Taşkun Kale: Keban Rescue Excavations. Eastern Anatolia 9780860542155, 9781407331683

Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright Page
PREFACE
LIST OF CONTENTS
PLATES
LIST OF FIGURES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 1: THE EXCAVATIONS AT TASKUN KALE
CHAPTER 2: THE KALE
CHAPTER 3: THE CHURCH AREA
CHAPTER 4: OTHER AREAS
CHAPTER 5: THE POTTERY
CHAPTER 6: THE SMALL FINDS
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS
APPENDICES

Citation preview

Ta§kun Kale Keban Rescue Excavations Eastern Anatolia Anthony McNicoll With a contribution by Roland Fletcher

Britis h Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph No.6 BAR International Series 168 1983

B.A.R.

122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B .se. , M.A., D.Phil. D .R. W alker, M.A.

B.A.R. -S168, 198J: 'Ta�kun Kale'.

©

An thon y McNicoll, 1983.

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860542155 paperback ISBN 9781407331683 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860542155 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

P REFACE

I n 1 968,

d uring t he c onstruction o f a huge h ydro-electric barrage

o n the u pper Euphrates,the M iddle E ast T echnical U niversity i nitiated t he K eban D am Area S alvage P roject l owing f ive y ears

( fig.

n umerous a rchaeological s ites

1 ).

( METU)

Over t he

f ol-

i n t he p rojected f lood

z one were s urveyed a nd e xcavated by Turkish a nd f oreign t eams working w ith t he p ermission o f t he D irectorate G eneral o f A ntiquities u nder t he aegis

o f t he METU.

O ne o f t he t hreatened s ites was T a O wn K ale,

t he e xcavation o f which f ormed o ne f acet o f t he B ritish I nstitute o f A rchaeology a t Ankara's multi-disciplinary A 5v an P roject, p rogramme d eveloped a nd d irected by D r D .H.

a r escue

F rench a s p art o f t he

I nstitute's c ontribution t o the w ider s alvage o perations

( French

1 973: 7 3-77). The T a5kun K ale r escue d ig was a brief o ne, f ifteen w eeks s pread o ver the 1 970, i ng a ccount o f t he a basic, I t i s

s tratigraphy,

l asting a t otal o f

1 971 a nd 1 973 s easons.

The

f ollow-

a rtefacts a nd a rchitecture c onstitutes

s keletal r ecord o f the d ig, w ith a m inimum o f i nterpretation.

f ollowed by R oland F letcher's a nalysis o f t he a rchitectural

o rganization o f t he k ale,

and s ome briefer a ppendices.

E ventually o ther

s pecialist a ccounts and i nterpretations - p articularly o f t he e nvironm ental material a nd o f the c opious a nimal a nd human bones r ecovered f rom the s ite

-w ill,

i t i s hoped , be

f orthcoming t o f lesh o ut f urther

the bones. I owe a d ebt o f g ratitude t o many p eople a nd o rganizations who h elped me e xcavate a nd publish t his F irstly, was

s ite.

t he l ocal authorities.

g ranted t o D r D .H.

F rench,

P ermission t o d ig a t T a kun K ale

D irector o f the A 5v an P roject, b y t he

Turkish D irectorate-General o f Antiquities u nder B ay Burhan T ezcan. During t he T a5kun K ale s easons t he D irectorate was r epresented by B ayan Oya K ozaman i r r i ek

S econdly, a bout

( 1970),

B ay K emal C an

t he f inanciers.

a nd B ay Y ilmaz

Most o f t he e xcavation f unds,

£ 5,000 o ver t hree s easons,

d irectly t o t he A van P roject,

c ame

University provided g rants

t otalling

f rom t he B ritish A cademy e ither

o r more c ircuitously t hrough t he B ritish

I nstitute o f A rchaeology a t Ankara. the

( 1971)

( 1973).

The M eyerstein F und o f Oxford

i n 1 971 a nd 1 973.

I n 1 979, grants f rom

S ydney U niversity S pecial R esearch P roject G rants

e nabled m e t o

o rganize t he k ale p ottery a nd t o h ave p lans a nd s ections p repared. I n 1 982,

s ix m onths

s tudy l eave,

g iven by T he U niversity o f S ydney,

e nabled me t o d eliver t he c oup d e g race t o t his r eport. T hirdly,

t he backers.

D avid F rench

( Director o f t he B ritish I nsti-

tute o f Archaeology a t Ankara a nd o f the A van P roject) was t he motive f orce b ehind t he e xcavations a t T a5kun K ale. T he A 5 -v an P roject w as h is p roject a nd h e i nspired i t i n a ll i ts

e lements, whether b y c on-

v incing the u nconvinceable i n L ondon o r by r ousing t he t roops i n t he f ield w ith s upper-time h arangues

o ver t he D DT-soaked g rapes -

harangues which c overed t opics r anging f rom t he out-and-out l ibellous through the pure K ritik o f B inford

( 1967)

t o D avid's v ision o f t he

f irst multi-disciplinary e xpedition i n T urkey.

My o ther major b acker

was t he l ate D ame K athleen K enyon, w ithout whose s upport t he 1 973 s eason, which g ave u s a bout 6 6% o f t he p lan o f t he f ortress a nd 5 0% o f t he p lan o f t he c hurch, w ould n ot have t aken p lace. And f inally t he e xcavation s taff,

u npaid a nd p aid.

T he u npaid

s taff was a s f ollows: 1 970

S tephen M itchell, S hereen R atnagar, Walter,

1 971

R ichard M cKane, Avis H arrell, T eissier,

1 973

C olin R iddler, D erek

U lge G öker, Anthony T ollington N icholas M itchell, B eatrice

G eoffrey P robert, U rge G öker, J onathan H unn

M elek D ervie, M erle L angdon, T urhan K ämil, Mary F rost P ierson, M arian P hillips,

D avid W illiams,

G eorge W illcox

T he a rchitects w ere T amara W inikoff ( 1970-71) a nd S arah M ahaffy ( 1973).

C onservators w ere P amela P ratt

( 1970-71)

a nd Ann W ood ( 1973).

H ouse s upervisors w ere S ionid Alban-Jones a nd P at C onroy J an D iamant and Monika H elms

( 1970-71).

( 1971),

a nd

D raughtsman i n 1 970-71 was

T amara W inikoff a nd i n 1 973 J ean C arpenter.

T he c ataloguing o f the

p ottery a nd s mall f inds was c arried out b y M argaret Wheeler. I s ometimes t hink t hat i t w ould b e w orthwhile t o have i n e very d ig r eport t he d irector's h onest e stimate o f t he c apabilities o f i ndividual t rench s upervisors,

a long w ith a t able s howing who d ug which t rench.

B ut i n t he c ase o f T aekun K ale, would b e i nvidious.

a r escue e xcavation,

s uch a n e stimate

M eticulous brush-and-trowel work i n 1 970 a nd 1 971

was s ucceeded by a p ick-and-shovel a pproach i n 1 973. Whatever t he d emands made o f t hem, the s upervisors s tuck t o their t ask f rom the s etting f orth i n t he c old p re-dawn d ark, t hrough t he blazing h eat o f t he parched m idday t ill t he k nock-off d rinkies n n t he r oof a t d usk, when, a s t he r eturning c attle r aised d ust a nd t he s torks c licked t heir b eaks a ll a round u s, t he d ay's events w ere c elebrated o r bemoaned. T he paid workers w ere l ocal v illagers ( fig. 2 ).

f rom A gvan and f rom F atmali

T hey a re n ow d ispersed, t heir l and f looded.

The T urkish

c ountryman h as a ll t he v irtues o f t he " old-fashioned B ritish l abourer" o f whom Wheeler

( 1954:

1 ) 48)

s poke n ostalgically i n t he e arly

' 50s.

W ithout t heir muscle we c ould h ave moved o nly o ne-tenth o f t he s oil. W ithout t heir f riendship a nd t hat o f t heir f amilies i n t he v illages, o ur s ojourns a t A evan w ould h ave b een l ess t han o ne-tenth e njoyable. D uring a ll t he s easons a t A evan o ne p erson i n particular, B ay Turgay S unguroglu o f E läzi , i n many ways.

s howed u s c onstant k indness and h elped u s

T urgay B ey's l ongstanding f amily c onnexion w ith A evan

a nd h is i nfluence t here were a lways a b enefit t o the d ig. S ince t he d igging e nded i n 1 973 t he bulk o f t he work h as t aken p lace i n s hort bursts s natched b etween o ther d uties a s i s t he c ase, a las,

i n most w rite-ups o f d igs.

I llness a lso h as c aused d elays.

1 974 I a nd my w ife , T amara W inikoff,

s pent a t hree-week s tudy s eason i n

E l zig working o n t he e xcavated material.

T hereafter t he write-up

p roceeded i n f its a nd s tarts, w ith t he h elp o f t he f ollowing: G ee, J on H osking,

S herry-lee Evans,

I owe a l ot t o R oland F letcher, t oo.

L orraine

D avid W illiams a nd S tephen H art. R oland's e nthusiasm a nd p ersuasive-

n ess i n t he c ause o f s patial a rchaeology w ere a s timulus d uring t he d ark e ndless d ays o f p ot p rofile paste-ups.

11

I n

T he p ottery, plans a nd

s ections, which a re t he r eal c rux o f t he r eport, were d rawn f or t he publication b y T amara W inikoff. photographic a ssistance,

R ichard K .

H arding g ave v aluable

a nd M rs P at S mith d isplayed h er c ustomary

s kill and p atience t o c reate a n o rderly t ypescript o ut o f a n a lmost i llegible m anuscript. The i nstance,

i nscriptions w ere e xamined by P rofessor G . a nd l ater by D r S .

t he c oins by Mrs H elen B rown, D r J ames Allan.

B rock.

S egal i n t he

f irst

I w as h elped i n t he e xamination of

and i n t he s tudy o f t he g lazed p ottery by

I o we much i nspiration t o S tephen M itchell,

publication A van K ale i s t he y ing o f T a kun K ale's yang.

whose

S tephen

s aid many t hings t hat I would have l iked t o s ay a bout t he . A van P roject material m ore

s kilfully t han I c ould.

To t his c ast o f s cores g o my t hanks. T a kun K ale a s

A ll have c ontributed t o make

g ood a d ig and publication a s p ossible:

i ts

s hortcomings

a nd f aults a re m ine a lone. This publication i s

d edicated t o t he m emory of K athleen K enyon.

A nthony M cNicoll, U niversity o f S ydney,

111

1 983

L IST O F C ONTENTS P reface P lates a nd F igures B ibliography a nd A bbreviations C hapter 1

x i

B asic d ata

1

L ocation a nd s urroundings A ims, e xcavation t echniques a nd a nalysis C hapter 2

7

T he k ale A rchitecture S tratigraphy D ating O verall s equence o f o ccupation

C hapter 3

T he c hurch a rea

2 3

A rchitecture S tratigraphy D ating C hapter 4

O ther a reas

5 3

C hapter 5

P ottery

5

R ecording a nd p resentation M edieval g lazed p ottery - w are a nd manufacture - c atalogue M edieval u nglazed p ottery - ware a nd manuf acture - c atalogue 1 st c entury B .C.

C hapter 6

g roup a nd C P 1 g roup - ware a nd manuf acture - c atalogue

S mall f inds

1 78

C oins J ewellery, m etal o bjects, f aience, g lass, c arved s tone C hapter 7

S ummary

C hapter 8

I dentifying s patial d isorder - R oland F letcher

1 88

A ppendices

1 .

S ummary o f t he a rchitectural d evelopment o f t he l ate m edieval f ortress - R oland F letcher

2 42

2 .

Ambiguities a nd c onfusions r elating t o t he 2 44 a rchitecture o f t he f ortress - R oland F letcher

3 .

T he i nscriptions

4 .

- S ebastian B rock

O ccurrence o f s hapes o f p ots i n s elected r ooms o f t he l ate m edieval f ortress - J on H osking i v

2 47 2 50

PLATES

F rontispiece.

T askun Kale.

V iew o f part

1 .

R 12.

G ateway o f t he l ate m edieval 2 m .

2 .

R 11.

W alls

3 .

5 11.

Walls of r oom 2 .

4 .

S 12.

C lay o bjects i n r oom 2 .

5 -

S 12.

o f r oom 3 6.

R ooms

2 a nd 3 .

t ower.

f ortress.

V iew W .

S cale:

2 m .

V iew S W.

S cale:

1

V iew N .

V iew E .

S cale:

i n .

S cale:

1 m .

N ote KP I I b locking of d oorway i nto

V iew S E.

S cale:

5 , 6 and 7 .

2 m .

6 .

S ll.

R ooms

7 -

5 10.

R oom 1 2.

Tandir a nd v ent.

8 .

R 9 .

R ooms

2 7,

9 -

R 10.

Wall o n S s ide of r oom 3 0.

2 9,

o f s ite l ooking s outh.

V iew N E.

2 4 a nd 2 2.

S cale:

2 m .

V iew E .

S cale:

V iew N E.

S cale:

V iew S .

m .

0 .30 2 m .

S cale:

1 .50 m .

K P I s urface r uns u nder i t. 1 0.

Q 10 E .

T ower r oom 3 1 s howing KP I I b locking.

V iew E .

S cale:

1 m . 1 1.

R 10.

S unken a rea i n r oom 3 2 w ith l arge s torage j ar C N 4 318

4 8, 1 6) in s itu.

( fig. 1 2.

R 10.

1 3.

R 11.

R oom 3 2.

V iew N .

R oom 3 6.

V iew SW .

V iew E .

S cale

S cale:

( in r oom 3 0):

S cale

0 .50 m . 2 m .

( on f ortress wall):

2 m .

C hurch a rea beyond. 1 4.

R 11.

R oom 3 6.

1 5.

R 11/12.

B aulk.

V iew N E.

S cale:

2 m .

C arved s tone r e-used i n g ateway o f f ortress.

A

c rude a nd l argely i neffectual a ttempt has b een made t o r emove t he c ross. 16.

Q 9 E .

V iew f rom a bove.

S cale:

0 .50 m .

C urtain wall with e arlier wall r unning f rom i t S SW .

T he e arlier wall was

a nd was

r etained a s

a buttress.

1 7.

R 10.

C hristian burial.

1 8.

1 21.

A shlar blocks of wall

d iagonally

c ut w hen t he c ircuit was built

H ead west.

V iew E . V iew N .

S cale: S cale :

0 .50 m .

0 .50 m .

5 .

V iew N .

S cale i n 1 0 cm .

5 .

V iew S .

S cale:

d ivisions. 1 9.

1 21 W .

2 0.

1 21.

A shlar b locks B locks wall

i n wall

a nd f ootings

o f wall

4( background).

1 m .

5( foreground) w ith C P 1

V iew S E.

K 21.

S ( early)

2 2.

K 21.

N ( CP 1 ) p ier a nd f ootings. T op 1 .: C P 2 r ubble a nd mud m ortar wall; a bove p ier: C P 1 c emented s tonework.

2 3.

K 21.

P it

S cale:

2 4.

K 21.

S cale:

S cale:

S cale i n d m .

s kull a nd two h ooves.

N ose

0 .50 m .

I nner a psidal f ace o f wall 1 , S E.

V iew S .

2 m .

c ontaining horse's

p oints W .

( 1.).

2 m .

2 1.

V iew N .

p ier a nd C P 1 wall

S cale:

0 .50 m .

( CP 1 ,

C P 2 a bove).

V iew

2 5.

K 21 .

Outer 2 m .

2 6 .

H 21.

Wall 4 ( CF 1 ). N ote t hreshold a nd j amb o f r e-used a shlars. V iew S . S cale: 1 i n .

2 7.

J 22.

Wall 1 0/11 ( CF 1 ). N ote m oulded l intel b lock i n f oreg round, a nd r e-used j amb . V iew E NE . S cale: 2 m .

2 8.

K 21.

W all 1 ( CP 1 a nd 2 ), i nner f ace. V iew N NE. S cale: 2 m .

2 9.

H 21.

W all 4 a nd t iles

3 0.

J 22.

R obbed wall 1 4 a nd t iled f loor.

3 1.

J 21, J 22 a nd K 21 .

G eneral v iew o f C F 2 c hurch f rom S W . r ight.

3 2.

J 21 .

C hapel w ith c arved s tones i n s itu .

3.

( E)

f ace o f wall 1 ( CF 1 a nd 2 ).

G lazed p ottery:

( CF 1 ).

V iew

W .

S cale:

F oundations e xposed .

V iew N .

S cale: V iew N E.

1 i n . S cale:

0 .10 m .

K ale i n background V iew E NE.

1 : white g laze w ith g reen b lobs o n r im C N124 c : w hite g laze s graffito s herds w ith b rown, y ellow a nd g reen s plashed C N108 r : b lue g laze with black u nderpaint C N122

3 4 .

G lazed p ottery:

t op r ow 1 . t o r : s graffito w hite a nd g reen g laze C N126, k hakhi w ith y ellow s tripes C N127, s graffito l ight g reen

c entre:

w ith b rown s plash C N59 k hakhi w ith l ight g reen s tripes C N53

b ottom , 1 . t o r : s graffito whitish g laze w ith y ellow a nd g reen s plash C N5, whitish g laze w ith g reen a nd brown s plash C N99, s graffito whitish w ith b rown g laze C N16 3 5.

g reen g laze a nd s graffito g reen

G lazed p ottery:

g laze t op 1 . c entre 1 . b ottom 1 . 3 6 .

: t o r : t o r : t o r

C N80, C N103, C N3, C N150 C N118, C N2, C N142, C N1, C N77 C N110, C N115, C N102, C N137, C N147 b rown g laze a nd s graffito b rown

G lazed p ottery:

g laze t op 1 . c entre 1 . b ottom 1 . 3 7.

: C N106, C N83, C N22 t o r N133, C N130, C N104 : C t o r N132, C N8 : C t o r s graffito, whitish w ith g reen a nd brown g laze, g reen g laze a nd

G lazed p ottery:

s graffito g reen g laze

3 8.

t op 1 .

t o r :

b ottom 1 .

t o r :

c Ni4o, c Ni49, cm48 c N84, C N93 c hampleve a nd s graffito s plash

G lazed p ottery:

p ottery t op 1 . c entre b ottom 1 . 3 9 & 4 0.

: C N152, C N40, C N113 t o r :C N157 : C N156, C N144, C N143 t o r

C arved s tones f rom c hapel v i

L IST O F F IGURES

1 .

A natolia,

s howing l ocation o f T agkun K ale

2 .

A gvan d istrict

3 .

T agkun s ite,

4 .

K ale p lans, ( a) s howing r oom n umbers, a nd ( b) a rea n umbers

5 .

R econstruction - b irds-eye v iew o f k ale f rom S W

6 a .

Q 9

l ocation o f t renches s howing

N a nd E s ections

b .

Q 10 E s ection

7 a .

R 12 N s ection

b .

R 10 W s ection

8 a .

S 12 N s ection

b .

S ll S s ection

9 .

S chematic s equence o f o ccupation o n t he k ale - 3 rd m illennium B C t o 2 0th c entury AD

1 0.

P lan o f c lassical a nd C P 1 r emains

1 1.) 1 2.)

P rofiles a nd e levations o f a rchitectural e lements f rom t he C F 1 a nd h ellenistic buildings

1 3 .

R estored p lan o f C F 1 basilica

1 4.

P lan o f C F 2 c hurch a nd c hapel

1 5.

Architectural c ross s ections o f t he c hapel:

1 6.

R econstruction - b irds-eye v iew o f t he C F 2 c hurch a nd

a . b .

E e levation N e levation

c hapel f rom S W 1 7.

P lan o f C F 2 /3 c hurch a nd c hapel, a nd C F 3 g raveyard

1 8a .

H 2 1

b . 1 9a .

S a nd W s ections 1 21 W

b . 2 0a .

N a nd E s ections S a nd W s ections

1 22

b . 2 1a .

N a nd E s ections

N a nd E s ections S a nd W s ections

J 21

E s ection

b .

S s ection

C .

W s ection

2 2a .

J 21 W N a nd E s ections

b .

S a nd W s ections

2 3a .

J 22

N s ection

b .

E s ection

c .

S s ection v ii

F IGURES

( CONTD)

d . 2 4a.

W s ection K 21

N s ection

b .

S s ection

c .

W s ection

2 5.

S ection c oding c onventions

2 6.

Proportions o f g reen, b rown a nd multicoloured g lazes o n 0 1 a nd 0 2 r imsherds

2 7.

N umbers a nd p roportions o f m edieval g lazed,

u nglazed a nd

E arly B ronze s herds 2 8-82. L ate m edieval

( KP I /II a nd C P 2 /3) p ottery

2 8-30.

G lazed 0 2 p ottery ( kale)

3 1.

G lazed 0 1 a nd 0 2 p ottery ( kale)

3 2-35 .

G lazed 0 2 p ottery ( kale)

3 6 .

G lazed 0 1 a nd 0 2 bases

3 7.

G lazed 0 1 a nd 0 2 b ases a nd C 2 p ottery ( kale)

3 8.

G lazed 0 5 a nd 0 1/2 f ragments

3 9.

G lazed 0 2, 0 5 a nd C 2 p ottery ( church)

4 0.

G lazed 0 1 a nd 0 2 p ottery ( L15) a nd g lazed c olour c oding

( kale)

( kale)

c onventions

4 1 -4 8 . Unglazed C l p ottery ( kale) 4 9-50.

U nglazed C l a nd C 2 p ottery ( kale)

5 1-54.

U nglazed C 2 p ottery ( kale)

5 5-61 .

U nglazed C 3 p ottery ( kale)

6 2-65.

U nglazed 0 2 p ottery ( kale)

6 6-69 . Unglazed 0 3 pottery ( kale) 7 0.

U nglazed 0 1 a nd 0 4 p ottery

( kale)

7 1-74.

U nglazed X I p ottery ( kale)

7 5 .

U nglazed 0 a nd C bases

7 6.

U nglazed X 3-7 p ottery ( kale)

7 7 .

U nglazed m oulded,

7 8.

U nglazed 0 1,

7 9 .

U nglazed 0 3 a nd 0 5 p ottery ( church)

8 0.

U nglazed C l a nd C 2 p ottery ( church)

8 1.

U nglazed C 2 a nd C 3 p ottery

( church)

8 2.

U nglazed C 3 a nd X I p ottery

( church)

8 3 .

U nglazed X 6, m iscellaneous s herds a nd bases

( kale)

s tamped a nd i ncised s herds

0 2 a nd 0 3 p ottery

v iii

( kale)

( church)

( church)

FIGURES (CONTD) 84-88. Hellenistic and CP 1 pottery

84.

85.

Hellenistic 02 and 03 pottery

Hellenistic 03, 0 and C bases, and Cl-3 pottery

86.

CP 1 and CP 1

(?); 02 and 01 pottery

88.

CP 1 and CP 1 pottery

(?); C3, C5, 0 and C bases, X3 and 04

87.

CP 1 and CP 1 (?);

03, 04, C2 and C3 pottery

89-92. Small [inds 89.

90.

91.

Jewellery and other metal objects

Metal impi'ements and accoutrements and arrowheads

Faience and glass beads, carved bone, miscellaneous clay objects and glass

92-114. Spatial Analysis

92.

93.

94.

95.

Serial patterns of central tendencies

Variation trends

Relationship between serial patterns and variation trends

Class intervals and distribution shape

96.

"Noise" effects and central tendency/variation descriptions

98.

Merging of distributions

100.

Ta�kun Kale.

Room arrangement

Ta�kun Kale.

Sequence and frequency of medians 1 to 8 m.

97.

99.

101.

102.

Splitting polymodal distributions

Visual ranges

Ta�kun Kale. Distributions for spacings with median values less than 1 m.

103.

Ta�kun Kale.

Visual range around doors

105.

Ta�kun Kale. Final I

Visual ranges on roof and in courtyard.

104.

Ta�kun Kale.

106.

Ta�kun Kale.

108.

Ta�kun Kale.

107.

109. 110. 111.

Ta�kun Kale.

Tandir and the circuit wall

Visual range in courtyard.

Visual range in courtyard.

Initial III Final II

Proposed arrangement in Initial II

Ta�kun Kale. Rooms requiring subdivision if dimensions greater than 5 m. are to be removed from the serial arrangement

Ta�kun Kale. End State, s ,T io i3

C -P1

CA 1 1,e( A A

P i 4› ,5E -

"2 g 17

F ig.

-

3

7 1 2 -CN X -e t

2 5

2

S ection c oding c onventions 5 4

C HAPTER

5

T HE P OTTERY

R ecording a nd p resentation F rom t he o f t he

f irst d ay o f e xcavation i n 1 970 p ottery f ormed t he bulk

f inds a t T a kun K ale.

D uring t he

f irst t wo s easons r ecording

a nd d rawing o f t he c eramic material was h aphazard;

o nly i n t he

s eason w as a s atisfactory s ystem o f c oping w ith t he mass

f inal

o f p ottery

a dopted. D uring t hat s eason, M argaret Wheeler, our c ataloguer, a pplied t o t he f inds a s ystem which was d evised i n I taly by D r Alwyn C otton d uring t he 1 960s.

M argaret Wheeler h erself had u sed i t a t h er o wn

s ite of S anta Rufina i n I taly;

t he s ame s ystem

( with modifications)

h as b een u sed s ubsequently a t K andahar i n Afghanistan a nd a t P ella i n J ordan. The a im o f t he s ystem i s t o have a r ecord o f every p otentially d iagnostic

s hape r ecovered f rom t he

s ite a nd t o r ecord what wares a nd

what quantities c ame f rom e ach d eposit. potsherds a re washed and l aid o ut o n mats

After e xcavation t he l abelled t o d ry.

a re e xamined, wares and q uantities a re n oted, s herds a re t hen d iscarded.

d ecorated p ieces) n ecessary,

s herds

i ncluding a ll s ieved f ragments).

( usually t he r ims,

a re bagged f or e xamination,

d rawing.

d rying t hey

( At T a kun K ale t he p ottery of two t renches

( S12 and R 11) was r etained i n t oto, P otentially d iagnostic

After

a nd t he bulk o f t he

E xamples

h andles,

bases a nd

c ataloguing,

a nd i f

o f e ach ware n oted a re a lso r etained

f rom e ach d eposit. I nto what a t T a kun K ale was c alled f or brevity

' the t ype s eries'

- a ctually a c ollection o f a ll t he d ifferent s hapes which t he s ite p roduces - g oes a lready i n t he

e very p iece o f pottery which l ooks ' type s eries'.

d ifferent

f rom t hose

Each n ew s hape i s r ecorded i n t hree

d ifferent p laces: 1 .

A c ontrol o r c atalogue book.

( At T a kun K ale s eparate books w ere

u sed f or t he g lazed a nd u nglazed p ottery).

T he primary f unction

of this book was t o g ive t o e ach n ew s hape a n umber number' t he

- h enceforward a bbreviated a s C N) which i s

s herd.

T he b ook a lso r ecords basic

t he s ort o f v essel, what s heet i t i s ( if a ny).

(catalogue i nscribed o n

d ata s uch a s provenance,

d rawn o n,

i ts photograph

At T a kun K ale t he g lazed ware C Ns b egan a t 1 ,

and t he

u nglazed C Ns a t 4 001. 2 .

A c ard i s

f illed o ut.

d escribed,

c ard a p hoto o f t he t hen b e 3 .

On i t t he ware a nd s hape o f t he p ot a re

a long w ith i ts

s ize a nd a ny d ecoration.

f ull s cale d rawing i s

s tuck.

On t o t his The c ard may

f iled a ccording t o v essel s hape o r ware.

F or e ach d eposit d ug a l ayer s heet i s k ept. t o t he s herd c ount a nd r esume o f wares, s herd s hape

On t his,

i n addition

t he n umber o f e ach n ew

i s r ecorded.

F or a f ragment o r v essel w ith a s hape which i s a lready i n t he ' type 1 .

s eries',

t he r ecording i s

T he c ard o f t he

' type'

s impler.

w ith which t he n ew p iece i s c omparable

5 5

( let

u s c all t he

' type' x )

i s t aken f rom t he f ile

( it i s r etrieved

t hrough t he c atalogue), a nd t he n ew p iece's p rovenance a rea a nd l evel)

i s n oted o n x 's c ard,

( trench,

a long w ith a ny v ariation i n

ware o r d ecoration. The s herd t hen h as marked o n i t " cf. x ", a nd i t i s r eturned t o t he b ag of s herds o f t he l ayer f rom w hich i t c omes. 2 .

On the l ayer s heet i s r ecorded " cf. x ".

Thus t he s ystem p ermits

r etrieval of i nformation c oncerning t he t otality o f o ccurrences of p articular f orms o f p ottery, and p rovides a t t he s ame t ime a c omplete r ecord o f what was present i n a ny g iven l ayer.

O n a

l arge s ite t he u se o f a c omputer w ill p robably b e i nescapable f or the f inal analysis; o n a s maller s ite l ike T agkun K ale r etrieval of i nformation f rom t he r ecording s ystem i s p ossible i n t he t raditional m anner. But e ven on a s mall s ite by t he e nd o f t he d ig t he l ayer s heets were numbered i n hundreds.

S ince i t h as t urned out t hat t he m ajority

o f t he material f rom Tagkun K ale b elongs t o o ne p eriod,

a nd a s t here

appears t o b e d iscontinuity between a ll t he p eriods r epresented o n t he s ite,

there s eems n o p urpose i n publishing a ll the l ayer s heets.

h ave,

h owever, b een u sed by J on H osking i n h is e xamination o f t he

T hey

o ccurrences o f t he v arious s orts o f v essels i n s ome o f t he k ale r ooms ( Appendix 4 ).

L ayer s heets w ill have v alue, i t s eems t o m e, o n t hose

s ites where o ccupation l asts a c entury o r m ore. I n t he c atalogue o f t his p ublication e ach s hape d epicted h as the f ollowing i nformation: 1 .

Publication n umber.

2 .

C atalogue n umber, prefixed C N

( this i s t he n umber o n t he s herd o r

v essel a t E läzig). 3 .

Phase.

4 . 5 . 6 . 7 .

I ts p rovenance I ts

( CP = C hurch P hase;

K P = K ale P hase).

( trench, a rea w ithin t rench,

d eposit).

d escription ( shape, ware and d ecoration).

P arallels

f rom T agkun K ale

P revious p ublication,

( the " cf.

s herds").

i f any.

T he e mphasis t hen i s o n the s hape o f t he v essel. of a ll s herds were r ecorded, s pection.

N o c hemical

While t he wares

t hey were d efined s imply by v isual i n-

o r m icroscopic a nalyses w ere c arried o ut.

Under these c ircumstances c lassification b y ware s eems

inappropriate.

Again,

t echnologist,

t he m aterial h as n ot b een e xamined by a c eramic

s o that f iner p oints o f p otting may well h ave e scaped u s; t he v ast majority o f v essels w as wheel-made, but w e c ould s ay l ittle m ore t han that. An advantage o f p resentation by s hape i s t hat i t e nables o ne t o o rganize

t he p ottery i n t wo major and i nterwoven c ategories - a n

o bjective o ne - i .e. j ective o ne - i .e. f or.

s imply a ccording t o s hape a nd s ize,

a nd a s ub-

a ccording t o what o ne b elieves t he v essel w as u sed

The o bjective c ategorization t akes p recedence

c ategories a re 0 (pen) and C (losed). The 0 c ategory i s s ubdivided a s

f ollows:

0 1 -

s mall t o m edium,

o pen,

s hallow v essels.

02 -

small t o m edium,

o pen,

d eep v essels.

03 -

l arge,

o pen,

d eep v essels.

5 6

;

i ts t wo major

0 4 -

v essels with l arge,

f lat bases and l ow,

u sually v ertical

s ides. 0 5 -

m iscellaneous.

T he C c ategory i s

d ivided a s

t all,

f ollows:

C l -

l arge,

C 2 -

small t o medium,

u sually n ecked v essels. t all,

C 3 -

s mall t o m edium,

s quat,

C 4 -

t andirs

C 5 -

m iscellaneous.

u sually n ecked v essels. n ecked o r h ole-mouthed v essels.

( cooking ovens).

B oth c ategories a re s ubdivided a ccording t o s hape a nd s ize v ariations. X 1 -

l ids,

X 2 -

bread c ookers,

X 3 -

t iles,

X 4 -

water p ipes,

X 5 -

s moking p ipes,

x 6 -

pot s tands,

X 7 -

s trainers.

f orm a c ategory o f t heir o wn. The

1 .

f unctions o f the T .K . 1 .

S torage

2 .

P reparation

3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 .

P ortage

p ottery may b e c lassified a s

f ollows:

Overlapping u se

C ooking E ating a nd d rinking Ablution M iscellaneous,

i ncluding f unerary

S torage ( a)

ars rpithoi" S torage j

( =C1)

T o c ontain water,

Function

g rain,

f lour,

c haff e tc.

S hort-

o r l ong-term s torage. U sually a n ecked v essel,

D escription

b e c arried w ith e ase, 1 5 k g.

o r m ore.

g enerally t oo l arge t o

having a n e mpty w eight of

S torage

j ars a re u sually dug

i nto t he g round f or s tability a nd of water s torage) ( b)

S torage b owls

( =03)

T o c ontain m ilk, yoghurt,

Function

( in t he c ase

c oolness.

brine.

curds, whey,

c heese

i n

S hort-term s torage.

S torage bowls a re g enerally l ighter t han s torage

D escription

j ars,

a nd c an b e moved e mpty o r

f ull.

b ecause of t heir r im:base p roportion

H owever, (2 . '3 :1),

m oving them when f ull i s a h azardous o peration. 2 .

P reparation o f f ood ( a)

B owls

Function

( =01-03), :

and c ooking v essels

( =C3)

T o h old i ngredients b eing prepared f or c ooking o r f or t he t able,

5 7

and t o s erve a s m ixing b owls.

D escription

: B oth o pen a nd c losed v essels.

P robably t he l imi-

t ing f actor i s t he l ength o f t he s tirring s poon! ( b)

J ugs a nd J uglets

F unction

( =C2)

T o h old s mall q uantities o f o il o r water t o m ix i nto d ishes b eing p repared.

D escription

3 .

S mall t o m edium n ecked v essels, s uitable f or p ouring. S ometimes w ith h andle a nd s pout.

P ortage ( a)

W ater j ars/jugs/"flagons"

( =C2)

F unction

F or c arrying water f rom s tream o r s pring.

D escription

U sually a t all, n ecked v essel, s imilar i n s hape t o a s torage j ar, but s mall e nough t o b e c arried e asily b y o ne p erson w hen f ull. h andles f acilitate c arriage.

( b)

C ooking/serving t rays

S ometimes

( =04)

P rimarily f or c ooking c ertain d ishes which r equire

Function

a l arge s urface a rea. Also u sed a s s erving d ishes. T he m odern a luminium e quivalent i s a u niversal f eature o f t he T urkish l okanta, a nd i s a lso s een b eing c arried t o a nd f ro i n p resent-day v illages.

4 .

C ooking ( a)

T andirs/ovens

F unction

( b)

( =C )O

F ixed p osition o vens, u sually c oil-built, s moothed i nside a nd o ut a nd f ired i n a h ole i n t he g round.

C ooking v essels

( =C3)

F unction

C ooking f ood, p arching g rain.

D escription

G enerally g lobular b ody w ith a f airly w ide n eck.

( c)

B owls/ Avec

( stew ) p ots

( =02)

M ost c ommonly s imply f or e ating f ood; ab owl m ay a lso b e u sed f or c ooking. T oday i ndividual por-

F unction

t ions o f s tew ( meat a nd v egetables, m ixed v egetabl es) a re o ften c ooked i n b owls. S mall t o m edium o pen v essel, c ustomarily w ith a

D escription

g reater w idth t han d epth. ( d)

B read C ookers

(4 (2)

F or c ooking f lat, r ound b read.

F unction

F lat, r ound p latters w ith s lightly u pturned e dges

D escription

l ike a t ray. T he m odern e quivalent, m ade o f s heet i ron, i s u sually s et o n a t hree- o r f our-legged i ron s tand d irectly o ver t he f ire.

N o s tands

w ere f ound a t T a kun K ale.

5

E ating a nd d rinking ( a)

B owls

F unctiCm

( =02) : F or e ating f rom .

5 8

O ften i nvolves l iquids - m eat

j uices, D escription ( b)

P lates

g ravy,

S ee 2 (c)

s oup.

a bove.

( =01)

F unction

:

F or e ating f rom.

D escription

:

Small t o m edium o pen s hallow v essel.

( c)

Jugs a nd j uglets

Function

F requently u sed f or f ruit.

( =C2)

T o c ontain d rinking water, w ine o r a yran ture o f yoghurt and water)

( a m ix-

f or i mmediate

c onsumption. D escription

Small t o m edium s ized n ecked v essels, f or p ouring.

6 .

A blution Jugs and j uglets Function

' :

D escription

T .

s uitable

S ometimes w ith handle a nd s pout.

( =C2) T o c ontain water f or washing.

: A s

5 (c) a bove.

M iscellaneous , i ncluding F unerary ( a)

L ids

( =X1)

F unction

T o c over v essels o f d ifferent k inds, m ost c ommonly c ooking p ots.

D escription

F lat,

c ircular u tensil w ith c entral k nob o r one

o r two handles o n t op. ( b)

P ipes

( =X4)

Function

:

D escription

: C ylindrical o bject,

( c)

T iles

D rainage. o pen a t b oth e nds.

( =X3)

Function

• Roofing a nd f looring.

D escription

: 1 .

( d)

L amps

R oofing. ( i)

P antile

( ii)

F lat t ile:

( Laconian t ile):

c urved i mbrex.

r ectangular t egulus.

( =C5, 0 5)

Function

L ighting.

D escription

( i )

O pen s hape l ike a s mall bowl w ith p inched

( ii)

r im t o f orm n ozzle. C losed s hape w ith s mall h oles

f or o il a nd

n ozzle. ( e)

S moking p ipes

( =X5)

Function

: T o h old burning t obacco.

D escription

:

( f)

P ot s tands

Function

H ubble-bubble bowl. ( =X6) T o s tand c ooking p ots a nd v essels w ith unstable bases o n.

D escription

M edium t o l arge s ized r ing o f f ired p ottery.

5 9

( g)

S trainers

( =X7)

Function

T o e nable e asy s eparation o f l iquids a nd s olids.

D escription

F lattish o r b owl s haped p erforated v essel.

( h)

F unerary v essels:

Function

Juglets

Unknown.

( =C2) a nd l amps

( =05)

P resumably b elieved t o b e u seful a nd/or

p leasing t o t he d ead i n a n a fter-life. D escription

Small j uglets, p resumably t o c ontain l iquid ‚and a p inched s pout l amp.

M edieval g lazed p ottery:

m anufacture a nd w are

T he bulk o f t he l ate m edieval p ottery f ound a t T askun K ale w as l ocally made. At n earby A svan t he r emains o f t hree p ottery k ilns w ere f ound i n the M edieval I I h orizon o f t he 1 2th a nd 1 3th c enturies ( Mitchell 1 980:

4 9-55);

t hey w ere e vidently u sed t o f ire o nly g lazed

v essels, and a lthough t hey were n o l onger i n u se a t t he t ime o f T askun's o ccupation i n t he l ate 1 3th a nd e arly 1 4th c enturies, t hey a re s triking evidence that s ufficient e xpertise was available l ocally t o produce the t echnologically s ophisticated f ine g lazed p ottery. T his b eing s o, t here s eems l ittle r oom t o d oubt t hat t he s impler p lain a nd painted p ottery was a lso manufactured i n t he n eighbourhood. of t he

t medreset

o f M edieval I II,

C F 2 c hurch a t T agkun, hüyük;

A t A svan t he c onstruction

c ontemporary w ith t he

put a h alt t o t he p otters'

f ortress a nd

a ctivities o n t he

a lthough t he s ucceeding potteries w ere n ot l ocated,

o ne g lance

a t t he g lazed wares o f Asvan and T agkun s uffices t o s how that t he s ame ' school'

o f potters c ontinued their production f rom t he 12th t hrough

i nto t he 1 4th c enturies. ( Compare f or e xample t he l eaf and s piral m otifs of f ig. 3 2 , 5 3 with A v. 1016 and 8 13, t he a rcade motifs o f f ig.

2 9,

of f ig.

1 5 and 1 7 w ith A v.

7 86,

9 ) 41 a nd

3 7, 1 04 with A v. 924, e tc.).

9 75, the woven basketry motif

A t t he s ame t ime i t must b e

a cknowledged t hat t he A gvan d istrict was p art o f t he c eramic k oine o f the L evant d uring t he 1 2th, 1 3th a nd 1 4th c enturies, r eceiving t echnic al i nformation a nd f ashions f rom t he s urrounding a reas, whose i nfluences affected s hape a nd d ecoration o f t he g lazed pottery. The g lazed ware o f T askun i s e xtremely c onsistent i n f abric and c olour.

I t i s w ell l evigated w ith a v ery f ine g rit t emper, a nd i t i s

c onsistently f ired b etween Plight r eddish brown',

5 YR 6 /4 and 5 YR 7 /6 i n t he Munsell r ange

' pink',

a nd

' reddish y ellow ').

brown g laze t ends t o b e f ired t o a r edder c olour - a bout O ther variants

i nclude t he l amp C N112

mystery o bject C N109 C N 1 00

( fig.

( fig.

( fig.

3 9, 133) 1 0YR

3 7, 1 08) 7 .5YR 8 /4 .

8 /3

3 8, ;

1 17)

P ottery w ith a

7 YR 6 /4 . 6 /6 ; the

2 .5YR

t he b lue g lazed base

But s uch variants a re f ew a nd i t i s

my v iew t hat t he bulk o f t he g lazed p ottery was f abricated f rom the o ne s ource o f c lay. C ontrast the Korucutepe material a nalysed by Bakirer ( 197) 4:100). A s

f ar a s c ould b e s een, before b eing g lazed t he v essels w ere

s lipped o n t he i nside a nd over the e xterior w ith a t hin white p aint; o nly t he l ower part o f t he e xterior s urface a nd t he base were u nslipped. T hrough t he s lip t he p attern,

i f any, was i ncised w ith a p ointed i m-

p lement.

s how u p d ark t hrough t he s ubsequent

T he r esultant l ines

g lazing - khakhi o r black with a g reen g laze, d ark brown o r b lack with a y ellow g laze, d ark b rown o r black w ith a brawn g laze. A p roblem i s posed by a n unglazed f ragment

( fig.

6 o

7 7, 2 40), a g rey ware s herd w ith

a n i ncised pattern, which _ was presumably i ntended t o b e g lazed, a d ecoration o f t his a ppears t hen,

o r t hat g lazing s ometimes o ccurred d irectly o nto t he

s urface o f t he v essel. K orucutepe B akirer

I n h er e xamination o f t he g lazed p ottery a t

( 197 ) -:

1 02)

o bserved t hat many o f t he i ncised l ines

h ad been p ainted w ith moss g reen o r b lack paint b efore g lazing, o rder t o m ake t he d esign s tand o ut. ( 1980:

i n

This t echnique was n ot o bserved

a t Ta5kun, but M itchell r eports i t i n h is

M itchell

I t

t hat o ccasionally i ncision o ccurred b efore t he a pplica-

t ion o f t he s lip,

g lazed w ares

f or

s ort w ithout a g laze would b e v ery unhygienic.

d escription o f t he A zvan

7 5).

7 3-75) d ivides t he l ocally manufactured g lazed

( 1980:

p ottery o f Av ian i nto f ive c ategories: 1 .

F inely b odied p olychrome s graffito ware

2 .

R obust b odied p olychrome s graffito ware

3 .

R obust b odied p olychrome s graffito ware,

u sually g reen g lazed,

s ome b rown

4 .

R obust b odied m onochrome ware, mostly g reen,

s ome y ellow a nd

brown g laze

5 .

P olychrome

' splashed' ware.

The TaQkun g lazed p ottery f its well i nto t hese c ategories, e xcepting t he probable i mports d iscussed b elow ( pls

3 3-38).

By f ar the m ost c ommon c olour o f g laze i s g reen, which v aries f rom a p ale, a lmost white, s hade t o a d ark, j ungle g reen o r khakhi s ometimes o n o ne a nd the s ame p ot ( pl.

3 6) a nd yellow,

( pl.

3 5).

a re much l ess f requent,

O ther c olours, b rown a nd t he n umber o f blue

g lazed f ragments r ecovered f rom t he s ite c an b e c ounted o n t he f ingers o f both h ands. P olychrome i s a lso c omparatively u nusual ( pls 3 3) 4). T he f ollowing t able s hows t he p roportion o f c olours o n a ll t he r im s herds o f o pen s hapes r ecorded.

N o . o f r imsherds

F ig .

2 6

G reen

Y ellow

2 93

1 0

8 7.73

2 .99

B rown

P olychrome

1 8

5 .39

C olours o f g lazes o n 0 1 a nd 0 2 r imsherds

6 1

T otal

1 3

3 34

3 .89

1 00

T he c oat o f g laze was u sually a pplied b y h olding t he v essel b y i ts

f oot a nd d ipping i t i nto t he g laze;

p resumably i t was t hen t urned

u pright a nd t he g laze s willed a round t he i nterior t o g et a n e ven c oati ng b efore t he r esidue was t ipped o ut.

Evidently many v essels w ere

t hen l eft t o d ry m outh d own, a s a r esult o f w hich d rips o f g laze a re s ometimes s een a round t he r im ( e.g. 1 8)

C N121

[ fig.

3 1,

4 8]) .

C N77

( fig.

2 8,

5 ),

C N127

( fig .

2 9,

On t he p olychrome p ots a s econd c oat o f

g laze was a pplied s electively, a nd i f n eed b e, a t hird. T o d ry, s ome a t l east o f t he p olychrome p ots were k ept u pright, a s i s c lear i n t he c ase o f C N8

( fig.

2 8,

9 ), where t he t rickles o f g laze d own t he o uter

s urface a ppear t o h ave b een b roadened by t he g lazer t o f orm a p attern, but i n o ne p lace o n t his b owl a black d ribble r emains. On C N59 ( fig. 2 9,

1 7) t he g lazer a ppears t o h ave brushed t he r esidue o f t he s econd

g laze a round t he body i n two h orizontal l ines t o s pread t he d rops a nd t o h asten t he d rying o f t he g laze. T he m ajority o f t he T agkun K ale g lazed v essels w ere Bakirer g ives t he f igure o f 6 0% i ncised a t K orucutepe;

i ncised. T agkun was

r oughly t he s ame ( 58% o f a r andom c ount o f 1 20 p ieces). E xcision ( i.e. c hampleve) was r are; p robably l ess t han 2 % o f t he t otal o f g lazed s herds, t hough S tephen M itchell t ells m e t hat i t i s h is i mpression t hat t here was m ore o f t his s tyle a t T agkun t han t here was a t A gvan. T he i ncised motifs were p robably r apidly, i nstances,

c arelessly e xecuted.

a nd c ertainly i n many

G eometric a nd s emi-abstract m otifs

p redominate - c riss-cross patterns, whorls,

s cale p atterns, basketry

m otifs a nd h atched s quares a re f ound.

S tylized l eaves,

o gival a rch p atterns a nd p seudo-arabic

s cript a re among t he m ore r epre-

l eaf s crolls,

s entational d esigns. I nexplicably, n ot i ncised.

a ll s ix i ntact g lazed v essels

f ound a t T agkun a re

S imple g lazing w ithout o ther d ecoration s eems t o h ave

b een u sed o n c losed s hapes ( C2), a nd a lso o n o pen l amps ( 05), b ut s ince t he bowl CN96 ( fig. 3 2, 6 1) and o ther o pen s hapes a re a lso u ninc ised i t s eems i mpossible t o d raw any c onclusions a bout t he r elations hip o f s hape a nd d ecoration. D eep b owls a nd s hallow bowls o r p lates i nant g lazed s hapes a t T agkun K ale.

