Preclassic Maya Architecture at Cuello, Belize 9780860545958, 9781407347509

Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Foreword
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPITER I: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER II: ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE MAIN TRENCH AT CUELLO
CHAPTER III: THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AT CUELLO
CHAPTER IV: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
APPENDIXES
APPENDIX A. ABSOLUTE DATES FROM CUELLO, BELIZE
APPENDIX B. DESCRIPTION OF BURIALS
APPENDIX C. DESCRIPTION OF CACHES
REFERENCES

Citation preview

Preclassic Maya Architecture at Cuello,. Belize

Juliette· Cartwright Gerhardt

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BAR International Series 464

1988

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B.A.R.

122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR -S464, 1988: 'Preclassi� Maya Architecture at Cuello, Belize' © Julie.tte Cartwright Gerhardt, 1988

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860545958 paperback ISBN 9781407347509 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860545958 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

F oreword

S ince

t his

t hesis w as

s ubmitted i n F ebruary

1 985 ,

f urther r adiocarbon

d ates f rom C uello h ave b een r un a nd a n e xhaustive s tudy o f M esoamerican M aya F ormative P eriod p ottery h as a lso b een c arried o ut b y E . W yllys A ndrews V . A ndrews a nd H ammond ( Personal C ommunication , H ammond 1 988 ) c oncur t hat t he S wasey a nd B laden P hases s hould b e p laced i n t he E arly M iddle F ormative a nd n ot t he E arly F ormative a s r eferred t o i n t his s tudy . T herefore , w here " Early F ormative" i s w ritten , " Early M iddle F ormative" s hould b e u nderstood . P roposed l imits f or t he B laden C eramic C omplex ( Phases I II a nd I IIA ) a re c a . 9 00-600 B .C . w ith t he L opez—Mamom C eramic C omplex ( Phases I V a nd I VA) s panning t he p eriod 6 00-400 B .C . T he S wasey C eramic C omplex ( Phases I — I I), s tratigraphically a ntecedent t o B laden , i s a ssigned a b eginning i n t he l ate 2 nd m illenium B .C . J une 1 988 .

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS T his s tudy w as p repared b etween t he c onclusion o f t he f ieldwork a t C uello i n 1 980 a nd 1 985 , p ublication . a vailable

D r .

t o m e

N orman H ammond , a ll

o f

t he

t he D irector o f

C uello

f inal

s eason o f

a nd h as b een s lightly c orrected f or

f ield

t he C uello P roject ,

r ecords

f or

t he

m ade

d uration o f m y

r esearch a nd w as e ver r eady t o a nswer q uestions a nd d iscuss a spects o f t he r esearch w ith m e . Ia m i ndebted t o h im f or a llowing m e t he o pportunity t o w ork a t C uello a nd c arry o ut t his r esearch , b ut m ost o f a ll, f or h is c onstant e ncouragement . Iw ould l ike t o t hank m y S upervising C ommittee a t t he U niversity o f T exas a t A ustin , e specially D r . J ames A . N eely a nd D r . R .E .W . A dams, f or a dvising m e d uring t he c ourse o f t his s tudy . I a m e specially g rateful t o M uriel K irkpatrick , L aboratory A dministrator i n t he D epartment o f A nthropology , T emple U niversity f or h er g enerous h elp i n p reparing t he i llustrations a nd e ditorial a ssistance , f or k indly p roofreading

e arlier d rafts .

d iscussions o f f loors w ith D r . L aura J . K osakowsky . L ast b ut n ot

l east ,

E dwin R .

a nd t o A rthur C arver

I h ave a lso

L ittmann a nd

b enefited

f rom

o n c eramics w ith D r .

Iw ould l ike t o e xpress m y g ratitude t o m y M other

f or h er f inancial s upport o f m y g raduate e ducation , f or h is m oral s upport .

i v

a nd t o m y h usband , J ohn ,

T ABLE O F C ONTENTS P age F OREWORD

i ii

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

i v

C HAPTER I .

I NTRODUCTION

1

T he C uello S ite I I .

A RCHAEOLOGICAL I NVESTIGATION I N T HE M AIN T RENCH A T C UELLO P hase I S tructure 3 29 S tructure 3 28 P hase I S ummary P hase I A P hase L A S ummary P hase I I S tructure 3 27 S tructure 3 26 S rtucture 3 25 P hase I I S ummary P hase I II S tructure S tructure S tructure S tructure P hase I II

3

8 8 8 1 0 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 5 1 5 1 8 2 1 2 2 2 2

3 20 3 21 3 23 3 24 S ummary

P hase I IIA S tructure 3 22 P hase I IIA S ummary

2 4 2 6 2 7 3 0 3 0 3 1 3 3 3 3

P hase I V S tructure 3 16 S tructure 3 18 S tructure 3 19 P hase I V S ummary

3 4 3 6 3 8 3 8 3 9

P hase I VA S tructure 3 15

3 9 4 1

S tructure 3 17 S tructure 3 14

4 4 4 5

P hase I VA S ummary P hase V P hase V S ummary P hase V A S tructure 3 13 S tructure 3 12

4 7 4 7 5 2 5 2 5 5 5 5

P hase V A S ummary

5 6

P age 5 7

P hase V I

5 7 5 7 5 9 5 9 5 9 6 0 6 0 6 3 6 3 6 4

S tructure 3 09 S tructure 3 11 P hase V I S ummary P hase V II S tructure 3 10 P hase V II S ummary P hase V III S tructure 3 08 S tructure 3 06 P hase V III S ummary P hase I X S tructure 3 07 P hase I X S ummary

6 5 6 5 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7

P hase I XA P hase I XA S ummary P hase X P hase X S ummary P hase X I S tructure 3 05

6 8 6 8 6 9 7 0

S tructure 3 04 P hase X I S ummary P hase X II S tructure 3 03 P hase X II S ummary P hase X IIA a nd X IIB

7 1 7 1 7 1 7 )

S tructure 3 02 P hase X IIA a nd X IIB S ummary P hase X III S tructure 3 00 S tructure 3 10 P hase X III S ummary P hase X IV P hase X IV S ummary S tructure 3 5 S tructure 3 55

8 2 8 2 8 2

S tructure 3 54 S tructure 3 53

8 4 8 4 8 4

S tructure S tructure S tructure S tructure S tructure I II.

7 2 7 2 8 0 8 0 8 1 8 1 8 1

8 2

3 52 3 51 3 50 3 5 3 5 S ummary

8 5 8 5 8 5 8 8

T HE D EVELOPMENT O F A RCHITECTURE A T C UELLO

9 0

E arly P reclassic S tructures

9 0

arly P reclassic S tructural F eatures o f t he E 9 3

S tructures f t he E arly F unctional I nterpretation o P reclassic S tructures M iddle P reclassic S tructures iddle P reclassic S tructural F eatures o f t he M

9 5 9 7

S tructures F unctional I nterpretation

9 4

A t he M iddle

P age P reclassic S tructures L ate P reclassic S tructures S tructural F eatures o f t he L ate P reclassic S tructures F unctional I nterpretation o f t he L ate P reclassic S tructures I V.

S UMMARY A ND C ONCLUSION

9 8 9 9 1 06 1 08 12

H ouse P latforms

13

A ncillary P latforms C eremonia l P latforms

13 15

U nknown

15

A PPENDIXES A .

A BSOLUTE D ATES F ROM C UELLO , B ELIZE

1 20

B .

D ESCRIPTION O F B URIALS

1 22

C .

D ESCRIPTION O F C ACHES

1 40

R EFERENCES

1 46

L IST O F T ABLES P age 1 .

H ouse P latforms

14

9

A ncillary P latforms

15

3 .

C eremonial S tructures

16

4 .

U nknown

17

v iii

L IST o r F IGURES P ag L

1 . 9

.

3 . 4 .

M ap s howing t he l ocation o f C uello i n B elize, a nd o ther P reclassic M aya s ites Ap ortion o f t he C uello S ite M ap D iagram o f t he M ain T rench Ak ey t o t he c onventions f ollowed i n t he P hase b y P hase p lan d rawings f or t he M ain t rench a t C uello

2 4 6 6

5 .

C eramic C omplexes a nd C onstruction P hases f rom C uello

6 .

c orre lated w ith t he p eriods a nd P hases o f t he l owland M aya c ultural s equence P lan v iew o f C onstruction P hase I

7 . 8 .

S tructure 3 29 , l ooking w est S tructure 3 28 , l ooking w est

1 1

9 . 1 0 . 1. 1 2.

P lan v iew o f C onstruction P hase I A F ire p it F eature 6 4 P lan v iew o f C onstruction P hase I I S tructure 3 27, v iew l ooking w est

1 3 1 4 1 6 1 7

1 3. 1 4. 1 5.

S tructure 3 26, v iew l ooking w est S tructure 3 26, l ooking d own o n f loor 2 056 P lan v iew o f C onstruction P hase I II

1 9 1 9 2 3

1 6 .

S tructure 3 20, v iew l ooking n orth

2 5

1 7. 1 8 . 1 9 . 2 » . 2 1. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5. 2 6 . 9 7. 2 8 . 2 9 . 3 0 . 3 1. 3 2.

S tructure 3 20, v iew l ooking w est S tructure 3 23, l ooking s outhwest S tructure 3 24, v iew f rom e ast P lan v iew o f C onstruction P hase I IIA P lan v iew o f C onstruction P hase I V S tructure 3 16, v iew l ooking s outhwest P lan v iew o f C onstruction P hase I VA S tructure 3 15, v iew l ooking n orth S tructure 3 15, v iew l ooking n orth S tructure 3 14, v iew l ooking w est S tructure 3 14, f loor 8 9 , v iew l ooking w est P lan v iew o f C onstruction P hase V P lan v iew o f C onstruction P hase V A P lan v iew o f C onstruction P hase V I P laza F loor I o f P latform 3 4, v iew l ooking w est P lan v iew o f C onstruction P hase V II

2 5 2 9 2 9 3 2 3 5 3 7 4 0 4 3 4 3 4 6 4 6 4 8 5 3 5 3 5 5 6 1

3 3. 3 4. 3 5. 3 6.

P lan v iew o f C onstruction P hase V III P lan v iew o f C onstruction P hase I X P lan v iew o f C onstruction P hase X S tructures 3 06 a nd 3 05, P laza F loor V o f P latform 3 4,

6 1 6 5 6 5

3 7.

v iew l ooking n ortheast P lan v iew o f C onstruction P hase X I

6 8 7 1

3 8 . 3 9 .

P lan v iew o f C onstruction P hase X II P lan v iew o f C onstruction P hase X III

7 1 7 7

4 0. 4 1.

P lan v iew o f C onstruction P hase X IV S tructure 3 02, v iew l ooking n ortheast

7 7 7 9

4 2. 4 3. 4 4. 4 5.

S tructure S tructure S tructure S tructure

7 9 8 3 8 6 8 6

3 01, v iew f rom s outh 3 5 a nd i ts i nternal c onstructions 3 50 , v iew l ooking w est 3 50 , v iew l ooking s outh

i x

7 9

P age 4 6.

S tructure 3 5, a erial v iew , v iew l ooking n orthwest

4 7.

A r econstruction o f S tructure 3 50

8 7 8 9

4 8 .

Ar econstruction o f S tructure 3 5

8 9

C HAPTER I NTRODUCTION

T he p rimary

i mportance o f t he C uello s ite

l ies i n i ts c ontinuous

s equence o f P reclassic o r F ormative o ccupation r epresented i n P latform 3 4 , w hich d ates b ack i nto t he E arly P reclassic . T en o f t he t hirty-seven s tructures e xposed i n t he M ain T rench e xcavated t hrough P latform 3 4 d ate t o t he E arly P reclassic P eriod . T his c omprises t he l argest s ample o f E arly P reclassic s tructures u ncovered a t a ny s ite i n t he M aya a rea . T his i s d ue t o t he f act t hat m uch o f t he e arly a rchaeological e xploration o f t he M aya a rea c oncentrated o n t he l arge c eremonial c enters, w here t he t horough e xamination o f e arlier s tructures c oncealed w ithin C lassic P eriod a rchitecture w as v irtually i mpossible . T he s hift i n f ocus t o s ettlement p attern s tudies i n t he 1 960 's b roadened t he s pectrum • o f M aya s ites u nder i nvestigation a nd b egan t o s hed l ight o n t he b eginnings o f t he M aya C ivilization . A lthough t he e arliest e vidence f or o ccupation o f t he M aya l owlands d ated t o t he M iddle P reclassic , q uestions c oncerning t heir o rigins l ed t o t he s earch f or s till e arlier r emains . T herefore , t he d iscovery o f E arly P reclassic d eposits s tratified b elow M iddle a nd L ate P reclassic d eposits a t C uello p rovided t he o pportunity t o i nvestigate a nd d ate t he E arly P reclassic o ccupations c alled S wasey a nd B laden , a nd t o r ecord t he a rchitectural h istory o f t he s ite . T he p urpose o f t his t hesis i s t o d ocument t he d evelopment o f t he F ormative a rchitectural t radition a t C uello , a nd t o e xamine t he m echanisms w hich l ed f rom t he e arliest , p resumably d omestic , c onstructions i n t he E arly P reclassic P eriod

t o t he

f inal

p hases

o f

p yramid

c onstruction ,

w hich

a re

c learly c eremonial i n n ature , i n t he L ate P reclassic P eriod . T he f irst h alf o f t his g oal i s a chieved t hrough t he p resentation o f t he e xcavation d ata b y C onstruction P hase ( IXIV), i n o rder o f a ccumulation f rom e arliest t o l atest, i n C hapter I I . T he s econd h alf o f t his g oal i s a ddressed i n C hapters I II a nd I V . C hapter I II i s as ynthesis o f t he a rchitectural e vents o ccurring i n , a nd l ater o n , P latform 3 4 . T he f ocus i s o n t he e volution o f c onstruction t rends t hrough t he P reclassic P eriod , a nd a ttempts t o a rrive a t f unctional i nterpretations f or e ach s tructure . T he f inal c hapter , I V, s ummarizes t he s tructures b y t ype, i .e . h ouse p latforms, a ncillary p latforms , c eremonial s tructures , a nd u nknown ; a nd d raws i nferences a bout t he p ossible i deological t ransformation r eflected i n t he g rowth o f P latform 3 4 t hroughout t he P reclassic P eriod . A s b ackground t o t he C uello d ata , Iw ould l ike t o r eview b riefly t he b ody o f p ublished d ata a vailable o n l owland M aya a rchitecture f or t he F ormative P eriod . R emnants o f E arly P reclassic a rchitecture a re k nown o nly f rom S eibal ( Smith 1 982) a nd N ohoch E k ( Coe a nd C oe 1 956) i n t he F eten ( Figure 1 ) . A t S eibal , t he d iscovery o f p laster f loors i n t he R eal X e P hase w ere i nterpreted a s s urfaces o f l ow p latforms a nd i n P eriod I a t N ohoch E k , S tructure A , a l ow ( probably M amom ) p latform r esting o n ap laster f loor , w as i dentified.

o f

M iddle P reclassic a rchitecture h as b een i dentified a t t he F eten s it s U axactun ( Ricketson 1 937) , A ltar d e S acrificios ( Sm ith 1 972) , S eiba]

( Smith 1 982),

B arton R amie ( Willey , B ullard, G lass, a nd G iftord 1 965),

1

YU CA TA N

20 ° —

PE N/ N S UL A 0

2 5 5 0

OM M

7 5

1 00

=MO IM I C=3

kms

0 C , -7 . -

N oh mu l C r r0 t ° ' 2 •C ue l io Q‚

« i -

--

U axactun • T ika l'

G

PE T E l i f

V

imana i .

.C 'Alh l t aun H a

i r,

'E ; alr ion : Ram ie

N ohOch_

d r b C f ) 1 8 °-

,

7

4

C t , Q 3

4 :

a rstun

PACI FIC OC E A N

F ig.

1 .

M ap s howing t he

l ocation o f C uello i n B elize,

Maya s ites .

