s a r e g one , t r ace s o f r e d p a in ta r e v i s ib le i np a r t icu la ro n t h e c h in b u t t h e s u rf ace i so t he rw i se h eav i ly w ea the r ed , a nd t h e e ye s a r e f a in t ly m a rked , a s i n BM38 10 .2 1 .399 a nd BM38 -10 .21 .400 . T he l a t te ri sr ema rkab ly s im i la rt o t h i s h ead , a nd i ft h e t o p o f t h e f o rehead w e re n o t b roken , t h ey w ou ld h ave t h e s ame d imen s ion s . T he n o se a nd t h e mou th a r e e s sen t ia l ly t h e o n ly v i s ib le f e a tu re s i n t h i s e xamp le , a nd t h e n o se , w ide w i th f l a r ing n o s t r i ls , a ppea r s s omewha t l a rg e c ompa red w i th t h er e s to ft h ef a c ia lp ropo r t ion s .
F ig . 4 . 14b . S un God w i th t au -shaped t e e th ; e xamp le f r om O xk in tok ( a f ter V ida l L orenzo 1 999 : 6 6 ) .
1 8
A cce s s ion N o . : BM38 -10 .21 .407 ( F ig . 4 . 16a a nd 4 . 16b ;A ppend ix B F ig sB 12a a nd B 12b ) D imen s ion s : 1 3 .5x 18 .5 c m P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le U npub l i shed D e sc r ip t ion : S tu cco ;r ed p a in t
T h i s h ead i sd i f f e r en t f r om t h e ma jo r i ty o f o t he r o ne s b ecau se i ti sr ound a tt h e b a se , b u tt a pe red a nd n a r row t owa rd st h ef o r ehead , a l though t h et o po ft h e h ead c ou ld h ave b een p a r t ly mode led i n to a h eadd re s s ; t h i s e xamp le s e em s t o b e 3 / 4 l i f e s i ze . T he n o se i sr e nde r ed a si nt h e o the r h ead s , t h e c h in i sr e ced ing , a nd t h e e ye s a r e mo re b u lg ing t h an i n o t he r e xamp le s , b u t n o t much c an b e s a id b ecau se a l d e ta i l s a r e w ea the r ed . T he p a in t i sa l so b ad ly p r e se rved , a nd t r ace so fr e da r ev i s ib le mo s t ly o nt h e r i gh ts i de o ft h ef a ce .
A cce s s ion N o . : BM38 -10 .21 .408 A ppend ix B F ig . B -13 ) D imen s ion s : 1 5 .5x 17 .5 c m P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le U npub l i shed D e sc r ip t ion : S t ucco ; r e dp a in t
F ig . 4 . 16a .
4 . 17 ;
BM38 10 .21 .407 ; f r on t N i em .
F ig . 4 . 17 .
F ig . 4 . 16b .
( F ig .
BM38 10 .21 .408 .
A l though n o ta sw e l lp r e se rved a nd n o ta sl a rge , t h is h ead i sv e ry s im i la r t o BM30 1 .21 .397 ( Append ix B , F ig . B -4 ) . B o th f i gu r e s w ea r ah eadd r e s s o r h eadband l ow o n t h ef o r ehead . T h i s o ne i sb rok en i n t h e c en te r a nd d oe s n o t h ave t h e t h ree -pa r t b and v i s ib le i n t h e o t he r , b u t i tc an b e a s sumed t h a t a c en t ra l e l emen t m igh t h ave b een f a s tened o n t h is h eadd re s s a s w e l l . R ed p a in t i sv i s ib le a l o ve r t h e
BM38 10 .21.407 ; s i de v i ew .
1 9
c o lo r s t h e h eadd re s s w a s d eco ra ted w i th . O fa l l t h e h ead s f ound a tL ou i sv i l le t h i s i st h e o ne t h a t mo s t c l o se ly r e semb le s a n e xamp le f r om S e iba l i n s i ze , r e nde r ing o ft h e e ye s , a nd a pp rox ima te s h ape o ft h e h eadd re s s( F ig .4 . 19 ) .
f a ce b u t i nb l o tchy , w ea the red p a t che s . T he e ye s a r e o pen b u t n o t r ace s o f b l ack -pa in ted p up i l s a r e v i s ib le . T he mou th i si d en t ica l t o BM30 -10 .21 .397 , b u tt h en o se i sl a rge r , mo re l i ke BM39 -10 .21 .406 .
A cce s s ion N o . : BM38 -10 .21 .409 A ppend ix B F ig . B 14 ) D imen s ion s : 2 0x28 .5 c m P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le U npub l i shed D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco ; r e dp a in t
( F ig .
4 . 18 :
F ig . 4 . 19 . S tucco p or tra i t h ead f rom S e iba l ( Sm i th 1 982 : 3 5 , f i g . 4 7D . C opyr igh t 1 982 b y t he P re s iden t a nd F e l low so fH arvard C o l lege ) .
F ig .4 . 18 .
BM38 10 .21 .409 .
T h i s h ead i s s l igh t ly l a rge r t h an t h e o t he r , a nd , b ecau se o f t h e p re se rved p o r t ion o f t h e h eadd re s s , t h i s i sa l so t h e t a l le s te xamp le i nt h i s c o l lec t ion . T he h ead a nd h eadd re s s a c tua l ly c on s i s t o f t wo p i ece s j o ined a so ne a tt h e t o p o ft h e f o rehead . V e ry f a in t t r ace s o f r e d p a in t r ema in , a nd a l though n o b l ack p a in t d ef ine s t h e p up i l s , t h e e ye s a r e mode led c a ref u l ly t od ep ic t h a lf lowe r ed e ye l id s , a nd t h e l i p s a r e c a r ef u l ly r ende red , n o t p a r ted a si na l l t h e o t he r h ead s . T he h eadd re s s i s ac r own l ike d ev ice w i th t r ipa r t i t e e l emen t s a nd p unc tu r ed h o le s a bove a n a r row b and . No p a in t r ema in s t o i n d ica te w ha t 2 0
A cce ss ion No . : BM38 -10 .21 .410 ( Append ix B F ig .
A cce s s ion N o . : BM38 -10 .21 .411 A ppend ix B F ig . B 16 ) D imen s ion s : 1 0 .5x 13 .5 c m P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le Unpub l i shed D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco
B -15 )
D imen s ion s : 11 x 15 c m P r oven ience : L ou i sv i l le U npub l ished D e s c r ip t ion : S tucco ; r ed p a in t
F ig .4 . 21 .
F ig .4 . 20 .
( F ig .
4 . 21 ;
BM38 -10 .21 .4 11 .
G ann d i d n o t i l u s t ra te t h i s e xamp le e i the r b u t h e d e sc r ibed t h e h ead o f ac h i ld , a nd i ta ppea r s t h a t h e w a s r e f e r r ing t o t h is o ne , a l though i t i s mo s t p robab ly t h e h ead o f amonkey . G ann d e sc r ibed " a c ry ing c h i ld , h i s m ou th d r awn t o o ne s i de , a nd e v iden t ly v e ry s o r ry f o r h im se lf , a s h i s e xp r e s s ion r eg i s te r s a cu te m i se ry . H e w ea r s at i gh t ly f i t t ing n e t ted s ku l l c ap w i th a p eak o ve r t h e f o r ehead" ( Gann 1 939 : 2 56 ) . S tu cco m onkey h ead s a r e k nown f r om S e iba l ( W i l ley 1 982 : 3 , 3 8 -39 ) s o i ti sn o t e n t i re ly i mp lau s ib le t h a t t h e re b e a n ima l s d ep ic ted i nt h e L ou isv i l le s t uccoe s . T h i s h ead i st h e s ma l le s t i n t h e e n t i re c o l lec t ion , j u s t u nde r t h e s i ze o f t h e " o ld w oman" BM38 10 .2 .4 10 .
BM38 10 .21 .4 10 .
T h i sh ead i sa l so i n av e ry p oo rs t a te o fp r e serva t ion , a nd i ti sv e ry h a rd t o s e e a ny d e ta i l s i n t h e f a c ia l f e a tu r e s , a l though i t i s c l ea r t h a t t h i s e xamp le d ep ic t s as omewha t d ef o rmed a nd o dd ly s haped h ead , i fi ti si n deed h uman . G ann d id n o t i lu s t ra te i t i nh i sr epo r to rh i sb ook ,b u th eo f f e r ed ad e sc r ip t ion t h a t w i thou t d oub t r e f e r s t o t h i s p a r t icu la r h ead : " one i s t h e h ead o f a l i t t le o ld w oman w i th s h runken , w r ink led c heek s a nd a t roph ied l owe rj aw , f r om w h ich p ro jec t h e r t wo r ema in ing t e e th , s o t r ue t on a tu re t h a t i tc anno t b u t h ave b een d r awn f r om l i f e" ( Gann 1 939 : 2 56 ) . T he w ea the r ing i ss o s eve re t h a t o n ly t h e n o se i sv i s ib le , a nd s ome t r ace s o fr e d p a in t , a nd t h e u ppe r l e f t p o r t ion o f t h e h ead i s b rok en o f f ; o ne c an n e i the r a g r ee n o r d i sag ree w i th G ann 's d e sc r ip t ion , b u t i ft h i s i s ah uman h ead i ti s i nf a c tt h es ma l le s to ne i nt h ec o l lec t ion .
2 1
p a in ted o nt h ef a ce ,b u ti ti su nc lea ro fw ha t m a te r ia l t h i s d ev ice m igh th ave b een m ade . I nP a ca l 's t omb a s im i la r mou thp iece w a s a c tua l ly f ound , a nd i tw a s m ade o f r e d p a in ted p l a s te r c oa t ing t h in p i ece s o f p y r i te ( Sche le a nd M i l le r 1 986 : 7 6 ) . T h i s L ou i sv i l le h ead p robab ly d a te s t ol a te rt h an t h e o t he re xamp le s w i th s im i la r mou thp iece s , a nd a l though i n te re s t ing f o r i t s r a r i ty , t h e re i sn o t e nough e v idence t oa r gue t h a t t h e se m ou thp iece s a r e p a r t o f w a r r e ga l ia a nd t h a tt h is h ead p o r t ray s aw a r r io r .
A cce s s ion N o . : BM38 -10 .21 .412 ( F ig . 4 . 22 ; A ppend ix B F ig . B 17 ) D imen s ion s : 1 5 .5x 1 5 .5 c m P roven ience : L ou isv i l le U npub l i shed D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco ; r e d ,b l ue , a nd b l ack p a in t
A cce s s ion N o . : BM38 -10 .21 .413 ( F ig . 4 . 23 ; A ppend ix B F ig . B -18 ) D imen s ion s : 3 2 .5x27 cm P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le , NW c om e r o f b u i ld ing e xcava ted b yG ann Unpub l ished D e sc r ip t ion : S t ucco
F ig .4 . 22 .
BM38 10 .21 .412 .
T h i s h ead , a l though i n comp le te f r om t h e e ye s u p , i s q u i te d i f f e ren t i ns hape f r om t h e o t he r s . T he w ide s t p o in t o ft h e f a ce i sa te ye l e ve l , t h e c heek s a r e v e ry f l a t , a nd t h e c h in i s n o t r e ced ing . T he p a in t i s r e la t ive ly w e l l p r e se rved , a nd a t l e a s t t h r ee c o lo r s a r e v i s ib le . T he f a ce i sp a in ted r e d , t h e e ye s , u ppe r l i p , a nd t e e th a r e o u t l ined i n b l ack , a nd a m a sk a r ound t h e mou th i sp a in ted b lue . T h i s i s ar a th e r u nu sua l o b jec t t h a t s how s u p i n a f ew o t he r r e p r e sen ta t ion s , mo s t ly w i th wha t s e em t o b e w a r r e ga l ia . T he f i gu re s o n t h e w a l l o f P aca l 's t omb w ea r s qua r e mou thp iece s a nd c a r ry s h ie ld s a nd K 'aw i l s c ep te r s ( s ee R ober t son 1 983 , f i g . 2 38 ) . S im i la r a ccou t r emen t s -a mou th f r ame , s h ie ld , a nd K 'aw i l s c ep te r -a re s hown w i th B 'a la j C han K 'aw i i l , t h e f ounde r o fD o s P i la s , o n S t e la 1 7 ( s ee S che le a nd M i l le r 1 986 : 5 6 ) . A n u np roven ienced f i gu r ine , r em in i scen t o f t h e J a ina f i gu r ine s a nd , a c co rd ing t oS che le a nd M i l le r , o ft h e s ame d a te a s t ot h e D o s P i la s s t e la b y s t y l i s t ic a s soc ia t ion , w ea r s as im i la r mou thp iece , c a r r ie s as h ie ld o n o ne a rm , a nd h o ld s t h e o t he r i n ap o s i t ion t h a t m igh t h ave c a r r ied a s c ep te r ( s ee S che le a nd M i l le r 1 986 : 7 2 , 8 6 ) . T he L ou i sv i l le h ead h a s a mou thp iece w i th r ounded e dge s , a bou t 1c m t h ick a nd c l ea r ly n o t r e p r e sen t ing s ome th ing t h a t w ou ld h ave b een
F ig .4 . 23 .
BM38 10 .21 .4 13 .
T h i s i st h e o n ly p r e se rved f r agmen t o f at o r so , o ne o f t wo t h a t G ann f ound a t L ou i sv i l le . I t w a s r e cove red a mong t h e f i r s t f i nd s a tt h e b a se o f wha t h e b e l ieved t o b e t h e n o r thwe s t c om e r o f t h e b u i ld ing ( Gann 1 943 : 1 4 ) . G ann d id n o t s p ec if y t h e l o ca t ion o ft h e s e cond t o r so , b u t s ugge s t ed t h a t t h e h ead s wou ld h ave d eco ra ted a f r ieze o n o ne w a l l , a nd t wo f u l l f i gu re s wou ld h ave b een p l aced a te a ch e nd ( Gann 1 943 : 1 4 ) . T he s i ze o ft h i st o r so i n d ica te s t h a t t h e f i gu r e w ou ld h ave b een a bou t l i f e s i ze , a nd i st h e r ef o r e o ft h e s ame p ropo r t ion s a st h e m a jo r i ty o f t h e h ead s . T he t o r so w ea r s as o r t o f b e l t a nd s hou lde r s t rap w i th i n c i sed l i ne s , b u t n o c o lo r i s e v iden t o n t h i s p i ece a nd n o t much c an b e s a id o f t h e a t t ire . Wha t a ppea r s t o b e ah and , a l though 2 2
mode led i n al e s s t h ree -d imen s iona l s t y le t h an t h e r e s t o ft h e t o r so , r e s t s o n t h e l e f t s i de o ft h e c he s t . T he p e r sp ec t ive m ay n o t h ave b een c a ref u l ly mode led i ns t ucco , a nd t h i s may i n deed b e t h e h and o ft h i s f i gu re ; a l te rna t ive ly , b ecau se o ft h e p o s i t ion o ft h et h umb , i tm igh ta l so b e t h e h and o f ap u ta t ive f i gu r e t h a t s t ood t ot h e l e f t o ft h i s o ne . I ft h a t i st h e c a se t h en t h e r e m ay h ave b een m o r e t h an t h e t wo t o r so sa tt h eb u i ld ing 's c or n e r s .
a l so n eed a s moke c u r l p l aced a bove t h e s i gn o r b e low t h e h ead , w h ich m ay h ave b roken o f f ( F ig . 4 . 25 ) .
A cce s s ion N o . : BM38 10 .21 .403 ( F i g . 4 . 24a : A ppend ix B F ig . B 19a ) D imen s ion s : 1 4x 14 c m P roven ien ce : L ou i sv i l le P ub l i shed : H ammond a nd R ungga ld ie r2 000 : 4 94 D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco ; r e d ,a nd b lue p a in t F ig . 4 .25 . E xamp le s o fg lyphs f or ' f ire ' ( af ter C oe a nd V an S tone 2 001 : 1 64 ) .
C omb ined w i th a s i gn d ep ic t ing a r a t t le snake t a i l , t h a t may o ccu r i n t h e s t ucco f r agmen t s a tT u lane U n ive r s i ty a nd t h a t r e ad s OCH , t h i s wou ld f o rm a v e rba l c ompound t h a t d eno te s " f i re -en te r ing r i te s" ( S tua r t 1 998 ) . F i re -en te r ing i s ac e remony t h a t i s t y p ica l ly r e coun ted i na r ch i tec tu ra l d ed ica t ion t e x t s s uch a s i nY axch i lan L in te l 5 6 ( S tua r t 1 998 : 3 85 ) , a nd t h a t i sa l so f ound i nY axch i lan L in te l 2 8 , o n t h e o cca s ion o f t h e r e open ing o f t h e t omb o f B i rd J agua r 's mo the r , a l so k nown a s L ady I k S ku l l o r L ady E ven ing S t a r . I ti si mpo s s ib le t ok now w he the r t h i s g l yph r e a l ly i n d ica ted " f i re -en te r ing" b ecau se t h e f r agmen t , a l though c l ea r ly g l yph ic a so ppo sed t o i c onog raph ic , i sn o t ac omp le te g l yph . A s p a r t o fa t e x t i tm ay h ave d e sc r ibed t h e d ed ica t ion o f t h is b u i ld ing a nd t h e r ef o r e w ou ld h ave g i ven ad a te f o r t h es t ucco f r ieze a nd t h eh ead s .
F ig .4 . 24a .
BM38 -10 .21 .403 .
F ig .4 . 24b . F ig .4 . 24c .
BM38 10 .21 .402 . BM38 10 .21 .394 .
A s ide f r om s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e p eop le o fL ou isv i l le w ho b u i l t t h e s t ucco f r ieze a nd t e x t w e r e l i t e ra te a s w e l l a s k now ledgeab le o f t h e a n ima ted v a r ian t s o f g l yph s , t h i s s ma l l f r agmen t i s a l so i n te re s t ing b ecau se t h e o r ien ta t ion o f t h e h ead i so ppo s i te t h e s t anda rd d i rec t ion o f h ead s i n t e x t s . A l though n o t much c an b e c onc luded f r om t h i s , i td oe s h oweve r i n d ica te t h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a tL ou i sv i l le h ad o n e o ft h e r a r e" i nve r ted" t e x t s .
T h i s s ma l l f r agmen t i s o f s i gn if ican t i mpo r tance b ecau se i tr e p re sen t s ap o r t ion o f ag l yph a nd i n d ica te s t h a t t h e f r ieze m ay h ave h ad a t e x t a l so mode led i ns t u cco . T he g l yph i s ad e i ty h ead p a in ted i nr e d a nd b l ue l a ye r s , w i th a s i gn i nf ixed o n to i t s f o rehead , p a in ted i nr e d a nd b o rde r ed i nb lue . T he s i gn i se i the rt h e s y l lab le t s' 1o rt h e l o gog raph ic s i gn f o r f i r e , K' AK . B ecau se o f t h e h ead u nde rnea th , a s o r t o f L ong -no sed g od t h a t a c t s a s a n a n ima t ing d ev ice ( S tua r t2 000 , l e c tu r en o te s ) , i ti sm o s t l i ke ly a l o gog raph , a l though t h ec omp le te s i gn f o rf i re w ou ld
T h i s f r agmen t m ay a l so b e t h e o ne t h a t G ann r e f e r red t o w hen h e b e l ieved t o h ave f ound t wo d e i ty h ead s , o ne o f wh ich w a s " t he L ong -No sed g od" ( Gann 1 939 : 2 56 ) .
2 3
A cce s s ion N o . : BM38 -10 .21 .402 ( F i g . 4 . 24b ; A ppend ix B F ig . B 19b ) D imen s ion s : 1 0x13 c m P roven ience : L ou isv i l le P ub l i shed : H ammond a nd R ungga ld ie r2 000 : 4 94 D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco ; r e d ,a nd b lue p a in t
A hau o r c l o se ly f i t t ing t h e b r eak , o rw he the r i tw a s a s semb led a ss uch f r om p o s s ib ly d i f f e ren t c on tex t s . T he b a r , h oweve r , i so f av e ry u ncommon s hape , t o o r ounded t o b e a' f ive ' , a nd i sn ow n o t p a r t o f t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum c o l lec t ion . I fi tr e a l ly d i d f i t a bove t h e d ay s i gn i tw ou ld a l so b e u nu sua l i nt h e s en se t h a t mos t c oeff i c ien t s a ccompany ing d ay s i gn s a r e a ff ixed t ot h el ef t ,n o tt h et o p ,o ft h ed ay s i gn .
T h i s f r agmen t i s p a r t o f ag l yph o r p o s s ib ly a m eda l l ion i no ne o f t h e f i gu re s ' h eadd re s se s . A s a g l yph v e ry l i t t le c an b e s a id a bou t i te xcep t t h a t i t v ague ly r e semb le s e i the r t h e s y l lab le u o r t h e s y l lab le / o , d epend ing o n i t s o r ien ta t ion . I ft u rned u p s ide d own w i th r e spec t t o t h e o r ien ta t ion i n t h e i lu s t ra t ion i t may a l so r e semb le a h ead w i th a " m i r ro r " i nf ixed i n t h e f o rehead , w h ich c an o ccu r w i th s ome d e i ty r e p r e sen ta t ion s , a nd i t may h ave b een w o rn a s ap ec to ra lo rh eadd re s se l emen t .
G ann w a s , h oweve r , a b le t om ak e s ome c on jec tu r e s f r om t h e c o -occu r rence o f af i ve a nd a nA hau s i gn , s ugge s t ing t h a t i ti n d ica ted t h e d a te o ft h e s t uccoed b u i ld ing t oh ave b een t h eK a tun 5Ahau b e tween t h e e i gh th a nd n i n th c en tu r ie s A .D . ( Gann 1 936 : 5 ) . I f t h e d a te r e a l ly w a s t h a t o f t h e K a tun , i t wou ld c o r r e spond t o 1 0 .1 .0 .0 .0 5 A hau 3 K ayab , wh ich h appen s t op a ra l le l t h e d ed ica to ry d a te f o r S t e la 2 1 a nd t h e s t u ccoed f r ieze o f S t ruc tu r e A -3 a t S e iba l (W i l ley 1 982 : 4 7 , 5 0 , 5) . H oweve r , G ann 's p e rcep t ion , o r l u cky g ue s s , w a s n o t c on s ide red s i gn if ican tb y Wauchope ,w ho e d i ted t h em anu scr ip t a nd c omp le te ly d e le ted a p a rag raph w he r e G ann d e sc r ibed h i s i d ea f o r c onnec t ing t h i s p a r t ia l d a t e w i th t h e a r t if ac t s f ound i n n ea rby t omb s ( Gann 1 936 : 5 ) .
A cce s s ion N o . : BM38 -10 .21 .394 ( F ig . 4 . 24c ; A ppend ix B F ig . B -19c ; s e ea l so F ig . 3 . 4c ) D imen s ion s : 1 7x 14 c m P roven ience : L ou isv i l le P ub l i shed : G ann 1 939 P l a te 2 54 ; H ammond a nd R ungga ld ie r2 000 : 4 94 D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco T h i s f r agmen t i sc l ea r ly a nA hau s i gn , w h ich c ou ld h ave b een e i the r g l yph ic o r i c onog raph ic . T he re i s r e a son t ob e l ieve i tw a s n o tu sed a sa n i c onog raph ic e l emen t a dor n ing t h e h ead s b ecau se i t s s i ze i st o o l a rge i n c ompa r i son w i th t h e se . A l though i tc ou ld c once ivab ly h ave b een am eda l l ion o n ah eadd re s s , i t s s i ze i s i n f a c t mo re t h an d oub le t h a t o f t h e m eda l l ion o n BM38 10 .2 1 .333 ( Append ix B ,F ig . B 1 a ) . I fw e a s sume t h a t i tw a s p a r t o f at e x t , t h en i t c ou ld e i the r h ave b een u sed a s ad ay s i gn , a s t h e s y l lab le l a ( i f i n ve r ted ) , o r a s t h e A hau l o gog ram , w i th a n u nknown p hone t ic r e ad ing . A ga in b ecau se o f i t s s i ze , c ompa r ed w i th t h e " f i re" g l yph BM38 1 0 .21 .403 , w h ich i su sed a s am a in s i gn , t h i s s t ucco p i ece a l so w ou ld s e em t oh ave b een u sed a s am a in s i gn , t h u s e xc lud ing a t l e a s t i t s u se a s as y l lab le , w h ich w ou ld b e e xpec ted t ob e h a lf t h i s s i ze . A s t h e d ay A hau i ts hou ld b e e nca sed i n ac a r touche w i th a b o t tom s c ro l l , wh ich i nC la s s ic i n sc r ip t ion s a lway s i n d ica te s t h e d ay s i gn ; h e r e i ti su n c lea rw he the rt h e s c ro l l sh ave b roken o f f . G ann p ub l ished t h i sf r agmen ti nG lor ie so ft h e Maya c l a im ing t h a t a t t h e t ime o f d i scove ry " t he Maya mon th A hau , a ccompan ied b y as i ng le b a r w h ich s t and s f o r t h e n umbe r f i ve , w a s a l so f o und" ( Gann 1 939 : 2 56 ) . T he p ho tog raph i n c luded t h e b a r ( F ig . 3 . 4c ) ,b u tn e i the rt h et e x tn o rt h ep ho tog raph m ake i t c l ea r w he the r t h e b a r w a s f ound a t tached t o t h e 2 4
A cce s s ion N o . : B lV 138 -10 .21 .415 ( F ig . 4 . 26 ; A ppend ix B F ig . B -20 ) D imen s ion s : 1 6x 15 c m P roven ience : P ueb lo N uevo ( l abe led a sL ou i sv i l le ) P ub l i shed : G ann 1 918 : 13 ; G ann 1 926 P l a te 2 42 D e sc r ip t ion : S t ucco ; r e dp a in t
F ig . 4 . 27 . I lus tra t ion o f P ueb lo N uevo h ead f rom Gann 's p ub l ica t ion ( a f ter Gann 1 918 : 13 ) .
F ig .4 . 26 .
BM38 10 .21 .415 .
A l though l a be led a s o n e o f t h e h ead s f r om L ou isv i l le , t h i s e xamp le i s a c tua l ly f r om P ueb lo N uevo , t o t h e e a s t o f L ou i sv i l le , w he re G ann e xcava ted i n t h e f i r s t d ecade o f t h e 2 0t h c en tu ry . T h i s p a r t icu la r h ead w a s e ven i lu s t ra ted i no ne o f h i s r e po r t s ( F ig . 4 . 27 ) ( Gann 1 9 18 : 13 ) a nd o ne o f h i s b ook s ( F ig . 4 . 28 ) ( Gann 1 926 : 2 42 ) , a nd i ti s c l ea r i n m y o p in ion t h a t t h ey a r e t h e s ame . I n a dd i t ion , i tc ou ld n o t b e f r om L ou i sv i l le f o r t h e s imp le f a c t t h a t i tw a s p ub l i shed a tl e a s t 1 7 y ea r s b ef o re t h e L ou i sv i l le h ead s w e re e ven k nown t o G ann . T he h ead h a s f ew t r a ce s o fr e dp a in t a nd i si nb e t te r c ond i t ion t h an t h o se a tL ou i sv i l le . T h e e ye s a r e l o ng a nd n a r row w i th s ha rp ly m ode led e dge s . T he n o se i s s im i la r t o t h a t o f BM38 10 .2 1 .399 ( F ig . B -6 ) , n o t w ide a nd r ound l i ke t h e m a jo r i ty o f t h e L ou i sv i l le f i gu r e s . T he m ou th , a l though a l so d own tu rned , h a s i n c ised l i p c on tou r s , a nd c a r ef u l ly d e ta i led u ppe r t e e th . Ac u r l v i s ib le a te a r l e ve l o n t h e l e f t s i de o f t h e f a ce w a s i n c luded i n ad r aw ing o f t h e P ueb lo N uevo h ead a nd t o r so ( F ig . 4 . 27 ) f u r the r s ugge s t ing t h a tt h e se a r ei n deed t h es ame h ead .
F ig . 4 . 28 . F ragmen t o f P ueb lo Nuevo h ead , s a me a s F ig .4 . 27 ( af ter Gann 1 926 : 2 42 ) .
An o te a tt h eb o t tom o fp age 13 i n Maya I nd ian so f S ou thern Y uca tan a nd N or thern B r i t i sh H ond ura s r e ad s : " The p ho tog raph s o ft h e t o r so a nd h eadd re s s w e r e t a ken i n E ng land a nd t ho se o f t h e h ead i n B r i t i sh H ondu ra s . C on sequen t ly t h ey d o n o t f i t t o ge the r a s w e l l a s d o t h e o r ig ina l s" ( Gann 1 9 18 : 13 ) . T h i s e xp la in s w hy t h e f r agmen t o ft h e h ead i s u naccompan ied b y t h e h eadd r e s s a nd t o r so ; 2 5
h oweve r , t h e se a r e n o t i nt h e B r i t i sh Mu seum ( t he t o r so BM38 -10 .21 .413 i s q u i te d i f f e r en t ) a nd t h e q ue s t ion o ft h e i rw he reabou t sr ema in su nan swe r ed . A no the r h ead i s a l so m i s s ing f r om t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum c o l lec t ion . I tw a s p ub l i shed i n G lor ie s o f t h e Maya ( F ig . 3 . 5d ) , a nd i tr e semb le s t h e l o ng a nd n a r row f a ce s o f BM38 -10 .21 .407 ( Append ix B , F ig . B -12a ) a nd BM38 10 .21 .409 ( Append ix B , F ig . B 1 4 ) . I ta l so a ppea r s t oh ave b een a bou t t h e s i ze o f t h e l a t te r ,w i th ah eadd re s st h a tm ay h ave i n c luded a f l owe ro rv ege ta t ion mo t if . A l though t h e t o r so a nd h eadd re s s o f t h e P u eb lo Nuevo h ead a r e n ow a ppa ren t ly l o s t , t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum d oe s h ave t wo h ead s t h a t a r e f r om P ueb lo Nuevo . A l toge the r t h e r e a r e t h r ee h ead s f r om t h i s s i te , w h ich i sc ong ruen t w i th w ha t G ann r e po r ted ( Gann 1 9 18 :113 ) .
A cce s s ion N o . : BM99 -206 ( F ig . 4 . 29a a nd 4 . 29b ; A ppend ix B F ig s . B -21a a nd B -21b ) D imen s ion s : 1 9x23 c m P roven ien ce : P ueb lo Nuevo U npub l i shed D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco ; r e d ,a nd b l ue p a in t
F ig .4 . 29a .
F ig .4 . 29b .
BM99 -206 ; s i de v i ew .