( 01 a nd 0 2)

a re t he p redom-

Only s eventeen o f t he o ne hundred

and f orty-one s hapes i n t his c atalogue a re n ot 0 1 o r 0 2,

and o f t hese,

e ight a re jugs o r j uglets

Among t he

( C2)

a nd f ive a re l amps

( 05).

o pen s hapes by f ar t he m ost n umerous i s t he b owl C N12 w ith f orty-five e xamples.

N ext a re C N28

three e xamples,

3 0,

3 ) 4,

CN45

( fig.

7 7) w ith n ineteen e xamples

( fig.

3 ) 4,

( fig.

2 9, 1 9)

7 7) w ith twenty-

3 ) 4) w ith t wenty e xamples,

C M 2 8

( though w ith s mall f ragments

( fig.

s uch a s

t hese t here i s l ess c ertainty a bout o verall s imilarity o f s hape) a nd CN2

3 3, 6 5) w ith f ourteen e xamples.

( fig.

a re u nique a t T agkun.

A lmost 7 0% o f t he s hapes

A ll t he d eep a nd s hallow b owls had r ing f eet,

which w ere presumably made i n t he u sual f ashion. v ery h igh.

T he j ugs,

T hey a re f requently

j uglets a nd l amps h ave f lat bases.

A s w ith t he evident c onsistency o f t he g lazed ware, s hapes.

s o w ith the

C ompared w ith t he u nglazed s hapes t here i s a p recision i n the

manufacture o f t he g lazed v essels' s hapes, which i s i ndicated b y t he c omparatively h igh o ccurrences o f parallels o f p opular s hapes. G lazed ware was a luxury ware. more t han 1 0% by n umber

I t i s d oubtful whether i t f ormed

( rather t han by w eight)

6 2

o f t he s herds a t T agkun.

T he f ollowing f igure g ives t he n umbers o f s herds i n e ach l ayer o f a k ale t rench , a nd t he p roportions o f t he t otals o f g lazed a nd p lain m edieval s herds a nd E B s herds. N ature o f D eposit

D eposit 1 301 .1 ) . 2 ) . 3 ) . 4 ) . 5 ) . 6 ) . 7 )

G lazed

P lain

E B

T otal

T opsoil

3 1

2 82

1 7

3 30

F loor o verlay

_ _

2 4

F allen m b f rom w alls

2 5

2 01

1 3 1

2 5 2 57

. 8 ) . 9 )

P it

. 10

F allen m b ( ?)

4 6

. 11

A shy

-

: i 12 ) 3)

B urnt m b

6

1 3

6

2 5

. 14

A shy

8

3 5

6

4 9

1 302 .1 ) . 2 ) . 3 . 4 .5 . 6

) ) ) )

T opsoil

F allen d ecayed m b

1

3 3 4 06

3 2 7

3 7 4 69

2 1

2 13

1 8

2 52

3 5

1 71

6 5

2 71

. 7 ) . 8

P it

. 9

S torage j ar

. 10

A rea a round s torage j ar

. 11

F allen m b

. 12 ) . 13 )

P it

. 14

F allen m b

. 15

P it

1

T opsoil

2

4 6

F allen m b

7

2 02

P it

2

4 2

1 303 .1 . 2 ) . 3 ) . 4 ) . 5 T OTAL % F ig .

1

1

1 5 _ _ 2

2 04

1 5

1 4 1 2 5 6

1 83 7 .69 2 7

-

) 4

1 960 8 2 .35

2 14 1 4

7 2 7 2 7 1 5 1 2 37 9 .96

2 1 8 3 7 5 2 24 4 5 2 380 l oo

N umbers a nd p roportions o f m edieval g lazed a nd p lain a nd E arly B ronze A ge s herds i n T rench R 10 ( trench r ecovery o nly)

6 3

" It h as r ecently b ecome c lear that g lazed s graffito p ottery, i dentical with o r a kin t o t he t ypes

f ound a t A gvan, was

f orm o f d ecorated p ottery i n much o f Anatolia, N . N W I ran i n t he 1 2th a nd 1 3th c enturies A .D."

t he c ommonest

S yria,

C yprus a nd

( Mitchell 1 980:

7 5).

I t

s eems t o m e t hat t o t he c lose o f t his s tatement we c ould add " and i ndeed i t r emained p opular i n E astern Anatolia t hrough the 1 4th c entury", a s t here i s e vidence t hat g lazed s graffito p ottery c ontinued t o b e d ominant w ell i nto t he 1 300s a t s ites s uch a s T askun K ale, K oruc utepe

( where B akirer 1 97 ) 4:

A .D.‚,

a nd a lso a t A gvan i tself ( Mitchell 1 980:

9 8 f .

d ates t he g lazed w are 7 7).

' ca.

1 200-1400

S tephen M itchell

h as c ited t he r elevant p ublications c oncerning s ites which h ave p roduc ed g lazed s graffito ware s imilar t o t he A svan d istrict material ( 1980: 7 5);

t he m aterial f rom t hese s ites i s g enerally l ess well d ated,

t here s eems n o n eed t o r epeat them h ere.

s o

An i nteresting g roup o f

c omplete v essels a t Dumbarton O aks ( Rice 1 966: 2 09-219) belonging t o t he s ame broad c eramic t radition d oes d eserve m ention. I t l acks d efinite p rovenance, but R ice o bserves t hat " In v iew o f t he o rientalizing n ature o f t he d esigns of s ome o f t hese v essels a s well a s o n t he b asis of t heir s hapes, a l ocation i n t he E ast M editerranean, p erhaps a s f ar s outh a s S yria,

s eems l ikely.

i s p ossible,

A d ate a s e arly a s t he t hirteenth c entury

t hough o ne i n t he e arly f ourteenth i s more l ikely."

W ith t his v iew a ccord M organ's e arlier c onclusions o n t he g lazed s graffito ware a t C orinth What d istinctions,

( 19) 42:

i f any,

g lazed p ottery o f A svan

1 59).

c an o ne s ee b etween t he M edieval I I

( 12th-13th c enturies)

o f T askun ( late 1 3th-early 1 ) 4th c enturies)? l ittle t o d istinguish t he two g roups.

a nd t he KP I -II p ottery I n m otifs there i s v ery

I n s hapes, h owever, w e m ay

d iscern a f ew d ifferences. 1 .

c ommon a t T askun 2 .

5 97 and 6 43-7 i s un) 4 5 and 4 7 a re g entler).

T he u pturned l ip with a marked a ngle o f A v. ( our f ig.

3 1,

Only o ne e xample o f a d eep bowl w ith a t hickened everted r im was

3 5, 9 1); they a re more c ommon i n t he A svan 5 96, 6 0) 4, 6 24, 6 29 , 6 30, 6 34 , 6 37, 6 77).

f ound a t T agkun ( fig. c orpus

3 .

( e.g.

A

v.

On the o ther h and,

s hallow b owls w ith f lattish o r f lat f laring

r ims a re i nfrequent a t A svan ( only A v. they w ere c ommon

( fig.

3 2,

1 013), whereas a t T agkun

5 2-61).

M any o ther v ariations c an b e s een,

but m ost o f t hem m ay b e s imply

o ddities r ather t han d ifferent c lasses. I mported g lazed p ottery was e xtremely u ncommon a t T askun K ale. 1 .

A f ew f ragments o f c hamplevg w ere f ound;

c onventionally t hese a re

d ated t o t he 1 2th o r 1 3th c enturies

3 8,

( fig.

1 19,

1 20,

a nd p l.

1 92 ( 'Gerru skeramik '), Fehgrväri 1973: 65-6 ( ' Garrus ware'), p ossibly a lso Y akobson 1 959 : 2 28-300, although

3)4 b;

S chnyder 1 975 :

h is g roup 7 A i s n ot s tated t o b e c hamplevg. 2 .

A f ew f ragments o f black underpainted blue g lazed ware m ay p ossibly b e 1 4th c entury M amluke

3 .

( pl. 3 3 - cf. Atil 1981: 159).

F ragments of c lear g lazed s graffito v essels w ith pale g reen a nd l ight b rown d ecoration more precisely p ainted t han most o f t his c lass

( pl.

3 ) 4a ) may originate outside the Asvan d istrict, p erhaps

6 4

4 .

in S yria

( cf.

A s ingle

f ragment o f g old lustre painted ware w ith white g round

was

R ice 1 966:

f ound i n 1 971

2 16).

( not i llustrated).

Samarra a nd t herefore e arly probably r eached t he

T his may i n f act b e f rom

( 10th o r 1 1th c entury).

I f s o,

i t

s ite a t t he e nd o f C P 1 .

A ll g lazed c eramic v essels o f K P I , K P I I , C P 2a nd C P w heelmade u nless o therwise s tated . A ll f igs s cale 1 :3 , u nless o therwise s tated .

65

2/3

a re

P ig .

2 8

C lai lvd h u m )

( kalc)

0 2 1

2

c f C N118

K P I s il 2 07. 14 R D 9 c m . laze s graffito i ., y ellow g laze t o M edium f ine o range w are ( 5YR 6 /6). W hite u ndcrpaint. Y ellow g im. s houlder o ., w hite p aint b elow. S imple c urving w all, r ounded r C N133

K P I /II

T 9-11 2 101.7

R D 2 0 c m . B uff w are ( 7.5yR 6 /4). Y ellow g laze, b rown s graffito i . Y ellow g laze w ith b rown p atch o ., b rown a round r im. L ower w all o . u nglazed. P arallels: S ll 2 00.5 b rown g laze i . a nd o . - t hinner b ody C 2 07.2 2 f rags b rown g laze i . a nd o . K P I 3 .

K P I I ( topsoil) 5 10 5 01.1 C N1 R D 1 4 c m . L ight g reen a bove d ark g reen g laze o ., l ower w all o . u nglazed. L ight g reen g laze F ine l ight p ink w are. round l ip i . C urved w all, r ounded r im. w ith k hakhi s graffito a 6 g reen g laze C P 2 /3 P arallels: J 22 7 01. 2 g reen g laze, b lack s graffito L 16 8 02 .2 g reen a nd b rown g laze K P 1 1 S 10 5 01. 4 d ark a nd l ight g reen g laze K P I 5 01. 5 g reen g laze - v ery s hallow K P I ? 5 02. 9 M cNicoll 1 973a: 1 74, f ig. 1 2, n o. 1 3 P reviously p ublished :

4

C N13 R D 2 4 c m . F ine p ink w are.

5

C N77 R D 1 5 c m . R ed-brownish w are. d rip o n r im .

6

K P I

8 11 6 04.1

G reen g laze u pper w all o . u nglazed b elow , g reen g laze i .

I ncurving w all, r ounded r im.

K P I /II G reen g laze i . a nd o .

c r il6

R 9 1 403.1

B lack s graffito i .

C urving w all, r ounded r im,

K P I

B lack g laze

S 10 5 01.5

R D 2 1.5 c m . F ine p ink w are. I nterior: k hakhi g laze w ith a pple g reen b and d emarcated b y s graffito l ines. E xterior: l ight g ree n g laze w ith s graffito o n u pper w all, w hite u nderpaint v isible b elow . S imple c urving w all , r ounded r im . P arallels: S ll 2 04.6 g reen g laze K P I 7

8

C N7 R D 1 6 c m . F ine l ight p ink w are. w all, s impler r im. P reviously p ublished:

K P I

5 11 201.13

B lack a nd k hakhi s graffito, d ark t o l ight g reen g laze i ., g reen g laze o . M eNicoll 1 972:

C R118

C urving

6 0, p l. 3 7, n o. 7 K P I

R 10 1 301.7

R D 1 6 c m M edium f ine o range w are P ale g reen g laze w ith k hakhi s graffito i ., d arker g reen g lazed u pper w all o ., u nglazed b elow . S imple c urving w all, r ounded r im. P arallels: S ll 2 07.4 y ellow g lazed, s graffito K P I 9

S 10 5 01.8 S ll 2 01.2

K P I /II K P I I ( topsoil)

c N8

R D 2 0 c m . F ine b uff w are 0 . ( bottom t o t op): z ones o f d ark b rown, y ellow-brown a nd w hitish g laze, l ower w all o . u nglazed . I ntentional ( 9) g laze d ribbles i n d ifferent s hades o f g reen a nd a n a ccidental b lack o ne r im d ownward. I nterior y ellow-brown w ith s graffito l ines. P arallels: 8 10 1 301.2 g reen g laze K P I I ( topsoil) S 10 9 D1.5 g reen g laze K P I 1 0

C N3

C urving w all,

s lightly b evelled r im i .

K P I I ( topsoil)

8 10 5 01.2

R D 2 2 c m . F ine p ink w are. L ight g reen g laze w ith t hick l ines o f k hakhi a nd t hin o nes o f d ark b rown o ., g reen t o w hitish g laze w ith b rown s graffito i . C urving w all, s imple r im. P arallels: 8 15 2 001.1 g reen g laze S 8 1 502.1 g reen g laze K P I /II $ ll 2 05.3 g reen g laze K P I I P reviously p ublished: M eNicoll 1 973a: 1 72, f ig . 1 2, n o. 3 1 1

C N99

K P I /II

R D 2 0.5 M edium c oarse p ink w are

( 5YR 7 /4).

5 8 1 502.1

D ark g reen g laze o ., l ower w all u nglazed.

I nterior:

p ale g reen

g laze w ith d ark g reen l ip. B and o f s graffito d esign w ith g reen d ark g reen a nd y ellow b rown g laze. C urving w all, s imple r im w ith s light c oncavities I . a nd o . i araliels: 1 2

C N12( , " R D n ) cm.

S ll

2 01.4

g reen a nd s peckled l ight b rown g laze K P 1 /II

( topsoil)

6

K P I I T 9-1I 2 301.2

M edium b uff-orange ( 5YR 6 /4). E xterior: g reen g lazed u pper w all, u nglazed b elow . a nd w hitish g laze, s graffito. C urving w all, r ounded r im. P arallels: C l) . 2 01.5 b uff w are, g reen a nd s peckled b rown g laze K r I I 2 05.6 b rown g laze K P I I 1 3

C N80 a nd 6 4

K P I I K P I I

( topsoil) ( topsoil)

I nterior:

g reen

R 10 1 302.2 5 10 5 01.2

R D 2 9 c m . O range w are, g reen g laze o ., g reen g laze w ith b lack s graffito i . F ig .

2 9

G lazed ' J a me

( kale)

0 2 1 4

C N147 R D

K P I /II

( topsoil)

S i) . 2 03.7/201.2

F ine o range w are. G reen g laze i . a nd o ., t wo l ines o f s graffito 1 . r m. P inchmarks i n w all o . P arallels: L 16 8 01.2 g reen g laze - s lightly m ore i ncurving S 10 5 02 .9) g reen g laze K P I -II a nd K P I a nd 5 03 .1) P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 972: 6 0, p l. 3 7, n o. 2

C urving w all t o u pright r ounded

1 5

c f C N5 P rovenance u nknown R D 2 1 c m . C lose p ink w are ( 5YR 6 /4). P ale l ight g reen g laze o . w ith a lternating b rown a nd d ark g reen g lazed c olumns o r o gival a rches. B lack s graffito. L ight g reen s cale p attern i . w ith b rown a nd d ark g reen c entres w ith s graffito.

1 6

C N5 K P I I S 10 5 01.4 R D 1 8 c m . F ine p ink w are. E xterior: l ight g reen g laze a bove r eserved a rea. I nterior: o live g reen s graffito d esign, b asic l ight g reen g laze w ith o ne a rea o f y ellow-brown g laze. C urving w all, r ounded r im. P arallels: Q 10 E 1 801.12 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I E li 6 04.1 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I 5 10 5 00.2 g reen g laze i . a nd o . C leaning 5 02 .2 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 2, n o. 5

1 7

K P I S 10 5 01.5 C N59 Z I 2. R D 3 3 C F ine b uff w are. E xterior: g reen g laze w ith d ark g reen d ribble m arks f rom r im a nd r oughly h orizontal l ines i n d ark g reen. I nterior: d ark g reen/khakhi s graffito d esign ( arches w ith ° gives), b asically p ale g reen d esign, d ark g reen a round r im, b rown w ith o ne a rch. P arallels: L 16 8 02.2 g reen g laze 1 . a nd o ., t rickle o f b rown i . S ll 2 01.14 b rown g laze i . a nd o . K P I 2 03 .3 g reen g laze, b lack s graffito l ines i . K P I I 2 03 .4 d ecayed g reen g laze K P I I 2 05.2 g reen g laze - s lightly m ore c urved b ody K P I I 2 07.1 g reen g laze K P I I

1 8

S ll 2 01.2 K P I I ( topsoil) T 9-11 2 101.2 R D 1 6 c m. F airly f ine b iscuit c oloured ware. D ark g reen a bove u nglazed a rea o . L ight g reen g laze i . w ith o live b ands d ripping d own i nto t he b owl. D roplets o f g laze o n r im. C urved w all, r ounded r im. P arallels: 1 22 1 601.6 C P 2 S ll 2 05.9 g reen g laze, d ark i . w ith l ight s pots K P I

1 9

C N12 R D 2 0 c m . F ine p ink w are. G reen g laze 1 . P arallels: 1 21 1 203.1 g reen 1 22 1 601.4 g reen 1 603 . 14 g reen Q 9 E 1 700.1 g reen 1 700.2 g reen R 9 1 400.1 g reen 1 401.1 3e x. 1 401.1 g reen 1 10 1 301.3 g reen

C N127

8 11

K P I

E ll 6 04.1

a nd o ., l ower w all o . u nglazed. g laze C P 2 /3 g laze C P 2 g laze C P 2 g laze c leaning g laze c leaning g laze c leaning g reen g laze K P I /II ( topsoil) g laze K P I /II ? g laze K P I I ( topsoil)

1 301.5 1 301.7 1 301.10 1 302.1 1 302.5 1 302.6 1 302.10

g reen g laze K P I T 4e x. g reen g laze K P I m ulticolour g laze K P I 2 e x. g reen g laze K P I I g reen g laze K P I g reen g laze K P I g reen g laze K P I

6 02.2 6 03.2 6 04.1

g reen g laze g reen g laze g reen g laze p r ,r n

K P I K P I K P I K P T ?

6 7

( topsoil)

C urving w all, u pright r ounded r im.

S 9 5 10

1 103 .1 2e x. g reen g laze K P I /II 5 00.1 g reen g laze c leaning 5 00.2 g reen g laze c leaning 5 01.1 g reen g laze K P I I ( topsoil) 5 01.3 4e x. g reen g laze K P I I 5 01.8 g reen g laze K P I /II? 5 01.15 g reen g laze K P I I 5 02.9 g reen g laze K P I ? 5 03.1 g reen g laze K P I 5 04.1 g reen g laze K P I /II? R 15 2 001.1 g reen g laze 2 001.1 y ellow g laze w ith s graffito P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 2, n o. 1 2 2 0

C N4 K P I I S 10 5 01.3 R D 1 2 c m . F ine p ink w are. E xterior g reen g laze a bove r eserved a rea, i nterior g reen g laze w ith b rown b lobs. P reviously p ublished M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 2, n o. 4

2 1

C N97 R D 1 3 c m . F airly f ine p ink w are.

2 2

c f C N124 R D 1 0.5 c m . H arsh g ritty p ink w are ( 5YR 7 /4). a rea .

2 3

K P I G reen g laze i . a nd o .

0 . 10 E 1 801.11 S lightly c urving w all, u pright r ounded r im.

K P I I

S ll 2 01.4

G reen g laze w ith b lack s graffito i ., g reen g laze o . a bove u nglazed

I C P I K P I I

C N108

R 10 1 301.10 S ll 2 07.1

R D 1 1 c m . F ine p ink p aste. W alls o f t his a nd C N122 ( H22 1 602.2) a re t hinner t han a ll o thers a t T K . L ight g reen g laze i . a nd o ., w ith d ark s graffito d esigns s omewhat s imilar t o f ig. 2 9,15. P urple, b rown a nd d ark g reen b lobs o f g laze a pplied w ith o nly t he v aguest r egard f or t he d esigns. P ig .

3 0

G lazed w ares ( kale)

0 2 2 4

2 5

c f C N10 K P I R D 3 0 c m . F ine p ink w are. B rown g laze i . a nd o ., d ark o n r im i . n ated ,outturned r im w ith r ounded l ip, b evelled i . c f C N10 F ine p ink w are.

G reen g laze i . a nd o .

w ith b evel i . P reviously p ublished: 2 6

2 7

M cNicoll 1 973a:

S ll 2 02.8 B lack s graffito 1 .

C urving w all, a lmost c ari-

K P I E ll 6 02.2 C arinated b ody, i nward c urving u pper w all. O utward r ounded r im f ig. 1 2, n o. 1 0

C N10 K P I E li 6 04.1 R D 2 0 c m . F ine b rown w are ( originally p ink?). E xterior m edium g reen g lazed u pper z one, l ower z one r eserved. I nterior g reen b ubbled g laze, b urnt b lack. C urving w all, a lmost c arinated . S lightly o utturned r ounded r im , b evelled i . P arallels: H 21 1 201.1 g reen g laze C P 3 ( topsoil) 1 22 1 601.2 y ellow g laze C P 3 ( topsoil) J 22 7 03.9 b rown g laze C F 2 /3 0 . 9 E1 701.1 g reen g laze K P I /II? 1 702.1 2e x . g reen g laze K P I /II R 9 1 404.1 g reen g laze K P I /II? 1 400.1 g reen g laze c leaning 1 402.2 g reen g laze K P I /II? 1 403.1 b rown g laze K P I /II? R 10 1 300.1 2e x . b rown g laze a nd g reen g laze w ith s graffito c leaning 1 300.3 2 e x . g reen g laze c leaning 1 301.3 g reen g laze K P I I ( topsoil) 1 301.13 2 e x . g reen g laze K P I 1 302.2 g reen g laze K P I I ( topsoil) 1 302 .6 g reen g laze K P I • 1 303.1 g reen g laze K P I I ( topsoil) R 11 6 04.1 g reen g laze K P I 8 8 1 501.1 g reen g laze K P I I ( topsoil) $ 9 1 101.1 2e x. g reen g laze K P I /II? ( topsoil) S 10 5 00.6 g reen g laze c leaning 5 01.3 g reen g laze K P I I 9 01.4 2e x . g reen g laze K P I I 5 01.8 g reen g laze K P I /II? 9 01.12 g reen g laze K P I ? 9 01.18 2 e x. g reen g laze K P I 5 02.3 s maller e x. g reen g laze K P I 9 02.6 s maller e x. g reen g laze K P I C N115 R D 1 6 c m . M edium f ine b uff w are.

K P I

R 10 1 301.13

P ale g reen g laze i . a nd o ., h orizontal k hakhi s graffito i .

6 8

C urved w all, a l most_

c arinated, o utturned r im, r ounded w ith s light c oncavities 1 .

u nd o ., b evelled 1 .

2 8

C N39 K P I I 5 10 5 01.4 R D 2 1 c m . B rownish b uff w are. L ight g reen g laze 1 ., m edium g reen o . S lightly c urving w all, r ounded r im w ith s light c oncavity o . a bove h orizontal g roove, s lightly b evelled 1 . P arallels: Q 9 E1 701.1 2e x. g reen g laze K P 1 /II? ( topsoil) 1 702.1 b rown g laze K P I /II? ( topsoil) R 9 1 402.2 g reen g laze K P I /II S 10 5 01.5 g reen g laze K P I S ll 2 00 .9 s peckled g reen g laze, s graffito I . c leaning 2 01.4 3e x. g reen g laze K P I I 2 03 .7 d ark g reen g laze o ., l ight g reen i . K P I 2 05.6 g reen g laze K P I I 2 07.1 g reen g laze K P I I 2 07.2 2e x. g reen g laze K P I

2 9

C N110 K P I R 10 1 301.14 R D 2 8 cm. M edium f ine o range w are. G reen g laze i . a nd o . C urving w all, s light r idge a t b ottom o f r im w hich i s r ound, s lightly c oncave o . a nd 1 . a nd b evelled i . P arallels: L 16 8 01.4 g reen g laze - s mall f rag. S ll 2 01.2 s peckled g reen g laze, h orizontal s graffito 1 . K P I I ( topsoil) 2 03 .4 g reen g laze o ., g reen, b rown a nd w hite g laze w ith h orizontal k hakhi s graffito i . K P I I 2 04.2 g reen g laze K P I 2 05.4 g reen g laze K P I I

3 0

C N31 K P I I ( topsoil) 5 10 5 01.2 R D 2 1 c m . F ine l ight b rown w are. G reen g laze 1 . a nd o . C urved w all, a lmost c arinated,insloping. S light r idge a t b ase o f r im, r im c oncave o ., r ounded l ip, r ounded b evel 1 . P arallels: S 10 5 01.3 2e x. g reen g laze K P I I S ll 2 01.3 2 e x . g reen g laze K P I I 2 01.5 g reen g laze o . g reen, b rown a nd w hite g laze i . K P I 2 03 .13 g reen g laze K P I 2 03 .17 g reen g laze K P I I

3 1

C N151 K P I I ( topsoil) R D 2 2 c m . F ine p ink/buff w are. D ark g reen g laze. H orizontal s graffito l ines i . r idge b elow r ounded r im o ., r im s lightly c oncave i .

3 2

C N32

K P I I ( topsoil)

5 10 5 01.2 C urved, i nsloping w all,

s light

S 10 5 01.2

R D 1 6-17 c m . F ine p inkish buff w are w are. D ark g reen g laze, t hicker a nd d arker i nside r im. I ncurving w all, g rooved o . b elow r ounded r im . P arallels: R ll 6 02.2 g reen g laze K P I 5 10 5 00.2 g reen g laze c leaning 5 01.2 g reen g laze - l ip s lightly m ore o utturned K P I I ( topsoil) 5 01.4 g reen g laze K P I I 5 02.3 g reen g laze K P I 3 3

3 4

C N50 K P I S 10 5 02.4 R D 2 3 c m . C oarse l ight b rown g ritty w are. G reen g laze 1 . a nd o . S lightly c urving i nsloping w all, r ounded r im a bove b road g roove s wells e xternally a nd i s c oncave i nternally. C N45

K P I

R D 1 9 c m . P inkish b uff w are. G reen P arallels: H 22 1 603.3 L 16 8 05.1 R 10 1 301.14 1 302.2 R 11 6 03.2 S 10 5 00.3 5 00.5 5 01.5 5 01.8 5 01.9 5 01.18 5 02.3 5 02.5 5 03 .1 3 5

c f C N126 R D 2 1 c m. F ine b rown w are

S 10 5 01.5

g laze, d ark o . t han 1 . I nward s loping w all, r ounded r im n arrowed 1 . g reen g laze C P 2 /3 g reen g laze g reen g laze K P I g reen g laze K P I I ( topsoil) g reen g laze K P I g reen g laze c leaning 2e x . g reen g laze c leaning t hicker w all - g reen g laze K P I 3e x. g reen g laze K P I /II? g reen g laze K P 3 /Il? 2 e x . g reen g laze, o ne w ith s harper l ip K P I g reen g laze K P I g reen g laze K P I 2e x. g reen g laze K P I K P I I

( 7.5YR 6 /6).

5 11 2 01.5

G rceny b rown g laze 1 . w ith h orizontal b ands o f s graffito, m ixed g reen

a nd b rawn y ellow o . w ith g reen d ribbles f rom r im. u pper u pright w ith r oundlet ' r im.

6 9

D arker g reen a round r im 1 . a nd o .

C arinated w all,

C omment: 3 6

3 7

F ig .

n ot r eally c omparable w ith C N126.

C N35 R D 1 8 c m . F ine b rownish b uff w are. r oundish r im . P arallels: L 16 8 01.1 8 01.3 R 10 1 301.10 R ll 6 03.2 6 03.1 S 10 5 00.2 5 00.5 S ll 2 01.1 2 03.7 2 03.14 2 05.2 C N49 R D 2 1 c m . uff F ine p inkish b 1 22 P arallels: R 10 S 10

3 1

K P I I

S 10 5 01.3

G reen g laze i . a nd o .,

d arker a t r im .

U pright w all, s light c oncavities o .,

d ark g reen g laze g reen g laze 2e x. g reen g laze K P I g reen g laze K P I g reen g laze K P I I g reen g laze, t hicker w all c leaning g reen g laze c leaning 2e x. g reen g laze K P I I ( topsoil) g reen g laze K P I g reen g laze K P I g reen g laze K P I I K P I /II?

c lay. D ark g reen g laze i . a nd o . 1 603 .3 2e x. g reen g laze C P 2 /3 1 301.14 g reen g laze K P I 5 01.14 g reen g laze K P I

S 10 5 01.8 I ncurving w all.

S quarish r im.

G lazed w ares ( kale)

0 1 a nd 0 2 3 8

C N53 K P I S 10 5 01.18 R D 1 6 c m . F ine b rownish b uff c lay. D ark g reen g laze o . w ith s ingle h orizontal s graffito l ine. L ight g reen a round r im o . a nd i n v ertical s tripes o n k hakhi g round i . O blique w all, s imple r ound r im c urving u p s lightly.

3 9

C N 9 K P I R 11 6 03.2 R D 1 4 c m . F ine p ink w are G reen g laze w ith b lack b lotches o ., d ark g reen t o l ight g reen g laze w ith d ark b rown s graffito i . O blique w all, s imple r ound u pturned r im. P arallels: S 10 5 01.2 K P I I ( topsoil) 5 01.16 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I 5 01.17 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I P reviously p ublished: M eNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 2, n o. 9

4 0

C N130

K P I I

R D 2 0 c m . M edium f ine p utty b uff w are. o . w ith w hite s lip b elow . 4 1

Q 10 E 1 801.3

Y ellow b rown g laze w ith b rown b lack s graffito i ., y ellow b rown u pper z one

C N113

K P I I

R D 1 2 c m . F ine p ink w are ( 5YR

6 /4 ).

Q 10 E 1 801.3

Y ellow b rown g laze a round r im i . a nd o ., p atches o f y ellow a nd b rown i . a nd

y ellow o . 4 2

C N27 R D 2 3 c m . F ine p ink w are. r ounded l ip w ith P arallels: J 22 Q 10 S ll c f C N149

E P I I ( topsoil)

S 10 5 01.1

L ight g reen g laze w ith d ark p atches i ., k hakhi g laze o . F laring r im o f b awl ( ?), s light d epression i . 7 03.9 g reen g laze i . a nd o . w ith b lack s graffito C P 2 /3 E 1 801. 1 1 2 green g laze 1 . o ver r im, b ody o . w hite s lipped K P I 2 01.13 g reen g laze 1 . a nd o . w ith b lack s graffito K P I

4 3

$ 10 5 01.6 c r 146 K P I R D 2 0 c m . P inkish b uff c lay. K hakhi g laze i . a nd o . F laring r im o f b owl ( ?). R ounded l ip. P arallels: S ll 2 05.6 g reen g laze 1 . a nd o ., b lack s graffito K P I I 2 05.9 g reen g laze i . a nd o ., b lack s graffito K P I

4

C N119

K P I

R D 2 1 c m . O range w are.

G reen g laze i . a nd o .,

c oncave i ., r ounded l ip. 4 5

A 10 1 301.7

d ark g reen s graffito i .

F laring r im o f b owl ( ?).

R im s lightly

M ended w ith i ron r ivet.

C N142

K P

I /II

S ll 2 01. 4 /20 3.15/200.2

R D 2 4 c m . F ine l ight o range w are. G reen g laze o ., k hakhi a nd g reen g laze 1 . w ith k hakhi s graffito. O blique w all, n arrow u pright r im, r ounded l ip.

1 4 6

W hite s lip.

1 W ere?

G reen g laze 1 . a nd o ., n Itgl

l in

o f b lack t rx . iff lto o .

7 0

O blique w all, s imple r ounded l ip o n

r im w ith s light c oncavity i . 4 7

C NI41

K P T I

( topsoil)

S ll 2 01.2

R D 2 2 c m . F ine o range w are. L ight g reen g laze o ., u nd i . w ith d ark g reen s graffito. n arrow u pright r im , r ounded l ip. P arallels: S ll 2 01.2 g reen g laze, b lack s gruffito K P I I ( topsoil) 4 8

4 9

5 1

C N137

C leaning

T 9-11 2 100.2 u nglazed, b lack c graffito 1 .

C N78 K P I /II R D 2 2 c m . F ine o range w are. G reen g laze i . a nd o ver r im, b ody o . u nglazed. ( part o f b owl l ip ) , s quare r im . P arallels: R 10 1 303 .2 K P I C N43

3 2

B lack s graffito i .

O blique b ody,

S 10 5 01.4

G reen a nd k hakhi g laze i ., g reen o . g reen g laze g reen g laze

B ody f lares

8 9 1 403.1

K P I I

RD 2 2 c m . F ine b rownish b uff c lay . i sh r im , c oncavity i . P arallels: 5 10 5 01.5 5 01.8 F ig .

F laring w all,

C N121 K P I /II ( topsoil) Q ll E 2 201.1 R D 2 2 c m. F ine d rab w are. G reen g laze w ith b lack n gruffito 1 ., g reen g laze o n u pper e xterior, u nglazed b elow. A ngled w all, u pright r ound l ip, c oncavity u nder r im.

R D 2 0 c m . F ine o range b uff w are. G reen g laze 1 . a nd o ., l ower b ody o . o utwards, u pright , pointed r im w ith r ounded l ip. 5 0

W hite s lip.

•

O blique b ody ( part o f b owl l ip

,s quar-

K P I K P I /II?

G lazed w ares ( kale)

0 1 5 2

C N149 R D 2 0 c m . F ine p ink w are. wall, r idged i .

K P I I

S ll 2 05.8

G reen t o k hakhi g laze w ith b lack s graffito, k hakhi g laze o . S hallow b owl w ith s loping a t j unction w ith l ong r im s loping a t s ame a ngle a s b ody. R ounded l ip.

5 3

0 4148 K P I S ll 2 04.7 RD 2 2 c m . C lose o range ware. L ight g reen g laze i . w ith l eaf p attern i n d ark g reen a nd b rown g laze, k hakhi s graffito. G reen g laze o . S hallow b owl w ith s loping w all, r idged 1 . a t j unction w ith l ong r im s loping a t s ame a ngle a s b ody . R ounded l ip. P arallels: S ll 2 01 .12 K P I

5 4

C N44 K P I I 8 10 5 01.4 R D 2 0 c m . G rey w are. G reen g laze i . a nd o . T wo s graffito l ines a round r im 1 . S hallow b owl w ith s loping w all r idged 1 . a t j unction w ith l ong r im s loping a t am ore o blique ( flatter) a ngle t han t he b ody. R oundish l ip. P arallels: L 16 8 01.3 b rown g laze

5 5

c f. C N148 K P I S ll 2 01.12 R D 2 2 c m . H arsh g ritty p ink w are ( 5YR 8 /4). G reen g laze i . w ith b lack s graffito, g reen g laze o . S hallow b owl w ith s loping s lightly c urved w all r idged 1 . a t j unction w ith f lattish s lightly c oncave r im. R oundish l ip.

5 6

N o C N n o. K P I R D 2 8 c m. F ine p ink w are. G reen k hakhi g laze i . a nd o ., k hakhi b rown s graffito 1 . u p t o j unction w ith l ong o utward-flaring r im. R ounded l ip. P reviously p ublished : M cNicoll 1 973s: f ig. 1 2, n o. 1 8

5 7

S hallow b owl, b ody c urving

C N54 K P I s lo 5 01.18 R D 2 0 c m . P inkish b uff c lay, g reen g laze i . a nd o ver l ip o . B elow g laze o ., a b and o f w hite p aint, t hen r eserved s urface. D ark g reen s graffito 1 . S hallow b owl c urving u p s lightly t o j unction w ith o utward-flaring r im . T hickened l ip w ith t wo g rooves o . P arallels:

5 8

R h l6 04.1

8 9 S ll

1 400.1 2 04.9

g reen g laze 1 . a nd o . w ith b lack s graffito g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I

C NY7 R D 3 2 c m

c leaning

K P I

R ll 6 02.2

F ine p ink w are. L ight g reen g laze i . a nd o ., d ark g reen p attern o n r im i . w ith d ark g reen s graffito. W all s loping t o r idge I . a t j unction w ith o utward-flaring c onvex r im. R ounded 1 1p. P arallels: o o 1 701.1 g reen g laze 1 . a nd o . w ith & graffito K P I /II ( topsoil) 8 9 8 10

1 400.1 1 301.3

g reen g laze 1 . a nd o . w ith s graffito g reen g laze 1 . a nd o . w ith s graffito

c leaning K P I I ( topsoil)

I3 01,5

g re . .n

K P I

lz«

1 . a r il

w ith z rrafrIto

T i

5 9 5 9

1 302.2 1 102.1

g reen g laze i . a nd o . w ith s graffito K P I I g reen g laze i . a nd o . K r I /II ( topsoil)

C N42

( topsoil)

K P I I

5 10 5 01.4

H D 2 1 c m . F ine p ink w are. L ight g reen g laze 1 . w ith d ark g reen s graffito. 1 .5 c m. b and o f l ight g reen g laze o ., w hite p aint b elow. S hallow b owl, w all c urves u p t o r idge 1 ., l ong s lightly c oncave r im c ontinues g eneral l ine o f w all. 6 0

S quarish l ip.

C N107

K P I

Q 10 E 1 801.6

R D 2 4 CM. L ight b rown f ine p aste f ired b rown t o g rey. D ark a pple g reen g laze, r ough t extured i ., w ith b lack s graffito a nd 1 c m. o ver l ip o . B ody r eserved b elow. S hallow b owl, w all c urves u p s lightly t o r idge i . B road o utward f laring r im . S quarish l ip. 6 1

T K73/73;

C N96

K T I I

R D 2 4 c m . F ine p ink b rown w are;

G reen g laze i . a nd o .

( topsoil)

1c m . o ver l ip o .

R 12 1 901.2 S hallow b owl, h eavy r ing b ase w ith s light

o mphalos. W all c urving t o r idge 1 . a t j unction w ith b road f laring r im. R ounded l ip. C omplete. P arallels: Q 9 E 1 704.1 g reen g laze 1 . a nd o . K P I /II? R 10 1 301.7 g reen g laze i ., r eserved o . K P I • 1 301.14 g reen g laze i ., r eserved o ., r im s lightly m ore c oncave K P I F ig .

3 3

G lazed w ares ( kale)

0 2 6 2

N o C N n o.

K P I

S ll 2 03 .7

R D a pprox . 3 2 c m . F ine p inkish w are, s imple d ark g reen g laze i . a nd o . r ounded o ., w ith s light c oncavity i . P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 972: 6 3

C N33

6 0,

f ig.

F ire b lackened.

3 7, n o.

B owl w ith s loping w all, , r im

4

K P I I ( topsoil)

R D 2 0 c m . F ine b rownish b uff w are.

S 10 5 01.2

G reen g laze o . w ith s tripes o f b lue ( =decayed g reen g laze?).

B lack s graffito.

I nterior g reen g lazed? B owl w ith w all c urving u pwards, f laring r ounded r im . P arallels: S 10 5 01.4 g reen g laze i . a nd o ., w all t hicker K P I I S ll 2 01.4 g reen g laze o . w ith b lack s graffito, y ellow g laze i . w ith b rown s graffito

K P i

6 4

K P I T

C N91

S 8 1 502 .1

R D 2 2 c m . F ine r eddish b rown w are ( 5YR 6 /4). G reen g laze i . a nd o . w ith b lack s graffito. w ard c urving w all j oining l ong o utsloping r im w ith n arrow u pright r ounded l ip. P arallels:

S ll

2 01.5 ) 2 01.13) 2 04.5 ) d ark g reen g laze i . a nd o ., s ome f rags w ith b lack s graffito. 2 05.6

)s ame v essel?

2 0 5 .9 ) 6 5

F langed b owl w ith u p-

C N2

K P

K P I I

R D 3 0 c m . F ine o range p ink w are.

P ossibly f rom

VI I

5 10 5 01.2

E xterior p lain d ark g reen g laze, i nterior b lotchy g reen g laze w ith b lack s graf-

f ito . C urving w all, o utturned r im, r ounded l ip. P arallels: 1 21 1 202.1 g reen g laze C P 2 /3 J 22 7 01.4 g reen g laze C P 2 /3 4 10 E 1 801.6 1 801.6 1 801.8 1 801.12 R 9 1 401.1 1 404.1 S 8 1 502.1

y ellow b rown g laze K P I 2e x . g reen g laze, b lack s graffito i . K P I 2 e x. g reen g laze, o ne w ith s graffito i . K P I d ark g reen o ., p ale g reen i . K P I g reen g laze K P I /I1 ( topsoil) g reen g laze K P I /II y ellow b rown g laze w ith s graffito i . K P I ?

5 9 5 10

g reen g laze g reen g laze g reen g laze

1 101.2 5 01.9 5 03.1

P reviously p ublished :

6

6 7

C N128 R D 9c m M edium g rey b uff w are.

M cNicoll 1 973a:

K P 1 /II ( topsoil) K P I /II K P I /II f ig.

1 2, n o. 2

Q 9. E

K P I /II? G reen g laze I . a nd o ver r im.

O utside r eserved.

r ounded r im p rotrudes o . w ith s light c oncavity o n t op. C N6 c m . K P I / 11? R D 1 6

1 704.1

W all s lopes o utward s lightly,

C up?

8 10 5 0 1 .8

F ine o range w are. L ight y ellow l eaf g reen g laze o ., s lightly d arker a t r im, l ime g reen g laze i . w ith d ark y ellow g reen a t r im . O live s graffito i . S hape a s n o. 6 5. P reviously p ublished:

6 8

M cNicoll 1 973a:

n o.

K P I

c m. C lose p ink w are

f ig. 1 2,

( 5YR 7 /4).

6

S ll 2 02.8

L ight g re i 2n g laze w ith b lack a g mffit9_£,. g r2en g laz .e.o.,

7 2

l ight a bove . d ark.

t ower b ody o . 6 9

r eserved .

c f C N2 R D 1 8 c m . F ine p inkish w are

B owl, w all c urving u p t o a s lightly e verted r im w ith r ounded l ip. K P I

( 5YR

6 /4).

S ll 2 02.8

Y ellow g laze 1 . a nd o ., d arker a t r im .

S hape a s n o. 6 5.

T O

C N11 K P I R 11 6 02.2 R D 2 0 c m . F ine p ink w are. D ark g reen g laze o ., i nterior g laze p robably o riginally g reen, d ecayed ( ?) t o i ridesc ent b lue a nd w hite. B owl, w all c urves t o u pright r im p inched i n i . a nd o ., r ounded l ip. P arallels: R 10 1 301.10 g reen g laze 1 . a nd o . K P I S 9 1 101.1 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I /I/ ( topsoil) 6 10 5 01.1 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I I ( topsoil) 5 02.4 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I P reviously p ublished: M c :Nicoll 1 973a: f ig . 1 2, n o. 1 1

7 1

C N102 K P I Q 10 E 1 805.2 R D 1 9 c m . M edium f ine p ink o range w are ( 5YR 6 /4). D ark g reen g laze o . a nd o ver l ip, p aler g reen g laze i . s graffito. W all c urves t o u pright r im b ulges o ut s lightly, b evelled i . R ounded l ip. P arallels:

7 2

7 3

S ll

7 5

7 6

K P I I

( topsoil)

C N153 C leaning S ll 2 00.9 R D 2 1 c m . F ine o range ware ( 5YR 6 /6). L ight g reen g laze i . w ith k hakhi s graffito; g reen g laze o ., d ark g reen s graffito. B owl,slightly i ncurving w all, e verted r im, b ulges o ., b evelled i . N o C N n o .

K P I

R D 1 8 c m . F ine p ink w are. s light b evel i . 7 4

2 01.2

B lack

S ll 2 01.14

B rown g laze i ., y ellow b rown g laze o .

W all s lopes i n s lightly, g rooves b elow l ip o .,

C N144 K P I R D a pprox. 2 0 c m . F airly f ine o range w are. B rown g laze i ., b rown g laze w ith y ellow d esign o . o . b elow r ounded, s lightly e verted l ip. C N82 R D 1 7 c m . F ine o range w are, g reen g laze i . a nd o . i . a nd r ounded l ip. C N146

S ll 2 01.6 U pright w all, t wo g rooves

K P I

R 10 1 302.3

B owl, i ncurving w all t o r idge i .

R im e verted w ith c oncavity

K P I I

S ll 2 05.2

RD a pprox. 1 4 c m . F ine o range p ink w are ( 5YR 6 /4 t o 7 /6), g reen g laze i . a nd o .

B owl w ith s lighted i ncurving t o e verted

r im w ith f lat t op. F ig .

3 4

G lazed w ares ( kale)

0 2 77

0 128

K P I I ( topsoil)

5 8 5 9 6 10

S ll

7 8

S 10 5 01.1

R D 2 2 c m . F ine p inkish b uff w are. G reen g laze i . a nd o . B owl, w all s lopes o ut t o s imple r ounded r im. P arallels: ( all g reen g lazed u nless o therwise n oted) J 22 7 02.1 C P 2 /3 7 02.2 C P 2 /3 L 16 8 02.1 ? Multi-coloured g laze 8 05.1 R 9 1 401.1 K P I /II? ( topsoil)

N o C N n o. R D 2 6 c m . H ard b uff w are.

1 502.1 1 101.1 5 00.2 5 00.3 5 01.1 5 01.3 5 01.4 5 01.5 5 01.8 9 01.9 5 01.18 5 02.9 2 01.1 2 01.10

K P I ? 2e x. K P I /II ( topsoil) c leaning c leaning K P I ( topsoil) K P I I 2e x. K P I I K P I 2e x. K P I /II? K P I K P I K P I ? w ith s graffito K P I I ( topsoil) K P I K P I

S ll 2 01.13

G reen g laze w ith b lack s graffito 1 ., g reen g laze w ith k hakhi a long r im o ., l ower b ody

r eserved. O utward-sloping w all, s light g rooves b elow r im i . a nd o . P reviously p ublished: M eNicoll 1 972: 6 0, p l. 3 7, n o. 5

7 3

S quarish l ip.

7 9

c N 3 7

K P I I

R D 2 4 e m . B rowninh b uff c lay, S mall 8 0

S IO 5 01.3

d ark p atchy g reen g laze 1 . a nd o .

W all w ith s teep o utward s lope, s quarish l ip.

f ra i ;ment o nly.

C N l54

K P I

S ll 2 05.14

R D 2 1 c m F ine o range w are ( 5YH 6 / 6 ) . G reen g laze i . a nd o ver r im . L ower b ody o . r eserved. w all s light i ndentation b elow r im w hich r ises v ertically o . t o r ounded l ip. 8 1

C N93 K P I /II? ( topsoil) R D 3 3 c m . F airly f ine r eddish b rown w are. G reen g laze i . a nd o . B lack s graffito i . t hinning t owards r im w hich k icks u p t o n arrow r ounded l ip.

8 2

C N120

K P I I?

8 3

F ig .

Q 11 E 2 201.1

B ody o . r eserved.

C N140 K P I I ( topsoil) R D 3 8 c m . M edium f ine o range w are. G reen g laze i . a nd o ., d arker o ver r im i . O ut-sloping w all, s light c oncavity b elow r oundish l ip. 3 5

Q 9 E 1 701.1 1 702.1 T hick o ut-sloping w all,

( topsoil)

R D 3 3 c m . M edium f ine o range w are. G reen g laze i a nd o ver r im . i ng w all, r idge o . b elow r ounded l ip.

T hick o ut-sloping

B lack s graffito i .

O ut-slop-

S ll 2 01.2 S graffito d ark b rown a nd k hakhi.