7

a nd o ther P reclassic

f urther e ast a t C olha ( Hester , E aton , a nd S hafer 1 9e 0 , a nd a t t he Y ucatan s ite o f D zibilchaltun ( Andrews a nd A ndrews 1 980 ) . A t U axactun , S tructures A , B , a nd D -G w ere l ow , r ectangular a nd c ircular p latforms c onstructed i n P eriods T a a nd I b . T he X e P hase o ccupation a t A ltar d e S acrificios c onsisted o f p erishable s tructures b uilt o n t he g round s urface . T hese w ere f ollowed b y t he c onstruction o f e arthen p latforms i n t he E arly S an F elix P hase a nd l arger a s w ell a s h igher p latforms s et a round a c ourtyard i n t he L ate S an F elix P hase . P latforms w ith t erraces w ere b uilt i n t he E scoba P hase a t S eibal . D uring t he J enney C reek P hase a t B arton R amie , M ounds B R124 , B R1 54 , a nd B R-225 c ontained e vidence o f p erishable b uildings b uilt o n t he g round a nd l ater , l ow p latforms . I n t he C hiwa P hase a t C olha , t he r emains o f p ole a nd t hatch s tructures o n s tone b ases , b oth a psidal a nd r ectangular i n p lan , w ere u ncovered . I n t he Y ucatan , a l ow p latform , D zibichaltun S tructure 6 05 , o f t he N abanche P hase a lso d ated t o t he M iddle P reclassic . A lthough t here i s e vidence o f w attle a nd d aub h ouses b uilt d irectly o n t he g round s urface d uring t he e arly M iddle P reclassic , p latform b uilding s eems t o b e w idespread b y t he e nd o f t he M iddle P reclassic P eriod . A n i ncrease i n n umber , s ize , a nd c omplexity o f s tructures w as n oted i n t he L ate P reclassic l evels a t a ll o f t he s ites m entioned a bove . T he e arliest s tructural r emains a ssigned a c eremonial f unction w ere f ound i n L ate P reclassic c ontexts - t he m asked p yramid S tructure E -VII s ub i n P eriod I I a t U axactun , G roups B a nd C i n t he E arly P lancha P hase a t C olha , a nd X ul P hase c onstructions i n S tructures C -I3 a nd C 17 a t A ltun H a ( Pendergast 1 982) . D omestic a rchitecture i s w ell r epresented a t B arton R amie i n t he B arton C reek a nd M ount H ope P hases . O ther e xamples o f P reclassic a rchitecture h ave b een r eported f rom t he Maya l owland s ites o f T ikal, M irador , K omchen , L amanai , C erros , a nd N ohmul ; p ublication .

b ut t hese d iscoveries a wait

T he C uello S ite C uello l ies o n t he e astern e dge o f t he M aya l owlands a pproximately 4 0 k ilometers f rom t he C aribbean S ea ( Figure 1 ) . T he s ite i s l ocated a t 1 8 0 5 ' N ,

8 8 3 5 ' W ,

a p osition 5 k ilometers w est o f t he m odern t own o f O range

W alk i n n orthern B elize , a c ountry b ounded b y G uatemala t o t he s outh a nd w est a nd M exico t o t he n orth . T he C uello s ite , n amed a fter i ts o wners , s its o n t op o f a l imestone r idge b etween t he N ew a nd H ondo R ivers i n a n a rea c haracterized b y s wamp , t ropical s avanna , a nd p ine r idges . P latform 3 4 i s o ne o f s everal m assive P latforms l ocated i n t he s ettlement z one a round t he s mall C lassic c eremonial c enter a t C uello . P latform 3 4 ( Figure 2 ) i s a f lat-topped m ound, 4 m eters h igh a nd a pproximately 8 0 m eters l ong . I t s upported a s mall 5 . 5 m eter h igh p yramid , S tructure 3 5 , o f E arly C lassic d ate o n i ts w est s ide a s w ell a s t wo s ets o f n early d estroyed C lassic p latforms , S tructures 3 6 a nd 3 7 , a t i ts n orthern e nd . A t est p it , O peration 1 7B , e xcavated b y D uncan P ring o f t he C orozal P roject ( Hammond 1 975 : 1 38-144 ) i ndicated P latform 3 4 w as b uilt u p t hrough a ccretion o ver a l ong p eriod d uring t he P reclassic . F urther i nvestigation o f t he F ormative d eposits w ithin t his P latform w as c arried o ut i n 1 976 a nd r esulted i n t he r ecovery o f a n umber o f r adiocarbon s amples ( Appendix A ) o f v ery e arly d ate ( Hammond 1 976 , 1 977) . T he C uello P roject 1 978-80 ( Hammond 1 978 , 1 980 ) , o f w hich I w as a m ember , e xposed a n e ven g reater a rea o f t he F ormative d eposits i n P latform 3 4 . T he s tructures r eported i n t his t hesis w ere u ncovered i n t he M ain T rench , a 1 0 b y 3 0 m eter t rench w hich r an n orths outh a cross t he l ength o f t he P latform a t t he f oot o f S tructure 3 5 .

3

N . J

0

L i .

ö r_

P latform 3 4 i n t he

I ncluded i n t his s tudy i s S tructure 3 5 , a nd i ts i nternal

w hich

l ies p artly i n t his

t rench ,

c onstructions .

T he M ain T rench a t C uello w as e xcavated i n 5a nd 1 0 m eter s quare u nits w ith t he e xception o f t he i nitial 1 . 5 b y 2 m eter t est p it , O peration 1 7B , d ug i n 1 975 a nd e xpanded t o S quare A i n 1 976 . S quares A a nd B , t ogether w ith 3 5/30 a nd 3 0/35 ( 1978-9 ) , f orm w hat h as s ince b een c alled t he C entral S quare o f t he M ain T rench ( Figure 3 ) . E xcavation o f a 1 0 m eter u nit t o t he n orth , d esignated t he N orth S quare , a nd t o t he s outh , d esignated t he S outh S quare , i n 1 980 c ompleted t he M ain T rench . B aulks , u sually . 50 m i n w idth , w ere r etained i n t he C entral S quare o nly b etween d igging s easons a nd w ere e ventually r emoved . F igure 3 i s a d iagram o f t he M ain T rench s howing i ts g rid c oordinates a nd b aulks w hich h ave b een o mitted f rom t he p hase p lans a ccompanying t his t ext . F igure 4 i s a k ey t o t he c onventions f ollowed t hroughout t his s tudy . E ach 5 m eter. s quare w as d esignated b y t he c oordinates o f i ts s outhwest c orner , a f ixed p oint i n t he h orizontal g rid e stablished o ver t he s ite . V ertical a s w ell a s h orizontal m easurements w ere r ecorded f rom t he S ite D atum , 2 2 .00 m eters a bove s ea l evel . A rtifacts w ere b agged a nd l abeled a ccording t o t he 5 m eter s quare a nd l evel f rom w hich t hey w ere r emoved . T he e xact p rovenience o f d iagnostic a rtifacts w as o btained b y t riangulation w ithin t he 5 m eter s quare . E xcavation f ollowed t he n atural a nd c ultural s tratigraphy a nd w as c arried t o b edrock o r t he p alaeosol e verywhere e xcept i n t he N orth S quare . T he N orth S quare w as t aken d own o nly t o t he b ase o f t he L ate P reclassic d eposits . E ach l ayer , o r c ontext, w as n umbered c onsecutively f rom t op t o b ottom , 7 6/1 t hrough 7 6/250 f or t he 1 976 s eason , a nd 1 t hrough 2 400 f or t he 1 978-80 s easons . A s ingle l ayer m ay h ave r eceived m ore t han o ne c ontext n umber d epending o n t he s eason (s) i t w as e xcavated , o r i n c ases w here a l ayer w as d iscontinuous o ver a l arge a rea . F eature n umbers w ere a ssigned i n t he f ield t o p its , b urials , c aches , a nd s tructural r emains . S tructure n umbers w ere a ffixed b y m e i n t he c ourse o f t his s tudy t o , " a s ingle c omplete a rchitectural e ntity w ith a ll i ts m odifications" ( Loten a nd P endergast 1 984 : 1 4) . T hree o ther t erms w hich a re u sed r epeatedly i n t his s tudy a nd w hich w ould b enefit f rom d efinition a re p latform , p laza , a nd p atio . F ollowing L oten a nd P endergast ( 1984 : 1) , a p latform i s h ere d efined b roadly a s, " either a c omplete s tructure o r a c omponent t hat i s f ormed s o a s t o p rovide a n e ssentially h orizontal u pper s urface t hat s upports a nother c omponent o r s erves a s a n a ctivity a rea i n i tself ." A p laza, a s d efined b y L oten a nd P endergast ( 1984: 1 1), i s " a r elatively l arge e xterior s pace t hat i s d elimited b y s tructures t hat a re c ommonly b ut n ot i nvariably o f l arge s ize ." I h ave u sed t he t erm p atio t o r efer t o a n e xterior s pace , b ound b y s tructures , t hat i s s maller i n s ize t han a p laza ; t hus , i t i s e quivalent t o t he t erm " plazuela" a s d efined b y L oten a nd P endergast ( 1984 : 1) . R elative d ating o f t he s ite i s b ased o n t he c eramic e vidence ( Pring 1 977 ; K osakowsky 1 983) . T he a rchitectural s equence , e stablished b y S ara D onaghey ( Hammond 1 976 : F igure 2 5 ) , i n P latform 3 4 h as b een c orrelated w ith t he m ajor p eriods o f t he l owland M aya c ultural s equence ( Figure 5 ) . A bsolute d ates d erived f rom r adiocarbon s amples a nd o bsidian c ollected a t t he s ite a re l isted i n A ppendix A t o t his t hesis . C alibrated d ates ( Hammond a nd M iksicek 19 81; H ammond 19 84a), d enoted B .C ./A .D . a s o pposed t o r adiocarbon y ears w hich a re e xpressed a s b .c ./a .d ., a re g iven f or a d iscussion o f t he C onstruction P hases i n C hapter I II . D escriptions o f t he b urial a nd c ache f eatures h ave b een o mitted f rom t he t ext a nd a re p resented i n s ummary f orm i n A ppendixes B a nd C , r espectively .

5

TRENCH

MAIN

2o · · --2¥'30 ________3_9p_o ·-·-·-·-3 30 ·- ·-·-·-4�3 0 ·-·-·---4=.:3o ·-·-·---5 30 � po ·- - .:f

· ·I I j.

SOUTH

SQUARE

25f-35

• , • I .

I OP. 17B I ·-. 1·. � I·-1975 -·" · ! I. SQUARE A I� · I I .

.

. ·II j

·, i . � I

35/30

I 1976 -·-·-·-·-·J· I

1978-9

. I

. I·

NORTH

SQUARE

.

5 3�� . _. _. _. _.3.,,.5._. _. _. _. _ 1�3

I

19 80

I !• 1 · 1.

j

30/35

i

19 7 9

j !"'·-·-·-·-·-,

i ! . I

SQUARE

I . · �

! !

j

�

I• I

B

19 8 0

j

1976

i..·-·-·-·-·--�·-·-·-·-·-·-+-·-.-·-·-.�::.:::..:::.:.:..:.:.:;,.._. --- ·-·-·-±·-·-·-·- ___ j 2 51/40

20/40

3 5/40

3 0/40

CENTRAL

Fig. 3.

0

context number

F.2

feature number

Fig. 4.

451/40

50/40

__...N

SQUARE

Diagram of the Main Trench showing grid coordinates, nomenclature used in text, and dates of excavation.

KEY

•

401/40

elevation above

sea level

CONVENTIONS

TO

© .. " ,, � I/ //

/1

pit

burnt patch charcoal

...:--

. . .,,,, .... . ·.,

plaster

oo

stone

7

-

post I stok • hole

Key to the conventions followed in the Phase by Phase plan drawings for the Main Trench at Cue 11

6

Major Dales

P eriods

M

P hases

C era mic

C onstruction

C omplexes

P hases

4

.

1 542

L a te

1 450• •

I P OST 1 250-- C LASS IC

7 00 • -

400.4—

i

E ar ly ,

8 00-. -

,W a terb ank

M idd le

1

9 00

C o lon ia l

1 CLASS IC

T e rm ina l

S an tana

L a te

T epeu ,

M idd le

E ar ly 2 50

A .D . B .C .

A

0

4 5ob-

F r e shwa te r P r o to -C las s ic F l o ra l P a rk L a te F a c e t C o co s -C h ic ane l M i dd le F a ce t L a te C o co s -Ch ican e l E a r ly F a ce t C o co s -C h ican e l

P RE CLASS IC

M idd le

1 300 —

E ar ly 2 500

F ig.

5 .

C eramic

,

N uevo T z ako l

I

X I

-

X IV

V b - X Va

L opez M amom

I V

B l. a den

III

S wasey

I- I

'

v . ,

C omplexes

a nd

C onstruction P hases

f rom C uello

c orrelated

w ith t he P eriods a nd P hases o f t he l owland Maya c ultural s equence .

7

C HAPTER I I A RCHAEOLOGICAL I NVESTIGATION I N T HE MAIN T RENCH A T C UELLO

W hat f ollows i s ar eport o f t he a rchaeological r emains i n c hronological o rder , i .e . C onstruction P hases IXIV , w ith d escriptions o f e ach s tructure a nd a s ummary f or e ach C onstruction P hase . F eatures o ther t han c aches a nd b urials ( which h ave b een r eported i n t he A ppendixes t o t his t hesis ) , s uch a s p its a nd s take o r p ost h oles , h ave b een s ummarized b riefly i n t he t ext . I t s hould b e n oted t hat s take h oles a re h ere d efined a s h aving d iameters o f l ess t han . 10 m .while p ost h oles h ave d iameters g reater t han . 10 m . T he p lan d rawings a ccompanying e ach C onstruction P hase a re c omposites o f t he f ield d rawings a nd i llustrate o nly o ne " building s tage" f or e ach s tructure . B uilding s tages ( designated b y s mall c ase l etters i n a lphabetical o rder b eginning w ith t he e arliest ) , m odification ( Pendergast 1 979 :

a s u sed i n t his s tudy , r epresent l evels o f 3 0 ) , s uch a s t he r eplacement o f f loors o r t he

a ddition o f s teps , t o a s tructure t hrough t ime . I t w as n ot p ossible , f or p ractical r easons , t o s how e ach s tage o f d evelopment u ndergone b y i ndividual s tructures . H owever , p hotographs a nd r econstruction d rawings w here p ossible t o e nhance t he r ecord .

a re

i ncluded

P hase I T he e arliest e vidence o f h abitation a t C uello o ccurred a lmost f our m eters b elow t he s urface o f P latform 3 4 o n t he o ld g round s urface ( 639 ) , a g ummy b lack s oil o verlying b edrock . W ithin t his l owest h orizon , v arious c ultural d ebris s uch a s p ottery , l ithics , a nd c harcoal w ere s cattered . F ive p ost h oles w ere r ecorded a t t his l evel r anging i n d iameter f rom . 13.24 m a nd i n d epth f rom . 05.25 m . T hese p ost h oles m ay b e a ssociated w ith o ccupation o n t he o ld l and s urface p rior t o P hase I . I mmediately a bove t his , a nd s urrounding t he e arliest s tructural r emains a t C uello , w ere r emnants o f ar ough c obblestone s urface , 2 352 ( Figure 6 ) . A f ew i solated p atches o f p laster o r m arl o verlay t he c obblestones s uggesting i t m ay o riginally h ave b een p aved . T hree p ossible p ost h oles c ut t his c obblestone s urface a long t he s outheast e dge o f S tructure 3 28 . T he o nly o ther f eature f ound w ithin t he c obblestone s urface l ay t o t he n orth o f S tructure 3 29 . F eature 2 72 a ppears t o b e f ragments o f a p ossible e arlier , d emolished s tructure l ying t o t he n orth , b eyond t he l imit o f t he e xcavation . I t c onsisted o f l arge s tones a nd c ollapsed m arl u pon a n e roded p laster s urface .

S TRUCTURE 3 29 I mmediately a bove t he o ld g round s urface i n t he c entral p art o f t he t rench w as a . 05 m t hick p laster f loor ( 630 ) c onstructed o n a . 24 m t hick b ed o f c lay a nd s mall a ngular b lack s tones ( Figure 7 ) . T his p laster f loor w as l ight g rey a nd c omposed o f am ixture o f p ebbles i n am arl m atrix . I t w as f riable a nd l acked a " worked" s urface ( Littmann 1 978 ) . F ollowing L ittmann

8

S TRUCTURE

3 28

F . C obb lestone

S TRUCTURE 3 29

z

•

I •

C D

0 4. % . 0

= ( 1 )

0

I

i

a ] -

( 1983 ) , a fter

a w orked i t

w as

s urface

l aid .

i s

o ne

F loor 6 30

t hat

h as b een m odified

c reated a l evel

s urface

b y

p hysical

m eans

b etween e levation

2 1.32 a nd 2 1.44 m . T he n orthern e nd w as c ircular w ith s mall s tones s et a round i ts p erimeter t o b olster u p t he o utside e dge , w hich w as a lso c overed b y p laster .

T his b evelled e dge r ose a m ere . 10 m a bove t he g round f orming

as lightly r aised p latform . T he s outhern h alf o f t he s tructure w as s o e roded t hat t he e xtent a nd p recise f orm o f t his s tructure i s u ncertain . H owever , a n " apsidal" p lan , t hat i s r ectangular w ith r ounded e nds , s eems l ikely w ith i ts l ong a xis r unning a long a zimuth 4 3 d egrees . S tructural e vidence , f ound o nly o n i ts n orthern h alf , c onsisted o f t wenty-eight p ost h oles a nd t wo s take h oles . T he s take h oles w ere . 09 m i n d iameter a nd r anged f rom . 06.07 m i n d epth . T he p ost h oles r anged i n s ize f rom . 10-26 m ( average . 11 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 07-23 i n ( average . 12 m ) i n d epth . T he n umber o f p osts s uggests t hat S tructure 3 29 , i tself a s ubstructure o r b asal p latform , s upported o ne o r m ore p ole a nd t hatch s uperstructures . S everal l arger p ost h oles - c . 15 m i n d iameter a nd . 12 m i n d epth - e venly s paced a round t he n orthern p erimeter o f t he p latform i ndicate t his s uperstructure f ollowed t he p lan o f i ts p latform , a n e stimated 7 .60 m b y 1.60 m . N o o ther f eatures w ere a ssociated w ith S tructure 3 29 t hough i ts s urface w as d amaged b y a s eries o f l ater p its .

S TRUCTURE 3 28 T o t he s outh , a nd c ontemporaneous w ith S tructure 3 29 , w as a s econd p laster f loor ( 2222) , a t t he s ame e levation , w hich w as t otally e roded a long i ts o uter e dges e xposing s ections o f c obbles w hich m ay h ave f ormed a f inished b evelled e dge a s i n S tructure 3 29 ( Figures 6 a nd 8 ) . I t w as k eyhole-shaped i n p lan v iew a fter e xcavation . I t h ad a n e astern p rojection a ligned a t 9 4 d egrees a zimuth a nd p erhaps m easured b etween 9 . 60 m a nd 1 .90 m i n l ength , d epending o n w hether o r n ot a s imilar p rojection e xtended f rom t he w estern e nd , a nd w as a pproximately 5 .80 m i n w idth . H owever , t he l ack o f d efinition a t i ts o uter e dges , p articularly a t t he e astern e nd , s uggests i ts e xcavated s ize a nd s hape m ay b e a n a rtifact o f e rosion . T herefore , i t i s e qually p ossible t hat S tructure 3 28 i s a n e roded a psidal p latform a pproximately a m m long by 5 .90 m w ide . S mall p atches o f b urning w ere s cattered a cross t he s urface o f t he f loor . T o t he w est a nd c ontinuing b eyond t he w est s ection o f t he t rench w as a d iscontinuous r aised p atch o f c reamy y ellow p laster f looring ( 2338 ) , 2 .00 b y . 60 16 It w as s urrounded b y f loor 2 222 , a nd p robably i s a r epair p atch . S ince S tructure 3 28 w as l eft i ntact a t t he c onclusion o f t he p roject , t his f eature w as n ot e xplored f urther . T he s urfaces o f b oth 2 222 a nd 2 338 w ere s cored b y a n umber o f p ost h oles c lustering i n t he c enter o f t he p latform . A t otal o f t hirty-six p ost/stake h oles w ere r ecorded . T hree o f t hese w ere s take h oles w ith a r ange o f . 06.08 i n ( average . 07 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 02.03 m ( average . 02 m ) i n d epth . T he r emaining p ost h oles r anged i n s ize f rom . 10-27 i n ( average . 14 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 02.28 i n ( average . 1 2 m ) i n d epth . N ear t he c enter o f t he s tructure a nd n early s urrounded b y t he p ost h oles , a s hallow b owls haped p it l ined w ith b urnt c lay f ormed F eature 2 58 . I t w as . 56 m i n d iameter w ith a s mooth r ounded c ollar r ising a bove t he s urface o f t he f loor ; t he d epth o f t he p it w as o nly . 05 i n . I t c ontained a f ine a shy s oil a nd c harcoal f ragments . T he o nly o ther f eature o ccurring i n S tructure 3 28 w as a r ing o f s mall r ounded c obbles , p ossibly a f ooting , l ying a t t he e astern e nd o f t he f loor s urrounding a p ost h ole .

