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Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley [1]
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Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley [2]

Table of contents :
Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 7
List of Figures......Page 11
List of Plates......Page 13
List of Tables......Page 17
Preface......Page 23
Appendix 1. A Checklist of Edible Plants......Page 25
Appendix 2. Preliminary Descriptions of New Projectile Point Types......Page 41
Appendix 3. Archaeological Site Reports......Page 0
The Fortin Site......Page 43
The Street Site......Page 127
The Messina Site......Page 149
The Shearer Site......Page 153
The Mattice No. 2 Site......Page 155
The Munson Site......Page 181
The Camelot No. 1 Site......Page 191
The Camelot No. 2 Site......Page 211
The Crandall-Wells Site......Page 241
The Rose Site......Page 245
The Enck No. 1 Site......Page 265
The Enck No. 2 Site......Page 275
The Kuhr No. 1 Site......Page 295
The Kuhr No . 2 Site......Page 341
The Otego Rockshelters......Page 369
The Sternberg Site......Page 385
The Gardepe Site......Page 397
The Russ Site......Page 435
The Johnsen No. 1 Site......Page 507
The Johnsen No . 2 Site......Page 523
The Egli Site......Page 537
The Bemis Site......Page 549
The Wessels Site......Page 559
The Castle Gardens Site......Page 561
The Cottage Site......Page 583
Appendix 4. Palynological and Radiometric Analyses......Page 599
Mud Lake East......Page 600
Vly Bog......Page 601
Oneonta Bypass Bog......Page 602
The Organic Zone at the Munson Site......Page 603
Pollen samples from the Mattice No. 2 Site......Page 604
The Camelot Pond Locality......Page 606
The Mill Creek Junction Locality......Page 607
The Chamberlain Hill Road Locality......Page 609
The Organic Zone at the Enck No. 1 Site......Page 612
The Organic Sample from the Kuhr No. 1 Site......Page 614
Pollen Samples from the Gardepe Site......Page 616
Lake Misery......Page 617
References Cited......Page 619
Author and Investigators Index......Page 623

Citation preview

VassawCoi iege lnlbwawnes

Front Cover: Robert E. Funk at the Kuhr No. 1 Site, August 1972. See also Plate 81.

View of profile along W3 line at the Russ site, 1977. See a lso Plate 143. [Precision excavating, like sculpture or any other creative endeavor, is its own reward.]

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA VALLEY, NEW YORK STATE VOLUME II

by Robert E. Funk Anthropological Survey New York State Museum

With contributions by:

Franklin J. Hesse Donald M. Lewis Bruce E. Rippeteau William A. Starna Beth Wellman David R. Wilcox

Persimmon Press Monographs in Archaeology, 1998

To William A. Ritchie, to amateur archaeology, and to all field workers who have nourished the spirit of science.

© Robert E. Funk. No portion of this work may be reproduced in any form without permission of the author and the publisher. Persimmon Press, l 181illinghast Place, Buffalo, New York 14216.

Printed by Partners' Press, Kenmore Avenue, Buffalo, N.Y 14217.

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME I List of Figures List of Plates List of Tables Foreword Preface Part I:

The Project Introduction Chapter 1: Research Philosophy: Objectives, Approaches, and Results Chapter2: Field and Laboratory Methods

Part II:

The Environment Chapter 3: General Geology and Geography Chapter 4: Fauna! and Floral Resource Potential Chapter 5: Environmental Zones and Local Habitats

Part III.

The Cultures in Conflict Chapter 6: Europeans Come to the Upper Susquehanna

Part IV:

The Interpretations Chapter 7: Fluvial Geomorphology of the Upper Susquehanna Study Area Chapter 8: Prehistoric Vegetation Change in the Upper Susquehanna Drainage Chapter 9: Writing Culture History Chapter 10: The Upper Susquehanna Sequence and Chronology Chapter 11: Continuity, Stability and Change Chapter 12: Functions and Activities Chapter 13: Subsistence, Settlement, and Seasonality Chapter 14: Summary, Conclusions, and Synthesis

References Cited Indices to Volume 1

VOLUME II List of Figures ................ ................... ............ .......... ......... ................. ... ........................ ................... ....................... ... 7 List of Plates ................................................................................. .. ........................................................................... 9 List of Tables ...... ..................................................................................................................................................... 13 Preface .................................................................. ......... ............ .................... ......................................................... 19 Appendix 1: A Checklist of Edible Higher Plants Native to the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State .......................... ......................................................... 21 Appendix 2:

Preliminary Descriptions of New Projectile Point Types ........................................... .......... 37

Appendix 3: Archaeological Site Reports The Fortin Site ................................................. ... ........ ......................................................................... 39 The Street Site ............................................................................. ......... .. .......................... ..... ..... ....... 123 The Messina Site ............................................................ .............. ................. .................................... 145 The Shearer Site .............. .................................................. .... ............. .. ... ......... .. ............................... 149 The Mattice No. 2 Site ........... ..... ................ ........ .... ................. ............................. ............................. 151

3

The Munson Site ..... ... ........................... .................................. ........................................................... 177 The Camelot No. 1 Site ......................................... ...................................................................... ..... . 187 The Camelot No. 2 Site ............................. ............ ............................ ..... ........................... ................ 207 The Crandall-Wells Site .......... ... ............ .......................... ................................................................ 237 The Rose Site ......................................... ....................... ................. ........... ........... ........ ....................... 241 The Enck No. 1 Site ...... ......... ..................... ............................. ........................... ...... ...................... .... 261 The Enck No. 2 Site ............ ............... ..................... .................................. ..... ..... ................................ 271 The Kuhr No. 1 Site ..... ... ...... ... ............ ... .... ........... .................................. ..... ..... ......... ....................... 291 The Kuhr No. 2 Site ....................... ............ ........................ ................................................................ 337 The Otego Rockshelters ........ ................................................................................................. ....... ... 365 The Sternberg Site ........................ ............ ............................. ........................................................... 381 The Gardepe Site ......... ..................................................................................................................... 393 The Russ Site .... ........................................................................................ .......................................... 431 The Johnsen No. 1 Site ...... .......................................... ............................................ .................... ...... 503 The Johnsen No. 2 Site ................................................................. ....................................... .............. 519 The Egli Site ..... ............ ...... ............................ .............. ...................................................................... 533 The Bemis Site .............. ............................................. ...... .................................... ............... ..... .......... 545 The Wessels Site ....................... ............ ............ ... ......... ........ ........... ... ............................................... 555 The Castle Gardens Site ............................................................................ ........................... ...... .. ... 557 The Cottage Site ................................... ............ .... ...... .. ... ... ........................ ......... .... ........... ............... 579 Palynological and Radiometric Analyses of Organic Samples from Archaeological and Non-Archaeological Localities: .............................................. 595 Mud Lake East ....................................... ............................. ...................... ....................... ... ............... 596 Vly Bog ..................................... ... ...... .............................................. .................................................... 597 Oneonta Bypass Bog .... ............ ........................................................................................................ 598 The Organic Zone at the Munson Site ............. .............. ........... .................................................... 599 Pollen samples from the Mattice No. 2 Site ....................... ......... .............................................. .... 600 The Camelot Pond Locality ................. ...... ........... ... ... ............................ ......................................... 602 The Organic Zone at the Crandall-Wells Site ............................. .................. .. ... .......... ..... .......... 603 The Mill Creek Junction Locality .......................................................... .......................................... 603 The Chamberlain Hill Road Locality ....................... ...................................... ..... .......................... 605 The Organic Zone at the Enck No. 1 Site ........ .................................... .......................................... 608 Pollen Samples from the Enck No. 2 Site .................... .................................................................. 610 The Organic Sample from the Backhoe Trench at the Kuhr No. 1 Site ........ .................... ...... 610 Pollen Samples from the Gardepe Site .............................................. .......................... ................ 612 Russell Beach Swamp ............................................. ........................................................................ 613 Lake Misery ........................................... ............................. .............. ........... ..... .................................. 613 References Cited ................. ......... ... .............................................................................. .......... .......... 615 Indices to Volume 2 ........................................... ................................................................................ 619

Appendix 4:

4

VOLUME2

LIST OF FIGURES Figure41. Figure 42. Figure 43. Figure 44. Figure 45. Figure 46. Figure 47. Figure 48. Figure 49. Figure 50. Figure 51. Figure 52. Figure 53. Figure 54. Figure 55. Figure 56. Figure 57. Figure 58. Figure 59. Figure 60. Figure 61. Figure 62. Figure 63. Figure 64. Figure 65. Figure 66. Figure 67. Figure 68. Figure 69. Figure 70. Figure 71. Figure 72. Figure 73. Figure 74. Figure 75. Figure 76. Figure 77. Figure 78. Figure 79. Figure 80. Figure 81. Figure 82. Figure 83. Figure 84. Figure 85. Figure 86. Figure 87. Figure 88. Figure 89. Figure 90. Figure 91. Figure 92. Figure 93.

Stratigraphic profiles, Fortin site, locus l ........................... ...... .............................................. .. .......... ........ 81 Map of the Fortin site locale and excavations ........................... .. ............................................................. 82 Maps of zones 6 and 7 showing features and artifacts, Fortin site, locus l. ...................... .. ................ 83 Density distribution of debitage in zone 7, Fortin site, locus 1. .. .... ...... ...................... ............................ 84 Maps of occupation zones 4 and 5 showing features and artifacts, Fortin site, locus 1.................... 85 Density distribution of debitage in zone 5 at the Fortin site, locus l. .................................................... 86 Density distribution of debitage in zone 4 at the Fortin site, locus l. .................................................... 86 Maps of zones 2 and 3 showing features and artifacts, Fortin site, locus l. ........ ................................ 87 Density distribution of debitage in zone 3 at the Fortin site, locus l. ................................ .................... 88 Density distribution of debitage in zone 2 at the Fortin site, locus 1. ................................ .. ...... ............ 88 Map of zone lB showing features and artifacts, Fortin site, locus l. .................. ,................................. 89 Horizontal distribution of artifact types within the plow zone at the Fortin site, locus 1................... 90 Stratigraphic distribution of projectile points at Fortin site, locus 1. ...................................... ............... 91 Density distribution of fire-cracked rocks in the stratigraphic zones at the Fortin site, locus l. ...... 92 Stratigraphic profiles, Fortin site, locus 2... ................................ ................................................................ 93 Map of occupation zone 2 showing features and artifacts, Fortin site, locus 2. ........ .......... ...... ......... 94 Map of occupation zone 3 showing features and artifacts, Fortin site, locus 2.................................. 95 Density distribution of debitage in zone 3 at the Fortin site, locus 2..................................................... 96 Density distribution of ceramics in occupation zones 3 and 4, Fortin site locus 2............................. 97 Maps of zones 4 and 5 showing features and artifacts, Fortin site, locus 2................... .... ........ .. ........ 98 Density distribution of debitage in zone 4 at the Fortin site, locus 2................................................... .. 99 Density distribution of fire-cracked rocks in each stratigraphic zone at the Fortin site, locus 2. .... 99 Map of locale and excavations at the Street site ... ...... ........................................................................... 138 Stratigraphic cross-section of riverbank test at the Messina site ..... .... .. .......................... ................... 147 Map of locale and excavations, Mattice No. 2 site ................................................................................. 164 Stratigraphic profiles, Mattice No. 2 site ......................................................... ............ ...... ........................ 165 Map of occupation zone 1 showing features and artifacts, Mattice No. 2 site .................................. 166 Map of occupation zone 2 showing features and artifacts, Mattice No. 2 site .................................. 167 Composite map of occupation zones 3 and 4 showing features and artifacts, Mattice No. 2 site. 168 Locale, excavations, and stratigraphic profile, Munson site ................................................................ 183 Map of locale and excavations, Camelot No. 1 site ............................................................................... 195 Occupation floor plan and stratigraphic profiles, Camelot No. 1 site, locus 1. ................................ 196 Floor plan of Camelot No. 1 site, locus 1, showing horizontal distribution of artifact types . ......... 197 Density distribution of debitage and fire-cracked rock at the Camelot No. 1 site, locus 1. ............ 198 Stratigraphic profiles and map of occupation zone, Camelot No. 1 site, locus 2....................... ...... 199 Map of locale and excavations, Camelot No. 2 site ............................................................................... 221 Horizontal distribution of artifacts in the plow zone, Camelot No. 2 site, locus l. ............................ 222 Stratigraphic profiles and plans of occupation zones, Camelot No. 2 site, locus 1......................... 223 Density distribution of debitage in zones D, E, F, G at the Camelot No. 2 site, locus 1. ................... 224 Density distribution of fire-cracked rocks in the stratigraphic zones at Camelot No. 2 site, loci 1 and 2................................................................................................................................. . 225 Stratigraphic profiles and plan of occupation zones, Camelot No. 2 site, locus 2........................... 226 Map of the Crandall-Wells-Camelot Farm Area ......... .............. ................ .................... .............. ........... 239 Map of the Rose site locale and excavations . ......................................................................................... 257 Occupation floor plans and stratigraphic profiles, Rose site, loci 1 and 2....... ................................. 258 Density distribution of debitage in floor 2 at the Rose site, locus 1. .............. ...................................... 259 Density distribution of fire-cracked rocks in the stratigraphic zones at the Rose site, locus 1. ...... 259 Density distribution of fire-cracked rocks in the stratigraphic zones at the Rose site, locus 2....... 260 Density distribution of debitage in the stratigraphic zones at the Rose site, locus 2. ............ .. ........ 260 Map of locale and excavations, Enck No. 1 site ...................................................................................... 267 Stratigraphic profiles and occupation floor plans, Enck No. 1 site ..................................................... 268 Map of locale and excavations, Enck No. 2 site ..... .................................... ...... .... ................................... 285 Stratigraphic profiles, Enck No. 2 site ........................................................................................................ 286 Map of occupation floors showing features, Enck No. 2 site ............................................... ........ ......... 287

7

Figure 94. Figure 95. Figure 96. Figure 97. Figure 98. Figure 99. Figure 100. Figure 101. Figure 102. Figure 103. Figure 104. Figure 105. Figure 106. Figure 107. Figure 108. Figure 109. Figure 110. Figure 111. Figure 112. Figure 113. Figure 114. Figure 115. Figure 116. Figure 117. Figure 118. Figure 119. Figure 120. Figure 121. Figure 122. Figure 123. Figure 124. Figure 125. Figure 126. Figure 127. Figure 128. Figure 129. Figure 130. Figure 131. Figure 132. Figure 133. Figure 134. Figure 135. Figure 136. Figure 137. Figure 138. Figure 139. Figure 140. Figure 141. Figure 142. Figure 143. Figure 144. Figure 145. Figure 146. Figure 147.

Map of occupation floors showing artifacts and features, Enck No. 2 site . ........................ ............... 288 Density distribution of fire-cracked rocks in the stratigraphic zones at the Enck No. 2 site . ..... ..... 289 Density distribution of Lamoka zone debitage at the Enck No. 2 site ................................................. 289 Map of locale and excavations, Kuhr No. 1 site ....................................................... ..... .......................... 311 Stratigraphic profiles, Kuhr No. 1 site ................... ............ ........................................................................ 312 Plans of occupation zones L-1, L-2, and L-3, Kuhr No. 1 site .......................................... ..... ....... ........... 313 Plans of occupation zones V-1, V-2, and SK, Kuhr No. 1 site .................................................... ............. 314 Plans of occupation floors S-1, S-2, and S-2A, at the Kuhr No. 1 site .................................................. 315 Plans of occupation zones S-3, S4, and W-1, Kuhr No. 1 site ......................................... ....................... 316 Map of locale and excavations, Kuhr No. 2 site . ... ... ...... ............................ ........... ............. ..................... 351 Occupation zone plans showing artifacts and features, Kuhr No. 2 site ................. ..... ..................... 352 Stratigraphic profiles, Kuhr No. 2 site ........ ............................................................................................... 353 Density distribution of debitage in zone 3 at the Kuhr No. 2 site .................... ..................................... 354 Density distribution of debitage in zone 4 at the Kuhr No. 2 site . ....... ... ............. ...... ............... ............ 354 Density distribution of fire-cracked rocks in the stratigraphic zones at the Kuhr No. 2 site ........... 354 Map of locale and excavations, Sternberg site ......................................................................... .............. 387 Occurrence of occupation debris in test pits, Sternberg site ............................... ..... ..... ....................... 388 Map of occupation zones in main excavation, Sternberg site ............................................................. 389 Density distribution of fire-cracked rocks in the stratigraphic zones at the Sternberg site ...... ...... 390 Density distribution of artifacts and debitage in the stratigraphic zones at the Sternberg site .... 390 Map of locale and excavations, Gardepe site . ....................................................................................... 414 Horizontal distrib~tion of artifact types within zones 1and2 at the Gardepe site, locus 1. ........... 415 Stratigraphic profiles and plan of zone 3, Gardepe site, locus 1. ........................................................ 416 Distribution of artifacts within zones 3,5, and 6, Gardepe site, locus 1..................................... ..... ..... 417 Plan of zones 4 and 6 showing features, Gardepe site locus 1. ........................................................... 418 Horizontal distribution of artifacts in zone 4 at the Gardepe site, locus 1. ........................... ........ ....... 418 Density distribution of debitage in zone 4 at the Gardepe site, locus 1. ............................................ 419 Density distribution of debitage in zone 5 at the Gardepe site, locus 1. ............ ................................ 419 Density distribution of debitage in zone 6, Gardepe site, locus 1...................................................... . 420 Density distribution of fire-cracked rocks in stratigraphic zones at the Gardepe site, locus 1. ...... 421 Profile of trench A, locus 3, and plan of locus 4, Gardepe site ........................ ..... ............................... 422 Map of locale and excavations, Russ, Johnsen No. 2 and Johnsen No. 3 sites .................................. 470 Stratigraphic profiles, Russ site . ............................................................................ ........ .. ........................... 471 Distribution of prehistoric and historic artifacts in the plow zone, Russ site, locus 1. ...................... 472 Distribution of historic period items in the plow zone, Russ site, locus 2............................. .............. 473 Distribution of projectile points and pottery in the plow zone, Russ site, locus 2............ ..... ............ 474 Distribution of bifaces, unifaces, and rough stone tools in the plow zone, Russ site locus 2......... 475 Distribution of Late Archaic through Middle Woodland artifacts below plow zone, Russ site, locus 2............................. ... ..................... .................................................... ............................ ... .... 476 Distribution of features at the base of the plow zone, Russ site locus 1. ........................ ... .. ............... 477 Distribution of features at the base of the plow zone, Russ site locus 2. ........................... ......... 478-480 Distribution of Early to Middle Archaic projectile points below plow zone, Russ site, locus 2..... 481 Map of locale and excavations, Johnsen No. l site .................................................. ........... ..... ... .. ........ .. 511 Stratigraphic profiles and plans of occupation floors, Johnsen No. 1 site . ... ............. ........................ 512 Horizontal distribution of artifact types in the stratigraphic zones. at the Johnsen No. 1 site, locus 1. ......................................... ... ... .............. ................... ...... ....................... ... 513 Stratigraphic profiles, Johnsen No. 2 site ................ .................................................................................. 524 Floor plans of occupation floors, Johnsen No. 2 site ......... ............................ .......................................... 525 Horizontal distribution of artifact types in the stratigraphic zones at the Johnsen No. 2 site ......... 526 Density distribution of fire-cracked rocks in the occupation zones at the Johnsen No. 2 site . ....... 527 General map of the Egli site and plan of the 1971 excavations .......................................................... 541 Stratigraphic profiles, Egli site ............... ........... ............ ........................................ ..... ..... ..... ...................... 542 Map of locale and excavations, Castle Gardens site .............................. ...... ........................................ 570 Stratigraphic profiles and plan of State Museum excavations, Castle Gardens site ..... ................ 571 Map of locale and excavations at the Cottage site ........................................... ..... ........................ ........ 590 Stratigraphic profile of test trench A at the Cottage site ................ ................. ........ ........ ...................... 591

8

LIST OF PLATES Plate 13. Plate 14. Plate 15. Plate 16. Plate 17. Plate 18. Plate 19. Plate 20. Plate21. Plate 22. Plate23. Plate 24. Plate25. Plate 26. Plate27. Plate 28. Plate 29. Plate 30. Plate31. Plate 32. Plate 33. Plate 34. Plate 35. Plate 36. Plate 37. Plate 38. Plate 39. Plate 40. Plate41. Plate 42. Plate 43 Plate44. Plate 45. Plate46. Plate 47. Plate 48. Plate 49. Plate 50. Plate51. Plate 52. Plate 53. Plate 54. Plate 55. Plate 56. Plate 57. Plate 58. Plate 59. Plate 60. Plate61. Plate 62. Plate 63. Plate 64. Plate 65. Plate 66. Plate 67.

General view of Fortin site ............................ .................................... .......................... ............................. ....... 39 Excavations in progress at the Fortin site, locus 1. ........ ... ........................................... ..... .......................... 41 A portion of the NO profile at the Fortin site, locus 1............ ............. ... ........ ... ... ............... ... ..... ....... ... ....... 42 North and east profiles of section EONlO at the Fortin site, locus 1. .............. .......................................... 42 East profile of section W50Sl0 at the Fortin site, locus 1........................ ...... .... ,... .. ... .. ... ........................... 42 Artifacts from zones 5, 6, and 7 at the Fortin site, locus 1. .......... .............. ............. .......................... .......... 46 Feature 112 at the Fortin site, locus 1, in cross-section ....... ........ ...................... ..... ...... .......... ... .. ............... 47 Feature 114, zone 7, section W30S20 at the Fortin site, locus 1. .................................... .. ... .. ............. ....... 47 Feature 91, zone 7, section WlOS20 at the Fortin site, locus 1. ................... ..... ... ........................ .............. 47 Artifacts from zones 3 and 4 at the Fortin site, locus 1. .......................... .......................... ............. ............. 49 Rough stone tools from zones 3 and 4 at the Fortin site, locus 1. ......... ..... ... ........ ....... .............. .............. 51 Feature 27, zone 3, section W40Sl0 at the Fortin site, locus 1. ........ ..... ... ... ..... ..... ..... ......... .......... ............ 53 Artifacts from zones lB and 2 at the Fortin site, locus 1. ............................. ............... .... .............. ............. 55 Artifacts from the plow zone at the Fortin site, locus 1. ... ...... ..... ... ... ........................... ......... ..................... 59 Post molds in section ElOS20, top of zone 2 at the Fortin site, locus 1. ............................... .. ................... 60 Excavations in progress during the 1972 season at the Fortin site, locus 2........................................... 68 Profile along the W350 line at the Fortin site, locus 2......... .................................................................... ... 69 Profile of east wall of section W360S290 at the Fortin site, locus 2............ .............................................. 69 South profile of section W360S300 at the Fortin site, locus 2.................................................... ........ ........ 69 Artifacts from the Fortin site, locus 2.............................................. .......................................... ........ ............. 71 Intensive occupation floor in zone 3, section W360S290, at the Fortin site, locus 2.............................. 74 Feature 44, occupation zone 3, at the Fortin site, locus 2.. ... .............. ... ............................... ...... ............ ." .. 75 Feature 37, occupation zone 3, at the Fortin site, locus 2........................................................ ..... ............. 75 Feature 41, in occupation zone 4, Fortin site, locus 2................ ... ...................... ... .. ... ................................ 77 View of the Street site ................ ................................................... ... ...................... ..... ... .......................... ....... 123 Excavations at the Street site .................... ............................ ...... ............. ........... ... ..... ... ..... ... ....................... 125 East and south profiles of section E50Nl0 at the Street site, locus 1. ............................. ....................... 126 Artifacts from the Street site .......................... ................ ........ ............ ................ ... .................. ........ ............... 127 Feature 51 in occupation zone E, at the Street site, locus 1. ............................................... .................... 128 Restored section of Wickham Punctate pot from the Street site ............................................................ 129 Artifacts from the Street site .................................................................................... ...................................... 130 North and east profiles of section E70Sl00 at the Street site, locus 4..................................... ............... 131 Restored section of Owasco Corded Horizontal pot from the Street site ...... ...... ........................ ......... 134 View of Messina site ........... ....... ... .. ............. ... .... .. ... ... .................................................................................... 145 View of excavations at the Mattice No. 2 site . ................................................ ... .. ... .. .............. .. .................. 151 Stratigraphic profile along the NlO line at the Mattice No. 2 site ........... ........ .......... .......... .................. . 152 Chipped stone artifacts from the Mattice No. 2 site .. ...... .......................................................................... 154 Rough and polished stone and ceramic artifacts from the Mattice No. 2 site .................................... 155 Feature 13a, in occupation zone 2, at the Mattice No. 2 site ............. .. .......................... .......................... 157 Feature Sa, in occupation zone 2, Mattice No. 2 site .................... ................ ............... ............................. 158 Feature 37, occupation zone 2, Mattice No. 2 site . ....... ......................... ........ ......... .......... ......... ... .. ........... 158 Artifacts from the Munson site ......................... ..................... ................. ........ ..... ..... .................... ................. 179 General view of the Camelot No. 1 site ......... ... ..... ............ ............................ ... ..... ........... ................. ........ . 187 Excavations at the Camelot No. 1 site ................... ..... ...... ......... ...................... ............................. .......... ..... 189 Cross-section of feature 1 at Camelot No. 1 site, locus 1. ....................................................... ................. 189 Artifacts from the Camelot No. 1 site, locus 1........................................... ..... ...... ................................. ..... 190 Feature 2, section WlOS20, at Camelot No. 1 site, locus 1. ........ ................. ... .. ....................................... 191 Feature 1 at the Camelot No. 1 site, locus 2.. ... ... ... .................................. .................................................. 192 View of Camelot No. 2 site showing loci 1 and 2........ ....................... ....................................................... 207 Profiles of east and south walls, section WlONO, Camelot No. 2 site, locus 1.................................... 208 Feature 2A, zone D, Camelot No. 2 site, locus 1 ............ ........................ ....... ... ............. ............................. 210 Artifacts from the Camelot No. 2 site, locus 1............................. .............................................. .......... ..... .. 211 Fire-shattered bifaces from zone D at the Camelot No. 2 site, locus 1.......................... ................ ....... 213 View of the Rose site, locus 1. ............................................................................................................... ... .. ... 241 Excavations at the Rose site, locus 2.................................. ................. ...... ................ ..... ..... ........................ 242

9

Plate 68. Plate 69. Plate 70. Plate71. Plate 72. Plate 73. Plate 74. Plate 75. Plate 76. Plate 77. Plate 78. Plate 79. Plate 80. Plate81. Plate 82. Plate 83. Plate 84. Plate 85. Plate 86. Plate 87. Plate 88. Plate89. Plate 90. Plate91. Plate92. Plate 93. Plate 94. Plate 95. Plate 96. Plate 97. Plate 98. Plate 99. Plate 100. Plate 101. Plate 102. Plate 103. Plate 104. Plate 105. Plate 106. Plate 107. Plate 108. Plate 109. Plate 110. Plate 111. Plate 112. Plate 113. Plate 114. Plate 115. Plate 116. Plate 117. Plate 118. Plate 119. Plate 120. Plate 121. Plate 122. Plate 123. Plate 124. Plate 125. Plate 126

Excavations at the Rose site, locus 1. .......................................... ................................ ... ............................ . 242 Artifacts from the Rose site ............................... ......... ....................... ........ ... .......... ... ..... ... ... ...... ........... ......... 244 Feature 1, zone 2, at the Rose site, locus 2. ............................................... ........................................... ...... 247 View of the Enck farm . ........................................ ............................................................................................ 261 Excavations at the Enck No. 1 site . ..................... ................................... ...... .. ............................................... 262 Stratigraphic profile, Enck No. 1 site ............................. ... ......... ........ .............. ........................... ................. 262 Artifacts from the Enck No. 1 site . ....................... ............................................. ............................................. 265 View of 1973 excavations at the Enck No. 2 site . ...... ..... ........................ ........ ................. ..... ..... ................. 27 1 Artifacts from the Enck No. 2 site .................................................................................................................. 273 South profile of section WIOS20, Enck No. 2 site ............................................. ... .......... ....................... ....... 275 South profile of north half of section EOS40, Enck No. 2 site .. ........... .............. ................ ........................ 275 General view of the Kuhr No. 1 site .. ...... ... ..................................................................................... ............. 291 Exploratory backhoe trench along W20 line, Kuhr No. 1 site . ............................................................ .... 292 North and east profiles of section W20Sl0, Kuhr No. 1 site, before tagging of occupation levels . .................................... ... ........................ ............................... ......................................... 293 North and east profiles of section W20Sl0, Kuhr No. 1 site, after tagging of occupation levels .... ............ .................. ........................................................... ........ ..... ................ .............. 293 East profile of section W20Nl0 at the Kuhr No. 1 site ............................... ........... ..... ............. ................... 294 Profile along the ED line looking east, Kuhr No. 1 site ........... ...... ...................... ........ ................... ........... 294 Chipped stone artifacts from the older components a t the Kuhr No. 1 site . ........................................ 297 Rough stone tools from the Kuhr No. 1 site .. ... ....... ............................................................. ....................... 298 Chipped stone artifacts from the younger components at the Kuhr No. 1 site .................. ... .............. 300 Feature 33 in the W-1 level, Kuhr No. 1 site . ............. ....... ............................ .......................... ... .................. 305 Feature 148 in the L-3 level, Kuhr No. 1 site ... ...... ... ............... ........ ................. ........................................... 306 Features 141, 149, and 150 in the S-1 level, Kuhr No. 1 site . ................................... ...... .................... ...... 306 Feature 3 in the S-1 level, Kuhr No. 1 site . .................................... ........... ........................................ ........... 306 Feature 72 in the S-2 level, Kuhr No. 1 site ................................ ............................ ... ............. ..................... 306 Feature 39 in the S-2 A level, Kuhr No. 1 site . .. ......... ................................ ... ............................................. 306 Feature 4 in the S4 level, Kuhr No. 1 site ........... ...... ...... ... ......... ................. ..... ........... ................................ 306 Major excavations a t the Kuhr No. 2 site . ................. .. .......................... ........... ........ ........... ........................ 337 Artifacts from the Kuhr No. 2 site ........... ................... ......... ... .................................. ....... .............................. 339 View of the NlO profile, Kuhr No. 2 site .. ......................... ... .. ....... ........... ............. ... ..... ..................... ..... ..... . 340 Rough stone artifacts from the Kuhr No. 2 site ............................... ............... .. ........................... ............... 341 Feature 20, zone 2, section E20NO, Kuhr No. 2 site ..... .... .............. ..... ......................................... ..... .......... 342 Feature 6, zone 2, section E20S l0, Kuhr No. 2 site ........ ....................... ..................................................... 343 Feature 47, zone 3, section WlONO, Kuhr No. 2 site ..... ............................................................................. 344 Feature 9, zone 3, section E40NO, Kuhr No. 2 site ............................................... ....................................... 345 Feature 2, zone 3, sections E20Sl0-E20NO, Kuhr No. 2 site ................................................. ..................... 345 Feature 34, zone 3, section ElOSlO, Kuhr No. 2 site ......... ......................................................................... 346 Feature 32, zone 3, section E20N10, Kuhr No. 2 site . ............................................... .................................. 347 View of West Shelter No. 1........................... ...................... .. ...... ............................... ........ ... ............. ............. 365 Artifacts from West Shelter No. l .. .................. .. ............................................................................................ 366 View of South Shelter No. 1. .................................................... .............................. ... ................................ ..... 367 Artifacts from South Shelter No. 1. ............................................................................................................... 367 View of South Shelter No. 2. ........................................... ... ......... ................. ...... .. ...... ........ ........ ..... ............... 367 Artifacts from South Shelter No. 2........... ............................... .............. ... ..................................................... 368 View of South Shelter No. 3..................... ..... ...... ............. .............................................................................. 369 Artifacts from South Shelter No. 3 and from Gillingham Shelter No. 2. .... ........ ........... ..... ................... 370 View of Calder Hill Ravine Shelter................. .................. ...... ............................ ........................... .............. 370 Artifacts from Calder Hill Ravine Shelter......... ...... ... ......... ........................................................................ 371 View of Gillingham No. 1 Shelter. ................ ................................................................................................ 371 Artifacts from Gillingham No. 1 Shelter. ........................ ..................................... ........ ............. ..... ... ..... ...... 372 View of Gillingham No. 2 Shelter................... ..................................................... ........ ................................. 373 View of Deer Blind Shelter. ............ ....................................................................... ................ ..... .................... 373 Artifacts from the Deer Blind Shelter................................ ...... ............................ ............................. ........ .... 375 View of the Sternberg site . ......................... ...... ......... ... ...... ...... ....................................... .............................. 381 Excavations w ithin grid, Sternberg site . ......................... ............................... ................................... ......... 382 North and east profiles of section EONlO, Sternberg site . .... ......................... ................................. .......... 382 Artifacts from the Sternberg site . .................. ........................................................ ........ ... ............. ............... 383 View of Gardepe site ..... ...... ...................... ... ............ ........................ ............................ ..... ........ ..................... 393 Excavations at the Gardepe site, locus 1. .................................................................................................. 394

10

Plate 127. Plate 128. Plate 129. Plate 130. Plate 131. Plate 132. Plate 133. Plate 134. Plate 135. Plate 136. Plate 137. Plate 138. Plate 139. Plate 140. Plate 141. Plate 142. Plate 143. Plate 144. Plate 145. Plate 146. Plate 147. Plate 148. Plate 149. Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate

150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 17 4. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180.