T h i s h ead h a s d e l ica t e f e a tu r e s , a l though t h e s u rf a ce f i n i sh i ss eve r e ly w ea the red a nd t h e n o se i sb rok en o f f . T he e ye sa r e mode led w i th h a lf lowe r ed e ye l id s , a nd t h e mou th h a s d own tu rned l i p s . T he t o p o ft h e h ead a nd h eadd re s s i se n t i re ly m i s s ing . T r a ce so fr e d p a in t r ema in o n t h e c h in a nd o n t h e r i gh t c heek . H e re a sw e l l a so nt h ef o rehead s ome b l ue ma rk ing s c an b e s e en , b u t n o t e nough t o d e tec t ap a r t icu la r d e s ign .
BM99 -206 ; f ron tv i ew .
2 6
A cce s s ion N o . : BM99 -207 ( F ig . 4 . 30a a nd 4 . 30b ; A ppend ix B F ig . B -22a a nd B -22b ) D imen s ion s : 2 1x23 c m P roven ience : P ueb lo N uevo U npub l i shed D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco ; r e d , a nd b l a ck p a in t
F i g .4 . 30a .
BM99 -207 ; f r on tv i ew .
F ig . 4 . 30b .
BM99 -207 ; s i de v i ew .
T h i s h ead i ss im i la rt ot h e p r ev iou s o ne i nt h e s hape o f t h e f a ce a nd t h e e ye s , a nd i n t h e s i ze a nd p ropo r t ion o ft h e f e a tu re s . I nt h i s o ne t h e m ou th a nd c h in a r e b r oken o f f , b u t t h e n o se , l o ng a nd n a r row , i ss t i l l p r e sen t . P a r t o ft h e h eadd re s s i sa l so p r e sen t , mode led i nt h e s hape o f ac l o th l ike b and a r ound t h e h ead a nd t e rm ina t ing i n ak no t a tt h e c en te r o ft h e f o rehead . S ome o f t h e h a i r i sr e nde red b y p a ra l le l i n c i s ion s i n t h e s t u cco a bove t h e l e f t e ye o f t h e f i gu re , a nd s ome t r ace s o f b l ack p a in t a r e v i s ib le . T race s o fr e d p a in t r ema in o n t h e r i gh t s i de o f t h e f a ce a nd p o r t ion s o ft h eh eadd re s s .
2 7
A cce s s ion N o . : 3 689 .35 ( F ig . 4 . 32 ; A ppend ix B F ig . B -24 ; s e ea l so F ig . 3 . 3b ) D imen s ion s : 1 6x 16 c m P roven ien ce : L ou i sv i l le P ub l i shed : G ann 1 943 : 1 5 D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco
A tT u lane U n iver s i ty A cce s s ion N o . : 3 789 .34 ( F ig . 4 . 31 ; A ppend ix B F ig . B -23 ; s e ea l so F ig . 3 . 3a ) D imen s ion s( w id th xh e igh t ) : 1 6x2 1 c m P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le P ub l i shed : G ann 1 943 : 1 5 D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco ; r e dp a in t
F ig .4 . 32 .
F ig .4 . 31 .
T u lane U n iver s i ty ,3 689 .35 .
N o t much c an b e s a id a bou t t h i s h ead . I tw a s l i ke ly p a in ted r e d l i ke t h e o t he r h ead s f r om L ou i sv i l le b u t n o t r ace s o f p a in t r ema in i n i t s p r e sen t c ond i t ion . T he s u rf ace i sw ea the red t ot h e p o in t t h a t t h e e ye s c an b e s e en o n ly a sp ro jec t ing b i t s o fs t ucco , a nd t h e mou th i sd own tu rned w i th p a r ted l i p s b u t n o o t he r d e ta i l s c an b e d e tec ted . T he h ead i ss eve r ed i n a s t ra igh tl i ne a bove t h ee ye s , a nd m aybe a to ne t ime a h eadd re s s t h a t w a s mode led s epa ra t e ly h ad b een j o ined a tt h i sp o in t .
T u lane U n iver s i ty ,3 789 .34 .
T h i s i s o ne o f t h e t h ree h ead s i n t h e T u lane U n ive r s i ty c o l lec t ion . T he r e d p a in t i s a lmo s t e n t i re ly g one a nd l a rge p o r t ion s o f t h e h ead a r e b roken o f f . T he t i p o f t h e n o se i sm i s s ing , a s i s e ve ry th ing b e low t h e u ppe r l i p , a nd mo s t o ft h e h a i r a nd h eadd re s s f e l l o f ft h e c o r e p o r t ion o ft h e h ead . F rom t h ew ay t h e s t ucco a dhe r e st ot h ef o rehead o ne c an s e e t h a tt h e h a i ra nd h eadd r e s s w e re mode led i n s t ucco s hee t s a tl e a s t 1c m t h ick , a nd a pp l ied t ot h e mode led h ead . T he e ye l id s s e em t o b e h a lfway l owe r ed ; t h e n o se i s l o ng a nd n a r row . T he p ropo r t ion s o ft h e f a ce a r e a pp rox ima te ly l i f e s i ze , a nd s im i la r t o t h e s i ze o f t h e h ead s i n t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum .
2 8
A cce s s ion N o . : 3 789 .36 ( F ig . 4 . 33 ; A ppend ix B F ig . B -25 ; s e ea l so F ig .3 . 3c ) D imen s ion s : 1 8x20 c m P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le P ub l ished : G ann 1 943 : 1 5 D e sc r ip t ion : S tu cco ; r e dp a in t
F ig . 4 . 33 .
at h i rd e l emen t t h a t w ou ld h ave a t ta ched o n to a n o tch v i s ib le i n t h e c en te r o f t h e r i gh t s i de i nt h e i lu s t ra t ion . I n my o p in ion t h i s f r agmen t c ou ld b e e i the r ar a t t le snake t a i l o r ad ep ic t ion o fv e r teb rae i n a s p ine ; b o th mo t if s m igh t a l so b e l i nked i c onog r aph ica l ly . T he s p ine i ss im i la r ly d ep ic ted o n C opan S t e la A , w he r e af i gu r e h o ld s t h e s p ine o fa s nake ( F ig . 4 . 34a ) , a sw e l l a so n as ke le ta l f i gu re i n aT on ina s t ucco mu ra l( F ig .4 . 34b ) .
T u lane Un iver s i ty ,3 789 .36 .
T h i s h ead h a s s ome t r ace s o f r e d p a in t o n t h e f o r ehead , b u t e ve ry th ing e l se i s s i gn if ican t ly w ea the r ed . A l i ne a c ro s s t h e t o p o f t h e f o rehead i n d ica te s w he r e t h e h a i r o rh eadd r e s s w a s a t tached . T he e ye s a r e m a rked b y as h a l low r e l ief i n t h e s t ucco , a nd t h ey a r e mo r e v i s ib le i nt h e p ho tog raph o f t h e 1 943 p ub l ica t ion ( F ig . 3 . 3c ) , i n d ica t ing p e rhap s t h a t t h e h ead w a s b e t te r p r e se rved 5 0 y ea r s a go a nd t h a t t h e s t ucco h a s c on t inued t o c r umb le a way s i nce . T he n o se i se n t i r e ly b rok en o f fa nd o n ly t h e p unc tu red h o le s o ft h e n o s t r i l s a r e v i s ib le . T he l i p s a r ep a r ted a nd t h et e e th a r e s hown ; t h e mou th i s l i ke t h a to f BM38 10 .2 1 .397 ( Append ix B ,F ig . B -4 ) a nd BM38 -10 .21 .488 ( Append ix B ,F i g . B 13 ) .
F ig 4 . 34a . E xamp le o f s nake s p ine a nd t a i l ; d e ta i l f rom C opan S te la A ( af ter B audez 1 994 : 2 1) .
I ft h e L ou i sv i l le f r agmen ti s ar a t t le snake t a i l ,t h en i t may a l so h ave m ean ing a s ag l yph . T he v e rb " t o e n te r" , OCH , w h ich i nY uca tec m ean s " r a t t le snake r a t t le s" , i su sed i na tl e a s t t wo v e rba l p h ra se s : o ch b i h , o r " t o e n te r t h e r o ad" , m ean ing " t o d i e" , a nd o ch k ' ak ' , t h e " f i re e n te r s" , f o r d ed ica t ion r i t e s ( S tua r t 1 998 : 3 88 ) . I n t h e c a se o f " f i re -en te r ing" p h ra se s t h e p hone t ic r e ad ing c an b e r e nde red i n m any w ay s , o ne o fw h ich c ou ld b e t h e " r a t t le s -f i r e" g l yph ( F ig . 4 . 35 ) . T he r e i s n o i n d ica t ion , u nf o r tuna te ly , t h a tt h i s f r agmen tw a s p a r to f al a rge r o ne t h a t i n c luded BM38 10 .2 1 .403 ( Append ix B , F ig . B 19a ) , a l though c once ivab ly t h e t wo w ou ld f i t t oge the r i nt e rm s o fp ropo r t ion s ( s ee F ig . 4 . 35 ) , a nd i tw ou ld b e i n te re s t ing t o c on s ide r t h e p o s s ib i l i ty
A cce s s ion N o . : 4 1 .342 ( Append ix B F i g . B -26 ) D imen s ion s : 2 3x 12 .5 c m P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le U npub l i shed D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco ; r e d ,a nd b l a ck p a in t T h i s f r agmen t , i l u s t ra ted i nA ppend ix B , i so ne o f t h e mo s t i n te r e s t ing . I t c on s i s t s o f t wo l i nked e l emen t sp a in ted r e dw i th ab l ack e dge ,a nd p o s s ib ly 2 9
A cce s s ion N o . : 3 9 .611 ( Append ix B F ig . B -27 ) D imen s ion s : 2 6x23 .5 cm P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le P ub l i shed : H ammond a nd R ungga ld ie r2 000 : 4 94 D e sc r ip t ion : S tu cco ; r ed ,a nd b lue p a in t T h i s i st h e l a rge s t o f t h e s t u cco f r agmen t s b e s ide s t h e h ead s . T he c o lo r i sw e l l p r e se rved ; at r ipa r t i te e l emen tw i th c en t ra lh o le si sp a in ted r e d , s u r round ed b y ab lue a r ea , a nd f r amed a t t h e b o t tom b y a n i n c i sed b and o fr ed . T h e f r agmen t c ou ld h ave b een p a r t o f ah eadd re s s , o r i tc ou ld h ave b een af r am ing e l emen ti nt h ef r ieze .
A cce s s ion N o . : 3 792 .38 ( Append ix B F ig . B -28 ; s e e a l so F ig . 3 . 3e ) D imen s ion s : 2 0x12 c m P roven ien ce : L ou i sv i l le P ub l i shed : G ann 1 943 : 1 5 D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco T h i s f r agmen t s e em s t o i n c lude t wo e l emen t s , b u t n o t e nough o fe i the r i sp r e sen tt os ugge s t mo re t h an as imp le o b se rva t ion . O nt h er i gh ti sa ne l emen tt h a t r e semb le s al i nk i n t h e p o s s ib le " r a t t le snake t a i l" s ugge s ted f o r 4 1 .342 ( Append ix B , F ig . B -26 ) . O n t h e l e f t s i d e i ss ome th ing t h a t may b e af l owe r , p o s s ib ly a w a te r l iy b l o s som . T he r e a r e n o i n d ica t ion s o n w he the r t h i s f r agmen t w a s p a r t o fa g l yph o rp a r to ft h e or namen ta t ion i nt h e f r ieze a nd I s uppo se i tc ou ld b e e i the r . N o v i s ib le t r ace s o fp a in t r ema in o nt h e s t ucco , n o te ven i nt h eg roove s , a nd i t m ay h ave b een p a in ted ac r eam c o lo r , o rn o tp a in ted a ta l l .
F ig . 4 . 34b . D ep ic t ion o f s p ine a nd v er tebrae ; d e ta i l f rom S tucco P ane l , T on ina ( a f ter Mar t in a nd Grube 2 000 : 1 85 ) .
t h a t t h e s t u cco f r ieze a tL ou i sv i l le i n c luded a t e x t w i th a d ed ica t ion p h ra se a nd a " f i re -en t e r ing" r i te . Whe the r o r n o t i tf i t o n to t h e s pec if ic f r agmen t BM38 10 .21 .403 , t h e r a t t le snake t a i l f r agmen t a s a g l yph i sn eve r the le s s ap o s s ib le v e rb .
A cce s s ion N o . :3 792 .39 ( Append ix B F ig . B -29 ) D imen s ion s : 1 8x 19 c m P roven ience : L ou isv i l le U npub l i shed D e sc r ip t ion : S t ucco ; r ed ,a nd b lue p a in t A r ound e l emen t p a in t ed r e d i n t h e c en te r a nd b o rde red i nb l ue i si nf ixed o n to al a rge r f r agmen to f s t ucco , p a r t o fw h ich r e semb le s as c ro l l . T h i s c ou ld b e p a r t o fo ne o ft h e f i gu re s ' a t t i re , b u t t h e re a r e n o i n d ica t ion ss ugge s t ing a ny th ing s pec if ic . F ig . 4 . 35 . A l terna t ive f o rm s o f t he o ch k 'ak ' g lyph ( S tuar t 1 998 : 3 87 , u sed w i th p erm iss ion o ft he a u thor ) .
A cce s s ion N o . : 3 792 .40 ( Append ix B F ig . B -30 ) D imen s ion s : 2 0x19 c m P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le U npub l i shed D e sc r ip t ion : S t ucco ; r ed ,a nd b l ue p a in t
3 0
T h e o r ien ta t ion o ft h i s f r agmen t i su nknown , s o t h e i lu s t ra t ion , l i ke t h e m a jo r i ty o ft h e se f r agmen t s , i s o r ien ted e n t i re ly a r b i t ra r i ly . I n t h e l owe r l e f t a n e l emen t w i th s ome t r ace s o fb l ue r e semb le s p e rhap s j ewe l ry o r p a r t o f a h eadd re s s . T he c en t ra l , s om ewha t c on ica l e l emen t c ou ld b e p a r t o f al imb , b u ta ga in ,t o ol i t t le i n f o rma t ion i sa va i lab le .
A cce s s ion N o . : 3 792 .43 ( Append ix B F ig . B -33 ; s e e a l so F ig . 3 . 3 i ) D imen s ion s : 1 4x 13 c m P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le P ub l i shed : G ann 1 943 : 1 5 D e sc r ip t ion : S t ucco T h i s c u rv ing f r agmen t , w h ich d oe s n o t h ave t r ace s o f p a in t , r e semb le s a n e l emen t o f v ege ta t ion , p e rhap s ama ize l e af , a nd i ss im i la rt ot h e e l emen t i n t h e f o rehead o f BM38 10 .21 .398 ( Append ix B , F ig . B -5 ) . I th a s am ode led c u rv ing e dge , a nd ag roup o f i n c i sed c i r c le s . I ti sa l so r em in i scen t o f t h e m a ize d ep ic t ion s i n t h e f r am ing e l emen t s o f t h e s t ucco f r ieze a tS e iba l( F ig .4 . 37 ) .
A cce s s ion N o . : 3 792 .41 ( Append ix B F i g . B -31) D imen s ion s : 1 2 .5x7 .5 c m P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le U npub l i shed D e sc r ip t ion : S t ucco ;r e d ,a nd b l ue p a in t A r e c t i l inea r f r agmen t w i th q u i te w e l l p r e se rved p a in t . T he r e d i si n ten se a nd n o t a sw ea the red a st h e b l ue , w h ich o n r ough ly h a lf o f t h i s f r agmen t w a s p a in ted o nt o po ft h er e d .
A cce s s ion N o . : 3 792 .42 ( Append ix B F ig . B-3 2 ) D imen s ion s : 2 1x 14 c m P roven ience : L ou isv i l le U npub l i shed D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco ;r e d ,a nd b l ue p a in t Two b ead l ike , r ound a nd p unc tu r ed e l emen t s a r e c l ea r ly v i s ib le a nd s t i l l r e ta in t h e i r b l ue p a in t . I t s e em s t h e r e c ou ld h ave b een mo re , f o rm ing as t r ing , p e rhap s ar e nde r ing o fj ad ej ewe l ry . O n t h e l e f t o f t h e b ead s i s ab and w i th p a ra l le l , i n c i sed l i ne s , p a in ted r e d . T he r ema in ing p o r t ion o ft h e f r agmen t i s a l so p a in ted r e d . T he r e a r e s im i la r s t ucco f r agmen t s a t D z ib i lcha l tun , i n p a r t icu la r o ne ( F ig . 4 . 36 ) , w h ich i sd e sc r ibed a s af r agmen to f a" beaded s e rpen t b ody w i th a s egmen ted b e l ly" ( Cogg in s 1 983 : 2 9 ) .
F ig . 4 . 37 . S tucco e xamp les o fs t y l ized ma ize f r om S tr . A -3 , S e iba l ( Sm i th 1 982 : 4 5 , f i g s . 5 0a -d . C opyr igh t 1 982 b y t he P re s iden t a nd F e l lows o f H arvard C o l lege ) .
F ig . 4 . 36 . S tucco f r agmen t f r om D z ib i lcha l tun ( Cogg ins 1 983 : 3 0 , c our te sy o f t he a u thor a nd t he M .A .R . I . ,T u lane U n iver s i ty ) .
3 1
A cce s s ion N o . : 3 792 .46 ( Append ix B F ig . B -35 ; s e e a l so F ig . 3 . 3f ) D imen s ion s : 1 7x 12 cm P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le P ub l i shed : G ann 1 943 : 1 5 D e sc r ip t ion : S t ucco
A cce s s ion N o . : 3 792 .44 ( Append ix B F ig .B -34 ) D imen s ion s : 8 . 5x8 c m P roven ience : L ou isv i l le U npub l i shed D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco ; r ed ,a nd b l ue p a in t T h i s i st h es ma l le s ts t ucco f r agmen tf r om L ou i sv i l le . I ti s ac i r c le w i th ab lue e dge , a nd ar e dc en te rw i th a h ook a nd f i ve p unc tu red h o le s . I ti sq u i t es im i la rt oa n umbe r o f s t ucco f r agmen t s f r om D z ib i lcha l tun ( F ig . 4 . 38 ) , w h ich C ogg in s s ugge s ted m igh t b e C auac v a r ian t s b ecau se o f t h e i r g l yph l ike a ppea rance ( Cogg in s 1 983 : 2 4 ) . As im i la re l emen ti s a l so s hown i n ad e ta i l o ft h eh eadd re s s o fo ne o ft h e s t u cco r e l ief f i gu re s a tt h e e n t rance o fP aca l 's t omb a tP a lenque ( s ee l i ne d r aw ing o ft h eh eadd re s s d e ta i l i n R obe r t son 1 983 , f i g . 2 9 1) . A s e rpen t w ing h a s f i sh n i bb l ing a t e l emen t s s im i la r t o t h i s o ne a nd d e sc r ibed a s" p lan t s w i th as e r ie s o fd o t s a r ound t h e e dge s" ( Robe r t son 1 983 : 8 2 ) . N ibb l ing f i sh a r e a c ommon o ccu r r ence w i th w a te rl i l ie s ,i nh eadd re s se s a nd i n d ep ic t ion s o f t h e " wa te ry u nde rwo r ld" . P e rhap s t h i s c i rcu la r e l emen t w i th d o t s i s a n a l t er n a te f o rm o ft h ew a t e rl i l y .
T h i s f r agm en t i sa no the r w i th n o v i s ib le t r a ce s o f p a in t . I ti sr a th e r o dd i na ppea rance b ecau se i th a s i n c is ion s t h a t s ugge s t t h e r ende r ing o f at u r t le c a rapace . I t w a s p ub l i shed i n t h e 1 943 r e po r t , c ho sen a mong t h e d i f f e ren t f r agmen t s , p e rhap s b ecau se o f t h i s c u r iou s a ppea rance . H oweve r , t h e l i ne s o f t h e " i n c i s ion s" a r e o f a ppa ren t ly r a ndom t h ickne s s a nd d ep th , a nd i ti s mo re l i k e ly t h a t t h ey a r e s imp ly t h e r e su l t o f ap o r t ion o f s t u cco d ry ing t o of a s ta nd c au s ing ac r ack led " de s ign" .
A cce s s ion N o . : 3 792 .47 ( Append ix B F ig . B -36 ; s e e a l so F ig . 3 . 3h ) D imen s ion s : 9 x6 .5 cm P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le P ub l i shed : G ann 1 943 : 1 5 D e sc r ip t ion : S t u cco T h i s s ma l l f r agmen t h a s n o v i s ib le p a in t t r ace s . I ti s a n o va l e l emen t i n c i sed w i th t h ree p a ra l le l c u rv ing l i ne s . T he s u rf a ce i sr a the rr ough a nd p robab ly v e ry w ea the r ed ; t h i s m ay h ave b een p a r t o f al a rge r e l emen t b u t i ni t s p re sen t c ond i t ion n o c onc lu s ion s c an b e d rawn a st o whe the r t h i s e l emen t i sg l yph ic o ri c onog raph i c .
A cce s s ion N o . : 3 792 .48 ( Append ix B F ig . B -37 ; s e e a l so F ig . 3 . 3d ) D imen s ion s : 1x 10 c m P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le P ub l i shed : G ann 1 943 : 1 5 D e sc r ip t ion : S t ucco N op a in t s how so nt h i sf r agmen te i the r . T he s hape i s r e c tangu la r w i th t wo l i ne s i n c i sed p a ra l le l t o t h e l o ng s i de s . W i th s uch a s ma l l f r agmen t v e ry l i t t le c an b e s a id ; h oweve r , t h e re i ss ome r e semb lance b e tween t h i s p i ece a nd t h e t r ea tmen t o f h a i r i n s t ucco i na tl e a s t o ne p o r t ra i t h ead a tP a lenque ( s ee p ho tog raph o f as t ucco h ead b u r ied u nde r P a ca l 's s a rcophagu s i n R obe r t son 1 983 ; f i g . 2 33 ) . T he h a i r s ty le i nt h a t e xamp le i sf a sh ioned i n to g roup s o f b ang s t h a t f o rm r e c tangu la r e l emen t s w i th p a r a l le l , i n c i sed l i ne s . A l though i n t h e L ou i sv i l le f r agmen t t h e l i ne s a r e f ewe r , t h e re i s ap o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h i s p i ece i sa l so ar e nde r ing o fh a i r . T he s i ze i ss im i la r t o t h e e l emen t s a t P a lenque a nd t h e p ropo r t ion s
F ig . 4 . 38 . S tucco f ragmen t s f r om D z ib i lcha l tun ( Cogg ins 1 983 : 3 2 , c our te sy o f t he a u thor a nd t he M .A .R . I ,T u lane Un iver s i ty ) .
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w ou ld h ave c o r re sponded w i th t h o se o fs ome o ft h e h ead sf r om L ou isv i l le .
p u re c on jec tu r e a nd t h e r e semb lance may b e a s imp le c o inc idence o f t h e f r ac tu re p a t te rn o f t h e s t ucco .
A cce s s ion N o . : 3 792 .49 ( Append ix B F i g . B -38 ; s e e a l so F ig . 3 . 3g ) D imen s ion s : 9 x7 c m P roven ience : L ou isv i l le P ub l i shed : G ann 1 943 : 1 5 D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco
A l though t h e c o l lec t ion s o ft h e B r i t i sh Mu seum a nd T u lane U n ive r s i ty t o ge the r d on ' t c o r re spond t ot h e f u l l n umbe ro fh ead s t h a tG ann r epo r t ed f i nd ing , t h e h ead s i nt h et wo c o l lec t ion ss ugge s tt h a tp robab ly a l t h eo ne st h a tw e re f ound w e re p o r t ra i t so fh uman s . I t i su nc lea r w ha t G ann i n tended when h e r epo r ted f i nd ing t wo h ead s o f g od s ; p e rhap s t h e f r agmen t 3 792 .51 ( Append ix B ,F ig . B -40 ) i so ne o ft h em ,b u t i fs o h e d i d n o t p ub l i sh i t .I ft h e se t wo g od s a r e n o t a mong t h e i c onog raph ic e l emen t s a nd t h e g lyph l ik e f r agmen t s , t h en t h ey mu s t h ave b een l o s t a nd n o g ene ra l iza t ion s c an b e m ade a tt h i s p o in t r ega rd ing t h e n a tu r e o f d e i t ie s i n t h e s t ucco f r ieze a t L ou isv i l le .
A l though u n iden t if iab le , t h i s s ma l l f r agmen t h a s a g l yph l ike a ppea rance . I tm ay b e o n ly p a r t o f a g l yph ,p o s s ib ly s ome th ing l i ke t h et i p o ft h es y l lab le s i o r t h e l o gog ram S AK . I tc on s i s t s o f ar ough ly s em ic i r cu la r e l emen t , o n t h e r i gh t i nt h e f i gu re , a nd i t st r ef o i lt i po nt h el ef t ,b ound t o ge the rb y ab and . I t c ou ld a l so b e p a r t o f t h e i c onog raphy , p e rhap s d ep ic t ing ak no t , p a r t o f ah eadd re s s o r a n e l emen t o fc l o th ing .N op a in ti sv i s ib le .
T he h ead s t h a t d o s u rv ive a r e r ema rkab ly h uman a s o pposed t og od l ike ; t h e e l emen t s t yp ica l o fd e i t ie s , s uch a s t h e t e e th f i led i nt h e s hape o ft h e S un -God t a u t oo th , a l so ac ommon e l i te p rac t ice , o rt h e p l an t l e af i nt h e f o rehead t h a t s ugge s t s ac onnec t ion w i th t h e Ma ize G od ,a r ea c tua l ly m ino rd e ta i l st h a td on o t p r ec lude t h e h uman n a tu r e o ft h e se mode led h ead s . Mo re s i gn if i can tf o rt h ea r gumen tt h a tt h e L ou i sv i l le h ead s p o r t r ay h uman s i st h e p r edom inan t u se o fr e d p a in t , w h ich i st h e c o lo ru sed b y t h e Maya t od ep ic t t h e h uman b ody ( Robe r t son 1 977 : 3 22 ) .
A cce s s ion N o . : 3 79230 ( Append ix B F ig . B -39 ) D imen s ion s : 1 9x 18 c m P roven ience : L ou i sv i l le U npub l i shed D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco T h i s i s ap uzz l ing f r agmen t . I ti sr a the r l a rge a nd p l a in , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f t wo h o le s o ve r a c en t ime te r i nd i ame te re a ch . T h e s i ze i sc ompa rab le t ot h a to ft h e h ead sa nd t h e re i s ap o s s ib i l i ty t h a ti ti s t h e b ack o f o ne o f t h e h ead s , t h e f a ce e n t i re ly b roken o f f , a nd t h e h o le s h av ing s ome th ing t o d o w i th t h e w ay t h e h ead s w e re f a s tened o n to t h e w a l l . N op a in ti sv i s ib le .
I n t h e b e t te r -p re se rved e xamp le s t h e c a ref u l a t ten t ion t op o r t ray ing d e ta i l s i se v iden t ; t h e s l igh t ly d i f f e ren t s i ze s a nd s hape s o f t h e f a ce s a nd f a c ia l f e a tu re sd os ugge s tt h a tt h e se a r e i n deed p o r t ra i t s , a s G ann h ad n o ted i nh i s f i r s t r e po r t o ft h e d i scove ry ( Gann 1 936 : 4 ) . S ome o f t h e d i f f e r ence s , f o r e xamp le t h e r ound n o se s w i th f l a r ing n o s t r i l s , a nd t h e l o nge ra nd n a r rowe r o ne s , m igh t a l so r e f lec t t h e d i f f e ren ts t y le so f mo re t h an o ne c r af t sman .
A cce s s ion N o . : 3 792 .51 ( Append ix B F i g . B -40 ) D imen s ion s : 1 8 .5x 15 .5 c m P roven ience : L ou isv i l le U npub l i shed D e sc r ip t ion : S tucco ;r e d ,a nd b l ue p a in t
T he p r e se rva t ion o ft h ep a in tv a r ie s g r ea t ly : af ew o f t h e h ead s a r e r a the r w e l l p r e se rved , s ome h ave e s sen t ia l ly n o v i s ib le t r a ce s o fp a in t , a nd s ome f a l l s omewhe r e i n b e tween . T he v a ry ing d eg ree s o f p r e se rva t ion m ay b e t h e r e su l t o f d i f f e ren t ia l e xpo su re t ow ea the r ing a gen t s . T he h ead s w i th t h e l e a s t p re se rved p a in t a nd s u rf ace d e ta i l m ay h ave b een o n t h e s i de o f t h e b u i ld ing m o s t e xpo sed t o w ind a nd r a in , w h i le t h e b e t te r -p r e se rved o ne s m ay h ave b een i n a mo re p ro tec ted p l ace . T h i s w ou ld s ugge s t , a s G ann p ropo sed , t h a t h e h ead s h ad b een i n ten t iona l ly d e tached a nd b u r ied , p e rhap s f r om a l s i de s o ft h e f r ieze a nd d epo s i ted a s ag roup i no ne p l ace , a l ong o ne w a l l . I ti si n f a c t h a rd t o b e l ieve
T h i s i s al a rge a nd e l abo ra te f r agmen t , h oweve r i ti s u n r ecogn izab le . T he p a in ti sa ni n ten se r e da nd b l ue . I ft u rned 9 0 ° c oun te r c lockw i se i tv ague ly r e semb le s t h e h ead o f a" l ong -no sed" d e i ty , s im i la r t ot h e o ne i nt h e g l yph BM38 10 .2 1 .403 ( Append ix B F ig . B 1 9a ) o r ab i rd , w h ich c ou ld h ave b een ah eadd re s s . T he l owe rj aw i sa b sen t , t h e u ppe rl i po u t l ined b y a n i n c i sed l i ne t h a t t e rm ina te s o n t h e r i gh t i n ad own t u rned s c ro l l . T he p l ace o ft h e e ye i sb roken o f f , b u t l a rge e nough f o r at y p ica l g od e ye , b u lbou s w i th a h ooked p up i l . A round t h e f o rehead i s ab and w i th a c u r led f r on t , p a in ted b l ue . O fc ou r se , a l l o f t h i s i s 3 3
t h a t 4 1 h ead s c ou ld a dor n t h e 1 0 .4 m e te r s o fw a l l e xpo sed b yG ann : c on s ide r ing t h a t mo s th eadd re s se s a r e g on e a nd t h a t t h e f i gu re s l i ke ly h ad e a r f la re s a s w e l l ,t h ey w ou ld h ave h ad t ob es t acked v e r t ica l ly i n o rde rt of i t . O n t h e o t he r h and , a l though G ann b e l ieved t h a t t h e h ead s h ad b een c a r ef u l ly d e tached s o a s t o c au se m in imum d amage ( Gann 1 936 : 3 ) , i nr e a l i ty t h ey a r e n o t a sw e l l p r e se rved a so ne w ou ld h ope . Many a r e m is s ing s i gn if i can t p o r t ion s o ft h e f a ce , o n ly af ew h ave w e l lp r e se rved e ye sa nd mou th s ,a nd o n ly t h r ee o r f ou r h ave f a i r ly c omp le te h eadd re s se s . I fa ny o f t h e f i gu r e s h ad j ewe l ry , e a rf la re s , f e a the r s a nd s im i la r i t em s t y p ica l o f Maya e l i te a t t i r e , n one o f t h o se f r agmen t s a r e i n t h e c o l lec t ion s . T hey m ay h ave b een s o f r agmen ta ry a tt h e t ime o fd i scove ry t h a t t h ey w e re n o t s a ved . H oweve r , i ft h e h ead s a r e n o t a s w e l l p r e se rved a s G ann t h ough t , i tm ay b e b ecau se t h ey w e re n o t c a ref u l ly d e ta ched a nd b u r ied ; r a the r , t h e b u i ld ing m igh t h ave b een a bandoned l o ng e nough f o rt h ef r ieze t ow ea the ra nd c r umb le f r om e xpo su r e a nd l a ck o f m a in tenance , b ef o r et h es t ruc tu re w a sf i l led i na nd e n la rged .