1 0

F ig. 7 .

S tructure 3 29 i n g rids 3 0/35 ( foreground ) a nd 3 5/30 o f t he C entral S quare , l ook ing w est . B edrock i s s howing i n t he o pposing s quares .

F ig. 8 .

S tructure 3 28 i n t he S outh S quare , l ooking w est.

1

P hase

I S ummary

T he r emains o f S tructures 3 28 a nd 3 29 r epresent t wo g round l evel b uilding p latforms , p robably a psidal i n p lan , w hich s upported o ne o r m ore u pright t imber s uperstructures . T he p attern o f p ost h oles o n S tructure 3 29 i ndicates t hat t he s pace w ithin t he p latform w as e ntirely e nclosed b y i ts s uperstructure w hile t he e vidence s uggests t hat a m uch s maller b uilding s tood a t t he c enter o f S tructure 3 28 . T he a bsence o f f eatures o ther t han p ost h oles o n t he e xcavated p ortion o f S tructure 3 29 a nd t he e xistence o f a u nique c lay p it f eature w ithin a s mall s helter o n S tructure 3 28 m ay s ignify ad ifference i n f unction f or t he t wo p latforms . O rientation a nd a lignment

o f

t he s tructures a ppears h aphazard w ith

p roximity t he g overning f actor . O utside t he s tructures, t he o ld l and s urface w as c overed b y ac obblestone , a nd p ossibly m arl, s urface , p erhaps i n a n a ttempt t o k eep t he z one a round t he p latforms f ree o f v egetation . T he p resence o f F eature 2 72 t o t he n orthwest i ndicates a t l east o ne o ther , e arlier s tructure n earby . T he d ating o f t his i nitial p hase o f a rchitecture i s b ased o n t he i dentification o f p urely . S wasey c eramics w ithin t hese c ontexts a nd a r adiocarbon d ate ( see A ppendix A ) t aken f rom t he b uildup o n t he o ld g round s urface w hich u nderlies S tructures 3 28 a nd 3 29 .

P hase I A O verlying S tructure 3 29 i n t he c entral

a rea o f

t he

t rench w as a t hin

s pread o f c obblestones w hich a ppeared t o b e a t hickening a ccumulation o f l ayer 2 352 t o t he s outh ( Figure 9 ) . T his d eposit w as c ut b y h earths , b urial F eature 10 ( see A ppendix B f or s ummary ) a nd o verlain b y t hree i solated a nd e roded p atches o f p laster f looring . T en f ire p its - F eatures 6 4 ( Figure 1 0), 6 8 , 6 9 , 7 2, 7 5, 7 6/206 , 7 6/208 , 7 6/210 , 7 6/211, a nd 7 6/219 - c ut t he s urface o f l ayer 2 352 b etween N 35 a nd N 36 , w ith t he e xception o f F eature 7 5 w hich l ay f urther n orth . T he a verage d iameter o f t hese p its w as . 42 m a nd a verage d epth w as . 17 i n . F our o f t he p its w ere p ottery l ined , t hat i s , t he b ase o f l arge c eramic v essels w ere p laced i n t he p its, a nd t he r est w ere l ined w ith s tone . I n s ome c ases , t here w as a d ouble l ining , u sually t he u nderlining w as a h ard c lay , a nd t he u pper l ining e ither p ottery o r s tone . T he f ill i nside a ll o f t hese p its s howed e vidence o f b urning . O ne p ossible p ost h ole -.24 m i n d iameter a nd . 05 i n d eep - w as e xcavated . I mmediately s outh o f t hese f eatures w as a p atch o f p laster ( 608) o verlying t he c obblestone s urface a nd c ut b y t wo m ore f ire p its , F eatures 5 2 a nd 5 3 . B oth p its h ad a n i nner l ining o f p ottery a nd a n o uter l ining o f s tone a nd r anged i n d iameter f rom . 40.47 m a nd i n d epth f rom . 10.12 m . F ragments o f F eature 5 2 .

d aub ,

f rom a d emolished b uilding ,

1 9

w ere f ound

i n t he f ill

o f

STRUCTURE

328

C obb lestone

I

C

F 4-

1 3 0

4 ,

F ig .

1 0 .

F ire p it F eature 6 4 ,

e mptied o f c on tents .

N ote t he u nderlining o f

h ard c lay a round t he l ower p ortion o f t he c eramic v essel .

T o t he w est w as a nother p atch o f p laster ( 76/233) w hich w as w ell c onstructed a nd h ad a b lackened s urface , p robably p roduced b y w ear . I t w as c ut b y t hree p ost h oles w ith a r ange i n d iameter o f . 10 1J5 i n ( average . 12 m ) a nd d epth o f . 12.15 m ( average . 13 m ) . N orthwest

o f

t his a nd o verlying s oil

p laster ( 808 ) r esting a t a pproximately f eatures a re a ssociated w ith 8 08 . B eyond

t he

c obbled

a rea

a nd

t he

t he

s ame

l evel

i solated p atches

n orth w ere m idden d eposits 8 13 a nd 7 6/188 , d ebitage ,

l ayer 8 13 w as a t hird p atch o f a s

o f

r ich i n c arbon ,

t he o thers .

N o

p laster t o

t he

p ottery ,

l ithic

a nd b one .

P hase I A S ummary W ith t he a bandonment o f S tructure 3 29 , o ccupation i n t he z one n orth o f S tructure 3 28 r esulted i n t he s pread o f t he c obblestone s urface w hich b uried S tructure 3 29 , a nd i n t he a ccumulation o f m idden . T he e xtension o f s urface 2 352 m arks t he e arliest u se o f t his a rea a s a n e xternal l iving a rea , a

1 4

p ractice w hich c ontinued t hroughout

t he h istory o f P latform 3 4 .

T he n umber

o f h earths a nd t he a mount o f c ultural d ebris i n P hase I A i ndicate d omestic a ctivity o f s ome i ntensity a nd d uration . A side f rom S tructure 3 28 , n o s ubstantial s tructural r emains e xisted w ithin t he t rench . T he s urrounding p atches o f p laster c ut b y p ost h oles w ere w idely s eparated a nd d id n ot c onform t o a ny a pparent p lan b ut m ay r epresent t emporary o r s econdary s helters o f p ole a nd t hatch b uilt i n t he a rea a djacent t o t he h earths . T he e arliest b urial, F eature 10, w as r ecovered i n t he a rea o utside t he s tructures . A ll o f t he c eramics r ecovered i n P hase I A w ere S wasey ; r adioc arbon d ates c ollected f rom f ire p its i n P hase I A c an b e f ound i n A ppendix A.

P hase I I S oil a nd r ubble b allast w as l aid d own o ver t he a rea o ccupied b y t he c obblestone s urface i n t he c onstruction o f t he . 03 m t hick , m oderately h ard , g rey-white p laster ( 496 a nd 7 6/224 ) o f P atio F loor I ( Figure 1) . I t w as a f riable p laster c ontaining s ome c arbon ( Littmann 1 978 ) . T he c entral p ortion o f t he f loor 's s urface w as v ery w ell p reserved a nd s howed e vidence o f b urning . I t r ested b etween 2 1 .5 4 a nd 2 1 .64 m a bove s ea l evel . T he o uter e dges o f t he f loor w ere e roded d own t o t he s ubfloor f ill e xcept w here i t a butted S tructure 3 27 t o t he w est a nd w here i t t erminated i n as mooth , c urved , b evelled e dge a long a n orthwest-southeast l ine t hrough g rids 3 5/30 a nd 3 5/35 . H ere t he f loor w as c ut b y t wo f eatures , 6 7 a nd 7 0 . A n o blong t rough , F eature 6 7 , s traddled t he n orthwest c orner o f t he p atio f loor . T his g rey , c lay-lined t rough m easured 1 . 00 b y . 80 m w ith a d epth o f . 14 m . I t w as f illed w ith g rey-brown s oil c ontaining f ragments o f d aub a nd p laster a nd a l ense o f c harcoal w hich c oated t he b ase o f t he f eature . I n f orm , F eature 6 7 d oes n ot r esemble a ny o ther f eature f ound a t C uello . S outh o f i t l ay F eature 7 0 , a s mall, s tone-lined p it . 49 m i n d iameter a nd . 09 m d eep . T he r emains o f a r azed p latform , p atio f loor 's n orthern e dge .

S tructure 3 25 , l ay f urther n orth b eyond t he T o t he s outh , a l ine o f p its - F eatures 5 1,

2 34 , 2 43 , a nd 2 41 - r unning n orth-south w ere e xcavated . F eature 5 1 i s t he n orthernmost o f t he g roup a nd w idely s eparated f rom t he o ther h earths . O ne o f t he p its w as s tone-lined , t he r est w ere l ined w ith p ottery . F eature 2 41 h ad a d ouble l ayer o f p otsherds i ndicating a s econd v essel h ad b een s et i nto t he p it w hen t he f irst o ne w ore o ut . F eatures 2 55 t hrough 2 57 c ut t he s ubfloor f ill ( 2206 ) o f p laster 4 96 t o t he s outh . O nly F eature 2 55 w as p ottery-lined , t he o ther t wo w ere s tonel ined . A ll o f t he f ire p its a ssociated w ith P atio F loor I h ad a pproximately t he s ame d imensions , o n a verage . 40 m i n d iameter a nd . 20 m i n d epth . A t t he s outhwest e nd o f t he t rench a nd s urrounded b y s ubfloor f ill 2 206 w as a t hird s tructure ,

S tructure 3 26 .

S TRUCTURE 3 27 F ronting t he w est s ide o f p laster 7 6/224 o f P atio F loor I w as S tructure 3 27 . S tructure 3 27 w as a l ow p latform w ith a r ounded f acade m easuring a n e stimated 5 . 30 b y 5 .90 1 1 . O nly a f ragment o f t h is s tructure e xtended o ut o f t he w est s ection o f t he t rench , h owever , i t r ose f rom . 20 t o . 30 m i n h eight d uring s uccessive r ef 1o orings a nd s upported t wo p ole a nd t hatch s uperstructures w hich p robably c overed t he e ntire s urface o f t he p latform . M uch o f t he s outh e nd o f t his e xposed f ragment h ad b een r emoved b y a 1 975 t est p it s o t hat n ot e ven a f ull p lan o f t he e xcavated p ortion i s a vailable .

1 5

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S TRUCTURE

L I -

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( 7 , L C)

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1 6

Fig . 12 .

Structure 327, floor 76/217, looking west .

Two building stages (a-b) were recorded for Structure 327; only Building Stage b is illustrated (Figures 11 and 12). Buildi ng Stage a . The core o f Structure 3 2 7 consisted of earth (76/238) retained by coursed limestones (76/218) with spalls set in the It survived to a height of .15 m along its east face and had an chinks. exterior plaster facing (814). The top of the platform was covered by a poorly preserved but excellently constructed plaster floor (76/227). It was a light grey-tan plaster with a hard, worked surface covered by a 2 nnn thick wash coat (Littmann 1978). The .05 m thick layer of plaster was laid down over a thin layer of pebbles on top of a sandy fill. Building Stage b. A second floor, 76/217, also of excellent quality and constructed i� the same manner (Littmann 1978), was laid down over the preceding floor (Figures 11 and 12). The surface of this floor turned up along a curved channel (76/216) filled with plaster and stone rubble. Four post/stake holes followed the inside line roughly following the inside edge of the wal 1. Diameters of the two stake holes ranged from .0 8-.09 m; depths were not recorded. Diameters of the remaining post holes ranged from .10-.19 m with an average of .12 m; depths, again, were not recorded. In plan, this channel followed a horseshoe configuration forming an unusual entranceway on the east side of the structure.

17

The northern end of the structure appears to have been enlarged by widening the curve of the outer face to the north. A deposit of eroded plaster marked the destruction of the earlier face. Stones (734) were laid over the earlier plaster facing and then replastered (732). This alteration took place with the reflooring of the platform which also raised the height of the structure an additional .10 m. STRUCTURE 326 The structure on the south side of Patio Floor I lay almost entirely within the limits of the excavation so that it is one of the most complete platfonns uncovered at Cuello. Structure 326 was an apsidal platform with its long axis running at aximuth 124 degrees. It measured approximately 8.40 m long and 4. 50 m wide and rose f rom .10 to .20 m in height. It underwent four stages (a-cl) of building involving ref looring, the construction of a series of front and rear steps, the addition of a basal molding which skirted the front half of the platform, and the construction of an elaborate entranceway. Building Stage a can be seen in Figure 13, Building Stage c in Figure 14, and Building Stage d in Figure 11. Structure 326 supported a series of at least three timber buildings which followed the outline of its platform. Post and stake holes in the center of the platfonn probably indicate the partitioning of the interior space of the bui.lding. No other features were associated with Structure 326. Hearths adjacent to the structure indicate that cooking was carried on outside the platfonn in the patio. Building Stage a. Structure 326 was built over Structure 328 with the laying down of a core of earth and stone (2219) retained by a line of large cobblestones (2203). On top of this, floor 2214 was laid (Figure 13). This was a well preserved floor except for scattered patches of burning and the scars of twenty-eight possible post/stake holes. O f these, five had diameters of .07-.08 m and depths ranging from .03-.13 m. The remaining twenty-three ranged from .10-30 m (average .13 m) in diameter and from .02.60 m (average .13 m) in depth. Plaster 2381 to the south of the platfonn and only seen clearly in section may have formed a plaster facing at the rear of the platform. No plaster facing survived on the north, or front, side of the platfonn. A medium brown soil (2213) was spread over floor Building Stage b. 2214 in the construction of the second floor, 2192, of Structure 326. The surface of this plaster floor was eroded and burnt in places. Sixteen post holes were discovered in the surface of floor 2192. They ranged in diameter from .10-.20 m (average .14 m) and in depth from .02-.35 m (average .16 m). A thin plaster facing (2205) surrounded the northern side of the platform and lipped up to floor 2192, except at the east and west ends where it was entirely eroded away. The retaining stones (2203) along the perimeter of the platfonn were exposed at the western end. The rear, or southern facade, of the platform was also faced with plaster (2196) which turned outward, beyond the trench, possibly fonning a rear step to the platfonn. Building Stage c. A ballast of earth and stone (2188) was laid down over floor 2192 in the construction of the final floor covering Structure 326. Of the internal floors belonging to Structure 326, floor 2056 was the thickest and best preserved (Figure 14). Its surface was cut by nine stake holes , fifteen post holes, two post slots, two depressions, and a pit. The 18

F ig . 1 3 .

F ig . 1 4 .

S tructure 3 26 , f loor 2 214 , l ooking w est.

L ooking d own o n f loor 2 056 o f S tructure 3 26 p rior t o c onstruction o f b asal m olding . N ote T -shaped r amp a t f ront o f s tructure a nd r ear

s tep .

1 9

s take h oles r anged f rom . 05. 0 8 m ( average . 0 7 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 02.18 m ( average . 07 m ) i n d epth . T he p ost h oles r anged f rom . 10.34 m ( average . 18 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 06.50 m ( average . 23 m ) i n d epth . T he t wo l inear f eatures i nterpreted a s p ost s lots l ay o n e ither s ide o f t he e ntrance . T hey r anged f rom . 601.00 i n i n l ength a nd . 06.16 m i n w idth ; b oth w ere . 10 m d eep . T he p it , F eature 2 53 , w as a t t he e astern e dge o f t he p latform a nd w as p artially s ealed b y d efined , i t i s s uggested A s mall p rojecting s tep o f t he p latform o n i ts

a p laster p atch ( U M ) . A s t he p it w as n ot w ellt hat i t w as a n e roded s pot t hat w as l ater r epaired . c onstructed o f e arth ( 2167 ) w as a dded t o t he c enter n orth f ace . I t w as c overed b y a t hin l ayer o f

p laster ( 2166 ) c ontinuous w ith t he o ther p laster f acing ( 2182) c overing t he n orth f ace o f t he b uilding p latform . T he s tep w as 1 . 30 i n w ide , . 60 m d eep , a nd r ose a t l east . 0 . 5 i n a bove t he e xisting p atio s urface . I t s tepped . 20 m u p t o as econd , i nternal s tep ( 2207) c ut i nto t he e arlier f loor o n t he f ront s ide o f t he p latform . T he s tep w as f illed i n w ith a c ompact r ubble a nd m arl ( 2208) . F our p osts f lanked t he s econd s tep w ith t he t wo c entral p osts a llowing r oom f or p assage . O n t he s outh s ide o f t he p latform , o pposite 2 166 , ap laster l ip ( 2164) t urned o ut a t a 9 0 d egree a ngle f rom t he s outh f ace o f t he p latform , f orming a r ear s tep a t t he c enter o f t he s outh f ace o f S tructure 3 26 . T his p laster l ip d ropped d own t o a b rown s oil l ayer ( 2163) a t t he b ase o f t he p latform . T he n ortheast c orner o f t he p latform w as r esurfaced w ith p atches o f p laster ( 2102) w hich w ere l ater c ut t hrough b y t hree p ost h oles r anging f rom . 19.24 i n ( average . 22 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 16. 27 m ( average . 2 1 m i ) i n d epth . A lternatively , i t p ost h oles w ere p lastered a round a fter p lacement . B uilding S tage d .

i s p ossible

F loor 2 056 c ontinued i n u se i n t his

t hat

t hese

s tage b ut

t he

p erimeter o f t he s tructure w as a ltered ( Figure 1) . A b asal m olding w ith a m d eep t read w as a dded a round a t l east t he n orthern h alf o f t he p latform . I t w as c onstructed o f t wo c ourses o f s tone ( 2101) f illed i n w ith a m ixture o f s oil a nd m arl t hat f ormed a . 20 m h igh s tep b etween t he p atio s urface a nd t he t op o f t he p latform . T his w as f aced w ith p laster 2 204 a nd 2 070, w hich f ormed a s kirt a round t he b ase o f t he p latform . T hree p ost h oles - . 14.18 m ( average . 16 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 09.18 m ( average . 13 m ) i n d epth - c ut t he s urface o f 2 204 . T he s moothly c urving o uter e dge o f t he m olding w as d isrupted o n t he e ast s ide o f t he p latform b y t he a ddition o f a s hort p rojecting s tep c overed w ith p laster 2 104 . T his f eature , b uilt i nto 2 101 a t t he t ime o f i ts c onstruction , b roke t he o therwise s ymmetrical p lan o f t he p latform . T he f ront c entral p rojecting s tep f ound i n t he e arlier s tage w as r eplastered w ith 2 105 . T his w as l ater c ut b y ap ost h ole . 14 m i n d iameter a nd . 15 m i n d epth . T he i nternal s tep w as a lso r eplastered ( 2106) f orming a T -shaped r amp o r s ill w hich s loped d own t o m eet t he s urface o f f loor 2 056 . T he s urface o f 2 106 w as c ut b y t hree p ost h oles . 18.25 m ( average . 20 m )

i n d iameter a nd . 17.40 m ( average . 3 1 m )

i n d epth .