Excavation of north-south trench at Gardepe site, locus l. ..... ... .............. ................................... ........... 395 East profile of W40 trench, Gardepe site, locus l. .. ............................................. ..................................... 395 Profile along NlO line, Gardepe site, locus l. ................ .... ... ... .................................................................. 396 Feature 23, zone 6, section W40NO, Gardepe site, locus l. ...................................... ................ ............... 396 Feature 31, zone 6, Gardepe site, locus l. ..... ... .... .................................. .................................................... 397 Artifacts from the riverbank and zones 1and2, Gardepe site ....................................... ... ............. ....... 398 Artifacts from zone 3 at the Gardepe site, locus l. ............................................................ ....... ................ 400 Feature 30, zone 3, section W70Nl0, Gardepe site, locus l. .......................... ......................................... 402 Artifacts from zones 4, 5, and 6, Gardepe site, locus l. ....................................... ..... ..... .......................... 404 Deep sounding to glacial cobbles in section EONO, Gardepe site, locus 2. .. ............. ..... ........ ............. 407 East profile of tre nch A, Gardepe site, locus 3 ...... ... ... ... ....................... ................ ..................... ............... 409 Excavations at the Gardepe site, locus 4 .......... .. ....... ... .................................. ..... ...... .. .............................. 410 Cross-section of feature 1, Gardepe site, locus 4.............................. ... .................................................... 410 General view of the Russ site .............................. ............... ................................. ......... ............... ....... .......... 431 Excavations at the Russ site, locus 1 and locus 2........................................................................ .............. 432 View of 1976 excavations at the Russ site, locus 2...................................... ... ... ........ ................................ 433 Profile along W3 line, Russ site locus 2................................................................ ............... ... ..................... 435 Horizon 1 exposed as a surface, Russ site, locus 2........................................... .......... .............................. 435 Sedimentary column at the east end of backhoe trench D, Russ site, locus 2.................................... 436 North profile, section W6S39 at the Russ site, locus 2....... .................................... ..... ... ..... ...................... 437 South profile of section W3S36 at the Russ site, locus 2............................................ ....... ........................ 437 West profile of section W6S42 at the Russ site, locus 2.................................................... ..... ........... ........ 438 Artifacts from the plow zone or immediately underlying disturbances, Russ site locus 1 . and locus 2............................... ........................................ ... .................................................. .......... ........ .......... 439 Feature 1, section E9S3, at the Russ site, locus l. .......... ... ........................................................................ 440 Artifacts from the plow zone or immediately underlying features, Russ site, locus 2...................... 442 Rough stone tools other than netsinkers from the Russ site, locus 2.... ..... ........ ... ................................. 444 Netsinkers and "netsinker blanks" from the Russ site, locus 2............................ ................................... 445 Historic period artifacts from the plow zone and feature 1 at the Russ site, locus 2.......................... 447 Feature 49, section W6S21, at the Russ site, locus 2........................................... ........ .............................. 449 Feature 110, section Wl8S54, at the Russ site, locus 2............................................................................. 449 Feature 30, section W3S39, at the Russ site, locus 2.... ...... ................................. ........ ... ............. .......... .... 449 Feature 1, sections W6S42, W6S45, W9S42 and W9S45, at the Russ site, locus 2..... ......................... 451 Projectile points from below plow zone at the Russ site, locus 2................ ................ ........................... 453 Bifaces and drills from below plow zone at the Russ site, locus 2....... .................................................. 455 Large oval or oblong "choppers" from below plow zone at the Russ site, locus 2. ........ ................... 456 Unifaces from below plow zone at the Russ site, locus 2.... ... .................... .. ... ..................................... ... 458 View of the Johnsen No. 1 site .......... ... .................................................. ................. ....................................... 503 West profile of section W3Sl2, Johnsen No. 1 site, locus l. ................. ........... ...... ..... .............................. . 504 Artifacts from the Johnsen No. 1 site . ................................................... ............ ..... .. ... ................. ................. 505 Profile in section W63S93 at the Johnsen No. 2 site ......... ............ ...... ...... .............................. ...... ............. 519 Artifacts from the Johnsen No. 2 site . ...................... .......................... ................................................... ........ 520 General view of the Egli site ... ..................................... ....................... ...... ......... ........................................... 533 Historic and prehistoric artifacts from the Egli site .......................................... ......................................... 537 Partially restored pottery vessels from the Egli site ................................................................................. 538 Artifacts from the Bemis site .... ....... ... ... ......................... ......... ......... ........ ........................ .......................... .... 54 7 View of the Castle Gardens site . .......... .................... ..................... ................... ... .............. ........................... 557 Sections W10N5 and WlONlO under excavation at the Castle Gardens site ........ ............................. 558 Sections WlONO and W5NO under excavation at the Castle Gardens site .. ......... ... ........... ................. 558 Sections Wl5NO and W20NO under excavation at the Castle Gardens site ......... ...... ........................ 558 Projectile points from the Castle Gardens site . ........................................ ................................................. 564 Artifacts from strata 3a and 3b at the Castle Gardens site ............ ...... ....... ....... ............ ..... ................... 566 View of excavations at the Cottage site ................. .......... ........................... ................................................ 579 Historic period smoking pipes from the Cottage site ................................... ............. .... ... ................ ........ 579 Historic period artifacts from the Cottage site ........................................ ................................................... 579

11

Plate Plate Plate Plate

181. 182. 183. 184.

Historic period artifacts from the Cottage site .. ................... .. ...................... .............................................. 580 Artifacts from locus Band test No. 1 at the Cottage site ............ ..... ......................................................... 582 Artifacts from locus A a t the Cottage site .......................................... ...................... ......... .......................... 584 Pollen coring at Mud Lake East. ....................... ............ ................. .................... ........... .. ..... ........... ............. 596

12

LIST OF TABLES Table 42. Table 43. Table 44. Table 45. Table 46. Table 47. Table 48. Table 49. Table 50. Table 51. Table 52. Table 53. Table 54. Table 55. Table 56. Table 57. Table 58. Table 59. Table 60. Table 61. Table 62. Table 63. Table 64. Table 65. Table 66. Table 67. Table 68. Table 69. Table 70. Table 71. Table 72. Table 73. Table 74. Table 75. Table 76. Table 77. Table 78. Table 79. Table 80.

Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in zone 7, Fortin site locus 1 .......................................... ....... .. :... ......................................................................................................... 100 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in zone 5, Fortin site locus 1.......... ... ................. .. ................................................................................................................................ 101 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in zone 4, Fortin site locus l ............. ............ ... ......... ...................................... ......... ............. ... ................... ........ ......................... .. ...... 102 Patterns of wear or utilization observed on projectile points from zones 2,3, and 4, Fortin site locus 1. ........... ......................... ............................ ............... ........ .................................................................. .. ... . 103 Wear patterns on bifaces from zone 4, Fortin site, locus I. ................... ..... ............................................. 103 Wear patterns on bifaces from zone 3, Fortin site locus 1. ...................................................................... 103 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in zone 3, Fortin site locus I. ....... .... .. ... ............. ....... .. ... ............................................................................ ..........~................................ 104 Wear patterns on bifaces from zone 2, Fortin site locus 1. ...................................................................... 105 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in zone 2, Fortin site locus I. ........... ........................................... .. ............ ... ......................................................................................... 106 Stratigraphic distribution of artifact traits, Fortin site locus 1. ........... ............................ .. ... ........... 107-109 Frequency and density of artifacts in the stratigraphic zones, Fortin site locus 1. .... ... ........... ...... .... 110 Frequency and density of features in the stratigraphic zones, Fortin site locus 1............................. 110 Frequency and density-of fire-cracked rocks in the stratigraphic zones, Fortin site locus l . ...... .... 111 Frequency and density of debitage in the stratigraphic zones, Fortin site locus 1........................... 111 Relative importance of activities through time as inferred from the frequencies of certain artifact types in the assemblages, Fortin site locus 1................. ............................................................................ 112 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in occupation zone 2, Fortin site locus 2.......................... ..................... .... ......... ..... ................................................................ ..... ..... .. 113 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in occupation zone 3, Fortin site locus 2. ......................................................... ............ ...... ... ........ ...................................................... 114 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in occupation zone 4, Fortin site locus 2........................................... ... ............... ................................................................. .. ... .. ..... ... 115 Stratigraphic distribution of artifact traits, Fortin site locus 2... ...... ....................................................... 116 Patterns of wear or utilization observed on bifaces from zones 2, 3, and 4, Fortin site locus 2. ...... 11 8 Patterns of wear on projectile points, Fortin site, locus 2........................................ ....................... ......... 119 Frequency and density of stone artifacts by occupation zone, Fortin site locus 2. ............................ 120 Frequency and density of features by occupation zone, Fortin site locus 2................................. ...... 120 Frequency and density of fire-cracked rocks by occupation zone, Fortin site locus 2..................... 121 Frequency and density of debitage in the occupation zones, Fortin site locus 2. ............................. 121 Relative importance of activities through time as inferred from the frequencies of certain artifact types in the assemblages, Fortin site locus 2. ............................................................................................ 122 Diagnostic artifacts from all loci at the Street site . .................... .......................................... ..................... 139 Summary of rough stone and ground stone tools from all loci at the Street site ............................... 140 Macrobotanical remains from flood chute sediments, Street site . ....... ... .............................................. 141 Vegetal food remains from occupation zones at the Street site ..................... ........................................ 142 Results of flotation of feature fill, Street site ............................................................. .................................. 143 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in occupation zone 1, Mattice No. 2 site .. .................................. ........................... ...... ............................................... .......... ..... ... ........ 169 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in occupation zone 2, Mattice No. 2 site ....... ................... .... .............................. .. ... .... .. ... ...... .............................................. .. ........ .. ... . 170 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in occupation zones 3 and 4, Mattice No. 2 site . .......................................... ........ ................................................ ...... ........................ 171 Stratigraphic distribution of artifact traits, Mattice No. 2 site .. ............................................................... 172 Wear patterns on projectile points, Mattice No. 2 site ............ .................................................................. 173 Wear patterns on bifaces from occupation zone 2, Mattice No. 2 site .................................................. 17 4 Frequency and density of debitage in the occupation zones, Mattice No. 2 site . .............................. 174 Debitage analysis, Mattice No. 2 site .... .. .................................................................................. .................. 175

13

Table 81. Table 82. Table 83. Table 84. Table 85. Table 86. Table 87. Table 88. Table 89. Table 90. Table 91. Table 92. Table 93. Table 94. Table 95. Table 96. Table 97. Table 98. Table 99. Table 100. Table Table Table Table

101. 102. 103. 104.

Table Table Table Table Table Table Table

105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111.

Table 112. Table 113. Table 114. Table Table Table Table Table Table

115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120.

Table Table Table Table

121. 122. 123. 124.

Relative importance of basic activities through time as inferred from the frequencies of artifact types, Mattice No. 2 site ............................................. .................... .. ............................................. 176 Stratigraphic distribution of artifacts, Munson site ............................................................................. .. ... 184 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories, Munson site ... .................. 185 Trait table, Camelot No. 1 site ............................................................................................. ........ .......... 200, 201 Wear patterns on projectile points from the Camelot No. 1 site, locus 1. ............................................. 202 Wear patterns on bifaces from Camelot No. 1 site, locus 1......................... ...... ...................................... 203 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories, Camelot No. 1 site, locus 1............................................. ................................................................... ........................... ...... ....... 204 Relative importance of basic activities inferred from the frequency of artifact types, Camelot No. 1 site, locus 1........................................................................................................................... ............................. 205 Stratigraphic distribution of lithic traits, Camelot No. 2 site, locus 1. ........................................... 227, 228 Wear patterns on bifaces from zones C and D, Camelot No. 2 site, locus 1.....................~ .................. 229 Wear patterns on projectile points, Camelot No. 2 site, loci 1 and 2..................................................... 230 Frequency and density of debitage in zones D, E, F, G, Camelot No. 2 site, locus 1. ........................ 231 Frequency and density of artifacts in the stratigraphic zones, Camelot No. 2 site, locus 1. ............ 231 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in zone D, Camelot No. 2 site, locus 1...................... ........................................................................................................................ 232 Frequency and density of fire-cracked rocks in the stratigraphic zones, Camelot No. 2 site, locus 1............................................................................................................................. 233 Frequency and density of features in the stratigraphic zones, Camelot No. 2 site, locus 1............. 233 Frequency and density of features in the stratigraphic zones, Camelot No. 2 site, locus 2............. 234 Frequency and density of fire-cracked rocks in the stratigraphic zones, Camelot No. 2 site, locus 2.............................................................................................................................. .......................... 234 Frequency and density of artifacts in the stratigraphic zones, Camelot No. 2 site, locus 2............. 234 Relative importance of basic activities through time as inferred from the frequencies of certain artifact types in the assemblages, Camelot No. 2 site ........................................................... 235 Frequency and density of artifacts in the occupation zones, Rose site, locus l ................................. 250 Frequency and density of debitage in the occupation zones, Rose site, locus 1............................... 250 Frequency and density of fire-cracked rocks in the occupation zones, Rose site, locus 1............... 250 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories at the Rose site, locus 1.............................................................................................................................................. 251 Frequency and density of debitage in the occupation zones, Rose site, locus 2............................... 252 Frequency and density of fire-cracked rocks in the occupation zones, Rose site, locus 2............... 252 Frequency and density of artifacts in the occupation zones, Rose site, locus 2................................. 252 Stratigraphic distribution of artifact traits, Rose site ................................................................................ 253 Wear patterns on projectile points, Rose site ........................................................................... .................. 254 Wear patterns on bifaces, Rose site ............................................................................................................. 255 Relative importance of activities in primary occupation zones as inferred from the frequencies of artifact traits in the assemblages, Rose site .......................................................................................... 256 Debitage analysis, Enck No. 1 site ............................................................................................................... 269 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in the S-V floor, Enck No. 2 site . .................................................... .... .................... ... .................................................................. 279 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in the L floor, Enck No. 2 site .................................................................................................................................................. 280 Stratigraphic distribution of artifact traits, Enck No. 2 site ...................................................................... 281 Wear patterns on projectile points and other bifaces, Enck No. 2 site . ................................................ 282 Frequency and density of features in the stratigraphic zones, Enck No. 2 site .................................. 283 Frequency and density of artifacts in the stratigraphic zones, Enck No. 2 site .................................. 283 Frequency and density of fire-cracked rocks in the stratigraphic zones, Enck No. 2 site ................ 283 Relative importance of activities in the stratigraphic zones from the frequencies of artifact types, Enck No. 2 site .................... .. .................. ..... .............................................................................................. .. ..... 284 Stratigraphic distribution of artifacts, Kuhr No. 1 site ................... ........................................................... 317 Wear patterns on projectile points, Kuhr No. 1 site .................................................................................. 318 Wear patterns on bifaces, Kuhr No. 1 site ......................................................................... ................. 319, 320 List of features by occupation floor, Kuhr No. 1 site ................................... .............. .......... ........ ............... 321

14

Table 125. Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in the L-1 level, Kuhr No. 1 site ....................................................................... ...... .. ...... ...... ....................................................... 322 Table 126. Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in the L-2 level, Kuhr No. 1 site .......................... ... ................... .................. .. .............................................................................. 323 Table 127. Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in the L-3 level, Kuhr No. 1 site ......... .................. .............. ................................................................................ .. ..................... ............ 324 Table 128. Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in the V-1 level, Kuhr No. 1 site . ..... .... ... ................ ............. ......................... ... .. ... ....... ..... ..................................................................... 325 Table 129. Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in the V-2 level, Kuhr No. 1 site ....................... .......................... ......................................................... .. ..... ........ ............. ... .. ................. 326 Table 130. Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in the SK level, Kuhr No. 1 site .............. .......... .......... ..... .............. ... .. .......... ... ...... .......................... ..... ................... .......... ................... 327 Table 131. Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in the S- ! level, Kuhr No. 1 site ..................................... .......................... .............................................................'. ............................... 328 Table 132. Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in the S-2 level, Kuhr No. 1 site ........... .................... ....................... .................. .. ... ............. ...... ............................................................ 329 Table 133. Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in the S-2 A level, Kuhr No. 1 site ......................... ... ...................................... ...... ............ ... ............ .. ................... ... ................................. 330 Table 134. Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in the S-3 level, Kuhr No. 1 site ...................... ... ............. ...... ............................................... ................................................................. 331 Table 135. Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in the S-4 level, Kuhr No. 1 site ............................................................................................................ ... .................... ..... ........ ............ 332 Table 136. Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in the W- ! level, Kuhr No. 1 site . ............ ..................................................................................................................... .... ...... ................ 333 Table 137. Frequency and density of artifacts in the stratigraphic zones, Kuhr No. 1 site .................................. 334 Table 138. Frequency and density of features in the stratigraphic zones, Kuhr No. 1 site ...... .......... ........ ....... ... 335 Table 139. Relative importance of activities through time as inferred from the frequencies of certain artifact traits in assemblages, Kuhr No. 1 site ........................... ... ............................... .................. ... ........ ..... .......... 336 Table 140. Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in zone 2, Kuhr No. 2 site .......................................... ........................................................................................................ 355 Table 141. Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in zone 3, Kuhr No. 2 site .... .. ... ....................... ................... .......... .. ... .......................................................... ..... .......... ....... 356 Table 142. Stratigraphic distribution of artifact traits, Kuhr No. 2 site ................ ................ ...... .......... .............. 357, 358 Table 143. Wear patterns on bifaces from zones 2 and 3, Kuhr No. 2 site ............................................................... 359 Table 144. Wear patterns on projectile points from zone 3, Kuhr No. 2 site ...................... .................. ............. ... .... 360 Table 145. Frequency and density of artifacts in the stratigraphic zones, Kuhr No. 2 site ............................... ... 361 Table 146. Frequency and density of fire-cracked rocks in the stratigraphic zones, Kuhr No. 2 site ................ 361 Table 147. Frequency and density of features in the stratigraphic zones, Kuhr No. 2 site .................................. 362 Table 148. Frequency and density of debitage in the stratigraphic zones at the Kuhr No. 2 site . ..................... 362 Table 149. Relative importance of basic activities through time as inferred from the frequencies of artifact types in each zone, Kuhr No. 2 site . ................................................................. .......................... 363 Table 150. Trait table, Otego Rockshelters .................................. ........ ...... .................................... .... ..................... 377, 378 Table 151. Cultural associations and chronology of the Otego Rockshelters ....................... ..... .... ... ................ ..... 379 Table 152. Stratigraphic distribution of artifact traits, Sternberg site ......... ............................................................. 391 Table 153. Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in zone 3, Gardepe site, locus 1.......... ...................................................................... .......................................... .......................... ... .. ... .... 423 Table 154. Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in zones 4 and 6, Gardepe site, locus 1.. .................................................................................................................................... 424 Table 155. Stratigraphic distribution of artifact types, Gardepe site, locus 1...... ... ... ..................... ..... ........... 425, 426 Table 156. Wear patterns on projectile points, Gardepe site, locus l ........ .... .. ... ..... ... .................. ...... ..................... 427 Table 157. Wear patterns on bifaces, Gardepe site, locus l. .... .. ...... ............................. ....................... ... .................. 428 Table 158. Relative importance of basic activities through-time as inferred from the frequencies of artifact types in each zone, Gardepe site, locus 1.... ......... ......... ............ ............ ............. ............. ...... .................... 429 Table 159. Frequency and density of features in the stratigraphic zones, Gardepe site, locus 1. ............. ........ 430 Table 160. Frequency and density of fire-cracked rocks in the stratigraphic zones, Gardepe site, locus 1. ... 430

15

Table Table Table Table

161. 162. 163. 164.

Table 165. Table 166. Table 167. Table 168. Table 169. Table 170. Table Table Table Table Table Table Table

171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177.

Table Table Table Table

178. 179. 180. 181.

Table 182. Table 183. Table 184. Table 185. Table 186. Table 187. Table 188. Table 189. Table 190. Table 191. Table 192. Table 193. Table 194. Table 195. Table 196. Table 197. Table 198. Table 199.

Frequency and density of artifacts in the stratigraphic zones, Gardepe site, locus 1...................... 430 Stratigraphic distribution of artifact traits, Russ site, locus 1.................................................................. 482 Historic period ceramics from the Russ site ....................................... ................................................ 483, 484 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories at base of plow zone, Russ site, locus 2.............................................................................................................................................. 485 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in the 10-20 cm level, Russ site, locus 2.............................................................................................................................................. 486 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in the 20-30 cm level, Russ site, locus 2............... ............................................................................................................................... 487 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in the 30-40 cm level, Russ site, locus 2.............................................................................................................................................. 488 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in the 40-50 cm level, Russ site, locus 2.............................................................................................................................'. ................ 489 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in the 50-60 cm level, Russ site, locus 2.............................................................................................................................................. 490 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in the 60-70 cm level, Russ site, locus 2............................... ............................................................................................................... 491 Stratigraphic distribution of artifact traits, Russ site, locus 2.......................................................... 492-496 Wear patterns on projectile points, Russ site, locus 2.............................................................................. 497 Wear patterns on bifaces, Russ site, locus 2.............................................................................................. 498 Wear patterns on unifaces, Russ site .................................................................................................. 499, 500 Frequency and density of artifacts in the stratigraphic levels, Russ site, locus 2.............................. 501 Frequency and density of features in the stratigraphic levels, Russ site, locus 2.............................. 501 Relative importance of basic activities through time as inferred from the frequencies of certain artifact types in the stratigraphic levels, Russ site, locus 2..................................................................... 502 Distribution of artifact traits by locus and stratigraphic zone, Johnsen No. 1 site .............................. 514 Wear patterns on projectile points, Johnsen No. 1 site, locus 1. ............................................................. 515 Wear patterns on bifaces, Johnsen No. 1 site, locus 1. ............................................................................. 516 Relative importance of basic activities in zones 1and6 inferred from the frequencies of artifact traits, Johnsen No. 1 site, locus 1................................................................................................. 517 Stratigraphic distribution of artifact traits, Johnsen No. 2 site ................................................................ 528 Wear patterns on projectile points, Johnsen No. 2 site ............................................................................. 529 Wear patterns on bifaces, Johnsen No. 2 site ........................................................................... .................. 530 Frequency and density of fire-cracked rocks in the stratigraphic zones, Johnsen No. 2. ................. 531 Frequency and density of artifacts in the stratigraphic zones, Johnsen No. 2 site ............................. 531 Frequency and density of features in the stratigraphic zones, Johnsen No. 2 site ............................ 531 Relative importance of activities in the stratigraphic zones as inferred from the frequencies of artifact types, Johnsen No. 2 site .............................................................................................................. 532 Frequency and density of fire-cracked rocks in the stratigraphic zones, Egli site ............................ 543 Wear patterns on trianguloid points, Bemis site ....................................................................................... 551 Wear patterns on bifaces, Bemis site .......................................................................................................... 552 Numbers and percentages of ceramic types sorted by whole vessels and rim sherds, Bemis site .......................................................................................................................................................... 553 Relative importance of basic activities as inferred from the frequencies of artifact types in the assemblage, Bemis site .................................................................................................................................. 554 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in stratum 3a, Castle Gardens site ..................................................................................................................................................... 572 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in stratum 3b, upper third, Castle Gardens site ...... ... ......................................................................................................... 573 Frequencies of form and content attributes for basic hearth categories in stratum 3b, lower- two-thirds, Castle Gardens site ....................................................................................................... 574 Depth distribution of artifacts from New York State Museum excavations, Castle Gardens site ........................................................................................................................................ 575 Distribution of projectile points by square and stratum, Castle Gardens site .................................... 576 Trait list for materials excavated by State University at Binghamton, Castle Gardens site ............ 577

16

Table 200. Relative importance of basic activities through time as inferred from the frequencies of certain artifact types in each zone, Castle Gardens site ............................................................. ....... 578 Table 201. Trait list, Cottage site ...................................................................................................................................... 592 Table 202. Dimensions of Middle Woodland side-notched projectile points, Cottage site .................................. 593 Table 203. Radiocarbon dates for organic samples from Mud Lake East. .............................................................. 596 Table 204. Radiocarbon dates for organic samples from the Vly Bog ..................................................................... 597 Table 205. Pollen analysis of Munson site organic sample ... .................................................................................... 599 Table 206. Pollen analysis of samples from west backhoe trench, Mattice No. 2 site ........................................... 601 Table 207. Pollen analysis of Camelot Pond organic sample ................................................................................... 602 Table 208. Pollen analysis of organic sample from Mill Creek Junction ................................................................. 604 Table 209. Pollen analysis of peat sample from Chamberlain Hill Road ............................................................... 607 Table 210. Pollen analysis of samples from the buried organic zone at Enck No. 1 site ...................................... 608 Table 211. Pollen analysis of organic sample from the Kuhr No. 1 site ............................... .................................... 611 Table 212. Radiocarbon dates for organic samples from Lake Misery.................................................................... 614

17

18

PREFACE by Robert E. Funk Field investigations by the principal author and his colleagues ended in 1984 (these volumes were completed in manuscript by 1986), but prehistoric research has continued in the Upper Susquehanna drainage. Numerous contract archaeology projects have been completed by various firms and institutions, the latter including the Cultural Resource Survey Program (CRSP) of the New York State Museum and the Public Archaeology Facility (PAF) at the State University of New York at Binghamton. Almost nothing new has been reported concerning Paleo-Indian occupation of the valley. Evidence of Early to Middle Archaic cultures continues to be sparse in the New York reaches of the river. A component allied to the Neville phase was unearthed in mixed stratigraphic contexts at the Roberson site in Binghamton (Versaggi 1986). But two stratified floodplain sites on the Susquehanna's West Branch at Lock Haven, Pennsylvania produced abundant evident:e of early Holocene occupations. The basal zone at the Memorial Park site (GAI Consultants, Inc. 1995) yielded an assemblage of Neville points and Eva-like points, C-14 dated between ca. 4770 and 5140 B.C. (all dates given here are uncalibrated). The undated deepest levels at the West Water Street site (KFS Preservation Group 1994) yielded 3 Kirk/Palmer points. The next higher zone, dated ca. 6200 B.C ., produced over 40 Neville points and a few LeCroy points. At Memorial Park two components of the Late Archaic Laurentian tradition, so elusive in New York parts of the valley, occurred stratigraphically above the Middle Archaic levels. The older of the two, dated from about 3840 to 4405 B.C., sported a variety of point types including Otter Creek, Brewerton Eared Triangle, Brewerton Side-Notched, Vosburg, and Starlc/ Morrow Mountain. Other traits comprised plummets, ground stone ulus, bannerstones, and rough stone tools. The overlying assemblage, dated from ca. 2950 to 3250 B.C., contained a similar variety of projectile points (except Stark/Morrow Mountain) but lacked the ground stone diagnostic traits. Among meager subsistence remains were fragments of pumpkin, Cucurbita pepo; this find and the discovery of equally ancient cucurbit at the Sharrow site in Maine have revolutionary implications for Archaic lifeways throughout the Northeast (Petersen and Sidell 1996; Hart and Sidell 1997). These assemblages confirm a true Laurentian presence in central Pennsylvania (Ritchie 1965: 79-83). Also, the C-14 dates for these components strongly support the chronology previously suggested for Laurentian (Funk 1983, 1988). In keeping with the established Late Archaic sequence for the Upper Susquehanna River in New York, the Laurentian zones at Memorial Park were overlain by deposits containing "Piedmont" or narrow point tradition materials. These materials included Bare Island and Lamoka type points and various rough stone tools. Dates were ca. 2460 B.C . and 2100 B.C. Overlying the Piedmont zone were two successive Terminal Archaic occupation zones, the oldest representing the Canfield phase, dated from 2000 to 1640 B.C., the youngest representing the Orient phase, dated 1145 B.C. and 880 B.C. There were subsequent Early, Middle, and Late Woodland components. A feature assigned to the Meadowood phase contained fragments of Cucurbita pepo, the first domesticate confirmed for this period in the Northeast. The Hallstead Park site, located on the Susquehanna's Great Bend just south of the New York-Pennsylvania border, was multicomponent and yielded artifacts ranging from Early Archaic through Late Woodland in age (Wurst and Lain 1998). Despite considerable mixture of materials from different occupations, analysis of three major excavation units showed a sequence of Lamoka and Vestal components, dated to ca. 4290 and 4270 B.P. and conforming to the New York chronology. Important data on Middle Woodland occupations were recovered at the stratified Broome Tech site on the Chenango River north of Binghamton (Knapp 1998). Part B of the site contained at least two, perhaps three, successive components of the terminal Middle Woodland Hunter's Home phase. Artifacts comprised Levanna and Jack's Reef Comer-Notched points and ceramics displaying both Point Peninsula and Owasco attributes. This site promises to contribute to the recent debate on Iroquoian origins, in particular the continuity, or lack thereof, from Point Peninsula to Owasco (Snow 1995; Clermont 1996). In my opinion, the "no continuity" view, with its corollary of a migration hypothesis, is invalid, because ceramic, lithic, and even subsistence-settlement data have long since shown there is no break in the development of Owasco from Point Peninsula. On the Chemung River, a Susquehanna tributary in New York, a major Late Woodland village was discovered during contract investigations by the PAF (Knapp 1996). Abundant postmolds revealed the outlines of longhouses, including one measuring 32 m long and 6.5 m wide. Both within and outside its walls were numerous hearths and storage pits. Ceramics were abundant and comprised both Owasco and Shenks Ferry types. Analysis suggested components of both early and late Owasco periods. Subsistence remains included corn, beans, sunflower, nuts, and seeds. The radiocarbon dates so far reported appear to be confusing and inaccurate. To my knowledge, the Shenks Ferry ceramics are the first to be recovered from a secure context in New York State. Owasco ceramics and settlement patterns including those obtained at the Boland site near Binghamton have been the focus of research by Sue Prezzano (1996; Prezzano and Steponaitis 1990).

19

The Otego Yard site (Hartgen Archaeological Associates 1988) was a large, unstratified multicomponent station on the Susquehanna directly opposite the Enck Farm sites reported in this volume. Prehistoric artifacts and features occurred over an area of 35 acres. Lithic items and pottery represented Middle Archaic to Late Woodland occupations. Artifact types, calcined bones, and charred nuts suggested an emphasis on hunting and gathering, and little fishing, through all periods. Most C-14 dates either lacked diagnostic associations, or failed to conform to expectations, but dates of AD. 200 for Sand Hill Stemmed points, 1080 B.C. for a Terminal Archaic point, and 1260 B.C. for a Susquehanna knife were acceptable. I am indebted to Nina Versaggi, Tim Knapp, and Laurie Miroff, PAF; John Hart and Andrea Lain, CRSP; and Hartgen Archaeological Associates for sharing the results of recent research with me. I am also grateful to R. Michael Gramly for his Herculean efforts in editing the two volumes of this report and shepherding them through the printing process. References Cited Clermont, N. 1996. The origin of the Iroquoians. The Review of Archaeology 17 (1): 59-62. Funk, R. E. 1983. The Northeastern United States. In Ancient North Americans, edited by J. D. Jennings, pp. 302-371. W. H. Freeman and Company. San Francisco. 1988. The Laurentian concept: A review. Archaeology of Eastern North America 16: 1-43. GA! Consultants, Inc. 1995. Archaeological Investigations at the Memorial Park Site (36CN 164), Clinton County, Pennsylvania. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District, Baltimore, Maryland. Hart, J.P. and N. A. Sidell 1997. Additional evidence for early cucurbit use in the northern eastern woodlands east of the Allegheny Front. American Antiquity 62 (3): 523-527. Hartgen Archaeological Associates, Inc. 1988. Otego Yard Historic and Prehistoric Site, NYSM 121, Town of Otego, Otsego County, New York. Marcy South 345 KV Transmission Line. Submitted to New York State Power Authority. KFS Historic Preservation Group 1994. Data Recovery Investigations of the West Water Street Site 36CN 175, Lock Haven, Clinton County, Pennsylvania. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District, Baltimore, Maryland. Knapp, T. D. 1996. Stage 3 Data Recovery: Thomas-Luckey Site (SUBi-888), Town of Ashland, Chemung County, New York. Public Archaeology Facility, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Binghamton. 1998. End-of-Field Summary: The Broome Tech Site (SUBi-1005, NYSM 9057), Gordon Flats Project, Town of Dickinson, Broome County, New York. Public Archaeology Facility, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Binghamton. Submitted to Broome County Department of Planning and Economic Development. Petersen, J. B. and N. A. Sidell 1996. Mid-Holocene evidence of Cucurbita sp. from central Maine. American Antiquity61: 685-698. Prezzano, S. 1996. Household and community: The development of Iroquoian agricultural village life. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 12: 7-17. Prezzano, S. and V. Steponaitis 1990. Excavations at the Boland Site, 1984-1987: A Preliminary Report. Research Report 8, Research Laboratories of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Ritchie, W. A. 1965. The Archaeology of New York State . Natural History Press, New York. Snow, D.R. 1995. Migration in prehistory: The Northern Iroquoian case. American Antiquity 60 (1): 59-79. Versaggi, N. 1986. Hunter to Farmer: 10,000 Years of Susquehanna Valley Prehistory. Roberson Center for the Arts and Sciences, Binghamton, New York. Wurst, L. and A. Lain !998. The Prehistoric Occupation of the Susquehanna's "Great Bend": Phase II Site Examination of the Hallstead Park Site. Public Archaeology Facility, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Binghamton.

