Aşvan Kale: Keban Rescue Excavations, Eastern Anatolia. I. The Hellenistic, Roman and Islamic Sites 9780860540915, 9781407351414

Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF PLATES
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1: HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2: THE SITE OF ASVAN
CHAPTER 4: THE ARCHITECTURE
CHAPTER 5: THE EXCAVATED MATERIAL FROM ASVAN KALE
CHAPTER 6: THE POTTERY
POTTERY CATALOGUE
CHAPTER 7: THE SMALL FINDS
CHAPTER 8: PHASING
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Citation preview

A�van Kale Keban Rescue Excavations, Eastern Anatolia I . The Hellenistic, Roman and Islamic Sites Stephen Mitchell

British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph No. 1

B A R International Series 8 o 1980

B.A.R.

B.A.R., 122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D. Phil. D. R. Walker, l\I. A.

B. A. R. S80, 1980: "A§van Kale". © Stephen Mitchell and British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, 1980. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860540915 paperback ISBN 9781407351414 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540915 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

P age 1

P reface C hapter I

H is tor ica l a nd Geograph ica l I n troduc t ion

2

The S i te o f 4 van

1 7

3

The S tra t igraphy

2 5

4

The A rch i tec ture

3 5

5

The E xcava ted Ma ter ia l

6 5

6

The P o t tery

6 9

P o t tery C a ta logue 7

The Sma l l F inds .

8

Phasing

B ib liography

Ana lys is a nd C a ta logue

7

7 9 2 29 2 55 2 61

L IST OF F IGURES

F igure

Page

1

T urkey

2

2

The Keban D am

4

3

The L oca t ion o f Aevan

6

4

A va i l V i l lage a nd D is tr ict

1 8

5

Aevan V i l lage a nd D istr ict—Land U se

2 0

6

Aevan Ka le .

2 4

7

Key t o E xcavated Area

2 6

8

S ec t ions

3 3

9

C ontour P lan

S ec t ions

1 0

H e l len ist ic IP lan

1 1

H e l len ist ic I P lan

3 4 .

3 6 3 8

1 2

R o man P lan

4 2

1 3

De ta i ls o f R o man B ui lding

4 7

1 4

Recons truc ted P lan o f R o man B u i lding

4 4

1 5

Medieva l IP lan

5 0

1 6

Medieva l I P lan

5 2

1 7

P lan a nd S ec t ion o f P its a nd K i lns

5 4

1 8

Medieva l I I P lan —Pr i mary P hase

5 6

1 9

Recons tructed P lan o f Medieva l I I

5 8

2 0

Medieva l I I—Secondary Phases

6 0

2 1-4

He l len ist ic I P ot tery— Who le V esse ls

2 5-6

Medieva l IG lazed P o ttery

2 7-40

He l len ist ic P ot tery

1 37-40 1 41-2 1 43-56

4 1-2

P o t tery f ro m R o man L eve ls

4 3-4

P o t tery f ro m Medieva l I

1 59-60

4 5-57

F ine G lazed P o t tery f ro m Medieva l I

1 61-73

5 8-60

Misce l laneous G lazed P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I

6 1-91

G lazed P o t tery f ro m Medieva l I

9 2-105

Medieva l I U ng lazed P ot tery

1 06-11

Medieva l I I P o t tery

1 12 1 13-5 1 16-7

S econd a nd F irs t Mi l lenn iu m B . C . P ot tery

1 57-8

1 74-6 1 77-207 2 08-21 2 22-7 2 28

H e l len is t ic B ronzes

2 40-2

E qu ip men t f or S p inn ing a nd Weav ing

2 43-4

1 18

Medieva l II ron Too ls

2 45

1 19

Medieva l I a nd I I I ron Arrowheads

2 46

1 20-2

Medieva l I R ings

1 22-3

Medieva l I a nd I I B eads a nd Decora ted O b jec ts

1 24-5

Medieva l I O rna men ta l O b jec ts

1 26

He l len ist ic P ot tery Rhy ton

2 47-8 2 49-50 2 51-2 2 53

L IST OF PLATES

P la te

Page

1

A§van Ka le a nd V i l lage f ro m t he S outh

2

a .

E . S ig i l la ta A B ow l B ase

b .

Medieva l IB ow l

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

a .

Medieva l IG reen G lazed B ow l

b .

Medieva l IG reen G lazed B ow l

a .

Med ieva l I P o lychro me G lazed B ow l

b .

Medieva l G lazed B ow l w i th K uf ic I nscr ip t ion

a .

Medieva l IU ng lazed P o t tery

b .

Medieva l IU ng lazed P o t tery a nd G lazed B ase

a .

Medieva l I F ine G lazed P o t tery

b .

Medieva l I F ine G lazed P o t tery

a .

Medieva l IG reen G lazed B ow l

b .

Medieva l I I G lazed P o t tery

a .

B lue L us tre Ware

b .

S u ltanabad Ware

2 66

2 67

2 68

2 69

2 70

2 71

2 72

2 73

a .

Medieva l IG reen G lazed P ot tery

b .

Medieva l IG lazed P ot tery ( Was ter )

2 74

Medieva l I P o lychro me G lazed P ot tery

2 75

PREFACE

In 1968 the Middle East Technical University of Ankara invited Turkish and foreign archaeologists to participate in a rescue project in the area of the Keban dam on the upper Euphrates in eastern Turkey. The waters of the dam lake threatened to destroy a large number of archaeological sites of all periods, some along the Euphrates itself, but the majority lying in the basin of its eastern tributary, the Murat. The director of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, Dr. D. H. French, chose to dig the site of A§van Kale, which lies on the south bank of the Murat, about fourteen kilometres, as the crow flies, East of the confluence with the Euphrates, and forty kilo­ metres by road north west of the regional capital of Elaz1g. In 1968-9 excava­ tion was confined to A§van Kale itself, but in 1970 the scope of the project was enlarged: excavation was also carried out at three other sites tn the A§Van area-Ta§kun Kale, Ta§kun Mevkii and 9ayboyu-with a view to estab­ lishing a complete archaeological sequence for the region from the Neolithic to the modern period, and studies were undertaken in the present day A§Van district in order to provide a firm environmental background against which the evidence from the sites could be interpreted. At this stage I was asked by David French to take on responsibility for the excavation and publication of A§Van Kale. In 1970 and 1971 ail four sites were dug; in 1972 work was confined to A§van Kale itself, while 1973 saw a final season at Ta§kun Kale and T a§kun Mevkii. The environmental studies continued throughout the seasons 1970-72. In the spring of 1974 A§Van Kale and the whole area round it was flooded by the waters of the dam lake (Fig. 2). An account of the history of the A§van project up to this point can be found in A§van 1968-72: an Interim Report, Anatolian Studies XXIII (1973), 69-307, which includes preliminary discussions of all the archaeological sites (to be supplemented by the brief report on the 1973 season in Anat. Studs. XXIV (1974), 6-9), and also studies of the modern and ancient environment linked with the A§Van project. In 1974 a two month study season was spent in the Technical School at Elaz1g , where the excavation finds were housed, recording, drawfr1g, and photographing the pottery from A§Van Kale (see the brief report in Anat. Studs. XXV (1975), 7). The purpose of this volume is to provide a full description of the excava­ tions at A§Van Kale, comprising a short historical and geographical introduction, a discussion of the stratigraphy, chronology and architecture of the site, and an analysis of the pottery and registered small finds recovered from it. The aim has been to restrict the written account to a minimum, and to let the figures and other illustrations, especially the site plans and the pottery drawings, speak for themselves as far as possible. The material from the excavation is so diverse in date and nature that I have not attempted to make a complete and definitive assessment of its significance and its relationship to finds from other sites, but I have tried to present a corpus of the pottery and small finds from a stratified excavation, which will be of use to other

1

2

archaeologists working in eastern Anatolia, and to describe their importance for the history of the settlement at A§van itself. I am conscious of certain shortcomings in the preparation of the report. First, I have deliberately given a simplified account of the stratigraphy of the site, especially in the Medieval period, when I have treated some secondary stratigraphic phases (corresponding to minor modifications of the existing buildings) as if they belonged to a single period. The main reason for this is that the task of disentangling the finer subdivisions of the Medieval sequence from the notebooks and sections (all admirably detailed, if anything too much so) proved to be a task of almost insuperable difficulty. However, the decision may be justified in that it allows the important features of the site to stand out as prominently as they should, and I feel confident that the amount of information lost by adopting this course has been very small. Second, in preparing the pottery catalogue I have not completely succeeded in illustrating and cataloging all the examples of particular types and shapes in the same place (for instance Hellenistic water jars will be found in both Fig. 38, accompanied by bowls, and in Fig. 36 with other jars and jugs), although I have gone some way towards this. I have also not undertaken the task of drawing up a type series of the wares. The reason for this is that I felt it more important to publish a report containing a large amount of material in what, I hope, is a usable form, rather than delay publication further in what might well prove to be a premature attempt to achieve a complete classifica­ tion, and a more rigorously logical arrangement of shapes and wares. Working over the more humdrum finds of an excavation is a task for which I (and, I suspect, many other archaeologists) have a limited appetite, and to aim at perfection brings the very real danger of postponing publication for ever. I have made no attempt to discuss certain categories of material from the site, for instance the glass fragments and the metal objects which were not recorded as registered small finds. Both are too fragmentary and undistinct­ ive to warrant detailed treatment. I also have nothing to add to the catalogue of coins from the excavation published by A. W. McNicoll, Anat. Studs. 1973, 187-90, although I discuss their importance for the dating of the site at appropriate points. However, the largest omission, as can be seen at once, is any discussion of the animal bones and botanical remains. This, of course, must form the starting point for interpreting the economy of A§Van Kale and for p lacing it in its environmental setting. The results of these studies, when they are completed, may well modify some of the conclusions reached here about the use and functions of the various buildings excavated, and they will certainly add much to our understanding of the history of A§Van in its broadest sense. It goes without saying that the site could never have been excavated with­ out the help of all those who worked at A§van between 1968 and 1972, and without the financial support of the dig's sponsors. A full list of these appears in Anat. Studs. 1973, 88-91. To this I must add my thanks to the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara which provided £1000 to support the study season in 1974, and to Matina Mitchell, Sarah Reason, Simon and Diann Timms who took part in that season. The Turkish government was represented by Bay Yusuf Gttl of the Elaz1g Museum. No one in the group will feel offended if I single out Diann Timms for special mention. Her pottery drawings were a model and an inspiration for the rest of us, and she alone had the flair to

3

4

match the calligraphic skill of the Islamic pot painters whose products posed such a challenge. I fear that the inked versions of her pencil drawings, for which I am mainly responsible, do less than justice either to the original craftsmen or to her draftsmanship. I must also again record our gratitude to Bay Turgay Sunguroglu of Elaz1g who smoothed our path in so many ways, and w�ose good humour and generous hospitality often restored our morale when the task in hand threatened to overwhelm us. During the preparation of this report I have had invaluable help with the Islamic architecture and pottery from Mr. J. M. Rogers of the British Museum and Mr. J. W. Allan of the Ashmolean Museum, and I am particularly grateful to Mr. Harry Russell for his account of the pottery from the second and early first millennium B. C.

5

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CHAPTER 1 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION Historical Outline A§Van Kale lies about forty kilometres north west of Elaz1g, on the south bank of the Murat (the ancient river Arsanias), 1 fourteen kilometres east of its confluence with the Euphrates (the F1rat). It was thus situated about forty five kilometres north of the most important line of communication in the region, the route which leads from Malatya (the ancient Melitene)2 to the Euphrates crossing at K(jmUr Han (the Tomisa crossing) 3 and thence ENE to­ wards Harput (and its modern successor Elaz1g) and the fertile plain called the Altmova, known to Polybius in antiquity as the kalon pedion (fair plain). 4 This route was the main link between Cappadocia, west of the Euphrates, and the highlands of Armenia, and the crossing at Tomisa was of vital strategic and political importance. It was recognised in the Hellenistic Period as the departure point on the overland route to India. 5 It was probably here that Lucius Cornelius Sulla became the first Roman general to treat with the Parthian king in 95 B. C. on the river which at the time marked the furthest extent of their respective spheres of influence. 6 Over a century and a half later, in A. D. 70, when Rome posted three legions to eastern Anatolia, one was stationed at Melitene to prevent any enemy from crossing at Tomisa and making his way westwards along the valley of the Tohma 9ay, and this fortress was linked to central Anatolia by roads leading north west to Sivas (Sebasteia) and west to Kayseri (Caesarea). 7 East of the Euphrates the overland route also divided when it reached the Altmova. One branch led due east into the heart of Armenia and to Lake Van, a second and more important road turned southwards to Hazar Gejl and then ran over the mountains of the Antitaurus to Amida (modern Diyarbak1r) on the Tigris at the northern extremity of the Mesopota.i."'TI.ian basin. 8 This was the route followed by the Roman armies of Lucullus in 69 B. C. , and of Domitius Corbulo in A. D. 63 when they advanced to lay siege to the southern Armenian capital of Tigranocerta. 9 A§van lay sufficiently far north of this major route to avoid any direct impact from the traffic of armies which dominated its history on all but one occasion, discussed below (10-12). It was on a minor road running north west from Elaz1g towards yemi§gezek, a town containing a number of notable Seljuk remains. Regular traffic along this road is proved by the existence of Arslanbey Han, which lies about eight kilometres SSE of A§Van at a junction of several village roads. This was about thirty two kilometres from Harput and thirty one kilometres from 9emi§gezek, and it is reasonable to assume that it acted as a half-way house for travellers between the two. In the last century the Murat could be crossed by ferries or forded just north of A§van itself, 1 O but these methods were superseded first by a rope bridge (of the type which spanned the Euphrates south of Pagnik), 11 and then in the early 7

1 960s b y ar oad b r idge .

O n t he n or th b ank o ft he r iver t he r oad d iv ided :

o ne

b ranch r an n or th t o V em i§gezek a nd s topped t here , s ince t he t o wn i s h e m med i n o n t he n or th s ide b y t he i mpregnab le wa l l o f t he Munzur mounta ins ; t he o ther r an NW , t hrough t he v i l lage o f P u lur where t he B ronze Age mound h as b een e xcava ted b y Ha m i t K o py ,

1 2

t o t he E uphra tes , wh ich was s panned b y

ar ope b r idge a bout o ne k i lo me tre s outh o f t he v i l lage o f P a nik , t o t he sma l l t own o f Ai m .

1 3

a nd c lose

F ro m h ere t rave l lers c ou ld make f or Ma la tya , o r

n or th a nd west t o Ke ma l iye , Arapk ir , D ivr ii i a nd , e ven tua l ly , S ivas .

R ou tes

a cross t h is w i ld a nd mounta inous c oun try were s tr ic t ly f or t he d e ter m ined a nd a dven turous t rave l ler . 1 4 A §van l i es i n t he a nc ient r eg ion o f S ophene , an a me r ecognisab le a s f ar b ack a s t he 9 th c entury B . C . i n c une ifor m d ocumen ts wh ich r efer t o i ta s ` t i pa-n i .

1 5

V ery l i t t le i s k nown o f t he p o li t ica l h is tory o f t he a rea f or most

o f t he f i rst mi l lenn iu m B . C ., b ut i t was c er ta in ly p art o f t he Pers ian Emp ire f ro m t he t ime o f t he e xpedi t ion o f C yrus , c a 5 50 B . C . A lexander t he G rea t .

u n t i l t he c onques ts o f

A lexander a nd h is S e leuc id s uccessors d id l i t t le t o

a f fec t t he a d min is tra t ive p a t tern o f t he t ang led h igh land c oun try wh ich o ver laps t he b orders o f modern T urkey , I ran a nd I raq , a nd e f fec t ive c ontro l d oub t less l ay w i th l oca l d ynas ts a nd n ob le f am i l ies .

These l oca l l eaders emerge f ro m

a nonym i ty i n t he r e ign o f t he S e leuc id , A n t iochus I I ( 223-187) , who a ppoin ted Zar iadr is , a me mber o f t he A r menian r oya l f am i ly , t o b e s tra tegos o r c o mmander o f S ophene , Ar taxa ta .

1 6

wh i le A r tax ias c ontro l led n or th e astern Ar menia a round

The r oya l r es idence o f S ophene was l oca ted a t C arca th iocer ta .

I n

1 89 An t iochus was d efea ted b y t he R o mans a t t he b a t t le o f Magnes ia i n wes tern As ia Minor , a nd Z ar iadr is a nd Ar tax ias b roke away f ro m S e leuc id c on tro l t o d ec lare t he mse lves i ndependen t monarchs .

A t t he t rea ty o f A pa mea o f 1 89/8

R o me o f f ic ia l ly r ecogn ised t he ir n ew s ta tus .

1 7

B y 1 80/79 , p ossib ly a f ter t he

d ea th o f Z ar iadr is , A rtax ias a ppears t o h ave t aken o ver S ophene i n a ddi t ion t o h is Armen ian k ingdo m ,

1 8

a l though i n 1 63 , a ccording t o D iodorus S icu lus ,

as on o r n ephew o f Z ar iadr is n amed M i throbouzanes was r es tored t o c entra l S ophene b y A r iara thes V , k ing o f C appadoc ia .

1 9

I n a bout 9 5 B . C . t he r u ler

o f S ophene was a d escendan t o f Z aradr is k nown a s A r tanes , b u t h e was o us ted f ro m h is k ingdo m b y t he most p owerfu l f i gure i n t he r eg ion , T igranes o f Ar men ia .

2 0

S ophene b ecame a n i mpor tan t t hea tre o f t he wars wh ich R o me

f ough t a ga ins t T igranes a nd Mi thr ida tes o f P ontus i n t he y ears f o l lo w ing t h is , a nd i n 6 9 B . C . L ucu l lus was h a i led a s l i bera tor t here a f ter h is s uccessfu l a t tack o n T igranocer ta .

2 1

L ucu l lus was s ucceeded b y P o mpey , a nd i n

P o mpey 's s e t t le ment o f 6 6 B . C . S ophene was f i rs t o f fered t o as on o f T igranes , who i m media te ly d iscredi ted h i mse lf , a nd t hen , i n a l l p robab i l i ty , t o h is f a ther who s t i l l c on tro l led a l l Ar men ia .

2 2

A t t h is d a te t he r iver c ross ing a t

T om isa , t he s tra teg ic g a teway t o Ar men ia , wh ich h ad b een p urchased b y S ophene f or a p r ice o f 1 00 t a lents s o me t ime b efore t he a rr iva l o f L ucu l lus , was r e turned t o C appadoc ia , t o wh ich i th ad p resu mab ly p rev ious ly b e longed .2 3 F or t he n ex t c en tury t he h is tor ica l s ources a re s i len t , b ut i n A . D . 5 4 ar e liab le a l ly o f R o me , S ohae mus , p robab ly t o b e i den t if ied w i th a C . J u l ius S ohae mus who was r u ler o f Emesa ( Horns ) i n S yr ia , w as i ns ta l led t o c ontro l S ophene a s p ar t o f t he p repara t ion f or t he Armenian c ampa igns o f Nero 's g enera l C n . D om i t ius C orbu lo .

2 4

S ophene was t rea ted a s ac l ien t k ingdo m o f

R o me , s ub jec t t o h er c ontro l b ut l y ing b eyond t he p rov inc ia l f ron t ier o f t he

8

Euphrates. It formed part of the larger region of Armenia, and presumably passed into the hands of Tiridates, who eventually became king of Armenia in A. D. 66, after hostilities in the region had been resolved in a diplomatic agreement between Rome and Parthia. 25 Partly because Rome no longer exercised any immediate control over Sophene or the rest of Armenia, the Emperor Vespasian established a garrison of three legions along the upper Euphrates, at Satala, Melitene and Samosata (see above p. 7), and the status Sl!!2. was maintained until A. D. 114 when the emperor Trajan invaded Parthia and established the provinces of Armenia and Mesopotamia. 25 However, his success or Hadrian relinguished both provinces on his accession three years later and withdrew to the line of the Euphrates. The history of Sophene in late antiquity continues to reflect its situation as a buffer between the Roman Empire and the regions controlled first by the Parthians and then by the Sassanian dynasty of Persia. In 297, after a major Persian incursion into Roman territory, Diocletian made a peace with Persia by whose terms Sophene and the other territories west of the Tigris remained under Roman control. 27 In the fourth century the area was controlled by satraps, a term which implies a Persian or Oriental system of administra­ tion, but was answerable to Rome. 28 In the laterculus of Polemius Silvius, compiled in the mid fifth century, Sophanene appears as a Roman province, listed after Mesopotamia, Eufratesia and Hosroene. 29 In 503 the satrap of Sophanene surrendered the whole region, with its capital Martyropolis (Mayfaraqqin, NE of Diyarbak1r), to the Persians without a struggle, 30 but the region was recovered by the emperor Justinian, who placed it under the control of a magister militum. 31 The Persians attempted to win it back, but their siege of Martyropolis was cut short by the death of the Persian king Kabades. His successor, Chosroes II, made a peace with Byzantium. 32 Justinian' s response to this uneasy situation was to fortify the region, 33 and in 53 6 he joined up the separate satrapies of Sophene and Sophanene to form the province of Fourth Armenia. 34 Historical Geography The boundaries of classical Sophene are not entirely clear. According to Strabo, the main ancient source, the country lay between the Antitaurus in the north and the Taurus, more specifically Mt. Masius, in the south. 35 The southern boundary causes no problems since Masius may readily be identified with the modern Maz1 Dag, which lies between Diyarbak1r and Mardin. The Antitaurus are clearly the mountains which today divide the Altmova and Hazar rnn, in the basin of the Murat, from Diyarbak1r and the north Mesopotamian plain. In an ambiguous phrase Strabo states that they cut through the middle of Sophene (apolambanon mesen ten Sophenen), and had Acilisene on their other (i. e. northern) side, a district which lay between the Antitaurus and the river Euphrates before it bends down to the south. 36 If we follow this second indication, it appears that the whole country north of Hazar rnn, including the Altmova, the valley of the Murat and the Munzur mountains, comprised Acilisene. In fact we also know from other sources that Acilisene extended north and west of the Euphrates to include the plain of Eriza, near modern Erzincan. 37 This evidence apparently indicates that Sophene lay entirely to the south of the Antitaurus, but against it must be set the fact that Strabo 9

e lsewhere s ta tes t ha t Me li tene l ay o pposi te S ophene o n t he west b ank o f t he E uphra tes ,

3 8

wh ich i s o n ly t rue i fS ophene e x tended s o me way n or th o f t he

A nt i taurus , p erhaps a s f ar a s t he Mura t .

F ur ther more , o ne o f t he t wo ma jor

s e t t le men ts o f S ophene , Arsamosa ta , a lso l ay n or th o f t he A nt i taurus , p roba b ly o n t he s ou th b ank o f t he Mura t a t H arabe ( s ee b e low ) . I ti s n o t , t heref ore , c lear f ro m t h is c onf l ic t ing t es t i mony , whe ther t he b oundary b e tween Ac i l isene a nd S ophene l ay a t t he A nt i taurus , o r f ur ther n or th a long t he Arsan ias/Mura t .

H owever , t he l arge p ar t p layed b y T om isa , n or th o f t he

A nt i taurus , i n t he h is tory o f S ophene ( see a bove ) s ugges ts t ha t t he r u lers o f S ophene mus t h ave a lways h ad c on tro l o r a t l eas t c la i ms o ver t h is a rea .

B y

c on trast , t he mos t i mpor tant p ar t o f A c i lisene w as a lways t he p la in o f E riza , n or th o f t he E uphra tes , a nd t he Munzur moun ta ins must h ave made c o m municat i ons b e tween h ere a nd t he v a l ley o f t he A rsanias d if f icu lt i fn ot imposs ib le . I tt herefore s ee ms b est t o t rea t t he A rsan ias , o r e ven t he Munzur moun ta ins a s t he e f fec t ive b oundary b etween S ophene a nd A c i l isene , a nd o n t h is r eckoni ng M van l ay c lose t o , i fn ot a c tua l ly o n t he b oundary . There were t wo ma in s e t t le men ts i n S ophene , A rsa mosa ta a nd C arca th ioc er ta , n e i ther o f wh ich h as b een l oca ted w ith a bso lu te c er ta in ty .

There i s ,

h owever , more p len t ifu l i nfor ma t ion a bout A rsamosa ta , wh ich was k nown t o Arab a uthors a s S ha msa t o r S h i msa t , a nd a ppears i n o ne S yr ian s ource a s Arsh imsha t a nd i n Ar menian r ecords a s A rschmouscha t , f or ms v ery c l ose t o t he c lass ica l n a me .

3 9

The t opograph ica l e v idence s uggests t ha t i t was o n

t he s ou th b ank o f t he Mura t , s o me d istance u ps tream f ro m t he j unct ion w i th t he P en iS u ( or Munzur S u ) .

The s i te o f Harabe , w h ich was e xcava ted a s p ar t

o f t he K eban p ro jec t b y P rof . B ak i 0 i-t i n , f i ts t h is d escr ipt ion a nd c an r easona b ly b e i den t if ied a s Arsamosa ta . 40 C arca th iocer ta was t he s i te o f t he r oya l p a lace i n S ophene . 4 1 According t o P liny i tl ay c loser t o t he s ources o f t he T igr is , wh i le A rsamosa ta was c loser t o t he s ources o f t he E uphra tes .

Th is

4 2

s ee ms t o r u le o ut t he i dent if ica t ion , b ased o n as upposed r ese mb lance o f t he n a mes , w i th modern H arput , a nd i t s hou ld p robab ly b e s ough t s outh o f t he A nt i taurus , i n S ophene p roper .

4 3

O ne more s i te s hou ld b e men t ioned , t he

f or t o f R hande ia , t he w in ter q uar ters o f t he i l l-fa ted a r my o f C aesennius Pae tus i n A .D . 6 2 .

A n a na lys is o f t he p assages i n T ac itus a nd D io wh ich

r e la te P ae tus ' d isastrous e ncoun ters w i th t he P ar th ian k ing V o logaeses s hows t ha t t h is f or t l ay o n t he n or th s ide o f t he A rsanias , a bou t f or ty o r f i f ty m i les f ro m a p o int o n t he E uphra tes where P ae tus a nd h is d efea ted t roops r e jo ined t he g overnor o f S yr ia , D om it ius C orbu lo , p robab ly c lose t o t he T o misa c ross ing .

R hande ia s hou ld b e l oca ted o n t he n or th b ank o f t he Mura t , p erhaps

al i t t le u pstream o f modern P ertek .

4 4

I t was , i n f ac t , w i th in e asy r each o f

Arsa mosa ta where P ae tus d epos i ted h is w ife a nd c h i ld f or s a fe-keeping .

4 5

M van K a le i n t he h istory o f S ophene The e xcava t ions a t A§van h ave o n ly r evea led o ne i t em o f e v idence wh ich may b e d irec t ly c onnec ted w i th t he h is tory o f S ophene a s f ar a s i ti s k nown t o u s .

A t t he e nd o f t he s econd s eason o f e xcava t ion i n 1 969 a h oard o f f or ty

e igh t s i lver c oins was d iscovered i n a sma l l j ar , h idden i n a wa l l o f t he H e l len ist ic I b u i ldings , wh ich h ad b een d es troyed b y f i re ( see p . 4 0 b e low f or d e ta i ls ) .

O ne o f t hese c o ins b e longed t o A r iara thes D ( E usebes ( 101-87 B . C .) ,

t he r est t o A r iobarzanes IP h i lorho ma ios ( 9 6-63 B . C .) .

1 0

These l a t ter d a te

from his twenty sixth to thirty first regnal years, 71-66 B. C. 46 The natural inference is that the hoard was concealed in 66 or soon afterwards, and McNicoll has made the very reasonable suggestion that the hiding of the coins, and the destruction of the building at A§Van were occasioned by unsettled conditions and hostile action in the area at the time of Pompey' s campaigns against Mithridates of Pontus and other eastern kings and dynasts which took place in 66 and 65 B. C. Although the generally disturbed conditions in Eastern Anatolia might have given rise to trouble at any time between 66 and 63 B. C. , it is possible to suggest a more precise possible context. Pompey's campaigns against Mithridates himself took place during the spring and summer of 66. The main theatre of the war was the long valley of the river Lycus (Kelkit Nehir) which runs through eastern Pontus and Armenia Minor, and the decisive battle was fought close to the watershed between the Lycus and the yardak Su which runs SE into the Euphrates near Erzincan. Neither Pompey's nor Mithridates' forces came anywhere near Sophene during this campaign. 47 Pompey opted not to pursue Mithridates north to Colchis and the Crimea, to which the latter escaped, but took the advice of Tigranes, the son of Tigranes King of Armenia, who persuaded him to attack his father's kingdom. He advanced to the northern capital of Armenia, Artaxata, where he received the submission of Tigranes the elder in the autumn of 66. 48 According to the full and apparently reliable account of Cassius Dio, he deprived Tigranes of the parts of Cappadocia which he had occupied, as well as Phoenicia and Sophanene (a term which is surely intended for Sophene), but left him in charge of Armenia, his ancestral king­ dom. Tigranes the younger, his son, was awarded control of Sophene in the settlement, but protested when it became clear that he was to hand over all the treasures which were hoarded in the fortresses in his new kingdom to his father (and thence, doubtless, to Pompey himself). Pompey placed him under open arrest and ordered the fortress commanders to hand over the treasures to the elder Tigranes. The commanders replied that they could only obey the instructions of the younger Tigranes, who had been put in charge of the country, at which Pompey sent him into Sophene to give the necessary orders. Tigranes the son found the forts locked against him and unwillingly gave orders that they be opened up. The commanders again refused to obey, alleging correctly that he was not acting of his own free will, but u nder compulsion from Pompey. At this Pompey lost patience and put the younger Tigranes in chains. Although Dio does not say so in so many words, we may assume that he forced the forts to open their gates, and they were duly taken over by Tigranes the elder. Pompey himself left Armenia to spend the winter on the river Cyrnus preparing for his campaign in the Caucasus. 49 Plutarch has a shorter version of this story in his life of Pompey, merely saying that after receiving Sophene the younger Tigranes displeased Pompey and was put in chains, 50 while Appian, in a less reliable and less 1 well informed account, 5 says that the younger Tigranes was given Sophene and Gordyene, but was persuaded by defectors from the elder Tigranes to turn against his father. Pompey arrested the son for this and had him paraded at his subsequent triumph, while Sophene and Gordyene were handed over to Ariobarzanes of Cappadocia (not, as suggested in other accounts, to Tigranes the elder). The wea.lmesses of Appian's version have been pointed out, and

11

D io , w i th h is c ircu mstant ia l d e ta i l , i s t o b e p referred .

5 2

Moreover , t he

p rogress o f t he y ounger T igranes , c lear ly u nder R o man e scor t , a nd t he d isp ute o ver t he o pening o f t he t reasur ies , p rov ides a v ery s ui tab le c ontex t f or t he d estruc t ion o f t he A §van b u i lding .

A §van Ka le a t t h is d a te was n o f ortress ,

a nd f or ty e igh t c o ins h ard ly make u p at reasure , b ut i ti s n ot d if f icu lt t o e nv isage t he f orce a cco mpany ing T igranes , w i th i nstruc t ions t o s e ize wha t b ooty i tc ou ld f ro m S ophene , a t tack ing a nd b urn ing v i l lages where t hey migh t e xpec t t o f i nd l oot .

I ti s c lear f ro m D io t ha t t he o f f icers i n c harge o f t he

f or tresses were r eca lc i tran t a nd o n ly s urrendered t he ir t reasur ies t o R o me when t hey h ad n o a l terna t ive l ef t t o t he m .

T hey c ou ld p resu mab ly r e ly o n t he

l oya lty o f t he l oca l p opu la t ion , who n a tura l ly s uf fered t he c onsequences o f s uppor t ing t he l os ing s ide .

A s McN ico l l o bserved ( Ana t . S tuds . 1 973 , 1 86 )

" the h oard may s erve t o f ocus o ur a t ten t ion o n t hose l ess h appy s i de-ef fec ts o f t he R o man i n tervent ion i n A s ia Minor s o o f ten u nnot iced b y h is tor ians d azz led b y t he g li t ter a nd g lory o f R o man t r iumphs ." Af ter t h is e p isode i n t he a utu mn o f 6 6 t here i s n o r ecorded m i li tary a c t iv i ty i n S ophene wh ich migh t h ave l ed t o t he d es truc t ion o f t he H e l lenist ic b ui lding a t A §van .

T igranes t he e lder a ssu med c on tro l o f Ar men ia , a ided b y

P o mpey 's l ega te L . A fran ius , who marched s outh t o G ordyene a nd e v ic ted t he Parth ians o n h is b eha lf .

A fr a n ius marched wes twards f ro m h ere t hrough

Mesopotam ia t o S yr ia , a nd t here i s n o f ur ther ment ion o f t roub le i n Ar men ia .

5 3

NOTES 1 .

S ee Tac i tus , A nn . XV .15 .1; D io LX I I . 2 1; NH V .84 ;

V I . 1 28 .

P lu tarch , L ucu l lus 3 1;

P l iny ,

D iscussed b y B . W . Henderson , C lass ica l P h i lo logy

XXV I I I ( 1903 ) , 2 71-85 . 2 . The J us t in ian ic f or t if ica t ions o f Me l i tene c an s t i l l b e s een a t E sk i Ma la tya , s o me t en k i lo me tres NNE o f modern Ma la tya .

I th as n ot b een p roved

b eyond d oub t t ha t t h is was t he s i te o ft he e ar lier l eg ionary f or tress , o f wh ich n o a c tua l t races h ave s o f ar b een d iscovered . 3 . The l oca t ion o f T om isa o n t he e as t b ank o f t he E uphra tes j ust n or th o f K öm t irhan was c onf ir med b y t he d iscovery o f aU rar t ian i nscr ip t ion i n t he wa l l o f af or tress k nown a s Hab ibu§ai i ,K a le , 5 00 me tres wes t o f t he v i l lage o f H ab ibu§ai i . F or t he l oca t ion s ee M . O zdoian ,

L ower

E uphra tes B as in 1 977 S urvey ( I s tanbu l 1 977 ) , 8 2-3; J . S tur m , RE ' V ia , 1 701; M . S a lv in i , 4 .

j .c i t . i n fra n . 1 5 .

P o lyb ius V I I I . 2 3 .1 w i th Wa lbank 's n ote;

H enderson , 2 2 . c i t ., 2 81; s ee

H . H aup t mann , I s t . M i t t . X 1X/XX ( 1969/70 ) , 2 2 f . 5 . 6 .

E ra tosthenes a pud P o lyb ius XXX IV . 1 3 =S trabo X IV . 2 .29 , 6 63 . ( Aur . V ic tor ) d e v ir . i l l . V e l le ius 1 .24 ;

7 5 ;

L ivy , p er . LXX ;

P lu tarch , S u l la 5 ;

c f . E . B adian , i Su l la 's C i l ic ian C o m mand ' , A thenaeu m

XXXV I I ( 1959 ) , 2 94-5 = S tud ies i n G reek a nd R o man H istory ( 1964 ) , 1 68 .

1 2

7. For the legion at Melitene and Vespasian' s frontier see D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor II (1950), 1435-8, and, most recently, A. B. Bosworth, Anticthon X (1976), 63-78. 8. This road, leading past the mines at Ergani, is probably represented on the fourth century Peutinger Map by the route Mazara XVI Col chis Xill Coruini XillI Arsinia VIID Coissa XVI (Amida); see K. Muller, Itineraria Romana (1916), 738-9. Dr. Harald Haptmann, the excavator of Nor§un Tepe in the Altmova, reported noticing from the air an ancient road leading over the mountains south of Hazar GVl. 9. Plutarch, Lucullus 24-9. In A. D. 59 Corbulo had made his way from Artaxata through central Armenia to Tigranocerta by a route which ran to the east of the Ergani pass. Caesennius Paetus had advanced towards the pass in 62, but had withdrawn to Rhandeia north of the Murat before the winter (Tacitus, Ann. XV. 4-8). In 63 Corbulo advanced along the route formerly followed by Lu cull us but stopped short when met by ambassadors from the Parthian king Vologaeses (Ann. XV. 27). 10. The ferry was noted by J. G. Taylor, 'Journal of a tour in Armenia, Kurdistan and Upper Mesopotamia, with notes on researches in the Deyisim Dagh 1866', Journal of the Royal Geographical Society XXXVIII (1868 ), 315. The ford is still used by jandarmalar (cf. A. W. McNicoll, Anat. Studs. 1973, 171) and by villagers anxious to avoid the long trek round by the bridge. 11. Marked on the Har1ta Genel Mlidtirlligii 1:200,000 map which was revised in 1946. 12. Excavated between 1968 and 1970. Sakyol (Pulur), TTK Ankara 1976.

The final report: H. Z. Ko�ay,

13. The late Roman fort at Pagnik was excavated by R. P. Harper of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara between 1968 and 1972. See METU Keban Reports I (1970), 131-8; II (1971), 95-8; III (1972), 11925; IV (1974), 103-8; Anat. studs. 1969, 4; 1970,4-6; 1971, 10-12; 1972, 27-8; Studien zur den MilWtrgrenzen Roms II (1977), 453-60. 14. A route running from Pagnik to Kemaliye and Divrigi is marked on the map prepared by Ellsworth Huntington, Geographical Journal XX (1902), 177. B. W. Henderson, Classical Philology XXVIII (1903), 283 also mentions a road from Egin (Kemaliye) to Barput. However, most traffic from the Harput region to Sivas will have passed through Malat.va, cf. Hauptmann, 2£· cit. , 23. For the road network west of the Euphrates see U. Serdaroglu, METU Keban Reports II (1971), 145-52 with map fig. 112. 15. The references to Sophene, Tomisa and Melitene .in the Urartian sources have been conveniently collected by M. Salvini, La Parola del Passato CXLII-CXLIV (1972), 100-11. For the history of Sophene in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, see Th. Frankfort, Latomus XXII (1963), 181-90. 16.

Strabo XI. 14. 5, 15; XI. 14. 2 (Carcathiocerta).

17. strabo XI. 14. 5, 528; XI. 14. 15, 531. 13

18. Polybius XXV.2. 19. Diodorus Siculus XXXI.22. 20. strabo XI. 14. 15, 532 (Artanes); Steph. Byz. s.v. Arsaces. 21. Plutarch, Lucullus 29. 8. 22. Plutarch, Pompeius 33.3; Appian, Mithr. 105; Dio XXXVI.53; Eutropius VI.13; Zonaras X.4. The _authority of Appian, who suggests that Sophene was awarded to Ariobarzanes of Cappadocia, has been questioned by Th. Frankfort, 2£· cit., 187 -7 (see above pp. 11-12). 23. strabo XI. 12. 3; XII.2.1. Frankfort, 2£· cit., 182-3 suggests that Ariarathes V of Cappadocia originally gained control of Tomisa as the price for the assistance he gave Mithrobouzanes in restoring him to Sophene in 163. It may have been sold back to Sophene by Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia between 95 and 69, and then restored to him by Lucullus. 24. Tacitus, Ann. XII.7 . For Sohaemus see R. D. Sullivan, ANRW II. 8 (1977), 216-8. Frankfort, 2£· cit., 188-9 provides no strong reason to doubt Tacitus' express statement that Sohaemus was given control over .Sophene. 25. The complex twists of the long dispute between Rome and Parthia con­ cerning the sovereignty of Armenia dominated Roman foreign policy during the reign of Nero, and are related with some lack of clarity by Tacitus, in Ann. XII-XV. For modern accounts see J. G. C. Anderson, CAH X (1934), 7 58-7 3; D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor I (1950), 550-65; M.-L. Chaumont, ANRW II.9.1 (197 7 ), 101-23. A detailed re-examination based on Tacitus' account would be very welcome. The final settlement, not recorded in the surviving part of Tacitus' Annals, but described by Dio LXII.19-23, involved Nero accepting a Parthian nominee, Tiridates, as king of Armenia, but crowning him in Rome, in a ceremony which borrowed much from Mithraic ritual. 26. For these campaigns see F. Lepper, Trajan's Parthian War (1948), esp. 6-11. The chronology and nature of these events is much disputed. 27 . Petrus Patricius fr. 14 (apud C. Muller Fragmenta Historiarum Graecarum IV, 188). 28. Cod. Theodos. XII.13.6. 29. VIII, 93 @· Th. Mommsen, Gesammelte Schriften VII, 633-67 and Mon. Germ. Hist. Auct. ant. IX (1891), 511-51 ). 30. Procopius, De aedificiis III.2. 6.9. 31. Cod. lust. I.29. 5. 32. Procopius, Bell. I. 21 ff. 33. Procopius, De aedificiis III.3. 34. Justinian, Novellae �- Schoell, 1895), XXXI.1. 3. 35. strabo XI.12. 4,521; XI. 14.2,527 ; cf. XI.12.3,521; XI,12,4,522; XI.14. 5,528; XII.2. 2,535. The main modern discussions of the historical 14

geography are those of Henderson, Classical Philology 1903, 99-121 and 271-86; C. F. Lehmann-Haupt, Armenien I (1910), 501-23; and E. Honigmann, Die Ostgrenze des Byzantinischen Reiches von 363 bis 1071 (1935). There is a valuable and lengthy discussion of the historical place names of Armenia by H. Hllbschmann, 'Die altarmenischen Ortsnamen', Indogermanische Forschungen XVI (1904), 197-490. 36. XI.14.2, 527. 37. J. G. C. Anderson, JRS XII (1922), 103-4; F. Cumont, Revue archeo­ logique 1905 I, 27 n. 2. 38. XII.2.2, 535. 39. Among Classical and Byzantine authors Arsamosata is mentioned by Polybius VIII.25.1; Pliny NH VI.26 ; Tacitus Ann. XV.10; Ftolemy V.13. 19; Not Episc. I.95 0; Ravenna Geographer II.12.13; Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De adm imp. 5 0. For the various Arabic and Armenian forms see Henderson, Classical Philology 1903, 279; HUbschmann, 2£· cit., 406-7; M.-L. Chaumont, ANRW II.9.1, 132 n. 327. 40. The arguments are set out in detail by Henderson, 212.· cit., 279-81. For the recent excavations see B. Ogun, METU Keban Reports II (1971), 38-46, and III (1972), 75-8. 41. Strabo XI.14.2, 527. 42. Pliny, NH VI.26. 43. For the identification with Harput, see C. F. Lehmann-Haupt, Armenien I (1910), 5 13 ff. Harput should probably be identified with the late Roman and Byzantine castle of Ziata (Ammianus Marcellinus XIX.6.1 and later sources cited by Hllbschmann, Q£- cit., 432-3 ). 44. Dio LXII.20.3; Tacitus, Ann. XV.7 and 15 ; Henderson, QJ2.cit. , 271-86; Kiessling, RE Ia, 227-8. 45 . Tacitus, Ann. XV.10; see R. Syme, JRS LXVII (1977), 14 for the child, Caesennius Sospes. 46. A. W. McNicoll, Anat. Studs. 1973, 181-6. 47. The best treatment of the geography of the campaigns is by J. G. C. Anderson, JRS XII (1922), 99-105 ; see too D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor, 1221-4. 48. See Dio XXXVI.5 0-5 4; Plutarch, Pompeius 33-4. Both are more reliable than Appian, Mithr. 103-4, especially in chronology, for which see Th. Liebmann-Frankfort, La frontiere orientale dans la politique exterieure de la Republique romaine (1969), 266-8. 49. Dio XXXVI. 52.2-5. 50. Pompeius 33. 51. Mithr. 105 on which see Liebmann-Frankfort, 2£· cit., 269-71 and Latomus XXII (1963), 181-90. Briefly, apart from differing from Dio and Plutarch about this episode, Appian is wrong about Gordyene, which 15

was certainly awarded to the elder Tigranes (cf. Strabo XVI.1. 24, 747), and he wrongly supposes that both Sophene and Gordyen e were parts of Armenia Minor. 52. Dia XXXVII. 5; Plutarch, Pompeius 34 and 36. It is possible that the destruction could have been caused during the hostilities between Phraates, king of Parthia, and Tigranes V, when Phraates invaded Armenia as far as Artaxata, at the same time as Pompey was marching through Pontus against Mithridates. However, it is unlikely that this campaign brought the Parthian king as far west as A§van.

16

CHAPTER 2 THE SITE OF A�VAN

The immediate environment of the site at A§van has already been the object of detailed examination in Anat. Studs. XXIII (1973), notably by M. Wagstaff and G. C. Hillman, and the following remarks are largely based on their analyses and conclusions, as well as on the personal observations of a layman. The mound stands at the west end of the modern village and rises some eighteen metres above the surrounding countryside. In actual fact only ea fifteen metres consist of artificial deposits, which accumulated on a low natural mound. This lay at the top of a scarp which divides the flood plain of the river Murat from the village plain to the south. A§van Kale thus lies precisely on the interface between two very distinct environmental zones. The territory of modern A§van, which may be held to correspond with the territory of the ancient settlement, can be roughly divided into four regions: the flood plain of the Murat; the village plain (the fan delta of the Kuru 9ay); the upland basin of the Kuru yay, beginning about two kilometres south of the village; and the rougher hill country which fringes both the village plain and the upland basin, forming a semicircle with the modern village at its centre. These basic physiographic features are illustrated very clearly in fig. 4, drawn by Malcolm Wagstaff and originally published in Anat. Studs. XXIII (1973), 208 fig. 11. Each of the regions is marked out by the different uses to which it is put by the modern inhabitants, and plays a distinctive role in the economic and agricultural exploitation of the A�van district as a whole. The Flood Plain In the recent past the bed of the Murat was established on the north side of the flood plain, where the river gradually eroded the limestone cliffs on its north bank. A portion of this flood plain, extending perhaps 150-200 metres south of the river, was regularly inundated in the winter and spring months, and covered by bands of uncultivable sand and gravel. This was separated by a bank of up to a metre high from the more important 'upper flood plain'. This lay within the big northward bend of the Murat and was almost two kilometres wide from north to south at its greatest extent. Inunda­ tion of this section of the plain was unusual; it had been partially flooded in 1969, but the last complete flooding reportedly took place in 1958. It was largely covered with a fertile layer of alluvial soil, interspersed by strips of fine gravel which presumably correspond with old maeanders of the river or other subsidiary water-courses. Since it could easily be irrigated by water, channelled off from the Kuru 9ay, or taken from the springs which emerged from the scarp at the north end of the village plain, this area was 17

P LA IN

2 1

U

ti

L E G END C A TCHM ENT B O U NDA RI ES D E E PL YI N C I S E D S T R EAMS P E RE IMU U . S T R EAM S R I V ER G RM I EL S U IP ES 1 092 0° B O U L D E R/ P E BB L ES T R EWN S L O P ES B L O C KS T R EWN S L OP E S R I V ER /S T R EAM T E RRA C E S P R IN G S A PP ED A R EA S b r

A C T IV EL YR I M ER CU T R I V ER B L UF F

b u

A BA NDON ED U N D ER C UT R I V ER B L U F F

I s

L AN DS UP S G U L L Y ING ( L A R G ES C A L E )

0 •

1 0 0 0

2 0 0 0

3 0 00m

F ig . 4

A pan V i l lage a nd D is tr ic t

1 8

available for cultivation. Not unnaturally, therefore, it was divided up into a large number of small garden plots where the villagers grew crops such as sweet and water melons, marrows, aubergines, peppers, tomatoes, onions, peas, beans, corn and other vegetables. A section of the flood plain to the east and at some distance from the village was also devoted to irrigated field crops (see fig. 5). Clearly the Medieval, Classical and Prehistoric settlers at Ai;;van would have made similar use of the flood plain, allowing for the fact that they grew a different range of crops. There is, however, one im­ portant variable factor in this simple extrapolation from present to past ex­ ploitation of the flood plain, namely the course of the river. Wagstaff's geomorphological survey suggests clearly that the river's course has not been permanently fixed at the north side of the flood plain. Tracts of gravel in the alluvial soil point to the existence of secondary maeanders belonging to the main stream, and evidence that the mound of Ai;;van itself had slumped down towards the plain suggests the possibility that it had been undercut by the river in the historical past (Anat. Studs. 1973, 209-12). If that secondary channel had been difficult to cross the inhabitants would have been denied routine access to much of the flood plain and cultivation would have been im­ possible. Hillman estimates that this would lead to a 12% reduction in the production of human foodstuffs below the levels achieved under existing con­ ditions in the village (Anat. Studs. 1973, 235). However, all these observa­ tions have at present only a hypothetical bearing on the environment of historical Ai;;van, since the supposed alterations in the river bed cannot be dated by the evidence already collected. The best hope for further precision on this point must lie in a detailed study of the plant remains. If carbonised seeds from wild or domesticated plants characteristic of the flood plain are present in all levels, we may reasonably assume that Ai;;van always had access to the region. But if these are absent at certain periods, and no other reason for this absence is plausible, we might reasonably suggest the hypothesis that the plain was not then accessible. The Village Plain The second important region within easy reach of the mound at Ai;;van was the so-called village plain. Wagstaff describes this as "a gently sloping crescent of land covered with grey-brown soils which are generally pebble free" (Anat. Studs. 1973, 209). To the east of the village this plain merges gradually with the upper flood plain, and is traversed by the Kuru 9ay, which makes irrigation an easy prospect, and in 1938 and thereafter almost the whole of the plain was devoted to irrigated field crops, or to gardens and orchards. At least given the geomorphological conditions of the recent past, it was the only part of the A§Van district which could be extensively and easily watered in this way, and was thus the natural focal area for the agri­ cultural production of the village. The advantages which it enjoyed over areas devoted to dry farming are underlined by Hillman, who points out that 2- and 6-row barley grown in such conditions regularly yield, respectively, six and twelve times as much as their dry-land equivalents (Anat. Studs. 1973, 223). The plain also lay within easy reach of the site; even the easternmost extent of the irrigable land was not more than two kilometres from the mound. Self-evidently this fact was not providential; the position of the site depended in large measure on the accessibility of the best agricultural land. 19

20

I N T HE A 5VAN

R E G ION

R ESOURCES AND S ETTLE MENTS

1 938 D ISTR IBUT ION O f AGR ICULTURAL

G raz ing ( uncu l t iva ted )

R emnan t o ak f o re s t

D ryland a lmond o r cha rd .

D ry land f i e ld c r op s

V inyard . ( u n ir r iga ted )

L im i t s o fA fyon t e r r i tory

As with the upper flood plain there are some indications that the ancient environment differed from the modern one. The most reliable guide to topo­ graphic change is the Chalcolithic settlement mound of 9ayboyu, which lay on the west bank of the Kuru 9ay, towards the north edge of the village plain. A section cut through this mound showed that nearly half of the occupation deposit, a depth of about two metres, lay below the current ground level (see B. Aksoy and S. Diamant, Anat. Studs. 1973, 97 with section, pp. 98-9 fig. 1). The occupation of 9ayboyu dates to the fourth millennium B. C., and this evidence shows that at least in its immediate vicinity the level of the village plain had risen some two metres between then and the present day. Wagstaff suggests that this is unlikely to have been a purely local phenomenon; the village plain has all the characteristics of a fan delta, and it is more than likely that aggradation by the Kuru yay, and wash down from the surrounding hills, has led to a general rise in level (Anat. studs. 1973, 210-1; Hillman, ibid., 222). That said, it should not be forgotten that 9ayboyu lies close to the present stream bed at a point where aggradation is likely to have been most pronounced, and it is improbable that so large a build up should have occurred in the peripheral areas of the plain. In part the aggradation will have been caused by the washing down of soil from the surrounding hills, aggravated, in all probability, by deforestation. According to the study of the charcoal remains from A§Van made by Gordon Willcox, the most striking period of deforestation, resulting principally in the degradation of the oak population, took place in the first millennium B. C., with further pressure on the surviving forest population from the 14th century A.D. onwards. If so, the bulk of the aggradation may have occurred during these periods (see Anat. studs. XXIV (1974), 117-33). However, this change in the level of the plain may be less significant than has been supposed in earlier reports (e.g. Hillman, Anat. Studs, 1973, 224). The purported absence of any Late Bronze Age site from the area of the village plain has given rise to speculation that a settlement of this period may have been obliterated by the rise in ground level. The identification of levels of the late second and early first millennia B. C. on A§van Kale itself renders this hypothesis otiose (see below pp. 69-70). It is unnecessary to suppose that there were any major settlement sites in the village plain other than 9ayboyu and A§Van Kale itself. Since the Early Bronze Age the relatively short gaps in the existing sequence (from ea 800200 B. C., and from ea 400-1000 A.D.) can best be filled by assuming the presence of settlements underneath the modern village and its surrounding cemeteries. The Upland Basin The course of the Kuru 9ay, followed southwards, leads through a gap in the fringing hills which surround the village plain into a broad upland basin, itself surrounded by, and gradually merging into further hills. This represents the third important environmental region around A§van. The rolling contours of the countryside are reminiscent of the steppic areas of much of Turkey's central plateau. In the recent past this area was exploited either to produce dry-land field crops (principally wheat and barley), or for grazing. Although it is well watered by springs and traversed by the Kuru yay and its tributaries, very little of the area was suitable for irrigation, the only exceptions being one or two spots immediately beside the Kuru 9ay, 21

n otab ly o ppos i te t he s i te o f T a§kun K a le ( see Wags ta f f , A na t . S tuds . 1 973 , 2 10-1; McN ico l l , i b id ., 1 61 " The o n ly u se o f t he a bundant wa ter s upp ly h erea bouts i s i n al one wa ter- me lon f i e ld a bove t he s carp o ppos i te .