N arrow

s lots i n t he p laster f loor b etween t he m ain p osts s uggest t hat t he r amp w as b acked b y s creens f lanking t he p osts . T he c ombination o f t his i nternal s tep w ith t he p attern o f p ost h oles s urrounding i t s uggested a t hresholded e ntrance .

T he

r ear

o f

t he

p latform

r emained u nchanged

d uring

i ts

f inal

s tage o f c onstruction . T he p laster f acing ( 2070 ) a t t he e ast s ide o f t he p latform w as c ut b y t hree p ost h oles r anging f rom . 12:20 m ( average . 17 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 05.16 m ( average . 12 m ) i n d epth . A lso c utting t his p laster f acing w ere t he d isturbed r emains o f a f ire p it , F eature 2 52 . T he p it c ontained a d isarray o f s tones , o ne l arge p otsherd , a nd f ragments o f b urnt c lay i n a m atrix o f a shy s oil .

A t t he w est e nd o f t he p latform a nd

a lmost a butting i t w ere t he r emains o f a n i ntact p it, F eature 2 54 . T he p laster f acing w as e roded d own t o i ts u nderlying f ill i n t he a rea a round t he p it , b ut p resumably t he p it c ut t hrough 2 070 o riginally . U pon e xcavation

2 0

t he s oil

a round

t he p it w as b lackened a nd

f ull

o f

c harcoal

f rom b urning

a ssociated w ith i t . T he p it , . 40 m i n d iameter , h ad a n o uter l ining o f s mall s tones a nd a n i nner l ining o f b roken p ottery . C hunks o f b urnt c lay w ere f ound s ticking t o t he i nner l ining . T he i nterior o f w as f illed w ith c harcoal-blackened s oil .

S TRUCTURE

t he

p it ,

. 20 m d eep ,

3 25

T he r emains o f S tructure 3 25 , o n t he n orth s ide o f P atio F loor I , a re e xtremely f ragmentary . B uilding S tages a -d a re a s ketchy r ecord b ased o n t he e vidence a vailable f or t his a lmost c ompletely r azed p latform ; o nly B uilding S tage d i s i llustrated ( Figure 1 1) . I t w as i mpossible t o r econstruct t he o riginal s ize a nd p lan o f S tructure 3 25 . T he c ontour o f t he n orthern e dge o f P atio F loor I , h owever , w hich p resumably a butted i t, s uggests a r ounded , p ossibly a psidal, p lan f or t he p latform . T he e ntire l ength o f t he s outhern f acade o f t his s tructure w as d estroyed a nd l evelled i n t he s ucceeding p hase f or t he e xtension o f t he p atio s urface t o t he n orth . W hat s urvived i s a s mall s tub a t t he i nterior o f t he p latform w hich w as e ncapsulated i n a l ater s tructure . W e k now , b ased o n t he e levation o f t he s urviving f loors , t hat S tructure 3 25 s tood a pproximately . 20 m a bove P atio F loor I a nd s upported a t l east f our t imber b uildings . T he c oncentration o f p its a ssociated w ith t his p latform i n i ts f inal p hase s uggests i ts u se a s a k itchen d urings i ts f inal e pisode . B uilding S tage a .

, In P hase I A ,

a f ragment o f

p laster f looring

( 736)

e xtended o ut o f t he n orth s ection . I t w as c ut b y f our s take h oles r anging f rom . 06.09 m ( average . 08 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 10.12 m ( average . 1 1 m ) i n d epth ; a nd f our p ost h oles r anging f rom . 10.20 m ( average . 13 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 10. 1 7 m ( average . 13 m ) i n d epth . A g rave , F eature 7 6/232 ( See A ppendix B ) ,

c ut t he e ast s ide o f t he f loor .

B uilding S tage b . A bove t his, a t hick l ayer o f e arth ( 76/188) w as a dded a nd f loor 7 6/193 w as l aid d own . T his f ragment o f f looring h ad a b lackened s urface ; o nly a v ery s mall p atch o f i t s urvived . B uilding S tage c . T he f loor a bove , 7 6/172 , a lso h ad a b lackened s urface a nd r ed p aint w as n oted o n i ts s urface . A s i n t he e arlier f loor , i t s urvived o nly i n t he n orthwest c orner o f 3 5/35 . I t w as c ut b y s ix p ost h oles w hich r anged f rom . 1 0.20 m ( average . 14 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 12.20 m ( average . 17 m ) i n d epth . B uilding S tage d .

P laster 5 86 a nd p laster 7 6/165 c onstitute t he f ourth

a nd f inal f loor o f S tructure 3 25 ( Figure 1) . P atches o f t his f loor w ere b urnt a nd s ealed b elow a l ense o f g rey a sh . P laster 7 6/165 w as c ut b y t hree f eatures : a p ost h ole . 20 m i n d iameter b y . 45 m d eep , a n o val d epression c ontaining f ragments o f a nimal b one , a nd a s tone-lined p it, F eature 7 6/168 . T he p it w as . 40 m i n d iameter a nd . 15 m d eep . T o t he w est, 5 86 w as c ut b y f ive m ore p its - F eatures 5 4, 6 2, 6 3, 6 5 , a nd 6 6 -a ll s imilar i n s ize a nd m ethod o f c onstruction . E ach w as l ined w ith s tones s et i n c lay a nd h ad a n a verage d iameter o f . 45 m a nd d epth o f . 20 m ; F eatures 6 2

a nd 6 3 w ere a lso p ottery-lined .

T he

f loor

s urrounding

t hese p its w as

b urnt a nd e ach w as f illed w ith c arbon . A bove t he a sh s ealing b oth f loor f ragments, b ut c oncentrated t o t he w est, w as a l ayer o f d ark g rey s oil c ontaining l arge a mounts o f c harcoal, r ubble , a nd d aub . T his l ayer a ppears t o b e t he d estruction l ayer f or S tructure 3 25 f ollowing t he r ipping o ut o f i ts s outhern f acade i n t he e xtension o f t he p atio i n t he f ollowing p hase .

2 1

P hase I I S ummary P hase

I I

w itnessed

t he

f ormalization o f

t he

p atio

a rrangement

w ith

t hree b uilding p latforms p laced a round a c entral p atio . P atio F loor I w as b ordered o n t he w est b y a r ound-fronted p latform , S tructure 3 27 ; o n t he s outh b y a n a psidal p latform , S tructure 3 26 ; a nd o n t he n orth b y t he r azed r emains o f S tructure 3 25 , s ome 1 m eters a way f rom S tructure 3 26 w hich i t f aced . S tructure 3 25 h ad b een d emolished w ith t he e xtension n orthwards o f t he s ucceeding p atio f loor i n P hase I II . H ow f ar e ast P atio F loor I s tretched a nd w hat l ies b eyond i t i s n ot k nown . S tructures 3 25 , 3 26, a nd 3 27 r ose b etween . 20.30 m a bove t he p atio s urface a nd s upported a s uccession o f p ole a nd t hatch s uperstructures . T he b uildings s tanding o n S tructures 3 26 a nd 3 27 h ad t hresholded d oorways . N o b urial o r h earth f eatures w ere u ncovered i n t he f ragment o f S tructure 3 27 e xcavated w ithin o ur t rench o r o n t he w hole o f S tructure 3 26 , w hereas S tructure 3 25 c ontained o ne b urial a nd s everal h earths . A t otal o f t en h earths w ere u ncovered i n t he p atio a rea b etween a nd i n f ront o f t hese s tructures i ndicating t hat , f or S tructures 3 26 a nd 3 27 a t l east , t he p atio w as u sed f or c ooking . T he S wasey c eramics f ound t hroughout P hase I I, t ogether w ith i ts r adiocarbon s amples ( see A ppendix A ), d ate t his c onstruction p hase t o t he E arly P reclassic P eriod .

P hase I II A t l east f our p latforms - S tructure 3 20 o n t he n orth , S tructure 3 21 o n t he w est , S tructure 3 23 o n t he s outhwest , a nd S tructure 3 24 o n t he s outheast -f aced o nto t he n ew p atio s urface ( Patio F loor I I ) i n P hase I II ( Figure 1 5) . Ad istance o f 2t o 4m eters s eparated t he e nds o f t hese p latforms w hich e nclosed t he w estern e nd o f t he p atio i n t his p hase . S tructures 3 20 a nd 3 23 f aced e ach o ther a cross t he n ew p atio , as pan o f 1 3 m eters . P laster 4 77 , 7 6/170 , a nd 76 /1 9 6 o f P atio F loor I I w as l aid o ver s tone b allast c overing t he e arlier p atio s urface . T he n ew p atio f loor r aised t he e levation o f t he p atio t o 2 1 .64-21 .78 m a bove d atum . T he y ellow-white p laster o f P atio F loor I I w as . 0 3 mt hick , s oft , f riable , a nd f ree o f s tones a nd c arbon ( Littmann 1 978 ) . T he t otal t hickness o f t his f loor i ncluding i ts b allast w as o nly . 05 UL P atio F loor I I e xtended c onsiderably f urther n orth t han d id t he p revious p atio f loor . H owever , l ike i ts e arlier c ounterpart , i t c ontinued t o a but t he n ew s tructures t hat b ound i t t o t he n orth a nd w est . F rom i ts n orthwest e dge i n 3 5/30 t he f loor s loped d awn t o t he s outheast a nd h ad b urnt p atches . I n t his n orthwest c orner o f t he p atio , i n t he s pace b etween S tructures 3 20 a nd 3 21, t he f loor w as c ut b y n ine p ost h oles a nd t wo s take h oles , f orming a s mall e nclosed a rea s uch a s ap en . D imensions o f t he p ost h oles r anged f rom . 1 1-22 m ( average . 15 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 09.25 i n ( average . 16 m ) i n d epth ; t he s take h oles r anged f rom . 07.08 i n i n d iameter a nd f rom . 11.15 m i n d epth . T he w est s ide o f t he p atio , i n f ront o f S tructure 3 20 , w as a lso c ut b y a n u nlined p it F eature 7 6/197, . 40 m i n d iameter a nd . 1 5 i n d eep . I ts f ill c ontained a l arge s ample o f c harcoal w hich p roduced a r adiocarbon r eading ( see Q 1579 i n A ppendix A ) . T he s urface l evelled o ut f urther s outh i nto t he p atio , a lthough t here w ere m ore e roded p atches a nd o ne l arge s heet o f p laster ( 481) o verlapping t he s outhern e dge o f t he p atio f loor w hich m ay b e p art o f t he r esurfacing e ffort c onducted l ater . T he f loor t erminated a long a s traight s outhwest-northeast

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l ine a t 2 60 d egrees a zimuth , d elineated b y s tones 4 87 s et i nto p laster . S outh o f t his e dging w as s oil 4 86 a nd t he f ragmentary r emains o f am uch e roded p laster s urface , 2 014 . I ts s urface w as c ut b y f ive p its - F eatures 2 44 , 2 45 , 2 32 , 2 33 , a nd 2 31 - a nd o ne p ost h ole ( . 13 m i n d iameter b y . 25 m d eep ) . F eatures 2 31-3 w ere l ocated i n an orth-south l ine i n f ront o f S tructure 3 23 a nd F eatures 2 44-5 w ere l ocated t o t he e ast o f t his p latform . F our o f t he p its w ere l ined w ith p ottery a nd t he f ifth w ith s tone . D imensions o f t he p its r anged f rom . 40.45 m i n d iameter a nd . 10-20 m i n d epth . A s ingle l ine o f l arge , u nshaped l imestone b oulders ( 1703 ) f ormed a p atio e dging l inking S tructures 3 23 a nd 3 21 . I t w as a butted b y p laster 2 014 t o t he e ast . A d ark g rey-brown s oil l ay t o t he w est o f 1 703 , o utside t he p atio . T his s outhern e xtension o f p atio s pace w as r esurfaced t hrough t he a ddition o f 2 008 , a h eavily c harcoal-laden s oil, a nd p laster f loor 2 006 ( Figure 1 5) . A gain o nly f ragmentary r emains o f t his p oorly p reserved s urface s urvived . I t c overed t he s ame a rea a s 2 014 a round S tructures 3 23 a nd 3 21 a nd l apped u p a gainst t he s tone b order ( 1703) o n t he w est .

S TRUCTURE 3 20 S tructure 3 20 w as f ound o n t he n orth s ide o f p laster 7 6/170 o f P atio F loor I I o verlying S tructure 3 25 . T he p latform f aced s outh w ith i ts l ong a xis a ligned t o 9 3 d egrees a zimuth . A psidal i n p lan , t he p latform w as a n e stimated 8 . 10 b y 5 .00 T E L A b reak i n i ts r etaining w all a long t he c entral a xis o f t he p latform a nd t he m anner o f c onstruction o f i ts f loors s uggests t wo s tages o f s tep b uilding a ssociated w ith P atio F loors I I a nd I II . A s equence o f f loors ( a-f ) a ssociated w ith t he r etaining w all w as e xcavated t o t he n orth . B uilding S tage a c an b e s een i n F igure 1 5 , B uilding S tage b i n F igures 1 6 a nd 2 0 , a nd B uilding S tage d i n F igure 2 1 . B uilding S tage a .

A t hick l ayer o f d ark b rown s oil ( 76/189 ) w as s pread

o ver t he r ubble o f S tructure 3 25 a nd t he n ew p latform , S tructure 3 20 , b uilt a round i t . T his w as r etained b y s tones 7 6/192 w hich w ere a butted t o t he s outh b y a p laster l ip ( 76/171), c ontinuous w ith t he n ewly l aid p laster ( 76/170 ) o f P atio F loor I I ( Figure 1 5) . T he s mooth , b lackened s urface o f i ts p laster f loor , 7 6/153 , w as c ut b y f ive p ost h oles r anging i n s ize f rom . 10-20 m ( average . 13 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 07. 3 0 m ( average . 16 m ) i n d epth . A s tone-lined p it , F eature 7 6/180 , . 25 m i n d iameter a nd . 10 m d eep , a lso c ut f loor 7 6/153 . B uilding S tage b .

" . A s econd p laster f loor , 76 /13 0 , w as c onstructed o n a

f oundation o f b lack l imestone f ragments ( Figures 1 6 a nd 2 0) .

I t w as c ut b y

t hree p ost h oles r anging i n s ize f rom . 10.12 m ( average . 1 1 n ) i n d iameter a nd . 05.15 m i n d epth ; o ne s take h ole m easured . 08 m i n d iameter a nd w as . 05 m d eep . T wo p its w ere s ituated j ust w ithin t he s outhern e dge o f t he f loor . T he f irst , F eature 7 6/138 , l ay t o t he w est a nd w as a n o blong p it , a pproximtely . 40 b y . 60 m , w ith a d epth o f . 15 TM I t w as l ined w ith s tones a nd p ottery . T he s econd p it , F eature 7 6/147 , l ay t o t he e ast a nd w as . 50 m i n d iameter a nd . 15 m d eep . T his p it w as d isturbed b ut a lso h ad a p ottery a nd s tone l ining . B uilding S tage c . P laster f loor 76 /12 3 w as d irectly s uperimposed o ver 7 6/130 . N o f eatures w ere r ecorded f or t he e xcavated p ortion o f t his f loor . B uilding S tage d .

A bove

t his w as

a l ayer o f p laster

w ith e arth o ver w hich w as l aid a f ourth p laster f loor ,

2 4

f ragments m ixed

7 6/112

( Figure 2 1) .

F ig. 1 6 .

F ig . 1 7 .

S tructure 3 20 ; f loor 7 6/130 , l ooking n orth .

S tructure 3 21, f loor 76 /1 7 7, ( 76/155 ) i n c enter o f p hoto .

2 5

l ooking w est .

N ote i nset s tep

I t w as c ut b y s ix s take h oles a nd t hree p ost h oles . T he s take h oles r anged f rom . 06.09 m ( average . 07 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 04.10 i n ( average . 06 m ) i n d epth . T hey f ormed a s traight l ine r unning e ast-west a cross t he i nterior o f t he p latform , p robably r epresenting a p artition w all i nside i ts s uperstructure . T he p ost h oles r anged f rom . 10.12 i n ( average . 11 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 13.20 m ( average . 16 m ) i n d epth . B uilding S tage e . I mmediately a bove t his w as a nother p laster f loor ( 76/111) w ith n o i ntervening s oil l ayer . N o f eatures w ere r ecorded f or t his f loor . B uilding S tage f . T he f inal p laster f loor c apping S tructure 3 20 w as 7 6/102 . I t w as c ut b y t wo p ost h oles, b oth . 10 m in d iameter a nd . 10 i n d eep , a nd t wo g raves , F eatures 7 6/137 a nd 7 6/152 ( see A ppendix B ) .