G lazed w ares ( kale)

0 2 8 4

K P I /II? T 9-11 2 101.5 C N139 R D 2 8 cm. B uff w are. L ight b rown g laze i . w ith d ark b rown s graffito. B and o f d ark b rown g laze o ver l ip; b elow, o n b and o f l ight b rown g laze d ribble o f g reen g laze c ontinuing d own o ver w hite s lip a nd o n t o r eserved l ower b ody. D eep b owl w ith w all c urving i n t o r im t hickened o . ( "almond r im"). P arallels: p i l 2 01.3 b rown g laze K P I I 2 05.6 b rown g laze K P I I

8 5

C N7 K P I B D 1 0 c m. F ine p ink w are. D ark g reen g laze i . a nd o . B lack s graffito i . t hickened o . ( "almond r im"). P reviously p ublished : M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 2, n o. 7

8 6

8 7

8

C N30 B D 2 8 c m . F ine o range b rown w are. r ounded l ip. P arallels: S ll 2 01.2

K P I I

6 10 5 01.2

Bawl w ith w all c urving i n.

y ellow g laze w ith b rown s graffito

C N48 K P I /II? B D 1 2 c m . F ine p ink ish b uff w are. M edium t o d ark g reen g laze i . a nd o . t o u pright r ounded l ip. S light r idge b elow r im o . P arallels: S 9 1 101.1 g reen g laze K r I I ( topsoil)

C N143 F ine o range w are. l ines.

C arinated o . b elow

K P S 10 5 01.8 B lack sg raffito i .

K P I /II?

R D 2 4 c m. C oarse p inkish b uff w are w ith g rits. r ibbed r im w ith t hin r ounded l ip. 8 9

( topsoil)

L ight g reen g laze i . a nd o .

c l i 4 7

S 10 5 01.17 D eep b owl w all c urving i n t o r im

B owl, w all c urving

S 10 5 01.8

D ark g reen g laze i . a nd o .

D eep b owl w ith w all i ncurving t o l ong

K P I I . S ll 2 01.4 B rown g laze o . w ith g reen d ribbles, k hakhi b rawn g laze i . w ith g reen h orizontal

R im s herd o f u pright b owl w ith l ong u pright r im t hickened o .

W hittled i nto d isc s hape.

9 0

C N63 K P I I? 6 9 1 101.2 R D F ine b uff w are, g reen g laze i . a nd o . B owl ( ?), u pright w all, s quarish r im t hickened o . P arallels: J 21 W 1 001.9 g reen g laze C P 2

9 1

C N103 S urface R D 1 4 c m . F airly f ine p ink b uff w are. D ark g reen g laze 1 . a nd o ver r im, b ody o . r eserved. , B lack s graffito i . S mall b owl, c urved w all w ith p rotruding r im a nd r im a nd r ounded l ip.

F ig .

3 6

G lazed w ares ,

b ases ( kale)

0 1 a nd 0 2 9 2

C N26 B D 7 c m .

K P I

6 10 5 01.9

F ine b uff w are. Y ellow g laze i . U nglazed o . H igh P arallels: H 22 1 603.5 g reen g laze i . C P 2 /3

r ing b ase, s playing a nd n arrowing t o f oot.

Q . 10 E 1 801.2 g reen g laze i . K P I I ( topzoil) R IO 1 301.10 g reen g laze w ith s graff ito K P T

7 4

S 10 5 01.4 g reen g lare P reviously p ublished; M k :Nicoll 1 973a: 9 3

9 4

C N19 B D 8 c m . F ine p ink w are w ith s ome g rits. r ounded f oot. P arallels: J 22 7 01.24 g reen 1 . 16 8 01.5 b r cAn R 10 1 300.5 g reen 1 301.5 g reen P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll

K P I I f ig. 1 2,

K r 1

n o.

2 6

( topsoil)

6 10 5 01.1

G reen g laze i . w ith b lack s graffito, u nglazed o . g laze g laze g laze g laze 1 973a:

C N25

i . i . 1 . i .

L ow r ing b ase,

C F 2 /3 Kc leaning K P I f ig. 1 2, n o. 1 9 K P I ?

6 10 5 02.11

B D 8c m . F airly f ine o range w are. G reen g laze i . w ith o live c oloured s graffito. U nglazed o . r ing b ase o f m edium h eight. P arallels: R 10 1 300.4 m ulti-co loured g laze w ith o mphalos Kc leaning S 9 1 101.1 g reen g lazed K P I I ( topsoil) S bO 5 01.11 g reen g lazed K P I ? P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 2, n o. 2 5 9 5

C N22 K P I I B D 1 0.5 c m . F ine r eddish b rown w are. Y ellow b rown g laze i . w ith d ark b rown s graffito. r ing b ase, s quarish f oot w ith b evelled o uter e dge. P arallels: S 9 1 101.2 g reen g lazed K P I I? P reviously p ublished: M eNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 2, n o. 2 2

U pright s quarish

S 10 5 01.4 U nglazed o .

U pright h igh

9 6

C N23 K P I I 6 10 5 01.3 B D 7 .5 c m . F ine b uff w are. L ight g reen g laze i . w ith k hakhi s graffito. G reen g laze o . I nterior o f b ase o .unglazed. H igh r ing b ase, s playing t o s quarish f oot. P arallels: J 22 7 01.13 2e x . g reen g laze C P 2 /3 Q 9 1 700.1 2 e x. g reen g laze i ., o ne w ith s graffito K c leaning Q 10 E 1 800.1 g reen g laze w ith s graffito 1 . K c leaning 5 9 1 405.1 m ulti-coloured g laze i . K P I /II 5 10 1 302.4 g reen g laze i . K P I 6 8 1 502.1 g reen g laze i ., w ith o mphalos K P I ? S 9 1 101.1 g reen g laze i . K P I I ( topsoil) 1 102.1 g reen g laze i ., w ith o mphalos K P I I ( topsoil) P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 2, n o. 2 3

9 7

C N2 14 K P I B D 9 c m . F ine o range w are. D ark g reen g laze i . w ith b lack s braffito. s lightly t o s quarish f oot. P arallels: L 16 8 01.3 g reen g laze i . Q 9 1 701.1 g reen g laze i . K P I /II? ( topsoil) 1 702.1 g reen g laze i . K P I /II? 5 9 1 401.1 g reen g laze i . K P I /II ( topsoil) R 10 1 301.1 b rown g laze i . K P I I ( topsoil) 1 302.2 g reen g laze i . K P I 1 302.4 m ulti-coloured g laze i . K P I 5 9 1 101.2 g reen g laze i . K P 1 17 1 102.1 g reen g laze i . K P I I ( topsoil) P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 2, n o. 2 4

9 8

C N20

5 10 5 02 .1 U nglazed o .

K P I I ( topsoil)

S 10 5 01.1

B D 1 0.5 c m . F ine p ink w are. G reen g laze i . w ith b lack s graffito. U nglazed o . H igh u pright r ing b ase, s quarish f oot. P arallels: Q 10 E 1 801.12 b rown g laze i . K P I 6 9 1 400.1 g reen g laze i . Kc leaning 5 10 1 302.5 g reen g laze i . w ith s graffito K P I 9 9

C N114 B D 7 .5 c m . M edium f ine o range w are. g lazed o .

1 00

K P I I

P ale g reen, y ellow b rown a nd a ubergine g laze i . w ith k hakhi s graffito.

067 B D 8 c m . F ine o range w are.

U n-

G roove a t j unction o f w all a nd b ase o .

K P I I ( topsoil)

5 10 5 01.2

Y ellow b rown g laze i . w ith d ark b rown s graffito.

f oot. G roove a t j unction o f w all P arallels: 3 11 2 04.8 K P I 1 01

F ragment o f am etal ( iron?) r ivet.

Q 10 E 1 801.3

H igh r ing b ase, s playing t o r oundish f oot.

C N29 B D (c m . P inkish b uff w are.

H igh r ing b ase, s playing

H igh r ing b ase s playing t o r ounded

a nd b ase o .

K P 1 /117 O live g reen c laz . , I . w ith b la . 7 1 ( s grarr ac.

7 5

6 9

1 102.1

H igh r ing b f tn ,: s playing t u P ,ut.

I nner

w all o f b ane c oneuie o uter w ill b evelled t o f oot. F ig .

3 7

G lazed w ares ,

b ases

W all o f v eaael t hinner t han m ost o ther g lazed b ases.

( kale)

0 1, 0 2 a nd C 2 1 02

1 03

C N125 K P I /I1 ( topsoil) B D 8c m . M edium b uff o range w are. A pple g reen g laze i . w ith d ark g reen s graffito. f laring s lightly t o s quarish f oot. P arallels: S ll 2 01.2 b rown g laze i 7 K r I T ( topsoil) 2 02.8 2e x. g lazes l ost K P I C N79

T 9-11 2 101.2 U nglazed o .

K P I I ( topsoil)

B D 7c m . F ine o range w are. s quarish f oot. P arallels: R 10

G reen g laze i . w ith b lack s graffito.

•

1 300.4

g reen g laze i .

H igh r ing b ase

R 10 1 302.1 U nglazed o .

R ing b ase s lightly f laring t o

Kc leaning

1 0 4

K P I R 10 1 302.4 C R89 B D 5 cm. F airly f ine b uff w are. G reen g laze i . w ith d ark g reen s graffito. U nglazed o . R ing b ase. U pright w ith s loping i nner w all, b road g roove a t j unction o f b ase a nd b ody o . R ounded f oot.

1 05

C N36 B D 6 cm . F ine p inkish b uff ware.

1 06

C N94 B D 9 c m . F ine b uff w are.

1 07

C N69

G reen g laze i .

L ight g reen g laze i .

U nglazed o .

V ery s hallow r ing b ase o f j ar, r ounded f oot. R 9 1 404.1

U nglazed o .

N arrow r ing b ase, f laring t o s played f oot.

K P I /II ( topsoil) G reen g laze i . a nd o .

c n i 00

D isc b ase o f j ar,

R 9 1 401.1 s light p rotruding r ounded f oot.

K P I ?

B D 4 .5 c m . F ine c ream w are ( 7.5YR 8 /4).

S 8 1 502.1

R oyal b lue g laze i . a nd o .

r ing b ase s playing a nd n arrowing t o f oot. 1 09

S 10 5 01.3

K P I /II

B D 6 cm . F ine o range w are.

1 0 8

K P I I

C N58

F oot a nd b ottom o f b ase u nglazed.

s i o

K P I

B D 5 .5 c m . F ine b rownish b uff c lay. L ight g reen g laze i . w ith b lack s graffito. b ase b evelled o . t o r ounded f oot. 1 10

C N21

1 11

U nglazed o .

K P I I ( topsoil) K P I /II

B D 3 .6 c m . G reyish w are.

I ridescent b lue g laze i . a nd o .

C N139

G reen g laze i . a nd o .

5 01.16

H igh u pright r ing

S 10 5 01.1 S ll 2 01.2,

2 04.3

L ow r ing b ase, i nner s ide s lanting t o r ounded f oot.

K P I I ( topsoil)

R D 4c m. C lose o range b uff w are.

S hallow

O mphalos?

S 10 5 01.1

U pright n eck o f j uglet w ith s lightly e verted r ounded

l ip. 1 12

T K 7 3/67 C N 88 K P I R D 5c m ., H 3 1 c m ., B D 6 .4 c m. C lose o range b uff w are. G reen g laze i . a nd o ., b ottom 2 c m . a nd b ase u nglazed.

R 10 1 301.8 F lat-based j ug w ith

b ody w all c urving o ut t hen i n t o u pright n eck w ith t hickened r im s lightly p rotruding o . T wo h andles, r ound i n s ection, f rom j unction o f n eck a nd b ody t o m aximum g irth. T wo p airs o f s hallow h orizontal g rooves a round n eck a bove, a nd b ody b elow h andles, a nd a s ingle g roove a t n eck-body j unction. 1 13

C N56

K P I

R D 3 .75 c m. C lose g rey b rown w are.

G reen g laze i . a nd o .

S 10 5 03.1 N eck o f j uglet, c urving u p t o s lightly e verted r ounded

l ip. F ig .

3 8

G lazed p ares

( kale)

0 5 a nd 0 1/2 1 14

C N145 M ax. D 1 1.5 c m ., B D 5c m. F ine o range b uff w are ( 5YR

K P I I 6 /3 ) .

S ll 2 05.2

G reen g laze i . a nd o . e xcept b ase.

w all s lopes o ut t o s imple r ounded l ip. P arallels: S ll 2 04.8 g reen g laze

O pen l amp w ith p inched-in s pout,

B ase s lightLy c oncave u nderneath. K P I

1 14a T K 7 0/21 C N 1 31 M ax. L 8 .8 c m ., m ax W 7 c m ., H 3 .6 c m . F ine o range w are, e venly f ired ( 5 T h 7 /6). i nterior. O pen l amp w ith p inetv 2d s pvut.

K P I l

S ll 2 03.10

G reen g lazed p res e ,rved o . o nly a round l ip, a nd c overing a ll F lat b rae. W all s lopes o ut a nd t hen t urns u p t o r im. . 5 0 4 de :

7 6

1 : 1 .

1 15

F ine b rownish b uff w are. P arallele: H 2I 1 201.5 L 16 8 02 .1 R IO 1 301.2 3 10 5 01.2 1 16

1 17

K P I I

C N34 B O a nd B D u ncerta in G reen 2e x . g reen g reen g reen

C N101 R D a nd B D u ncertain are. M edium f ine p ink o range w n ozzle o f o pen l amp.

5 10 5 01.4

g laze 1 . a nd o . d ark g reen g laze g laze 1 . a nd o . g laze I . a nd o . g laze 1 . a nd o .

R im f ragment o f o pen p inched-nozzle l amp. 1 . a nd o . C P 2 ? K P I I ( topsoil) K P I I ( topsoil)

e I t

3 8 1 502.1

P ale g reen g laze i . a nd o .

B ottom o . u nglazed.

F ragment o f p inched-in

Q 10 E 1 801.9 C N112 K P I B D 4c m . . i ncluding b ase. F lat d isc b ase, t hi ck M edium f ine p ink w are ( 2.5YR 6 /6). G reen g laze i . a nd o ncertain - a l amp? w ard c urving w all. G roove i n w all a t b reak. F unction u

o ut-

1 18

C N123 K P I /II? R 9 1 403.1 R D 1 2 c m ., B D 8 c m ., H 1 3 c m . F ine b uff p ink ware. T iny s pot o f g reen g laze o n r im . F unnel-shaped o bject w ith f lattened f oot s lightly s playing o . W all u pright, t hen s loping t o r ounded r im w ith g rooves. A p ot s tand?

1 19

I ( topsoil) 3 10 5 01.2 C 1 140 K P I B ody s herd K ha l thi s graffito a nd b ackground t o r aised c hamplevg F ine g rey c lay. L ight g reen g laze i . a nd o . f loral d ecoration i . B owl f ragment.

1 20

C N152 K P I 5 11 2 01.14 B ody s herd F ine p urple g rey m etallic w are ( 103 5 /1-6/1). B rown g laze w ith g reenish t inge o . c hampleve p seudoc alligraphic d esign 1 . i n l ight g reen g laze o n a d ark b rown b ackground.

F ig .

3 9

G lazed p ottery f rom t he c hurch a rea

0 2 1 21

1 22

1 23

C N14 C P 2 R D 1 6 c m . F ine p ink w are. S lightly c arinated v essel w ith s imple u pright r ounded r im. S graffito s cale p attern i . P arallels: R 9 1 401.1 c lear g laze o ver w hite u nderpaint K P I I S 10 5 02 .3 g reen . g laze i . a nd o . K P I

J 22 7 02.2 G reen g laze i . a nd o .

J 22 7 03.10 C N8 C P2 / 3 R D 1 8 c m . I ncurving w all, w ith r im t hickened o . M edium g reen g laze 1 . a nd o ., w ith t wo d ark F ine p ink w are. g reen h orizontal s graffito l ines o . L ower b ody o . u nglazed. 1 401.1 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I I P arallels: 3 9 S 9 1 102.1 2e x. g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I /II? 5 10 5 01.4 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I I 5 02.3 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I C N124

C P 2

K 21 1 03.1

R D 1 0 c m . F ine p ink b uff w are. C urved w all, s imple r ounded r im . W hite g laze i . a nd o ., d ark g reen b lobs o f g laze a round r im a nd t wo o n o . P arallels: S ll 2 01.4 2 e x. g reen g laze i . a nd o . w ith b lack s graffito i . K P I I 1 24

C N122 R D 2 2 c m . F ine g rey w are. g laze 1 . a nd o .

C P 2 O blique w all, s imple r im. D arker g laze a round r im.

1 22 1 602.2

B lack u nderpainted f loral d esign 1 . u nder g reenish b lue

0 5 1 25

C N129 C P Io r 2 B D 4c m ., i nner R D 3c m ., o uter R D 6 c m . M edium b uff p aste. F lat b ase, o uter w all s loping o ut, w hile i nner c urves i n. P arallels: T 9-11 2 101.6 g reen g laze i . a nd o . K P I I C ompare C U 1 12 ( fig . 3 8, 1 17).

3 21 1 209.2

1 26

C N70 C P 2 /3 L 5 .3 c m ., H 3 .1 c m. F ine o range w are. P inched s pout f ragment o f b low-lamp. C ompare C N34 ( fig. 3 8, 1 15)

H 21 1 201.5

1 27

C N66 L 6 .1 c m., H 4 .2 c m. P inched s pout f ragment o f b owl-lamp. C ompare C U 1 45 ( fig. 3 8, 1 14)

B ottle g reen g laze 1 . a nd o .

C P 2 /3

H 21 1 202.2

G reen g laze 1 . a nd o .,

7 7

f oot u nglazed.

0 1 a nd 0 2 b uses 1 28

N o C N n o . C P 2 H D 8 .5 e m. F ine b uff w are. H igh r ing b ase. G reen g la . :e 1 . P reviously p ublished: F rench e t a l. 1 972:60

1 29

C N116 C P 2 /3 1 22 1 603.3 A D 7 c m . M edium f ine o range w are. R ing b ase. D ark g reen g laze w ith b lack s graffito i n ' woven b asketry' i . S ome o f t he e graffito r ectangles a re c ross-hatched.

1 30

3 21 3 03.5

C N74 C P 3 B D 5c m . F ine o range w are. H igh r ing b ase. G reen g laze i . P arallels: . L 15 8 01.2 g reen g laze i .

J 21 1 001.3

C N136

J 22 7 01.14

p attern

C 2 1 31

C P 2 /3

R D 4c m ., B D 3 .7 c m., H 7 .3 c m . F ine p ink w are. S ma ll c losed f lat b ased v essel, b ulging b ody, s traight n eck, l ip t hickened o . g reen g laze i . a nd o . d arker o n l ower b ody o . B ase u nglazed. 1 32

C N106 C P 2 W 9 .2 c m ., H 9 .6 c m . L ight b rown m edium c oarse w are ( 10YR 6 /3). B ody f ragment o f 0 1 s hape. d ark s graffito p attern, p ossibly p art o f a b ird .

M edium

1 22 1 602.4 L ight y ellow b rown g laze i . w ith

U nglazed o .

x 4 o r 6 ( ?) 1 33

C N109

C P 2

H 22 1 603.4

B D 8 .5 c m ., R D 8c m ., H 5 .5 cm., c entral h ole D 3 c m . C halky p utty-green w are ( 10YR 8 /3 ) . T hick w alled o bject w ith m oulding o . a nd c entral h ole. g reen g laze o . F unction u ncertain.

P ale a pple

C 2 1 34

C N135 C P 2 /3 R D 4 .4 c m ., BD 4 .1 c m ., H 8 .3 c m . A s C N136 ( fig. 3 9, 1 31), but l ower b ody u nglazed.

1 35

C N98 C P 2 1 22 1 604.1 B D 5c m ., H 9 .7 cm. F ine r ed w are. S hallow d isc b ase, t hick w alled s welling b ody c urving i n t o n arrow n eck. R emains o f s trap h andle a nd s pout o n u pper b ody. G reen g laze i . a nd o . e xcept l ower b ody a nd b ase o .

1 36

C N134

C P 2 /3

R D 4 .3 c m ., B D 4 .3 c m ., H 8 .6 c m . ' A s C N135 ( fig . 1 39, 1 34) P arallels: S ll 2 05.4 b ase o nly

F ig . 0 1 1 37

4 0

J 22 7 01.9

3 22 7 01.25

K P

G lazed p ottery f rom £ 15

a nd 0 2 C N156

L 15 8 01.2

R D 1 6 c m . F ine y ellowish w are ( 10YR 6 /4). r im . B ody o . u nglazed.

S hallow v essel w ith e verted r im.

B rown a nd y ellow g laze i . a nd o ver

0 2

1 3 8

C N16a R D 2 2 c m. F ine p ink w are.

L 15 8 01.2 C urving w all o f d eep v essel, r im t hickened o .

G reen g laze i . a nd o .

( upper t hree c m.),

d arker o n r im a nd l ower s ector o . 1 39

N o C N n o.

L 15 8 01.3

R D 9c m . L ight p ink w are ( 5YR 6 /4).

T hick c urving w all t o n arrow u pright r ounded r im.

G reen g laze i . w ith

s plashes a nd s treaks o . 1 40

C N155

1 15 8 01.1

R D 2 3 c m . L ight p ink w are. 1 41

T hin u pright w all, s imple r im s lightly o utturned. L 15 8 01.3

C N157

W 8c m ., H 6 .7 c m . F ine y ellowish w are e .5YR 7 /4). F ragment o f l arge 0 2 v essel. G laze i n y ellow a nd b rown d epicting f lowers i . ( ND d rawing s hows g reen i nstead o f y ellow). B rawn g laze o . w ith v ertical s treaks o f y ellow. L ower s ector o .

u nglazed.

1 8

•

1 3 Fig.

28

Glazed

1 9

ware

( kale)

I 7

1

'

/

/

/ / ;

//

f ,

7 77 /7 ,7 , 7 7/7/ / /. e /2

I

/y

// /

// i ;

1 9

, w ome dw g o dem dmee kmee4

2 1

2 0

2 2 Fig.

29

Glazed

8 0

ware

( kale)

1 1 1

-

•-• ••• • ••• • +1 ,-••-• -• •••••••-• -• •

M I N

/

2 6

U . 2 8 2 7

/

3 0

3 1 3 2 3 3

/ 1 / 1 , 1 ä / 71 3 4 / L P

3 5

3 8 1

1

1

3 7 Fig.

30

Glazed

8 1

ware

( kale)

3 8

%

4 2

3 9

e e

1 4 f 4 6

4 8

k e' e " g r 5 1

Fig.

31

Glazed 82

ware

( kal e)

1 5 . 1

g

5 7

F ig.

3 2

G lazed ware

8 3

( kale)

6 2

6 3 d 7 .1 1 .

/ 9 # 07

v , 7 equir›

/M A I

M

/V

s e

6 9 11 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1fr

/

/

7 0

1 7 : 7 7 71 7 7 2

I7 3

7 4

7 6

7 5 Fig.

33

Glazed

8 ) 4

ware

( kale)

7 7

7 2 7 z2 7 . 7 '

. 7 7 7 1 2 ( i g7

7 9

8 2

F i

g

. 34

Glazed

8 5

ware

( kale)

h

8 4

8 7

8

8 9 9 0

F ig.

3 5

Glazed

8 6

ware

( kale)

9 2

A

9 3

9 4

9 7

99

‚

1 1 1 11

_3

1 00

F ig.

"

36

Glazed

8 7

ware

( kale)

1 . 4 eL f

1 4 3 1 08

13

1 1

F ig.

3 7

Glazed

8 8

ware

( kale)

‘ P e -

-,

„ , -

_ . . ” . . . r•

,

_ _' ,, _

1 6

15

14

( i ( v e r 1 7

A i e

i f l 5 . A m y, 1 20

1 4 1a , F ig.

3 8

Glazed ware

8 9

( kale)

L

1 2 1

1 22

1 23

1 24

1 25

/

J

7

y u . 47

f if

e

r

1 28

1 29

1 30

1 3 1

Fig.

3 9

Glazed

ware

from

9 0

the

church

area

1 37

1 38

,

1 40

1 4 1

GREEN LIGHT/DARK

KHAKI

BROWN DARK

WHITE

LIGHT/DARK

BLUE

UNDERYELLOW

PAINT Fig.

4 o

Glazed

ware

from

L15 91

and

glazed

conventions

U nglazed p ottery:

w ares a nd m anufacture

T he bulk o f the u nglazed ware s hapes s torage j ars,

s torage b owls,

B owls d o o ccur,

but n ot

i s

t hose o f l arge vessels

c ooking v essels, water j ars,

i n g reat

numbers;

and s o o n .

o bviously t his was a c lass

m ore s uitably e xecuted w ith a g lazed f inish . M ost o f t he u nglazed v essels a re wheel-made.

O nly o ccasionally

were v essels hand-moulded, a nd e ven more r arely w ere they made i n a mould. I n m ost v essels i nclusions c ould b e s een; t hese were g enerally l arger than those p articles, g rits.

( ?)

f ound i n t he g lazed p ottery,

g round-up p ottery,

a nd i ncluded q uartz

a nd most c ommonly white

M ica i nclusions a re a lso q uite c ommon .

o f g rittiness and c oarseness

( limestone?)

The o verall

i n most o f the w ares,

e ffect i s

a n otable e xception

b eing ware 7 , which i s c omparable w ith the g lazed ware. D ecoration i s a pplied,

i ncised,

i mpressed and p ainted.

P ainted

d ecoration i s most c ommon, w ith a p reference f or a matt red p aint o n the e xterior o f the v essel.

B rown i s a lso f ound,

b ut

i nfrequently.

O ccasionally the p aint

i s applied i n a p attern,

but more f requently i t

s imply c overs t he w hole o f t he u pper p art o f

the e xterior.

( fig.

C N4378

u sually c riss-cross,

5 3, 5 7) a nd C N4446 ( fig.

5 3, 5 9) a re made

o f a r ather f iner ware, which i s t hen s lipped with r ed paint b efore b eing d ecorated w ith a white painted d esign. P lastic v essels

a nd i mpressed d ecoration i s

t piecrustt

C N4446 i s a lso b urnished.

a lso c ommon.

On the l arge

i mpressions a re f requently f ound a round the r im .

O n s maller s torage v essels were i ncised wavy l ines, with a p ointed i mplement.

s tamped d esigns o ccur.

d ots

But most p opular

a nd o blique p arallel s lashes,

O n l ids

e xecuted

i n p articular i mpressed d esigns

were c ommon. A s mentioned,

v ery f ew e xamples o f v essels made i n moulds w ere

f ound a t T a kun Kale, l ocally made

( fig.

a nd i t

5 3,

i s u nlikely t hat this

5 6 a nd f ig.

s ort o f p ot was

7 7, 2 28-230).

The u nglazed medieval p ottery o f Ta kun K ale i s c lassified a ccordi ng t o s even b asic wares. a neous

s herds.

An e ighth c ategory was d evised f or m iscell-

The wares d efined by u s

p aste c omposition,

i nvolve d ifferent

f iring reduction o r o xidation,

a re therefore t reated a s

c riteria -

s urface f inish.

They

subordinate t o c lassification a ccording t o

s hape.

W are 1 ( W 1) - d ark w are D escription:

C oarse,

g ritty,

d rab a nd d ark,

e ned by l ater burning . a tmosphere. O ccurrence: W are 2 ( W2) D escription:

e ven when n ot b lack-

Apparently f ired i n a r educing

Munsell r eadings a round 5 YR 3 /1.

Less t han 1 2% o f type s eries.

V arious v essels.

- l ight w are G ritty a nd c oarse,

but n ot

f ired i n a reducing oven

a nd therefore l ighter t han Wl, t o which i t i s r el ated .

Munsell r eadings a round 5 YR 7 /4.

9 2

O ccurrence:

About

4 0% of t ype s eries.

b owls,

s ome s torage j ars,

M ost b owls,

s torage

s ome j ugs.

W are 3 ( W3) - b rown w are D escription:

C oarse, brown p aste w ith white g rits and o ccasional mica f lecks. Munsell r eadings a round 5 YR 5 /4.

O ccurrence:

About

2 4% of t ype s eries.

c ooking v essels;

Most c ommon w are f or

a lso f ound i n b owls.

W are 4 ( W4) - l ight b urnished w are D escription :

P aste s imilar i n a ppearance t o W2. has

q uality f or the p eriod" Munsell r eadings O ccurrence:

Outside s urface

a burnished s lip " of q uite e xceptionally g ood

U ncommon.

( Margaret Wheeler).

a round 5 YR 7 /4.

A f ew b owls,

a j ug.

W are 5 ( W5) - p lain w are D escription :

L ess g ritty than W2.

O ccurrence:

U sually buff o r p ink .

Munsell

a round 5 YR 6 /6 .

readings

I nfrequent - a bout

5 %.

Mainly j ugs.

W are 6 ( W6) - h ard c oarse p ink w are D escription:

G ritty,

hard,

a round 5 YR 6 /6

c oarse p aste.

Munsell r eadings

( although C N4178

[ 2.5YF

5 /4]

appears t o b e o f this c lass). O ccurrence:

U ncommon.

A f ew

' flagons

a nd bowls.

W are 7 ( W7) - f ine w are D escription:

B uff o r p ink f ine p aste. b rown.

U sually painted r ed o r

C omparable w ith t he ware o f g lazed v essels.

Munsell r eadings a round 5 YR 6 /4. O ccurrence:

U ncommon - a bout

3 .5%.

O nly b owls.

W are 8 ( W8) - i ndeterminate w ares D escription:

V arying c olours,

p astes and f irings make i t

i mpossible t o c lassify many s herds a s belonging t o o ne of the wares 1 -7 a bove.

A ll u nglazed c eramic v essels o f K P I , K P I I , C P 2a nd C P 2 /3 a re w heel-made u nless o therwise s tated . A l/ f igs s cale 2 :3 , u nless o therwise s tated .

9 3

W die mi uup tz . ;d _1 22tt , T2 2 P .1 71l a nd C P ; 1 7 . i) c Atalogua F ig .

4 /

U nglazod w ards

( k2Le)

C l 1

F ig .

T K73/63 C N 4 317 R D 2 8 c m ., H 7 8 c m., m ax. D 5 4 c m. C ourse p ink g rey w are ( W2). F lat b ase, r diges o . S cale.1:6. 4 2

K P I s lightly p rotruding.

S i] . 2 01.17 E gg-shaped b ody w ith f our e venly s paced

U nglazed w ares ( kale)

C l 2

C N 4 182 K P I I ( topsoil) R 9 1 401.1 R D 2 4 c m . G rey, g ritty p aste w ith w hite f lecks ( W2). N eck w all c urves s lightly i nward; s quarish r im f lares o utw ard a nd i s b evelled. F ainted r ed o . a nd o ver r im; i rregular l ine o f i ncised c ircles o n n eck o . P arallels: R 9 1 401.1 K P I I ( topsoil) Q 10 E 1 801.12 i ncised c ircles o n i nterior a ngle o f r im a nd o n n eck o ; s mall i ndentations o n l ower r im e dge 0 . K P I

3

C N4316 R D 2 8 c m . M edium c oarse p ink g rey w are, r im . P arallels:

1 22 R 12 S i ) .

1 602.6 1 903.1 2 31.2

K P I I ( topsoil) f ired s elf ( W2);

C P 2 h eavier v ersion K P I I ( topsoil)

4

c e 1443o R D 1 9 c m . C oarse g ritty b rown w are ( W3);

5

C N4472

R 10 1 302.1

n eck w all c urves o utward t o b evelled s quarish f laring

K P I I

K P I I

S ll 2 05.2; 2 07.1 ( 2 f rags) n eck w idens g ently t o b evelled s quarish f laring r im . R ed p aint o n

r im a nd o .

R D 1 6 c m . C oarse p ink w äre ( W2). 6

7

K P I N eck c urves s lightly o ut t o f laring b evelled s quarish r im.

C N4238 K P I R D 2 0 c m. D rab b rown g ritty w are, f ired s elf c olour a t s urfaces, b lack ( W3, 5 YR 5 /3). b evelled s quarish r im . P arallels: R 10 1 301.10 K P I C R4o66

9

F ig .

R 9 1 402.2 N eck u pright, f laring

K P I

R 11 6 02.3

R D 2 4 c m . G ritty c oarse r ed g rey w are, f iring r eddish b rown a t s urfaces ( W8). a lly s quarish b ut w ith r ounded e dges t o l ip. 8

S 10 5 01.5

U pright n eck, b evelled r im, g ener-

W 132 K P I R D 2 0 c m . C oarse b uff g rey w are ( W2). N eck c urves o ut s lightly t o f laring s quarish r im . t rudes t o f orm a r idge. P arallels: 1 21 1 202.14 C P 2 R 9 1 401.1 K P I I ( topsoil) c R4292 R D 2 4 c m C oarse o range w are ( W2, 5T h 6 /4). o f r im b ulges.

4 3

K P I

S 10 501 . 5 L ower e dge o f l ip p ro-

R 9 1 403 .1

U pri g ht n eck t o f laring b evelled r im.

L ip s quarish b ut u nderside

U nglazed w ares ( kale)

C l 1 0

C N4412 K P I B aulks 2 401.3 R D 3 0 c m ., H 8 0 c m ., m ax D 5 7.5 c m . D rab w are ( W8). O valoid b ody, f lat b ase, a bove w hich i s ab and w ith f inger-impressed d ecoration. A t t he p oint o f m aximum g irth i s a s econd u ndecorated b and. T he r im h as t wo o verhangs e ach o f w hich i s d ecorated w ith a r ow o f f inger i mpressions. S cale 1 :7.5

F ig .

4 4

U nglazed w ares ( kale)

C l 1 1

C N4436 R D 4 2 c m .

K P I

S ll 2 04.7

G rey b rown c oarse w are f iring b uff a t s urface ( W8, i . 1 0T h 3 /1; o . 1 0 T h 7 /3-8/4). N eck c urves i nto m assive s quarish e verted r im w ith r ounded e dges a nd r ecessed p iecrust d ecoration o n l ower e xterior e dge 1 2

C N4325 R D 3 2 c m . B rown c oarse w are w ith w hite g rits

R 15 2 001.2 ( W3).

_ Neck s lopes i n : t o m assive e verted l ip w ith r ounded .e

9 1 4

and,

1 3

B light c oncavity i n t op.

P ieerust d ecoration ( finger i mprecned) o n l ower e xterior e dge.

C N4064 R D 3 0 e m . O range c oarse w are ( W2).

T hick u pright n eck, m assive n quarinh e verted r im.

K P I

8 10 5 01.18

.

F inger-pinched a nd i mpresoeu

d ecoration a bove l ower e dge o f l ip. P arallels: 1 22 1 -o1.2 u ndecorated C P 2 /3 L 16 8 0 :.4 89 1 403.1 s maller i ndentations K P I P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig . 1 5, n o. 1 2 1 4

C N4063 K P I S 10 5 01.17 R D 2 4 c m. G rey c oarse w are ( WI). o range p aint o a nd p ossibly i . U pright n eck, r im t hickened a nd f laring s lightly. B elow r im o , ab and, t humb-impressed. P arallels: Q 11 2 201.1 l ighter i mpressions K P I I ( topsoil) 8 10 1 302.4 K P I S 10 5 01 .15 K P I I P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig . 1 5, 1 1

1 5

C 84315 K P I R D 2 9 c m . P utty g rey c oarse g ritty w are f ired s elf c olour ( W2). t ed r im . P iecrust d ecoration o n l ower l ip. P arallels: K 21 1 03 .8 C P S ll 2 05.6 m ore m assive K P I I

F ig .

4 5

Q l0 1 801.9 B ody c urves i n t o s hort u pright n eck w ith e ver-

U nglazed w ares ( kale)

C l 1 6

T K73/69 C N 4 318 . K P I R 10 1 302.9 . R D 3 2 c m ., H 1 03 c m ., m ax .D 7 1 c m. G rey p ink c oarse w are f ired s elf c olour ( W8). E gg-shaped b ody, f lat b ottom; t hree b ands a nd o ne r idge a round b ody. S hort i nward-sloping n eck, m assive o utturned r im w ith r ounded e dges. H ole 1 .8 c m. i n d iameter b ored i n b ody 5 8 c m. a bove b ase. 3ca le,c .1:b P arallels: T K 7 3/80 T 9-11 2 102.5 K P I /II T his v essel h as s ix r idges a nd ' piecrust' d ecoration o n i ts r im - H 9 8 c m., m ax. D 7 0 c m .

P ig .

4 6

U nglazed w ares

( kale)

C l 1 7

C N4060 K P I /II S 10 5 01.8 R D 3 0 c m . C oarse p urple w are, g rey c oat ( W8). N eck s loping i nwards, m assive s quarish e verted r im w ith f lat t op. P arallels: 1 21 1 201.2 C P 2 /3 1 21 1 202.2 C P 2 /3 8 21 W 1 207.4 s lightly s maller C P 2 /3 L 16 8 01.4 w ith f latter t op L 16 8 01.6 Q 9 E 1 704.1 2e x. K P I Q 10 E 1 801.2 K P I I Q 10 E 1 801.5 K P I I 8 9 1 403.2 s lightly s maller K P I R IO 1 302.4 1 C P I 1 303.1 K P I I S 9 1 102.1 K P I /II 8 10 5 01.3 K P I I 5 01.15 K P I I S ll 2 01.4 K P I I 2 01.15 K P I 2 07.1 w ith ' piecrust' K P I I P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 5, 8

1 8

c N4416 K P I I ( topsoil) R D 4 8 c m . C oarse, g ritty, b lack b rown w are, p ossible s elf s lip o . ( W1). n eck.

1 9

c n ialo R D 2 9 c m .

S ll 2 01.1 M assive r ounded e verted r im o n u pright

K P I /II

8 10 5 01.4; 5 01.16

O range b uff, c oarse, g ritty w are, f ired s elf c olour, s lightly p aler a t c ore ( W2). m assive e verted r im w ith s quarish a ngles. P arallels: 1 22 1 602.2 2 e x. C P 2 8 9 1 401 .1 K P I /II? 1 404.1 ' piecrust' K P I /II R IO 1 301.5 l ighter K P I 1 301.7 2 e x. K P I 1 302 .6 K P I 1 307 .10 3 e x. t piecrunt' K P I 0 9 1 101.1 K P I I : 1 10 7; ( K r

9 5

5 02.9;

I nward-curving n eck,

2 0

c N40 , 4 R D 2 4 cm. C rey r ed, c oarse, r im P arallels: R 9 R 10

K V I I g ritty w are,

S 10 5 01.4

f iring r eddish b rown a t s urfaces (0).

U pright n eck, t hickened, e verted

1 404.1 K P I /II 1 302.1 K P I I 1 303.3 r ed p ainted r im K P I I R 15 2 001.2 6 9 1 101.1 h eavier K P I /II? S 10 5 01.4 3e x. K P I I 5 01.13 w ith ' piecrust' K P I I 5 03.1 2e x. K P I S ll 2 01.2 K P I I 2 05.6 K P I I 2 07.1 K P I I H 21 1 201.2 2 e x. C P 2 /3 P reviously p ubliohed: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig . 1 5, 2 2 1

C N4298 R D 2 6 c m . B rown c oarse g ritty P arallels: Q 10 E L 16 L 16

2 2

K P I

R 10 1 301.4

w are, b lack c ore ( W3). I nward c urving w alls, t hickened, r ounded, p rotruding r im. 1 801.6 w ith i ndentations K P I 8 01.1 8 01.4

C N4407 K P I I? B aulk 2 404.2 R D 3 5 c m . C oarse d rab w are w ith w hite g rits ( W3 o r 8 ). T hick w all u pright i ., o utsloping o . T hick r im b ulging o ., t wo g rooves o n t op.

F ig .

4 7

2 3

C N4413 K P I /II? B aulk 2 401.3 R D 3 5 c m ., H 9 2.5 c m ., m ax. D 6 6 c m . D rab w are ( W2). G lobular f orm w ith f our r idges a round b ody. F lat b ase w ith p iecrust d ecoration a bove. M assive w hole m outh w ith t riangular r im, o n w hich a re f oun p airs o f i ndentations. S cale 1 :7.5

U nglazed w ares

F ig .

4 8

U nglazed w ares

( kale)

( kale)

C l 2 4

C N4053 K P I I R D 3 8 c m . G ritty, c oarse, d ark w are f iring p ink a t t he s urfaces r im, f lat o n t op, s light l ip o . P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 5, 1

.S 10

( W2).

5 01.3

H ole-mouth v essel, t hickened t riangular

2 5

C N4265 . K P I /II? Q 9 E 1 702.1 R D 2 8 c m. G ritty b rown w are ( W3). I nward c urving w alls t o h ole-mouth; p rotruding f lat t opped r im g rooved o ., w ith i ndentations a long l ower l ip. W avy i ncised l ines i n b ody o .

2 6

c N4288 R D 3 5 c m . C oarse b uff w are ( W2). S lightly i nclined P arallels: H 22 1 601.6 w ith ' piecr u st' L 16 8 01.3 L 16 8 02.1 S ll 2 01.1 w ith ' piecrust' 2 01.4 w ith ' piecrust' 2 05.8 w ith ' piecrust R 9 1 403.1 K P I /II? R 12 1 903.2 K P I

K P I /IIT

R 9 1 403.1

n eck, m assive p rotruding r im. d ecoration o n l ower e dge o f r im

C P 2 /3

d ecoration o n l ower e dge o f r im d ecoration o n l ower e dge o f r im d ecoration o n l ower e dge o f r im

K P I I K P I I K P I I

2 7

C N4070 K P I R 11 6 05.2 R D 2 8 c m . C oarse g ritty b rown b lack w are, f iring r ed o . B lack a nd g rey i . ( W8). I nward-inclining b ody, t ria ngular r im p rotruding o . w ith i ndented h oles o n f lat t op. P arallels: Q 9 E 1 702.1 r im p rotrudes a l ittle m ore t han t ype s herd K P I /II? P reviously p ublished: M eNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 5, 1 8

2 8

C N4154 K P I /II R D c a. 2 5 c m. G rey g ritty w are ( W2). U pright w all, s hort p rotruding t riangular r im. P arallels: R 10 1 303.5 K P I S 8 1 502.1 r im p rotrudes l ess t han t ype s herd K P I ?

F ig .

4 3

U nglazed w ares

S 9 1 101.2

( kale)

C l/C2 2 9

C N4346 C oarle b uff p aste

H IS 2, ) 01.1 f ired s elf o .,

g r ,7 a t c ore

( W?).

9 6

N eek c urves o .

t o l arge t riangular r im w ith f inger

i ndentations. $ 0

P ainted r ed o .

a nd a pproximately 2 c m.

C N4239 K P I /11? R D 2 2 c m . G ritty c ourse r ed w are w ith w hite s pecks, g rey c ore o r w hich i s d eoorated w ith s mall g ashes. O vnl P arallels: 4 10 E 1 805.2 u ndeoorated K P 1 1 10 1 303.4 u ndeooratcd K P I 0 11

F ig .

5 0

2 01.4

u ndecorated

1 .

o ver r im. 1 9 1 402.2

( W2).

U pright n eck, o utturncd r im,

t he l ower e dge

n haped i mpressions w ith h atched d esign a round n eck.

K P 1 I

U nglazed b u ms ( kale)

C 1/2 3 1

3 2

C N4067 K P I R D 2 2 c m. C oarse g ritty r eddish w are w ith g rey c ore (0). P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: F ig. 1 5, a l4428

R 11 6 02.4 U pright n eck, e verted r im w ith f lat t op. 1 5

K P I I

S ll 2 03.3

R D 1 6 c m . R ather c oarse g ritty p ink b rown w are, g rey c ore s quarish p rojecting r im. 3 3

C N4066 ( W3).

K P I ( W2).

P reviously published:

F rench e t a l 1 972:

C N4286

p l.

3 7,

1 2

K P I ( W3).

R 10 1 303.3 B ody w all c urves i nto u pright n eck, h eavy r im projects

R idge w ith i mpressed d ents o n n eck.

P arallels: 3 6

S ll 2 03.7

U pright n eck w ith s quarish p rojecting r im.

R D 2 5 c m. C oarse g ritty b rown w are, b lack a t c ore o .

R ll 6 02.4

U pright n eck w ith s quarish p rojecting r im.

N o C N n o. R D 1 6 c m. G ritty b uff w are

3 5

U pright n eck with

K P I

R D 2 0 c m. C oarse g ritty l ight b rown w are 3 4.

( W5 - s urfaces 7 .5YR 6 /4-7/4).

5 11

2 02.7

n o r idge - v ertical s lashes o n r im o .

C 1 14350

K P I /II7

T 9-11 2 101.7

R D 1 6 c m. V ery c oarse purple p ink ware w ith w hite f lecks a nd m ica ( W3 o r 8 ). d ed a nd p rotruding e xternally;

l ower r idge o n n eck e xternally.

N eck u pright, r im t hickened,

r oun-

D ecorated w ith t wo i ncised b ands o f

s traight l ines e nclosing s mall d iagonal g ashes. 3 7

C N4268

K P I /II?

Q 9 E 1 702.1

RD 1 5 cm. Coarse h ard g rey ware ( W1?). U pright n eck, s lightly c oncave i . b elow f lattish r im. b elow r im d ecorated w ith s mall c uts i n h erringbone p attern. 3 8

C N4071 D 1 6 c m. C oarse g rey ware

K P I ( W1?).

P reviously p ublished: 3 9

R 11 6 06.2

U pright n eck c urving o . M cNicoll 1 973a:

s lightly r ounded r im w ith e xternal r idge o n n eck o .

f ig. 1 5, 1 9

C N4343

K P I /II

R D 1 6 cm . C oarse p ink o range w are w ith w hite g rits w ith g rey c ore N eck u pright, P ig .

5 1

r im e verted a nd l ipped.

U nglazed wares

E xternal r idge

R 12 1 904.1, 1 901.1 ( W6 - 5 YR 6 /6).

R idges o n n eck a nd s houlder,

B ody c urves i n t o s houlder.

i ncised wa v y l ines o n n eck.

( kale)

C 2 4 0

C N4001

K P I I

S 10 5 01.3

RD 1 0 c m. F airly c oarse g ritty b uff ware ( W5 - 5 T h 6 /4). C onstricted n eck f laring o utwards t hen r ising s traight u p t o a lmond-shaped r im w hich t hickens o . O val h andle f rom f lare t o b ody. P arallels:

1 21

1 201.2 1 201.3

C P 2 /3 C P 2 /3

L 15

8 01.1

W 1

8 01.3 8 02.1 8 02.4 Q 10 E 1 801.3 1 9 R IO

1 401 3 e x. 1 302.10 K P I

6 9

1 101.1

K P I /II?

K P I /II

S 10 S ll

5 01.3 2 01.1

2 e x. K P I I

K P I I

9 7

4 1

C N4003 K P 1 R D 1 1 c m . F airly c oarse b uff w ore w ith d ark g rey c ore ( P5). n eck o .

S JO 5 01.18 U pright n eck;

r ound r im t hickened o .,

r idge o n

1 4 2

C N4289 R P 1 /Il? R 9 1 403.1 R D 1 0 c m. O range w are w ith f airly f ine g rits ( W5 - 5 11 1 6 /6). S welling b ody, e longated n eck f lares t o r idge o . t hen u pright t o a lmond-shaped r im t hickened o . O val h andle a ttached t o r idge o n n eck a nd u pper b ody. V ertical f inger i mpression a t b ase o f h andle, d aubs o f r ed p aint o n t he b ody ( not r epresented). P arallels: L 15 8 01.3 S ll 2 01.1 3e x. w ith r ed p aint K P I I 2 05.4 2e x. K P I

4 3

c N4214

K P I I

R D 9 c m . G ritty b rown w are ( W3).