I n r ecent

t imes t he g arden c u lt iva t ion h as b een c arr ied o n l ower d own t he v a l ley n earer t o A §van") .

I ts hou ld b e n oted i n a dd i t ion t ha t t he f l ow o f t he s tream was

s trong e nough , e ven i n s u m mer , t o o pera te t wo wa ter mi l ls ( Ana t . S tuds . 1 973 , 2 11) . The u p land b as in p layed a s ign if icant p ar t i nt he e cono my o f modern A §van . I t was ma in ly u sed f or g raz ing . Dry f ar m ing was a lso p rac t ised , a l though l abour-in tens ive t echniques s uch a s manur ing o r e x tra p lough ing were g enera l ly a vo ided , a nd f a l low ing was p rac t ised more e xtens ive ly t han i n n earer f i e lds ( s ee H i l l man , A na t . S tuds . 1 973 , 2 19-20 ) . H owever , i ti s u n l ike ly t ha t i th ad t h is s ign if icance f or t he a nc ient s e t t lements o n t he Ka le , s ince t hese were g enera l ly c on te mporaneous w ith p ermanent o ccupa t ion i n t he u p land b as in i t se lf . Ta§kun Mevk i i , a n E ar ly B ronze Age s i te , was p robab ly o ccup ied i n t he l a te f our th a nd e ar ly t h ird mi l lennia B . C ., o ver lapp ing a t l eas t w i th t he e ar l ies t l eve ls o n A §van K a le a nd p oss ib ly w ith t he l a test o ccupa t ion o f pyboyu ( S . H e l ms , A na t . S tuds . 1 973 , 1 16-7 ) . Ta§kun Ka le , a l mos t ak i lo me tre n or th o f T a§kun Mevk i i , s uppor ted a t h ird mi l lenn iü m E ar ly B ronze A ge s e t t lemen t c onte mporary w i th t ha t o n A§van Ka le , a nd was o ccup ied i n t he C lass ica l ( He l len ist ic/Ro man ) a nd Med ieva l p er iods ( s ee A . W . McN ico l l , A na t . S tuds . 1 973 , 1 59-80 ; 1 974 , 6 -9 ) . I ti s p oss ib le t ha t o ther p er iods were a lso r epresen ted a t t hese s i tes , wh ich were o n ly p ar t ia l ly e xcava ted , a nd e lsewhere i n t he u p land b as in ( c f . H i l l man , A na t . S tuds . 1 973 , 2 36 n . 3 0 ) .

I n a ny c ase i ti s c lear t ha t t he a rea mus t h ave b een r eserved f or

e xp lo i ta t ion b y t hese s et t le ments , a nd r e ma ined u nava i lab le t o t he i nhab itants o f A §v a n Ka le i t se lf . The F r inge ing H i l ls T he f our th a nd mos t marg ina l r eg ion o ft he A§van d istr ic t was t he r ing o f h i l ls wh ich e nc irc led t he v i l lage p la in a nd a lso e x tended i n ab roader c irc le t o e nc lose t he u p land b as in . T he ir p r inc ipa l u se was f or g raz ing l and , a l though p lough ing o f t he l ower s lopes h ad b eco me p ossib le a f ter t he i n troduc t ion o f t rac tors .

The p ebb ly s o i l was i n terspersed w i th b are r ock o u tcrops a nd p re-

s en ted a n u n inv i t ing a spec t . d if feren t i n t he p as t .

A ga in , h owever , t he s i tua t ion may h ave b een

T he n or th f ac ing s lopes , wh ich a re r e la t ive ly w e l l

wa tered b y a nnua l r a infa l l , may h ave s uppor ted t rees .

I n t he A §van r eg ion

i t se lf d eforesta t ion h ad r e moved a l mos t a l l t races o f s uch t ree c over , b ut t o t he n or th o f t he Mura t b es ide t he r oad t o ç em i gezek q u i te e xtens ive r e mnants o f dwarf o ak f ores t s t i l l s urv ive a s a n i ndica t ion o f t he p oss ib le e xten t a nd n ature o ft hese w ood lands . I ti s i n teres t ing t ha t t he e xcava t ions p roduced s pec imens o fp istach io ( f ro m C ha lco li th ic l eve ls ) , p lane a nd a lder ( Ear ly B ronze A ge ) a nd j un iper ( a t a l l p er iods u p t o t he Med ieva l ) , a l l o f wh ich were a bsen t f ro m c on temporary A §v a n . O n t he o ther h and a l l t hese s pec ies a re t o b e f ound i n t he v a l ley o ft he ç em i gezek S u a nd t he f ooth i l ls o f t he Munzur mounta ins , a nd i t may b e t ha t t he t ree p opu la t ion o f t hese a reas c orresponds c lose ly e nough w i th t ha t a round p reh istor ic a nd c lass ica l A §van ( see Wi l lcox , A na t . S tuds . 1 974 , 1 17-33 ) .

2 2

Communications The position of the site within the communications network of the area At the time of our excavations has been discussed in Chapter 1 (pp. 7-10). the main route in the vicinity was the gravelled road running from Elaz1g to 9emi§gezek, which passed Arslanbey Han and crossed the Murat about two and a half kilometres downstream from: A§van. However, an older track took a more northerly path from Arslanbey Han, passed Ta§kun Mevkii and Ta§kun Kale, and led down to A§van village, where the river was either forded or, later, bridged. Lateral communication parallel to the Murat was always more difficult. No tracks of any consequence ran along the south bank of the river to the east, and only a footpath linked A§van with Ahurik to the west. This deficiency was in some way compensated by the use of the river itself. It was too fast-flowing to allow for upstream traffic, but boats or rafts (typically the skin-covered kelekler of the upper Euphrates) could travel downstream carrying goods or persons. Such a journey, starting on the Murat east of Harput and leading through the gorges of the Euphrates below KOmttr Han ,was made by the geographer Ellsworth Huntington, passing A§van, where, indeed, he photographed one of these vessels ('Through the Great Canon of the Euphrates River', The Geographical Journal XX (1902), 175-200 with photograph on p. 181). To the obvious limitations of this mode of transport we may add the disadvantage that it linked A§van with no more imposing a centre than the small mining town of Keban, at the junction of the Murat and the Euphrates, and it in no way helped to improve communications with the main centres of the district. It seems likely that the situation was no different in antiquity, and river communication played no significant part in enlarging local horizons. A possible exception to this rule may be found in the floating of building timbers downstream from the headwaters of the Murat and its tributaries. Willcox records the presence of substantial timbers of Black Pine in the Medieval III building at A§van, which may have come from the region of Erzincan. Timber from this area was certainly being transported to Harput at the end of the 19th century, and it is possible that it was floated down the Munzur Su and the Murat which would to some extent have eased the difficulties of arduous overland transport (Willcox, Anat. Studs. 1974, 130; with V. Cuinet, La Turguie d'Asie. Geographie administrative, statistique, descriptive et raisonee de chague province d'Asie Mineure II (1892), 332-5).

23

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CHAPTER 3 THE STRATIGRAPHY The stratigraphy of A§Van Kale, while intricate in its details, is simple enough in broad outline. The general rule that the later levels are to be found higher on the mound than the earlier ones, is not disturbed by any tricks of reverse stratigraphy. The latest buildings of Medieval ill, occupy the highest surviving point of the mound, on the west side. The floors and walls of the primary phase are very distinct, and lie between 50 and 8 O cm below the ground surface. They were succeeded by at least three phases of second­ ary occupation, described on p. 62. Both the north and west edges of these Medieval III structures have collapsed over the side of the mound (see fig. 20). The main Medieval II building lies along the north side of the summit of the mound, at a slightly lower absolute level. Its south west corner is directly beneath the east corner of the right hand side chamber of the Medieval III building, which actually uses the remains of the earlier wall as a foundation course. The relative chronology of these two quite separate Medieval levels is thus absolutely clear. As will be seen from the analysis of the architecture of the Medieval II period (below p. 49f. ) , much of the site was taken up by an ill-ordered assortment of small and large pits, kilns and a water cistern (see fig. 16 ). These were clearly not all in existence contemporaneously, but pits and kilns were dug and refilled throughout the lifetime of the Medieval II building. It is impossible to disentangle this sequence in detail, but it is clear that all of them were dug into a series of exterior surfaces which ran across the centre of the mound and abutted the heavy concrete south wall of the Medieval II building in trenches H4a and H4b. On the north side of the mound the deep foundations of this concrete wall have done much damage to earlier levels. Furthermore they effectively dis­ sociate the stratigraphy of trenches H4c/d, I4c/d, H5, 15, H6 and 16 from the 4 x 4 trenches to the north. This has made it impossible to link the structures of the Medieval I and Roman periods with one another, if they are divided by this lL'tle. Buildings of the Medieval I period have been found beneath the Medieval II surfaces in H5 and H4c/d, and they are cut by the concrete wall in H4b and I4a. The absence of any Medieval II structure from n:ost of I4a, however, enables us to trace this stratum across that trench. However, it was im­ possible to establish clear stratigraphic links between the Medieval I buildings illustrated in Fig. 15 and a number of badly preserved walls in trenches G4a and G4b which clearly predate Medieval II but are later than Hellenistic II. On the south side of the excavated area the Medieval II surfaces overlie the substantial Roman buildings (see Fig. 12). This stratum is most readily 25

-r

-1 -

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STEP TRENCHES

A$VAN KALE — K EY TO E XCAVATED AREA DUG TO HELLEN IST IC I L DUG TO HELLEN IST IC I T

L . - -

1± 1

,

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DUG TO RO MAN

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MED IEVAL DUG I N ALL TRENCHES S ECT IONS DRA WN 2

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F ig . 7

Aevan K a le .

I

K ey t o E xcava ted Area

2 6

identified by the exterior surface of blue and white river pebbles which sur­ rounded the main building and extended to the north. This was traceable across trenches I4a and I3c, but once again later intrusions-the concrete wall and heavy pitting in I4a and I3c-make it impossible to trace the connection between this pebble pavement and the pre-Medieval II levels and walls of G4a, G4b, H4a, H3c and H3d. On the west side of the large Roman building the pebble pavement appears to lie directly beneath the latest levels on the mound, Medieval ill, since no occupation of Medieval I or Medieval II intervened in this area. Beneath the Roman levels it becomes possible, at last, to reunite the stratigraphy on the north and south sides of the excavated area. We are at or below the level of the foundation trench of the concrete wall. The overall disposition of buildings at this Hellenistic II phase is similar to that in Medieval II. Structures on the north side of the mound are associated with a burnt exterior surface running southwards, beneath the pebble pavement and the Roman structures. Apart from the problem, discussed below on pp. 28 and 3 0, of whether Hellenistic II should be split into two phases, this level presents no special problems of identification and interpretation. Directly beneath the Hellenistic II buildings was an earlier Hellenistic I structure, comprising mud brick and stone walls with earth floors (see Fig. 10). These were identified in H4c/d, H4a and H4b, I4a, H3c and H3d, but at this stage too the centre of the mound remained unoccupied. This was not so during the preceding phase of occupation. A sounding in the south west corner of 15 (I5c) cut through a heavy layer of burnt mud brick and other debris, and revealed the tops of substantial mud brick walls, which had clearly been destroyed by fire. The pottery from here was akin to that excavated from the uppermost step trench, G3d, which has been identified as belonging to the Late Bronze or Iron Age, the late second to early first millennium B. C. (see p. 69). These prehistoric levels at A§van were not explored further. The Sections A very large number of sections were drawn during the excavation, and have been of fundamental importance for the chronological interpretation of the various phases of occupation. Fig. 7 indicates all those that were re­ corded in detail, but omits many partial sections drawn in the notebooks from day to day. It is clearly impossible to reproduce all of these, and I have confined myself to a selection of four cross sections designed to illustrate some of the main features of the site. Others have been published elsewhere, and it may be helpful to assemble a list of references to these here. 1.

H3d-H6 East Section-Anat. Studs. 1973, 138-9 fig. 13.

2.

F4d-I4d North Section-Anat. Studs. 1973, 140-1, fig. 14.

3.

I6a 8outh Section-Anat. Studs. 1973, 133 fig. 10 = fig. 17 in this volume.

4.

G4b 8outh Section (partial and simplified)-Anat. Studs. 1973, 83 fig. 6.

27

5 .

G 3d-G4b E as t S ec t ion — METU K eban R epor ts I( 1 970 ) i n v o lume o f i l lust ra t ions ( i ncorrec t ly l abe l led a s ' Van L oon-Sec t ion ') .

6 . 7 .

H 3c-I3c S outh S ec t ion— METU K eban R epor ts I ( 1971 ) , f ig . 3 2 . H 3c-H4a Wes t S ec t ion ( c f . f i g . 9 a )— METU K eban R eports I ( 1 971) , f i g . 3 3 .

The r e ma inder o ft h is c hap ter c o mpr ises a c ommen tary o n t he f our s ec t ions i l lustra ted h ere . 1 .

F ig . 8 a .

G 4a-I4a N or th S ec t ion

Th is i l lus tra tes a c ut t hrough t he c en tre o ft he 4 x 4 m t renches e xcava ted i n 1 968-9 .

Two ma in p hases a re i n e v idence , Med ieva l Ia nd He l len is t ic I ,

b ut t he d raw ing a lso s erves t o e xe mp l ify s o me o ft he d if f icu lt ies i nvo lved i n i den t ify ing f l oors a nd wa l ls o ft he i n terven ing p er iods .

The H e l len is t ic I

s tructures o ccupy t he l owes t l eve ls o f t he s ec t ion . I n G 4a p is ewa l l 1 4 e nters t he s ec t ion a t a n a ng le f ro m t he SW . A s hor t s tre tch o fb urnt f l oor s epara tes i tf ro m i t s r eturn , p is ewa l l 8 , wh ich r uns NW-SE .

Two b urn t f l oor l eve ls

c an b e f o l lowed r unn ing a cross t he who le w idth o f G 4b , r oo m I o n t he p lan f i g . 1 1 , a nd t hey a bu t t he NW-SE wa l l 4o f H 4a . r oo m I I t o t he n ex t NW-SE wa l l ,

Two f l oors a gain r un a cross

I t mus t b e p o in ted o ut t ha t t h is p ar t o f t he

s ec t ion p rov ides t he s tronges t o rp i men t f or s uppos ing t ha t t here were n ot o ne b ut t wo p hases i n t he u se o ft he H e l len ist ic I b u i ld ing .

A but t ing t he e as t s ide

o f wa l l 4 , a nd a pparen t ly r est ing o n t he u pper f l oor , a re t wo s tones w i th a mud b r ick c app ing .

T hese were i n terpre ted b y t he e xcava tors a s ab ench s et

a ga ins t t he wa l l a t t h is p oin t .

I td oes n ot , a t f i rst s igh t , s eem l ike ly t ha t

s uch ab ench a nd a s econd s torey f l oor c ou ld h ave c o l lapsed i n af i re a nd r e ma ined s o we l l p reserved .

I t may , t herefore , b e t he c ase , t ha t t h is u pper

b urn t f l oor d oes r epresen t ar eoccupa t ion o f t he H e l lenist ic I b ui lding , a f ter t he i n i t ia l d es truc t ion . T h is , h owever , s hou ld b e w e ighed a ga ins t t he a rgumen ts t o t he c on trary o f fered o n p . 3 9 ) . N ote t oo t ha t i n t h is r oo m a r a ised mud p la t for m , i n terpre ted a s ap i l lar b ase , a ppears i n t he midd le o f t he l ower f l oor , r educ ing a s pan o f j ust o ver f i ve me tres t o h a lf . T he n ex t r oo m t o t he e as t i n t he H e l len is t ic b ui lding ( IV ) t ook a ccoun t o f t he s lope o f t he mound 's s urface a nd was s tepped a bout 8 0 cm b e low r oo m I I . H ere t he c o ll apsed d ebr is o ft he b u i lding was d eeper b ut l ess h eav i ly b urned . The f l oors h ave b een a brup t ly i n terrup ted b y t he mass ive f ounda t ions o f Med ieva l I wa l l Ie n ter ing t he s ec t ion f ro m t he SW , a nd d es troy ing a l l a ssoc ia t ions b etween t he m a nd t he n ex t i den t if ied H e l len is t ic f ea ture , p ise wa l l 5 , wh ich r an f ro m t he SW i n to t he n or th b au lk o f I 4a . The h oard o f H e l len ist ic c o ins was h idden o n t he f ar s i de o f t h is wa l l . P i ts 1 4 a nd 1 o f I 4a , b o th a pparen t ly o f R o man d a te , c u t t hrough t h is wa l l a nd r e moved a ny f ur ther t race o f H e l leni s t ic l eve ls . The o n ly p o in t i n t he s ec t ion where t he R o man l eve l c an d ef in i te ly b e t raced i s a t t he e as t e nd o f I 4a where t he d is t inc t ive p ebb le p ave ment c an b e r eadi ly p icked o ut .

I ti s i n terrup ted b y p i t 3 , b u t was p robab ly a ssoc ia ted

w i th t he v ery f ragmen tary r e ma ins o f I 4a wa l l 4 , wh ich c an b e s een i n t he s ec t ion w i th a l ayer o f f a l len p ise . The R o man wa l ls e lsewhere were a lso made f ro m p is eo n s tone f ounda t ions .

2 8

Immediately above the pebble pavement were the stone foundations of I4a wall 1, running NW-SE and joining wall 2, which runs from SW-NE a few centimetres north of this section. As may be seen, three later pits (probably all Medieval II) have destroyed all the associated floors, but it is clear from other sections that the walls belong to the Medieval I phase, and precede Medieval II wall 1, whose deep foundations initially suggest that it could be earlier than them. Medieval II wall I occupies virtually the whole of the baulk between H4b and I4a, and its foundations extend a full two metres below the floor on its west side. A series of floors, many times remade, runs across H4b and H4a where they abut the robber trench and surviving traces of Wall 3, dividing rooms II and III of the Medieval II building (see Fig. 16 ). The floor continues until it meets another robber trench in the NE corner of G4b, originally the wall which divided rooms I and II. A single stone from the NW return of H4a wall 1 is all that shows of one of the minor internal dividing partitions of the Medieval II workshop building, which have not been illustrated on the plan. On the west side of G4b the Medieval II floor apparently ran over the mud brick wall, which dominates the north section of G4b, until it reached the W robber trench of the NE-S return of Wall 6 in fue baulk between G4a and G4b. This in turn was joined to the stone and concrete wall 6 of G4a, clearly an extension of the Medieval II building. One other Medieval II feature that calls for comment is the flue beneath the floors of room III. This can be associated with an oven, visible in the west section of H4a and H3c (Fig. 9a). Below Medieval II and above Hellenistic II a number of features may be distinguished, but their associations are unclear. Most notable is the mud brick wall in G4b with its orange clay floor. This may be Roman. There is also a small oven of uncertain date below the robber trench of wall 3 in H4a, and a number of pits cut from different surfaces. Above the Medieval II remains the only features are an oven in the NW corner of H4b and a series of floors in the upper part of G4b, all clearly of Medieval III date. No Medieval III buildings, however, survived here. 2.

Fig. 8b.

H4b-H3d West Section

This section illustrates many of the same features as the previous one, seen from a different angle. The burnt floor of Hellenistic II runs northwards across H4b to a pise wall (room VII), largely removed at this point by a pit of Roman or Medieval date. The floors can be traced on the other side of this wall until they reach wall 5 (room III), although the lower floor has been cut by a pit or some other disturbance. Another short stretch of burnt floor, only detectable at one level, runs up against wall 4 of H3d, running from NE to SW (room IV). The deep foundations of Medieval II wall I cut through the centre of H4b. On the south side the surface line associated with it, extending across the centre of the site, is only about 50 cm below the ground surface. On the north the internal floors are terraced down, and are about 60 cm below the exterior surface. They seal a number of pits, and wall 2, which is of Medieval I or Roman date. The collapsed rubble from Medieval II wall 1 is clearly visible on its north side, and a small oven of Medieval II date has been cut into it.

29

3 .

F ig . 9 a .

H 5-H3c West S ec t ion

Th is c u t i l lus tra tes , a t l eas t i n s u m mary f ash ion , a l l t he ma in p er iods o f t he s i te f ro m H e l len is t ic I .

T he H e l len is t ic I wa l ls a nd f loors b eg in o n

t he S ou th w i th t he wa l l i n t he s ec t ion o f H 4c/d , wh ich i s a ssoc ia ted w ith t he b urn t f l oor o f r oo m V I .

T h is i s c ut b y t he f ounda t ions o f Medieva l I Wa l l 1 ,

b ut t he r ema ins o f t he n ext wa l l ( wa l l 1 0 ) h ave s urv ived , d espite t he d a mage c aused b y t hese f ounda t ions a nd a R o man o r e ar ly Medieva l p i t .

Af ur ther

b urnt f l oor o r f l oors ( t he d ot ted l i ne a bove may r epresen t t he u pper s urface ) r uns t o p ise wa l l 4o f H 4a , a nd i s p ar t o f r oo m I .

T o t he n or th ap i t h as

d estroyed a l l b ut a t i ny s ec t ion o f t he f l oors o f r oo m I I , a l though t hese may j us t b e made o u t r unn ing u p a ga inst t he SW-NE p is ewa l l 2 . o n t h is s ec t ion a re t he H e l len is t ic I l eve ls o f H 5 .

N ot i l lus tra ted

They were d is t ingu ished

o n ly b y t he s ing le b urnt f l oor o f r oo m V IM a nd t he e x ter ior b urnt s urface wh ich c overed mos t o f H 5 a nd H 6, r epresent ing t he o uts ide c ourtyard a ssoc iat ed w i th t he H e l len is t ic I b u i ld ings . A bove t he H e l len ist ic I l eve ls i n H 5 were t he p ebb le p ave ment a nd t he wa l ls o f t he R o man b u i lding ( H5 wa l l 3 ) . t he S E .

Th is e n tered t he s ec t ion o f H 5 f ro m

P ar t o f t he mud b r ick s uperstruc ture o f t h is wa l l i s v isib le a t i ts

s ou th e dge , b u t t he c orner a d jo in ing t he p ebb le p ave men t h as b een r educed t o s tone f ounda t ions b y al arge p i t o r r obber t rench . The p ebb le p avemen t r uns a cross a s f ar a s t he b au lk b etween H 5 a nd H 4c/d , where a s torage j ar was s unk i n to t he g round .

B eyond t h is t he R o man s urface i s p robab ly t o b e i den-

t i f ied w i th t he o ne ma jor s er ies o f f l oor l i nes b e tween H e l len ist ic I a nd Medieva l I , c ut , n a tura l ly , b y t he f ounda t ions o f Med ieva l I wa l l I . N orth o f t h is b ig f ounda t ion t rench t here was c er ta in ly a s tep d own i n l eve l , a nd i t i s u ncer ta in wh ich o f t he v ar ious f l oor l i nes r epresen ts t he R o man p hase i n H 4a a nd H 3c . T races o f t he Medieva l Il eve l c an b e s een i n t he s ec t ion o f H 5 . f ounda t ions o f wa l l l b were c u t d own i nto t he p ebb le p ave men t .

T he

Very l i t t le o f

t h is s urv ived , s ince mos t o f i th ad b een r e moved b y ar obber t rench , a lso v is ib le i n t he s ec t ion .

D esp i te a ppearances t he f l oor r unning t o t he t op s ur-

v iv ing s tone o f t h is wa l l f ro m t he n or th was c er ta in ly o f Med ieva l Id a te . The e ar l ier Medieva l If l oor o r f l oors h ad b een e roded away , a l though s o me t race o f t he m c an b e s een i n t he s ec t ion o f H 4c/d , b enea th t he mu lt ip le s urf ace l i nes o f Medieva l I . The s tar t ing p oin t f or Medieva l Ii s , a s u sua l , t he l arge wa l l s een h ere a t t he s ou th e dge o f H 4a . O n t he o uts ide a s eries o f s urfaces , wh ich l i e a bout 7 5 cm t o o ne me tre b e low t he g round l eve l , r uns u p t o t he wa l l a nd s ea ls a n arrow f ounda t ion t rench , o r ig ina l ly n ear ly t wo me tres d eep .

O n t he

i ns ide t he f l oor l eve l i s 4 0-50 cm l ower , a nd t he f l oors r un u p t o a sma l l p ar t it ion wa l l i n H 4a . A n o ven , s erved b y a n u nderground f l ue ( v isib le o n F ig . 8 a ) , was s e t i n to t he f l oor t o t he n or th o f t h is wa l l . Th is s ec t ion o f t he workshop , p ar t o f r oo m I , was c lear ly s e t a s ide f or a s pec ia l p urpose .

T o

t he n or th a ga in , t he l arge i n trus ion l abe l led a s ap i t wh ich c uts i n to t he Med ieva l If l oor , was p robab ly t he r obber t rench o r c o l lapse l i ne o f t he n or th wa l l o f t he b ui ld ing , wh ich f e l l o utwards d own t he s lope . The c oncre ted r ubb le r e mains o f t h is wa l l a re c lear ly v is ib le i n t he w es t s ec t ion o f G 3d . Med ieva l I I i s r epresented b y t he u pper mos t f l oor s urfaces a t t he s ou th e nd o f H 5 .

These r un u p t o ab road r obber t rench a nd a l arge p i t , t he f ormer

3 0

being the only trace of the NE corner of the antechamber of the Medieval III medrese (see Fig. 18). 4.

Fig. 9b.

I6-H6 South Section

This illustrates an east-west cross section through the Roman building at its south side. The lowest levels of H6 are Hellenistic II, and comprise a thin line of burnt material sloping gently from west to east. This was traced as far as the SW corner of I6 where it runs beneath the stone founda­ tions of the Roman wall. A wall beneath Roman wall 1 of H6, and an associated burnt surface to the east, apparently also belong to the Hellenistic period. This was probably a terrace or minor dividing wall in the open courtyard and not part of any significant structure. However, its existence may point to two phases in the Hellenistic II occupation. Above these burnt levels there is a layer of collapsed and washed down mud, presumably coming from unexcavated Hellenistic buildings on the west side of the site. The Roman levels are on top of this. The pebble pavement can be clearly seen, cut by, or laid at the same time as two walls, 1 and 2 of H6, the outer and inner west walls of the Roman building. A drain was laid between them and this was sealed by an excellent red clay floor over a grey clay make up. The SW-NE section of wall 2, consisting of pise and mud-brick on stone foundations, occupies the centre of the section in H6 and I6, and is joined by the red floor of the east corridor of the building, also visible in the section of I6. This is cut by the foundation trench of a Medieval II kiln which, along with other features, has removed the SE corner of the Roman building. The kiln itself is also cut through a stony pit, heavily flecked with charcoal. The fill of the pit probably belongs to an earlier phase of Medieval II, but the pit itself may originally have been a robber trench designed to remove the outer east wall of the Roman building. The kiln is cut through a band of rubble and stone, packed with earth, which runs across most of the section. This is also of Medieval II date, when the centre of the site was characterised by the untidy complex of pits, kilns and so forth, and was also strewn with rubble and stones. However, it should be noted that this rubbly debris was localised and did not extend over the whole site at this period. Above the Medieval II surfaces with their kilns and several pits, there are a series of worn and eroded exterior surfaces sloping down from the west. These are of Medieval ill date, and are to be associated with the Medieval III complex at the top of the site. The latest visible feature is the grave in I6, cut in recent years virtually from the present day topsoil.

31

. 740

G4a— i4a NORTH S ECT ION

H4a

1 4a

G4b

H 4b

I 4a

a

H4b — H3d WEST S ECTION 1 , 1

1 34

F ig . 8

A pan Ka le .

S ect ions

H5-H3c West Section

16 - H6

South Section

I6

Fig. 9

A§van Kale.

Sections

CHAPTER 4 THE ARCHITECTURE

In Anatolian Studies 23 (1973), 121-51 I provided a short description of the major architectural features of A§van Kale, with evidence for their date and some account of the artifactual remains recovered from them. That report was brief, and largely confined itself to a bare description of the build­ ings, with little attempt at interpretation or estimate of their importance. Gratifyingly it requires relatively little correction on questions of chronology and stratigraphic interpretation. Further close study of the sections and the dating evidence have generally confirmed the conclusions reached there, although some slight modifications have been made at all periods. However, that account was gravely deficient in its attempts to assess the purpose and function of the buildings excavated. A building, however ruined, is more than an abstract ground plan, or a mere pattern on the paper of an archaeo­ logical report. It is, or was, a living and working structure, designed to be used, and the excavator has a primary duty to determine what that use was. It is, therefore, the main aim of this section of the final report, to interpret the excavated buildings in terms of their original purpose and function. The nature of the site itself poses various obstacles to this aim, which make the task harder than one might wish. First, finds at all periods except Hellenistic II� were regrettably scarce; floors had been swept clean, and ruined buildings cleared of their contents. This meant that the pottery or small finds from the buildings rarely gave any direct clue to their use. Another problem arises from the fact that A§van is one of only very few sites of the h istoric period excavated in central or eastern· Anatolia, and thus architectural or other parallels for the buildings are virtually non-existent. In most cases it is necessary to argue from the internal evidence of the buildings themselves to some estimate of their function. Under these circumstances it has inevitably been necessary to resort to a greater degree of speculation than some might deem proper, but no apologies are made for the suggestions advanced. A§Van Kale appears, at first, to be a bare and unpromising site. In such a case there is all the more need for the excavator to use his imagination, tempered by logical argument and some sense of the probable, to reconstruct the site as it was, and to envisage the purposes for which its buildings were constructed. Hellenistic I (Plan Fig. 10) The earliest buildings excavated on A§van Kale we·re found on the north side of the mound, below the more extensive remains of Hellenistic II. They W comprise parts of two adjacent structures, oriented approximately NE/S , and joined to each other by a narrow connecting wall. No trace remains of the north walls of these buildings which have collapsed down the slope of the mound, and excavations were not extended to take in either their east or

35

A VAN KALE HELLEN IST IC I 2

F ig . 1 0 A§van K a le .

3 6

H e l len is t ic IP lan

west ends. It is not possible to determine the original size of either, but the east building measured at least 6.25 x 11.50 metres, and the west 6. 50 x 7. 50 m. In both cases the walls were rather more than a metre thick, built of reddish pise (packed mud) on stone foundations, which were bound together by dark grey clay. These dimensions suggest that the structures were larger than ordinary domestic dwellings, but it is impossible to suggest their original purpose. No buildings of Hellenistic I were found towards the centre of the mound in the deep sounding of I5c, and it is probable that, as in Hellenistic II, this area was left open. A sample of the pottery from the Hellenistic I levels in H4c/d is given in Fig. 38. Their date is confirmed by a small quantity of Hellenistic pottery, dark red, orange or buff ware with a hard red or orange slip, the fabric which is found in such abundance in Hellenistic II. Fig. 38 no. 481 is a fragment from a bowl of this type, but a number of similar body sherds, which have not been illustrated, were also found. Most of the pottery, however, is of straw-tempered buff or red clay, rather coarse in quality. The only real evidence to date the level is a single completely effaced bronze coin from the surface below the Hellenistic II courtyard in tqe deep sounding of I5c (not catalogued). It may be assumed that this layer is roughly contemporary with the Hellenistic I structures, which lie immediately below Hellenistic II floors in trenches H4c/d, H4a, and H4b, although there is no direct stratigraphic connection. We would hardly expect to find coins occur­ ring at A§van before the third or second centuries B. C. (the earliest coins at the much larger site of Arsameia on the Nymphaeus in Commagene date to 183-49 B. C. (DOrner and Goell, Arsameia, 282-3). This is the closest to an early terminus that the evidence permits at present. A Seleucid bronze coin, possibly of Antiochus XI Phildalphus, 92 B. C. (A§v/69/300) was found in the destruction deposit of room III of the Hellenistic II building. However, this was in all probability a coin circulating at the time of the Hellenistic II destruction in 66 B. C., not a relic from an earlier period of occupation on the mound. Hellenistic II (Plan, Fig. 11) .

The structures of Hellenistic II lie above the Hellenistic I buildings on the north side of the mound. They consist of a group of at least nine rooms, numbered on the plan, Fig. 11. The walls, which are oriented approximately NW/SE like those· of the preceding phase, are built of pise or mud brick on stone foundations, and are usually about 60-70 cm thick. The rooms are rectangular, if somewhat irregular, and measure as follows: I. 3.50 x 4. 6 0; II. 5.7 0 x 4. 6 0; III. 5. 7 0 x 4.50; IV. 4.50 x 3.5 0; V. ? 4. 50 x 5. 5 o+ ; VI. 3.60x ?; VII. 3.60x 5.40; VIII. 5.25 x ?; IX. 5.10 x 5.00. Little remains of the north wall of the whole building in trenches G4a, 03d and H3c, where the mound falls away, and the west side was not reached by our excavations. The structure may originally have been L-shaped, with its wings facing out­ wards to the west and north, and opening inwards, on the south and east to an open courtyard. The excavated portion of the building can be traced in outline, although it is in poor condition and few of the walls survived more than 50 cm above floor level. Apart from the south side of room IX, running diagonally across trench H5 a/b, there were no walls of this period in the 37

V

'13c

14a

---- -- ---- - - - - r------- -- ------

.A$VAN KALE

1 I I I I

HELLENISTIC II

14c

■---�-----

Jm.

- --- --- -- - ---- --- ----I ,

VIII

\ '\ \

I

�68/b 12

-----

V_,;!--------rRdi> �

---1;,

--•-11 -

../ '� 0 01_} 1 I

:

·�

- ------ 13 _____________________ _j_

Fig. 11

A§Van Kale.

38

Hellenistic IT Plan

I I

L--------------

r---------- -----

16a

trenches in the centre of the mound (I4c/d, I5, I6, H5 and H6 ). This area was a large open courtyard, covered with a thin layer of burnt material which had probably been washed down from further buildings in the unexcavated area to the west. The poor state of preservation of the rooms is largely due to the fact that they had been destroyed by fire. Over most of the area there is evidence for only a single layer of burning, but rooms I-V in trenches G4a, G4b, H3c, H4a, H3d and I3c show two burnt levels, the second some 20-30 cm above the first. In previous reports it was suggested that these rooms were reoccupied after their initial destruction, before they too suffered the same fate a short time afterwards. For a number of reasons this suggestion now appears to be mis­ taken. Firstly, the upper burnt level is only traceable in parts of rooms I-V. If it were a genuine floor in its original position one would expect it to appear almost everywhere. Secondly, this upper burnt level does not appear at all in rooms VI-IX. If the hypothesis of a second period of occupation is correct, these rooms must have been abandoned at this period. In this case the in­ habitants of the second phase would have had to make their way from the courtyard, through the burnt ruins of the outer rooms, to the repaired rooms I-V. This seems implausible. At the very least one would expect them to . have cleared away the debris. Thirdly, as has already been suggested, the first burnt destruction was probably caused by hostile action in or soon after 66 B. C. It would be a strange, if not an impossible coincidence for the second phase of these buildings to have been burnt in exactly the same way a few years afterwards. I prefer therefore to think that the upper burnt surface in rooms I-V is in fact the debris of an upper storey above these rooms. The lower burnt layer presumably is what remains of the ceiling timbers of the ground floor rooms; above this lies a layer 20-30 cm thick of collapsed mud and mud brick, the floor of the upper storey; above this the second burnt layer represents the burnt timbers of the second storey ceiling and the roof. There is nothing in the material remains from the second burnt level to suggest that it is later in date than the first, and indeed it produced few finds. We may judge, if the two-storey hypothesis is correct, that the upper rooms were kept relatively bare. The whole complex is the only clear example of domestic architecture excavated at A§van. We appear to have most of a substantial L-shaped building, looking inwards towards a courtyard in the centre of the mound. Only one entrance can be definitely recognised, linking room IX with the court­ yard. Here a strip of charcoal in the earth is all that survives of the lintel of a wooden doorway. The delapidated condition of the walls of the building has made it impossible to recognise any of the other doorways which must have linked the rooms with one another, still less the windows which lit them. It has been argued that there was a second storey set of rooms running along the north side. In front of this to the south there would have been a large first floor terrace, found in so many houses of modern A§Van and in other Turkish villages, which could be used as a living area during the summer months, and served as an ideal place to dry and sort foodstuffs and other materials, free from interference (cf. Hall, McBride and Riddell, Anat. Studs. 1973, 248, and especially their house type no. 7, Fig. 7). 39

O n t he g round f l oor , f our o f t he r oo ms ( I , I , I I a nd V I ) c onta ined o vens o r s toves , c ircu lar d o med s truc tures o f b aked mud , w i th mud f l oors .

These

were p robab ly f i red w i th c haf f o r b rushwood , a nd u sed f or b ak ing o r o ther c ook ing . They may b e c o mpared w i th t he r a ther l arger b read o vens f ound i n modern A §v a n whose u se i s d escr ibed b y We ins te in , A na t . S tuds . 1 973 , 2 74 . I n t he w inter t hey c ou ld a lso h ave b een u sed s i mp ly t o h ea t t he i nner r ooms o f t he b u i ld ing , af unc t ion wh ich i s n ow s erved b y i ron s t oves . The t wo o vens i n r oo m I I were b ui lt o nto a l ow p is eb ench w i th s tone f ounda t ions , a nd t h is w as b a lanced b y as econd b ench o f s im i lar c onstruc t ion o n t he o ppos i te wa l l o f t he r oo m .

T he o n ly o ther n otab le a rch i tec tura l f ea tures o f t hese g round f l oor

r oo ms were a mud b r ick b ench o n t he e ast s ide o f r oom I V , ar ec tangu lar s tone p la tfor m , p robab ly o r ig ina l ly f i n ished w i th a c app ing o f mud b r ick , i n t he c en tre o f r oo m I , a nd a mud b r ick p la tform o r b ench i n t he NW c orner o f t he s a me r oo m .

B oth o f t hese m igh t h ave b een u sed f or f ood p repara t ion , o r

s i mp ly a s s i t t ing p la tfor ms . H e l lenis t ic I i s t he o n ly l eve l wh ich p roduced f i nds i n a ny q uant i ty . C lear ly t he i nhab i tan ts h ad n o t ime t o c o l lec t a nd s ave t he ir p ossess ions w hen d isas ter s truck , a nd much was l ef t b eh ind i n t he b urn t s he l l o ft he b u i ld ing . Twenty o ne c o mp le te o r a l mos t c o mp le te p ots were r ecovered ( i l lustra ted i n F igs . 2 1-4 ) . E leven were f ound i n r oo m I I , f i ve i n r oo m I , t wo i n V I I a nd o ne

e ach i n I V , Va nd D C .

A sma l l c o l lec t ion o fb ronze o b jec ts was a lso

f ound : ab ronze b ow l i n r oo m I V , t wo h inges , p resumab ly f ro m a wooden c hes t whose c harred r e ma ins were a lso d iscovered , a nd a mirror i n r oom I I , t wo l ad les , t wo s ca le p ans ( f ro m t he s ame s e t o f s ca les ) , a nd a s o l id ly made sma l l g i lded b ow l i n r oo m I , a nd a h eavy g i lded p i tcher l i d i n r oom V I I ( a l l i l lus tra ted i n F igs . 1 13-5 ) . T hree s i lver c o ins o f A r iobarzanes l ay o n t he f l oor o f r oo m I , p erhaps t he c onten ts o f ap urse wh ich h ad b een l ef t b eh ind i n t he c onfus ion ( A§v/69/227 , 2 33 , 2 59 ) , a nd ab ronze c o in , p robab ly o f A n t iochus X I P h i lade lphus , was f ound i n r oo m 1 1 ( A v/69/300 ) .

The most

s pec tacu lar f i nd f ro m t hese l eve ls was t he h oard o f 4 8 s i lver d rachms c ont a ined i n a sma l l j ar ( An T/69/325 ) a nd c oncea led i n t he s ou th wa ll o f r oo m V . Th is was o ne o f t he r e motest r oo ms o f t he whole b u i lding , l east a ccess ib le t o a ny i n truder , a nd a mos t a ppropr ia te p lace f or t he owner t o h ide h i s sma l l f or tune . T he d is tr ibut ion o ft he f i nds s uggests t ha t t he c h ief a c t iv i ty i n t he b ui lding t ook p lace o n t he g round f l oor a long t he n or th wa l l i n r oo ms I -V , a nd e spec ia l ly i n r oo ms I a nd I I wh ich b etween t hem p roduced s ix teen o f t he t wenty o ne c o mp le te p ots a nd n ine o f t he t we lve b ronzes , a s we l l a s t he f our l oose c oins . The f urn iture o ft he c o mp lex was e x treme ly s parse , c ons is t ing , s o f ar a s we c an t e l l , o ft wo mud b r ick b enches o r p la tforms i n r oo m I ,t wo i n r oo m I I a nd o ne i n r oo m I V , o vens o r s toves i n r oo ms I , I , I I a nd V I , a nd aw ooden c hest i n r oo m I I . R e ma ins o f wha t a ppears t o h ave b een ab ox l oo m were f ound i n r oo m I V ( s ee b e low p .233 n o . 3 1) .

T here i s n o t race o f

c ha irs , t ab les o r a ny o ther wooden f i t t ings , s o w e may a ssu me t ha t t he i nh ab i tants s a t o r s qua t ted o n r ugs o r ma ts s trewn o nt he f l oor o r o n t he b enches . R oo ms I V a nd V m igh t we l l h ave b een b edrooms a d joining t he ma in l i v ing a rea , b u t i ti s o f c ourse l i ke ly t ha t t he s econd s torey was u sed f or t h is p urpose a s we l l .

4 0

The absence of finds or any other distinctive features in rooms VIII and IX precludes much speculation about their use, but they could have served as antechambers and as storage areas, which were naturally less comfortable than the interior parts of the building. Nothing indicates that any of the ex­ cavated rooms was used to house animals, as happens in many contemporary village houses, and indeed the overall site of the building, on top of a steep mound, might have proved an inconvenient position for keeping animals at all. There is nothing to add to what has already been said about the date of Hellenistic II. The forty eight coins of the hoards, whose latest issues date to 66 B. C. , and the three Ariobarzanes coins found on the floor of room III belonging to the period 71-66 B. C. show that the destruction took place in or soon after 66, and a possible historical context has been suggested on pp. 10-12 above. The base of the Eastern Sigillata 'A' bowl (A§V/68/185) can also be placed in or shortly before the mid first century B. C. This is a rare example of imported pottery at A§van. A very small number of other Eastern Sigillata sherds was found (cf. Figs. 30 no. 267, and 34 no. 357) as were fragments of two 'glazed' bowls (Figs. 34 no. 36 O and 58 no. 724) whose blue/green and magenta glaze (or frit) finds parallels in Parthian and Syrian wares found South of the Antitaurus in northern Syria and Mesopotamia (see further p. 71). Most of the pottery, both coarse and fine, was certainly produced locally, although the shapes and fabric of the fine pottery are derived from the conven­ tional Hellenistic repertoire, and would not seem out of place in many other parts of the eastern Mediterranean world. Roman? (Plan, Figs. 12-14) The most substantial building of any period on the mound was the structure found below the Medieval levels in trenches H5, I5, H6 and I6. It was built of mud brick on stone foundations and was roughly rectangular in shape with a double wall. The outer wall measures ea 16. 75 m along its north face and over 12 m on the west and east. At one point the north wall measures almost a metre across, but the east and west walls are rarely more than 75 cm thick. This outer wall was separated from the inner wall by a corridor between 1. 20 and 1. 90 metres wide. The inner walls formed a second rectangle, 10. 60 m along the north, ea 9. 40 m along the east and west, and 10 m along the south face. These walls, also of mud brick on stone foundations, were between 1 and 1. 20 m thick. They enclosed a room measuring approximately 7 x 8 metres, whose roof was supported by two columns, which stood on two stone column bases set in the floor slightly to the east of the centre of the room. The entrance to the room was on the north side, since wall 5 of H5, cut by pit 6, does not appear in the short stretch of untouched deposit between pit 6 and the large pit in I5. It can be regarded as certain that the inner wall continued to the east of this doorway to the NE corner of the room, but this portion and all but a short stretch of the east inner wall have been com­ pletely pitted away (see Figs. 12 and 13). The floor of the central room was of reddish earth laid on a light grey clay make up. It was almost completely level and in excellent condition, per­ haps indicating that the building was little used, or at least that it was kept in a very good state of repair during its lifetime. The corridor on the west side of the building, where it was well preserved, was almost a metre above 41

1 4a

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the level of the floor of the central room, partly due to the slope of the mound at this point. Here too the floor was made from a thin layer of reddish earth laid on a grey clay make up. However, along most of the north and east cor­ ridors the walls had been reduced to their foundations and the floor had com­ pletely disappeared. The entrance to the whole building ·presumably lay opposite the entrance to the inner room, and this fact is confirmed by the construction of the drain which runs from the SW corner of the building, under the floor in the west and north corridors and beneath the north outer wall at this point. While the foundations of both the outer and the inner walls were cut into the layer of blueish river pebbles which formed the natural ground level at this date, the drain was laid above this pebble pavement, but below the red earth floor. It must therefore have been laid after the walls were built, and can only have been positioned under the doorway of the building on the north side, not under­ neath the wall, which it would have undermined. The inner walls are considerably more massive than the outer walls, and presumably bore the main structural weight of the building. Indeed it seems very likely that the outer wall was originally only waist or breast high, surmounted by some form of colonnade which would have supported a veranda round the whole building. If this were not so the corridor would have been narrow and virtually unlighted, serving no useful purpose. Since no trace survives either of these (hypothetical) columns, or of the two which supported the roof in the central room, they were probably made of wood, which was either removed when the building was dismantled, or has perished with the years. The south side of the outer wall was not traced. The southeast corner had been removed by Medieval pits and kilns, and the two sondages dug in H6c and I6c to establish its line encountered only further Medieval pitting. Originally, however, the building was probably symmetrical Two pipes drained the building. The longer, and better preserved, has already been mentioned. It ran below floor level from the SW corner along the west and north corridors, through the doorway on the north side and under the pebble pavement towards the NE corner of the mound. A Medieval pit in I4c/d has unfortunately destroyed its junction with a second pipe which runs along the east side of the building outside the outer wall, covered by slabs of flat flaky limestone which form the ground surface at this point. Both pipes were made from terracotta segments between 40 and 50 cm long, tapered at one end for insertion into the next section of pipe. Some traces of a white substance were to be seen at most of these joins, presumably all that remained of a lead sealing. The whole structure is virtually free standing in a courtyard of blueish river pebbles and other stones (see Fig. 13). At one point near the north wall, and opposite the door to the building, these had been laid to form a circular pattern, about 2. 7 5 m across. A similar paving is found in many parts of modern A§Van. Two walls were found adjoining the building on the east and west sides, but both seem to be later additions to the building since they disrupt the unified plan of the main structure and appear to be constructed on, rather than dug into the blue pebble layer. Only one other building stands

43

• Centra l

Ha l l

•

P ebb le P ave ment

RO MAN P ER IOD T E MPLE - c on jectura l p lan 0

3 m I I I

F ig . 1 4

4 van K a le .

R econs tructed P lan o f R o man B ui lding

4 4

in the courtyard of pebbles and stones, a small rectangular structure with pise walls on stone foundations in trenches H4c/d and H4a, enclosed on the West by a low terrace wall against which an oven was set. The west wall of this small building was removed by Medieval pits, and the north wall obliterated by the construction of the large building of Medieval II. No finds of any significance were found in these layers. The floors of the buildings and other surfaces had been swept clean and associated pottery came mostly from layers of collapsed mud brick, and is very fragmentary. Most of it closely resembles the Hellenistic ware from the earlier levels of the site. None is conclusively diagnostic for the date of the structure. There are few clues as to the function and purpose of the main building. With its single large roofed chamber or hall, surrounded by a colonnaded veranda, it could hardly be described as a private dwelling, and it was ill­ designed to serve as a fortification of any description. I would tentatively suggest that it originally served a religious purpose as a temple or a shrine. Its prominent position on the mound and massive construction obviously argue that it was a place of some importance; so too does the care exercised over architectural details such as the carefully laid drains and the two ca,.rved column bases laid in the floor. Furthermore, the excellent condition of the floors shows that it was kept in a good state of repair, and not subjected to the constant wear and tear which a private dwelling or a public meeting place would usually suffer. All these features would accord well with the description of a temple. No cult statue or any other form of religious apparatus was found within the building, due, no doubt, to the fact that it had been stripped of all moveable items when it fell into disuse. There was no trace of charred roofing timbers to show that it had been burnt down, when some of its contents might have been preserved. There is, however, one positive discovery to lend support to the interpretation suggested here. The pebble pavement in the area of the doorway in the north wall produced an unusually large quantity of shattered animal bone, much more than was found at any other point in this pebble pavement, or in any other deposit on the mound of any period. This could well be the remains of regu}ar animal sacrifice and butchering in front of the temple, if such it was. Indeed one might speculate that the circular pattern visible in the pebble pavement at this point was intended to mark the place of sacrifice. The arguments for the date of this level have already been rehearsed elsewhere (Anat. Studs. 1972, 12; 1973, 129). I earlier ascribed the struc­ ture to the fourth century A. D. on the strength of a single bronze coin, prob­ ably of the Antioch mint of that period (A§V /69/243). However, this was found in a Medieval pit in I3c and is not directly associated with the level which it is used to date. If the arguments that the building was a temple be accepted, the main structure was certainly not built later than the third century A. D. , and is probably earlier. It cannot, of course, predate the mid first century B. C. and the Hellenistic II levels which lie beneath it. Between these termini certainty is impossible but an examination of the meagre amount of pottery suggests that a first century A. D. date would be at least possible (see pp. 71-2). In Anat. Studs. 1973, 129 I advanced an argument based on a preliminary examination of the animal bones from the 1972 excavation by Mr. Sebastian

45

Payne. This showed only a very small proportion of pig bones in the available sample, in marked contrast to both earlier and later levels. This might sug­ gest an Islamic context, after the seventh century A.D. By way of a counter argument I there cited the fact that pre-Islamic taboos on pork were not un­ known in eastern and central Anatolia. The best known example of such a prohibition occurred at the shrine of the Goddess Ma at Pontic Comana, and Strabo's allusion to this fact, written in the first quarter of the first century A. D. , probably during the reign of the emperor Tiberius, is worth quoting at some length. He describes the death of a petty dynast of Comana, Cleon of Gordiucome who had been appointed by the emperor Augustus, in the follow­ ing terms: "He was carried off by an acute disease, which either attacked him in consequence of excessive repletion or else, as the people around the temple said, was inflicted upon him because of the anger of the goddess; for the dwelling of both the priest and the priestess is within the circuit of the sacred precinct, and the sacred precinct, apart from its sanctity in other respects, is most conspicuously free from the impurity of eating swine's flesh; in fact, the city as a whole is free from it; and swine cannot even be brought into the city. Cleon, however, among the first things he did when he arrived, displayed the character of a robber (his former profession) by trans­ gressing the custom, as though he had come not as a priest but as a corrupter of all that was sacred. 11 XII.8.9, 575 (Loeb translation). There were close links between the cults of the Pontic region and those of Armenia beyond the Euphrates, as Strabo himself makes clear elsewhere (XII. 3.37, 559 (Zela), cf. XI.14.16, 532), in particular the worship of the Persian goddess Anaitis (F. Cumont, RE I, 2030-1; S. Wikander, Feuer­priester in Kleinasien und Iran (19 46), 86-9 5; M.-L. Chaumont, Journal asiatique 253 (19 65), 167-81), and it is quite possible that the taboos enforced at Comana were also applied at the putative temple on A§van Kale. We know from several sources that Anaitis was the chief goddess of Acilisene, with an important cult centre at Eriza in the plain of Erzincan (see D io XXXVI.48 and 53; Cicero, De imp. Cn. Pompei 23; Pliny, NH XXXII. 82; F. Cumont, Revue archeologique 19 05 1, 24-31). In addition a passage in Plutarch's life of Lucullus shows that Anaitis was worshipped at the Tomisa crossing of the Euphrates (Plutarch, Lucullus 24, with the comments of Cumont, loc cit.), and that by placating her with appropriate sacrifice and ritual Lucullus won the allegiance of all Sophene. There is a distinct possibility that the temple at A§Van was dedicated to Anaitis. Taboos against pork are also found in various other cults, particularly those of female deities. among them Cybele, Aphrodite and Hemithea whose sanctuary lies at the Carian site of Castabus (see H. Graillot, Le culte de Cybele (19 12), 12 n. 1; J. M. Cook and W. H. Plommer, The Sanctuary of Hemithea at Kastabos (19 66), 162-5 citing T. Wllchter, Reinheitsvorschriften im griechisches Kult (19 10), 82 ff.).