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I n2 002 o pe ra t ion L O7 i d en t if ied al a rge P rec la s s ic m idden i nt h e p roce s s o fc l ean ing a nd r e co rd ing t h e s e c t ion s o f al o o te r s ' t r ench . O pe ra t ion L O8 t e s ted t h e p o s s ib le e x i s tence o f a s acbe ( c au seway ) c onnec t ing t h e t wo m a in p y ram id s , a nd r unn ing r ough ly E -W .
Chap ter F ive F i e ld R e search o fS pr ing 2 000 a nd 2 002 P r inc ipa lI nve s t iga to r : D r .N o rman H ammond S i te D i r ec to r : A s t r id R ungga ld ie r Mappe r s : Ma r c Wo lf , S co t t Sm i th A r t i s t s : S heena H owa r th , C and ida L on sda le , L ou ise B e lange r P e r sonne l : S t uden t s o f t h e B o s ton Un ive r s i ty F i e ld S tudy i n A r chaeo logy B e l ize P rog ram , Am i r a nd V i ldo G onza le s ,F ranc i sco a nd B ened ic to N ove lo .
F ie ldwork Me thodo logy T he a im s o ft h e p ro jec tw e re t h reef o ld : t od ocumen t t h e s e t t lemen t , t o s a lvage t h e e x i s t ing e v idence o f o ccupa t ion , a nd t o r e con tex tua l ize t h e f i nd s o f e a r l ie re xcava to r s . Ar e co rd o ft h e s i te w a s made b y p roduc ing t h e f i r s t m ap o f L ou i sv i l le ; t e s t p i t s a nd s u rf ace c o l lec t ion w e r e e mp loyed i n b u i ld ing a d e sc r ip t ion a nd c h rono logy o f t h e s i te b ef o re i ti s f u r the rd e s t royed ; a nd e xcava t ion w a s c a r r ied o u t t o p rov ide t h e c on tex t f o r t h e s t ucco h ead s t h a t h ad b een l o s t t o G ann 's l e s s t h an c a r ef u l r e co rd ing m e thod s .
T he L ou i sv i l le f i e ld p ro jec tc on s i s ted o fp roduc ing a m ap o ft h e v i s ib le s t ru c tu r e s o ft h e s i te , e s tab l i sh ing a c omp rehen s ive c h rono logy t h rough t e s t p i t e xcava t ion s a nd s u rf ace c o l lec t ion , a nd i d en t if y ing t h e l o ca t ion o ft h e b u i ld ing c on ta in ing s t u cco h ead s e xcava ted b yT homa sG ann i nt h e 1 930 s . Ma r c Wo lf a nd S co t t Sm i th c r ea ted a m ap o f t h e v i s ib le m ound s i na n a r ea r ough ly 2 s q k m , l o ca ted e a s t o ft h e N o r the rn H ighway a pp rox ima t e ly 1 6 km n o r th o fO range Wa lk T own .
A l though s ma l l , t h e s i te o f L ou i sv i l le i s a n i mpo r tan tp a r to ft h er e g iona l l a nd scape a nd ar e co rd o fi t se x i s tence a nd e x ten t i s au sef u l c on t r ibu t ion i n t h e l a rge r p i c tu re o f n o r the rn B e l ize Maya s i te s , t h e i rl o ca t ion s , s phe r e s o fi n te rac t ion , a nd l e ng th s o f o ccupa t ion . T he e x i s tence o ft h e s i te o fL ou i sv i l le i s k nown i n t h e a r ea , b u t n o s i te p l an e x is ted u n t i l 2 000 a nd G ann n eve r p ub l i shed a ny s k e tch m ap s . D ocumen ta t ion o ft h e e x ten t o ft h e s i t e w a s c a r r ied o u t b y m app ing a l l v i s ib le mound s a nd mound c l u s te r s . B ecau se o ft h e s uga r c ane c r op s t h a t c ove r mo s t o f t h e s i te , m app ing w a s i n s ome w ay s r e s t r ic ted t ot h ea cce s s ib le a r ea s ,w he r et h ec ane w a s n o t t o o t a l l t o i mpede t o pog raph ic r e ad ing s . T he a g r icu l tu r a l r eg imen h a s a l r eady a f f ec ted t h e s i ze a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o f mound s b ecau se m any h ave b een l owe red o rl e ve led t ot h e g round b y l o ca l f a rme r s i n a ne f f o r tt om ake p l ow ing l e s s l a bo r iou s . D emo l i t ion h a s a l so b een o ccu r r ing b ecau se l o ca l r e s iden t s q ua r ry t h e l ime s tone b l ock s a nd r ubb le i n a nc ien t m ound sf o rb u i ld ing m a te r ia l sa nd r o ad f i l l . T h is h a s b een o ccu r r ing f o r al o ng t ime , a nd h a s b een r e po r ted b y G ann a s w e l l , w ho w a s i n f o rmed o f f i nd s a t L ou i sv i l le b ecau se o f s u ch r o ad b u i ld ing a c t iv i t ie s ( Gann 1 939 : 2 53 ) . D ocumen t ing t h e s i t e p l an w a s n ece s sa ry a nd u rgen t b ecau se t h e d emo l i t ion s h ad b ecome mo re i n ten se i n r e cen t y ea r s , a nd b y 2 000 o ne o f t h e t wo p y ram id s h ad b een l e ve led t ot h e g round ( F ig . 5 . 1) , a nd h a lf o ft h e o t he rh ad b een r emoved w i th ab u l ldoze r( F ig . 5 . 2 ) .
C on tempo raneou s ly w i th t h e m app ing , s i x e xcava t ion o pe r a t ion s w e r e c a r r ied o u t i n J anua ry a nd F eb rua ry 2 000 , wh i le s u r f ace c o l lec t ion w a s c onduc ted a l so i nc on junc t ion w i th t h e f i na l s t age s o ft h em app ing p o r t ion o ft h ep ro jec ti nt h e mon th o f Ma r ch 2 000 . I n 2 002 , t h r ee w eek s o f f i e ldwo rk c oncen t ra ted o n r ef in ing t h e c on s t ruc t ion p ha se s o f t h e b u i ld ing i d en t if ied a s t h e o ne e xcava ted b y G ann , a nd f u r the r s a lvage w o rk a nd d ocumen ta t ion w e r e c a r r ied o u t a t a p y ram id t h a t u nde rwen t m a s s ive d e s t ru c t ion b e tween t h e l a s t a nd t h e p r ev iou sf i e ld s e a son s . O pe ra t ion s L O 1 t h rough L O6 w e re l o ca ted o n s t ru c tu r e s n umbe red a cco rd ing t o Wo lfs a nd Sm i th 's m app ing s e quen ce . L 0 1 , l o ca ted o n S t r .! , L O2 a nd L 03 , l o ca ted o n S t r . 9 1 , a nd L O4 l o ca ted o n S t r . 7w e r e t e s t p i t s e xcava t ed i no rde r t oo b ta in a c h rono logy o ft h es i te t h rough t h es t ra t ig raphy o ft h e mound s . T r ench L 05 , l o ca t ed o n S t r . 1 2 , i d en t if ied t h i s s t ruc tu re a s " Gann 's b u i ld ing" . O pe ra t ion L 06 , l o ca ted o n S t r . 18 , a l though t h e l a s t i n n ume r ica l s equence , w a s t h e f i r s t o pe r a t ion c a r r ied o u t b y t h e p ro jec t . T h i s o pe ra t ion w a s r e a s s igned n umbe r L O6 a t t h e e nd o f t h e f i r s t s e a son b ecau se i t w a s t e chn ica l ly n o t a n a r chaeo log ica l t r en ch , b u t a c l ean ing o f l o o te r s ' d i gg ing a nd b u l ldoz ing , w h ich p roved u sef u l i n c on t r ibu t ing i n f o rma t ion t o t h e c h rono logy o f t h e s i te a nd c on s t ruc t ion t e chn ique s u sed a tL ou i sv i l le .
B ecau se o f t h e a c t iv i t ie s t h r ea ten ing t h e s i te , t h e A r chaeo log ica l C omm i s s ione r o f B e l ize , D r . A l lan Moo re , r e ga rded L ou i sv i l le a s n eed ing e me rgen cy 3 5
F ig . 5 . 1 . S truc ture 1d es troyed b y b u l ldoz ing .
F ig . 5 . 2 . Compos i te p ho tograph o f S truc ture 1 8 p ar t ly d es troyed b y b u l ldoz ing .
3 6
r e co rd ing , a nd t h e p ro jec t t o ok p l ace d u r ing B o s ton U n ive r s i ty 's F i e ld S tudy P rog ram t o m in im ize d e lay s t h a t c ou ld h ave c o s t t h e l o s s o f f u r the r i n f o rma t ion . A s as a lvage p ro jec t , f i e ldwo rk a t L ou i sv i l le h ad t ob e c a r r ied o u t i n ar e la t ive ly s ho r t t ime , w i th t e s t e xcava t ion s t h a t e xpo sed a s much o f t h e s e t t lemen t c h rono logy a s p o s s ib le a nd w e re w id e sp r ead e nough t oc ove r mo s t a r ea s o ft h e s i te , i na ne f f o r tr a p id ly t os amp le d i f f e ren tl o ca t ion s a nd c ond i t ion s a tt h e s i te . T e s tp i t l o ca t ion s w e re c ho sen i na r ea s a f f ec ted b yu nau tho r ized d i gg ing , a sw e l l a s i na r ea st h a ts howed n o d i s tu rbance , i nt h e s i te c o re , a nd f u r the ra way f r om b o th l a rge p y ram id s . I no rde r t o e s tab l i sh a c omp le te s e quence i n t h e s ho r t t ime a va i lab le , 1 . 5 m2 t e s tp i t sw e re e xcava ted , i n s tead o f t h e m o r e t r ad i t iona l 2 m2,t o g a in i nt h e m in imum a moun t o f t ime a s much i n f o rma t ion a s p o s s ib le f r om t h es t ra t ig raphy i nt h es e c t ion s .
u sed t o p l o t t h e s i te p l an w i th E SR I 's ARCV iew s of twa r e . T he m ap i n c lude s a l l v i s ib le mound s , a s w e l l a sp r ima ry a nd s e conda ry p l a tf o rm s , c hu l tune s , q ua r r ied l ime s tone o u tc rop s , a nd moder n f e a tu re s s uch a s u npaved c ane f i e ld r oad s a nd t e lephone l i ne s . T he t o ta l s um o fp l o t ted s t ruc tu re s ,j u s to ve ra h und red , i sp robab ly n o t ac omp le te r e co rd o f a l e x i s t ing mound s . V i s ib i l i ty i s d epend en t o n t h e g row th s t age o ft h e s uga r cane c r op s , s ow h i le p l an t s w e re l ow a nd f i e ld s w e r e b e ing b u rned f o r h a rve s t ing a dd i t iona l a r ea s c ou ld b e s u rveyed a nd mound s a dded t ot h e m ap , b u t s ome r ema in m i s s ing a nd w i l l n eed t ob ea dd ed i nt h ef u tu r e . T he s i te c o r e i s d om ina ted b y t h e t wo l a rge s t s t ruc tu re s , p y r am id s S t r . 1a nd S t r . 1 8 , s u r rounded b y as c a t te r o f s i ng le mound s a nd m ound g roup s . T he se a r e mo s t n ume rou s i nt h e e a s t a nd s ou thea s t , s c a r ce r d i rec t ly s ou th o f t h e w e s te rn p y ram id , a nd a lmo s t a b sen t i n t h e n o r thea s t a nd n o r thwe s t s e c t ion s o ft h e s u rveyed a r ea . T h i s a b sence may n o t b e a n a spec t o ft h e o r ig ina l s e t t lemen t p a t te rn , b u t r a the r af unc t ion o f t h e p rox im i ty o f t h e No r the rn H ighway a nd t h e moder n t own o f L ou i sv i l le . C lea r ing f o r a g r icu l tu re a nd c on s t ruc t ion o f c on tempo ra ry h ou se s i sl i k e ly t oh ave a f f ec ted t h e se a r ea s o ft h e s i te t h e m o s t , w h i le f u r the r a way f i e ld s i nt h e d i rec t ion o ft h e J one s a nd N icho l son s wamp a r ea a r ep robab ly l e s sd i s tu rbed .
I na n e f f o r t t oc omp le te t h e p i c tu re p rov ided b y t h e e xcava t ion s , s u rf a ce c o l lec t ion w a s c a r r ied o u t i n a r ea s t h a t c ou ld n o t b e e xcava t ed . I n i t ia l c o l lec t ion s a nd s u rvey c on t r ibu ted t ot h e c ho ice o fl o ca t ion f o r t e s tp i t s . A tt h e e nd o ft h e e xcava t ion s a nd m app ing af u r the r 4 0 m ound s w e r e s u rveyed i np a r t icu la r t o l o ca te a r ea s o f e a r ly s e t t lemen t , o r e v idence o f P o s t e la s s ie o ccupa t ion . A s p a r t o f t h e i n ten t ion o f s a lvag ing i n f o rma t ion f r om L ou i sv i l le b ef o re m o r eo ft h e s i te d i sappea r st o mode rn a c t iv i t ie s , w e c on s id e red i ti mpo r tan t t o e s tab l i sh a s f a r a s i t w a s p o s s ib le w he re t h e e xcava t ion s d i r ec ted b y G ann h ad t a ken p l ace . R e e xcava t ing t h e s ame a r ea s w ou ld p rov ide i n f o rma t ion t h a th ad n o tb een r e co rded i nt h e 1 930 s , a nd g i ve b ack t h e t empo ra l a nd c u l tu ra l c on tex t t o t h em ode led s t ucco h ead sa nd t h ep a in t ed f r agmen t s , w h ich w ou ld o t he rw i se c on t inue t ol i e u n recogn ized i nm u seum s t o rage r oom s .
T he c o re i t se lf m ay b e s epa ra ted i n to t wo g roup s , a bou t 4 50 m a pa r t , a l ong t h e W-E a x i s o f t h e s i te ( F ig . 5 . 4 ) . T he w e s ter n g roup w a s o nce d om ina ted b y S t ruc tu re 1 ,t h e " we s ter n p y ram id" , n ow a lmo s t c omp le te ly b u l ldozed a nd r e con s t ruc t ed a sh av ing a 6 m2 u ppe r p l a tf o rm ( Wo lf , Sm i th , a nd H ammond 2 000 : 3 ) . I tm ay h ave f a ced S t ruc tu r e s 1 2 a nd 1 3 , t h e l o ca t ion o fG ann 's e xcava t ion s , t ot h e n o r thea s t . S t ruc tu re s 7a nd 8a r ea l so p a r to ft h ew e s ter ng roup a nd w e re l i ke ly i n ve s t iga ted b y G ann . T o t h e s ou th a nd t h e s ou thea s t a r e mo re s t ruc tu re s t h a t b e long t o t h e w e s te rn g roup a nd p o s s ib ly f a ced t owa rd s t h e We s t P l aza , d ef ined b y S t ruc tu re 1 ,S t ruc tu r e s 1 2 a nd 1 3 ,a nd S t ruc tu r e s 7a nd 8 .
S ITE P LAN T he m ap o f L ou i sv i l le ( F ig . 5 . 3 ) w a s p roduced b y Ma r c Wo lf f r om f i e ld s u rvey w i th aS okk ia S ET 5 00 EDM ( E lec t ron ic D i s tance Mea su re ) i n a n a r ea r ough ly 1km E -W a nd 1 . 5 km N -S . A n a r b i t ra ry d a tum w a s s e lec ted a s6 000 .00 m n o r th , 6 000 .00 m e a s t , a nd 2 0 .00 m i ne l eva t ion , a nd f r om t h a t b o th moder n a nd a nc ien t f e a tu re s w e r e p l o t ted , a nd e l eva t ion s w e r e c a lcu la t ed a t t h e n ode s o f a5 0 m e t e r g r id . T he d a tum c o r re spond s i n t h e UTM ( Un ive r sa l T ran s Me r ca to r ) s y s tem t o 1 6 Q0 340704 UTM 2 025553 , o r 1 8 ° 19 ' Na nd 8 8 °30 ' W (Wo lf , Sm i th , a nd H ammond 2 000 : 2 ) . T he d a ta w a s t h en
T he e a s te rn g roup i si n comp le te o n t h e m ap d ue t o t h ick c ane f i e ld s , b u t S t ru c tu r e s 1 8 a nd 2 5 w e r e a cce s s ib le a nd h ave b een i n ve s t iga ted . S t ruc tu re 1 8 , t h e " ea s ter n p y ram id" i s c u r ren t ly t h e h i ghe s t mound a tL ou i sv i l le , s t and ing 1 7 m i nh e igh t , a nd , g i ven t h e e v idence o fd e s t ruc t ion a nd e r o s ion o ft h e u ppe r p a r t o ft h e mound , i tw a s p robab ly h i ghe r a t o ne t ime . T he t wo s t ruc tu re s , a l ong w i th o t he r s ma l le r o ne s l i ne t h e e a s te rn s i de o ft h e l a rge E a s t P l aza ,a nd p robab ly f a ced w e s t , t owa rd s S t ruc tu r e I .
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T h e r e a r e f ew s t ruc tu re s b e tween t h e w e s t e rn a nd e a s te rn g roup s o ft h e c o re , a nd n o c on s t ruc ted s acbe c ou ld b e c onc lu s ive ly i d en t if ied t h a t m igh t h ave c onnec t ed t h et wo g roup s . I n2 000 u nha rve s ted c ane o b scu r ed t h e a r ea w he r e ap o s tu la ted s acbe w ou ld h ave b een , b u t i n 2 002 t e s t o pe ra t ion L O8 e ncoun te r ed r ubb le c on s t ruc t ion o n t o p o f as h a l low r i dge t h a t a ppea r s t or un E -W , s o t h a t t h e e x i s tence o f a s acbe , a l though n o t c e r ta in , c anno t b e d i scoun ted . Sma l le r g roup s e x i s t a r ound t h e c o r e d ef ined b y t h e t wo p y ram id s . T he T r iad G roup i sl o ca ted r ough ly 5 00 m t ot h e e a s to fS t ruc tu re 1 8 , a r ranged a r ound a p l a za o pen o n t h ew e s t s i de s oa st of a ce t h e e a s ter n p y ram id . T he c ou r tya rd g roup o fS t ruc tu re s 9 0 , 9 1 , a nd 9 2 r e ache s 5m i n h e igh t a nd h a s aw e l l p r e se rved c hu l tun . O the r mound s i n c lude t h e C hu l tun G roup , n amed f o rt h e l a rge c hu l tun b enea th S t ruc tu r e 8 2 ,t h eT omb G roup ( S t ruc tu r e 10 ) , al o o ted r e c tangu la r s t one l i ned t omb w i th al i me s tone l i d , a nd S t ru c tu re 1 00 , l o ca ted a c ro s s t h e N o r ther n H ighway , w h ich i sa t t h eb a se o ft h em oder nt own c hu rch .
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F ig .5 . 5 . Map o fa rea s o fs urface c o l lec t ion .
C o l lec t ion o fs u r f ace s c a t te r s o fc e ram ic s a nd o t he r a r t if ac t s w a s c onduc ted i n2 000 a tv a r iou s l o ca t ion s a t t h e s i te s o a s t o g a the r i n f o rma t ion o n t h e c h rono log ica l s pan o f o ccupa t ion f r om t h e m o s t
w ide sp read g r oup s o f m ound s . F igu r e 5 . 5 s how s w i th c i r c le s t h e a r ea s s e lec ted f o r c o l lec t ion ; a l o f t h e se w e re l o ca ted i n r e cen t ly p l owed a nd p l an ted c ane f i e ld s , o r o n l o o ted a nd b u l ldozed mound s 4 0
w he r e v ege ta t ion d i d n o t o b scu re t h e v i s ib i l i ty o f a r t if a c t s . T he a r ea n o r th o ft h ew e s te rn p y ram id w a s n o t s amp led n o r m apped b ecau se t h e r i pe c ane i n t h o se f i e ld sg r ea t ly i mpa i r ed v i s ib i l i ty .
b u rn i shed ( F ig . 5 . 7 ) t h a t i su nque s t ionab ly o f t h e S wa sey C omp lex ( Ko sakow sky 1 987 : 1 4 -15 ) , r e def ined t ob e long t ot h e t e rm ina l E a r ly P rec la s s ic ( And rew s V a nd H ammond 1 990 : 5 72 ) . P a t te rn b u rn i shed c e ram ic s a r e r a re a tL ow land Maya s i te s i ng ene ra l , a nd , w he re t h ey o ccu r , i ti so n ly i ns ma l l q uan t i t ie s r e s t r ic ted t o t h e e a r ly p ha se s o f t h e P r ec la s s ic . L ou i sv i l le h a st h e s ame t y pe o fm ica r ich p a t te rn -bur n i shed c e ram ics a s C ue l lo a nd L o l tun C ave , w ho se r a r e e xamp le s h ave b een i n te rp re ted a s i t em s o f n on loca l m anuf ac tu re p robab ly f r om t h e U lüa v a l ley i nH ondu r a s , w he re m ica i s an a tu ra l ly o ccu r r ing i n c lu s ion i np a t ter n -bur n i shed t ype s t h a t t y p ica l ly d a t e t o t h e E a r ly P rec la s s ic ( J oyce a nd H ende r son 2 00 1 : 1 5 17 ) . C la rk a nd C hee tham b e l ieve t h e re i ss o l id e v idence i n t h e c e ram ic s o f B e l ize V a l ley s i te s f o r c on sump t ion o f f o r e ign g ood s f r om v e ry e a r ly o n , a nd d ef in i te ly t h roughou t t h e Maya L ow land s b y 1 000 B .C . ; b ur n i shed t y pe s a r e a mong t h o se t h a t a r e c l ea r ly n o t p roduced l o ca l ly ( C la rk a nd C hee tham n . d . : 2 6 , 6 2 ) . A l though t h e o ccu r r ence o f P a t chchacan P a t ter n -Bur n i shed c e ram ic s a tL ou i sv i l le d oe s n o t n ece s sa r i ly i n d ica te d i r ec t c on tac t b e tween t h i s f a i r ly s ma l l s e t t lemen t w i th s ou r ce s i nt h eU lüa v a l ley , i tm igh ts ugge s tt h a t i th ad c on ta c t a nd e xchange w i th n ea rby s i te s , s u ch a s C ue l lo , t h a t d i d m a in ta in t r ade n e two rk s w i th r emo te a r ea s .
C o l lec t ion sw e re c a r r ied o u tb o th o n -mound a nd o f f mound a t t h e s e lec ted g roup s , p a r t ly b ecau se p l ow ing a c t iv i t ie s h ave d r agged c oncen t ra t ion s o f a r t if a c t s f u r the r a way f r om t h e t o p s o f mound s , a nd p a r t ly b ecau se o f i n v i s ib le a c t iv i ty a r ea s i n i n te r p l a tf o rm s pace , a s d ef ined f o r s u rf ace c o l lec t ion m e thodo log ie sa tS ay i l( K i l l ion e ta l1 989 : 2 80 ,2 89 ; Smy th , D o re , a nd D unn ing 1 995 : 3 22 ) . S u rveyed mound s a nd m ound g roup s a tL ou i sv i l le t o ta l a bou t 4 0 , o r ac ove rage o f r ough ly 3 5% o f a l m apped mound s . T he c ond i t ion s o f c o l lec ted s h e rd s w e r e o f ten t o o w ea the red t o a l low i d en t if ica t ion . F o r t h e p u rpo se s o f i d en t if y ing t h e c h rono log ica l s pan o fo ccupa t ion a tL ou i sv i l le , w e d id n o t s y s tema t ica l ly p i ck u p a l l v i s ib le m a te r ia l , b u t f o cu sed t h e c o l lec t ion s t ra tegy o n s he rd s w i th d i agno s t ic f o rm s o r s u rf ace t r ea tmen t s . T he ma jo r i ty o fc o l lec ted m a te r ia l s d a te t ot h e L a te a nd T e rm ina l C la s s ic , b u tt h e re a r e s ome n o tab le e xcep t ion s ( Tab le 5 . 1) , as e lec t ion o fw h ich a r ei lu s t ra ted u s ing s t anda rd c onven t ion s( F ig . 5 . 6 ) .
a
F ig . 5 . 7 . P rec lass ic p a t tern -burn ished s herd .
T he c h rono log ica l e x ten t o f o ccupa t ion a t L ou i sv i l le , a s e v idenced f r om s u rf ace c o l lec t ion s , s pan s ap e r iod f r om t h e E a r ly P r ec la s s ic t o t h e P o s t c la s s ic ( F ig s . 5 . 7 -5 .9 ) , a l though n o t a l l p e r iod s a r e r e p r e sen ted u n if o rm ly a c ro s s t h e s i te . T he a r ea o f t h e s i te c omp r i s ing S t ruc tu re 1 i n t h e w e s t , S t ruc tu r e 1 8 i n t h e e a s t , a nd a f ew i n te r spe r sed mound g roup s , i se s sen t ia l ly t h e e a r ly c o re o f t h e s i te , w i th t h e i n ten s i ty o fo ccupa t ion p eak ing i nt h e L a te P rec la s s ic . An umbe ro fP ro toc la s s ic a nd E a r ly C la s s ic c e ram ic s s how u p i n t h e e a s te rn a nd s ou ther np o r t ion so f t h es i te , a tS t ruc tu r e s 5 7 -59 , 7 0
K ey t oC o lou rS ymbo ls i nI l u s t ra t ion s a ) R ed d ) G rey g ) U n s l iPPed
b ) O range e ) B rown h ) Wh i te o rC re am
e ) B uf f f )P u rp le i )B lack
F ig . 5 . 6 . C era m ics c o lor c on\ e nt ions .
T h e e a r l ie s t m a te r ia l s c ome f r om S t r . 1 ,w he r e mo s t o ft h e c e ram ic s a r e M idd le a nd L a te P rec la s s ic , b u t t h e re i sa tl e a s t o ne s he rd o f P a tchchacan P a t te rn 4 1
b u t n eve r i n s e cu re ly d a tab le c on tex t s ( G raham 1 987 : 9 0 ) , s ot h e L ou i sv i l le f oo tc anno tb ei d en t if ied mo re p r ec i se ly t h an g ene ra l ly P o s tc la s s ic , a nd r e la ted t oT u lum f o rm s . G iven t h e v e ry e a r ly p o s s ib le c onnec t ion s w i th c e ram ic s i mpo r ted f r om d i s tan tr e g ion s t ot h e s ou th , p e rhap s a s f a r a s t h e U lüa v a l ley , t h e P ro toc la s s ic a nd E a r ly C la s s ic s he rd s t y p ica l o f t h e P e t& I t r ad i t ion , a nd t h e p o s s ib le n o r th er ni n f luence s i nt h e P o s tc la s s ic , i ta ppea r s t h a t L ou i sv i l le , l o ca ted a tt h e b ounda ry o f t h e c u l tu ra l t r ad i t ion s o f t h e n o r ther n a nd c en t ra l Maya L ow land s , s h if t s a f f i l ia t ion s f r om a n e a r ly s ou ther n s phe r e o f i n f luen ce t o al a te r , n o r ther no n e , a so ccu r s a to t he rB e l izean s i te s , s uch a sN ohmu l ( Hammond e ta l . 1 988 : 1 2 ) . T h i s m igh t p rove t ob e t h e c a se a l so w i th t r a i t s i na r ch i tec tu ra l s t y le a nd s t u cco or namen ta t ion , a dd r e s sed i n t h e n ex t c hap te r , a s i ta ppea r s t h a t t h e s t u cco h ead s m igh tb ep a r to f an o r ther nt r ad i t ion a sw e l l .
F ig . 5 . 8 . S herd s f r om s urface c o l lec t ion .
a nd 7 1 , a nd 8 2 -85 . E a r ly C la s s ic g ene ra l ly a b sen ti nt h es i te c o re .
s he rd s
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L a te o ccupa t ion a ppea r s t o e x tend t o t h e e n t i re m apped s i te , w i th L a te /Te rm ina l C la s s ic s he rd s o ccu r r ing i nt h e s i t e c o re a tS t r . 1 2 ,j u s tn o r th o fS t r . 1 ,a nd l e s s f r equen t ly i nt h e e a s ter n p a r t o ft h e s i te c o re ,a tS t r . 1 8a nd s u r round ing mound s .
F ig . 5 . 9 . P os tc las s ic h o l low s uppor t .