20

APPENDIX I A CHECKLIST OF HIGHER EDIBLE PLANTS NATIVE TO THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA VALLEY, NEW YORK STATE by William A. Starna

Introduction The majority of vascular plants listed here are derived from Brooks (1978). Those species followed with (S) are from Smith (n.d.), while those marked with (SR) are from Smith and Rabeler ( 1976). This plant index is arranged in alphabetical order by family. Common names, in boldface, precede Latin names, listed in italics, for each species or groupings of species. There is little direct evidence for the use of plants by prehistoric populations in the Susquehanna Valley, the remainder of New York State, or anywhere else in the Northeast. What remains have been recovered represent primarily nuts, e .g ., acorns, butternuts, hickory nuts, hazel nuts, etc. In a few cases, the archaeological presence of seeds from pigweed or goosefoot suggest aboriginal use. The other exceptions are, of course, domesticated plants: corn, beans, and squash. Some plants listed were undoubtedly marginal dietary items because they are poisonous if prepared improperly or if harvested at the wrong times. Readers are cautioned not to use this list as a guide to edible wild foods. Indians had their own conceptual structure for identifying species. This enabled them to learn, recognize, and select those species regarded as most useful while ignoring others in the same genus. Efficiency of food harvest in obtaining the most nourishing plants was probably the rule except in emergencies. Richard Mitchell, State Botanist, New York State Museum, and Ken Dean, Laboratory Technician in Botany (personal communication), who graciously reviewed and offered helpful suggestions regarding this plant index, both feel that the long list of goldenrods (for tea) and asters and ferns (for potherbs, etc.) are not called for because many species are uncommon or of doubtful utility, while others are common and of proven value. They suggest that many species on the list were never a regular or frequent part of the prehistoric diet. While this argument is fundamentally sound, it is well to remember that it is presently impossible to identify which plants prehistoric populations may have exploited; thus, there is no certainty regarding what they may or may not have thought palatable or valuable. Nor is there any way to know to what extent they may have utilized the total range of plant foods available to them. Historic Iroquois, for example, made use of ferns, goldenrods, and other seemingly unappealing plants, not only for food, but as constituent items of their pharmacopoeia (cf. Waugh 1916; Parker 191 O; Herrick 1977). In fact, the same is true across North America (cf. Ford 1986). What this list represents is the total known variety of edible wild plants that would have been available to human populations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley. What they may have chosen from this list is unknown.

21

Plant

Use

Season

Habitat

ACERACEAE (MAPLE FAMILY) Maples Acer negundo A. nigrum A. nigrum glaucum (SJ A. pensylvanicum A. rubrum A. spicatum A. saccharinum A. saccharum

Syrup, sugar

Mar.-Apr.

Rich, cool, alluvial woods

Swamps, uplands Cool woods Rich, hilly woods

AIZOACEAE (CARPET-WEED FAMILY) Indian chickweed Mollugo veticillata

Spring

Sandy river banks

Potherb

Aut.-Spring

Shallow water, muddy shores

Potherb, tubers

Late Sum.-Aut.

Muddy shores, shallow water, wet p laces

Potherb

Spring

Disturbed areas

Potherb

Spring

Wet places

Roots (with extensive preparation)

Early Spr. or lateAut.

Rich, alluvial woods

Potherb

ALISMATACEAE (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY) Mud-plantain Alisma plantago-aquatica Arrowheads Sagittaria cuneata (S) S. graminea (SR) S. latifolia S. rigida

AMARANTHACEAE (AMARANTH FAMILY) Amaranth Amaranthus albus

ARACAE (ARUM FAMILY) Sweet flag Acorus calamus Indian turnip Arisaema dracontium (S)

Jack-in-the-pulpit A. triphyllum s tewardsonii (S) A. triphyllum triphyllum (S)

Wet woods, swamps

Wild calla Calla palustris

Roots

LateAut. or early Spr.

Wet bogs, pond margins

Golden club Orontium aquaticuin

Roots, seeds

Roots, Aut.Spr.; Seeds, Summer

Shores, shallow water

Skunk cabbage Symplocarpus foetidus

Roots, potherb

Roots, late Aut.earlySpr.; Leaves, Spring

Wet meadows, swampy woods

Roots, potherb

All

Rich woods, thickets to rocky, sandy, open woods

ARALIACEAE (GINSENG FAMILY) Angelica-Tree, Spikenard Aralia hispida

A. nudicaulis A. racemosa A. spinosa

22

Plant

Use

Season

Ginseng Panax trifolius P. quinquefolius

Habitat Rich woods, damp clearings

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (BIRTHWORT FAMILY) Wild ginger Asarum canadense

Nibble

May

Rich woods, shade

Potherb (properly prepared)

Late Spr.Sum.-early Aut.

Rich woods, clearings

ASCLEPIADACEAE (MILKWEED FAMILY) Milkweeds Asclepias exalta

A. incarnata A. quadrifolia A. syriaca A. tuberosa interior (S)

Swamps, wet thickets Dry woods Thickets, dry fields Dry, open soil

AQUIFOLIACEAE (HOLLY FAMILY) Holly Ilexmontana I. verticillata

Tea

All

Rich, wooded slopes Swamps, pond margins

Fruit

Late Sum.

Rich woods, thickets

Potherb

Spring

Alluvial thickets

LateMayearly Aug.

Cool woodlands

BERBERIDACEAE (BARBERRY FAMILY) May apple Podophyllum peltatum

CANNABINACEAE (HEMP FAMILY) Hop

Humulus lupulus

CAPmFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY) Waterberries Lonicera canadensis

dioica (SR) dioica dioica (S) hirsuta oblongifolia (S) sempervirens Elderberry Sambucus canadensis Southern Arrowood Viburnum dentatum lucidum (S) V.lentago

Berries

L. L. L. L. L.

Rocky banks, dry woods, thickets Dry woods, thickets Thickets, bluffs Wet woods, swampy thickets Woods, thickets Berries

Late Summer

Nibble

Late Summer-Aul. Woods borders, moist to dry thickets

Potherb

Spring

Potherb, seeds

Potherb early Rich soils, open woods, to mid-summer. thickets, clearings Seeds, Aut. to early Winter

Wet, damp, rich soils

CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY) Pink family; chickweeds Cerastium arvense Sagina procumbens Silene antirrhina Stellaria calycantha S. longifolia

Turfy; rocky based soil Damp soils Open woods, fields Wet places Damp thickets, meadows

CHENOPODIACEAE (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY) Orach Atriplex patula

Pigweed, goosefoot Chenopodium boscianum C. capitatum C. gigantosperum (S)

Rocky woods, thickets

23

Plant

Use

Season

Habitat

COMMELINACEAE (SPIDER WORT) Spider-wort

Tradescantia virginiana CORNACEAE (DOGWOOD FAMILY) Bunchberry, dogwood Comus canadensis C. florida (SR)

Potherb

Spring

Woods, thickets, meadows

Berries Nibble

Late Summer Spring

Woods, thickets, damp openings Acid woods

Potherb

Spring

Throughout

Potherb

Spring

Damp, open areas

COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) Asters Aster acuminatus A. cordilolius A. divaricatus A. ericoides A. laevis A. lamarckianus (S) A. lateriflorus A. lowrieanus (SR) A. macrophyllus A. novae-angliae A. pilosus A. praealtus A. prenanthoides A. puniceus A. schreberi A. simplex A. tradescanti (S) A. umbellatus A. undulatus Stick-tights Bidens frondosa Thistles Cirsium discolor C. muticum C. pumilum Fireweed Erechtites hieracifolia Fleabanes Erigeron annus

E. philadelphicum E. pulchellum E. strigosus Sunflowers Helianthus annuus (cultigen) H. decapetalus H. divaricatus (S) H. x laetiflorus (S) H. strumosus (SR) H. tuberosus Wild Lettuce Lactuca biennis L. canadensis L. hirsuta (S) Goldenrods Solidago altissima

Potherb

Thickets, river banks Low woods, thickets, swamps Dry, open soil

Potherb

Spring

Damp thickets, clearings

Tea

All

Fields, rich thickets, open woods, meadows, dry soils

Seeds

Late Summer

Rich soil, bottoms Open woods, thickets Dry; open thin woods, thickets

Root vegetable

All

Rich or damp thickets

Potherb

Spring:

Rich or damp thickets, openings Thickets, woods borders Dry, open woods, clearings

Tea

All

Throughout

24

Plant S. bicolor S. caesia

Use

Season

Habitat

(from non-fungal infected leaves) Tea (from non-fungal infected leaves)

All

Throughout

Emergency

All

Low grounds, wet woods, slopes

Tea

All

Rich woods, slopes

Emergency

All

Rich woods, swamps

Nuts

Aut.-Sept.

Thickets to clearings

Emergency

All

Rich woods

Potherb

Spr., early Summer

Ledges, cliffs, thickets, fields

Potherb

Spring, early Sum. Running water Rich woods, bottomlands

S. canadensis S. flexicaulis S. gigantea S. graminifolia S. juncea S. nemoralis S. ordora (SR) S. patula S. rugosa S. arguta

CORYLACEAE (HAZEL FAMILY) Alders Alnus incana rugosa A. serrulata Birches Betula alba papyrifera B. alba cordifolia B. allegheniensis B. lenta B. populifolia Ironwood Carpinus caroliniana Hazels, Filberts Corylus americana C. cornuta Hop-hornbeam Ostrya virginiana

CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) Rock cresses Arabis glabra

A. laevigata A. lyrata (SJ

CRESSES Cardamine bulbosa (S) C. concatenata C. diphylla C. douglassii C. pensylvanica Rorippa islandica fernaldina

Wet shores, waste places

CUPRESSACEAE (JUNIPER FAMILY) Ground juniper ]uniperus communis depressa Red cedar ]. virginica Northern white cedar Thuya occidentalis

Nibble

Poor, rocky soil Dry, open woods, rocky slopes

Tea, soup

Swamps, cool rocky banks

25

Plant

Use

Season

Habitat

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) Sedges Carex (89 Species)

Potherb, seeds

LateAut. or early Spring

Throughout

Chufa, nut-grass Cyperus esculentus

Roots

LateAut. or early Spring

Damp, sandy soils, meadows, damp thickets

Roots

LateAut. or early Spring

Springy, boggy meadows

C. rivularis C. strigosus

Bulrushes Eriophorum alpinum (S)

E. gracile gracile (S) E. tenellum (S) E. virginicum (S) E. viridicarinatum (S) Tule, tall bulrushes Scirpus acutus (S)

Wet peat, inundated shores Wet meadows, swampy woods

Roots

LateAut. or early Spring

S. atrovirens atrovirens (S) S. fluviatilis (S) S. lineatus (S) S. microcarpus (S)

Marshes, pond margins Meadows, bogs, low thickets Borders of lakes, streams Meadows, swales, low thickets

DROSERACEAE (SUNDEW FAMILY) Sundew Drosera intermedia (S) D. rotunidfolia

Condiment Potherb

All Spring

Wet places, shallow water Peaty, moist, acid soils

Tea

All

Bogs, pools

Nibble

Spring

Sandy, peaty woods

Tea, nibble

All

Sterile woods, clearings

Berries

June-Sept.

Dry to moist woods, thickets, clearings

Tea

All

Damp woods, swamps Woods, thickets, swamps

Berries

Late Sum. July-Oct.

Dry, open barrens Swamps, low woods

ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) Bog rosemary Andromeda polifolia glaucophylla Trailing arbutus Epigaea repens Winter green Gaultheria procumbens Huckleberries Gaylussacia baccata (SR) G. frondosa (SR) Rhododendron Rhodedendron maximum R. nudiflorum Low, sweet blueberry Highbush blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium V. x atlanticum V. atrococcum V. corymbosum Bog cranberry V. macrocarpon Bilberries, blueberries Vaccinium myrtilloides (S) V. oxycoccos (SR)

Open bogs, swamps Berries

Late Sum.

26

Moist woods, swamps, clearings Boggy, peaty soil

Plant

Season

Use

Habitat

V. oxycoccos oxycoccos (S)

Squaw huckleberry V. stamineum Blueberry V. vacillans (SR)

FAGACEAE {BEECH FAMILY) Chestnut Castanea dentata Beech Fagus grandifolia Oaks Ouercus alba Q. coccinea (S) Q. macrocarpa (S) Q. palustris Q. prinus Q. rubra Q. velutina GENTIANACEAE {GENTIAN FAMILY) Gentian Gentiana clausa GERANIACEAE {GERANIUM FAMILY) Geraniums Geranium carolinianum confertiflorium G . maculatum G. robertianum GRAMINAE {GRASS FAMILY) Quack grass Agropyron repens Barnyard grass Echinochloa muricata (SR) E. pungens Strand-wheats Elymus riparius

Dry woods, thickets

Oct.-Nov.

Nuts

Dry, gravelly, acid soil Rich uplands

Sept.-Oct.

Nuts

Dry woods Bottoms, rich woods Swampy woods, bottoms Dry, upland woods Dry woods

Roots

All

Rich woods, thickets, meadows

Potherb

Spring

Dry, rocky woods, fields

Roots

All

Gravelly shores

Seeds

Mid-Sum.-Aut.

Low grounds

Seeds

Aug.-early Sept.

Rich woods, thickets, stream borders, alluvial soil

Seeds

Summer

Wet places, woods, meadows, shallow water, bogs

Seeds

Late May-July

Woods, thickets, Rich, rocky woods

Seeds

Summer

Open, sandy, stony soil Moist, dry thickets Low grounds Dry, thin woods, thickets

E. villosus E. virginicus E. wiegandii Floating meadow-grass Glyceria borealis G. canadensis G. maxima grandis G . melcaria G. striata Mountain rice Oryzopis asperifolia 0. racemosa Millets Panicum capillare P. clandestinum P. dichotomiflorum P. dichotomum (SR)

27

Plant P. implicatum P. linearifolium P. philadelphicum Bird-seed grass Phalaris arundinacea Pickerel-weed Pontederia cordata (SR)

Use

Season

Habitat Thin woods Rocky, sandy, open soils

Seeds

Summer

Swales, meadows

Seeds, potherb

Late-Sum.early Aut.

Muddy shores, shallow water

Seeds

Summer

Dry, open, sterile soil

All

Dry to moist woods

Potherb

Spring

Damp, rich woods

Nuts

October

Wet to dry woods, streambanks, rich woods, bottoms, slopes

Nuts

October

Rich woods, river terraces

Root vegetable

LateAut.Spring

Low grounds

Nibble

Spring

Rich woods, thickets, bottoms Dry thickets, clearings

Nibble

Spring

Dry to moist open ground, thickets

Roots, potherb

Roots, all year; Woods and thickets Leaves, early Sum.

Hog pean ut Amphicarpaea bracteata

Fruit

Late Aut.- early Spring

Groundnut Apios americana

Root

All-Best, late Sum . & Spring

Wild bean Phaseolus polystachyios

Beans

Late Sum.-Aut.

Drop-seed grass Sporobolus vaginiflorus

HAMAMELIDACEAE (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY) Witch-hazel Hamamelis virginiana

Tea

HYDROPHYLLACEAE (WATER-LEAF FAMILY) Waterleaf Hydrophyllum canadense H. virginianum

JUGLANDACEAE (WALNUT FAMILY) Hickories Carya cordiformis C. glabra C. x laneyi C. ovata Butternuts, walnuts ]uglans cinerea ]. nigra

LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY) Bugleweed Lycopus uniflorus Bee balms Monarda didyma M. fistulosa Mountain Mint Pycnanthemum tenuifolium

LAURACEAE (LAUREL FAMILY) Sassafras Sassifras albidum

LEGUMINOSAE (PULSE FAMILY)

28

Damp woods, rich thickets

Dry, pine/oak woods

Plant Locust Robina pseudo-acacia

Use

Season

Habitat

Emergency

All

Woods, thickets

Potherb, bulbs

Bulbs, late Sum.or early Spr.

Rich woods, bottoms

LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) Wild onions Allium canadense canadense (S) A. tricoccum Com-lily Clintonia borealis Dog-tooth violets Erythronium albidum

Potherb

Spring

Woods, thickets

Potherb, bulbs

Greens, early Spr.; Bulbs, early Spr., Sum. & Aut.

Rich woods, thickets bottoms

E. americanum Lilies Lilium canadense

Bulbs (roots)

LateAut.early Spr.

Meadows, low thickets, wet woods Dry thickets, open woods Swampy woods wet meadows

Berries (w/caution)

Late Summer

Woods, recent clearings

Potherb, root

Spring-Aut.

Rich woods

Potherb

Spring

Woods, wooded bluffs, alluvial thickets

L. philadelphicum L. superbum

Wild Lily-of-the-valley Maianthemum canadense Indian cucumber Medeola virginiana Solomon's seal Polygonatum commutatum

P. pubescens False Solomon's seal Smilacina racemosa S. trifolia Liver berries, Twisted-stalk Streptopus roseus Jacob's ladder Smilax herbacea Cat-brier S. rotundifolia

Trillium Trillium cernuum (S)

T. erectum erectum T. erectum flavum T. grandiflorum T. undulatum Bell-worts Uvularia grandiflora U. sessilifolia

Woods, clearings, bluffs Bogs, mossy woods Berries (caution)

Late Summer

Mountain woods

Potherb

Spring

Rich, alluvial thickets

Roots, shoots

Moist to dry thickets Roots, Spr. Aut., Winter; Shoots, May-Aug.

Potherb, roots

Potherb, Spring; Roots, Aut.-Spr.

Damp woods, thickets, rich woods, swamps

Roots (caution)

Spring-Aut.

Rich woods, thickets, clearings

Spring

Rich, low alluvial soils

Late Spr., Sum., Aut.

Open, sterile woodlands

LIMNANTHACEAE (FALSE-MERMAID FAMILY) Floerkea proserpinacoides Potherb MYRICACEAE (WAX-MYRTLE FAMILY) Sweet fern Comptonia peregrina

Nibble, tea

29

Plant

Use

Season

Habitat

Roots, potherb

Aut. to Spr.

Ponds

Roots, seeds

Aut. to early Spr.

Pond margins, swamps, bogs, slow streams

NYMPHAECEAE (WATER-LILY FAMILY) Water-shield Brasenia schreberi Water-Lilies Nuphar advena macrophyllum

N. advena pumilum N. advena variegatum N. luteum macrophyllum (S) Nymphaea odorata N. tuberosa

Spring

Potherb

NYSSACEAE (SOUR GUM FAMILY) Black gum Nyssa sylvatica

Fruit

Autumn

Low acid woods, swamps

Condiment

All

Rich uplands, lowlands, woods

Potherb

Spring

Damp thickets, burns, ravines

Roots

LateAut., early Spr.

Dry to moist soils, sandy to gravelly openings

Nibble

Early Spr.

Swamps, low woods, thickets

Potherb, nibble

Late Spr.-Aut.

Dry, sandy or rocky, open soils, fields

Shoots, berries

Shoots, Apr.-June; Berries, Autumn

Rich, low grounds, cleared areas

Emergency

All

Woods

OLEACEAE (OLIVE FAMILY) Ashes Fraxinum americana F. nigra F. pensylvanica pensylvanica (S)

ONAGRACEAE (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY) Willow herbs Epilobium adenocaulon E. angustifolium E. coloratum E. densum (S) E. leptophyllum Evening Primrose Oenothera biennis 0 . parviflora 0. perennis

OSMUNDACEAE (CINNAMON-FERN FAMILY) Cinnamon ferns Osmunda cinnamomea 0. claytoniana

OXALIDACEAE (WOOD-SORREL FAMILY) Wood Sorrels Oxalis americana 0. florida 0 . europaea 0. stricta

PHYTOLACCACEAE (POKEWEED FAMILY) Poke weed Phytolacca americana

PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) Balsam fir Abies balsamea Tamarack Larix Jaracina Spruces Piceaabies P. glauca

Woods, swamps Woods, good soils, uplands

30

Plant

Use

Season

Habitat

P. mariana (SR) P. rubens Pines Pinus resinosa P. rigida P. strobus Hemlock Tsuga canadensis

PLANTAGINACEAE (PLANTAIN FAMILY) Plantain Plantago rugellii PLATANACEAE (PLANE-TREE FAMILY) Cottonwood Plantanus occidentalis

Hilly, rocky woods

Emergency (potherb)

Spring

Damp shores

Sugar, syrup

Spring

Rich soil

Spr.-Sum.

Low tickets, swamps, burns Pond, stream margins Shallow water, wet bottoms Swamps, thickets Damp shores, thickets, disturbed soils

Spring

Low woods, thickets, swamps, open woods, alluvium, etc.

POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) Smartweeds Polygonum careyi (S) Seeds P. coccineum (SR) P. hydropiperoides (S) P. lapathifolium (S) P. pensylvanicum pensylvanicum (S) POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) Ferns Adiantim pedatum

Potherb, nibble

Asplenium platyneuron A. rhizophyllum A. trichomanes A. pycnocarpon A. thelypteroides

Cryptogramma stelleri Cystopteris bulbifera C. fragilis mackayii Dennstaedtia punctilobula Dryopteris x boottii D. clintoniana D. cristata D. goldiana D. marginalis D. spinulosa dilatata D. spinulosa intermedia D. spinulosa spinulosa Gymnocarpium dryopteris Matteuccia struthiopteris Onoclea sensibilis Pellaea atropurpurea (S) Phegopteris connectilis P. hexagonoptera Polypodium virginianum Polystichum acrostichoides P. braunii purschii Thelypteris noveboracensis T. palustris pubescens Woodwardia virginica

31

Plant

Season

Use

Habitat

PORTULACEAE (PURSLANE FAMILY) Spring beauty Claytonia caroliniana C. virginica

Spring

Rich, open woods, alluvium Rich woods, thickets, clearings

Potherb, seeds

Spring

Pond bottoms, lakes, streams

Potherb

Spring

Woodlands, humus

Potherb

Spring

Rich, moist woods Wet meadows, alluvium

Tea

Summer

Dry, open woods, gravelly banks

Berries

Jul.-Aug.

Rich woods, thickets, slopes Swamps, low grounds, thickets Rich woods, thickets, slopes

Berries

Late Summer

Thickets, rocky grounds, near streams

C. coccinea C. macrosperma C. pedicellata (SR) C. punctata Strawberries Fragaria vesca americana

Berries

June

Woody to open slopes, rocky banks, woods borders

F. virginiana Avens Geum canadense

Unknown

All

Rich thickets, woods borders, meadows

Roots

Early Spring

Root vegetable

Early Spring

Gravelly, sandy shores or banks Rocky, alluvial soils Exposed barrens, ledges Thickets, clearings Inundated meadows, swales, stream margins Dry to moist fields, open woods

Potherb

POTAMOGETONACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) Pondweeds Potamogeton amplexifolius P. berchtoldii P. epihydrus P. illinoensis (SR) P. natans (SR) P. nodosus P. pusillus (SR)

PYROLACEAE (WINTERGREEN FAMILY) Indian pipe Montropa hypopitys rosea M. uniflora

RANUNCULACEAE (CROWFOOT FAMILY) Buttercups Ranunculus hispidus (SR) R. pensylvanicus (SR)

RHAMNACEAE (BUCKTHORN FAMILY) New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus

ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) Service berries Amelanchier arborea A. canadensis (SR) A. latvis Hawthorns Crataegus chrysocarpa

G. laciniatum G. rivale

Cinquefoil Potentilla anserina (S) P. arguta (S) P. fruticosa (S) P. norvegica monspeliensis P. palustris (S)

P. simplex

32

Plant Wild red plum Prunus nigra

Use

Season

Fruit, berries

Early Summer

Fire cherry P. pensylvanica

Habitat Thickets, stream banks, woods borders Dry woods, burns, openings

Black cherry P. serotina

Late Sum.early Aut.

Dry woods

Choke Cherry P. virginiana Red choke cherry Pyrus arbutifolia

June-Sept.

Low woods, thickets, damp pine barrens

Wild crab apple P. coronaria

Fall

Bottoms, wooded slopes, thickets, clearings

Berries

Late Summer

Thickets, clearings, woods border, dry fields, moist to dry open soil

Potherb

Spring

Peaty, boggy soils

Bedstraws Galium aparine

Potherb, seeds

G. asprellum G. boreale (SR) G. circaezans (S) G. labradoricum (S) G. lanceolatum G. obtusum (S-SR) G. palustre G. trifidum tictorium G. trifidum trifidum G. triflorum Two-eyed berry Mitchella repens

Seeds, June-July; Rich woods, thickets Sprouts, Mar.-July Low grounds, damp thickets Gravelly, rocky banks Rich woods Bogs, mossy thickets Dry woods Low woods, swamps Wet meadows, banks Swamps, damp places

Berries

Late Summer

Raspberries Rubus alleghiensis

Thickets, woods borders

R. allegheniensis x R. idaeus R. canadensis R. flagellaris R. hispidis R. x neglectus R. occidentalis R. odoratus R. pubescens Burnet Sanquisorba canadensis

RUBIACEAE (MADDER FAMILY)

Woods, thickets Dry to moist knolls

SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY) Poplars Populus balsamifera

Emergency

River banks, gravels, rich woods, dry open woods, burns

P. deltoides P. grandidentata P. tremuloides Willows Salix bebbiana

Moist to dry thickets, swamps, openings

S. candida (S) S. discolor S. humilis

33

Plant

Use

Season

Habitat

S. lucida (S) S. x myricoides S. myrtilloides pedicellaris (S) S. nigra S. rigida S. sericea S. tristis S. serrissima

SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY) Golden saxifrage Chrysosplenium americanum Black currant Ribes americanum Gooseberry R. cynosbati Redcurrant R. glandulosum

Potherb

All

Springheads, cold, wet places

Berries

Late Summer

Rich thickets, slopes Open, loamy, rocky woods Wet woods, clearings, rocky slopes

Gooseberries R. hirtellum hirtellum (S) Bristly b lack currant R. lacustre Currant R. rotundifolium Redcurrant R. triste Saxifrage Saxifraga pensylvanica S. virginiensis Stonecrop Sedum telephoides (SR)

Swampy woods, clearings Cold woods, swamps Open, rocky areas, thickets Cool woods, swamps Spring

Potherb

Dry to wet rocks, gravelly slopes

Cliff, knobs

SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY) Figworts Scrophularia lanceolata S. marilandica Speedwell Veronica anagallis-aquatica V. connata connata (S) V. officinalis V. peregrina V. scutella ta

Potherb

Spring-Summer

Potherb

Spring-Summer

Thickets, woods borders Rich woods, thickets Springs, hills, ditches Dry hills, open woods Damp, open soil Wet p laces, swamps

SOLANACEAE (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY) Nightshade Solanum carolinense Ground cherry Physalis hete-rophylla

Fruit, potherb

Mid-Summer-Aut. Sandy, open fields

Berries

Late Summer-Aut. Dry, open woods

Potherb

Spring

SPARGANIACEAE (BUR-REED FAMILY) Bur-reeds Sparganium americanum S. chlorocarpum S. eurycarpum (S)

34

Mu ddy, shallow water

Habitat

Seas on

Plant

Use

TAXACEAE (YEW FAMILY) Ground hemlock Taxus baccata canadensis

Nibble

Mid-Summer

Rich woods, thickets

TILIACEAE (LINDEN FAMILY) Basswood Tilia americana

Emergency

All

Rich woods

TYPHACEAE (CATTAIL FAMILY) Cattails Typha angustifolia

Roots, potherbs

Water, marshes, shallow water Roots, late Aut.-Spr.; Shoots, Spr.- early Sum.; Flowering spikes May-Aug.

Emergency

All

Roots, potherb

Rich thickets, bottoms Leaves & stems, Late , Spr.-early Sum. Roots, Aut.-early Spr.

T. latifolia ULMACEAE (ELM FAMILY) Elms Ulmus americana U. ruba UMBELLIFERAE (PARSLEY FAMILY) Angelica Angelica atropurpurea

Rich soils, streams

"

A. venosa

"

Wild chervil Cryptotaenia canadensis

Potherb

Late Spr.early Sum.

Rich woods, thickets

Cow parsnip Heracleum lanatum

Root vegetable

Late Spr.earlySum.

Rich or low ground

Potherb

Spring

Meadows, damp woods

Water-pennywort Hydrocotyle americana Water parsnip Sium suave

URTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY) False nettle Boehmeria cylindrica

Meadows, wet thickets, muddy banks

Potherb

Summer

Moist, shady low woods, banks, low woods, waste p laces

VERBENACEAE (VERVAIN FAMILY) Blue vervain Verbena hastata

Seeds

Summer

Fields, swales, damp and rich thickets

VIOLACEAE (VIOLET FAMILY) Violets Violaaffinis

Soups

Spring

Open deciduous woods, thickets, wet to dry meadows, swamps

Wood nettle Laportea can adensis Richweed Pileapumila Nettle Urtica dioica gracilis

V blanda

35

Plant V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V. V.

Use

Season

Habitat

canadensis conspersa cucullata fimbriatula eriocarpa incognita macloskeyi papilionacea pubescens renifolia rostrata rotundifolia selkirkii septentrionalis sororia striata

VITACEAE (VINE FAMILY) Summer grape Vitis aestivalis argentifolia (S) V. labrusca

Late Summer

Fruit

V. riparia V. vulpina riparia (S)

36

Dry woods, thickets Wet or dry thickets, woods borders River banks, rich thickets

APPENDIX2 PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PROJECTILE POINT TYPES by Robert E. Funk

Wells Bridge Corner-Notched Points (Plate 159, figs. 42, 43, 47-49). General Description: Medium-sized, relatively thick, broad-bladed corner-notched points with slightly expanded bases. Size: Of the five specimens assigned to this type, none is complete, hence no length or weight measurements are available. Breadth of blade at shoulders ranges from 30-34 mm (the mean is 32.4 mm). Maximum thickness ranges from 7-10 mm (mean for four points is 8.3 mm). Basal length measures 6-9 mm (mean 8.0 mm), basal width 20-22 mm (mean 21 .0 mm), and basal thickness 4-6 mm (mean 5.3 mm). Hafting width varies from 20-25 mm (mean 21.4 mm). Proportions: Unknown. Shape: Despite the lack of whole specimens, these points appear to have trianguloid blades with straight edges curving inward on the upper portion toward the tip. The notching ranges from crisp to poorly defined, but basal outline can be described as expanded stemmed to corner-notched. On intact bases the tangs form ears that project slightly outward as well as downward (Plate 159, figs. 42-47). The basal edges therefore are slightly indented. Basal grinding is present on one specimen (fig. 49) although both ears are broken off. This point displays a channel flake scar 24 mm long on one face that overlaps a previous thinning flake scar; a similar pattern is evident on the other face, where the longest channel flake was 29 mm in length. Similar long flake scars are visible on two other points (figs. 42, 43) but their maximum lengths cannot be determined.