46

M ED IEVAL WALL

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Deta i ls o f R o man B ui lding a nd Pebb le Pavement

Medieval I (Plan, Fig. 15) The earliest structures which are certainly Medieval in date are a group of fragmentary buildings in trenches H5, H4c/d, H4b and I4a, and another building in G4a and G4b. The walls of all these structures had been reduced at best to stone foundations and had often been removed completely, leaving only a robber trench. The floors asso·ciated with these walls were also in bad condition. The southernmost building in H5 had been almost completely destroyed by stone robbing. The floors yielded no material remains of any importance. However, the pottery includes the first examples of Medieval glazed ware from the site (see Fig. 43). Interestingly enough all these sherds are simply decorated with a one or two colour metallic glaze, and none of them carries the sgraffito designs so characteristic of the pottery from Medieval II. Apart from the first appearance of local glazed pottery, the only dating evidence for Medieval I is an anonymous Byzantine bronze coin of Thompson's class G (A�v/70/397 cf. A. W. McNicoll, Anat. Studs. 1973, 188) attributed to Romanus IV (A. D. 1067-71), found in the robber trench of H5 wall lb. This gives a terminus post quern for the dismantling of the wall, btit the buildings may have been erected considerably earlier. Medieval II (Plan, Fig. 16) In the second Medieval period the site was dominated by a large and well built structure whose deep foundations cut through the remains of both the Medieval I and the Roman layers. The south wall of this building was a mas­ sive construction of stone and mortar about 80 cm thick and surviving in parts to a height of one and a half metres above the original ground level and three metres from the bottom of its foundations. This had a facing of cement-like mortar and was traceable across trenches G4d, H4a, H4b and I3c. The north wall of the building was originally equally substantial, but, like all other walls on this edge of the mound, it had collapsed down the hill. A section of this collapsed stone and mortar wall ran across trench G3d and can clearly be seen in the west section of that trench. The building was divided up into rooms by partition walls running NW/SE, built of mud brick on stone foundations. Five rooms were uncovered in the excavated area and are numbered on the plan. It is likely, however, that the building extended further to the west beneath the Medieval III buildings on the top of the mound. The dimensions of the excavated rooms were: I. 2. 40 x 6 m; II. 3. 60 x 6 m; III. 4. 40 x 5. 75 m; IV. a narrow irregular room whose sides measure 4. 40, O. 90, 4. 50 and 1. 60 m; and V. 4. 50 x 2. 6o+m. There were two doorways in the south wall leading into rooms II and III, and presumably other doors led from these to the adjoining rooms. The whole building continued in use for a considerable length of time as is shown by the sequence of floors visible in all of the rooms (see Figs. 8a and b), and by the fact that the plan of most of the rooms was modified over the period of their use by the addition of new dividing walls. It is, however, almost impossible to determine the sequence in which these new partition walls were built. Although some of the floors within the rooms had been swept clean, others were littered with 49

A$VAN KALE MED IEVAL I o

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F ig . 1 5

A§van Ka le .

5 0

Medieva l IP lan

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broken pottery, animal bone and other rubbish, which was thrown away into pits, of which there were several actually inside the building. This fact sug­ gests that the rooms were not dwellings, where such untidiness would be in­ tolerable, but work rooms or workshops. Associated with this structure was a complex of pits and pottery kilns found on the centre and towards the south side of the mound, in trenches I5, H5, I6 and H6. The largest pit (in I5 and I6) was roughly oval in shape, measuring about 8 x 6 m and between 2 and 2. 50 m deep. So large a pit can hardly have been dug simply to accommodate rubbish, and it was probably the source of the mud bricks which will have been used to construct the super­ structure of the workshops to the north. This large pit was gradually refilled with debris, and the first layer of back fill came from a group of kilns. Two of these were found in the SE corner of I6 and a third in the 2 m sondage in H6c, and there were certainly more in the unexcavated area to the west. The kiln in H6c had been badly damaged by later pits and its stratigraphic associations are unclear, although it is likely to be roughly contemporary with the others. The kilns in I6 sur­ vived as key-hole shaped pits, dug to a depth of 70 and 90 cm below ground level and lined with a layer of clay, which was subsequently baked hard by the firing. Access to the furnace of the kilns was by a narrow sloping flue and stoke hole, clearly visible on the plan of both. The pots to be fired would have been stacked on a clay floor above this fire, although this has now totally disappeared. The mud bricks in the wall of kiln 1 were probably intended to support this floor. All the kilns contained evidence of their use: tripod clay pot stands (two are illustrated in Fig.105 nos. 1298a and 1299 along with two pot stands of a different type nos. 1297 and 1298), lumps of melted glaze, pot wasters and a mass of ash. Most of this material had been raked out of the kilns into heaps around them, some of it into the large pit of I5 and I6, and in this spoil was a coin of Constantine X and Eudokias, A. D. 1059-67 (A§V/ 72/447), which confirms the stratigraphical evidence that the kilns were in use during the lifetime of the large Medieval II building. One further structure should almost certainly be associated with this Medieval II complex of workshops, pits and kilns. One of the most promin­ ent features of the excavated site is a large cistern in trenches I4c/d and I5. This was constructed by excavating a large rectangular pit, measuring ap­ proximately 3 x 3. 25 m, to a depth of about three metres. The sides of this pit were shored up with rubble, held in place by mortar, and the inner sur­ face was lined with a layer of concrete. No concrete was laid across the bottom of the cistern, and the users relied on the compacted layers of mud brick collapse from earlier periods to retain the water. Water stored in an uncovered cistern of this type, with an earth floor, can hardly have been fit for human consumption (not at any rate for inhabitants used to the excellent clear cold water of the A§Van springs), but would have been perfectly adequate for industrial use. Although the stratigraphy linking this cistern with other buildings on the site is less clear than it might be, the method of construction most closely recalls the massive concreted walls of the Medieval II building. Furthermore a cistern of this type would make excellent sense in the context of the other structures of the period. The kilns were built for firing pottery. 51

G4a

° P it 8

G4c

°

P its 7 /1 0

A$VAN KALE MED IEVAL I 2

3m .

P it

1 6

P it

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K i ln1 c 0 K i ln 2 \

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A§van Ka le .

Medieva l I P lan 5 2

It is therefore logical to assume that the pots were made nearby, precisely in the workshop building on the north side of the mound. The two essential materials for making pottery are clay and water. The source of the clay in the A§Van pottery has not been traced, but the water could clearly have been stored in the cistern. I conclude therefore that the whole complex of Medieval II structures was designed for the manufacture and firing of pottery; it was a large scale potters' workshop. There is no evidence that any of the coarse unpainted Medieval wares from A§van were fired in the kilns which we found (although this is by no means impossible), but it is absolutely clear that the glazed pottery occurring in such quantities in these layers was made here. As has already been noted a large quantity of glazed 'wasters', that is glazed pottery left unfinished or imperfectly fired, was found in the debris round the kilns, all of which may readily be compared with finished pieces (cf. catalogue nos. 788, 804, 811, 822, 831, 850, 853, 856, 858, 875, 878, 891, 926, 928, 933-40, 987, 990-1). An analysis of the types of pottery made at the site will be found on pp. 73-6). Apart from the pottery Medieval II also produced a number of stray small finds, mainly items of jewellery including rings, ear rings, pendants, seals and bracelets, made of various metals (including bronze, silver and gold), semi-precious stone and glass. These are described and illustrated in the catalogue of small finds from the site. In addition there were a number of Byzantine coins which constitute some of the most important dating evidence for the kilns. They consist entirely of specimens of the so-called anonymous bronze coinage issued between the reigns of John Tsimisces and Alexius I, and coins of Constantine X and Eudokias which intervene into that series. They have already been catalogued and described by A. W. McNicoll in Anat. Studs. 1973, 187-90, and in this context I merely list the identified types and their frequency. The most recent classification of the anonymous bronzes is that of M. E. Thompson, based on the finds from the Athenian agora (M. E. Thompson, Coins from the Roman through the Venetian Period, The Athenian Agora vol. 2 [195] ), and I have adopted that classification in the following list. Type A-2 B C D Const. X and Eud. G H

Date 978-1028 1028-1034 1034-1041 1042-1055 1059-1067 1067-1071 1071-1078

Number found 2 or 3 4 6 3 (incl. one overstrike of type C) 4 2 1? (possibly an·overstrike)

The evidence of these coins, taken on its own, suggests a construction date some time in the second quarter of the eleventh century, and a lifetime of rather more than half a century. However, when it is remembered that a coin as late as type G was found in the robber trench of a Medieval I wall in 53

7 42

7 41

7 41

7 40

7 40

K ILN 2

I 6a

A$VAN KALE MED IEVAL K ILNS 0

1

2

11.1 1 111 1111 1E \/

P LAN

F ig . 1 7

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P lan a nd S ect ion o f Med ieva l I P i ts a nd K i lns

5 4

H5 (see above p. 49), it is probably safer to assume that all these coins cir­ culated for a considerable period, perhaps a century or more after their date of minting, and that the buildings of Medieval II are later than they appear at first sight. The latest coin of 1071-1078 (A§V /69/205) certainly need not in­ dicate that the buildings fell into disuse after that date, since the arrival of the Seljuks in the area after the battle of Malazgirt in 1071 would effectively have restricted the circulation of later Byzantine coins. In addition a hand­ ful of very worn coins with Arabic script was found in the vicinity of the Medieval II structures in trenches H4c/d, H5 and I5 (A§V/70/340, 353, 356, 381, 386; for details see McNicoll, Anat. Studs, 1973, 189). Since all of these came from the upper layers of these trenches they may have been washed down from the Medieval III building to the West, but it is probable that some of them came originally from Medieval II contexts, showing that Islamic as well as Byzantine coins were circulating during the lifetime of the Medieval II buildings. The evidence of the pottery bears out a later date for Medieval II. Much of the glazed ware shows a strong Seljuk or Persian influence, most notably the bowl fragment with the scene of a couple in an erotic embrace (A§V /68/186, Fig. 25), which comes from the penultimate sub-phase of Medieval n, and the several fragments which carry inscriptions in Arabic script of imitations of Arabic calligraphy (Catalogue nos. 611,625, 631, 767, 781, 797, 834). Indeed all of the abstract sgraffito designs on the glazed ware seem Islamic in inspiration. All this suggests that the date of the kilns can hardly be earlier than the last quarter of the eleventh century, and they were probably in use during the twelfth and the thirteenth centuries. Examples of glazed sgraffito pottery excavated at other sites in Turkey and Syria, comparable to the A§van material have generally been dated to this period, although good evidence is often wanting (see p. 75). A number of imported sherds, including some fragments of Persian blue lustre ware of ea 1170-1220, and pieces from a 'Sultanabad' bowl,possibly of the late 13th century, also suggest a 12th-13th century date for the pottery. Only one other comment need be added at this point on the Medieval II period. Although the buildings date to a period after the arrival of the Seljuks in eastern Anatolia, and although much of the pottery is Islamic in design and inspiration, it seems likely that many of the population, or at least the potters who used the workshops, were themselves Christian. The animal bone which has been examined so far contains a considerable quantity of pig, and two sherds carry what appears to be the sign of the cross (Catalogue nos. 1159 and 1160). The small finds included three Byzantine lead seals, one with a portrait of the Virgin, and the inscription m(ete)r t(heo)u (A§v/70/331 cf. 371 and 373). This evidence is not particularly surprising, especially in view of the presence of a roughly contemporary church only four kilometres away at Ta§kun Kale (see A. W. �1cNicoll, Anat. Studs. 1973, 168), but is of some importance for any assessment of the character of the ·population at Medieval A§van. Medieval III (Plans, Figs. 18-20) The latest structures on A§van Kale are located on the west side of the mound, its highest surviving point. They can be divided into several phases: 55

N

„

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-

5 6

A pan K a le .

-

Medieva l I I P lan —Pr imary P hase

I D

F ig . 1 8

-

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the original building, which may have had only a comparatively short lifetime, and its subsequent reuse in several stages of secondary occupation. The walls of the primary phase, where they have not been robbed out, w ere generally massive, measuring 1. 20 to 1. 40 m thick, with stone founda­ tions. In some places these foundations stood to their original height, about 1 m above ground level, and parts of the superstructure of mud brick also survived on wall 1 of F4d and wall 2 of F5b. The individual bricks could easily be distinguished here. The excavated complex was dominated by a large central area, 10. 25 x 10 m square, with a smaller annexe, 4. 70 m wide, on the north side. The north wall, as usual, had collapsed over the edge of the mound. The building had a series of carefully laid mud floors, characteristic of an interior, and this suggests that it had originally been roofed. To the south of this hall a doorway led to a comparatively narrow antechamber some 12 m wide and 3 m across. Almost all of the walls here, and most notably that on the SE side, had been completely robbed out, with the result that there was no trace of an entrance to this area. However, all probability it was approached from the south, opposite the entrance to the main hall, One other entrance led off the NW corner of the hall to a small square room, 4. 20 m wide and 3. 40 + m deep, which had also lost its north wall. There was a similar square room, with rather thinner walls, at the NE corner of the central hall, measuring 5. 40 x 4. 20+ m. This appears to have been entered by a doorway from the exterior, but it is possible that a stepped doorway also connected it with the central hall (see below). Another walled enclosure lay to the west of the main hall, but this was not excavated to the level of the primary floor. There was no doorway leading from the main hall to this area, and so access must have been from the outside, probably through a doorway on the south or west wall which we did not trace.

m

At some stage not long after the construction of the building the doorway to the main hall was narrowed by an extension of the wall on the west side of the door, but the building continued in use for some time as is shown by a series of three mud floors in the antechamber associated with this phase. Both the primary and the secondary _occupation levels of Medieval ill were virtually devoid of artifactual remains. Egraffito pottery continued to be found, but much of it was clearly a relic of the earlier Medieval II period, and there is little distinctive new material, A discussion of this Medieval III pottery will be found on p. 77. As in Medieval II, a few small finds, usually items of jewellery, came to light. Qitstanding among these was a silver bracelet deco­ rated with geometric designs in niello technique (A§v/71/423, see p. 239 no. 102). The floors of the primary phase had, as so often on the mound, been swept scrupulously clean, but did yield three important items of dating evidence: a single sherd of copper lustre ware, probably of the thirteenth or early four­ teenth century (Fig.108 no. 1384), and two Mongol coins from the reign of the last Ilkhanid ruler of eastern Anatolia, Abii Sa 'id, A. D. 1306-1335 (A§V/72/ 448 and 461). A§v/72/448 was issued from the mint of Khartabirt (Harput) or Baiburt and can probably be narrowed down to the period 1328-1332/3 (cf.

57

Antecha mber

MED IEVAL I o I M L

F ig . 1 9

3 m

Pqvan Ka le .

MEDRESE — R estored P lan

R econstructed P lan o f Medieva l I I Primary Phase

5 8

A. W. McN icoll, Anat. Studs. 1973, 189). These coins were evidently lost w hile the building was in use and trodden into the floor. They provide a clear t erminus post quern for its abandonment and destruction, although it is likely that it was built some time earlier in the latter part of the thirteenth century. What then was the original function of this large structure? In Anat. studs, 1973, 135 I speculated inconclusively on this question, and suggested that the massive walls might have been designed for a defensive purpose, although all trace of a defensive curtain on the north and west sides must have disappeared over the edge of the mound. I also argued that it might have served as a farmstead, or perhaps a han, both of which would require fortifi­ cation if local conditions were unsettled. A han indeed would have been con­ veniently positioned for travellers before or after crossing the Murat at the ford or ferry north of the site (cf. the remarks on p. 7 above and of McNicoll, Anat. Studs, 1973, 171). However, none of this speculation was very solidly founded. The value of the massive walls as fortifications is almost completely nullified by two doorways: the entrance leading directly into the aquare room at the N E corner of the main hall, and the putative entrance to the room or rooms on the west side of the hall. Both of these would have offered far too easy access to an enemy, and the building would have been useless as a forti­ fied strong point. The plan also hardly corresponds to the conventional han. There was no set of rooms arranged round the central court, and no direct connection between it and the rooms to the west, surely impossibly inconvenient in a building designed for the use of travellers. A reconsideration of the problem prompts a different interpretation. One key lies in the large central chamber, measuring approximately ten metres square. As already noted, the floor of this was characteristic of an interior, not an exterior surface, and so the chamber should have been roofed. In the absence of any evidence for post holes or column bases, indicating columns which could have supported roof timbers, only one form of roof seems pos­ sible here, a circular dome, absolutely characteristic of Islamic architecture at most periods, and always erected over a square or nearly square base. This provides an explanation not only for the interior floor, but also for the massively thick walls of the chamber-they were intended to carry the weight of such a roof. The doorway in the N W corner led to a small square chamber with equally thick walls, and it is logical to suppose that this too was sur­ mounted by a smaller dome. The square room to the N E of the main chamber had much less massive walls, some 7 5 to 90 cm thick, and it probably carried only a flat or pitched roof, not a dome. The robbed walls on the south and east sides of this small room make it difficult to be certain where the entrance lay. It seems fairly clear that in G4d the wall (or robber trench) did not continue across the trench but was interrupted by a section of floor, thus showing that this room could be entered from the exterior of the whole build­ ing. In G4c the mud floor on either side of wall 3 curved upwards all along the robbed remains of that wall, showing that the floor· could not have run across from the central chamber to the N E room at the same level. However, it is quite possible that these floors simply curved up to a mud-brick step, and not to a complete wall, allowing for the possibility of a door here. This would have provided direct access from the central chamber to the N E room, and given much greater coherence to the whole building.

59

6 0

Med ieva l I I—Secondary P hases

T o t he s ou th o f t he c entra l c hamber t he n arrow r oo m a d jo ining i tc ou ld h ave b een a n a n techamber , o r a l terna t ive ly , ac o lonnaded p or t ico .

S ince

mos t o ft he f ounda t ions h ave b een r obbed i ti s imposs ib le t o b e c erta in o n t h is p o in t . The r esu l t ing g round p lan i s s ugges t ive o f o ne p ar t icu lar t ype o f I s lam ic b ui lding , t he medrese . T he f or m o f ac en tra l h a l l n arrow ing t o a n i wan a t o ne e nd , wh ich i s f l anked t o l ef t a nd r igh t b y sma l ler c hambers , i s a bso lu te ly c harac ter is t ic a nd c an b e p ara l le led b y many 1 2th a nd 1 3th c entury b u i ldings i n S e l juk A na to l ia ( c f . A p tu l lah K uran , A nado lu Medrese ler i I( 1 969 ) , a nd M . S özen , A nado lu Medrese ler i ( 1 970 ) ) .Two b u i ldings i n p art icu lar , t he Kara tay Medrese i n K onya , b u i lt i n 1 251, a nd t he Y usuf B in Y akub Medrese a t c ay , b ui lt i n 1 278, a re p ar t icu lar ly c lose , h av ing a d o med ma in h a l l l eading t o a n i wan w i th f l ank ing c hambers , a s i n t he A §van b u i lding ( see K uran , 5 1 f ig . 2 3 ( reproduced a t A na t . S tuds . XXV I ( 1 976 ) , 7 9 f i g . 2 ) ;

c i t .,

a nd p p ; 1 27-8) .

Th is i n terpre ta t ion d oes n ot r eso lve a l l t he p rob le ma t ica l f ea tures o f t he b ui lding .

I ti s n orma l f or t he ma in h a l l o f amedrese t o h ave d oors a long

e i ther s ide , l eading t o sma l ler c hambers .

H ere t he wa l l t o t he wes t a ppears

s o lid , w i th n o t race e ven o fb locked e n trances , a nd t here i s n o e v idence f or d oorways l eading t o c hambers o n t he e as t .

H owever , i ti s p erfec t ly p oss ib le

t ha t a sma l l medrese , a t ar emote s i te s uch a s A §van , h ad n o n eed f or many s tuden t r oo ms , a nd i tt herefore c onf ined i t se lf t o t he ma in f ea tures o f s uch b u i ldings , t he c entra l h a l l , t he i wan a nd t he f l anking c hambers . The p lans o fo ther A na to l ian medreses p ub l ished b y K uran a nd S özen i n t he ir s tudies o f fer n o e xac t p ara l le l f or t he a ntecha mber o r p or t ico f ound a t A§van . H owever , t h is was n ot a p ar t o ft he b u i ld ing where t he g round p lan was f i xed b y c us to m o r t radit ion , a nd t here i s aw ide v ar ia t ion i n o ther k nown b ui ldings a t t h is p o int . The i n terpre ta t ion o ft he A§Va r l b u i ld ing a s a medrese p rov ides n o e xp lanat i on o f t he a nnexed s truc ture t o t he wes t . S ince i t was n ot c onnec ted t o t he c en tra l c hamber , a ccess mus t h ave b een f ro m t he o uts ide , p robab ly t hrough ad oorway o n t he s ou th o r wes t wa l ls , wh ich we d id n ot t race . The h ypo thes is t ha t t he b u i ld ing was a medrese may a lso e xp la in s o me p uzz l ing f ea tures o f i t s d e mo l i t ion . I ti s av ery s tr ik ing f ac t t ha t t he g rea ter p ar t o ft he b ui lding was v ery t horough ly d is man t led a f ter i tf e l l o ut o fu se . T he wa l ls a nd c o lu mns o ft he p or t ico o r a n techamber were c o mp le te ly r emoved , a nd t he s ou th wa l l o ft he ma in h a l l was s ys te ma t ica l ly d es troyed . T he e ast wa l l was c omp le te ly r obbed o u t , a nd o n ly t he wa l ls i n t he NW c orner w ere r eused i n l a ter p er iods o f o ccupa t ion .

I tw ou ld b e u sua l f or s uch who le-

s a le s tone a nd b r ick r obb ing t o b e d irec ted t o t he p urpose o fb u i lding a nother ma jor b ui ld ing o n t he s i te . Y e t t h is was t he l as t i mpor tan t s truc ture o n A §van Ka le , a nd s ubsequent b u i ld ings were f ar t oo sma l l a nd i nsign if icant t o a ccount f or t he h uge q uant i ty o f s tone wh ich h ad b een r e moved . I ts ee ms u nl i ke ly t oo t ha t t he r obbed s tone was emp loyed t o b ui ld away f ro m t he mound a l toge ther , s ince t o c arry i ts o f ar wou ld h ave b een a l abor ious a nd e xpens ive b us iness .

The b es t e xp lana t ion o ft hese f ac ts s ee ms t o b e t ha t t he b ui lding

was d e libera te ly a nd t horough ly d emol ished . N o t race o f i t s d o med s upers tructure a nd v ery l i t t le o f i t s ma in wa l ls were a l lowed t o s tand , a nd t h is i s a n a c t most r eadi ly a t tr ibu ted t o C hr is t ians , z ea lous t o r e move a ny t race

6 1

o f t he h a ted i nf ide l r e l ig ion a nd t he b ui lding wh ich s ymbo l ised t he o ppress ion t hey h ad s uf fered u nder S e l juk a nd Mongo l masters . I ts ee ms h igh ly imp lausi b le t ha t o ther Mos le ms wou ld h ave s o t horough ly d es troyed a r e l ig ious b u i ldi ng wh ich migh t o therw ise h ave s urv ived f or many c en tur ies . Th is e xp lana t ion s ugges ts t ha t t he h is tor ica l c on tex t o f t he d es truc t ion c ame w i th t he d ea th o f t he l as t Mongo l r u ler o ft h is r eg ion , A bü S a 'id i n 1 335 .

Af ter h is f a l l t he

Mongo l g r ip o n e as tern A na to l ia was l oosened a nd c on tro l p assed t o p e t ty d ynas ts a nd l oca l r u lers . These were t roub led t imes wh ich o f fered amp le o pportun i ty f or s uch r ap id r everses o f f ortune a s t ha t wh ich a f f l ic ted t he medrese a nd t he c ongrega t ion o ft he f a i thfu l a t A §van K a le . There i s l i t t le t o a dd t o t he d iscuss ion o f t he s econdary b u i ld ings o f Med ieva l I I wh ich Ip rov ided i n A na t . S tuds . 1 973 , 1 35-6 . S oon af ter t he d es truct ion o f t he medrese , a sma l l g roup o f r oo ms was b u i lt i n t he c en tre o f t he ma in h a l l , r eus ing F 4d wa l l 1 , o ne o ft he o r ig ina l ma in wa l ls o f t ha t b ui lding .

A n o ven s e t o n t he e as t s ide o ft h is b u i ld ing s ugges ts t ha t i tw as

ad o mest ic h ouse . Af ur ther s er ies o f mud b r ick wa l ls , c lear ly b e long ing t o d o mes t ic a rch i tec ture o f av ery h u mb le k ind , s ucceeded t hese , b u t were t oo i nsubstan t ia l t o b e r econstruc ted i n p lan . T he wa l ls o f t he s quare r oom t o t he NW o ft he ma in c ha mber o ft he mosque w ere l ef t i n tac t a nd t h is w as u sed f i rst a s t he s i te o f al ime k i ln , a nd t hen a s a more c om mod ious r oo m w i th a d ecora t ive t i led f i rep lace c ut i n to t he s outh wa l l . T here i s n o e v idence f or t he d a te o f e i ther , a l though t he r oo m w i th t he f i rep lace migh t b e a s l a te a s t he s ix teenth o r s even teenth c en tury .

A s econdary wa l l i n t he a rea t o t he

wes t o f t he ma in mosque s hows t ha t r eoccupa t ion o ccurred h ere t oo , a l though i t s n a ture i s q u i te o bscure . There i s n o e v idence f or t he d a te o f t he f i na l a bandon ment o f t he K a le , a l though we may a dd , a s ap os tscr ip t , t ha t t he t op o ft he mound was u sed i n t he l a te n ine teenth o r t went ie th c entury a s ac e me tery , i n wh ich f or ty t wo s ke le tons , p robab ly C hr ist ian , were i n terred .

T hese r e ma ins awa i t f ur ther

s tudy . S u m mary I n h as p roved p oss ib le , It h ink , t o p rov ide e xp lana t ions f or t he p urpose a nd f unc t ion o ft he b u i ldings o n A evan K a le a t t he f our ma in p er iods w h ich were e xcava ted .

I n H e l len ist ic I , s hor t ly b efore t he midd le o f t he f i rs t

c en tury B . C ., t he ma in b u i lding c o mp lex o n t he mound was a l arge d o mest ic dwe l ling , o f wh ich n ine r oo ms were u ncovered . F or tuna te ly , s ince t he b ui ldi ng h ad b een d estroyed b y as udden f i re , many o f i t s c on ten ts were r ecovered i n tac t a nd h e lp t o p rov ide a c lear p ic ture o f t he p ossess ions o f ah ousehold o f t he p er iod , a s we l l a s t he f or ms o fd o mes t ic a rch i tec ture .

There i sg ood

r eason t o h ope t ha t t he a n ima l b one a nd c arbonised s eed r ema ins w i l l g o s o me way t owards p rov iding u s w i th a n i ns igh t i n to t he d o mest ic e cono my . A t s o me u nknown d a te , p robab ly i n t he R o man p er iod a nd p erhaps i n t he f i rs t c en tury A .D . ,a l arge t e mp le was b u i l t i n t he c en tre o f t he mound .

I n

a rch i tec tura l f or m i ti s u npara l le led , b ut i ti s t he f i rs t r e l ig ious b u i lding o f t h is p er iod e xcava ted i n e astern T urkey . A l though t here i s n o e v idence t o i den t ify t he d e i ty t o who m i t was d edica ted , i t was s ure ly i n tended f or t he w orsh ip o fo ne o ft he n a t ive s ky g ods o r mother g oddesses o f e as tern Ana to l ia ,

6 2

known from the record of classical authors but terra incognita to the archae­ ologist. In the twelfth and thirteenth century the site was transformed again into a potters' workshop for the production of the glazed pottery which is found in abundance at A§Van, wares which find parallels over much of Turkey and northern Syria. Kilns, workshops and a water cistern could be identified, and the provide us with a complete picture of the elements of such a workshop, to be compared with the roughly contemporary pottery excavated at Siraf on the Persian Gulf (see D. Whitehouse, Iran 1971, 1-17). Furthermore the value of being able to relate large quantities of decorated pottery to its pre­ cise place of manufacture should not be underestimated. With further work, and with material collected from other sites in neighbouring areas, it should prove possible to form a much more detailed impression of twelfth and thir­ teenth century pottery in southern and eastern Turkey than has been possible hitherto (see discussion below, pp. 75-6). Finally, probably in the latter half of the thirteenth century, the potters' workshop was succeeded by a large domed medrese, sited on the highest point of the mound. Although so little of it survives the whole ground plan of the building can be reconstructed, and it can be seen to have parallels in the lmown Seljuk architecture of Anatolia. In itself it provides a somewhat unusual example of a relatively small medrese of a period better lmown for the grandiose religious buildings of Sivas, Divrigi, Malatya and Konya. In addition, the circumstances of the destruction of the building yield a clue to the history of the area in the troubled times after the fall of the Ilkhanid dynasty in the second quarter of the fourteenth century. In the twelfth and thirteenth century the population of A§Van seems to have been predominantly Christian, to judge by some of the remains from the potters' workshop. Yet by the end of the thirteenth century an impressive Islamic building had been set up on the most prominent mound in the area-a symbol of the domination of the Moslem llkhanid rulers. Then, sometime in the fourteenth century, probably by 1350, the medrese was completely demolished, surely the revenge of the local population on their Islamic rulers. A§van lies in a little lmown part of Turkey, and this is a little lmown period of its history, but the building and demolition of the medrese reveals ffl,cts about the area not to be gleaned from any written source, and suggests a field on which further archaeological research could throw much light.

63

CHAPTER 5 THE EXCAVATED MATERIAL FROM A�VAN KALE

The methods of excavation and the techniques of material recovery used at A§Van have been described by David French, Anat. studs. XXill (1973), 7788. In all seasons except 1972 dry-sieving (with a 5 mm, not a 10 mm mesh as is stated at Anat. studs. 1973, 82) was employed for all the soil removed from the site, and this technique produced very large quantities of finds. These were duly sorted, recorded and stored in the following categories: Pottery �eletal

Animal bone Human bone Mollusca (shell)

Cl4

Samples

Botanical Soil Stone (unworked, collected as geological specimens)

stone

Chipped (e. g. flint and obsidian) Ground (e. g. querns and millstones) Carved

Metal

General (fragments, nails etc.) Coins

Clay Glass Miscellaneous Lists were kept 1) to show the categories of material found in each excavated soil deposit (Day Lists) and 2) to show the separate batches of each type of material in the above categories recovered from a single trench (Specific Lists). Examples of these are illustrated in Anat. studs. 1973, 85 fig. 8 and 86 fig. 9. Copies, which provide a full record of the excavated material, are available at the British Institute of Archaeology in Ankara for consultation by anyone interested in further study of the finds. As stated in the preface, this report gives only a very partial account of the finds from the site, concentrating especially on the pottery and the regis­ tered objects. The following brief notes ar� chiefly intended to give a guide 65

t o t he n a ture a nd c ondi t ion o ft he r e ma in ing c a tegor ies o f ma ter ia l . Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f ap or t ion o ft he b otan ica l s amp les , a l l o f i ti s h oused i n t he E lä.zi museu m . 1 .

P ot tery .

A l most e very e xcava ted l eve l , h owever i ns ign if ican t , p roduced

p ot tery s herds .

The p o t tery f ro m t wo t renches , H 4c/d a nd I 4c/d , h as b een

k ep t i n tac t a f ter s tudy . N oth ing h as b een d iscarded a nd t he s amp les r ema in e xac t ly a s e xcava ted . Much o ft he p ot tery f ro m t he o ther d epos i ts o n t he s i te h as b een d iscarded af ter e xa m ina t ion . Th is ma in ly c o mpr ises u ndecora ted a nd u ndif ferent ia ted b ody f ragmen ts o f f am i l iar wares , o f l i t t le o r n o v a lue i n a ssess ing t he s ign if icance o f t he p ot tery a ssemb lage a s a who le .

Wha t r ema ins

i s as e lec t ion , f ro m e ach e xcava ted u n i t , o f r im , b ase a nd d ecora ted s herds , o r d is t inc t ive wares . S o me o ft he v ery sma l l d epos i ts c onta ined n o s herds w or th p reserv ing , a nd t hese h ave b een c o mp le te ly d iscarded . 2 .

A n i ma l B one .

l eve l .

L ike t he p ot tery t h is o ccurred i n a l most e very e xcava ted

T o al ayman 's e ye many o f t he d epos i ts r ecovered a ppeared s ubs tant ia l ,

a nd s o me were we l l p reserved .

I ti s r easonab le t o e xpec t t ha t d e ta i led s tudy

s hou ld t e l l u s much a bout t he e nv iron men t a nd t he d o mes t ic e cono my o f t he s uccess ive s e t t le men ts a t A §van . Ap re l im inary i nvest iga t ion o f t he s heep a nd g oa t mand ib les e xcava ted i n 1 972 h as b een p ub l ished b y S ebast ian P ayne , A na t . S tuds . XX I I I ( 1 973 ) , 2 81-303 . I ti s wor th emphas is ing t ha t t h is ma ter ia l c ame f ro m o ne s eason o f e xcava t ion o n ly , a nd t ha t i t was r ecovered w i thou t t he u se o fd ry-s ieves , i n c on tras t t o e ar lier s easons . 3 .

H u man B one .

The o n ly h u man s ke le ta l r e ma ins r ecovered f ro m t he s i te

were f ro m t he 4 2 g raves d ug o n t he t op o f 4 'van K a le i n t he c o mpara t ive ly r ecent p as t . 4 .

The b ones h ave b een p reserved i n tac t a nd awa i t s tudy .

Mo l lusca .

Sma l l f ragmen ts o f s he l l , e i ther f ro m s na i ls o r f ro m s he l l-f ish ,

o ccurred f requent ly i n a l l l eve ls o ft he s i te , a nd w ere g enera l ly r ecovered b y t he d ry-s iev ing o pera t ion . 5 .

S amp les .

1 . C 14 . A l though a c er ta in n u mber o f s amp les i n tended f or C 14 e xam inat i on were r e moved f ro m t he s i te , i th as p roved u nnecessary t o s ubm i t a ny o f t hose f ro m t he h istor ica l p er iods f or a na lysis s ince t he d a te o ft he l eve ls f ro m wh ich t hey were r ecovered c an b e more a ccura te ly a scer ta ined b y o ther means . 2 .

B otan ica l .

Q u i te s ubs tan t ia l q uan t i t ies o fb otanica l ma ter ia l were

r ecovered b y f our t echn iques . a ) L arge d epos i ts o f c arbon ised s eeds a nd r e la ted ma ter ia l were c o l lec ted b y h and f ro m t he t rench . b ) a more r epresent a t ive r ange o f ma ter ia l was o b ta ined b y t he s e lec t ive wa ter-s iev ing c arr ied o ut a t A §van Ka le ( f or t he me thod s ee D av id F rench , ' An e xper i ment i n Wa terS iev ing ', A na t . S tuds . XX I ( 1 971 ) ,

5 9-64 . ) . c ) F rag ments o f c lay , mud-br ick

a nd p o tsherds , c arry ing t he i mpr ints o f g ra in o r o ther p lan t r ema ins , were p reserved .

Much , b ut n ot a l l , o f t h is b otan ica l ma ter ia l h as b een t aken t o

t he l abora tory i n t he B r i t ish I nst itu te o f A rchaeo logy a t A nkara where i ti s b e ing s tudied b y Mr . G . C . H i l l man ( n ote t he o bserva t ions o n t he p resence o f r ye i n t he C lass ica l l eve ls , A na t . S tuds . XXV I I I ( 1978 ) , 1 63 ) . d ) L arge s amp les o f c arbon ised w ood were c o l lec ted b y h and f ro m t he t renches . 6 6

A long

with the timber remains from all the sites in the A§van project, these have been studied by George Willcox, and the results published in Anat. studs. XXIV (1974), 117-33. 3. Soil and 4. Stone. A few samples, of no great significance, were collected in both these categories. 6.

stone.

1. Chipped stone was not infrequent in all levels of the site, but evidently the great bulk of the flints and worked obsidian pieces had originated in the prehistoric levels. One would expect also a certain proportion of threshing­ sled flints from the later periods. 2. Ground stone quern and other milling fragments occurred sporadically. None of those excavated appeared to be in their original place of use. 3. Carved stone. In contrast to Ta§kun Kale, this hardly occurred at A§Van. The chief exceptions were the two carved stone column bases found in the large Roman building (see p. 41). 7.

Metal.

1. Metal objects were frequent. Most of the distinctive items were listed in the register of small finds and are discussed in more detail below (pp. 23139). The rest comprised iron nails, fragments of iron or bronze too small to identify, and larger corroded masses of metal which were equally indistinctive. No direct evidence of metal working was found on the site. 2. Coins. All identifiable specimens were registered, and a provisional list has been published by A. W. McNicoll, Anat. studs. XXIII (1973), 187-90. He has also provided a detailed account of the one coin hoard from the site, ibid. , 181-6. 8. Clay. This category included both large pieces from clay ovens which were common in the Medieval and Hellenistic levels of the site, and small clay objects such as figurines, which were extremely rare. 9. Glass. From the Hellenistic period onwards glass occurred in consider­ able quantity on the site, and was generally recovered by dry-sieving. How­ ever, invariably the samples were extremely fragmentary, and in a poor state of preservation. Until a typology for glass vessels of the Hellenistic, Roman and Islamic periods applicable to this part of Anatolia has been devel­ oped, it is unlikely that the material from A§Van would repay detailed study, although an examination might be worthwhile when such a typology has been worked out. 10. Miscellaneous. Certain finds of no great importance which fell into none of the preceding categories, were listed as miscellaneous.

67

CHAPTER 6 THE POTTERY

I n t h is s ec t ion o f t he r epor t Ih ave a i med t o d o n o more t han g ive a b r ief c harac ter isa t ion o f t he p ot tery f ound i n t he d if ferent l eve ls o f t he s i te , a nd i nd ica te i t s s ign if icance .

The ma ter ia l f ro m H e l len is t ic I , wh ich h as a f i rm

t er minus p ost q ue m o f 6 6 B . C ., a nd f ro m Medieva l I , b e long ing t o t he 1 2th a nd 1 3th c entur ies f or ms t he b u lk o f t he p ot tery f ro m t he s i te a nd s hou ld b e o f most i n teres t t o s pec ia l is ts , b oth b ecause t here i s aw ide r ange o f t ypes a nd wares f ro m e ach p er iod , a nd b ecause t hey a re d a ted w i th r easonab le a ccuracy .

Ih ave i l lus tra ted a s much o f t h is ma ter ia l a s p oss ib le i n t he h ope

t ha t i tw i l l s t i mu la te a nd r epay f ur ther s tudy , b u t Io f fer n o more t han a f ew i n troductory r e marks myse lf .

I t must b e s tressed t ha t a t b oth t hese a nd a t

o ther p er iods t he b u lk o f t he p ot tery , b oth f i ne a nd c oarse wares , was o f l oca l o r ig in , e ven i fi t was n ot a c tua l ly made a t A§van i t se lf .

I n H e l lenis t ic I n o

more t han ad ozen s herds a re d e monstrab ly i mpor ted , a nd t he p ropor t ion i s e qua l ly l ow f or t he Medieva l p er iod , when t he f ew e xamp les o f C h inese ( or i m i ta t ion C h inese ) C e ladon a nd b lue a nd wh i te p ot tery , B lue l us tre a nd ' Su ltanab ad ' wares c ontras t s harp ly w i th t he h uge b u lk o f l oca l ly made s graf f i to o r p la in g lazed p o t tery .

I n c eram ic t er ms A §van , a l though o bv ious ly i nf luenced

b y p reva i l ing s ty les a nd t as tes , was a s e lf-suf f ic ient c o m muni ty . S econd a nd E ar ly F irs t Mi l lenn iu m P ot tery ( by H . F . R usse l l ) The s herds d iscussed h ere were e xcava ted f ro m t rench G 3d o n t he Ka le i n 1 968-69 .

Ir egret t o s ay t ha t , f or a v ar ie ty o f r easons , Ih ave b een u nab le

t o e xa mine t he s herds f or myse lf a nd h ave r e lied o n Dr . Mi tche ll 's d raw ings , s l ides , a nd c a ta logue o f t he p o t tery f ro m t h is t rench , wh ich c over o n ly a sma l l p ropor t ion o f t he t o ta l n u mber o f s herds e xcava ted t here .

H owever , i ti s

e v ident f ro m t he i nforma t ion a va i lab le t o me t na t most i fn o t a l l t he l ayers i n t h is t rench , a s e xcava ted , c onta in mixed p ot tery ; t han o ne p er iod . o f t h is t rench ,

i .e . p o t tery f ro m more

T he r eason f or t h is i s e asi ly f ound i n t he s ec t ion d raw ings

wh ich s how t ha t t h is a rea o f t he mound i s d eep ly c overed b y

l ayers o f r un-of f f ro m o ther p ar ts o f t he s i te a nd t ha t i th as f requen t ly b een e xcava ted i n a nt iqu i ty a s as ource o f ma ter ia l t o make mud b r icks .

H ence ,

i ti s n ot s urpris ing t ha t p o t tery f ro m p er iods r ang ing o ver 4 ,000 y ears a re f ound i n o ne l eve l; n or , g iven t he c o mp lex s tra t igraphy o f t h is t rench , i s i t s urpr ising t ha t t he l im i ts o f s o me l ayers a nd p i ts h ave n o t b een c ons istent ly d iscerned d ur ing e xcava t ion . I n my v iew t hen , t he p ot tery f ro m t h is t rench i s o fl i t t le more v a lue t han s urface p ot tery . H ere i tw i l l s erve t he p urpose o f e s tab lish ing t ha t t he s i te o f A §Va i l Ka le was o ccup ied d ur ing t he l a t ter p art

6 9

o f t he s econd mi l lenniu m a nd f i rs t h a lf o f t he f i rs t mi l lenniu m B . C ., a p o int n ot made c lear b y e xcava t ion o n o ther p ar ts o f t he mound . O f t he 1 20 o r s o d rawn s herds f ro m t h is t rench Ih ave c hosen t o i l lustra te s o me o f t hose wh ich a re i l lus tra ted o n s l ides b ecause t he ir i dent if ica t ion i s t hereby more c er ta in .

Ih ave e xc luded f ro m c ons idera t ion h ere t he E ar ly

Bronze A ge ma ter ia l s ince i ti s f ound e lsewhere o n t he mound i n b e t ter s tra t ig raph ic c on tex t ( French a nd H e l ms , Ana t . S tuds 1 973 , 1 53-8) , He l len is t ic a nd l a ter p ot tery a s d iscussed i n t he r es t o f t h is c hap ter . S econd mi l lenn iu m p ot tery ( F ig . 1 12 s herds 1 -3 ) V esse ls w i th l i gh t c o loured f abr ics , p erhaps o f t he L a te B ronze A ge a s t he ir s hapes h ave a g enera l r ese mb lance t o L a te B ronze Age p ot tery f ro m B ogazköy .

S econd mi l lenn iu m p ot tery i s a pparen t ly q u i te r are o n t he s i tes

e xcava ted d ur ing t he c ourse o f t he K eban Dam r escue p ro jec t , b ut much h as b een f ound a t K orucu tepe .

1

Ear ly I ron A ge p a in ted p ot tery ( F ig .1 12 s herds 4 -7 ) O range t o b uf f c o loured c oarse f abr ics d ecora ted w i th b rownish r ed p a int . Th is t ype o fp ot tery i s u sua l ly d a ted t o t he b eginn ing o f t he I ron Age .

2

E ar ly I ron A ge R idged B ow ls a nd J ars ( F ig .112 s herds 8 -10 ) C oarse p ot tery d ist inc t ive ly d ecora ted w i th c rude ly g ouged p ara l le l l ine b e low t he r im .

O b l ique s lashes a cross t he l ower g ouged l i nes ( e .g . s herd 8 )

a re n ot u nco m mon .

3

Misce l laneous I ron Age p ot tery ( F ig .112 s herds 1 1-12 ) U ndecora ted s herds , p robab ly t o b e d a ted o n t he b as is o f t he ir s hape t o t he p er iod 1 000-600 B . C . The H e l len is t ic L eve ls H e l lenis t ic p ot tery o ccurs a bundant ly a t ag rea t many Turk ish a nd Midd le E as tern s i tes , b ut v ery l i t t le e xcava ted ma ter ia l h as b een p ub lished i n a ny d e ta i l , a nd s t i l l l ess a ccura te ly d a ted .

T he t hree p ub l ished s i tes wh ich may

mos t c lose ly b e c o mpared w i th A §van a re Tarsus , a nd S amar ia-Sebas te .

6

4

A n t ioch o n t he O rontes °

O f t hese o n ly t he l as t p roduced a r e l iab ly d a ted

s equence , a nd i t mus t t herefore f or m t he b as is f or a ny c hrono log ica l t ypo logy o f H e l len ist ic wares b e tween t he 3 rd c entury B . C . a nd t he R o man p er iod . A t a l l t hese s i tes t he H e l len is t ic s e t t lemen ts were wea lth ier a nd more imp or tan t t han a t A §van , a nd a s ubs tant ia l p ropor t ion o f f i ne t ab le wares was f ound , e spec ia l ly t he p a le wares w i th h ard r ed c l ip a nd i mpressed d ecora t ion , s o me t i mes mis leading ly c a l led ' Pergamene p ot tery ' , b ut r echr istened E as tern S ig i l la ta b y K . M . K enyon , who p ub l ished t he ma ter ia l f ro m S a mar ia . A §van p roduced n o more t han a h andfu l o f s herds o f t h is f i ne t ab le ware , b ut t hey f u l ly c onf ir m t he c hrono log ica l s che me f or t he t ype p roposed b y Kenyon . L oca l ly p roduced t ab le ware a nd c oarse p o t tery b oth a ppear i n q uant i ty a t A §van . Mos t o f t he e xa mp les o f t he f or mer a re i n t he f or m o fp la tes o r b ow ls , whose s hapes a re f am i l iar f ro m o ther H e l lenis t ic s i tes i n t he e astern Medi terranean .

The f abr ic i s a lways a h ard f i ne c lay , w i th l i t t le i n trusive

7 0

g r i t , r ang ing i n c o lour f ro m b uf f t o d ark r ed a ccording t o f i r ing c ond i t ions . U sua l ly i th as a p ink ish o r o range t i nge .

I ti s d ecora ted w i th a v ery t h in s l ip

wh ich i s u sua l ly r ed o r o range b ut c an b e b rown o r e ven b lack .

The d arker

e xamp les t end t o b e s treaked w i th b ands o f l igh ter c o lour a nd d o n ot h ave a u n ifor m a ppearance .

A lthough t hese b ow ls a nd p la tes of ten h ave s hapes d rawn

f ro m t he r eper toire o f E as tern S ig i l la ta A wares , t he ir f abr ic i s q u i te d if fere n t .

The g enuine E . S ig i l la ta s pec i mens ( ca t . n os . 2 67, 3 57 a nd A §v/68/185 ,

f i g . 2 2 n o . 9 ) a re made f ro m a p a le b uf f o r e ven wh i te ish c lay , w i th a h arder a nd t h icker d ark r ed s l ip .

The r eg istered p iece a lso h as s ta mped d ecora t ion

wh ich c an b e c o mpared w i th t ypes f ound a t S a mar ia-Sebas te .

7

The A §van

f i nds f i t we l l i n to t he c hrono log ica l s che me f or E . S ig i l la ta A p roposed b y K enyon o n t he b as is o f t he S amar ia d iscover ies . o f t he ware o ccur a t A thens a round 8 6 B . C .

The e ar liest k nown e xa mp les

B y 6 0 i ti s c o m mon a t S a mar ia ,

b ut q uant i t ies i ncrease u nt i l ap eak i s r eached a round 3 0 .

F ro m t hen o n t here

i s ad ec line b u t e xamp les a re f ound we l l i n to t he A ugustan p er iod .

8

The

A §van e xamp les , d a ted b efore 6 6 B . C ., o ccur n ear t he b eg inn ing o f t h is r ange , b efore t he t ype was w idespread a nd c o m mon , a nd t h is may h e lp t o e xp la in why e xa mp les o f i ta re s o f ew . The o n ly o ther d ist inc t ive f i ne wares f ro m A§van a re t hree s herds o f g lazed p o t tery , a l l b ow ls ( nos . 1 85 , 3 60 a nd 7 24 ) , t wo d ecora ted w i th a b lue g reen , t he o ther w i th a magen ta g laze .

Th is g laze h as a me ta l lic a ppearance

a nd i s r a ther t h icker a nd c oarser t han t ha t f ound o n t he Med ieva l p o t tery . G lazed wares a re c harac ter is t ic o f P ar th ian a nd Mesopo ta m ian p o t tery , r ing n otab ly a t S e leuce ia o n t he T igr is ,

1 0

Dura E uropus l l

we l l a s o n o ther l ess we l l d ocu men ted s i tes .

a nd Tarsus ,

9

o ccur-

1 2

a s

N . T o l l , who p ub lished t he e x-

amp les f ro m D ura , s ugges ts t ha t d ur ing t he f i rs t c en tury B . C . g reen g lazed p o t tery b eca me t he mos t w ide ly u sed ware f ound a t t he s i te af ter ' Co m mon ware ', a nd h e o bserves t ha t t he s pread o fg reen g laze i s c hrono log ica l ly c ont e mporary w i th t he e xpans ion o f t he P ar th ian Emp ire .

I ts ee ms h igh ly p rob-

a b le t ha tt he s herds a t M van a re i mpor ts f ro m t heupper Mesopo ta m ian b asin .

R o man Very l i t t le p ot tery was f ound i n t he R o man l eve ls , a nd a g enerous s e lec t ion o f i ti s i l lus tra ted i n F igs . 4 1-42 .

Mos t o f t h is o ccurred i n t he ' pebb le p ave-

ment ' e x ter ior s urface wh ich s urrounded t he ma in b u i lding , a l though t here were a lso a f ew s herds f ro m t he f abr ic o ft he b u i lding i t se lf .

The f l oor o f t he

b ui lding , h owever , h ad b een k ep t s crupu lous ly c lean , a nd t here was n o o ccupat i on o r d estruc t ion d epos i t w or thy o f t he n ame .

A h igh p ropor t ion o f t he f i ne

ware s herds c an b e d irec t ly p ara l le led b y s hapes f ound i n H e l lenis t ic I ( ca t . n os . 5 15-7 , 5 25-9 , 5 34-5 , 5 37-40 , 5 42 , 5 44 ) .

There a re , h owever , af ew

d is t inc t ive s hapes wh ich c a l l f or more c o m men t , a nd i ti s p oss ib le t o f i nd p ara l le ls f or t hese f ro m o ther s i tes o f t he e ar ly R o man p er iod ( 1st c en tury A .D . ) . The b ow l w i th f lar ing r im ( ca t . n o . 5 30 ) r ese mb les a n u nco m mon t ype f ound a t An t ioch o n t he Orontes , wh ich i m i ta tes A rre t ine ware a nd i s t here d a ted t o t he R oman p er iod ,1 3 b ut t he p resence o f as im i lar s hape i n t he H e l lenist ic I l eve ls a t A §van ( ca t . n o . 3 55 ) d e trac ts f ro m i t s v a lue a s a c hrono log ica l i ndica tor .

C a t . n o . 5 33 , ab ow l w ith a d is t inc t ive d oub lelipped

r im r esemb les a n e xamp le f ro m t he R o man l eve ls a t Tarsus f i nished w i th

7 1

ab rown s l ip .