S TRUCTURE

3 21

S tructure 3 21 o ccupied a p rominent p osition o n t he w est s ide o f t he p atio o verlying S tructure 3 27 . T he e astern h alf o f t he s tructure l ies w ithin t he t rench ; i ts s outheast c orner w as r emoved b y a 1 975 t est p it . S tructure 3 21 i s a psidal i n p lan , w ith s traight s ides r unning a t 7 d egrees a zimuth , a nd r ounded e nds . I t i s a pproximately 8 .30 i n l ong a nd 4 .95 i nw ide . S tructure 3 21 s tood . 20 i n h igh i n i ts i nitial s tage a nd r ose t o ah eight o f . 60 i n d uring f ive s tages ( a-e ) o f f loor c onstruction . T wo i nset s teps g ave a ccess u p o nto t he p latform . A lthough t he f loors o n S tructure 3 21 w ere m ostly d amaged , t he e vidence s uggests i t s upported a s uccession o f t imber b uildings . B uilding S tage a c an b e s een i n F igures 1 5 S tage b i n F igure 2 0 , a nd B uilding S tage d i n F igure 2 1 . B uilding S tage a .

a nd

1 7 ,

B uilding

S tructure 3 21 w as r etained b y u nmortared ,

r oughly-

d ressed l imestone b locks ( 731) , a pproximately . 50 m w ide a nd s urviving i n p laces t o a h eight o f . 40 m ( Figures 1 5 a nd 1 7) . A p laster f acing ( 1747) c overed t he e xterior o f t he p latform . T he n ortheastern c orner o f 7 31 w as d estroyed d own t o i ts f oundation . I t w as l ater r ebuilt w ith s tones 3 40 w hich w ere l aid f urther s outh , t hus s hortening t he p latform . T his r ealignment o f t he p latform f ace h ad o ccurred b y P hase I IIA a s p laster 4 59 o f p atio f loor I II a butted i t . M idway a long t he e ast f ace o f S tructure 3 21 ( Figure 1 7) w as a r ectangular , i nset s tep ( 76/155) . I t w as a pproximately . 90 m w ide a nd h ad b een s et b ack i nto t he p latform . T he t read w as c onstructed o f l arge , f lat l imestone s labs c overed w ith p laster . T he p laster l ining c overing t he f loor , s ides a nd b ack o f t he s tep w as c oterminous w ith t he p laster f acing t he o utside o f 7 31 . I ts w estern e dge h ad b een d estroyed b ut i t a ppeared t o h ave f ormed a s econd , h igher s tep b uilt i n t he s ame m anner . T his s econd s tep h ad b een f illed i n a t a l ater d ate b y s tones s et w ithin i t, b ut a s econd l ayer o f p laster o n t he l ower s tep h ad b een a dded a t a n i nterim d ate . O n t he w est s ide o f 7 31 a nd r etained b y i t w ere a s eries o f f ills u pon w hich f loor 7 6/177 w as b uilt ( Figures 1 5 a nd 1 7) . T he t otal d epth o f t hese f ills w as . 30 m a nd t he p laster f loor w hich c apped i t w as . 06 m t hick . T he p laster f loor w as l ight g rey i n c olor a nd h ad a w orked s urface w ith a 1 m m t hick w ash c oat ( Littmann 1 978) . I t w as a g ood q uality f loor w ith a b lackened s urface r esting a pproximately A I D m a bove t he p atio t o t he e ast . Ad eposit o f f ine , l ight g rey a sh s loped d own f rom t he t op o f t his f loor t o t he w estern e dge o f 7 31 .

2 6

B uilding S tage b .

T he n ext f loor 3 38 ,

l aid o ver a l ayer o f s oil a nd

m arl, w as a w hite p laster , . 06 m t hick , w ith a b lackened s urface ( Figure 2 0) . A p laster p atch ( 76/156) w as f ound a t i ts e astern e dge a nd a p it ( 343) , . 24 m i n d iameter a nd . 18 m d eep , a t t he n orthern e nd . O verlying f loor 3 38 w as a d eposit c ontaining l arge f ragments o f d aub f rom a d emolished b uilding . B uilding S tage f loor ( 337) a bove .

c . A l ense o f b rown s oil s eparated f loor 3 38 f rom t he F loor 3 37 w as a w hite p laster , . 03 m t hick , b ut f airly

h ard a nd p robably w ith a w orked s urface ( Littmann 1 978 ) . A b urial, F eature 7 5/25 , r eported i n 1 975 ( Pring a nd W alton 1 975 : 1 42) a pparently c ut t hrough t his f loor a t i ts s outhern e nd ( see A ppendix m ) .

t he

B uilding S tage d . f loor ( 334) a bove

t hick ,

s oft ,

f riable ,

A l ense o f g rey p lastery s oil s eparated 3 37 f rom ( Figure 2 1) . T he p laster o f t his f loor w as . 07 m a nd

d id n ot h ave a w orked

s urface

( Littmann

1 978 ) .

I ts s urface w as p enetrated b y t wo p ost h oles - e ach . 10 m i n d iameter b y . 10 m d eep - a nd t wo s take h oles - e ach . 07 m i n d iameter b y . 06 m d eep l ocated i n t he n ortheast q uadrant o f t he p latform . B uilding w as t hin ,

S tage e .

T he f inal

f loor

( 329 )

l aid d own o n S tructure 3 21

h eavily b urnt , a nd w orn a way v irtually t o t he f loor b eneath .

T he

f loor d ipped a t i ts n orthern e nd a nd t he r esulting d epression w as f illed w ith w hite m arl o r p laster ( 332) . I t w as a lso c overed w ith b urnt m aterial ( 327) i ncluding d aub , p laster , a nd b urnt s oil f rom t he b uilding w hich s tood o n i t . F ragments o f s everal l arge v essels w ere a lso f ound l ying o n t he s urface o f t he f loor .

S TRUCTURE 3 23 S tructure 3 23 s tood o n t he s outh s ide o f p laster 4 77 o f P atio F loor I I a nd w as s eparated f rom i t b y a d ifferent s et o f p laster s urfaces , 2 006 , e xtending t he a rea o f t he p atio f urther s outh ( Figure 1 5 ) .

2 014 a nd O nly a

s tub o f t he i nternal f loors o f S tructure 3 23 r emained a s t he p latform w as c hopped b ack a t t he t ime o f i ts d estruction i n P hase I V . H owever , S tructure 3 23 , a n e stimated 1 .45 m b y 6 .50 m i n s ize , c ompletely c overed t he e arlier p latform , S tructure 3 26 , w hose o rientation a nd c onfiguration i t m aintained . T hrough t he s urviving s tages ( a-f) o f f loor c onstruction i t c an b e d emonstrated t hat t he p latform r ose f rom . 45 m t o n early a m eter i n h eight . A ccompanying t hese r ef borings w ere a n umber o f c hanges t o t he e xterior o f t he p latform . A l ong n arrow s tep o r b ench r an n early t he l ength o f t he p latform o n i ts n orthern f acade d uring i ts f irst s tage . T his w as s ucceeded b y a s mall , p rojecting s tep d uring t he s econd s tage . T his s mall, c entral s tep w as l ater d one a way w ith w hen i t w as b uried b elow a r efacing o f t he p latform e xterior . L evelling o f t he u pper f acade f ollowing i ts a bandonment h as l eft a ccess t o t he p latform d uring i ts f inal s tages a m ystery . T he d egree o f w ear o n t he f loors s uggests c onsiderable u se b etween r ef borings w hile t he p ost h oles i n e ach f loor i ndicate t imber b uildings o n t he s uccessive f loors . B uilding S tage c c an b e s een i n F igures 1 5 a nd 1 8 w hile B uilding S tage f c an b e s een i n F igure 2 0 . B uilding S tage a . S tructure d eposit o f f ills ( 2058 , 2 069 , a nd a rrangement o f S tructure 3 23 . I ts t he b asal m olding o f t he e arlier

3 26 w as b uried u nder a d eep , . 60 m t hick 1 768 ) i n t he c onstruction o f t he p rimary r etaining w all ( 1751) w as l aid o n t op o f p latform a nd a s tep w as f ormed w ith t he

2 7

a ddition o f s tones ( 2035) t o t he f ront c entral p ortion o f t he b uilding p latform , a pproximately . 10 i n b elow t he t op o f 1 751 . T his f ormed a n arrow s tep p rojecting o ut o nly . 10.14 m a nd w as c overed b y 2 036 , ap laster f acing c ontinuous w ith p laster l ip 1 733 . T races o f t hick p laster ( 2010 ) o verlying p ortions o f r etaining w all 1 751 m ay i ndicate t hat i t s erved a s a nother s tep r eaching d own f rom t he

f loor o f

t he p latform t o

t he

f loor

o f

t he

p atio .

E levation t o t he t op o f t he p rimary i nternal f loor ( 2061) o f S tructure 3 23 a nd t o t he t op o f p laster 2 010 a t t he o uter e dge o f t he p latform d iffer b y . 20

1 6

T his s uggestion o f 2 010 a s a s tep c annot b e p roven ,

h owever , a s t he

f inal d estruction o f S tructure 3 23 s evered t he s tratigraphic l ink b etween t he i nternal f loors a nd o uter e dges o f t he b uilding p latform . A f inal a lteration t o S tructure 3 23 i n t his s tage w as t he e xtension o f t he o uter e nds o f t he p latform i n l ine w ith 2 035 t hrough t he a ddition o f p laster f acings 2 060 a nd 2 046 t o t he w est a nd e ast , B uilding S tage b .

r espectively .

A c entral s tep w as c ut i nto t he f ront o f S tructure

3 23 a nd f illed w ith l imestone s labs ( 2034) a nd s oil ( 2015) i n t he c onstruction o f a -p rojecting s tep 1 . 30 m w ide , . 60 m d eep , a nd . 15 i n h igh . I t w as p lastered o ver w ith 2 013 , w hich a butted p laster l ip 1 733 a nd w as c ontinuous w ith 2 014 . T he i nternal f loor a ssociated w ith t his s tage o f S tructure 3 23 w as 2 012 , a h ard p laster s urface l aid d own o n t he e arlier f loor ( 2061) w ithout u se o f .a s ubfloor f ill . T he s urface o f 2 012 w as s cored b y l arge c racks r unning a long i ts l ong a xis , f rom n orthwest t o s outheast , a nd o ne l arge e roded p atch ( 2024 ) a t i ts w estern e nd . B uilding S tage c . F loor 1 782 w as a dded t o S tructure 3 23 ( Figures 1 5 a nd 1 8 ) w ith t he a ddition ,of f ill 2 011 . T he b urnt s urface o f 1 782 w as c ut b y t wo g raves , F eatures 2 19 a nd 2 28 ( see A ppendix B ) , f our p ost h oles r anging i n s ize f rom . 13.24 m ( average . 20 m ) i n d iameter a nd f rom . 08.35 i n ( average . 23 1 0 i n d epth , a nd t wo p its . F eature 2 26 w as a r ound , v erticals ided p it , a pproximately . 40 i n i n d iameter a nd . 40 m d eep , f illed w ith a m edium b rown s oil . F eature 2 27 w as o val i n p lan a nd c ontinued b eyond t he s outh s ection . I t t apered f rom . 70 m i n d iameter a t i ts t op t o . 35 i n i n d iameter a t i ts b ase . 50 m b elow . I t w as f illed o nly w ith a m edium b rown s oil w ith s mall s tones a nd l umps o f m arl . T he s tep s een i n t he e arlier s tage w as c overed w ith p laster f acings 1 766 a nd 1 767 s o t hat t here w as n o l onger a f ront p rojecting s tep . B uilding S tage d . A l ayer o f s oil m ixed w ith c hunks o f l imestone a nd m arl ( 1781) w as s pread o ver f loor 1 782 i n t he c onstruction o f f loor 1 778 . O ne p ost h ole w as e xcavated ; i t h ad a d iameter o f . 15 m a nd a d epth o f . 20 i n . B uilding S tage e . A bove t his w as a b adly b urned f loor ( 1775) c ut b y f our p ost h oles w hich w ere t runcated i n a l ater p hase w ith t he d estruction o f S tructure 3 23 . T hey r anged i n s ize f rom . 20.28 i n ( average . 25 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 28.42 i n ( average . 38 n )

i n d epth .

B uilding S tage f . T he f inal f loor ( Figure 2 0) t o c ap S tructure 3 23 w as f loor 1 699 . I ts s urface w as u neven a nd b urnt . T wo e roded p atches w ere n oted a nd a p laster p atch ( 1700) s ealed a t hird d epression . W hen i t w as i nvestigated a s take h ole , . 09 m i n d iameter a nd . 08 m d eep , w as d iscovered . T wo b urials , F eatures 2 15 a nd 2 23 , a lso c ut f loor 1 699 . A t hird b urial , F eature 2 63 , w hich c ut i nto F eature 2 23 a nd a ppeared a lso t o h ave b een c ut f rom f loor 1 699 , l ay f urther s outh a nd t hus m ostly b eyond r each o f t he e xcavation ( see A ppendix B ) .

2 8

F ig . 1 8 .

F ig . 1 9 .

S tructure 3 23, f loor 1 782 , l ooking s outhwest, w ith p atches o f p laster 2 014 o f P atio F loor I I i n f oreground .

F rom t he e ast , l ooking d own o n S tructure 3 24 a nd p laster 2 006 o f P atio F loor I I . N ote t he f ront s tep o f S tructure 3 23 i n t he u pper l eft c orner .

2 9

F ill 1 735 w as t hrown o ver t he p laster f acings ( 1766 a nd 1 767) s urrounding S tructure 3 23 a nd a l ayer o f f ill ( 1764) w as l aid d own o ver t he e ntire p atio a rea i n t he c onstruction o f P atio F loor I II . T he p laster l ip ( 1733) o f S tructure 3 23 w as a butted b y t he n ew p atio s urface .

S TRUCTURE 3 24 S tructure 3 24 d iffers f rom t he o ther s tructures s urrounding t he p atio d uring t his p hase i n t hat i t w as n ot e levated a nd t here w as n o e vidence o f p ost h oles o n t he e xcavated p ortion o f t his s tructure ( Figures

1 5 a nd 1 9 ) .

O f c ourse , t he p ossibility o f p ost h oles f urther e ast , b eyond t he t rench , c annot b e r uled o ut . A r econstruction o f t his t hick p laster s urface s uggests a n o val-shaped s tructure a pproximately 9 . 00 m l ong o n a n a xis o f 2 d egrees a zumuth a nd a pproximately 6 .40 m w ide . I ts c onstruction a nd g round l evel p osition a s w ell a s i ts a pparent p osition w ithin t he p atio s eem t o r elate t his u nique p latform f unctionally w ith t he p atio , i .e . a n o pen a ir p latform . S tructure 3 24 c onsisted o f t wo s uperimposed l ayers o f p laster ( ab ) ; B uilding S tage b c an b e s een i n F igures 1 5 a nd 1 9 . B uilding S tage a . A s mall p atch o f y ellow p laster f looring ( 2049) o verlying f ill 2 033 o f p laster f loor 2 014 w as e ncountered e xtending o ut o f t he e ast s ection o f t he t rench . B uilding S tage b .

N o f eatures w ere v isible o n i ts s urface .

T his w as o verlain b y a . 15 m t hick p laster

f loor ,

1 800 , a nd i ts s ubfloor f ill ( 2050 ) . T he s urface o f 1 800 w as h eavily b urnt a s w as t he e roded p laster f loor ( 2006 ) t o t he w est ( Figures 1 5 a nd 1 9 ) . N o f eatures w ere v isible o n t he e xcavated p ortion o f f loor 1 800 .

P hase

I II

S ummary

F our n ew p latforms w ere e rected a round t he o ld p atio a nd r esurfacing o f t he P hase I II p atio w as c onducted i n s tages f ollowing t he s uccessive c onstruction o f i ts p latforms . C onstruction w as i nitiated a t t he n orthern e nd o f t he p atio w ith S tructures 3 20 a nd 3 21 . O n t he n orth s ide o f t he p atio w as S tructure 3 20 , a l ow ( height . 40 m ) a psidal p latform a pproximately 8 .10 m l ong b y 5 .00 i nw ide . A t l east t wo f ire p its a nd t wo b urials w ere a ssociated w ith t his p latform d uring s ix b uilding s tages . N ot e nough o f t he f loors s urvived t o i ndicate t he p lan o f i ts b uildings b ut a f ront s tep m ay h ave p rovided a ccess u p t o t he p latform . A f ew m eters t o t he s outhwest l ay S tructure 3 21 w hich f ormed t he w estern b oundary o f t he p atio . I t , t oo , w as a r aised ( . 20.60 m ) a psidal p latform , 8 . 20 m i n l ength a nd 4 .95 m i n w idth .

S tructure

3 21 h ad f our f loors ;

t wo s mall ( . 9O m w ide ) i nset s teps

p rovided a ccess u p t o t he t op o f t he p latform . T he p lans o f i ts s uperstructures w ere n ot d etermined . O ne g rave w as f ound i n t his p latform . P laster 4 77 w as l aid u p a gainst S tructures 3 20 a nd 3 21 i n t he c onstruction o f P atio F loor I I . I t t erminated o n an ortheasterly-southwesterly l ine j ust b eyond S tructure 3 21 .

S ix m eters

s outh o f

t his

l ine

l ay

S tructure

3 23 ,

a nother a psidal p latform w hich o ccupied t he s outhwest c orner o f t he p atio . S tructure 3 23 w as t he l argest p latform o f t he g roup m easuring a n e stimated 1 1.45 m l ong b y 6 .50 m w ide a nd r ose b etween . 45 a nd 1 .00 m i n h eight . A lthough o nly a s tub o f t he i nterior o f t he p latform r emained , i t r evealed a s equence o f s ix f loors a nd c ontained a m inimum o f f our b urials . A t l east t wo s tages o f s tep b uilding w ere e xposed a t t he b ase o f t he p latform : a l ong ,

n arrow s tep s kirting t he f ront o f t he p latform s ucceeded b y an arrow ,

3 0

p rojecting

s tep .