Age and cultural affiliations: These points occurred in the Early to Middle Archaic levels at the Russ site, in apparent association with Kanawha, Neville, Kirk Stemmed, bifurcated-base and other early types. Presumably therefore their age falls somewhere in the range of C-14 dates for those levels, i.e. 5,000 B.C. to 6,000 B.C. They are unlike any previously described New York points (Ritchie 197 lb). They show some resemblances to the large, broad stemmed Benton points of Late Archaic age in Tennessee (Lewis and Lewis 1961), but more closely resemble the Kirk Stemmed and Kirk Corner-Notched types of the Early Archaic period (Coe 1964; Broyles 1971; Chapman 1977). The presence of channel flake scars on three points suggests technological continuity with the prior Hardaway horizon. Distribution: So far known chiefly in the Susquehanna Valley of east-central New York, these points sporadically occur in surface collections from the Hudson Valley and other regions of the state.

Sand Hill Stemmed Points (Plate 132, figs. 12, 13; Plate 133, figs. 2-4, 6, 7; Plate 135, figs. 8-11, 15-21; Plate 165, fig. 10). General description : Small, broad, relatively thick points with straight to slightly contracted stems. Size: Length ranges from 27 to 38 mm, the majority falling between 32 and 37 mm (mean length 27 .5 mm). Width of blade at shoulders varies from 18.5 to 26.6 mm (mean width 22.2 mm). These points are 6.1 mm to 10.5 mm thick, averaging 8.0 mm thick. Basal length measures 5.5 to 14.3 mm (mean 14.6 mm), basal width 10 to 17 mm (mean 13.4 mm), and basal thickness 4.3 to 7.2 mm (mean 5.5 mm). The weight of whole points ranges from 3.3 to 6.9 am, with a mean of 5.0 am. [Sample size 14 to 18.) Proportions: About 1.2 to 1.8 times longer than broad. Shape: Blade trianguloid in outline, biconvex to piano-convex in cross-section. Edges straight or moderately excurvate. Stem straight or slightly contracted, shoulders sloping toward tip. Base unfinished on some specimens but usually roughly thinned to well-thinned, and basal edge is straight.

Age and cultural affiliations: These points only vaguely resemble other types defined in the Northeast (Ritchie 197lb). Some specimens resemble miniature Snook Kill points, others are similar to small Adena and Lagoon points. At the Gardepe site these points were found in zones 1 through 4, but their original provenience may have been zone 4. A "cache" of these points was found in that zone underlying feature 1, which was dated A.D. 290±100 years (Dic-249). Feature 4 in zone 4 was dated A.D. 130±55 years (Dic-263). A small Adena point occurred in the cache and blocked-end tube fragments were in the same stratum. Thus despite the relatively late date on feature 4, the points were probably part of a regional Early Woodland complex in the last few centuries B.C. They are very close in size and shape to the Plott Short Stemmed type, placed in the Early Woodland stage in Tennessee and dated 230 B.C. at the Calloway Island site (Chapman 1979). Distribution: So far known only for the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State.

Remarks: The preferred material at Gardepe and Johnsen No. 1 was eastern Onondaga pebble chert; one point from Gardepe locus 1 is of Pennsylvania rhyolite.

37

A second group of six points from the Gardepe site, though not included in the type description above, is very similar to the described sample in size and morphology. The differences are mainly intuitive, at the present time. In this group five whole specimens range in length from 29 to 41. 7 mm, the mean being 34. 7 mm. Breadth of blade for all six is 21.9 to 29. l mm, averaging 25.2 mm, and thickness varies from 5.7 to 8.8 mm (mean 7.1 mm). Basal length ranges from 5.8 to 14.7 mm (mean 8.0), basal width (four points) from 7.0 to 16 mm (mean 12.2 mm), basal thickness (five points) from 3.7 to 6.3 mm (mean 5.0 mm), and weight (six points) from 2.7 to 7.6 gm (mean 5.5 gm).

38

APPENDIX3 THE FORTIN SITE (One 42-2) by Robert E. Funk

Introduction The initial season of full-scale investigations by the New York State Museum in the Upper Susquehanna Valley began in June, 1971 , with excavations at the Shearer and Camelot No. 1 sites (See pages 149, 187). During our work at the latter, amateur archeologist Howard Hoagland reported his discovery of a stratified locus on the river at the F & F Airpark, West Davenport, New York, long known as a productive surface hunting locality. His four by four foot test pit, dug to a depth of about four feet (1.5 m), produced abundant fire-cracked rocks, chert chips, charcoal, a few artifacts, and fragments of refuse bone well below the plow zone in flood plain silt. It later became evident that he had dug into one of the richest portions of zone 3, a Late Archaic occupation floor, including part of a large pit, feature 7. These results encouraged us to believe that the site contained evidence of a long sequence of occupations and would provide an important chronological yardstick for the Upper Susquehanna Valley. Therefore, after closing the excavation at Camelot No. 1, we moved to the new site with the State University of New York at Albany field school.

Plate 13. General view of Fortin site looking west from top of gravel terrrace. Locus 1 is visible at dirt piles on right near Susquehanna River bank; locus 2 is in left near distance just to right of hangar on bank of Charlotte Creek.

Mr. & Mrs. Albert Fortin, owners of the airport, generously gave us permission to excavate in the 1971 and 1972 seasons and to return for additional tests in 1977.

Plate 13 and Figure 42. Locus 1 is centered along the northern edge of the flood plain next to the south bank of the river, and locus 2 adjoins the creek 120 feet (36 m) up from the stream junction. At this locality Charlotte Creek flows north and west to its juncture with the Susquehanna, while the latter flows almost directly west in this part of its channel. A narrow stretch of flood plain also borders the river on its northern bank. A series of prehistoric habitation loci occur on this terrace, including the stratified Street site which is almost directly opposite locus 1 at Fortin's (pages 123-143 ). Occupational traces are also to be found on the south bank of the river west of Charlotte Creek, the most important being the deeply stratified Adequentaga site about one-fourth mile from the junction (Raemsch 1970). The total estimated size of the Fortin site is 3 acres, but the distribution of cultural material may not be continuous over this area. By far the largest part of the site consists of cultural remains confined to the plow zone. Locus 1 and locus 2, the stratified portions, represent a small fraction of the total.

General Description, Topography, and Geology The Fortin site is located in West Davenport Township, Otsego County, N.Y. at the junction of the Susquehanna River and Charlotte Creek (42°27' N. Lat, 75° l' W. Long.). The large, roughly oblong area of flood plain containing the Airpark is bordered on its south and west by the creek, and on the north by the river. To the east it is adjoined by a kame terrace; the northern edge of this glacial feature directly borders the river. From the western foot of this hill to the creek, and adjoining the riverbank, is the area of the prehistoric site. At one time, the flood plain terrace was cultivated in toto; presently only the 6.5 acre area which incorporates

the site is leased as a hayfield. The rest of the flat is largely covered by a 3,700 foot (1128 m) runway, adjoined by a service building, an office trailer, and two hangars. Two principal loci exist on the site. These could be considered discrete sites in their own right because they are widely separated, and traces of occupation are very ' meager in the field between them. Their relation to each other and to the airport and local landforms is depicted in

The alluvial flat containing the site and airport lies at an approximate mean elevation of 1,100 feet (335 m). Our plane table survey indicated a maximum surface elevation of 1,095 feet (333.7 m) for locus 2 and 1,097 feet (334.4 m) for

39

present slough will fill , the swamp will be covered by overbank silts, and the process of meander formation will continue until the creek cuts across the farm land on the west side to create a new debouchement.

locus 1. The nearby kame terrace has an elevation of 1,180 feet (359.6 m) where it is crossed by the West Davenport Road. Bedrock in this immediate area is as deep as 200 feet (60 m) below surface; this glacially-scoured gorge is filled by morainal deposits, lacustrine sands and clays, river gravels, and overbank silts in that approximate order, from bottom to top (Fleisher l 977b, 1983). The fine-grained alluvial deposits in all excavated or tested parts of the site averaged about five feet thick and were underlain by heavy gravels of undetermined thickness. These gravels are assumed to be of flu vial origin, probably derived from drift deposits upstream.

Data from our excavations at locus 2 suggest that the sands and silts alongside the present creek channel began to accumulate about A.D. 200, or some 2,400 years later than the basal sands at locus 1. Thus the creek stabilized in its present bed (at that part of its course) approximately 1,750 years ago.

Testing Program and Site Configuration

In the general vicinity, lateral movement of the Susquehanna River has been minimal since late-glacial time. The resistant kame terrace gravels deflect it from a southwesterly course just east of the site to a more westerly one along the edge of the site. Opposite the creek's mouth is another kame terrace which once again deflects the river toward the southwest.

As already stated, Howard Hoagland tested locus 1 at the Fortin site because there was a known concentration of surface debris. It is not likely that he tested other parts of the site prior to our arrival in 1971. A small number of additional pits were dug by State Museum personnel. These adjoined our main grid between the E30 and ElOO lines. These ranged in size from one foot square to three feet square and averaged three feet deep. Only test C was mapped in this area (Figure 42). The tests revealed a continuation of the artifact-bearing zones east of Hoagland's pit. Our main excavation grid was established in this area because the deposits were obviously rich in archeological remains and complexly stratified. During that season, two 42 inch by 42 inch test squares were also dug on a low rise some 280 feet (84 m) east of EONO; these are designated A and B on Figure 42.

There has been some southward movement of the river just east of the Fortin site. There it has been cutting into the kame terrace, while forming a relatively wide area of flood plain on the north side. The Street site occupies a major portion of this flat. The southward shift of the channel and the accretion of the flood plain largely resulted from postg lacial formation of an alluvial fan by south-flowing Gifford Creek, which enters the river a short distance east of West Davenport Road. The fan-building has "pushed" the river channel southward. Radiocarbon dates for the basal deposits at Fortin locus 1 indicate the river has been stable in this locality for at least 4,000 years.

Additional tests were undertaken in the summer of 1977 in order to more adequately define the density and distribution of prehistoric remains and the general site boundaries east of locus 1. These pits included 23 tests of 1 by 1 foot size, 3 of 2 by 2 foot size, and 2 of 3 by 3 foot size. With few exceptions the range in depth was 36 to 52 inches, depending on the level at which culturally sterile sands or gravels were encountered. Although the pits were irregularly spaced, their coverage of the site was reasonably systematic in both east-west and north-south directions (Figure 42).

The lower reaches of Charlotte Creek traverse a rather broad expanse (up to 3,000 feet or 914 m wide) of flood plain, including the Airpark, generally without interference from resistant drift deposits. Therefore, it is likely that the creek has undergone considerable meandering since the glacial retreat, including shifting of the position of its mouth. This is supported by examination of air fotos, including infra-red views taken by Robert J. Dineen of the New York State Science Service.

These tests showed that concentrated sub-plow zone habitation debris representing an extension of locus 1 continued approximately 60 feet (18 m) east of our grid. Beyond this point the plow zone continued to produce lithic refuse, but deeper remains occurred only in tests 5, 6, 14, 19, A and B (Figure 42). Thus, there appear to be other loci with intact refuse-bearing deposits below plow zone, which might repay excavation at some future time.

Both infra-red and normal colors show traces of a series of former channels lacing the whole area of the runway flats. One such feature appears to lie parallel to the Susquehanna between the hangars and locus 1. This suggests that locus 1 was at one time a small peninsula confined between Charlotte Creek and the river. Since that period (between 4200 and 2000 years ago) the creek has moved to the south and west, creating the broad alluvial flat now occupied by the airport. Presently the creek sweeps away from the airport in a meander a short distance above its mouth; between runway and main channel is low, wooded ground produced by point-bar construction. A narrow slough or chute runs along the east edge of this swamp, parallel to the vegetation patterns on the field that mark the locations of old, filled-in channels. Eventually the

It is difficult to estimate the maximum extent of surface debris at locus 1 and throughout the large field to the east, since the field was always in hay at the time of our explorations and this precluded controlled surface collection. Including locus 1, surface material ran for at least 680 feet (204 m) parallel to the riverbank. The north-south width averaged about 100-120 feet (30-36 m).

40

Locus 1 was bordered on the south and west by a broad, shallow depression which may have once been a slough, chute, or other drainage feature, now partly silted in. Thus, there is some evidence that locus 1 was originally a gravel bar, partially isolated from the rest of the field by high water during floods caused by spring thaws or winter ice jams. This bar may have later served as an obstacle which impeded flow and caused sediment to accumulate during flood episodes. Following our arrival on site in 1971, Hoagland also reported finding buried traces of occupation in a test on the bank of Charlotte Creek, at what was later designated locus 2. Surface indications were lacking there. Further tests were made in the large area extending from locus 2 north to the stream junction and northeast to locus 1. These unmapped tests involved the use of shovels and, in a few cases, a power auger. A triangular patch of alluvium at the confluence, seen on the map (Figure 42) north of the locus 2 grid and west of test square D, proved to be completely devoid of subsurface remains. East of test D (section W300Sl 70), and extending to the depression adjoining locus 1, all tests failed to produce subsurface evidence of occupancy. This includes the 1977 tests, numbered 21 and 22. Only test square D produced evidence of living floors, but all categories of evidence were extremely meager. It is suggested that the ground surface at locus 2 and test D has been essentially stable for at least 1,700 years (since the initial early Middle Woodland occupation), thus permitting the accumulation of overbank flood plain sediments which formed a reasonably dry occupation surface. Of course, other parts of the adjoining field may have accumulated silts at a similar rate but were not, for various reasons, occupied by prehistoric man. It is probably significant that both locus 2 and test D were almost certainly located on or near the stream junction prior to the formation of the present "corner." Closeness to aquatic food resources and potable water were likely motives for the selection of a camp site.

Plate 14. View of excavations in progress (1971) at Fortin locus 1 looking west. aimed along the NO line, and stakes can be reset at 10-foot intervals using a tape. Given the stratified condition of the site, and the probable existence of several components, our basic objective was to delineate a sequence of archeological components which would serve as a point of departure for a sound regional chronology. Relative dating would be derived from the stratigraphic relationships of occupation zones; since charcoal appeared to be abundant a radiocarbon framework could be developed for the various components. We expected to gather information about subsistence practices from preserved vegetal and fauna! remains, and hoped to elucidate internal patterning of remains which would reflect social and economic organization of the site's inhabitants. We also sought clues to prehistoric environmental conditions as reflected in sedimentary history, microfloral and macrofloral remains, etc.

State Museum personnel conducted further tests along Charlotte Creek upstream from locus 2, but had no luck in locating other sites.

Therefore, our principal challenge was to accurately understand the stratigraphy and to apply excavation techniques appropriate to the systematic exposure, dissection and recording of occupation zones. Our first model of the stratigraphy at locus 1 was provided by a "control pit" dug by the writer and his crew chief next to Hoagland's test pit. This model was subsequently modified, but its predictive power was obvious as excavation progressed.

Excavation - Strategy and Methods On July 14, 1971, the writer and the State Museum crew, assisted by approximately 30 SUNY Albany field school students led by Prof. Dwight Wallace, established an eastwest baseline at locus 1, with EONO as base stake. The grid was laid out in ten-foot squares, centered around Hoagland's test pit (Plate 14). A steel pin 21 inches long was driven to the base of the plow zone at the W70NO position near the edge of the bank; this served as a permanent reference point outside the area-of cultivation. The baseline may be reestablished by setting up a transit over the pin, sighting on a bottle cap on a tree 93 inches distant, then turning clockwise 139 degrees. At that point the transit is

All excavation was by hand, following the methods outlined in Chapter 2 (Volume 1). Sediment samples were collected from major zones in profiles of three squares located in western, central, and eastern parts of the locus 1 grid (W40Sl0, W20NO, EOSlO). Soil acidity readings were also taken on some profiles. After profiles were drawn, photographs taken, and samples collected, all the balks between units were removed, maintaining the usual care in collection and

41

recording procedures. Finally, the excavations were backfilled at the close of each season's work. The total area excavated was 2,750 square feet (255 m 2) . The volume of earth moved is 11 ,000 cubic feet (311 m 3). The methods outlined above were also applied to locus 2.

Investigations at Locus 1

Physical Stratigraphy The stratigraphic pattern described here is valid only for locus 1. Significant deviation from that pattern could occur in unexcavated parts of the locus adjacent on the east to our grid, and it is to be expected in more distant parts of the field.

Plate 16. North and east profiles of section EONlO at the Fortin site, Locus I. near the river bank on the north side of the grid. Zone 1 is the plow zone. Zone 2, easily traced despite the complexity of the deposits, included features 76 and 77. Zone 3, thicker than usual, included two sublevels, one with features 85 and 86, the other with feature 94. Zone 4 was at its thickest here (note coarse sand lenses). Zone 5 was absent here. Zone 6, partially interbedded with zone 7, and zone 8 were at the floor of the excavation.

There are two senses in which the locus is stratified. The first is metrical, which means that cultural remains are distributed throughout a relatively thick deposit and differences in the depth distribution of artifact types would be apparent from the construction of a simple histogram. However, in the second sense the site displays physical stratification; distinct strata or zones could be identified in all excavation units and nearly every one of these zones was associated with its own distinctive array of artifact types. The physical stratigraphy at locus 1 is described in terms of zones, numbered from the top down (Figure 41) (Plates 15-17). None of these were arbitrary levels, since they all possessed distinguishing physical characteristics. They were identified by and originated in a mix of natural and cultural phenomena.

Plate 17. East profile of section W50Sl0 at the Fortin site, locus 1. Physically differentiated zones or strata are marked by tags. Zone I. plow zone; zone 2, yellow-brown silt; zone 3, variably stained occupation zone in brown silt here incorporating a stone-filled hearth (feature 30) and dipping to left toward an old beach as indicated by scratched lines; zone 4, yellow-brown compact sandy silt. Zone 5 was absent from this part of the site. Zone 6, gravel layer; zone 7, interbedded sands and silts. Tip of range pole rests on zone 8, coarse sand and cobbles. Only zone 8 was devoid of cultural remains.

Plate 15. A portion of the NO profile at Fortin site Locus 1, prior to removal of balks. Zones marked with tags. Here zone 3 was easy to follow because of fire-reddening and charcoal staining associated with features 7, 9, and 10. Tip of range pole (marked in feet) rests on part of zone 7 several inches above its base.

42

Zone 1 - This was the plow zone, the top of which comprised the ground surface. Ranging from 8 to 16 inches thick in the excavated area, averaging about 9 inches thick, it was dark brown in color and was sharply demarcated from the underlying zone 2 by a clear cut, slightly undulating "plow sole." It was thickest near the river bank. Apart from decaying remnants of recent crops, it contained abundant lithic debris in the form of fire-shattered stones, chert wastage, and artifacts. The color must have been largely the product of cultivation, although organic material from the pre-agricultural humus was mixed into the zone by the plow. It is likely that the original duff was only a few inches thick and was immediately underlain by a zone similar in color and texture to zones 1B or 2, now truncated by cultivation.

yellow-brown (10 YR 4/3-414) sandy silt. Even in areas where zone 3 was not visible and zone 2 appeared to grade visually into zone 4, an abrupt transition could be felt by the excavators during !rowelling. Zone 4 was perceived as coarser in texture and more compact than zones 1B, 2, or 3. In its thicker portions near the bank it contained sand lenses whose crossbedding was visible in some profiles. Lithic refuse was scattered through the zone and a number of features were recorded. Near the riverbank there were discontinuous bands of charcoal-stained earth within the general matrix of the zone which suggested an individual living floor. Zone 5 - Throughout most of the site zone 4 rested directly on a layer of small pebbles. This gravel deposit, found throughout locus 1, is called zone 6 because in a restricted area at the center of the grid it was overlaid by a darkly stained layer, referred to as zone 5. Zone 5 was 3 to 5 inches thick and ranged in color from yellow-brown to gray. Its existence and appearance were entirely the result of aboriginal activities centered around several hearths, since it was identified by the presence of dark stained earth and cracked rocks.

Zone 1B - Confined to the northern and western parts of the grid, near the river bank, this zone directly underlay the plow zone and rested on top of zone 2. Light brown in color, composed largely of silt, and containing relatively meager remains of occupancy, it was thickest (up to 1 foot) near the river bank, but merged into the plow zone to the south at about the NlO line. The observed portion was intact only because the underlying sediments dipped toward the river, well below the reach of the plowshare. In other parts of the site zone lB had been obliterated by cultivation and its contents mingled with the plow zone. There were features as well as debris in the zone, showing that it was a primary deposit with in situ traces of habitation.

Zone 6 - Although this stratum could be traced in all parts of locus 1, it varied considerably in thickness and structure and in some areas interdigitated with the underlying zone 7. In thickness it ranged from 1 to about 24 inches. There were instances where it appeared as a single, thin layer of pebbles, and other instances where it divided into multiple lenses of gravel, sand, and silt. Cultural materials were sparse in this zone.

Zone 2 -This deposit directly underlay the plow zone where zone lB was absent. It was a flood plain silt, yellowbrown in color (Munsell 10 YR 4/4-5/4), and varied considerably in thickness due to irregularities in the underlying sediments. For example, zone 3, the next layer, fluctuated in depth, thickness, and visibility. In some places it rose to the plow line, and zone 2 was missing. In others zone 3 was indiscernible and zone 2 merged without abrupt change into zone 4. In yet other areas close to the bank where all zones tended to slope downward, zone 2 achieved a thickness of up to 33 inches. It also seemed to split into two or three subzones including a dark stained living floor along the N20 profile (figure 41) (Plates 15-17). In general, zone 2 was about 3-6 inches thick near the center of the grid. It was rich in chert chips, cracked rock, artifacts, and features.

Zone 7 - Below zone 6 were interbedded silts and coarse sands ranging from 6 to over 15 inches in combined thickness. These are all lumped under zone 7. The color was usually yellow-brown (10 YR 5/4). Again, artifacts, chips and cracked rocks were not common, but a number of features were present, some of large size. Zone 8 - These were heavy gravels (cobbles and pebbles) of unknown thickness underpinning the entire stratigraphic column. Tests carried up to four feet into this deposit failed to disclose evidence of structure or occupation debris. It appeared to be a water-laid deposit and underlay the entire field including both loci. Its age is unknown, although certainly greater than 4200 years.

Zone 3 - Although one of the most contrastive layers on the site, this was less a silt deposit than an intensely stained living floor resting on alluvium. Charcoal, chert flakes, features, and cracked rocks were generally more concentrated in this zone than in any other. It averaged about 3 inches thick, ranging from 0 to 8; even at the river bank it dipped considerably without much thickening. The color varied from yellow-brown, indistinguishable from zones 2 and 4, to gray-brown or even black.

As can be seen on the profiles (Figure 41), the various zones were nearly level and of uniform thickness near the center of locus 1 (Plate 15). There was a general tendency for all of the deposits to dip toward the west and north (toward the river) (Plate 16). The present ground surface remained fairly level up to the edge of the drop-off, even though zones 7, 6, 5, 4, and 3 sloped down and pinched out on top of zone 8, in that order. This is because zones 1, lB, and 2 all thickened considerably before sloping away, thus maintaining the surface contour of the bank as it appears today.

Zone 4 -Approximately 12 inches in mean thickness, ranging from 6 to 24 inches, this was a natural deposit of

43

In the opposite direction, toward the south side of the grid, the general tilt of zones lB-7 was maintained, but with the converse tendency to rise toward the plow line. Zone lB, of course, feathered out between the NO and NlO lines, and zones 2 and 3 disappeared before reaching the S30 line. Zones 4-7 rose toward the plowline, as did the heavy gravels which supported them. All of these zones were still present at S50 except zone 5 which had simply faded into the general sand-silt matrix at the base of zone 4.

relatively young age. Also where only thin lenses of zone 2 remained between plow line and zone 3, the assignment of certain artifacts to either zone was problematical. Second, zone 3 was highly variable in terms of charcoal staining, the density of cracked rock and other remains and so was almost completely indistinguishable from zones 2 and 4 in some areas, for example in sections W20SIO and W30SIO (see Figure 41). Third, there were occasional examples of disturbance, such as the large depression in sections EONIOEIONlO or the partially scrambled upper levels of sections W30S20 and W 40 S20. Fourth, even where occupation zones or strata were sharply defined there was occasionally some ambiguity in determining the exact provenience of items. For example, what does one do with objects found precisely on the contact of two zones, or at the fringes of a zone where it fades out?

In eastern squares of the grid, toward the E20 and E30 lines, there was a tendency for zone 7 to grow thicker and for zone 6 to rise accordingly. This reduced zone 4 in thickness. Zone 3 was less well defined in this area. It is thus possible that the stratigraphy in general was more condensed and amorphous east of the grid than within it. Soil pH readings were taken on samples from section ElOSlO. They were as follows: Zone 2 - 7.0 (neutral) Zone 3, general - 6.0 (slightly acid) Zone 3, feature 16 - 7.0 (neutral) Zone 4 - 5.5 (medium acid) Zone 7 - 5.5 (medium acid)

Keeping these considerations in mind, we tried to be consistent in our approach to determining provenience. In most cases, it was a simple matter to ascertain the zones of origin of features or artifacts. In a small number of cases, ambiguous data required falling back to less precise provenience, as in the case of items assigned to two or even three alternative zones.

The generally acid soil conditions help to explain the lack of uncalcined refuse bone on the site.

Once we were equipped with a workable model of the stratigraphy, particularly in the central, most "contrasty" parts of the grid, we were able to extrapolate with some confidence to other parts where the zones were less well defined. In the excavation of squares along the Nl0-N20 lines there at first appeared to be wide disparities in the depth distribution of projectile point types. But these contradictions were resolved when we realized the steepness at which zones 2, 3, and 4 dropped off toward the river. We were able to trace zone 3, a key indicator, across the north-south balks and also on some of the east-west balks. Thus objects found in appropriate positions could be assigned to zone 3 and other zones with high probability even though the deposits may have appeared homogeneous at the time of recovery. This technique was also applied, with proper caution, in certain other parts of the grid. As might be expected, there were instances where artifacts indisputably occurred within zones where they seemed "out of place" in terms of expectations derived from the general picture.

Grain size analyses were performed by James T. Kirkland on sediment samples collected from balks in sections W 40S10, W20NO, and EO S 10. As seen on the diagram (Figure 6) the samples from locus 1 tend to cluster together and are dominated by the sand fraction. Zones 6 and 7 are not represented in this group but are clearly set apart by their coarse sand and gravel fractions. It is a surprise that no textural contrast was shown between zones 3 and 4 since I) visible sand lenses were common in zone 4 but lacking in zone 3 and 2) a sandy "feel" was evident to excavators upon troweling into zone 4. No explanation is offered for the discrepancy except for the possibility that the contrast perceived during excavation was due to the relatively greater compaction of zone 4.

Cultural Stratigraphy Since our main objective was to delineate the sequence and internal patterning of components, it was important not only to correctly interpret the stratigraphic pattern but to be able to assign artifacts, features, and other remains to given zones. In practice it was sometimes difficult to place an item in the zone of its origin, and there are several reasons for this. First, the zones did not all share the same horizontal and vertical dimensions, i.e ., they did not occur in a strict layer-cake sequence. Zone lB, limited to a strip along the riverbank, merged southward into the plow zone. Zone 3 sometimes rose up into the plowline, signifying the truncation of zone 2 in those areas. In such cases plowing had mixed artifacts from the older deposits with artifacts of

The depth distribution of artifacts by zones is presented in Table 51. Especially useful are the diagnostic projectile points, knives, and other traits which reflect the cultural affiliations of the sundry occupations. Not shown on the lists are utilized flakes. Although some utilized flakes were identified in each level, such tools are often difficult to distinguish from debitage. Given the ambiguities, no counts of utilized flakes are presented pending detailed study of the debitage. Occupations are defined as individual periods of residence on the site by human groups. A component is defined as the total amount of debris, artifacts, and features

44

Hammerstones, cobble (3) (fig. 16). Anvilstones (4) (figs. 17,18). Hammerstone-anvilstones (1). Pitted stones ("nutting stones") (3). Hammer-pitted stone(!).

in any one zone that was produced by one or more such occupations during the time required for the formation of that particular zone. Repeated occupations on a living surface by the same group or related groups may produce identical kinds of artifacts or refuse, hence it may not be possible to distinguish between the occupations. Where sufficient culture change took place during the period of deposition the inventories of the different groups should display contrasting typologies. Failing stratigraphic criteria, these contrasts are often the only means for separating components or single occupations.

Materials: Both Lamoka points are of Esopus chert. The remaining chipped items are of eastern Onondaga chert and the rough stone tools of sandstone, except 2 netsinkers of siltstone.

Although each zone (below plow line) had its own predominant trait content, not every zone can be confidently called single-component; elements of two or more traditions seem to be represented in zones 2 and 3. On the other hand it is always possible that such apparent mixture of traits actually signifies a process of change in local culture complexes.

Debitage Only 91 debitage items occurred in zone 7 (Fig. 44). Of this total, 3 are unmodified chert pebbles, 2 are pebble cores, 8 are core fragments, 2 are primary decortication flakes, and the remaining 76 comprise secondary flakes, a few biface retouch flakes, and splinters. A few flakes had been utilized. The material used was primarily eastern Onondaga chert; only 8 pieces were of Esopus chert.

Table 53 summarizes the frequency distribution of features in the zones, Table 52 presents the data for artifacts, debitage is summarized in Table 55 and Table 54 does the same for fire-cracked rocks. Figures 43, 45, 48, 51, 52 are maps of the zones showing features and the plotted positions of artifacts. The horizontal patterns in densities of fire-cracked rocks in each zone are presented in Figure 54. Density distribution of debitage is shown in Figures 44, 46, 47, 49, 50. Detailed analysis of the cores and flakes from all zones remains to be carried out.

Both the debitage and the Lamoka point preforms constitute evidence for biface manufacture in this zone.

Features Eight features are attributed to this zone (Table 42). Three other numbered features were found in the top of zone 7 in section W50Sl0 but two of them, nos. 38 and 66, were probably animal burrows. The third, no. 34, is believed to have originated in zone 2, because I) associated charcoal produced an anomalously young C-14 date of 1400 B.C., 2) zones 3, 4, 5, and 6 had pinched out on top of zone 7 at about the position of the feature, which therefore was closely overlain by zone 2.

The following discussion of the prehistoric occupations represented on the locus proceeds within the zonal stratigraphic framework just described. Here the numbering order used during excavation is reversed in terms of Occupation Zones, for convenience in approximating the actual sequence of occupation and deposition.

Four features, nos. 29,112,114,115, were large saucershaped depressions 3 to 4 feet in diameter and 6-8 inches deep. Feature 112 is shown in Plate 19, and feature 114 in Plate 20. They were filled with cobbles, many of which were fire-reddened and cracked. Charcoal stained earth generally occurred below and between the cobbles. Debitage was abundant in and around feature 29. Bifaces in process and notched stone netsinkers also occurred near its periphery, and a Lamoka-like projectile point was directly associated with it.

Zone7 (Occupation Zone 1)

Artifacts Projectile Points: Lamoka points (2) (Plate 18, figs. 12, 13). These medium sized, relatively thick, narrow stemmed points with thick, unfinished bases are within the typological range of Lamoka points although relatively large (Ritchie 197lb).

Features 37 and 111 were basin-shaped with oval rims, measuring 10 to 27 inches across and 3-4 inches deep. They contained cracked rocks and charcoal.

Other Bifaces:

Feature 65 was a lightly oxidized (fire-reddened) oval patch of silt which occurred alone in section EONO. Its diameter was about 42 inches.

In process (3). Two of these appear to be classic Lamoka point preforms (figs. 14, 15). Unifaces: None

Feature 91 was small (17 inches in diameter, 6 inches deep), basin-shaped and filled with charcoal-stained earth (Plate 21). It was almost an archetypal form of the Lamoka phase (Ritchie 1932, 1965a).

Rough Stone: Netsinkers, end-notched (10) (Plate 18, figs. 19-21). Netsinkers, side-notched (11) (fig. 22).

45

• • •,• 2

3

7

4

8

9

' .. 11

10

6

ttal 12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

22 Plate 18. Artifacts from zones 5, 6, and 7 at the Fortin site, locus 1. Figs. 12-22 from zone 7 (Lamoka phase); 12, 13, Lamoka points; 14, 15, Lamoka points in process; 16, pebble hammerstone; 17, 18, anvilstones; 19-21, end-notched netsinkers; 22, sidenotched netsinker. Figs. 4-11 from zone 6 (unidentified occupation): 4, water-rolled corner-notched point, perhaps introduced from older occupation area by flooding; 5-11, chert nodules from the river gravels (figs. 6, 9, 10 appear to have been utilized). Figs. 1-3 from zone 5; all appear to be worked nodules derived from river gravels. Zone 7 materials dated 2235 and 2020 B.C.; zone 5 items dated 1930 B.C. Materials: all eastern Onondaga chert except 12, 13, Esopus chert and 16-22, sandstone.