F airly u pright n eck,

R 10 1 301.3

f laring s lightly t o r ounded t hickened r im.

R idge o n n eck

o . P ainted r ed o . a nd o ver r im i . P arallels: R 9 1 401.1 K P I /II? 4 4

C N4197 R D 9 c m . C oarse b uff w are n eck o . P arallels:

4 5

1 9 S 8 S ll

K P I /II ( W5).

U pright n eck i nclining s lightly i nwards.

1 403.2 1 502.1 2 01.14 2 03.7 2 04.5

K P I /II? 2e x. K P I ? K P r im l ost K P I K P 1

2 04.8 2 05.6

r im l ost K P I 2 f rags K P 1 1

C N4131

R 10 1 302.3 S ll 2 05.6 1 1 f rags S imple r ound r im . L edge o n l ower

K P I I

R D 1 0 c m . C oarse r ed w are

( W3).

8 10 5 01.13

B ody s lopes i n t o n eck w hich i nclines s lightly t o a lmond-shaped r im.

P ainted

r ed o . 4 6

c r i4004 K P I R D 1 0 c m . F airly c oarse b uff w are w ith l ight g rey c ore ( W5).

S 10 5 01.18 W all i nclining t o a lmond-shaped r im .

O valoid

s trap h andle j oins b elow r im . P arallels: 8 10 5 01.3 K P I I 5 01.9 K P I 4 ?

C N4086 R D 9 c m . P lain w are P arallels:

K P I I ( W5). S 10 S ll

4 8

U pright 5 01.4 5 03.1 2 03.7 2 05.8 2 07.1

n eck, s imple r ounded K P I I K P I K P I K P I I K P I I

C N4105

K T I I

R D 8 c m . C oarse g ritty p ink b rown w are P arallels: 4 9

S 10 5 01.3

1 22

1 604.2

( W5)

S 10 5 01.4

U pright n eck r idged o . b elow l ip.

C P 2

C N4087

K P I I

S 10 5 01.3

R D 8 c m P lain w are, p inkish p aste f ired s elf c olour ( W5).

U pright n eck, r ounded t hickened r im w ith s light

r idge b elow o . F ig .

5 2

U nglazed w ares

( kale)

C 2 5 0

C N4217

K P I I

R 9 1 401.1

R D 1 8 c m ., m ax D . 3 1 c m. G ritty l ight b rown w are, g rey c ore i n p laces ( W3). S hallow b ulbous l ower b ody, r idge o . a t m ax. g irth. B ody w all c urves g ently u pwards t o o utward f lering n eck w ith s lightly t hickened l ip. R ed p aint o . e xt ends o ver l ip i nto n eck. D ecoration : i ncised w avy l ines, s mall g ashes a nd s mall a pplique d iscs. P arallels: 5 1

S ll

2 03.3

C N4244 R D 1 2.5 c m . P utty c oloured p aste t o r idge o . P arallels:

B rown Q 10 K R IO 3 11

K P I I K P I

f ired s elf ( W5).

O utward

R 10 1 301.5 f laring n eck, r im s lightly c oncave t o r idge 1 ., r oundrd

p aint o n l ip 1 . a nd c . a nd d aubed o n n eck. 1 F :01.1 I T I I 1 301.5 K P I 2 05.3 K P I I

9 8

5 2

D N4445 R D 1 2 c m . c oarse g rey g ritty v ary,

K T 1 f iring p ink a t e urfaccs

8 11 ( W8).

: ' 0 . 1 .12

U pright n eck w ith s imple r ounded f laring l ip.

5 3

C N4345 K P 1 /11 ? Q 9 E1 704.1 R D 1 2 c m. G ritty b rown p aste w ith w hite f lecks a nd m ica ( Wi). O utward f laring n eck, r im t hickened i . S quarish s trap h andle w ith ' kick' f or t humb g rip s prings f rom b elow r im.

5 4

C N4136 K P I R D 1 3 c m . C oarse g ritty b äff w are ( W2). N eck f lares o utward. S imple r ounded r im. j ust b elow l ip. R ed p aint i . a nd o . P arallels: L 16 8 01.2 n o h andle, W 5, r ed p aint o .

5 5

P ig .

C N4148 R D 1 5 c m . C oarse g ritty b uff P arallels: Q 10 E R 10 8 9

5 3

K P I /II w are ( W2). 1 801.11 K P 1 302.10 K P 1 101.1 K P 1 102.1 K P

F laring n eck, s imple r ounded r im. I I I /II I /II

5 10 5 01.14 O valoid s trap h andle j oins

5 9 1 101.1 S trap h andle j oins t o l ip.

U nglazed w ares ( kale)

C 2 5 6

C N4357 K P I /II T 9-11 2 101.4 R D a pprox. 8 c m. B rown m edium f ine w are, l ight o ., d arker i . ( W3). F laring n eck a bove s welling g lobular b ody. H andle f rom s houlder t o m id-neck. F ilter i . a t j unction o f n eck a nd b ody. G rooves a round n eck. M oulded d ecoration o f f oliage. N OTE: T his i s t he o nly l arge f ragment o f a m oulded v essel r ecovered f rom T askun K ale. S ee a lso s herds f ig . 7 7, 2 28-23o

5 7

c r i4378 K P I /II? R 11/s12 B aulk 2 402.3 R D a pprox. 5 c m ., m ax .D 1 4 c m . O range b rown c oarse w are ( W4). C arinated b ody c urving i nward t o l ong s lightly f laring n eck. H andle j oins t o b ody j ust a bove c arination a nd m id-neck. S hort s pout j oined t o b ody j ust a bove c arination. T hick s lurry i ., r ed p aint o ., c riss-cross w hite p aint l ines a round b ody o . a nd i rregular w hite l ine a round b ase o f n eck. T wo g rooves a round m id-neck . P arallels: S ll 2 01.6 s maller; c oarse o range w are, r ed p aint o . K P I

5 8

C N4222 K P I R 10 1 301.8 R D a pprox. 8 .5 c m ., B D a pprox. 9 .3 c m ., m ax. D . 1 2.8 c m ., H 2 0.7 c m. B uff p aste, f ired s elf c olour ( W2). F lat b ase, b ulbous b ody n arrowing t o n eck w hich f lares t o l ip, w hich h as a s light o utward k ick. T refoil m outh, m ostly l ost; o valoid h andle j oined t o u pper b ody a nd j ust b elow l ip; d aubs o f r ed p aint o n u pper b ody a nd n eck.

5 9

C N4446 K P I I S ll 2 03.17 B D 1 0 c m ., m ax. D 1 2 .5 c m. C oarse w are, o range a t s urfaces, s lipped a nd b urnished v ertically t o a s trong r ed o . ( W4 - l OR 4 /4' 4 /6), g rey c ore. F lat b ottom, g lobular b ody i ncurving t o n arrow n eck. S trap h andle. R im l ost. W hite p ainted d esign ( tree?) m ostly l ost.

P ig .

5 4

U nglazed w ares

( kale)

C 2 6 0

C N4433 K P I s 11 2 03.7 R D 9 c m ., B D 1 3.5 c m ., m ax. D 1 9 .7 c m., h 2 9 c m. C oarse g ritty m icaceous b rown w are ( W3). F lat b ase, g lobular b ody, f laring n eck, s imple r ounded r im, p ossibly t refoil. H andle f rom m id-neck t o u pper b ody. R ed p aint o .

6 1

N o C N n o. K P I S ll 2 05.4 B D 8 .3 c m ., m ax. D 9 .7 c m ., H 1 5.7 c m . C oarse g ritty o range r ed w are ( W3?). F lat b ase, d umpy b ody, f laring n eck, s imple l ip, t refoil m outh, o val h andle, n ow l ost, f rom r im t o u pper b ody. R ed p aint o . P reviously p ublished: F rench e t a l. 1 972: p l. 3 7, 1 0.

6 2

C N4106 R D a pprox. 5 .5 c m . F ine b uff w are ( W2).

6 3

K P I I U pright n eck,

f laring s lightly t o r ounded l ip.

8 10 5 01.4 P ainted r ed o n t op o f l ip.

C N4002 K P I /1I? no 5 01.9 R D 8 c m. C oarse p lain w are ( W5). S houlder c urving c ontinuously i nto s lightly f laring n eck; s imple r im. o blong i n s ection f rom b elow l ip t o s houlder. P arallels: H 21 W 1 207.7 s maller v ersion. P ossibly p re-Medieval.

9 9

H andle,

r i g .

5 6

U nglazed w are°

( kale)

C 3 6 4

c N4308 K P I R 10 1 302.14 R D 2 2 c m . B rown w are, w hite g rits, f ired b rown, b rown g rey a t c ore ( W3). S welling b ody, u pright n eck, r ounded r im p rotruding t o s light r idge e xternally . I ncised w avy l ine b etween p arallel s traight l ines a t J unction o f n eck a nd b ody. P arallels: S ll 2 03.4 K P I I

6 5

C N4091 R D 2 4 c m. C oarse g rey w are P arallels: S ll

6 6

K P I /II

5 10 5 03.1

( W2). N eck u pright, r ounded r im s lightly t hickened. 2 01.1 ) P ossibly s ame v essel K P I I 2 01.2 )

c r 14264

K P I /II?

Q 9 E 1 702.1

R D 2 2 c m . G ritty b rown w are ( W3). B ulbous b ody c urving i n t o n eck w ith r ound s lightly f lared r im. s prings f rom l ip a nd s houlder.

S trap h andle

6 7

C N4251 K P I ? S 8 1 502.1 R D 1 7 c m , B rown w are f ired s elf c olour a t s urfaces, g reyish c ore ( W3 - 5 YR 5 /4). S welling b ody, u pright n eck, r ounded r im t hickened o . D ecorated w ith i ncised w avy a nd s traight l ines, d ots a nd a pplique d isc o n s houlder. S mall p rotuberance o n o . e dge o f r im. P arallels: 1 21 W 1 207.5 d ecoration o n n eck C F 2

6 8

C N4283 K P I R 10 1 302.5 R D 2 4 c m . C oarse b rown w are, w hite g rits ( W3). S welling b ody, u pright n eck, r ounded r im t hickened 1 . a nd o . I ncised w avy l ine b etween p arallel s traight o nes o n s houlder a nd t races o f b ands o f r ed p aint.

F ig .

5 6

U nglazed w areo ( kale)

C 3 6 9

C N4256 K P I /II? Q 9 E 1 701.1 R D 2 2 c m . G ritty b rown w are, w hite f lecks ( W3). S welling b ody, u pright n eck, s imple r ounded r im. S trap h andle f rom n eck t o b ody, f inger i mpression a t b ase. P arallels: K 21 1 03.1 C F 2

7 0

04246

7 1

D 2 2 c m . G ritty b rown w are ( W3 - 5 YR 4 -5/3). B ulbous b ody, u pright n eck, s lightly o utturned r im . I ncised l ines o n b ody j ust b elow j unction w ith n eck. P arallels: H 22 1 601.6 C F 2 /3 Q 10 E 1 800.1 K c leaning 1 80112 K P I 8 9 1 404.1 K P I /II S ll 2 02.11 K P I C N4027 K P I I 8 10 5 01.3

K P 1

R 10 1 302.6

R D 2 3 c m . F airly c oarse g ritty b rown w are ( W3 - 5 YR 5 /4).

B ody t ilts i nward t o s lightly o utward t ilting n eck.

R im i s f lat. S lashes d iagonally a t j unction o f n eck a nd b ody. P arallels: J 21 W 1 003.1 C F 2 S ll 2 01.3 K P I I 2 04.2 K P I 7 2

C N4312

K P I I?

R D 1 4 c m. C oarse b rown w are, w hite g rits f rom r im . P arallels:

7 3

S ll

2 01.4 2 04.8 2 07.1

( W3).

U pright n eck, o utflaring r im, s welling b ody.

K P I I K P I 2 e x. o ne w ith h andle s pringing f rom n eck

c N4156

Q 11 E 2 201.1 H andle s pringing

K P I

K P I

5 10 5 02.15

R D 2 0 c m . C oarse b rown w are, w hite g rits ( W3). B ulbous b ody, u pright n eck, f laring l ip. S trap h andle f rom l ip t o b ody. D iagonal s lashes o f v arying l ength o n n eck, v ertical s lashes a nd a pplique d isc o n h andle. 7 4

C N4101

K Y I I

R D 2 3 c m . C oarse g ritty p ink b rown p ast P arallels:

H 21 R 10 5 9

( W3).

S 10 5 01.4

U pright n eck, f laring r im w ith a ngle 1 .

S IO

1 202.1 1 302.1 1 102.1 1 101.1 5 01.15

c P2/3 e 1 1 K P I /II? h eavier K P I /11? K P I

S il

2 01.1

K P I I

1 00

R ed p aint 1 . a nd o .

2 01.4 2 01.12

w avy i ncised l ino o . K P I

K P I I

7 5

c 84185

K P 8 9 1 40 ).1 R D 3 5 c m. C oarse g rey b lack w are ( WI). U pright w all, t hickening a t i nternal a ngle o f r ounded l ip. B rown p aint o . a nd o ver l ip i . P arallels: L 16 8 01.5 2 e x. S ll 2 00.4 K c leaning

7 6

N o C N n o. K P I R D 2 0 c m. C oarse b lack w are ( W1). I nward s loping n eck, l ip s lightly e verted w ith a ngle i . l ines o . ( NB I ncised l ines a re n ot i ., a s s hown o n i llustration).

S ll 2 03 .7 T wo i ncised w avy

7 7

C 84276 K P I ? S 8 1 502.1 R D 2 0 c m . C oarse b rowny g rey p aste, w hite g rits ( W3). B ulbous b ody, u pright n eck, s lightly c urving o ut a t r im. I ncised w avy l ine b etween t wo p arallel i ncised l ines a t j unction o f n eck a nd b ody. D iagonal c rissc rossing b ands o f m att r ed p aint, f ire-blackened. P arallels: L 16 8 02.2 w ith s trap h andle S ll 2 05.4 n o p aint K P I 2 07.1 u ndercoated, W 1 K P I I

F ig .

5 7

U nglazed w ares ( kale)

C 3 7 8

W 028 K P I I S 10 5 01.3 R D 2 2 c m. C oarse g ritty m icaceous r eddish b rown w are ( W3). S welling b ody, s hort u pright n eck, o utward f laring r im b evelled 1 . P reviously p ublished : M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 4, 1 7

7 9

C N4395 R D 2 8 c m . C oarse d rab ware, b lackened o . ( W1). P arallels: J 22 7 02.2 C P 2 /3

L 16 S li

8 02 .4 2 01 .3

K P I /II?

B aulk 2 406.1

S welling b ody, s hort u pright n eck, o utward f laring r im b evelled i .

K P I I

8 0

c 84439 K P I I S i] . 2 05.6 RD 1 6 c m . • C- - s e g ritty g rey b rown p aste f iring b rown a t a n, f ace i . a nd o . ( W3). B ulbous b ody, s hort u pright n eck w ith s imple s quare r im. B asket-type s trap h andle. L ine o f i ndented d ots b etween t wo i ncised wavy l ines. M att r ed p aint o . a nd o ver r im.

8 1

C 84432

K P I

S ll 2 03.7

R D 1 3 c m . C oarse g rey b rown p aste, f iring b rown a t s urface o . ( W3). S welling b ody c urves i n s harply t o n eck, which i s u pright, s lightly o utcurved. S quare r im. C haracteristic c asserole s hape t o a ccommodate l id. 8 2

8 3

C 84022 K P I I R D 2 6 c m. C oarse p ink w are ( W2). U pright n eck, s lightly i nward s loping. R ed p aint 1 . P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 4, 1 N o C N n o.

K P I

S 10 9 01.3 R im t hickened o n o utside,

f lat o n t op.

S i] . 2 03 .7

R D 1 2 c m C oarse b lack ware ( W1). S welling b ody, u pright n eck s lightly o utcurved, r ounded r im . P reviously p ublished: F rench e t a l. 1 972: p l. 3 7, 1 5 F ig .

5 8

U nglazed w ares ( kale)

C 3

8 4

8 5

C N4247 K P I 8 10 1 302.6 R D 2 1 c m . C oarse d rab p aste f ired s elf a nd b lackened ( W2). G ently i ncurving b ody, r im f laring s lightly, b evelled 1 . S trap h andle a ttached b elow n eck a nd a t m aximum g irth. P arallels: 8 22 1 602.2 C P 2 Q 9 E 1 701.1 K P I /II? Q 10 E 1 801.3 K P I I? 8 10 1 302.10 K P I S 8 1 502.1 K P I ?

c 84135 R D 1 7 c m . C oarse g ritty b uff p aste f ired s elf ( W2).

K P I

S 10 5 01.13

W all c urves i n t o s lightly f laring l ip b evelled 1 .

1 01

S mall

h orizontal o val i mpressions o n u pper b ody o . P arallels: 0 8 1 501.1 2 e x. K V I I? S li 2 03.7 K P I 8 6

C N4040(a) K P I R D 2 0 c m . C oarse, d ark w are ( W1). W all i nclining i nwards; t hickened l ip b evelled i . P arallels: L 16 8 01.3 Q 9 E 1 703.1 K P I /II 8 10 1 301.7 K P I 8 15 2 001.1 S 10 5 01.2 3e x. K P I I 5 01.3 3e x. K P I I P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig . 1 4, 1 9

8 7

C 84032 R ll 6 34.1 R D 2 1.5 c m . C oarse d rab w are ( W2). S harply i ncurving b ody, n eck s lopes i n t o t hickened r im, b evelled i . a int o ., t wo w avy i ncised l ines o n s houlder o . P arallels: Q 9 E 1 702.1 3e x. K P I /II R IO 1 303.5 K P I S 10 5 01.3 K P I I S ll 2 05.2 W l, u npainted K P I I 2 05.7 p ossibly s ame v essel a s t ype s herd K P I P reviously p ublished ( inaccurate a ngle): M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig . 1 4, 1 1

8 8

8 9

9 0

C 84441 K P I R D 1 7 c m . B ody c urves i n g ently t o s hort n eck a nd f laring r im b evelled i . r ed p aint o . 0 14290 K P I /II? R D 1 9 c m. C oarse g ritty b rown w are w ith w hite a nd m icaceous s pecks i nternally P arallels: R 9 1 403.1 2 e x. K P I /II? S ll 2 01.1 K P I I C N4040(b)

9 1

C 84089

F ig .

5 9

U ngtazed w ares

R ed p aint i nside r im;

s plashes o f

R 9 1 403.1 ( W3).

I ncurving b ody, r oll r im b evelled

S 9 1 102.1

T hick i nclining w all c urving u p t o t hickened l ip w ith b evel i nternally. K P I I

R D 2 4 c m . C oarse r eddish b rown w are ( W3).

R ed

S ll 2 04.8

K P I /II?

R D 2 0 c m . F airly c oarse d ark w are ( W1).

S 10 5 01.18

S 10 5 01.2

T hick i nclining w all, e verted r im b evelled i .

R ed p aint i . a nd o .

( kale)

c 4 9 2

9 3

9 4

C 84203 K P I I R D 2 7 c m . G ritty g rey w are, w hite a nd m icaceous s peckles f ired s elf c olour ( W1). t o s imple r im b evelled i . R ed p aint o . a nd i . 3c m. o ver r im. C 84093 R D 2 1 c m . C oarse b rown w are ( W3). P arallels: S 10 5 01.5 c f C 84092

8 10 1 302.1 W all c urving s teeply u pwards

K P I

S 10 5 03.1

W all i nclining i nward t o s imple l ip b evelled i .

K P I I

R D 2 0 c m . C oarse w are f ired b rown r ed a t s urfaces ( W3).

1 3 10 1 303.1 F ire-blackened o .

I nward c urving w alls, s hort n eck

r ising t o s imple r im, b evelled i . P arallels: 8 21 1 201.3 C P 2 /3 L 16 8 01.1 8 02.2 8 01.4 W I, s lashed i ncisions o n s houlder R 10 1 301.5 K P I 1 301.9 K P I 1 303.1 K P I I 1 303.3 2e x. K P I S ll 2 02.4 K P I I 2 04.9 K P I 9 5

c r i4o92 D 2 4 c m . C oarse b rown w are ( W3).

5 10 5 03.1

K P I ? S hort i nsloping n eck, s light b evel o n s imple r im 1 .

1 02

9 6

C N4008 R D 1 4 e m.

K P I f

F airly f ine b uff w are (W). l neurving b ody, P arallels: 0 10 5 01.4 . 'e x. K P I I F revioualy p ublished: M eNicoll 1 973a: f ie.

5 10 5 01.3

r im t hickened u .,

f lat o n t op.

R od p aint o .

1 3. 8

9 7

C N4225 Nc leaning R 9 1 400.1 R D 1 3 c m . G ritty d ark w are, f ired a nd b urnt b lack ( WI). W all c urves i n t o u pright r im, b evelled i . P aral lels: SU 2 01.4 K P I I 2 04.7 K P I

F ig .

6 0

U nglazed w ares ( kale)

C 1 4 9 8

9 9

C N4253 K P I ? R D 1 5 c m ., e st. H 1 7 c m. G rey b uff w are ( W2). G lobular b ody, r idged o n s houlder o ., s imp le u pright r im. h orizontally a t r idge o n s houlder. P arallels: S ll 2 02.4 1 1 f rags o f s ome p ot K P I I 2 05.6 K P I I 2 05.7 l arger v ersion K P I 2 05.8 K P I I c r ;412o C N4146

S 8 1 502.1 S trap h andle j oined

no 5 01.8 S 9 1 101.1

K P I /II ?

C oarse g rey b uff w are ( W2). S hape a s f ig. 6 0, 9 8, b ut w all c urves i n t o b ase m ore s harply. P arallels: L 16 8 01.1 Q 9 E 1 701.1 r idge d ecorated w ith s mall s lashes K P I /II? Q 10 E 1 801.3 s lightly l arger K P I I R 10 1 301.10 K P I 1 302.5 r idge d ecorated w ith s mall d iagonal s lashes K P I 1 303.2 K P I R 15 2 001.1 2 e x. S 8 1 502.1 K P I ? S ll 2 05.6 K P I I 1 00

C N4029 K P I I . S 10 5 01.4 R D 2 1 c m . F airly c oarse m icaceous r ed w are ( W3), e xterior f ire-blackened. W all c urving g radually i nwards t o u pr ight s lightly t hickened, r ounded r im . R idge o n s houlder o . R ed p ainted c riss-cross p attern o . P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 4, 8

1 01

C N4031 K P I /II? R D 1 4 c m . C oarse g ritty b rown w are ( W3), e xterior f ire-blackened. P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 4, 1 0

6 10 5 01 8 S hape s imilar t o f ig .

6 0, 9 9, b ut t hicker w all.

1 02

C N4285 K P I R 10 1 302.5 R D 2 2 c m . L ight b rown w are ( W3). S welling b ody w all w ith r idge o n s houlder o ., s hort u pright n eck, t hickened r im, r ounded o ., b evelled. R ed p aint i . a nd o ., v ery l ight i ncised w avy l ine b elow r idge. P arallels: Q 10 E 1 801.2 K P I I

F ig .

e l

U nglazed w ares

( kale)

C 3 1 03

C N4028 R D 2 8 c m. R ather c oarse m icaceous p ink w are ( W2).

K P I I

S teeply r ising w all,

S 10 5 01.4 S ll 2 05.2 2 05.6 i ncurving s lightly t o s imple e verted l ip.

V ertical t humb o r f inger i mpression o n b ody o ., i ncised w avy a nd s traight l ines o . P arallels: S 10 5 01.2 K P I I 5 01.3 K P I I S ll 2 03.4 n o r ed p aint o r i ncisions K P I I P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 4, 7 1 04

C N4255 K P I ? R D 3 2 c m. B rown g ritty p aste r educed b lack i . a nd i n p atches o .

R ed p aint o .

R 10 1 301.9 ( W3).

W all r ising w ith s light i nward s lope t o

s imple r ounded r im . 1 05

C N4322

K c leaning

R D 2 4 c m . C oarse b rown p aste w ith w hite g rits, f ired b rown a nd b lack ( W3). o ., c oncave t o t hickened r idge i . P arallels: S ll 2 04.6 s maller e x. K P I

1 03

0 , 10 E 1 800.1 U pright w all, r im f laring s lightly

1 06

C N4026 R D 2 2 c m . F airly c oarne g rey b rown w are p rotruding i . P reviously p ublished:

1 07

K P I I

5 10 5 01.3

f iring r ed a t s urfaces ( W3).

M cNicoll 1 973a:

f ig.

W alt i nclines i nwards t o t h ickened r im

1 4, 5

C N4284 K P I 8 10 1 302 .5 M ax. D 3 1 c m . C oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits ( W3). G lobular b ody, r im m issing. S trap h andle f rom n eck t o m oulded r idge o n b ody a t p aint o f m aximum g irth . D ecorated w ith a pplique b lobs o f p ottery w ith i mp ressed d ot c entres, a nd w ith i npressed d ots a nd g ashes. F ainted r ed o . a nd i rregularly f or s ome d istance d own t he v essel. P arallels: Q . 10 E 1 801 K P I I

P ig .

6 2

U nglazed w ares

( kale)

0 2 1 08

C N4307 K P I R 10 1 302.14 R D 3 0 c m . M edium c oarse l ight b rown w are, f ired s elf c olour a t s urfaces, d arker a t c ore ( W2 - s urface 5 18 6 /4). I ncurving w all, s imple r ounded r im . H eavy m att r ed p aint i . a nd o . P arallels: Q 11 E 2 201.1 K P I I? S ll 2 01.2 K P I I 2 01.2 K P I I 2 01.4 2e x. K P I I 2 01.3 2 03.7 K P I 2 04.8 K P I • 2 05.2 K P I I

1 09

C N4429 K P I I S ll 2 03.3 R D 1 8 c m . M edium c oarse o range w are w ith s ome s mall g rits ( W2 - 5 YR 5 /4-6/4). W all c urves o ut t o c arination, t hen i n t o s imple r ounded r im . M att r ed p aint o ., a nd o n u pper s urface i .

1 10

C N4319

K P I

Q 10 E 1 801.11

R D 1 8 c m . M edium c oarse o range b uff w are w ith w hite s pecks ( W2 - 5 18 7 /h). W all c urves o ut t o s light c arination, t hen i n t o s imple r ounded r im . B rowny o range p aint i . a nd o ver r im t o c arination. P arallels: 1 , 16 8 01.1 S ll

8 03.3 2 01.1

K P I I

1 11

C N4213 R D 2 2 c m . C oarse p ink b uff w are

1 12

C N4015 K P I R D 1 0 c m . C oarse m icaceous b rownish w are f iring s elf c olour ( W2 - 7 .518 5 /4 -6 /4). r ound r im . M att r ed p aint i . a nd o . P arallels: R 10 1 302.4 b uff w are K P I S ll 2 01.2 r ed p aint o . o nly K P I I

1 13

K P I /II? ( W2 - 51 8 7 /6).

8 9 1 403 .1

C urving w all t o s imple r ounded r im.

C N4437

K P I

M att r ed p aint i . a nd o . R 11 6 04.1

R ounded s hape i ncurving t o

S ll 2 04.7

R D 2 2 c m. C oarse g ritty b uff p ink w are ( W2 - 5 YR 7 /4- 8 /3 ) . T hick c arinated b ody, u pper w all s loping i n s lightly t o f lat-topped r im w ith s light t hickening o . M att r ed p aint i . a nd o ., c rude d iagonal w hite p ainted l ines o . 1 14

C N4118

K P I I

8 10 1 302.2

R D 2 5.5 c m. C oarse g ritty o range w are ( W2 - 5 18 6 /6). C urving w all, s light c arination. S lightly o utturned r im, b evelled i . M att r ed p aint i . a nd o ., t hree i ncised w avy l ines o n u pper b ody o . P arallels:

1 15

8 9

8 21

1 203.2 1 401.1

C P 2 /3 n o i ncised d ecoration

R 10

1 302.4

K P I

C N4096

K P I /II?

K P I

8 10 5 01.13

R D 2 6 c m. C oarse g ritty g rey b rown w are ( W3 - 5 YR 4 /4). I nward-sloping u pper w all, r im s lightly t hickened a nd b evelled i . M att r ed p aint i . a nd o ., i ncised w avy l ines o . P arallels:

R IO 5 9

1 16

1 301.5 1 302.3 1 101.2

K P I K P I 3e x.

K P I /II?

C N4424 R D 1 6 c m. C lose p inkish w are, f iring r ed a t s urfaces b evelled i . B urnished o .

K P I I ( W8 - 2 .5YR 5 /4).

1 o4

S ll 2 01.4 C urving b ody, s light s houlder, r im

17

CN 435 1 1 R D 1 6 c m.

K P

1/11?

C oarse d rab w are w ith w hite 41 t i ( W1 - 5 YR 5 /h). t hickened o ., a sd s lightly b evelled I . 1 18

C N4 1. 42

0 . 3

u pper w i th

s lop lte

K P I I

R D 1 5 c m M edium c oarse p ink w are F ig .

T 9-11 2 101.7

C urved b ody

U nglazed w arve

( W2 - 5 YR 6 /6).

I n t o r ounded r im

S II 2 02.7

U pper w all c urves i n t o r ounded r im,

s lightly t hickened o .

( kale)

0 2 1 19

C N4288a K P 1 /II? R 9 1 104.1 R D 1 4 c m . B rown w are w ith w hite g rits ( W3 - 5 YR 5 /4). C urving w all w ith s lightly o utflaring r im b evelled i . H andle o val i n s ection, j oins a t r im a nd a t m aximum g irth. M att r ed p aint i . a nd o .

1 20

C N4083 K P I /II? D 3 0 c m . L ight b uff w äre, f ired s elf c olour ( W2 - 5 YR 6 /4-7/4). C urving w all, g rooves o n u pper b ody o . M att d ark b uff p aint o . a nd o ver r im. P arallels: 1 21 1 201.3 C P 2 /3 J 21 W1003.1 c oarser w are C P 2 R 9 1 104.1 K P I /II? R 10 1 301.2 K P I I 1 301.3 3e x. r ed p aint 1 301.7 r ed p aint k P I 1 301.10 K P I •1 302.10 s lightly l arger K P I 5 9 1 101.1 2 e x. K P I /II? S 10 5 01.3 2e x. K P I I 5 01.6 K P I SU 2 00.3 n o p aint K c leaning 2 01.3 K P I I 2 01.16 r ed p aint K P I 2 05.2 r ed p aint K P I T 2 05.6 c oarse w are K P I I 2 05.8 K P I I 2 07.2 K P I A ll e xamples p ainted s imilarly t o t ype s herd u nless s tated o therwise.

1 21

C N4154 R D 1 9 c m . B uff

K P I /II? ( W2 - 5 YR 6 /4).

o . a nd i . o ver l ip . P arallels: K 21 1 03.1 Q 10 E 1 801.2 1 9 1 401.1 R 10 1 300.5 S ll 2 01.2 1 22

1 23

5 10 5 01.9 r im b evelled i .

C urving w all, b evelled r im.

H orizontal

S 9 1 101.2 H orizontal g rooves o n b ody o ., m att r ed p aint

s lightly s traighter w all C P 2 K P I I v ery c oarse w are K P I /II? Kc leaning c oarse w are K P I I

C N4082 K P I I R D 1 8 c m B uff w are ( W2 - 5 11 7 /4). S lightly i nsloping v all, l ip b evelled i . p aint i . a nd o . P arallels: S ll 2 01.1 t hicker w all K P I I C N4012 K P I R D 1 8 c m G ritty p inkish g rey m icaceous w are ( W2 - 7 .5YR 6 /2 ) .

S 10 5 01.3 H orizontal g roove o ., m att r ed

R ll 6 04.1 C urving w all, b evelled r im.

T wo h orizontal

g rooves o ., m att r ed p aint o . a nd o ver l ip I . P arallels: H 21 W 1 207.4 S IO 5 01.4 5 01.14 S ll 2 05.6 P reviously p ublished : M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 3, 1 2 1 24

C N4140 R D 2 6 c m . C oarse p ink g rey w are. b lackened l ower w all o . P arallels: L 16 8 01 .1 1 9 1 401.1 R IO 1 302 .6 1 303.2

1 25

C N4327

K P I /II? C urved b ody, c arinated, b evelled r im .

S 9 1 101.1 P ainted w ith m att r ed p aint i . a nd o .,

s horter w all K P I /II? m ore r ounded l ip K P I c arination p ronounced K P I K P I

Q 10 E 1 801.6

R D 2 2 c m . M edium c oarse b rown w are f ired z elf c olour ( W3 - 5 YR 5 /4; b elow c arination 5 11 4 /1 5YR 3 /1). C urving b ody, c arlsate ,“ i nnloping w all a bove t hickened b evelled r im I . R ed p aint o . a nd o ver r im I . P arallels: : , 11 M1.2 2 e x. K r I T h : : I

1 05

F ig .

6 4

U ngl w ied w ar e ta

( kale)

0 2 1 26

1 27

C N4140 R D 3 0 c m . C oarse b uff w are, m icaceous ( W . ' - 5 41 6 /4). P arallels: S ll 2 01.3 s maller K P I I 2 01.4 s maller K P I I N o C N n o. F D 1 4 c m .

K t T /II?

S 10 5 01.8

C urving w all,

r ounded r im t hickened o .

K P I

S ll 2 02.8

C oarse g ritty b uff w are ( W2). R ed p ainted r im i . a nd o . F lat b ase, c urving w all, r ounded r im t hicke ned o ., l edge h andle(s). P reviously p ublished: F rench e t a l. 1 972: 6 0, p l. 3 7, 1 1 1 28

c f . C N4013 R D 3 5 c m . F airly f ine p ink w are

K P I ( W7 - 5 1 1 1 6 /4).

C urving w all,

R 11 6 04.1 r ounded r im t hickened o .

1 29

C N4342 K P I /II? T 9-11 2 101.2 R D 1 9 c m . F ine l ight b rown w are ( W7 - 5 YR 7 /4). P ainted d arker b rown i . a nd t o s houlder o . w ith w hite b lobs o n r im e xternally. C urving w all, r im t hickened o . P arallels: S ll 2 01.4 r ed p aint K P I I 2 05.3 K P I I

1 30

C N4011 R D 2 0 c m . F airly f ine o range w are ( W7 - 5 YR 7 /6). P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a:

1 31

K P I R ed p aint i . a nd o . f ig. 1 3, 1 1

R ll 6 02.4 S ll 2 05.9 C urving w all, u pright r im t hickened o .

C N4013 K P I R 11 6 04.1 R D 2 2 c m. F airly f ine b rown a nd p ink w are ( W7 - 5 YR 6 /4). P ainted r ed i . a nd o ., c urving w all, r im t hickened e xternally t o r idge. P arallels: S ll 2 05.7 2 e x. w ith r ed p aint K P I 2 05.2 ) 2 05.3 ) r ed p aint K P I I 2 05.6 ) 2 05.8 b rown p aint K P I I P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 3, 1 3

1 32

1 33

1 34

C N4009 K PI/II? S 10 5 01.8 R D 1 4 c m. F airly f ine p ink w are ( W7 - 5 11 7 /4). P ainted r ed i . a nd o . C urving w all i . r im t hickened o . P arallels: 6 9 1 401.1 2 e x. K P I /II? • C N4014 K P I 6 11 6 04.1 R D 2 8 c m . C oarse g ritty w are ( W2). T hick c urving w all, p lain u pright r im, s light g rooves o n b ody o . P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig . 1 3, 1 4 C N4417 R D 1 6 c m . H arsh b uff o range w are

K P I I ( W2 - 5 1 1 1 7 /4).

S ll 2 01.1

T races o f r ed p aint i . a nd o .

C urving w all, s light c arination,

U pright r ounded r im, t wo g rooves o n b ody o . P ig .

6 5

U nglazed w ares

( kale)

0 2 1 35

C N4431 R D 1 8 c m . C lose o range w are ( W2 - 5 YR 6 /4).

K P I

S ll 2 03.7

R ed p aint i . a nd o .

F airly t hin w all s lightly c urving t o s imple

r ounded r im. 1 36

N o C N n o. K P I 5 10 5 01.18 R D 2 0 c m . C oarse w are, b lack c cre, r ed a t s urfaces. W all s lopes o ut, r im t hins i ., b ulgec o . C ompare g lazed f rag . p rofile M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 2, 6 P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 2 4, 1 8

1 37

C N4328

K P

R D 2 4 c m. M edium c oarse w are w ith w hite g rits w all, o utturned p rotruding r im, 1 38

C N4085 R D 1 6 c m. P lain m icaceous w are p ointed a t e xterior.

Q 10 1 801.6

f ired r ed ( W2 - 5 11 6 /4).

R ed p aint o ver r im i . a nd o .

U pright

s lightly c oncave o n t op. K P I

f ired p inky b uff ( W2 - S IR 7 /4). H eavy r ld , ,, e a t r houider o .

1 06

S 10 50 3 .1 D rown p aint o .,

r e :1 I .

C urved w all,

l ip

P arallels:

1 39

1 40

1 41

1 42

3 10 S ll

5 01.3 : X . 11.1

r im t ip n prlght K P I /II? t iny f rog. K P l i

C N4187 Kc lrnning R D 1 8 o n . V ery c oarse g ritty w are f ired g rey b lack ( W8 - 5 YR 4 /2 - 5 YR 7 /4). n ounced w heel m arks i . P arallels: L 16 8 01.1 s maller, W 2 Q 10 E 1 801.2 r ed p aint 1 . a nd o . K P I I 8 10 1 301.7 r ed p aint 1 . a nd o . K P I 1 303 .6 r ed p aint I . a nd o . K P I 3 10 5 01.3 K P I I 8 15 2 001.1 r ed p aint i . a nd o . C N4099 K P I I R D 1 6 c m . G ritty w are f ired r ed g rey ( W2 - 5 YR 5 /2-5/3- 6 /3 ) . w all c urves u p t o r ounded r im . S trap h andle. I arallels: Q 10 E 1 801 .7 s maller K P I S ll 2 05.4 K P I 2 05.6 K P I I

C N4155 R D 2 0 c m . G rey b uff w are

( W2).

( W8).

R 9 R 10 S 9 S ll

R ed p aint i . a nd o .

8 01.2 8 02.2 1 401.1 1 301.5 1 101.2 2 05.4

8 10 1 302.3 s poradic b rown p aint 1 .

R ed p aint 1 . a nd o .

U pright w all, s light

S 9 1 101.2

U pright w all, s lightly i ncurved, r ounded r im w ith s light

K P I /II? 2 e x. K P I 2 e x. K P I /II? K P I

c N4426

K P I I

R D 1 8 c m . C oarse g ritty p inkish w are

F lat b ottom,

R 9 1 401.1

K P 1 /II?

c oncavity o . P arallels: L 16

1 44

R ed p aint o n h andle, o . a nd o ver r im .

K P I /Iii

R D 2 8 c m . G ritty d rab w are w ith w hite a nd m icaceous f lecks t hickening o . t o f orm r idge, r ounded r im . P arallels: Q 10 E 1 801.6 4g rooves o . K P I 8 10 1 302 .5 K P I S ll 0 05.6 K P I I 1 43

S 10 5 01.4

C N4196 K P I R D 1 9 c m C oarse w are, f ired b uff ( W2 - 7 .5YR 7 /4). U pper o . p ainted b rown , P arallels: L 16 8 01.4' Q 10 E 1 801.3 3g rooves K P I I c N4184

R IO 1 300.1 C urving w all, c arinllrd o ., p ro-

( W3 - 5 YR 4 /4).

S ll 2 01.5

R ed p aint i . a nd o .

S imple u pright w ail, r ounded r im .

A pplique d ecoration ( handle?) o . 1 45

C N4440

K P I I

R D 1 3 c m . H arsh g ritty b uff w are ( W2). o . G roove o n b ody o . 1 46

F ig .

C N4111 R D 1 5 c m . G ritty g rey p ink w are ( W2 - 5 YR 7 /4). o n t op, a nd a nother j ust b elow r im o . P arallels: R 10 1 301.10 K P I 6 6

S ll 2 05.8

R ed p aint o n r im a nd b elow r im o .

K P I

U pright w all, r ounded r im t hickened

8 10 5 01.5

R ed p aint i . a nd o .

C urving w all t o s quarish r im w ith a g roove

U nglazed w ares ( kale)

0 3 1 47

C N4100

K P I I

R D 4 8 c m . P inky g rey c oarse w are ( W2). R ed p aint 1 . a nd o . o verhang o ., a nd a ngle a t j unction o f l ip w all i . P arallels:

1 48

c N4423

8 9 S 10 S ll

1 401.1 5 01.4 2 01.3 2 05.6 2 05.10

S lo 5 01.4 W all l eaning o utwards, t hickened r im w ith s light

K P I I? K P I I K P I 2 e x. K P I I K P I K P I I

R D 4 8 c m . C oarze g ritty d rab o range w are ( W2). R ,d p aint 1 . a nd o n r im o . t hicken ,A 1 . a r id o . w ith s light o verhang o .

1 01

E ll 2 01.4 W ell c urving i nternally, a ngular r im

. 1 4 9

C N4041

N P I

R 11 6 04.1

R D 3 6 e m . C oarse g ritty r ed w are ( W .1. P od p aint I . a nd o ver r im o . W all c urving i nternally ,r im t hickened i . a nd o . w ith a ngle a t j unction o r l ip r uh l w all 1 . u nd o verhavg o . P arallels: 1 22 l 6o l s. 1 $ u npninted C I ' Q 9 E 1 704.1 K r I /11? 1 9 1 101.1 K P I /II? S i] . 2 01.2 K r I I P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: 1 78, f ig. 1 4, 2 0, w ith w rong a ngle. 1 50

1 51

1 52

C N4081 K P I R D 2 6 c m . C oarse g ritty, m icaceous w ore f ired b uff p ink ( W2). T races o f r ed p aint o n r im. r im b evelled i . a nd o . t o r ounded l ip. S welling o f h andle, b roken o ff . P arallels: 1 21 1 202 .2 h eavier C P 2 R 10 1 301.3 K P I I •1 302.2 l ighter K P I I 1 303.2 2e x. K P I SU 2 05.6 2 e x. K P I I C N4224 R D 3 6 c m . G ritty b rown w are w ith w hite f lecks ( W3). P arallels: 8 10 1 302.10 c ruder K P I S ll 2 01.4 K P I I C N4219

K c leaning

R 9 1 400.1

C urving w all, r im f laring s lightly o utwards.

K P

I / I ? R9 1 402.1

R D 3 6 c m . L ight b rown g ritty w are, f ired b rown o ., g rey i . ( W3). s lightly f laring r im, r ounded l ip. E xternal r idge. 1 53

C N4109

8 10 5 03.1 C urved w all, t hickened

R ed p aint o n i nner r im .

K P I I

O utward c urving w all,

0 10 5 01.4

R D 3 0 c m . C oarse g ritty p ink g rey w are ( W2), R ed p aint i . a nd o n t op o f r im. O utward c urving w all, t hickened a t j unction o f w all a nd l ip i ., s quarish r in, s light c oncavity b elow r im o . P arallels: S 9 1 101.2 K PI/II S ll 2 02.11 s maller K P I 2 05.6 K P I I 2 07.2 K P I 1 54

C N4107

K P I I

R D 3 6 c m. C oarse g ritty b uff w are, g rey c ore ( W2). b elow l ip o ., r im b e,,, Iled o . 1 55

• P ig .

8 10- 5 01.4

W all l eaning o utwards, i nternal r idge a t r im, c oncavity

C N4299 • K P I R D 3 9 c m . L ight b rown w are w ith w hite g rits ( W3). R ed p aint o n r im i . a nd o . e xternally w ith i nternal r idge a t l ip a nd w all j unction. 6 7

U nglazed w ares

R 10 1 301.14 O utward s loping w all, r im b evelled

( kale)

0 3 1 56

C N4438 R D 3 5 c m . C oarse g ritty w are, P arallels:

1 57

1 59

8 15

K P I I R ed p aint i . a nd o ver l ip.

2 001.1

w ith i piecrust'

8 10 5 01.2 W all c urving u p t o t hickened r im.

o n o uter r im

C N4147 K P I /II R D 3 4 c m . C oarse g ritty b rown w are ( W3). W all c urving u p t o t hickened r im. P arallels: R IO 1 301.1 K P I I S ll 2 01.1 K P I I

8 9 1 101.1

C i i4273

8 10 1 302.10

K P I

R D 3 2 c m . B rown c oarse w are ( W3). P arallels:

1 60

S ll 2 05.6 W all c urving u p t o t hickened r im.

8 01.1

C N4080 R D 3 5 c m . C oarse r ed w are ( W2). P arallels:

1 58

L 16

K P I I f iring p ink o ., b rown i ., g rey a t r im ( W8).

1 22 K 22 S ll

C N4418 R D 3 0 c m. C uor' gr .r / w are

1 602 .8 1 03.1 2 02.12 2 04.5

W alls c urve u p t o r im, 2e x. C P 2 g r ittier f abric W 1 K P I I W I K P I

t hickened o .

S light r idge b elow r im o .

C F 2

K r I I f ix i m b l9t-hy b lark u nI l Ight b rown o ., g r,y b r wn i .

i o8

0 11 2 01.1 ( W8).

U pright

w all,

r ounded

r im t hickened o ., b road n hallov g roove u nder l ip o . P arallel : S ll 2 07.2 K V I 1 61

C N4415 K P I I S i] . 2 01.1 R D 4 0 c m . V ery c oarne g ritty b rown w are, b lack c ore. W all c urving u pwards t o r im t hickened o . C rude i ncised m eander d ecoration o n t op o f r im. F our ( 7) k nob h andles. N ot w heeled.

1 62

C N4291 K P I /II2 R D 4 4 c m. C oarse r ed w are w ith w hite g rits. R ed p aint i . a nd o ver r im. f laring o ., r idge a t J unction o f l ip a nd w all i . P arallels: L 16 8 01.1 r ed p aint i ., m eander o n r im Q 9 E 1 704.1 2e x. r ed p aint i . K P I /II?

R 9 1 103.1 W all a ngled s teep ly o utwards, r im

1 63

C N4055 K P I I S 10 5 01.4 R D 1 4 0 c m. F airly c oarse r ed w are ( W2). W all s teeply a ngled o utwards, s quarish r im f laring o ., s lightly c oncave o n t op. P reviously p ublished : M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 5, 3

1 64

cgo68 K P I R D 3 6 c m. C oarse g ritty d ark w are ( W1). W all c urving u p t o r im t hickened o . r im o . P reviously published : M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 5, 1 6

R h l6 03.2 I ndentations w ith b lunt p oint i n

1 65

C N4061 K P I S 10 5 03.1 R D 2 8 c m . R ed b rown ware ( W8). R ed p aint J . a nd o . W all c urves u p t o r im f laring o . w ith s light g roove b elow l ip. P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 5, 9

F ig .

6 8

U nglazed w ares

( kale)

0 3 1 66

1 67

* 4069 K P I R D 4 8 c m . C oarse g ritty w are ( W2). U pright w all, r ounded, s lightly o utturned r im. P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig . 1 5, 1 7 c N4183

1 69

1 70

1 71

c R4084 R D 3 6 c m C oarse g ritty w are ( W2). P arallels: Q 9 E 1 704.1 R 10 1 301.1 1 302.1 1 302.6 1 303.2 S ll 2 01.1 2 01.6 2 05.2 R 15 2 001.1

R 9 1 -4 01.1

W all s lopes o ut t o s quarish r im.

K P I I

5 10 5 01.3

W all s lopes o ut t o t hickened s quarish r im. 2e x. o ne w ith r ed p aint K P 1 /112 K P I I K P I I K P I r ed p aint i . a nd o ver r im K P I 2 e x. K P I I K P I K P I I

C N4023 K P I I R D 2 8 c m . R ather c oarse g ritty w are, d ark c ore, p ink s urfaces r im, b evelled i . P reviously p ublished : M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 4, 2

1 9 I I

C N4306 R D 3 5 c m . C oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits 1

( W3).