A l ine o f s tone s tretching f rom t he w est t ip o f S tructure 3 23 t o t he s outh t ip o f S tructure 3 21, a d istance o f 2 . 50 m eters , m arked t he w estern m argin o f t he p atio . T his s tone b order a nd S tructure 3 23 w ere a butted t o t he e ast b y t wo l ater p laster s urfaces , 2 014 a nd 2 006 , w hich f ormed t he s outhern h alf o f P atio F loor I I . S ometime a fter 2 014 w as l aid , a nd o verlying i t , a f ourth p latform w as b uilt i n f ront o f S tructure 3 23 , n ot m ore t han t hree m eters a way . S tructure 3 24 w as a n e xceptionally t hick p laster f loor l aid l evel w ith t he n ew p atio s urface ( 2006 ) . A lthough p atches o f i ts s urface w ere b urnt , i ts e xposed s ection a pparently d id n ot s upport a ny s uperstructures . I ts p lacement i n w hat a ppears t o b e t he i nterior o f t he p atio d istinguish t his p latform f rom t he o thers . P atio u sage c onsisted o f a s mall, t imber b uilding a t t he n orthwest c orner o f t he p atio a nd s ix f ire p its s unk i nto t he p atio i n f ront o f S tructures 3 21 a nd 3 23 . A gain , t he p atio s eems t o h ave f unctioned a s a n e xternal l iving a rea t o t he a djoining p latforms . T he d ating o f P hase I II i s b ased o n t he r ecovery o f B laden p ottery t ypes a nd r adiocarbon d eterminations ( see A ppendix B ) o btained i n t hese c ontexts.

P hase I IIA T he t hird p atio f loor a bove b edrock w as c onstructed o f a l ayer o f y ellow-grey p laster . 08 i n t hick , o ver a l ayer o f d ark s oil, a nd a b ase o f s tone ( 1764 ) a nd p laster r ubble ( 587 ) . T he n ew p atio s urface ( Ratio F loor I II ) w as s oft a nd f riable , c ontained c harcoal , a nd l acked a w orked s urface ( Littmann 1 9 78 ) . P laster 4 59 , 7 6/136 , a nd 7 6/169 o f P atio F loor I II ( Figure 2 0) f ormed a c ontinuous s urface o ccupying t he s ame g eneral a rea a s t he c ombined p laster s urfaces o f 4 77 a nd 2 01 4 /20 06 a t t he b eginning o f P hase I II ( Figure 1 5 ) . T he e levation o f P atio F loor I II r ested b etween 2 1 .8 121 .9 1 m a bove s ea l evel . A lthough i t d id n ot e xtend q uite a s f ar n orth a s 4 77 , i t m aintained t he s ame n orthwest c orner a s t he p revious p atio w ith a l ine o f s tone ( 585 ) f orming a b evelled e dge . T he n ew p laster s urface e xtended s outh b eyond 4 77 , c ompletely b urying p laster 2 006 a nd S tructure 3 24 , a nd a butting S tructure 3 23 . T he p laster o f P atio F loor I II a lso a butted S tructure 3 21 t o t he w est a nd S tructure 3 20 t o t he n orth , t hus e stablishing t heir c ontemporaneity i n t he s econd h alf o f t his p hase . A f ourth p latform , S tructure 3 22, w as b uilt i n t he n orthwest c orner i n t he a ngle b etween S tructures 3 20 a nd 3 21 . T he r ealignment o f t he n orthern e nd o f S tructure 3 21, i n P hase I II , m ust h ave a nticipated t he c onstruction o f S tructure 3 22 . L imestone s labs 1 750 f ormed t he s econd c ourse o f t he e arlier b order s tones ( 1703 ) a nd t hus c ontinued t o f orm t he w estern b oundary o f t he p atio b etween S tructures 3 21 a nd 3 23 . T o t he e ast o f t his w all , t he p atio s urface h as e roded d own t o i ts s ubfloor f ill ( 1764 ) . T he c enter o f t he p atio w as c lean a nd f ree o f f eatures e xcept f or t wo h earths , ap it , a nd t wo p ost h oles a djacent t o S tructures 3 21 a nd 3 22 . P it F eature 4 2 c ut t he p atio a t t he n orthwest c orner i n f ront o f S tructure 3 22 . T his p it, . 48 i ni n d iameter a nd . 24 i nd eep , w as l ined w ith g rey c lay i n w hich s at t he b ase o f ap ottery v essel f illed w ith a g rey a shy s oil . T o t he w est a nd a butting S tructure 3 21 w as a r ectangular f eature , 5 41, . 60 b y . 30 m a nd . 20 m d eep , w hich c ontained a s oil f ill . T he f unction o f t his f eature i s u nknown . F urther s outh a nd a butting t he p laster f acing o f S tructure 3 21

3 1

S TRUCTURE

9 75

Q . ) a

0

S TRUCTURE

a )

t r )

I •

2 r e )(

N

• 0 0 0 0

3 2

w ere t wo

p ost h oles ,

e ach . 20 m i n d iameter a nd . 20 m d eep .

A t t he s outh-

e ast c orner o f S tructure 3 21 w as a s mall, . 22 i n d iameter p it , F eature 2 21 . I t w as l ined w ith s mall s tones t o ad epth o f . 10 i n . O nly S tructure 3 22 w ill b e d escribed i n t his s ection a s

t he

d escriptions

f or S tructures

3 20 ,

3 21,

a nd 3 23 a re e ssentially t he s ame a s r elated i n t he p revious s ection d ealing w ith P hase I II .

S TRUCTURE 3 22 T he

s outheast

q uadrant

o f

t his

r ounded p latform ,

S tructure

3 22 ,

w as

b uilt o ff t he n orthwest e dge o f t he p atio f ollowing t he l aying o f p laster 4 59 o f P atio F loor I II ( Figure 2 0 ) . A lthough t he f inal p lan o f S tructure 3 22 w as n ot d etermined, S tructure 3 22 w as a s maller p latform t han i ts f lanking p latforms , S tructures 3 20 a nd 3 21 . I t r ose a pproximately . 15 i n a bove t he s urrounding g round P atio F loor I II . T wo s tages

l evel a nd a bout . 05 m a bove p laster 4 59 o f ( a-b ) o f c onstruction w ere r ecorded f or t his

p latform ; o nly t uilding S tage a i s i llustrated ( Figure 2 0 ) . B uilding S tage a . S tones 5 74 w ere l aid i n a c ircular p lan a nd f illed i n w ith e arth a nd a b ed o f s tone p rior t o l aying d own p laster f loor 5 02 ( Figure 2 0 ) . P laster 5 02 s loped d own o ver s tones 5 74 f orming a s mooth , b evelled e dge t o t his p latform . T he f oot o f p laster 5 02 o verlies t he n orthern e dge o f P atio F loor I II, t hus p ost d ating i t . S et i nto t he s outheastern e dge o f S tructure 3 22 w as a s mall, p lastered n iche ( 573) . I t w as c arefully f ramed w ith l arge s tones s et o n ab ase o f s maller s tones a nd l ined w ith a n . 08 m t hick l ayer o f p laster c ontinuous w ith 5 02 . I t m easured . 38 m a t i ts w idest p oint a nd t apered t o . 24 i n a t t he b ack , a d istance o f . 22 m i nto t he p latform . A lthough i t s tepped d own . 10 i n f rom t he s urface o f f loor 5 02 , i t w as a lmost l evel w ith t he b ase o f t he p latform a nd t herefore u nlikely t o h ave s erved a s a s tep . I ts p urpose , d ecorative o r f unctional, i s u nknown . F loor 5 02 h ad t races o f b urning o n i ts s urface . I t w as a lso c ut b y ap it, F eature 4 4, . 56 i n i n d iameter a nd . 20 m d eep, l ined w ith s tones a nd a f ew p otsherds s uggesting a n i nner p ottery l ining . S even p ost h oles, m easuring . 10-25 i n ( average . 11 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 12.27 i n ( average . 22 m ) i n d epth , a nd t hree s take h oles, m easuring . 06.08 m ( average . 07 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 12-24 i n ( average . 16 m ) i n d epth , a lso c ut t he f loor . B uilding S tage b . O ver t he i nterior o f f loor 5 02 , p laster 5 01 w as c onstructed o n ar aised b ed o f f ill ( 518 ) ; o nly t he s outheast s ector o f t he c urved a nd b evelled e dge o f t his f loor s urvived . I t f ollowed , a t a l esser r adius , t he c urve o f 5 02 . F loor 5 01 e nded i n a c urve 1 .00 i n f rom t he e dge o f 5 02 t hus o ccupying t he c enter o f t he e arlier f loor . F loor 5 01 w as p enetrated b y as ingle p ost h ole , . 12 i ni n d iameter a nd o f a n u nknown d epth . T his r aised ( . 05-20 m ) , b evelled f loor s urmounting t he i nitial c onstruction i s b adly d amaged b ut t he c urvature o f i ts f inished e dge f ollowed t he l ine o f t he o uter e dge o f f loor 5 02 a nd t hus m ay h ave f ormed a s econd , e levated i nterior p latform .

P hase I IIA S ummary P atio F loor I II w as l aid a nd t hen f ollowed b y t he c onstruction o f a n ew p latform , S tructure 3 22 , b uilt a t t he n orthwest e nd o f t he p atio d uring t he s econd h alf o f P hase I II .

A lteration o f t he n orthern e nd o f S tructure

3 21 t o a ccomodate S tructure 3 22 i ndicates t hat t his p latform w as p replanned .

3 3

S tructure 3 24 d isappeared b elow t his l atest p atio c onstruction w hile S tructures 3 20 , 3 21, a nd 3 23 c ontinued i n u se . E vidence o f t his c ontinued u se i s b ased o n t he f act t hat t he i nternal f loors o f t hese p latforms w ere s uccessively r enewed . T wo p ost h oles c ut i nto p laster 4 59 o n e ither s ide o f t he f ront s tep o f S tructure 3 21 s uggest a r oof c overing f or t he e ntrance t o t his p latform i n t his p hase . T wo f ire p its w ere s unk i n t he p atio s urface - o ne o n t he s outh s ide o f S tructure 3 21 a nd o ne i n f ront o f S tructure 3 22 . O utside o f t hese , P atio F loor I II w as f ree o f a ny i ntrusions a nd f ormed a c lean , e xternal l iving s urface . C eramics

o f

B laden

t ype w ere

a ssociated w ith P atio

F loor

I II ,

t he

c onstruction o f S tructure 3 22 , a s w ell a s t he f inal b uilding s tages o f t he s urrounding p latforms . P hase I IIA r epresents t he f inal p hase o f t he E arly P reclassic P eriod i n P latform 3 4 .

P hase I V T he n orth f acade a nd t he e ntire s equence o f f loors i n S tructure 3 23 w ere c ut b ack t o a s mall s tub a nd t he r ipped o ut p latform l evelled d own t o t he b ase o f i ts r etaining w all i n t he e xtension o f t he p atio a rea ( Patio F loor I V) s outh ( Figure 2 1) . T he u pper h alf o f a b urial, F eature 2 15 , w as a lso t runcated i n t he d estruction o f t his p latform a s w as b urial F eature 2 51 ( see A ppendix B ) . T he r emaining s tub o f S tructure 3 23 w as u sed a s c ore f or a n ew p latform , S tructure 3 16 . P ositioned n ext t o t his s tructure t o t he n orthwest , a nd o n t he l evelled s urface o f t he e arlier p latform , w as t he e astern e dge o f a nother n ew p latform , S tructure 3 18 . A t t he n orthern e nd o f t he p atio, i n t he n orthwest c orner b etween S tructures 3 20 a nd 3 21, y et a nother n ew p latform , S tructure 3 19 , w as b uilt o ver t he e arlier S tructure 3 22 . M eanwhile , S tructures 3 20 a nd 3 21 c ontinued i n u se w ith t he a ddition o f i nternal f loors . A r ubble f ill w as s pread o ver t he p revious p atio a rea a nd a m ore e xtensive p laster s urface ( 331, 7 6/128 , a nd 76 /1 9 1) , P atio F loor I V , w as l aid o ver t his , t he t runcated r emains o f S tructure 3 23 , a nd b urial F eature 2 51 .

T he e levation o f P atio F loor I V r ested b etween 2 1 .9221 .99 m a bove s ea

l evel . P laster 3 31 , 7 6/128 , a nd 7 6/19 1 f ormed a . 10 m t hick l ayer o f l ight y ellow p laster , v ery s oft a nd f ragile, w hich l acked a w orked s urface ( Littmann 1 978 ) . I t w as b uilt o n a . 09 m t hick f oundation o f s tone f illed i n w ith m arl . P atio F loor I V a butted t he n ew p latforms a t t he s outhern e nd o f t he p atio a s w ell a s S tructure 3 21 t o t he w est . I t e nded i n a r ectangular e mbayment a round a p ossible s tep t o S tructure 3 19 i n t he n orthwest c orner a nd a butted S tructure 3 20 t o t he n orth . T his p atio f loor w as m uch e roded , e xposing i ts u nderlying f ill o n t he s outheast s ide o r S tructure 3 21 a nd i n t he a rea b etween S tructures 3 16 a nd 3 18 . S cattered b urnt p atches m arred t he s urface o f t he p atio f loor i n f ront o f S tructure 3 16 a nd p atches o f r esurfacing w ere a lso n oted i n t he e xcavation o f t his f loor . T he p laster o f P atio F loor I V w as c ut b y o ne f ire p it, o ne b urial a nd t hree p ost h oles . T he f ire p it , F eature 2 18 , w as c ut i nto t he p atio o n t he n ortheast s ide o f

S tructure 3 16 .

T he

c ircular p it w as . 56 m i n

d iameter a nd l ined w ith s mall l imestones l aid f lat a gainst t he w alls o f t he p it . I nside t his w as a l ayer o f g rey , b urnt c lay r esulting f rom t he a ccumulation o f a sh d uring r epeated b urning , o r , i ntentionally l aid a s a n i nner l ining . B urial F eature 4 9 w as p laced i n a l ong n arrow g rave , o riented n orth-south , i n t he c enter o f P atio F loor I V ( see A ppendix B ) . I t h ad b een

3 4

3 5

B uilding S tage d ;

P lan v iew o f C onstruction P hase I V

S

S TRUCTURE

•

0 E L -

•

0

I S tructure

S tructure 3 21 ,

s ealed b y ap laster p atch , d emonstrating i ts c ontemporaneity w ith t he u se o f P atio F loor I V . T hree p ossible p ost h oles w ere s cattered a cross t he c enter o f t he p atio f orming a l arge t riangle . T hey r anged i n s ize f rom . 14.20 m ( average . 18 m )

i n d iameter a nd f rom . 05.14 m ( average . 10 m ) i n d epth .

D escriptions o f S tructures 3 16 , 3 18 , a nd 3 19 f ollow ;

s ee t he p receding

s ection d ealing w ith P hase I II f or a d escription o f S tructures 3 20 a nd 3 21 .

S TRUCTURE

3 16

S tructure 3 16 f aced n ortheast ( 36 d egrees a zimuth ) o nto P atio F loors I V ( Phase I V) a nd V ( Phase I VA ) . A c omplicated b uilding h istory w as r evealed i n s ix s tages ( a-f ) o f c onstruction . T he e arliest s tage o f S tructure 3 16 h ad b een c onstructed a round a c ore r esulting f rom t he t runcation o f t he e arlier p latform , S tructure 3 23 , t he f ront o f w hich o riginally s tood s ome t wo m eters f urther n orth . T he c onstruction o f S tructure 3 16 t hus a ccompanied a n e xpansion o f t he p atio t o t he s outh . A r econstruction o f S tructure 3 16 s uggests i t w as 1 0 .20 m l ong , 6 .00 m a cross, a nd a psidal i n p lan . I nitially , t he p latform w as . 70 m a bove p atio l evel a nd s tepped a t i ntervals o f . 30 m a nd . 40 m . S ome t ime l ater , i n P hase I VA , t he p atio o utside w as r enewed t hrough t he c onstruction o f P atio F loor V a nd a p rojecting , s tepped t errace, a t l east 4 .00 m w ide b y 1 .00 m d eep a nd . 60 m h igh , w as a dded t o t he f ront o f t he p latform . T his t errace w as r emodeled d uring t he f inal s tage a nd t he f acade a ltered . T he f inal f loor o f S tructure 3 16 r ose . 90 m a bove t he p atio s urface . O utside t he f ront t errace o f S tructure 3 16 , t he p atio f loor r etained t he s corched m arks o f a b urnt t imber , a t l east 2 .00 m l ong a nd . 10 m t hick, w hich h ad f allen f rom S tructure 3 16 a nd b urned i n f ront o f t he t errace d uring i ts d estruction . T his e vidence a nd t he p resence o f p ost h oles i n a t l east h alf o f t he f loors i ndicate t hat S tructure 3 16 p robably s upported a s eries o f p ole a nd t hatch s uperstructures . B uilding S tage a c an b e s een i n F igure 2 1, B uilding S tage e i n F igures 2 2 a nd 2 3 , a nd B uilding S tage f i n F igure 2 8 . B uilding S tage a . T he r emaining s tub o f S tructure 3 23 w as u sed a s t he c ore a gainst w hich t he r etaining w all ( 1716) o f t he n ew p latform w as b uilt ( Figure 2 1) . R etaining w all 1 716 w as b uilt w ith l arge , c ut s tones l aid o ver b allast a nd t hen p acked w ith e arth . I t w as t wo c ourses h igh a nd , i n p lan v iew , f ormed a n a rc r unning e ast-west t urning i nto t he s outh s ection . T he r etaining w all w as m issing a t t he w estern e nd w here i t w as r epresented o nly b y t he s car w here i t o nce s tood . A t hin p laster l ip ( 1720 ) r emained l apping u p a t t he b ase o f t he r etaining w all a nd i ts s car . T he t op a nd e xterior o f t he p latform f ace w as c overed w ith p laster f acings w hich f ormed a s tep u p t o t he f loor o f t he p latform v ia p laster l ip 1 702 . T he s tratigraphic l ink b etween t he p resumably c ontinuous p laster l ips a nd f acings o f t his s tep h ad b een b roken b y l ater d isturbances . A l ayer o f f ill w as s pread o ver e arlier f loor a nd t he h ard , . 07 m t hick s urface o f f loor 1 697 w as l aid . f eatures w ere a ssociated w ith t he b urnt s urface o f 1 697 . B uilding S tage b . A t hird l imestone b locks w as p laced

t he N o

( 1623) a nd f ourth ( 1688 ) c ourse o f s quared o n t op o f 1 716 d estroying t he s tepped

a rrangement s een i n t he f irst s tage .

A s econd p laster f acing ( 1774 ) , f ound

o nly i n t he s outhwest c orner o f t he t rench , i s b elieved a ssociated w ith t his a ddition t o t he r etaining w all . P laster f loor 1 676 w as l aid l evel w ith t he t op o f 1 688 . A w ell p reserved f loor , i t w as c ut b y a p it a nd f ive p ost h oles r anging i n s ize

3 6

f rom . 12.22 i n ( average . 1 5 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 16.36 i n ( average . 34 i n ) i n d epth . F eature 2 17 w as a v ertical c ut o n t he i nside o f t he p latform 's r etaining w all . I t w as f illed w ith a s andy s oil m ixed w ith l umps o f m arl a nd s tones t o ad epth o f . 55 B uilding S tage c .