46

Radiocarbon Dates Feature 112, section W40S20, charcoal; 2235 B.C.±120 years {l-7098). Feature 29, section W40SIO, charcoal; 2020 B.C .±100 years {l-6568). One of the Lamoka points was found close to this feature. (Buckley 1976: 180.)

Subsistence Remains None observed or recovered.

Distributional Patterns Although artifacts, features, and chips were scattered throughout the grid, the floor plan (Figure 43) and density distribution maps (Figures 44, 54) show one large, definite cluster in sections W40SIO, W40S20, and W30S20 and a small one in sections WIONIO, EONIO, EIONIO. The strong cluster includes features 29, 37, 111, 112, 114, and 115 which produced most of the cracked rocks plus one of the stemmed points, several netsinkers, hammerstones, and biface production debris including flakes and biface preforms in close proximity to feature 29. The weak cluster consists of ca. 40 cracked rocks, ca. 35 chert chips and a tight group of 6 notched netsinkers, which may have been tied to a net left on the ground and never recovered. Elsewhere in the excavated area, very little debris of any kind was unearthed.

Plate 19. Feature 112, zone 7 at Fortin site, locus I in cross-section, showing charcoal lens underlying burned cobble layer. Scale arrow marked in inches.

Zone6 (Occupation Zone 2)

Artifacts Projectile Points: Plate 20. Feature 114, zone 7, section W30S20, at Fortin site, locus I; a large stone platform partially cross-sectioned. The gravel layer, zone 6, clearly overlies the feature.

Corner-notched, untyped(!) (Plate 18, fig 4). A small, broad-bladed point with overhanging shoulders and relatively narrow base. It is unfortunate that this water-rolled point is damaged, because it may represent a relatively old Archaic form such as a bifurcated-base style. Other Bifaces: In process (2). Unifaces: Side scraper, on retouched flake (!). A minor percentage of pebbles in the zone were of naturally occurring Onondaga chert. There were also a number of objects which appear to be utilized nodules of the same material (Plate 18, figs. 6, 9, 10). One object appears superficially like a small graving tool but on close examination there are no flake scars which are clearly of artificial origin. This "tool" is therefore probably the result of natural processes.

Plate 21. Feature 91, zone 7, section W!OS20 at Fortin site, locus I; a small basin-shaped hearth, filled with charcoalstained earth, in cross-section.

Rough Stone: Netsinkers, side-notched (2).

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Netsinker, end-notched, on flat pebble (1). Anvilstone with scars of attrition, on cobble (1). Hammerstone, cobble (1). Hammer-"nutting" stone, with a deep conical pit on each face, one end battered (1). Anvil-pitted stone (1).

Flake, retouched (1). Rough Stone: Anvilstones (2). Hammerstone (1). Hammer-anvilstone (1). Netsinker, side-notched (1).

Materials:

Materials:

The chipped stone artifacts are of eastern Onondaga chert. Except for 1 netsinker of siltstone, the rough stone tools are of sandstone.

The biface and unifaces are of eastern Onondaga chert, and the rough stone tools are of sandstone.

Features

Features

Features 18, 21, 22, 90, 108, 109, and 120 occurred in this zone (Table 43). A good case could be made that features 18, 108, and 109 were discrete facilities used at different times, but there is some question about the separate status of the others. All of them were located within the bounds of a midden concentration about 15 feet in diameter and their limits were sometimes indistinct (Figure 45). The overall concentration was characterized by variable but generally intense dark staining of the silt by charcoal, and by large quantities of fire-cracked stones. Features 21, 22, 90, and 120 were exposed and labelled at different stages of excavation in four different squares. They may actually represent inhomogeneities in the density of cracked rocks and charcoal, or secondary depressions within the larger feature. Although the total facility may be a hearth complex, representing the remains of several fires, it is difficult to be sure that any of the numbered units actually burned separately from the others.

Only one feature, no. 103, definitely originated in zone 6. It was saucer-shaped, 3 inches thick, and at least 36 inches in diameter. The major portion extended beyond the north wall of the square and remains unexcavated. It consisted of a layer of fire-cracked rocks underlain by charcoalstained silt. A sample of charcoal was collected for possible radiocarbon dating.

Radiocarbon Dates None obtained at this writing.

Subsistence Remains None observed or recovered.

Distributional Patterns The greatest concentration of artifacts observed in zone 6 was in section WlONlO, in the vicinity of feature 103, where the single projectile point and several netsinkers occurred (Plate 18). All of the cracked stones recorded for the zone (Figure 54) were in the feature.

In the longest horizontal dimension (either diameter or long axis) features 90, 108, and 109 measured from 13 inches to 30 inches. Roughly saucer-shaped and filled with charcoal-stained earth and cracked stones, these features ranged from 2 to 4 inches in depth. Debitage and a Lamoka point preform occurred in feature 109. The larger, adjoining features 120, 21 and 22 were far less regular in shape (and their boundaries were more difficult to define, tending to merge with the surrounding midden). These amorphous features consisted of charcoal, dark stained earth and cracked stones. Along a northwest-southeast axis feature 21 measured over 10 feet; it averaged about 3 feet wide. Feature 22 measured about 60 by 52 inches. Feature 120 was five feet long and 27 inches wide. These features were between 2 and 5 inches deep. Bits of calcined bone occurred in features 21and22.

Zones (Occupation Zone 3)

Artifacts Projectile Points: Although no projectile points or other reliable diagnostics were found in the zone, several Lamoka type points did occur at the base of zone 4, just above zone 6 and barely outside the visible fringes of zone 5. Though a direct association was not established, this evidence plus the single Lamoka preform from a zone 5 context suggests that Lamokas were manufactured and used by the Indian occupants during this time period.

Feature 18 in section WIOSlO, classed as amorphous, was a round patch of reddened earth 2 feet in diameter containing fire-shattered rocks and a few chert flakes.

Other Bifaces: The single biface from feature 109 in this zone appears to be a Lamoka point preform.

Radiocarbon Dates Feature 22, section ED S30, charcoal: 1930B.C .±100 years (l-6566). (Buckley 1976: 180).

Unifaces: Side scraper, on retouched chert nodule (1).

48

75

t 76

Plate 22. Artifacts from zones 3 and 4 at the Fortin site, locus 1. Figs. 1-59 from zone 3 (Vestal component concentrated in western half of grid: Normanskill points in eastern part); 60-76, from zone 4. Figs. 1-18, Vestal corner-notched points; 19-29, Vestal-like comer-notched points (relatively longer and thicker than figs. 1-18); 30-48, Normanskill points; 49-59, medium broad side-notched points; 60-72, Lamoka type points; 73, broad stemmed point; 74, untyped small stemmed point; 75, unfinished small stemmed point used as knife; 76, side-notched point. Zone 4 component dated 1890 B.C . and 1800 B.C.; Vestal component dated 1870 B.C. and 1825 B.C .; Normanskill component dated 1660 B.C . and 1735 B.C. Materials: all eastern Onondaga chert except 73 (white chalcedony), 30, 31, 33, 43, 47, Esopus(?) chert.

49

Subsistence Remains

Materials: All points and bifaces are of eastern Onondaga chert except 1 point of white chalcedony (Plate 23, fig. 73). All of the rough stone tools are of sandstone.

None observed or recovered, apart from unidentifiable bits of calcined bone.

Distributional Patterns

Debitage

In the near-absence of artifacts, and given the rather small size of the zone 5 deposit, no particular pattern is suggested, except for the obviously concentrated activity represented by the hearth complex, chert flakes and cracked rocks (Figures 45, 46, 54).

A total of 950 items of debitage occurred in zone 4 (Fig. 47). There are 9 chert pebbles, no cores, 16 core fragments, and 925 "general" flakes. The "general" category comprises primary, secondary, and retouch flakes (including biface retouch flakes) as well as snapped flakes and splinters. These fragments were by-products of biface (Lamoka point) manufacture. An undetermined number of utilized flakes are in the sample.

Zone4 (Occupation Zone 4)

Although the great bulk of items consists of eastern Onondaga chert, there are rare pieces of Kalkberg and Esopus chert.

Artifacts Projectile Points: Lamoka type points (16) of the straight stemmed variety (Ritchie 197lb). Most of these have unfinished bases and a minority have roughly thinned bases (Plate 22, figs. 60-72).

Features Eighteen features were found in the zone, i.e., nos. 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 35, 42, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 107, and 113. There was a considerable range in size and form (see Figure 45, and Table 44).

Untyped side-notched point (!), of medium breadth (fig. 76). Untyped small stemmed point (!), of medium breadth (fig. 74).

Features 61and64 were small round shallow saucershaped depressions 6 to 13 inches in diameter, 2 to 4 inches deep, containing dark charcoal-stained earth. Features 23, 24, 25, 35, 68, 107, and 113 were characterized as basinshaped, 12 to 42 inches in oral diameter and 4-8 inches deep. All of these contained cracked rocks and charcoal, and some (features 35, 107) were bordered by burned earth.

Untyped small stemmed point (1), with broad blade and narrow stem (fig. 73). Other Bifaces: Point, small stemmed, in process, with unretouched curved blade showing utilization along the edge (I) (Plate 22, fig. 75).

The category amorphous features includes features 20, 26, 42, 59, 60, 62, 63, and 69 which ranged from shallow depressions to lenses. These are subdivided into simple fire-reddened patches (feature 69), areas of fire-reddened earth and charcoal flecks (features 62, 63), concentrations of charcoal-stained earth and cracked rocks (features 20, 26, 59), and combinations of cracked rocks, charcoal (or charcoal-stained earth) and reddened earth (features 42, 60). They varied in diameter from 24 to 52 inches and in depth from 1 to 4 inches. Feature 70, in a class by itself, was an incompletely excavated basin-shaped depression in the northeast comer of section E20NO. It was 12.5 inches deep and filled with gray sand. Faintly reddish sand lenses occurred at top and base.

In process (4). Lamoka point preforms (3). Tip fragment, possibly from a Susquehanna Broad point (intrusive from a higher level ?) (!). Unifaces: Scrapers, side, on retouched flakes(!). Rough Stone: Netsinkers, side-notched, flat pebble (1). Chopper-like tool, on flat cobble showing considerable battering on opposite edges (1). "Choppers" in the form of flat cobbles flaked around the margins, notched near the proximal end, with semicircular working edge (2) (Plate 23, figs. 7, 8).

Apart from cracked rocks, charcoal, and stained earth the contents of the features included chert chips (features 42, 70), bits of burned bone (feature 62), and rarely artifacts (pitted stone in feature 20).

Hammerstone, cobble (1) (fig. 9). Anvilstones, on cobbles (4) (fig. 10). Hammer-anvilstone (1). Pitted "nutting" stones showing deep conical pits (2). Pitted-anvilstones (3). "Nutting-hammerstone" or combination tool (1). Teshoa, on split cobble (1).

Radiocarbon Dates Feature 24, section ElOSlO, charcoal; 1890 B.C .±100 years U-6567). Lamoka points were recovered from the zone near the feature. (Buckley 1976: 180).

50

2

4

5

Plate 23. Rough stone tools from zones 3 and 4 at the Fortin site, locus I. Figs. 1-6, from zone 3; 7-10, from zone 4. Figs. 1, 5, 6, notched peripherally flaked "choppers"; 2, anvilstone; 3, pitted "nutting" stone; 4, pebble hammer; 7, incomplete notched "chopper"; 8, broken "chopper"; 9, pebble hammer; 10, anvilstone. Materials: all sandstone.

51

Medium broad side-notched points (11) (figs. 49-59). This sample could largely be referred to as "Normanskilllike" but are relatively broader than Normanskills and a few differ from Normanskills in details of the basal configuration. These points are not assigned to any particular type.

Feature 25, section E20NO, charcoal; 1800 B.C.±95 years {I-6369). Lamoka points were recovered from the zone near the feature. (Buckley 1976: 180).

Subsistence Remains Charred butternut fragments were found in section ElOSlO at a depth of 25 inches, well down in zone 4. Bits of burned refuse bone occurred in some features but were unidentifiable as to species.

Genesee-like point (1). Other Bifaces: Knives, ovate or triangular (3). In process (18). Point or knife fragments (8). Drill, T-base (1). Drill, expanded-base (1).

Distributional Patterns On Figure 45 there appear to be three loose groupings of features and artifacts, separated by areas 10-15 feet wide which are relatively void of cultural remains.

Unifaces:

The cluster on the southwest consisted of features 35, 59, and 113 plus a small number of artifacts including three Lamoka type points and two anvilstones.

None. Rough Stone: Netsinker, end-notched (1) . Netsinker, side-notched (1).

In the central part of the grid were features 20, 42, 61, 62, 63, 64, and 69 in loose association with 7 Lamoka points, 1 untyped stemmed point, 2 notched "choppers," several bifaces, 2 anvilstones, and other tools.

"Chopper," with oval flaked edges showing smoothing and striations (2).

The third cluster, in the eastern part of the grid, comprised features 23, 25, 26, 60, 68, 70 and with some relaxation of boundaries, features 24 and 107. Artifacts in the same area included 4 Lamoka points, a netsinker, "chopper," a hammerstone, a pitted stone, etc.

"Choppers," side-notched, flaked from sandstone cobbles (3) (Plate 23, figs. 1, 5, 6). "Chopper," side-notched, grooved on one face from use as shaft smoother (1). Hammerstones, pebble or cobble (11) (fig. 4). Hammer-anvilstones, on cobbles (7).

This picture is not aided in any way by the densities of cracked rock shown on Figure 54, because of ambiguous and incomplete data in the field notes for some squares. Debitage was most abundant in the area of the central cluster (Figure 47).

Pitted anvilstones or "nutting-anvilstones," cobbles bearing a large conical pit or pits on one face, diffuse scarring on the other (4). Anvil-abradingstone (1).

Zone3

Pitted "nutting" stones on cobbles, bearing conical pits on one or both faces (3) (fig. 3).

(Occupation Zone 5)

Anvil-millingstone (1).

Artifacts

Anvilstones, on cobbles, showing much diversity in the number, placement, size and shape of attrition scars (16) (Plate 23, fig. 2).

Projectile Points: Normanskill type points (19) (Plate 22, figs. 30-48). These side-notched points conform to the type as defined by Ritchie (197 lb) in nearly every attribute, including size, proportion of length to width, shape and placement of notches, basal form, and thickness. A minor percentage also have the medial ridge which is an element of the definition.

Hammer-pitted stones (5). Materials: The majority of bifaces are of eastern Onondaga chert. One Normanskill point is of green Normanskill chert; six Normanskill points, one Vestal point, and the Genesee-like point are of a dull, homogeneous gray chert most closely resembling the Esopus variety. Rough stone tools are of sandstone.

Vestal type points (19) (Plate 22, figs. 1-18). These are small, broad-bladed, corner-notched or side-notched, and relatively thin (Ritchie 197lb).

Debitage

Vestal-like corner-notched points (11) , (Plate 22, figs. 1929). These points deviate from the Vestal type definition in certain attributes. In general, they are relatively narrower and thicker than the definition calls for, or show differences in the geometry of the hafting area.

The writer examined 3925 debitage fragments that came from zone 3 (fig. 49). This total includes 5 unmodified chert pebbles, 7 cores, 15 core fragments, and 3898 other items, largely secondary flakes and splinters with some biface retouch flakes.

52

These materials primarily constitute the debris from production of bifaces, especially points.

104, 106, 110. They varied in oral measurements from 15 to 84 inches, and in depth or thickness from 2 to 10 inches.

By far the most important material is eastern Onondaga chert, but there is a significant minority of Esopus chert and several rhyolite flakes. The rhyolite and some of the Esopus were probably intrusive from the Genesee and Susquehanna occupations of zone 2. However, some Esopus was doubtless intrinsic to zone 3 because some bifaces in that zone are of Esopus chert.

A summary of saucer-shaped features shows the following distribution of attributes: charcoal and cracked rocks, 10 (features 5, 14, 16, 19, 43, 52, 85, 102A, 104, 106); firecracked rocks and reddened earth, 1 (feature 110); charcoal, cracked rocks, reddened earth, 2 (features 2, 50); and reddened earth, 1 (feature 98). Fragments of burned bone occurred in features 2, 14, 16, 98, and llO. Charred butternut or walnut fragments were unearthed from feature 110. Feature 2 produced a drill and a biface in process; feature 5 contained a hammerstone; a Normanskill point was found in feature 14; a hammer-anvilstone occurred in feature 43; and a Normanskill point was found in feature 85.

A moderately high percentage of flakes display signs of utilization.

Features Fifty-four features were identified and recorded in this zone (Table 48). Of this total, 12 were classified as basinshaped (nos., 7, 1 L 27, 28, 30, 39, 54, 88, 94, 95, 96, 101). Although the great majority were round to oval at the rim, a few were more irregular in form (i.e., nos. 54, 96). Basin-shaped features ranged from 9 to 75 inches in oral diameter or length and from 3 to 24 inches in depth. Their contents can be described as follows: charcoal and cracked rocks, 8 (features 11, 27, 30, 39, 54, 88, 94, 101); charcoal and reddened earth, 1 (feature 95); charcoal, cracked rocks, and reddened earth, 3 (features 7, 28, 96). Bits of calcined bone occurred in feature 11 ; debitage occurred in features 7, 1L 95, and 96; a biface in process and hammer-anvilstone were found in feature 7; 5 Vestal points and a Vestal-like corner-notched point were recovered from feature 28; a pitted stone occurred in feature 96. Charred shell fragments of butternut or walnut were found in feature 28.

In the third class of amorphous features were 28 oval to irregular patches of stained earth (features 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 33, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 57, 58, 67, 71, 84, 86, 87, 93, 105, 119, 124). Their horizontal dimensions ranged from 8 to 96 inches. Thickness varied from 1 to 9 inches. Amorphous features are classified into the following categories: charcoal and cracked rocks, 11 (features L 17, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 58, 67, 87, 105); charcoal and reddened earth, 3 (features 8, 93, 119); reddened earth only, 4 (features 12, 15, 71, 124); fire-cracked rocks and reddened earth, 3 (features 4, 6, 10); charcoal, cracked rocks, reddened earth, 6 (features 3, 9, 33, 48, 84, 86); and charcoal-stained earth, 1 (feature 57). Calcined bone bits occurred in features 9, 1O; debitage was found in features 3, 4, 6, 33, 84; charred nuts (walnut or butternut and hickory) occurred in feature 10. Artifacts found in amorphous features include: "choppers" in feature l; a side-notched point in feature 3; a hammer-pitted stone, a Normanskill point, and an untyped side-notched point in feature 4; biface fragments and a Normanskill point in feature 6; a comer-notched point in feature 9; a combination tool, Vestal point, and untyped comer-notched point in feature 15; a Normanskill point and biface in feature 17; and a Normanskill point in feature 124.

Features in the second group, numbering 14, were generally saucer-shaped, and round or oval in oral plan, but graded from this symmetrical form into less regular shallow depressions or even lens-like concentrations. In the category are features 2, 5, 14, 16, 19, 43, 50, 52, 85, 98, 102A,

In actuality of course, no rigid distinctions could be drawn among the three classes described, because of overlap in some attributes, and because there were examples of composite features, for example, the large basin-shaped feature 7 with an adjoining "apron" of reddened earth, or feature 10 as another such "apron" adjoining feature 1 L another large basin.

Radiocarbon Dates Feature 39, section W40Sl0, charcoal; 1870 B.C.± 95 years (Dic-207). Vestal Notched points were in close proximity. Feature 28, sections W50Sl0-W40Sl0, charcoal; 1825 B.C.±115 years {I-6351). Three Vestal Notched points were directly associated with the feature. (Buckley 1976: 180.) Plate 24. Feature 27, zone 3, section W40Sl0 at Fortin site, locus 1; a large stone platform before excavation.

53

showed the opposite tendency (12 were outside, and 6 inside those limits). Therefore, in a general sense the westernmost and northernmost areas of the grid could be referred to as "Vestal territory," and the central and eastern areas could be considered as "Normanskill territory. " It is proposed here that two separate components are represented in zone 3, a hypothesis supported by the radiocarbon dates.

Feature 14, sections EIOSIO-E20SIO, charcoal; 1735 B.C .± 100 years {l-6739). Normanskill type points were associated. (Buckley 1976:180.) Feature 7, sections EOSlO, EONO, EIONO, EIOSIO, charcoal; 1660 B.C.±95 years (I-6368). Normanskill points were found on the periphery of the feature. (Buckley 1976: 180.)

Subsistence Remains

Fifth, there is no obvious horizontal patterning of features within the main group, but the writer is struck by the physical dominance of the large, deep feature 7 and its neighbors, particularly features 2, 4, 11, 14, and 16. More than in any other part of the site, these features and associated sheets of debris were responsible for the material contrasts which enabled us to distinguish zone 3 as a stratigraphic unit.

The following identifications of charred vegetal remains were made by Stanley S. Smith, former curator of botany, New York State Museum and Science Service. Section W30SIO: Hickory or walnut; and probably butternut. Section W40S10: Butternut or walnut (feature 28). Section W40S20: Walnut or butternut (feature 110).

Sixth, in the absence of post molds and other unmistakable structural remains, there is little basis for attempts to associate individual features or groups of features with possible houses, sweat baths, or other structures.

Section E20NO: Walnut or butternut; butternut; probably butternut (feature 10); butternut or walnut; butternut or walnut (feature I]); and hickory (feature 10). Section EIONlO: Walnut or butternut.

Seventh, the distribution of artifact types within the large group of features may indicate some localization of tasks or activities. Within the "Normanskill territory" there was a cluster of hammerstones, hammer-anvils, and bifaces in a I 00 foot square area devoid of features and centered in section WIOS!O . Such tools are rare elsew here in this subarea including features 2, 4, 7, and 11. They suggest a small chert-working locus, chiefly for the manufacture of bifaces. Similar tools are also present, though thinly dispersed, in "Vestal territory."

A number of features (nos. 2, 9, 10, 11, and 104) yielded bits of burned animal refuse bone, too small for secure identification of species.

Distributional Patterns A number of facts stand out concerning the distribution and density of features and artifacts in Figure 48. First, all categories of cultural products are heavily concentrated within a strip about 30 feet wide along the river's edge. This distance is about 40 feet for fire-cracked rocks (Figure 54). Second, the density of features is high enough to produce instances of crowding and superposition. Third, there are two main groupings of features and artifacts in Figure 48, one relatively small one in sections WSOS!O, W40SIO, W 40 S20 and W30S20 and a rather large one from the W20 line eastward. There is a gap of about 15 feet between the two groups, in which features are absent and artifacts rare. This division is supported by the relatively sparse incidence of cracked rocks in sections W30S10, W20Sl0, W30NO, and W20NO (Figure 54). It is not evident in the h orizontal variation of debitage density, although debitage was most abundant in the eastern area (Figure 49). There is no obvious way to delineate subgroups within the large group.

Anvilstones, hammerstones, and biface fragments were found in the western group, again suggesting a biface production station.

Zone2 (Occupation Zone 6)

Artifacts Projectile Points: Susquehanna broad points (47) (Plate 25, figs. 1-5, 1124, 26). These are either whole or consist of basal fragments with hafting elements. Meadowood point (!). Orient Fishtail point (!). Snook Kill points (3) (figs. 29-31).

Fourth, the frequencies of projectile point forms show interesting variation between and within the groups. Thus, 11 Vestal points and I Vestal-like corner-notched point comprised the total inventory from the western group (west of the W20 line), whereas 8 Vestals and 10 related cornernotched points occurred in the eastern group. Furthermore, all of the Normanskill points and untyped side-notched points were found in the large group. Within this group, the side-notched points strongly tended to cluster east of the WIO line and south of the NIO line (only 4 were found outside those boundaries), and the corner-notched points

Genesee points (2) (figs. 27, 28). These specimens are relatively small for the type, but conform to it in other attributes. Normanskill points (4). Vestal points (3). Vestal-like corner-notched point(!). Untyped side-notched points (4). Untyped broad stemmed point (1).

54

27

'

29

28

30

32

31

34

35

ft.1"".-.-.-,P",P"'r

36

38 Plate 25. Artifacts from zones l Band 2 at the Fortin site, locus 1. Figs. 6-10 from feature 74, zone lB (Meadowood phase): 6, 7, Meadowood points; 8-10, "cache" blades. Figs. 1-5, 11-38, from zone 2: 1-5, 11-24, 26, Susquehanna Broad points; 25, 32-35, Susquehanna knives; 27, 28, Genesee points; 29-31, Snook Kill points; 36-38, anvilstones. Lithic materials: Figs. 1, 11, 22, 33, Pennsylvania rhyolite; 2, 4, 12, 13, 16, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26-29, 35, Esopus(?) chert; 30, 31, Normanskill chert; 36-38, sandstone; all others eastern Onondaga chert.

55

Other Bifaces:

Eastern Onondaga pebble or cobble chert was the predominant lithic material; Esopus chert was of secondary importance. Also found were 26 flakes of rhyolite apparently representing the reworking of an imported biface of this material. The rhyolite and most of the other debitage are attributed to the major Frost Island component in this level; some of the Esopus debitage could pertain to the minor Snook Kill and Batten Kill components (the diagnostic Snook Kill and Genesee points are all of either Esopus or Normanskill chert).

Susquehanna knives (8); large, broad, relatively thin bifaces with pentagonoid outlines; frequently the stems are contracting with incurvate rather than straight sides (Plate 25, figs. 25, 32-35). Snook Kill knife (1). Susquehanna Broad point fragments (2). Meadowood cache blade; a thin ovate biface (1). Point or knife fragments (28). Knives, ovate or triangular (5). Tools, small bifacial (2). Bifaces in process (26). Drill, on bifacially worked flake (1). Indeterminate fragments (10).

features There were 31 features in zone 2 (Fig. 48); or more correctly, that is the number assigned to the zone. The lack of certainty is due to stratigraphic ambiguities concerning the zone in most parts of the grid. Stratigraphic placement was easy where deposits were thick and well separated as in the NlO squares, in W40Sl0, and in W50510. Elsewhere there were problems because zone 3 often ran close to the plow line and in such areas zone 2 was extremely thin, making it very difficult to separate zone 2 features from the underlying zone 3 features and their associated aprons of refuse. Thus it is possible that some zone 2 features were assigned to zone 3. Also, zone 2 was undoubtedly partially truncated by the plow with consequent destruction of features.

Unifaces: Scraper, side, on retouched flake or nodule (1). Flakes, retouched on one or more edges (3). Rough Stone: Hammerstones, cobble (7). Hammer-anvilstones (9). Anvilstones, on cobbles (10) (Plate 25, figs. 36-38). These are all common forms, differing chiefly in the number, size, and placement of scarred areas on the cobbles. Anvil-pitted stones (2).

These factors may help to explain the lack of features in central and eastern parts of the grid. They also render somewhat dubious the assignment of 6 features to zone 2 in sections EOS20 and EOS30, because although originating just under plow zone they suggest a logical extension of zone 3 from nearby squares EOSlO and ElOSlO.

Hammerstone, cobble, with slight rubbing on the periphery (1). Hammerstone-pitted stone (1). Anvil-abrading stone (1). "Nutting stones" (4). Sinewstone? with multiple small grooves (1). Sinewstone used as hammer? (1).

There were 3 features which were classified as basinshaped (nos. 75, 81, 116). These were round to oval at the rims and ranged in diameter or the longest horizontal dimension from 30 to 42 inches. The depth range was 5 to 10 inches. Features 75 and 116 contained cracked rocks and reddened earth; feature 81 contained charcoal-stained earth and cracked rocks. Debitage occurred in features 75 and 116. An anvilstone was found in feature 75 and bifaces in feature 116.

Materials: One Susquehanna Broad point is of Fort Ann chert, 1 of Normanskill chert, 1 of western Onondaga chert, 15 are of homogeneous gray Esopus (?) chert, and 5 of rhyolite derived from outcrops near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. One Snook Kill point is of green Normanskill chert. Both Genesee points and 1 Snook Kill are of the Esopus variety, as is a large side-notched point. One Susquehanna knife and an ovate knife are of rhyolite; another Susquehanna knife, and a biface in process, are of Esopus chert. All other bifaces and the unifaces are made of eastern Onondaga chert. All of the rough stone tools are of sandstone.

Another 5 features were less regular in form, apparently constructed in shallow depressions (saucer-shaped). This category includes nos. 32, 73, 79, 99, and 102. Oral size was 18 to 102 inches and depth from 6 to 12 inches. All of these features contained charcoal and fire-shattered stones; oxidized earth was also visible in feature 79. Susquehanna knives, Snook Kill points, and a probable Susquehanna Broad point occurred near the margins of feature 73 and a Susquehanna Broad fragment lay within it. Feature 102 yielded a biface in process, a hammerstone, an anvilstone and a hammer-anvils/one.

Debitage The writer analyzed 4414 cores and flakes assigned to this zone (Fig. 50). As is the case in all other assemblages described in this report, a pebble industry is represented. Biface production is the indicated activity.

The third and final group of features, 23 in number, were round, oval amorphous patches of charcoal, cracked rocks,

56

Zone lB

or fire-reddened earth (nos. 13, 31, 36, 41, 51, 53, 55, 56, 58, 72, 76, 77, 78, 80, 89, 92, 97, 100, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123). Diameter or length varied from 12 to 66 inches and thickness from 2 to 14 inches. Amorphous features can be subdivided as follows: charcoal and cracked rocks, 5 (features 44, 51, 76, 77, 97); charcoal and reddened earth, 3 (features 13, 80, 122); cracked rocks only, 4 (features 31, 53, 56, 58); reddened earth only, 2 (features 55, 117); cracked rocks and reddened earth, 3 (features 72, 78, 121); charcoal, cracked rocks, reddened earth, 6 (features 36, 89, 92, 100, 118, 123). Debitage occurred in features 13, 89, 92, 97, 100, 118 and 121. Calcined bone was present in features 41 and 122. Two Genesee points and a Susquehanna Broad point occurred on the edges of feature 41; a Normanskill point was found in feature 97; and feature 56 contained a Susquehanna Broad point, an anvil-pitted stone, a biface and untyped points.

(Occupational Zone 7)

Artifacts Projectile Points; Meadowood points (2); 1 whole, 1 missing the base (Plate 25, figs. 6, 7). These occurred in feature 74. Vestal point (1). Side-notched point, small, untyped (1). Other Bifaces: Cache blades, Meadowood (3) (figs. 8-10). From feature 74. Point or knife fragments (2). In process (1).

It is obvious that there was much variation of form and content within each of the three enumerated categories, and much overlap between them. No charred vegetal food remains were recovered from any zone 2 feature (Table 50).

Material: All points and bifaces are of eastern Onondaga chert.

Features Four features are attributed to the zone in Figure 51; nos. 40, 74, 82, and 83. While it is certain that the latter three pertained to this stratum, there is some question about feature 40.

Radiocarbon Dates Feature 92, sections EONlO-ElONlO, charcoal; 1330 B.C.±90 years (I-7097). Susquehanna Broad points were found in near proximity to the feature.

Feature 40 was recorded in sections W20NO and WIONO as a light brown lens or layer, roughly oval in outline, intrusive into zone 2 from the plow line. It was about 9.5 feet long and 7 feet wide and 1-3 inches thick, and during the 1971 excavations appeared to extend into the adjoining squares, W20Nl0 and WIONlO. However, the boundaries were vague in some places and the feature was not later observed to extend past the NlO line. The feature contained cracked rocks, charcoal specks, and small fragments of calcined bone.

As previously suggested, feature 34 in section W50Sl0 may have originated in zone 2, rather than in zone 7 as initially believed. Thus the date on charcoal of 1400 B.C.±95 years (1-6752) may actually apply to the Frost Island component. (Buckley 1976: 181).

Subsistence Remains No charred nut fragments or other vegetal food remains were definitely attributed to the zone. Small fragments of calcined refuse bone were unearthed from some features.

Feature 74 in section W20Nl0 was saucer-shaped, about 6 feet long, 5.5 feet wide, and 5.5 inches deep. It appeared to extend through the south balk. However no traces of the feature had been observed in W20NO the previous season. It is possible that features 40 and 74 overlapped or were actually the same feature, since their outlines partly coincide on the floor plan. The discrepancies cannot be explained simply by measurement errors; the true outlines near the NlO line may have been obscured by the dehydration of the deposits by the hot dry weather in the 1971 season.

Distributional Patterns In view of the problems already mentioned concerning the seeming absence of features in the central and eastern parts of the grid, no serious attempt will be made to discern patterning in the floor plan, Figure 48. As in the case of features; the densities of cracked rocks (figure 54) and debitage (figure 50) are greatest in northern parts of the grid. It is interesting to note that although Susquehanna Broad points and Susquehanna knives were distributed widely and evenly across the western and northern squares, all of the 3 Snook Kill points were found in sections W30NO and W20Nl0, and both Genesee points were adjacent to feature 41, sections WIONO and WlONlO. This evidence is interpreted to mean that a Snook Kill/Genesee component was localized in the squares mentioned and represents an older occupation than the Susquehanna (Frost Island) component.