1 4

N o . 5 43 h as H e l len is t ic p ara l le ls b ut a lso r ese mb les t wo

e ar ly R o man e xa mp les f ro m Tarsus .

1 5

N o . 5 45 i s ap iece o f c oarse ware

b ut t he s hape may b e c o mpared w i th f i ne ware o ft he i s t c en tury B . C . /A .D . o ccurr ing b oth a t A nt ioch a nd a t S a mar ia . R o man s herds f ro m A nt ioch ,

1 7

1 6

N o . 5 46 i s c lose i n s hape t o

b ut t h is i s a lso a f am i l iar E . S ig i l la ta A s hape . 1 8

N o . 5 48, a h o le- mouth j ar i n af i ne f abr ic , c an b e c o mpared w i th a R o man s herd f ro m Tarsus , r im .

1 9

wh ich h owever l acks t he p ronounced s tr ia t ions o n t he

F ina l ly t he b r i t t le ware j ug o r p itcher , n o . 5 57 , r ese mb les s o me o f

t he b r i t t le ware f ro m Dura-Europus , wh ich d a tes t o t he t h ird c entury A . D .

2 0

Th is amounts t o v ery l i t t le , b u t i t migh t b e a rgued t ha t t he p resence o f s hapes a nd wares wh ich a ppear t o b e l a ter t han t he m id f i rs t c entury B . C . o f He l len ist ic I a t A §van s ugges ts t ha t n ot a l l o f t he meagre q uan t ity o fp ot tery f ound i n t he R o man l eve ls h as s trayed f ro m a n e ar l ier c ontex t .

O ne w ou ld ,

moreover , e xpec t t o f i nd s o me c onte mporary p o t tery i n al eve l wh ich c onta ins a n i mpor tan t b u i lding a nd c overs much o f t he s i te , h owever d enuded i ti s . A nother p ointer t o t he d a te o f t he l eve l i s t he c o mp lete a bsence o f c haracter is t ic l a ter R o man a nd e ar ly B yzant ine s hapes a nd wares , n ow much b e t ter k nown s ince t he p ub l ica t ion o f J . W . Hayes , L a ter R o man P ot tery ( 1972 ) .

C u mu la t ive ly

t h is p oses a s trong a rgu men t a ga ins t t he f our th c en tury d a te f or t he R o man l eve l wh ich was s uggested i n e ar lier r epor ts ,

2 1

a nd t ends t o s uppor t ad a t ing i n

o r n ear t o t he f i rs t c entury A .D . ,wh ich i s p laus ib le o n g enera l h is tor ica l g rounds ( see a bove p . 4 5 ) .

H owever , i t must b e r eme mbered t ha t t he d a t ing

o f t he R o man p ot tery a t Tarsus a nd A n t ioch , wh ich h as b een a dduced a s a p ara l le l , i s n ot s a t isfac tor i ly e s tab l ished , a nd t he a pparent c o mpar isons may b e mis leading . Medieva l I There were n o l arge d epos i ts o f t h is p er iod o n t he s i te , a nd c orrespondi ng ly v ery l i t t le d is t inc t ive p ot tery . f i rst t ime i n sma l l q uan t i t ies .

Medieva l g lazed wares o ccur f or t he

T here a re t wo sma l l g lazed b ow ls , o ne d ecora-

t ed i n l igh t a nd d ark g reen , t he o ther w i th d ark g reen a nd y e l low g laze s p lashed o n t he p ot ( n os . 7 54 a nd 5 76 ) .

T here i s o n ly o ne p iece o f s gra f f ito , t he g reen

g lazed b ow l w i th b lack i nc is ions ( no . 5 83 ) , ab rown g lazed b ow l ( no . 5 77) , a b lue g lazed j ar ( no . 5 78) , ad eep b ow l made o f r a ther c oarse c lay w i th a p urp le g laze ( n o . 5 84 ) , a nd a t h in-wa l led b ow l o f wh i te ish c lay d ecora ted w i th p oor q ua l i ty r a ther o pa lescen t mauve g laze a l terna t ing w i th d arker p urp le b ands o n t he i n ter ior ( no . 5 85 ) .

There i s n o e v idence t ha t p ot tery k i lns

e x isted o n t he s i te a t t h is p er iod . The c oarse p ot tery i s u ndist inc t ive .

The s hapes i nc lude l arge b ow ls ( nos .

5 90-2 ) , af la t b ot to med c ook ing p ot ( no . 5 93 ) , r ed-pa inted wa ter j ars ( n os . 5 88-9 , 5 94 ) , c ook ing p ots w i th a r idge b e low t he r im ( no . 5 86) a nd l arge s torage j ars ( n os . 5 60-2 ) .

A l l t hese s hapes a re a lso f ound i n Medieva l I .

The j ar n o . 5 73 w i th i t s h ard o range c lay , a ngu lar r im p rof i le a nd p ronounced whee l marks i s u nusua l , a l most r ese mb l ing s o me l a te R o man a nd B yzant ine t ypes , b ut l i t t le c an b e b u i lt o n t h is .

The o ne-hand led j ug n o . 5 82 i s p robab ly

H e l len ist ic .

7 2

Medieva l I G lazed p ot tery .

A lthough t here a re a f ew s pec i mens o f g lazed p ot tery

f rom t he Med ieva l Il ayers ( see a bove ) t he b u lk o ft he g lazed p ot tery f ro m t he s i te o ccurs i n Med ieva l I , when i ti s c lear t ha t much o f i t was p roduced a t t he s i te .

S evera l s ty les o f ware a nd d ecora t ion may b e d ist ingu ished , b ut

t he most c o m mon a re s graf f i to t ypes , f am i lar f ro m e lsewhere i n T urkey a nd t he Midd le E ast , b ut much more a bundant ly r epresen ted a t A§van t han a t a ny o ther e xcava ted s i te . 1 .

These t ypes a re mos t c o m mon ly f ound :

B ow ls o f v ar ious s hapes made o f v ery f i ne p ink , g rey o r r ed c lay

w i th a wh i te s l ip .

Mos t o f t he e xa mp les a re t h in wa l led b ut t here a re s o me

more s ubstan t ia l p ieces .

O n t he e x ter ior d ecora t ion i s r es tr ic ted t o t he wh i te

s l ip a nd a p la in l igh t g reen g laze wh ich c o m mon ly e x tends a bout h a lf way d own t he s ide o f t he p ot f ro m t he r im .

I ns ide , p a t terns a re i nc ised t hrough t he s l ip

t o t he c lay , a nd t h is s gra f f i to d ecora t ion i s p icked o u t i n ad ark g laze ( green , b rown o r b lack i n c o lour ) .

Over t h is a p o lychro me g laze i s a pp l ied .

The

b ackground c o lour i s u sua l ly p a le g reen , s o me t i mes v erg ing o n p a le y e l low o r e ven c ream .

Dark g reen , y e l low a nd y e l low b rown ( ad arker v ers ion o f

t he y e l low ) i s a dded t o t h is b ackground .

D ecora t ive p a t terns a re a l most i n-

v ar iab ly a bs trac t , s o me t i mes h in t ing a t f l ora l mot ifs . f rag mentary Arab ic i nscr ip t ions .

Af ew p ieces c arry

A n e xcep t ion t o t h is r u le i s t he o uts tanding

c era m ic f i nd o f t he e xcava t ion , t he f ragmentary b ow l d ep ic t ing a c oup le embrac ing , wh ich i s b as ica l ly i n t h is s ty le ( see F ig . 2 5 n o . 5 ) , a s i s t he f i ne b ow l , n o . 7 81 .

More t yp ica l r epresen ta t ives o f t he s ty le a re t he b ow ls n os .

5 95-9 , 6 01, 6 03-6, 6 24-41 , 6 43-722 , 7 51-2 , 7 54 ) .

A sma l l

n u mber o f

s herds f ro m o ther v esse ls a re d ecora ted i n t h is s ty le ( e .g . t he j ars n os . 6 82 a nd 6 85a ) . 2 .

P o lychro me s graf f i to ware o f ar a ther more r obust t ype .

The c lay

i s t h icker a nd c oarser t han t ype 1 , a nd t he d ecora ted d es igns a re l ess f i ne ly e ngraved .

The f abr ic i s o range , p ink o r g rey , s o me t imes w i th a l i t t le g r i t ,

I ti s u sua l f or b oth t he i n ter ior a nd t he e x ter ior o ft he v esse l t o b e d ecora ted a nd a w ider r ange o f c o lours i s f ound t han i n t ype 1 . g ine i s c o m mon a nd r ed g laze o ccurs o ccas iona l ly . c o lour r are ly p redo m ina tes a s i td oes i n t ype 1 .

Dark p urp le o r a uberThe l igh t g reen b ackground

E xamp les o f t he t ype i nc lude

n os . 6 11-3 , 6 18 , 6 20 , 7 57 , 7 59 , 7 86, 7 96-6 , 8 10 , 8 16 , 8 23 , 8 27-9 , 8 32 , 8 34 , 8 37 , 8 47, 8 49 , 8 76-7 , 9 10 , 9 15 , 9 27 , 9 41 , 9 43 , 9 65 , 9 69 , 9 72 , 9 75 , 1 014 , 1 056 . 3 .

S graf f i to p ot tery o f as im i lar c harac ter t o t ype 2b u t g lazed i n o ne

c o lour o n ly , u sua l ly g reen , more r are ly y e l low o r b rown . u sua l ly b lack .

The s gra f f i to i s

Th is i s p robab ly t he c o m monest o f t he g lazed wares o ccurr ing

a t A §van , a nd e xa mp les i nc lude n os . 6 09 , 7 56, 7 61 , 7 63-8, 7 70-6 , 7 83-5 , 7 88, 7 98 , 8 13 , 8 15 , 8 18 , 8 20 , 8 30-1, 8 33 , 8 35-6 , 8 38-40 , 8 42 , 8 44 , 8 46 , 8 48, 8 51 , 8 59 , 8 65 , 8 70-2 , 8 75 , 8 79 , 8 81, 8 84-5 , 8 88 , 8 90 , 8 93 , 9 04-7 , 9 09 , 9 11, 9 13-6 , 9 19 , 9 21, 9 23-32 , 9 42 , 9 44 , 9 48 , 9 51, 9 59-64 , 9 69 , 9 71, 9 77 , 9 798 1 , 9 85-6 , 9 96 , 1 000 , 1 002 , 1 009-10 .

A l most a l l t hese v esse ls a re b ow ls ,

a nd t he d ecora t ions a re u sua l ly a bs trac t , a l though t here a re e xamp les o f f i shes ( 959 , 9 60? , 9 48 ) a nd a b ird 's h ead ( 826 ) .

The misf ired b ow l b ase

d ep ic t ing a p ar tr idge ( 9 87 ) may h ave b een i n tended f or t h is t ype o f d ecora t ion .

7 3

The o ne c o mp le te g lazed b ow l f ro m t he s i te ( A§v/72/460 , f i g . 2 5 n o . 2 ) i s i n t h is s ty le . 4 .

P la in g lazed ware , u sua l ly g reen b u t a ga in o ccas iona l ly b rown o r

y e l low .

Th is i s t he s i mp les t t ype o f g lazed p ot tery f ound a t A§van , a l though

i ti s l ess c o m mon t han t ype 3 .

T he c o m mones t s hapes a re b ow ls b u t p la in

g reen g laze was a lso u sed t o d ecora te l a mps , j ugs a nd o ther v esse ls ( nos . 7 49-53 , 8 03 , 8 66 ) .

I n s o me c ases , where o n ly ap ar t o ft he p ot s urv ives , i t

i s n ot c er ta in whe ther t h is was s i mp ly g lazed a l l o ver i n o ne c o lour w i thout d ecora t ion , o r whe ther miss ing p ar ts o f t he p ot were i nc ised w i th s graf f ito d es igns , i n wh ich c ase t he p o t s hou ld b e long t o t ype 3 . 5 .

P o lychro me ' sp lashed ' wares .

These t ypes a re d ecora ted i n more

t han o ne c o lour , b ut s graf f i to i s n ot u sed .

S o me t i mes t he p a t tern ing i s more

o r l ess r egu lar ( e .g . n os . 7 27 , 7 78 , 7 87, 8 63 , 9 45 , 9 97 ) , a nd a t o thers a d e l ibera te e f fec t i s i n tended s uch a s s tr ipes ( no . 7 79 ) , l ozenges ( n o . 9 67 e x t . , 1 015 e x t . )o r s wags ( nos . 8 54 , 9 20 ) .

Th is t echn ique i s s o me t i mes u sed o n

t he e x ter ior o f ap ot w i th s graf f i to d es igns o n a monochro me b ackground i ns ide . A l l t hese t ypes o ccur s o f requent ly a t A§van t ha t t here c an b e l i t t le d oub t t ha t t hey were a ctua l ly p roduced i n t he k i lns o n t he mound .

The a ctua l

was ters f ound ( see a bove p . 5 3 ) s hou ld f or t he mos t p ar t b e c lassed i n t ypes 2a nd 3 , wh ich may r a ise a s l igh t , b ut It h ink u n jus t if ied , d oub t a bou t t he o r ig in o f t ype 1 . O ne o ther v ery d ist inc t ive t ype o fg lazed p o t o ccurs f requent ly e nough t o s uggest al oca l o r ig in .

These a re t he sma l l b ow ls , made o f p oor q ua l ity

wh i te ish o r g rey c lay w i th p ro jec t ions s paced r ound t he r im a t r egu lar i nterv a ls .

They a re d ecora ted w i th a r a ther f r iab le d ark b lue , a uberg ine o r

b rown g laze , wh ich i s much more f l aky t han t ha t o f o ther t ypes ( nos . 7 31-2 , 7 34 , 7 38 , 7 40-1 , 7 44 , 9 82 ) . O ther g lazed wares a re a pparen t ly o r c er ta in ly i mported .

We may n ote

e xamp les o f C e ladon ( no . 8 43 a nd t wo o r t hree o ther f rag ments wh ich h ave n ot b een d rawn ) , C h inese b lue a nd wh i te p ot tery ( n os . 7 30 , 7 35 ) , B lue L ustre ware , p robab ly o f S yr ian o r ig in ( n os . 7 45 , 8 01-2 ) , a nd t ypes r esemb l ing t he p ot tery f ro m S u ltanabad i n P ers ia , where b lue a nd b lack p a t terns a re a pp l ied t o a wh i te b ackground a nd t hen s ea led b y at ransparent g laze ( nos . 7 97 ,880 ) . I n t he l a t ter c ase t he r i m wh ich o verhangs b oth o n t he i ns ide a nd t he o utside i s ac harac ter is t ic S u ltanabad s hape .

B lue l ustre ware a nd t he S u l tanabad

t ypes a re t yp ica l o f t he 1 3th c entury 2 2

a nd t hey h e lp t o c onf ir m t he 1 2th-13th

c en tury d a te f or Medieva l Ia t A §van wh ich h as a lready b een s ugges ted ( see p . 5 5 ) . A nother c hrono log ica l i ndica t ion may b e d er ived f ro m t he f i ne b ow l w i th t he A rab ic i nscr ipt ion , n o . 7 81 .

The s hape i s i nsp ired b y me ta l f or ms ,

a nd b ronze b ow ls o f as im i lar s hape w i th a n i nscr ip t ion r ound t he r im h ave b een a scr ibed t o as choo l o f me ta lworkers a c t ive i n t he mid 1 3th c en tury i n NW I ran o r e as tern A na to l ia , p oss ib ly a t S i ir t .

2 3

The t echnique o f manufac ture o f t he p ot tery i s c lear f ro m t he e v idence o f t he k i lns .

A f ter t he p ot was t hrown i t was a l lowed t o b eco me l eather h ard ,

a t wh ich p oin t t he t h in wh i te s l ip was a pp lied , a nd t he s graf f i to i nc is ions made .

The p o t was t hen f i red f or t he f i rs t t ime .

7 4

Mos t o f t he wasters f ro m

t he s i te c ons is ted o f s herds wh ich h ad r eached t h is s tage o f manufac ture . There was n o e v idence t ha t g laze h ad e ver b een a pp lied t o t he m a nd t hey h ad p resu mab ly b een r e jec ted a s u nsu i tab le f or d ecora t ion .

The s graf f i to l ines

were t hen u sua l ly p icked o ut i n ad ark c o loured g laze o r p a int , a nd t he r est o f t he g laze was a pp l ied t o t he v esse l b efore a s econd f i r ing .

2 4

N one o f t he

s herds f ro m A§van h as b een s ub jec ted t o c he m ica l a na lys is t o e s tab lish t he c o mpos i t ion o f t he g laze , b ut c o mparab le ma ter ia l f ro m K orucutepe i n t he A lt inova h as b een e xam ined a t t he METU l abora tor ies a t Ankara , a lthough t he r esul ts h ave y e t t o b e p ub l ished .

2 5

I th as r ecent ly b eco me c lear t ha t G lazed s graf f i to p ot tery , i den t ica l w i th o r a k in t o t he t ypes f ound a t A §van , was t he c o m monest f or m o f d ecora ted p ot tery i n much o f A na to l ia , N . S yr ia , C yprus a nd NW I ran i n t he 1 2th a nd 1 3th c entur ies A .D .

T he d is tr ibu t ion o f t h is ma ter ia l h as b een a na lysed i n

as tudy b y J . W . A l lan , ' I nc ised Wares o f I ran a nd A na to l ia i n t he 1 1th a nd 1 2th c entur ies ' , K eramos 6 4 ( 1974 ) , 1 5-21 .

I t may b e h e lpfu l t o l is t h ere

s o me o f t he A na to l ian a nd n e ighbour ing s i tes o n wh ich p ot tery c o mparab le t o t he A §Va r l ma ter ia l h as b een f ound , a s as t i mu lus t o f ur ther i nves t iga t ion . K orucutepe ( A l t mova )— M . v an L oon , JNES XXX I I ( 1973 ) , 3 73-4 p l . 2 1-6; 0 . Bak irer , JNES XXX I I I ( 1 974 ) , 9 6-108 . Ka layc ik ( near Aim ) —U . S erdaroi la , METU K eban R epor ts 3 ( 1972) , f ig . 1 3 ,2 . D iyarbak ir —O . A rs lanapa , I s t Mi t t . X I I ( 1 962 ) , 1 27 . Ka leh isar ( N . o f Y ozga t ) —K . B i t te l , I s t M it t . V I ( 1956) , 2 2-31;

0 . Ars lanapa ,

A na to lica I( 1967 ) , 1 35-42 . A l i§ar H t ly t ik—R . M . R iefens tah l i n H . H . v an O s ten , The A lishar H t ly t lk 1 930-2 P t . I I ( 1937 ) , 2 05-10 . S ardis —H . G . C rane , B u l l . o f t he Amer ican S choo l o f O r ienta l R esearch CCXXV I I I ( 1977 ) , 5 3 w i th f igs . 6a nd 7 . Anamur —T . T ö möry , B e l le ten XL I ( 1977 ) , 2 9-41 . Mis is—A l lan , 2 2 . c i t . ,1 5 , a nd T ö möry , 2 2..c i t . ,3 0 n .6 .

C f . Monu men ta

A s iae M inor is A nt igua I ( 1930 ) , 1 96, p l . 2 05 . Tarsus —F . E . Day , A s ia XL I ( 1941) , 1 43-8 . A l M ina —A . L ane , A rchaeo log ia =

WE E ( 1 937 ) , 1 9-78 .

Ant ioch o n t he O rontes —F . 0 . Waage , An t ioch I V . 1( 1 948) . E sk i Käh ta—F . K . D t 5rner a nd T . G oe l l , Arsame ia am Nympha ios ( 1 963 ) , 2 54-7 , p l . 6 1-2 .

D örner a nd G oe l l a lso r epor t s urface f i nds f ro m s evera l

o ther s i tes i n C o m magene i nc luding A diyaman , Kara Ka le n ear Karada t , G erzer , P era§ , B ores , a nd S a msa t , a nd f ur ther a f ie ld a t E sk i Ma la tya , Ah la t ( o n L ake V an ) , I me H t ly t ik n ear E läz i , Amasya , Aksaray , a nd A fyon .

Ih ave n o t iced o r b een s hown s herds f ro m B it lis , Mardin a nd

Y i lanka le i n t he pkurova .

N o d oub t t he l is t c ou ld b e e x tended a l mos t

i ndef in i te ly . O uts ide Ana to lia v ery s im i lar p ot tery h as b een o bserved i n Azerba i jan a t B a i lagan ( Oren Ka le ) a nd a t s evera l o ther s i tes i nc luding t he c ast les i n t he

7 5

v a l ley o f t he A ssass ins ( A l lan , l oc . c i t . ) , a t Takh t-e S u leyman a nd a t Basta m ( C . S trauss , Arch . Mit t . a us I ran 5 ( 1972 ) , 9 7-116 ) .

Ev idence f or l oca l manu-

f ac ture i n t he f or m o f k i lns , p ot was ters o r p ot-s tands u sed i n f i r ing h as b een f ound a t Ka leh isar , K orucu tepe a nd i n t he v a l ley o ft he A ssass ins , a s we l l a s a t A§van .

A l lan f ur ther c o mpares t hese Ana tol ian a nd I ran ian wares w i th

s graf f i to p ot tery o f t he 1 1th t o 1 3th c entury f ound a s f ar west a s A thens a nd C or inth , o n C yprus a nd i n t he P ers ian g u lf .

I fa ny p ot tery r epresen ted t he

c era m ic k oine o f t he L evan t a t t he p er iod , t h is was i t . C oarse p ot tery .

The f abr ic o f t he c oarse Med ieva l wares u sua l ly c on-

t a ins a f a ir q uan t i ty o f g r i t a nd mica .

Types v ary f ro m t h in b r i t t le wares ,

u sua l ly d ark r ed o r b rown i n c o lour , t o much t h icker c lay wh ich may r ange f ro m l i gh t g rey t o b lack .

Av ar ie ty o f d ecora t ive d es igns i s f ound .

On t he

f i ner b r i t t le j ars a nd j ugs i nc ised p a tterns r esemb l ing e ars o f c orn o r s tr ings o f whea t g ra ins a re c o m mon ( e .g . n os . 1 017-8, 1 028, 1 112 , 1 117-8 , 1 132 , 1 268 , 1 271 ) a nd wavy i nc ised l i nes a re a lso f ound r ound t he r i ms o f t he c oarser b ow ls a nd c ook ing p o ts ( 1071, 1 075 , 1 109 , 1 229 , 1 231 , 1 233 c f . 1 257 , 1 274 , 1 282 , 1 288, 1 291) .

Thu mb i mpressed d es igns a round t he r i ms a re a lso f re-

q uent ( e .g . n os . 1 085 , 1 089 , 1 091-2 , 1 131 , 1 289 , 1 290 ) .

The r i ms a nd n ecks

o f wa ter j ars a re a lso of ten g iven a s ing le b and o fd ecora t ion ( nos . 1 205 , 1 210 . 1 212 , 1 216, 1 217-22 ) .

P a int i s u sed , a l though s par ing ly .

O ne v ery c harac-

t er is t ic g roup o f f i ner p ot tery i s made f ro m b uf f o r p ink c lay c overed w ith a b r ick r ed s l ip o ver wh ich d es igns a re p a in ted i n wh i te ( 1050 ,1052-4 ) .

A

n u mber o f wa ter j ars a nd o ther l arge v esse ls a re made o f a smooth t extured b uf f c lay , d ecora ted w i th s p lashes o f r ed p a in t a pp l ied more o r l ess a t r ando m ( nos . 1 103 , 1 167 , 1 216 , 1 226 , 1 241, 1 281, 1 283 ) .

Ia dd a f ew n otes o n t he

c o m moner s hapes : 1 . J ars w i th t wo h and les a nd b road mouths ( 1017 , 1 022 , 1 10-2 , 1 134-42 , 1 167-88 , 1 208-23 , 1 259-61 , 1 263-6) . 2 . Wa ter j ars w i th o ne o r t wo h and les ( of ten n ot s urv iv ing ) a nd an arrow mouth ( 1 120-1 , 1 123 , 1 209-72 , 1 294-6) . 3 . J ugs w i th a s ing le h and le a nd b road mouth ( 1024 , 1 028 , 1 100 , 1 113-4 , 1 267 ) . 4 .

F ine b ow ls , i n a smooth c lay w i th a b ead r im ( 1055-6 , 1 196-1204 ) .

5 .

C oarser b ow ls w i th a c ar ina ted r im , u sua l ly c urv ing i nwards ( 1063 , 1 065 , 1 068 , 1 073 , 1 075 , 1 077 , 1 079 , 1 081, 1 224-5 , 1 227-46) .

6 .

Sma l l r ounded b ow ls ( 1257 ) .

7 .

L arge f l a t b o t to med c ook ing p ots ( 1 247-50 , 1 255 , 1 258 , c f . 1 190-2 ) .

8 .

S tra igh t-s ided c ook ing p ots , s im i lar t o p rev ious t ype ( 1085-8, 1 095 ) .

9 .

S torage j ars made o f t h ick wa l led c oarse c lay ( 1089-93 , 1 289-90 ; n ote t he l i ds f or t hese v esse ls 1 300-3 ) .

1 0 .

C losed mou th c ook ing p ots w i th a c arna t ion a bou t 2 -3 cm b e low t he r im . These c an h ave e i ther l ug o r l oop h andles ( 1095-1110 , 1 273-88) .

There a re , o f c ourse , an u mber o f more u nusua l j ar a nd b ow l s hapes ( e .g . n os . 1 031-62 ) wh ich c annot b e a cco m moda ted i n t hese b road , a nd s o me t i mes a rb it rary c a tegor ies . 7 6

Medieva l I I The l a tes t l eve ls o n t he mound p roduced c o mpara t ive ly l i t t le p ot tery . There were n o l arge d epos i ts a s t here h ad b een i n t he d estruc t ion l eve ls o f H e l lenist ic I a nd t he k i ln d ebr is o f Med ieva l I .

G lazed wares c on t inue t o

o ccur , b u t many o ft he s herds may s i mp ly b e s urv iva ls f ro m t he Med ieva l Ip er iod .

A l l t he ma in t ypes o fg lazed p o t tery f ound t here a re r epresented :

T ype 1 .

N os . 1 317 , 1 394-5 , 1 416-9 , 1 435-7 .

T ype 2 .

N os . 1 333 , 1 373 , 1 379 , 1 401 , 1 428-9 .

T ype 3 .

N os . 1 316 , 1 321, 1 326 , 1 355 , 1 362-71, 1 373 , 1 379-81, 1 385 , 1 396, 1 403 , 1 406-7 , 1 412 , 1 415 , 1 425-7 , 1 430-1, 1 433-4 , 1 438 , 1 440 , 1 444 , 1 448-53 .

T ype 4 .

N os . 1 304 , 1 306-7 , 1 313 , 1 318 , 1 366 , 1 372 , 1 377 , 1 388-9 , 1 409 , 1 413 , 1 421-3 , 1 443 , 1 447 .

T ype 5 .

N os . 1 332 , 1 334 , 1 345 , 1 386 , 1 432 , 1 442 , 1 446, 1 449 ( ex t .) .

There was o ne was ter ( no . 1 382) , d oub t less a s tray f ro m Medieva l U , a nd o ne p iece o f c opper l us tre ware , f ound o n t he f l oor o f t he ma in Medieva l I I b u i ldi ng .

I t may b e d a ted s tra t igraph ica l ly t o t he e ar ly 1 4 th c entury .

O n ly o ne

c o mp le te s hape s urv ived , af i ne b ow l s p lashed w i th l i gh t a nd d ark g reen g laze , wh ich may b e c o mpared t o at ype o ccurr ing i n Med ieva l I ( no . 8 21) .

I t

r ese mb les o ne o ft he me ta l s hapes d iscussed b y J . W . A l lan ( see n . 2 3 ) a nd s hou ld n ot d a te e ar lier t han t he f i rs t h a lf o f t he 1 3th c entury . The u ng lazed p o t tery i s u ndis tinc t ive . ware w ith s ta mped d ecora t ions ( 1323 ) . a nd 1 158 o f Med ieva l I .

There i s o ne p iece o f af i ne c rea m

Th is c an b e c o mpared w i th n os . 1 154-6

A l l h ave a f f in i t ies w i th i mpressed wares i n as im i lar

f abr ic wh ich a re c o mmon i n N or th Mesopo ta m ia b e tween t he 1 1th a nd 1 3th c en tur ies . NOTES 1 .

E . E . G r if f in , ' The e xcava t ions a t K orucutepe , T urkey , 1 968-70 : l i minary R epor t . P ar t V I . JNES 3 3 ( 1974 ) , 5 5-95 .

2 .

P re-

T he Midd le a nd L a te B ronze Age P ot tery ',

S ee M . O zdoian , L ower E uphra tes B as in 1 977 S urvey ( I s tanbu l 1 977 1 , 1 2 -ware t ype 4 .9;

H . Hauptmann , D ie G rabungen a uf d em N or§un tepe ,

1 970 , METU K eban R epor ts I I ( 1972 ) , 1 07 a nd 1 11; Keban R eports I V ( 1974 ) , 8 5 .

a nd 1 971 , METU

3 .

S ee O zdoian , 2 2 . c i t . ,1 2 ; 1 07 a nd I V ( 1974 ) , 8 5 .

H aup t mann , METU Keban R epor ts I I ( 1972 ) ,

4 .

F . F . J ones , T he P ot tery , i n H . G o ld man , E xcava t ions a t G öz l t i Ka le , Tarsus I( 1950 ) .

5 .

F . 0 . Waage , A n t ioch I V . 1( 1948) , 1 8 f .

6 .

K . M . K enyon , S a mar ia-Sebaste I I ( 1 957) , 2 81 i f .

7 7

7 .

S amar ia-Sebas te I I , f i g . 7 3 .

8 .

I b id ., 2 81 f .

9 .

F or b ib l iography s ee F . K . D örner a nd T . G oe l l , , Arsa me ia am Ny mpha ios ( 1963 ) , 2 52 n . 1 7 .

1 0 .

N . Debevo ise , P ar th ian P ot tery f ro m S e leuc ia o n t he T igr is ( 1 934 ) .

1 1 .

N . T o l l , D ura-Europus I V .1 .1 .

1 2 .

Tarsus I , 1 81 f . a nd p l . 1 51-4 .

1 3 .

An t ioch I V .1 p l . V , 4 50p .

1 4 .

Tarsus I , n o . 5 45 .

1 5 .

Tarsus In os . 3 70-1 .

1 6.

A n t ioch I V . 1p l . V4 57p , a nd S a mar ia-Sebas te I I f i g . 6 8 n os . 7 -8 .

1 7 .

An t ioch I V . 1p l . V , 4 55 a nd 4 53k .

1 8 .

C f . S a maria-Sebaste i f i f i g . 8 1 n o . 5 .

1 9 .

Tarsus In o . 7 57 .

2 0 .

S . L . Dyson , D ura-Europus I V . 1 .3 , f i g . 1 9 .

2 1 .

A na t . S tuds . 1 972 a nd 1 973

The G reen G lazed P ot tery ( 1 943) .

2 2 . A . V . P ope , A S urvey o f P ers ian A r t V ( 1938 ) , p l . 7 79B ;

G . R e i t linger ,

' Su ltanabad ' , Trans . O r . I s la m ic S oc . 1 94 4 /5 ,2 5-34 . 2 3 .

S ee J . W . A l lan , I ran XV ( 1977 ) , 1 56-64 t ype A .4 . a . The b ow l n o . 8 14 i s a lso s trong ly r em in iscent o f A l lan 's t ype B .2 .1 . The p oss ib le l oca t ion o ft he meta l w ork ing s choo l a t S i ir t i s s ugges ted i n as econd n ote b y A l lan i n I ran XV I ( 1 978 ) , 1 82-3 .

2 4 .

F or t h is p rocedure c f . 0 . B ak irer , JNES XXX I I I ( 1974 ) , 1 00-2 a nd t he r e marks o n t he manufac ture o f H e l len is t ic G lazed wares i n Tarsus I 1 04 a nd Dura-Europus I V . 1 .1 , 2 .

2 5 .

JNES 1 974 , 1 01 n . 1 2 .

7 8

POTTERY CATALOGUE F IGS . 2 1-24 POTTERY FRO M HELLEN ISTIC I A l l d raw ings a t 1 :3 u n less o therw ise s ta ted

1 . A §v/69/301 .

H 3c 5 05 .12 .

mica a nd f i ne g r i t . i n a nt iqu i ty .

B rown c lay w i th

Whee l made .

Mended

H t . 0 .072; max . d i . 0 .143; r im d i . 0 .138 .

2 . A §v/69/325 . h and les .

B ow l w ith r ounded b ase .

R ed-brown b urnished f i nish .

I 3c 8 09 .14 .

Sma l l j ar , w i th t wo v er t ica l ly p ierced l ug

B lack ish c lay w i th g r i t a nd s o me mica ,

b adly c h ipped .

H and made .

R im

H t . 0 .0 86; max . d i . 0 .101; r im d i . 0 .0 55; b ase d i .

0 .0 45 . 3 . A§v/69/324 . b uf f s urface .

H 3c 6 06 .12 .

J ar .

Whee l made .

Dark b uf f c lay w i th mica .

B ase b roken .

Smoothed

H t . 0 .215; max . d i . 0 .215 ;

r im d i . 0 .126; b ase d i . 0 .12 . 4 . A§v/ 69/328 . mica .

H 3c 6 06 .11 .

B ow l .

Smoothed b uf f e x ter ior .

C oarse g rey c lay w i th g r i ts a nd s o me

H and made .

H t . 0 .0 79; max . d i . 0 .183;

r im d i . 0 .165 ; b ase d i . 0 .125 . 5 . A§v/ 69/231 .

H 3d 7 13 .8 .

v ery l i t t le g r i t .

B ow l w i th r ing b ase .

B urn ished f i n ish .

F ine r ed c lay w ith a

Whee l made .

About h a lf c o mp le te .

H t . 0 .0 54; max . d i . 0 .205; r im d i . 0 .192; b ase d i . 0 .0 97 . 6 . A§v/69/237 . s o me mica .

G 4b 1 10 .5 .

B ow l w i th r ing b ase .

B urn ished f i n ish .

Whee l made .

Gr i t ty r ed c lay w i th

About h a lf c o mp le te .

H t .

O .0 54 ; max . d i . 0 .205; r im d i . 0 .192; b ase d i . 0 .097 . 7 . A§v/69/224 .

G 4b 1 10 .2 .

b urn ished r ed s l ip .

Whee l made .

0 .25; b ase d i . 0 .179 . 8 . A§v/69/220 .

B ow l w i th r ing b ase .

F ine b uf f c lay w ith

H t . 0 .0 54; max . d i . 0 .2 9;

r im d i .

1 :6 .

H 3c 6 01 .34 .

B ow l w i th r ing b ase .

g rey-brown b urnished s l ip .

Whee l made .

F ine g rey c lay w i th

H t . 0 .0 48;

max . d i . 0 .148;

r im d i . 0 .142; b ase d i . 0 .0 5 . 9 . A§v/68/185 .

G 3d

5 01 .13 a nd 5 01+;

G 4b 1 09 .18 .

F ine c rea my-buf f c lay , d ark r ed s l ip .

1 0 .

1 1 .

Mou lded d es ign i ns ide ( not s hown ) .

Whee l made .

B ase o n ly .

H t . 0 .0 25; b ase d i . 0 .167 . ( See p l . 2 a . )

A§v/69/223 .

G 3b 1 10 . 4 .

J ar .

Whee l made .

H t . 0 .189; max . d i . 0 .155; r im d i . 0 .106; b ase d i . 0 .0 79 .

A§v/69/228 .

H 3c 6 01 .34 .

mica . 0 .154 . 1 2 .

B ow l w i th r ing b ase .

Whee l made .

J ar .

C oarse r eddish c lay w i th g r i ts a nd mica .

C oarse r edd ish-buf f c lay w i th g r i ts a nd

H t . O .3 6; max . d i . O .3 07; r im d i . 0 .174 ; b ase d i .

1 :6 .

A§v/69/321 .

H 3c 6 02-23 .

J ar .

Dark g rey c lay w i th g r i ts .

H t . 0 .255; max . d i . 0 .246; r im d i . 0 .122; b ase d i . 0 .126 . 7 9

Whee l made . 1 :6 .

1 3 .

A §v/69/285 . l i t t le mica .

H 3c 6 06 .16 . H and made .

B ow l .

C oarse b lack ish c lay w i th g r i t a nd a

H t . 0 .0 58; max . d i . 0 .11; r im d i . 0 .10 ;

b ase d i . 0 .0 79 . 1 4 .

A §v/69/270 .

G 4b 1 10 .1 .

al i t t le mica .

B ow l .

C oarse g rey-brown c lay w i th g r i t a nd

B urn ished e x ter ior .

Whee l made .

H t . 0 .0 775 ; max . d i .

0 .228; b ase d i . 0 .0 96 . 1 5 .

A§v/69/284 . made .

1 6 .

H 3c 6 06 .6 .

B ow l .

B lack ish c lay w i th g r i t a nd m ica .

H and

H t . 0 .0 32; r im d i . 0 .0 76; b ase d i . 0 .0 66 .

A§v/69/219 .

H 4a 2 06 .10 .

S pouted j ug .

R eddish c lay w i th g r i t a nd m ica .

Whee l made .

H t . 0 .0 99; max . d i . 0 .116; r im d i . 0 .0 74; b ase d i .

0 .0 58 . 1 7 .

A p/69/283 . made .

1 8 .

P ot .

P ink-red c lay w i th wh i te g r i t .

H and

H t . O .0 9 ; max . d i . 0 .11; r im d i . O .0 88; b ase d i . 0 .09 .

A§v/69/226 . H and ma ,de .

1 9 .

H 3c 6 05 .9 .

A§v/69/265 .

H 4a 2 08 .26 .

P ot .

R ed-b lack c lay w i th g r it a nd m ica .

H t . 0 .14 ; max . d i . 0 .142; r im d i . 0 .127; b ase d i . 0 .124 . H 3c 6 04 .30 .

G rey-p ink c lay w i th g r it .

Wh i te ish s l ip .

H 3c 6 02 . 2 3 .

P ot w i th t wo h or izonta l r ing h and les .

Whee l made . 2 0 .

A§v/69/230 .

b rown c lay w i th a f ew g r i ts .

Whee l made .

r im d i . 0 .225; b ase d i . 0 .156 . 2 1 .

A §v/69/221 . H and made .

2 2 .

A§v/7 1 /4 3 6 . h and le .

G 4b 1 10 . 2 .

B ow l .

R ed-

H t . 0 .2 05 ; max . d i . 0 .2 89;

1 :6 . C oarse b uf f c lay w i th l arge wh i te g r i ts .

H t . 0 .0 48; max . d i . 0 .122; r im d i . 0 .119; b ase d i . 0 .0 59 . H 4c/d 1 505 .6 .

F ine p a le b uf f c lay .

max . d i . 0 .334 ;

J ug w i th t refo i l mou th a nd b road s trap Whee l made .

( r im w idth 0 .135 ) .

B ase b roken .

H t . 0 .336;

1 :6 .

F IGS . 2 5-6 POTTERY FROM MEDIEVAL I A l l d raw ings a t 1 :3 P ot tery f ro m K i ln 3 1 .

H 6 3 008 . 3 .

B ow l f rag .

B uf f c lay w i th wh i te s l ip .

i nc ised s graf f i to d ecora t ion .

Whee l made .

G reen g laze w i th

B ase b roken .

H t . 0 .0 48;

r im d i . 0 .2 41 . 2 . A §v/72/460 .

H 6 3 008 .3 .

B ow l .

w i th i nc ised s graf f i to d ecora t ion . r im d i . 0 .198; b ase d i . 0 .0 61 . 3 .

H 6 3 008 . 3 .

B ow l f rag .

H 6 3 008 . 3 .

Whee l made .

C o mp le te .

G reen g laze H t . 0 .0 63;

B uf f c lay w i th wh i te s l ip . G reen g laze w i th

i nc ised s graf f i to d ecora t ion . 4 .

B uf f c lay w i th wh i te s l ip .

H t . 0 .0 35 ; r im d i . 0 .241 .

Narrow mouthed b ow l f rag .

c ised s graf f i to d ecora t ion . 0 .196; r im d i . 0 .179 .

B uf f c lay w i th wh i te s l ip .

G laze n ot a pp l ied .

8 0

H t . 0 .0 69; max . d i .

I n-

O ther P ot tery 5 . A§v/68/186.

G 4b 10 6 .2 ( I I ) .

B ow l f rag .

B uf f c lay w i th wh ite s l ip .

G lazed ( co lours a s d raw ing ) w i th s gra f f i to d ecora t ion . embrac ing .

H t . 0 .0 37;

S cene o f c oup le

r im d i . 0 .14 ; b ase d i . 0 .0 5 . ( See p l . 2 b . )

POTTERY CATALOGUE ( SHERDS ) Draw ings i n f igs . 2 7-44 a nd 9 2-112 a t 1 :4 ;

f i gs . 4 5-91 a t 1 :2

N o te t ha t n os . 1 -127 were o r igina lly r eserved f or t he i l lustra t ion o f t he L a te B ronze Age ma ter ia l .

Th is h as n ow b een s tudied b y Harry Russe l l, a nd h e

h as c ondensed t he c o l lect ion t o t he d ozen i t e ms i l lustra ted i n F ig .

1 12 .

I n

t he s herd c a ta logue t he f o l low ing a bbrev ia t ions a re u sed : RD

=R im d iameter

BD

= Base d iame ter

MD

= Maxi mu m d ia meter . F ig . 2 7 .

1 28 .

I 3c .

8 03 .37 .

0 .195;

B ow l .

He l len ist ic b ow ls

F ine b rown c lay , b rown s l ip , mend h o le .

H t . O .0 75;

RD

BD 0 .0 6 .

1 29 .

I 4a .

9 10 .24 .

B ow l . B uf f c lay , r ed s l ip .

RD 0 .12 .

1 30 .

I 4a .

9 10 .24 .

B ow l .

1 31 .

I 3c .

8 17 .7.

B ow l .

B uf f/orange , f i ne ly g r it ted c lay .

1 32 .

G4a .

1O .7 .

B ow l .

F ine p ink/buf f c lay .

1 33 .

I 4a .

9 09 .16 .

1 34 .

H4a .

2 04 .13 .

1 35 .

H3c .

60 2 .7 .

1 36 .

H3c .

60 6 .13 .

Orange c lay , o range s l ip .

B ow l .

RD 0 .16 .

RD 0 .1 2 .

F ine r ed/orange c lay , r ed s l ip .

B ow l .

P ink c lay , o range s l ip .

B ow l .

RD 0 .18 .

RD 0 .18 .

Orange c lay b urn ished s urface .

B ow l .

RD 0 .16 .

B uf f/orange c lay . R ed s l ip e xt .

RD 0 .16 . b rown s l ip i nt .

RD 0 .18. 1 37 .

H4b .

3 03 .7 .

B ow l .

Orange c lay , o range s l ip .

RD 0 .18 .

1 38 .

G4b .

1 08 .7 .

B ow l .

G rey c lay , b lack s urface .

RD 0 .15 .

1 39 .

I 3c .

8 09 .11 .

B ow l .

F ine b uf f c lay , r ed p a int o n r im .

1 40 .

I 3c .

8 03 .37 .

B ow l .

B rown c lay , o range s l ip .

1 41 .

H4a .

2 07 . 1 4 .

1 42 .

G4a .

1 3 .3 .

1 43 .

I 3c .

8 03 .15 .

B ow l .

Pa le o range c lay .

1 44 .

H4b .

3 02 .6 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay .

1 45 .

I 3c .

8 03 .37 .

B ow l .

F ine b rown g r it ty c lay , b rown s l ip .

1 46 .

H3d .

7 29 .9 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay , r eddish p a int o n l ip .

B ow l . B ow l .

RD 0 .20 .

RD 0 .16 .

RD 0 .1 6 . Very f i ne o range c lay .

8 1

RD 0 .18 .

RD 0 .075 .

RD 0 .14 . RD 0 .22 .

RD 0 .20 .

1 47 .

H 3d .

7 29 .19 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay .

1 48 .

H4a .

2 06 .11 .

B ow l .

B rown c lay , g r it a nd mica .

G3d .

5 01 .35 .

B ow l .

F ine b lack c lay , r ed i n t . a nd e xt ., i nc ised

1 49 .

d ecora t ion .

RD 0 .20 . RD 0 .22 .

RD 0 .18 .

1 50 .

G 4b .

1 10 .3 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay , r ed a nd wh i te s l ip .

1 51 .

H 3d .

7 19 .5 .

B ow l .

F ine p ink c lay , mica , r ed s l ip .

1 52 .

H3d .

7 29 .13 .

B ow l .

RD c a 0 .22. RD c a 0 .20 .

F ine r ed c lay , c a lc i te g r its , b urnished e xt .

RD 0 .14 . 1 53 .

I 3c .

8 04 .11 .

B ow l .

G rey/buf f c lay , b rown s l ip .

RD 0 .15 .

1 54 .

I 3c .

8 03 .37 .

B ow l .

F ine b rown c lay , b rown s l ip , mend h o le .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay , r ed s l ip .

RD 0 .195 . 1 55 .

H4a .

2 07 .3 .

1 56.

H 4a .

2 07 .14 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay , c rea m/buf f s l ip .

1 57 .

H4a .

2 04 .10 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay , g rey c ore , r ed p a int .

1 58 .

G 3d .

5 02 .2 .

1 59 .

G4a .

1 1.2 .

1 60 .

G4a .

1 6 .7 .

1 61 .

G 3d .

5 10 .23 .

BD 0 .0 9; 1 62 .

H4b .

1 63 .

I 4a .

RD 0 .25 .

Orange c lay , b rown s l ip .

RD 0 .18?

B ow l .

F ine b uf f c lay , b lack s l ip .

RD 0 .18 .

B ow l .

P ink , g r i t ty c lay , b rown s l ip .

B ow l .

3 03 .11 .

RD 0 .22 .

Dark g rey c lay , o range s l ip .

B ow l .

9 09 .16 .

G4a .

RD 0 .24 .

RD 0 .185;

H t . 0 .0 38 .

BD O .0 65; 1 64 .

B ow l .

RD c a 0 .34 .

O range c lay , o range s l ip .

B ow l .

RD 0 .16.

F ine r ed/or a nge c lay , r ed s l ip . RD 0 .15;

H t . 0 .0 35 .

1 4 .34 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay , b lack s l ip .

RD 0 .13;

BD 0 . 0 6;

H t .

0 .042 . 1 65 .

H 3c .

6 02 . 1 4 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay .

1 70 .

H 3d .

7 29 .13 .

B ow l .

G rey c lay , wh ite g r it , b uf f s l ip .

BD 0 .0 8;

RD O .1 6 .

1 71 .

H4a .

2 06 .11 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay , r ed s l ip .

1 72 .

H 3c .

6 06 .13 .

B ow l .

Pa le p ink c lay , b uf f s l ip .

1 73 .

I 4a .

RD 0 .16;

H t . 0 .0 5 .

9 10 .7 .

b rown s l ip .

B ow l .

F ine r ed c lay .

RD 0 .26 . RD 0 .30 .

A lterna t ing b ands o f r ed a nd d ark

RD 0 .19 .

1 74 .

I 3c .

8 03 .27 .

B ow l .

RD 0 .19 .

1 75 .

G4a .

1 2 .14 .

B ow l .

B lack c lay .

RD 0 .16.

F ig . 2 8 1 76 .

G4b .

1 06 .11 .

1 77 .

G 4a .

1 6 .3 .

B ow l .

B ow l .

F ine p a le g rey c lay , r ed s l ip . F ine b uf f c lay , r ed s l ip .

8 2

RD 0 .22 .

RD 0 .24 .

1 78 .

I 3c .

8 08 . 2 0 .

O range/red c lay , b rown s l ip e x t ., r ed s l ip i nt .

B ow l .

RD 0 .17 . 1 79 .

G4a .

1 2 .6 .

1 80 .

I 3c .

8 08 . 1 9 .

1 81 .

I 4a .

9 11 .2 .

1 82 .

H4b .

B ow l . B ow l .

Pa le o range c lay w i th mica .

B ow l .

3 03 .9 .

B uf f c lay w i th mica , r ed s l ip .

B ow l .

whee l marks .

RD 0 .22 . RD 0 .26 .

Orange c lay , d ark o range s l ip , p ronounced

RD 0 .18 .

1 83 .

G4a .

1 0 . 1 0 .

B ow l .

F ine b uf f c lay . RD O .1 4 .

1 84 .

G4a .

1 1.2 .

B ow l .

Orange c lay , o range s l ip .

1 85 .

I 3c .

8 09 .1.

B ow l .

Red f i ne ly g r it ted c lay , b ird 's e gg b lue g laze/fr it .

RD 0 .14 .

RD 0 .18 . 1 86 .

H4a .

2 08 . 2 1 .

1 87 .

G3d .

5 10 .9 .

B ow l .

1 88 .

I 4a .

9 10 . 3 3 .

B ow l .

1 89 .

H4a .

2 08 .21 .

RD 0 .16;

B ow l .

RD 0 .2 4 . Orange c lay , mica , r ed p a in t o n e x t . B uf fg r it ty c lay .

B ow l .

H t . 0 .0 4;

RD 0 .28 .

B uf f c lay , g rey g r it ty c ore , r ed/orange s l ip . BD O .0 7 .

1 90 .

I 4a .

1 91 .

H3d .

7 17 .22 .

1 92 .

H4a .

B ow l .

1 93 .

H4a .

2 04 .16 .

B ow l .

P ink g r it ty c lay .

1 94 .

G4b .

1 09 .18 .

B ow l .

Orange g r i t ty c lay .

1 95 .

H3d .

7 29 .13 .

B ow l .

G rey c lay , wh i te g r it , b uf f s l ip .

1 96 .

G4b .

1 10 . 2 .

1 97 .

I 4a .

9 11.2 .

9 09 .5 .

B ow l .

RD 0 .24 .

B rown c lay , g rey ish c ore , g r i t .

B ow l .

Dark b uf f c lay , g r i t ,

RD 0 .24?

RD 0 .45 .

RD 0 .30 .

B ow l . B ow l .

Mend h o le .

RD 0 .18 .

RD 0 .28 .

Orange c lay , g r it a nd mica .

RD 0 .165 .

RD 0 .27

Pa le g rey s l igh t ly g r i t ty c lay , r ed i nt . a nd e x t .

RD 0 .2 1 . 1 98 .

G4b .

1 09 .7 .

B ow l .

1 99 .

I 3c .

8 04 .1 .

2 00 .

I 4a .

9 09 .17 .

B ow l .

B uf fg rit ty c lay .

2 01.

I 4a .

9 07 . 1 1 .

B ow l .

Pa le o range c lay , g rey c ore , b urn ished e x t .

B ow l .

B lack , s l ight ly g ri t ty c lay .

B ow l .

G rey c lay , f i ne g r i t , r ed s l ip . B rown/buf f c lay , g rey c ore .

RD 0 .26 .

RD 0 .30 .

RD 0 .30 .

RD 0 .32 . 2 02 .

I 4a .

9 09 .16 .

RD 0 .30 .

F ig . 2 9 2 03 .

G 4a .

1 2 .14 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay .

RD 0 .28 .

2 04 .

G 4a .

1 2 .14 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay .

RD 0 .28 .

2 05 .

H 4b .

3 04 .12 .

B ow l .

G rey/buf f c lay .

8 3

RD 0 .20;

BD 0 .0 8;

f i t . O •0 7 •

2 06 .

I 4a .

9 09 .17 .

2 07 .

H 4b .

3 02 .15 .

2 08 .

H 3d .

7 17 .6 .

B ow l . B ow l . B ow l .

B uf fg r i t ty c lay . B uf f c lay .

? Bronze a ge .

RD 0 .30?

F ine d ark b rown c lay , r ed/brown s l ip i n t , a nd

e x t .

RD 0 .10 .

2 09 .

I 3c .

8 05 . 1 .

B ow l .

RD O .1 2 .

2 10 .

I 3c .

8 05 .1 .

B ow l .

O range c lay , o range s l ip .

2 11 .

H 3c .

6 04 .27 .

2 12 .

G 4b .

1 02 .1 .

B ow l . B ow l .

H 4a .

2 03 .2 .

marks .

B ow l .

RD 0 .18 .