T M

T he f unction o f t his l arge p it i s u nknown .

P lastery f ills

( 1674 a nd 1 675 ) w ere d umped o nto

f loor 1 676 i n t he c onstruction o f f loor 1 669 . b urnt b ut n o f eatures w ere f ound c utting i t . B uilding S tage d . s urface w hich a lso h ad

T he s urface o f t his f loor w as

1 669 w as l ater r esurfaced w ith p laster 1 666 , a s ome p atches o f b urning a nd w as c ut b y a b urial,

F eature 2 16 ( see A ppendix B ) , a nd t wo p ost h oles , b y . 68 a nd . 34 m i n d epth , r espectively . B uilding S tage e .

. 18 a nd . 14 m i n d iameter

A t errace w as a dded t o t he f ront o f S tructure 3 16

o ver p laster 1 75 o f P atio F loor V i n P hase I VA ( Figures 2 2 a nd 2 3) . T he r etaining w all ( 1688 ) h ad a n e xtra c ourse ( 1606) a dded a nd t he t errace w as b uilt p rojecting o ut o ver 1 75 . T he l ower f ill b lack g ummy s oil m ixed w ith l imestone f ragments ,

( 1616 ) o f t he t errace , a r an t he e ntire l ength o f

t he t errace a nd s at d irectly o n t he n ew p atio f loor . T his w as r etained b y a l ine o f l arge l imestone b locks ( 1619 ) a gainst w hich t he o uter p laster f acing ( 1620 ) w as l aid . 'O verlying f ill 1 616 w as m ore r ubble a nd f ill r etained b y f our c ourses o f s tone ( 1614 ) , w hich r an p erpendicular t o t he p latform f ace a nd s upported p laster f loor 1 609 o f t he t errace . T his . 10 m t hick f loor p rojected o ut f rom t he p latform a d istance o f 1 .10 m a nd c omprised a s ingle . 60 m h igh s tep . A butting 1 614 a t r ight a ngles w as a nother , l ower , l ine o f s tones ( 1615) r esting u pon f ill 1 616 . I n t he a ngle b etween 1 614 a nd 1 615, a f ragment o f p laster f acing ( 1613) r emained d emonstrating t hat t he w est s ide o f t he t errace w as d ivided i nto t wo s teps . T he w estern e nd o f t he t errace c ould b e t raced b y t he s car o f t he d estroyed p laster l ip ( 1620 ) v isible i n t he s urface o f t he p atio f loor . T he w hole o f t he e xterior o f t he p latform w as a lso p lastered o ver w ith f acing 1 705 .

F ig. 2 2 .

S tructure

3 16 ,

f loor

l ooking s outhwest .

1 642

a nd

t errace

o verlying

P atio

F loor

V ,

T he f acade o f t he p latform w as r ipped o ut

d uring i ts d estruction i n P hase V . 3 7

P laster f loor 1 642 w as l aid l evel w ith t he t op o f t he r etaining w all a nd s tepped d own a pproximately . 20 m t o t he f loor o f t he t errace ( Figure 2 2) . F loor 1 642 w as c ut b y f our p ost h oles, . 13.23 m ( average . 18 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 10.66 m ( average . 45 m ) i n d epth , a nd s everal f eatures ( Figure 2 3) . F eature 2 04 w as a c ircular p it w ith v ertical s ides a nd a f airly f lat b ottom . I t h ad a d iameter o f . 42 m , a d epth o f . 44 m , a nd w as f illed w ith a p owdery s oil w ith s ome l oose m arl a nd s tones . F eature 2 05 w as af laring-sided p it w ith a d iameter o f . 71 m a t i ts t op a nd . 31 m a t i ts b ase . 50 m b elow t he t op o f t he f loor . I t w as f illed w ith g rey-brown s oil , s ome f airly l arge s tones , a nd a f ew f ragments o f c harcoal . Ab urial, F eature 2 06 ( see A ppendix B ) , w as f ound a t t he s outh s ection a nd F eature 2 07, a n o val-shaped p it, . 38 b y 1 .20m a nd . 24 m d eep, n ear t he r etaining w all o f t he p latform a nd c ontinued b eyond t he s outh s ection . I t h ad s teep s ides a nd a f lat b ottom a nd w as f illed w ith l oose s tones a nd a g rey-brown s oil . T he f unctions o f F eatures 2 04 , 2 05 , a nd 2 07 a re u nknown . B uilding S tage f . A s ixth c ourse ( 1331) w as a dded t o t he r etaining w all o f S tructure 3 16 i n i ts f inal s tage ( Figure 2 8 ) . A l ayer o f s ubfloor f ill ( 1332) w as a dded a nd f loor 1 630 l aid . T he s urface o f f loor 1 630 w as v ery e roded ; n o f eatures w ere l ocated i n t his f loor . A s t he r etaining w all a nd i nternal f loors r ose , s o d id t he t errace i n t his s tage . S mall r ubble b uried t he u pper t errace f loor ( 1609 ) , a nd m arl w as d umped i nto t he s econd s tep ( 1613) . T his w as t hen f illed i n w ith a n e arth a nd r ubble f ill . T he f inal a ppearance o f t he r emodeled t errace c an o nly b e g uessed a t a s d estruction i n P hase V t runcated t he t errace a nd e ntirely r emoved t he w est f ace a nd f ront o f t he p latform .

S TRUCTURE 3 18 O n t he s outhwest

s ide o f

t he p atio ,

l ying b etween S tructures 3 21

a nd

3 16 , w as S tructure 3 18 ( Figure 2 1) . O nly a s liver o f t his s tructure f ell w ithin t he e xcavation , m aking r econstruction o f t his p latform i mpossible . I n p lan , S tructure 3 18 w as b owed w ith t he l ine o f i ts r etaining w all, 1 773 , r unning n orth-south f or 3 .50 m a nd t hen t urning i nto t he w est s ection . O nly af ew o f t he l owest c ourse o f s tones o f i ts r etaining w all a nd s ome o f i ts i nternal f ill , w hich o verlay t he t runcated f ill ( 1768 ) o f S tructure 3 23 , r emained . A t hin p laster f acing l ipped u p o n t he e xterior , o r e ast s ide , o f t he p latform . I t h ad a s mall, . 90 m w ide a nd . 25 m d eep , s tep ( 2032 ) w hich w as a lso f aced w ith p laster . A ssuming t his t o b e t he c entral a xis o f t he p latform i ndicates t hat i t f aced e ast a t a pproximately 7 3 d egrees a zimuth . S tep 2 032 w as c overed b y P atio F loor V i n P hase I VA ( Figure 2 3) . S ince o nly t he o uter e dge o f t he p latform w as e xposed , n o i nformation a bout i ts b uilding h istory w as r ecovered . I n P hase V , S tructure 3 18 w as l evelled a nd b uried u nder a d eep r ubble d eposit f illing t he p atio .

S TRUCTURE 3 19 S tructure 3 19 i s a s ingle p hase c onstruction s tanding a t t he n orthwest c orner o f P atio F loor I V b etween S tructures 3 20 a nd 3 21 ( Figure 2 1) . I t f ormed a l ow , . 0 5-JO m h igh , p latform , o void i n p lan , w ith a p rojected a rea o f 3 .40 b y 4 . 00 16 T he p latform f aced s outheast a t a n a zimuth o f 1 21 d egrees a nd w as r eached b y a c entral p rojecting s tep . A c ircular l ine o f s mall l imestones ( 532) w as l aid o n t he f loor o f t he e arlier p latform , S tructure 3 22 ,

a nd f illed i n w ith e arth .

T he o utside e dge o f t hese s tones w as f aced

w ith a h ard w hite p laster ( 539 ) a nd t hen c apped b y p laster f loor 3 14 ( Figure

3 8

2 1) .

O nly a s mall p ortion o f t his f loor s urvived b ut i t w as c ut b y f our

f ire p its a nd t hree s take h oles , . 06.07 m ( average . 06 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 03.04 m ( average . 03 m ) i n d epth . T he p its - F eatures 3 8 , 3 9 , 4 0 , a nd 4 1 -r anged i n d iameter f rom . 40.50 m a nd i n d epth f rom . 1 5 -. 2 0 M. E ach h ad a l ining o f p ottery a nd s tones , e xcept F eature 4 1, w hich h ad a t hird l ining o f g rey , b urnt c lay . A ll o f t he p its w ere f illed w ith a g rey , a shy s oil a nd w ere b urnt a round t he e dges . C hunks o f d aub w ere f ound i n t he f ill o f F eature 3 8 . S outheast o f S tructure 3 19 w as a l ine o f u nshaped l imestone c obbles ( 534), w hich f ormed a s tep , 2 .30 m w ide a nd 1 .00 m d eep . R emnants o f a n o uter p laster f acing ( 537 ) a dhered t o t he o utside o f t hese s tones a nd w ere a butted b y p laster 3 31 o f P atio F loor I V . O n t he w est s ide o f S tructure 3 19 w as a f urther s mall a rea o f t hin p laster f looring ( 533 ) c overing l ayer 5 40 w hich o verlay S tructure 3 22 . l ying o utside S tructure 3 19 w ere t he r emains o f a f ire p it , w as l ined w ith a h ard , b urnt g rey c lay .

P hase

I V

A lso

F eature 4 3 .

I t

S ummary

P hase I V s aw t he e xpansion o f t he w estern a pproximately 1 7 m eters a cross f rom n orth t o s outh .

h alf o f t he p atio t o E xpansion o f t he p atio

a rea w as a ccompanied b y a n i ncrease i n t he n umber o f p latforms s urrounding i t . W hile S tructures 3 20 a nd 3 21, t o t he n orth a nd w est , c ontinued i n u se f rom P hase I II, t hree n ew p latforms w ere b uilt: S tructure 3 19 t o t he n orthwest , S tructure 3 18 t o t he s outhwest , a nd S tructure 3 16 t o t he s outh . S tructures 3 20 , 3 21, a nd 3 16 d ominated t he w est e nd o f t he p atio i n s ize a nd p lan w hereas S tructures 3 18 a nd 3 19 w ere s maller a nd w ere w edged i n b etween t he l arger p latforms . P atio F loor I V s howed s igns o f r enewal d uring i ts u se a nd w as m uch e roded b efore t he n ext p atio f loor w as l aid , a s trong i ndication t hat i t u nderwent c onsiderable u se a nd p ossibly a l ong l ife . I ts s urface w as b urned t o t he s outh , i n f ront o f S tructure 3 16 , w hen t he b uilding o n t hat p latform w as d estroyed .

A b urial ,

F eature 4 9 , w as p laced i n t he c enter o f

t he p atio a nd s ealed b elow a p laster p atch w hile t he p atio f loor w as s till i n u se . O ther i ntrusions i nclude a h earth ( Feature 2 18) i n f ront o f S tructure 3 16 a nd t hree w idely s paced p ost h oles l ocated n ear t he c enter o f t he

p atio . C eramics r ecovered f rom t he f ill b elow P atio F loor I V a s w ell a s f rom

b urial F eature 4 9 a re o f t he L opez-Mamom C eramic C omplex w ith s ome B laden t ypes p resent . P hase I V c ontexts a lso y ielded s everal r adiocarbon d ates ( see A ppendix A ) . P atio F loor I V t hus i nitiates M iddle P reclassic P eriod o ccupation i n P latform 3 4 .

P hase I VA T he f ifth a nd f inal p atio f loor ( Patio F loor V - F igure 2 3) e ncountered w as p laster 1 75, 7 6/74, a nd 7 6/154 . E arth ( 1696) a nd m arl ( 1695) w ere s pread t o t he s outh o f t he e arlier p atio s urface a nd a s tone r ubble f oundation ( 328 ) s pread o ver t he w hole o f P atio F loor I V i n t he c onstruction o f P atio F loor V . T he p atio f loor t erminated i n t he s outhwest c orner o n a n orthwest-southeast l ine f ormed b y s tones 1 626 w hich w ere c overed b y

3 9

•

Z

• , S tructure 3 17 ,

g

- •

c cg "

0 1

0 0 U -

0

C l -

4 0

p laster .

T his c reated a f inished b evelled e dge i n t his c orner o f t he p atio .

T he n orthwest c orner w as s imilarly c onstructed t o f orm a b evelled e dge a t t hat e nd . S tones w ere a lso l aid a long t he n orthern m argin o f t he p atio a nd t hen c overed w ith p laster . T he p laster o f P atio F loor V h ad a y ellow-white c olor a nd c ontained f lecks o f c harcoal t hroughout . I t w as f ree o f s tones , w as c ohesive , a nd f ormed a m oderately h ard s urface ( Littmann 1 978 ) . P atio F loor V w as t he b est p reserved o f t he p atio f loors . I t h ad a l evel s urface , 2 2 .06-22 .09 m a bove s ea l evel, a nd h ad p atches o f b urning c oncentrated a long t he f ronts o f t he p latforms f acing o nto t he p atio . A s ingle p ost h ole , . 13 m i n d iameter a nd . 10 m i n d epth , a nd a j ade c ache, F eature 1 90 ( see A ppendix C ) , c ut P atio F loor V . T he p osition o f F eature 1 90 l ay n ortheast o f S tructure 3 16 o n r oughly t he c entral a xis o f t hat p latform . P atio F loor V a butted S tructure 3 16 t o t he s outh , S tructure 3 18 t o t he s outhwest , a nd t he n ew p latform , S tructure 3 17 , t o t he w est . T he n orthern e dge o f P atio F loor V t erminated a t a p oint c oinciding w ith t he e arlier d ivision b etween P atio F loor I V a nd S tructure 3 20 . T he n orthwestern c orner o f t he p atio , o verlying S tructure 3 19 , w as u sed f or c asual d umping o f t rash . T his t rash l ayer , 1 87 , w ith a d ifferentiated l ighter p atch ( 186) w ithin i t , c ontained e phemeral p laster s preads w hich s erved t o d ivide t he c ontinuous a ccretion o f d ebris . T he d eposit c ontained l arge n umbers o f s herds, i ncluding m any r estorable v essels a nd f igurine f ragments b elonging t o t he L opez-Mamom C eramic C omplex . T wo b urials , F eatures 3 2 a nd 3 5 ( see A ppendix B ) , w ere a lso f ound w ithin 1 87 . S ometime a fter t he c onstruction o f P atio F loor V , t he p atio a rea w as e xtended t o t he n orth t hrough t he a ddition o f a s trip o f p laster ( 174) . T his e xtension f ollowed t he r ealignment o f S tructure 3 15 t o t he n orth a nd t he c onstruction o f S tructure 3 14 ( late P hase I VA ) t o t he w est, t wo p latforms w hich t he p laster e xtension ( 174) a butted . T he s outhern e dge o f 1 74 o verlapped t he n orthern e dge o f 1 75 e xcept f or a g ap l eft b etween t he t wo f loors i n 3 5/30 . T his w as b ridged b y a r ectangular p laster p atch ( 176 ) w hich a lso a butted S tructure 3 14 t o t he w est . T he w estern b order o f 1 74 w as f inished i n t he s ame m anner a s t he c orners o f 1 75 w ith a b evelled e dge r aised b y s mall s tones a nd c overed o ver w ith p laster . T he w estern s ide o f t he b evelled e dge w as s teeper a nd t he p laster t hinner , f orming a n i rregular e dge w hich i ndicated t hat i t h ad b een c overed b y as eries o f f loors , 3 12 a nd l ater 1 82, t o t he w est, b oth o f w hich l apped u p a gainst S tructure 3 14 . L ike 1 75 t o t he s outh , p laster 1 74 a lso h ad e vidence o f b urning o n i ts s urface a ssociated w ith 3 15 .

t he p latform b ordering i t o n t he n orth ,

S tructure

S TRUCTURE 3 15 S tructure 3 15 s tood a t t he n orth e nd o f t he p atio o verlying S tructure 3 20 ( Figure 2 3) . I t f aced s outh a t a pproximately 1 74 d egrees a zimuth . O nly t he s quared f rontage o f t his p latform w as e xposed ; t he m ajority o f t he p latform w as l ocated i n 4 0/35 , w hich w as n ot e xcavated d own t o t his l evel, a nd t o t he n ortheast . A t l east f ive s tages ( a-e) o f c onstruction w ere r evealed d uring e xcavation . T he e arliest f loors o f t his p latform m ay h ave e xtended a s f ar s outh a s t he e dge o f 1 75 , a nd t hen w ere c ut w hen t he p atio w as e xtended n orth w ith p atch 1 74 . T he e xtension o f t he p atio , 1 74 , a butted t he s outh s ide o f S tructure 3 15 b y S tage d . T herefore , i t i s p ossible t hat t he o riginal p latform w as a psidal i n p lan a nd w as c onverted t o ar ectangu Jar p lan a t t his t ime . T his i s t he e arliest r ectangular s tructure a t C uello . W hile o nly t he s outhwest c orner o f t he r emodeled p latform w as e xposed ,

4 1

i ts

p rojected s ize i s 1 .20 m l ogg a nd 4 .40 m w ide . I t r ose f rom a pproximately . 60 m t o 1 . 00 m h igh a nd s upported a m asonry s uperstructure , w hich w as t he e arliest e ncountered d uring t he e xcavation . A fter t he f inal s tage o f c onstruction o f S tructure 3 15 , t he f ront o f t he p latform w as d estroyed a nd l eft b uried b eneath t he d ebris o f i ts d estroyed f acade . B uilding S tage e c an b e s een i n F igures 2 3 a nd 2 4 a nd B uilding S tage e i n F igures 2 5 a nd 2 8 . B uildi n g S t i ne a -b .