Feature 74 consisted of charcoal-stained earth, cracked rocks, and small areas of oxidized silt. In association were chert chips, 2 Meadowood points (Plate 25, figs. 6, 7) and 3 Meadowood cache blades (figs. 8-10). Feature 82 in section W30NO was a circular area of burned earth ca. 12 inches in diameter and 5 inches thick (only 50% was excavated because it extended into the

57

adjoining undug square). No artifacts, chips, or cracked rocks were associated. It was situated within an area of charcoal-stained earth.

Other Bifaces: Knives, Susquehanna (1). Knives, ovate or triangular (8). Point or knife fragments (17). Indeterminate fragments (6). In process (24). Drill, expanded-base (1). Piece esquillee (1), a rectanguloid biface with bipolar battering on 2 opposed edges.

Feature 83, also in W30NO, was an amorphous area of charcoal-stained and flecked earth, only part of which occurred in the square. It averaged 1-2 inches thick.

Radiocarbon Dates Feature 74, section W20Nl0, charcoal; 1230 B.C. ±95 years {l-6740). Associations; 2 Meadowood points and 3 Meadowood cache blades. (Buckley 1976: 181).

Unifaces: Scrapers, end ("thumbnail") (2) (Plate 26, figs. 21, 22). Scrapers, side, on retouched flakes (7) (fig. 19). Spokeshave, on flake (1). Flakes, retouched on one or more edges (9) (fig. 20).

Subsistence Remains None observed or recovered.

Rough Stone:

Distributional Patterns

Hammerstones, cobble (2). Hammer-anvilstones (3). Hammer-pitted stones (2). Anvil-pitted stones (3). "Nutting stone" (1). Pestle?, fragmentary (1).

None proposed in the absence of fuller data. The single feature containing Meadowood chipped stone elements was presumably affiliated with the Meadowood phase (Ritchie l 965a: 179-200). However, it is far from certain that this was the only component represented in zone 18, as witness the Middle and Late Woodland traits in zone 1.

Materials:

Zone 1

All chipped stone items are of eastern Onondaga chert, except: 1 Madison point, the Fulton Turkey-Tail(?) point, and 1 Susquehanna-like point, of western Onondaga chert; the Snook Kill point, Genesee point, the untyped side-notched point, a Normanskill point, four bifaces in process, and a point or knife fragment, of Esopus (?) chert; 1 Orient Fishtail point of Normanskill chert; 1 trianguloid knife and 1 end scraper of rhyolite. All of the rough stone tools are of sandstone.

(Occupation zone 8)

Artifacts Projectile Points: Madison points (2) (Plate 26, fig. 2). Levanna point (1) (fig. 1). Jack's Reef Corner-Notched points (2) (fig. 3). Fulton Turkey-Tail(?) point (1) (fig. 10). Rossville point (1) (fig. 16). Orient Fishtail points (4) (Plate 26, figs. 7-9). Susquehanna Broad points (6). Susquehanna-like points (3) (Plate 26, figs. 13, 14). Genesee point (1) (fig. 12). Snook Kill point (1) (fig. 11). Normanskill points (4). Vestal-like corner-notched point (1). Lamoka point (1) (fig. 15). Untyped large side-notched point (1), (Plate 26, fig. 18).

Pottery: The ceramic sample from the site is very small, consisting of about 22 sherds from a minimum of 5 vessels. All sherds were recovered from sections ElOSlO, EONlO, ElONO, WlONO, ElOS20, EOSlO, W20Nl0, and W40Sl0. Thus all but 4 sherds (from W40Sl0) came from the central part of the grid. In nearly every case, the sherds were found in the plow zone; two came from the top of zone 2 and several came from the pit-like disturbance in section ElONlO.

St. Lawrence Pseudo-Scallop Shell (Ritchie and MacNeish 1949: 103): 9 body sherds from 1 vessel, including 2 sherds stamped in the wavy impressions diagnostic of the type. The other sherds are plain but appear to belong to the same pot as the decorated sherds. In exterior color these sherds range from brown (Munsell 10 YR 5/3) to dark gray (10 YR 311) and the interiors from yellow-brown (10 YR 5/4) to very dark gray (10 YR 3/1). Thickness averages 8 mm, ranging from 7-10 mm, and the grit temper consists of particles up to 5 mm across but averaging less than 1 mm.

Untyped corner-notched points (3) (figs. 4, 5, 17). Figs. 4, 5, resemble the Jack's Reef Corner-Notched type; fig. 17 is Vosburg-like. Untyped stemmed points (2). Untyped points, of uncertain form (4) (fig. 6).

58

3

f 8

6

5

4

9

.,

7

m

w i4

~2

i3

t • ~7

~6

e 2i

~9

20

.. ---

0

I

2

3

m

• 22

23

4

0

INCHES

Plate 26. Artifacts from the plow zone at the Fortin site, locus I. Fig. I. Levanna type point; 2, Madison point; 3, Jack's Reef Comer-Notched point; 4, 5, broad comer-notched points (possibly Jack's Reef Comer-Notched points in process); 6, lanceolate? point (in process); 7-9, Orient Fishtail points; 10, Fulton Turkey Tail point; 1I. Snook Kill point; 12, Genesee point; 13, 14, Susquehanna Broad-like points; 15, Lamoka? point; 16, Rossville point; 17, untyped comer-notched point (Vosburg-like); 18, large side-notched point (Brewerton-like); 19, retouched flake side scraper; 20, retouched flake; 21-23, end scrapers. Materials: 2, Western Onondaga chert; 6, 11, 12, 18, Esopus (?)chert; 10, lustrous gray chert with brown streaks (possibly western Onondaga); 7, green Normanskill chert; 22, rhyolite; all others eastern Onondaga chert.

59

Point Peninsula Plain (Ritchie and MacNeish 1949: 103): I rim sherd with rounded lip. The rim is everted. The exterior and interior surface are both dark gray (10 YR 3/1 ). The temper is up to 2 mm in size, averaging under 1 mm, and the sherd is 5 mm thick. Untyped linear stamped: 1 rim sherd and 1 body sherd representing 1 vessel. The broad, flat outsloping lip is 13 mm wide and decorated with oblique linearstamped lines. Judging by the small remaining fragment, the rim was slightly outflared. The neck is 6 mm thick. Vertical linear-stamped lines decorate the inside of the lip, each 8 mm long and 1-3 mm apart from its neighbors. The rest of the surface is plain. Grit was used as aplastic in particles less than 1 mm in mean size. Exterior color is brown to brownish gray (10 YR 5/3 6/2) and interior is dark gray (10 YR 411). This is probably a Late Woodland vessel.

Plate 27. Post molds in section El0S20, in the top of zone 2 at the Fortin site, locus l.

Two badly weathered rim sherds have short, oblique incised or stamped lines inside below the lip; the exterior is missing. Grit temper averages about 1 mm in size, the thickness is 7 mm, and the color of the interior is very dark gray (10 YR 3/1). Three other equally weathered body sherds lacking visible decoration are probably from the same vessel.

to oval spots, light brown in color, contrasting only slightly with the surrounding yellow-brown silt of zone 2. They ranged from about 2 to 6 inches in diameter and seemed to have little depth or definite form on cross-sectioning. The four better-defined molds in ElOS20 were more uniformly 2-3 inches in diameter, and were 5 to 9 inches deep. Two were pointed and one blunt-tipped in cross-section.

One plain surfaced body sherd, only 3 mm thick, is probably of Late Woodland origin. The aplastic is grit under 1 mm in size. External color is brown gray (10 YR 6/2), interior color is very dark gray (10 YR 3/1).

Together the ten "molds" form a curved line, appearing to extend into section ElONO on the north, and section ElOS20 on the south. No molds were observed during the excavation of ElOS30 despite the observance of all due caution. It is possible the continuation of the line was missed in section ElONO due to the hot, dry conditions of the 1971 season which tended to minimize soil contrasts.

Four additional plain-surfaced body sherds vary from 5-8 mm in thickness, are brown to reddish brown on the exterior (10 YR 5/3 - 5 YR 5/3) and brown to very dark gray (10 YR 5/3 -10 YR 3/1) on the interior. They are also grit tempered, with particle size averaging under lmm.

The "post molds" and the structure they may represent originated above the Archaic and Frost Island levels and could have been associated with any of the Woodland components.

Features Distributional Patterns

No features recorded in zone s lB, 2, or 3 were determined to have originated above the present plow line. However, it is conceivable that in areas where those individual strata were in contact with, or near, the plow line some features assigned to them were actually intrusive from old living floors destroyed by the plow.

Artifacts of all categories from the locus 1 plow zone are plotted by 10-foot square in Figure 52. It is evident that artifacts are most numerous in the central and eastern squares, dropping sharply in frequency to the south and west. For example, the eight squares bounded by W20, E20, SlO and N!O averaged 8.6 items per square. The six and one-half squares west of W20 averaged 1.5 items per square. Similarly, the five squares bounded by WlO, E20, SlO, and S40 averaged just 1.7 artifacts per square, and only three objects occurred in WlOS30, EOS30, and EOS40. The row of NlO squares near the riverbank averaged 4.8 items per square.

A pit-like disturbance abcut 30 inches deep below plow line and 5.5 feet across, U-shaped in section, was present on the boundary of sections WlONlO and EONlO (see profile in Figure 41). It appeared to be intrusive into a pre-existing natural depression, since underlying natural strata dipped without visible breaks in continuity. The fill of this disturbance was a homogeneous silt containing some gravel plus Late Woodland potsherds. It may be of very recent origin.

These patterns are not surprising since the highest, bestdrained part of the locus was most suitable for habitation and coincided with the eight central grid squares. Thus occupation residues tended to concentrate in that area and

Six possible and four probable post molds were noted in sections ElOSlO and ElOS20 (Plate 27). The 6 molds in the former square presented the appearance of vague round

60

Zones 2-4 Biface fragment, unidentified, in process (1). Eastern Onondaga chert. Flake, retouched (1). Eastern Onondaga chert.

they have not been significantly dispersed by subsequent cultivation. This pattern also held true for subsurface occupation levels with the exception of zones 5 and 7. Another possible reason for the pattern relates to subplow line stratigraphy. The artifacts in the plow zone either derived from relatively late, near-surface deposits or from older occupation zones that were shallow enough to be disturbed by the plow. Zones 2 and 3 (Late Archaic through Transitional) were both impacted by cultivation south of the NlO line. Hence it is not surprising that Normanskill, Snook Kill, Vestal-like, Susquehanna Broad and Orient Fishtail points are represented as well as the much younger Levanna, Jack's Reef and Madison points. Since occupation debris of all periods faded out south of S20, little material occurred in the plow zone in most of the southern squares.

Zones 3-4 Lamoka point, in process (1). Eastern Onondaga chert. Knife or point, finished but fragmentary (1) . Eastern Onondaga chert. Knife or point, in process (1). Eastern Onondaga chert. Zones 3-6 Knife or point in process (1). Eastern Onondaga chert. Zones 4, 6-7 Knife or point, finished (1). Eastern Onondaga chert. 2.

It is interesting that the oldest items from the plow zone in the NlO sections were Susquehanna Broad points. This is because the underlying deposits dipped steeply northward, keeping zone 3 below the reach of the plow but permitting it to disturb the top of zone 2 (the Susquehanna zone). Subsequent spreading of material by cultivation has not moved the pre-Susquehanna artifacts from their original positions south of NlO to a new position north of that line.

Netsinker, end-notched (1), of sandstone. Netsinkers, side-notched (2), 1 of sandstone, 1 of siltstone. Hammerstone (1), of sandstone. Hammer-anvilstones (2), of sandstone. Anvilstones (2), of sandstone. Anvil-abradingstone (1), of sandstone. Hammer-pitted stone (1), of sandstone.

In point of fact, there are only two Late Archaic items, a Normanskill point and a Lamoka point, in the plow zone north of SlO. Four Archaic points occurred south of that line along with 4 Transitional points. This fact suggests that zone 3 was generally intact north of SlO although it closely approached the plow line, whereas it tilted up into the plow zone south of that line. Thus, the primary damage north of SlO was to zone 2 and subsequent deposits.

3.

Surface Outside Grid (Includes riverbank and bulldozed area east of locus 1 near hangars) Otter Creek point (1). Eastern Onondaga chert. Snook Kill point (1). Esopus chert. Susquehanna Broad point (1). Eastern Onondaga chert. Orient Fishtc;iil point (1) . Eastern Onondaga chert. Genesee-like point (1). Eastern Onondaga chert. Bifaces, in process (12). Eastern Onondaga chert Knife, ovate (1). Eastern Onondaga chert. Soapstone vessel fragment (1).

Finally, the undiminished abundance of items in the easternmost squares (E20NO, E20Sl0, ElOS20, ElOS30) is consistent with test results that show relatively intense occupation continuing some 60 feet east of the grid.

Test Pit Data

Materials of Ambiguous or Undetermined Provenience 1.

Indeterminate Provenience Within Grid:

All test pits dug at Fortin's during the 1977 season were plotted on the survey map (Figure 42). In depth they ranged from 36 to 52 inches 0-1.5 m), except for pit no. 23, which was stopped at 18 inches (.4 m) because a large feature was encountered at that level.

Items assigned to two or more zones within the grid: Zones 1-2 Netsinker, side-notched (1), of siltstone Anvilstone (1), of sandstone Hammer-anvilstone (1), of sandstone.

There was much variation in the stratigraphy and cultural content of the pits. Nearly every pit yielded prehistoric lithic debris from the plow zone. Some pits located within 80 feet (24 m) of the locus 1 grid showed evidence of physical stratification and produced fair amounts of subsurface cultural debris (nos. 1, 2, 23, 25) but others were devoid of such material (nos. 3, 9, 24, 26, 27, 28). Pit 15 south and east of locus 1, some 160 feet (48 m) from the bank, produced no cultural remains. In the field to the east, only 6 out of 17 pits contained sub-plow zone lithic debris, artifacts, or other traces of occupancy. The6 include tests A, B, 5, 6, 19, and 14. Without more closely spaced systematic tests it is not

Zones2-3 Normanskill point (1), of eastern Onondaga chert. Knife, ovate (1), of Esopus(?) chert. Knives or points in process (2), of eastern Onondaga chert. Hammerstone (1), of sandstone. Hammer-anvilstone (1), of sandstone. Millingstone-abrader (1), of sandstone.

61

Culture History and Chronology

possible to determine the precise horizontal extent, spacing and artifactual potential of these subsurface loci.

As should be evident from the foregoing descriptions, the cultural affiliations of the occupations in the various zones must be postulated chiefly on the basis of projectile point typologies. Few other diagnostic traits are present in the assemblages, for example Susquehanna knives in zone 2 or pottery in zone I. Nevertheless, the value of projectile point types as distinguishing traits for prehistoric cultures or complexes has been amply demonstrated in many prior studies. When properly defined, types are coherent clusters of attributes with well-defined distributions in time and space, and serve to cross-link assemblages in different localities or regions.

Diagnostic artifacts were rare in all of the tests. A potsherd was found in the plow zone of pit 1 and a Normanskilllike point occurred at 19.5 inches below surface (zone 37). A Lamoka-like point was recovered from the plow zone of pit 14 about 480 feet from locus I. It is very difficult to generalize about the natural sedimentary picture in the tests. Even closely adjacent pits sometimes showed much geological variation. Most pits in the area between locus 1 and pit 4 displayed nearly structureless brown silts below the plow line. In profile a few pits were more complex; the deposits could be divided into several zones on the basis of color and texture. Test pit 1 was the best example of these.

The following discussion attempts to place the Fortin site occupations in a wider geographic, temporal, and cultural framework. Arguments are advanced for the presence of one or more components in a zone and their position in the whole regional sequence. These arguments take into account artifact types, stratigraphy, C-14 dates, density of materials, and comparative data.

There was similar variation in the deposits from pit 4 eastward. Pit 4 and nearby pit I 0 both featured variable silt and sand deposits and a shallow layer of gravel (at 15 to 20 inches deep). Gravel was also observed going eastward in pits 5, AB, 7, 19, 11, and 13, at 10 to 30 inches in depth, but intermediate or adjacent pits showed only sands and silts of variable depth and thickness to the limit of excavation.

It is proposed that the oldest occupation, in zone 7, represents a single component. This is because a considerable portion of the zone was sampled, artifacts were extremely sparse, and the only diagnostics found were two medium-sized, narrow-bladed stemmed points assigned to the Lamoka type. They may denote a component of the Lamoka phase (Ritchie l 965a). Additional components could have been represented on this level, but so far as could be determined no traces of them were recovered and the radiocarbon dates of 2235 and 2020 B.C. are well within the chronological range of other Lamoka manifestations (Ritchie l 965a; Ritchie and Funk 1973; Funk and Rippeteau 1977).

It is, therefore, generally not feasible to correlate the stratigraphy in the test pits with the pattern in locus I. The few exceptions (pits I, 23, 24, 25) were close to locus I. Artifacts recovered from test pits are listed below: Test Pit East of Section E20NO (1971):

Side-notched point, untyped(!). Eastern Onondaga chert. Drill (!). Eastern Onondaga chert. Test Pit# 1 (1977):

The few artifacts from zone 6 are enigmatic. Indeed the only potential diagnostic is the untyped corner-notched point which is quite unlike the Lamoka points from adjacent higher and lower zones. In fact, this broken point bears some similarities to Early Archaic styles such as the bifurcated-base series. The flake scar orrises appear slightly water-rolled, and given the water velocity required to transport and deposit the gravels of zone 6, it is possible, even probable, that the point was washed in from an older deposit upstream. On the other hand, feature 6 and the few rough stone tools are clearly in situ . There is no sound basis for suggesting a particular cultural association for the zone.

Normanskill-like point(!). Eastern Onondaga chert. Knife or point in process (!). Eastern Onondaga chert. Knife, trianguloid (!). Eastern Onondaga chert. Potsherd (!). Test Pit #14 (1977):

Lamoka-like point(!). Eastern Onondaga chert .. Knife or point (!). Eastern Onondaga chert. Unidentified biface fragment(!). Eastern Onondaga chert. Scraper, end ("thumbnail")(!). Eastern Onondaga chert (Plate 26, fig. 23).

Although no diagnostic artifacts were unearthed from zone 5, it is postulated that the inhabitants whose activities produced the characteristic staining of the zone shared in the widespread Late Archaic tradition which is manifested as the Lamoka phase in central and western New York. Lamoka type points occurred in zone 4 above zone 5, and also at the base of zone 4 just beyond the fringes of zone 5. Further support for the Lamoka hypothesis is provided by

Scraper, side (!). Eastern Onondaga chert. Test Pit #19 (1977):

Unidentified biface fragment (1). Eastern Onondaga chert.

62

the biface preform from feature 109 which is of the distinctive Lamoka form. Again, the date of 1930 B.C. is consonant with the Lamoka chronology.

B.C. for the main feature cluster. Furthermore, evidence from several other sites in the Upper Susquehanna Valley supports the concept that Vestal points occupied a distinct time period as the diagnostic element of a previously unrecognized Late Archaic complex, the Vestal phase. Thus it is proposed that Vestal and allied corner-notched points, with associated tools, lithic debris and features, signify the initial aboriginal occupation of zone 3, followed by Normanskill points, similar side-notched points, various tool types, features, and debris representing the second component in the zone. A very short time, perhaps as little as 50 to 100 years, could have lapsed between the occupations. During this span little or no overbank deposition took place on the occupation surface.

The single-component status of this occupation seems assured by the extreme paucity of artifacts and the very limited size of the midden. The projectile points from zone 4 are almost entirely of Lamoka type; those not identified as such include a medium, broad, side-notched point and two stemmed points, all within the morphological range of assemblages at Lamoka Lake and other sites of the phase (Ritchie 1932, 1936, l 965a). The Lamoka points were rather evenly distributed throughout the excavated area and since no elements of other cultures were recovered, it is assumed that one component was involved and that it was the final Lamoka occupation of the site. Within the range of their standard deviations, the dates of 1890 B.C.± 100 years and 1800 B.C.±95 years indicate an age compatible with dates for similar assemblages at other sites in New York State (Ritchie l 965a, 197 la; Ritchie and Funk 1973; Funk 1976).

In zone 2 the variability in projectile points is greater than in any underlying zone. This may mark a multicomponent situation. The predominant type is Susquehanna Broad, but Meadowood, Orient Fishtail, Snook Kill, Genesee, Normanskill, Vestal, and untyped side-notched points were also present in small numbers. In part the seeming diversity may be explained by the carry-over of such traits as Vestal, Normanskill and untyped side-notched points from zone 3, either by means of persistence of these styles in the inventories of local groups, or via mechanical mixture resulting from flooding and the disturbance of the upper portion of zone 3 by the people who lived on the site during the accretion of zone 2. The latter hypothesis (mechanical mixture) is preferred, but difficult to test. Other traits, principally Orient Fishtail, Snook Kill and Genesee points, are believed to be as indigenous to the stratum as Susquehanna Broad points, because except for 1 possible Genesee in zone 3, none of these types occurred in lower zones, and because independent evidence suggests they were genetically related products of one cultural tradition not previously represented on the site.

Zone 3 presented a more complicated interpretive challenge. There were a diversity of projectile point types but they fell mainly into corner-notched and side-notched categories, in turn divided into the Vestal and Normanskill types and closely related but untyped points. No other traits known to be diagnostic of particular archeological complexes were in the assemblage. At first, one's inclination is to assume that all of the points belonged together with other elements in one singlecomponent occupation. This idea seems to find justification in their overlapping horizontal distribution and their lack of vertical separation in a relatively thin zone which was actually a living floor rather than a deposit accumulated over a long time span. On the other hand, as previously noted there were strong tendencies for different kinds of points to cluster in different parts of the grid. Vestal points and one similar corner-notched point were the only forms to occur at the western end of the grid, in the western feature cluster. Normanskill and similar side-notched points were heavily concentrated in central and eastern areas of the grid where only a small number of Vestals and other comer-notched points were found, whereas the reverse was true of the northern grid area. These distributions imply either 1) that "Vestal territory" and "Normanskill territory" each reflect temporally and culturally discrete occupations, or 2) that different functions or activities by the same occupying group were restricted to certain areas of the site.

Granting that the Vestal, Normanskill, and other sidenotched points were intrusive into zone 2 from zone 3 I postulate two, possibly three, basic occupations of zone 2: One early component was reflected in the Snook Kill points, elsewhere dated between 1670 and 1470 B.C. (Ritchie 1965 a; Funk 1976). Genesee points may have been a product of an older (possibly, even a later) occupation, or may have been associated with the Snook Kills. Close morphological, and possibly genetic, relationships between the two types have been proposed by Funk (1976). Genesee points have not yet been directly dated by C-14 in New York, but similar points were dated 1830 B.C. in Ontario (Kenyon 1980). Support for the co-occurrence of Snook Kill and Genesee points in a separate component rests in the close proximity of all five specimens in the northwest part of the grid; Snook Kills were found on the periphery of feature 73, Genesees on the edge of feature 41, and the two features were located only about six feet apart.

But there do not appear to be demonstrable functional differences from one area to another. More important, the high density of features in zone 3, some of which intersected and closely adjoined one another, indicates more than one occupation. This hypothesis is supported by the radiocarbon dates of 1870 B.C. and 1825 B.C . for the western feature cluster as compared with the dates of 1735 B.C . and 1660

63

It therefore seems that the Fortin site, locus 1, was occupied, albeit sporadically and intermittently, by Indian groups representing every major historical-developmental stage from Late Archaic (ca. 2200 B.C.) through Late Woodland (ca. A.D. 1500).

In contrast to these distributions, the 47 Susquehanna Broad points were unearthed in all but the southernmost parts of the grid, and most abundant in the northern parts. Their paucity south of the NO line may have resulted from the previously mentioned truncation of zone 2 in southern squares by the plow. Associated on the same level and in the same areas were large, broad pentagonoid to contracting-stemmed Susquehanna knives. These traits comprise the evidence for the primary zone 2 component. The points and knives are salient indicators of the Frost Island phase, Susquehanna tradition, and are believed to be a Frost Island manifestation despite the absence of soapstone vessel fragments, leached chert celts, and other elements of the definition by Ritchie (1969 a: 115-163).*

Functions and Activities: Locus 1 Our approach to the study of artifact functions is described in Chapter 2 and the results of analyses applied to excavated assemblages are summarized in Chapter 12. The results of edge-wear studies of major projectile point types from Fortin locus 1 are presented in Table 45. It is clear from the table that the defined projectile point types served purposes beyond simple penetration or killing. Their use as weapon tips is confirmed by the presence of tip impact fractures on some examples of each type. Otherwise, the most frequent sign of utilization is edge-rounding, often accompanied by a gloss or sheen. A smaller number of specimens have "nibbled" edges, edge crushing, or rounding of the tip. These attributes are assumed to represent the use of some points as knives (butchering or plant-cutting tools), scrapers, and drills. Only a minority of points of most types showed evidence of use and several specimens demonstrated more than one mode of wear. In nearly all cases there reason to believe that the sundry wear patterns were acquired in the course of the activities of hunting and butchering. The cutting, scraping and other functions were ephemeral and secondary to the hunting function.

The single C-14 date of 1330 B.C. for this component is in line with other age determinations for the Frost Island phase (Ritchie 1965 a; Funk and Rippeteau 1977; and page 57 herein). Zone lB presents a problem because only a small portion survived the plow and very few artifacts were recovered from it. Feature 74 with associated Meadowood points and "cache blades" is clear evidence for a component of the Meadowood phase, but the date of 1230 B.C., the oldest yet associated with Meadowood traits, is well outside the range of dates for other components of the phase (998-563 B.C .). Furthermore, it is unusual that none of the five items from feature 74 is of western New York Onondaga chert. It is possible that other components were reflected in destroyed portions of zone lB; this is suggested by the single Vestal-like and untyped side-notched points from the zone, although these points may have been intrusive from zone2.

Biface knives, occurring as the common ovate or triangular form, as Susquehanna knives, or any other variety, are assumed to have served chiefly for the butchering of game. These often display edge-rounding (Tables 46, 47, 49). The common side-notched or end-notched flat pebble netsinker is postulated, as the name implies, to have been a fishing implement. These objects of course do not show wear patterns reflecting their use on nets.

Several components were represented in zone 1. This tilth zone doubtless incorporated sediment, artifacts, and debris from zones 18, 2, and even 3, thus explaining the presence of such items as Meadowood, Orient Fishtail, Susquehanna Broad, Susquehanna-like, Snook Kill, Normanskill, and untyped Archaic side-notched points. Other types Rossville, Fulton Turkey-Tail, Jack's Reef Corner-Notched, Levanna, and Madison-plus 22 potsherds and a line of postmolds on top of zone 2, may derive from old living floors above zone lB which were originally compressed within a few inches of silt and eventually destroyed by cultivation. These traits presumably denote successive Early Woodland, Middle Woodland, and Late Woodland components. There are also objects from the recent historic period.

The large, notched objects from zones 3 and 4 were formerly referred to as "grubbers" or hoes. Some are worn and striated on the flaked working ends, and are believed to be implements for digging tubers, although they could also have been used for scooping out basin-shaped features. A digging function seems precluded by a recent study (Lindner 1983). Cobbles displaying one or more conical pits, usually designated "pitted stones," are hypothesized to have been used in cracking nuts, hence the common appellation "nutting stones." Chert-knapping, another kind of domestic behavior, presumably involved the use of anvilstones, hammerstones, and certain combination tools. One by-product of this technology is bifaces in process, or items which were never carried to the intended final form including flawed specimens or "rejects."

*A soapstone sherd was recovered as a surface find from eroded portions of the river bank east of the locus 1 grid.

64

zones except zone 5, are evidence for the activities of hunting and butchering. Pitted stones from zones 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 augment the charred nuts from zones 3 and 4 as evidence that vegetal foods were collected and processed. Although no fish remains were recovered, the netsinkers from all zones except nos. 1 and 5 are assumed to reflect the pursuit of this aquatic resource.

I have attempted to group some of the above-mentioned artifact traits into logical activity clusters or "tool kits," showing the total number of items in each class and the derived percentages of total assemblages (see Chapter 14). The basic clusters are: 1.

Hunting and butchering: Projectile points, biface knives, other finished bifaces.

2.

Fishing: notched stone netsinkers.

3.

Plant gathering and processing: Grubbers or hoes, pitted stones in various forms or combinations.

4.

Biface production: Hammerstones, anvilstones, combination tools, and bifaces in process.

5.

Other: A category serving as catch-all for miscellaneous items such as scrapers, drills, and "choppers." These constitute a small minority in each assemblage.

The relative importance of different food resources in the various components is difficult to estimate. Not only are foodstuffs rarely preserved, but non-lithic, hence perishable, artifacts representative of collecting and processing behavior are also missing from the inventories. Table 56 represents an effort to discern the relative emphasis accorded basic activities as inferred from artifact types. In addition to hunting-butchering, fishing, and plant gathering and processing, this table includes biface production which, although a prime non-subsistence industry on the site, is doubtless closely allied to the hunting-butchering activity.

It is recognized that various traits in the clusters could have served functions other than those listed, but each such element doubtless had a paramount function. It is also recognized that many functionally relevant artifacts of perishable materials such as bone, shell, or antler are missing from inventories now consisting entirely of lithic traits.

Surprisingly, some clear trends seem to emerge from the first to last occupations (zones 7 to lB), despite very small artifact samples in zones lB, 5, and 6. Thus, fishing appears dominant in zone 7 (occupation zone l}, while hunting-butchering is weakly indicated. In successively higher zones, fishing appears to become progressively less important, whereas hunting-butchering achieves dominant status. Plant gathering/processing reaches peak percentages in zones 7, 6, 4, and 3. Biface production is a :major activity through zone 2; except for zones lB and 5 the percentage values range between 31and46.

Table 56, suggests clear-cut trends or changes in activities through time at locus 1. These are discussed in the next section.

Subsistence, Settlement and Seasonality A number of questions are addressed in these pages, including: 1.

What were the subsistence patterns in each occupation level?

2.

Were there significant trends in such patterns through time?

3.

What non-subsistence tasks or activities are reflected in the patterning of remains in each zone?

4.

Were there significant patterns of change in such behavior through time?

5.

Did internal horizontal variation or patterning of remains exist in any given zone, and if so, how is it to be interpreted?

How are these trends to be interpreted? It seems improbable that they do not reflect prehistoric reality to some degree. But what would happen if such perishable subsistence-related items as bone fishhooks, barbed bone and antler points, leisters, and harpoons were included? Some or all of these weapon elements must have originally been part of the assemblages (cf. Ritchie 1932, 1936, 1944, 1945, 1965a, 1969a, 1969b, Ritchie and Funk 1973 for comparative data). In such an event, although the change in frequency of netsinkers displays a real trend, it may only mean that different fishing techniques came into play as time went on. Thus net-fishing may have become secondary to the use of hooks, harpoons, and weirs. Consequently, the relative importance of fishing to the economy may have remained undiminished or even increased. This would have affected the relative standing of hunting-butchering in the overall economic picture. Similarly, it is possible that the frequencies of tools attributed to plant food collecting and processing would be significantly changed by the addition of long since decayed items actually used by the early occupants. Among such items might be wooden mortars and pestles, wooden milling slabs, and digging sticks.

6. If well-defined changes in the intensity (density) of remains exist, from the earliest to the latest components, how are they to be interpreted? 7.

Can particular seasons of occupation be inferred from the data?

Identifiable food remains were recovered only from zones 3 and 4. These consisted entirely of nuts, chiefly butternut or walnut, and some hickory. Fragments of calcined animal refuse bone occurred in features in most levels. This evidence for nut gathering and hunting is supplemented by the inferred functions of artifacts in the assemblages. Projectile points and knives, present in all

In summary, the trends observed in Table 56 may reflect changes in specific food-getting techniques rather

65

Such variation, or the lack of it, was used in arguments for an against existence of traces of one or more occupations in each zone. Does the presence of such variation also suggest the differential distribution of specific tasks or activities relating to economic, social, or religious aspects of the occupying groups? I have already touched on the evidence for separate occupations in zones 2 and 3, for a biface production locus within "Normanskill territory" in zone 3, for two separate clusters of remains in zone 7, and for three loose clusters of features and artifacts in zone 4. The data reflect domestic, industrial, and subsistence pursuits and there is nothing to suggest religio-ceremonial behavior of any kind. No ornamental or "problematical" objects were recovered from any zone, no burials were found, and except for the post molds of probable Woodland age there was no evidence of houses or ceremonial structures.

than changes in dependence on general categories of subsistence resources. Apart from the activities discussed, relating to subsistence and biface production, a number of other activities seem to be indicated by the remains in each zone. These are listed below along with the pertinent evidence. Activity

Evidence

l. Digging or construction

Features, including those in artificial depressions or basins; rock platforms; and post molds.

of facilities 2. Cooking of food

Features (all seem to be hearths, roasting pits, or even earth ovens), cracked rocks, charred nuts, and bits of burned bone.