A s i ng le s he rd ( F ig . 5 . 9 ) c ou ld b e i d en t if ied a s P o s tc la s s ic , a l though s ome o f t h e i n de te rm ina te u n s l ipped c e ram ic s m igh t a l so d a te t o t h i s l a te p e r iod . T he i d en t if iab le o ne , ah o l low v en ted f oo t , i s mo s t c l o se ly c ompa r ab le t ot h e s uppo r t s f o r T u lum C omp lex b ow l s ( s ee p rof i le s i nS ande r s 1 960 : 2 40 , f i g . 4 a ) , w h ich t y p ica l ly h ave t wo v en t s o nt h e o u te r s i de a nd o ne o n t h e i nne r s i de . T u lum C omp lex w a re s a r e k nown t oe x tend t oB e l ize a sf a r a s S an ta R i ta b u t a r e l a ck ing a tS an J o se a nd B enque V ie jo ( Sande r s 1 960 : 2 35 ) ; a tl e a s t o ne e xamp le i sp r e sen t a t L ou i sv i l le . T hey h ave a l so b een r e po r ted f r om f u r the r s ou th , a tA l tun H a ( Pende rga s t 1 967 : 3 15 2 16 , f i gu re 1 ) . O the r s im i la r s uppo r t f o rm s o ccu r a t L amana i , w he re t h ey d a te t o t h e L a te P o s tc la s s ic , a nd a r e r e la ted i nf o rm b u t n o t s u rf ace t r ea tmen t t o t h e T u lum " s ag -bo t tom" b ow l s w i th s im i la r h o l low v en ted f e e t ( G raham 1 987 : 8 8 ) . L amana i e xamp le s d a te t o A .D . 1 400 , a nd s im i la r " Tu lum re la ted" c e ram ic s h ave b een n o ted a to t he r s i te s i n B e l ize , 4 2
T ab le 5 . 1 . C las s if ica t ion a nd n o te s o n c eram ics a nd f i nds f r om s urface c o l lec t ions .
S truc ture N o . S t r . 1
P o t tery
S herd N o te s
O A ; O B ; 1 ;2 ;4 ( po s s ib ly 5 )
P a tchchacan P a t ter n -bur n ished* ,C onse jo R ed ( Swa sey ) ; P e t tv i l le R ed -and -c ream ( B laden )
S t r .2 -6
I nde te rm ina te 4 / 5*
Sma l lF ind s
S t r . 9 11
5
S t r . 1 7
2 ;3 ; i n de te rm ina te 4 / 5
S apo te S t r ia ted ( Ch icane l /P ro toc la s s ic )
S t r . 1 8
2 ;4 ;5
S i e r ra R ed ( Ch icane l ) ; L a te /Te rm ina l P rec la s s ic b l ack s l ipped ; E a r ly C la ss ic s cu ta te l i d* ; L a te C la s s ic p o lych romes
S t r . 1 9
I nde te rm ina te
S t r . 2 5
5
S t r . 3 6 -40 ( T r iad G roup )
5
L a te C la ss ic p o lych rome s ;L a te /Te rm ina l C la s s ic T epeu I ,I Ir im s
S t r .4 2 -47
2 ;5
L aga r to sP unc ta ted ( Ch icane l ) ; L a te /Term ina l C la ss ic
S t r .4 8 -49
5 2 ;4 ;5
L a te /Te rm ina lC la ss ic
S t r . 5 7 -58 S t r . 7 0 -71
3 ;4 ;5
P ro toc la s s ic b a sa l" z" a ng le
S t r . 8 3
2 ;3 ;5
S t r . 8 2 ; 8 4
1 ;2 ; 4( ? ) ; 5
P ro toc la s s ic b a sa l " z" a ng le ; L a te /Te rm ina l C la s s ic J oven tud R ed ( Mamom ) ; S i e r ra R ed ( Ch icane l ) ; p o ss ib le E a r ly C la s s ic
S t r . 8 5 S t r . 1 01
2 ;4
P rec la ss ic f l ange ; T epeu I( Ea r ly C la ss ic )
S t r . 1 07
2 ;3 ;5
S t r . 10 ( t omb )
5
I nde term i n a te
6
C o lha c he r tb i f ace
E a r ly C la s s ic b a sa l f l ange s ; L a te /Te rm ina lC la ss ic
I nde te rm ina te 4 / 5
S t rombu ss he l l O bs id ian b l ade ;n e tw e igh t ; g reens tone c e l t ; m e ta te
S apo te S t r ia ted ( Ch icane l /P ro toc la ss ic )
h o l low v en ted f oo t*
O A= E a r ly P rec la ss ic , Swa sey O B= E a r ly M idd le P r ec la ss ic , B laden 1 =M idd le P rec la s s ic , L opez Mamom 2 =L a te P rec la s s ic ,C ocos C h icane l 3 =P ro toc la ss ic ( La te P r ec la s s ic /Ea r ly C la s s ic )F lo ra l P a rk 4 =E a r ly C la s s ic 5 = L a te C la ss ic 6 =P o s tc la s s ic * =d r awn s he rds
4 3
O ne -handed m ano o rp l a s te r p o l ishe r
w a s p rov ided mo s t s a l ien t ly c o l lec ted o nt h es u rf ace .
T ESTP IT UN ITS Opera t ion L O1 D imen s ion s : 1 . 5 x1 . 5 m C on t ex t s : 3 L 0 1 .0 1 : e r oded s u rf ace , n ot o p so i l L 0 1 .02 : g r ey c l ay L 0 1 .03 : b ed rock
b y
t h e
c e ram ic s
Opera t ion L O2 D imen s ion s : 1 . 5 x1 . 5 m C on tex t s : 1 6 L 02 .0 1 : t o p so i la nd l a rge r o ck s( p lowzone ) L 02 .02 : l i gh ts o i l ,s ma l ll ime s tone r ock s L 02 .03 : m a r l ,r oo t s , s ome g r ey c l ay ( s t icky m a r l ) L 02 .04 : d a rk s o i l L 02 .05 : v e ry d a rk c l ayey s o i la nd ma r lp a t che s L 02 .06 : d a rk c l ayey s o i l L 02 .07 : s ma l l r ubb le , f r iab le y e l low i sh ma r l , n o mo r ta r L 02 .08 : l a rge y e l low i sh r ubb le s t one s L 02 .09 : g r ey p a leo so l L 02 .10 : d a rk l o o se s o i l , s ma l lr ubb le L 02 .11 : w h i te p l a s te rs u rf ace L 02 .12 : p i tc u ti n to s u rf a ce L 02 .13 : f i l lo fp i t ,d a rk p a cked s o i l L 02 .14 : c ompac t d a rk b rown s o i l , s ma l l l ime s tone i n c lu s ion s , a nd c l ay L 02 .15 : w ea th e red g r ey c l ay ( p a leo so l ) L 02 .16 : b ed rock .
O pe r a t ion L O 1 w a s l o ca ted o n S t r . 1 , ap y ram id n o l o nge r e x i s t ing d ue t o e x ten s ive b u l lzod ing a c t iv i t ie s , p re sumab ly c a r r ied o u t b y n e ighbo r ing t own s i no rde r t oq ua r ry c on s t ruc t ion m a te r ia l s a nd l ime s tone d u s t t o p ave v i l lage r o ad s . S u rf a ce c o l le c t ion p rov ided a n umbe r o f w e l l -p re se rved M idd le P rec la s s ic c e ram ic s a s w e l l a s e a r l ie r ma te r ia l s u ch a s o ne Swa sey s h e rd ( Pa tchchacan P a t te rn -bu rn i shed ) . T he t e s t p i t e xcava t ion w a s p l aced i nw ha t Wo lf a nd Sm i th d e te rm ined w ou ld h ave b een t h e c en te ro ft h e s t ruc tu re , a nd i tw a s d ug i n o r d e r t o a s se s s whe the r t h e r e w e r e a ny s t ra t ig raph ic l a ye r s l e f tw h ich c ou ld g i ve c l ue s a st o t h ee a r ly p ha se so fs e t t lemen ta tt h es i te . L 0 1 .0 1 w a s t h e e r oded s u rf ace c o r r e spond ing t o r e cen td e s t ruc t ion p ha se . No r e a l t o p so i l p r e sen t , b u t h a rd , c ompac ted l i gh t g rey e a r th a nd s ma l l l ime s tone r ubb le . T he d emo l i sh ing w o rk o f b u l ldoze r s , wh ich l o ca l i n f o rman t s r e po r ted w a s d one i nS ep tembe r 1 999 , l e f t an umbe r o f v i s ib le t r u ck t r ack s a nd c omp re s sed s ed imen t s i n to a t h in a nd v e ry h a rd t oe xcava te l a ye r . An umbe r o fs ma l l b rok en s h e rd sa nd c he r tf l ake sw e r er e cove red .
T h i s t e s t p i t w a s p l aced o n t o p o f aw e l l -p r e se rved mound , S t r . 9 1 , i nt h e m idd le o f ab u rn t s uga r c ane f i e ld . T he e xcava t ion y i e lded n ume rou s s he rd s i n g ood s t ra t ig raph ic c on tex t , p rov id ing a c h rono log ica l s equence t h a t r a nged f r om T e rm ina l C la s s ic m a te r ia l a t t h e t o p o f t h e mound t o P ro toc la s s ic m a te r ia l a tt h eb o t tom o ft h e e xcava t ion ( F ig . 5 . 10 ) .
B e low t h a tL 01 .02 , ag r ey c l ay l a ye ra ppea r ing t ob e p a leo so l , s t i l l y i e lded c u l tu ra l m a te r ia l . S ince t h e s he rd s a nd c he r t s e emed n o d i f f e ren t f r om t h e o ne s i n t h e a bove ly ing l a ye r , i t i s p o s s ib le t h a t t h e c on tex t o ft h i s m a te r ia l w a s a f f ec ted b y t h e w e igh t o f t h e t r uck s w h ich p acked t h e f i l l t o ge the r a nd p u shed c u l tu ra l m a te r ia l f u r the r d own i n to g round . G radua l ly s he rd s w e r e n o l onge r p r e sen t a nd c he r t f l ake s b ecame s ma l le r u n t i l t h e re w a s o n ly d en se ly p ack ed g r ey i sh c l ay .
B e low at h ick l a ye ro fs of t t o p so i l m ixed w i th l a rge l ime s tone r o ck s w a s al a ye r o fd a rk c l ayey s o i l a nd m a r l l e n se s , w h ich w e re d i v ided i n to f ou r c on tex t s ( L02 .03 , L 02 .04 , L 02 .05 , a nd L 02 .06 ) . T he re w e re n oi d en t if iab le s u r f ace sa nd t h em a r l l e n se sa ppea red t o b e mo s t ly w ea the red l ime s tone a f f ec t ed b y t h e mo i s tu r e , r oo t s , a nd o the r o rgan ic ma t e r ia l p r e sen t i n l a ye r s L 02 .0 1 a nd L 02 .02 . Ap a leo so l ( L02 .09 ) w a s i d en t if ied b e low L 02 .06 a nd a bove L 02 .07 , s e pa ra t ing d a rk c l ayey s o i lf r om y e l low i sh l ime s tone r ubb le a bou t 8 0 c m b e low t o p so i l , a nd i n d ica t ing t h a t t h i s w a s o nce a n e xpo sed s u rf ace . B e low t h e p a leo so l ,c on tex t sL 02 .07 a nd L 02 .08 a ppea red t ob e ap ha se o f mound e n la rgemen t c on s i s t ing p r ima r i ly o f l o o se r u bb le p acked w i thou t mo r ta r , w i th l a rge l i me s tone r o ck s a tt h e l owe r l e ve l , t o pped b y s ma l l l ime s tone r o ck s . T he l ime s tone r ubb le l a ye r s w e re f i r s t i d en t if ied i nt h e s ou ther nh a lf o ft h et e s tp i ta nd g r adua l ly e ncompa s sed t h e e x ten t o ft h e e xcava t ion . I nt h e e a s t a nd w e s t s e c t ion s i tw a s l a t e r p o s s ib le t o s e et h a t t h e p a leo so l a nd u nde r ly ing r u bb le l a ye r s
B ed rock , L 0 1 .03 , w a s r e ached o n ly a bou t 3 5 c m b e low L 0 1 .0 1 . T he re w e re s ome d oub t s a s t o w he the r t h i s w a s t r u ly b ed rock o r a p o s s ib le l ime s tone c app ing , b u t i n ten se p i ck ing d e te rm ined t h a t b ed rock w a s i n deed r e ached . T he p y ram id w a s t h e r ef o r e b u i l t d i rec t ly a bove an a tu ra l h i gh p o in t i n t h et o pog raphy p rov ided b yo ne o ft h em any s ha l low r i dge s p r e sen t a t L ou i sv i l le . R ecen t d emo l i t ion o f t h e s t ru c tu r e a f f ec ted s t ra t ig raph ic m a te r ia l d own t o t h e b a se l e ve l s o fc on s t ruc t ion . D a t ing i n f o rma t ion
4 4
F ig . 5 . 10 . E as t s ec t ion o fL 02 , 1 . 5 m w ide .
4 5
w e r e d ownwa rd s l op ing f r om s ou th t o n o r th , p r e se rv ing a p rof i le o f t h e mound e n la rgemen t p ha se . T he p i tch o ft h e s l ope a nd d ep th f r om t o p so i l p o sed s ome q ue s t ion s a st ot h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h i s m ound p ha se a nd t h e p l a tf o rm t h a t w a s v i s ib le a tt h e s ou th s i de o f S t ruc tu re 9 1 . T h i s r e la t ion sh ip w a st e s ted w i th as hove lp i ti nO pe ra t ion L 03 .
Opera t ion L O3 D imen s ion s : 5 0 x7 0c m C on tex t s :4 L 03 .0 1 : t o p so i l L 03 .02 : d a rk c l ayey s o i l L 03 .03 : p a r t ia lc e ram ic v e s se l L 03 .04 : v e s se lf i l l ,d a rk s o i l
Am ound c on s t ruc t ion p ha se w a s i d en t if i ed i nl a ye r L 02 .10 , b e low L 02 .08 . I td i f f e red f r om t h e l a te r e n la rgemen t p ha se i nt h e c ompo s i t ion o ft h e l a ye r , w h ich w a s m ade u p o fs ma l l r ubb le a sw e l l a sd a rk s o i l p acked b e tween t h e r ubb le s t one s . I t a l so c on ta ined a s i gn if ican t ly l a rge r a moun t o f s h e rd s t h an a ny o f t h e a bove ly ing l a ye r s . B e low t h i s r ubb le l a ye r a p l a s te r s u rf ace w a s u ncove r ed ( L02 .11 ) . T he l a ye r w a s c ompo sed o f w h i te w ea the r ed p l a s te r , a bou t 2c m i n t h ickne s s , f a i r ly e ven a nd o n ly s l igh t ly d ownwa rd s l op ing f r om s ou th t on o r th . I tl a cked t h ep o l i shed s u rf a ce o f af l oo r . I n t h es u r f ace , a tt h eS Ec o rne ro ft h et e s tp i t , ad i s t inc t c u t w a s u ncove red , b u t i tw a s n o t d eemed t ob e a p o s tho le b ecau se o fi t si regu la r ,r ough ly r e c tangu la r s h ape m ea su r ing a bou t 3 0 x1 2 c m . T he f i l l w a s d a rk p a cked s o i l w i th al a rge a moun t o fv e ry s ma l l c e ram ic s h e rd sa nd ag ood d ea lo fc ha r coa l .
T h i s o pe ra t ion w a s as ma l l s hove l t e s t p i t p l aced a t 7 . 5 ms ou th o ft h e SW c or n e r o fo pe ra t ion L 02 . I t s p u rpo se w a s t o t e s t t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e mound o f S t r . 9 1 a nd t h e p l a tf o rm v i s ib le o n i t s s ou th s i de . A n umbe r o f p o s s ib i l i t ie s w e re c on s ide red : t h e m ound c ou ld h ave b een c on s t ruc ted a f te r t h e p l a tf o rm a nd a bu t t ing i t ,i nw h ich c a se t h e s t ra t ig raphy a nd c u l tu ra l m a te r ia l s f ound i n O pe ra t ion L O3 w ou ld h ave b een d i f f e r en tf r om t h o se o fO pe ra t ion L 02 ;t h e mound w a sb u i l to nt o po ft h e p l a tf o rm ,i nw h ich c a se t h ec on ten t so ft h es hove lp i t w ou ld h ave b een t h e s ame a s t h o se b e low t h e p a leo so l l a ye r L 02 .09 ; t h e m ound a nd t h e p l a tf o rm w e re p a r t o f as i ng le -pha se c on s t ruc t ion e f f o r t , i n w h ich c a se t h e re w ou ld h ave a l so b een ac o r re la t ion b e tween l a ye r s i nL O2 a nd L 03 . We d ec ided t ot e s t f o r s im i la r i ty o f l a ye r s , i n p a r t icu la r t o f i nd t h e y e l low i sh l i me s tone r u bb le o ve r lay ing t h e r ubb le m ixed w i th d a rk s o i l t h a t w a s i d en t if i ed i n t h e mound c on s t ruc t ion a nd e n la rgemen t p ha se s o fS t r . 9 1 .
B e low t h es u rf ace l a ye ro fL 02 .11 w a sa ne ven l a ye r o f d a rk s o i l e n compa s s ing t h e e n t i re e x ten t o f t h e t e s t p i t . I tc on ta ined s ma l l l i me s tone i n c lu s ion s a nd s ome c l ay b u t w a s m o s t ly a c ompac t d a rk b r own s o i l , w i th m any l a rge a nd s ma l l s h e rd s , c he r t , o b s id ian , a nd s ma l l b one f r agmen t s . D i rec t ly a bove w ha tw e re f i r s t i d en t if ied a sl a rge s t one s l ab s w a s a l a ye r o fc l ay ( L02 .15 ) w h ich c on ta ined n o c u l tu ra l m a t e r ia l , a nd w a s e a s i ly r emoved t os how t h a t t h e e xcava t ion h ad r e ached b ed rock , a t ad ep th o f3 . 2 m f r om t o p so i l .
T he r e w a s t h ick t o p so i l a nd r o o t d i s tu rbance d ue t o t h e f a c t t h a t L O3 w a s l o ca ted i na n a r ea c u r r en t ly p l owed a nd c u l t iva ted w i th s uga r c an e . H oweve r , b e low t h i s l a ye r a nd u n t i l t h e l i m i t o fe xcava t ion a t 8 0c mo fd ep th , af a i r ly u n if o rm l a ye ro fd a rk c l ayey s o i lw a s f o und , i nn ow ay s im i la rt ow ha tw a sf ound a tt h e s ame d ep th i nO pe ra t ion L 02 . T he m a in f i nd o f O pe ra t ion L O3 w a s af r a c tu red , y e t s t i l l i ns i tu , p a r t ia l v e s se l , f r om t h e L a te C la s s ic . I tc on ta ined a f i l l o f d a rk s o i l e n t i re ly c on s i s ten t w i th t h e m a t r ix L 03 .02 ,a nd i na dd i t ion al a rge n umbe ro fv e ry s ma l l a nd e r oded s h e rd s , a l ong w i th n ume rou s f r agmen t s o f a n ima l b one , p robab ly r o den t ( J u l ie S au l , p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . U pon r e ach ing e nough d ep th o f e xcava t ion t o s e cu r e ly e s tab l ish t h a t t h e l a ye r s i nL O2 a nd L O3 d i dn o tm a t ch ,O pe r a t ion L O3 w a s t e rm ina ted . I n c onc lu s ion i ta ppea r s t h a t t h e m ound o fS t r . 9 1 a nd t h e s ou th -s ide p l a tf o rm w e r e d i s t inc t c on s t ruc t ion s , a nd t h a t t h e p l a tf o rm m ay h ave b een l a t e r t h an t h e m ound e n la rgemen t p ha se . I n ap r e l im ina ry m ap Wo lf a nd Sm i th i d en t if i ed S t r . 9 1 a nd t h e p l a tf o rm o n i t s s ou th s i de a s s e pa ra te m ound s , a nd e xcava t ion s e em s t o h ave c onf i rmed t h a th ypo the s i s .
I ns umma ry t h e t e s t p i t s howed as e quence o ff o u r p ha se s . P ha se I w a s ah ab i ta t ion p ha se w h ich i n c luded ap l a s te rs u rf a ce a tt h e l e ve l o ft h ep r e sen t d ay s uga r c ane f i e ld . P ha se I s aw t h e c on s t ru c t ion o ft h em ound i d en t if i ed w i th l a ye rL 02 .10 . P ha se I I w a s t h ee n la rgemen to ft h em ound u pt ot h e l e ve l o f t h e p a leo so l i n L 02 .09 . P ha se I V f u r the r e n la rged t h e m ound t oi t s p r e sen t s i ze w i th t h e a c cumu la t ion o f at h ick s o i l a nd m a r l l a ye r t h a t w a s a f f ec ted b y t h e o r gan ic m a te r ia l o f t h e f o re s t g r ow th a nd t h e mo r e r e cen t s uga r c ane c u l t iva t ion , o b scu r ing a ny d i s t inc t e v idence o f c on s t ruc t ion o r h ab i ta t ion s u rf ace s .
4 6
s he rd s w e re c o l lec ted f r om t h e se c on tex t s , b u t t wo p l a s te r f l oo r s w e re v i s ib le : t h e l a te r o ne o n ly af ew c en t ime te r s b e low t h e mound s u rf ace , t h e e a r l ie ro ne r ough ly a m e te r o f m a r l a nd l ime s tone f i l l b e low ( F ig . 5 . 11a ) . E xcava t ion p rope r b egan w i th c on tex t L 04 .08 , a m idden l a ye r o fl o o se g r ey s o i l w i th ac oncen t ra t ion o f w ho le a nd p a r t ia l P omacea s he l l s a nd a l a rge s amp le o f L a te P rec la s s ic s he rd s . T he t wo l a ye r s b e low t h is , L 04 .09 a nd L 04 .10 , c on ta ined v e ry l i t t le c u l tu ra l ma te r ia l ( F ig . 5 . 11b ) . C e ram ics w e re a ga in f r equen t i n ac on s t ruc t ion l a ye r ( L04 .11) o f s ma l l l ime s tone r ubb le , l o o se ly p acked w i th n o mor ta r . Ac e ram ic d ee r h ead , p os s ib ly p a r t o f a n e ff igy v e s se l , w a s f ound i n t h is l a ye r ( F ig . 5 . 12 ) .
F ig .
5 . 11a .
S ec t ion
o f
L 04 ,
i n l o o ted
p i t
a bove
e xcava t ion , 1 . 5 mw ide .
Opera t ion L O4 D imen s ion s : 1x lm C on tex t s : 1 4 L 04 .0 1 : t op so i l L 04 .02 : p l a s te rf l oo r L 04 .03 : m a r l w i th l ime s tone i n c lu s ion s L 04 .04 : l i gh tb rown s o i l a nd l ime s tone r o ck s L 04 .05 : p l a s te rf l oo r L 04 .06 : s ma l l r ubb le p ack ing u nde rp l a s te rf l oo r L 04 .07 : l a rge l imes tone r o ck s L 04 .08 : l o o se g rey s o i l , w ho le P omacea s he l ls L 04 .09 : w h i te m a r l L 04 .10 : w h i te m a r l w i th d a rk b rown s o i l l e n se s L 04 .11 : s ma l l l o o se r ubb le , s ome b u rn t l imes tone L 04 .12 : d a rk b rown s o i l l e n s L 04 . 13 : l ime s tone r ubb le a nd l i gh t b rown s o i l p ack ing L 04 .14 : l a rge l imes tone r ubb le a nd d a rk b rown s o i l T h is o pe ra t ion w a s r e s t r ic ted t o a 1x 1 m t e s tp i t b ecau se i tw a s l o ca ted i n s ide a l o o ted p i t o n t h e s ou th s i de o f S t r . 7 , w he re e xpos ing a l a rge r a r ea w ou ld h ave r un t h e r i sk o f l o o sen ing t h e l a rge l ime s tone r o ck s i nt h e o ve rhang ing l a ye r s . C on tex t s L 04 .0 1 t h rough L 04 .07 w e re i d en t if ied a f te r c l ean ing o f ft h e s e c t ion w a l l s i nt h e l o o te r s ' p i t ; n o
F ig . 5 . 11b . S ec t ion o f L 04 , e xcava t ion i n l o o ted p i t , 1m w ide .
4 7
L 06 .03 : L 06 .04 : L 06 .05 : L 06 .06 : L 06 .07 : L 06 .08 : L 06 .09 : L 06 .10 : L 06 .11 : F ig .5 . 12 .C eram i cd eer h ead f rom L 04 .
c u tl ime s tone b l ock sa nd ma r l p a ck ed ma r l s ma l lr ubb le a nd d a rk s o i l p l a s te rf l oo r u neven r ubb le a nd s o i l c u tl ime s tone b l ock sa nd s o i l mo r ta r r ubb le f i l l l a rge l ime s tone r u bb le a nd m a r l l e n se s l ime s tone r ubb le
T h i s o pe ra t ion i n vo lved c l ean ing o f f a n e x ten s ive a r ea , a pp rox ima te ly 1 m a c ro s s , o f s e c t ion c u t a way i n to S t r . 1 8 , t h ee a s t e rn p y ram id . T h e a r ea w a s d e s t royed b yb u l ldoz ing a c t iv i ty a ppa r en t ly a imed a t o b ta in ing l ime s tone b l ock s a nd f i l l f o r c on s t ruc t ion . L oo t ing w a s p robab ly l i m i ted t o c hance f i nd s , b u t v e ry f ew s h e rd s a nd o t he r a r t if ac t s w e re r e cove r ed f r om t h i s m ound , s o e x ten s ive l o o t ing i su n l ike ly t o h ave o ccu r r ed .
Al e n s o fd a rk s o i l ( L04 .12 ) t h a ts epa ra ted t h i s f r om t h e r ubb le l a ye r s b e low , c on ta ined s ome s he l l , b one , a nd c ha r coa l , a nd m ay r e p re sen t a n a nc ien te xpo sed p la tf o rm s u rf ace . B e low t h a t w e re t wo r ubb le f i l l l a ye r s o f l a rge r o ck s t h a t i mpeded f u r the r e xcava t ion , g i ven t h es ma l ls i ze o ft h et e s tp i ta nd t h e i n c rea s ing r i sk o fc o l lap se .
B u l ldoze r s c u t i n to t h e c o r e o ft h e mound f r om t h e e a s t , e xpo s ing i t sc on s t ruc t ion s equen ce , a nd l e av ing t h er ema in ing s e c t ion i n as t a te o fd i sa r ray t h a tm ade d ocumen ta t ion d i ff icu l t . A s ar e su l t t h e n umbe r ing s equence o f t h e c on tex t s a ppea r s t o b e h aphaza rd , b ecau se i tr e f lec t s t h e o r de r i n wh ich t h e c on tex t s b ecame v i s ib le a nd w e r e a b le t o b e r e ached a nd c l eaned o f f( F ig s . 5 . 13a a nd 5 . 13b ) .
T he e xcava t ion w a s t e rm ina ted a t a bou t 3m o f d ep th f r om t h e s u rf ace o f t h e l o o te r s ' p i t , a nd s l igh t ly o ve r 4 . 5 m f r om t h e s u rf a ce o ft h e mound . B ed rock w a s n o tr e a ched , b u tt h e l owe s tl a ye r sw e re a ppa r en t ly t h o se o fc on s t ruc t ion o ft h e p l a tf o rm o n wh ich t h i s a nd n ea rby mound s r e s t . A l l c e ram ic s e n coun te r ed i n t h i s t e s tp i t w e re P r ec la s s ic , s ugge s t ing t h a t b o th p l a tf o rm a nd mound b e long t o t h ee a r ly c on s t ruc t ion a c t iv i ty o ft h es i te c o r e .
L 06 .01 w a s t h e f i r s t i d en t if ied c on tex t , a c on s t ruc t ion " t a sk" o fc u t l i me s tone b l ock s , a bou t 8 t o 1 0 c ou r se s h i gh a nd 4 b l ock s a c ro s s , m ea su r ing r ough ly 2 . 5 m i nw id th . T he b lock s w e re c a ref u l ly s haped a nd u n if o rm i n s i ze , w i th mo r ta r o f l i gh t b rown s o i l . T o t h e r i gh t , o r n o r th , o f t h i s t a sk a no the r o ne w a s i d en t if i ed , l a be led L 06 .03 , a l so m ea su r ing 2 . 5 m i n w id th a nd c on s t ruc ted o f c a ref u l ly s haped l i me s tone b lock s . T he o n ly d i f f e rence w a s i nt h e m or ta r , i nt h i s c a se w i th v e ry l i t t le s o i l a nd c on s i s t ing a lmos t e n t i re ly o f wh i te m a r l . I nb e tween t h e t wo t a sk w a l l s , c on tex t L 06 .02 w a s as e c t ion o f l o o se f i l l o f s o i l a nd l ime s tone r o ck s o fv a ry ing s i ze s , a ppa r en t ly d umped i nt of i l l t h e s pace b e tween t h e c u t b l ock s , w i th n o mo r ta r . Two o the rc on s t ruc t ion t a sk s w e re i d en t if ied , o ne t o t h e n o r th o f L 06 .03 , c on s i s t ing o f t h e s ame l o o se r ubb le f i l la sL 06 .02 ,a nd o ne t ot h es ou th o fL 06 .0 1 , c on s is t ing o f mo re c ou r se s o f c u t s t one b u i l t u p a ga in s t L 06 .0 1 , b u t w i th a mo r ta r o f d a rke r s o i l . F u r the r t o t h e n o r th a nd s ou th w e r e t h e e xpo sed s i de s o f t h e b u l ldozed s e c t ion . T he n o r ther n s i de , L 06 .10 , c omp r i sed b o th n a tu ra l a nd c u t l i me s tone b l ock s , a nd s ome m a r l a nd p l a s te rl e n se st h a td id n o t a ppea r t oh ave b een f l oo r s o rw e re t o o w ea the red t o b e i d en t if ied . T he s ou the rn s i de , l a be led L 06 .11 , w a s i n w o r se s t a te o f p r e se rva t ion , a nd n o t much
I n s umma ry , S t r . 7w a s c on s t ruc ted e n t i r e ly i nt h e P rec la s s ic o n t op o f ap l a tf o rm c on s i s t ing o f at h ick l a ye r o fl a rge l ime s tone r o ck s , a nd a f te r ap e r iod o f u se i n d ica ted b y t h e l a ye r o f s he rd s a nd P omacea s he l l s , i tw a s e n la r ed a tl e a s t t w ice . T he f i r s t p ha se o fe n la rgemen t a f te rc on s t ruc t ion w a s c apped w i th a c a ref u l ly b u i l t p l a s t e r f l oo r r e s t ing o n t o p o f a p acked l a ye r o f s ma l l r o ck s ; t h e s e cond p ha se o f e n la rgemen t w a s f i n i shed w i th a l e s s w e l l -def ined p l a s te r f l oo r , n ow i na dvanced s t a te o fd e te r io ra t ion b ecau se o fi t sp rox im i ty t ot h e s u rf a ce .
O pe ra t ion L OS w a s at r ench e xcava t ion c onduc ted o ve r t wo s e a son s o f f i e ldwo rk , a nd w i l l b e a dd re s sed a f te r t h e d e sc r ip t ion o f a l l t e s tp i t o pe ra t ion s , a l though i tw i l l b e o u t o f o rde r i n t h e n ume r ica l s e quence .