I mpressed r oundels b elow r im o .

S 10 5 01.3 ( W2).

c ra to65 K P I R D j 2 c m. C oarse w are w ith s traw t emper, b lack c ore, b uff s urfaces h andle. P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig . 1 5, 1 3

' plecrurt

L edge h andles.

K RI/II9

R D 3 5 c m . C oarse g ritty p aste, f ired g rey o ., r ed i . P arallels: 1 21 1 202 .13 C P 2 R 10 1 301.1 K P I I 1 302 .10 K P I 1 303.3 K P I R 12 1 903.2 K P I 1 68

R ll 6 04.1

S lightly c urving w all r ising t o r ounded

R 11 6 02.2 ( W8).

S traight o utward-sloping w all, l edge

Q 10 E 1 801.1

S lightly c urving o blique w all, r im b evelled i ., a pplied

m oulding b elow r im o .

1 09

1 . 12

C N426b K P I /IIT R D 3 7 c m . C oarse g rey w are ( WI). W all c urving t o s i ple u pright r im b evelled 1 . w ith u s harp e dged t ool b etween r im a nd r idge o .

1 73

C N4218 K P I I R D 2 8 c m . O range g ritty w are w ith w hite s pecks a nd m ica ( W3).

F ig .

6 9

U nglazed w ares

Q 9 E 1 702.1 T vo b ands o f z ig-zaga i mpressed

8 10 1 302.4 R ound,

f olded , u pright r im o nly

( kale)

0 3 1 74

cg344 R D 1 4 c m . V ery c oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits

1 75

C N4444 R D 4 6 c m . C oarse g ritty w are, l edge i .

K P I /II? ( W3).

Q 9 E 1 704.1

I ncurving w all, r ound r im s lightly f lattened. K P I

f ired b rown, g rey, b lack a nd r ed ( W8).

S ll 2 04.10 S lightly i nsloping w all, s quarish r im w ith

1 76

K P I /II T 9-11 2 101.6 C N4355 R D 5 9 c m . C oarse g ritty w are, g rey c ore, l ight b rown s urfaces ( W2). R ed p aint i . a nd o ver r im . F lat b ottom, c urved o utward i nclining w all. R ound f lattened r im p rotruding o . F our l ug h andles. S cale 1 :6 P arallels: L 16 8 01.5 s maller S ll 2 02.9 s maller K P I 2 05.6 2 e x. K P I I

1 77

C N4303 K P I I Q 10 E 1 801.1 R D 1 4 5 c m . F airly c oarse w are, p ale g rey c ore, b uff s urfaces ( W2). S lightly c urved o utward-inclining w all. d ed r im, t hickened o . L ug h andle ( one o f f our?) w ith v ertical d epression. S cale 1 :6

1 78

c r i4254 K P I /II 8 10 1 301.9 R D 5 1 c m . S ll 2 05.3 C oarse g ritty w are f ired r ed, p ink a nd g rey ( W8). O utward s loping w all, r ounded r im t hickened o ., f lat b ase. F our l ug h andles. H and-moulded. S cale 1 :6. F arallels:

F ig .

R oun-

7 0

Q 10 E 1 801.3

U nglazed w ares

K P I I

( kale)

C l a nd 0 4 1 79

C N4326 D 2 4 e r a .

K P I

Q 10 E 1 805.2

M edium c oarse ware w ith w hite g rits a nd m ica f lecks, f ired b uff ( W2). p aint o n t op o f r im . S teeply o utslcping w all , outturned s quarish r im.

R ed p aint i . a nd o ver r im;

1 80

C N4320 K P I /II Q 10 E 1 801.11 R D 2 4 c m . S ll 2 03.3 M edium c oarse w are w ith w hite f lecks, f ired l ight b rawn a t s urfaces, b rown g rey c ore ( W2 - s urfaces 7 .5YR 6 /4, c ore 7 .5YR . N6). B rown p aint i . a nd o ver r im . S teeply o utsloping w all, f lat o utturned r im w ith r ounded l ip. C riss-cross i ncisions o n t op o f r im . P arallels: S ll 2 03.3 K P I I

1 81

C N4143 R D 2 6-36 c m . C oarse g ritty p inky b uff w are ( W2). P arallels: R 9 1 401.1 K P I /II?

K P I /II?

S 9 1 101.1

F lat b ottom, c urved w all t o r ounded r im.

H and-moulded .

1 82

C N4245 K P I 8 . 10 1 301.5 R D 2 6 c m . C oarse g ritty l ight b rown w are ( W2), b lackened b y f ire o n b ase a nd s ides o . P ainted r ed i . a nd o n t op o f r im. F lat b ase, s tubby wall, r ound r im w ith ' pie c rust' g ashes o n t op.

1 83

c g3o9 R D 2 6 c m . C oarse w are,

1 84

K P I f ired d rab

( W2).

c ream

8 10 1 302.14

F lat b ase, s tubby w all s lightly c oncave o ., r ound r im.

2N4311 R D 2 0 c m . M edium c oarse p ink g rey w are ( W2

K P I /II? 5 YR 7 /6).

R ed p aint i . a nd o .

Q 11 E 2 201.1 F lat b ottom,

s lightly o utsloping

w all t apering t o r ounded r im. T wo i ncised w avy l ines o . P arallels: S ll 2 00.5 r im o nly Kc leaning 2 04.7 K P I 1 85

C N4422 P D 2 0 c m . V ery c onrr ,e g ritty o rang . J w are ( W2). r im. 0 . p rlille o f w all c un ay . ,.

K F I I T hick l id

S ll 2 01.3

b ase, l aw ,stubby, s lightly o utsloping w all,

1 10

s quarish

F ig .

7 1

U ngt , :oc ,e wows

X 1 14

C 84141 R D 2 7 e m . C oarse d rab w are ( W I). F la t, P arallels: Lg 8 01.4 ( 4 10 E 1 801.3 R 10 1 301.2 1 302.1 S IO 5 03.1 S ll 2 01.1 2 01.3 2 35.4 2 07.1

1 87

1 88

L P I /11

5 9 1 101.1

n lightly u pturned a t e dge w hich i s s lightly i ndented.

H P I I K P I I K P 1 1 2e x. 2e x. K 1 ' I I K P I K P I I

K P I K P I I

C 84188 K P I /II? R D 2 3.5 c m . c ritty b rown w are, b lack c ore ( W3). F lat, i ndented e dge. w heel-made r idges i n u pper s urface, o ne w ith i ndentations. C 84278

8 9 1 401.1 ' Pie c rust' i ndentations o n u pper r im,

K P I

8 10 1 303.2

R D 2 3 c m C oarse o range w are, g rey a nd b rown c ore ( W2). F lat, i ndented e dge. r im . H andle f rom e dge t o n ear c entre. P arallels: Q 10 E 1 801.3 n o ' pie c rust' K P I I S ll 2 01.4 n o ' pie c rust' K P I I

' Pie c rust'

i ndentations o n u pper

1 89

C 84351 K P I /II T 9-11 2 101.7 R D 2 2 c m . C oarse p urple g rey w are w ith w hite g rits a nd m ica f lecks ( W3). F airly f lat, w ith c onical d ome p ierced w ith s team-vents i n c entre; s quarish ,slightly u pturned e dge, s mall ' pie c rust' i ndentations o n u pper e dge. P arallels: S ll 2 01.5 e dge o nly - n o ' pie c rust' K P I I

1 90

C 84189 K P I /II? . 8 9 1 401.1 D 2 5 c m . G ritty b uff p ink w are, b lack c ore ( W2). F lat, t wo-facetted e dge, ' pie c rust' d ecoration o n u pper r im . P arallels: L 16 8 01.5 8 02.2 w ith r ed p aint o n u pper s urface a nd o ver r im Q 9 E 1 704.1 K P I /II? 8 10 1 301.10 K P I 1 302.10 K P I 1 303.3 K P I

1 91

C 84114 . R D 2 5 c m . C oarse g ritty d rab P arallels: L ly Q 10 E 5 10 S ll

1 92

K P I

C N4142 K P I /II R D 2 0 c m . C oarse g ritty d rab w are ( W1), r ed p aint o n t op. F lat, u pturned a t e dge. R andle s prings f rom t op c lose t o e dge. P arallels: H 22 1 604.2 c entral h andle C P 2 ü ll 2 04.10 m eander a t e dge a nd r ed p aint

1 93

F ig .

S 10 5 01.6

w are ( W1). F lat, o verhanging r ounded r im, s lashes i n u pper e dge. 8 01.3 1 805.1 K P I 5 01.8 n o d ecoration K P I /II? 2 03.7 t hinner K P I

C 84190 K P I /II? R D 2 5.5 c m . G ritty w are f ired b lack a nd g rey ( W1). R ed p aint o n t op. w ith r ow o f i ncised d ots. R im l eans o ut s lightly. P arallels: S ll 2 01.1 n o i ncisions K P I I 7 2

U nglazed w ares

S 9 1 101.1 E dge l eans o ut s lightly.

K P I 8 9 1 401.1 F lat, u pper e dge p inched u p, a nd d ecorated

( kale)

X 1 1 94

C 84216 K P 1 /Ii? R 9 1 401.1 P P 1 8 c m . G ritty w are, f ired b lack a nd b rown ( W1). F lat e dge t ilted u p. C entral, r oughly r ectangular k nob. R im i rregular. P arallels: L 16 8 02.1 t hicker, w ith ' pie c rust' a round r im.

1 95

C 84275 R D 2 6 c m. C oarne w are,

K P I f ired b rown a bove, b laek b elow, c ore t i nd h andle

c entral k nob w ith v ertical h ole i n c entre.

8 10 1 301.7 ( Wi).

T h l, :l t a nd f lat,

r ounded r im,

i nd ,: ntuttc ‚na i n u pper r im a nd a round k nob.

1 11

P arallela:

1 96

1 97

1 98

L 16

8 00.2 8 01.6

k nob l ost k nob l ost

S ll

2 05.2

k nob l ost

K P I T

C N4201 K P I I R 10 1 302.1 R D 2 4 c m . C oarse d rab w are ( W1). R ising s lightly t o c entre, r ounded r im, s trap h and le a ttached n ear r im. t ed r oundels a round u pper r im . P arallels: S ll 2 02.8 n o t race o f h andle K P I 2 05.2 K P I I C N4201 K P I D 3 2 c m . C oarse g ritty w are, d ark c ore, l ight b rown a t s urfaces ( W8). o n u pper s urface, s lashes o n r im. C N4115 R D 2 1 c m . C oarse g ritty p ink w are P arallels: S 10 5 01.8

I nden-

S ll 2 02.8 F lat, r ounded e dge.

K P I /II?

I mpressed ' tracks'

S 10 5 01.8

( W1). R ising t oward c entre, r idged u pper s urface, r ounded r im. K P I /II?

1 99

C N4272 K P I R 10 1 302.10 R D 2 4 c m . C oarse w are f ired r ed o n l ower s urface, b lack a nd b rown a bove ( W8). R ising t oward c entre, r idged u pper s urface, s mall u pturned r im . S trap h andle j oins s urface 3 c m . f rom r im.

2 00

C N4122 R D 3 0 c m . C oarse p ink w are ( W2). u pper s urface b y r im .

K P I /II?

S 10 5 01.8

R ising s lightly t oward c entre, r ounded r im .

T wo p arallel i ncised l ines i n

2 01

C N4252 K P I S 8 1 502.1 R D 2 8 c m . V ery c oarse g rey b rown w are ( W1). T hick, f lat, w ith s lightly u pturned r ounded e dges. N o t race o f h andle(s) o n s urviving p ortion ( more t han h alf t he o riginal u tensil). C ould b e 0 4.

F ig .

7 3

U nglazed w ares

( kale)

X 1 2 02

C N4097 R D 2 4 c m C oarse w are,

K P I I f ired b lack a t s urfaces, r ed c ore ( W8).

S 10 5 01.4 S 11 - 2 06.1 F lat, r ounded o blique e dge, c entral k nob.

2 03

C N4103 8 10 5 01.4 R D 1 4.5 c m . C oarse p ink a nd g rey w are ( W8). F lat r im, s lightly r ounded o blique r im g rooved a bove, ' pie c rust' d ecoration a round r im . S trap h andle. P arallels: 8 21 1 201.4 h eavier C P 2 /3

2 04

C N4427 R D 1 8 c m . O range c oarse g ritty w are ( W2). a nd r ound i ndentations.

2 05

2 06

2 07

F ig .

K P I

S ll 2 01.6

T hin l id w ith r ounded o blique r im.

' Pie c rust' d ecoration a round r im

C N4421 K P I I R D 2 6 c m . C oarse g ritty b lack w are f iring d ark b rown a t s urfaces ( W1). R ed p aint o n t op. n t op. e dge r ounded a nd s loping i n s lightly, f inger ( ?) i ndentations o P arallels: L 16 8 01.3 C N4113 K P I R D 2 4 c m . C oarse g ritty d rab w are ( W2). P ainted r ed o n t op a nd o ver r im. t op P arallels: 8 21 1 201.4 C P 2 /3 5 10 5 01.8 K P I /II?

U nglazed w ares

S imple f lat l id,

S 10 5 01.6 F lat l id, s quarish r im, g roove o n

C N4191 K P I I R D 2 8 c m . C oarse d rab w are ( W2). F lat b ottom b evelled u p t o s hort v ertical r im. I ndentations o n u pper e dge o f r im . P arallels: L 16 8 01.2 t hinner, n o i ndentations S ll 2 01.1 m assive K P I I 7 4

S i] . 2 01.3

5 10 1 301.2 C oncentriä r idges a bove.

( kale)

X 1 2 08

c r 444?0, K P I R D 3 0 c m . C ,ar t :e g ritty w are, g rey c are, b rown s i ,rfn .c . ,z ( W1).

1 12

S ll

2 01.7

V ery t hick l id, s qmhrinh r im w ith p rojection

o ntwardn a t b ottom e dge a nd u pwards a t u pper e dge. i nral I ci n 1 . 0 7.1 t hinner K P 1 0 09

C N4:43 R D 3 0 e r n .

K P I I

S 8 . 1 501.1

V ery c oarse g ritty b rown w are, w hite ! leeks. g rey ( ' ore, b lackened s urface ( W1). F lat l id, s quare r im. S trap h andle r ises v ertically f rom r im, c urving o ver a nd r unning o bliquely t o c entre. P ressed d own a t c entre w ith t humb. D veorated w ith s mall g ashen o n u pper e dge o f r im, a nd t hree a ppliqud h orse s hoes o n h andle. G ashes a t b ase o f h andle. 2 10

C N4088 K P I S 10 5 01.3 R D 2 3 c m . C oarse m icaceous r ed w are, g rey a t c ore. F lat l id, s quarish r im, c oncentric r aised r idges o n u pper s urface. P arallels: H 21 1 202.14 C P 2 J 21 W1003.1 C P 2 L 16 8 01.10 $ 9 1 403.2 K P I /II? R 10 1 301.1 K P I I 1 301.2 K P I I 1 302 .1 2e x. K P I I 1 302 .4 K P I 1 302.14 K P I 1 303 .3 K P I R 12 1 904.1 K P I S 10 5 01.4 K P I I 5 01.8 K P I /II? S ll 2 01.2 ' pie c rust' r im K P I I

2 11

C N4194 K P I I R 10 1 301.2 . R D 2 4 c m . G ritty d ark b rown w are w ith white a nd m ica f lecks ( W3). L id w ith s quarish r im a nd c entral f unnel. S trap h andle f rom r im t o s ide o f f unnel. C oncentric r idges o n u pper s urface. P arallels: S ll 2 01.3 s maller a nd t hinner K P I

2 12

C N4198 R D 2 2 c m . C oarse g ritty •r ed w are ( W2).

2 13

C N4305 R D 2 0 c m . C oarse l ight p ink b uff w are ( W2). t owards c entral ( ?) f unnel.

2 14

F ig .

C N4287 R D u"nown N o i nformation o n w are. f rom s ide o f f unnel. 7 5

K P I I

R 10 1 301.1

S imple l id w ith s quarish r im, r ises t o w ide f unnel a t c entre. K P I /II? L id,

Q 9 E 1 703 .1

f lat b ase, r ounded r im;

o n u pper r im c oncentric r idges r ising

K P I /II

R 9 1 404.1

F lat l id w ith c entral f unnel w ith s mall s team o utlet.

S trap h andle s pringing

U nglazed b ases ( kale)

0 a nd C 2 15

2 16

2 17

N o C N n o. K P I /II? R D 7c m . F ine o range w are, r ed p aint i nside ( possibly c lassical). P reviously p ublished : M cNicoll 1 973a: f ig. 1 4, 2 9 C N4052 D 7 c m . C oarse g ritty r ed a nd b lack w are ( W8). C N4049 R D 1 8 c m C oarse o range w are ( W2). P arallels: L 16 8 01.4 8 01.5 8 02 .3 R 10 1 302.3 S 9 1 101.1 5 10 5 02.1 5 02.10 5 02.10 5 03.1 S ll 2 01.13 2 02.9 2 03.6 2 04.2 2 05.2 2 05.4 2 05.6 2 07.;

S 10 5 01.8 S quarish h igh r ing b ase.

K P I

K P I /II? F lat b ase c urving t o o utward i nclining w all. 3e x 3e x. K P I 3e x. K P I K P I K P I ? K P I K P I K P I K P I K P I 2e x. K P I 3e x.

K P I I

2e x.

K P I

R h l6 02.4

H igh c onical f oot.

K P I /II

K P I I

1 13

$ 10 5 01.8

P reviously p ublished:

2 1 8

M uNieoll 1 973n:

2 20

F ig .

1 4,

2 8

K P I

R D 1 4 c m. C oarse g ritty l ight b rown w all. P arallels: 8 9 1 101.1 1 102.1 S ll 2 01.10 2 03 .4 2 04.8 2 05.2 2 05.6 2 05.8 2 07.1 2 19

1 7 1 1, f ig.

c r i 413 0 w are, r ed s urfacea, 2 e x. K r K P I /IIT 2 e x. K P 2 e x. K P K P I 4e x. K P K P I I K P I I 2e x. K P

g rey c ure

7 6

( W3).

F lat b ottom, a ng le t o o utward s ]op ing

I /II? I I I I I

I I

C N4144 K P I /II? R D 2 6 c m. C oarse d rab w are ( W8). F lat b ottom, p rotrusion a t b ase, P arallels: H 22 1 601.2 C P 2 /3 L 16 8 01.5 s light o utward l ean C N4263 R D 2 .5 c m . C oarse b uff w are

8 10 5 03.1

8 9 1 101.1 u pright w all.

K P I /II? ( W2), b lack c ore.

U nglazed w ares

Q 9 E 1 702.1

S olid b ase e nding i n s mall d isc, r ed p ainted.

( kale)

X 3, X 4, X 5, X 6 a nd X 7 2 21

2 22

2 23

2 24

2 25

T K 7 3/62 C N4361 K P I /II? D 1 0.5 c m . x 9 .0 c m . P ink w are ( W2). S tamped ( moulded) t ile f ragment w ith r aised c ross a nd s urround. s ame m ould a s n o. 1 15. T K 7 3/76 C N4333 K P I /II? D 1 9.6 c m . x 1 3.2 c m . P ink w are ( W2). S tamped ( moulded) t ile w ith r aised t wo c rosses a nd s urrounds. n o. 1 14. S cale 1 :6 C N4434 R D 1 3 c m . N o i nformation o n w are. N o C N n o. F ragment o f h ookah.

R 9 1 402.1 P robably f rom t he

T 9-11 2 101.3 P robably s ame m ould a s

K P I

S ll 2 03.7

P ipe w ith s lightly f laring w all, r im f langed o ., f lat t op. S urface

( kale)

M ould m ade.

C N 4 40 K P I /II? R D 5 2 c m. C oarse w are. L ow, s traight-sided o bject; f lat b ase, c urving i nterior. F unction(s) u nclear. P ot h older? S cale 1 :6

b aulk 2 406.1 L arge c entral a perture

2 26

C N4223 K P I 1 10 1 302.6 R D 1 5 c m. B uff o range w are. A nnular o bject, q uadrangular s ection w ith r ounded c orners, i ncised w ith c riss-cross l ines a round u pper r im o . a nd d iagonal s lashes a cross u pper s urface. F unction(s) u ncertain. P ot h older?

2 27

C N4212 K P 1 311? D 1 1.1 c m . x 8 .4 c m. D ark g ritty w are. C urving b ody s herd w ith n umerous h oles.

F ig .

7 7

M oulded ,

s tamped a nd i ncised s herds

2 28

C N4243 D u ncertain F airly f ine b uff w are ( W7? - 1 0YR 7 /3).

2 29

C N4117 D u ncertain F ine p ink w are

2 30

C N4215 D u ncertain B uff w are ( w8).

2 31

C N4425 D u ncertain

( w 7 ) .

1 9 1 403.1 F unction:

c ullender.

( kale) 1 9 1 405.1

K P I /II B ody s herd ,mdulded.

P robably a j ug.

K P I /II?

8 10 5 01.8

K P I I

1 10 1 301.3 S ll 2 05.6

K P I I

S ll 2 01.4

B ody s herd, m oulded .

B ody s herd, m oulded.

C oarse g ritty b uff w are P arallels: 2 11 2 07.1 2 07.2

( W5?). M oulded b ody s herd w ith c roon 2 e x. K P I I W 3 K P 1

oundel 0 . otched r i n i mpressed n

2 32

C N4I25 D u ncertain b u ff w are

2 33

2 34

2 35

3 10 5 01.9

K P I

( 1 477).

M oulded b ody s herd w ith J mpressed c ortwheel d esign.

C N4078 D u ncertain •C oarse g ritty b uff w are ( W2).

K P I I

S 10 5 01.2

M oulded b ody s herd w ith c ross w ithin i mpressed r oundel. .

C N4137 K P I D u ncertain W are n .a . B ody s herd w ith t hree i ncised h orizontal l ines. B etween m iddle e nd l ower, i ncised w avy l ine.

s Lo 5 01.14 B etween u pper a nd m iddle, s tabbed h oles.

04202 K P I I D u ncertain B uff o range w are ( W2). B ody s herd w ith r idge. A bove r idge o ., d ots; w avy l ines. D aubs o f o range p aint o .

R 10 1 302.1 b elow, i ncised s traight a nd

2 36

C N4192 K P I I R 10 1 301.2 Du ncertain G ritty b uff w are, g rey i nner f ace ( 28). B ody s herd w ith c ombed d ecoration - 6 -7 s traight p arallel l ines a bove a nd b elow 6 -7 w avy p arallel l ines.

2 37

C N4193 K P I I R 10 1 301.2 D u ncertain C oarse g rey r ed w are f ired g rey i . a nd r ed o . D ecorated w ith c ombed d ecoration - t wo s traight p arallel l ines a bove a nd b elow t wo w avy p arallel l ines.

2 38

C N 4 152 M ax. D a pprox. 1 6 c m. G ritty r ed w are w ith w hite f lecks

K P I /II ( W8).

S 9 1 101.2

B ody s herd w ith t wo i ncised l ines a bove i ncised c able p attern.

2 39

C N4420 K P I I S ll 2 01.2 H arsh g rey b rown w are, g rey s urface ( W3). S trap h andle, t op o r b ottom, w ith t riple r idge a ttachment. E ach r idge i s i ncised w ith f our p arallel l ines.

2 40

C N4079 D u ncertain M edium f ine g rey w are ( W87).

2 41

F ig .

C N4151 G rey g ritty w are ( W1). 7 8

K P I I

S 10 5 01.2

B ody s herd w ith i ncised d ecoration.

P ainted r ed a bove.

P robably i ntended t o b e g lazed.

K P I /II S 9 1 101.3 L ug ( 7) h andle, i ncised w ith l ines a nd d ots.

U nglazed w ares ( church)

0 1, 0 2, 0 4 2 42

C N4331 C P 2 R D 2 7 c m . F airly f ine o range w are ( W6). P ainted r ed a nd b urnished I . a nd o ver r im. s quarish l ip. P ossibly a C P 1 o r l ate h ellenistic r ubbish s urvival.

H 21 W 1 207.5 L ong o utward-sloping r im,

0 2 2 43

C N4471 C P 2 3 21 3 02.3 R D 3 6 c m . V ery c oarse g ritty w are, s urfaces a nd c ore m ostly p ink, w ith d ark p atches ( W8). H and f ormed f lat b ottomed,with s lightly o utsloping w e l a nd s ingle r ounded r im. F our l edge h andles w ith f inger i ndent ations l ow o . S cale 1 :6

2 44

C N4348 C P 2 R D 1 4 c m . V ery c oarse d rab w are ( W8) w ith c haff t emper a nd s uch p ebbles. H and f ormed, s loping w all r ounded r im w ith f inger i mpressed i ndentations o n l ip o .

2 45

T K 7 3/59 C N4362 R D 1 0 c m . C oarse b rown w are ( W3). S trap h andle, b roken.

2 46

C N4262 R D 2 3 c m . C oarse d rab w are ( W8).

2 47

C N4232

J 21 W 1 001.1

C P 2 /3

H 21 1 203.8

H and f ormed, t hin f lattish b ottom, t hick o blique w all w ith r ounded r im.

( W1 - 5 YR 2 /1).

C arinated w all,

C N4020 R D M r m . C lone p ink w are

C r 2 /3 ( W7).

f lattish b ottom, o ut-

f lattish b ottom, c urving w all w ith s imple r im s lightly i nturned.

C P 2 /3

R D 1 1 c m. G ritty b lock w are 2 48

C P 2 /3 H and f ormed,

H 22 1 602.6

R od p aint i .

a nd o .

H 21 1 202.4 t hin u pright r ounded r im. J 22 7 02.2

L ower b ody c urving t o s imple u pright r ound r im.

1 15

T wo b road

i wrizontn1 l ines i n b ody o . P arallels: H 22 . l (0P. Pe x. 1 9 R IO

R 11 S 10 S ll

1 404.1 1 301.5 1 301.7 1 302.6 1 302.10 6 04.1 5 03.1 2 01.4

C P 2

' pie c rust' o . K P I /II? K P I 2e x. K P K P I 3e x. ' pie c rust' o n r im o . K P I 3e x . K P I K P I

K P

2 49

C N4021 C P 2 3 22 7 03.12 R D 2 0 c m . C oarse buff w are ( W2 - 5 YR 6 / 14 ). F lat b ottom, w all s lopes o ut t o c arination t hen s loping s l ightly i n t o a s imple r im t hickened o . B and o f r ed p aint o n u pper o . P arallels: 1 21 1 201.2 C P 2 /3 1 22 1 603.5 C P 2 P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: 1 75-6

2 50

C N4234 R D 1 2 c m . C oarse b lackened w are ( WI - 5 71 3 /1). P arallels:

Q 9 E 1 702.1 8 8 1 502.1

C P 2 /3

1 21 1 202.13

S hallow b owl, u pright w all, h andle p rojecting a bove l ip.

K P I /II K P I ?

0 4 2 51

chl64

C P 2 /3

R D u ncertain : 1 2 0 c m . C oarse d rab w are ( W8). 2 52

S hort u pright w all w ith r ounded r im.

C N4280 R D c a. 3 0 c m . C oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits r ounded r im . P arallels: L 15

2 53

1 21 1 202.2 F lat tish b ottom.

C P 2 /3 ( W3).

1 21 1 202.14

F lat b ottom w ith p rojecting h eel, w all s lightly o utsloping,

8 00.2

C 11 4077

C F 2 /3

J 22 7 03.10

R D 5 0 c m . C oarse g ritty w are ( W2). S lightly o utsloping w all, b evelled i ., a nd p rotruding o . o n r im i ., s imple l edge h andle o . P arallels: Q 10 E 1 801.6 K P I R 9 1 400.1 Kc leaning 1 401.1 2 e x. r ed p aint, n o i ncision K 2 I /II? 1 302.3 K P I 1 303.4 K P 1 303.5 K P I 8 9 1 101.1 K P I /II P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a:

W avy l ine i ncision

1 , 9 10

2 54

C N4205 C P 2 /3 R D 4 4 c m. G ritty p ink t o l ight b rown w are w ith w hite g rits ( W3). p rojecting o . P arallels: 1 21 W 1 207.4 r ed p aint 1 . a nd o . C P 2 1 10 1 303.3 r ed p aint i . a nd o . K P I

2 55

c f . C N4074

C P 2 /3

R D 5 0 c m C oarse g ritty p ink w are 2 56

( W2).

d ecoration o . 7 . 9

H 21 1 202.1 W all c urving u p t o a ngle i ., r im c urving a nd

J 22 7 02.2

W all o utsloping, t hickened e verted r im w ith l ip b evelled i . a nd r idge o .

C N4301

C P 2 /3

R D 4 2 c m . C oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits ( W3).

F ig .

1 79-80

0 21 1 202.1

W all c urving u p t o s quare p rotruding r im w ith ' pie c rust'

S imple l edge h andle b elow r im.

U nglazed w ares

( church)

0 3, 0 5 2 57

C N4233 R D 2 2 c m . Outward c urving w all.

C P 2 /3

H 21 1 202.8

S quarish r im .

2 58

C N4076 C P 2 /3 3 22 7 03 .2 R D 3 6 c m . C oarse g ritty r ed w are, r ed p ainted ( W3). W all c urving o utward a nd t hickening t o s quarish l ip p rojecti ng o . P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: 1 79-80

2 59

C 1 74074 R D 3 6 c m .

C l ' 2 /3

n6

J 22 7 02.2

cun r$ , e xtIty p ink w are ( W I. W a ll e urv Ing n pv ,,rds a nd o ut f lat o n t op. h idge o n u pper b ody u . P arallels:

L t5 5 1 .1

8 01.9 2 01.14

r ed p atnt r ed p aint o n r im

s quarish t hlekened e verted r im,

K P 1

2 60

C N4339 R D 3 4 c m . R im c urving u p t o s quarish r im .

2 61

N o C N n o. C P 2 /3 H D 4 0 c m. C oarse r ed w are, b lack c ore ( W8). S traight w all, s loping o utward t o s imple r im. o n b ody o . P reviously p ublished : M eNicoll 1 973a: 1 79-80

C P 2 /3

K 21 1 03.1

J 22 7 02.2 L edge h andle h igh

2 62

C N4073 C P 2 /3 J 22 7 02.2 R D 3 0 c m . C oarse c reamy w are ( W2). P ainted s treaky b rown o . W all e arinated, t hen c urv ing i n a nd u p t o t hick s quarish e verted r im . T bu i rl i mpressed ' pie c rust' d ecoration o n l ower r im a nd s houlder o . P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: 1 79-80

2 63

C N4045 C P 2 /3 R D 4 0 c m . C oarse b uff w are ( W2). W all c urves u p t o c arination . n ounced a ngle a t j oint w ith b ody i .

2 64

J 22 7 03.2 S hort n eck a nd s quarish e verted r im w ith p ro-

c N4044 C P 2 /3 J 22 7 02.2 R D 3 0 c m . C oarse g ritty d ark w are ( W1). O utward s loping w all t hickened r im w ith i nternal b evel. P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll 1 973a: 1 77-8

0 5 2 65

F ig .

C N4365 B D 6 .2 c m., H 4 .7 c m, L 1 0.7 c m . V ery c oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits 8 ( )

C P 2 /3 ( W3).

R ed p aint i . a nd o .

K 21 1 03.7 e xcept l ower 1 .5 c m . a nd b ase.

U nglazed w ares ( church)

C l, C 2 2 66

C N4209 R D 3 6 c m . C oarse r ed w are ( W2).

C P 2

J 21 W 1 003.1 _ M assive w all i nsloping t o v ery s hort n eck a nd s imple r ound u pright r im w ith

r idge o . 2 67

2 68

C N4321 A D 3 6 c m . C oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits ( W3). o utward p rojecting r im . P arallels: S ll 2 00.5 Kc leaning C N4206 R D 2 7 c m . B uff g ritty w are

2 69

C P 2

H 22 1 603.5

I nsloping w all t o s hort u pright n eck a nd m assive s quarish

C P 2 /3 ( W2).

1 21 1 202.1

W all s lopes i n t o m assive o utward-projecting r ounded r im.

C N4349

C P 2

1 22 1 602.6

R D 2 3 c m . C oarse g rey b rown w are, f ired b lack, g rey a nd r eddish-brown o . ( W8). w ith r ounded e dges n arrowing t o o uter l ip. S mall r idge b elow l ip o . 2 70

C N4199 R D 4 5 c m . C oarse g ritty d rab w are ( W8).

W all s lopes i n t o e verted r im

1 21 1 201.3

C P 2 /3 W all c urves u p t o o utturned l ip w ith h eavy r idge o .

C 2 2 71

C N4269 R D 8 c m . H arsh p ink w are

C P 2 ( W5).

D aubs o f o range p aint o n n eck a nd h andle.

w ith p ronounced r idge a nd r im t hickened o . P arallels: S i] . 2 06.1 W 2 K P I I 2 72

C N4007

H 22 1 602.2 I ncurving w all o f b ody, u pright n eck

S trap h andle f rom n eck t o r idge t o u pper b ody.

C P2/3

J 22 7 03.2

R D 8 c m . F airly c oarse g ritty g rcyish w are f iring o range r ed a t s urface ( W3). S hape a s 2 69, w ith l onger n eck a nd l ess p ronounced r idging a nd t hickening. I ncised p arallel l ines a round n eck. P reviously p ublished: M eNicoll 1 973 m 1 75-6 2 73

C N4237

C P 2

J 21 W 1 002.3

H D 1 2 c m . N o r ecord o f w are. W a ll c urves i n t o u pright s e,k w ith s lightly e verted r im b evelled I . f rom u pper n eck t o u pp,r w !th u nd p are] i ' I ir es

1 11

S trap h andle

2 74

C N4006 C P 2 /3 J rY 7 03.2 R D 1 2 c m . F airly c oarse g ritty p ink w are ( W3). U pright n eck, s imple r ounded r im t hickened o . P reviously p ublished: M cNicoll I 973a: 1 75-6

2 75

C N4166 R D 1 6 c m . L ight o range b uff w ith o verhang o . P arallels: Q 9 1 9 1 10

2 76

F .

C N4165 R D 1 2 c m . C oarse b uff w are 8 1

C P 2 /3 w are

( possibly w 6).

1 701.1 1 h00.1 1 301.7

1 21 1 202.2

T hick u pright n eck w ith p ronounced r idge o .

C P 2 /3 ( W2).

U r igiazed w ares

a nd r im t hickened

K P I I Kc leaning K P I 1 21 1 202.2

U pright n eck, r idge o . j ust b elow t hickened l ip, s lightly f lat o n t op.

( church)

C 2, C 3 2 77

C N4178 C F 2 /3 1 21 1 201.5 R D 1 8 c m . C oarse p ink o range w are w ith w hite g rits ( W3). U pright n eck, t hickened r ounded r im p rotruding o ., ith w avy l ine b etween o n l ower n eck. r idge b elow . I ncised p arallel h orizontal l ines w P arallels: L 15 8 01.2 W 2 n o d ecoration Q 10 E 1 801.7 W 2 n o d ecoration 1 801.11 W 2 n o d ecoration R 9 1 401.1 W 2 n o d ecoration 1 402.1 W 2 n o d ecoration 1 12 1 904.1 K P 1 /II?

2 78

C N4314 C P 2 M ax. D 1 6 c m ., B D 1 0 c m . G lobular j ar w ith f lat b ase. M edium c oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits ( W3). u pper b ody. P arallels: 1 22 1 601.7 C N4335 - l arger - n ot d rawn C P.2

2 79

1 22 1 602.7 S tump o f h andle o n

C N4352 C P 2 K 21 1 03.2 R D 1 6 c m ., B D 1 4 c m., H 1 1 c m. C oarse d rab w are, g ritty ( W2/3 - 5 YR 5 /4). S welling b ody, s hort u pright n eck w ith r ounded r im. l ug h andle o n n eck. P ainted r ed o . a nd o ver r im i .

S mall

C 3 2 80

C N4334 C P 2 /3 1 22 1 601.7 R D 2 0 c m ., M D 3 4.5 c m. C oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits ( W3). G lobular b ody, s hort u pright n eck, r im s lightly t hickened o . T wo s trap h andles f rom r im t o u pper b ody. T wo i ncised h orizontal l ines o n n eck w ith s hort d iagonal g ashes b etween. D ark b rown p aint o ver r im a nd i n v ertical d ribbles d own t wo-thirds o f b ody o . P arallels: 1 21 W 1 207.7 C P 2 S il 2 00.11 K c leaning

2 81

C N4204 C P 2 /3 1 21 1 202.1 R D 2 4 c m . G ritty r ed b rown w are w ith w hite f lecks ( W3). S hape a nd d ecoration s imilar t o 2 80, b ut n eck c urves o ut t o s imple r ound r im. S hort d iagcnal g ashes o n n eck; p air o f l ong d iagonal l ines i ncised o n b ody.

2 82

C N4035 C P 2 J 22 7 03.12 R D 3 6 c m . C oarse g ritty m icaceous r ed w are ( W8). G lobular b ody, h olemouth w ith s quarish r im . P air o f d iagonal i ncised l ines o n u pper b ody w ith i rregular l ine o f d ots b etween.

2 83

C H4156 R D 2 8 c m. D rab c oarse w are P arallels: 1 21

C P 2 /3

1 21 1 201.2

( W1). W all c urves i n t o s hort o ut-curving n eck w ith s quared l ip. 1 202.13 C P 2 /3 1 203.1 C P 2 /3 1 22 1 601.2 C P 2 /3 Q 9 1 9

1 10 5 8 2 84

1 701.1 1 402.1 1 404.1 1 302.1 1 502.1

h eavier K P I /II? K P I /II? c oarse w ith i ncised l ines K P I I K P I

C N4208

C P 2 /3

R D 1 5 c m. G ritty g rey w are ( W1). i ncised l ine o n n eck o . P arallels:

L 16

8 01.2

1 3 0 2 . 1 +

K P I /II

J 2] W 1 001.4

S hape s imilar t o 2 83 w ith s light r idge o n l ip o . a nd g roove I . n o i ncision n o i ncizion 2 e x. n o i ncision

18

T hick w avy

8 10 0 11

F ig . C 3, 2 85

2 86

8 2

U nglazed w ares

1 300.4 2 00.9

u ndecorated K c leaning

2 01.2

2 e x.

2 03.10

n o i nci:,i on

K c leaning

n o i ncision

K P I I

K r I I

( church)

X 1 C N4036 R D 2 8 c m. R ather c oarse m icaceous r eddish w are, o utward-curving n eck w ith s imple r im.

C P 2 /3

J 22 70 3 .

r ed o range o . b lackened i .

C N4046

( W1).

B ody c urves i nward t o s hort

C P 2 /3

R D 1 4 c m. C oarse buff ware

( W2).

2

J 22 7 03.2

W all s lopes i n t o r idge a t s houlder,

s hort i nsloping n eck,

a nd l ip t hickened

o . w ith h orizontal g rooves o . P reviously p ublished: 2 87

M cNicoll 1 973a:

C N4033

C P 2 /3

R D 3 0 cm. C oarse g ritty g rey w are

( W8).

P ainted r ed o .

l ip a ngled o . P arallels: J 21 W 1 001.1 C P 2 /3 S 10 5 01.3 K P I I P reviously published: M cNicoll 1 973a: 2 88

1 77-8 J 22 7 02.2

W all s loping s lightly i . t hen c urving o ut t o r im w ith

1 77-8

C N4043

C P 2 /3

J22 7 02.2

R D 2 7.5 cm. G ritty m icaceous w are, b lackened o . ( WI). S quat b ulbous b ody, c urving i nward t o s hort, i nsloping n eck w ith e verted, s quarish l ip w ith a ngle i . P reviously published: M cNicoll 1 973a: 1 77-8 2 89

C 84237

C P 2

RD 1 8 cm . G ritty purply b rown w are.

I nsloping w all,

S light r idge a t j unction o f b ody a nd n eck. P arallels:

2 90

Q 9 E -1702.1 S b) . 2 01.3

I ncised w avy l ine o n b ody o .

C P 2 /3

C N4261

M cNicoll 1 973a:

1 77-8

•

C P 2 /3

2 92

2 93

S ll

2 05.2

n o g ashes

( W1).

P arallels:

8 01.6

L 16

C N4163

R ising s lightly a nd t hickening t o c entre;

1 21 1202.2 o n u pturned e dge l ight

' pie c rust'

d eco-

K P I I K P I I

C N4258

C P2/3

R D 1 2 c m. C oarse g ritty b rown w are, b lackened b elow ( W3).

H 22 1 601.5

S imple l id f lat o n t op a nd u nderneath w ith s quarish

R adiating l ines o f s mall p arallel g ashes o n t op.

C N4240

CP 2 /3

RD 2 0 c m. C oarse p ink g rey w are c rust'

( W8).

L id f lat o n t op a nd , u nderneath,

1 21 1 202.13 s lightly 3 lop ir ig e dge.

I mpressed

' pie

d ecoration o n u pper e dge a nd o n t or.

P arallels:

2 96

I ncised l ines.

C P.2/3

n o i ncision n o i ncision

' pie c rust'

1 21 1 204.4

F lat u nder a nd t opside, r ounded e dge.

r ation a nd i ncised l ines. P arallels: 8 9 1 401.1 S ll 2 31.1

2 95

F lat u nderside, r ounded e dge w ith

S welling f or h andle a t o uter e dge.

C P 2 /3

RD 1 0 cm. C oarse b lack ware

r im .

1 22 1 603.1

K P

C N4282

RD 3 0 c m. C oarse w are ( W8?).

2 94

( W1).

S piral r idging w ith h erringbone g ashes.

P arallels:

J22 7 03.2

l ong u pright n eck c urving g ently o utward t o t hickened r im w ith f lattish t op.

R D 1 3-16 cm. G ritty b rown c oarse w are, b lackened u nderneath a bove.

n arrow e verted r ounded l ip w ith a ngle 1 .

K P I /II K P I I

RD 2 2 c m. F ragment o f i nsloping w all,

2 91

J21 W 1 002.3

u pright n eck,

C N4037

P reviously published:

s lightly

L 15 S ll

C N4141a R D 2 0 c m. n a ra t h im

8 01.5 2 03.7

K P I C P 2 /3

uded,

L id s lightly c cnvex u nderneath w ith a ngular s loping e dge.

1 19

1 21 1 201.4 I rregularly p laced

F ig .

8 3

U nglazed w ares;

b asea

( church)

X 6 ( ?), X 2 o r 3 2 97

C N4181 R D 2 8 c m.

C P 2 /3

B uff o range w are w ith f lecks o f m ica (0).

F ragment o f a l arge c eramic

1 21 1 201.5 r ing w ith t rapezoidal s ection,

i nuised d esign o n t op. X 2 o r X 3

2 9 8

C N4180

C P 2 /3

M L 6 cm., m. 1 .4 c m. L ight b rown g ritty w are

( W3?).

1 21 1 201.5

F ragment o f a f lat o bject w ith e dge t urned u p.

I ncised c ircle o n l ower

s urface. 2 99

C N4210 R ivet W 1 .3 c m .,

CP 2 /3

3 21 W 1 003.1

C P 2 /3

1 22 1 601.2

L 3 .1 c m.

S herd w ith i ron r ivet i n s itu. P arallels: R 9 1 103.1 K P I /lI 3 00

C N4250 B D 3 .5 c m. G ritty c oarse b rown w are

3 01.

( W3).

P edestal b ase.

C N4249 B D 5 .5 cm . C oarse g ritty putty-coloured w are ( W8). s haved o ffwhile c lay w as l eather h ard. P arallels:

1 22 1 602.7 Q 9 E 1 704.1 Q 10 E 1 801.3

c p

R 10 R 12 S ll

K P I K P I 2 e x.

1 302.5 1 903.2 2 05.2

C P 2 /3 F lat b ottom, o utward s loping w all.

2 K P I /II? K P I I

K P I I

1 20

J 21 W 1 002.4 E dges o f b ase a pparently

Fig.

41

Unglazed 121

wares

( kale)

Fig.

42

Unglazed 122

wares

( kale)

Fig.

43

Unglazed 123

wares

( kale)

1 5

F ig.

4 4

Unglazed 1 _ 24

wares

( kale)

F ig.

45

Unglazed 125

wares

( kale)

1 9

1

Fig.

4 6

Unglazed

1 26

wares

( kale)

F ig.

4 7

Unglazed 121

wares

( kale)

2 4

2 5

2 8 p i

N

2 7

1 2 8

F i

F

.4 8

Unr,lazed

1 28

wares

( kale)

2 9

Fig.

49

Unglazed 129

wares

( kale)

) )

( 3 2

)

Fig.

5 0

Unglazed wares 130

( kale)

4 2

1

1 4 9

4 8 4 7

Fig.

5 1

Unglazed 131

wares

( kale)

5 2

5 1

5 5 F ig.

5 2

Unglazed 132

wares

( kale)

F ig.

5 3

Unglazed 133

wares

( kale)

(

6 3

Fig.

5 4

Unglazed

1 34

wares

( kale)

F ig.

5 5

Unglazed

1 35

wares

( kale)

7 4

) ; . " ';;

: -' ' '

'' " ' s .' "

: . s;' ' : -' •:

: 0. -

Z

7 7

Fig.

5 6

Unglazed

1 36

wares

( kale)

F ig.

5 7

Unglazed 131

wares

( kale)

/

',Z. : * . : 4 1" : ' : -. . ,: , : i W .• • . ' : ,. " •

8 8

9 0

Fig.

5 8

Unglazed 138

wares

( kale)

/ \

1

9 5

9 7

F ig.

7 5 9

Unglazed

1 39

wares

( kale)

9

1 02 F ig.

6 0

Unglazed

wares

( kale)

1 04 1

F ig.

61

Unglazed

wares

( kale)

15

17

18 Fig.

62

Unglazed 1 _ 43

wares

( kale)

S

1 20

1 2 1

1 22

1 24

1 23

1 25

Fig.

63

Unglazed

wares

( kale)

1 26

1 27

1 28

1 30

1 3 1

1 32

1 34

Fig.

6 4

Unglazed l45

wares

( kale)

1 38

1 40

1 42

Fig.

65

Unglazed

1 46

wares

( kale)

. . . .

Fig.

6 6

Unglazed 147

wares

( kale)

1 56 t

1 5

3

1%

1

159

1 60

1 6 1

1 47

S 3

Fig.

67

Unglazed

1 ) 48

wares

( kale)

1 6

% er

1 69

/V \ A7 7 NA JA A

1 73 F ig.

6 8

Unglazed

1 49

wares

( kale)

1 74

\

1 78

am -

Fig.

69

Unglazed 150

wares

( kale)

1 1 1 1 1 %

1 79

( l e 1 80

1 8 1

1 g111 1 1. 1 83

1 84

1 85

Fig.

70

Unglazed 151

wares

( kale)

1 88

1 89

1 90

W IWI _

1 9 1

Fig.

1

71

Unglazed 152

wares

( kale)

1 94

1 97

4 1 99

0.

0 .0 1 10 2 00

2 0 1 F ig.

72

Unglazed 1 53

wares

( kale)

( I o CO

00

o0

2 02

E M I » 2 04

2 06

m

a

_

2 07 Fig.

7 3

Unglazed 15 ) 4

wares

( kale)

2 08

M 2 10

a n

2 1 1

2 12

2 13

F ig.

74

Unglazed 1 55

J r %

wares

( kale)

2 17

2 19

Fig.

7 5

Unglazed

1 56

bases

( kale)

2 22

2 2 1

2 24

2 27

F ig.