F ine b rown c lay , r ed/orange s l ip . F ine r ed/orange c lay .

P ronounced whee l marks . 2 13 .

RD 0 .32 .

RD 0 .18 .

B lack a nd b rown s l ip .

RD 0 .18 .

R ed c lay , b lack/brown s l ip , p ronounced whee l

RD 0 .20 .

2 14 .

H 3c .

6 02 .19 .

B ow l .

2 15 .

G 4a .

1 4 .45 .

2 16 .

H 4a .

2 04 .11 .

B ow l .

C oarse p ink c lay , g rey c ore , wh i te g r i t .

1 09 .18 .

B ow l .

C oars ish b uf f c lay , p ink/orange e xt . a nd i nt .

B ow l .

F ine r ed c lay , r ed s l ip . B ow l .

RD 0 .18 .

R ed c lay , g rey c ore , r ed s l ip .

RD 0 .28 . RD

0 .2 6 . 2 17 .

G 4b .

RD 0 .18 . 2 18 .

G 4b .

1 06+ .

B ow l .

F ine r ed/grey c lay , r ed s l ip .

2 19 .

G 4a .

1 4 .22 .

B ow l .

2 20 .

H 3d .

7 18 . 4 .

F ish p la te .

R ed c lay .

I 4a .

9 09 .4 .

F ish p la te .

RD 0 .16 .

B rown/red c lay w i th wh i te g r i t a nd mica .

B urn ished b rown s urface . 2 21 .

RD 0 .2 0 .

RD 0 .30 . O range c lay .

B lack s l ip i n t ., r ed s l ip e x t .

RD 0 .21 . 2 22 .

H 3c .

6 06 . 1 5 .

F ish p la te .

2 23 .

G 4a .

1 0 . 5 .

2 24 .

I 4a .

2 25 .

G 4b .

1 10 .3 .

F ish p la te .

F ine b uf f c lay , r ed s l ip .

2 26 .

H 4a .

2 06 .1 .

F ish p la te .

G rey c lay , o range s l ip .

2 27 .

I 3c .

8 04 .11 .

F ish p la te .

P a le o range c lay , g rey c ore , b urn ished r ed

F ish p la te .

C oarse g rey c lay , r ed s l ip .

F ish p la te .

F ish p la te .

F ine b uf f c lay .

RD 0 .3 0 .

RD 0 .2 4 .

RD 0 .18 .

s l ip .

RD 0 .26 .

2 28 .

G 4a .

1 0 .12 .

2 29 .

G 4a . 1 2 .14 . F ish p la te . s l ip e x t . RD 0 .32 .

2 30 .

G 4a .

1 6 .1 .

F ine b uf f c lay .

F ish p la te .

RD c a 0 .34 . RD 0 .16 .

RD 0 .28+

B rown/red c lay , d ark b rown s l ip i nt ., r ed

P a le o range c lay , f i ne g r it .

Red s l ip .

0 .3 0 . 2 31 .

H 3c .

6 06 .12 .

F ish p la te .

F ine o range c lay a nd s l ip .

2 32 .

H 4a .

2 04 .15 .

F ish p la te .

R ed c lay , r ed s l ip . 8 4

RD 0 .2 6 .

RD 0 .40 .

RD

2 33 .

G4a .

1 0 .2 .

F ish p la te .

2 34 .

H4a .

2 08 .24 .

2 35 .

I 3c .

2 36 .

H3c .

8 09 .5 .

Red c lay , d ark r ed s l ip i n b ands .

F ish p la te . B ow l .

6 06 .14 .

F ine r ed/orange c lay .

RD 0 .36 .

RD 0 .30 .

Dark g rey g r i t ty c lay , d ark r ed p a int i nt .

B ow l .

RD 0 .24 .

C oarse b rown c lay , d ark b rown b urnished e xt .

RD 0 .38 . 2 37 .

H4a .

2 05 . 5 .

s lip i n t .

B ow l .

Orange c lay , d ark b uf f s l ip e x t ., o range/brown

RD 0 .22 .

2 38 .

G4a .

1 4 .22 .

2 39 .

H3d .

7 15 .18 .

B ow l .

O range c lay , whee l marks .

2 40 .

H4b .

3 06 .11 .

B ow l .

F ine o range c lay , b rown s l ip e xt ., o range s l ip

i nt .

B ow l .

Orange c lay , r ed s l ip i n t .

RD 0 .22 . RD 0 .14 .

RD 0 .20 .

2 41 .

H3d .

7 12 .8 .

B ow l .

2 42 .

H3d .

7 22 .13 .

Orange c lay w i th mica .

B ow l .

RD 0 .20 .

B uf f c lay , b rown p a in t i n t . a nd e x t .

RD 0 .0 7 .

F ig . 3 0 2 43 .

H4b .

3 01 . 2 .

B ow l .

2 44 .

G4b .

1 10 . 5 .

J ar .

2 45 .

H3c .

6 05 .6 .

B ow l?

2 46 .

G4a .

1 6.1 .

2 47 .

H4a .

2 06 .6.

J ar ? B uf f c lay .

2 48 .

G4a .

1 4 . 2 2 .

B ow l? B uf f c lay .

2 49 .

H4b .

3 03 .15 .

2 50 .

G4a .

1 2 .12 .

2 51 .

G4a .

1 1.2 .

2 52 .

G4b .

1 11 .4 .

G4a .

1 0 .8.

2 53 .

J ar .

RD 0 .2 8 . B uf f c lay .

RD 0 .16 .

F ine b uf f c lay , b rown s l ip .

Orange c lay , s o me g r it .

J ar .

RD 0 .14 .

RD 0 .19 . RD 0 .2 6 .

B uf f c lay , g r i t a nd mica .

B ow l .

RD 0 .38 .

Smooth p ink c lay .

RD 0 .22 .

RD 0 .0 8 .

J ar ? Dark b uf f c lay , b urnished J ar . J ar .

F ine b uf f c lay .

RD 0 .15 .

C oarse g rey c lay .

whee l marks .

RD 0 .26 .

2 54 .

H3d .

7 15 .18 .

B ow l w i th r ing h and le .

2 55 .

G4b .

1 08+ .

2 56 .

I 3c .

8 05 . 4 .

2 57 .

H3c .

B ow l w i th h andle . S cen t b ot t le .

6 01 .34 .

S cent b ot t le .

1 08 .11.

J ar .

B rown/red e xt ., o range i n t .

Orange c lay , whee l marks .

P ink c lay , g rey c ore .

RD 0 .13 .

C oarse b lack c lay , wh ite g ri t .

BD 0 .0 35 .

B lack c lay ,b lack c lay , b urn ished .

MD

0 . 0 65 . 2 58 .

G4b .

2 59 .

I 3c .

2 60 .

H3d .

8 03 .3 7 . 7 17 .16.

J ar .

Wh ite c lay .

RD 0 .10 .

RD 0 .0 45 .

B ow l .

F ine p a le o range c lay , o range s l ip i n t . a nd e x t .

RD 0 .34 .

8 5

2 61 .

H 3d .

7 19 . 5 .

2 62 .

G 4a .

1 6 .3 .

2 63 .

G 3d .

5 02 .4 .

B ow l .

2 64 .

I 3c .

8 08 .21 .

B ow l .

2 64a . I 4a .

9 10 .31 .

J ar .

2 65 .

H4a .

B ow l .

R ed c lay , wh i te g r i t .

B ow l .

RD 0 .30 .

O range c lay a nd s l ip , f i ne g r i t . O range c lay .

RD 0 .2 8 .

RD 0 .12 .

P ink/orange c lay , r ed s l ip . B uf f c lay , b urn ished .

RD 0 .14 .

B ronze Age?

RD 0 .24 .

2 07 .14 .

I mpressed s herd .

F ine o range c lay , r ed s l ip i n t . a nd

2 07 . 1 4 .

I mpressed s herd .

F ine o range c lay , b rown s l ip i nt .

e x t . 2 66 .

H 4a .

a nd e x t . 2 67 .

H4b .

3 03 . 9 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay , r ed s l ip , i nc ised d ecora t ion ( Eastern

s ig i l la ta ware ) 2 68 . 2 69 .

H 4b .

3 05 .3 .

S herd .

F ine o range c lay , r ed s l ip , i nc ised d ecora t ion .

I 3c .

8 03 .37 .

S herd .

Dark o range g r it ty c lay , r ed s l ip , d eep i nc ised

d ecora t ion . 2 70 .

H 3d .

7 23 .14 .

B ow l .

G rey c lay , r ed/brown s l ip e x t .

2 71 .

H 4a .

2 03 .4 .

2 72 .

G 4a .

8 .23 .

J ar?

F ine r ed c lay , r ed s l ip e x t .

2 73 .

G 4a .

1 1 .2 .

J ar .

G rey c lay , b lack b urn ished e xt .

2 74 .

H 3c .

6 02 .14 .

2 75 .

I 3c .

8 08 .22 .

B ow l .

P ink/buf f c lay w i th mica , p ink s l ip .

2 76 .

I 3c .

8 09 .12 .

B ow l .

C oarse b lack g r i t ty c lay , r ed p a int i n t . a nd e x t .

B ow l .

F ine r ed c lay , r ed s l ip .

B ow l .

RD 0 .14 .

RD 0 .12 . RD 0 .20?

G rey c lay , p o lished r ed s l ip .

RD 0 .22? RD 0 .20 .

RD 0 .40 . 2 77 .

G 4b .

1 10 .4 .

B ow l .

P ink/buf f c lay .

2 80 .

I 3c .

8 03 .37 .

B ow l .

B rown c lay , o range s l ip .

2 81 .

G 4a .

1 6 .1 .

2 82 .

H 4a .

2 06 .13 .

2 83 .

G 4b .

1 07 .7 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay , b rown p a in t e x t .

2 84 .

I 3c .

8 09 .12 .

B ow l .

RD 0 .26 .

2 85 .

H 4a .

2 07 .13 .

B ow l .

B uf f a nd g rey g r it ty c lay .

2 86 .

H 4b .

3 06 .11 .

B ow l .

F ine b rown c lay , b rown s l ip .

B ow l .

1 601 .75 .

2 88 .

1 601 .75 .

B ow l .

2 89 .

1 601 .75 .

J ar .

RD 0 .16 .

B uf fg r i t ty c lay w i th m ica , r ed p a int .

F ig . 3 1 . I 4c/d .

RD 0 .14 .

RD 0 .16 .

C oarse p a le b uf f c lay , b rown p a in t .

B ow l .

2 87 .

L igh t ly i nc ised e x t .

B ow l .

RD 0 .3 2 .

RD c a 0 .28 .

RD 0 .25 . RD 0 .30 .

I 4c/d H e l lenist ic P ot tery O range c lay , o range s l ip .

O range c lay , o range s l ip . G rey c lay , p o l ished f i n ish .

8 6

RD 0 .18 ?

RD 0 .18? RD 0 .19 .

2 90 .

1 602 .1 .

B ow l .

F ine p a le o range c lay , o range s l ip .

2 91 .

1 602 .1 .

J ar .

2 92 .

1 602 .1 .

B ow l .

2 93 .

1 601 .17 .

2 94 .

1 602 .5 .

B ow l .

2 95 .

1 602 .5 .

Sma l l j ar .

2 96 .

1 601 .77 .

J ar .

Dark g rey c lay , p o lished t an s l ip .

2 97 .

1 601 .77 .

J ar .

B ow l .

2 98 .

1 601 .26 .

H o le mouth j ar .

2 99 .

1 601 .41 .

J ar .

3 00 .

1 601 .25 .

B ow l .

3 01 .

1 601 .57 .

J ar .

3 02 .

1 601 .59 .

B ow l .

3 03 .

1 600 .8 .

RD 0 .18 .

O range c lay , f i ne g r i t , o range s l ip .

RD 0 .22 .

F ine g r i t ty o range c lay , p a le o range s l ip .

B ow l .

B rown c lay , b urn ished .

RD 0 .16 .

G rey c lay , o range/brown s l ip . R ed c lay , wh i te g r it .

RD 0 .16 .

Orange c lay , p ronounced whee l marks . B uf f c lay .

Dark b uf f c lay . B uf f c lay .

RD 0 .14 .

RD 0 .15 .

Dark r ed c lay a nd s l ip .

F ig . 3 2 .

RD 0 .24 .

RD 0 .07 .

F ine r ed c lay , y e llow c ore .

B ow l o r l i d?

RD 0 .20 .

RD 0 .12 .

RD 0 .28 .

RD c a 0 .17 .

RD 0 .22 .

O range c lay a nd s l ip .

RD 0 .10 .

H e l len is t ic P o t tery f ro m 1 5

3 04 .

1 803 .17 .

J ar .

R ed/or a nge c lay , g rey c ore .

3 05 .

1 803 .17 .

B ow l .

P a le o range c lay , b lack/brown s l ip .

3 06.

1 803 .17 .

B ow l .

F ine o range c lay , r ed s l ip .

3 07 .

1 803 .17 .

B ow l .

O range c lay , o range/brown s l ip .

3 08 .

1 801 .11 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay , r ed p a in t i n t .

3 09 .

1 803 .3 .

Sma l l j ar .

3 10 .

1 812 .7 .

B ow l .

3 11.

1 802 .1 .

J ar .

3 12 .

1 802 .1 .

B ow l .

3 13 .

1 802 .1 .

J ar .

3 14 .

1 802 .1 .

B ow l .

3 15 .

1 802 .1 .

B ow l . P ink c lay , r ed s l ip .

3 16 .

1 802 .1 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay .

3 17 .

1 802 .1 .

B ow l .

G rey c lay , r ed s l ip .

3 18 .

1 802 .1 .

J ar .

B uf f c lay , g rey c ore , i nc ised e x t .

3 19 .

1 802 .1 .

J ar .

P a le g rey c lay , r ed p a in t .

3 20 .

1 801 .3 .

B ow l .

F ine r ed c lay .

3 21 .

1 812 .2 .

B ow l .

R ed c lay , p o l ished s l ip .

B uf f c lay .

RD 0 .30 . RD 0 .16 .

RD 0 .24 . RD 0 .16 .

RD 0 .04 .

B r ick r ed c lay , wh i te g r i t , d ark r ed s l ip . B lack c lay .

RD 0 .15 .

B uf f c lay .

RD 0 .24 .

B uf f c lay .

RD 0 .22 .

RD 0 .24 .

P a le p ink c lay , r ed p a in t .

RD 0 .20 .

RD 0 .20 . RD 0 .20 . RD 0 .24 .

RD 0 .22+ .

O range a nd b rown b anded s l ip .

8 7

RD 0 .20 .

RD 0 .24 .

3 22 .

1 812 .2 .

J ar .

R ed c lay , b lack c ore .

3 23 .

1 812 .2 .

J ar .

P ink g r i t ty c lay .

3 24 .

1 812 .2 .

B ow l .

3 25 .

1 805 .10 .

B ow l .

3 26 .

1 805 .13 .

J ar .

3 27 .

1 805 .13 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay , r ed s l ip .

3 28 .

1 805 .14 .

B ow l .

Dark b rown c lay a nd s l ip .

3 29 .

1 803 .16 .

B ow l .

B lack g r i t ty c lay .

3 30 .

1 802 .5 . B ow l . B uf f c lay w i th mica , r ed s l ip o n r im w i th mou lded d ecora t ion . RD 0 .2 8 .

3 31 .

1 803 .14 .

B ow l .

G rey c lay , b rown ish s l ip .

3 32 .

1 803 .14 .

B ow l .

P ink c lay , o range s l ip .

RD 0 .20 .

3 33 .

1 803 .14 .

J ar .

G rey c lay , r ed p a in t i n t .

RD 0 .15 .

3 34 .

1 804 .10 .

B ow l .

3 35 .

1 801 .3 .

RD 0 .24 .

G rey c lay , r ed s l ip . B lack c lay . B uf f c lay .

RD 0 .18 .

RD 0 .13 .

RD 0 .095 . RD 0 .13 . RD 0 .18 .

RD 0 .18 .

RD 0 .16 .

L igh t g rey c lay , b rown s l ip .

B ow l b ase .

F ig . 3 3 .

RD 0 .22 .

RD 0 .20 .

O range c lay , b rown s l ip .

BD 0 .08 .

H e l len is t ic p ot tery f ro m 1 6 a nd 1 6 ( ma in ly b ow ls )

3 36 .

1 6 . 3 101 .52 . RD 0 .30 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay .

3 37 .

H 6 .

3 006 .6 .

B ow l .

F ine b uf f c lay , r ed s l ip .

1 6 .

3 006 .8 .

B ow l .

B r igh t o range c lay , b urn ished , p ronounced whee l

3 38 .

marks .

F ine b lack g r i t a nd mica .

BD 0 .107;

RD 0 .16 .

3 39 .

1 6 .

3 006 .2 .

3 40 .

1 6 . 3 006 .4 . Wa ter j ar w i th t refoi l mouth . c ore , g r i t a nd mica . RD 0 .13 .

3 41 .

H 6 .

3 42 .

H 6 . 3 003 .10 . B ow l . V ery f i ne o range c lay . b rown s l ip . RD 0 .22 .

3 43 .

1 6 .

3 003 .9 .

3 44 .

1 6 . i nt .

3 003 .11 .

B ow l .

O range c lay , f i ne g r i t .

O range e x t ., r ed p a inted

3 45 .

1 6 . 3 003 .10 . RD 0 .18 .

B ow l .

F ine b uf f/orange c lay .

B rown/orange s l ip .

3 46 .

1 6 .

3 003 .9 .

B ow l .

F ine r ed/orange c lay a nd s l ip . RD 0 .20 .

3 47 .

H 6 .

3 006 .7 .

B ow l .

R ed c lay a nd s l ip .

3 48 .

3 006 .7 .

3 003 .9 .

B ow l .

B ow l .

B ow l .

B ow l .

G rey ish c lay , s tr iped r ed a nd b rown s l ip .

P ink/grey c lay , g reenish

Red/or a nge c lay a nd s l ip , f i ne g r i t .

8 8

RD 0 .18.

S tr iped o range a nd

F ine o range c lay a nd s l ip .

R ed c lay , g rey c ore ;

RD 0 .20 .

RD 0 .16 .

RD 0 .13 .

s tr iped r ed a nd b lack s l ip .

3 49 .

H 6 .

3 003 . 9 .

J ar .

3 50 .

H 6.

3 006 .7 .

B ow l .

3 51 .

H 6 .

3 006 .7 .

J ar .

3 52 .

H 6 .

3 007 .1 .

B ow l .

Red c lay a nd s l ip .

3 53 .

H 6 .

3 007 .3 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay .

H t . 0 .0 6; 3 54 . 3 55 .

F ine l igh t b uf f c lay .

RD 0 .12 .

R ed c lay , r ed/brown s l ip . B lack c lay .

RD 0 .17 .

RD 0 .18 . RD 0 .22 .

P a le r eddish s l ip i nt .

RD 0 .19;

BD 0 .0 75 .

H 6 .

3 007 .1 .

B ow l .

O range c lay a nd s l ip .

RD 0 .18 .

H 6 .

3 006 .4 .

B ow l .

O range c lay a nd s l ip .

P ronounced whee l marks .

RD 0 .14 . F ig . 3 4 . 3 56 .

1 504 .16 .

3 57 .

1 504 .16. B ow l . V ery f i ne b uf f c lay . s ig i l la ta ) . RD 0 .32 .

Hard d ark r ed s l ip ( Eas tern

3 58 .

1 505 .16 .

B ow l .

R ed/orange s l ip o n i n t .

3 59 .

1 507 .16 .

J ar .

1 507 .19 .

G lazed B ow l .

3 60 .

J ug .

H e l lenis t ic p ot tery f ro m H 4c/d

P orous b lack c lay .

RD 0 .027 .

B uf f c lay , f i ne g r i t .

P a le o range g r i t ty c lay .

g reen f r i t o r g laze .

B rosn e x t .

RD 0 .32 .

RD 0 .14 .

B rown ish g r it ty c lay w i th s o me mica .

B lue/

RD 0 .14 .

3 61 .

1 507 .15 .

J ar .

B uf f c lay ; r ed p ain t e x t .

RD 0 .11 .

3 62 .

1 507 .15 .

J ar .

B lack c lay , s o me wh i te g r it .

3 63 .

1 507 .16 .

J ar .

F ine g r i t ty b lack/brown c lay .

3 64 .

1 507 .10 .

B ow l .

3 65 .

1 507 .10 .

H o le mouth j ar .

3 66 .

1 507 .12 .

B uf f c lay w ith mica .

3 67 .

1 507 .12 .

J ar .

3 68 .

1 507 .17 . B ow l . BD 0 .098 .

F ine b uf f c lay w i th s o me mica .

3 69 .

1 507 .17 .

B ow l .

O range c lay , f i ne g r i t ; o range s l ip i n t . a nd e xt .

3 70 .

1 507 .12 .

B ow l .

R ed c lay , r ed a nd b rown s l ip .

3 71 .

1 507 .13 .

J ar .

3 72 .

1 507 .13 .

B ow l .

R ed c lay , d ark r ed s l ip .

3 73 .

1 507 .13 .

B ow l .

O range c lay , r ed s l ip .

3 74 .

1 507 .13 . RD 0 .14 .

J ar .

3 75 .

1 500 .12 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay .

3 76 .

1 500 .16 .

B ow l .

B uf f/orange c lay , f i ne g r i t .

RD 0 .14 . RD 0 .14 .

F ine g rey c lay . B r ick r ed c lay , d ark r ed p ain t .

RD 0 .13 .

RD 0 .08 .

C rude p a le b uf f c lay .

C rude p a le b uf f c lay .

RD 0 .15 . RD 0 .225;

H t . 0 .0 75;

RD 0 .18 .

RD 0 .15 . RD 0 .21 . RD 0 .11.

G rey c lay , b lack s l ip , p ronounced whee l marks .

RD 0 .12;

8 9

H t . 0 .056; BD 0 .053 . U neven t exture .

RD 0 .14 .

3 77 .

1 500 .16 .

B ow l w i th l oop h and le .

Orange c lay , f i ne g r it a nd mica .

RD 0 .26 . 3 78 .

1 507 .17 .

J ar .

B rownish g r it ty c lay w i th mica ; o range e x t . a nd i nt .

RD 0 .22 . 3 79 .

1 503 .13 .

B ow l . b ase .

3 80 .

1 502 .50 .

B ow l .

1 502 .56 .

Wa ter j ar .

3 81 .

i nt .

F ine c lay , misf ired g reen .

BD 0 .0 9 .

Pa le p ink c lay . G ri t ty o range c lay ; t races o f r ed p a int e xt . a nd

RD 0 .11 . F ig . 3 5 .

H e l len ist ic p ot tery f ro m H 5

3 82 .

1 705 .15 .

B ow l .

3 83 .

1 705 .15 .

J ar .

3 84 .

1 703 .2 .

Wa ter j ug .

P ink c lay .

3 85 .

1 703 .2 .

Wa ter j ug .

Wh i te c lay . RD 0 .0 9 .

3 86 .

1 702 .6 .

Wa ter j ug .

F ine p a le o range c lay , r ed s l ip .

3 87 .

1 703 .4 .

Wa ter j ug .

P ink c lay .

3 88 .

1 721 .6 .

B ow l .

s l ip .

B uf f c lay , f i ne g r i t ; r ed s l ip . G rey g r it ty c lay ;

r ed e x t .

RD 0 .20 .

RD 0 .14 .

RD 0 .08 .

RD 0 .0 5 .

RD c a 0 .10 .

F ine p a le o range c lay , p ronounced whee l marks , r ed

RD 0 .18 ; H t . 0 .0 6;

BD 0 .0 75 .

3 89 .

1 721.6 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay w ith g r it a nd mica .

3 90 .

1 710 .5 .

Wa ter j ar .

3 91 .

1 712 .4 .

B ow l .

3 92 .

1 721 .6 .

J ar .

3 93 .

1 712 .1 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay , b rown s l ip i nt .

3 94 .

1 721.8 .

B ow l .

F ine g rey c lay , b lack s l ip .

3 95 .

1 720 .1 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay , b rown s l ip .

3 96 .

1 721.8 .

B ow l .

F ine r ed c lay w i th f i ne g r i t .

3 97 .

1 720 .2 .

B ow l .

P ink c lay , wh ite g r it .

3 98 .

1 703 .4 .

B ow l .

R ed c lay , r ed s l ip .

3 99 .

1 721 .1 .

B ow l .

F ine o range c lay , o range s l ip .

4 00 .

1 721 .1.

B ow l .

Orange c lay , b r ick r ed s l ip .

4 01 .

1 721 .5 .

J ar .

4 02 .

1 702 .2 .

B ow l .

F ine o range c lay , worn r ed s l ip .

4 03 .

1 703 .6 .

B ow l?

B uf f/pink c lay , g rey c ore .

4 04 .

1 702 .1 .

B ow l .

P a le o range c lay , r ed/brown s l ip .

B uf f c lay .

RD 0 .22 .

RD 0 .11 .

R ed c lay , r ed s l ip .

RD 0 .14 .

B rown c lay , w i th g r i t a nd mica .

B uf f c lay , f i ne g r it .

9 0

RD 0 .22 .

RD 0 .18 . RD 0 .18 .

RD 0 .24 . R ed/orange s l ip .

RD 0 .16 .

RD c a 0 .28 .

RD 0 .30 . RD 0 .14 . RD 0 .15 .

RD 0 .18 . RD 0 .20 .

R ed s l ip e x t .

RD 0 .12 .

RD 0 .20 .

F ig . 3 6 .

He l lenist ic j ars a nd j ugs

4 05 .

G4a .

1 4 .46 .

D eep b ow l o r j ar .

4 06 .

G4a .

1 4 .46 .

C ooking p ot . Smooth b uf f c lay .

4 07 .

G4b .

1 10 .5 .

J ar w i th s pout .

4 08 .

I 4a .

9 10 .28 .

Wa ter j ar .

Orange c lay .

4 09 .

H4a .

3 06 .1 .

Wa ter j ar .

G rey c lay , p ink c ore , r ed p a int .

4 10 .

I 4a .

9 10 .7 .

4 11 .

I 4a .

9 10 .16 .

4 12 .

I 4a .

9 11 .2 .

4 13 .

I 4a .

9 07 .18 .

J ar .

Dark o range c lay , b rown c ore , g r it .

4 14 .

I 3c .

8 03 .24 .

J ar .

B lack c lay , wh i te g r i t .

4 15 .

I 4a .

9 01 .1 .

4 16 .

G4a .

1 4 .50 .

4 17 .

I 4a .

9 09 .16 .

Wa ter j ar .

Wa ter j ar .

RD 0 .24 .

RD 0 .24 .

C oarse g rey/b lack c lay .

RD 0 .24 .

RD 0 .075 .

P ink c lay , wh ite s l ip .

Wa ter j ar .

J ar .

P ink/grey c lay .

RD 0 .05 .

Red/orange g r it ty c lay . R ed c lay , r ough e x t .

RD 0 .11 .

RD 0 .08 .

RD 0 .12 . RD 0 .11.

RD 0 .13 .

P ink/orange c lay , b lack g r i ts .

RD 0 .12 .

J ar .

C oarse p ink c lay , b lack c ore .

RD 0 .24 .

J ar .

Pa le o range g r it ty c lay .

Orange i n t . a nd e xt .

RD 0 .25 . 4 18 .

G4a .

1 6 .3 .

4 19 .

G4a .

1 4 .46 .

J ar .

C oarse p ink c lay .

RD 0 .24 .

4 20 .

G4a .

1 4 .46 .

J ar .

C oarse p ink c lay .

RD 0 .16 .

4 21 .

I 4a .

9 07 .12 .

J ar .

C oarse b rown c lay , g r i t a nd mica .

4 22 .

I 4a .

9 07 .7 .

J ar .

I 3c .

8 09 .1 .

Wa ter j ar?

i nt .

RD 0 .12 .

4 23 .

J ar .

4 24 .

G4a .

1 3 .3 .

4 25 .

G4a .

1 4 .24 .

4 26.

H 3d .

7 26 .26 .

4 27 .

I 3c .

8 02 .36 .

J ar .

C oarse g rey c lay , r ed/orange s l ip .

G rey/brown c lay .

J ar . J ar .

G 3d .

5 10 .9 .

Or a nge/brown e x t ., g rey

B uff i nt . a nd e xt .

RD 0 .30 .

RD 0 .18 ?

G rey/buf f c lay , wh i te g r i t .

RD 0 .15 .

C oarse d ark r ed c lay , wh ite g ri t; b urn ished e xt .,

impressed d ecora t ion . 4 28.

G rey g r it ty c lay .

B uf f c lay .

RD 0 .16 .

RD 0 .125 .

Dark g rey c lay w ith g r it .

J ar .

RD 0 .22 .

RD 0 .14 .

J ar .

Orange c lay w i th mica , p ronounced whee l marks .

J ar .

Pa le o range c lay ; r ed p ainted e x t .

RD 0 .16 . 4 29 .

G4a .

1 4 .21 .

F ig . 3 7. 4 30 .

G4a .

1 2 .3 .

S torage j ar .

He l lenis t ic j ars

R ed/grey c lay , w i th mica ; r ed p a in ted i nt .;

i nc ised r ounde ls a nd l arge a pp lique b osses o n e x t . 4 31.

G4a .

1 0 .9 .

J ar .

RD 0 .10 .

Pa le p ink g r it ty c lay ;

RD 0 .26. 9 1

RD 0 .32 .

r ed/or a nge i nt . a nd e xt .

4 32 .

G4a .

1 4 .50 .

4 33 .

G4a .

1 3 .5 .

4 34 .

H4a .

2 04 .10 .

J ar .

B lack c lay , s o me wh ite g r i t .

4 35 .

H4a .

2 04 .11 .

J ar

P ink c lay , r ed/orange s l ip .

4 36 .

H 4a .

2 04 .11 .

J ar

B uf f c lay , r eddish s l ip .

4 37 .

H4a .

2 04 .11 .

J ar

B uf f c lay , g rey c ore , r ed p a int .

4 38 .

I 3c .

J ar . J ar .

8 07 .18 .

o n r im .

C oarse p ink c lay .

RD 0 .18 .

Orange g r it ty c lay .

RD 0 .16 .

J ar .

RD 0 .20 . RD 0 .19 .

RD 0 .20 .

B uf fg r it ty c lay , b uf f s l ip i n t . a nd e xt ., r ed p a in t

RD 0 .32 .

8 03 .35 .

P ink c lay , g rey c ore , i nc ised d ecora t ion .

4 39 .

I 3c .

4 40 .

H 4b .

3 04 .13 .

4 41 .

G 4a .

1 4 .46 .

4 42 .

G4a .

1 2 .6.

J ar .

C oarse b lack c lay , g r i t a nd mica .

4 43 .

I 3c .

8 05 .6 .

J ar .

B rownish c lay , wh ite g r i t .

4 44 .

G4a .

1 0 .10 .

4 45 .

G 4a .

1 3 .3 .

4 46 .

G 4a .

1 4 .49 .

4 47 .

G4a .

1 2 .6 .

4 48 .

G4a .

1 2 .14 .

4 49 .

H 4b .

3 06 .11 .

4 50 .

H4a .

2 06 .8 .

B uf f c lay , r ed p a in t .

4 51 .

H4a .

2 06 .4 .

J ar .

e x t .

RD 0 .16.

J ar . J ar

B uf f c lay .

RD 0 .28 .

C oarse p ink c lay .

J ar .

RD 0 .28 .

C oarse b lack ish c lay .

J ar . J ar . J ar .

RD 0 .26 .

RD c a 0 .2 5 .

B uf fp a int e x t .

RD 0 .20 .

C oarse g rey c lay , b lack p a int a nd e x t .

RD 0 .12 .

Smooth b uf f c lay , r ed p a int o n r im .

J ar .

RD 0 .30+

RD 0 .10 .

RD O .1 4 .

J ar .

B lack c lay , b urnished .

J ar .

RD 0 .08 .

B rown/orange f i ne ly g r i t ted c lay . RD 0 .32 . RD 0 .24 .

B uf f c lay w ith g r i t a nd mica ;

s o me i nc is ions o n

RD 0 .26 .

4 53 .

G 4a .

1 2 . 5 .

J ar .

RD O .1 8 .

4 54 .

I 3c .

8 05 .2 .

J ar .

C oarse g rey c lay .

4 55 .

G4a .

1 2 .3 .

J ar .

4 56 .

G 4a .

1 2 .12 .

4 57 .

G 4a .

1 3 .5 .

4 58 .

G 4a .

1 2 .17 .

4 59 .

G 4b .

1 09 .18 .

4 60 .

I 4a .

Dark b uf f c lay , g rey c ore .

J ar . J ar .

B urnished b lack c lay . Orange g r i t ty c lay .

J ar .

9 09 .16 .

RD 0 .10 .

C oarse p ink c lay .

J ar . J ar .

RD 0 .23 .

RD 0 .20 .

RD 0 .16 . S pou t .

RD 0 .14 .

B uf f c lay , t races o fb rown p a int .

RD 0 .18?

Pa le r ed c lay , f i ne g r it , r ed p a int i nt . a nd e x t .

RD 0 .28 . 4 61 .

I 3c .

8 04 .6 .

J ar ? G rey g r it ty c lay , o range e x t .

4 62 .

G4a .

1 3 .5 .

4 63 .

1 3c .

6 06 .12 .

B ow l . B ow l .

RD 0 .21.

F ine g rey c lay , b rown i n t . a nd e x t . F ine o range c lay a nd s l ip .

9 2

RD 0 .30 .

RD 0 .26 .

4 64 .

G4a .

1 2 .12 .

4 65 .

G4a .

1 6 .6.

B ow l .

B lack c lay , b urn ished .

B ow l .

RD 0 .22 .

G rey c lay w i th f i ne g r i t .

P ink s l ip i nt . a nd e x t .

RD 0 .18 . 4 66 .

G4a .

1 6 .6.

Pa le g rey c lay , f i ne g r it .

Orange s l ip , i nc ised d ecora t ion .

RD 0 .18 . 4 67 .

G4a .

1 6 .3 .

4 68 .

G4a .

1 6 .10 .

4 69 .

H3c .

6 01 .34 .

4 70 .

G4a .

1 6 .7 .

4 71 .

G4a .

1 4 .49 .

B ow l?

Smooth p ink c lay , b lack c ore .

4 72 .

H4b .

3 01 .7 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay , f i ne g r it .

F ig . 3 8 .

B ow l . B ow l .

C oarse g rey c lay , r ed/orange s l ip .

RD 0 .22 .

Pa le b rown g r i t ty c lay , b rown e x t .

RD 0 .16 .

B ow l .

J ar?

Orange c lay , g rey c ore .

G rey c lay , b rown s l ip .

RD 0 .22 . RD 0 .22?

RD 0 .26 .

He l len ist ic Ij ars , s torage v esse ls a nd l arge b ow ls f ro m H4c/d

4 73 .

1 507 .23 .

B ow l .

Orange c lay , g rey c ore , wh ite g r i t a nd mica .

RD 0 .14 .

4 74 .

1 507 .23 .

J ar .

B uf f/orange c lay w ith b uf f s l ip , g r it a nd mica .

RD 0 .18.

4 75 .

1 507 .25 .

S torage j ar .

RD 0 .16 .

4 76 .

1 507 .25 .

S torage j ar .

B uf f/orange c lay w ith f i ne g r it ; b urnished

o range e x t . a nd i n t .

RD 0 .50+

4 77 .

1 507 .25 .

B ow l .

Pa le b rown g ri t ty c lay .

RD 0 .26 .

4 78 .

1 507 .23 .

J ar .

P a le o range c lay , b uf f s l ip , g r i ts a nd mica .

4 79 .

1 507 .23 .

J ar .

C oarse o range c lay , g r it a nd mica .

4 80 .

1 509 .1 .

B uf f/p ink c lay , wh ite g r it .

4 81 .

1 509 .5 .

J ar .

4 82 .

1 507 .23 .

B ow l .

B lack c lay w ith g r i t a nd mica .

4 83 .

1 507 .23 .

B ow l .

C oarse r ed s traw-te mpered c lay ; mend h o le .

4 85 .

1 507 .23 .

R ed s traw-te mpered c lay , g rey c ore .

4 86.

" 208" .

RD 0 .08 . RD 0 .22 .

RD 0 .27;

H t . 0 .60 .

He l lenist ic S torage j ars

4 87 .

G4a .

1 6 .10 .

S torage j ar .

B uff/orange c lay ; mend h o le .

4 88 .

G4a .

1 6 .10 .

S torage j ar .

C oarse o range c lay .

4 89 .

H4a .

2 07 .2 .

S torage j ar .

P ink g r i tty c lay , g rey c ore .

4 90 .

I 4a .

9 09 .17 .

S torage j ar .

B uf fg r i tty c lay .

4 91 .

I 3c .

8 09 .1.

4 92 .

G4b .

1 10 .2 .

RD 0 .22 .

RD 0 .30 .

Orange a nd b lack c lay ( 1 :8) .

F ig . 3 9 .

RD 0 .26 .

RD 0 .17 .

F ine r ed c lay , d ark r ed s l ip .

S torage j ar .

RD 0 .14 .

S torage j ar . C ooking p ot .

9 3

RD 0 .36 . RD 0 .28 .

RD 0 .32 .

Orange c lay , f i ne g r it . RD 0 .36 .

RD 0 .40 .

RD 0 .30 .

4 93 .

G4b .

1 09 .18 .

S torage j ar .

G rey g r i t ty c lay .

4 94 .

G4b .

1 09 .21.

S torage j ar .

G rey/orangegr i t ty c lay .

4 95 .

G 3d .

5 10 .27 .

S torage j ar .

B uf f c lay .

4 96 .

H 3c .

6 06 .6 .

S torage j ar .

RD 0 .40 . RD 0 .30 .

RD 0 .38 .

Red c lay , g rey c ore , wh i te g rits , b urnished .

RD 0 .36 . 4 97 .

I 3c .

S torage j ar .

4 98 .

H4a .

2 08.28 .

e xt .

RD 0 .29 .

S torage j ar .

F ig . 4 0 . 4 99 .

I 4a .

9 08 .2 .

G rey/brown g r i t ty c lay , b rown b urn ished

He l lenist ic S torage j ars a nd " bot t les"

S torage j ar .

C oarse g rey g r it ty c lay , o range i n t . a nd e x t .

RD c a 0 .50 . 4 99a . H 4a .

2 08 .24 .

S torage j ar .

Orange c lay , f i ne g r it .

5 00 .

G 4b .

1 09 .18 .

S torage j ar .

B lack ish g r i t ty c lay , r ed c ore .

5 01 .

G 4a .

1 6.7 .

C ook ing p ot .

RD 0 .435 . RD 0 .38.

C oarse p ink c lay , b rown b urnish o n r im .

RD 0 .42 . 5 02 .

I 4a .

9 10 .33 .

S torage j ar .

5 03 .

I 4a .

9 09 .17 .

J ar .

5 04 .

G4a .

1 1 .2 .

5 05 .

G4b .

1 09 .21 .

J ar .

B rown c lay , g r i t a nd mica .

G r it ty o range c lay .

RD 0 .32 .

C oarse b uf f c lay w i th mica .

C ooking p ot .

RD 0 .40+

RD 0 .32 .

C oarse g rey c lay , p ink e xt . a nd i n t .

RD 0 .26 . 5 06 .

G 4b .

5 07 .

I 3c .

8 05 .2 .

" Bot t le" .

C oarse b lack c lay .

5 08 .

I 3c .

8 05 .2 .

" Bot t le" .

B lack c lay .

5 09 .

G4a .

1 6 .10 .

5 10 .

H4a .

2 04 .13 .

C ooking p ot .

5 11 .

H 4a .

2 06 .13 .

Sma l l " bot t le" .

Wh i te c lay .

RD 0 .05;

5 12 .

H4b .

3 02 .15 .

Sma l l " bot t le" .

Wh i te c lay .

RD 0 .05 .

G4a .

1 6 .1 .

5 13 .

1 02 .1 .

b lack i nt . 5 14 .

H 4a .

B uf f c lay , f i ne g r it , r ed p a int .

B ow l .

RD 0 .26.

RD 0 .095 .

Orange g rit ty c lay ; b rown p aint i n t . a nd e x t .

C ook ing p ot .

Dark g rey g r it ty c lay . H t . 0 .108 .

B lack a nd g rey g r it ty c lay , b rown e xt .

RD 0 .18 .

2 06 .11 .

p a int e x t .

J ar .

S torage j ar b ase .

Red c lay ; wh i te s l ip i n t . d ark r ed

MD 0 .175 . F ig . 4 1 .

P ot tery f ro m R o man l eve ls

5 15 .

1 5 .

1 811.1 .

B ow l .

G rey c lay , r ed s l ip .

5 16 .

1 5 .

1 811 .4 .

B ow l .

F ine r ed c lay , g rey c ore .

RD 0 .20 .

5 17 .

1 5 .

1 811 .2 .

B ow l .

Orange c lay , o range s l ip .

RD 0 .34 .

9 4

RD c a 0 .40 .

5 18 .

1 5 .

1 811 .2 .

5 19 .

H 4b .

3 02 .17 .

Wa ter j ar .

5 20 .

H4b .

3 02 .17 .

J ar .

5 21 .

H4b .

3 02 .21 .

Sma l l j ar .

5 22 .

1 5 .

1 811 . 3 .

5 23 .

1 5 .

Wa ter j ar .

5 24 .

1 3c

8 03 .27 .

5 25 .

1 5 .

1 811.2 .

B ow l .

O range c lay , r ed/orange s l ip .

5 26 .

1 5 .

1 811 .3 .

B ow l .

F ine r ed c lay , g rey c ore .

5 27 .

15 .

1 705 .1 .

a nd e x t .

J ar .

G rey c lay , d ark r ed i n t . a nd e x t . B rown c lay , g rey c ore .

R eddish c lay .

B ow l .

RD 0 .16 .

RD 0 .14 .

P ink c lay , r ed p a int .

B uf f c lay .

RD 0 .21.

RD 0 .04 .

RD c a O .2 6 .

RD 0 .10 . J ar .

O range c lay , wh i te g r it .

B ow l .

RD 0 .17 .

RD 0 .20 .

P a le g rey c lay , f i ne g r i t ; o range/red s l ip i nt .

RD 0 .18 .

5 28 .

H5 .

1 709 .2 .

B ow l .

F ine g rey g ri t ty c lay , b uf f/orange s l ip :

RD 0 .20 .

5 29 .

15 .

1 709 .2 .

B ow l .

F ine r ed c lay , r ed s l ip .

5 30 .

15 .

1 709 .2 .

B ow l .

Smooth o chre c lay w i th mica .

5 31 .

H5 .

1 705 .2 .

B ow l .

F ine r ed c lay , b rown b ands o n e xt .

5 32 .

H5 .

1 705 .4 .

B ow l?

F ine wh ite c lay .

5 33 .

I 4a .

9 10 .20 .

B ow l .

Pa le r ed/grey c lay , f i ne g r i t , b r ick r ed s l ip .

RD 0 .18 . RD 0 .28 .

RD 0 .24 . 5 34 .

15 .

1 709 . 5 .

B ow l .

Very smooth o chre c lay w i th mica .

5 35 .

H5 .

1 705 .1 .

B ow l .

F ine o range/buf f c lay .

5 36 .

H4b .

5 37 .

1 5 .

5 38 .

H 4b .

3 02 .36 .

B ow l .

P ink c lay , r eddish s l ip .

H4b .

3 02 .31 .

B ow l .

P ink/orange c lay; b rownish s l ip e xt . w i th p ro-

5 39 .

3 02 .34 . 1 705 .2 .

B ow l . B ow l .

B uf f c lay . Orange c lay .

RD 0 .16 . RD 0 .18 .

RD 0 .20 .

5 40 .

1 5 .

5 41 .

1 5 .

5 42 .

H4b .

5 43 .

1 6 .

3 002 .3 .

B ow l .

Red/orange c lay a nd s l ip , f ine g ri t .

5 44 .

1 6 .

3 003 .7 .

B ow l .

F ine o range c lay , r ed s l ip i n t ., o range s l ip e xt .

1 705 .7 . 3 02 .29 .

B ow l .

RD 0 .30?

RD 0 .135 .

n ounced whee l marks , r ed a nd b lack s l ip i n t . 1 811 .2 .

RD 0 .28.

P ink c lay , o range/brown s l ip .

P a le g rey c lay , f i ne g r i t , r ed s l ip . B ow l .

R ed c lay , o range s l ip .

RD 0 .16 . RD 0 .18 .

RD 0 .16. RD 0 .16.

RD 0 .10 . 5 45 .

1 6 .

3 002 .3 .

5 46 .

1 6 . 3 003 .7 . RD 0 .20 .

B ow l .

5 47 .

1 5 .

C ooking p ot .

1 709 . 5 .

J ar .

Orange g r it ty c lay .

RD 0 .23 .

Very f i ne r edd ish c lay , b lack c ore ;

Ye l low g reen c lay , r ed p a in t .

9 5

r ed s l ip .

RD 0 .16 .

5 48 .

H 5 .

1 705 .2 .

J ar .

F ine o range c lay , r ed s l ip .

RD 0 .10 .

5 49 .

I 4a .

9 10 .21 .

J ar .

S l igh t ly g r i t ty p a le r ed/grey c lay , b r ick r ed s l ip .

J ar .

B lack c lay , wh i te g r i t .

RD 0 .17 . 5 50 .

I 3c .

8 03 .24 .

F ig . 4 2 .

RD 0 .13 .

P ot tery f ro m R o man l eve ls

5 51 .

I 4a .

9 05 .5 .

B ow l .

P ink c lay .

RD 0 .24 .

5 52 .

I 4a .

9 05 .7 .

L arge j ar .

I mpressed d ecora t ions o n h and le a nd s hou lder .

Sma l l j ug .

Wh i te c lay .

RD 0 .2 6 ? 5 53 .

I 4a .

5 54 .

H 4b .

3 02 .36 .

J ar .

G rey c lay .

RD 0 .135 .

5 55 .

H4b .

3 02 .36 .

J ar .

B lack c lay .

RD 0 .16 .

5 56 .

H 4b .

3 02 .36 .

J ar .

B lack c lay .

RD 0 .19 .

5 57 .

I 4a .

9 06 .2 .

e xt .

RD 0 .08?

H 4b .

3 02 .36 .

5 58 .

9 05 .7 .

J ug o r j ar .

5 59 .

H4b .

3 02 .34 .

F ine o range c lay .

J ar w i th t wo h and les .

b rown b urn ished .

RD 0 .075 .

R ed s l ip i n t ., b rown s l ip

Dark g rey c lay , wh i te g r i t ,

RD 0 .2 8 .

S torage j ar . F ig . 4 3 .

P ink c lay .

RD 0 .38.

P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I

5 60 .

H 4a .

2 09 .7 .

S torage j ar .

R ed c lay , wh i te g r i t .

RD c a 0 .60 .

5 61 .

H4b .

3 04 .5 .

S torage j ar .

P a le o range c lay , g rey c ore w i th g r i t .

RD 0 .33 . 5 62 .

I 4a . 9 02 .18 . BD 0 .19?

S torage j ar b ase .

Impressed a nd i nc ised d ecora t ion .

5 63 .

H4b .

3 03 .5 .

J ar .

O range c lay , g rey c ore .

5 64 .

H 4b .

3 03 .3 .

J ar .

O range c lay , g r it a nd mica ; p a le o range s l ip .

RD 0 .16 .

RD 0 .12 . 5 65 .

H 4b .

3 02 .14 .

5 66 .

G 4b .

1 07 .1 .

J ar .

B lack g r it ty c lay , r edd ish f i nish .

5 67 .

I 4a .

9 01 .26 .

J ar .

B lack c lay .

5 68 .

I 4a .

9 01 .26 .

J ar .

G rey c lay .

5 69 .

G 4b .

1 07 .2 .

J ar .

R ed c lay , wh i te g r i t , b rown ish e x t .

5 70 .

G 4b .

1 07 .2 .

B ow l .

5 71 .

G 4b . 1 05 .5 . H t . 0 .03 .

L amp?

5 72 .

H 4b .

J ar .

1 07 .1 .

J ar .

Dark g rey c lay , wh i te g r i t .

RD 0 .26 .

RD 0 .12 .

G rey c lay , wh i te s l ip .

RD 0 .28 .

RD 0 .18 .

Pa le g rey c lay , r ed c ore , h and made .

B lack g r it ty c lay , r eddish e x t .

9 6

RD 0 .14 .

RD 0 .08;

5 73 .

I 4a .

9 01 .8.

J ar .

marks o n e x t . 5 74 .

I 4a .

9 02 .2 .

P a le o range c lay w i th mica ; p ronounced whee l

RD 0 .12 . G lazed b ow l .

O range c lay , E x t . g reen g laze d r ipped o ver

r im ; i n t . l i gh t g reen g laze w ith d ark g reen d r ips .

RD 0 .10 ;

H t . 0 .03;

BD 0 .045 . 5 75 .

I 4a .

9 02 .2 .

G lazed b ow l .

g reen me ta l l ic g laze . 5 76 .

H4b .

3 02 .15 .

S l igh t ly c oarse o range c lay .

Worn l i gh t

RD 0 .15 .

G lazed b ow l .

P ink c lay .

g laze; e x t . s o me d r ips o fy e l low g laze .

I n t . y e l low a nd d ark g reen RD 0 .135 ;

H t . 0 .035;

BD

0 .06 . 5 77 .

H 4b .

3 02 .16 .

G lazed b ow l .

5 78 .

H4b .

3 02 .16 .

Sma l l g lazed j ar .

5 79 .

I 4a .

9 02 .22 .

B uf f c lay , b rown g laze i n t . a nd e xt .

C ar ina ted b ow l .

B uf f c lay , b lue g lazed e x t .

RD 0 .075 .

Dark g rey c lay a nd o range s l ip ( ? ) .

RD 0 .24 . 5 80 .

I 4a .

9 02 .24 .

J ar .

5 81 .

H4b .

3 03 .3 .

B ow l .

g reen p a int ( ? ) . 5 82 .

I 4a .

5 83 .

H 3c .

9 01 .30 . 6 02 .15 .

s gra f f i to .

B lack c lay a nd mica . F ine g rey c lay .

RD 0 .28 .

Traces o f b lack , b rown a nd

RD 0 .15 .

J ug w i th o ne h and le . G lazed b ow l .

RD 0 .08 .

P ink c lay , g reen g laze , d ark g reen

RD 0 .16 .

5 84 .

I 4a . 9 02 .24 . g laze o n e x t .

G lazed b ow l . RD 0 .18 .

Dark g rey c lay w i th mica ; p lu m c o loured

5 85 .

I 4a .

G lazed b ow l .

Wh i te ish c lay .

9 02 .14 .

I n t . ' opa lescent ' mauve

g laze w i th p urp le b ands; e x t . d ir ty p urp le g laze . F ig .

4 4 .

RD 0 .08 .

P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I

5 86 .

G4b .

1 09 .17 .

5 87 .

G4b .

1 05 .4 .

Wa ter j ug .

B uf f c lay , g r it a nd mica .

RD 0 .10?

5 88 .

H 3c .

6 03 .4 .

Wa ter j ug .

G rey c lay , r ed p a int e x t .

MD 0 .12 .

5 89 .

G 4b . 1 09 .17 . Wa ter j ar . B uf f c lay , g rey c ore , r ed p a in t e x t . ( Draw ing n arrowed . ) RD 0 .25 .

5 90 .

I 3c .

5 91 .

H 3c .

6 02 .15 .

5 92 .

G4a .

8 .24 .

5 93 .

G 4b . 1 09 .17 . C ook ing p ot . G rey/buf f c lay , wh ite s l ip , r ed p a in t . ( Drawn t oo n arrow . ) RD c a 0 .44 .

5 94 .

G 4b .

8 07 .10 .

B ow l .

R ed c lay , wh i te g r it , r ed p a int e x t .

G r i t ty o range c lay .

B ow l . B ow l .

1 09 .17 .

r ed p a int .

' Cassero le '.

RD 0 .17 .

RD 0 .28 .

B rown c lay , g rey c ore .

RD 0 .28 .

P ink c lay , r ed p a int o n r im .

RD 0 .25 .

Wa ter j ar ( r im a nd b ase f rags . ) . R ed c lay , b lack g r it ,

RD 0 .136;

BD 0 .125 .

9 7

F igs . 4 5-7 . 5 95 .

I 4a .

9 10 .7 .

F ine G lazed P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I

G lazed b ow l .

e x t . c rea m g laze . 5 96 .