Opera t ion L O6 D imen s ion s : v a r iab le , a c ro s s 1 m o f e xpo sed s e c t ion C on tex t s : 1 L 06 .0 1 : c u tl ime s tone b l ock sa nd s o i l mo r ta r L 06 .02 : u neven r ubb le a nd s ome s o i l 4 8
F ig .5 . 13a . C lean ing o fp ar t l
b u l ldozed S truc ture 1 8 .
F ig . 5 . 13b . S ec t ion o fL 06 , S tr . 1 8 ; p rof i le d raw ing b y S heena Howar th .
4 9
eastern section that had been bulldozed just prior to this project in 2000. More bulldozing activity was carried out between our excavation seasons, and was taking place when we arrived in 2002. Looting seemed to have increased because small tunnels could be seen into Str. 18 in addition to large bulldozed trenches. The western side of the mound, which was previously intact, had been removed almost to the center of the pyramid, exposing more evidence of the task construction phase and at least three plaster floors (Fig. 5.14). In addition, the southeastem side had been quarried (Fig. 5.15), so that what remained standing at the time of our second season was only a sliver of deposits a few meters thick at the center of the structure, with eastern, western, and southeastern sides destroyed. Given the pace of quarrying activities, it is likely that this project documented the last recoverable data from this structure and from the site in general.
more than limestone rocks and soil could be seen in the section. In the central portion of the bulldozed trench, above the identified construction tasks, a 10 cm thick layer of solidly packed white marl (L06.04) capped the courses of stones of L06.03 at an angle dipping into the western and unexposed core of the mound. This layer may be covering an earlier structure, and separated the series of tasks from the less neatly constructed fill of uncut stones (L06.05) stacked above and all the way to the top of the mound. Below the tasks of cut stone a hard and well-defined floor of polished plaster (L06.06) was found lying directly below both L06.0 l and L06.08. It appeared that loose rubble fill (L06.09) but no other cut stones comprise the construction of the layer below the floor, but we did not excavate further into the mound below the area exposed by the bulldozer. The entire operation recovered very few sherds and other artifacts in the construction fill, and all date to the Late Preclassic. This pyramid is therefore contemporaneous with the construction of Str. 7 and with the western pyramid. The latter, however, had some earlier material, which might reflect that the earliest occupation at Louisville was located at the western end of the site core rather than at the eastern end.
Nevertheless, with the southeastern side newly exposed by a bulldozed trench, we were able to clean off further sections of architecture. In particular two portions of earlier buildings were discovered, that had been overlain by the single phase construction in tasks. On the northern side we cleaned off eight courses of cut limestone blocks forming the outer wall of a building. A corner was identified, with the wall turning to the south, clearly part of the same building because of the interlocking courses of stone (Fig. 5.16).
Overall, the operation at the eastern side of Str. 18 proved interesting because it exposed a sequence of construction in parallel tasks previously identified at the nearby site of Nohmul (Hammond et al. 1985: 195, fig. 14). At Louisville a first phase of construction was capped by a plaster floor, upon which several parallel "walls" of equivalent size were constructed either side-by-side or interspersed by loose rubble poured in-between. Multiple hands can be seen in the use of different mortars, while the cut stone blocks are essentially the same size for all tasks. Separate crews of workers could build these at the same time, expediting construction, and resulting in a single-phase massive building effort. Over the platform erected in this manner, further construction was carried out but without the carefully cut blocks stacked in parallel walls. At the time of excavation this pyramid mound was in a serious state of erosion caused by the bulldozing activities, and no estimates could be made of the original height of the mound nor evidence could be seen of what had been built upon it.
Further south, and entirely below the layer of the previously described wall, we found the remains of an earlier building in a fairly good state of preservation (Fig. 5.17). We were able to identify the outer walls of the building, standing nine courses of cut blocks high, and about 3.5 m wide. From the material we cleaned off, a number of Late Preclassic sherds were recovered, as well as lumps of plaster with red and orange paint that had covered the walls. This building suggests similarities with Peten architectural styles, with a central portion of the fac;ade projecting forward about 15 cm from the flanking sides. We recovered part of the central portion with one stone of the medial moulding still in place, and part of the southern side, which continued further into the mound. We did not find corners, doors, or the base of the standing walls, so no estimates can be made of the overall size of the building. A significant amount of plaster was still adhering to the walls, and in the central portion we could see traces of red paint in the upper part and below the moulding, and traces of orange paint at the base of the exposed wall.
In 2002 Str. 18 had suffered considerable further damage. Vegetation had grown back over the
50
F ig . 5 . 14 . Wes t s i de o fS truc ture 1 8 i n2 002 .
F ig . 5 . 15 . S ou theas t s i de o fS truc ture 1 8 i n2 002 .
5 1
F ig . 5 . 16 . C orner wa l l o fb ur ied b u i ld ing , S tr . 1 8 .
F ig . 5 . 17 . P e t n-s ty le b ur ied b u i ld ing , S tr . 1 8 .
5 2
Opera t ion L O7 D imen s ion s : 2 . 5 mw ide x2 . 2 md e ep C on tex t s : 7 L 07 .0 1 :t o p so i l L 07 .02 : l a rge l i me s tone r ubb le L 07 .03 :b rown s o i l ,c ha r coa l ,g r ey s o i ll e n s L 07 .04 : g r ey a nd b r own s o i ll a ye r ,b u rn tr o ck s L 07 .05 :m a r la nd d a rk s o i l L 07 .06 :v e ry d a rk b rown c l ay L 07 .07 :b ed rock
L 08 .0 1 :b ed rock T h i so pe ra t ion w a sc a r r ied o u ts p ec if i ca l ly t ot e s tt h e p o s tu la ted e x i s ten ce o f as a cbe c onnec t ing t h e e a s te rn a nd w e s ter n p y ram id s . I n 2 000 s uga r c ane h ad c ove red a l a r ea s w he r e at e s tp i t c ou ld b e e xcava ted . I n2 002 an a r row t r ench , l o ng e nough t o s p an t h e w id th o f ap o s s ib le s a cbe , w a s p l aced a c ro s s ar i se i nt h e t e r ra in a bou t h a lfway b e tween t h e t wo p y ram id s . T he t e s tp i t w a s e xcava ted d own t o b ed rock , at o ta l o f 8 5 c m b e low t h e s u rf a ce . L oca ted i n ar e cen t ly p l owed f i e ld , i th ad a t h ick l a ye r o f t o p so i l , w h ich c on ta ined n ume rou s s ma l l r o ck s . B e low t h a t w a s a4 0 c m t h ick l a ye r o f l i me s tone r ubb le p ack ed w i th l i gh t b rown s o i l ( L08 .02 ) , a nd u nde rnea th t h e l a rge r o ck s o f t h i s l a ye r w a s a d en se d a rk b rown s o i l ( L08 .03 ) . B ed rock w a s r e ached a t af a i r ly s h a l low d ep th , a n e xpec ted o ccu r r ence g i ven t h e f r equen t l i me s tone o u tc rop sn ea rby t h i ss po t .
T h i s o pe ra t ion w a s l o ca ted i n t h e u nmapped a r ea n o r th o fS t r . 1 2 a tt h e e dge o f ac ane f i e ld . L oo te r s h ad r emoved d epo s i t s f r om a n a r ea m ea su r ing a pp rox ima te ly 3 m w ide , a nd e xpo sed av e ry r i ch m idd en . We r e co rded t h e s t ra t ig raphy o ft h e s e c t ion b ecau se t h e m idden l a y d i r ec t ly b e low t h e c on s t ruc t ion p ha se o ft h ep l a tf o rm n o r th o fS t r . 1 2i n t h ee a s te rn p a r to ft h es i te c o r e . We c o l lec ted p o t te ry f o r i d en t if i ca t ion o ft h e d a te o fc on s t ru c t ion o ft h e p l a tf o rm ; t h e c e ram ics w e r e L a te P r ec la s s ic , a nd t y p e s s p ec if i c t o L ou i sv i l le w e re i d en t if i ed b y D un can P r ing a nd i n c luded h e r ea sA ppend ix C .
T he s h e rd s r e cove red f r om t h i s t e s tp i t w e r e v e ry e r oded , b u t t h e i d en t if i ab le o ne s d a te t o t h e L a te P r ec la s s ic i nt h er ubb le f i l l , a nd t ot h e E a r ly C la s s ic f r om t h e s u r f ace . A l though w e c ou ld n o t c onc lu s ive ly i d en t if y t h e c r o s s sec t ion o f as a cbe w i th t h i s t e s tp i t , w e w e re a b le t od e tec t al a ye r o f a r t if i c ia l c on s t ruc t ion t h a t m ay h ave s e rved a s t h e b ed o f as a cbe p o s i t ioned a l ong t h e r i dge o f a l i me s tone o u tc rop l y ing c l o se t o t h e s u rf a ce . N o e dge s t one sw e re f o und t h a tm igh th ave o u t l ined t h e s i de s o ft h e c au seway , b u t an umbe r o fl a rge o ne s w e re n o t iced s c a t te r ed i nt h e f i e ld , a nd p i led a r ound ap a lm t r ee . I ft h o se w e r ep a r to f as a cbe ,t h ey m igh t a ts ome p o in t h ave b een a l igned i ns i tu , a nd w e re m oved b y m ode rn f a rme r s i n to a v i s ib le p i le t o a vo id w hen p l ow ing .
B e low t h et h ick t o p so i l l a ye ro ft h e c ane f i e ld w a s a 1m t h ick p l a tf o rm c on s t ruc t ion p ha se ( L07 .02 ) o f l a rge l i me s tone r o ck s a nd l i gh t b rown s o i l . D i rec t ly b e low i tw a s a2 0 -30 c m t h ick m idden o f g r ey c l ayey s o i l , c ha rcoa l , a nd b r own s o i l ( L07 .03 ) , p a r t icu la r ly r i ch i n c e ram ic s . N ume rou s s he rd s , s ome r e -f i t ted t o f o rm l a rge p a r t s o f v e s se l s i n c lud ing a n ea r ly c omp le te b ow l ( Append ix C ) , w e r e r e cove r ed a l ong w i th P omacea , s ome m a r ine s h e l l s ,c he r ta r t if a c t s ,a nd c he r td eb i tage . Al a ye ro fg r ey a nd b rown s o i lw i th i n te r spe r sed b i t s o fc ha r coa l a nd b ur n t r o ck s ( L07 .04 ) w a sb e low t h e g r ey c l ayey l e n s a tt h e b a se o f t h e m idden . T h i s l a ye r c on ta ined s ome c u l tu ra l m a te r ia l , b u t s i gn if i can t ly l e s s t h an t h e a moun t s f o und i n t h e m idden a bove . A l a ye r o f s t a cked l e n se s o f w h i t e m a r l a nd d a rk s o i l ( L07 .05 ) w a s f ound t o c on ta in v e ry s ma l l a moun t s o fa r t if ac t s , s ome o fw h ich h ad m ig ra ted d ownwa rd f r om t h e t wo l a ye r sa bove , a sa f ew s h e rd s c ou ld b e r e -f i t ted t o o ne s f r om t h e m idden . Ad en se l a ye r o fv e ry d a rk c l ay ( L07 .06 ) , d evo id o f c u l tu ra l m a te r ia l , l a y d i rec t ly o n t o p o f b ed rock ( L07 .07 ) .
I ft h e r i dge t h a t r un s r o ugh ly a l ong al i ne b e tween t h e t wo t e rm in i o ft h e s i t e c o re w a s u t i l ized a st h e m a rke r f o r as a cbe , p e rhap s t h e p o s i t ion o ft h e t wo p y ram id s w a s s e conda ry t o t h e c oncep t ion o f t h e c au seway t h a t w ou ld h ave c onnec ted t h em , t a k ing a dvan tage o f an a tu ra l h i gh p a th i nt h e t e r ra in . I ti s p r ec i se ly b ecau se o ft h ep rox im i ty o ft h e b ed rock t o t h e s u rf ace t h a t as a cbe l o ca ted a l ong t h i s r i dge w ou ld n o t h ave n eeded a t h ick d epo s i t o f c on s t ruc t ion l a ye r s , a nd f o r t h e s ame r e a son e v idence o fi t s e x i s tence m igh t h ave b een o b scu red b yt h er e cen ta g r icu l tu ra la c t iv i t ie s .
O pera t ion L O8 D imen s ion s : 5 0c m x8m C on tex t s :4 L 08 .0 1 : t o p so i la nd s ma l lr o ck s L 08 .02 : l i me s tone r ubb le a nd l i gh tb rown s o i l L 08 .03 : d a rk b r own s o i l 5 3
TRENCH L O5
F ig . 5 . 18 . P las ter f l oor p reserved i ns e c t ion , S tr . 1 2 .
O pe ra t ion L O5 t o ok p l ace o n S t r . 1 2 ,n o r th o fS t r . 1 . T he t r en ch w a s e xcava ted i n o rde r t o i d en t if y t h e b u i ld ing t h a t G ann h ad d ug i n 1 935 -36 a nd t h u s t o r e s to r e c on tex t t o t h e s t ucco h ead s a nd o t he r f r agmen t s a t t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum a nd T u lane U n ive r s i ty .
p r e sence o f ap l a s te r f l oo r t h a t w e l a t e r i d en t if i ed w i th t h e f i r s to ft wo p ha se so fe n la rgem en ta f te rt h e f i l l in o ft h e b u i ld ing t h a t G ann h ad d e sc r ibed ( F ig . 5 . 18 ) ; t h e s e cond a nd l a t e s t f l oo r w h ich h e h ad e ncoun te red w a s p robab ly c l o se r t o t h e s u rf ace o f t h e mound ,a nd n ol o nge re x i s t ed i n2 000 .
T h i s m ound w a s s e lec ted a st h ep o s s ib le l o ca t ion o f G ann 's e x cava t ion f o r av a r ie ty o f r e a son . T he o ve ra l l s i ze o f t h e mound r e f lec ted t h e m ea su r em en t s g i ven b y G ann i n h i s m anu sc r ip t ( Append ix A ) . A n umbe r o f o l d l o o te r s t r enche s p i t ted t h e w e s te rn p o r t ion o f t h e m ound , b u t t h e c en t ra l a nd e a s te rn s i de s s howed e v idence o f p r ev iou s e xcava t ion s t h a t h ad r e c tangu la r c o rne r s a nd m ea su r ed r ough ly 5 x 5 m , w e re i n p a r t b ackf i l led ,a nd m ay h ave b een G ann 's t r enche s . O ne 1x 1m p i tw a s a l so i d en t if ied t h a tm igh t h ave b een t h e t e s tp i t e xcava ted a t L ou i sv i l le b y E rne s tene G reen i nt h e e a r ly 1 970 s ( G reen 1 9 73 : 2 81-282 ) . C o l lec t ion s o fs u r f ace c e ram ic s i n d ica ted t h a t L a te C la s s ic m a te r ia l w a s p r e sen t i nt h i s p a r t o ft h e s i t e c o re , a nd t h u s c o r re la ted w i th t h e L a t e C la s s ic d a te o r ig ina l ly s ugge s ted b y G ann . I n a dd i t ion , a n e xpo sed c r o s s sec t ion o f t h e mound i n d ica ted t h e
T he i n i t ia lt r en ch m ea su red 1x1 2 ma nd w a sp l aced E -W a l ong t h e l o ng a x i s o f t h e mound s o a s t o e n compa ss a sm u ch u nd i s tu rbed m a te r ia la sp o s s ib le a sw e l l a sp a r to ft h e o l de xcava t ion t h a tm igh th ave b een G ann 's . L a rge a moun t s o f t h e r u bb le f i l l d e sc r ibed b y G ann w e re r emoved u n t i l t h e f o o tp r in t o f ab u i ld ing b egan t ob ecome v i s ib le . A tt h a t s t age f u r the r e x ten s ion s w e re e xcava ted f r om t h e o r ig ina l 1x1 2mt r en ch . A s G ann h ad i n d ica ted t h e b u i ld ing h e e n coun te r ed h ad b een f i l led i nw i th l i me s tone r ubb le p a r t ly t a ken f r om t h e w a l l s o f t h e b u i ld ing i t se lf . We r emoved t h i s r ubb le , w h ich w a s p acked w i th p l a s te r , a nd i d en t if ied s e pa r a te c on tex t s f o r t h e s ame f i l l t o d i s t ingu i sh e a ch m e te ro ft h et r ench i nt h ee ven tt h a t m ode led p l a s t e rw ou ld c ome t ol i gh t . I nt h e i n te r io r o ft h e b u i ld ing o n ly af ew e xamp le s o fs t ucco w i th 5 4
t r a ce s o fp a in t w e re f o und , a nd o n ly o ne c omp le te e nough t os ugge s t t h a t i tm igh t h ave b een p a r t o fa m ode led g l yph ( F ig . 5 . 19 ) . T he l a t t e r w a s f ound r e s t ing f a cedown d i r ec t ly o n t o p o ft h e f l oo r . T he b u i ld ing w e e ncoun te red p r e sen ted s e ve ra l a r ch i tec tu r a l f e a tu re s , s u ch a s d oo r s , w a l l s , a nd f l oo r s , t h a t w e r e c on sonan t w i th G ann 's d e sc r ip t ion s . Ap l an o ft h e se f e a tu r e s w a s d r awn a t t h ee nd o ft h ef i r s ts e a son i n2 000 ( F ig .5 . 20 ) .
b u i ld ing 's l e ng th . H oweve r , t h e e a s te rnmo s t p i e r w a s n o t t h e c o rne r o ft h e b u i ld ing b ecau se ad oo r o pen ing w a s c l ea r ly t ot h e e a s to fi t ,a nd i ft h ep i e r s w e re t h e n o r th w a l l , a si d en t if ied b y G ann , t h en t h e w e s t w a l l s hou ld n o t h ave b een r unn ing f u r the r n o r thwa rd . I tb ecame c l ea r t h a t t h e w e s t w a l l w e e ncoun te red w a s am od if i ca t ion a pp l ied t ot h e b u i ld ing a f te r i t s c on s t ruc t ion a nd u se : t h e w a l l w a s c on s t ruc ted o ve r t h e f l oo r t h a t t ur n ed u p a ga in s t t h e p i e r s , i td i d n o t h ave t h e s ame q ua l i ty o fc u ts t one s a st h e p i e r s , a nd i t w a s p u t t o ge the r w i th a d i f f e ren t m o r ta r c on ta in ing m o re s o i lt h a tt h er e s to ft h ea r ch i tec tu r e . A l so , t h e c e r am ic s i n c luded i n t h e m o r ta r o f t h e p i e r s a nd f i l l o f t h e b u i ld ing , a na lyzed b y K e r ry S ageb ie l f r om U n ive r s i ty o f A r izona , c on ta ined a n umbe r o f r e cyc led L a te P r ec la s s ic s h e rd s m o s t l i ke ly q ua r r ied a l ong w i th c on s t ru c t ion m a te r ia l f r om n ea rby b u i ld ing sa nd p l a tf o rm so ft h es i te c o r e . T he m o r ta r o f t h e w e s t w a l l , h oweve r , d i d n o t c on ta in e a r ly m a te r ia l , a nd b ecau se o ft h e L a te a nd T e rm ina l C la s s ic s h e rd s i ni t ,w a s c l ea r ly b u i l ta f te r t h e p r ima ry u s e o ft h e s t ruc tu r e , a nd b ef o re i tw a s b u r ied a nd e n la rged . T he w e s tw a l l c on t inued n o r th u n t i l i ta bu t ted a no the r E -W w a l l , p a ra l le l t o t h e p i e r s a nd 8 0 c m t h ick , 4c m t h icke r t h an t h e p i e r s . O n t h e f l oo r i nt h e c or n e r c r ea ted b y t h e w e s t a nd n o r th w a l l s w e f o und t r ace s o fb ur n ing f r om af i re a l ong w i th an umbe ro fs ma l l f i nd s : c e ram ic s , s h e l l , a h uman t o o th , a nd o b s id ian b l ade s . P e rhap s s qua t te r s h ad b u i l t t h e w e s t w a l l a nd l e f t t r ace s o f t h e i ra c t iv i t ie si nt h e se f i nd s .
F ig . 5 . 19 . P or t ion o f mode led s t ucco g l yph , S tr . 1 2 .
T he f i r s tf e a tu re i d en t if i ed , i nt h e e a s ter ne nd o ft h e t r ench , w a s a n E -W p i e r b e tween t wo d oo r o pen ing s , m ea su r ing 2 . 45 m i n l e ng th , 7 5 c m i n t h ickne s s , a nd o n ly a bou t 4 5 c m i n h e igh t , o r r o ugh ly t h ree c ou r se s o fc u t s t one s ( F ig . 5 . 21) . A l l e xcava ted p i e r s m ea su red e xa c t ly t h e s ame i n t h ickne s s , b u t v a r ied b e tween 2 . 35 m a nd 2 . 45 m i n l e ng th . Wh i le t h e o ne a tt h e e a s ter n e nd h ad t h e h i ghe s t n umbe r o f p r e se rved c ou r se s o f s t one , t h e o t he r s h ad o n ly t h e l owe s t c ou r se , a nd o ne , l o ca ted w he r e " Gann 's t r ench" i n te r sec ted o u r t r ench , w a s o n ly v i s ib le i n t h e e dge s o f t h e p l a s te r f l oo r t h a t t ur n ed u pa ga in s tt h er emoved s t one s( F ig . 5 . 22 ) .
T he n o r th w a l l s t ood t h ree c ou r se s o fs t one s a bove t h e f l oo r a nd w a s c on s t ruc ted w i th m o r ta r l i ke t h a t o ft h ep i e r sa nd w i th s im i la r ly c u ts t one s .T he t r ench w a s e x tend ed f u r the rt oi n ve s t iga te t h en o r th s i de o f t h i s w a l l . O n t h e n o r th s i de , 2 0 c m b e low t h e l e ve l o ft h e f l oo r , ap l in th p r o jec ted o u t 1 0 c m w i th f i ve c ou r se s o fc u ts t one s b e low , f or m ing w ha t a ppea red t ob et h eb ack o ft h eb u i ld ing r e s t ing o nt h ep l a tf o rm b e low ( F ig . 5 . 23 ) . O n t h e s ou th s i de t h e t r en ch w a s a l so e x tended f u r the r , i nt wo p l ace s : o ne o ppo s i te t h e n o r th w a l l a nd e a s to ft h a t ,a nd a no the ra tt h ee a s ter ne nd o ft h e t r ench d i rec t ly s ou th o ft h e f i r s t f o und p i e r . A t t h e w e s ter n e nd , a se xpec ted b ecau se o ft h e v i s ib le o l d e xcava t ion s , w e f ound b ackf i l l s i t t ing o n t o p o fa n e n t i r e ly r emoved p i e r ,a nd s ou th o ft h a tt h ef l oo rh ad a l so b een r emoved a nd n o t r ace s o f t h e b u i ld ing c ou ld b e f o l lowed . T he l a ye r o fb ackf i l l , h oweve r , c on ta ined am o s ti n te r e s t ing m e ta la r t if ac t ,w h ich w e i d en t if i ed a sa n u mb re l la w i re , a nd s e n t t o Me s s r s . S wa ine ,A deney B r igg o fS t .J ame s 's f o ra na ly s i s .
T he p l a s te r f l oo r , av e ry h a rd p o l i shed s u rf ace , t h a t w e o r ig ina l ly e ncoun te r ed a tt h e e a s t e rn e nd o ft h e f i r s t i d en t if ied p i e r c on t inued t h roughou t t h e l e ng th o ft h e t r ench , r unn ing a r ound t h e b a se s o ft h ep i e r s . A t t h e w e s ter n e nd o ft h e t r ench a no the r w a l l w a s f o und , r u nn ing p e rpend icu la r t o t h e p i e r s . A t f i r s t t h e w a l l w a s i n te rp r e t ed a s t h e w e s t w a l l o f t h e b u i ld ing d e sc r ibed b y G ann , i np a r t icu la rb ecau se i t w a s e xac t ly 1 0 .4 m a way f r om t h e f a rc or n e r o ft h e e a s te rnmo s t p i e r , t h e m ea su r e h e h ad g i ven f o r t h e 5 5
F ig . 5 . 20 . P lan o f L a te C la s s ic b u i ld ing S truc ture 1 2 . D raw ing b yC and ida L on sda le .
t h an b y h and ; t h is a lmo s t c e r ta in ly m ean s t h a t t h e r i b w a s p roduced i n t h e e a r ly 2 0 th c en tu ry . S amue l F ox & C o w i thd rew s t ee l r i b s s uch a s t h i s i n1 920 ; o t he r c ompan ie s t e nded t of o l low s u i t .
T he r e po r t p rov id ed i n f o rma t ion s upp l ied b y M r . K i rk ,o ft h e umb r e l la r ib m ake r sH oy land F ox : [ The r i b ] i tw ou ld h ave b een a round 2 1" i n l e ng th a nd w a s p robab ly a r ound 0 . 075" i n c i rcu la r d i ame te r , u sed i n a l a d ie s o r g en t s r a in umb r e l la . T he s t ee l h a s aV icke r s h a rdne s s v a lue o f4 30 , a nd h ad p robab ly b een h ea t t r ea ted i n s ome w ay : t h e s t ee l w a s i n p a ten ted c ond i t ion ;t h i si s ah ea tt r ea tmen t p roce s s w h ich o b ta in s o p t imum s t reng th . U nf o r tuna te ly t h e m ic ro s t ru c tu r e o f t h e s t ee l w a s n o t i n h a rdened a nd t empe red c ond i t ion ; t h i sw a s ah a l lma rk o f F ox 's r i b s , w h ich w e r e h a rdened a nd t empe r ed t o g i ve s upe r io r s t reng th . I tc an t h e ref o re o n ly b e c onc luded t h a t t h e r i b w a s n o t f r om aS amue lF ox p roduc t . M ic ro s t r uc tu ra l a na ly s i s i n d ica ted t h a tt h es t ee lw a se i the r 0 . 70 o r 0 . 80% C a rbon , ah i gh c a rbon s t ee l . T he r i b w a s c o lou r ed b y a w e t p a in t ing m e thod k nown a s J apann ing i n t roduced i n t h e 1 850 's . T he s amp le s howed s oph i s t ica ted mach in ing o f t h e f l a t tened e nd a nd t h e s qua r e c r opped e nd , i n d ica t ing t h a t i tw a s p roduced o n as p ec ia l i s t m ach ine r a the r
G ann a nd h i sw if eh ad b een a tL ou i sv i l le i n1 935 -36 a nd i ti se n t i re ly l i ke ly t h a tt h e umb r e l la s poke w a s l e f to ve rb yt h e i rv i s i t . W i th t h ec e r ta in ty t h a tp a r to f t h i s b u i ld ing h ad p r ev iou s ly b een e x cava ted , a nd t h a t a n a r t if a c t o ft h e b eg inn ing o ft h e c en tu ry w a s l e f t i nt h e b ackf i l l , w e c on t inued t oe xpo se t h e s ou ther n s i de o ft h e p i e r a tt h e e a s ter n e nd o f t h e t r ench .
2 o t h
A l though n ume rou s f r agmen t s o f s t u cco h ad b een f o und i nt h ef i l l a nd o nt h ef l oo ro ft h eb u i ld ing , n o t m any h ad t r ace s o f mode l ing o rp a in t . O n t h e o t he r h and , d i r ec t ly o n t h e o t he r s i de o f t h e p i e r , w e r e cove red m o s t ly s t ucco , f r om a n a r ea t h a t h ad a l so b een p r ev iou s ly e xcava ted . N o h ead s w e re f ound , a nd f ew r e cove red s t ucco f r agmen t s w e r e mode led , b u tm o s tw e re p a in ted w i th o ne o rm o re c o lo r s : p a le y e l low , p i nk , b r ick r e d , c l a r e t , o r ange , a nd o n ly o ne p i ece w i th b l ue . T he s t ucco a ppea r ed t oh ave b een b r oken a nd p acked a ga in s tt h ew a l l ; o n ly a tt h eb a se o ft h ed oo r jamb so nt h en o r ther nc o rn e r so ft h ep i e r s w e re p a in ted p i ece si ns i tu ( F ig . 5 . 24 ) . A t t h e e a s te rn e dge o ft h e t r ench t h e i n te r io r f l oo r h ad b een i n p a r t r emoved . B e low t h i s w a s t h e 5 6
pier on south wall, Str. 12.
Fig. 5.22. Pier entirely removed from Gann's trench. ViewW-E.
packing of stones that ended on the south side of the pier in a plinth that projected outward 10 cm (Fig. 5.25), as did the plinth on the north side. A shallow step l O cm down led to another floor south of the pier, and below the mass of stucco.
The building was a single long room, 1.95 m in interior width, and over 12 m in length. The doors faced south, towards the early pyramid, Str. 1, and the back wall on the north side rested over a platform that was probably the same Preclassic platform upon which both Str. 1 and Str. 7 had been built.
The plinth ran along the south side of all four identified piers. A polished floor lay between the piers on the south side and a wall on the north side identifying the interior of the building. It becam� clear that Gann had excavated the south side of the piers, and had mistaken it for the north wall. He believed the south wall had been entirely destroyed as well as the east wall, and what he thought had been the west wall was in fact a later modification· he had never found the north wall. We could not tes� where the east and west walls had been because at the east edge of the mound a cane road had been cut into it, and at the west edge looters had dug numerous pits. Nevertheless, the piers outlined a minimum of five door openings, averaging 1.2 m wide each, although seven is a more likely number in relation the overall size of the mound.
Gann had excavated the outside of the structure, had removed the stones and delivered them to the land owner in accordance with an arrangement they had made (Gann 1939: 253), and had kept the stucco heads and elaborate fragments. He believed he had been working in the interior of the building, perhaps also because of the presence of a polished floor on the south side of the piers forming the south wall. He had thought the heads had been buried in the interior of the building, when in fact they were along the outside of the fac;ade wall. In 2002 the excavation was re-opened to explore the possibility that some parts of the front fac;ade had
57
v i s ib le i n t h e s e c t ion ( F ig . 5 . 26 ) , w e a ga in i n te r sec ted ap o r t ion o ft h en o r th w a l l , f u r the rt ot h e e a s to ft h ep a r tt h a th ad b een e xcava ted i n2 000 . T he w a l ls t ood 1 . 25 m t a l la nd ,o ve rt h ef i r s tt wo c ou r se s o f s h aped s t one s , i tw a s m ade w i th u n cu t s t one s f i t ted t o ge the r w i th p l a s te r m o r ta r t o f o rm a s o l id w a l l c ove red o n t h e i n te r io r b y al a ye r o f s moo th s t ucco .O nt h en o r th ,o ro u te rs i de ,t h es t one sd i dn o t a ppea r t o h ave b een c ove red , w h ich f u r the r s uppo r ted t h e i d ea t h a t t h i s w a s i nf a c t t h e b ack o f t h eb u i ld ing ( F ig . 5 . 27 ) . N o e v id ence o f ad oo rw a s f o und t h a tw ou ld h ave f a ced n o r th . F ig .5 . 23 . Nor th wa l lf rom 2 000 t rench ,S tr .1 2 .