76

Unglazed 157

wares

( kale)

2 37 2 36

2 39 2 4 1

Fig.

7 7

Moulded,

s tamped

sherds

( kale)

158

and

incised

2 4

>

2 45

2 47

-M

IE R /

2 49

F ig.

78

2 5 1

2 a .

Unglazed wares 1 59

%1 11 2 52

( kale)

12 % 5

1 2 5 \ 2 60

2 e . Fig.

7 9

Unglazed

1 60

wares

( church)

02 6 6

‚

I

-2

2 9 1

2 75

2 76

Fig.

80

Unglazed

1 61

wares

( church)

,

2 8 1

Fig.

81

Unglazed 162

wares

( church)

8 5 ) 21

2 871

2 8 1

2 8 9 ) 2 g 11188111

2 92

29 91111

.

2 94

Fig.

82

Unglazed 163

wares

( church)

2 98

2 97

3 0 1

Fig.

83

1

Unglazed

wares;

1 64

3 0

1

bases

1

( church)

L ate h ellenistic p ottery F igs

8 4 and 8 5 show profiles of sherds of the f irst c entury B .C.

I n g eneral the g roup i s w ell s tratified,

t hough a small number o f

' rubbish s urvivals'

i ncluded.

f rom later l evels

i s

The g roup i s

c losely

p aralleled by the a ccurately d ated l ate h ellenistic p ottery o f A 5van, the h ellenistic B .C.

s ettlement of which h as a p recise e nd d ate o f 6 6/5

( Mitchell 1 980:

1 0-12).

F urther a field,

p ottery c omparable t o

the T a4kun K ale r epertoire h as b een f ound i n h ellenistic many Eastern Mediterranean s ites. c ome

T he most

f rom the major s ites o f Tarsus

O rontes

( Waage 1 9 ) 48)

o f the c eramic

( Jones 1 950),

a nd S amaria-Sebaste

s trata o f

f requently c ited g roups A ntioch-on-the-

( Kenyon 1957).

The merits

g roups f rom these a nd o ther s ites a re c ritically

a ssessed by Lapp

( 1961:

5 7-136).

Although a c onsiderable q uantity

o f n ‘ 2w material h as been e xcavated d uring the s ubsequent twenty years, a nd although r ecently e xcavated s ites i n P alestine a nd Transjordan o ffer p ossibilities o f c hronological r efinement Weinberg 1 971;

( e.g.

Tel A nafa -

P ella o f t he D ecapolis - M cNicoll e t a l.

s ynthesis r emains i ndispensible. t o the A . van c orpus

1 982) , Lapp's

But a ll s uch material i s

f or d ating the T a5kun hellenistic.

s econdary

Among the

parallels we n ote t he f ollowing: TK

F ig.

8 4, 1 cf. A v.

1 31

2

3 31

3

2 87

4 6 7 8 9

1 17-8 1 63 1 65 4 63 3 20 1 64

1 0 N eedless t o s ay, o ther,

a t

e tc.

e ach s ite there a re f orms u nparalleled a t the

but the d egree o f c orrelation i s

s ufficiently h igh t o b e c on-

f ident that the g roups c oincide or a t l east

overlap,

c hronologically.

I have suggested a bove ( p ) 4 7 )t hat Ta5kun may have c ontinued to b e u sed after the s ack of hellenistic A Gvan, but that suggestion i s b ased o n t he s lightest of e vidence.

A f ew f ragments o f pottery c ould

a s well b elong i n t he e arly 1 st c entury A .D. Among the l ate h ellenistic o r l ess was

u pright walls

f ound,

s hapes b owls w ith i ncurving o r more

( 02) predominate

and whilst two k inds

a s t he 1 st c entury B .C.

( fig.

o f b owl b ase,

8 ) 4 ).

N o c omplete p rofile

r ing a nd d isc,

a re

p ossible, the A 5v-a n a nalogies suggest that r ing bases, s uch a s f ig. 8 5, 2 5 a nd 2 7, were p referred i n this region. The f iner b owls a re made of a well l evigated f abric w ith f ired c olours b etween Munsell 2 .5YR and 1 0YR. This wide r ange makes o ne h esitate t o s ubdivide the g roup i nto i mported a nd l ocal wares. N or i s t he s urface t reatment a ny i ndication i n t his r espect. 1 OR r ange t o a muddy d ull b rown

S lips vary f rom a g lossy r ed i n the ( 10YR 4 )/1 ) o r black ( 10YR 3 /2), a nd

o ccur haphazardly a cross the r ange o f ware c olours. o f red over black s lips

The p redominance

i s c onsonant with the l ate h ellenistic d ate,

b ut i t s hould be e mphasized that burnishing o r p olishing the f abric w ithout the a pplication o f a ny s lip i s A ovan.

1 65

c ommon a t Ta5kun,

a s a t

8 4, 13, unique a t Ta5kun, may d ate a s

The c arinated b owl f ig. l ate a s

t he 1 st

c entury A .D.,

i n the H ellenistic

a lthough s imilar c arinated f orms o ccur

I I c ollection a t . A van

Among the c losed s hapes water j ars p redominate.

The

f abric

r anges

( e.g.

Av .

( C2 - f ig.

2 10-211).

8 5,

f rom f ine t o c oarse,

3 0-37)

a nd f iring

c olours a lso vary. T he a bsence o f s torage vessels a nd s torage b owls l eads o ne to s uspect that

t his

i ng o perations,

c ollection o f f ragments

a ccumulated d uring b uild-

a nd r epresents a l imited s election o f the l ate

h ellenistic r epertoire - s pecifically f or e ating a nd d rinking f rom, a nd f or c ontaining d rinking water.

T he C hurch P hase I G roup The bulk o f the material published i n t he C P 1 g roup c omes l ater c ontexts,

a nd must b e t reated w ith c aution.

f rom

I have p ut a

q uestion mark b eside t he p hasing o f most p ieces t o i ndicate m y o wn uncertainty. A s has b een s tated a bove ( pp. 3 6 f .) t here were f ew u ncontaminated C P 1 s trata,

a nd a lmost w ithout

c ontained

Thus we may e xpect t hat

o nly r oof t iles.

e xception they i n this g roup

there may be b oth e arlier a nd l ater material. Among the r easonably s ecure B owls,

Lamp,

f ig.

f ig .

8 6 , 4-5 8 8, 3 2

f ragments a re t he f ollowing: 3 rd-4th c ents,

c f.

( Harper, p ers.

c omm.)

5 th century or later, cf. HarabaOgun 1 970:

P late,

f ig.

8 6 , 12

l ate

Among the more d ubious p ieces a s medieval

( pers.

I I a t . A van,

f ig.

8 6 , 1 -3 and 6 ;

t hese a re p erfectly a cceptable

( burnished)

s lip

f ound a t T a5kun o n the K P I vessels

f ig.

d oubtful a re s ome

c f.

3 29-338

a re t he b owls

c omm .)

5 3,2

a nd i ndeed the u se o f a t hick white

painted pattern o ver a r ed i s

p l.

5 th - e arly 6 th c entury,

H ayes 1 970:

a ccording t o M itchell

Pa nik O reni

( fig. 8 6, 2 and 6 ) 5 3, 5 7 and 5 9 . Also

o f the bases, which may be hellenistic.

1 66

A ll U ulteniotia a nd C P .1 v ormels a re i d hocl-mude, F ig .

8 4

u nleen a tated o thorwiao.

H ateniatic

0 2 a nd 0 3 1

2 .

3

C N4398 H ell. P R D 1 6 c m . F ine o range p ink w are ( 5YR 6 /6), g lossy u elf s lip ( 5YR 6 /8) 1 . a nd o . s imple r ounded r im . C N4399 H ell. P R D 1 6 c m . F ine o range p ink w are ( 5YR 6 /6), o range t o p ink s lip i . a nd o . S hape a s 1 a bove, w ith m ore c urve. C N4396 H ell. P R D 1 3.5 c m . F ine p inky b uff w are ( 2.5YR 6 /4), m att r ed s lip ( 10R 5 /4) r ounded r im . T wo f ragments.

K 21 1 03.13 W all c urves s lightly u p t o

K 21 1 03 .13 ( various r eadings i n 5 YR r ange).

K 21 1 03.12 i . a nd o .

C urving w all, s imple u pright

I s

C N4397 H ell. P K 21 1 03.12 R D 1 2 c m . F ine p inky b uff w are ( 2 .5YR 6 /4), m att r ed F lip ( 10R 5 /4) i . a nd o . W all c urves u p t o s lightly i nc lined s imple r ounded r im . S light r idging o n b ody o . T wo f ragments.

5

C N4393 H ell. P R D 1 2 c m . C halky b uff w are ( 2 .5YR 6 /4), m att r ed s lip ( 10R 5 /4) i . a nd o .

6

C N4377 H ell. P R D 1 4 c m. F ine l ight b uff w are ( 10YR 7 /3), b lack s lip ( 10YR 3 /2) i . a nd o . r ounded i nclined r im . P arallels: L 16 8 01.2 2 e x. n o s lip

K 21 1 03.12 S hape a s 4 , a bove. H 21 1 204.13 I ncurving w all t hickening t o s imple

7

C N4400 H ell. P K 21 1 03.13 R D 1 6 c m . F ine w are f ired p ale g rey a t c ore, b uff ( 5YR 7 /6) a t s urfaces, s lightly d arker p ink b uff ( self?) s lip. C urving w all, s lightly i nclined. S imple r ounded r im .

8

C f. C N4379 H ell. P ( CP 1 /2 c ontext) K 21 1 03.5 R D 2 1 c m . M edium f ine c ream w are ( 7.5YR 7 /4) b urnished o . C urving w all, t hickening b elow s imple r ounded i nclined r im. P arallels: L 15 8 01.2 2e x. o ne s treaky b lack o . 8 02 .4

9

C N4379 R D 2 2 c m . W are a nd f inish a s 80bove.

1 0

1 1

H ell. P ( CP 1 /2 c ontext)

C N4377 RD 1 4 c m. F ine l ight b uff w are, b lack s lip i . a nd o . r ound r im . P arallels: L 15 8 01.2 2e x. n o s lip i g 9i 3c m.

K 21 1 03.5

S hape a lso s imilar, t hough r im i s l ess m arkedly i nturned. H ell. P

1 21 1 204.13

W all c urves a nd t hickens s lightly b elow i nclined s imple

H ell. P

F ine r ed w are ( 2.5YR 6 /6), g lossy b urnish ( 2.5YR 6 /8) 1 . a nd o .

1 67

1 21 1 204.12 W all c urves u p a nd t hickens s lightly

b elow s imple u pright r ounded r im . 1 2

C N4391 H ell. P R D 1 3 e m . F ine p ink o range w are ( 2.5YR 6 /6), t hin s elf s lip ( 2.5YR 6 /8) 1 . a nd o . b elow n arrow i nclined r ounded l ip.

K 21 1 03.12 W all s lopes 0 .;

r idge o .

1 3

C N4372 H ell. P ( CT ' 1 /2 c ontext) K 21 1 03.6 R D 1 5.5 c m . F ine b uff w are ( 10TH 5 /4) s lip 1 . a nd o . f ired r ed a t l ip, d ark b rown ( 10TH 4 /1 ) enewhere. L ower w all c urves o utwards a t l ow a ngle t o c arination; u pper w all, c oncave i n p rofile, c urves u p t o s imple

1 4

C N4394 H ell. F R D 1 6 c m . F ine b uff w are ( 2.5YR 6 /4), r ed s lip ( 101 5 /4) i . a nd o . r im t hickened o .

u pright r ounded r im .

1 5

1 6

C N4184 R D 1 7 c m . C oarse g ritty d rab w are, g rey a t c ore. C N4332

Hell. P

K 21 1 03.12

W all s loping o ut t o n arrow u pright r ounded l ip. 1 21 W 1 207.5

6 /4), f ired s elf c olour w ith d ark p atches ( 5TH 8 /1) a t s urfaces.

s imple r ounded u pright r im.

1 8

W all c urves i n t o u pright n eck w ith s quarish

H ell. P

R D 2 2 c m . C oarse b uff w ere ( 5TH

1 7

K 21 1 03.12

W all c urves t o

S light r idging o .

C N4364 H ell. P ( CP 1 c ontext) K 21 1 03.9 R D 2 6 c m . C oarse g ritty w are; c ompletely b lackened ( 7.5YR N 3). W all c urves t o s imple r ounded i nclined r im . C N4381

H ell. P ( CP 1 /2 c ontext)

K 21 1 03.5

R D 2 5 c m . C oarse p inky g rey w are w ith w hite g rits, b lackened o ., p inky b rown p aint i . a nd o ver r im. t o s imple r ounded i nclined r im . P arallels: K 21 1 03 .13 u npainted, c oarse b uff w are, b lackened i n p arts 1 9

C N4405

H ell. P

K 21 1 03.13

R D 2 5.5 c m . F airly c oarse b uff w are ( 7.5YR 6 /4), b urnished i . a nd o . a nd o . t o f lat-topped l ip. 2 0

C N4383

2 1

P ig . 0 3 2 2

K 21 1 03.12

W all c urves u p t o s imple r ounded r im;

s light r idge b elow l ip o .

C N4388 H ell. P R D 2 0 c m . P lain c reamy w are ( 10 T h 8 /4), t races o f b rown p aint i n b ands o . a nd o n l ip. b roadening i . a nd o . t o f lat-topped l ip. 8 5

K 21 1 0 .3 .12 W all c urves t o u pright r im

H ellenistic

b ases C N4310

H ell. P ?

R D 2 2 c m . M edium c oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits ( 5YR 5 /4). r ounded l ip. 2 3

W all c urves t o u pright r im, b roadening i .

H ell. P

R D 2 5 c m. C oarse g ritty d rab w are ( 5 T h 5 /3).

W all c urves

H 21 W 1 207.4

B ulbous b ody, s hort n eck, o utturned r im w ith

C N4354 H ell. P ( CF 2 c ontext) R D 2 3 c m . F ine b uff w are, o range p aint o . a nd o ver r im, b rown p aint 1 .

K 21 1 03.3 W all c urves u p t o e verted r im w ith

r ounded l ip. 0 a nd C b ases 2 4

C N4385

H ell. P

B D 7c m . P lain p utty c oloured w are ( 7.5YR 7 /2). 2 5

C N4386

L ow r ound-edged r ing b ase. H ell.

B D 4 .5 c m . F ine p ink o range w are ( 5YR

K 21 1 03.12

P

6 /4), p inkish p aint 1 ., a nd a d rop o r t wo o .

K 21 1 03.12 S mall r ing b ase o f al arge .

v essel. 2 6

C N4236

H ell. P ?

B D 9 c m . C oarse b uff w are. P arallels:

L 15

R ed p aint 1 . 8 02.3

L ow r ound-edged r ing b ase.

5 YR 8 /4 - n o r ed p aint

1 68

1 21 1 202.13

2 7

N o C H n o. B D 4c m.

H ell.

P ( CP 1 /3 c ontext)

S mall s harply m odelled r ing b ase. P reviously p ublished: F rench e t a l. 1 972: 2 8

2 9

C N4374 B D 4 .5 c m . W ell l evigated r ed w are r eserved. D isc b ase.

p l.

3 7, n o .

K 21 1 01.15

2 3.

H ell. P ( 2.5YR 5 /6) f ired h ard.

C N4324 B D 8 c m W ell l evigated p ale w are.

H 21 1 204.16

R ed p aint o .

( 10R 3 /6), a nd d ribbles 1 .

H ell. P ( surface) R ed s lip.

B ase o .

C hurch a rea,

s urface

S lightly s played r ing b ase.

C 2 3 0

3 1

3 2

3 3

C N4390 R D 7 c m . C oarse b uff w are r im .

H ell. ( 5YR 7 /4)

P

f iring p ink a t s urfaces.

K 21 1 03.12 N eck o f v essel, w all c urves o ut t o s imple r ounded

C N4392 H ell. P R D 6 c m . F ine b uff r ed w are ( 5TH 7 /4-8/4), r ed b rown s lip ( 10R 5 /4). C N4375 R D 8 c m . F ine w ell l evigated b uff w are ( 5TH 6 /4), u pright n eck, r im t hickened o . C N4402 RD 1 4.5 c m . H arsh g ritty p ink w are ( 2.5YR 6 /6).

K 21 1 03.12 U pright n eck, r im t hickened o .

H ell. P 1

K 21 1 03.10

r ed b rown p aint i . a nd o .

( 10R 4 /4).

W all c urves i n t o s hort

H ell. P

K 21 1 03.13

N eck o utsloping t o t riangular r im .

3 4

C N4401 H ell. P K 21 1 03.13 R D 1 2 c m. F ine b uff p ink w are w ith g rits ( 2.5YR 6 /6), r ed b rown p aint o n t op o f r im w ith s plashes o . ( 10R 4 /4). U pright n eck c urving o . s lightly t o r im, e verted, w ith s light o verhang a nd f lat t op.

3 5

c N4376 H ell. P 1 RD 1 2 c m . C lose b uff w are ( 5 T h 6 /6 a t c ore) f iring 7 .5YR 7 /4-8/4 a t s urfaces. c urving n eck w ith r ounded r im . P arallels: K 21 1 03. 12

3 6

3 7

c r i44o4 H ell. P RD 1 2 c m . C reamy w are ( 7.5YR 7 /2-8/2). P ossibly o riginally r ed s lipped. s loping n eck w ith s imple r ounded r im .

K 21 1 03.10 B ody s lopes i n t o s hort o utward

K 21 1 03 .13 W all s lopes i n t o s hort o utward-

C N4403 H ell. P ( CP 1 /2 c ontext) K 21 1 03.6 RD 9 .5 c m . H arsh g ritty p ink w are ( 2 .5YR 6 /4). W all s lopes i n t o s lightly o utward c urving n eck w ith r im t hickened o .

C 3 3 8

C N4387 H ell. P R D 1 2.5 c m . C lose c ream w are w ith g rits ( core 5T h 7 /4-8/4; s urfaces 7 .5YR 7 /4-8/4). e verted r im .

K 21 1 03.12 W all s lopes i n t o r ounded

C l o r C 3 3 9

C N4409 R D 2 8 c m. C oarse g rey b lack w are w ith w hite g rits. o utward c urving r ounded r im .

H ell. P

H 21 W 1 209.6

S welling b ody, w all c urves i n t o u pright n eck w ith s lightly

C 3 4 0

C N4382 R D 1 8 c m . C oarse d rab m icaceous w are w ith w hite g rits

H ell. P ( 5TH 5 /2), b lackened i n p laces.

K 21 1 03.12 T wo f ragments.

b ody. W all c urves i n t o s hort n eck w ith s lightly o utturned r im w ith a ngled l ip. f rom r im t o u pper b ody. P ig .

B e

B ulbous

T wo s trap h andles

C P 1a nd C? 1 ( ?)

0 2 1

C N4177 C P 1 1 ( CP 2 /3 c ontext) 1 21 1 201.5 R D 2 8 c m . O range w are ( 5TH 6 /4) b urnished s elf s lip I . a nd o . t o s hou lder. W all c urves o ut t o c arination, t hen i n s lightly t o s imple r im b evelled i . F our i ncised l ines, t wo s traight, t wo w avy b elow r im o . P arallels: 1 22 1 603 .4

1 69

2

C N4313 C P 1 7 ( CP 2 c ontext) 1 22 1 602.7 R D 2 4 c m. F airly w ell l evignted b uff w are ( 5YR 7 /4), d arker b uff s lip i . a nd o . w ith w hite p ainted c ries-cross l inen a bove c arinution. S hape a s p revious, b ut r ounded l ip.

3

C N4228 R D 2 2 c m . G ritty r ed w are ( 5YR 6 /6). s imple r im. P arallels: 1 22 1 601.2

C P 1 7

( CP 2 c ontext)

0 21 1 303.5

L ower w all c urves o ut t o e arination, u pper w all s lopes i n s lightly t o 3e x.

4 10 E 1 801.3 R 12 1 903.1 1 903.2

4

C 04019 .C P 1 7 ( CP 2 c ontext) J 22 7 02.2 R D 2 2 c m . F ine p ink w are ( 5YR 7 /4 -8 /4), r ed p aint i . a nd o . ( 2.5YR 5 /6). U pper w all o f b owl, s loping i nward s lightly t o s imple r ounded r im . T wo h orizontal g rooves b elow r im o .

5

C N4170 R D 1 5 c m . F ine p ink w are,

6

C P 1 ?

( CP 2 /3 c ontext)

r ed p ainted a nd b urnished i . a nd o .

1 22 1 202 .2

S hape a s p revious, b ut s maller.

C N4220 CP 1 7 ( CP 2 c ontext) R D 2 5 c m. W ell l evigated l ight o range w are ( 5YR 7 /4 -8 /4), t hick g lossy r ed s lip i . a nd o . p ainted d ots a nd l ines o . S hape a s p revious, b ut o nly o ne g roove.

J 21 W 1 001.9 ( 2.5YR 5 /6) w ith w hite

7

C N4297 C P 1 7 ( CP 2 c ontext) H 22 1 603 .4 R D 2 0 c m. C oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits ( 5YR 3 /1- 4 /1 ) . L ower w all c urves o ut t o c arination, u pper w all s lopes s lightly o utwards t o s imple r ounded r im. P arallels: 1 22 1 601.6 r ed p aint i .a ld o . 1 602.7 K 21 1 03 .1 r ed p aint i . a nd o . R 9 1 404.1 s moothed s urfaces 1 . a nd o .

8

C N4329 C P 1 7 ( CP 2 c ontext) 1 22 1 604.1 R D 1 3 c m. F ine p ink ware, g lossy r ed s lip 1 . a nd o ver r im. W all s lopes o ut s lightly t o s imple r ounded r im t hickened s lightly o .

9

1 0

C N4230 R D 2 6 c m . N o d ata o n w ere.

C P 1 7

( CP 2 /3 c ontext)

W all c urves o ut t hen i n s lightly t o r ounded r im t hickened m arked I . a nd s lightly o .

C N4171 • C P 1 7 ( CP 2 /3 C ontext) R D 2 0 c m . G ritty buff p ink w are ( 5YR 7 /3- 8 /3 ) , p urple r ed p aint i . a nd o . t o s houlder. c lines t o r im g ently b evelled i . a nd t hickened o .

1 1

1 2

1 22 1 203.5

C 04341 R D 1 7 c m . N o d ata o n w are.

1 21 1 201.4 W all c urves u p a nd i n-

T wo h orizontal g rooves o n b ody o .

C P 1 7 ( CP 2 c ontext)

K 21 1 03.1

W all c urves u p t o everted r im r oughly t riangular i n s ection.

C N4324 R D a pprox. 2 6 c m. F ine w are, r ed s lip i . a nd o .

C P 1 ( surface)

C hurch a rea

W all s lopes o ut t o u pright r im w ith r ounded l ip a nd p ronounced r idge

a t b ase o f r im o . 0 1 1 3

1 4

C N4200 C P 1 7 ( CP 2 /3 c ontext) R D 2 6 c m . F airly f ine b uff w are ( 5YR 7 /6), t hick g lossy r ed s lip i . a nd o . t urned r im w ith r ounded l ip. P arallels: 1 21 1 202.1 C N4149 R D 2 4 c m. H arsh r ed w are ( 5YR 7 /6),

C P 1 7 ( CP 2 c ontext) r ed p aint I . a nd o .

0 21 1 201.3 ( 101 5 /6).

W all s lopes o ut t o d own-

J 21 W 1 002.1

O blique w all c urves u pwards t o b road f lat r im w ith

r ounded l ip. F ig .

0 7

CP 1 q nd CP 1 ( ?)

0 3 1 5

C N4281 R D a pprox.

C P 1 7

( CP 2 /3 c ontext)

0 21 1 202.14

4 3 c m .

C oarse b rown w are w ith w hite g rits. W all c urves u p t o m assive e verted r im w ith b road b evelled l ip. C urved l edge h andle. s hort s lashes o n h andle a nd r im.

1 10

1 6

C N4174 R D 3 4 c m . W all s lopes o .

C P i t

( CP 2 /3 c ontext)

t o r ound r im t hickened I . a nd o .

1 21 1 201.4

R im b evelled 1 .

1 7

C N4167 C P 1 ? R D 3 4 c m . W all s lopes o ut t o r im t hickened i .

( CP 2 /3 c ontext)

1 8

C N4162 R D 3 4 c m. L ight b rown p ink g ritty w are. P arallels: R 15 2 001.2

C P 1 ?

( CP 2 /3 c ontext)

1 21 1 202.2

H 21 1 201.2

W all s lopes o ut a nd u p t o e verted r im .

S light r idge b elow r im o .

1 9

C N4369 C P 1 7 ( CP 1 /2 c ontext) R D 2 0 . e m . M edium c oarse p inky b uff w are ( 5YR 7 /6), f ired b uff i . ( 5YR 6 /4).

K 21 1 03.6

2 0

C N4235 C P 1 ? ( CP 2 /3 c ontext) 1 21 1 202.13 R D 2 4 c m . C oarse b rown w are w ith w hite i nclusions. O utward s loping w all, t hickened r im f lat o n t op. B road d iagonal s lashes o n r idges o n r im a nd b ody o .

W all c urves u p t o s imple s quare r im .

o 4 2 1

C N4242 C P 1 ? ( CP 2 /3 c ontext) 1 21 1 202.13 R D 2 1 c m . B rown g ritty w are, f ired b lack i . H and m ade. F lat b ase, r ising s lightly t o r idge o ., w all s loping o ut t o r ounded r im . I rregular m eandering i ncised l ine.

C 2 2 2

C N4158 R D 8c m . O range g rey ware.

C P 1 ?

( CP 2 /3 c ontext)

1 21 1 201.2

U pright n eck, r im t hickened o ., l ip r ounded.

2 3

C N4260 R D 8c m . G ritty r ed ware.

2 4

C N4380 C P 1 ? ( CP 1 /2 c ontext) K 21 1 03.5 R D 1 1.5 c m . W ell l evigated c ream w are ( 5YR 8 /4). h eck w all s lopes s lightly i nward, r ounded e verted r im .

2 5

C N4336 R D 1 0 c m . S hape a s n o.

2 6

C N4159 . R D 8c m . G ritty p ink w are.

2 7

C P 1 ?

( CP 2 c ontext)

1 22 1 601.5

W all c urves i n t o n eck, t hen s lightly o .

t o s imple u pright r ounded r im.

C P 1 2 3.

C N4371 R D 8c m . G ritty r ed w are.

S trap h andle w ith p rotrusion o r

R ed p aint o .

1 21 W 1 208.5 ' kick' s prings f rom r im.

C P 1 ? ( CP 2 /3 c ontext)

1 21 1 201.2

N eck w all s lopes g ently o utward, s lightly e verted r ounded r im, s welling b elow r im. C P 1 ?

( CP 2 c ontext)

1 22 1 601.5

W all c urves i n t o n eck, t hen s lightly o . t o s imple u pright r ounded r im.

R ed p aint o .

2 4

C N4380 C P 1 ? ( CP 1 /2 c ontext) K 21 1 03.5 R D 1 1.5 c m . W ell l evigated c ream w are ( 5YR 8 /4). N eck w all s lopes s lightly i nward, r ounded e verted r im.

2 5

C N4336 R D 1 0 c m . S hape a s n o.

2 6

2 7

C P 1 2 3.

C N4159 R D 8c m G ritty p ink w are.

S trap h andle w ith p rotrusion o r C P 1 7

1 21 W 1 208.5 ' kick'

s prings

f rom r im .

( CP 2 /3 c ontext)

N eck w all s lopes g ently o utward, s lightly e verted r ounded r im,

C N4371 R D 1 0 c m . W ell l evigated o range w are. h andle f rom r im , w i th

C P 1 ?

1 21 1 201.2 s welling b elow r im .

( CP 1 /2 c ontext)

N eck w all s lopes o . t o r im r idged o . w ith r ounded l ip.

K 21 1 03.6 B road s trap

' kick'.

C 3 2 8

C N4157 R D 1 6 c m . • G rey b uff w are ( 5YR 5 /4). o . a nd o ver r im i . P arallels: 1 21 . 1 2 ( )2.1 J 21 W 1 003.1 ü ll 2 01.1

C P 1 1 W all s lopes

( CP 2 /3 c ontext)

1 21 1 201.2

i n t o r ounded r im t hickened o . w ith s light b evel 1 .

1 11

R ed p aint

2 9

C N4139 R D 1 7 c m. F airly f ine b uff w are ( 5YR 6 /6).

F ig .

8 8

C l

C r J A

( 21 ) P /3 c ontext)

H 21 1 201.1

W all . c urves i ., w ith s light r idging o .

U pright n arrow r ounded r im.

1a nd C F 1 ( ?)

C 3 3 0

3 1

C N4168 R D 2 2 c m . G ritty b uff w are. P arallels: R IO 5 8

C l ' 1 2 H olemouth v essel. 1 302.1 1 501.1

( C r

2 /3 c ontext)

1 2 1 . 1 202.2

T hick w all s lopes i n t o s imple l ip.

C N4370 C l ' 1 ? ( Cr 2 c ontext) 1 21 1 03.6 R D 2 0 c m . M edium c oarse p inky b uff w are, b uff i . ( 5YR 6 /4) a nd p ink o . ( 5YR 7 /6). W all c urves i nward t o s quarish r im t hickened i . a nd s lightly b evelled. S ix p arallel i ncised g rooves o ., t wo b elow r im a nd f our l ower d own.

C 5 3 2

C N4360 C l ' 1 A rea H L 9 .7 cm., W 7 cm. F airly f ine p utty c oloured w are, b lackened. T op o nly o f m ould m ade l amp w ith f iller h ole a nd n ozzle. I mpressed d esign o f l ines a nd s lashes, a nd v estigial k nob h andle.

0 a nd C b ases 3 3

C M 4 221 H ell/Cr 1 ? ( CP 2 c ontext) J 21 W 1 001.7 B D 4 .5 c m. F ine b uff c lay, b rown t o b lack s lip i . a nd o . R ing b ase w ith r ounded f oot, o utward s welling w all.

3 4

C N4304 B ell/cl ' 1 2 ( CP 2 /3 c ontext) 1 21 1 202.13 B D 3 .5 c m . F ine w ell l evigated r ed w are, p olished o . R ing b ase, o uter e dge a nd f oot w ith r ight a ngle j unction, i nner e dge c urving i n. O utward s welling w all.

3 5

c r 14294 B D 9c m .

3 6

C N4270 H ell/Cr 1 ? ( CP 2 c ontext) B D 9 .5 cm. F airly f ine b uff w are ( 7.5YR 6 /4 -7 /4), t races o f r ed p aint i . f oot, s welling o .

H ell/CP 1 ?

( cl ' 2 /3 c ontext)

F airly f ine b uff w are ( 7.5YR 6 /4-7/4), r ed p aint i .

1 21 1 202 .20

H igh r ing b ase,

f oot s played a nd r ounded. 1 22 1 602.2

H igh r ing b ase, s played a nd r ounded

o h 3 7

C N4257 C P 1 2 ( cl ' 2 /3 c ontext) R D h o cm. C oarse b rown w are w ith g ritty w hite a nd m icaceous i nclusions.

1 22 1 603.2 F lat b ase w ith m assive r aised e dge.

1 3 3 8

C N4330 C l ' 1 1 21 1 204.9 M ax. d ims 3 5 x 2 2 c m . C oarse p ink b rown w are. F ragment o f a f lat t ile, t hickened e dge t riangular i n s ection. C hannel a long o ne e dge; p aired p arallel f inger i mpressed l ines f orm s altire p attern o n u pper s urface. S cale 1 :2

3 9

C N4302 C l ' 1 M ax. d ims a pprox. 1 1 x 1 1 c m . C oarse p ink b rown w are. F ragment o f a f lat t ile w ith t hickened e dge. o n u pper s urface.

4 0

N o C M n o. B D 8c m . C oarse w are.

C P 1 D isc b ase;

w all s wells o utwards.

1 72

F inger-impressed d iagonal l ines

1 22 1 602.3

2

4

3

5

8

f 9

1

1 4

1 7

S . •

Fig.

8 4

Hellenistic 1 13

2 4

2 2

2 3

1

2

N 2 7

>"

I

>

3 1

3 2

3 3

3 9

Fig.

85

Hellenistic

1 7 ) 4

; 1 -L - /

F

L

/

S 4 )

4 1 1

1 4

F ig.

8 6

CP

1 and 1 75

CP

1 ( ?)

2

Fig.

87

CF

1 and

1 76

CF

1 ( ?)

#

3 0

3 1

3 4

3 5

3 7

3 8

F ig.

8 8

CF

1 and 177

CP

1 ( ?)

6

C HAPTER

THE S MALL F INDS

Many o f the

s mall f inds

f rom Ta5kun K ale w ere r egistered i n the

s ame manner a s a t A5 v an K ale the n on-ceramic r egistered,

( see Mitchell 1 980:

2 29).

A majority o f

o bjects r ecovered f rom t he t renches w as

a s their c ondition a ppeared n ot t o warrant

j ects were r etained i n the s tudy c ollection; p hotographed .

n ot, i t.

s ome w ere d rawn and

A f ew of t hese p ieces a re i llustrated h ere,

f ull r ange of the

f inds.

i n the E läzig Museum,

t o s how t he

All the r egistered o bjects, which a re n ow

a re published b elow .

The medieval o bjects which the w ould g uess,

h owever, These o b-

e xcavations p roduced were,

o ne

a r easonable s ample o f the d urables t o b e f ound i n a r ural

c ommunity o f t he p eriod, w ith a s light b ias t owards projectile h eads, e xplicable i n t erms o f the f ortress. c loth,

k ilims,

w ooden o bjects,

c ommunity probably u sed, w e n ot c ommon,

Of t he perishable i tems - c lothes,

basketry,

f urnishings,

f ound n o t race.

e tc.

- which t he

B ronze a nd s ilver were

and were g enerally u sed o nly i n j ewellery and c oinage

i n the medieval s ettlement;

the c ommunity d id,

h owever,

u se i ron f or

many purposes. Among the j ewellery a re three p ieces a pparently alloyed.

T K 7 0/1

( fig.

8 9,

1 ),

i n p recious metal, a s ilver r ing,

than any of the more n umerous medieval r ings t races o f i nlay were o bserved,

i t

e arring A van 9 3

( fig.

8 9,

( Mitchell 1980:

7 )

( fig .

8 9,

Although n o

( Mitchell 1 980:

2 52).

The

l ooks e xtremely l ike the g old

2 51);

f acture a ppears t o h ave b een e mployed. c ross TK 7 1/35

f rom A van.

i s n ot u nlikely t hat a n iello

t echnique s imilar t o A van 1 02 was u sed s ilver e arring TK 7 1/40

a lbeit

i s f iner

the s ame t echnique o f manuN othing l ike the p ectoral

8 ) was f oune e lsewhere i n the A van p roject.

L ike the e arring d iscussed above,

i t w as f ound i n a C hristian

g raveyard . I ron was u sed mainly f or tools, o ccasionally f or a dornment, f airly c ommon

( TK 7 0/18 - f ig.

w ere b adly c orroded c haracteristic 2 ) 45);

9 0,

( fig .

u tensils a nd w eapons, f inger-rings.

1 5),

( S10 t rench n o.

e xample).

s cissors TK 7 0/10 1 980:

s uch a s

2 5,

a nd p ossibly

I ron knives w ere

but most o f those r ecovered ( fig.

9 0,

1 9)

i s

s hown a s a

These p robably h ad wooden handles. 9 0,

1 6)

a re s imilar to A van 3 6

The

( Mitchell

p erhaps these t oo h ad h andles o f wood a ttached t o the

metal s hanks.

F ig .

9 0,

f ound a t Ta5kun K ale;

2 5 -3 3 a re by n o means a ll t he a rrowheads most w ere a s c orroded a s n o.

3 1,

and a re n ot

Apart

perhaps d ates

f rom a n e arlier p eriod a nd w as reused i n the medieval

period,

f or i t was

h aft s ocket,

t hus

a ll of i ron.

I t

large b arbs 2 ) 46).

I t

f rom n o.

3 3 ( a b ronze t rilobed a rrowhead which

i llustrated.

f ound w ith a l ength o f i ron which f itted i nto i ts c onverting i t

i nto a t anged h ead),

the a rrows w ere

i s particularly n otable that this g roup i s w ithout

s uch a s c an b e

s een o n A 5 -v an 4 5,

4 6

a nd 4 7

( Mitchell 1 980:

i s possible that the barbless h eads a re f or war a rrows,

the p urpose o f which vas t o obtain maximum penetration, barbed h ead,

p robably f or hunting,

the q uarry a long w ith the s haft

whereas t he

was i ntended t o remain s tuck i n

i n o rder t o i mpede movement.

1 78

B y c omparison w ith A svan, 3 ) 4-39).

b eads were uncommon a t Taskun

( fig.

9 1,

All t he T askun e xamples were f ound s ingly, mostly i n the

g raveyard.

The p redominance o f b lue f aience o r

a n a muletic

o r p rophylactic

f unction?)

f rit

( indicative o f

c ontrasts w ith A svan, where a ll

the beads were s tone o r g lass. G lass v essels s eem t o have been l ittle u sed a t T askun. The g oblet o r hanging l amp TK 7 3/79 ( fig. 9 1, ) 4) dates to about the 4 th o r 5 th c entury;

i t was part o f the c hurch a pparatus a nd i s unique a t Taskun.

F or the u nguentaria TK 7 3/46-8 l lels.

( fig .

9 1,

) 4 5-7)

I h ave f ound n o para-

A s imilar f laring n eck a nd c ollar c an b e s een o n a 1 4th o r

1 5th c entury p iece i n the B enaki Museum

( Clairmont 1 977 :

but

Moreover, the n eck a nd c ollar

t he b ody of t his p iece i s bulbous.

s hape o ccurs b racelets;

o n v essels

o f e arlier periods.

o ne f ragment,

G lass was

p l . XXIII),

a lso u sed i n

i n twisted s trands of b lack g lass,

i s o f

much f iner workmanship than the e xample i llustrated by M itchell f rom A svan

( 1980:

2 52, n o.

1 05).

A t otal o f t wenty-three c oins was o ne w ere b ronze,

f ound a t T askun K ale.

o ne was b ronze w ith a s ilver wash,

S even o f t he c oins were i dentified p recisely, r easonable c ertainty.

Of these e leven p ieces,

o ne Artuqid,

I lkhanid.

a nd e ight

s ize f or d ating i nvolves r isks, mation which they p rovide a s

Twenty-

a nd one w as s ilver.

a nd f our more w ith two were Byzantine,

Obviously u sing a c ollection o f this but

I h ave c hosen t o treat the i nfor-

r eliable,

p articularly the e vidence o f

the Mongol c oins, which, taken w ith the b roader time-span o f the p ottery, i s d ecisive i n d ating the f ortress. S even of t he e ight I lkhanid c oins were f ound i n the f ortress, tween a bout

1 300 a nd 1 350 A .D.

( above,

P .

ei ndicating o ccupation b 1 9).

The two B yzantine c oins TK 7 0/6 a nd TK 7 0/15 tie i n w ith the a nonymous b ronze s eries of more than a s core o f c oins f ound a t A svan ( Mitchell 1980:

5 3-55);

with two Taskun s pecimens may b e c onsidered

the Artuqid c oin TK 7 1/39. i ndication that 1 2th c entury: s ized,

o n the s ite,

i n u se u ntil t he 1 1th o r

the e vidence o f j ust three c oins i s,

e xtremely s light,

cultivators.

I have s uggested t hat t hese may be an

t he C P 1 c hurch c ontinues

o r

i t must b e e mpha-

a nd may be the r esult of o ccupation e lsewhere

e ven s imply c asual l oss by passersby,

I nto t his

c ategory f alls the O ttoman

( ?)

h erdsmen o r c oin TK 7 0/9.

C oins o f T aekun K ale B yzantine 7 0/6

C onstantine V III

7 0/15

M ichael I V

9 89-1028

Thompson 1 954:113

AE

J21 3 01.2

1 034-1041

954:113 Thompson 1

AE

S ll 2 03.3

P oole 1 877:127

AE

L 15 8 01.3

a nd B asil I I

A rtuqids o f K äifa a nd A mid 7 0/39

N ur a l-Din M ohamad

1 174-85

1 19

I lkhanids 7 1/55 7 3/72 7 1/37 7 0/17 7 1/51 7 1/52 7 1/64

_ ? Uljaitu T ? Uljaitu A bü S atid A b üS atid A bt . S atrd ? Ab üS avid ? Abü S a qd

1 304-16 1 304-17 1 316-35 1 316-35 1 316-35 1 316-36 1 316-35

P oole 1 881:55-60

A E

R 11 6 02.5

P oole 1 881:88-93

AE A R

s ilver w ashed

A E A E AE AE

R 9 1 400.3 R 11 6 01.8 S ll 2 05.4 S 10 5 01.4 J 22 7 03.10 R 10 1 302.7

AE

J 22 3 02.2

AE A E A E A E A E AE

S 10 5 01.3 J 22 7 03.20 R 11 6 00.3 S 10 5 01.3 R 9 1 401.1 Q 10 1 805.1

AE A E

L 15 8 02.1 J 22 7 01.15

AE A E AE

R 11 6 06.1 S ll 2 01.4

O ttoman? 7 0/9

U nidentified w ith a rabic s cript 7 1/50 7 1/54 7 1/56 7 1/58 7 3/61 7 3/74

U nidentified 7 1/49 7 1/53 7 1/57 7 0/7 7 3/75 Q 9 E trench no. 1

A E

1 80

T 9-11 2 101.1 Q 9 E1 701.1

S mnll f inds:

F ig . 8 9

c atalogue

J ewellery a nd o ther wt al o bject°

1

T K 7 0/1 K P I 5 12 1 .1 D 2 9. c m ., T h. 1 .9 c m . S ilver a lloy ( ?) r ing . F inger-ring w ith d iamond-shaped b ezel w ith r aised h emispheroid p rotrusions a t c orners. W ithin b ezel a d iamond s hape w ith f our c ircular p unch m arks , s urrounded b y f our S -shaped p atterns o n a nnulus. L inear i ncised d ecoration o n e ither s ide o f b ezel a nd c oncentric c ircles.

2

T K 7 0/24 C leaning S ll 2 00.10 H 2 .8 c m ., W 2 .1 c m . B ronze p endant. B ronze o bject c onsisting o f p erforated d iamond s hape a ttached t o a r ing s hape, w hich i s i n t urn a ttached t o a p erforated r ectangle w ith c oncave s ides a nd s lightly c onvex ba se.

3

T rench n o. 6 W 2 .6 c m ., H 2 .6 c m . I ron r ing . R ing, p urpose u ncertain. p ottery r ivet.

4

K P I I D amaged .

5 10 5 01.4 F lat s piralform j oint o r b ezel, c orroded.

T rench n o. 6 K P I W 1 .7 c m ., H 1 .0 c m., T h . 0 .25 c m. I ron r ing . R ectangular, p ossibly a s a r esult o f d amage.

P ossibly a

R 11 6 04.1 A f inger r ing?

5

T rench n o. 4 C P 3 J 22 7 01.2 S urviving D 1 .8 c m ., b ezel W 0 .9 c m . F ragment o f a b ronze r ing. F inger ( signet?) r ing, w ith t hick o val b ezel o n w hich i s a n i ncised d esign ( pseudo-arabic?).

6

T K 7 3/65 D 1 .8 c m . B ronze r ing.

7

T K 7 1/40 C P 2 /3 J 22 2 01.20 ( Graves) D 2 .5 c m ., D o f d ecorative b all 1 .2 c m . S ilver a lloy ( ?) e arring. F ound w ith s keleton W ( grave u ndefined), w hich p resumably h ad h ad p ierced e ars. S ilver w ire h oop, h ook a nd e ye a ttachment, s trengthened a t w elded j unctions w ith s pherical b all b y t wisted s ilver v ire. S ilver b all o rnamented w ith t iny c irclets o f s pirally t wisted s ilver w ire a nd t wo t wisted s trands a round c ircumference. C ompare t he g old e arring A svan 9 3 ( Mitchell 1 980: 2 39, 2 51).

8

T K 7 1/35 C P 2 /3 J 22 2 01.25 ( Graves) H 4 .3 c m ., W 3 c m., T h . 0 .2 c m. S ilver a lloy c ross. P ectoral c ross, c ast, f ound w ith s keleton Z ( grave u ndef ined). A rms o f c ross f lat a t b ack, r ounded a t f ront, h ole f or s uspension a t t op. A t e xtremities o ne l arge a nd t wo s mall h emispheres.

9

C P 2 /3

1 21 1 202.16 ( Grave 1 1)

F lat s ection w ith t wo c onjoined b roader a reas m aking u p b ezel.

T K 7 0/20

C P 2

D epicted a s f ound.

J 21 3 04.2

L 6 .5 c m., W 3 .6 c m ., T h. 0 .8 c m. B ronze a rm o f c ross. F ragmentary a rm o f a c ast b ronze m altese c ross w ith d iamond-shaped f inial a t e nd o f a rm . I ts c ounterpart h as b een b roken o ff . F our g rooves i n a rm a nd t hree h emispherical h ollows i n f inial. T hese m ay h ave h eld i nlay.

1 0

T K 7 0/16

C P 2 /3

H 3 .5 c m ., W 2 .9 c m. F ragment o f nb ronze p laque.

J 21 3 01.3

T hin b ronze p laque w ith d ecoration o f h ammered h emispheres

a nd p endent

l ines. 1 1

T K 7 0/14

K P I I

L 3 .9 c m., D 0 .3 c m. B ronze p in o r f ibula b ow . 1 2

S ll 2 03.10

F ragment o f p in o r f ibula w ith c ircular s ection a nd h emispherical h ead.

T K 7 0/unnumbered

C P 2

( a) D0 .38 cm. C opper o r b ronze f ragment

o r a c hild's

J 21

t ogether. ( b) D 0 .25 c m. S ingle s trand c opper o r b ronze f ragment o f ac hild 's b racelet 1 3

T K 7 0/11

3 03 .5

b racelet ( T) c onsisting o f t hree s trands o f w ire t wisted

( ?).

1 11 2 04 .8

K P I

L 3 .4 c m ., D o f h ead 0 .4 c m. B ronze p in. B ent h ead w ith b ulbous h ead w ith i ncised l ines c onverging a t h ead. 1 4

T rench n o.

1 8

L 5 .7 cm., D 0 .2 c m . B ronze p in f ragment.

C P 2 /3 P in p o int l ost, f rom u ndefined g rave.

1 81

J 22 7 01.7 ( Graves) E ye f ormed b y b ending s haft.

F ig .

9 0

M etal i mplements a nd a ccoutrements a nd a rrowheads

1 5

T K 7 0/18 K P I S ll 2 03.7 L 1 7 c m ., W 3 .6 c m . I ron k nife b lade. P ointed a nd s lightly c urved k nife b lade, a lmost c omplete. T wo r ivets f or h afting t o w ooden o r b one h andle. S ome o f h aft a nd p ossibly o ther r ivets l ost.

1 6

T K 7 0/10 K P I I L 1 6.6 c m . I ron s cissors. E ight f ragments o f c orroded i ron s cissors. s haped h andle p reserved.

S ll 2 03.3 R ivetted a t p ivot.

B lades a nd o ne l yre-

1 7

T K 7 0/8 K P I $ ll 2 01.4 L 4 .1 c m ., T h. o f a rms 0 .12 c m. B ronze t weezers. S mall p air o f t weezers, s patulate e nds, i n f orm o f h air c lip. C omplete.

1 8

T rench n o. 1 5 C leaning L 6 .4 c m., w 1 .4 c m., T h . 0 .4 c m. F ragment o f i ron k nife b lade. S mall p iece ( point?) o f ak nife, c orroded.