N orth o f

t he p atio f loor ,

t wo p laster f loors

b elieved a ssociated w ith S tructure 3 15 w ere o bserved i n t he n orth s ection s eparated b y l ayers o f s oil a nd r ubble ( 7 6 /5 9 ) . T hese f loors m ay h ave o riginally e xtended f urther s outh a nd m ay h ave b een c ut b ack w hen t he p atio w as e xtended t o t he n orth , d estroying t he o riginal p lan o f S tructure 3 15 . B uilding S tage c . A bove t hese , w as a t hird p laster f loor , 7 6/57 , w ith a b lackened u pper s urface a nd r agged s outhern e dge . I t w as r etained t o t he s outh b y as traight e ast-west w all ( 76/59 ) . F loor 7 6/57 w as c ut b y a p ost h ole , . 20 m i n d iameter a nd o f u nrecorded d epth , a s w ell a s b urial F eature 7 6/104 ( see A ppendix B ) . W all 7 6/59 w as f aced w ith p laster a t t he p oint w here i t f ormed a o ne m eter w ide s tep ( 76/85) j oining t he p atio . S tep 7 6/85 , u nderlain b y r ubble , r an d own i nto a p laster f acing ( 76/89 ) a long t he n orthern e dge o f t he p atio f loor . T his p laster f acing w as l ater b uried b y a n e xtension ( 174) o f P atio F loor V t o t he n orth , t hus p reserving t he l owest c entimeters o f t he o therwise d estroyed s tep . B uilding S tage d .

A fter t he l aying o f an ew p laster f loor - d esignated

7 6/54 t o t he e ast a nd 7 6/55 t o t he w est - a c ourse o f l imestone b locks ( 76/62) w as a dded a top t his n ew s urface ( Figures 2 3 a nd 2 4) .

T hese b locks

f ormed a w all w hich r an p arallel t o t he p latform f ace . T he s outhern o r o uter f ace o f 7 6/62 w as c overed w ith p laster l ipping u p f rom t he f loor . T hese p laster-covered b locks r epresent t he s outhern w all o f am asonry b uilding s tanding o n S tructure 3 15 . O utside o f t his , t he f loor w as c ut b y a n i rregularly-defined p it , F eature 7 6/58 , f illed w ith l oose b rown s oil a nd r ubble . I n t he n ortheast c orner , av ertical p laster s eptum j oining f loor 7 6/54 , s eparated t he e astern e dge o f w all 7 6/62 f rom a n o pening , w hich f ormed t he e ntrance i nto t he m asonry s uperstructure . F rom t his p oint , f loor 7 6/54 e xtended a pproximately . 60 m s outh t o t he p latform f ace b efore d escending a s a v ertical p laster f acing o nto t he p atio f loor b elow . A n i ntermediate p rojecting s tep ( Figure 2 4 )w as b uilt o ver t he e arlier s tep i n t he a rea i n f ront o f t he e ntrance . I t w as c onstructed o f r ubble r etained b y c oursed l imestones ( 76/79 ) r unning p arallel t o t he p latform f ace . I t w as c overed w ith p laster 7 6/65 , c ontinuous w ith f loor 7 6/54 , a nd a butted b y t he p atio f loor

e xtension ( 174) .

B uilding S tage e .

T he

e ntrance

t o

t he

b uilding

o n

S tructure

3 15 w as

b locked b y t he p ositioning o f s everal l arge l imestones a cross i ts t hreshold ( Figure 2 5) . L imestone s labs 7 6/60, s et i n s oil, f ormed a p avement o verlying t he s tep s een i n S tage d . T he

f inal

f loor ,

7 6/39 ( Figure 2 8 ) ,

d irectly o verlay

f loor f ragments

7 6/54 a nd 7 6/55 a nd t he w all f oundations o f i ts m asonry s uperstructure . T his f loor w as c ut b y t wo p ost h oles , . 13 m a nd . 10 m i n d iameter a nd . 25 m a nd . 1 1 m i n d epth , r espectively . T he s urface o f 7 6/39 w as a lso b urnt a nd w as o verlain b y g rey a sh a nd l ater b uried b elow r ubble ( 76/36 ) . T he w est

4 2

F ig . 2 4.

S tructure 3 15 ,

f loor 7 6/54 a nd 7 6/55 a nd p rojecting s tep i n f ront

o f e ntrance t o i ts m asonry s uperstructure , l ooking n orth . T he e xtension ( 174) o f P atio F loor V m ay b e s een i n t he f oreground .

F ig. 2 5 .

S tructure 3 15 w ith s tones b locking e ntrance t o s uperstructure a nd s labs f orming a p avement o ver e arlier s tep ,

l ooking n orth .

r ubble ( 1194 a nd 1 195) f illing P atio i n P hase V .

4 3

N ote

s ide o f

t he f loor a nd

i ts r etaining w all

h ad a lso b een r ipped o ut d uring

d estruction o f t he p latform i n t he f ollowing p hase . D ebris ( 76/56) r esulting f rom t his d estruction o verlay t he t runcated r emains o f S tructure 3 15.

S TRUCTURE 3 17 S tructure 3 17 s tood o n t he w est s ide o f t he p atio o verlying S tructure 3 21 ( Figure 2 3) . T he f ront o f t his p latform l ay f urther e ast t han S tructure 3 21 a nd t hus e nveloped t he e arlier p latform , w hose a lignment a nd o rientation i t r epeated . I ts a psidal p lan m easured a pproximately 7 .60 i n l ong a nd 5 . 40 m a cross i ts c entral a xis , w hich w as o riented a t 9 8 d egrees a zimuth . F ive s tages ( a-e ) o f g rowth w ere r ecorded f or S tructure 3 17 , a ccounting f or a r ise i n e levation o f t his p latform f rom . 35 t o . 70 i n a bove p atio l evel . T he p resence o f p ost h oles i n a t l east t hree o f t hese s tages s uggests t hat S tructure 3 17 p robably s upported p ole a nd t hatch s uperstructures d uring e ach o f i ts s tages .

' Only B uilding S tage a i s s hown ( Figure 2 3) .

B uilding S tage a .

S tructure

3 17

u tilized

S tructure

3 21

a s

i ts

c ore .

T he s tep o f t he e arlier p latform w as f illed i n a nd i ts r etaining w all a dded t o w ith s tones 1 77 f or t he n ew p latform ( Figure 2 3) . A w ide , 6 . 10 b y . 50 m , s tep ( 178 ) w as a dded t o t he e ntire f ront o f t he n ew p latform f ollowing t he c urved a lignment o f t he r etaining w all . S tep 1 78 c onsisted o f a s ingle c ourse o f l arge l imestone b locks a nd e nclosed a b rown e arth f ill . B oth t he r etaining w all a nd s tep w ere c overed b y a . 0 2 m t hick p laster f acing ( 33: ' ) w hich w as a butted t o t he e ast b y t he p laster o f P atio F loor V . As eries : f p laster f acings ( 183 a nd l ater 3 19 ) l ipped u p t o t he n orth s ide c f t he r etaining w all . M idway a long t he o uter e dge o f 1 78 w as a s econd , s maller p rojecting s tep ( 76/127 ) r epresented b y a r ectangular s car a long t he w estern e dge o f t he p atio . I t w as 1 . 30 m w ide a nd . 40 m d eep . T he f ill i nside t he s tep c onsisted o f s tones a nd a d ark g rey s oil c ontaining c harcoal f lecks a nd p laster f ragments . J ade a nd s hell b eads w ere r ecovered f rom t he r ubble w ithin t he l evelled s tep , p robably a s cattered " terminal" o ffering , t hat i s , p laced a t t he t ime o f i ts d estruction . T he f loor , 3 25 , c overing t he s urface o f t he p latform w as c onstructed o n a b ed o f b rown s oil ( 326) . T he p laster o f t he f loor w as a lmost w hite i n c olor a nd h ad a s trong , h ard s urface b ut w as n ot w orked ( Littmann 1 978 ) . I ts s urface w as b urnt a nd c ut b y a d epression a nd a p ost d iameter o f . 10 m a nd a d epth o f . 10

s oil

h ole w ith a

B uilding S tage b . T he s econd f loor ( 323 ) w as l aid o n a b ase o f d ark a nd s mall s tones . A gain t he p laster w as a lmost w hite i n c olor a nd

f ormed

a v ery h ard

s urface ,

w hich w as w eathered

b ut

p robably w orked

( Littrann 1 978) . I t c overed t he s ame a rea a s t he f loor b elow a nd t he s ucceeding f loors , a ll h aving b een r ipped o ut a long t heir e astern e dge w hen t he s tructure w as d emolished . B uilding S tage c . t he f loor ( 3 18 ) a bove .

A t hin l ayer o f b rown s oil s eparated f loor 3 23 f rom T he p laster w as m oderately h ard , a lmost w hite a nd

c ontained s ome c arbon . T he s urface w as w eathered b ut m ay h ave b een w orked ( Littmann 1 978 ) . T his f loor w as p enetrated b y t wo p ost h oles , . 17 m a nd . 13 m i n d iameter b y . 23 m a nd . 15 m i n d epth , r espectively , a nd a s take h ole , . 09 m i n d iameter a nd . 08 m d eep . B uilding S tage d .

A bove

t his

4 4

w as

a l ayer o f b rown

s oil

s upporting

f loor 3 16 .

A lthough v ery e roded i n p laces ,

t he p laster o f t his f loor w as

v ery h ard a nd h ad a w orked s urface ( Littmann 1 978 ) . I t w as c ut b y t hree p ost h oles , r anging i n d iameter f rom . 10.16 m ( average . 12 m ) a nd o f u nrecorded d epths , a nd t wo a reas o f d epressions ( 76/92 a nd 7 6/93) . B uilding S tage e .

T he f inal f loor ( 133) w as c onstructed o n a t hin l ayer

o f s oil w hich c ontained l ithics , s herds , d aub , a nd c harcoal . T he s urface o f t he f loor w as e roded b ut c onsisted o f a m oderately h ard p laster ( Littmann 1 978 ) .

N o f eatures w ere n oted i n t he e xposed p ortion o f f loor 1 33 .

S TRUCTURE 3 14 S tructure 3 14

( Figures 2 6-28) w as

a l arge,

r ectangular p latform

s uperimposed o ver t he e arlier a psidal p latform , S tructure 3 17 , o n t he w est s ide o f t he p atio d uring t he f inal s tages o f P hase I VA . I t r epresented a s hift t o a r ectangular p latform w hose f rontage , a t l east , c opied t he s ame g eneral p lan a s S tructure 3 15 t o t he n ortheast . T he e xtension o f t he n orthern a nd s outhern t ips o f t he e arlier p latform c omprised a m assive b uild-up o f f ills t o t he e nds o f S tructure 3 17 . T he m ajor e xtension w as t o t he n orth a nd p artly o verlaid p laster 1 75 , b ut e nded o n t he s ame l ine a s p laster 1 74 , s uggesting C ontemporaneity w ith t he e xtension o f P atio F loor V t o t he n orth . T he n ewly-enlarged p latform n ow m easured a pproximately 1 2 .00 m i n l ength a nd a n e stimated 6 .00 m i n w idth . A s tep , 5 . 15 m w ide a nd . 10 m d eep, p rojected o ut f rom t he f ront o f S tructure 3 14 f acing 1 05 d egrees a zimuth ( Figure 2 6 ) . S tructure 3 14 r ose a pproximately . 70 m a bove P atio F loor V a nd s upported , a m asonry b uilding w ith i ndicating p artitioning o f t he i nterior s pace .

i nterior p ost/stake h oles , T his b uilding r eached t o

w ithin . 40 m o f t he o uter e dge o f t he p latform a nd h ad i nset c orners . T he n orth s ide o f t he n orthern e xtension l ined u p w ith t he n orthern e dge o f t he e xtended p atio ( 174) , a nd i t i s p robable t hat t he c onstruction o f S tructure 3 14 c oincided w ith t he l aying o f 1 74 . C onstruction o f t he n orthern e xtension w as i nitiated w ith t he a ddition o f s tones 7 6/43 t o t he e ast f ace ( 177) o f t he p latform . T he r oughly n orth-south l ine o f t his r etaining w all t urned w est f orming a s quare c orner a nd t he n orthern f ace o f t he n ew p latform . T his e nd o f t he p latform w as a lmost e ntirely d estroyed a nd o nly a f ew l imestone b locks ( 179 ) r emain o verlying p laster 1 75 a nd o ccupation l ayer 1 87 . T wo e xternal p laster f loors ( 312 a nd 1 82) a butted t he n orth s ide o f 1 79 . P laster 3 12 j oined 1 74 t o t he e ast . P laster 1 82 w as a r esurfacing o f 3 12 a nd w as c ut b y s everal s take h oles b ordering a n a rcs haped d epression c ontinuing b eyond t he n orth s ection . W ithin t he r etaining w all, a s eries o f e arth a nd m arl d umps w ere d eposited . T hese d umps c omprised a n a rea a lmost 5 .00 m i n l ength a nd 1 . 3 0 m i n d epth . A n early i dentical s ituation w as f ound t o t he s outh i n a n e xtension s ome 2 .50 m i n l ength a nd n early 2 .00 m i n d epth . A t hin l ayer o f s oil ( 132) w as s pread o ver f loor 1 33 o f S tructure 3 17 , a nd f loor 8 9 w as l aid . T he a lmost w hite p laster o f f loor 8 9 w as . 10 m t hick a nd q uite h ard . I t r epresents o ne o f t he b est q uality f loors e xamined a t C uello ( Littmann 1 978 ) . S ome s lumpage w as n oted a t t he n orthern e nd o f t he f loor , p robably r esulting f rom t he s ettling o f t he u nderlying e arthen c ore . T he f loor o verlying t he s outhern e xtension w as d estroyed . T he n orthern a nd e astern m argins o f f loor 8 9 w ere c hopped o ff b y t he d estruction o f t he p latform i n P hase V . O verlying t he s urviving e dges w as a p laster f acing ( 100 ) w hich l apped u p a gainst t he o utside o f t wo l imestone w alls ( 98 ) , o f w hich o nly a s ingle c ourse s urvived . T hese w alls f ormed t he n orth a nd e ast

4 5

F ig . 2 6.

S tructure 3 14, a f ragment o f i ts r etaining w all a nd l arge r ectangular s tep o verlying S tructure 3 17 a nd P atio F loor V , l ooking w est .

F ig. 2 7 .

S tructure 3 14 ,

f loor 8 9 a nd t he w all a nd o uter p laster f acing o f

i ts m asonry s uperstructure , l ooking w est . N ote m arl f ill t o t he r ight a nd r ubble i n t he f oreground , d eposited a fter d estruction o f t he p latform i n P hase V .

4 6

w alls o f a m asonry s uperstructure s tanding o n f loor 8 9 ( Figures 2 7 a nd 2 8 ) . T he c ontinuation o f t his b uilding t o t he s outh w as f ragmentary b ut d emonstrates a r ectangular b uilding a t l east 8 m eters l ong f rom n orth t o s outh . W ithin t he l imits o f t his w all, f loor 8 9 w as c ut b y e ight p ost h oles r anging i n s ize f rom . 10.24 m ( average . 13 m ) i n d iameter a nd . 06.80 m ( average . 19 m ) i n d epth . O ne s take h ole , w ith a d iameter o f . 06 m a nd a d epth o f . 08 m , w as a lso f ound . O n i t w ere s tones ( 110), f orming a c ircular d epression , . 26 m i n d iameter a nd . 10 m d eep . A l ense o f a sh o verlay i t a nd t he s urrounding a rea o f f loor w as b urnt . T he c ircular d epression ( 110 ) m ay h ave b een a s eating f or a p ot . E vidence t hat t he f acade o f S tructure 3 14 w as r ipped o ut w as p resent o n a ll t hree e xposed s ides . A l ayer o f b urnt m aterial - d aub a nd a sh - a s w ell a s c ollapsed p laster m ixed w ith s oil d ebris s lumped o ver t he d estroyed f ace o f t he p latform .

P hase I VA S ummary P atio F loor V w as l aid i n t wo s tages . T he f irst w as t he l aying o f p laster 1 75 , 7 6/74 , a nd 7 6/154 c overing t he s ame a rea a s P atio F loor I V . T his p atio f loor a butted t he a lready e xisting p latforms , S tructure 3 16 t o t he s outh a nd S tructure 3 18 t o t he s outhwest a s w ell a s t he r ecently b uilt S tructure 3 17 t o t he w est . A t t he n orthern e nd , t he f loor e nded a long t he l ine o f t he e arlier p latform , S tructure 3 20 , a lthough n o t race o f t his s tructure w as v isible a t t his l evel . I t i s h ypothesized t hat t he n ew p latform , S tructure 3 15 , b uilt a t t he n orthern e nd o f t he p atio i n t his p hase o riginally e xtended f urther s outh , o verlying S tructure 3 20 , t hen c ut b ack d uring t he s econd s tage o f p atio c onstruction . D uring t he s econd s tage o f

p atio

c onstruction ,

t he

p atio w as

a nd w as

e xtended

n orth b y m eans o f p laster 1 74 w hich a butted t he s tepped f acade o f S tructure 3 15 t o t he n orth a nd S tructure 3 14 t o t he w est . T hus t he e nlargement o f t he p atio a rea a ccompanied t he c onstruction o f t hese t wo p latforms . A s eries o f l ess s ubstantial p laster f loors ( 312 a nd 1 82) c overed t he a rea b etween S tructures 3 14 a nd 3 15 a nd i n t he l ater s tage s upported a s mall t imber b uilding . C ompared t o e arlier s urfaces , P atio F loor V w as r elatively f ree o f i ntrusions, h aving b een c ut o nly b y a p ost h ole a nd a j ade c ache . T he f acades o f S tructures 3 16 , 3 18, 3 14, a nd 3 15 w ere d estroyed a t t he c onclusion o f P hase I VA , l eaving s corch m arks i n t he t imbers a nd t hatch o n t he s urface o f t he p atio f loor .

p attern

o f

f allen

T he d ating o f P hase I VA , i n t erms o f c eramic c ontent , b elongs t o t he L opez-Mamom C eramic C omplex a nd t hus f alls w ithin t he l ate M iddle F ormative P eriod . A s ingle o bsidian h ydration d ate i s a vailable f or t his p hase ( see M ohlab 1 7F (86 ) i n A ppendix A ) .

P hase V D uring P hase V ,

l arge s cale d estruction o f a ll t he s tructures f acing

o nto P atio F loor V o ccurred ( Figure 2 8 ) . T he o uter f aces o f S tructures 3 16 , 3 18 , 3 14 , a nd 3 15 w ere d emolished a s w as c learly s hown b y t he m assive s oil, p laster , a nd r ubble d eposits t umbled d own a round t he e dges o f t he r ipped o ut f acades . T his w as f ollowed b y t he f illing-in o f t he p atio w ith a l imestone

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