O n t h e s ou th s i de o ft h e t r ench t h e f l oo r b e low t h e p l in th w a s n o tp r e se rved i na sg ood c ond i t ion a st h e i n t e r io rf l oo r , b u to nt h e s u rf ace o ft h a t an umbe ro f p a in t ed s t ucco f r agmen t sw e re f ound ,s ome o fw h ich w e re m ode led a nd m ay h ave b een p a r t o f g l yph s ( F ig . 5 . 28a a nd 5 . 28b ) . A 1x 1m t r ench w a s d ug a t t h e b a se o f t h e p l in th d i rec t ly s ou th o f t h e d oo r o pen ing , a nd b e low t h e o u te r f l oo r , t o t e s t t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t ad ed ica to ry c a che m igh t h ave b een b u r ied i nt h i s s po t . T he s ma l l t r ench e xpo sed t h e c on s t ruc t ion s equence o ft h e f l oo r s , p l in th , a nd b a se o ft h e t r ench , b u t d i d n o t i nf a c t u ncove r a ny f i nd s o t he r t h an a f ew s h e rd s t h a t d i d n o t s how a ny d i f f e r ence s w i th t h o se f ound i no t he r c on s t ruc t ion a nd f i l lm a te r ia lf o rt h i sb u i ld ing .
F ig . 5 . 24 . S tucco i ns i tu o n d oor jamb , S tr . 1 2 .
T he o pe ra t ion o ve ra l l w a s s u cce s sf u l i ni d en t if y ing t h e b u i ld ing t h a t G ann h ad e xcava ted . An umbe r o f l i ne s o f e v idence s ugge s t t h a t t h i s w a s i n deed t h e o r ig ina l c on tex t o ft h e s t ucco h ead s : t h e s i ze o ft h e m ound , t h e d a te o f t h e m a te r ia l s r e cove r ed , t h e b a ckf i l led t r enche s a l ong t h e s ou th s i de , t h e umb re l la s poke , t h e s i ze o f t h e e xcava ted d oo r s c ompa red w i th t h e s i ze s d e sc r ibed b y G ann , t h e p r e sence o f much a r ch i tec tu ra l p l a s te r , a s w e l l a s s ome p i ece so f mode led s t ucco a nd m any p a in ted f r agmen t s , a nd t h e c on s t ruc t ion s e quen ce o f t e rm ina t ion a nd e n la rgemen to ft h eo ve ra l ls t ruc tu re .
F ig . 5 . 25 . P l in th r unn ing a l ong s ou th v sa l l ,S tr . 1 2 .
An umbe r o fp o s s ib i l i t ie s h ave t ob e c on s ide r ed f o r t h e o r ig ina l l o ca t ion o ft h e h ead s i nt h is s t ruc tu re . T he h ead s c ou ld h ave b een p a r t o f a" ga l le ry" , a ff ixed t o m eda l l ion s , o r " f rame s ," s im i la r t o t h e a r rangemen t o f s t ucco m eda l l ion s o n t h e i n ne r c o r r ido r o fH ou se A a tP a lenque , w h ich m igh t h ave b een t h e o r ig ina l l o ca t ion o ft h e h ead s f o und u nde r P a ca l 's s a r cophagu s ( Robe r t son 1 983 : 7 4 ) . T he L ou i sv i l le c o l lec t ion sa nd t h ef r agmen t sf ound i nt h e e xcava t ion i n d ica te t h a t m o s t h ead s l a cked b ody p a r t s , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o ft h e t o r so , w h ich w ou ld s ugge s t t h a t p e rhap s as e r ie s o fp o r t ra i t s i nf r ame s w a st h el i k e ly a r rangemen t . T he f a c tt h a tt h e re w a sa f l oo ro n t h es ou th s i de o f t h ef a cad ea nd t h a tG ann
n o t b een e xcava ted b y G ann a nd w e r e u nd i s tu rbed . A t r ench w a s p l aced p e rpend icu la r t o t h a t o f t h e p r ev iou s s e a son , c u t t ing a c ro s s t h e m idd le o f t h e e a r l ie rt r ench , t h rough o ne o ft h ed oo r s ,a nd t owa rd s t h e b a ck w a l l , w he r e t h e m ound s t i l l s t ood w i th t h e l a te r f l oo r f r om a n e n la rgemen t p ha se p r e se rved i n t h es e c t ion . T h e e xcava t ion d i d n o t e ncoun te r a ny u nd i s tu rbed p o r t ion s o f t h e b u i ld ing o n t h e s ou th s i de . O n t h e n o r th s i de , a f te r r emov ing t h e f l oo r t h a t h ad b een 5 8
Fig. 5.26. Exposed floor from section, Str. 12. See also Fig. 5.18.
believed there had at one time been another wall south of the piers presents the possibility that the building did not comprise only a single room, but rather two parallel rooms, with the decoration on the outside wall of the inner room. If that were the case, then Gann would have been correct in stating that the heads were found inside, and not outside the building, but he was still mistaken about what he thought was the north wall. Nevertheless there seem to be too many heads in the Louisville collection to allow a display in the style of House A. It is my belief that the heads were arranged in a frieze running along the cornice of the building, with full-bodied figures perhaps set on the corners. This recalls the examples of Lamanai Structure N 10-28 and Seibal Structure A-3, both non residential buildings dating to the Late and Terminal Classic decorated with an elaborate program of modeled stucco figures (Shelby and Reents-Budet 2001; Willey 1982). I believe that if Louisville Str. 12 had a stucco frieze, the decoration of the building would have extended along the front and sides, but probably not along the back. The number of doors on the south and the lack of doors on the north side suggest that the focus of the building was towards
the pyramid, Str. 1, not the small plaza and structures visible in the cane on the north side. Also, the back wall was constructed of less carefully cut stones than the fac;ade, and although the interior was plastered and smoothed, the exterior appeared to have been left bare; therefore, an elaborate stucco frieze above a bare back wall is unlikely. There is also the possibility that stucco heads were affixed to a roofcomb such as occurs at Rio Bee and Chenes sites that have buildings with stucco decorated roofcombs (Potter 1977). At Louisville, however, no evidence of a roofcomb was found in excavation nor any mention of one was ever made by Gann, and the building did not seem to have had a corbelled vault, so the frieze arrangement appears to be the most likely scenario. In regards to the evidence of a vault, we did not find any vault stones in the fill of the structure and concluded that the building must have had a beam and-mortar roof. Gann had reported the same (Appendix A) and in addition he believed the building to have been too wide to support a vault. I believe that, in spite of the lack of roofing stones in
59
F ig . 5 .27 . N or th Na l l i n 2 002 e ‘caNa t ion , S tr . 1 2 .
6 0
the most elaborate cut stone in this kind of architecture, may have been valuable enough to be removed and recycled elsewhere. The building was not filled in with rubble in its entirety, and the top portion of the walls had been knocked down when it was destroyed. The height of the fill was only up to about 1.3 m-the height of the back wall excavated in 2002-immediately upon which the floor of the later structure was built. Although the possibility of a vaulted building cannot be ruled out, the most parsimonious argument with the evidence at hand favors the interpretation of a building roofed with wooden beams. Nevertheless, the excavation set out to identify the building described in Gann's writings, from which a heretofore contextless collection of stucco sculptures had been delivered to the British Museum and Tulane University. The evidence recovered with Operation L05 over the course of two seasons supports the identification.
Fig. 5.28a. Stucco glyph fragment from 2002 season.
Fig. 5.28b. Modeled stucco fragments from 2002 season.
the excavation, the building might in fact have had a vaulted room. The width, at just under 2 m, was certainly well within the range of vaulted rooms; the construction efforts with cut stone and stucco decoration were sophisticated enough to suggest that the builders had the knowledge and expertise to build a corbelled vault; stuccoed buildings at Lamanai and Seibal as well as at other sites usually had vaulted rooms; and the back wall was slightly thicker than the front wall, presumably to offset the structural instability that mortared uncut stone has compared to stacked cut blocks, and create an even balance for the vault to rest upon. The reason neither Gann nor this project found the vault stones may be because the building did not collapse after abandonment, but was terminated by intentional destruction and burial. The vault stones,
61
Chap ter S ix A l though G ann 's c o l lec t ion s i n d ica ted a L a te /Te rm ina l C la s s ic d a te f o r L ou i sv i l le , a nd T hompson ( 1 928 , 1 929 ) a nd H abe r land ( 1 954 ) r e po r ted f i nd ing P r ec la s s ic m a te r ia l , t h e re h ad n eve r b een a s y s t ema t ic d ocumen ta t ion o f t h e e n t i re c h rono logy o fo ccupa t ion u n t i lt h i sp ro jec t .
D i scu s s ion a nd C onc lu s ions C hrono logy o ft h eS i te D ocumen ta t ion o ft h e g ene ra l s i t e c h rono logy c ame f r om s u rf ace c o l lec t ion , t e s tp i t s , a nd o ne t r ench e xcava t ion . O ve ra l l , e xcava t ion c onf i rmed t h e c h rono logy e s tab l i shed w i th s u rf ace f i nd s a nd p r ov ided w e l l -p re se rved e xamp le so fL a te P r ec la s s ic m a te r ia l ( Append ix C ) , p a r t s o f P ro toc la s s ic m amm if o rm t e t rapod a nd s o l id n ubb in s s uppo r t s ( F ig . 6 . 1) ( s ee B rady e t a l 1 998 , f i g . 3 ) , a nd a n umbe r o f E a r ly C la s s ic a nd L a te C la s s ic p o lych rome s he rd s ( F ig . 6 . 2 ) . I n a dd i t ion , t h e c h rono logy d e r ived f r om c e ram ic a s semb lage s w a s s uppo r ted b y t h e i n f o rma t ion p rov ided b y s i t e l a you t , a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu r e s , a nd c on s t ru c t ion m e thod s .
O ther F ind s A l though c e ram ic s a nd a r ch i tec tu r e w e re m o s t i n f o rma t ive f o rt h ep u rpo se so ft h i s s t udy , an umbe r o f s ma l l f i nd s w e re r e cove r ed i n b o th s u rf ace c o l lec t ion a nd e xcava t ion t h a ta r ew or th m en t ion ing . B e s ide s t h e s t u cco a nd s he rd s f ound i nt h e t r ench a nd t e sp i t s , c e ram ic a r t if ac t s s u ch a s ad ee r h ead , p a r t s o fw h i s t le s , a nd an e t w e igh t w e r e r e cove red f r om e xcava t ion a nd s u r f a ce ( F ig s . 6 . 3 a nd 6 . 4 ) . A long w i th t h e n e t w e igh t , as ma l l g r een s tone c e l t f r agmen t , a nd d r i l led mo the r -of -pea r l ( N ephrona ia s ) b ead sw e re f o und o nt h es u rf a ce i nt h es i t ec o re . An umbe r o fo b s id ian b l ade s a nd c he r t t o o l s , s ome o fC o lha c h e r t , w e re r e cove red f r om s u rf ace , f r om t e s tp i tL 02 , t r ench L 05 , a nd t h em idden o fL O7 ( F ig . 6 . 5 ) .
F ig . 6 . 1 . E xamp le s s uppor t s .
o f P ro toc las s ic
F r agmen t s o f am ano a nd am e ta te w e r e c o l lec t ed f r om S t r . 1 0 7 o u t s ide t h e s i t e c o re ( F ig . 6 . 6 ) . A n umbe r o f o t he r s im i la r f r agmen t s w e re p ho tog raphed f r om w ha t r ema in s o ft h e L ou isv i l le c o l lec t ion a ma s sed b y t h e l a ndowne r a tt h e t ime o f G ann 's e xcava t ion s . T he d augh te r s o fM r . R am i r ez , w ho s t i l l l i ve i n t h e h ou se b u i l t o ve r o ne o f t h e a nc ien t m ound s , n o l o nge r h ave t h e c o l lec t ion o f v e s se l s t h a t w a s d i spe r sed i n 1 9 55 w i th h u r r icane J a ne t ; t h ey d o ,h oweve r , h ave an umbe ro fm ano s o f s i l iceou s l i me s tone ( F ig . 6 . 7 ) , am e ta t e o f p i nk g r an i te f r om t h e Maya moun ta in s ( F ig . 6 . 8 ) , a nd a b a rk b ea te r ( F ig . 6 . 9 ) a l o f w h ich c ame f r om t h e f i e ld sn ea rt h es i t ec o re .
c eram ic v e sse l
L ou i sv i l le p a ra l le l s t h e c h rono logy o fN ohmu l , a nd f i t s i n to t h e r e g iona l c h rono logy o fn o r the rn B e l ize s i t e t h a t h ave a n e a r ly s t a r t , p eak i n t h e L a te P r ec la s s ic , s how v e ry l i t t le o ccupa t ion i nt h e E a r ly C la s s ic , a nd h ave a r e su rgence i n t h e L a te a nd T e rm ina l C la s s ic ( Hammond 1 985 : 7 63 -764 ) . S ome m a te r ia l f r om t h e E a r ly a nd M idd le P r ec la s s ic , a s w e l l a s l i m i ted P o s tc la s s ic e v idence i n d ica te t h a t L ou i sv i l le h ad av e ry l o ng s p an o fo ccupa t ion , w i th s ome e bb a nd f l ow t h a t r e d i rec ted t h e f o cu s o ft h e s i t e f r om t h e e a r ly c o r e , o u t t om o re s p read a pa r t s t ruc tu r e s i nt h e E a r ly C la s s ic , a nd b ack t ot h e s i te c o r ei nt h eL a te C la s s ic .
A r ch i tec tur e A l though S t r . 1 2 a t L ou i sv i l le m igh t h ave b een d eco ra ted w i th af r ieze s im i la rt ot h a t o fS t r . A -3 a t S e iba l ( s ee W i l ley 1 982 : 1 6 ) , t h e a r ch i tec tu r e o ft h e b u i ld ing w a s d ef in i te ly mo re l i ke t h a t o f N ohmu l S t r . 1 7 , al o ng r a nge " pa lace" o r " ga l le ry" t y pe b u i ld ing ( F ig . 6 . 10 ) . T he re a r e s ome s t rong p a r a l le ls b e tween t h e L ou i sv i l le a nd N ohmu l s t ru c tu re s t h a t s ugge s t t h a t c on tac t w i th , o r p e rhap s e ven s ubo rd ina t ion o f L ou i sv i l le t o N ohmu l , t h e l a rge r s i t e , m igh t h ave b een t h e s ou rce o f t h e s h a red 6 2
Fig. 6.2. Examples of Early and Late Classic polychrome sherds.
features: both buildings are Late/Terminal Classic, built over a Late Preclassic platform; both have a long and narrow single room with no internal divisions; although not much plaster was preserved in Str. 17 there are indications that the interior was finished with smoothed and painted plaster; the masonry of the piers and doorjambs is identical, and at both structures the back wall construction was rougher than the fa9ade; and both structures were initially built for non-domestic purposes, and were later modified for short-lived residential functions (Hammond et al. 1987: 264-274). Nohmul Str. 17 did have a central back door, later closed in, which we did not find at Louisville, although the total length of Str. 12 is unknown, and we could not precisely identify the central axis. In addition, at Nohmul numerous vault stones were recovered, and, while we know with certainty that Str. 17 was vaulted, we cannot say the same for Louisville Str.12.
buildings as identified by Driver, which are defined as "gallery-type", and porticoed buildings with either circular columns, square pillars, or piers that comprise more than 50% of the fa9ade length, so that the result is a very open structure suited for public functions (Driver 2002: 65). Four out of six of the colonnaded long-range buildings with an open "flowing" plan analyzed by his study have southward-facing fa9ades. Another parallel between Louisville and Nohmul is found in the Late Preclassic construction of Str. 18 at the former and Str. 1 at the latter. As suggested in Chapter 5, Louisville seems to have emulated a type of single work program for constructing a large raised platform in relatively short time by building wall sections into separate tasks, such as was identified with Operation A at Nohmul Str. 1 (Fig. 6.11). Both the Louisville and Nohmul pyramids date to the same period and the tasks have the same dimensions (Hammond et al. 1985: 196).
Also different is the orientation of the two buildings: Str. 17 faces west and is aligned roughly N-S, while Str. 12 runs E-W and faces directly south. In this respect Louisville fits well with the typical orientation and features common to colonnaded
The range of examples of architecture at Louisville also includes two circular structures, one dating to the Preclassic found by Haberland (1958: 129), and one dating to the Early Classic excavated by Sidrys
63
F ig . 6 . 4 . Sma l l f i nds f r om s urface c o l lec t ion — g reens tone c e l t f ragmen t , c eram ic n e t ‘ s e igh t , a nd N ephrona ia ss he l lb eads . F ig . 6 . 3 . C eram ic s ma l l f i nd s f rom e xcava t ions — wh is t le a nd f i gur ine f r agmen t s , a nd mode led d eer h ead .
F ig . 6 .6 . F ragments o f mano a nd me ta te f rom s urface c o l lec t ion . F ig . 6 . 5 . ther t t oo ls f r om L a te P rec lass ic m idden .
Two a r e a ppa r en t ly p l aced s ome d i s tance f r om t h e n ea re s t m ound , a nd i ti sl i ke ly t h a t t h e re a r e m any o t he r s t h a t w e re m i s sed b ecau se o b scu r ed b y g r ow ing c ane .
( 1983 : 9 2 -103 ) . N o e v idence o f c i r cu la r s t ru c tu re s w a sf o und b yt h i sp r o jec t . A n umbe r o f c hu l tune s , f o und a tL ou isv i l le i nt h e m app ing p o r t ion o ft h ep r o jec t ,a r ew o r th am en t ion : t h e re a r e a t l e a s t s i x w e l l -p re served o ne s , w i th s t one l ined o pen ing sa nd c app ing s t one s ,a nd f o u ro f t h e se a r el o ca ted b ym ound si nr e s iden t ia la r ea s .
6 4
F ig . 6 . 7 . F ragmen ts o fl ime s tone manos . S ca le i s2 0 cm .
F ig .6 . 8 . [ ' ink g ran i te me ta te ,f ron ta nd s i de v i ews . S ca le i s2 0 c m .
6 5
F ig . 6 . 9 . L i me s tone b ark b ea ter . S ca le i s2 0 cm .
F ig . 6 . 10 . R econs truc t ion d raw ing o fS tr . 1 7 ,N ohmu l ( Hammond e t a l . 1 987 : 2 73 ; u sed w i th p erm is s ion ) .
6 6
F ig . 6 . 11 . T ask c ons truc t ion , S truc ture 1 , N ohmu l ( Hammond e t a t . 1 985 : 1 95 ; u sed w i th p erm i ss ion ) .
6 7
P uuc s i t e s a r e l a te ; i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h et r ad i t ion o f h uman s t ucco p o r t ra i t s s t em s f r om t h e f o rme r r e g ion s a tt h e o n se t o ft h e L a te C la s s ic , a nd s p r ead s o u twa rd t o o t he r s i te s , n o r th i n to t h e P uuc , s ou thwe s t i n to C h iapa s a nd G ua tema la , a nd s ou th i n to n o r ther nB e l ize . T he i nf luence s f r om t h e n o r th , s e en i nC hap te r 5w i th s ome o ft h e l a te c e ram ic s a t L ou i sv i l le , m igh t b e r e f lec ted i nt h e f r ieze p rog ram o ft h es t u ccoed b u i ld ing a tS t r . 1 2 .
E va lua t ion o ft he S tucco F ind s T he e xcava t ion sc ondu c t ed a tL ou i sv i l le i n2 000 a nd 2 002 r e cove r ed l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f a r ch i tec tu ra l p l a s te r , m uch o fi tp a in t ed , a nd af ew f r agmen t s o f mode led s t ucco . I n c on junc t ion w i th o t he r l i ne s o f e v idence t h e L a te /Te rm ina l C la s s ic b u i ld ing l a be led S t r . 1 2 w a s i d en t if ied a s t h e l o ca t ion o f G ann 's e xcava t ion o f 1 935 -36 w hence t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum a nd T u lane Un ive r s i ty c o l lec t ion s o f s t ucco h ead s a nd f r agmen t sc ame t ol i gh t . A l though t h e re a r e n o d i rec t p a ra l le l s f o r s h ee r n umbe r o f s t ucco h uman p o r t ra i t s f r om a s i ng le b u i ld ing a t a ny o t he r Maya s i te , S e iba l S t r . A -3 g i ve s ap i c tu r e o f wha t as t uccoed f r ieze m igh th ave b een l i k e . N eve r the le s s , t h e re i s n o s ho r tage o f s t ucco s c u lp tu re a t Maya s i t e s f r om a l r e g ion s . L im i ted p r e se rva t ion p o ten t ia li st h er e a son s t ucco i s s e ldom f ound , b u tt h e a b sence o fe v iden ce c e r ta in ly d oe s n o t i n d ica te t h a t t h e Maya d i d n o t u se s t ucco s cu lp tu r e p rof u se ly . When i t i s r e cove red i t i s u sua l ly i nl im i ted q uan t i t ie s , a nd , w hen p ub l i shed , o f t en i n s e c t ion s o f m i sce l laneou s f i nd s . I n f a c t , w hen c o l lec ted t o ge the r , t h o se m en t ion s c r ea te a c o rpu s o f a tl e a s t t wen ty seven s i te s w he r e s t ucco h uman p o r t ra i t sh ave b een f o und . T ab le 6 . 1 c a ta log s L ou i sv i l le a nd o t he r s i te s w he re s t ucco h ead s h ave c ome t o l i gh t . T he v a r ie ty o f f o rm s r ef l ec ted i n t h e s ame m ed ium s ugge s t s t h a t t h es cu lp tu re s d oi nf a c tp o r t ray , a l ong w i th r e g iona l v a r ia t ion s , t h e i d io syn c ra t ic f e a tu re s o f i n d iv idua l m en a nd w omen : Ib e l ieve t h i s f o rm o fs c u lp tu re i s i n deed p o r t ra i tu re . When c on s ide r ing j u s t t h e P a lenque h ead s , w i thou tt h e r e s t o ft h e c o rpu s f r om o t he r s i te s , i tm ay s e em t h a t t h e se w e re " t oo much o fa n a r che type" a nd t h a t Maya s cu lp to r s " had n o t r e ached t h e p o in t o f t r u e p o r t ra i tu re" a ch ieved b y s e ve ra l o t he r a nc ien t c u l tu re s ( G r iff in 1 976 : 1 4 1) . B y c o l lec t ing t o ge the rt h e r e f e rence s t om o s t s t ucco p o r t ra i t s f o und t od a t e i nt h e g r ea te r Maya a r ea , i ti s p o s s ib le t os e et h a tt h ep ano rama o f Maya s c u lp tu re i s m o r e v a r ied a nd s oph i s t ica ted t h an G r iff in b e l ieved . T ab le 6 . 1 l i s t s s i te s r o ugh ly i ng eog raph ica l o rde r , b eg inn ing w i th L ou i sv i l le a nd P ueb lo N uevo , f o l lowed b y o t he r s i te s i nB e l ize , t h en G ua tema la , a nd f i na l ly Mex ico , w i th s i t e s i n t h e c en t ra l a nd n o r the rn Y uca tan p en in su la l a s t . O f t h e h uman h ead s l i s ted a l a r e m ade o f s t ucco , t h o se t h a t a r e d a ted a r e L a te a nd T e rm ina l C la s s ic , a nd j u s t o ve r h a lf o ft h e c o rpu s c ome s f r om s i t e s i nt h e R io B ec , C hene s , a nd P uuc r e g ion s . T he R io B ec a nd C hene s s i te s h ave s ome o f t h e e a r l ie s t m a te r ia l , w h i le t h e 6 8
T ab le 6 . 1 .T abu la t ion o fs t ucco h uman p or tra i t h eads f r om t h e Maya r eg ion .
S i te N ame L ou i sv i l le B e l ize
S tucco P or tra i ture 3 9h uman , 2g od , 1 monk ey h ead ,2 t o r so s
I lus tra t ion R e f erence s G ann 1 939 , 1 943 ;p r e sen tw o rk
2
P ueb lo N uevo B e l ize
3h uman h ead s ,2 t o r so s
G ann 1 9 18 , 1 926 ;p r e sen tw o rk
3
L amana i B e l ize
9h uman , 4g od
P ende rga s t 1 985 ;S he lby 2 00 1
V e ry s im i la rt oS e iba lS t r .A -3 ; ( F ig .6 . 12 )
4
S an J o se B e l ize
1h uman e ye , f r agmen t s
T homp son 1 939
F ragmen t so f" ma ize" l i ke S e iba l , e ye c ou ld b er e l ief ,n o tf u l lr ound
5
C a raco l B e l ize
A tl e a s t 1h uman h ead a nd s hou lde r s
H e ld a tC a r aco lf i e ld l a b ,n o t p ub l i shed ;H ou s ton 1 987
V e ry s im i la rt oP ueb lo N uevo ( Gann 1 9 18 ,f i g .6 5 )
6
S e iba l G ua tema la
1 h uman , 2" god" ,2 W i l ley 1 982 m onkey h ead s
S t ruc tu r eA -3
7
C ancuen G ua tema la
1h uman h ead , f r agmen t so f p o s s ib ly 1 0o t he r
B a r r ien to s ,L a r io sV i l la l ta ,a nd L u in 2 003
S t ruc tu r eL 7 -9 ,P a lace ;l a rge rt h an l i f e s iz e ,c ompa r ab le t oS e iba lh ead s
8
P i ed ra sN eg ra s G ua tema la
2h uman h ead s
U n ive r s i ty o fP enn sy lvan ia 1 933 , 1 934
L a rge rt h an l i f e -s ize ,S t ruc tu r eR -5 ; ( F ig .6 . 13 )
9
T ika l G ua tema la
1h uman h ead
L apo r te a nd F i a lko 1 990
Mundo P e rd ido
1 0
N aach tun G ua tema la
1h uman h ead
S chm id t ,d el aG a rza ,a nd N a lda 1 998
V e ry s im i la rt oL ou isv i l le ,a nd Mano sR o ja sC amp ; ( F ig .6 . 14 )
1
P a lenque Mex ico
2" Sa r cophagu s h ead s" , 1T emp le X IV h ead ,m any f r agmen t s( human a nd g od )
R obe r t son 1 983 ;S che le a nd Ma thew s 1 979
F ine ly m ode led p o r t ra i tu r e , s a r cophagu sh ead sn o tp a in ted
1 2
T on ina Mex ico
6h uman h ead s , 3s ku l l s , 2g od / supe rna tu r a l h ead s
Y adeun 1 992 ; 1 9 93
F rom r oof -comb d eco r a t ion ;h uman h ead ss im i la rt oL ou i sv i l le ,a nd S e iba l ;g od h ead ss im i la rt oS e iba l
1 3
C oma lca lco Mex ico
2h uman h ead s
S chm id t ,d el aG a rza ,a nd N a lda 1 998
S he l lp l a s te r ,m a sk l ike w i th h o l low e ye s o cke t s ; ( F ig .6 . 15 )
1 4
Ma rga r i ta Maz a d eJ ua r ez Mex ico
1h uman h ead
E xcava ted b yP e te rH a r r i son ( p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion 2 00 1) , n o tp ub l i shed
1 5
B ecan Mex ico
2h uman b od ie s ,3 m onkey h ead s , f r agmen t s
P o t te r 1 977
1h ead le s sb ody ,m onkey sw i th g od e ye s ,f r agmen t sl i ke S e iba l" ma ize" ; ( F ig .6 . 16 )
1 6
C h icanna Mex ico
2h uman h ead s
P o t te r 1 977
1h uman h ead w i th s im ian f e a tu re s
1
6 9
N o te s S t ruc tu r e 1 2
1 7
X puh i l Mex ico
F ragmen t s ,h uman b ody p a r t s
P o t te r 1 977
1h and l i ke L ou i sv i l le t o r so a nd h and
1 8
Mano sR o ja s C amp Mex ico
1h uman h ead
Me r ida Mu seum ,n o tp ub l i shed
P a in ted r e dl i ke L ou i sv i l le a nd N aach tun h ead s ; ( F ig . 6 . 17 )
1 9
O ko lhu i tz Mex ico
1h uman h ead
R uppe r ta nd D en i son 1 943
H ead w i th t a u shaped f r on tt e e th ; ( F ig . 6 . 18 )
2 0
U xma l Mex ico
2h uman h ead s
G ann 1 924
E labo ra te ly p a in ted ,b u r ied u nde r f l oo ro ft h eH ou se o ft h eG over no r ; ( F ig .6 . 19 )
2 1
E kB a lam Mex ico
G rube 2 00 1
Mode led s t ucco f a çade w i th h uman b e ing sd e ta i l ing l a rge a r ch i t ec tu ra l m a sk
2 2
K abah Mex ico
2h uman b od ie s , v a r iou sn a tu r a l is t ic a nd s upe rna tu r a l d e ta i l s 1h uman h ead
G ann 1 939
Men t ioned ,n o ti l u s t ra ted ,s a id t ob e a t Me r ida Mu seum
2 3
O xk in tok Mex ico
1h uman h ead
R ive ra D o rado 1 996
2 4
X ca lumk in Mex ico
1h uman h ead
P o l lock 1 980
B lue p a in to nh eadd r e s s
2 5
X cu loc Mex ico
1h uman f i gu r e
M a le r 1 902
S a id t ob ea bove c en t r a ld oo ro f b u i ld ing e a s to ft h eP a lace
2 6
L abna Mex ico
F ea the rh eadd r e s si n P o r ta lV au l tn i che
K owa l sk i 1 985
O n ly t r a ce so fs t ucco h eadd r e s s s ugge s tf i gu r e ,c ou ld b es t one o r s t ucco
2 7
D z ib i lcha l tun Mex ico
1h uman t h umb , v a r iou sf r agmen t s
C ogg in s 1 983
C ou ld h ave b een f u l lr ound o rl ow r e l ief
2 8
U np roven ienced
1h uman h ead
S chm id t ,d el aG a rza ,a nd N a lda 1 998
V e ry s im i la rt oL ou i sv i l le BM38 1 0 .2 1 .333 w i th m eda l l ion i n h eadd r e s sa nd f a ce p a in ted r e d ; ( F ig .6 . 20 )
7 0
F ig . 6 . 12 . Wa terco lor r ender ing , b y L ou ise B e langer , o f t wo h uman a nd o ne g od s t ucco h eads L amana i ( used w i th p erm is s ion o ft he a r t is t ) .
f rom
F ig . 6 . 13 . S tucco h eads f rom R -5 , P iedras N egra s : a )a f ter U n iver s i ty o fP ennsy lvan ia 1 934 ,p la te I ; b )a f ter U n iver s i ty o fP ennsy lvan ia 1 933 , p la te X I .