R ll 5 00.3

1 9

T rench n o. 2 5 L 7 .5 c m ., w 0 .8 c m . I ron k nife ( ?) f ragment.

S lO 5 02.11

K P I ? V ery c orroded f ragment o f ( ?) c urved k nife b lade.

2 0

T rench n o. 9 K P I 8 11 6 01.8 D 2 .2 c m„ T h. 0 .3 c m. I ron r ing. C orroded l ength o f i ron, s haped i nto a c ircle w ith o ne e nd h ammered o ver t he o ther.

2 1

T rench n o. 1 4 D 3 .4 c m ., T h. 0 .8 c m. I ron r ing. V ery c orroded.

K P I

8 11 6 05.4

2 2

T K 7 0/25 D 3 .6 c m ., T h. 0 .9 c m. I ron r ing w ith a ttachment.

C F 2

J 21 3 04.4

2 3

T rench n o. 1 6 L 2 .7 c m. T hin c opper w ire.

2 4

T K 7 0/2 ( a) L 2 .7 c m., m ax I ron n ail f ragment, ( b) L 1 .5 c m., m ax I ron n ail f ragment,

A ttachment, w hich a ppears t o b e c omplete, i s c orroded t o r ing. C P 2 /

W o f w ith W o f w ith

J 22 7 04.2

C leaning, p robably K P I h ead 1 .2 c m. r ectangular h ead a nd s haft. h ead 1 .4 c m. r oughly r ound h ead a nd r ound s haft.

5 12 0 .1

-

2 6

T K 7 3/66 C leaning 8 9 1 400.1 L 7 .1 c m ., m ax. W 1 .0 c m . I ron a rrowhead. T ang w ith r ound s ection b roadens t o h ead, w hich i s r ectangular i n s ection a nd t apers t o p oint. C omplete.

2 7

T rench n o. 2 K P I L 6 .4 c m., W o f b inde 2 .0 c m., T h. o f b lade 0 .3 c m.

R ll 6 01.8

I ron l eaf a rrowhead. T ang, r ound s ection, w idens t o k nob a t j unction w ith h ead. c urved s ides; t he l eading h all ' a nd p oint a re l ost.

2 8

T rench n o.

2 4

K P 1 /II

f lat w ith

$ 10 5 01.14

L 5 .4 c m ., m ax. W 1 .2 c m ., T h. 0 .5 c m. I ron a rrowhead. C orroded a rrowhead, t ang r oundish i n s ection; 2 9

H ead i s

f lat t r iangular h ead.

T rench n o. 3 K P I I S 10 5 01.2 L 4 .3 e m., m ax. W 0 .9 c m. I ron a rrowhead. B roken t ang, r ound i n s ection; h ead r ectangular i n s ection t apering t o p oint, w hich i s l ost.

3 0

T rench n o. 1 1 K P I L 4 .9 c m ., m ax. W . 0 .7 c m . I ron a rrowhead f ragment. V ery c orroded, m ost o f h ead l ost.

S 10 5 02.1 T ang r ound i n s ection. R ll 6 02.2

3 1

T rench n o. 2 L 5 .2 c m ., m ax. W 0 .7 c m . I ron a rrowhead . E xtremely c orroded.

K P I

3 2

T K 7 0/3 K P I I S 12 3 .1 L 6 .4 c m ., m ax. W 1 .2 c m . I ron a rrowhead. C orroded a rrowhead w ith l ong t ang, w hich i s r ound i n s ection. H ead, r ectangular i n s ection, b roadens o ut f rom t ang, t hen t apers t o p oint.

3 3

T K 7 0/5

C P 2 /3

C omplete. J 21 3 01.1

L 3 .1 c m ., m ax. W 1 .2 c m . B ronze t rilobed a rrowhead. A rrowhead w ith t hree v anes a nd h afting s ocket. C omplete. d amaged a nd b ent: F ound w ith a f ragment o f a n i ron s haft ( ?) ( not i llustrated).

1 82

V anes s lightly

F ig .

9 1

F aience a nd g lass b eads,

c arved b one, m isc .

c lay o bjects a nd g ta 88

3 4

T rench n o. 3 W 1 0 c m ., H 1 .0 c m., T h. 0 .5 c m. B lue a nd g reen f aience b ead f ragment.

C P 2. / 3

J 22 7 01.17 ( Graves)

3 5

T rench n o. 2 M ax. D 1 .6 c m., T h. 0 .2 c m. B lue f aience b ead f ragment.

C P 2 /3

J 22 7 01.17 ( Graves)

3 6

T rench n o. 1 M ax. D 1 .5 c m., T h. 0 .3 c m. Aqua b lue f aience b ead o r b utton.

C leaning

R 11 6 00.1 ;

3 7

T rench n o. 1 M ax. D 1 .0 c m., W 0 .7 c m . Aqua b lue f aience ( 7) b ead f ragment.

C leaning

S 10 5 00.3

3 8

TK 7 0/12 H 1 .2 c m . O rnate g lass o r p aste b ead I rregular s hape.

C P 1

S ll 2 05.9

B lack a nd w hite b ead w ith a ppliedblobs.

D ecoration o f c urvilinear w horls.

R 11 6 02.2

3 9

TK 7 1/38 D 1 .1 c m ., T h. 0 .6 c m . G lass b ead. I ntact. C olour n ot r ecorded.

4 0

T rench n o. 1 3 K P I /II 5 10 5 01.8 L 2 .7 c m ., W 1 .4 c m ., T h. 0 .4 c m. C arved a nd d ecorated b one. B one c arved i nto a rrowhead s hape, w ith f our i ncised r oundels w ith c entral d ots o n o ne f ace o f h ead. P ossibly i nlay.

4 1

T K 7 1/41 H 2 .8 c m ., W 0 .8 c m ., T h. 0 .5 c m .

K P I .

R ll 6 01.8

C arved b one. 4 2

TK 7 0/26 C P 2 D 5 .9 c m ., H 7 .5 c m. C lay o bject. B ell-shaped f ired c lay o bject, p ointed t op, g rey c ore.

J 21 3 04.4 f lattish b ase s lightly d amaged.

R eddish o .,

4 3

TK 7 0/4 C P 3 K 21 1 01.2 D 6 .6 c m . C lay s tamp. C ircular f ired c lay s tamp; d esign o f s ix l ines, t hree h orizontal a nd t hree v ertical, e venly s paced a nd d ividing t he c ircle i nto s ixteen p arts. I n e ach p art a n i rregular i ncuse.

4 4

TK 7 3/79 C P 1 /2 K 21 1 03.4 H 1 1.2 c m ., R D 9 .2 c m ., B D 3 .9 c m. G lass g oblet o r h anging l amp. C omplete g oblet o r l amp w ith s lender s tem a nd s mall p edeatal b ase, o utward s loping v alls, f olded r im. I ndentation i n b ottom o f b owl. T hree a pplied v ertical h andles f rom r im t o u pper b ody. T ranslucent g reenish g lass. K raeling 1 938:

5 24,

f ig.

C rowfoot a nd H arden 1 931:

4 5

T K 7 1/48 R D 2 .2 c m .,

2 0, n o.

1 7 ( 376), p l. C XLI

2 06, p l. X XX,

5 0

C P 2 /3

J 22 7 01.16 ( Graves)

H 1 1.2 c m ., T h. 0 .2 c m.

U nguentarium. S mall b lown g lass b ottle w ith t hickened b ase ( thickness 1 .3 c m.). E longated b ody p inched i n a t s houlder; t hin c ollar, s lightly o utsloping n eck, s imple r ounded r im. O paque m ilky c olour. S mall c hip m issing f rom b ody. P hoto: M cNicoll 1 973a: 1 67, f ig . 9 ( left) 4 6

T K 7 1/47 C P 2 /3 J 22 7 00.11 ( Graves c leaning) R D 2 .2 c m., H 1 2.1 c m., T h. 0 .3 c m. U nguentarium . S n u ill b lown g lass b ottle. E longated b ody, p inched i n a t t he s houlder; l arge s welling j ust a bove b ase o f n eck, w hich s lopes o ut s lightly t o s imple r ounded r im. O paque y ellowish g reen c olour. S ome b lackening o n s urface; s piral s triations v isible o n b ody. I ntact. P hoto : M cNicoll 1 973a: 1 67, f ig. 9 ( right)

4 7

T K 7 1/46 C P 2 /3 J 22 7 01.11 ( Graves) R D 2 .4 c m., H 1 1.9 c m., T h. 0 .2 c m . U nguentarium . S mall b lown g lass b ottle. E longated, s lightly b ulbous b ody, p inched i n a t s houlder, s welling a bove n eck, w hich s lopes o utward s lightly t o s imple r ounded r im . O paque w hitish g lass. I ntact. P hoto: M cNicoll 1 973a: 1 67, f ig. 9 ( centre)

1 83

P l . 1 .

3 9 a nd 4 0

C arved s tones

T K 7 0/33 C F 2 H 5 1 c m ., W . 3 7 c m ., T h. 2 4 c m . R ectangular w orked b lock o f s tone.

J 21 3 03.2 L ight b rown r oughly w orked

s tone, d ecorated o n o ne f ace w ith f ive i ncised c rosses w ith t ips o f c rossbars d ivided . 2 .

T K 7 0/32 C F 2 H 4 9 c m ., W 3 6 c m ., T h. 1 7 c m. R ectangular w orked b lock o f s tone.

J 21 3 03.2 L ight b rown r oughly w orked

s tone, d ecorated o n o ne f ace. R ough m altese c ross i n r elief, w ith f inger-like s hapes r adiating f rom t he c orners o f t he c rossbars, a ll w ithin a s unken i nset c ircle, f rom t he b ottom o f w hich a re c ut t wo c hannels c urving a way f rom e ach o ther. 3 .

T K 7 0/29 C F 2 J 21 3 03.5 H 3 5 c m ., W 2 6 c m ., T h. 1 7 c m . R ectangular w orked b lock o f s tone. L ight b rown r oughly d ressed b lock, d ecorated o n o ne f ace w ithin a s unken c ircle a maltese c ross i n r elief. T wo c hannels r adiate f rom b ottom o f c ircle t o t he b ase o f t he s tone.

4 .

T K 7 0/31 C P 2 J 21 3 03 .5 H 5 6 c m ., W 3 7 c m ., T h. 1 2 c m . R ectangular w orked b lock o f s tone. L ight b rown r oughly worked s tone d ecorated o n o ne f ace. W ithin a s unken r oughly r ectangular f ield, a maltese c ross i n r elief w ith s emicircular n otches i n c rossbar e nds a nd f oot.

A r elief c ircle a t f oot,

a nd two

c hannels c ut i n b ase o f s tone.

5 .

T K 7 0/30

C F 2

J 21 3 03 .5

H 5 3 c m ., W 3 6 c m ., T h . 1 2 c m . R ectangular w orked b lock o f s tone. W hitish r oughly d ressed b lock o f s tone d ecorated o n o ne f ace . I n s unken r oughly r ectangular f ield, a r elief c ross w ith c urving e dges a nd c urving i ncised l ines. S emi-circular i ndentations i n e nds o f a rms, a nd t wo c hannels c ut f rom t he b ottom o f t he s unken a rea t o t he b ase o f t he s tone.

1 84

9

Fig.

89

Jewellery

and 185

o ther

metal

objects

2 4

1 7

2 61 •

C-

2 7

2 9

3 0

3 1 2 3

3 2 3

F ig.

9 0

Metal

implements

a nd

arrowheads

1 86

a ccoutrements

a na

3 4

3 5

3 6

5 s

4 1

4 3

\ \ -1 • \ • • . . • . .. .-

4 4

F ig .

4 5

9 1

4 6

r-- ) / . . / . _ -. . . --

4 7

F aience a nd g lass b eads, c arved b one, m isc. o bjects a nd g lass 187

c lay

C HAPTER 7

C ONCLUSIONS

The e xcavations a t T a4kun K ale p roduced e vidence o f s poradic o ccupation f rom t he 3 rd m illennium t o the 1 4th c entury A .D . c hapter I p ropose t o c onsider b riefly t hat

e vidence,

I n t his

a nd t he w ay i n

which i t was r ecovered a nd t reated.

1 .

T echnique o f e xcavation T a5kun K ale o pened my e yes t o t he s hortcomings of a d octrinaire

a pproach t o s tratigraphic

d igging.

On t he k ale w e w ere n ormally

e xcavating c omparatively c lose t o the s urface i n a n a rea which h ad b een p loughed.

S ometimes t he s triations o f t he s hare c ould be

d istinguished, m ore often n ot. o f the s ite s taff,

I n s pite o f the s kill a nd e xperience

a nd the u nderstanding o f the w orkmen

( who had

e xcavated f or two s easons a t Aovan k ale b efore w ork began a t T a5kun), d istinguishing s oil c hanges i n the u ppermost d eposits was i mpossible.

I t was

o ften

f or me a l esson i n t he l imitations of what a re

s ometimes c alled K enyon-Wheeler m ethods o f e xcavation.

This

i s n ot

t o s ay that t he o bservation of the s tratigraphy i s n ot a n i mportant t ask f or a ll e xcavators;

i t

i s s imply t hat

i n s ome s oils

s trata

c annot b e o bserved a ccurately n or c an s oil c hanges be r ecorded v isually with c omplete a ccuracy.

S ince t he T a5kun K ale e xcavations

I h ave m ore t han o nce h ad f ierce a rguments w ith c olleagues who m aintain that a ll s trata a re d istinguishable a nd c an b e a ccurately d rawn, a nd t hat t o a rgue t o t he c ontrary i s t o r eveal o ne's I t

i s my v iew t hat the d esire t o represent

o wn i ncompetence

e xcavated d eposits

unequivocally i n p ublished s ections may i n m any i nstances b e t he f irst

s tep i n t he r eport writer's

w inking of t he reader.

a t t he s outh e nd of t he f ortress i ndicated two p hases

s elf-deception a nd/or t he h ood-

F ortunately o n t he k ale t he burnt d eposit a nd t he a rchitecture i tself c learly

o f u se.

Excavation o f t he c hurch a rea was r eason.

H ere human burials

e qually v exing f or a d ifferent

a nd r obbing f or s tones had l ed t o t he

d isturbance o f m ost o f t he a rea e xcavated t o a d epth o f a s much a s 2 m .

Theoretically i t s hould have b een p ossible t o o bserve t he

s equence of g rave, be d one.

p it a nd r obber trench;

p ractically i t c ould n ot

Again, much of the p hasing h ad t o d epend o n o bservation

of building r ather than s oil s equence. Under these c ircumstances

i t would p robably have b een s ensible

t o a bandon the a ttempt t o e xcavate s tratigraphically over t he whole a rea a nd t o c oncentrate o n s mall a reas o f c areful s tratification while

' clearing

o r

' area e xcavating'

o r

' stripping'

d ecade l ater I would c ertainly l abour l ess f ugitive l evels. me then,

2 .

But

e lsewhere.

such a p olicy w ould have b een t oo r adical

running c ounter t o t he v iews o f my t eachers.

T he T ajkun K ale p ottery c atalogue Another a im of many N ear E astern a rchaeologists,

1 88

A

t o e xcavate a nd r ecord

v iz.

t he

f or

e stablishment

o f a c eramic typology o r t ype s eries

i n o rder t o d emon-

s trate a s equence o f c hanging s hapes t hrough t ime,

c ould n ot be

r ealized a t Ta2kun K ale.

c hronological

f ixed p oints

O ccupation was s poradic,

f ew a nd u ncertain,

a nd i ndividual periods

a ppear t o have b een c omparatively brief. o f the p ottery s hapes

c ould be o bserved,

of t he c omparable material type s eries,

o f o ccupation

I nternally n o d evelopment n or d oes t he c onsideration

f rom A 2van e nable t he

f ormation o f a

s ensu s tricto.

T hus t he c ollection of pottery f rom T a2kun K ale i llustrated i n t his

book i s

s imply a c ollection.

through t ime i n a ny major f orms, a spects

I t

d oes n ot d emonstrate c hange

a lthough I have p ointed out

of t he c ollection which d ifferentiate i t

M edieval I I g roup e xcavated a t A 2van. plain wares

s ome

f rom t he e arlier

I n n either g lazed wares nor

o f t he l ate medieval p eriod o f the A 2van d istrict c an

d evelopment be d iscerned;

w ithout t he e vidence o f t he c oins n o c loser

d ating t han the g enerally a ccepted

' 1200-1400 A .D.'

c ould b e o ffered.

I n v iew o f the u ncertainties of the r elationship b etween t he three major c hronological g roups - the H ellenistic,

C P I a nd K P I I/

C F 2 a nd 3 g roups - e ach i s presented i n the c atalogue i n i ts o wn s equence.

C onclusions a nd h ypotheses

3 .

I t i s c lear t hat part, possibly most, late medieval Ta2kun was C hristian.

o f the p opulation of

A C hristian building had s tood

a t Ta2kun f or c enturies before the l ate m edieval e xpansion; C hristianity c learly had d eep r oots throughout the r egion d uring t he Byzantine period . f irst

c hurch's u sers

u sed the

Although the l ocation o f t he g raveyard o f t he i s u nknown,

late medieval C hristians

e nvirons o f the s econd c hurch a s

c annot be proven t hat the o ccupants

c g raveyard.

of the l ate medieval v illage

were the o nes who buried their d ead a round t he c hurch, h ighly probable. the v illage was s tumps yard,

( 10 ha.

but

i t s eems

The s ize of t he C hristian c ommunity i s unclear;

i f

s pread o ver the s ame a rea a s the p ottery a nd wall + ) we m ight

by no means

e xpect a p opulation o f hundreds.

f ully e xcavated,

a bsence o f o ccupation build-up a nd the l atter suggests

t o j udge by the

e vidence o f the c oins.

a n o ccupation o f l ess than o ne,

a period f rom c a.

The g rave-

p roduced s ixty o r s o s keletons

f rom a p eriod o f o ccupation which was probably brief,

g enerations,

e vidently

O f c ourse i t

1 300 t o c a.

The

o r a t most u p t o two

1 350 A .D .

a t widest.

I n t he a bsence o f b one a nd p alaeobotanical a nalyses we c an o nly s peculate o n the b asis o f s ubsistence a t Ta2kun i n the 1 4th c entury. The physical a spect d etail by o thers

o f the A 2van d istrict has been d escribed i n

( Wagstaff 1 973,

e xtrapolating f rom modern t imes c hange

i n t he last

H illman 1 973 a nd M itchell

f ive c enturies) w e would e xpect that the

husbandry of s heep,

g oats a nd cattle was

have been k ept.

i n this

A s

e xtensively d ry-cropped. p racticed,

but

i t

1 980),

( there i s no evidence o f radical

c entury,

i mportant.

P igs may a lso

the s urroundings w ere p robably

S ome i rrigation agriculture may have been

i s o bvious t hat A 2van was much b etter p rovided with

land which c ould be i ntensively i rrigated. The a gricultural a dvantages of A 2van o ver Ta2kun r aise t he q uestion why the l atter was

o ccupied a t

1 89

a ll.

That t he l ate medieval

o ccupation was not a g reat s uccess s eems

e vident f rom i ts brevity .

B ut t he p recise r easons why i t was n ot a s uccess c umstances

i t was

a nd u nder what c ir-

a bandoned c annot n ow b e e stablished,

partly b ecause

d ata a re l acking a nd partly b ecause what d ata we have a re ambiguous. O nly h ypotheses c an b e offered. P erhaps the most A 2van.

i mportant m issing d ata c oncern n ot Ta2kun but

W e d o n ot k now whether there was

o r n ot.

the l ate 1 3th - e arly 1 4th c enturies. s ettlement a t t he f oot of the mound? not,

i t

a c ontemporary v illage t here

O n the kale o f A 2van S tephen M itchell f ound a medrese o f B ut was t here a lso I f a s

i s p ossible that the p opulation of A 2van was

r esettled a t Ta2kun i n t he l ate m edieval p eriod. this proposition i n a moment. that t here was

a n e xtensive

s eems l ikely there was f or s ome r eason

We s hall r eturn t o

I f i t i s o n t he o ther hand a ssumed

a l arge c ontemporary c ommunity a t A 2van,

i t s eems

l ikel7 t hat t he two v illages w ould have been c ompeting f or s ome r es ources; a nd if this were s o, the r esult o f t he c ompetition may h ave been t he a bandonment o f Ta2kun. T o r eturn t o t he r esettlement t heory: c entury Ta2kun Kale was

i n o ne way a t

l east 1 4th

a unique c ommunity i n t he A 2van d istrict.

was d ominated by a f ortress.

I t

S o f ar a s we k now n either A 2van n or a ny

o ther s ide i n the n eighbourhood had a f ort o r was

f ortified.

D iscussion

o f t he f ortress a t Ta2kun i s hampered t o s ome e xtent by the f act t hat a s

f ar a s we know i t

p eriod;

i s u nique

h ere we s hall d iscuss

i n f orm a nd s ize i n A natolia a t this i t

o nly a s

a f eature o f t he A 2van

d istrict. The f ortress, was

which d ominated t he l ate m edieval v illage a t T a2kun

u ndoubtedly t oo s mall a nd i nadequately e quipped w ith water s torage

f acilities t o provide a r efuge f or the whole c ommunity. t o house a nd protect

I t was b uilt

a g arrison o f two o r t hree s core s ouls.

u nlikely that the g arrison was

I t

s eems

i ntended t o w ithstand major m ilitary

a ttack, n or c ould i t have b lockeu e ffectively a well e xecuted raid s uch a s that

c arried o ut by the Arab f orces o f t he Hamdanid S ayf a l-

D awfa i n the 1 0th c entury.'

T he f unction o f the f ortress a nd i ts

g arrison then was t o e xercise l ocal c ontrol. placed f or s urveillance over the E läzig passes b y Ta2kun, A 2van.

The

i t

c ould n ot

i nterdict the c rossing o f t he Murat n ear

i nference i s t hat the purpose o f the

e nforce the w ill o f the g overnment t he peace, rulers

o f a g arrison o f this

The

s ort b y the e arly 1 4th c entury

o f Eastern Anatolia, the I lkhanids, f rom a s

i s n ot s uprising;

i nscrip-

f ar a part a s Ankara a nd Ani a ttest t o I lkhanid e fforts

to o rganize their Anatolian p ossessions f or r efs).

f ort was primarily t o

o n the l ocal p opulation a nd t o k eep

i n the manner o f t he j andarmalar o f modern Turkey.

e stablishment t ions

Whilst i t was well

( Harput)-A2van r oad where i t

What

( McNicoll 1 973a : 1 71, n . 5 , c omparable ' police p osts'

i s more s uprising i s that

o f s imilar d ate have not b een i dentified. There i s n o i ncontrovertible e vidence that c upied s olely by males, a s

q uerns

a nd l oomweights

s uggests t hat v arious

f requently a ssociated w ith w omen were n ot

1 .

I owe this r eference t o James t ine Anzitene'

t he f ortress was o c-

b ut the a bsence o f h ousehold e quipment d omestic tasks

c arried o ut

i n t he f ortress.

H oward-Johnson, whose paper

will a ppear s hortly a s part

s uch

' Byzan-

o f the proceedings of a

c onference o rganized by S tephen M itchell i n Swansea i n 1 981 o n the R oman a nd Byzantine f rontiers

1 90

o f E astern Anatolia.

T he c orollary i s t hat the g arrison was n ot l ocal. s oldiers t ian.

i s

a lso l ess than c ertain,

T his

T he r eligion o f t he

but t hey were p robably n ot C hris-

d eduction i s made f rom t he re-use i n the f ortress

o f a worked s tone, c arved o n i t

p robably f rom t he

i n r elief, was

f irst

( CP 1 )

c hurch;

g ateway

t he c ross

s ubsequently c rudely c hipped away.

T he

p osition o f t he s tone makes i t c ertain t his t his d esecration o ccurred d uring t he c onstruction o r o ccupation o f t he f ortress; i t i s u nlikely t o have been c arried out by C hristians. T o s um u p: 1 .

T he s ettlement,

C F 2 c hurch a nd t he

f ortress

the s trong a nd e ffective I lkhanid rulers c entury,

f i ljaiti a a nd A b i a S a'id.

f ifty years,

a nd p robably c onsiderably l ess.

S ome o r a ll o f t he v illage p opulation was

3 .

T he f ortress was

4 .

T he g arrison was probably n ot C hristian.

C hristian.

a n i nstrument of l ocal c ontrol.

The o nly c ontemporary building known a t A svan i s which presumably has

6 .

e arly 1 4th

T hey lasted n o m ore than a bout

2 .

5 .

d ate t o t he t ime o f

of t he

A svan i s

a medrese,

I slamic c onnotations.

i n s everal ways preferable t o T askun a s

t he s ite

f or a

v illage. F rom t hese d ata we put 1300 A .D.

I lkhanid a uthorities T askun.

f orward t he f ollowing hypothesis.

t he C hristian p opulation of A svan was t o

About

c ompelled by t he

move f rom A svan t o t he l ess

f avoured s ite o f

The reason f or t he I lkhanid a ction i s u ncertain, but may have

c oncerned t he Murat c rossing's medrese a nd i ts

s ecurity.

T he c onstruction o f t he

s urvival t hrough t he e arly 1 4th c entury may be e vidence

of a Muslim c ommunity a t A svan.

T he i nstallation of a n on-Christian

g arrison a t T askun p revented t he p opulation f rom moving back t o A svan. The e nd of t he s ettlement a t T askun i s t erms

o f t his hypothesis.

a lso e xplicable i n t he

The d eath o f A b i 1 S atid i n 1 335 A .D.

t he rapid d issolution o f I lkhanid rule i n Anatolia.

g arrison would have a llowed t he p opulation t o r eturn t o i ts a bode a t A svan.

f or s ometime after t he a bandonment of the v illage, f urniture

f avoured

Although t he g raveyard a t T askun may have been u sed

i n time t he c hurch f ell ( and r oof?),

a n o rderly

l ed t o

W ithdrawal of t he

( =reverent?)

i t a ppears

i nto d isuse a nd the c hapel was

t hat

s tripped of i ts

a lthough i ts heavy c arved s tones were l eft f ashion i n f ront of the undamaged a ltars.

o ccupation o f T askun K ale t hus

c ame t o a p eaceful

i n T he

e nd.

Envoi I n the e arly

' 70s, with the i mpending d estruction of t he v illage

of A svan b y the K eban Dam's waters, Most,

a las,

the c ommunity b egan t o d isperse.

d rifted off t o the l arger t owns.

o pted t o s tay i n the d istrict,

H owever,

a few f amilies

a nd c onstruction of Y eni A svan

( New

A svan) began o n the e dge of t he h igh water l ine s ome way s outh of Taskun Kale. The v illagers a sked i f they c ould u se t he s tones f rom Taskun,

but t hey w ere n ot m ine t o g ive.

a nyway.

1 91

I e xpect that t hey u sed them

R eport has f alls

i t t hat s ometimes, when t he l evel o f t he K eban Dam

f ar e nough,

the m ound of T a5kun K ale a ppears a bove water.

T a kun was never l ikely t o be a t ourist t hink t hat

i t m ight

a ttraction,

but

I l ike t o

o ne d ay be p ossible t o r ow out a cross

to revisit t he h igh p oint o f t he s ite where f irst e xcavation.

1 92

t he l ake

I d irected a n

C HAPTER

8

I DENTIFYING S PATIAL D ISORDER

by R oland F letcher

I ntroduction I n 1 978 T ony M cNicoll a sked me t o c arry o ut a s patial a nalysis o f the f ort of T askun K ale. My p urpose h ere i s t o d iscuss the m ethodology a nd the m ore g eneral c onsequences o f the a nalysis. The f ort was a dded to a nd a ltered d uring i ts u se a nd s everal p ossible d escriptions o f the s uccessive s patial c haracteristics o f t he f ort can be obtained .

I n addition the s ite h as b een affected by p ost-

d epositional d amage a nd was,

of n ecessity,

s electively e xcavated.

T he

s uccessive f orms o f the f ort a re i n c onsequence i ncompletely r epresented i n the r ecorded p lan.

The s ite o ffers the o pportunity t o s tudy

s patial c hanges a nd t o

i ndicate ways i n which d amage a nd s ampling c an

affect the s tudy o f s patial p atterns. pushed a s

f ar a s p ossible,

Analytic

p rocedures c an be

t o a ssess what p olicies may h elp o r h inder

the i nvestigation of s pace i n a rchaeological s ites. K ale

i s a methodological

My s tudy of T askun

e xperiment.

My p olicy h as b een t o u se c rude procedures both t o handle the p roblems which r esult

f rom an i nevitable partial r epresentation of the

o riginal s tructures a nd t o d escribe t he a rrangement f ort.

o f s pace i n the

These p rocedures c ould be u sed d uring f ieldwork a nd l ater o n

i n p reliminary a ssessments.

O ne purpose o f t his paper i s t o s how

than an i mpression o f t he d imensional character of a s tructure c an b e o btained b y s imple m ethods r equiring n othing more than s ome p aper, w riting i mplement a nd the a bility t o add a nd s ubtract. o logy f or d escribing the s patial a rrangement i ts results

i s,

a

The m ethod-

h owever,

n aive a nd

s uggest s everal ways i n which f urther r igour and

c larification c ould b e

i ntroduced .

My o verall i ntention i s to a ssess a p roposition that human c ommunities w ill b e l iable t o g enerate s patial d isorder a re t rying t o p roduce s patial o rder.

c an be understood i n terms of a m odel of t he w ays o rder i s g enerated.

e ven i f they

The o ccurrence of s patial d isorder

The c onsequences of s patial

a s a c orollary o f the n eed f or a c oherent

i n which s patial d isorder c an b e s een

s patial f ramework i f c ommunity

l ife i s t o r emain v iable. The s pecific r ole of this p aper i s t o a rgue that a s imple methodology c an i dentify the a bsence o f d imensional o rder a s well a s the p resence of s uch o rder.

I t hen w ish t o i llustrate the w ays

which s patial message model s c an a ffect o ur behaviour of human c ommunities,

i n

i nterpretation of the

a nd t o i ndicate h ow the methodology

n eeds t o be made m ore r igorous a nd s ophisticated.

B asis - t he s patial m essage m odel Human beings a re h abitually able t o p roduce c onsistent

1 93

p ersonal

s pacing b ehaviour w ithout b eing f ully aware that ( Hall 1 966). e lement

T acit,

t hey are d oing s o

r epetitious o rdering o f s pace i s an o rdinary

o f human d aily l ife.

P eople c an l ocate themselves a t s pecific

d istances r elative t o o ther p eople w ithout b eing a ware that

t hey a re

d oing s o,

a nd w ithout u sing a ny measuring d evice o ther than their e ye

a nd b rain

( Fletcher 1 977 :

b eings

) 4 9).

We c an therefore e xpect t hat h uman

a re a ble t o a rrange their material s patial c ontext

f ashion.

Just a s p ersonal s pacing b ehaviour i s

i ndicators

a bout h ow to l ocate o neself i n s pace,

e xpect that the material

f orm of a s ettlement

i n a s imilar

a c ollection o f s o l ikewise we c an

s hould a lso c arry a

s patial message of s ome k ind a bout h ow s pace i s t o b e o rdered . S tudies

o f o ther

s ettlements h ave

i ndicated that

the s tructures

o f a s ettlement a ct a s a c ommunication d evice t ransmitting a message a bou t ,

a way i n which s pace c an b e a rranged i n the h orizontal p lane

( Fletcher 1 980i). s ignals.

The m essage c onsists o f numerous dimensional

The w idth of a d oor i s a s ignal,

a p articular d imension.

The l ength of o ne wall o f a r oom i s a nother s ignal i n the d imensional message o f a s ettlement. What has a ppeared f rom t he s patial a nalyses

s o

f ar c arried o ut

i s that when w e o btain c entral t endency a nd variation d escriptions f or the d istribution of a ll the t ypes a s ettlement, ment

c ontains many d ifferent types of s pacings,

r oom length, o ccur

o f s pacings w e c an i dentify i n

those v alues t end t o f orm a p attern. r oom w idth,

i n c lumps

( fig.

I f the s ettle—

e .g.,

d oor w idth,

then the c entral t endency v alues t end t o

9 2)

( Fletcher 1 977 :

9 0).

S ettlement

s pace c an

a pparently c arry a d imensional message o f c onsiderable r edundancy. A g iven c ommunity a ppears t o u se v ery s imilar s pacings t o a rrange a wide variety o f f eatures w ith d iffering f unctions, made o f d ifferent materials a nd p roduced b y d iffering methods of c onstruction. e xample,

i n a s ettlement , s pacings a round 3 m .

1 11

1 1 1 1 ,

m .

m . —

i

C entra l T endency ( C T)

C luster C .T .

S epara t ion I n terval ( 5 . 1) m . 3 2-

i 1 1

1

0 F ig.

9 2

2

i i I

I

I

3

5

6

C luster C .T .

S erial p atterns o f c entral t endencies 1 94

F or

m ight h ave e xpression

S . 1 V ar iat ion ( V) 3 " .

i v

2 •

•••

1 0 -• • _

•

• •

g b t

•

1

•

•

•

••

_ __

2

•

••

•

_

••

•

•-• •

• •

• •

•

l be

•

•

J

1 M .

3

4

8

7

5

C .T .

> I

-A q i i i

i

i v

S . I V . 3 m -

i v

2

i i 0

i o

1 g 0-.•

-

„ . -••

• --

,

•. ..

. :• _ _ _ -_ _. 1 1

I . e l i

-

_

_ ___ 2

3

I i i

- 5 5 5

• •• •• • • _

1 I

• •

• •• • __ __ _

•

i

M• C .T .

4

5

> I

9 3

•

•: • •.1 1

i d•v •. •

• •

56 50 •

•

•

-- - i

i

F ig .

--

7 1_ _

i ‘ i

V ariation t rends 19 5

6

_ 3 1 v

8

i n g rave l ength, r oom w idth, length o f g aps b etween t imber p osts i n a p latform a nd s o o n.

I n the s ame s ettlement

o ccur i n r oom l ength,

s pacings a round 4 m . m ight

c ourtyard r adius, l engths of f encing a nd t he

g aps between r esidence u nits. What w e t hen f ind i s t hat these c lumps of c entral t endencies a re r elated t o e ach o ther i n a s imple way. The i nterval o f s eparation b etween e ach c luster t ends t o f all i nto a r egular p attern, c lusters

f or i nstance e ach s uccessive i nterval between t he

i s l arger t han the p receding i nterval

( fig.

9 2

) .

T he

r elationship b etween these s uccessive i ntervals c an b e d escribed by t he e quation f or t he r egression of t he i ntervals a gainst t he c entral t endencies

( fig.

9 3).

A s horthand d escription c an t hen be u sed b y

c omparing the o rder o f the s uccessive i ntervals w ith various s tandard d escriptions of s erial p atterns e .g. Arithmetic, G eometric a nd F ibonacci. F or e xample, a c onvenient mnemonic f or t he p attern i n F ig .

9 41 i s a n Arithmetic

s eries b ecause t he s uccessive i ntervals are

a pproximately c onstant. An e xample o f a n Arithmetic s eries i s 2 ,4,6, 8 ,10,12 where the c onstant i nterval i s 2 . B y c ontrast t he c onvenient mnemonic

f or f ig.

9 4ii w ould b e a F ibonacci s eries b ecause

the i ntervals i ncrease w ith the s ize o f t he c entral t endencies s uch t hat e ach s uccessive c entral t endency v alue i s the s um of the p receding t wo c entral t endencies. An e xample o f a F ibonacci s eries i s 1 ,2,3, 5 ,8,13,21 We t hen h ave t o r elate this pattern o f c entral t endencies t o the v ariation v alues.

What w e f requently f ind i s that the variation v alues

t end t o i ncrease a s the c entral t endencies i ncrease i n s ize ( fig. 9 3 ) . The n ature o f the t endency i s d ifferent f or d ifferent c ommunities. I n t erms o f a workable message there i s a s imple rule r elating v ariation t o s ignals.

The c lumps o f c entral tendency v alues l inked by t he

o rderly a rrangement o f i ntervals a re c omponents o f a message.

E ach

c entral t endency c lump i s d ifferent f rom i ts n eighbours. But t he d ifference d epends u pon the g ap b etween i t a nd t he a djacent c lump. The more that g ap i s n arrowed the h arder i t w ould b e t o d istinguish between them . What f ollows i s that t he v ariation a ssociated w ith a c entral t endency v alue must be l ess t han t he d ifference between i t and i ts " nearest" c omponent of the message a re t o b e r ecognisable t o a ny a ctor.

( fig.

9 3 )i f the d ifferences

This was i llustrated i n the s tudy of a G hanaian and a n E gyptian s ettlement

( Fletcher

1 9801)

by u sing the s tatistical c onvention o f

the Mean a nd S tandard D eviation.

T he r esult was a t rend of v ariation

values l ess than the major i ntervals between the s uccessive Means. The i mportant and u nexpected r esult o f t he s tudies s o f ar c arried out i s that s ituations c an a rise where s ome o f t he i ntervals i n a s equence a re l ess than t he v ariation v alues ( fig . 9 3). What h as happened i s that t he c entral t endency d ifference between t wo a djacent c lumps o f s pacings i s l ess than t he variation o ccurring f or t hose values. I n e ffect, that i nterval w ould be u nrecognizable t o t he c ommunity b ecause the e xpected v ariation i s

s o g reat that t he th ifference" would b e

i nsufficiently l arge t o a ppear a s s uch t o t hem . T he d imensional message i s c oherent u p t o t he c entral t endencies f or

which the a nomaly o ccurs.

A c oherent message c an o nly o ccur f or

s pacings l arger than those i nvolved i n t he a nomaly i f the s eries shifts t o much l arger i ntervals,

g reater t han the d egree o f variation

which c reates t he a nomaly ( figs 9 4i,

1 96

i i)

( Fletcher 1 977:

1 03).

S . I 3

I .

a

2 -

-

a

••

0 0 0 0- 2

-

0

4 IIIII

I

AR ITHMET IC

I

1 1 0

9

i

1

1 1 3 m C.T

12

I

S ER IES

5 . 1 V 5 rY 1 . a 4 -

-

3 a 2-

a

0

_ ---"

9 --

m . C3 1

0

I

I

--

; 1

F IBONACC I

F ig .

3 1 I

4

5 1

6

I

7 I

8

9

1 1 0

1 1 1

I

SER IES

9 4 ( i) & ( ii)

R elationship b etween s erial p atterns a nd v ariation t rends 1 97

1 2 I

A s

i s plain f rom these e xamples there i s n o i nevitability t o t he

relationship b etween v ariation a nd c entral t endency. k ind d escribed a bove c an,

and a pparently d o,

o ccur.

Anomalies o f t he I n the c ases d es-

c ribed h owever, the a nomalies d o n ot d estroy the o verall c oherence o f the s patial m essage. But a s ituation c an b e e nvisaged i n which t he amount

o f v ariation a ssociated w ith t he s pacing d istances

s ettlement c ould be a t odds with the i ntervals d istances.

F urthermore, we might a lso

i n the

of t he s eries o f s pacing

e xpect l oss

o f s erial o rder.

F or e xample, a s eries 2 ,4,6,8,10 c ould become i ncoherent w ith s ome s light s hifts i n the s pacing d istances e .g. 3 ,4.5,5.5,8.5,9. I nstead o f the

i nterval succession being a c onstant 2 i t h as been a ltered t o

1 .5(4.5-3),

1 (5.5-4.5),

3 (8.5-5.5),

0 .5(9-8.5).

I ncoherence c an

t herefore b e d efined w ithin the t erms o f t his methodology a nd t he d escription o f variation a nd c entral t endency which i t ( a)

( b)

I f the variation v alues g enerally e xceed i ntervals of the s eries. I f a v ariation a nomaly o ccurs w ith n o a lteration o f s eries

( c)

e mploys.

i nterval s ize f or l arger s pacings.

I f the i ntervals between c lusters o f c entral t endencies

c ease t o be amenable t o a s imple

s eries d escription. At this p oint o f " noise"

i t

i s u seful t o

i ntroduce a version of t he c oncept

i n c ommunication s ystems

h elps t o g ive s ome

( Cherry 1 966:

1 98-211,

2 78).

i dea of t he g eneral c lass o f p roblems t hat

i n s patial messages s hould c ause.

T his

i ncoherence

I t a lso s uggests a r elationship b e-

tween e nergy e xpenditure a nd message c oherence which offers a g eneral model

f or t he g rowth a nd d isintegration o f t he s patial m essage u sed

b y a c ommunity . O ne d ifficulty o f a ny message s ystem i s s ignalb e ous to the message.

A f amiliar e xample o f " noise"

t hat a re e xtrani s the c rackling

s ound c oming t hrough a t elephone a t the s ame t ime a s the s ounds o f a c onversation.

The c rackle c an become s o s evere that the c onversation

i s swamped, t he words c annot b e d istinguished f rom t he " noise". T he t • I t • n oise i n a telephone l ine i s a f unction o f various l imitations o f the way i n which the s ignals I f a l ot o f e nergy i s put

o f t he c oherent message are t ransmitted .

i nto

s hielding t he t ransmission s ystem f rom

outside i nterference a nd i nto r educing t he d egeneration of t he i ntended s ignals then the message will be c lear a nd audible.

Message c oherence

d epends u pon e nergy i nput t o c ontrol t he d eleterious

effects o f

t ransmission. T here i s a n e quivalent

s ituation with s patial m essages.

I n a

s ettlement the mode of transmission of a s patial m essage i s the c ons truction of s tructural f eatures.

T he f ew i nitial c onstructions i n a

s ettlement a re t herefore a weak transmission o f t he message. l iability i s that

The

f actors which c an affect t he f orm a nd s ize o f s truc-

tures w ill tend to d istort

o r mask a ny s patial message which the

builders m ight h ave been tacitly a ttempting t o e xpress.

I n s uch a

s ituation the o ccupants would b e l iving i n a s patial c ontext where " noise"

a nd c oherent message c ould n ot b e u nscrambled.

H owever,

a

s patial message c an be made c learer by t he addition of f urther s tructures,

i .e.

t he e xpenditure of more e nergy o n message t ransmission.

When s ome s pacing d istances o thers

a re being d isplayed m ore f requently t han

t here w ill b e the basis

f or a recognizable s patial message.

1 98

The more f eatures there a re c arrying the various p arts o f t he m essage, the more r edundancy i t w ill p ossess a nd the message c an b e m ore s ecure and c lear.

When a s ettlement c ontains m any s tructural

f eatures a

s ingle o ddity c reated b y a dverse c ircumstances o r human i diosyncracy will t end t o have l ittle e ffect o n the o verall message. The i rony o f t his p rocess of a ddition a nd i ts s ettlement lead t o

d ynamics

i s that

i t n eed n ot,

f urther c larification.

s ignificance f or

i n the l ong r un,

n ecessarily

One o f t he characteristics o f the

r epeated r eplication o f a message through t ime i s a tendency t oward c umulative e rror, e ventually i ncreasing t o s uch a l evel t hat the o riginal message i s s wamped w ith c onfusion. Unless l arge amounts o f e nergy c an be put i nto e diting t he i ntegrity o f t he message w ill be l ost. Two e xtreme p ossible s ituations c an a rise. o rder w ould s imply g o o n c umulating, p ossesses s ufficient

The f irst

i s that

e specially i f the c ommunity

e nergy t o d elete s tructures, whether o ld o r n ew

that happen n ot t o f it the p revailing pattern.

But m ore l ikely i s t hat

d isorder w ill i n t he e nd i ncrease t hrough t ime w ith more a nd m ore r eplication.

S ome o ld buildings a nd f eatures w ill tend t o s urvive;

s uccessive g enerations o f builders will p erceive a s lightly d ifferent s patial c ontext a nd build i n r elation t o their p erception; o ut

s tructures

i nvolves a c ost

a nd e diting

i n e nergy that the c ommunity m ight n ot

be able t o s ustain e ven i f i t c ould c onsciously r ecognize a n " out o f p lace"

f eature.

The i mplication i s that many s ettlements may n ever g et beyond t heir

e arly phase o f d evelopment b ecause t he c ommunity f ailed t o build

u p s ufficient c ontext. m ilieu

s tructures

q uickly e nough t o s upply a c oherent

s patial

Without s uch a c ontext the c ommunity w ould l ack a p redictable f or

i ts d aily l ife

( Fletcher 1 977 :

1 07).

T he theoretical

e xpectation i s that t he c ommunity s hould c ease t o f unction a s a v iable u nit,

just a s w ould happen i f a b asis

c oncensus

c lassifications were l ost w ithin a c ommunity.

a bout o ther k inds o f I f a s ettlement a ttains

a c oherent s patial p attern w e s hould then f ind l ater o n that b egin t o d isplay l oss o f s patial o rder. t his

a s the l ate p hase o f a s ettlement

We might

i t w ill

c ommonly r ecognise

s hortly b efore i ts a bandonment.

The s pace i n a s ettlement may therefore g o through a c ycle f rom l ack o f representation o f o rder, t o c umulative o rder a nd t hen t o c umulative d isorder a nd termination. R eview I t

i s

i mportant t o n ote t hat t here i s n o i mplication whatsoever

that the c ommunity which a pparently produced a d imensional message w ill b e aware t hat

i t h as d one s o,

let a lone be aware o f t he p recise

m athematical d escription o r the c onvenient mnemonic which we c an u se t o r efer t o t hat message. Material s patial behaviour i s a s pecific c ase o f t he u sual c haracteristic o f n on-verbal s ignalling t hat human beings a re r arely aware of i ts pattern, Rules

though they know that

of e tiquette a re t he most o bvious

s uch behaviour o ccurs.

i llustration

( Argyle 1 975 :

6 2).

Two c haracteristics o f n on-verbal s ignalling a re o f p articular r elevance.

The f irst

i s that

a small number o f a cts

1 99

i n i solation d o

n ot g ive much c lue t o r egularities p ossible.

i n b ehaviour.

S econdly,

e rror i s

People t end t o c onsciously n otice d ivergence f rom t he e x-

p ected a nd they a ct a gainst

i t

i f t hey h ave t he authority a nd/or t he

e nergy. D ivergence f rom the e xpected c an a lway s occur. p resume that

We s hould n ot

s ettlements w ill a lways d isplay p erfect dimensional o rder.

I ndividual builders c ould c reate s tructures t hat might s patial pattern a nd s patial a rrangements a re s o f ew s tructures that r are .

A t the o ther

t o a s ettlement

e xamples

l ack a c oherent

c ould l ack p attern w hen there

o f types o f s pacings

a re s imply

e xtreme a l arge number o f additions a nd a lterations

c ould i ntroduce s ufficient

p reviously e xisting pattern.

e rrors

t o o bliterate a

The c onsequence of p ersistent l oss o f

s patial message c oherence s hould b e the s ame a s the f ailure o f o ther c ommunication s ystems.

The c ommunity s hould c ease t o

p articular s ettlement that

i s

f unction i n t he

d isplaying a n i ncoherent

s patial pattern.

T his d oes n ot mean that the human g roup w ould n ecessarily d ie o ut. I t m ight, e nt

but m ovement,

s ettlement

c ontext

e ither i s

i ndividually o r a s a g roup,

a n a lternative.

t o a d iffer-

O rdered s patial m essages a re

n ot i nevitable,

they a re o nly t o be e xpected a s

n ecessary basis

f or,

v iable c ommunity l ife.

a c orollary o f,

a nd

I f we a re t o s tudy t his

i nteraction we n eed a methodology which i s c apable o f i ndicating w hether o r n ot a s erial p attern a nd the a ppropriate a ssociated variation t rend o ccur

i n a s ettlement.

P ART 1 - ANALYSIS

Research procedure i )

Analytic procedure The p rocedure u sed i s

p roduct o f w ork o n e ight two p roblems

s imple a nd t ediou s and i s a n e mpirical

s ettlements

i n G hana.