I 3c .

8 02 .3 .

P ink c lay .

G lazed b ow l .

G rey c lay .

y e l low-brown g laze , b lack s graf f i to . 5 97 .

G 4b .

1 06 .1 .

I n t . d ark g reen g laze o n r im ;

RD 0 .20 .

G lazed b ow l .

L igh t g reen , d ark g reen , ( 2n onjoining f rags . ) RD 0 .2 0 .

Wh i te s l ip ;

y e l low a nd b rown g laze , d ark s graf f i to . 5 98 .

H 3d .

7 23 .1 .

G lazed b ow l .

l i gh t g reen , d ark g reen , RD 0 .30 .

F ine p a le g rey c lay , l igh t g reen , d ark

g reen a nd y e l low-brown g laze , b lack s gra f f i to . 5 99 .

I 4a . 9 01.1 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

RD 0 .24 .

L igh t g reen , d ark g reen a nd y e l low

g laze w i th s gra f f i to . 6 00 .

H 3c .

6 02 .3 .

G lazed s herd .

O range c lay , g reen g laze , o live g reen

s graf f i to . 6 01 .

I 3c .

8 02 .3 .

F rag . o fg lazed b ow l .

F ine b uf f/orange c lay .

Y e l low a nd

d ark g reen g laze , b lack s graf f ito . 6 02 .

I 3c .

8 01 .1.

2f rags . o fg lazed b ow l .

B rown c lay .

L igh t g reen , d ark

g reen a nd y e l low g laze w i th b lack s gra f f i to . 6 03 .

I 3c .

8 01 .1 .

G lazed b ow l .

F ine p a le o range c lay .

g reen a nd b rown g laze ; b lack s graf f i to . 6 04 .

H 4b .

3 04 .2 .

G lazed b ow l .

L igh t g reen , d ark

RD 0 .22 .

P a le o range c lay .

Dd . r eserved .

g reen , d ark g reen a nd b rown/a mber g laze , b lack s graf f i to . 6 05 .

I 3c .

8 08 .4 .

G lazed b ow l . F ine o range/buf f c lay .

g reen a nd y e l low g laze , b lack s graf f i to .

L igh t

RD 0 .24 .

L igh t g reen , d ark

( Top v iew d istorted b y ' un-

r o l ling ' . ) RD 0 .20 . 6 06 .

H 4a . 2 01 .1 . G lazed b ow l f rag ment . s graf f i to . RD ?

6 07 .

H 3d .

7 01 .4 .

G lazed s herd .

P ink c lay .

P ink c lay .

L igh t g reen g laze w i th

L igh t g reen , d ark g reen a nd

b rown g laze ; b rown ( broad i nc is ions \a nd b lack ( f ine i nc is ions ) s graf f ito . 6 08 .

G 3d . 5 00+ . G lazed s herd . g laze , b lack s gra f f ito .

L igh t g reen , d ark g reen a nd y e l low/brown

6 09 .

H 3d .

7 06 .4 .

P a le g reen g laze , o l ive s graf f i to .

H 3d .

7 06 .4 .

6 10 .

w i th y e l low ; 6 11 .

H 4a .

2 03 .6 .

G lazed b ow l . G lazed s herd .

O range c lay .

I n t . l i gh t g reen g laze d app led

e x t . d app led mid a nd d ark g reen g laze . G lazed b ow l f rag .

O range c lay .

O l ive s graf f i to .

I n t . l i gh t a nd d ark g reen ,

b rown a nd a uberg ine g laze , b lack s graf f i to ? d ep ic t ing b ird 's w ing ; e x t . l i gh t a nd d ark g reen , y e l low a nd a uberg ine g laze , b lack s gra f f i to . Des ign i nc ludes b and o fp seudo-arab ic i nscr ip t ion . 6 12 .

1 5 . 1 805 .7 . s im i lar .

6 13 .

H4a .

2 09 .2 .

A s econd f rag . f ro m g lazed b ow l 6 11;

G lazed b ow l f rag .

O range c lay .

a uberg ine a nd y e l low g laze i n t . a nd e x t . 9 8

f abr ic a nd g laze

L igh t a nd d ark g reen ,

B lack s graf f i to .

6 14 .

H 4a .

2 09 .2 .

G lazed b ow l f rag .

O range c lay , wh i te s l ip .

g laze , o l ive g reen i nc ised a reas . 6 15 .

I 3c .

8 02 .11 .

G lazed s herd .

L igh t g reen

" Champ leve" ware .

Pa le o range c lay .

Dark g reen a nd y e l low

g laze , b lack s gra f f ito . 6 16 .

I 4a .

9 01 .22 .

G lazed s herd .

B uf f c lay w i th c rea m a nd d ark b rown

G lazed s herd .

G reen a nd g reen ish y e l low g lazed e x t .;

g laze . 6 17 .

I 3c .

8 06 .13 .

p ronounced whee l marks i n t . 6 18 .

G 3d .

5 01 . 5 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

P ink c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen a nd

y e l low b ase ; d ark s gra f f i to . 6 19 .

G 3d .

5 07 .5 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

P a le r ed c lay .

G reen g lazed e x t . ;

l igh t g reen g laze , o live s graf f i to i n t . 6 20 .

I 3c .

8 02 .2 .

G lazed s herd .

G rey c lay .

P a le g reen , d ark g reen a nd

a ubergine g laze ; b rown s graf f i to . 6 21 .

I 3c .

8 02 .2 .

G lazed s herd .

O range c lay .

Y e l low a nd g reen g laze ,

o live s gra f f i to . 6 23 .

H4a .

2 03 .3 .

2f rags . o fg lazed b ow l .

O range c lay , g reen s l ip e x t .;

g reen g laze w i th b lack s gra f f i to i n t . F igs . 4 8-50 . 6 24 .

3 10 1 .1 .

F ine G lazed p o t tery f ro m Medieva l I ( I 6)

G lazed b ow l .

P ink c lay .

b rown g laze , o l ive s gra f f i to . 6 25 .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen a nd y e llow-

RD 0 .18 . ( P l . 6 a . )

3 10 1 .1 2 frags . o f g lazed b ow l . P ink c lay . L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd y e l low-brown g laze , d ark s gra f f i to . F rag mentary Arab ic i nscr ip t ion . BD 0 .09 .

6 26 .

3 10 1 .1 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

o l ive s graf f i to . 6 27 .

3 10 1 .1 .

G lazed s herd .

G rey c lay .

b rown g laze , b lack s gra f f i to . 6 28 .

3 101 .1 .

P ink c lay .

Dark a nd l igh t g reen g laze ,

BD 0 .0 58 .

G lazed s herd .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd y e l low-

E x t . mid g reen g laze .

G rey c lay .

L igh t g reen a nd b rown g laze .

Dark s graf f i to . 6 29 .

6 30 .

3 10 1 .1 . G lazed b ow l . P ink c lay . g laze . Dark s gra f f i to . RD 0 .26 .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen a nd b rown

3 10 1 .1 .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen g laze , o l ive

G lazed b ow l .

g reen s graf f i to . 6 31 .

3 10 1 .1 .

P ink c lay .

RD 0 .22?

F rags . o fg lazed b ow l .

P ink c lay .

y e l low-brown g laze ; b rown s gra f f i to .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd

F rag men tary A rab ic i nscr ipt ion .( P l . 6 b . )

6 32 .

3 10 1 .20 . G lazed s herd . o live s gra f f i to .

P ink/grey c lay .

6 33 .

3 10 1 .22 . G lazed s herd . g laze ; d ark s graf f i to .

P ink c lay .

L igh t g reen a nd b rown g laze ;

L igh t a nd d ark g reen a nd y e l low

6 34 .

3 101 .22 .

G lazed b ow l .

P a le p ink c lay w i th f i ne g r i t .

g reen a nd r ust b rown g laze ; d ark s gra f f i to . 6 35 .

3 101 .7 a nd H 6 3 001 .2 .

G lazed b ow l .

Orange c lay .

g reen , a nd y e l low/brown g laze ; d ark s gra f f i to . 6 36 .

3 101 .8 .

G lazed b ow l f rag .

P a le o range c lay .

a nd d ark b rown/a mber g laze . 6 37 .

3 101 .13 .

G lazed b ow l .

6 38 .

3 101 .13 .

6 39 .

3 101 .8 .

BD 0 .0 7 . L igh t a nd mid g reen ,

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd b rown

RD 0 .22 .

G lazed s herd .

amber g laze .

L igh t a nd d ark

Dark b uf f s graf f i to .

B uf f c lay .

g laze ; o l ive s graf f i to .

L igh t a nd d ark

RD 0 .22 .

Y e l low/buf f c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd

Dark s gra f f i to .

G lazed s herd .

B uf f c lay .

L igh t g reen a nd amber g laze .

Dark

s graf f i to . 6 40 .

3 101 . 2 2 +1 5 1 802 .2 .

F rags . o fg lazed b ow l .

B uf f c lay .

d ark g reen , a nd y e l low-brown g laze ; d ark s graf f i to . 6 41 .

3 101 .12 .

G lazed s herd .

a nd b rown g laze . 6 42 .

3 101 .12 .

F ine o range/buf f c lay .

G lazed s herd ( bow l b ase ) .

F igs . 5 1-2 . 1 801 .11 .

1 802 .13 .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen ,

B uf f c lay .

Worn l igh t a nd d ark

P ic ture o fb ird f l y ing .

F ine G lazed P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I f ( 1 5 )

G lazed b ow l .

I n t . l i gh t g reen a nd b rown g laze; d ark s gra f f i to .

E x t . l i gh t g reen g laze , wh i te s l ip . 6 44 .

Mend h o le .

Dark s gra f f i to .

g reen g laze ; d ark g reen s gra f f i to .

6 43 .

L igh t a nd

G lazed b ow l .

RD 0 .22 .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen g laze , o live s gra f f i to .

RD 0 .24 . 6 45 .

1 809 .1 . g laze .

6 46 .

G lazed b ow l .

G rey c lay .

Dark s gra f f i to .

RD 0 .24 .

1 802 .14 .

G lazed b ow l .

o live s graf f i to . 6 47 .

6 48 .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd y e l low/brown g laze ;

RD 0 .24 .

1 803 .3 . G lazed b ow l . P ink c lay . E x t . l i gh t a nd d ark g reen g laze ; i nt . d ark g reen a nd y e l low/brown g laze ; b lack s graf f i to . RD 0 .25 . 1 802 .12 .

G lazed b ow l f rag .

b rown g laze . 6 49 .

L igh t a nd mid g reen a nd b rown

1 802 .12 .

Grey c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd

Dark s gra f f i to .

P ink c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd y e l low/brown g laze ;

o l ive s gra f f i to . 6 50 . 6 51 .

1 802 .12 .

G lazed b ow l .

1 802 .12 .

G lazed s herd .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen g laze ; b rown s gra f f i to . P ink c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen g laze ;

B uf f c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen a nd y e l low/

b lack s graf f i to . 6 52 .

1 802 .12 .

G lazed s herd .

b rown g laze . 6 53 .

1 802 .12 .

B lack s graf f i to .

G lazed s herd .

P ink c lay .

d ark o l ive s gra f f i to . 1 00

L igh t g reen a nd y e l low g laze ;

6 54 .

1 80 2 .12 .

G lazed b ow l .

E x ter ior r eserved; mid g reen a nd y e l low g laze

i n t . 6 55 .

1 80 1 .15 .

G lazed s herd .

F ine l i gh t b uf f c lay .

E x t . l igh t a nd d ark g reen

F ine l igh t r ed c lay .

C rea m , b rown a nd d ark

g laze; d ark s graf f i to . 6 56 .

1 80 1 .15 .

G lazed s herd .

g reen g laze . 6 57 .

1 80 1 .15 .

D ark s gra f f i to .

G lazed s herd .

d ark g reen g laze .

F ine l i gh t r ed c lay .

C rea m , b rown , l i gh t a nd

d ark s graf f ito .

6 58 .

1 80 1 .15 .

6 59 .

1 80 2 . 1 .

G lazed s herd .

G rey/p ink c lay .

6 60 .

1 80 2 . 1 .

G lazed s herd .

P a le p ink c lay .

6 61 .

1 80 2 .1 .

G lazed s herd .

P a le g reen g laze w i th o live s graf f i to .

6 62 .

1 80 1 .11 .

G lazed s herd .

F ine r ed c lay .

G lazed s herd .

B uf f c lay .

P o lychro me g laze w i th s gra f f ito . P o lychro me g laze ;

s graf f i to .

P o lychro me g laze ;

s gra f f i to .

B r igh t y e l low a nd g reen g laze;

d ark s gra f f i to . 6 63 .

1 80 1. 1 1 . g laze . ;

6 64 .

G lazed s herd .

P a le p ink c lay .

Ye l low/brown a nd g reen

s graf f i to .

1 80 2 .1 .

G lazed s herd .

P a le c ream a nd l i gh t b rown g laze; o l ive

s graf f i to . 6 65 .

1 80 2 .13 .

G lazed s herd .

O range c lay . y e l low g laze ; d ark s gra f f i to .

6 66 .

1 80 1 .15 .

G lazed s herd .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd

L igh t a nd d ark g reen a nd b rown g laze ;

s graf f i to n etwork p a t tern . 6 67 .

1 80 1 .15 .

G lazed s herd .

mustard c o loured g laze ; 6 68 .

1 80 2 .7 .

F ine p a le g rey c lay .

s gra f f i to n e twork p a t tern .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

B uf f c lay .

y e l low/brown g laze ; o l ive s graf f i to . 6 69 .

1 80 2 .13 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd BD 0 .0 9 . ( F ig . 5 3 . )

P ink/orange c lay .

a nd y e l low/brown g laze ; d ark s graf f i to . G lazed b ow l .

L igh t g reen , y e l low a nd

6 70 .

1 80 1 .15 .

F ine r ed c lay .

6 71 .

1 80 1 .15 . G lazed b ow l . F ine wh i te c lay . o live s graf f i to i n t . RD 0 .10 .

6 72 .

1 80 1 .15 .

F ine b uf f c lay .

6 73 .

1 80 1 .15 .

G lazed b ow l .

6 74 .

1 80 1 .11 .

G lazed b ow l f rag .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen

BD 0 .0 7 . ( F ig . 5 3 . ) L igh t g reen g laze .

RD 0 .2 2 .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen g laze;

Worn g reen g laze . C ream , d ark g reen a nd y e l low g laze ; P ink c lay , wh i te s l ip .

g laze; i n t . l i gh t a nd d ark g reen a nd y e l low g laze ; 6 75 .

1 80 2 .1 . G lazed b ow l . G rey c lay . g laze ; s gra f f i to . RD c a 0 .14 .

6 76 .

1 802 .13 + 1 6 3 101 .30 . 2f rags . o fg lazed b ow l . d ark g reen g laze; d ark s graf f i to .

1 01

s gra f f ito .

E x t . l i gh t g reen s graf f i to .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen a nd b rown

O range c lay .

L igh t a nd

6 77 .

1 802 .7 .

G lazed b ow l .

g laze o n r im ;

P a le b uf f/pink c lay , wh ite s l ip .

E x t . l i gh t g reen

i n t . l igh t a nd d ark g reen g laze ; d ark g reen s graf f i to .

RD 0 .23 . F igs . 5 3-4 . F ine G lazed P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I ( H5 a nd H 6) 6 78 .

1 5 .

1 701 . 6 .

G lazed b ow l .

g laze ; o l ive s gra f f ito . 6 79 .

H 5 .

1 701 . 2 .

B uf f c lay .

G lazed b ow l .

G rey c lay .

a nd y e l low g laze ; o live s graf f i to . 6 80 .

H 6 .

3 001 . 2 .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen a nd b rown

RD 0 .24 .

G lazed b ow l f rag .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , o l ive

RD 0 .2 0 . P ink c lay .

Dark a nd l igh t g reen ,

y e l low a nd b rown g laze ; d ark s graf f i to . 6 81 .

1 6 .

3 001 . 2 .

G lazed b ow l f rag .

P ink c lay .

Dark a nd l igh t g reen , a nd

b rown g laze ; d ark s gra f f i to . 6 82 .

6 83 .

H 6 . 3 005 .1 . G lazed j ug le t f rag . g laze ; b lack s gra f f i to .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd y e l low

H 6 .

P ink c lay .

3 001 .8 .

G lazed j ug le t f rag .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen ,

a nd y e l low g laze ; b rown s gra f f i to . 6 84 .

H 6 . 3 001 . 2 . G lazed b ow l b ase f rag . b rown g laze ; d ark s graf f i to .

6 85 .

1 6 . 3 001 . 8 . G lazed b ow l . o l ive s gra f f i to . RD 0 .26 .

6 86 .

H 6 .

3 001 .12 + 3 001 .10 .

G rey c lay .

G lazed b ow l .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen a nd y e l low-

L igh t a nd d ark g reen g laze ;

4f rags .

Grey c lay .

a nd d ark g reen , a nd y e l low-brown g laze ; d ark s graf f i to . 6 87 .

1 6 .

3 001 .12 .

G lazed b ow l .

P ink/grey c lay .

a nd b rown g laze ; d ark s gra f f i to . 6 88 .

H 6 .

3 000 .1 .

L igh t

RD c a 0 .2 0 .

Dark a nd l igh t g reen ,

RD 0 .2 0 .

G lazed s herd .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen g laze ; b lack

G lazed s herd .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen a nd b rown g laze ;

s graf f i to . 6 89 .

1 6 .

3 000 . 2 .

b lack s graf f i to . 6 90 .

1 5 .

1 702 .2 .

B ird 's w ing d es ign .

G lazed b ow l .

V ery f i ne p a le b uf f c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark

g reen , a nd y e l low g laze ; o l ive a nd d ark b rown s graf f i to . 6 91 .

1 6 .

3 001 . 2 .

G lazed b ow l .

V ery f i ne p a le g rey c lay .

RD 0 .2 2 .

E xt . l i gh t g reen

g laze ; i n t . l i gh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd b rown g laze ; d ark s graf f i to . RD 0 .24 . 6 92 .

6 93 .

1 5 .

1 706 .1 .

G lazed b ow l .

b rown g laze .

BD 0 .0 8 .

1 5 . 1 704 .4 . BD 0 .0 8 .

G lazed b ow l .

B uf f c lay .

V ery p a le g reen a nd y e l low-

P ink c lay .

Worn g reen g laze a nd s graf f i to .

1 02

F igs . 5 5-7 . F ine G lazed P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I ( 1 5 ) 6 94 .

1 802 .2 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

F ine o range/buf f c lay .

y e l low g laze ; d ark s gra f f i to . 6 95 .

1 80 2 .2 .

L igh t g reen a nd

BD 0 .0 8 .

2f rags . o fg lazed b ow l .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen g laze ;

s gra f f i to .

RD 0 .22 . 6 96 .

1 80 2 . 2+ H 6 3 001 . 2+ 1 6 3 101 . 1 .

4f rags . o fg lazed b ow l .

E x t . l i gh t

g reen g laze ; i n t . l i gh t a nd d ark g reen g laze ; d ark s graf f i to . 6 97 .

1 802 .2 + H 3d 7 23 .1. w i th s graf f i to .

6 98 .

1 802 .2 .

G lazed b ow l .

F ine o range c lay .

RD 0 .22 .

P o lychro me g laze

RD 0 .24 .

2g lazed s herds .

F ine b uf f c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen g laze ;

3g lazed s herds .

F ine b uf f c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd

s graf f i to . 6 99 .

1 80 2 .2 .

b rown g laze ; 7 00 .

1 80 2 .2 .

s gra f f i to .

G lazed b ow l e x t ; l igh t g reen g laze ;

a nd y e l low g laze ; 7 01 .

1 802 .2 .

G lazed b ow l .

s graf f i to . 7 02 .

1 80 2 .2 . g laze ;

7 03 .

s graf f ito .

L igh t g reen g laze i n t .; d ark g reen o n r im ;

RD 0 .22 . G lazed b ow l .

s gra f f i to .

1 80 2 .2 .

i n t . l i gh t a nd d ark g reen

RD 0 .20 .

P ink c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen a nd y e l low

RD 0 .22?

4g lazed s herds . F ine o range c lay .

amber g laze ;

L igh t a nd d ark g reen a nd

s gra f f i to .

7 04 .

1 80 2 .2 . 2g lazed s herds . F ine p a le g rey c lay . y e l low a nd b rown g laze ; s graf f i to .

7 05 .

1 80 2 .2 .

G lazed s herd .

b rown g laze ; 7 06 .

1 80 2 .2 .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen ,

F ine o range c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd

F ine o range c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen ,

s gra f f i to .

G lazed s herd .

amber a nd b rown g laze ;

s gra f f ito .

1 80 2 .2 .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd y e l low g laze ;

7 07 .

G lazed s herd .

s graf f i to . 7 08 .

1 80 2 .2 .

3s herds f ro m g lazed b ow l .

d ark g reen a nd amber g laze ; 7 09 .

1 80 2 .2 .

G lazed b ow l .

P a le p ink/grey c lay .

s graf f i to .

Y e l low/buf f c lay .

b rown g laze ; b rown a nd o l ive s graf f ito . 7 1O .

1 80 2 .2 .

L igh t a nd

RD 0 .26 . L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd RD 0 .20?

G lazed s herd .

P ink c lay .

Amber a nd l igh t g reen g laze ;

G lazed s herd .

P ink c lay .

L igh t a nd mid g reen , y e l low a nd

s graf f i to . 7 11 .

1 80 2 .2 .

b rown g laze ; 7 12-4 .

s gra f f i to .

1 80 2 .5 + 1 6 3 101 .11 . 3f rags . o fg lazed b ow l . P a le o range c lay . L igh t a nd d ark g reen , amber a nd y e l low g laze ; d ark b rown s graf f ito .

1 03

7 15 .

1 802 .5 .

G lazed s herd .

G rey c lay .

L igh t g reen , y e l low a nd b rown

g laze ; d ark g reen s graf f i to . 7 16 .

1 802 .5 .

G lazed s herd .

O range c lay .

L igh t g reen a nd y e l low/brown

g laze ; o live s graf f i to . 7 17-8 .

1 802 .5 .

2f rags . o f g lazed b ow l .

P a le o range c lay .

L igh t a nd mid

g reen , a nd y e l low g laze ; b rown s graf f i to . 7 19 .

1 802 .5 .

G lazed b ow l .

O range c lay .

D ecora ted i n t . a nd e xt .

a nd d ark g reen a nd y e l low g laze; o l ive s gra f f ito . 7 20 .

1 802 .5 .

G lazed b ow l .

O range c lay .

g laze ; b lack s graf f i to . 7 21 .

1 802 .5 .

G lazed b ow l .

1 809 .1 .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd b rown

RD 0 .24 . Orange c lay .

b lack a nd b rown s graf f i to . 7 22 .

L igh t

RD 0 .24 .

Mid g reen a nd y e l low g laze ;

RD 0 .22 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

P ink c lay .

b rown/ye l low g laze ; d ark s graf f i to .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd

BD 0 .10 .

F igs . 5 8-9 . Misce l laneous G lazed P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I 7 23 .

G 4a .

6 .14 .

G lazed b ow l .

F ine o range c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen

g lazed e x t . ;l igh t , d ark a nd o live g reen g lazed i n t . 7 24 .

H 4c/d .

1 507 .17 .

( He l len is t ic? ) . 7 25 .

H 4c/d .

7 27 .

7 28 .

I 3c .

1 507 .16 .

8 02 .19 .

G lazed b ow l .

Dark magen ta g laze .

I 4c/d .

1 601 .1 . RD 0 .10 .

O range c lay .

G lazed b ow l .

1 507 .10 .

F ine g r i t ty o range c lay .

Dark g reen

RD 0 .30 .

G lazed b ow l .

g laze . H 4c/d .

B rown/buf f g r i t ty c lay .

RD 0 .24 .

a nd y e l low g laze . 7 26 .

B ow l .

RD 0 .16 .

G reen g laze .

RD 0 .14 .

Mus tard , d ark b rown a nd d ark b rown

G lazed b ow l .

R ed c lay , wh i te g r i t .

Dark mus tard

a nd p a le y e l low g laze . 7 29 .

I 4c/d .

1 602 .1 .

G lazed b ow l .

P orous p a le b uf f c lay .

wh i te g laze e x t . ;b lack a nd wh ite p a t terned g laze i n t . 7 30 .

H 4c/d .

1 501 .1 .

G lazed b ow l ( 2 s herds ) .

wh i te a nd b lack g laze . 7 31 .

H 5 .

1 702 .1.

g laze . 7 32 .

1 5 .

Worn b lack a nd RD 0 .26 .

F ine p a le b uf f c lay ; b lue

RD 0 .18.

Sma l l g lazed b ow l .

F ine wh i te c lay .

Meta l lic b lue

RD 0 .0 7 .

1 702 .1 .

Sma l l g lazed b ow l .

F ine p a le g rey c lay .

Brown g laze .

RD 0 .0 6 . 7 33 .

I 4a . 9 01 .21 . Sma l l g lazed b ow l . o n p ar t o f e x t . a nd i n t . RD 0 .0 8 .

F ine p a le o range c lay; g reen g laze o n

7 34 .

H 5 .

Wh i te c lay , b rown g laze .

7 35 .

I 4c/d . g laze .

1 703 .14 . 1 602 .1.

Sma l l g lazed b ow l . G lazed s herd .

F ine wh i te c lay .

1 04

RD 0 .0 8 .

Dark b lue a nd wh i te

7 36 .

G 3d .

5 10 . 9 .

Sma l l g lazed b ow l .

0 .0 6 ;H t . 0 .0 35 ; 7 37 .

I 4c/d .

7 38 .

G 3d .

1 601 . 2 . 5 06 . 9 .

Wh i te c lay .

B lack ish g laze .

RD

BD 0 .0 5 . G lazed b ow l .

F ine c lay ; b lue g laze .

Sma l l g lazed b ow l .

RD 0 .0 6 .

Wh i te c lay ; worn a uberg ine g laze .

RD 0 .0 7 . 7 39 .

G4a .

6 .9 .

Sma l l g lazed b ow l .

H t . 0 .0 34 ; 7 40 .

I 3c .

P ink c lay .

Dark g reen g laze .

RD 0 .0 8;

BD 0 .0 45 .

8 03 .13 .

Sma l l g lazed b ow l .

Wh i te c lay ; d ark a uberg ine g laze .

Sma l l g lazed b ow l .

Wh i te c lay ;

RD 0 .0 9 . 7 41 .

H3c .

6 02 .7 .

a uberg ine g laze .

RD

0 . 0 6 . 7 42 . 7 43 .

7 44 .

H4c/d . H4a .

1 507 . 4 .

2 03 . 2 .

Sma l l g lazed b ow l .

g laze .

RD 0 .0 85 ?

I 4c/d .

1 601 . 2 2 .

b lue g laze . 7 45 .

Sma l l g lazed j ar .

G4b .

B uf f c lay ; t urquo ise g laze . RD 0 .0 45 . V ery f i ne p a le p ink c lay ; g reen

Sma l l g lazed b ow l .

F ine b uf f c lay .

Wh i te a nd l igh t

RD 0 .0 6 .

1 01 . 5 .

G lazed b ow l f rag .

Pa le g rey c lay ; d ark a nd l igh t b lue

g laze . 7 46 .

I 3c .

8 08 . 5 .

Sma l l g lazed b ow l .

a nd b rown g laze . 7 47 .

G4b .

1 06 . 2 .

Wh i te ish c lay .

Mot t led wh i te , g reen

RD 0 .11 .

G lazed l amp .

G ri t ty g rey c lay ; g reen g laze .

BD 0 .0 4 ;

H t . O .0 19 . 7 48 .

H3c . 6 02 .1 . G lazed j ar . P ink c lay , g rey c ore w i th g r i t a nd mica . Band o fg lazed r e l ief d ecora t ion . RD 0 .12 .

7 49 .

G4a . 1 4 .11 . G lazed j ar b ase . g laze . BD 0 .0 81 .

F ine p ink ish c lay .

7 50 .

I 4c/d .

O range c lay , f i ne g r i t .

1 601 . 4 8 .

G lazed b ow l .

Mid a nd d ark g reen

Worn l igh t

y e l low-green g laze w i th d is t inc t d ark g reen s pots; b lack s graf f i to . RD O .2 7; 7 51 .

H 4a .

e s t . H t . 0 .0 68;

2 03 . 8 .

e s t . BD 0 .0 74 .

G lazed b ow l f rag .

P a le p ink c lay .

C rea m , l igh t a nd

d ark g reen , y e l low a nd b rown g laze ; b lack s gra f f i to . 7 52 .

I 3c .

' 9 10 .1 ' .

G lazed s herd .

F ine o range c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen ,

y e l low a nd b rown g laze ; b lack s graf f i to . 7 53 .

I 3c .

8 02 .7 .

G lazed l a mp ? w i th t refoi l mouth .

7 54 .

I 4c/d .

7 55 .

I 3c . 8 02 . 2 . G lazed b ow l b ase . Orange c lay . G reen g lazed e x t ., o ver r ed s l ip . I n t . g reen g laze ; b lack s graf f i to . BD 0 .0 5 .

7 56 .

H 3d . 7 03 .1 . G lazed b ow l b ase . s graf f i to . BD 0 .0 54 .

1 600 .1 .

G lazed s herd .

G reen g laze .

L igh t g reen g laze ; d ark s graf f i to .

1 05

P ink c lay .

Dark g reen g laze ; b lack

7 57 .

H 3d .

7 04 .3 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

g reen g laze ; 7 58 .

H 4a .

s graf f i to .

P ink c lay .

Mustard , l i gh t a nd d ark

BD 0 .0 53 .

2 01 . 2+ H 3c 6 04 . 9 .

G lazed b ow l .

P ink c lay .

g reen , y e l low a nd a ubergine g laze ; o l ive s graf f i to . 7 59 .

G4a .

1 4 .11 .

G lazed b ow l .

P ink c lay .

y e l low g laze ; o l ive s graf f i to . 7 60 .

H 4c/d . g laze ;

7 61 . 7 62 .

1 502 .6 .

G 4a .

1 .2 .

G 4b .

1 06 .3 .

s graf f i to . 7 63 .

G 4a .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

g lazed e x t .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd

? Ev i l e ye d es ign .

v ery f i ne s graf f i to l i nes .

L igh t a nd d ark BD 0 .0 5 .

B uf f c lay .

BD 0 .085 . L igh t a nd d ark g reen

I n ter lock ing ' key ' p a t tern .

BD 0 .0 9 .

G reen g laze ; b lack s gra f f ito .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

G rey c lay ; wh i te s l ip .

BD O .0 5 .

L igh t g reen

I n t . l i gh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd a uberg ine g laze; b lack BD 0 .0 55 .

6 .14 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

g reen g laze ; o l ive s graf f i to .

Worn g reen g lazed e x t . ;h it , l i gh t

RD 0 .0 9 . ( P l . 5 1 3 . )

F igs . 6 1-3 . G lazed P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I 7 64 .

H 3d . 7 08 . 5 . G lazed b ow l . o live s graf f i to . RD 0 .23 .

7 65 .

G 4a . 1 .11 . G lazed b ow l . I n t . l i gh t g reen g laze; o l ive s graf f i to ; l igh t g reen a nd o live g lazed b ands . RD 0 .32 .

7 66 .

H 4a . 2 03 .1 . G lazed b ow l . F ine o range c lay , wh i te s l ip . g lazed i n t . ;o l ive s graf f i to . RD 0 .22 .

7 67 .

I 3c .

8 02 .3 .

G lazed b ow l .

g laze ; b lack s graf f i to . f rag ., i n t . v iew ) . 7 68 . 7 69 .

I 3c .

' 910 .1 ' .

H 3d .

7 12 .8 .

C oars ish p ink c lay .

P a le o range c oarse c lay .

I 3c . g laze .

L igh t g reen

G lazed b ow l .

G reen g laze i n t . a nd e x t . Dark b uf f c lay .

G lazed b ow l .

O live g laze d app led w i th

F ine p a le b uf f c lay .

Ye l low a nd b rown

RD 0 .2 6 .

H 4b .

7 72 .

H 3d . 7 23 . 5 . G lazed b ow l . S l igh t ly g r it ty o range c lay . h i t . ;b lack s graf f i to . RD 0 .19 . H 4b .

RD 0 .14 .

RD 0 .13 .

7 71 .

7 73 .

L igh t g reen

P seudo-ca l ligraph ic d es igns ( a lso n onjo ining

G lazed b ow l .

' 910 .1 ' .

e x t .

RD 0 .2 4 .

mus tard; o l ive a nd b rown s graf f i to . 7 70 .

L igh t g reen g laze ;

3 06 .3 .

3 01 .2 .

G lazed b ow l .

G lazed b ow l .

b lack s graf f i to . 8 06 .6.

Mustard a nd b rown g laze .

O range c lay , f i ne g r i t .

RD 0 .32; Green g lazed

G reen g laze;

RD 0 .20 .

7 74 .

I 3c .

G lazed b ow l .

7 75 .

I 3c . 8 06 .12 . G lazed b ow l . a nd y e l low g laze . RD 0 .13 .

7 76 .

H 4a . 2 03 .14 . G lazed b ow l . g reen s graf f i to . RD ( ) .2 ( ) .

Y e l low a nd b rown g laze .

RD 0 .18 .

B uf f/orange c lay , f i ne g r i t .

F ine o range c lay .

1 06

Worn g reen

G reen g laze ; d ark

7 77 .

I 3c .

8 08 .2 .

G lazed d ish .

Pa le orange c lay .

a nd y e l low g laze; b lack sgraff ito . 7 78 .

I 4a .

9 01 .22 .

G lazed bo w l.

RD 0 .26 .

Grange g r i t ty c lay .

mot t led g reen a nd dark bro wn g laze; g laze . 7 79 .

I 4a .

I 4a .

I n t . mus tard c o loured ,

e x t . mustard a nd mot t led g reen

RD 0 .24 .

9 00 .15 .

G lazed bo w l.

F ine b uff c lay .

I n t . g reen , y e l low a nd

g rown g laze ; e x t . yello w and green g laze . 7 80 .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen ,

9 01 .33 .

G lazed bo w l.

P ink c lay .

RD 0 .24 .

Traces o fg reen g laze o n i n t .

RD 0 .22 . 7 81.

H4a .

2 03 .8 + 2 02 .1.

4f rags.

I nt . l i gh t g reen g laze;

o f g lazed b ow l .

b lack sgraff ito;

y e l low a nd a ubergine g laze;

F ine r ed/orange c lay .

e x t . l igh t a nd d ark g reen ,

b lack s graf f i to .

Arab ic i nscr ip t ion .

RD

0 .2 4 . ( P l . 4 b . ) 7 82 .

G4b .

1 01 .8 .

G lazed bo w l f rag .

i nc ised d ecora t ion . 7 83 .

G4b .

1 02 .1 .

RD 0 . 30 . ( P l.

G lazed bo w l.

g laze ; o l ive s graf f ito. 7 84 .

H4a .

2 04 . 2 .

G4a .

1 4 .12 .

P ink c lay , wh i te s l ip;

9 h . )

Buff s ligh t ly g r it ty c lay .

L igh t g reen

RD 0 . 16.

G lazed bo w l.

Pink c lay , wh i te s l ip .

g reen g laze ; b lack s graff ito. 7 85 .

( waster ) .

G lazed bo w l.

L igh t a nd o live

RD 0 . 1 8 . F ine orange c lay , wh i te s l ip .

L igh t g reen

g laze w i th o ccas iona l dark patches o n e xt . ;g reen g lazed i n t . w i th b lack ish s graf f i to . 7 86 .

H3c .

6 04 . 2 .

RD 0 . 135;

G lazed bo w l.

mus tard c o loured g laze;

Ht .

0 . 0 675 .

Orange c lay .

L igh t a nd mid g reen , a nd

dark green a nd b rown s graf f i to .

RD 0 .2 2 .( P l . 3 b . )

F igs . 6 4-5 . G lazed Pottery f ro m Medieva l I ( 1 15 ) 7 87 .

1 701 .9 . g laze .

7 88 .

G lazed b ow l . RD 0 .32 .

1 702 .1 . ( waster ) .

7 89 . 7 90 .

G lazed b ow l .

L ight bro wn c lay , wh i te s l ip .

G lazed b ow l .

Grey c lay .

Dark g reen g laze .

1 701.2 .

G lazed b ow l .

F ine grey c lay .

RD 0 .2 0 .

L igh t g reen g laze , o live a t

RD 0 .20 .

1 701 .2 .

G lazed b ow l .

Coarse whiteish c lay .

y e l low-brown g laze; o live sgraff ito; o live s graf f i to .

I n t . l igh t g reen a nd

e xt . l igh t a nd d ark g reen g laze ;

RD 0 . 2 2 .

7 92 .

1 701 .2 .

G lazed b ow l .

7 93 .

1 702 .8 .

G lazed j ar .

7 94 .

1 702 .2 .

Sma l l g lazed b ow l.

1 701 . 2 .

G lazed b ow l f rag .

7 95 .

I nc ised d ecora t ion

RD 0 .16 .

1 701 .2 .

r im . 7 91 .

L ight and dark g reen , b lack a nd me ta l l ic b lue

F ine red/orange c lay . F ine orange c lay ;

G reen g laze .

g reen g laze .

Fine dark b uf f c lay . F ine red c lay .

g laze ; o l ive s gra f f i to . 107

RD 0 .22 .

RD 0 .10 .

B lue g laze .

RD 0 .0 5 .

L igh t g reen a nd y e l low

7 95 .

1 701 .2 .

G lazed b ow l f rag .

F ine red c lay .

L igh t g reen a nd y e l low

g laze ; o l ive s graf f ito . 7 96 .

1 701 .3 .

G lazed b ow l f rag .

Pink c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen a nd b rown

g laze ; b rown s graf f ito . 7 97 .

1 701 .25 .

G lazed s herd .

Buff c lay.

e x t . b lack a nd wh i te g laze . 7 98 .

1 704 .1 .

G lazed b ow l .

s graf f i to . 7 99 .

1 704 .1 .

I nt . wh i te , b lack a nd b lue g laze ;

Arabic i nscript ion?

Buff c lay .

Dark a nd o l ive g reen g laze; b lack

RD 0 .21. G lazed b ow l f rag.

Orange c lay .

L igh t g reen g laze ;

o l ive

s graf f i to . 8 00 .

1 705 .10 .

G lazed b ow l .

F ine p ink c lay .

Ye l low g laze w i th b rown b ands .

G lazed b ow l .

F ine white c lay .

RD 0 .14 . 8 01 .

1 705 .15 . t ones .

8 02 .

Me ta l lic b lue g laze i n t wo

RD 0 .20 .

1 702 .13 . g laze .

G lazed b ow l .

F ine buff c lay .

Vene t ian b lue a nd g reen-go ld

RD 0 .22 . ( P l . 8 a .)

8 03 .

1 710 .3 .

G lazed l a mp .

Buff c lay .

8 04 .

1 706 .3 .

G lazed b ow l ( waster).

L igh t a nd d ark g reen g laze .

BD 0 .0 6 .

Buff c lay , w h i te s l ip , i nc ised d ecora t ion .

RD 0 .22 . 8 05 .

1 708 .3 .

G lazed b ow l .

s graf f i to .

Grey c lay .

Ye llow-brown g laze ; d ark b rown

RD 0 .23 .

8 06 .

G lazed b ow l .

8 07 .

1 703 .6 .

L igh t g reen g laze .

G lazed b ow l base .

Buff c lay .

Green g laze ; b lack s gra f f i to .

BD 0 .0 55 . 8 08 .

1 707 .8 .

G lazed b ow l .

F igs . 6 6-7 .

Gritty buff c lay .

Worn g reen g lazed i n t .

G lazed Pottery f ro m Med ieva l I ( I 6)

8 09 .

3 103 .3 . G lazed b ow l base . Orange gr itty c lay . a nd a uberg ine g laze; o live sgraff ito . BD 0 .07 .

8 10 .

3 103 .3 . G lazed b ow l . Dark orange c lay . y e l low g laze ; o l ive s graff ito.

8 11 .

3 103 .3 .

G lazed b ow l ( waster).

3 103 .3 .

G lazed b ow l.

8 12 .

3 103 .3 .

G lazed b ow l .

o live s graf f i to . 8 14 .

3 101 .46 .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd

Pink c lay , wh i te s l ip .

Buff c lay .

Buff c lay .

RD 0 .22 .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd amber

y e l low g laze ; o live a nd green sgraff ito . 8 13 .

RD 0 .30 .

RD 0 .22

L igh t t o d ark g reen g laze ; d ark

RD 0 . 1 8.

G lazed b ow l, r i m and base f rags .

V ery p a le b uf c lay .

g reen g laze e x t .; wh ite g laze with gold g lazed i nt .

L i me

RD 0 .30 ; BD 0 .14 .

( draw ing s hows b ase t oo narro w ). 8 15 .

3 101 .23 . G lazed b ow l . Pink c lay . I nt . l i gh t g reen g laze; o l ive s graff i to; e x t . mid g reen g laze . RD 0 . 2O . 108

8 16 .

3 10 1 .24 .

G lazed s herd .

R edd ish c lay .

I n t . l igh t a nd d ark g reen ,

y e l low a nd a uberg ine g laze ; b rown s graf f i to; e x t . l igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd y e l low g laze ; b lack s graf f i to . 8 17 .

3 10 1 .11 . G lazed j ar . s graf f i to . RD 0 .12 .

8 18 .

3 10 1 .23 .

G lazed b ow l .

s graf f i to ;

e x t . m id g reen g laze; o live s graf f i to .

8 19 .

3 10 1 .1 .

G lazed b ow l .

s graf f i to . 8 20 .

3 101 .1 .

P ink c lay .

RD 0 .19 .

Mid a nd l igh t g reen g laze ; b lack

B uf f c lay .

G lazed b ow l b ase ( was ter ) .

G reen g laze ; d ark g reen

G rey/buf f c lay ; wh i te s l ip; t races

BD 0 .0 5 .

F igs . 6 8-9 . 3 10 1 .7 .

I n t . l i gh t g reen c lay ; o l ive

BD 0 .0 8 .

o f g reen g laze .

8 23 .

Orange g r it ty c lay .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

3 100 .2 .

Mid g reen g laze ; d ark g reen

RD 0 .22?

s graf f i to . 8 22 .

O range c lay .

G lazed P o t tery f ro m Med ieva l 1 ( I 6)

2f rags . o fg lazed b ow l .

E x t . g reen g laze ; b lack s graf f i to;

i nt . l i gh t a nd d ark g reen , r ed a nd a uberg ine g laze ; b lack s gra f f i to . 8 24 .

3 10 1 .1 .

G lazed s herd f ro m b ow l b ase ,

? reused a s ag am ing p iece .

Mus tard y e l low g laze ; b rown s graf f i to . 8 25 .

3 10 1 . 4 .

8 26 .

3 10 1 .22 .

G lazed s herd . G lazed s herd .

s graf f i to . 8 27 .

3 10 1.22 .

Green g laze ; b lack s graf f i to . R ed c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen g laze; o l ive

B ird . G lazed b ow l b ase .

C oarse p ink c lay .

E x t . l igh t a nd d ark

g reen a nd y e l low b rown g laze ; i n t . d ark g reen g laze ; b lack ish s gra f f i to . ?B ird 's w ing . 8 28 .

3 10 1 .22 .

BD 0 .1 0 .

G lazed b ow l .

F ine o range c lay .

I n t . l i gh t a nd d ark g reen ,

a nd a uberg ine g laze ; e x t . l i gh t a nd d ark g reen g laze ; d ark s graf f i to . RD 0 .2 8 . 8 29 .

3 10 1 .22 .

G lazed b ow l .

F ine g r i t ty o range c lay .

I n t . l i gh t g reen g laze ;

o live s graf f i to; e x t . l i gh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd b rown g laze ; d ark s graff i to . 8 30 .

RD 0 .30 .

3 10 1 .22 .

G lazed b ow l f rag .

F ine g r i t ty o range c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark

g reen g laze ; o l ive s graf f i to . 8 31 .

3 10 1.23 .

G lazed b ow l ( was ter ) .

d ecora t ion . 8 32 .

3 10 1 . 2 3 .

P ink/orange c lay , wh i te s l ip ;

i nc ised

RD 0 .23 .

G lazed s herd .

G rey c lay .

I n t . p a le a nd d ark a uberg ine ,

l igh t g reen a nd y e l low g laze ; b rown s graf f i to;

e x t . mid a nd l i gh t g reen ,

a nd y e l low-brown g laze ; b rown s graf f i to . 8 33 .

3 10 1 . 2 2 .

4f rags . o fg lazed b ow l .

g laze ; b lack ish s graf f i to .

1 09

O range g r it ty c lay .

Mid g reen

8 34 .

3 10 1 .23 .

G lazed b ow l .

C oarse p ink c lay .

I n t . l igh t a nd d ark g reen ,

y e l low a nd a uberg ine g laze ; o l ive s graf f i to; e x t. mid g reen g laze; b lack s graf f i to . 8 35 .

3 10 1 .24 . p a int .

8 36 .

Mock A rab ic i nscr ipt ion .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

RD ?

P ink/orange c lay .

E x t . t races o f r ed

I n t . mid g reen g laze ; d ark g reen s graf f i to .

3 101 .24 .

BD 0 .0 65 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

P ink c lay .

G reen g laze b lack s graf f i to .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

P ink c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd

BD 0 .0 85 . 8 37 .

3 101 .24 .

y e l low-brown g laze ; o l ive a nd b rown s graf f i to . 8 38 .

3 10 1 .24 . s graf f i to .

G lazed b ow l .

BD 0 .0 7

G rey/p ink c lay ; d ark g reen g laze; b lack

RD 0 .2 3 .

8 39 .

3 101 .26 . RD 0 .16 .

G lazed d ish .

C rude ly made .

8 40 .

3 101 .26 . RD 0 .22 .

G lazed b ow l .

B uf f c lay .

G reen g laze ; d ark s graf f ito .

Green g laze ; d ark s gra f f i to .

F igs . 7 0-2 . G lazed P ot tery f ro m Med ieva l I ( H6) 8 41 .

3 009 .2 .

G lazed b ow l .

G rey c lay .

Mid g reen g laze .

BD 0 .0 8 .

8 42 .

3 009 .2 .

G lazed b ow l .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen g laze ; o l ive s gra f f i to .

RD 0 .18 . ( P l . 9 a . ) 8 43 .

3 001 .2 .

G lazed j ug le t .

V ery f i ne p a le g rey c lay .

P a le g reen ' ce ladon '

g laze o ver mus tard c o loured s l ip . 8 44 .

3 009 .2 . f i to .

8 45 .

3 009 .2 . s graf f i to .

8 46 .

3 000 .7 . s graf f i to .

8 47 .

G lazed b ow l .

O range c lay .

L igh t g reen g laze ; o l ive s graf-

RD 0 .23 . ( P l . 9 a . )

3 008 .3 .

G lazed b ow l .

P ink c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen g laze ; o live

RD 0 .21. ( P l . 9 a . ) G lazed b ow l .

F ine o range c lay .

M id g reen g laze ; b lack

RD 0 .24 . G lazed b ow l f rag .

O range c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen a nd

b rown g laze ; b rown s graf f i to . 8 48 .

3 009 .2 . s graf f i to .

8 49 .

3 001 .2 .

G lazed b ow l f rag .

G rey/p ink c lay .

L igh t g reen g laze ; o live

A l most ' cha mp leve ' ware . G lazed b ow l f rag .

Arab ic i nscr ip t ion ;

E x t . mid g reen g laze; o l ive s gra f f i to

i n t . l i gh t a nd d ark g reen a nd y e l low g laze ; d ark

s graf f i to . 8 50 .

3 009 .1 .

G lazed b ow l b ase ( waster ) .

i nc ised d ecora t ion .

P ink/orange c lay , wh i te s l ip ;

BD 0 .054 .

8 51 .

3 001 .11. G lazed b ow l . f i to . RD 0 .20 .

8 52 .

3 001 .12 .

O range c lay .

G lazed b ow l f rag .

Worn g reen g laze ; b lack s graf-

I n t . y e l low-brown g laze , b lack s graf f i to;

e x t . g reen g laze ; b lack s graf f i to . 1 10

A l mos t ' cha mp leve ' ware .

8 53 .

3 009 .2 + H 6 3 008 .2 . i nc ised d ecora t ion .

8 54 .

3 001.26 .

G lazed b ow l ( waster ) . RD 0 .20+

G lazed b ow l .

G r it ty o range c lay .

d ark g reen a nd b rown g laze . 8 55 . 8 56 .

8 57 .

3 009 .2 .

G lazed b ow l .

8 58 .

G lazed b ow l b ase ( was ter ) .

3 001 .4 .

G lazed b ow l .

3 009 .2 .

Swa thes o fl igh t g reen ,

BD 0 .14 .

L igh t g reen g laze .

BD 0 .08 . Wh i te c lay .

RD 0 .14 .

P ink c lay , wh i te s l ip;

i nc ised

G lassy g reen-grey ' ce ladon ' g laze

RD 0 .24 .

G lazed b ow l ( was ter ) .

P ink c lay , wh i te s l ip ;

i nc ised d ecora-

RD 0 .23 .

3 009 .2 .

G lazed b ow l .

s graf f i to .

1 809 .4 .

P ink c lay .

Mid t o d ark g reen g laze ; b lack

RD 0 .20 .

F igs . 7 3-5 . 8 60 .

P ink c lay .

3 009 .2 .

t ion . 8 59 .

RD 0 .29;

d es ign .

o ver a wh i te s l ip .

P ink c lay , wh i te s l ip;

G lazed P o t tery f ro m Medieva l I ( 1 5 )

G lazed b ow l f rag .

B uf f c lay .

Da maged l igh t g reen g laze ;

o l ive s graf f i to . 8 61 .

1 809 .5 .

8 62 .

1 5 .

G lazed b ow l .

1 809 .5 .

g reen g laze . 8 63 .

1 809 .5 .

P a le o range c lay .

G lazed b ow l .

P a le o range c lay .

1 809 .5 .

Mo t t led o l ive a nd l igh t

RD 0 .22 .

G lazed b ow l .

I n t . d ecayed g reen g laze ; b lack s graf f i to; e x t .

l igh t g reen , v er id ian a nd b rown g laze . 8 64 .

Green g laze ; d ark s graf f i to .

G lazed d ish .

O range c lay .

RD 0 .20 ?

L igh t g reen g laze; o l ive s graf f i to .

J oins f rag . o f H 6 3 001 .25 . 8 65 .

1 809 .5 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

Mid g reen g laze ; d ark g reen s graf f i to .

8 66 .

1 809 . 8 .

G lazed l a mp .

G reen g laze .

8 67 .

1 809 .5 .

G lazed b ow l .

O range c lay ; g reen g laze ; b lack s graf f i to .

BD 0 .04 .

RD 0 .20 . 8 68 .

1 803 .10 . G lazed b ow l . P ink c lay . E x t . l igh t a nd d ark g reen g laze ; i nt . l i gh t a nd d ark g reen g laze ; b rown a nd o live s gra f f i to . RD c a 0 .24 .

8 69 .

1 803 .11 .

8 70 .

1 806 .2 . s graf f i to .

G lazed b ow l .

F ine b uf f c lay .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

Mid g reen g laze .

P ink c lay .

L igh t g reen g laze ; o l ive

BD 0 .055

8 71 .

1 808 .8 .

G lazed s herd .

Orange c lay .

8 72 .

1 808 .8 .

G lazed s herd .

P ink c lay .

8 73 .

1 805 .16 .

G lazed b ow l .

Green g laze ; o l ive s graf f i to .

L igh t g reen g laze ; o l ive s graf f i to .

B uf fg r i t ty c lay .

d ark b rown/a mber g laze ; o live s gra f f i to . 8 74 .

1 800 .2 .

RD 0 .22 .

G lazed b ow l .

o live s graf f i to .

F ine p a le b uf f c lay .

RD 0 .28 . 1 11

L igh t a nd mid g reen , a nd RD 0 .24 . L igh t a nd d ark g reen g laze ;

8 75 .

1 806 .4 .

G lazed b ow l b ase ( waster ) .

d ecora t ion . 8 76 .

1 806 .4 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

P ink c lay .

b rown g laze ; d ark s graf f i to . 8 77 .

1 805 .1 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

1 812 .3 .

8 79 .

8 80 .

G lazed b ow l .

1 803 .5 + 1 802 .12 . b rown s graf f i to . F igs . 7 6-8 .