7 1
F ig . 6 . 14 . S tucco h ead f rom N aach tun ( af ter S chm id t , d el a Garza , a nd N a lda 1 998 : 5 34 ) .
F ig . 6 . 15 . S tucco h eads f r om Coma lca lco ( af ter S chm id t ,d e l a Garza , a nd N a lda 1 998 : 5 33 ) .
7 2
F ig . 6 . 16 . S tucco h ead les s b ody , a nd monke y
h ead
f rom B ecan ( af ter P o t ter 1 977 : 3 3 -34 ) .
F ig . 6 . 17 .
S tucco
h ead
f r om
Manos Ro jas Camp
( pho tographed i nt he Mer ida Museu m , Mex ico ) .
F ig . 6 . 18 . S tucco h ead f ro m Oko lhu i tz ( af ter Rupper t a nd D en ison 1 943 , p la te 3 5 ) .
7 3
F ig . 6 . 19 . S tucco h ead f rom t he House o f t he Governor , U xma l ( a f ter Gann 1 924 ; f r on t isp iece ) .
F ig . 6 . 20 . S tucco h ead o f u nknown p roven ience ( af ter S chm id t , d e l a Garza , a nd N a lda 1 998 : 5 33 ) .
7 4
I ti su nf o r tuna t e t h a t G ann 's p ub l ica t ion s a r e n o t w ide ly r e ad f o r s c ho la r ly r e sea r ch . P e rhap s t h e p opu la r iz ing s t y le a nd n a r ra t ive c on ten t s o fm o s t o f h i s w r i t ing s d e te r r e sea r che r s f r om r e ad ing h i s b ook s f o rc on ten ta nd i n f o rma t ion o n Maya s i t e s . I n t h i sw ay , h oweve r , s ome o ft h e i n f o rma t ion t h a th a s b een p ub l i shed h a s b een r e lega t ed t oo b scu r i ty f o r m o s t o f ac en tu ry ; t h a t h a s b een t h e f a te o f t h e L ou i sv i l le c o l lec t ion o fs t ucco h ead s .
t h ey w i l l b e t a ken i n to c on s ide ra t ion w hen o t he r s im i la r a r t if ac t s a r e e xcava ted e l sewhe r e , a nd t h a t o t he re xcava t ion r e po r t sw i l l i n c lude m en t ion o fa ny s u ch f i nd s . I t i s my i mp r e s s ion t h a t h uman p o r t ra i tu re a nd s t ucco s cu lp tu re w a s f a r m o r e w id e sp read t h an i sc u r ren t ly b e l ieved ; t h e f a c t t h a t p o lych rome s t ucco s cu lp tu re s h ave b een f o und a ta s ma l l s e t t lemen t s u ch a s L ou i sv i l le i s n o t a n i n d ica t ion t h a t L ou i sv i l le w a s mo r e i mpo r tan t t h an w e t h ink , b u t r a the r t h a t t h i s a r t f o rm w a s m o re c ommon t h an w et h ink .
T he f a c tt h a tf ew a r ea wa r eo ft h ee x i s ten ce o ft h e se c o l lec t ion s m ay a l so h ave c on t r ibu ted t ot h e l a ck o f s y s t ema t ic r e po r t ing o f s im i la r s t ucco h ead s f ound i n l i m i ted q uan t i t ie s , b u t a tn ume rou s s i t e s . T hey m ay s e em m i sce l laneou s f i nd s , b u t w hen t h ey a r e r e la t ed t ot h e f i nd sa to t he rs i te si ti se a sy t os e et h a t t h ey b e long t o al a rge c o rpu s , a nd t h a t Maya b u i ld ing s e ve rywhe re mu s t h ave b een m o re e l abo ra te ly d eco ra ted t h an i sc ommon ly p e r ce ived . A n a s semb led c o rpu s o f s u ch d a ta w ou ld a l so b e u s ef u l i nr e sea r ch o n t h e m a te r ia l c ompo s i t ion o f s t u cco s c u lp tu r e ; t h e re i ss ome a va i lab le d a ta o nt h e s ub jec t ( L i t tman 1 9 57 , 1 958 , 1 959 , 1 960 , 1 966 ; H an sen 2 000 ) , b u t Maya l i me p rodu c t s n eed t ob e f u r the r s t ud ied , a nd t h e se s t ucco p o r t ra i t s o f f e r a n i n te re s t ing d a ta se t . T he h ead s f r om L ou i sv i l le a nd o t he r s i t e s m ay a t f i r s t a ppea r t o b e v a r ia t ion s o n t h e s ame s t y l ized f a ce . H oweve r , a no u t s ide rd oe s n o th ave t h e m ean s t o d i s t ingu i sh w ha t m igh t h ave b een c on s ide r ed a s t anda rd ized f e a tu re f r om w ha t w e r e i n d iv idua l c ha rac te r i s t ic so ft h ep eop le o fL ou i sv i l le ; aMaya o f t h e L a te C la s s ic m ay h ave i mmed ia te ly r e cogn ized p o r t ra i tu r e i n t h e n a tu r e o f t h e se s c u lp tu re s . T he i s sue o fg ende r i np a r t icu la r i sd i ff i cu l t t oa dd re s s , e v en w i th e l emen t so fa t t i r ea dh a i r s ty le ;w i thou tt h e l a t t e r t h e f a ce s a l one w ou ld b e a lmo s t i n d i s t ingu i shab le . T he L ou i sv i l le h ead s s e em t of a l l r o ugh ly i n to t wo g r oup s : o ne w i th r ound f a ce s , r e ced ing c h in s , a nd w ide n o se s , a nd t h e s e cond w i th l o nge r , n a r row f a ce s , a nd c u rved n o se s . T he se t wo c a tego r ie s m ay r e f l ec tt wo g r oup so fp eop le ,o rp e rhap st h eh and so f t wo d i f f e ren t a r t i s t s o ra r t i s t s c hoo l s ; t h e h ead s t h a t h ave s im i la r f e a tu re s v a ry i ne xp re s s ion s , a nd s ome w i th s im i la r e xp re s s ion s h ave d i f f e r en t f e a tu r e s . T h i s s ugge s t s t h a t t h ey d o r ef l ec t i n d iv idua l c ha rac te r i s t ic s ,a l though t h ey m ay h ave b een c r ea ted f r om ar e pe r to i re o ff o rm s . I n s umma ry , t h i s p r o jec t s e t o u t t o r e cove r t h e c on tex t o f ac o l lec t ion o f r ema rkab le s c u lp tu re s , w i th t h e h ope t h a t o nce t h ey a r e r e in se r ted i n to t h e c o rpu s o fk now ledge o f Maya a r t s a nd t e chn ique s , 7 5
s t ucco f l oo r s w e re l a te r c on s t ruc ted . T he s e o ccupa t iona l p e r iod sm ay n o th ave b een s e pa ra ted b yl o ng i n te rva l so f t ime ; i nt h e c a se o ft h e t h ree l a s t a dd i t ion s , p o s s ib ly n o t a moun t ing t om o r et h an af ew y ea r s .
Append ix A T he f o l low ing i st h e v e rba t im t e x to ft h e r e po r tp r epa r ed b y G ann a f te rw o rk ing a tL ou i sv i l le . S ubm i t ted i n 1 936 t o Maya R e sear ch , i tw a sn o tp ub l i shed u n t i l 1 943 ,w hen t h e j our na l , e d i ted b y R ober t Wauchope , w a s r e named M idd le Amer ican R e search R ecord s . T he 1 943 p ub l ica t ion r ef lec t s a l t h e e d i to r ia l c hange s ; t h i s a ppend ix p rov ide s t h e t e x t a s s ubm i t ted b y G ann , f r om t h e a r ch ive s a tT u lane U n ive r s i ty , c ou r te sy o fE . Wy l ly s A nd r ew sV .
T he f i r s t d i scove ry w a s m ade a tt h en o r th w e s t c or n e ro f t h e m ound w he r e t wo l i f e s ize s t ucco h ead s w e re b rough tt ol i gh t . T hey w e r eb eau t if u l ly m ode led , p a in ted r e d a nd b lue , a nd o ne w a s e v iden t ly t h a t o f am an , t h e o t he ro f aw oman . W i th t h em w a s al i f e s ize t o r so ,b ad ly d amaged , a n i n nume rab le f r agmen t s o f p a in ted s t ucco or n amen ta l m ou ld ing s . D u r ing t h e p rog r e s s o f e xcava t ion a l ong t h e n o r th s i de o ft h e mound f o r ty -one l i f e s ize s t u cco f a ce s a nd t wo t o r so s w e r e d i scove red . T he w reck e r s o f t h e t emp le h ad e v iden t ly g one t o c on s ide rab le t r oub le t op r e se rve h e h ead s , a st h ey w e r e a l p l aced f a ce -downwa rd i n t h e m a r l d u s t a nd n o t mu t i la ted m o re t h an w a s a b so lu te ly n ece s sa ry i n d e ta ch ing t h em f r om t h e w a l l s , w he r ea s t h e s t ucco mou ld ing s w e r e b roken i n to s ma l l p i ece s a nd u sed m e r e ly t of i l li nt h el a te rs ub s t ruc tu r e .
A Maya P o r t ra i t -Ga l le ry B yT homa sG ann D u r ing t h e w in te r o f 1 935 -6 e xcava t ion w a s c a r r ied o u t b y m y w if e a nd my se lf i n ag roup o fm ound s s i tua ted a bou t 1 2 m i le s s ou th w e s t o f C o roza l , i nt h e n o r th o f B r i t i sh H ondu ra s . S even o ft h e se mound s s u r rounded ar e c tangu la rc ou r to r p l aza , s i x o fw h ich w e r e f ound t oh ave b een c on s t ruc ted o ve rt h er u in so fs t one b u i ld ing so rt emp le s .
T he h ead so r ig ina l ly w e re a l c o lo r ed d a rk r e dw i th p a r t s o f t h e h eadd re s se s —u sua l ly h o r se shoe s h aped , w or n w i th t h ec onvex i ty o ft h es hoe o ve rt h ef o r ehead —p icked o u t i n al i gh t b l ue . I no ne c a se aw oman w o r e h e r h a i r b ru shed b ack o ve rh e r f o r ehead , p uf f ed o u t i nt h e s hape o f ab o l s te r , a nd h e ld i np l a ce a bove b y af i l le t . H e rf a ce w a s d eco ra ted b y p u rp le l i ne s a c ro ss t h e f o r ehead a nd u nde r t h e e ye s , a nd c i r cu la r s po t s o ft h e s ame c o lo r o n e ach c heek , p robab ly t h e t y pe o ff a ce -pa in t ing s he h ad u sed d u r ing l i f e .
O ne o f t h e se , f o rm ing t h e s ou th w e s t b ounda ry o f t h e p l aza w a s e xcep t iona l ly i n te re s t ing , a st h e n o r th w a l l o f t h et emp le o ve r wh ich i tw a sb u i l th ad b een c ove red w i th p a in ted m ou lded s t ucco , ac on s ide rab le a moun to fw h ich w a sr e cove r ed . T he m ound m ea su r ed 9 0f e e tf r om e a s tt o w e s t ,7 5 f r om n o r th t os ou th ,a nd 1 5i nh e igh t . T he n o r th w a l l o f t h e t emp le w h ich i tc ove r ed w a s 3 4 f e e t i nl e ng th , a nd i ni t sc en te r ad oo rway f ou rf e e tw ide o pened o n t h e p l aza ; t h e w e s t w a l l m ea su red 2 1 f e e t . B o th t h e se w a l l s s t i l l s t ood t o ah e igh t o ff r om 3 t os i x f e e t . T he s ou th a nd e a s t w a l ls h ad b een c omp le te ly d e s t royed . T he t emp le s t ood o n al ow s ub s t ruc tu r e , a nd h ad e v iden t ly b een r oof ed b y wooden b eam s , a st h e s pan w a s t o o w ide f o r t h e c an t i leve r a r ch a nd n o r oof ing s t one s w e r e f ound . T he i n te r io r h ad b een c ove red b y a l a ye r o f s moo th y e l low s t ucco , w i th e l abo ra te c l a r e t c o lou r ed m ou ld ing si nt h es ame m a te r ia l .
T he h ead s m ay b e d i v ided i n to t h ree g roup s . T he f i r s t i s t y p ica l o f t h e Maya o f t h e O ld Emp i r e a s f ound a t P a lenque , w i th r e ced ing c h in a nd f o rehead , f u l l l i p s , a nd p rom inen t S em i t ic n o se . I n t h e s e cond , f a ce s o f o va l c on tou r a r e s e en w i th s t ra igh t G rec ian n o se s , s ma l l mou th s , d roop ing s l igh t ly a tt h e c o rne r s , a nd r ounded , r a the rr e ced ing c h in s . I nt h e t h i rd t y pe , t h e f a ce i sb road a nd f u l l , a nd o f t en a symme t r ica l , t h ef e a tu r e s a r ec oa r se , a nd t h e i n d iv idua l s w ho a r e a l l m a le p robab ly b e long t o t h es l ave c l a s s . A l l t h e h ead s a ppea r t oh ave b een a ta ched t ot h e n o r th w a l l o ft h e t emp le ,a te ach e nd o fw h ich s t ood al i f e -s ize h uman f i gu re i nh i gh r e l ief .
T he e n t i r e t emp le h ad b een f i l led i n w i th b l ock s o f l ime s tone , r ubb le , a nd s t one s a nd s t ucco t a ken f r om t h e r u in s o ft h e s ou th a nd w e s t w a l ls . T he w ho le s t ruc tu r e w a s t h en e n la rged b y t h e a dd i t ion o fl i me s tone b ou lde r s a nd r u bb le o n a l l s i de s o fi t ,t ot h e h e igh t o ft h e t emp le r u in s . O ve rt h e f l a t s u rf ace t h u s f o rmed af l oo ro fs t ucco w a s p l aced , p robab ly f o r t h e s uppo r t o f as e cond t emp le b u i l to fs ome p e r ishab le m a te r ia l ,s uch a sw ood o ra dobe . L a te r t h i s f l oo r w a s c ove r ed b y al a ye r o f r ubb le a nd m a r l d u s t , o ve r w h ich a s e cond s t ucco f l oo r w a s c on s t ruc ted , a nd a bove t h is , a t as t i l l l a te r p e r iod , w a s p l aced at h i rd l a ye r o fr ubb le t opped b y at h i rd s t ucco f l oo r .
T he h ead s o f T la loc , a nd t h e L ong -No sed G od , a l so a do rned t h e w a l l , w i th t h e s i gn o ft h e Maya d ay AHAU , a ccompan ied b yt h ec oeff ic ien t 5i nt h e f o rm o fo ne b a r , w h ich m ay s e rve t od a te t h ef i r s tt emp le . T ha tt h ef a ce sa r ep o r t ra i t sd r awn f r om l i f e i sc e r ta in , f o r m any o ft h em p o s se s s l i t t le p e r sona l c ha rac te r i s t ic s a nd i d io sync rac ie s [ s ic ] ,s u ch a sw ide f l a r ing n o s t r i l s ,m a rked w an t o f s ymme t ry b e tween t h e t wo s i de s o f t h e f a ce , v e ry t h ick l i p s , e t c . , w h ich c ou ld n o t o t he rw i se b e a ccoun ted f o r . O ne o f t h e h ead s i st h a t o f al i t t le o l d w oman w i th s unken w r ink led c heek s a nd a t roph ied l owe rj aw , f r om w h ich p ro jec t h e r t wo r ema in ing t e e th , s ot r ue t on a tu r e t h a t i tc anno tb u th ave b een d r awn f r om
T he m ound c on sequen t ly s how s f o u r p e r iod s o f c on s t ruc t ion . F i r s t t h e s t one t emp le , l a te r f i l led i n a nd e x tended l a te ra l ly t of o rm as t ucco -f loo r ed s ub s t ruc tu r e , o ve r w h ich t wo f u r the r l a ye r s o f r u bb le c ove red b y
7 6
l i f e . A no the ri st h a to f ac r y ing c h i ld , i t s mou th d rawn t o o ne s i de ,a nd e v iden t ly v e ry d i s t r e s sed . T h is d i scove ry a pp ea r s t ob e o fc on s ide rab le i mpo r tance a r chaeo log ica l ly a s i tf ur n i she s u s w i th a s cu lp tu r e g a l le ry e xh ib i t ing t h e p o r t ra i t s o f m en , women , a nd c h i ld r en w ho l i ved a nd w en t a bou t t h e i r s eve ra l o ccupa t ion s a t t h i s s i t e , w hen t h e p l aza a nd t emp le s e nc lo s ing i tf o rmed t h e r e l ig iou s c en te r f o r al a rge p opu la t ion o fa g r icu l tu r a l is t s t h roughou t t h e s u r round ing f e r t i le c oun t ry . J udg ing f r om t h e e v idence a f f o rded b y t h e c on ten t s o fg r ave s i n ag r ea t n ec ropo l i s n ow b e ing e xcava ted i nt h e s ame d i s t r ic t a s t h e t emp le -mound , i t w ou ld a ppea r t h a t t h e l a t te r d a te s f r om t h e e nd o f t h e n i n th ,o rt h ee a r ly t e n th B a c tun ,o rb e tween t h e 8t ha nd 9t h c en tu r ie s A .D . , w h i le t h e f l oo r s e r ec ted o ve r i t s r u in s b e long t ot h e Maya R eoccupa t iona l P e r iod , wh ich l a s ted u pt o ,a nd e ven b eyond t h eC onque s t . T he p u rpo se o ft h i su n ique m e thod o ft emp le a do rnmen t i so b scu r e . A t t wo o t he r l o ca l i t ie s s im i la r h ead s h ave b een f o und ; t h e f i r s t a tP ueb lo N uevo , n o t f a r f r om t h e p r e sen t s i te , f r om w hence c am e 2l i f e -s ize s t ucco h ead s , n ow i nt h eB r i t ish Mu seum ; t h es e cond a tK aba , ac i ty i n Y uca tan ,w he r e as i ng le s im i la rh ead , n ow i nt h e Me r ida Mu seum ,w a sd i scove red . F ou rp o s s ib le e xp lana t ion sp r e sen tt h em se lve s : 1 . T he t emp le m ay h ave b een a p o r t ra i t g a l le ry o f p rom inen t c on tempo r a ry i n d iv idua l s , b u t a ga in s t t h is t h eo ry i st h e f a c t t h a t t h e m a jo r i ty a r e t h e f a ce s o fq u i te y oung p eop le a nd t h a t al a rge p r opo r t ion a r eo fw omen . 2 .I tm ay h ave b een am emo r ia l t emp le i nw h ich w e r e p r e se rved t h ep o r t r a i t s o ft h ed ead , a nd L anda s t a te s t h a t t h e Maya o fY uca tan w e re i nt h eh ab i to fk eep ing i nt h e i r t emp le s t h e h ead s o fp rom inen t m en , mou lded i ns ome p l a s t ic m a te r ia lo ve rt h e i rf l e sh le s ss ku l l s . 3 .T he t h i rd p o s s ib i l i ty i st h a t t h e f a ce s m ay h ave b een d ea th -ma sk so fv i c t im s o f f e red t ot h eG od s t ow hom t h e t emp le w a s d ed ica ted , p robab ly T la loc a nd t h e L ong N o sed G od ,w ho se i mage sa l so a ppea r ed u pon i t . 4 .L a s t ly ,t h ey m ay h ave b een t h ed ea th m a sk so fv i c t im s s a c r if iced o n t h e d ea th o f s ome r u le r o r h i gh p r ie s t , a p r ac t ice , a sw e k now , c ommon a mong s t t h e A z tec s , b u t r a r e a mong s t t h e Maya . S ome p robab i l i ty i sl e n t t ot h is t h eo ry b yt h ed i scove ry a tt h en ec ropo l i sa l ready r e f e r r ed t oo fr ow s o fs ku l ls f o rm ing al a ye r a c ro s s t h e c en t re o f o ne o f t h e g r ea t b u r ia l -vau l t s , w h ich c on ta ined t h e s k e le ton a nd p e r sona l b e long ing s o f s ome i n d iv idua l w ho ,j udg ing b yt h e r i chne s so fh i sg r ave -f ur n i tu re , mu s t h ave b een o fg r ea ti mpo r tance d u r ing l i f e .
7 7
Append ix B T he f o l low ing f i gu r e s i lu s t ra te t h e c o l lec t ion s o f L ou isv i l le s t uccoe s , b o th h ead s a nd o t he r f r agmen t s , a s w e l l a ss ome f r om P ueb lo Nuevo , h ou sed a tt h e B r i t i sh Mu seum a nd T u lane U n ive r s i ty . P ho tog raph s o f t h e h ead s ,p o s s ib le g lyph s ,t o r so , a nd f r agmen t sa r e i n c luded i n t h i s a ppend ix i n c o lo r a nd a ccompany t h e l i ne d r aw ing s a nd d e sc r ip t ion s o f t h e c a ta log e n t r ie s i n C hap te r 4t oe mpha s ize e l emen t s a nd f e a tu r e s d e sc r ibed i n t h e t e x t . When a va i lab le , p ho tog raph s o fb o th f r on t a nd s i de v i ew sh ave b een i n c luded . F igu r e s B 1 t h rough B -22b a r e o b jec t s i n t h e B r i t ish Mu seum f r om L ou isv i l le a nd P ueb lo N uevo ; s ub sequen t F igu r e s B -23 t h rough B -40 a r e f r om L ou i sv i l le o n ly , h e ld a tT u lane Un ive r s i ty . S ca le s h ave b een d r awn o n to t h e p ho tog raph s a nd r e p r e sen t 1 0 c m s egmen t s f o r a l B r i t i sh Mu seum h o ld ing s ; a1 0c ml i ne a l so a ccompan ie s t h e l i ne d r aw ing s i n C hap te r 4 . S ca le s f o r t h e T u lane U n ive r s i ty c o l lec t ion a r e 5 c m s egmen t s . A l l p ho tog r aph s c our te sy o f N o rman H ammond , u sed b y p e rm i s s ion o ft h e T ru s tee s o ft h e B r i t i sh Mu seum , a nd t h e M idd le Ame r ican R e sea r ch I n s t i tu te , T u lane U n ive r s i ty .
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F ig . B -la .
BM38 10 .21 .333 . F ron tv i ew .
F ig . B -2 .
BM38 10 .2 1 .395 .
F ig . B -4 .
BM30 -10 .21 .397 .
7 9
F ig . B -lb .
BM38 10 .21 .333 . S ide v iew .
F ig . B -3 .
BM38 -10 .21 .396 .
F ig . B -5 .
BM38 10 .21 .398 .
F ig . B -6 .
1 3 \ 138 10 .21.399 .
F ig . B -7 .
•
F ig . B -8 .
B N 138 10 .21 .40 1.
B 1 138 -10 .21 .400 .
F ig . B -9 .
B 1 1138 -10 .21 .404 .
F ig . B 11 .
BM38 -10 .21.406 .
/ 0 c m
F ig . B -10 .
1 3 \ 138 10 .21 .405 .
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F ig . B -12a .
BN 138 10 .21 .407 . F ron t v i e.
F ig . B -13 .
BM30 -10 .21 .488 .
F ig . B -15 .
B N I38 10 .21 .4 10 .
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F ig . B -12b .
BN 138 -10 .21 .407 . S ide v iew .
F ig . B -14 .
BM38 -10 .21 .409 .
F ig . B 16 .
W M8 -10 .21 .4 11 .
F ig . B -17 .
BM38 -10 .21 .4 12 .
F ig . B -19a . F ig . B -19b . F ig . B -19c .
BM38 -10 .21 .403 . BN 138 -10 .21 .402 . BN I38 -10 .21 .394 .
B -18 .
1 \ 138 -10 .21. 1 13 .
F ig . B -20 .
B N 138 -10 .21 . 1 15 .
F ig . B -21a .
BM99 -206 . F ron tv iew .
F ig . B -22a .
BM99 -207 . F ron tv i ew .
F ig . B -23 . T u lane U n iver s i ty ,3 789 .34 .
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F ig . B -21b .
BM99 -206 . S ide v iew .
F ig . B -22b .
BM99 -207 . S ide v iew .
F ig . B -24 .
T u lane U n iver s i ty ,3 689 .35 .
F ig . B -25 .
F ig . B -26 .
T u lane U n iver s i ty ,4 1 .342 .
F ig . B -28 .
T u lane U n iver s i ty ,3 792 .38 .
T u lane U n iver s i ty ,3 789 .36
F ig . B -27 .
T u lane U n iver s i ty ,3 9 .6 11 .
F ig . B -29 .
T u lane U n iver s ity ,3 792 .39 .
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F ig . B -3 1.
T u lane U n ivers i ty ,3 792 .4 1 .
F ig . B -30 .
T u lane U n iver s i ty ,3 792 .40 .
F ig . B -32 .
T u lane U n iver s i ty ,3 792 .42 .
F ig . B -33 .
T u lane U n ivers ity ,3 792 .43 .
F ig . B -34 .
T u lane U n iv e r s i t, 3 792 .44 .
F ig . B -35 .
T u lane U n ivers ity ,3 792 .46 .
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F ig . B -36 .
F ig . B -38 .
F ig . B -40 .
T u lane U n iver s ity ,3 792 .47 .
F ig . B -37 .
T u lane U n iN e rs i t, 3 792 .48 .
F ig . 1 3 -39 .
T u lane U n ivers i ty ,3 792 .50 .
T u lane U n iver s i ty , 3 792 .49 .
T u lane U n iv e rs ity ,3 792 .5 1 .
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Append ix C L ou i sv i l le B lack P re s l ip i n c i sed 4s he rd s : C i r cumf e r en t ia l p r e s l ip g roove i n c i s ing o n " Lou i sv i l le B lack" v e s se l s . F orm s :
T he f o l low ing c e ram ic a na ly s i s b y D uncan P r ing w a s c onduc ted i n t h e f i e ld i n 2 002 t oge the r w i th L au r en S u l l ivan .T he s he rd sa l b e long t oo pe ra t ion L 07 ,w he re a P r ec la s s ic m idden w a su ncove r ed .
L ou i sv i l le C ream
1 )
3 8r im se t c . 3 2b od ys herd s : N on g l o s sy , r e la t ive ly t h ick a nd c r eamy s l ip , ( 5YR 7 / 2 7 / 4 r a ng ing t o p i nk i sh g r ey ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 t o 5 YR 7 / 6 ) . R e la t ive ly n a r row r a nge o fc o lou r ; s ome r o o t le t m a rk s . I ns hape a nd s l ip t e x tu re t h i sw ou ld b e i n d i s t ingu ishab le f r om C h icago O range : C hucun v a r ie ty b u t c o lou r r a nge i ss l igh t ly p a le r . P r eva i l ing f o rm i s as ho r t t o m ed ium f l a r ing n ecked j a rw i th d i r ec tr im a nd s qua r el i p . F orm s :
2 )
1 )
2 )
3 ) 4 )
3 )
F l a r ing s i ded v e s se l , d i r ec t r im , p o in ted l i p . D iame te r : 3 1 c m . T h ickne s s :0 . 8c m . ( 1s he rd ) O u tcu rv ing s i ded v e s se l , d i rec t , b u t t h ickened r im , p o in ted l i p . H o le n ea r r im o f o ne . D iame te r : 3 2 c m . T h ickne s s : 0 . 6 c m . —1 . 0 c m . ( 2s he rd s ) . . H igh f l a r ing n ecked j a r d i r ec t r im , r ound l i p . H e igh t 5 . 4 c m . D iame te r2 2 c m . T h ickne s s : 0 . 8 c m . F a in t p r e -s l ip i n c is ing a r ound r im o n e x te r io r ( 1s he rd )
L ou i sv i l le B lack P o s t s l ip i n c i sed 5s herd s : C i r cumf e ren t ia l p o s t s l ip i n c is ing a tr im a nd o n b ody o f v e s se l . F orm s :
S ho r t —m ed ium f l a r ing n ecked j a r w i th d i r e c t r im a nd s qua r el i p . D iame te r 1 5 —2 1 c m . T h ickne s s : 0 . 7 c m —1 . 1 c m . ( 22 s he rd s ) H igh f l a r ing n ecked j a rw i th d i r ec tr im , e x te r io r b eve led l i p . D iame te r : 1 8 cm . N eck h e igh t : 5 . 5 c m . T h ickne s s : 0 . 7c m . J a r( 1 3 s he rd si n d ica t ing j a rn eck b r eak ) 1l a rge s t r ap h and le
1 ) V e r t ica l s i ded ( bow l )w i th d i r ec t r im , r ound l i p . D iame te r : 1 4c m .T h ickne s s0 . 5 c m . 4o t he r s h e rd s w i th c i r cumf e r en t ia l g roove i n c i s ing a t r im a nd a r ound b ody .
L ou i sv i l le B lack
L ou i sv i l le B uf f
8r im se t c . , 1 27 b od ys herd s : D a rk g r ey to -b lack , t h in t o g l os sy s l ip . R e la t ive ly h omogeneou s c o lou r ( 7 .5YR 3 / 1 , 3 / 2 4 / 1 , 1 0YR 2 / 1) . L ou i sv i l le b uf f w ou ld i n c lude s ome o ve r lap i n to t h i s t y pe . O ne b ody s h e rd , w i th ag l o s sy b l ack s l ip ( 7 .5YR 2 . 5 / 1) , s howed t r ace s o f r e s i s t d eco ra t ion . P r edom inan t f o rm a ppea r st ob ea ja r . F orm s : ) Med ium f l a r ing n eck ed j a r w i th d i r ec t r im a nd r ound l i p . H e igh t 3 . 9 c m . D iame te r : 2 0 c m . T h ickne s s0 . 7c m .( 1s h e rd ) 2 ) Med ium f l a r ing n ecked j a r w i th d i r ec t r im a nd s qua r e l i p . D iame te r : 4 0+ c m . N eck h e igh t : 5 . 2 c m .T h ickne s s : 1c m .( 1s he rd ) 3 ) Med ium o u tcu rv ing n ecked j a r w i th d i rec t r im , r ound l i p . D iame te r : 1 6 c m . H e igh t : 3 . 3 c m . T h ickne s s : 0 . 6c m . ( 1s h e rd ) 4 ) J a rs hou lde r s( 3s he rd s ) 5 ) S pou t s -one v e r t ica l c y l inde r s pou t . D iame te r : 3 . 8 c m . S i de t h ickne s s : 0 . 5 c m . T he o t he r i sa n a ng led s pou t w i th t h ick s i de s a nd as ma l l h o le : 0 . 5c m . i nd i ame te r( 2s he rds )
F ig . C 1 . E xamp le s o f" Lou i s vi le B uff ' a nd " Buf fI nc ised" c eram ics .