I n e ssence t here a re

i n t rying t o s tudy patterns o f s ignals.

F irst, t o f ind

methods o f m easurement a nd p resentation that will i ndicate p resence o r a bsence o f o rder. r egularities

S econdly,

t o a ssess whether o r n ot a ny i dentified

d escribe the t hing they a re c laimed t o d escribe.

Measurement What to measure i s ( Hall 1 968).

Proxemics

d efined b y the t erms of p roxemic i s

a nalysis

c oncerned with s pacings b etween i nter-

a cting beings and w ith t he r elationship b etween p articular s pacing d istances a nd particular k inds p ossible measurements b etween a ctive,

of s ocial b ehaviour.

The u niverse of

i s l imited t o those s pacing d istances o ccurring

s imilar l inked e ntities,

s uch a s two people i n a n

i ntimate i nteraction o r the p eople i n a c onversation g roup. s pacing d istances a re c lassified i n t erms of the c ontext t hey o ccur.

L ikewise the d istances between i nert,

e ntities i n s ettlements a re a rranged i n c ategories a nd r oom length u sed i n this

( Fletcher 1 977:

6 0-67).

T he

i n which

s imilar l inked s uch a s

d oorwidth

D iagonals a cross r ooms a re n ot

s tudy because they a re members of a nother p ossible c lass

of s pace i nterrelationships.

2 00

1 0

7 T—

1

m 2

3

2 0-

1 0

3 2 0

1 0-

r n.

1

0

2

3

3 0 ^

2 0

1 0 -

r n

3

1 F ig.

9 5

C lass i ntervals a nd d istribution s hape 2 01

P resentation A method o f p resentation i s i tself a n a nalytic d evice, b ut i t a lso n ot t he o nly o ne p ossible, n or c an a ny p atterns i t s hows b e r egarded a s the o nly p ossible o nes.

i s

T he p resentation p roblem i s l ike

t he e mpirical s earch f or t he a ppropriate f ocal l ength f or a c amera l ens t o p roduce a s harp p icture o f t he t hings a t which i t i s p ointed . T he k ey f eature o f t his e xercise i s that a s t he f ocalle -ngth i s a ltered s o d ifferent k inds o f d etail w ill b ecome v isible, r anging d own t o t he m icroscopic.

A s y ou a lter t he n ature o f t he f ilm y ou w ill g et a v ariety

o f d ifferent i mages o f varying c larity n ot n ecessarily e quivalent w ith t he i mage t hat t he h uman e ye m ight p ick u p f rom t he s ome o bject. O nly a l imited r ange o f c amera a nd f ilm c haracteristics a re a ny u se i n p roducing a c lear p icture o f t hings a t a p articular s cale, f or i nstance t o o btain a n o verall p icture o f t he f eatures o f a l andscape . T he s ame o perational c haracteristics a pply t o a s tudy o f s patial, d imensional p henomena . A s y ou a lter t he p recision o f y our o bservation s o y ou w ill p erceive d ifferent f eatures a nd v aried r elationships b etween t hem . F or e xample, a s i s w ell k nown, d ifferent c lass i ntervals w ill p roduce d ifferent s hapes o f d istributions f rom the s ame s ample o f v alues ( fig. 9 5). What m ight b e r egarded a s t wo s eparate d istributions a t o ne c lass i nterval c ould b e r egarded a s o ne d istribution w hen the s ame v alues a re a rranged i n a l arger c lass i nterval. Two d ifferent d escriptions o f c entral t endency a nd v ariation c ould b e d erived f rom the t wo d ifferent p resentations. A ltering t he g rain o f d etail p roduces d ifferent k inds o f p atterns. What i s a t i ssue i s t he g rain o f d etail a ppropriate t o a g iven e nquiry. A p erceiving s ystem l ike t he h uman e ye a nd b rain must i nevitably b e w orking o n v arying c riteria o f s imilarity a nd d ifference w hich c hange a ccording t o the p recision w ith which o bservations a re b eing made. I f t wo o bjects 1 0 a nd 1 6 c m . a re b eing a ssessed f or s imilarity o r d ifference i n t erms o f l ength t hen a t a g rain o f d etail e quivalent t o a 5c m . c lass i nterval t hey w ould b e p resented a s d ifferent. Those s ame o bjects, when their s ize i s p resented a t a 1 0 c m . c lass i nterval f rom 1 0-20 c m . a re s imilar. T here c an b e n o a bsolute s tandard o f s imilarity a nd d ifference f or a p erceiving d evice, o nly a s tatement r elative t o t he g rain o f d etail b eing u sed . T hree m ain p oints f ollow f rom this r elativity . O ne i s t hat there c an b e m any d ifferent d escriptions o f t he r egularities o ccurring i n a s patial a rrangement. I f y ou a re c lose e nough t o a t apestry t o s ee t he warp a nd w eft d istinctly, y ou w ill n ot, a t the s ame t ime, b e a ble t o s ee t he e ntire p attern o f t he c olours o f t he t apestry. What k ind o f p attern i s r ecognized, i f a ny, d epends u pon the g rain o f o bservational d etail b eing u sed . Another c onsequence i s that w hen c omparing a v ariety o f t hings o f the s ame t ype e .g. v arious s ettlements, y ou n eed t o b e c onsistent i n the g rain o f o bservation d etail which y ou u se o therwise y ou w ill b e c omparing d ifferent l evels o f d etail. T he t hird p oint i s that y ou must l ikewise a pply a c onsistent a nalytic p rocedure a nd g rain o f d etail t o a s ite. I f y ou d o n ot, y ou w ill b e m ixing u p p atterns which r elate t o d ifferent l evels o f d etail w ithin the s ettlement. T he r esult w ill p robably b e v ery c onfusing . T he g rain o f d etail u sed i n t his s tudy i s e xpressed i n a p resentation u sing a 2 0 c m . c lass i nterval. T his i nterval has b een a pplied

2 02

t o the o ther s ettlements

i n which s erial p atterns a ssociated w ith

c oherent v ariation t rends h ave been r ecognized f or s pacings o f up t o

6 -8 m .

The i nterval i s a n e mpirical p roduct o f r esearch o n s everal

s ettlements a nd I a m n ow u sing i t a s a s tandard c omparative p rocedure. There i s n o c laim t hat i t i s t he o nly s cale of o perational d etail which s hould b e u sed, n or n eed we p resume t hat d imensional o rdering i s o nly e xpressed a t t his l evel. The p rocedure u sed i n t his s ettlement s pace,

s tudy i s merely o ne way o f p erceiving

a p olicy which a ppears t o w ork a s

a d escription o f the

d imensional a spect o f s patial b ehaviour by human g roups i n s ettlements. I t probably would n ot work f or the d escription o f i ndividual a ctivity a nd might well b e i nappropriate

i f t he analysis was t o b e r estricted

t o a ny o ne o f t he r esidence u nits i s t hat y ou would n ot the lens,

i n a s ettlement.

The c rude a nalogy

e xpect t o o btain a photo-micrograph i f you u se

f ocal l ength,

e xposure a nd f ilm that p rovides y ou w ith

e xcellent l andscape photographs.

T he p roblem o f " noise" We have t o c ope with the d istorting e ffects of p ost-depositional damage a nd s elective e xcavation,

and w ith the " noise" c reated by the

o ccupants o f the s ettlement.

S ome of the

by a reconstruction procedure

( see R econstruction P olicy p .210).

e ven then the e ffects of post

d epositional d amage c annot b e e ither

o bviated o r i gnored .

f ormer e ffects

c an be h andled But

P lainly a n analysis of m inutiae i s u nlikely to

be worthwhile s ince the s tudied s ample must b e p resumed t o i ncorporate i diosyncratic

a cbs by the o riginal o ccupants,

c ombined w ith t he e ffects

of damage o n p articular p arts o f the s ite. This o f t wo

i s

i ndeed what we f ind.

e xamples

I f d istributions w ith s ample s izes

n re u sed t o o btain c entral t endency v alues t hen n o

d imensional o rder i s e vident.

L ikewise i f d istritutions with fewer

than 5 v alues a re u sed to o btain variation v alues then n o t rend i s e vident. What a ppears i s l ow variation f or a ll c entral tendencies u p t o a bout 1 0 m . a t

The t rend of i ncreasing variation which we m ight

s ome p eriod i n t he g rowth o f the

f ort

i s

tribution s ample s izes a re therefore s et a t t endency t o b e o btained, S imilarly,

s wamped .

3o r m ore f or a c entral

a nd 5 o r m ore f or a v ariation v alue.

the s pecifications

f or d ividing p olymodal d istributions

i nto their u ni -modal c omponents c annot b e s ubtle e ither. o ccurrence i n modes, a nd d istance between modes s imple procedure.

e xpect

T he m inimum d is-

F requency o f

c annot be u sed i n a

T he u se of s uch a ttributes w ould i nvolve the u se o f

s tatistical d escriptions o f d istribution s hape. to c oncentrate o n the l east I f we i gnore c lass

Rather,

the m ethod has

f requently o ccurring d imensional v alues.

i ntervals which c ontain no d imensional values then

n o s erial o r variation p atterns a re e vident among t he i dentifiable d istributions.

The m inimal r equirement i s that a c lass

i nterval with

n o d imensional value i n i t h as t o be r egarded a s a d ivide b etween d istributions. D ealing with t he " bridge" values b etween two m odes requires more d iscussion.

Take a n i deal s ituation where the d imensional v alues a re

a rranged i nto d istinct a nd d iscrete m odes peak o ccurrences

i s a pparent.

t he addition of two v alues t he p eaks h ave n ot

i n e very c lass

d isappeared .

( fig.

9 6i).

T he p attern of

But this c ould b e s omewhat blurred by i nterval

But u nless 2 03

( fig.

s ome r ule i s

9 6ii).

Plainly

d evised t o

f 3 0 -

C. T

CT

1

1

CT

V

2 0-

•M . . . ..

. . ,

1 0-

1

0

2

f 3 0-

3

im 4

CT

V

2 0-

_

. 1 ,

• • • •

••

4•. ,

, ,

, , ,.

1 0-

III

1

o

1

3 F ig.

9 6

" Noise"

4

e ffects a nd c entral t endency/variation d escriptions 2 04

M.

d eal w ith the g eneral but l ow i ncidence of values a d escription o f t he e ntire c ollection o f v alues

i n a ll the i ntervals, c an r esult i n o nly o ne

c entral t endency d escription a nd o ne v ariation v alue,

a s

i f t he p attern

were b eing d escribed a t the g rain o f d etail e xpressed by a 1 m . i nterval

( fig .

9 6iii).

p rocedure c an b e d evised t o d eal w ith t he " noise"

s o that t he f iner

d etails a t the s maller c lass i nterval c an a lso b e d escribed. u re i s n eeded,

A proced-

a ppropriate t o t he g rain o f d etail, which w ill t end t o

s uppress the n oise but n ot o bliterate the p ossible message. t he

c lass

We need t o f ind o ut whether o r n ot a s imple

Obviously

s electivity w ith which n oise c an be h andled by a c rude p rocedure

w ill b e l imited. well!

A c rude method i s l iable to w ipe o ut t he m essage a s

T he procedure i s the e quivalent o f a djusting t he t reble c ontrol

o n a r adio to r educe t he amount o f h iss. I f y ou t ry t o c ut o ut a ll the i t • t n oise y ou a lso s uppress s ome o f the t reble s ounds o f the music thereb y m issing part o f t he message which i s b eing t ransmitted. The p olicy must avoid b eing t oo g ross a lso b e s uppressed .

o therwise t he message may

I f the r estriction o n " noise" i s n ot s ufficiently

v igorous then " noise" w ill prevail. o ccurrence i n a c lass

I n T a5kun K ale i f a s ingle v alue

i nterval i s r egarded a s

s ufficient

t o d efine a

d ivide b etween d istributions then n o s erial o r variation p attern c an b e i dentified.

This

c riterion f or s uppressing " noise" w ould a ppear

t o be i nsufficiently v igorous.

The p olicy c hosen therefore s pecifies

t hat a " bridge" b etween two modes two adjacent " bridge"

i s

c lass i ntervals

i s t o be i dentified when a t l east

e ach c ontain o ne d imensional v alue.

s plit t o c reatetwo d istributions

( fig.

This

9 7).

Many p ossible ways of c oping w ith " noise" c ould be d evised, o f them h ighly s ophisticated s tatistical o perations.

s ome

While I a m i n

n o d oubt that these w ill u ltimately b e n ecessary my purpose n ow i s much s impler.

All I aim t o d o i s

s how that a m inimum a rbitrary r uling,

c onsistently a pplied, c an be u sed t o p rovide a n i ndication o f the p resence o r a bsence o f d imensional o rder. I t h as t o be s hown that t he s uppression o f " noise" p rocedure d oes n ot t he o ccurrence o f o rder o r d isorder.

i nevitably p redefine e ither

S ince p resence a nd a bsence o f

o rder a re recognizable i n the T a5kun K ale d ata the l atter r equirement i s

s atisfied. A r elated p roblem i s the i ssue o f the c hanges

s hape which c an o ccur o ver t ime. c an,

by s uccessive additions,

d istribution

( fig .

9 8).

i n d istribution

Two i nitially s eparate d istributions

be t ransformed i nto a s ingle c ontinuous

B ut temporarily the two m erging d istributions

c ould be d escribed e ither a s o ne o r two d istributions. s ingle d istribution c an be s plit b y s uccessive d eletions t o c reate two d istributions

f rom o ne.

C onversely a o r

I n a ll s uch ambiguous

additions c ases

which o ccur i n T a5kun K ale, b oth the s eparate a nd c ombined d escriptions a re g iven. s hows

The a lternatives a re r anked.

s eparate d istributions,

g reater

e mphasis

When the preceding s tate

the s eparate d escriptions a re g iven

a nd v ice v ersa when the p receding s tate s hows

o ne

d istribution.

D escribing t he d istributions The e arly s tudies of d imensional o rder

( Fletcher 1 980i) u sed a

Mean and S tandard D eviation d escription of c entral tendency a nd variation a s

a c onvention e ven though the d istributions a re n ot

G aussian N ormal.

A n a lternative a nd s impler d escription was

2 05

s ought

E c r

_ c

c

. 0 i mre

— CO

0

0

2 06

( see E nd P aper ) 4 )

—0 )

1 0 FI b

0

1 S P

1 0 -

0

1

I 1

3

4

5

2

6

7

8

9

> > < .>





7

< -

M.

Ib

8

-> < —>

9

m .

II I b m.

2

f 1 0 -

3



7

8

9

4 -> II b

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

P - P rimary V alue S - S econdary V alue - V alue i ncluded i n b oth d istributions

F ig.

9 8

M erging o f d istributions 2 G (

7

8

9

which would g ive the s ame trend o f v ariation a s t he M . d escription.

I t was

c ould be s ubstituted

a nd S .

D .

f ound that a Median a nd 4 0% range d escription ( Fletcher 1 977:

9 6-97).

S uch a d escription c an

be p roduced q uickly a nd e asily a nd r equires n o m athematical a bility beyond s ubtraction.

A ssessing t he p roposed s erial p attern I dentifying d imensional o rder i n a s ettlement e xercise i n i tself .

What

p roposed o rder tells u s s ettlement. t ions

i s n ot a s ufficient

i s r equired i s a d emonstration t hat the

s omething a bout t he pattern o f s pace i n the

W e h ave t o be a ble t o a ssess whether o r not t he i mplica-

o f a d efined s eries have s ome c orrespondence w ith o ther

d escriptions o f s pace i n the s ettlement.

I n previous

s tudies a c ross-

c heck has b een p rovided by l ooking a t t he l ocation o f f eatures

i n

r elation to v isual c ommencement p oints a nd t he v isual f ields a round t hose p oints

( Fletcher 1 977:

9 8, 9 9 and 1 980i).

F or

e xample, when

y ou a re s tanding i n a d oorway you a re l ocated a t a v isual c ommencement p oint l ooking o ut

i nto s ome adjacent

f ield a round t he d oor.

s pace which c ontains t he v isual

What we t end t o f ind i s t hat there i s a c lear

a rea i mmediately i n f ront of t he d oor. the o ccurrence o f f eatures

s uch a s

T hat o pen a rea i s b ounded b y

f ireplaces

a nd s eating p latforms.

I s hall r efer t o t he d istance f rom the d oor t o t he n earest a s

a v isual r ange.

I t

i s this d istance which i s u sed a s

o n t he d imensional s eries The a rgument

( fig .

f eatures

a c ross-check

9 9).

i s that breaks i n the d imensional s eries s uch a s the

s hift t o a n ow s erial s equence a real l ayout o f t he f eatures

( fig .

9 ) 4)

' 7 hould b e r eflected i n the

i n a s ettlement.

T he b reak i n the s eries

s uggests that t he d istance a t which the b reak o ccurs

s hould be e x-

p ressed a s a b oundary o f s ome k ind i n r elation t o a v isual c ommencement r nint. a bout 1 m .

T f,

f or i nstance,

a n ew s eries begins f or s pacings

o f a real s pace s hould o ccur i n a n a rc a bout 1 m . ways

o f

we s hould f ind that a marked d ifference : i n the a rrangement

o f the s ettlement.

a way f rom t he d oor-

I n o ther words w e w ould e xpect t o s ee s ome

e xpression o f v isual ranges o f a bout 1 m .

i n the s ettlement.

I f s uch

a v isual r ange d id n ot o ccur t hen the s erial a nalysis w ould b e c alled i nto q uestion.

i i)

S ite p lan ( fig .

4a nd e nd p aper 7 )

T he s tudy o f T a kun K ale has b een c arried o ut e ntirely f rom t he p lan s upplied b y T ony a nd T amara M cNicoll.

My i nformation a bout

i t

c omes by personal c ommunication f rom t hem . W herever p ossible t he a im o f a s patial a nalysis a s many k inds o f s pacings s everal p roblems. d isturbance I t

a nd f eatures a s p ossible.

T he p lan i s p artial,

( damage)

s hould b e t o u se T a5kun K ale p oses

d ue t o p ost-occupation

a nd the n ecessities o f s elective e xcavation.

i s a lso a p alimpsest o f walls a nd d omestic

f ittings.

R ooms have

been a dded, walls a ltered a nd f eatures built o n t op o f e ach o ther i n the r ooms a nd the c ourtyard. F ortunately, i n Ta5kun K ale, t hough s ome c orners available. c orners.

o f r ooms a re m issing,

the w all a lignments a re u sually

A p rocedure c an be a pplied o n t he p lan t o r enovate the This p rocedure a lso s erves t o p rovide p lans of e arlier

s tates o f the f ort which have been affected by l ater a dditions.

2 08

( )

V .R . I

1 0 1

F ig.

9 9

n .

V isual r anges 2 09

I rretrievable d amage t o walling a nd the l ack of a s ecure s equence f or the d omestic

f ittings

s uch a s t andiz s ( hearth ovens)

a ccepted a s l iable d istorting f actors.

h ave t o b e

The a nalysis i s p redicated o n

a n o pinion that s patial o rder s hould b e recognizable e ven through s uch d istortion. S patial messages f ortunately a ppear to p ossess a h igh d egree o f r edundancy.

F or

e xample,

u sually r epeated by d imensions

1 977 :

9 0).

We m ight

a ny o ne v alue i n a s eries

f rom s everal t ypes of s pacings

i s ( Fletcher

t herefore e xpect t o r ecognize s patial p atterns

e ven when damage h as r educed the a vailable v ariety o f t ypes o f s pacings a nd f eatures

i n a s ite.

L ikewise,

e ven t hough a palimpsest

a nd d amage

may h ave blurred the p ositioning o f e ntities r elative t o v isual c ommencement p oints, by the s uperpositioning o f f eatures a nd the d isapp earance o f d oorways, we m ight

e xpect t hat

e nough w ill s urvive f or

the a ssessment o f s erial p attern i n c omparison to v isual ranges. I ronically the l ogical r equirement d isorder that

i s

s evere.

i nsufficient

f or i dentifying s patial

While d amage c ould m ake the

s ample s o p artial

e vidence f or p attern w ould s urvive,

d emonstrating

the p resence o f s patial d isorder r equires p ositive e vidence. a nalysis has t o

s how that

T he

dimensional a nd v ariation v alues p resent

the s ite a re c onsistent w ith s patial d isorder.

i n

Absence of p ossible

parts of a s eries would n ot be a cceptable e vidence o f d isorder. Absence merely makes d ecision i mpossible. i s t o s how t hat

A purpose of this a nalysis

d isorder c an b e i dentified a nd t o a ssess h ow much

d amage c an be a ccepted b ecause o f t he c ompensatory e ffect of the r edundancy i n s patial messages.

RECONSTRUCTION P OLICY

I ntroduction i he f ort has s ectors

s uffered v arying d egrees or d amage i n d ifferent

a nd i s a lso

e xcavated t o v arying d egrees of c ompleteness d e-

p ending u pon t he a rrangement f actors result

u ncertain while o ther s ectors t o u nknowns.

o f t he e xcavation g rid.

These two

i n the p lan o f p arts of t he s ite b eing i rretrievably c an be r econstructed w ith l ittle a ppeal

I h ave t herefore c hosen a s tandard r econstruction p roced-

u re a nd have then p ointed o ut the various p arts o f t he s ite f or which reconstruction becomes i ncreasingly u ncertain. u ncertainty i s

d escribed i n t erms

The magnitude o f t his

o f three d egrees of " repair".

T he

f irst d egree r equires o nly l imited e xtrapolation o f wall a lignment. The s econd d egree requires much l onger e xtrapolations, third d egree d ecisions have t o be made a bout

while i n t he

s ome t ermini o f wall

l ines.

P rocedure Throughout the p lan I h ave s pecified a s a r econstruction p rocedure t hat walls

c ontinue o n their k nown t rack t hrough baulks a nd a cross

t he a reas o f d amage.

S traight l ine p rojection o f the wall d irection

a nd p arallel c orrespondence o f the o pposite s ides of walls

a re u sed

where n o o ther i nformation i s available t o c omplete the s hapes of s ome r ooms. S traight l ines a nd p arallels a re u sed n ot because t hey a re c orrect, but because t hey c an b e a pplied with c onsistency . The k ey c orollary o f this policy i s that walls

i n T a5kun K ale

d o n ot run a bsolutely s traight n or a re their o pposite s ides p recisely 2 10

parallel.

The r estoration p rocedure d oes n ot therefore i nevitably

g uarantee an e xact

c orrespondence b etween the remnant a nd r estored

p arts o f the s ite.

N or c ould i t b e s aid t o i nevitably e xpress the

s nme s patial p attern s ince n o e xact c orrespondence of the r estoration a nd t he o riginal walls t hey r epresent c ould be e xpected. s acrifice

T he analytic

i s t he price f or a c onsistent p rocedure which puts the p lan

i nto a f orm u sable f or a d imensional s patial a nalysis but

d oes n ot

p redefine the i dentification o f s patial o rder. An additional r ule i s that n o i nvention c an b e made o f walls e ntirely c oncealed b y b aulks. 2 8 a nd 3 0.

S uch walls

c ould o ccur

i n r ooms

6 , 1 3,

H aving made the r ule I t hen h ave t o make o ne e xception!

The n ecessity arose b ecause o f the l ocation of t he b aulk between R 10 a nd R ll

( endpaper 1 ).

v erse wall.

I n my o pinion this baulk must c onceal a t rans-

There i s n o o ther c ase o f a t ransverse wall i n T a5kun

K ale terminating i n t his way t o p roduce a n L -shaped r oom .

Such a

r oom would b e a s evere a nomaly i n the a rrangement o f r ooms a round the c ourtyard

( fig.

1 00).

The p osition of the wall

i s d elimited by:

a

T ABLE 1 ( see e ndpaper 3 )

N otes

S tatoe

E nd s tate

S ite a s e xcavated

F inal I I

R ooms a dded a fter f ire

F inal I

D amaged b y f ire

I nitial I II

S ee a lternative i n S tart S tate I II

I nitial I I

S ee a lternative i n S tart S tate I I

S tart S tate I II 3 '

A lternative S tates . B oth c ould n ot o ccur i n o ne a ctual s tructural s equence

S tart S tate I I

R ooms 4 & 5 m ight a lso b e i ncluded

S tart S tate I

R ooms 4 & 5 m ight a lso b e i ncluded

I nitial I

3

2 11

-

2 12

T a2kun K ale .

N on-corresponding f eatures

S ubdivisions

M ain d ivisions

E stimate o f t ower p osition

b lock which p rojects f rom the i nner f ace o f t he c ircuit wall; p osition o f the w all b etween 3 3 a nd 3 2; The p roduct o f t his t he S ite. L onger,

f irst

t he

a nd t he N SW c orner o f u nit E ll.

d egree o f " repair"

i s t he E nd S tate o f

s traight l ine e xtrapolation o f wall l ine i s r equired i n

8 , 9 , 1 1 , 4 , 5 , 3 6 , 1 6 , 2 7 a nd

t he s econd d egree o f " repair", t o r estore t he s hape o f r ooms

1 8, 1 9 and 2 8.

I t a lso d efines t he l imits o f 1 ,

2 4 p rior t o t he r oom a dditions i n t he c ourtyard i n F inal I I

( see

s equence). T he t hird d egree o f " repair" r equires a d ecision a bout t he p osition o f t he n orth-west s ector o f t he c ircuit w all.

T he two e nds o f t he

i nner f ace o f t he c ircuit wall c an be d erived f rom t he s hape o f t he t ower a round r oom 2 5 a nd the f ragment o f c ircuit wall i n r oom 2 1.

T his

t hird s tage o f r epair,

T he

r estores t he s hape o f r ooms

2 1,

2 3 a nd 2 6.

m easurements f rom t his r elatively u ncertain t hird s tage a re i dentified o n t he d istribuLions. The S tate d escriptions f rom S tart S tate I t o F inal I I a re d erived f rom the 2 nd a nd 3 rd d egree r econstructions.

S equence ( Table 1 , e ndpaper 3 ) T he i nterior o f the f ort h as b een s o d isturbed by p loughing that o nly the b road o utline o f s tructural d evelopment c an b e o btained f rom t he vertica l

s tratigraphy.

H owever, the g rneral t rend o f i nterior

a dditions c an b e d erived f rom t he l ayout o f the r ooms, the various a buttments,

r earrangements o f a ccess a nd d ifferent k inds o f wall

c onstruction. T o c arry o ut the a nalysis n ecessary .

f ree i nvention, S econdly,

t o prevent

t hat the f ort h as n ever c ontained a ny major s tone o r

mudbrick wall f eatures ted .

s everal p rocedural r estrictions a re

F irst w e h ave t o a ssume a s a p arsimonious r ule,

f or which e vidence h as b een c ompletely e radica-

t he s equence c annot u sefully b e d escribed i n t erms o f

a dditions o f s ingle r ooms.

S uch a p olicy would r equire the p resenta-

t ion o f a l arge n umber o f p ossible r oom c ombinations. w ould b e t o l ittle g ain.

The e ffort

A m essage m odel d oes n ot require t hat e very

a ddition w ill b e c onsistent w ith t he e xisting m essage,

o nly that the

p ersisting o ccupation o f t he s ettlement w ill r equire t he adjustment o f a nomalies. a s

A ssessment i s n eeded n ot a t t he l evel o f e ach a ddition

i t o ccurred but r ather o f v arious

o verall S tates that t he f ort may

have p assed t hrough . T his w ill s uffice t o f ind o ut whether o r n ot the m ethodology c an p ick u p l oss o f o rder a s a n overall c haracteristic of the s ite. T he f ort a ppears t o h ave b een a ltered o n s everal o ccasions. o bvious

i s t he a symmetrical a rrangement o f r ooms

M ost

6 , 1 2, 1 4 a nd 2 2

( fig . ) t a ) within the courtyard s pace. T heir l ate o ccurrence i s e vident f rom the s tratigraphy. S everal p ossible d evelopment s equences c an b e s uggested f or t he e arlier d evelopment o f the i nternal a rrangements of T a5kun K ale.

These a re a ll b ased o n the p remise t hat the c ircuit

wall a nd main g ate were c ompleted f irst a nd that additions were t hen made w ithin t hat c ircuit. T he s equence p roposed d epends u pon t he overall s ymmetry o f t he f ort a round the Main g ate a nd c ourtyard.

2 13

C ommencing a t t he Main g ate two w ings o f r ooms e xtend a round the p eriphery o f t he f ort a nd m eet a t t he f ar e nd o f t he c ourtyard . S uccessive a dditions o f r ooms c an t herefore h ave o ccurred, s tarting b y t he M ain g ate a nd e nding w ith t he c ompletion o f a c ontinuous z one o f r ooms. After t hat, t he i nfilling o f t he c ourtyard s pace w ould h ave b egun ( endpaper 3 ). T he main p roblem w ith t he s equence i s t hat s everal E nd S tate r ooms c an b e r egarded a s s ubdivisions o f l arger r oom s paces, f or e xample 2 8 a nd 2 9 o r 1 5 a nd 1 6. T here i s n o w ay o f k nowing, f rom t he f eatures w e h ave s o f ar r ecognized i n t he s ite o r t he s tratigraphy whether t hese p ossible s ubdivisions o ccurred e arly o r l ate o r s cattered t hrough t he d evelopment o f t he f ort. T o c ope w ith t his p roblem I h ave c hosen t o p resent t he d istribut ion f rom e ach o f t he p ossible S tates o f t he f ort i n t wo f orms, w ithout t he s ubdivisions ( Condition a ) a nd w ith t hem ( Condition b ) ( endpaper

4 ) .

I n C ondition

( a ),

f or e xample,

2 8 a nd 2 9 a re t reated a s o ne r oom

w ith two l ong w alls r unning b etween t he c ourtyard a nd t he c ircuit wall, a nd t wo s hort w all s ides, o ne a t t he c ourtyard e nd a r id the o ther a t t he c ircuit w all e nd . B y c ontrast i n C ondition ( b) t his r oom s pace 2 8/29 i s r egarded a s t wo s eparate r ooms e ach w ith two l ong w alls a nd t wo s hort w alls. T he s ubdivision v alues a re i ntroduced f or t he e arliest S tate t hat c ould i nclude t hem . F inal I I(b) i s t he t erminal f orm of b oth c onditions. Another p roblem i s t he a lterations m ade t o t he M ain G ate ( 1) ( fig . 4 a a nd e ndpaper 1 ). O n s ome u nknown o ccasion a t hick w all was built a cross the i nternal a ccess t o t he g ate. I n S tart S tate I , I h ave a ssumed t hat t he a ccess w as u ninterrupted . I n F inal I I t hat b locking wall i s a n i nherent p art o f t he a lterations t o t he c ourtyard a rea. I t i s t heref2rc 2 ncluded i n F inal I I ( a) a nd (b ). F or t he o ther S tates t he o pen a ccess i s a llocated t o t he f orm w ithout s ubd ivision, C ondition ( a), a nd t he b locked a ccess t o C ondition ( b), t he f orm w ith s ubdivision. N o c laim i s b eing made t hat t he f ort a ctually d eveloped b y s hifts f rom o ne S tate t o t he n ext. T he p roposed s equence, w ith i ts t wo a lternative c onditions o f " room a malgamation" ( Condition ( a)) a nd "r oom s ubdivision" ( Condition ( b)) i s i ntended o nly t o p rovide p ossible d escriptions o f a n umber o f f orms t hrough w hich the f ort c ould h ave p assed . A ssessment o f t he c hange i n s patial p attern i n t he f ort i s made o n t he b asis o f the r ange o f p ossible f orms, n ot f rom a c laim t hat o ne p articular s equence o f a dditions a ctually o ccurred . T here i s s ome u ncertainty a bout t he l ayout o f t he f ort w hich h as t o b e a ccepted i n t he d escription s ince t here i s n o a pparent w ay t o r emedy t he p rob lem . T o s eek m ore p recision w ould b e t o d emand t oo much o f t he battered r emains o f t he f ort. T he p roposed s equence i s t herefore a s uccession o f f rozen moments i n w hat c an h ave b een a c ontinuous a nd g radual d evelopment. A ssessment i s d irected a t t he b road c haracteristics o f t he two a lternative C onditions o f t he s uccessive S tates. T he c haracteristics o f the s equence a re r eviewed i n t he l ight o f t he d imensional a nalysis. Review T he m ethodology p roceeds f rom a c onventionalized r econstruction 2 14

p rocedure which i s u sed to bring the f ragmentary p lan i nto a u seable f orm .

F rom t he l ayout of the f ort a nd i ts

i nternal s tructural

c haracteristics a broad s equence of d evelopment T he s tates of this

s tates c an be p roposed.

s equence h ave t o b e p resented,

of n ecessity,

i n two

a lternative c onditions of s ubdivided a nd a malgamated r oom s pace.

N o

e vidence i s a vailable o n when o r e ven whether particular r oom s ubd ivisions t ook p lace. s ize of tandir p lan.

Measurements of wall d imensions,

d oorwidth a nd

( hearth ovens) w ere o btained f rom the r econstructed

The d istributions of these v arious m easurements a re presented

u sing a 2 0 c m . whether

c lass

i nterval a nd a re p rocessed to c ontrol f or " noise"

f rom the b ehaviour of the o ccupants o r

e ffects.

C entral

t endency

f rom p ost-depositional

a nd v ariation d escriptions are g iven i n

t erms of M edian a nd 4 0% range.

These v alues a re n ow analysed to f ind

out whether o r n ot s erial a rrangements of medians a nd t rends of i ncreasing v ariation with i ncrease i n median values o ccur i n the s uccessive s tates o f the f ort.

R ESULTS I ntroduction O ne o f the m ain problems w ith the d imensional a nalysis o f T a5kun K ale

i s t he

s carcity o f c entral t endency v alues c ompared t o o ther

s ettlements. S ince a s erial s equence i s u sually r epresented by c lusters o f c entral t endencies a round c onsecutive m odal v alues the poor r epresentation i n any o ne S tate c an i tself be e xpected t o p roduce s mall s ample a mbiguities. T o d eal with t he p roblem o f u nder-representation, I h ave p resented t he d ata i n t erms o f the o ccurrence o f c entral tendencies over t ime i n two ways s een

( fig .

( fig.

1 02i,

i i).

This d ata has b een p resented

s o that the s equence of c entral tendencies c an b e e asily 1 02i)

a nd by f requency o f o ccurrence o f t he medians

s o

that t he m ost p owerful overall s ignals d uring t he g rowth of the

f ort

c an b e r ecognised ( fig. 1 02ii). All t hat c an b e s hown i s t hat s ome c entral t endency v alues a re f requently r epeated, w ith a s hift t oward l arger i ntervals between the l arger c entral t endencies u ntil the 7 .70 m .

v alues a re r eached.

p ossible.

N o d efinitive d escription o f a s eries

N or w ould the d escription h ave much meaning.

i s

The r ecurrent

c entral t endencies c an be e nvisaged a s l ying i n a f uzzy band of values a round e ach c omponent o f a s eries. that t he i ncrement

o f the i ntervals i s

All t hat c an b e s tated i s

s mall,

r esembling a n A rithmetic

s eries.

i )

D escription o f t he d istributions

0 t o 1m .

c entral t endencies

I n F inal I I/End S tate the medians f or d oor

s pace w idth,

t andir

d imensions a nd r oom 2 2 d o n ot p roduce a ny r eadily r ecognizable p attern ( fig.

1 01).

8 0 cm .

W all thickness s hows a marked p eak between 6 0 cm .

and a l esser p eak a t 1 -1.20 m .

( fig.

1 01).

T here i s

d ata t o c laim a ny s eries p attern b etween 0 a nd 1 m .

and

i nsufficient

Though there may

b e i ndications of c lusters a round 3 0-35 cm . a nd 6 4-66 c m . ( if w e l eave o ut t he 7 5 cm. median f or r oom 2 2) there a re s till n ot e nough v alues t o c laim t hat a p articular s eries c an be i dentified ,

1 t o 8r h

c entral t endencies

( fig .

1 02i ,

i i)

Throughout the s uccessive S tates there a re medians a t a pproximately 2 15

FIG .

1 01:

N otes

T andir r adii

1 9

T andir w idth

Tandir l ength

N ote:

4 0% r ange

. 30

. 12

3

. 35

5

. 66

. 04

8

. 64

. 17

. 90

. 16

3 2

D oor s pace w idth

M(m)

T andirs ( ovens) o ccur i n two f orms, r ound a nd o val. S ome o f t he o val t andirs a lso h ave o ne s traight s ide o r have o ther f eatures a ttached t o t hem e .g . t he r ibs p rojecting f rom t he t andir by t he a ccess t o t he Main g ate . T he d imensions w ere t aken f rom t he e xternal e dges o f t he l ip of t he tandir.

D oor s pace w idth r efers t o t he g ap w hich may have c ontained a d oor. I f t he d oors h ad wooden f rames t hen t he m edian w ould b e s maller, p ossibly a bout 7 0 c m .

F or R oom 2 2 i n F inal I I a nd t he E nd S tate there i s a m edian o f 3 0 c m .

N ote:

7 5 cm. and a 4 0% r ange v alue o f

f or w all d imensions.

" Oven" i n 3i s e xcluded . :

T andir i n 2 0 i s i ncluded i n r adii a nd w idth/length .

2 16

f 2 0

1 0

5

5

I . 1 1

1 1

l im e

i 2 I

1

I

1

2

N =19

r ad i i

1m . 3 9,

2

L1 1 1 ,

0

T and ir

99

w idth . 1m . 3

N = 5

l ength 1m . 3

N = 8

f 2 0

Li

dim

D oor s paces

N = 3 5

1 0

M IM I

0

1

2

1m • 3

f 4 0 Wa l l t h ickness

N = 7 9

3 0 . 2 0 _ . 1 0 m . 2

F ig.

1 01

T agkun Kale.

3

D istributions f or s pacings w ith

m edian values l ess t han 1 m . 2 17

I FT1 1

END ( 50 0/ 0

m .

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

6

7

8

i g

END

' l 8

gi ut ,c , "

( a )cond i ti on

FI F II I II I1 S I I I SI SI 4

3

5

( b )cond it ion

FI b

FI FI II I II I I S IN S i !

S 1

F ig.

I l

1 02(i)

T a kun Kale.

S equence a nd f requency o f medians 1 t o

P rimary values

8m .

2 3 Secondary

2 18

& a lternative values where d ifferent

c o

0

0 t r )

C '^

2 19

0

2 .00, 3 .10, 4 .20, 5 .30, 6 .60 i n . T here a re i nsufficient d imensions t o d isplay a 1 m . m edian i n a ny o f t he S tart S tates b ut t his m edian v alue a ppears i n e very o ther S tate o f t he f ort. A 7 .70 i n . m edian i s a bsent f rom S tart S tate I , I nitial I , a nd I nitial I I(a), I II(a) a nd F inal I (a) but i s p resent i n a ll t he o ther S tates a nd c onditions. T he ( a) c ondition d isplays a r epetitious p attern o f m edians e xcept i n S tart S tate I II w here t here i s a 4 .70 i n . m edian a nd i n F inal I I where t here i s a l oss o f c oherence w ith t he a ppearance o f m edians o f a bout 3 .70 m . which l ie b etween t he r ecurrent median v alues, 3 .20 a nd 4 .30 i n . i ntervals. T he

These i ntervening m edians b reak u p t he r ough s eries of

( b) c ondition d isplays a r epetitious p attern o f m edians e xcept

i n S tart S tates I I a nd I II(b). T he 3 .10 i n . a nd 4 .20 i n . v alues a re m ore s trongly r epresented t han i n t he ( a) c ondition . The i nterval i s r educed b y a 3 .30 i n . v alue i n F inal I a nd S tart S tate I II.

4 0% r ange v ariation ( endpaper 5 ) T he v ariation t rend f or S tart S tate I c ontains o nly t hree v alues. N or d o t he o ther S tart S tates c learly d isplay the e xpected t rend o f v ariation. F rom I nitial I o nwards a t rend f rom l ow v ariation v alues w ith s mall m edians t o l arge v ariation w ith l arger medians o ccurs throughout t he ( a) c ondition. I n t he ( b) c ondition o nly I nitial I a nd I I d isplay t he t rend o f v ariation. I nitial I II(b), F inal I (b), a nd F inal I I(b), a ll h ave h igh v ariation v alues f or m edians a round 3 a nd 4 i n ., which a re i nconsonant w ith t he e xpected t rend o f v ariation .

D iscussion S tart S tates I a nd I I(a) t rend i s p oorly r epresented. a nd 5 a re a dded,

d isplay s erial p attern but t he v ariation H owever,

i f o nly two f urther r ooms, 4

S tart S tates I a nd I I(a) d o d isplay a v ariation

t rend . S tart S tate I II a lways l acks s erial p attern 1 i dpaper 5 ). F rom I nitial I o nwards, the ( a) c ondition d isplays b oth s erial p attern a nd t he v ariation t rend,

e xcept t hat i n F inal I I t he s erial p attern

b reaks d own . B y c ontrast t he ( b) c ondition d isplays the s erial p attern b ut i nvolves s evere d isconsonance i n t he v ariation t rends f rom I nitial I II o nwards. The m ain p oints o f t he a nalysis a re: . 1.

T he F inal I I S tate, whether i n t he ( a) o r ( b) c ondition, e ither s erial p attern o r a c oherent t rend of v ariation. o f o rder i s d ue t o t he p resence o f n ew f eatures.

I t

l acks The l oss

i s n ot

c aused b y d amage d eleting c omponents o f t he e arlier p attern. 2 .

T he s ubdivision o f r ooms ( Condition ( b)) a ppears t o l ead t o a b reakdown o f t he t rend of v ariation i n t he l ater S tates o f the f ort.

While i t i s n ot p ossible t o b e s pecific a bout p articular

a lterations, the g eneral i mplication i s t hat t he s ubdivisions d id n ot a ssist t he o ccurrence o f a n o rdered s patial e nvironment.

3 .

The c onstruction o f t he c ourtyard c omplex i n F inal S tate I I w ith i ts a lterations t o a d jacent r ooms,

2 20

c ontributes t o t he l oss o f

s erial p attern a nd the breakup o f the v ariation trend.

4 .

The S tart S tates u nder-represent t he p ossible p attern. s light a ddition o f r ooms

a c lear v ariation t rend a s well a s a s erial pattern. I (a)

a nd S tart S tate I I(a)

d evelopment of t he f ort, S tate I II

B ut the

4 and 5 g ives S tart S tates I a nd I I(a) a re e qually l ikely moves

i f r ooms

B oth I nitial i n the e arly

4 and 5 were added f irst.

S tart

d oes n ot a ppear t o be a probable S tate of t he f ort,

a ccording t o the s patial m essage m odel.

i i)

V isual r anges

I ntroduction I n p reviously a nalysed s ettlements t here h ave been d isjunctions i n the s erial pattern where the i ntervals o f t he s eries h ave c oincided with the r ising t rend of v ariation. T here c ould a pparently be many d ifferent s hip between the s eries n ear Arithmetic

f orms o f this r elation-

i nterval a nd t he t rend o f v ariation.

s eries there s hould be a brupt j umps

i nterval s ize t o k eep a bove the r ising t rend of v ariation I n T askun K ale i t i n F inal I I 1 m .

( fig.

9 ) 4 ).

i s a pparent t hat the o verall t rend of v ariation

s wamps the s eparations b etween the medians o f l ess than

( endpaper

6 ) .

t rend i s a 2 9 cm . l ength .

I n a

i n the s eries

T he o nly s eparation v alue which l ies a bove the s eparation b etween medians

A s eries w ith a n i nterval of 2 9 cm .

v ariation t rend n ear the 1 m .

median.

f or tandir width a nd would b e s wamped b y the

T hough we d o n ot have a ny d irect

e vidence f or the n ature o f a ny s eries u p t o 1 m ., we d o know that n o i nterval i n s uch a s eries c ould h ave been l arger t han a bout The j ump t o the m uch l arger i nterval f rom 1 m . a s the f ormation o f a " new" F or t he arise

3 0 c m.

o nward b ecomes e xplicable

s eries a bove the t rend o f variation.

e arlier S tates of t he f ort the s ame c ircumstances then

s omewhere b eyond the

6 .60 m .

v alue,

p ossibly f or that v alue but

m ore l ikely a t a nd b eyond the 7 .70 m . median where t he s eries i nterval i s again s wamped by t he r ising t rend o f v ariation ( endpaper 6 ). There a re t hen odd d imensional values These v alues c ircuit wall. methodology.

9m .

8 .80 t o ( 35),

( 31)

the 1 t o values

s cattered b etween 8 .80 m .

a nd 1 3.45 m .

d erived f rom the i nternal a nd e xternal f açades o f t he

a nd

T hey c annot be o rdered i nto a s eries by the p resent T he s erial

i nterval a llows a median a t a pproximately

I ts o nly representatives i s the f açades b etween t owers ( 25).

The o nly i ndication o f a f urther

s eries b eyond

8m . v alues i s the o ccurrence o f a f ew w idely s eparated

( Table 2 ).

T able

2

1 5 m .

I nternal c ourtyard w idth D istance b etween c entres o f t owers

2 4 m .

I nternal c ourtyard l ength

3 8 m .

E xternal f ort w idth

4 6 m .

E xternal f ort l ength

We o nly h ave c oncrete e vidence f or a s erial pattern of s ome k ind f rom 1 t o

8i n . w ith a b reak a t e ither e nd. 2 21

The 1 m .

b reak i s more

m . I n terna l

M.

5

T and ir

4

m .5 E xterna l

T and ir

3

D oor /

1 i n .

v isual r ange

" Oven" N ote

:I n s ubdivided r oom s paces 1 0/11, 1 5/16,

oom 3 i n R

ars a nd p its d o n ot torage j :S o a 1 m . v isual c onform t r ange.

F ig.

1 03

A ccess c an h ave been t hrough t he r oof o r t hrough o ther w alls.

Ta kun Kale.

V isual r ange a round d oors. 2 22

2 6/27 a nd 28 /2 9 f our

t andir l ie c lose t o a w all.

c learly d efined than t he 7 .70 m .

l imit.

The 7 .70 m .

by t he h igh v ariation v alues o f I nitial I II(b) p aper

l imit i s

a nd F inal I I(b)

s wamped ( end-

6 ii).

V isual r anges The l imiting v alues i n the s ettlement,

o f the s erial p attern s hould h ave e xpression

e ither a s a v isual r ange out

f rom a v isual c ommence-

ment p oint l ike a d oorway o r a s the d istance f rom the c entre t o t he e dge of a n o pen s pace.

1m .

v isual r ange An i ndication o f a 1 m .

All the t andirs inside r ooms d oorway

v isual r ange o ccurs a round t he d oorways. o ccur a t o r beyond 1 m .

f rom t he n earest

( fig . 103 ) .

There i s o ne a berrant t andir, g ap l eading f rom r oom

I t into

r oom

l ocated i n a d oor s pace,

5 and

a u nique tandir

i n the

i n r oom 3

P ' roposed w alkway

0

T andir

( )

T andir a ssociated FI I FI I s tructures

T owers s chematic

0 5 i 0m C MC7 1 1 QME MEJ M

F ig .

1 04

T aekun K ale .

T andirs a nd t he c ircuit w all 2 23

. E f , 4 0 0 . . g Q ) .

E

M

I nitial I II M Z . , T " , z 3 M c . ) 1 - F 2 O M C O e n e t e . ) e s

g e

2 c o 0 I Z i Z ' c 1

0 c o i m H

• ' f b 0 0 c o

g ,

• e l

e o ez o -I -

e

c o • • '-(3

g i

1 ) 0 C O M M ( 7 3 7 3(

r 2A J . . 4 * §

. ,E §

§

q .

M ( 3 7 C O §

e i b 1 *•

0

• . 4 . '

e n

o

i s

2 C O M

' e l • c • •

2 24

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