A.Roasting

Rock platforms; and saucer- or basinshaped pits filled with cracked cobbles resting on charcoal lenses.

B.Baking

Deep pits such as feature 7. In these cases it appears that hot fires were built, then covered with a cobble layer which when properly heated was overlain by the food to be cooked and then perhaps by a layer of leaves or twigs to retain heat.

C. Stone-boiling

3. Building fires for warmth

In general, the same activities seem represented wherever there are aggregations of features, artifacts, and lithic debris. The differences in the horizontal distribution of remains are chiefly differences of density (intensity) rather than of kind. There are few sharp discontinuities across living surfaces.

Scattered cracked rocks on living floors, and features used to heat rocks as a primary function. In the absence of stone or clay pots, it must be assumed that skin, wooden or bark vessels were used to hold water, food, and hot stones.

The separate clusters or aggregates suggested for zones 2, 3, 4, and 7 could have originated in the following ways:

All kinds of hearth features could serve to provide warmth. But simple patches of burned earth with charcoal flecks may have been specially intended for the purpose.

Conspicuous by their absence are tools which are ordinarily considered to be associated with the working of wood, bark, and hides. These include ground or polished stone woodworking tools, such as gouges, adzes, celts, grooved axes, and chisels. Very few other possible wood or bark processing implements such as side scrapers and drills were found. Although the oval, oblong, or stemmed rough stone objects usually referred to as "choppers" and believed to be £lensing or hide-currying tools were rare, it is possible that the notched "choppers" served the same purpose and were not, after all, used for digging up roots. Again, implements of bone, antler, or wood may have filled the gaps in place of lithic objects. But the lack of polished stone tools is rather striking, since no artifacts of perishable materials could replace them in heavy wood-cutting tasks. Also noteworthy is the extreme paucity of uniface tools in the assemblages, including the trianguloid or trapezoidal end or "thumbnail" scraper.

1.

Through occupations at separate times by individual bands or families participating in the same cultural tradition.

2.

Through separate occupations by bands or families of different cultural traditions,

3.

Through single occupation by one band composed of two or more family groups who selected horizontally separated areas to live on.

The first and third scenarios are both possible for zones 4 and 7, whereas the second seems most likely for zones 2 and3. It is of interest to compare the overall densities of remains from zone to zone. The phenomena measured are fire-cracked stones (Table 54), features (Table 53), and artifacts (Table 52). These quantities are presented in terms of items per square foot and as the number of square feet per single item. The areas of comparison refer to those parts of the grid for which the data are unambiguous. In Table 54, the fire-cracked rock densities are highest for zones lB, 2, 3, 5, 7. The highest value is for zone 3 (5.7 per square foot) . The low density for zone 6 was predictable, but the very small figure of 0.4 for zone 4 is a surprise. Table 53 shows a high density of features for zones 2, 3, and 4, much higher than all other zones. Again the highest value (1 feature for every 38 square feet) is for zone 3. Zone 3 also places near the top when artifact densities are compared

Internal variation in the distribution of remains within zones has been previously dealt with to some extent, on a zone by zone basis, under the heading of "Distributional Patterns." Here the possible significance of such patterns is briefly considered.

66

(Table 52). The value of .07 items per square foot is exceeded, however, by the value of .12 per square foot for zone 2.

The relatively high incidence of remains in zones 2, 3, and 4 could therefore have resulted from the interplay of several behavioral factors:

There are several ways to interpret these data. Factors affecting the abundance of cracked rocks may include the following:

A. Size of the group or groups responsible for the remains.

Since cracked rocks are produced by the uneven expansion or contraction of cobbles, pebbles, or slabs by rapidly rising or falling temperatures, they are the direct result of exposure to fire or of sudden cooling by contact with water. Also they are usually reddened from the heat oxidation of iron salts. There is thus a close relationship between the quantity of such fragments and the number, size, structure and function of features. Roasting platforms and cooking pits would yield more cracked stones than small firepits or simple fire-reddened patches caused by bonfires. Large stone-filled pits predominated in zones 2, 3, 5, and 7, explaining the relative abundance of cracked rocks in those strata. Zone 4, despite the relatively high incidence of features (1 per 78 square feet, exceeded only by zones 2 and 3), contained relatively few cracked rocks. This fact is explained by the relatively small average size of the features (many are of the small saucer- or basin-shaped Lamoka variety), the near lack of large rock-filled types, and the high incidence of simple patches of burned earth marked by small quantities of cracked stones.

B. Number of occupations represented in each zone. C . The nature and relative importance of activities engaged in by the groups. D. The length of occupation by individual groups. Although it does not seem feasible to make confident assertions about the weight of any one of these factors, it is suggested that the high density of remains in zones 2 and 3 was in large part due to the multicomponent status of these zones. Here the evidence of culture-historical types is of value in according relative emphasis to settlement factors. A final consideration is the seasonal aspect of the various occupations. Charred nuts in zones 3 and 4 are positive evidence for fall habitation. The "nutting stones" from zones lacking vegetal remains presumably also reflect fall occupancy. Netsinkers, present in most zones and almost certainly an element of fishing gear, do not necessarily signify spring-summer utilization of the site, since aquatic resources were available along the river until it froze over in winter. Hunting, of course, could have continued in all seasons.

Several hypotheses can be offered to account for these differences. One is simple "habit" or "preference" on the part of the zone 4 occupants. Another is that stone-boiling was much more important to them than baking or roasting. An economic or adaptive explanation is preferred. Yet, basic subsistence patterns and other forms of economic behavior in zone 4 do not seem to have been substantially different from the patterns in zones 2 and 3.

Seasonal rounds are an important aspect of the settlement systems of many hunter-gatherers as recorded in the ethnographic literature. In many cases, such groups moved away from major waterways with the onset of winter and into upland or back-country terrain where they subsisted almost entirely by hunting. Some groups probably remained in valley bottoms throughout the year. A similar picture has been suggested for Archaic peoples in the Hudson Valley (Funk 1976). There is every reason to believe that similar settlement systems existed in the Upper Susquehanna Valley (Funk and Rippeteau 1977). It is suggested here that Fortin locus 1 served primarily as a fall hunting, gathering and fishing camp during the occupation of zones 2, 3, 4, and 5. The high frequency of netsinkers in zone 7 could reflect spring rather than fall occupancy of the locus during this initial period of habitation.

Why are features and artifacts both absolutely and relatively more common in zones 2, 3, and 4 than in any other zone? One is tempted to invoke the concept of occupational intensity. Yet what does this mean? Is intensity equivalent to "heavy" occupancy? Does it refer to "hard" use of a given land surface? It seems that "intensity" is a vague term that really boils down to "density" of cultural debris, artifacts, and features. Such remains are produced by human activity, and the more such activity in a defined area, the more abundant will be the products of such activity. However, some kinds of activity may not even be represented in the archeological record. What we observe at Fortin locus 1, are differences in the quantities of refuse and other disturbances of the environment caused by such behavior as fire-building, pit-digging, roasting, stoneboiling and chert-knapping. Horizontal variation in these activities may have led to horizontal variation in the physical evidence, but this evidence is averaged out in Tables 52, 53, and 54.

Investigations at Locus 2 The methodological principles and techniques employed at locus 1 were also applied to locus 2. The initial tests had shown that the occupation floors extended to the present creek bank, showing little or no tendency to dip toward the stream bed as had the strata at locus 1 (Figure 55). This suggests that part of the original site has been eroded away by the Charlotte Creek. · On the assumption that the locus was a small camp intentionally placed for practical reasons close to the creek, we initially strove to determine 1) the physical-stratigraphic

67

pattern and 2) the cultural sequence through limited strata cuts. Later, we decided to attempt total or near-total excavation of the locus in order to recover subsistence and settlement data including internally localized activity clusters (Plate 28). We believe we have achieved or closely approached these objectives.

This natural mound is clearly evident in east-west cross-section on the S300 profile (Figure 55). This relatively erosion-resistant feature may have acted as an impediment to flood waters coming down Charlotte Creek, causing them to drop part of their particulate load and leading to a stable fan-like accumulation of overbank sands and silts. Gravel lenses, interfingering with silt, were also present on the east slope of the hump and may have been derived from it in the initial stages of the current depositional cycle.

In 1971, the first excavations were conducted by means of a cut into the creek bank, called the "Creek Test." Its long axis paralleled the bank and it measured 8.5 feet by about 5.75 feet. Later, it was tied into a grid which was established within the coordinate system of locus I (Figure 42). A 10foot square, W380S270, which partially overlapped the Creek Test, and two adjoining 5 by JO-foot half squares were excavated forming an east-west leg which intersected with the north end of a JO-foot wide north-south trench. This trench incorporated sections W350S310-W350S280. In 1972, this area was expanded with the excavation of three squares adjacent to the W350 trench near the bank, sections W360S300-W340S290, six parallel squares farther east consisting of sections W340 S340-W360 S290, and a half square in section W330 S320. Thus a total of 15 1/z ten-foot squares plus the Creek Test were opened, for a total area of about 1,600 square feet (148 m 2).

If there were prior episodes of deposition, the sediments were removed by the creek before the current period of stability commenced. Once accretion was initiated, the locale remained slightly elevated above the surrounding flood plain for several centuries, as shown on the profiles in Figure 55. This provided a relatively dry occupation surface for prehistoric Indian groups. Continued accumulation tended to level off the ground surface by historic times.

The plow zone or topsoil, gray-brown in color (10 YR 4/2), capped all the deposits within the test pits and excavation grid. It averaged about nine inches thick. Its top surface was equivalent to ground level. This surface was fairly horizontal but formed a slight rise between the S280 and W300 lines. Just north of this rise and some 15 feet from the creek was a pronounced dip into a depression of uncertain though probably limited size. That this depression was prehistoric in origin and possibly a "shadow" effect of the old gravel bar is indicated by a corresponding dip in the underlying occupation zones (Figure 55). Recent disturbance is suggested by the extreme thickness (up to two feet) and irregularity of the topsoil, between W350S270 and W360S270 (Figure 55). The depression was filled in with river cobbles during construction of the airport runway.

Physical Stratigraphy: Locus 2 At locus 2 the bulk of the deposits were light brown to yellow brown sands, sandy silts, and silts ranging from 2.5 to 6.5 feet thick and resting on a cobble layer of undetermined thickness (Figure 55). This pre-occupation deposit appeared identical to zone 8 at locus 1. There was considerable fluctuation in the depth, texture, and thickness of the overlying sediments. The supporting cobbles formed a low ridge or hump near the south end of the excavation grid, sloping off relatively abruptly between S300 and S290 and more gradually to the northern limit at S270.

Aboriginal debris was extremely sparse in the plow zone. In general, the deposits between the plow zone and the cobbles/gravels could be described as light brown to yellow brown silts (10 YR 3/3-5/3), with grain size increasing toward sand near the bottom. These textural differences were not apparent in grain size analyses by James T. Kirkland. Near the north end of the grid, however, the cobbles and gravels were immediately overlain by a lens of brown to red and blue mottled clayey silt. The silt and sand deposits served as the matrix for a series of faintly to boldly marked bands or zones representing prehistoric occupation floors (Plates 29-31). These old living surfaces could be followed for varying distances across the site. Since they were embedded in alluvium which was otherwise almost entirely devoid of cultural remains, they were identified and traced through the presence of such remains. Visual and textural criteria inclu?ed fire-reddened and charcoal-stained earth, charcoal flecks, fire-cracked stones, and chert chips. In places such physical evidences were highly concentrated and the occupation floors sharply contrasted with the deposits above and below. In other places they were extremely faint and marked

Plate 28. Excavations in progress during the 1972 season at Fortin site, locus 2; Charlotte Creek is visible in the left background. Looking northwest.

68

Plate 30. Profile of east wall of section W360S290 at Fortin site, locus 2 showing features and occupation levels as marked.

Plate 29. Profile along the W350 line (1971 excavation) at Fortin site, locus 2, showing occupation zones as labelled (note that the numbered sequence is reversed in the text and in the 1972 excavations in accordance with the actual order of deposition). The silts rest on cobbles and pebbles of unknown thickness, seen at the left. The occupation zones are traced by trowel incision, following the sometimes intense reddened or darkened areas as well as fainter horizons of scattered charcoal, chert flakes, etc. Clearly evident is the excellent separation by sterile silt zones.

almost entirely by scattered specks of charcoal. Artifacts, chips, and even features were occasionally encountered at appropriate depths beyond the observable limits of a floor. This reflects the fact that the occupied areas with their characteristic stains and debris were merely small portions of the total ground surface at a given time.

Plate 31. South profile of section W360S300 at Fortin site, locus 2 showing features and occupation levels; a post mold is clearly visible intruding from feature 26 in occupation zone 4 through occupation zone 3.

There were four definite floors or occupation zones and a probable fifth. They are numbered in order from bottom to top.

In sections W360S300 and W360S290 there were indications that the zone split into two separate zones.

Occupation Zone 1 rested either directly on the basal cobbles, in silt about a foot above the cobbles, or on the gravel layer, and consisted of scattered charcoal and very sparse chert flakes. It was confined to the northern and western areas of the grid, and apparently did not extend to the cobble rise.

Approximately 2 to 18 inches of sterile silt rested upon occupation zone 3, separating it from occupation zone 4. Zone 4 was slightly smaller in area than zone 3. Its thickness varied from 2 to 6 inches, averaging 3 inches. Between occupation zone 4 and the base of the plow zone was a 6 to 21 inch layer of brown silt. Except where the two-foot thick disturbed topsoil intruded through occupation zone 4 at the S270 line this silt layer was not breached by modern activities.

Occupation zone 2 was better defined, largely because of the presence of several features and their associated scatters of debris. Averaging about 3-6 inches thick, it was separated from occupation zone 1by6 to 18 inches of silt. It overlapped onto the top of the cobble hump, hence occupied a larger area than zone 1. It was directly overlain by a zone of culturally sterile silt ranging in thickness from 3 to 17 inches, and then by occupation zone 3, the largest and most intensively utilized surface in the series. This floor or zone was 3 to 9 inches thick, averaging 4 inches thick.

There were sparse, scattered traces of occupancy in the deposit above zone 4, including features 25 and 29. These remains consisted of patches and flecks of charcoal, occasional chert chips and rare artifacts, and seemed to represent a single living surface which is designated ocupation zone 5.

69

Soil pH tests on the various occupation zones and intervening culturally sterile deposits ranged from 5.5 to 6.5, or from medium acid to very slightly acid. As at locus 1, this condition must have rapidly destroyed uncalcined refuse bone and would have had the same effect on uncremated human burials (although no evidence of burials occurred anywhere on the site).

Stemmed point. It occurred in deposits where either a zone 2 or zone 3 placement would have equal validity. Other Bifaces: Knives, ovate or trianguloid (3) (Plate 32, fig. 51). Knife, pentagonoid ( 1) (figure 52). This specimen bears a strong resemblance to the Jack's Reef Pentagonal point type. Knives or points, fragmentary (4). Knives or points in process (2). Unidentifiable fragments (1).

Cultural Stratigraphy: Locus 2 Occupation Zone 1

Drill?, triangular (1) (Plate 32, fig. 53). This could be a narrow point or biface in process.

Artifacts

Unifaces:

Pottery:

Scraper, end (1) (Plate 32, fig. 50).

One rim sherd, badly weathered but with pointed lip (Plate 32, figure 49) appears to represent an early Point Peninsula occupation.

Rough Stone: Hammer-anvilstone, cobble (1) . Materials:

Projectile Points: None

All chipped stone items are of eastern Onondaga chert; the hammer-anvilstone is of sandstone.

Other Bifaces: None Unifaces: None

Pottery:

Rough Stone: None

Eight potsherds were recovered from this level. Jack's Reef Dentate Collar. One rim sherd reconstructed

Features

from five fragments (Plate 32, fig. 54). The lip is rounded in cross-section, the applique collar is 19-23 mm high and 9 mm thick. Oblique dentate-stamped lines adorn both lip and collar. These impressions run from top to bottom of the collar, average 2 mm wide, and 1-2 mm apart. Otherwise, the exterior surface which is light brown to yellow-brown in color (10 YR 5/3-5/4) is plain. The interior surface bears channel marks and ranges from gray to yellow-brown in color (10 YR 5/4-3/2). This sherd is tempered with grit particles up to 2 mm in size but averaging somewhat less.

No features were observed or defined, not even concentrations of the charcoal specks seen throughout the horizon.

Radiocarbon Dates There were insufficient quantities of charcoal for dating purposes, although several very small samples were collected.

Subsistence Remains

Also from occupation zone 2 are 2 neck sherds and 5 body sherds which appear to represent a second pottery vessel. These are plain-surfaced on both interior and exterior and the color is yellow-brown (10 YR 5/4). The grit temper consists of particles averaging about 1 mm in size. These sherds average about 8 mm thick.

None observed or recovered, except for rare tiny fragments of calcined bone.

Distributional Patterns Few data. The sparse charcoal and chert flakes occurred chiefly in sections W350S300, W350S290, W350S280, W360S290, W360S280, W370S270, and W380S270 including the Creek Test. The potsherd was found in section W370S270.

Features Six features, nos. 1, 2, 45, 46, 47 and 51, were on this floor. All of these fit the amorphous category (Table 57).

Occupation Zone 2

Feature 1 in section W350S290 was an oval patch of reddened earth and charcoal about 10 inches in diameter.

Artifacts Projectile Points:

Feature 2, in sections W350S280-290 and W360S280-290, was a large irregular spread of charcoal-stained earth containing abundant granules of charcoal and a small central patch of reddened earth. It measured about 7 feet long and 5 feet wide, and averaged about 2 inches thick.

None of the fragmentary bifaces from the zone could be positively identified as a point. Possibly attributable to zone 2, but occurring in section W330S320 where stratigraphy was poorly delineated, was a Fox Creek

70

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2

3

9

8

24

23

T

32

42

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II

47

43

48 52

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Plate 32. Artifacts from occupations 1-4 at the Fortin site, locus 2. Figs. 1-9 from occupation 4 (early Owasco): 1, thin finely corded body sherd; 2-3 flat-lipped rim sherds from thin plain pottery vessel; 4-6, Levanna points; 7, pebble hammer; 8, sinewstone; 9, side-notched netsinker. Figs. 10-48 from occupation 3 (Kipp Island phase): 10, Levanna point; 11-18, triangular points with edge angles sometimes reminiscent of those on Jack's Reef Pentagonal points; 19-29, Jack's Reef Pentagonal points; 30-37, Jack's Reef Corner-Notched points; 38, 39, rim sherds of Wickham Punctate type; 40, rim sherd of Jack's Reef Dentate Collar type; 41. rim sherd of Vinette Dentate type; 42, rim sherd of Jack's Reef Corded type; 43, rim sherd of Point Peninsula Plain type; 44, end scraper on large flake; 45, 46, trianguloid strike-a-lights; 47, fragment of slate pendant; 48, notched netsinker. Figs. 50-54 from occupation 2: 50, end scraper on thin flake; 51, biface basal fragment; 52, knife of pentagonoid form; 53, possible drill in process; 54, rim sherd of Jack's Reef Dentate Collar type. Fig. 49, weathered Early Point Peninsula rim sherd, from occupation 1. Lithic Materials: All chipped stone of eastern Onondaga chert, rough stone tools of sandstone.

71

A sizeable charcoal sample from this hearth was C-14 dated A.D. 475±90 years {l-6350). Two biface fragments and an end scraper were found within the feature.

"break" characteristic of both Jack's Reef forms. They obviously intergrade with the "Untyped Triangular" category, represented by 8 examples (Plate 32, figs. 11-18). These 8 points differ from the Levanna type, chiefly by virtue of their relatively small size and narrow proportions and convex (but not quite angular) sides. However, one broad, concave-based point in the assemblage seems to conform to the Levanna type definition (Plate 32, fig. 10).

Feature 45 in section W340S330 was a charcoal smear 23 by 18 inches across and 1 inch thick, which contained a small number of fire-shattered stones. Feature 46 in section W340S290 was a simple, oval concentration of charcoal specks and charcoal-stained earth measuring one-half inch thick and 21 by 15 inches across.

Other points from the level include one untyped corner-notched, an untyped side-notched variety, and 3 untyped fragments of indeterminate morphology.

Feature 47 in section W350S280 was a small heap of cobbles and pebbles, about 6 to 8 inches across and 2 inches thick. It appeared to have been deliberately emplaced by the occupying Indians, but the stones showed no signs of modification or exposure to fire.

Other Bifaces:

Radiocarbon Dates

Knives, ovate, pentagonoid, or triangular (7). Knives or points, fragmentary (80). Knives or points, in process (61). Unidentified fragments (6). Drill, tip fragment (1). Drill, on chert nodule (1). Strike-a-lights, trianguloid (3) (figs. 45, 46).

Feature 2, sections W350S280-290, charcoal: A.D. 475±90 years {l-6350).

Small biface, showing battering on opposite edges; a piece esquillee? (1).

Feature 51 in section W360S300 measured 2.5 by 3.5 feet in horizontal dimensions and about 1 inch thick. It consisted of a charcoal smear and scattered flecks of calcined bone.

Unifaces:

Subsistence Remains

Scrapers, end or thumbnail (5) (Plate 32, fig. 44). Scraper, side (1). Scraper, end-side (1). Flake tools, retouched on one or more edges (15).

None observed or recovered apart from occasional fragments of calcined bone in features.

Distributional Patterns

Rough Stone:

Reference to Figure 56 reveals a largely blank living floor containing sparsely distributed features and artifacts. There were 6 features in this level but only features 1, 2, and 47 were close enough to be considered a cluster. Nearly all of the artifacts were found in section W350S280 in or around feature 2 or in adjacent W360S270. Fire-cracked rocks were everywhere meager (Figure 62). as was debitage (not analyzed in detail). It appears that feature 2 was the center of a variety of activities, to be discussed in later pages .

Hammerstones, cobble (8). Anvilstones, cobble (13). Hammer-anvilstones on cobbles (13). Choppers, on thin marginally flaked cobbles or slabs with a semi-circular working end or "bit" (2). Worked stones, on rudely flaked cobbles or slabs of amorphous form and indeterminate function (2). Disk, chipped with small lateral notches (1). Netsinker, side-notched (1), (Plate 32, fig. 48). Teshoa on split cobble, used as a hammer (1). Hammerstone used as abrader (1). Anvil-pitted stones (2). Hammer-anvilstones showing use as abraders '(2).

Occupation Zone 3

Artifacts Projectile Points:

Hammer-anvil-pitted stones, 1 showing use as sinew stone(2).

Jack's Reef Pentagonal (19) (Plate 32, figs. 19-29). Jack's Reef Corner-Notched (12) (figs. 30-37).

Abradingstone, with flaked edge (1). Bipitted stones, unclassified (2).

A small number of other points are similar to these two types, but diverged in some attributes. These include 1 similar to the Jack's Reef Corner-Notched type and 4 resembling Pentagonals. In the latter case, the specimens can be described as trianguloid, but usually with one or both edges tending to display the angular

Polished Stone: A small symmetrically shaped fragment of polished slate is very probably part of a drilled pendant (Plate 32, fig. 47).

72

Materials:

One pot, denoted by 2 rim and 1 neck sherds, was round-lipped, slightly flared above the neck, and evinced a single row of conical punctates 12 mm below the obliquely dentate-stamped lip. On the upper rim were several horizontal incised lines; oblique rocker-dentate stamped lines adorned the neck. The body surface was plain, as was the interior except for channeling just below the lip. In thickness the sherds ranged from 8.5 to 10 mm.

All but two points were fashioned of eastern Onondaga chert, the exceptions being of western New York Onondaga chert. One biface is of yellow Pennsylvania jasper; all others are of eastern Onondaga chert. All rough stone tools are of sandstone, except a chopper and the abradingstone, which are of siltstone. The pendant fragment is of gray slate. Pottery:

A second vessel survived by 1 rim sherd (Plate 32, fig. 38) featured a rounded lip, decorated with short oblique stamped lines each consisting of two oval impressions. On the rim 28 mm below the lip was a row of shallow conical punctates. Groups of short stamped lines (not dentate) covered the rim and neck. The exterior was combed or scraped all over and the interior was plain. In average thickness the sherds measured 11 mm.

The ceramic sample from this zone comprises 34 rim sherds, 18 neck sherds, and 319 body sherds, representing approximately 20 vessels. The frequency and distribution of whole vessels and unattributed body sherds is shown in Figure 59. Jack's Reef Corded. One rim sherd (Plate 32, fig. 42).

This round-lipped sherd is vertically cord-malleated on the exterior and plain (with a little brushing) on the interior. The lip is not decorated. It averages 6 mm thick.

The third pot (as inferred from 3 rim fragments) had a strongly everted rim and lip (Plate 32, fig. 39) and a row of rectangular punctates 14-16 mm below the irregularly punctated lip. These impressions averaged 20 mm apart. In addition vertical, double trailed lines spaced 18 mm apart extended from lip to neck. Otherwise inner and outer surfaces were plain. The average thickness was 9.5 mm.

Vinette Dentate. This type is represented by 6 rim, 4

neck, and 4 body sherds attributed to 6 individual pots (Plate 32, fig. 41). Where lip form could be determined, 1 pot was round-lipped, 1 flat-lipped, and 2 examples had semi-flat lips. The lips and rims were decorated with dentate-stamped lines in various configurations. The interiors of 3 vessels were channeled, 1 was scraped, and 2 were plain. In thickness they ranged from 8 to 13 mm.

A semi-flattened lip on a slightly outflaring rim characterized the fourth vessel. Short (4 mm long) corded punctates were obliquely placed along the lip at 2-3 mm intervals. On the rim was a row of linear punctates extending from lip to neck. These impressions were each 10-12 mm long and were spaced 3-7 mm apart. The exterior was plain except for brush or wipe marks, while the interior was plain . The sherds average 11 mm thick. Three rim, 2 neck, and 1 body sherds remain from this vessel.

Point Peninsula Plain . An estimated 4 vessels are

represented by 7 rim sherds, 1 neck sherd, and 12 body sherds (Plate 32, fig. 43). In lip form 1 vessel was semiflattened, 2 were round, and 1 was narrowly rounded, almost wedge-shaped. The range in thickness was 8.6-11 mm. All vessels were plain-surfaced; some exteriors had wipe marks. Jack's Reef Dentate Collar. Two rim sherds (Plate 32,

The fifth vessel, as visualized from 2 rim sherds and 48 body sherds had a rounded lip and slightly everted rim. The lip was undecorated. A row of small conical punctates (each 4 mm in diameter) 19 mm below the lip and 12-13 mm apart was probably the sole adornment on the pot. Otherwise all surfaces were plain. The average thickness was about 10 ~m, the range 8-12 mm.

fig. 40) and 10 body sherds from 2 vessels. One pot, survived by 1 rim and 10 body sherds, was channeled on the interior. The lip was flat, decorated by oblique dentate-stamped lines. Below the applique collar, 2429 mm high, with its decoration of oblique dentate lines, trailed or combed lines extended down the body. There was also a horizontal row of punctate or stab-and-drag marks just below the neck. The lip was 9-10 mm thick, the collar 12-13 mm thick, and the neck and body 9 mm thick. The second pot, round-lipped, also with lip and collar embellished by oblique dentate lines, displayed a single horizontal dentate-stamped line just under the collar; the interior and exterior surfaces were plain except for brush marks. The lip was 9 mm thick, the collar 11 mm thick, and the body 8 mm thick.

One rim and 3 neck sherds appear to represent a sixth pot. Below the plain, rounded lip was a row of conical punctates. The rim was otherwise undecorated and was nearly straight in profile. The interior and exterior surfaces were otherwise left plain. This pot averaged about 10 mm thick. Incised (Wickham Incised?). One small rim sherd with

crisply flat undecorated lip. It appears to be decorated on the exterior with vertical incised or trailed lines. The interior of the lip displays short vertical incised lines

Wickham Punctate. This type is represented by 12 rim

sherds, 6 neck sherds, and 49 body sherds, estimated to be from 6 vessels.

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19,888 "general" fragments (biface retouch flakes, secondary flakes, non-bifacial retouch flakes, snapped flakes and splinters). The retouch flakes, snapped flakes, and splinters numerically predominate, and are largely of small size (1 cm or less). Some flakes show signs of use.

extending down 9 mm from the lip. Each line is 2-3 mm wide and separated from adjacent lines by 3-4 mm. This sherd averages 7 mm thick.

Trailed and Push-Pull. Apparently a single vessel signified by 5 rim, 7 neck, and 43 body sherds. On the flat lip were oblique lines, 3 mm wide and 1-3 mm apart, possibly made with a comb. The nearly straight rim was embellished with combed or trailed lines, sometimes applied using a push-pull motion. The rest of the exterior was either plain or covered with comb marks. Similar impressions also covered the vessel's interior. It averaged about 9.4 mm thick.

Eastern Onondaga chert was more heavily used than any other stone. However there are significant, though small, quantities of non-local materials. These are as follows: red (thermally altered?) Pennsylvania jasper, 2; brown Pennsylvania jasper, 4; yellow Pennsylvania jasper, l; unidentified dark red jasper, l; green Normanskill or Deepkill chert, 5. Also found were 6 quartz crystal fragments. Most of the debitage and the bifaces in process from this level evince the chipping of bifaces. Unifaces may also have been produced on the site.

There were 201 additional body sherds from various parts of the occupation zone 3 living surface, most of which undoubtedly pertained to the various pots described above. However since they were either plain like the body portions of most of the pots or otherwise undistinguished they could not be assigned to particular vessels. The list follows:

Features A total of 27 features was mapped in occupation zone 3; nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 28, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 43, 44, 48, 49, 50, 52, and 54. On Figure 57 can be seen the dense concentration of features in the central part of the excavation grid. Not only were they crowded together, but there were clear instances of intersection or overlap. This high density made it difficult to distinguish some features from others, or to accurately define and measure their boundaries (Plate 33).

Plain exterior, interior channeled -11 Brushed or wiped exterior, plain interior - 47 Plain on both surfaces -143 In general, the zone 3 ceramic vessels could be described as medium-sized, with conoidal or semiconoidal basal portions, constricted necks and straight to moderately outflared rims. Lips were round to flat in cross-section, and were usually decorated. This decoration usually corresponded to that on the rim proper. Rim embellishment was either absent (plain) or occurred in one, two, or even more modes (example; conical punctates, incising, and rocker-stamping on a Wickham Punctate vessel) . Decoration usually stopped at the neck, leaving the body surface plain or occasionally treated by wiping, brushing, or scraping. A minority of vessels were channeled on the interior.

Most of the features can only be described as amorphous in form or structure (Table 58) . They varied from irregular to oval in outline, and displayed thin lenticular cross-sections, as a result of fires built directly on the ground rather than "dug in." They are categorized as follows: A. Charcoal and charcoal-stained earth (1)- feature 13. B. Fire-reddened earth (1)- feature 14. C . Fire-cracked stones - none.

The tempering material was invariably grit, in various sizes but generally describable as medium (1-2 mm and less). A few vessels were coarse grit tempered (up to 7 mm in particle size). There was a considerable range in surface color from dark gray to brown to yellow-brown and even reddish brown (corresponding Munsell chart readings are 10 YR 3/1, 4/2, 4/4, 5/4, 5/6; 7.5 YR 4/4, 5/6, etc). Typically the range is 10 YR 4/2-5/4 or dark gray-brown to yellowbrown. Interiors tend to be darker than exteriors, perhaps because they were often less exposed to oxygen during firing, or because charred food residues sometimes penetrated the pores in the clay.

Debitage Plate 33. Intensive occupation in occupation zone 3, section W360S290, at Fortin site, locus 2 showing features 28 (top center) and 33 (bottom center) as dark stains.

Occupation zone 3 yielded 19, 942 pieces of debitage, broken down as follows: 16 cores, 38 core fragments, and

74

D. Charcoal and fire-reddened earth (4) - features 12, 39, 49, 50. E. Charcoal and fire-cracked rocks (4)- features 4, 15, 37, 44 (Plates 34, 35). F. Fire-cracked stones and reddened earth (1) feature 52. G. Charcoal, cracked rocks, and reddened earth (12) - features 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 28, 33, 48, 54. A second formal category comprises saucer-shaped features, presumably consisting of intentionally excavated depressions. There are two basic subdivisions:

A. Saucer-shaped depressions containing firereddened earth, charcoal, cracked rocks (3) features 34, 35, 43. B. Saucer-shaped depression containing charcoal (1) - feature 32.