8 82 .

1 808 .2 .

P ink c lay , wh i te s l ip;

P ink c lay .

i nc ised

G reen g laze; f i ne d ark g reen

P a le p ink c lay w i th f i ne g r i t .

t urquo ise a nd wh i te g laze . 8 81 .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen a nd

BD 0 .11 .

BD 0 .0 53 .

1 803 .8 . G lazed b ow l b ase . s graf f i to . BD 0 .0 75 . 1 800 .5 .

Dark a nd l igh t g reen , a nd

P ink c lay .

G lazed b ow l b ase ( was ter ) .

d ecora t ion .

i nc ised

BD 0 .0 88 .

a uberg ine g laze ; o live s graf f i to . 8 78 .

P ink c lay , wh ite s l ip;

BD 0 .0 8.

B lack , u ltra mar ine ,

RD 0 .22 . ( P l . 8 b . )

G lazed b ow l .

C oarse p ink c lay .

Y e l low g laze ;

BD 0 .0 72 . G lazed P ot tery f ro m Med ieva l I 1 5 )

G lazed b ow l .

F ine p a le g rey c lay .

Mid a nd d ark g reen g laze .

G lazed b ow l .

P ink c lay , wh i te s l ip .

RD 0 .32 . 8 83 .

1 809 .1 .

g laze; b lack s graf f i to . 8 84 .

1 808 . 2 .

8 85 .

1 808 . 2 .

RD 0 .16 .

G lazed b ot t le b ase .

s hown u nro l led .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen

G reen g laze ; d ark s gra f f i to .

P a t tern

BD 0 .0 55 .

G lazed s herd .

F ine o range c lay .

L igh t g reen c lay ; d ark

s graf f i to . 8 87 .

1 808 .4 .

G lazed b ow l .

8 88 .

1 808 .4 .

G lazed s herd .

F ine o range c lay . F ine o range c lay .

L igh t g reen g laze .

RD 0 .2 0 .

Wh i te s l ip ; g reen g laze;

b lack s graf f i to . 8 89 .

1 808 .4 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

8 90 .

1 808 . 4 .

G lazed s herd .

O range c lay ; g reen g laze .

F ine r ed/orange c lay .

BD 0 .05 .

Mid g reen g laze ; d ark

s graf f i to . 8 91 .

1 808 .4 .

G lazed b ow l b ase ( waster ) .

wh i te s l ip ; 8 92 .

1 808 . 4 . t ut .

i nc ised d ecora t ion .

C ooking p ot .

O range/grey c lay w ith f i ne g r i t ;

BD 0 .08 .

G rey c lay w i th g r i t .

B lack a nd r ed e x t ., b uf f

RD 0 .18 .

8 93 .

1 808 . 5 . G lazed b ow l . g reen . RD 0 .18 .

8 94 .

1 808 .5 . G lazed s herd . s graf f i to .

8 95 .

1 808 .5 .

8 96 .

1 808 .5 . G lazed b ow l b ase . BD 0 .10 .

G lazed b ow l .

I n t . l i gh t g reen g laze ; d ark s graf f i to; e x t . mid

P a le o range g r it ty c lay .

G reen g laze ; d ark

B uf f/p ink c lay ; g reen g laze . O ra nge/buf f c lay .

1 12

RD 0 .34 .

L igh t g reen g laze .

8 97 .

1 80 2 .5 .

G lazed b ow l .

P a le o range c lay .

Ex t . d ark a nd o l ive g reen

g laze ; i n t . l i gh t g reen g laze ; d ark s graf f i to .

RD 0 .16 .

8 98 .

1 80 2 .5 . G lazed b ow l . worn . RD 0 .22?

O range c lay .

Mid g reen mot t led g laze .

8 99 .

1 802 .5 . G lazed b ow l . RD 0 .26 .

Orange c lay .

G reen g laze ; o l ive s graf f i to .

9 00 .

1 80 2 .5 .

G lazed b ow l f rag .

Wh i te/buf f c lay .

B ad ly

E x t . t urquoise a nd o l ive

g reen g laze ; i n t . t urquo ise g laze . 9 01 .

1 80 2 .5 .

G lazed b ow l .

Orange c lay .

9 02 .

1 80 2 .5 .

G lazed b ow l .

B uf f c lay .

9 03 .

1 80 3 .10 .

G lazed s herd .

g laze; d ark s graf f i to; 9 04 .

1 80 1 .11.

L igh t g reen g laze .

O pa lescent b lue g laze .

P ink c lay .

I n t . l igh t g reen a nd a ubergine

e x t . l i gh t a nd d ark g reen g laze .

2g lazed s herds f ro m s ame p ot .

g laze ; b lack s gra f f i to .

P ink c lay .

Dark g reen

? B ird 's w ing .

9 05 .

1 80 2 .5 . G lazed d ish f rag . s graf f i to .

P ink c lay .

9 06 .

1 80 2 .5 . G lazed b ow l f rag . o live s graf f i to .

P ink/grey c lay .

9 07 .

1 80 2 .1 .

9 08 .

1 80 5 .10 .

G lazed s herd .

RD 0 .1 0 ?

V er idian g laze ; d ark o l ive

O live g reen g laze ; d ark

Dark g reen g laze ; b lack s gra f f i to .

G lazed b ow l f rag .

P ink c lay .

G reen a nd b rown g laze ; d ark

b rown s graf f i to . 9 09 .

1 80 2 .5 .

2f rags . o f g lazed b ow l .

F ine p a le o range c lay .

mid g reen g laze ; d ark g reen s graf f i to . 9 10 .

1 80 2 .5 .

L igh t t o

BD 0 .0 8 .

3n onjoin ing f rags . o fg lazed b ow l b ase .

O range c lay .

Ex t .

v er idian g reen g laze ; o l ive s gra f f i to; i n to , l igh t a nd d ark g reen a nd a uberg ine g laze ; b lack s graf f i to . BD 0 .0 95 . 9 11 .

1 80 2 .5 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

g reen s graf f i to . 9 12 .

1 80 3 .11.

O range c lay .

L igh t g reen g laze; d ark

BD 0 .10 .

G lazed b ow l .

E x t . d ark g reen g laze;

g reen , a nd p a le y e l low g laze ; o l ive s graf f i to . 9 13 .

1 80 1 .8 . G lazed b ase . o live s graf f i to .

P ink/grey c lay .

i n t . l igh t a nd d ark RD 0 .26 .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen g laze ;

F igs . 7 9-81 . G lazed P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I ( I 5 ) 9 14 .

1 80 3 .18 . G lazed b ow l b ase . s graf f i to . BD 0 .0 5 .

P ink c lay .

9 15 .

1 80 3 .18 . G lazed b ow l b ase . e st . BD 0 .0 7 .

Dark g reen g laze ; d ark g reen s graf f i to .

9 16 .

1 80 3 .18 . G lazed b ow l b ase . s graf f ito . BD 0 .0 98 .

P ink c lay .

1 13

Dark g reen g laze ; d ark g reen

L igh t g reen g laze ;

O live

9 17 .

1 803 .18 . s graf f i to .

9 18 .

1 803 .18 .

G lazed b ow l .

P ink c lay .

L igh t t o mid g reen g laze; o l ive

RD 0 .18 . G lazed b ow l .

L igh t g reen g laze ; d ark g reen s graf f i to .

RD 0 .20? 9 19 .

1 803 .18 .

G lazed s herd , u sed a s g aming p iece .

P ink c lay .

Green

g laze ; b lack s graf f i to . 9 20 .

1 803 .18 . g laze .

9 21 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

P ink c lay .

Muddy b rown a nd d ark g reen

B uf f c lay .

Amber-ye l low g laze; b lack

BD 0 .12 .

1 803 .18 . s graf f i to .

G lazed b ow l b ase . BD 0 .079 .

9 22 .

1 803 .18 . 0 .34 .

9 23 .

1 803 .18 . G lazed b ow l . O range/pink c lay . s graf f i to . RD 0 .22 . ( P l . 7 a . )

9 24 .

1 803 .18 .

G lazed b ow l .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

o l ive s graf f i to . 9 25 .

1 803 .18 .

Mid g reen g laze ; d ark g reen s graf f ito .

RD

L igh t g reen g laze ; b lack

P ink/orange c lay .

Dark g reen g laze ;

BD 0 .055 .

L igh t g reen g laze e x t .; mid g reen g laze ; b lack s graf f i to i nt .

RD 0 .18 . 9 26 .

1 803 .18 . t i on .

9 27 .

9 28 .

9 29 .

G lazed b ow l ( was ter ) .

B uf f c lay , wh i te s l ip; i nc ised d ecora-

RD 0 .22 .

1 802 .13 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

O range c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd

y e l low-brown g laze ; o l ive s graf f i to .

BD 0 .05 .

1 801.8 . G lazed b ow l b ase ( waster ) . d ecora t ion . BD 0 .08 .

R edd ish c lay , wh i te s l ip ; i nc ised

1 801 .18 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

g reen s graf f i to . 9 30 .

1 803 .11 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

9 31 .

1 803 .18 .

G lazed b ow l .

s graf f i to .

P ink c lay .

Worn d ark g reen g laze ; d ark

BD 0 .08 . L igh t g reen g laze ; d ark s graf f i to .

F ine o range c lay .

BD 0 .08 .

Mid g reen g laze ; b lack

RD 0 .18 . ( P l . 3 a . )

F igs . 8 2-3 . G lazed P ot tery f ro m Med ieva l I ( I 5 ) 9 32 .

1 803 .18 .

+1 803 .19 .

b lack s graf f i to . 9 33 .

1 803 .19 .

G lazed b ow l .

RD 0 .215 ;

G lazed b ow l f rag .

F ine o range c lay .

H t . 0 .112 ; ( was ter ) .

Green g laze;

BD 0 .08 . F ine o range c lay , wh i te s l ip;

i nc ised d ecora t ion . 9 34 .

1 803 .19 + H 6 3 009 .2 . s l ip ;

9 35 .

9 36 .

G lazed b ow l b ase ( was ter ) .

i nc ised d ecora t ion .

1 803 .19 .

BD 0 .08 .

G lazed b ow l ( was ter ) .

a nd e x t .

RD 0 .128;

1 812 .3 .

G lazed b ow l ( was ter ) .

t i on .

P ink c lay , wh i te

H t . 0 .074 ;

G rey c lay .

Misf ired b lack g laze i nt .

BD 0 .053 . P ink c lay , wh i te s l ip ; i nc ised d ecora-

RD 0 .28 . 1 14

9 37 .

1 80 3 .19 .

G lazed b ow l b ase ( was ter ) .

i nc ised d ecora t ion .

F ine o range c lay ; wh i te s l ip;

BD 0 .082 . ( f ig . 8 1 . )

9 38 .

1 80 3 .19 . G lazed b ow l f rag . ( was ter ) . i nc ised d ecora t ion .

9 39 .

1 80 3 .19 .

G lazed d ish ( was ter ) .

F ine o range c lay ; wh i te s l ip ;

C oarse g rey c lay ; wh i te s l ip ;

i nc ised

d ecora t ion . 9 40 .

1 80 3 .19 . G lazed d ish ( was ter ) . I nc ised d ecora t ion .

9 41 .

1 80 3 .19 .

G lazed b ow l .

B uf f/orange c lay ; b lackened i nt .

G rey c lay .

a uberg ine g laze ; o live s gra f f i to . 9 42 .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , b rown a nd

RD 0 .203 . ( f ig . 8 1; a nd p l . 1 0 . )

1 80 3 .19 + 1 803 .12 , 1 5 ,18; 1 806 .1, 1 808 .4 .

G lazed b ow l .

o range c lay ; mid g reen g laze ; b lack s gra f f i to .

C oars ish

RD 0 .23 .

F igs . 8 4-6 . G lazed p ot tery f ro m Med ieva l I ( I 5 ) 9 43 .

1 80 3 .14 .

F rag . o f g lazed b ow l b ase .

L igh t g reen a nd r ed g laze; b lack

s graf f i to . 9 43a .

1 80 3 .14 . G lazed b ow l b ase f rag . P ink c lay . y e l low a nd a uberg ine g laze ; d ark s gra f f i to .

9 44 .

1 80 3 .14 .

G lazed d ish .

9 45 .

1 80 3 .14 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

s p lashy g laze . 9 46 .

1 80 3 .14 .

P ink c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen ,

L igh t g reen g laze ; o live s gra f f i to .

B uf f c lay .

Dark g reen , y e l low a nd b rown

P ink c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen g laze ;

BD 0 .10 .

G lazed b ow l f rag .

o live s graf f i to . 9 47 .

1 80 3 .14 .

G lazed s herd .

R edd ish c lay .

Dark o live a nd l igh t g reen

g laze . 9 48 .

9 49 .

1 80 3 .14 . G lazed s herd . s graf f i to . F ish .

P ink/red c lay .

1 80 3 .14 .

O range/grey c lay .

G lazed s herd .

L igh t g reen g laze ; d ark g reen

L igh t a nd d ark g reen ,

y e l low a nd a uberg ine g laze ; d ark s gra f f i to . 9 50 .

1 80 3 .14 .

P ink o range c lay .

L igh t g reen g laze ; o l ive

1 80 3 .14 . G lazed b ow l . P ink/orange c lay . g reen s graf f i to . RD 0 .18 .

L igh t g reen g laze ; d ark

s graf f i to . 9 51 .

9 52 .

1 80 3 .14 .

G lazed b ow l . RD 0 .12 .

G lazed b ow l .

b lack s graf f i to . 9 53 .

1 80 3 .14 .

9 54 .

1 80 3 .14 . G lazed b ow l .

9 55 .

1 80 3 .14 .

9 56 .

1 80 3 .14 . s graf f i to .

R a ther c oarse p ink c lay .

Dark g reen g laze ;

RD 0 .18 .

G lazed b ow l .

P ink/buf f c lay ; b rown g laze .

RD 0 .19 .

Grey c lay .

Mid g reen g laze .

RD 0 .22 .

G lazed b ow l .

P ink c lay .

Mid g reen g laze .

RD 0 .23 .

G lazed b ow l .

Orange c lay .

RD 0 .20 . 1 15

L igh t g reen g laze ; d ark g reen

9 57 .

9 58 .

1 803 .14 .

G lazed b ow l .

s graf f i to .

RD c a O .2 0 .

1 803 .14 .

G lazed b ow l .

P a le p ink c lay .

Wh i te ish c lay .

Mid g reen g laze ; d ark o l ive

Y e l low a nd p a le g reen g laze .

RD 0 .22 . 9 59 .

1 803 .12 .

G lazed s herd .

b lack s graf f i to . 9 60 .

1 803 .12 . f i to .

O range c lay .

G reen g laze i n t . a nd e x t . ;

O range c lay .

Mid g reen g laze ; b lack s gra f-

Mid g reen g laze ; b lack s graf-

F ishes .

G lazed s herd .

?F ishes .

9 61 .

1 803 .12 . f i t° .

G lazed s herd .

O range c lay .

9 62 .

1 803 .12 .

G lazed s herd .

V er idian g laze ; o l ive s graf f i to .

9 63 .

1 803 .12 .

G lazed s herd .

V er idian g laze ; b lack s graf f ito .

9 64 .

1 803 .12 .

G lazed b ow l .

s graf f i to . 9 65 .

1 803 .12 .

G lazed b ow l .

g reen g laze ; 9 66 .

1 803 .12 .

R ed/orange c lay .

O l ive g reen g laze; b lack

RD 0 .28 . R ed c lay .

E x t . p a le y e l low/green a nd d ark

i n t . l i gh t g reen g laze ; d ark g reen s graf f i to .

G lazed j ar .

D ark a uberg ine g laze w i th p a le t urquoise s pots .

RD 0 .12 . 9 67 .

1 803 .12 .

G lazed b ow l .

Dark b uf f c lay .

E x t . p a le g reen a nd o l ive g laze ;

i n t , l i gh t g reen g laze ; b lack s gra f f i to . 9 68 .

1 803 .12 .

G lazed b ow l .

O range c lay .

Mid g reen g laze ; d ark s graf f i to .

G lazed b ow l .

P a le o range c lay .

RD 0 .22 . 9 69 .

1 803 .12 . s graf f i to .

9 70 . 9 71 .

1 803 .12 . 1 801 .5 .

D ark g reen g laze; b lack

RD 0 .16 . G lazed b ow l o range c lay . G lazed b ow l .

V er id ian g laze ; b lack s graf f i to .

F ine ly g r i t ted p a le o range c lay .

d ark g reen y e l low a nd b rown g laze ; d ark s graf f i to . 9 72 .

1 803 .12 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

Dark b uf f c lay .

L igh t a nd

RD 0 .27 .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen ,

amber-ye l low , b rown a nd a uberg ine g laze ; o l ive s graf f i to . 9 73 .

1 803 .12 .

G lazed s herd .

O range c lay .

BD 0 .078 .

Worn v er idian g laze; d ark

g reen s graf f i to . 9 74 .

1 803 .13 . G lazed b ow l . RD c a 0 .24 .

P ink c lay .

L igh t g reen g laze ; o live s graf f i to .

9 75 .

1 803 .13 .

G rey c lay .

E x t . l i gh t a nd d ark g reen , b rown

G lazed b ow l .

a nd a uberg ine g laze ; d ark s graf f i to; i n t . l i gh t a nd mid g reen g laze ( dapp led e f fec t ); d ark s graf f i to .

RD 0 .23 .

F igs . 8 7-9 . G lazed P ot tery f ro m Med ieva l I ( I 5 ) 9 76 .

1 803 .15 .

G lazed b ow l .

O range g r i t ty c lay .

G reen g laze .

RD 0 .20 .

9 77 .

1 803 .15 . G lazed b ow l . B uf fg ri t ty c lay . I n t . mid g reen g laze ; l igh t g reen g laze ; d ark g reen s graf f i to . RD 0 .24 .

e x t .

9 78 .

1 80 3 .15 .

G lazed b ow l .

F ine b uf f c lay .

9 79 .

1 803 .15 + 1 80 9 .5 + 1 806 .1 . L igh t g reen g laze ( o l ive ' undercoa t ' o n e xt . ) . Dark s graf f i to . RD 0 .28 .

9 80 .

1 80 3 .14 .

G lazed p la te .

P ink c lay .

G reen g laze .

RD 0 .18 .

L igh t g reen g laze ; o l ive s graf f i to .

RD 0 .22 . 9 81 .

1 80 3 .15 .

9 82 .

1 803 .3 .

9 83 .

1 80 3 .15 .

G lazed s herd .

1 80 3 .15 .

G lazed l a mp .

9 84 .

G lazed s herd .

Mid g reen g laze ; d ark s graf f i to .

Sma l l g lazed b ow l .

G rey c lay .

Wh i te g laze .

G reen g laze ; d ark s graf f i to . P a le b uf f/orange c lay , f i ne g r i t .

g laze ; o l ive g reen ' undercoa t '; b lackened r im . 9 85 .

1 80 3 .15 .

G lazed b ow l c ase .

b road ) .

BD 0 .07 .

9 86 .

1 80 3 . 4 .

G lazed s herd .

9 87 .

1 80 3 .15 . s l ip ;

9 88 .

1 80 3 .19 .

9 89 .

1 80 3 .19 . g laze .

G reen g laze ; d ark s gra f f i to ( d raw ing t oo

G lazed b ow l b ase ( was ter ) .

G lazed b ow l .

L igh t g reen

BD 0 .0 59 .

Y e l low g laze ; b lack s gra f f i to .

i nc ised d ecora t ion .

g reen s graf f i to .

BD 0 .0 6.

F ine p ink/orange c lay .

P ar tr idge .

Wh i te

BD 0 .0 55 .

F ine p a le o range c lay .

Mid g reen g laze ; d ark

RD 0 .20 .

G lazed b ow l .

C oars ish g rey c lay .

B ad ly misf ired b lack

RD 0 .18 .

9 90 .

1 80 3 .19 . G lazed b ow l ( was ter ) . i nc ised d ecora t ion . RD 0 .16 .

F ine p ink/orange c lay ; wh i te s l ip;

9 91 .

1 80 3 .19 .

P a le b uf f/orange c lay .

G lazed b ow l ( was ter ) .

i nc ised d ecora t ion .

RD 0 .22 .

9 92 .

1 80 3 .19 . RD 0 .24 .

G lazed j ar .

9 93 .

1 80 3 .19 .

G lazed b ow l .

s graf f i to . 9 94 .

1 80 2 .2 . r im .

9 95 .

P a le b uf f s l ip ;

P a le o range c lay , f i ne g r i t ; w orn g reen g laze .

L igh t g reen a nd a uberg ine g laze ; d ark g reen

RD 0 .14 . G lazed b ow l .

O range c lay .

L igh t t o mid g reen g laze , d ark a t

RD 0 .20 .

1 80 2 . 2 .

G lazed b ow l .

L igh t p ink c lay .

Mid t o d ark g reen g laze .

RD 0 .22 . 9 96 .

1 80 2 .2 .

9 97 . 9 98 .

G lazed s herd .

P ink c lay .

Mid g reen g laze ; o l ive s graf f i to .

1 80 3 .16 .

G lazed b ow l .

P ink c lay .

Mid a nd d ark g reen g laze .

1 80 3 .16 .

G lazed b ow l .

F ine b uf f/orange c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen

F ine p a le o range c lay .

Y e l low a nd d ark b rown

g laze . 9 99 .

1 000 .

RD 0 .18 .

1 80 3 .16 . g laze .

RD 0 .18 .

G lazed b ow l .

RD 0 .28 .

1 80 3 .16 .

G lazed b ow l .

F ine o range c lay .

RD 0 .36 . 1 17

G reen g laze .

d ark s graf f i to .

F igs . 9 0-1 . G lazed P o t tery f ro m Med ieva l I ( I 5 ) 1 001 .

1 803 .15 + 1 807 .17 + 1 808+ 1 809 .5 .

G lazed b ow l .

g reen g laze ; d ark g reen s graf f i to ;

i n t . l i gh t a nd d ark g reen , y e l low

a nd a uberg ine g laze ; d ark s hraf f i to . 1 002 .

1 809 .5 + 1 806 .1 + 1 803 .6 .

B uf f c lay .

D raw ing ' spread o ut ' .

3f rags . o f g lazed b ow l .

L igh t t o mid-green g laze ; d ark s graf f i to .

RD 0 .13 .

1 803 .6 .

G lazed b ow l .

M id a nd l i gh t g reen g laze .

1 004 .

1 803 .6 .

G lazed b ow l .

L igh t g reen g laze ; o l ive s graf f i to .

1 005 .

1 802 .16 .

P ink c lay .

RD 0 .24 . ( P l . 4 a .

O range c lay .

1 003 .

G lazed b ow l .

E x t . l igh t

L igh t a nd o l ive g reen g laze .

RD c a 0 .20 . 1 006 .

1 803 .8 . g laze .

G lazed b ow l .

B uf f c lay .

L igh t g reen i n t ., d ark g reen e x t .

RD c a 0 .20 .

1 007 .

1 803 .8 .

G lazed b ow l .

B uf f/p ink c lay .

1 008 .

1 803 .8 .

F rag . o fg lazed d ish .

D ark g reen g laze .

B uf f c lay .

P a le o l ive g reen g laze;

o l ive s graf f ito . 1 009 .

1 802 .18 .

G lazed b ow l .

b lack s graf f i to . 1 010 .

1 802 .16 + 1 802 .5 . s graf f i to .

P ink c lay .

Wh i te s l ip .

Mid g reen g laze ;

RD 0 .22 . G lazed b ow l .

P ink c lay .

Mid g reen g laze ; o l ive

BD 0 .0875 . ( f ig . 8 9 . )

1 011.

1 803 .1 .

J ar .

O range c lay ; r ed p a in t .

B urn ished .

1 012 .

1 803 .1 .

G lazed b ow l .

B uf f c lay .

1 013 .

1 803 .1.

G lazed d ish .

P a le o range c lay .

RD 0 .11 .

Worn g reen g laze .

RD 0 .30 .

G reen g laze;

o live g reen

s graf f i to . 1 014 .

1 803 .1 .

G lazed b ow l f rag .

P ink/grey c lay .

L igh t g reen , y e l low a nd

b rown g laze ; d ark s graf f i to . 1 015 .

1 803 .3 + 1 803 .4 .

2f rags . o f g lazed b ow l .

G rey c lay .

E x t . m id a nd

d ark g reen g laze ;

i n t . mid g reen g laze ; d ark g reen s graf f i to .

RD

0 .1 8 . 1 016 .

1 803 .1 . +1 803 .4 .

G lazed b ow l .

Dark o range c lay .

Ex t . mid g reen

g laze ; i n t . l i gh t a nd d ark g reen , y e l low a nd amber-brown g laze ; d ark s graf f i to .

RD 0 .20 .

F ig . 4 9 . Medieva l I P o t tery . 1 017 .

H 4c/d .

1 501 .20 .

g r i t a nd mica .

J ugs a nd J ars ( H4c/d a nd I 4c/d )

J ug w i th o ne o r t wo h and les .

I nc ised ' corn s ta lk ' d ecora t ion .

d raw ing w i th o ne h and le o n ly a t 1 :2 ) . 1 018 .

H 4c/d . 1 501 .22 . t i on . BD 0 .0 7 .

1 019 .

H 4c/d . 0 .15;

1 502 .6 .

B lack c lay ; w h i te ( Second more c o mp le te

RD 0 .16 .

J ug , B lack c lay , g r its a nd mica .

J ug .

B rown-be ige c lay , b urn ished .

BD O .0 9 . 1 18

I nc ised d ecora-

RD 0 .11;

H t .

10 20 .

H4c/d .

15 01.22 .

J ar .

Red c lay w ith g r it a nd mica .

1 021.

H4c/d .

15 01 .22 .

J ar .

Grey/b lack g r i t ty c lay .

1 022 .

H4c/d .

1 503 .13 .

J ar .

Brown c lay; b lackened i n t .

d ecora t ion . 1 023 .

H4c/d .

1 024 .

I 4c/d .

RD 0 .145 .

RD 0 .14 . Hand mou lded

RD 0 .26 .

' 1801 .2 ' . 1 60 2 .5 .

J ar .

R ed c lay ( drawn a t 1 :8)

J ug .

B lack c lay , wh i te g r i t .

RD 0 .116 .

RD 0 .13;

H t . 0 .11 5 ;

BD 0 .085 . 1 025 .

1 4c/d .

1 60 2 .4 .

J ar .

B lack c lay .

RD 0 .15 .

1 026 .

I 4c/d .

1 60 2 .4 .

J ar .

B lack c lay .

RD 0 .20 .

1 027 .

1 60 1 .75 .

1 028 .

1 4c/d .

J ar .

Dark g rey c lay , f i ne wh i te g r i t .

1 60 1 .59 .

Hand made .

Sma l l j ug .

RD 0 .0 7;

i nc ised d ecora t ion .

H t . 0 .0 84 .

1 029 .

1 4c/d .

1 60 1 .11.

Wa ter j ar .

1 030 .

I 4c/d .

1 60 1 .61 .

J ug .

F ig . 9 3 .

C oarse b lack c lay ;

RD 0 .25 .

B lack c lay w ith much mica .

RD 0 .1

P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I- ma in ly b ow ls

1 031.

G4a .

6 .9a .

B ow l .

B urn ished o range c lay .

10 32 .

G4a .

6 . 9 b .

B ow l .

G r it ty p a le b rown c lay ; b rown b urnish .

1 033 .

I 4c/d .

10 34 .

G4b .

10 6 .1 .

1 035 .

G4b .

10 1-1 0 6 .

1 036 .

G4a .

4 .5 .

10 37 .

I 3c .

1 60 1 .28 .

B ow l .

B ow l .

80 6 .12 .

F ine r ed c lay ( He l len ist ic ) .

C oarse b uf f s l igh t ly g r it ty c lay .

J ar .

B ow l .

R ed c lay , wh ite g r i t .

P ink c lay .

G lazed b ow l .

G4a .

1 039 .

H 6 .

4 .4 .

J ar .

3 008 .3 .

RD 0 .175; 1 040 .

1 5 .

10 41 .

1 3c .

B ow l .

B ow l .

RD 0 .20 . RD 0 .26 .

RD 0 .18 .

F ine o f f-wh i te c lay .

V ery f i ne ' ce ladon '

RD 0 .36 .

RD 0 .14 .

C oarse r ed c lay w ith b lack c ore , wh ite g r i t .

H t . 0 .0 55;

1 80 3 .14 .

RD 0 .1 3;

B lack c lay .

RD 0 .2 2 .

RD 0 .3 2 .

g laze , g rey i n t ., g reen ish-grey e x t . 10 38 .

RD 0 .18.

BD 0 .0 75 . C oarse b rown/grey c lay .

Traces o f r ed p aint .

H t . 0 .0 6 ; BD 0 .0 85 .

' 91 0 .1 ' .

B ow l .

P a le b rown c lay .

Designed t o p revent s p i l ling?

RD O .1 2 . 10 42 .

H6 .

3 009 .1 .

1 043 .

1 5 .

1 80 3 .11.

t rough i ns ide .

B ow l .

G rey ish c lay , wh i te g r it .

B ow l . w i th h and le .

RD 0 .14 .

C oarse b lack g rit ty c lay . I nc ised

RD 0 .15 .

1 044 .

1 5 .

1 80 6 .4 .

L a mp?

R ed c lay , b lack c ore .

10 45 .

1 6 .

3 10 3 .3 .

L a mp?

R ed c lay , wh i te g r i t a nd mica .

1 19

RD 0 .12 . BD 0 .12 .

1 046.

1 6 .

3 101 . 4 0 .

L a mp .

C oarse b lack s traw t e mpered c lay .

H and made .

BD 0 .0 65 . 1 047 .

I 4c/d .

1 601.36 .

L a mp .

mica .

BD 0 .0 9;

H t . 0 .0 68 .

1 048 .

1 5 .

1 801 .2 .

L a mp?

1 049 .

H4b .

3 01 . 2 .

L a mp .

1 050 .

I 3c .

' 910 .1 ' .

B ow l .

d es igns o n i n t . 1 051 .

I 4a .

9 01 .3 .

1 052 .

I 5 .

1 803 .11.

1 053 .

1 5 .

1 803 .5 .

C oarse r ed c lay , b lack c ore , s o me g r it a nd

O range/p ink c lay , g rey c ore .

RD 0 .09 .

BD 0 .0 37 . P ink/orange f i ne c lay .

R ed s l ip .

Wh i te p ain ted

RD 0 .22 .

Sma l l j ar .

Red/orange c lay , d ark g rey c ore .

B ow l b ase . B ow l b ase .

F ine b uf f c lay . B uf f/p ink c lay .

R ed s l ip .

RD 0 .0 8 .

Wh i te p a int .

R ed c l ip .

Wh i te p a int .

BD

0 .0 92 . 1 054 .

1 6 .

3 101 .23 .

B ow l b ase .

P a le o range c lay .

Red s l ip , wh i te p a int .

BD 0 .0 9 . 1 055 .

H 4b .

3 01.2 .

B ow l .

F ine o range c lay .

R ed p a in t i n t . a nd e x t .

RD

0 .2 8 . 1 056 .

G4a .

1 057 .

I 4c/d .

6 .7 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay .

1 600 .10 .

B ow l .

R ed p a int .

RD 0 .16.

Pa le b uf f c lay , f i ne g rit .

R ed p a int o n i nt .

r im .

RD 0 .12 .

1 058 .

G 4b .

1 06.2 .

J ar .

O range s l igh t ly g r it ty c lay , g rey c ore .

1 059 .

I 4a .

9 00 .20 .

J ar .

F ine r ed c lay .

s l ip e xt . 1 060 .

G4b .

1 061.

I 4c/d .

1 062 .

G 3d .

( He l len ist ic ) .

1 02 .1 .

J ar .

1 601 .33 . 5 01 .20 . F ig .

B uf f s l ip i nt .; b rown a nd b lack

RD 0 .22 .

Br ick r ed g r it ty c lay .

J ar .

J ar .

RD 0 .14 .

C oarse b lack c lay , wh i te g r i t .

B rown c lay , f i ne g r i t .

H and made?

9 4 .

P o t tery f ro m Medieva l I-Bow ls

1 063 .

G4b .

1 06.2 .

B ow l .

G rey/orange c lay w i th mica .

1 064 .

I 3c .

8 06 .13 .

B ow l .

P ink c lay , g rey c ore .

1 065 .

G 4b .

1 06 .2 .

B ow l .

O range c lay , g rey c ore .

H t . 0 .08 .

Band o f r ed p a in t o n

RD 0 .32;

1 066 .

G4b .

1 01 .6 .

B ow l .

Gr i t ty r ed c lay , g rey c ore .

1 067 .

G4b .

1 01 .9 .

B ow l .

G rey c lay .

1 068 .

I 3c .

B ow l .

RD 0 .18 .

RD 0 .34 .

RD 0 .18;

i n t . o f n eck .

8 02 .3 .

H t . 0 .108;

RD c a . 0 .19 .

BD 0 .18. RD 0 .2 2 .

R ed p a int i n t . a nd e xt .

O range a nd g rey g r i tty c lay .

RD 0 .20 .

R ed p a int o n e xt .

RD 0 .40 . 1 069 .

I 3c .

8 08 .22 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay .

1 070 .

I 3c .

8 08 .22 .

B ow l .

B rown g r i t ty c lay , b lack ish p a int .

1 20

I ncised d ecora t ion o n r im . RD 0 .40?

1 071 .

I 3c .

8 02 .5 .

B ow l .

G rey g r it ty c lay .

d ecorat ion .

RD 0 .26 .

1 072 .

I 3c .

B ow l .

1 073 .

H4a .

2 03 .1 .

1 074 .

G4a .

1 .8.

8 08.1 .

Red p a inted e xt .;

O range c lay , g rey c ore .

B ow l .

RD 0 .26 .

B uf f c lay , d ark g rey c ore , g ri t .

B ow l f rag .

i nc ised

RD 0 .36 .

C oarse p ink c lay , g rey c ore .

Impressed

d ecora t ion o n e xt . 1 075 .

H4b .

3 01 .5 .

B ow l .

c ised d ecora t ion .

Grey c lay , r ed/orange e x t .;

r ed p a int i nt .

I n-

RD 0 .30 .

1 076.

I 4a .

9 01 .33 .

B ow l?

Red c lay , g rey c ore .

RD 0 .20 .

1 077 .

H4b .

3 01 .5 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay , f i ne g ri t .

1 078 .

H3d .

7 12 .5 .

B ow l .

O range c lay .

1 079 .

H4b .

3 01 .8 .

B ow l .

B rown c lay , f i ne g r it .

8 07 .10 .

B ow l .

G ri t ty o range c lay . RD 0 .28 .

RD 0 .28 .

Wh i te p a in t i n t .

RD 0 .24 .

R ed p a int i nt . a nd e xt .

RD 0 .24 . 1 080 .

I 3c .

1 081.

G4b .

1 06.1 .

B ow l .

Grit ty r ed c lay , r ed p a int .

1 082 .

G4b .

1 01 .5 .

B ow l .

O range g r it ty c lay .

1 083 .

I 4c/d .

1 601 .25 .

F ig . 9 5 . 1 084 .

H4a .

B ow l o r j ar .

RD 0 .23 .

Whee l marks .

Grey c lay .

RD 0 .28 .

RD 0 .28.

P o t tery f ro m Medieva l I-Cassero les a nd S torage J ars 2 03 .1 .

C assero le .

B lack g r it ty c lay ;

r ed/orange i n t . a nd e xt .

RD 0 .50 . 1 085 .

1 086 .

I 3c .

8 06 .6 .

C assero le .

e x t .

RD 0 .36 .

H4b .

3 01 .5 .

B uf f/orange g r it ty c lay .

C assero le .

Grey c lay , f ine g r i t .

O range i n t . a nd

B uf f i n t . a nd e x t .

RD 0 .40 . 1 087 .

G4b .

1 06.2 .

C assero le .

C oarse r ed/p ink c lay .

1 088.

G4b .

1 06.1 .

C assero le .

Grey c lay , wh ite s l ip; t races o f r ed p a int .

S tu mp o f l ug h and le . 1 089 .

G4a .

1 090 .

I 3c .

1 091.

H4c/d .

1 092 .

H4b .

RD 0 .40+ ?

4 .1 . S torage j ar . 8 08 .22 .

C assero le?

1 501.4 .

3 04 .7 .

G4a .

1 094 .

Red c lay , g rey c ore . Grey g r i t ty c lay .

S torage j ar .

S torage j ar .

p r in t d ecora t ion o n r im . 1 093 .

RD 0 .40+

1 .9a .

S torage j ar .

G4a .

6 .14 .

C assero le .

e x t .

RD 0 .40+

RD 0 .27 .

RD 0 .34 .

C oarse r eddish c lay .

Grey g r it ty c lay .

RD 0 .40 .

O range e xt .

Thu mb

RD 0 .35 . Red c lay , g rey c ore .

RD 0 .40 .

C oarse d ark g rey c lay; r ed p ain t i n t . a nd

1 21

F ig . 9 6 . 1 095 .

G4a .

6 .14 .

Po t tery f ro m Medieva l I-Cooking p ots

C ooking p ot .

d ecora t ion o n n eck .

Grey g r it ty c lay ; b lackened i nt .; i nc ised

RD 0 .26 .

1 096 .

G4a .

6 .14 .

J ar f rag .

1 097 .

G4a .

6 .14 .

C ook ing p ot w i th l oop h andles .

1 098 .

G4a .

6 .14 .

C ook ing p ot .

1 099 .

G4b .

1 06 .2 .

C oarse g ri t ty g rey c lay .

1 501 .38.

Sma l l c ook ing p ot .

made .

RD 0 .14;

H t . 0 .10;

H 4a .

2 08 .8 .

1 102 .

H4a .

2 08 .15 .

1 103 .

G4a .

1 4 .11.

B lackened

RD 0 .16.

H 4c/d .

1 101.

RD 0 .20 .

RD 0 .22 .

C ooking p ot?

d ark b rown e x t . 1 100 .

B uff c oarse c lay ; b rown p aint .

C ook ing p ot .

B lackened p ink c lay ;

h and

BD 0 .11 . B uf f c lay , g r it a nd mica .

C ook ing p ot . ' Corn s ta lk ' p a t tern o n h andle . C ooking p ot .

O range c lay w i th f i ne g r i t a nd mica .

p a int o n r im a nd u pper h a lf o f e x t .

RD 0 .171;

H t . 0 .134;

1 104 .

H 4a .

2 02 .1.

C ook ing p o t .

Grey c lay , r ed p a int e x t .

RD 0 .22 .

1 105 .

H 4a .

2 02 .1 .

C ooking p ot .

Grey c lay , r ed p a int e x t .

RD 0 .21.

1 106 .

H4a .

2 08.8 .

C ook ing p ot .

Grey c lay , g r i t a nd mica .

1 107 .

I 3c .

8 02 . 2 2 .

C ooking p ot .

P ink g rit ty c lay ,

e x t .

RD 0 .25 .

G 4a .

1 06. 1 .

C ooking p ot .

B rown v ery g r it ty c lay .

1 108 .

o f n eck . 1 109 .

H 4a .

G4b .

2 08 .5 .

C ooking p o t .

1 06 .2 .

o n h and le .

9 7 .

Red p a in t o n i nt .

r ed p a int ; i nc ised

B lack c lay w i th mica ; t races o f r ed p a int

Pot tery f ro m Medieva l I-Jars

3 02 .4 .

1 112 .

I 3c .

8 02 .47 .

Wa ter j ar .

1 113 .

I 4a .

9 10 .13 .

J ar .

1 114 .

I S .

1 115 .

H 5 .

1 116.

H4a .

1 810 .2 . 1 701 .12 . 2 08 .18 .

2 -hand led j ar .

J ug .

5 01.19 . 9 01 .31 .

O range/grey c lay , f i ne g r i t .

J ar .

t i on o n n eck .

J ar .

RD 0 .17 .

RD O .0 7 .

F rags . o f j ug .

J ug .

R ed c lay , wh i te g r i t .

O range c lay , g rey c ore , r ed p a int .

RD 0 .15 .

RD 0 .16.

F ine v ery p a le b uf f c lay .

C oarse b lack c lay .

s cored l i nes o n n eck .

I 4a .

P ink c lay , g rey c ore;

C ook ing p o t .

H 4b .

1 118 .

r ed p ainted

RD 0 .2 8 .

1 111.

G 4d .

g rey c ore;

RD 0 .26 ? F ig .

1 117 .

RD 0 .16 .

RD 0 .26 .

wavy l ine d ecora t ion . 1 110 .

Red

BD 0 .11.

BD 0 .075 .

I mpressed d ecora t ion .

F ine

RD 0 .12 . Grey c lay;

i nc ised d ecora t ion .

G r it ty r ed c lay .

RD 0 .19 .

1 22

RD 0 . 0 7 .

I nc ised a nd impressed d ecora-

1 119 .

H5 .

1 710 .3 .

J ar .

1 120 .

I 3c .

8 08 .21 .

J ar w i th 2 h andles .

1 121 .

1 5 .

1 801 .3 .

B uf f c lay , s o me b lack g r i t .

J ar w i th 2 h andles .

RD 0 .19 .

Buff/pink c lay .

RD 0 .16 .

Grey/orange c lay , f i ne g ri t .

RD

0 .16. 1 122 .

I 3c .

1 123 .

H4b .

8 09 .3 .

J ar .

O range c lay , g r it a nd mica .

RD 0 .22 .

3 01.2 .

J ar .

B uf fg r it ty c lay .

R ed/orange i n t . a nd e x t .

RD

3 06 .1.

J ar .

Gr it ty b uf f c lay .

B uf f/orange i nt . a nd e x t .

RD

0 .15 . 1 124 .

H4b . 0 .28 .

1 125 .

I 3c .

8 02 .48 .

J ar .

C oarse b lack c lay .

1 126.

I 3c .

8 06 .13 .

J ar .

Dark g rey c lay .

1 127.

G4b .

1 01 .1.

J ar .

Dark g rey g r i t ty c lay; b lack i nt . a nd e xt .

1 128 .

G3d .

5 06+

1 129 .

1 5 .

1 810 .11 .

1 130 .

1 5 .

1 810 .2 .

1 131.

G4b .

1 132 .

I 4c/d .

1 133 .

G4b .

F ig . 9 8 .

J ug .

1 06 .1 .

J ar .

1 01 .6 .

J ar .

RD 0 .22 . BD 0 .08 .

RD 0 .24 . RD 0 .18 .

G r it ty r ed c lay , g rey/b lack c ore .

J ar .

RD 0 .12 .

i nc ised d ecora t ion .

Grey c lay , f i ne g r i t . G r i t ty r eddish c lay .

J ar .

1 601 .37 .

Impressed d esign .

B uf f c lay , r ed p a int ;

J ar .

RD 0 .18 .

G r it ty r ed c lay w i th mica .

G r it ty o range/red c lay .

RD 0 .22 .

RD 0 .17 .

RD 0 .14 .

P o t tery f ro m Medieva l 1-Jars; d ecora ted s herds , l i ds a nd c ups

1 134 .

H4c/d .

1 501.8 .

Wa ter j ar .

Dark r ed c lay , y e l low c ore .

1 135 .

H4c/d .

1 501 .8 .

Wa ter j ar .

Dark r ed c lay .

1 136.

I 3c .

1 802 .7 .

J ar .

RD 0 .11 .

RD c a 0 .11.

O range c lay , g r it a nd mica .

Red p ain ted e x t .

RD 0 .10 . 1 137 .

I 4c/d .

1 601 .49 .

Wa ter j ar .

R ed c lay b urnished w i th v er t ica l s trokes .

RD 0 .056 . 1 138.

H4b .

3 06 .3 .

J ar .

B lack c lay , f ine g ri t .

1 139 .

I 3c .

8 08 .11 .

J ar .

R ed c lay

1 140 .

1 3c .

8 08 .12 .

J ar .

R ed c lay , d ark g rey c ore;

1 141 .

I 3c .

8 06 .12 .

Wa ter j ar .

a nd e xt .

RD 0 .06.

r ed p ainted e xt .

B rown c lay , f i ne g r i t .

R ed/or a nge i n t .

RD 0 .13 .

1 142 .

G4b .

1 06.1 .

Wa ter j ar .

1 143 .

H4a .

2 09 .2 .

Wa ter j ar h and le .

1 144 .

H4c/d .

1 502 .5 .

P ink/orange g r it ty c lay . R ed c lay , b lack a nd wh i te g r it .

H o le mouth j ar .

C oarse b ri t t le r ed c lay , g rey c ore .

RD 0 .13 . 1 145 .

G4b .

1 01 .4 .

e x t .

RD 0 .21 .

H o le mouth j ar .

Grey g ri t ty c lay .

1 23

R ed/orange i n t . a nd

1 146.

I 4c/d .

1 601. 4 9 .

Ho le mouth j ar .

C oarse b lack c lay , wh i te g r it .

H o le mouth j ar .

F ine r ed/orange c lay a nd s l ip

RD 0 .09 . 1 147 .

I 4c/d .

1 601 .65 .

( He l len ist ic ) . 1 148.

G 4b .

1 01 .5 .

RD 0 .14 . Ho le mouth j ar .

O range g r it ty c lay , g rey c ore .

J ar .

P ronounced whee l marks .

RD

O .1 2 . 1 149 .

I 4a .

9 01 .33 .

1 150 .

I 4c/d .

1 151.

G4b .

1 01.3 .

1 152 .

I 3c .

8 02 .26 .

J ug w ith t refo i l mouth .

1 153 .

I 3c .

8 02 .26 .

J ug h and le .

1 154 .

H4c/d .

1 601 .25 .

Red c lay .

J ar .

J ar .

1 501 .8 .

Dark r ed g r it ty c lay .

Dark g rey g r it ty c lay .

Bow l .

RD 0 .18.

RD 0 .21.

B rown e xt ., r ed i n t .

B uf f c lay .

F ine wh i te c lay .

F ine c rea m c lay w ith impressed d ecora t ion

RD 0 .0 7 . 1 155 .

H 3d .

1 156 .

I 3c .

1 157 .

G4b .

1 158 .

I 3c .

1 159 .

1 5 .

1 160 .

I 3c .

7 06 .33 . 8 06.13 .

S herd . S herd .

1 06.1 + . 3 . 8 03 .7 .

F ine wh i te ish c lay . O range c lay .

L id .

S herd .

Red c lay , g rey c ore .

D ir ty wh i te c lay .

MD 0 .0 94 .

Impressed d ecora t ion .

S herd .

Red c lay , g rey c ore , s ta mped c ross .

8 02 .11.

S herd .

B uf fg r i t ty c lay .

G 3d .

1 162 .

I 3c .

8 02 .3 .

1 163 .

G 4a .

6 .7 .

B ow l o r c up .

1 164 .

G4a .

1 .4 .

1 -hand led c up .

1 165 .

1 5 .

1 166 .

I 3c .

5 10 .9 .

B uf f i n t . r ed a nd b lack e xt .

C ross .

1 161 .

S torage j ar b ase?

O range c lay w i th mica .

L id , g rey/brown c lay .

G ri t ty b lack c ore .

B lack c lay .

RD 0 .20 .

B lack c lay , wh i te g r i t .

RD 0 .105 .

1 803 .9 .

2 -hand led? c up .

P ink c lay , g r it a nd mica .

8 03 .3 .

2 -hand led? c up .

C oarse c lay .

9 . F ig . 9 G4a .

Impressed d ecora t ion .

1 802 .12 .

I nc ised d ecora t ion .

1 167 .

Impressed d ecora t ion .

1 .9a .

RD 0 .16.

RD 0 .18.

P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I- Wa ter J ars

Wa ter j ar .

C oarse g r it ty g rey c lay .

R ed p a int o n e xt .

RD 0 .10 . 1 168 .

G 4b . 1 06 .1 .

1 169 .

G4b .

1 06 .1 .

h and le . 1 170 .

G4b .

Wa ter j ar? Wa ter j ar .

O range g r i t ty c lay , r ed p a int . C oarse g ri t ty o range c lay;

G4b .

r ed p a int , l ug

.2 2 . RD 0

1 06 .1 . Wa ter J ug .

Gr i t ty o range c lay .

Red p a int i nt . a nd e xt .

RD 0 .14? 1 171.

RD 0 .20 .

1 01 .9 .

Wa ter j ug .

Gri t ty r ed c lay .

1 24

RD 0 .0 9 .

1 172 .

G4b .

1 01.9 .

1 173 .

G4a .

6 .9b .

1 174 .

H4b .

3 01.2 .

Wa ter j ug . Wa ter j ar .

B uf f c lay , b lack c ore; r ed p a in t . B uf f c lay .

Wa ter j ar .

1 175 .

H4b . i nt .

1 176 .

H4b .

3 01.2 .

3 01 .2 .

RD 0 .14 .

Wa ter j ar .

Du l l o range g r it ty c lay .

Wa ter j ar .

L ug h and les .

O range e x t .; g rey

G4a .

6 .8 .

1 178 .

I 3c .

8 02 .16 .

1 179 .

I 3c .

8 02 .7 .

1 180 .

I 3c .

8 02 .16 .

1 181 .

I 3c .

8 02 .4 .

a nd e x t .

Grey g r i t ty c lay; o range e xt .

RD 0 .16.

1 177 .

I 3c .

B r ick r ed e xt . ;g rey

RD 0 .14 .

a nd i n t .

1 182 .

RD 0 .10 .

Grey c lay , f i ne g r i t .

i nt . ;i nc ised d ecora t ion .

Wa ter j ar .

G r it ty r ed c lay .

RD 0 .14 .

Wa ter j ar ? C oarse g rey c lay . Wa ter j ar . J ar .

Pa le g rey g r it ty c lay .

Wa ter j ar .

RD 0 .10 .

Gr it ty o range c lay w i th mica .

RD 0 .10 .

I nc is ions o n r im .

P a le g rey/orange g r it ty c lay .

RD 0 .14 .

R ed p a int i nt .

RD 0 .1 4 .

8 02 .11 .

Wa ter j ar .

i nt .; b lack b urn ished e x t .

Gr it ty r ed c lay , b lack c ore; b rown b urn ished RD 0 .16.

1 183 .

I 4a .

9 10 .11.

Wa ter j ar .

Dark r ed c lay .

1 184 .

1 4a .

9 10 .13 .

Wa ter j ar .

Red c lay , g rey c ore .

1 185 .

I 3c .

8 02 .48 .

Wa ter j ar .

Pa le b rown c oarse c lay .

1 186 .

H4a .

2 03 .3 .

Wa ter j ar .

O range c lay , f i ne g r i t .

1 187 .

H4a .

2 03 .3 .

Wa ter j ar .

Grey c lay , f i ne g r i t .

e x t .

RD 0 .14 .

I 3c .

' 9 10 .1 ' .

1 188.

RD 0 .18 .

F ig .100 .

Wa ter j ar .

RD 0 .13 . RD 0 .14 . RD 0 .12 . RD 0 .12 . O range p a int i n t . a nd

O range c lay , f i ne g r i t .

RD 0 .12 .

P o t tery f ro m Medieva l I-Bow ls a nd Wa ter J ars

1 189 .

1 5 .

1 801 .11 .

L arge b ow l .

B rown c lay , wh ite g r i t .

1 190 .

1 5 .

1 801 .15 .

L arge b ow l .

O range c lay .

1 191.

1 5 .

1 802 .13 .

B ow l .

1 192 .

1 5 .

1 803 .9 .

B ow l .

G rey/b lack c lay , s o me g r it .

1 193 .

1 5 .

1 801 . 5 .

B ow l .

RD O .2 8 .

1 194 .

H5 .

1 701.35 .

B ow l .

1 195 .

15 .

1 701.35 .

J ar .

1 196 .

1 5 .

1 803 .14 .

1 197 .

1 5 .

1 805 .1 .

B ow l .

B uff c lay , r eddish s l ip .

1 198 .

1 5 .

1 801 .2 .

B ow l .

F ine o range c lay , r ed p a int .

1 199 .

1 5 .

1 805 .1 .

B ow l .

G rey c lay , Dark r ed s l ip .

B ow l?

P ink c lay .

RD 0 .24+

RD 0 .40 .

Dark g rey c lay .

P ink/grey c lay .

RD 0 .28 .

RD 0 .40 .

P a le g r i t ty o range c lay .

1 25

RD 0 .38 ,

RD 0 .12 .

RD 0 .25? RD 0 .19 .

RD 0 .20 .

1 200 .

H 6 .

3 001.28 .

1 201.

1 5 .

1 803 .16.