3 9r im se t c . 1 79 b od ys herd s : N on w axy , b u t n on g l o s sy s l ip r a ng ing i nc o lou r f r om 7 . 5YR 4 / 3 t h rough 6 / 4 t o4 / 2 a nd 6 / 4 . A t t h e d a rke re nd o ft h e r a nge , t h e r e i s ap o ten t ia l o ve r lap w i th L ou isv i l le B lack , w h i le a t t h e l i gh te r e nd , t h e c o lou r r un s i n to L ou i sv i l le C r eam . O cca s iona l e xamp le s o f mo re g l o s sy s l ip s ugge s t t h a t t h e g l o s s m ay h ave w o rn of i no t he r s . T he r ei se v idence o fb u rn ish ing b u tn o tp a t te rned .
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F orm s :
F orm s :
1 )
1 ) Med ium h i gh , f l a r ing n ecked j a r sd i rec tr im a nd r ounded l i p . D iame te r 2 1 —2 8 c m . T h ickne s s : 0 . 9c m . ( 3s he rd s ) 2 ) S ho r t f l a r ing n ecked j a r w i th d i r ec t r im , r ound l i p . D iame te r : 1 5c m . T h ickne s s : 0 . 5 c m . H e igh t 2 . 7c m .( 1s he rd ) 3 ) H igh n eck j a r , d i r ec t r im r ound l i p . D iame te r : 1 4 c m . H e igh t : 5 . 7 c m . T h ickne s s : 0 . 6 c m . ( 1 s he rd ) 4 ) J a rs hou lde rb r eak ( 4s he rd s ) 5 ) F l a tb a sed ,f l a r ing s i ded v e s se l( 4s he rd s ) 6 ) I n cu rv ing s i ded j a r , d i r ec t r im , r ound l i p ( t ecoma te ) . D iame te r : ? T h ickne s s : 0 . 5 c m . ( 2 s h e rd s ) 7 ) I n cu rv ing s i ded b ow l w i th f l a r ing c o l la r , d i r ec t r im , r ound l i p . D iame te r : 1 c m . H e igh t o f c o l la r : 3 . 8c m . S i de t h ickne s s : 0 . 6c m . ( 1s he rd ) 8 ) N ecked v e s se l ( p robab ly b o t t le ) w i th i n te r io r t h ickened r im , r ound l i p . D iame te r : 5 c m . T h ickne s s : 0 . 6c m . ( 1s he rd ) 9 ) Monopod f oo t( 2s he rd s ) 1 0 ) V e r t ica l o r f l a r ing s i ded v e s se l w i th d i rec t r im a nd r ound l i p .D iame te r : ?T h ickne s s : 0 . 6c m .( 1 s h e rd ) 1 ) R ound s i ded v e s se l ( p robab ly j a r ) w i th o u tcurv ing s i de
2 )
R ecu rved s i ded v es se lw i th d i re c tr im a nd r ound l i p . D iame te r : 1 4 c m . T h ickne s s : 0 . 6 c m . 3 c i r cumf e ren t ia l g roove i n c i sed l i ne s a r ound e x te r io rb e low r im .( 1s he rd ) F l a r ing s i ded v e s se l w i th d i r ec t r im , r ound l i p . D iam e te r : 2 4 c m . T h ickne s s : 0 . 8 c m . T h in p r e s l ip g r oove i n c i s ion s c i r cum f e r en t ia l ly b e low r im o ne x te r io r( 1s he rd )
L ou i sv i l le R ed -Orange
F ig . C -2 . E xamp le so f" Lou i sv i l le R ed -Orange" c eram ics .
L ou i sv i l le B uf fP o s t s l ip I nc i sed 5r ims e t c . 6b od ys herd s : A l l p i ece s e xh ib i t n a r row p o s t s l ip i n c i s ing i n l i ne s o r d eco r a t ive p a t ter n so nb uf fs u rf a ce . 6b ody s he rd s d i sp lay a r e la t ive ly e l abo ra te d e s ign , c on s i s t ing o f c r o s s h a tch ing i n t h e f o rm o f t r iang le s g ene ra l ly f r amed o ro u t l ined w i th p a i r so fl i ne s . F orm s : 1 ) R ecu rved s i ded b ow l w i th d i r ec t r im a nd r ound l i p . D iame te r : 1 7c m . T h ickne s s : 0 . 4c m .P a i ro f c r ude ly i n c ised ,n a r row p o s t s l ip i n c ised l i ne sa t r im o n e x te r io r a nd a r ound m idd le o fc oncave s e c t ion ( 3s he rd s ) 2 ) O u tcu rv ing s i ded v e s se l w i th d i r ec t r im a nd r ound l i p . D iame te r : 2 4 c m . V e s se l t h ickne s s : 0 . 8 c m . C rude , b u t b road ( 0 .15 c m . ) p a i r o f p o s t s l ip g roove i n c ised l i ne s o n e x te r io rb e low t h er im ( 1s he rd ) 3 ) V e r t ica l s i ded v e s se l w i th e x te r io r e ve r ted a nd t h ickened r im , e x te r io r b eve l led l i p . D iame te r : 1 5 c m . T h ickne s s : 0 . 4 c m . 3c r ude p o s t s l ip i n c ised l i ne s r unn ing c i r cumf e r en t ia l ly b e low t h e r im o n e x te r io r w i th g roup s o f t h ree l i ne s d i agona l ly p enden tf r om l owe s tl i ne ( 1s he rd ) .
F ig . C -3 . A lmo s tc omp le te " Lou isv i l le R ed -Orange" b ow l .
1 66 r im se t c . 2 54 b od ys herd s : Ar e la t ive ly g l o s sy a nd t h in s l ip , n o t a sg l o s sy a sP e ten G lo s s , b u t c l ea r ly r emoved f r om t h e w axy t r ad i t ion . R e la t ive ly h omogeneou s c o lou r , c en t r ed a r ound a r e dd ish o r ange , ( 2 .5YR 6 / 8 , 5 / 8 , 5 / 6 . F i r e c loud ing i n to b uf f( 10YR 7 / 6 ) o rb l ack ( 7 .5YR 3 / 2 ) i sp r e sen t b u t n o t w idesp r ead . S ome p i ece si nt h ec o l lec t ion a ppea rt oh ave b een b u rn t a nd a r e t h e r ef o r e s ub s tan t ia l ly d a rke r , b u t t h ey h ave b een e xc luded f r om t h e c o lou r r a nge g i ven a bove . P r edom inan t f o rm a ppea r s t o b e af l a t b a sed , f l a r ing s i ded v e s se l w i th e x te r io rf o lded r im . T ecoma te s a r ea l so r e a sonab ly f r equen t .
L ou i sv i l le B uf fP r e -s l ip I nc i sed 2r im se t c . , 2b od ys herd s : P r e s l ip g r oove i n c is ing i nc i r cumf e r en t ia l l i ne s a r ound e x te r io r so fb od ie s .
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Forms: 1) (Flat based), flaring sided vessel with everted and exterior folded rim, round lip. Diameter range: 25 cm.- 40 + (45?) cm. Thickness: 0.50.9 cm. (smaller diameter is associated with thinner side) (43 sherds) 2) (Flat based), flaring sided vessel with exterior folded rim and round lip. Diameter range: 2139 cm. Vessel thickness: 0.5 - 0.8 cm. (9 sherds) 3) (Flat based), outcurving sided vessel with direct or exterior thickened rim and round lip. I almost whole dish with flat base, direct rim and square lip.18 cm. Diameter, 5.3 cm. height and 0.9 cm wall thickness. Other rim sherds have diameter range of 17 - 35 cm. And body thickness of 0.7 - 1.0 cm., although one sherd is as thick as 1.4 cm. (11 sherds+ 1 almost whole vessel) 4) Flat based, flaring sided plate with direct rim and square lip. Diameter: 25 cm. Height: 3.7 cm. Thickness: 0.7 cm. (1 sherd) 5) Flaring sided vessel with interior thickened rim and round lip. Diameter 25 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm. (1 sherd) 6) Flaring sided vessel with direct rim, square lip. Diameter: 29 cm. Thickness: 0.6 cm. (I sherd) 7) Flat based flaring sided vessel. (53 sherds) 8) Incurving sided vessel (tecomate) with direct or slightly thickened rim and round lip. Diameter: 11- 15 cm. Thickness: 0.4- 0.7 cm. (15 sherds) 9) Incurving sided vessel (tecomate) with small round section spout. Vessel thickness: 0.7 cm. (1 sherd) 10) lncurving sided vessel (tecomate) with gutter spout. Vessel thickness: 0.5 cm (1 sherd) 11) Incurving sided bowl with outcurving collar, direct rim and round lip. Chamfering along collar. Diameter: 16 cm. Vessel thickness: 0.6 cm. ( I sherd) 12) Short, flaring necked jar with direct rim, round lip. Diameter: 11 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm. Neck height: 2.5 cm. ( I sherd) 13) Short, vertical necked jar with interior thickened rim, round lip. Diameter: 15 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm (at thicker part). Neck height: 2 cm. (1 sherd) 14) Vertical sided vessel with everted rim, round lip. Diameter: 17 cm. Vessel thickness: 0.5 cm. (1 sherd) 15) Jar shoulder/neck break (3 sherds) 16) Rounded and hollow foot fragment (1 sherd) 17) Flattish based, flaring sided bowl with rounded base angle and chamfering (1 sherd) 18) Lug handle (1 sherd) 19) Possible handle, possible figurine fragment (1 sherd)
Fig. C-4. ceramics.
Examples of "Louisville Red-Orange Special''
7 rims etc. 4 body sherds: Similar surface colour and texture but with the addition of decoration, mostly post-slip incising. Incisions are crudely finished, indicating a low standard of craftsmanship. Jn one case the decoration is by resi t rather than incising. Forms:
1) Jar or shallow bowl with outcurving neck, slightly exterior thickened rim, round lip. Crude post-slip line around exterior just below the rim. Group of 10 lines below. Diameter: 14 cm. Vessel thickness: 0.7 cm. Height of neck: 4.5 cm. (2 sherds) 2) Flaring sided vessel with everted and exterior folded rim, round lip. Exterior has eroded slip, with diagonal gouge incising below rim. (l sherd) 3) Vertical sided vessel with direct rim and pointed lip. Faint pre-slip groove incising on exterior below the rim. Diameter: 20 cm. Vessel thickness: 0.8 cm. ( I sherd) 4) Recurving sided jar with crude post-slip incising consisting of two circumferential lines at shoulder break with vertical lines above (1 sherd) 5) Boss handle with two parallel lines of punctation (1 sherd) 6) Incurving sided bowl (tecomate) with interior thickened rim and pointed lip. Faint traces of resist decoration in a circumferential band about 1.5 cm. below rim on exterior with trickle lines pendent from it. Interior is unslipped. Diameter: 11 cm. Vessel thickness: 0.6 cm. (1 sherd) Additionally, there are 4 sherds with post slip incising, consisting of cross hatching, seemingly similar in design to that seen in "Louisville Buff Post-slip Incised".
89
A dd i t iona l ly , 1 7 b ody s he rd s h ave r e d -o range o n o ne s i de ( i n te r io r )w i th c r eam o nt h eo t he r . N ine s he rd s b e long t o f l a t b a sed f l a r ing o r o u tcurv ing s i ded v e s se l s w i th r e d -o range o n i n te r io r a nd c r eam o n e x te r io r . O ne s he rd c on ta in sc hamf e r ing . S ome s he rd sh ave t h ec r eam s l ip o nt h ei n te r io rw i th r ed o r ange o nt h ee x te r io r : F orm s :
L ou i sv i l le R ed -Oran2e a nd C ream
1 )
F la r ing s i ded v e s se l w i th e ve r ted a nd e x te r io r f o lded r im a nd r ound l i p . I n te r io r i sc r eam a nd e x te r io r i sr e d -o range . I n t wo c a se s , t h e r e d o range e x tend s s l igh t ly i n to t h e i n te r io r . D iame te r : 3 2 —4 0+ c m . V e s se l t h ickne s s : 0 . 6 —0 . 7c m . ( 3s h e rd s ) 2 ) I n cu rv ing s i ded v e s se l , p robab ly b ow l , w i th o u tcu rv ing n eck , i n te r io r t h ickened r im , r ound l i p . I n te r io r i ss l ipped c r eam ( t hough t e nd ing t owa rd b uf f —7 . 5YR 6 / 6 ) . E x te r io r a nd a c ro s s r im i n to t o p o f i n t e r io r i sr e d -o range ( 2 .5YR 5 / 8 ) . A t t h e m ed ia l a ng le ( 6c m . b e low t h er im ) t h e r e i s as qua r ed r i dge . A no the r , s ma l le r , r i dge i sj u s t b e low t h e o u tcu rv ing n eck ( 2 .2 c m . b e low r im ) , w h i le i nb e tween ( 4c m . b e low t h e r im ) t h e re i s ap r e s l ip g roove i n c i sed l i ne r unn ing c i r cumf e r en t ia l ly a r ound t h e v e sse l . D iame te r : 1 6 c m . V e s se l t h ickne s s : 0 . 6 c m . ( 1s h e rd ) 3 ) F l a r ing s i ded v e s se l w i th d i r ec t r im , r ound l i p . C r eam d eco ra t ion o n t h e i n te r io r ; r e d -o range o n l i p a nd e x te r io r . D iame te r : 1 3 c m . V e s se l t h ickne s s : 0 . 6c m . ( 1s he rd ) 4 ) V e r t ica l s i ded v e s se l ( p robab ly b o t t le ) w i th d i r ec t r im a nd r o und l i p . I n te r io r i s s l ipped c r eam . E x te r io r i sr e d -o range w i th c r ude p o s t s l ip i n c i sed l i ne s p enden t f r om r im d own t o a pp rox ima te ly 4 . 7 c m . D iame te r : 7c m . V e s se l t h ickne s s : 0 . 6c m .( 1s he rd ) Two s he rd sw i th f l a tb a se a nd f l a r ing s i de sh ave ac r eam b a se a nd ar e d -o range s i de o ri no ne c a se p a r to ft h e s i de i ss l ipped c r eam a nd p a r tr e d -o range . F ina l ly 2s h e rd sh ave r e di n te r io rw i th c r eam e x te r io ra nd t r i ck le d eco r a t ion o ne w i th r e d t r i ck le a nd t h eo t he rw i th r a the r mo r eb uf fc o lou r ed t r i ck le ( 7 .5YR 4 / 3 ) .
F ig . C -5 . E xamp le so f" Lou i sv ile R ed -Orange a nd C ream" c eram ic s .T he s herd i nt he c en ter t op r ow h a s o rgan ic r e s i s t d ecora t ion w i th ac hevron d e s ign .
5 2r im se t c . 2 0b od ys he rd s : S he rd s e xh ib i t r ed -o range s l ip o n p a r t o fs u r f a ce w h i l s t o t he rp a r t s o ft h e v e s se lh ave ac r eam s l ip . T he m a jo r i ty o fp i ece s h ave r e d -o range o n t h e i n te r io r o f t h e v e s se l a nd c r eam o n t h e e x te r io r . O n l a rge p i ece s , w he re s uff ic ien t d ef in i t ion i sp o s s ib le , t h e c r eam d eco ra t ion c on s i s t so f ab and ,a pp rox ima te ly 5c m . t h ick b enea th t h e r im . B e low t h ec r eam b and ,t h er e d -o range r e sume s . O ne p i ece h a so rgan ic r e s is td eco ra t ion w i th ac hev ron d e s ign i nt h e c r eam b and . O ne p i ece h a s c hamf e r ing . B o th t h e r e d o range a nd t h e c r eam t e nd t ob e b r igh te r i nc o lou r , r a ng ing t owa rd 2 . 5YR 5 / 8( r ed -o range ) a nd 5 YR 8 / 1 8 / 2 , 7 . 5YR 8 / 1 ( c r eam ) . A ga in t h ep r edom inan tf o rm a ppea r s t ob e af l a t b a sed f l a r ing s i ded v e s se l w i th e ve r ted a nd e x te r io rf o lded r im . F orms : 1 )
2 )
3 )
4 )
F l a r ing s i ded v e s se l w i th e ve r ted a nd e x te r io r f o lded r im , r ound l i p . I n te r io r o f v e s se l a nd e x te r io r o f r im a r e s l ipped r e d -o r ange , w h i le r ema inde ro fv e s se l i ss l ipped c r eam . D iame te r : 2 2 -28 c m . V e s se l t h ickne ss : 0 . 5 —0 . 7 c m . ( 32 s h e rd s ) I n cu rv ing s i ded b ow l ( t ecoma te ) w i th i n te r io r t h ickened r im a nd r ound l i p . I n te r io r i ss l ipped r e d a nd e x te r io r i s c r eam . D iame te r : 1 9 c m . V e s se l t h ickne s s : 0 . 6c m . ( 1s he rd ) V e r t ica l s i ded v e s se l w i th d i r ec t r im a nd r ound l i p . I n te r io r i sr e d -o r ange a nd e x te r io r c r eam . D iame te r : 2 6c m . V e s se l t h ickne s s : 0 . 6 c m . ( 1 s h e rd ) F l a r ing s i ded v e s se l w i th e ve r ted a nd e x te r io r f o lded r im a nd r ound l i p . I n te r io r s l ip i sr e d o r ange . O n e x te r io r , s ame r e d -o range e x tend s a c ro s s r im a nd t h e re i st h en a c r eam b and 5 . 5 c m w ide , w h ich c on ta in s as e r ie s o f c hev ron d e s ign s a ch ieved b y o rgan ic r e s is t . B e low t h is , t h e r e i s f u rhe r r e d -o range . D iame te r : 2 6 c m . V e s se lt h ickne s s : 0 . 8c m . ( 1s h e rd )
L ou i sv i l le U ns l ipped 6r im se t c . 2 24 b od ys herd s : D iagno s t ic s h e rd s i n c lude 2 j a r s hou lde r s a nd 2 f l a t b a sed v e s se l s . 1 4 s he rd s d emon s t ra te b u rn i sh ing , mo s t ly i nb and s b u t s ome p i ece sp o s se s sm o r ee l abo ra te d eco ra t ion .
A dd i t iona l ly t h e re w e re 1 9s h e rd s f r om t h e S i e r ra G roup a nd 2s he rd sf r om t h eJ oven tud G roup .
9 0
Coggins, ClemencyC. 1983 The Stucco Decoration and Architectural Assemblage of Structure I-Sub, Dzibilcha/tun, Yucatan, Mexico. MARI Publication 49. New Orleans: Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University.
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1 958 " Anc ien t Me soame r ican Mo r ta r s , P la s te r s , a nd S tu cco s : T he C ompo s i t ion a nd O r ig in o f S a scab ." Amer ican A n t iqu i ty 2 4 (2 ) : 1 72 176 .
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1 959 " Anc ien t Me soame r ican Mo r ta r s , P la s te r s , a nd S t ucco s : P a lenque , C h iapa s ." Amer ican A n t iqu i ty 2 5 (2 ) : 2 64 -265 .
P o l lock ,H . E .D . 1 980 T he P uuc : A n A r ch i tec tura l S ur vey o ft h e H i l l C oun tr y o fY uca tan a nd N or thern C ampeche , Mex ico . Memo ir s o f t h e P eabod y Mu seum 1 9 . C amb r idge , MA : P eabody Mu seum o fA rchaeo logy a nd E thno logy ,H a rva rd U n ive r s i ty .
1 960 " Anc ien t Me soame r ican Mo r ta r s , P l a s te r s , a nd S tucco s : T he U se o f B a rk E x t rac t s i n L ime P la s te r s ." Amer ican A n t iqu i ty 2 5 (4 ) : 5 93 -597 .
P o t te r ,D av id F . 1 977 Maya A rch i tec ture o ft h e C en t ra l Y uca tan P en in su la , Mex ico . N a t iona l G eog raph ic -T u lane U n iver s i ty P rog ram o f R e sear ch i n C ampeche . M idd le Ame r ican R e sear ch I n s t i tu te P ub l ica t ion 4 4 . N ew O r lean s : T u lane U n ive r s i ty .
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R ive ra D o rado ,M igue l 1 996 L o s Maya s d e O xk in tok . Mad r id : I s t i tu to d e lP a t r imon io H i s tö r ico E spa t io l .
Ma le r ,T eobe r t 1 902 " Yuka tek i sche F o r schungen ," G lobu s 8 2 : 1 97 -230 .
R obe r t son , Me r le G reene 1 977 " Pa in t ing P rac t ice s a nd t h e i r C hange t h rough T ime o ft h e P a lenque S tucco S cu lp to r s" i n N o rman H ammond , e d . , S oc ia l P roce s s i n Maya P r eh i s tory : S t ud ie s i n H onour o f S i r E r ic T homp son . L ondon : A cadem ic P re s sI n c . ,2 97 -326 .
Ma r t in , S imon ,a nd N iko la iG rube 2 000 C hron ic le o ft h e Maya K ing s a nd Q ueen s : D ec iphe r ing t h e Dyna s t ie s o f t h e A nc ien t Maya . L ondon :T hame sa nd H ud son .
1 983 T he S cu lp tur e o f P a lenque . V o l . P r ince ton ,N J : P r ince ton U n ive r s i ty P r e s s .
McDona ld ,R oy C ha r le s ,a nd No rman H ammond 1 985 " The E nv i ronmen t o f No r the rn B e l ize ," i n No rman H ammond , e d . , N ohmu l : A P r eh i s tor ic Maya C ommun i ty i n B e l i ze . E xcava t ion s 1 973 1 983 . B AR I n terna t iona l S er ie s 2 50 ( i ) a nd 2 50 ( i i ) . O xf o rd : B .A .R . , 1 3 -42 .
1 .
R ungga ld ie r , A s t r id , a nd N o rman H ammond 2 000 -200 1 "M i l lenn ia l Momen t s : D is in te r r ing t h e A r chaeo logy o f L ou i sv i l le , B e l iz e ." C on tex t 1 5 ( 1) : 2 6 -29 .
N ondedeo ,P h i l ippe 1 998 L e N ord d e B e l i ze e tl a C ö te O r ien ta le d u Q u in tana R oo , Mex ique : D eux e vo lu t ion s d e 1' o ccupa t ion m aya ä l a p& iod e p rA i span ique . P a r i s Monog raph i n Amer ican A rchaeo logy 1 .B AR I n terna t iona lS er ie s6 97 . O xf o rd : B .A .R .
R uppe r t ,K a r l , a nd J ohn H . D en i son ,J r . 1 943 A r chaeo log ica l R econna i s sance i n C ampeche , Q u in tana R oo , a nd P e tM . C arneg ie I n s t i tu t ion o f W a sh ing ton P ub l ica t ion 5 43 . Wa sh ing ton ,D .C . : C a rneg ie I n s t i tu t ion . S ande r s ,W i l l iam T . 1 960 P reh i s tor ic C eram ic s a nd S e t t lemen t P a t tern s i nQ u in tana R oo , Mex ico . C on t r ibu t ion st o
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Amer ican A n thropo logy a nd H i s tor y , V o l . 1 2 , No . 6 0 . C arneg ie I n s t i tu t ion o fW a sh ing ton P ub l ica t ion 6 06 . Wa sh ing ton ,D .C . : C a rneg ie I n s t i tu t ion .
H ou s ton , e d . , F unc t ion a nd Mean ing i n C la s s ic Maya A r ch i tec ture . Wa sh ing ton , D .C . : Dumba r ton O ak sR e sea r ch L ib ra ry a nd C o l lec t ion , 3 73 -425 .
S che le ,L inda ,a nd P e te r Ma thew s 1 979 T he B od ega o fP a l enque , C h iapa s , Mex ico . Wa sh ing ton ,D .C . :D umba r ton O ak s .
2 000 " I n t roduc t ion t o Maya H ie rog lyph s" , F a l l S eme s te r c ou r se , D epa r tmen t o f A n th ropo logy , H a rva rd U n ive r s i ty .
S che le , L inda ,a nd Ma ry E l len M i l le r 1 986 T he B lood o fK ing s : D yna s ty a nd R i tua l i n Maya A r t . N ew Y o rk : G eo rge B raz i l l ie r .
T a te ,C a ro lyn E . 1 992 Y axch i lan : T he De s ign o f a Maya C e remon ia lC i ty . A u s t in : U n ive r s i ty o fT exa sP r e s s .
S chm id t , P e te r , Me r cede s d e l aG a rza , a nd E n r ique N a lda ,e d i to r s 1 998 Maya . N ew Y o rk : R izzo l i .
T homp son ,J .E .S . 1 928 A nnua l R epor t t o t h e B oard o f T ru s tee s , 1 927 . C h icago : F i e ld Mu seum o fN a tu ra l H i s to ry , 2 15 -216 .
S he lby ,T homa s Ma rk ,a nd D one R een t s -Bude t 2 00 1 " A P o lych rome Mode led N a r ra t ive o fL a te t o T e rm ina l C la s s ic P owe r a t L amana i , B e l ize ." P ape r p r e sen ted a tt h e 6 6t h A nnua l Mee t ing o ft h e S oc ie ty f o r Ame r ican A r chaeo logy , A p r i l 1 9 , 2 00 1 , N ew O r lean s .
1 929 A nnua l R epor t t o t h e B oard o f T ru s tee s , 1 928 . C h icago : F i e ld Mu seum o fN a tu ra l H i s to ry , 4 15 -417 . 1 939 E xcava t ion s a tS an J o se , B r i t i sh Hondura s . C arneg ie I n s t i tu t ion o f Wa sh ing ton P ub l ica t ion 5 06 . Wa sh ing ton ,D .C . : C ar n eg ie I n s t i tu t ion .
S id ry s ,R .V . 1 983 A rchaeo log ica l E xca va t ion s i n N or thern B e l i ze , C en t ra l Amer ica . Monog raph 1 7 . L o s A nge le s : I n s t i tu te o fA r chaeo logy o fC a l if or n ia .
1 963 L td .
Maya A r chaeo log i s t . L ondon : R obe r t H a le
U .K . M i l i ta ry S u rvey 1 994 T opog raph ic o ne t o f i f ty thou sand s c a le m ap o fB e l ize , C en t ra l Ame r ica . S e r ie s 7 55 ( DOS 4 499 ) S hee t s 1 +2 , E d i t ion 3 -GSGS . C rown C opy r igh t 1 994 .
S i d ry s ,R .V . , a nd J .M . A nd re sen 1 978 " A S econd R ound S t ruc tu r e f r om Nor the rn B e l ize ,C en t ra l Am e r ica ." Man 1 3 : 6 38 -650 . Sm i th ,A . L edya rd 1 982 "Ma jo r A r ch i tec tu r e a nd C ache s ," i n G o rdon R . W i l ley , g ene r a l e d . , E xcava t ion s a t S e iba l , D epar tmen to fP e te rn , G ua tema la . Memo ir s o f t h e P eabod y Mu seum o f A r chaeo logy a nd E thno logy , V o lume 1 5 ,N umber 1 .C amb r idge , MA : H a rva rd U n ive r s i ty P r e s s .
U n ive r s i ty o fP enn sy lvan ia 1 933 " The P i ed ra s N eg ra s E xped i t ion ," U n iver s i ty Mu seum B u l le t in 4( 5 ) : 1 2 1-126 . 1 9 34 " A S tucco H ead f r om G ua tema la ," U n iver s i ty Mu seum B u l le t in 5( 1 ) : 2 4 -27 .
Sm i th ,A . L edya rd ,a nd G o rdon R .W i l ley 1 969 " Se iba l , G ua tema la i n 1 968 : A B r ief S umma ry o fA r chaeo log ica l R e su l t s ." P roceed ing s o ft h e 3 81 I n terna t iona l C ong r e s s o f Amer ican i s t s 1 :1 5 1169 .
V ida lL o renzo ,C r i s t ina 1 999 A r te , a rqu i tec tura y a requeo log ia e n e l g rupo A h C anu l d e l a c i udad m aya y uca teca d e O xk in tok . B AR I n terna t iona l S er ie s 7 79 . O xf o rd : B .A .R .
Smy th , M ichae l P . , C h r i s tophe r D . D o re , N icho la s P .D unn ing 1 995 " I n te rp re t ing P reh i s to r ic S e t t lemen t P a t te rn s : L e s son s f r om t h e Maya C en te r o f S ay i l , Y uca tan ," J ourna l o fF ie ld A r chaeo logy 2 2 : 3 213 47 .
W i l ley , G o rdon R . 1 982 " S tucco F r ieze ," i n A . L edya rd Sm i th , a u tho r , "Ma jo r A r ch i tec tu re a nd C ache s ," i n G o rdon R . W i l ley , e d . , E xcava t ion s a t S e iba l , D epar tmen t o fP e te rn , G ua tema la . Memo ir s o ft h e P eabod y Mu seum o fA rchaeo logy a nd E thno logy , V o lume 1 5 . C amb r idge , MA : H a rva rd Un ive r s i ty P re s s .
S tua r t ,D av id 1 998 " The F i r e E n te r s H i s H ou se : A r ch i tec tu re a nd R i tua l i n C la s s ic Maya T ex t s ," i nS t ephen D . 9 5
W i l ley ,G o rdon R . ,a nd A . L edya rd Sm i th 1 967 " A T emp le a t S e iba l , Gua tema la ," A r chaeo logy 2 0 : 2 90 -299 . Wo lf , Ma r c , S co t t Sm i th , a nd N o rman H ammond 2 000 Maya S e t t lemen t a t L ou i sv i l le , N or thern B e l i ze , C .A . Manu scr ip to nf i le a tt h eD epa r tmen to f A r cha eo logy ,B o s ton U n ive r s i ty . Y adeun ,J uan 1 992 T on inä : E l L aber in to d e l I nf ramund o . C h iapa s , Mex ico : G ob ier no d e lE s tado . 1 993 T on inä . Mex ico a nd Mad r id : E lE qu i l ib r i s ta a nd T u rne rL ib ro s .
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