1 202 .

1 5 .

1 80 6 .2 .

B ow l . G rey c lay , G lazed b ow l . B ow l .

R ed p a int i nt ., o range e x t .

Worn g reen g laze .

B uf f c lay .

RD 0 .19 .

RD 0 .28.

Red s l ip ; wh i te p atches o n r im .

RD

0 .2 0 . 1 203 .

1 5 .

1 801 .15 .

B ow l .

F ine b uf f c lay .

O range s l ip .

1 204 .

1 5 .

1 803 .11.

B ow l .

F ine p ink c lay .

R ed p a in t .

1 205 .

H 5 .

1 701.1 .

B ow l .

P a le g rey g r i t ty c lay .

e x t . 1 206 .

1 5 . e x t .

1 207 .

H 5 .

RD 0 .18 . RD 0 .0 85 .

R ed/orange s l ip i nt . a nd

RD 0 .20 . 1 701 .2 .

Wa ter j ar .

Pa le g rey g r i t ty c lay , r ed p a int i n t . a nd

RD 0 .12 . 1 701.2 .

B ow l?

P a le g rey g r i t ty c lay , b rown p aint i n t . a nd e x t .

RD 0 .14 . 1 208.

1 5 .

1 805 .5 .

G lazed wa ter j ar .

1 209 .

1 5 .

1 80 1 .11 .

B ow l .

1 21 O .

1 5 .

1 80 3 .11.

J ar .

1 211.

1 5 .

1 80 6 .4 .

J ar?

Wh i te c lay .

1 212 .

1 5 .

1 80 3 .4 .

J ar .

Dark b rown c lay .

1 213 .

1 5 .

1 80 2 .7 .

J ar .

Grey c lay , g r i t .

1 214 .

1 5 .

1 80 3 .14 .

Wa ter j ar ? R ed c lay , g rey c ore , wh i te g r i t .

1 215 .

1 5 .

1 803 .14 .

Wa ter j ar .

1 216 .

1 5 .

1 80 7 .1 .

1 217.

1 6 .

3 10 1.40 .

Wa ter j ar .

1 218.

1 6 .

3 10 1 .23 .

Wa ter j ar ? Grey c lay , r ed i n t .

1 219 .

1 5 .

1 701 .18 .

1 220 .

1 5 .

1 704 .1 .

1 221.

1 5 .

1 80 1.15 .

G rey c lay .

G rey c lay .

Green g laze .

RD 0 .16.

B uf f c lay , b lack c ore .

Wa ter j ar .

Wa ter j ar . Wa ter j ar .

RD 0 .1 O .

RD 0 .12 .

RD 0 .10 . I nc ised d ecora tion .

RD 0 .22 .

RD 0 .14 . RD 0 .14 .

P ink c lay , wh i te g r i t . B uf f c lay , r ed p a in t o n r im . B lack c lay , g r i t .

B lack c lay .

RD 0 .08 .

RD 0 .11. RD 0 .1 O .

RD 0 .14 .

RD 0 .075 .

J ar .

Pa le g rey c lay , f i ne g r it ; b rown i nt . a nd e xt .

RD 0 .12 . 1 222 .

1 5 .

1 702 .8 .

J ar .

G rey g r i t ty c lay , o range p a int .

1 223 .

1 5 .

1 701.4 .

J ar .

R ed c lay , g rey c ore ; b lack ish g r it .

F ig .101 . 1 224 .

1 5 .

1 80 1.15 .

RD 0 .14 . RD 0 .12 .

P o t tery f ro m Medieva l 1-Bow ls

B ow l .

C oarse d u ll g rey c lay .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay , f i ne g r i t .

B ow l .

G r it ty b uf f c lay .

B rown i nt . a nd e x t .

RD 0 .50 . 1 225 .

1 5 .

1 801 .15 .

R ed/orange i nt . a nd e x t .

RD 0 .30 . 1 226 .

1 5 .

1 80 1 . 1 5 .

1 26

Red p a int .

RD 0 .2 0 .

1 227 .

1 5 .

1 80 1 .15 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay , f i ne g r i t ;

B ow l .

Grey c lay , f i ne g r i t .

B ow l .

O range g r it ty c lay ;

o range i nt . a nd e x t .

RD

0 .2 4 . 1 228 .

1 5 .

1 80 1 .1 5 .

Grey e x t ., o range i nt .

RD 0 .32 . 1 229 .

1 5 .

1 80 1 .15 .

o range i nt . a nd e x t .

RD

0 .3 4 . 1 230 .

1 5 .

1 80 1 .15 .

B ow l .

G r it ty b uf f c lay .

O range i n t . a nd e x t .

1 231 .

1 5 .

1 80 2 .13 .

B ow l .

O range c lay , g rey c ore;

RD 0 .25 .

i nc ised d ecora t ion .

RD 0 .2 6 . 1 232 .

1 5 .

1 80 1.11 .

B ow l .

G rey c lay .

1 233 .

1 5 .

1 80 1.11.

B ow l .

B rown c lay , wh i te g r i t , b lack c ore .

1 234 .

1 5 .

1 80 9 .1 .

B ow l .

O range c lay , r ed p a in t .

1 235 .

1 5 .

1 80 2 .1.

B ow l .

G rey c lay , wh ite g r i t .

1 236.

1 5 .

1 80 1.2 .

B ow l .

B uff c lay ,grey c ore .

1 237 .

1 5 .

1 80 1 .8 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay , g rey c ore , r ed p a int .

1 238.

1 5 .

1 80 1 . 8 .

B ow l .

B uf f/grey c lay;

1 239 .

1 5 .

1 80 1 .8 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay , g rey c ore .

1 340 .

1 5 .

1 80 1 .2 .

B ow l .

P ink c lay .

1 241.

1 5 .

1 80 1.2 .

B ow l .

O range c lay ,

I nc ised d ecora t ions o n e x t .

RD 0 .2 3 . RD 0 .22 .

RD 0 .24 . RD 0 .32 .

RD 0 .18 .

r ed p a int .

Dark g rey c ore . g rey c ore .

RD 0 .2 2 .

Wh i te s l ip .

RD 0 .32 .

Red p a in t o n i n t . r im .

RD 0 .30 .

1 242 .

H5 .

1 70 6.1 .

B ow l .

C oarse r ed c lay , g rey c ore .

1 243 .

H5 .

1 70 3 .3 .

B ow l .

Grey c lay , r ed c ore .

RD 0 .22;

RD 0 .28;

H t . 0 .0 78 .

H t . 0 .0 6;

B d

0 .2 2 . 1 244 .

1 6.

3 10 1 .1 .

1 245 .

1 6 .

3 10 1.23 .

B ow l .

P a le o range/grey c lay .

1 246 .

1 6 .

3 10 1 .23 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay ; b urn ished i n t . a nd e x t . RD 0 .20 .

F ig . 1 247 .

1 5 .

1 5 .

1 02

1 80 2 .14 .

p aint . 1 248 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay , mica ;

r ed p ain t .

RD 0 .28.

Red p a int .

RD 0 .22 .

P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I-Cooking P ots C ooking P o t .

C oarse o range c lay , wh ite g r i t; r ed

RD 0 .50 .

1 80 1 .1.

C ooking p ot .

g r i t a nd mica .

J ar .

P a le o range c lay , d ark g rey c ore ,

RD 0 .50 .

1 249 .

1 5 .

1 81 0 .9 .

C ook ing p ot .

B uf f c lay , d ark g rey c ore .

RD 0 .5 O .

1 250 .

1 5 .

1 80 2 .7 .

C ooking p ot .

R ed c lay , b lack c ore , wh ite g r i t .

RD c a

0 .4 0 . 1 251.

1 5 .

1 80 2 .7 .

C ooking p ot , r ed c lay .

1 252 .

1 5 .

1 80 3 .4 .

L arge b ow l .

RD 0 .32 .

P ink c lay , g rey c ore .

o n r im . 1 27

I nc ised d ecora t ion

1 253 .

1 5 .

1 803 .11 .

C ook ing p o t .

C oarse b rown/b lack c lay , s o me g r it .

R ed p a int i n t . a nd o n r im . 1 254 .

1 5 .

1 803 .15 .

1 255 .

1 5 .

1 802 .5 .

1 256 .

H 5 .

1 702 .1.

1 257 .

H5 .

1 703 .15 .

B ow l .

H5 .

1 703 . 2 .

B ow l .

1 5 .

RD 0 .20 .

B uf f/grey c lay .

B uff s l ip .

RD 0 .44?

P a le o range c lay , f i ne g r it .

B ow l .

G rey c lay , f i ne g r i t .

Red p a int i nt . a nd e xt .

RD 0 .16 .

C ooking p ot .

F ig . 1 03 . 1 259 .

F ine p a le b uf f c lay .

C ook ing p ot .

I nc ised d ecora t ion . 1 258 .

RD 0 .38 .

C oarse g r it ty b uf c lay .

RD c a 0 .38 .

P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I- Wa ter j ars

1 803 .19 .

Trefo i l mouthed j ar .

B uf f/ye l low c lay .

Red p a int o n

1 803 .15 .

Trefo i l mouthed j ar .

O range g r it ty c lay .

l ip . 1 260 .

1 5 .

P ronounced

whee l marks o n i n t . 1 261.

1 5 .

1 80 3 .19 .

1 262 .

1 6 .

3 10 2 .7 .

J ug .

1 263 .

1 5 .

1 804 .6 .

Wa ter j ar .

1 264 .

1 5 .

1 80 3 .18 .

Wa ter j ar .

1 265 .

1 5 .

1 80 3 .18 .

V iew o f h andle o f 1 264 .

1 266 .

1 6 .

3 10 1 .40 .

Wa ter j ar .

B rown/b lack c lay , wh i te g ri t .

1 267 .

H 5 .

1 703 .4 .

Wa ter j ar .

B r it t le r ed c lay .

1 268.

1 6 .

3 10 2 .7 .

Wa ter j ar .

B uf f c lay .

Pa tchy r ed p aint .

O range g r it ty c lay .

Wa ter j ar .

RD 0 .0 75;

RD 0 .1 0 5 .

H t . 0 .11.

Red , b lack a nd g rey c lay . O range c lay , g r i t a nd mica .

B lack ish c lay .

RD 0 .10 .

RD 0 .12 .

RD 0 .15 .

E labora te d ecora ted h andle .

RD 0 .18 . 1 269 .

1 5 .

1 803 .18.

Wa ter j ar .

O range c lay , g rey c ore , b urnished .

RD

0 .2 6 . 1 270 .

1 5 .

1 271 .

1 6 .

1 705 .15 . 3 10 2 .7 .

d ecora t ion . 1 272 .

1 5 .

1 803 .14 .

J ar .

Wa ter j ar .

1 5 .

1 801 .11.

RD 0 .17 .

C oarse g r i tty d ark g rey c lay .

I nc ised

RD 0 .20 . J ug .

F ig . 1 04 . 1 273 .

G rey g r it ty c lay , b lackened e x t .

Dark r ed c lay .

RD 0 .20 .

P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I-Cooking p ots

C ook ing p o t .

B rown ish c lay , wh ite g r i t ;

C ook ing p o t .

R ed c lay , g rey c ore;

C ook ing p o t .

Red c lay , g rey c ore .

r ed p a int .

RD 0 .45? 1 274 .

1 5 .

1 803 .14 .

i ncised d ecora t ion .

RD 0 .26 . 1 275 .

1 5 .

1 803 .18 .

1 276 .

1 5 .

1 801.2 .

C ooking p ot .

a nd p ar t o f e x t .

Grey ish c lay .

RD 0 .20 . 1 28

RD 0 .2 2 .

R ed p a int o n i nside r im

1 5 .

1 277 .

1 802 .5 .

mica .

C ook ing p ot .

B lackened e x t .

1 278 .

1 5 .

1 812 .3 .

J ar .

1 279 .

1 5 .

1 808 .8 .

C ook ing p ot .

1 280 .

1 5 .

1 803 .18 .

1 5 .

1 5 .

1 282 .

RD 0 .13 .

Grey c lay ; r ed p a in t .

RD 0 .23 .

Brown c lay , g rey c ore; g r it a nd mica .

RD 0 .20 .

1 803 .14 .

r im .

Grey c lay ; l ug h and le .

C ook ing p o t .

R ed p a int e x t . 1 281 .

O range c lay , d ark g rey c ore; g r i t a nd

RD 0 .20 .

C ooking p ot .

O range c lay , g rey c ore;

r ed p a int o n

RD 0 .37 .

1 803 .12 .

d ecora t ion . 1 283 .

1 5 .

1 802 .12 .

1 284 .

1 5 .

1 802 . 5 .

1 285 .

1 5 .

1 803 .16.

C ooking p o t .

Red/brown c lay , g r i t a nd mica; i nc ised

RD 0 .22 . C ook ing p o t .

P ink c lay , g r i t ; r ed p a int .

C ook ing p ot?

B uf f a nd g rey c lay .

RD 0 .23 .

B uf f s l ip .

RD 0 .44?

C ooking p ot .

B uf f c lay w i th g r i t ; b lack p aint o n e xt .

C ooking p o t .

Grey g r i t ty c lay .

RD 0 .36 . 1 5 .

1 286.

1 803 .16 .

R ed p aint i n. a nd e x t .

RD 0 .33 . F ig . 1 05 . P o t tery f ro m Medieva l I-Cooking P ots a nd S torage J ars 1 287 .

H 5 . e x t .

1 701.8 .

C ooking p ot .

G r i t ty b uf f c lay .

R ed p a int a nd b lackened

C ook ing p o t .

G rey c lay , wh i te g r i t .

RD 0 .26 .

1 288 .

H 6 .

3 008 .3 .

1 289 .

1 5 .

1 703 .14 .

S torage b ow l .

1 290 .

1 5 .

1 703 .14 .

S torage j ar .

1 291 .

1 5 .

1 701.8 .

1 292 .

1 5 .

1 703 .14 .

1 293 .

1 5 .

1 701.4 .

S torage j ar .

1 294 .

H 5 .

1 810 .6 .

J ar?

1 295 .

1 5 .

1 296 .

H 6 .

1 297 .

1 5 . 1 803 . 1 9 . 0 .0 65 .

P o t s tand .

B uff/grey c lay .

1 298 .

1 5 .

1 803 .19 .

P o t s tand .

G rey c lay .

1 298a

1 5 .

1 803 .6 .

1 299 .

1 5 .

1 803 .18 .

1 300 .

1 5 .

1 803 .5 .

1 808 .3 . 3 008 . 3 .

J ar .

J ar .

R ed c lay , wh i te g r i t .

B uf fg r i t ty c lay .

S torage j ar .

J ar .

B uf f c lay ; r ed p aint .

Red p aint e x t .

RD 0 .32 . RD 0 .32 . RD 0 .24 .

Dark r ed c lay , wh i te g r it . B lack c lay .

Gr i t ty r ed c lay .

P ink c lay .

T r ipod p ot s tand . Tr ipod p ot s tand .

RD 0 .28 . O range p aint .

RD 0 .22 .

RD 0 .2 2 . RD 0 .0 9 ;H t 0 .0 6 ; BD

RD 0 .105; H t . 0 .81;

B uf f c lay . B uf f c lay .

B lack ish c lay .

1 29

RD 0 .27 .

RD 0 .25 .

L igh t g rey c lay , f i ne g r it .

L id h andle .

RD 0 .24 .

G laze o n t i ps .

BD 0 .103 .

1 301 .

1 5 .

1 801 .3 .

L id a nd h and le .

1 302 .

I 5 .

1 803 .18 .

L id .

C oarse g rey c lay , g r i t a nd mica .

1 303 .

H 5 .

1 706 .6 .

L id .

P ink c lay ;

F ig . 1 06 . 1 304 .

2 001 .1.

C oarse r ed g r it ty c lay ; g rey c ore .

r ed p a in t .

P o t tery f ro m Medieva l I I ( F4 )

G lazed b ow l .

L igh t b uf f c lay ; g reen g laze i n t . a nd e xt .

RD 0 .13? 1 305 .

2 001 .1.

B ow l .

L igh t g rey c lay .

O range a nd b rown s l ip ( He l len ist ic ) .

RD 0 .18 . 1 306.

2 001 .2 .

G lazed b ow l .

G rey c lay; g reen g laze .

1 307 .

2 001 .2 .

G lazed b ow l .

R ed c lay ; g reen g laze .

1 308 .

2 001 .2 .

J ar .

1 309 .

2 001 .2 .

B ow l .

1 310 .

2 001 .2 .

J ar?

R edd ish b rown c lay .

1 311.

2 001 .2 .

J ar?

B rown c lay .

1 312 .

2 001 .1 .

J ar .

C oarse g rey c lay , g r i t a nd mica .

1 313 .

2 001 .3 .

G lazed b ow l .

g laze .

Y e l low/buf f c lay .

RD 0 .10?

RD 0 .11?

S la te g rey c lay .

P ink c lay , wh i te s l ip ; misf ired p a le g reen

RD 0 .24?

1 314 .

2 001.3 .

B ow l .

R eddish c lay ; d ark r ed p a int i n t . a nd e x t .

1 315 .

2 001 .3 .

H and le .

1 316 .

2 001 .3 .

G lazed s herd .

R ed c lay ; i nc ised d ecora t ion . G rey/pink c lay ; wh ite s l ip; g reen g laze ;

o l ive s gra f f i to . 1 317 .

2 001 .4 .

G lazed s herd .

P ink c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , y e l low a nd

b rown g laze ; b lack a nd b rown s graf f i to . 1 318 .

2 001 .5 .

G lazed b ow l .

1 319 .

2 001 .5 .

J ar .

1 320 .

2 001 .5 . B ow l . RD 0 .24?

1 321 .

2 001 .5 .

G lazed s herd .

1 322 .

2 001 .6 .

B ow l .

1 323 .

2 001 .6 .

D ecora ted s herd .

1 324 .

2 001 .7 .

G lazed b ow l .

1 325 .

2 001 .7 .

J ar .

1 326.

2 001 .9 .

G lazed b ow l . b ase .

1 327 .

L igh t g rey c lay ; g reen g laze .

R ed c lay ; wh i te g r i t .

RD 0 .10 .

R ed/brown c lay , wh i te g r i t .

B urn ished ( Bronze Age ) .

R ed c lay ; g reen g laze ;

P a le g rey c lay .

s graf f i to .

RD 0 .2 2 .

Wh i te c lay ; i mpressed d es igns .

G rey/orange c lay ; g reen g laze .

B uf f c lay . G rey/p ink c lay ; l i gh t g reen g laze;

o l ive s graf f i to .

BD 0 .08 .

2 001 .9 .

G rey c lay ; r ed p a int i n t . a nd e x t .

B ow l .

RD 0 .20 .

1 30

RD 0 .16?

1 328 .

2 001 .10 .

B ow l .

Grey ish c lay .

RD 0 .22?

1 329 .

2 001 .10 .

B ow l .

O range c lay .

1 330 .

2 001 .10 .

G lazed b ow l .

L igh t o range c lay ; l igh t g reen g laze .

1 331 .

2 001 .10 .

G lazed b ow l .

G reen g laze; b lack s graf f ito .

1 332 .

2 001 .10 .

G lazed b ow l .

E xt . d ark g reen g laze;

RD 0 .13?

i nt . l igh t a nd o live

g reen g laze . 1 333 .

2 001 .10 .

G lazed b ow l .

O range c lay .

I n t . g reen b rown a nd y e l low

g laze . 1 334 .

2 001 .2 .

G lazed b ow l .

O range c lay .

1 335 .

2 000 .2 .

B ow l?

1 336 .

2 000 .2 .

J ar?

1 337 .

2 000 .2 .

B ow l .

P ink c lay .

1 338 .

2 000 .2 .

B ow l .

C oarse d ark g rey c lay ; b lack e x t . ;r ed i nt .

1 339 .

2 001 .11 .

Grey c lay . R ed c lay .

G lazed b ow l .

1 340 .

2 001 .11 .

B ow l .

P ink c lay .

1 341.

2 001.11 .

B ow l .

RD 0 .10 .

1 342 .

2 001.11 .

J ar .

1 343 .

2 001 .11 .

B ow l .

1 344 .

2 001 .11 .

G lazed b ow l .

1 346 .

2 001 .12 .

RD 0 .18 .

R ed c lay ; b urn t b lack e xt .

Marked s tr ia t ions .

Dark b rown g laze ; b lack s graf f ito .

P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I I ( F4 )

G lazed b ow l .

B uf f c lay .

RD 0 .22;

Wa ter j ar .

d ecora t ion .

Green g laze w ith o l ive g reen

R ed a nd b lack c lay , wh ite g r i t .

F ig . 1 07 .

p a tches o n i t .

RD 0 .0 6 ?

O range c lay .

RD 0 .20 .

2 001 .11 .

RD 0 .10?

RD 0 .16 .

s tr ipes o n r im .

1 345 .

I nt . l igh t a nd o l ive g reen g laze .

P a le o l ive g reen g laze w i th d arker

H t . 0 .074;

BD 0 .0 9 .

Gr i t ty r ed c lay ; g rey i nt .

R ough mou lded

RD 0 .0 7 .

1 347 .

2 001.12 .

B ow l .

B uf f c lay .

RD 0 .24 .

1 348 .

2 001.12 .

J ar .

P ink ish g rey c lay .

1 349 .

2 001 .12 .

J ar .

P a le o range c lay .

1 350 .

2 001 .12 .

B ow l/ jar .

1 351.

2 001.12 ,

B ow l .

1 352 .

2 001 .12 .

J ar .

Grey c lay .

1 353 .

2 001.12 .

J ar .

B uf f c lay .

1 354 .

2 001.12 .

B ow l .

1 355 .

2 001.12 .

G lazed b ow l .

RD 0 .11 .

R eddish g rey c lay .

RD 0 .10?

B lack c lay . R ed p a int i n t . a nd e xt .

RD 0 .18 ?

P ink-orange c lay . G reen g laze; b lack a nd o l ive g reen s graff ito .

RD 0 .24? 1 31

1 356 .

2 001 .13 .

J ar .

Grey c lay ;

r ed e x t .

RD 0 .20 .

1 357 .

2 001.13 .

J ar .

Grey c lay .

Deep i nc ised o r impressed d ecora t ion

RD 0 .0 8? 1 358.

2 001 .13 .

J ar .

P a le b uf f c lay ; p a le o range e xt .

1 359 .

2 001 .13 .

J ar .

RD 0 .18.

1 360 .

2 001 .13 .

J ar .

B uf f c lay .

1 361.

2 001 .13 .

J ar .

Thu mb impressed d ecora t ion o n r im .

1 362 .

2 001 .13 .

G lazed b ow l .

b and o n i n t . 1 363 .

2 001 .13 .

RD 0 .0 6 .

Mid t o d ark g reen g laze ;

o l ive s graf f i to

RD 0 .16 ?

G lazed b ow l .

E x t . l i gh t g reen g laze ; b lack s graff i to;

i n t .

l i gh t g reen g laze ; d arker o n r i m; b lack s graf f ito . 1 364 .

2 001 .13 .

G lazed b ow l .

1 365 .

2 001 .13 .

G lazed s herd .

1 366.

2 001 .13 . o n e x t .

1 367.

G lazed b ow l .

Green g laze;

b lack s graf f i to .

Ye l low g laze; b lack s graf f ito . Mustard y e l low g laze , d ark b rown o n r im a nd

RD 0 .14 .

2 001 .13 .

G lazed s herd .

E x t . mustard y e l low g laze d r ipped .

( Reverse

o f 1 365 . ) 1 368 .

2 001 .12 .

G lazed b ow l .

Green g laze; b rown s graf f i to .

1 369 .

2 001 .12 .

G lazed s herd .

O range c lay .

G lazed s herd .

F ine r ed c lay .

RD 0 .26 .

G reen g laze; d ark g reen

s graf f i to . 1 370 .

2 001 .12 .

L igh t g reen g laze ; d ark

g reen s graf f i to . 1 371 .

2 001 .12 .

G lazed b ow l .

F ine r ed c lay .

1 372 .

2 001 .12 .

G lazed b ow l .

R ed c lay .

G reen g laze ; b rown s graf f i to .

L igh t g reen g laze ;

d ark g reen o n

s ca l loped r im . 1 373 .

2 001.12 .

G lazed s herd .

C oars ish r ed c lay .

Mustard y e l low a nd

g reen g laze; d ark b rown s graf f ito . 1 374 .

2 001 .15 .

B ow l .

i n t . a nd e xt .

( Bronze Age ) .

F ig . 1 08 . 2 201 .6.

C oarse p ink/grey c lay .

F 5 .

1 376 .

2 201 .6 .

Wa ter j ar .

1 377 .

2 201 .7 .

G lazed b ow l .

1 379 .

2 201 .11.

B ow l .

B uf f-pink c lay .

RD 0 .30 .

R ed c lay , b lack c ore . B uf f c lay .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

y e llow g laze; o l ive s graf f ito . 2 201 .11 .

RD 0 .28 .

P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I I ( F5 , G4a )

1 375 .

1 380 .

B r ick r ed b urnished s l ip

G lazed b ow l .

Ye l low-brown g laze .

P ink c lay .

RD 0 .20 .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd

BD 0 .05 .

P ink c lay .

s graf f i to ( cha mp leve ware ) .

RD c a 0 .12 .

L igh t g reen g laze; d ark g reen

BD 0 .12 .

1 32

1 381.

F 5 .

2 201.11.

G lazed s herd .

P ink c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen a nd

r ed g laze; d ark s graf f i to . 1 382 .

F 5 .

2 201.11.

G lazed s herd ( waster ) .

P ink c lay ; wh i te s l ip;

i nc ised

d ecora t ion . 1 383 .

F 5 .

2 201 .6 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

P ink c lay .

a nd b rown-ye l low g laze; b rown s graf f ito . 1 384 .

F 5 .

2 201 .13 .

G lazed s herd .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen ,

BD 0 .12?

Wh i te ish c lay .

Design r eserved i n

wh ite b y p a le g o lden/brown l ustre g laze ( Copper l us tre ware ) . 1 385 .

F 5 .

2 201 .13 .

G lazed b ow l .

B uf f c lay .

L igh t g reen g laze ; d ark

G lazed b ow l .

Green g laze e xt . ;o live g reen g laze

s graf f i to . 1 386 .

F 5 .

2 201.16 .

d r ipped o ver i nt .

RD 0 .27 .

1 387 .

F 5 .

2 203.1.

B ow l .

1 388 .

F 5 .

2 203 .1 .

G lazed b ow l .

1 389 .

G4a .

0 + .

O range b uf f c lay .

G lazed b ow l .

R ed p a int .

B uf f c lay .

P ink c lay .

Green g laze .

F 5 .

1 391 .

G4a .

4 .1 .

J ar .

C oarse b rown c lay;

1 392 .

G4a .

4 .1.

J ar .

S l igh t ly c oarse g rey c lay .

1 393 .

G4a .

4 .1.

J ar .

G r it ty r ed c lay , g rey c ore .

e xt .

RD c a 0 .20 .

F 5 .

2 201.3 .

Grey c lay .

R ed p a int e xt .

o range e xt .

G lazed j ar ,w i th h and le .

e xt . g reen

RD 0 .0 8.

1 390 .

1 394 .

C ook ing p ot .

RD 0 .23 .

I nt . y e l low g laze;

g laze w ith s ta mped ? r e lief d ecora t ion . 2 201.10 .

RD 0 .24 .

RD 0 .24 .

RD 0 .18.

RD 0 .16. R ed p a int? o n i n t . a nd

P ink c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark

g reen , a nd y e l low-brown g laze ; d ark s graf f ito . 1 395 .

G5 .

2 102 .2 .

G lazed j ar .

P robab ly s a me v esse l a s 1 394 .

P ink c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd y e l low b rown g laze ; o l ive s graf f i to . F ig . 1 09 . 1 396 .

G4c/d .

1 902 .7 .

P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I I ( G4c/d , G5 ) G lazed b ow l .

g reen t o d ark b rown . 1 397 .

G5 .

2 102 .3 .

J ar .

B uf f c lay .

I nc ised d ecora t ion .

G laze r ang ing f ro m d ark RD 0 .33 .

R ed g r it ty c lay , g rey c ore .

B lackened e x t .

RD 0 .21 . 1 398 .

G 5 .

2 102 .3 .

Wa ter j ar .

C oarse r ed c lay , g rey c ore ; wh i te g r i t .

RD c a 0 .13 . 1 399 .

G 5 .

2 102 .3 .

J ar .

1 400 .

G 5 .

2 102 .3 .

B ow l .

1 401 .

G 5 .

2 102 .3 .

F rag . o f g lazed d ish .

g laze; 1 402 .

G 5 . e x t .

Red p a in ted .

RD 0 .33 .

Grey c lay , r ed p aint .

RD 0 .33?

Grey c lay .

Green a nd b rown

o l ive s graf f ito .

2 102 .3 .

S torage j ar .

Mediu m c oarse g rey c lay ; b uf f i n t . a nd

RD 0 .36.

1 33

F ig . 1 10 . 1 403 .

2 102 .7 .

P o t tery f ro m Medieva l I I ( G5 )

G lazed b ow l .

P ink c lay .

g reen g laze ; o l ive s graf f i to . 1 404 .

2 102 .8 .

B ow l . RD c a . 0 .2 0 .

1 405 .

2 102 .8 .

G lazed b ow l .

1 406 .

2 102 .8 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

s graf f i to . 1 407 .

2 102 .8 .

E x t . d ark g reen g laze;

i n t . l igh t

RD 0 .18 .

P ink c lay ; l i gh t g reen g laze .

RD 0 .2 4 .

R ed c lay ; wh i te s l ip ; g reen g laze ; b lack

BD 0 .0 95 .

G lazed b ow l .

P ink/grey c lay .

d ark b rown s graf f i to .

B rown g laze , d arker o n r i m;

RD 0 .30?

1 408 .

2 102 .8 .

Wa ter j ar .

O range c lay , wh i te g r i t ; r ed p a in t .

1 409 .

2 104 .1 . G lazed b ow l . O range c lay , wh i te s l ip . d ark a t r im ; o l ive s graf f i to . RD 0 .20 .

1 410 .

2 104 .1 .

G lazed b ow l .

1 411 .

2 104 .1 .

J ar ? R ed c lay , b lack c ore , wh i te g r i t .

1 412 .

2 104 .1 .

G lazed s herd .

B uf f c lay .

RD 0 .125

Mid g reen g laze ,

Mustard y e l low g laze .

O range c lay .

RD c a 0 .22 .

RD 0 .2 2 .

Dark g reen g laze ; b lack

s graf f i to . 1 413 .

2 105 .1 .

G lazed b ow l .

P ink c lay .

1 414 .

2 105 .1 .

B ow l .

1 415 .

2 105 .1 .

2f rags . o fg lazed b ow l .

G rey c lay .

B uf f i n t . a nd e x t .

g laze ; d ark g reen s graf f i to . 1 416 .

2 105 .6 .

G lazed b ow l f rag .

L igh t t o mid g reen g laze .

P ink c lay .

RD 0 .14 .

RD 0 .16 . L igh t a nd d ark g reen

RD 0 .24 . P ink c lay .

L igh t g reen , y e llow a nd b rown

g laze ; b lack s graf f i to . ( P l . 7 b . ) 1 417 .

2 105 .6 . G lazed s herd . G rey ish c lay . L igh t a nd d ark g reen , l igh t a nd d ark b rown g laze ; d ark s graf f i to . ( P l . 7 b . )

1 418 .

2 105 .6 .

F rag . o fg lazed d ish .

C oarse o range/grey c lay .

Worn g reen

g laze ; d ark g reen s graf f i to . ( P l . 7 b . ) 1 419 .

2 105 .6 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

P ink c lay .

C rea m/ ligh t g reen , d ark g reen ,

a nd y e l low-brown g laze ;

s p ira l p a t tern i n p a le o l ive s gra f f i to ;

ma ining s graf f i to b lack .

BD 0 .0 93 . ( P l . 7 b . )

F ig . 1 11 . 1 420 . 2 301 .1 .

L amp?

r e-

P o t tery f ro m Medieva l I I ( G6)

R ed c lay , b urn t i n t .

RD 0 .132;

H t . 0 .0 4 .

1 421 .

2 301 .1 . 0 .2 0 .

G lazed b ow l .

R ed c lay .

Dark g reen g laze i nt . a nd e xt .

1 422 .

2 301 .1 .

G lazed b ow l .

R ed c lay .

L igh t g reen g laze i nt . ;d ark g reen

g laze e x t . 1 423 .

2 301 .3 .

G lazed b ow l .

g reen g laze i n t .

O range c lay .

RD 0 .24 .

1 34

Dark g reen g laze e x t .; l igh t

RD

1 424 .

2 301 .3 .

G lazed s herd .

B uf f c lay .

L ight g reen g laze; d ark g reen

s graf f i to . 1 425 .

2 301 .4 .

G lazed b ow l .

B uf f c lay .

L ight g reen g laze ; d ark g reen

R ed c lay .

L igh t g reen g laze; o l ive s graf f ito .

s graf f i to . 1 426.

2 301 . 4 .

G lazed b ow l .

1 427.

2 301 . 4 .

G lazed s herd .

O range c lay .

L igh t g reen g laze; d ark g reen

s graf f i to . 1 428.

2 301 .4 .

G lazed s herd .

P ink c lay .

L igh t g reen a nd b rown g laze ;

P ink c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd b rown

b lack s gra f f ito . 1 429 .

1 430 .

2 301 .4 .

G lazed s herd .

g laze ;

o l ive s graf f i to .

2 301 .5 .

G lazed b ow l .

Grey c lay .

G reen g laze s hading t o b lack a t

r i m; b lack s graf f i to . 1 431 .

2 301 .5 .

G lazed s herd .

L igh t g reen g laze; o l ive s graf f i to .

1 432 .

2 302 .1 .

G lazed s herd .

F ine r ed c lay .

1 433 .

2 302 .1 .

G lazed s herd .

B uf f c lay .

L ight a nd o l ive g reen g laze .

C rea m a nd d ark g reen g laze;

b rown s graf f i to . 1 434 .

2 302 .1 .

G lazed s herd .

F ine r ed c lay .

L igh t g reen g laze ; d ark

s graf f i to . 1 435 .

2 301 .8 .

G lazed s herd .

O range-red c lay .

L igh t g reen g laze ; b lack

a nd b rown s graf f i to . 1 436 .

2 301 .8 .

G lazed s herd .

O range c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd

b rown g laze ; b lack s graf f ito . 1 437 .

2 301 .8 .

G lazed s herd .

R ed-orange c lay .

L igh t a nd d ark g reen , a nd

y e l low g laze ; d ark s graf f i to . 1 438 .

2 302 .4 .

G lazed s herd .

O range c lay .

L igh t g reen g laze; o l ive

s graf f i to . 1 439 .

2 303 .1 .

B ow l?

1 440 .

2 304 .1 .

G lazed s herd .

1 441 .

2 304 .1 .

B ow l .

p a int o n r im . 1 442 .

2 304 .1 .

C oarse g rey c lay .

G reen g laze; d ark s graf f ito .

S l ight ly g ri t ty g rey c lay .

2 300 .2 .

F ishes?

R ed i n t ., o range e xt . ;r ed

RD 0 .24 .

G lazed b ow l .

F ine o range c lay .

p a ttern o f d ark g reen l ozenges . 1 443 .

RD 0 .22 .

G lazed b ow l b ase .

L igh t g reen g laze w i th

RD 0 .22 .

P a le o range c lay .

Green g lazed i nt .

BD 0 .0 5 . 1 444 .

2 303 .2 .

G lazed b ow l .

Green g lazed i nt . ;b lack s graf f i to .

1 445 .

2 305 .1 .

G lazed b ow l .

F ine r ed c lay .

i n t . ;d ark s graf f ito . 1 446 .

2 304 .4 .

G lazed b ow l .

RD 0 .15 .

C rea m a nd d ark g reen g lazed

RD 0 .16 . Grit ty b uf f c lay .

i n t . g reen a nd b rown g laze .

RD 0 .22 . 1 35

E x t . p ar t ia l ly g reen g lazed;

1 447 .

2 304 .4 .

G lazed b ow l ( waster ) .

F ine r ed c lay .

P ar t ia l g reen g laze .

RD 0 .2 0 . 1 448.

2 304 .4 .

G lazed b ow l .

E x t . l igh t g reen g laze;

i n t . l igh t g reen s hading

t o d ark g reen g laze a t r im . 1 449 .

2 304 .4 .

G lazed b ow l .

I n t . l igh t g reen g laze ;

b lack s graf f ito;

e x t .

l igh t a nd d ark g reen g laze . 1 450 .

2 304 .4 .

G lazed s herd .

F ine o range c lay .

L ight g reen g laze;

o l ive

s graf f i to .

F ig . 1 12 . P ot tery o f s econd a nd e ar ly f i rst mi l lenn iu m B . C . 1 .

G 3d 5 07 .3 b ow l , d ia m . 2 5 cm , b uf f c lay .

2 .

I 5 1 812 .9 j ar , d ia m , 1 3 cm , c oarse p ink c lay .

3 .

I 5 1 812 .11 b ow l . d ia m . 3 0 cm , b uf f c lay .

4 .

G3d 5 05 .12 b ow l , d ia m . 1 8 cm , p ink c lay w i th mica , r ed p a int .

5 .

G 3d 5 01 .9 p a le o range c lay , b rick r ed p a int .

6 .

G 3d 5 03 . 4b ow l , d ia m . c a 1 5 cm , c oarse b lack c lay , p ink c ore , r ed p a in t .

7 .

G 3d 5 04 .2 b ow l , d ia m . 2 8 cm , d ark g rey c oarse c lay w i th p a le b uf f s urfaces .

8 .

G 3d 5 03 .7 b ow l , d ia m . 3 2 cm , b uf f/orange c oarsish c lay , i nc ised d ecora t ion .

9 .

G 3d 5 01 .20 b ow l , d ia m . 2 2 cm , c oarse b lack ish c lay w i th f ine g r i t , o range i n t ., b lack e x t .

1 0 .

I 5 1 812 .8 b ow l , d ia m . 4 5 cm , c oarse b lack g r i t ty c lay , r ed p a int i n t . a nd e x t .

1 1 .

1 5 1 812 .9 d ia m . 3 0 cm , g rey c lay r ed b urnish .

1 2 .

I 5 1 812 .11 j ar , d ia m . 3 6 cm , b rown c lay w i th mica .

1 3 .

I 5 1 812 .9 j ar , d ia m . 1 5 cm , g rey c lay b rown b urn ish .

1 36

4

3

F ig . 2 1

H e l lenis t ic I P ot tery .

1 37

Whole V esse ls

F ig . 2 2

H e l lenis t ic I P ot tery . 1 38

Whole V esse ls

\

1 3

ii

F ig . 2 3

H e l len is tic I P ot tery . 1 39

Who le V esse ls

Z -

1 5

22

1 9

F ig . 2 4

H e l lenist ic I P ot tery . 1 40

Who le Vesse ls

F ig . 2 5

Medieva l IG lazed P ot tery 1 41

4

YEL LO W

BR O W N

GREE N

CRE A M

5

F ig . 2 6

Medieva l IG lazed P ot tery 1 42

1 29

1 30

1 32

1 31

1 34

1 33

1 37

1 36

1,9

\

I

1 40

1 42

1 44

3

2

1 47

1 50

15 3

1 52

L

1 54

1 56 1 57

1 59

1 58

1 61

%i

l '

6 0

1 62

1 70

1 65

t

173

-

1 72

‘It' 174

F ig . 2 7

H e l len is t ic B ow ls .

)

N os . 1 28-175

1 75

1 76

(

1 77

1 78 1 60

(

1 62 ,

‘4 1

\ \\ N\ \ \• \ '

1 i 1 83

(

I

L

1 84

\

\

1 8s

1 86

1 97

/ 1

1 96 1 9e

(

2 00

2 01 2 02

F ig . 2 8

H e l len is t ic B ow ls .

1 44

Nos . 1 76-202

2

%.

2 0 9 2 1 1

1V

2 12

I

2 17

%

:

2 16

2 1S

43 1 1

2 -17

1 .

'

2 19

. 2 20

f t

2 22

4 11 1 1 1 1 1

>

26

2 23 2 25 6

4 1 11 111 1

2 24

e i Ne

2 22 .

-

28

4 1 \ 0

M

d e4 2 29

230 41

4

%

2 31

2 32 2 33

2 34

\

2 35

236

2 40

‘

237

4 1 1

%

24 1

2 39

2 38 2 42

F ig . 2 9

H e l len is t ic B ow ls a nd P la tes .

1 45

N os . 2 03-242

2 43

2 45

I L

2 47 2 48

I)

2 49 2 51

% 2 52

1 12 53

) 257

2 56 2 54

2 55

2 55

2 5

)

2 60

1 W 1 , .

2 63

be

V

k l 2 66

;

2 64a

1 (

t 270

2 71

2 76 (

1 1

%

r

277

2 80 14 / 1 1

2 82

4 1 1

1

2 91

2 8 3

2 85

2 84 1‘

F ig . 3 0

»

2 64

2 86

H e l lenist ic P ot tery— M isce l laneous .

1 46

N os . 2 43-286 .

eW

}

2 87

2 88 " • •

1 1 1 1 4 / 1

1 '

2 89

2 91 2 90

2 92

2 94

2 95 im m l iu

mw w w

4

2 97 2 96

2 99 /

298

3 00

‚7

)

3 01

\

3 03

3 02

F ig . 3 1

H e l len is t ic P o t tery f ro m 1 4c/d .

1 47

N os . 2 87-303

ile>

304

3 05

3 06 1

3 07

7 0

;

3 10

3 09

3 11

7

3 12

3 13

3 14

3 16

3 17 3 18

3 19

1 11 L

J /

3 21

3 22

3 23

/1

3 2 5

)

3 20

3 24

3 26

(

3 27

3 28 (

3 29

h .

3 31

3 30

I l ts

\

3 32

)

3 33

3 34 3 35

F ig . 3 2

H e l lenis t ic P ot tery f ro m 1 5 .

1 48

2

N os . 3 04-335

3 36

q

33 7

3 38

3 40

3 39

2 3 41

3 42

v 1 41 /

t i

‘

3 45

3 47

3 48

3 50

3 49

d l 3 51

3 52

3 53

3 54

3 55

F ig . 3 3

H e l lenis t ic P ot tery f ro m H 6 a nd 1 6 .

1 49

N os . 3 36-355

3 57

3 58

3 60 ) 359

3 6/ 3 63

3 64 3 65 3 69

3 66

\

3 /0

3 74 37 4

3 '3

3 76 339

3 60 3 61

F ig . 3 4

He l lenis t ic Pot tery f ro m H4c/d .

1 50

Nos . 3 56-381

38 2

3 84 3 89

3 86 3 87

3 92

3 90 3 91 . 3 93

d iI I I I I I1 1

r

3 96

3

3 97 3 98

d ig

LI

3 99

44

0 2

4 00

F ig . 3 5

H e l len is t ic P ot tery f ro m H 5 .

1 51

N os . 3 82 7 4 04

4 05

4 09

7

V H ? 4 10

4 15 )

3

4 15

' 6

4 18

4 19

I

e

1 4I

4 20

2

g

?

1

422

4 23

44 24

25

)

428

I• ••• ••••.••• • 1 , ... . .

F ig . 3 6

H e l lenis t ic J ars a nd J ugs .

1 52

N os . 4 05-429

4 32

© C e C C c - C G C

4 33

I N K

4 36

(

4 39 )

42

4 40

4 4 1

' I N )

1 4

445

. 47

4 46

8

4 50

5 2 41

)4 5.

P 456

4 58 4 60

4 59

1

4 61

V

62

%

1 1 1 1

4 63

-

I

4 67

4 64

4 6 8

4 65

‘ 1 4

4 71

4 66

F ig . 3 7

H e l lenis t ic J ars .

Nos . 4 30-472

t

4 73

IL

4 74

4 78

1

4

-

1 : 7

4 80

4 79

4 82

4 8,

4 85

F ig . 3 8

He l len is t ic J ars , S torage Vesse ls a nd L arge B ow ls f ro m H 4c/d. Nos . 4 73-486

1 54

4 90

4 9 1

F ig . 3 9

H e l len is t ic S torage J ars .

1 55

Nos . 4 87-498

C

5 02

J

5'

503

1

5 05

5 06

F ig . 4 0

H e l lenis t ic S torage J ars a nd " Bot t les" .

1 56

Nos . 4 99-514

3 .

e

5 1 5

%

5 16

5 17 5 18

1

I

L

1 0

5 19

5 2 2

f

r

r

5 23 5 24

5 28

1

5 31

5 3 2.

5 35

5 33

5 37

7 1 1 1

1

1 \ 1 11 1

1

5 41

5 40

5 4 -3

/

5 44

1

)545

5 49

5 47

F ig . 4 1

Pot tery f ro m R o man Leve ls .

1 57

Nos . 5 15-550

4- »

C

5 52

5 53

(

5 54

/

556

5 57

5 59

F ig . 4 2

Pot tery f ro m R o man L eve ls .

1 58

N os . 5 51-559

5 60

5 63

)

7 5 6 1

1

5 69

5 80

5 70

5 81

5 72

r

5 74

I : di

5 76

F ig . 4 3

5 79

5 7

\

(

1 5 8 3

\

\

\

\ .\\ ‘

P ot tery f ro m Med ieva l I .

1 59

N os . 5 60-585

( 5 86

5 87

5 90

5 91

5 93

5 96

F ig . 4 4

P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I .

1 60

N os . 5 86-594

6 01 6 01

• ••• • • .,

F ig . 4 5

T

h

F ine G lazed Pot tery f ro m Medieva l I ( 1 :2)

1 61

5 98

6 06 6 07

6 09 F ig . 4 6

F ine G lazed P ot tery f ro m Med ieva l I ( 1 :2)

1 62

6 1 2

6 18

6 17 6 16

6 2 1 F ine G lazed Pot tery f ro m Medieva l I ( 1 :2 )

1 63

6 24

6 2 9

6 30

6 34

F ig . 4 8

F ine G lazed P o t tery f ro m Medieva l 1 -16 ( 1 :2)

1 64

1 P a t

/

6 25

6 26

6 28

6 27

6 31

6 32 6 33

Ir a t 6 35

F ig . 4 9

r

F ine G lazed P ot tery f ro m Med ieva l 1 -16 ( 1 :2 )

1 65

6 37

6 3 8

6 39

6 4 1

6 42

F ig . 5 0

F ine G lazed P ot tery f ro m Med ieva l 1 -16 ( 1 :2 )

1 66

6 4 3

3

L

6 44

J 6 45

6 47 F ig . 5 1

F ine G lazed P o t tery .f ro m Med ieva l 1 -15 ( 1 :2 )

1 67

6 49

64 8

6 52

e i r g o X i6 e 5 9

6 65

67 04 1 1 .

' e , • • •w w / 1 1 10 e r 6 53

6 56

6 55

6 64

6 50

6 54

6 58

6 60

6 6 1

6 62

6 66

‘

\i r

671 67 2

6 74

6 75 6 76

6 77

F ig . 5 2

F ine G lazed P ot tery f ro m Medieva l 1 -15 ( 1 :2 )

1 68

69

6 68

67 9

r YY v . 6 85

6 B6 F ig . 5 3

F ine G lazed Pot tery f ro m Medieva l I-H5 a nd H 6 ( 1 :2 )

1 69

6 89

6 8 1 6 82

6 83

6 88 6 90

687

6 92

F ig . 5 4

6 9 3

F ine G lazed Pot tery f ro m Medieva l I -H6 a nd H 6 ( 1 :2 )

1 70

6 95

6 9 9

6 94

• •• ••

••• • •

6 97

7 00

F ig . 5 5

F ine G lazed Pot tery f ro m Medieva l 1 -15 ( 1 :2 )

1 71

7 01

7 05

7 03

7 06

7 04

7 1 2 7 14

7 13

6 98

7 15

7 16

7 17

7 18

7 19

F ig .

5 6

F ine G lazed P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I -15 ( 1 :2)

1 72

tom e 7 02

‘1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11

‘

7 08

7 09

7 10

7 11

7 20

7 22

F ig . 5 7

F ine G lazed Pot tery f ro m Medieva l 1 -15 ( 1 . 2 )

1 73

7„

9

! I

'

7 24

7 32

7 2 3

7 27

\

7 30

7 44

7 50 -3 7

F ig . 5 8

Misce l laneous G lazed P o ttery f ro m Medieva l I ( 1 :2 )

1 74

7 7.33 734

736

735

746 745

759

Fig. 59

Miscellaneous Glazed Pottery from Medieval II (1:2) 175

7 47 7 L8 7 52

7 51

74 9 7 54

7 57

75 6

7 6 0

7 6 1

7 6 ' 3

7 62

F ig . 6 0

Misce l laneous G lazed P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I ( 1 :2 )

1 76

7 68

71

F ig . 6 1

G lazed P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I

1 77

( 1 :2 )

7 73

7 74

7 6

7 80

F ig . 6 2

G lazed P o t tery f ro m Med ieva l I ( 1 :2 )

1 78

7 8 3

F ig . 6 3

G lazed P ot tery f ro m Medieva l I ( 1 :2 )

1 79

7 99 7 88

7 94

8 06

7 97 7 96

8 02

F ig . 6 4

G lazed P ot tery f ro m Medieva l 1 I-H5 ( 1 :2)

1 80

7 90

1

9 1

I F

7 92

7 98

8 0 0 T i l '

p h

tr l

, I'If

I

1 ,1

Ii r

! iI

8 05

F ig . 6 5

G lazed P ot tery f ro m Med ieva l I -H5 ( 1 :2 )

1 81

8 2 2

8 13

8 15

8 18

8 19

F ig . 6 6

G lazed P ot tery f ro m Medieva l 1 -16 ( 1 :2 )

1 82

8 1 1

8 12

8 14

8 17 8 16

8 09

8 70

F ig . 6 7

G lazed P ot tery f ro m Medieva l 1 -16)

1 83

8 3 0

8 26 8 25

8 32

8 27 8 24

/

8 28

8 29

F ig . 6 8

G lazed P o t tery f ro m Med ieva l 1 -16 ( 1 :2 )

1 84

8 33

8 3 1

8 39

8 40 F ig . 6 9

G lazed Pot tery f ro m Medieva l 1 -16 ( 1 :2 )

1 85

8 4 3

8 45

8 4 '17 1

8 4 2

8 48

F ig . 7 0

G lazed P o t tery f ro m Med ieva l I -H6 ( 1 :2 )

1 86

ix

8 46

8 52

8 5 1

8 5

1 1

1 1 Pr

8 57

F ig . 7 1

G lazed P o t tery f ro m Medieva l 1 -1 16 ( 1 :2 )

1 87

8 50

««« < 8 53

3 55

8 56

8 58

g 59 F ig . 7 2

G lazed Pot tery f ro m Medieva l I -1-1 6 ( 1 :2 )

1 88

8 6 3

8 66 8 6 5 F ig . 7 3

G lazed P o t tery f ro m Med ieva l 1 -15

1 89

( 1 :2 )

8 70

%

1 ‚ h

8 71

8 74

F ig . 7 4

G lazed P o t tery f ro m Med ieva l 1 -15

1 90

( 1 :2 )

8 75

8 "6

B 79 e 1

rn

8 ' 3

F ig . 7 5

G lazed P ot tery f ro m Med ieva l 1 -15 ( 1 :2 )

1 91

!

83

8 90

85

8 89

F ig . 7 6

G lazed P ot tery f ro m Med ieva l 1 -15

1 92

( 1 : 2 )

1

8 95

8 96

-

I 8 98

8 99

9 11

F ig . 7 7

G lazed P ot tery f ro m Medieva l 1 -15

1 93

( 1 : 2 )

8 97

\ . \ \ ' 9 01

9 0 3

\ W \

9 0 2

9 04

9 05

9 06

9 07

9 1 0

9 1 3

F ig . 7 8

G lazed P ot tery f ro m Med ieva l I -15

1 94

( 1 :2 )

1

9 2 1 1 111

0 1 1 1

9 25

9 14

9 15

9z ,

F ig . 7 9

G lazed P o t tery f ro m Med ieva l 1 -15

1 95

( 1 :2 )

9 17

9 19

F ig . 8 0

G lazed P ot tery f ro m Med ieva l 1 -15

1 96

( 1 :2 )

9 2 2

9 2 9

F ig . 8 1

G lazed P ot tery f ro m Medieva l 1 -15

1 97

( 1 :2 )

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. < 4