Plate 34. Feature 44, a concentration of charcoal and fire-shattered rocks, in occupation zone 3, section W340S330, at Fortin site, locus 2.

There was much variation in the horizontal dimensions of all feature classes. The size range of features in the amorphous class was from 10 by 6 inches (feature 49) to 8 feet by 6 feet (feature 33). The range in thickness was 1 to 5 inches. Feature 33 was located in a dense cluster of features in sections W360S300, W360S290, and W350S300. Its precise bounds were difficult to determine because it overlapped with features 28, 43, 48, 3, and 54. It may have been larger than indicated, may have been coextensive with one or more adjoining features, or may have actually been the product of several different fires. The same may be said of otherfeatures such as nos. 3, 6, 7, 9, and 11. There is also the possibility that some of the apparently intersecting features actually originated in different periods of occupancy. This possibility is suggested by the evidence for stratigraphically distinct subdivisions of occupation zone 3 in section W360S290.

Plate 35. Feature 37, a concentration of fire-cracked rocks and charcoal, in occupation zone 3, section W340S310, at Fortin site, locus 2.

The saucer-shaped features ranged in diameter from about 2 feet (feature 32) to 4 feet (feature 43). Their depths ranged from 1 to 5 inches.

Subsistence Remains

In addition to such basic attributes as shape, size, and evidence of fire, the features often contained clues to subsistence and industrial activities carried out either in association with them, or in their vicinity. Fragments of calcined food refuse bone were abundant in many features, as were charred nut shells, chert chips, and artifacts (see Figure 57).

Charred vegetal remains from the locus were examined by Charles Sheviak, Curator of Botany, New York State Museum. I am indebted to him for the identifications listed below. Feature 4; scrap of nutshell, either Ju glans sp. or Carya. Feature 28; there were 15 fragments of butternut, 5 fragments of either butternut or walnut (Ju glans sp.), some pieces of either acorn or hazelnut, and charcoal identified as probably from Fraxinus sp. (Ash). Acer saccharum (Sugar maple), and Fagus grandifolia (Beech).

Radiocarbon Dates Feature 48, section W360S300, charcoal: A.D. 560±55 years (Dic-177).

Feature 34; one butternut fragment.

Feature 3, sections W350S290-300, W360S290, charcoal: A.D. 830±90 years (I-6565).

Feature 43; two fragments of ]uglans sp. and one definite butternut. Feature 48; one fragment of butternut and one of ]uglanssp.

75

features non-existent. The occupation zone 3 bed or equivalent land surface was impossible to follow beyond the S320 line. The 5 by 10-foot trench extending eastward from the W330S310 stake was also nearly devoid of debris; most of the few cracked stones came from the west end and were products of the edge of feature 44 which intruded into the square. Toward the east end all of the occupation zones faded away into the sand and silt matrix.

Section W350S300, general midden; 4 butternut fragments, 2 hazelnut (Corylus sp.) fragments, and 1 possible hazelnut. Section W360S290, general midden; 1 ]uglans sp. fragment, 3 butternut fragments. Fauna! material from the level consisted entirely of abundant calcined bone fragments, varying in size. These were generally too small for positive species determinations, although the great majority were relatively thick and obviously derived from large mammals such as deer or bear. Some fragments were large and complete enough for identification by Edgar M. Reilly, Jr., Curator of Zoology, New York State Museum, and the writer. These were as follows:

On the north and east there was the same tendency for the zones to become less well defined or to disappear altogether. This made them difficult to trace along the W330 profile (Figure 55). Not only were features less common in these grid areas, but artifacts also were thinly scattered. It thus appears that our excavations succeeded in circumscribing the limits of the main occupation at Fortin locus 2. This is not to suggest, however, that all cultural remains associated with Occupation zone 3 have been excavated, since satellite activity areas may have existed at different locations throughout the alluvial terrace, including Fortin locus 1. The maximum extent of zone 3 seems to have been about 120 by 50 feet, or 6000 sq. ft. (556 m2).

Feature 28; 2 fragments of deer metapodials, and the toe bone of a faun. Feature 35; 2 metapodial fragments and one phalangeal cone from adult white-tailed deer, plus one phalanx of black bear. Section W360S290; one bear phalanx. Section W360S300; one molar of a white-tailed deer.

Figure 57 shows that the peak density of artifacts and features occurred in sections W360S300 and W360S290. This may be due at least in part to the superposition of two separate floors in these squares. Artifacts were also numerous in and around features 3, 4, 5, and 6 in sections W350S290 and W350S300, and less common in or near features 7, 10, 11 and 12 in section W350S3 l 0. Another cluster was recorded northeast of feature 7 in section W340S300. The latter consisted chiefly of anvilstones and hammer-anvils in association with considerable debitage and appears to have been a chert-knapping station set slightly apart from the cooking areas represented by hearths. Otherwise artifacts of diverse typologies and functions were scattered through the other clusters, and seem to reflect a similar diversity of activities centered around hearths. These activities will be further considered in later pages.

Distributional Patterns Reference to Figures 57, 58 shows that occupational residues (features, debitage and artifacts) uncovered within the excavations were highly concentrated in a roughly oblong area with long axis parallel to the creek bank. This concentration lay within 20-25 feet of the top of the bank except for outlying features 4, 9 and 49. It was about 45 feet long, if the secondary concentration in the creek test is excluded (the two concentrations were apparently separated by 18 feet of sparsely littered surface, although the intervening area was not completely excavated). Assuming that the stained and debris-laden floor extended beyond the limit of excavation to the top of the present bank, and probably a few feet farther near the creek bed, the total size of the main concentration would be about 45 by 36 feet or about 1620 square feet (150 m 2). It will be recalled, however, that part of the original site may have been washed away by the stream.

Occupation Zone 4

Artifacts

The distribution of fire-cracked stones in Figure 62 does not show the same concentrations toward the creek, although they were clearly densest in central parts of the grid. The same pattern is apparent for debitage (Figure 58). It should probably be expected that lithic debris such as cracked rocks and chert wastage would be scattered outside the main loci of activity by human and natural agencies.

Projectile Points: Levanna points (4) (Plate 32, figs. 4-6). Other Bifaces: Knives or points, fragmentary (6). Knife or point in process (!). Unidentified fragment (1). Unifaces:

Similar patterns are indicated for ceramics in Figure 59.

Flake tools, retouched (2).

If the floor was bounded on the west and southwest by the creek, what about the north, east, and south? Feature 39 appears to reflect the southern limit of the occupation; beyond this point artifacts and detritus were quite rare and

Rough Stone: Hammerstones (5) (Plate 32, fig. 7). Anvilstones (!).

76

Hammer-anvilstones (3). Milling stone (!). Netsinkers, side-notched (22) (fig. 9). Netsinker, used asanvilstone (1). Sinewstone (!) (fig 8). Anvil-pitted stone (!). Material: All chipped stone artifacts are of eastern Onondaga chert. One hammer-anvilstone, and 2 netsinkers are made of siltstone and all other rough stone items are of sandstone.

Plate 36. Feature 41, a pile of notched netsinkers in occupation zone 4, section 340S340, Fortin site, locus 2. After partial excavation.

Pottery: Canandaigua Plain . Three small rim sherds from one vessel (Plate 32, figs. 1-3). The lip was broad, flat, and splayed out. The rim was sharply flared, and all surfaces were plain. Although the particles of grit temper were up to 2 mm in size, the average size was under 1 mm. According to the Munsell charts, the exterior color was pale brown (IQ YR 6/3), the interior yellow brown (10 YR 5/4). In thickness the lip measured 8 mm, the neck and body 4.6 mm.

There were three amorphous concentrations of charcoal and dark stained earth, features 16, 18, and 21. Their horizontal dimensions were 13 by 9 inches, 58 inches by 32 inches and 18 by 13 inches respectively. Since they were thin lenses their thickness was about 2-3 inches. Features 17, 19, 22, 36, 40, and 42 consisted of irregular to oval patches of fire-reddened earth and charcoal. These varied in horizontal size from 24 inches by 10 inches to 48 inches by 24 inches and were 1 to 4 inches thick.

Body sherds, smoothed-over-cord exterior, plain interior (21 ). These ranged in exterior color from brown (10 YR 4/3) to light yellow brown (10 YR 5/4) and the interior color from yellow brown (10 YR 5/4} to black (10 YR 2/1}. The grit temper was 1 mm and less in size. Average thickness was about 4 mm. Some, perhaps all of these sherds could have pertained to the Canandaigua Plain vessel.

A different combination of elements was represented by features 20, 27, and 30, which were made up of charcoal, stained earth, and cracked rocks. These features measured 39 inches by 36 inches, 32 inches by 6 inches, and 42 inches by 34 inches across and about 2 inches thick.

Debitage

Feature 26 was 5 feet by 4 feet across and 4 inches thick in the portions exposed within section W360S300, but extended into adjoining undug squares. Its thickness was about 4 inches. It consisted of an irregular spread of fire-reddened earth, charcoal, stained earth, and firecracked stones.

A total of 1641 debitage items was recovered from occupation zone 4 (Fig. 61). Two of these are pebble cores, 10 are core fragments, 6 are primary decortication flakes, and the remaining 1623 are secondary flakes, splinters, and biface retouch flakes. Some flakes show signs of utilization. Eastern Onondaga chert was the preferred raw material. On the evidence of the debitage (there was only one point in process) biface manufacture was an important activity in this level.

Features 26 and 36 produced samples of burned refuse bone. Occasional artifacts or chips were found in some features, including nos. 17, 19, 20, 26 and 27 (of course feature 41 consisted entirely of an artifact cluster).

Features

Radiocarbon Dates

Fifteen features were present in excavated portions of this floor, nos. 16, 17, 18,19, 20, 21, 22, 26, 27, 30, 36, 40, 41, 42, and 53 (Table 59).

Feature 30, section W340S290, charcoal: A.D. 1080±75 years (Dic-166). Feature 16, section W350S290, charcoal: A.O. 1630±100 years {l-6753).

Feature 41 was simply a compact pile of 16 sidenotched netsinkers in section W340S340 (Plate 36). It was 12 inches by 9 inches across and about 3 inches thick.

Subsistence Remains

The remaining features can be described as amorphous.

Although calcined bones occurred with some frequency on this level, none was large enough for definite species determination. Among the vegetable remains

Feature 53 was a closely packed mass of fire-cracked stones, measuring 18 inches by 16 inches horizontally and about 2 inches thick.

77

preserved by charring were 2 corn kernels, 3 butternut fragments, and 3 additional fragments of either butternut or walnut, all identified by Charles Sheviak.

flecks, chert chips and bits of burned refuse bone. In a sense this refuse concentration and the adjoining features could be considered a single, complex feature. Perhaps the refuse apron was a by-product of activities centered around the hearths. It may represent food, waste and other material dumped or thrown aside by the Indians, or possibly washed out of the hearths by Charlotte Creek at flood stage.

Distributional Patterns A glance at Figure 60 fails to reveal any strong cluster of features and artifacts in occupation zone 4. The highest density of remains occurred in the north-central area of the grid. These remains constitute a loose cluster. There also was a fairly large area devoid of features and artifacts between the northern cluster and the four features located in the southern grid squares. The density of cracked rocks conforms to this pattern (Figure 62 ), and the same is true of debitage (Figure 61). Features and lithic debris occurred both near the creek and at the eastern limits of excavation. Obviously it cannot be claimed that the limits of occupation have been reached on east, south, or north. Yet the occupation 4 floor was rapidly fading into the general silt matrix in all those directions. Certainly the frequency of artifacts fell off drastically east of the W350 line and south of the S300 line (Figure 60). Although widely scattered features, artifacts, and debris probably occur outside the grid borders it is probable that the total area of occupation zone 4 is only slightly larger than the 75 by 35-foot floor suggested by the excavations (assuming the remains extend to the creek bed on the west and southwest). The maximum area is e stimated at ca. 3500 sq. ft. (324 m 2) .

Radiocarbon Dates None obtained at this writing.

Subsistence Patterns Apart from occasional bits of calcined bone and a fragment of a fungus (Hypoxylon sp.), in the midden apron and features, no subsistence remains were observed or recovered.

Distributional Patterns In view of the extremely limited character of the evidence for occupation zone 5, little can be said about internal distributional patterns or specific activities.

Culture History and Chronology: Locus 2 Although artifacts, charcoal specks, and chert wastage were all very sparse in occupation zone 1, it is by no means certain that a single component was represented on this level. Since the remains lay directly on top of either the cobbles or gravels, it is possible that evidence of several early occupations once existed, only to be washed away. In the absence of features, it is difficult to ascertain whether or not the surviving evidence was in its primary depositional context. Nevertheless, it is proposed that the remains probably reflect one early Middle Woodland component, as suggested by the single pointed-lip rim sherd. Similar ceramics found elsewhere in New York State have been radiocarbon dated between A.D. 140 and A.D. 325 (Ritchie and Funk 1973).

Occupation Zone 5 Artifacts Projectile Points: None found on this level. Other Bifaces: None found on this level. Unifaces: None found on this level.

There were few diagnostic traits besides pottery in occupation zone 2. However, the Jack's Reef Dentate Collar vessel, the pentagonoid knife, and the radiocarbon date of A.D. 475 all point to a component of the Kipp Island phase (Ritchie l 965a: 232-253). Both the paucity of remains and the lack of diagnostics of other cultures support a singlecomponent interpretation.

Rough Stone: Netsinker, side-notched, of sandstone (1).

Features Only two features, nos. 25 and 29, were observed and recorded in this zone. Feature 29 was noted in section W360S280 as a thin oval area of reddened silt, 21 by 24 inches across. It overlapped with a patch of charcoal and stained earth which extended into section W360S290 and merged with a lens of fire-reddened earth and charcoal, designated feature 25. Feature 25 was elongate in outline and measured approximately 5.5 by 2.5 feet. These features averaged about 1-2 inches thick. On the north feature 29 was adjoined by an irregular midden apron 11 .5 by 5 feet in maximum size consisting of dark stained earth, charcoal

All of the projectile point types, knife forms, ceramics, and other elements in occupation zone 3 are thoroughly compatible with the definition of the Kipp Island phase. The C -14 dates of A.D. 560 and 830 are within the known range for the phase. It is possible, however, that more than one visit by people of the same tradition was responsible for the observed residues. This might be inferred from 1) the diversity of point types, 2) the high density and frequent

78

by zone 4, a gray brown silt 2-10 inches thick, also devoid of occupation remains. Below this was zone 5, a reddish stained silt 2-8 inches thick which produced meager evidence of aboriginal occupation including chert flakes, an area of fire-reddened earth (feature 23 in the locus 2 system), charcoal flecks, and artifacts.

intersection of features, 3) the apparent separation of zone 3 into two floors in section W360S290, and 4) the wide spread in C-14 dates. A diversity of points characterizes most known Middle Woodland components in New York (Ritchie 1965a; Ritchie and Funk 1973). Levanna, Jack's Reef Pentagonal, Jack's Reef Comer-Notched and other types are not only found together on sites in western and central New York but in the Hudson Valley as well (Funk 1976). No alien influences are suggested by ceramic, uniface, or other typologies in locus 2, zone 3. But more than one occupation is strongly hinted at by the crowding of features and the apparent split of the zone into two narrowly separated living floors. Since the same basic artifact types occurred in all parts of the grid and on both levels in W360S290 it is probable that the locus was at least twice occupied by people of Late Point Peninsula affiliation during the period of formation of zone 3.

Zone 5 was underlain by zone 6, a mottled gray-brown sandy layer about 24 inches thick. This graded into a 12-inch thick red-brown clay-silt, zone 7; zones 5 and 7 were lacking in cultural products, as was zone 8, a compact red and blue flecked clay-silt 15-18 inches thick which rested directly on heavy cobbles. A dark gray occupation lens within zone 6 contained chert chips, bits of calcined bone, cracked rocks, artifacts, and a fire-reddened patch of silt labelled as feature 24.

Artifacts: Upper Occupation Zone

Despite the small size of the assemblage from occupation zone 4 it is unmistakably affiliated with the Owasco tradition. On the very meager grounds that the one recovered rim section appears to be an early form of the type Canandaigua Plain (Ritchie and MacNeish 1949: I IO), it is postulated that an Early Owasco component is represented (Ritchie 1965a: 272-293). The C-14 determination of A.D. 1080 on Feature 30 is in line with the chronology for other Early Owasco sites. However, the date of A.D. 1630 is discordant with such a placement and falls within the historic period. The dated charcoal sample came from feature 16 which lacked diagnostic artifacts. Furthermore the feature, a simple charcoal smear, was distorted in outline and may have been wholly or partly the result of rodent activity which introduced younger carbon from a later occupation (possibly from occupation zone 5). A similar intrusion is apparent on profile A-Jl.:. in Figure 55.

Hammerstone(!), of sandstone. Netsinkers (3), of sandstone.

Artifacts: Lower Occupation Zone Flakes, retouched (2). Eastern Onondaga chert. Hammer-anvilstones (2). Sandstone. In the absence of diagnostic materials, it would be risky to postulate cultural affiliations for the two occupation levels found within the square. It is too isolated from both locus I and locus 2 to attempt extrapolation of their stratigraphic patterns.

Subsistence, Settlement, and Seasonality: Locus 2 This discussion follows the format utilized in the report for locus I. The same seven questions are asked of the data. In this case the data from occupation I, 2, and 5 are extremely meager and our best information relates to occupations 3 and 4. This is why Table 67 shows calculated percentages and inferred activities only for the assemblages from zones 3 and 4.

All that can safely be said about zone 5 is that it was the product of aboriginal residency, probably but not necessarily in the late prehistoric period, since an early 17th century date is possible.

Test D (section W300S 170)

Subsistence patterns. The apparent location of occupation zone I directly on an old gravel beach along the creek suggests that fishing was practiced. Bits of burned animal bone presumably reflect the pursuit of game. Biface knives and calcined bone fragments from occupation zone 2 also reflect the hunting activity. Both artifact traits and subsistence remains from zone 3 constitute clear evidence that hunting (certainly of deer and bear), fishing, and the gathering of nuts were prime sources of aboriginal nutrition.

Physical and Cultural Stratigraphy This IO by IO-foot test square was sited in the large field between locus I and locus 2 where prior tests had indicated the presence of old occupation zones (Figure 42). It was excavated in arbitrary levels below plow zone because initially no natural zones were evident. Later, faintly marked bands or strata were observed and recorded (see sample profile, Figure 55). Under zone L the 8-10 inch dark brown plow zone, was a culturally sterile reddish-brown silt layer, designated zone 2. The latter, 0-6 inches thick, was restricted to the southeast part of the square. Elsewhere zone I rested directly on zone 3, a light brown silt 2 to 4 inches thick containing no traces of habitation. Zone 3 was in turn supported

Although hunting, fishing, and gathering were also important in zone 4, the corn kernels show that like other Owasco groups the inhabitants cultivated maize. Because the camp was apparently briefly (seasonally) occupied by

79

discussed for occupations 3 and 4. For example, a possible chipping station was situated on the eastern border of the main feature concentration of zone 3. In general however, it can be said that all categories of cultural evidence (features, cracked rocks, debitage, and artifacts) showed a strong tendency to coincide in horizontal distribution, i.e ., to cluster. This is assumed to mean that the various activities responsible for these remains were conducted within highly restricted locales. Specifically, such industrial endeavors as chert-knapping, netsinker fabrication (and net-weaving), butchering, cooking, and cracking nuts were all performed by people sitting or kneeling around hearths. The fires provided heat for bodily warmth and for cooking and hence were the focal points for human actions within the camp.

a rather small group, it is possible the kernels represent com brought from a village some distance away, rather than grown on the flat. The single netsinker and bone bits from occupation zone 5 indicate that the mysterious (Iroquois?) inhabitants on this level were at least partly dependent on fish and game for sustenance. Only two trends appear to stand out. Table 67 evinces a strong decline from zone 3 to zone 4 in lithic traits associated with hunting/butchering, and a corresponding rise in fishing gear. Surprisingly few objects identified as plantprocessing implements were in either assemblage, despite the plentiful evidence for utilization of mast foods. In part this may reflect our inability to distinguish anvilstones and other tools employed in chert working from "nutting" stones on the basis of pit and scar morphology.

Changes in the intensity of occupation. It is clear from perusal of Tables 63-66 that occupation zone 3 far outranked all other zones in measures of intensity (density of remains). These differences may be the net result of several factors, but it is proposed that two principal determinants were at work: 1) a larger group occupied the zone 3 surface than at any other time; 2) at least two episodes of residency were represented on that level, perhaps just a year or a season apart. It is assumed that the nature and relative importance of activities were constant from zones 2 through 4, and that individual occupations were of roughly equal brevity.

Are the trends suggested in the table real? Certainly it appears that net-fishing was more important in zone 4 than in zone 3. If conversely, hunting was relatively less important in zone 4 this may correlate with the advent of cultigens in the aboriginal diet. Non-Subsistence Activities. The presence of debitage in all levels is evidence that chert-knapping (chiefly for biface manufacture) was a primary activity of the occupying groups. In Table 60 stone artifacts believed to have been integral to chert-working were major components of the assemblages from zones 3 and 4. In addition to chipped stone items, rough stone tools such as netsinkers, choppers, chipped disks, and conical-pitted "nutting" stones were intentionally fabricated.

Seasonality. Although the evidence does not rule out occupancy in two or more seasons on any given level, the locus was definitely used in the fall during the formation of zones 2, 3, and 4. All of the activities inferred for these occupations could have been carried out in that season. Since the total evidence indicates the locus served as a short-term camp for small groups who probably followed a seasonal round, it is hypothesized that it was exclusively occupied in the fall.

Other inferred activities are as follows. Activity

Evidence

I. Digging or construction of facilities

Features, including those in artificial depressions.

2. Cooking of food

Features (all were hearths except features 41 and 47); cracked rocks; charred nuts; and bits of burned bone.

3. Building of fires for warmth

All kinds of hearth features could serve to provide warmth in addition to other uses.

It is presumed that stone-boiling was not a cooking technique used by the Woodland inhabitants of locus 2, since they possessed ceramics. This observation would mean that cracked rocks found in features or scattered on living floors resulted from the use of cobbles in features for roasting or baking food. As at locus 1, there is a total lack of polished or ground stone woodworking tools, and unifaces are uncommon. The only ornamental or "problematical" object from either locus is the pendant fragment from occupation zone 3. No artifacts of bone, antler, shell, or wood were recovered and there were no evident burials within the excavated areas. Internal Horizontal variation. Under "Distributional Patterns" possible specialized areas of activity were

80

A

Stratigraphic Profiles FORTIN SITE (One.42-2) Locus I

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§Chorcoolstoinedeorth

~Firecrockedrock

7umitofe1tcovotion

A:;~~~~~d~~~~N;s5

~Fire reddened earth

S

Chorcool

zone 6

oi~~B~to~!~~;.~;m

~c~~Fli nt chi ps

UNI FACES RN·R1touchdchtrlnodul1

ROUGH STONE A-AnvilSTont

AP-Anvil·pllltdtlont HP· Hommu · pilltd s lont NE- N1l1lnk1r,1nd-nolch1d Nt ·N111i nku,lli d1-notch1d

M.COSTCLL0,12/81

Figure 43. Maps of zones 6 and 7 showing features and artifacts, Fortin site, locus 1.

83

FORTIN/LOCUS 1 DENSITY DISTRIBUTION OF DEBITAGE ZONE 7

D D

1-10

lillillill

11-20

•

31-

~

Zone not present

~

Unexcavated

Im

W10S30

EOS40

Figure 44. Density distribution of debitage in zone 7, Fortin site, locus 1.

84

None

Partly excavated

//

E20N20

ARTIFACT SYMBOLS, Zone 5 81

~-~~~e in proms

ROUGH STONE HA · Hommtr·onvils1one NT-Nil tinker P·Pil11dhomm111tone

///

W30Nl0

/

W40S20

//

FORTIN SITE (One. 42-2) Locus I Oneonta Township. Otsego County. New York NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM . STATE UNIVERSITY at ALBANY. and the STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE at ONEONTA Excavations of 1971-72 R. Funk, D. Wallace. B. Rippeteau 42 Feature number

:•:-=Colcinedbone

BllChorcoolstoinedeorth

t~~Firecrockedrock

lrlJFirereddenedeorth

?;'Limit of eitcovotion

A=~~~~~~~~;;.::.

i : Chorcool ~e~~flint chips

0 ~~~u;1~~~~;~·~;•d u

~~~~~~.:~~~~::·

ROUGH STONE

AP-Anvit-plll1dston1 Ch-Chopper Cn· Notel\4idctlop9tr HA-Homm1r-onvil S1on1

NT·Ntlslnktr P-PilltdSIOl'll

To·Tnhoo ( J A~~t.~e:;:~~~~!~~~~~I

ElOS4

6.

/ /7

Figure 45. Maps of zones 4 and 5 showing features and artifacts, Fortin site, locus 1.

85

Zone 4

FORTIN SITE/LOCUS 1 DENSITY DISTRIBUTION OF DEBITAGE ZONE 5

D D

1-10

liillffi]

11-20

~

21-30

None

WSOSI

1131-

~

Zone absent or lndlstlngulshable

~

Unexcavated

~ from other zones

Figure 46. Density distribution of debitage in zone 5, Fortin site, locus I.

FORTIN SITE /LOCUS 1 DENSITY DISTRIBUTION OF ZONE 4 DEBITAGE

None

1-50 51-100 101-200 201Uncertain Zone not present or lndlstlngulshable from other zones Unexcavated

Figure 47. Density distribution of debitage in zone 4, Fortin site, locus I.

86

ARTIFACT SYM BOLS, Zone 3 PROJECTILE POINTS

:~~~E:~~E~r nolchtd

: ~ t~~;~:o~=~~I~ -~~:!i'd

OTHER BIFACES

~::1~::~£~!~~~~rill ROUGH STONE A·Anvil1ton1 AP--Anvil-pilltd1lon1 Cl!- Chopp1r Cn-Notchtd choppe-r CT-Combinoliontool H ·Hommtnlont HA-Hommtt-onvil1lont HP-Hommtt-pi lltdllont NT-Net1inktr P -Pil1td 1lPH-Pit11d hclmmtrslont [ ] w:;~:.!~~or t, provenienct

o~~:;:~~:=::o;:i: ~~~:~;."

~ w40 S20

//

FORTIN SITE (One. 42-2) Locus I Oneonta Township. Otsego County. New York NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM . STATE UNIVERSITY at ALBANY. and the STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE at ONEONTA R. Funk. D. Wallace. 8. Rippeteau Excavations of 1971-72 42 Feoturenumbef

:•:1Colcinedbone

g0iorcoolsl oinedeorth

:11:11Chorrednuls

~Fi rereddenedeo rlh

fa.; Fire crocked rock

l~ Chorcool

7umilofexcovolion

~c~c Flint chips

/ / /

E30NIO

r~~-· OTHER BIFACES

~:=:~~:b\:~:::~~MO Brood ~: f::::~g~!:"~nile U~~~~~.t:,!;::•t nodule ROU GH STONE (P,MS/AJ8

A·Anvil1tone AP-Anvil-pilltdl!Ol'lf: CT-Combinotionlool HA-Hommer-01WilS1one HP-Ho--pitledslone MS- Millin91lone

CJ '*,;!~';,!~~ore, provenitnct r'"IMotchin9 fro9mtn11ofor1iloc11

Figure 48. Maps of zones 2 and 3 showing features and artifacts, Fortin site, locus I.

87

FORTIN SITE /LOCUS 1 DENSITY DISTRIBUTION OF ZONE 3 DEBITAGE

D EJ 1-so

None

lillIBl

51-200

m

201-400

~

401-600

11

601-

[2]

Uncertain

f\:71

Zone not present or

~

Unexcavated

~ lndlatlngulahable from other zones

Figure 49. Density distribution of debitage in zone 3, Fortin site, locus 1.

FORTIN SITE /LOCUS 1 DENSITY DISTRIBUTION OF ZONE 2 DEBITAGE

. ··::::::dlllllllllllllll ::::::::::::::::: ·

D D

1- 50

(lfilill

51-100

~

101-200

m

W60St0

W40S20

EOS40

Figure 50. Density distribution of debitage in zone 2, Fortin Site, locus 1.

88

None

201-300

11

301-

~

Unexcavated

ARTIFACT SYMBOLS. Zone PROJECTILE POINTS M -Meodowood 0

FORTIN SITE (One. 42-2) Locus I Oneonta Township. Otsego County. New York NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM. STATE UNIVERSITY at ALBANY. and the STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE at ONEONTA

Excavations of 1971-72

R. Funk. D. Wallace. 8. Rippeteau mnrecrockedrock

iJJc horcool

Blachorcoolsloined eorth

~e~e~ flintchips

'7;1imitofexcovolion

~ fireredde nede orth

:•:•:calcined bone

x

42feoturenumber

~23

zonelruncotedbyplowing

Figure 51. Map of zone lB showing features and artifacts, Fortin site, locus 1.

89

1~~~o~~~~~e~eh• bl11de

~b

FORTIN SITE/LOCUS 1 HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF ARTIFACTS WITHIN THE PLOW ZONE Provenience by 10 foot square

UCN

0

p

s s

SS BP

UCN SL

SS

s

HP RF UP BP

BP

us

s

JC H PIF RF

0

RF BP RF BP F BP K K

MN H BP BP F UN RF RF RF F

U 0 BP BP BP

0 F F K BP

R

VL A A

0 0 0

0 BP K

L UT N SS SS

u u K u

SP BP F BP

UP F F

HP K

•

PB .AP

FT 0 BP

s

N SL

F

UCN F BP

0

F BP

JC BP s BP PB a ES F

LA F F

0 0 0 0

UT F HA K SS ES RF

BP PROJECTILE POINTS MN Madlaon LA Levanna JC Jack'• Reef Corner-Notched Roaavllle R FT Fulton Turkey Tall Orient Flahtall 0 s ·suaquehanna Broad SL Susquehanna llke SK Snook Kiii VL Veatal-llke N Normanaklll L Lamoka UCN Untyped Corner-notched UN Untyped Side-notched UP Untyped UT Untyped trlangular US Untyped atemmed

0

UT HA US HA N u N F SL=

0 AP F BP

SK BP K u

K

SS BP

-

OTHER BIFACES F Point or knife fragments K Ovate or trlangulold knives BP In proceaa U Unldentlflable

UNIFACES ES End scraper SS Side scraper SP Spokeshave RF Retouched flake ROUGH STONE H Hammerstone Anvllatone A P Pitted atone HA Hammer-anvllatone HP Hammer-pitted stone AP Anvll-pltted atone PB Blpltted atone

POTTERY O Plaln · Point Penlnaula Plain a Paeudo-acallop aheU 1-lnear atamped

+

Figure 52. Horizontal distribution of artifact types within the p low zone at the Fortin site, locus 1. Provenience by 10-foot square.

90

FORTIN SITE/ LOCUS 1

PROJECTILE

1

Totals

-

•

11 I I I

18

-

2

1

2

1 1

I

I

TYPES

POINT

- • •·----• I

I I

53

3

4

4

I

•

27

I

23

I

13

Lamoka

Untyped

I

I

13

• 19

18

- 50 Percent

Figure 53. Stratigraphic distribution of projectile points at Fortin site, locus 1 showing sample of each type per zone as a percentage of the total number of points from that zone.

91

Totals

19

192

KEY TO CRACKED ROCK COUNTS

0

No material

~

Zone absent or Indistinguishable from other zones

rn

No data

~

Not excavated

~

Partly excavated

D

1-50

~

51-100

!ill]

101-200

~

201-500

~

501-1000

•

1001-4000

FORTIN SITE /LOCUS 1

ZONE 2

FORTIN SITE/ LOCUS 1 CRACKED ROCKS

FORTIN SITE /LOCUS 1 CRACKED ROCKS

Figure 54. Density distribution of fire-cracked rocks in the stratigraphic zones at the Fortin site, locus 1.

92

Stratigraphic Profiles FORTIN SITE (One.42-2) Locus 2 ONEONTA TOWNSHIP. OTSEGO COUNTY. NEW YORK Anthropological Survey, Science Service NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Excavations ol 1971 6' 1972 (J.. E. Funk)

Cireek Test ENE

SSE

B 1

1

w3sos20

PROFILE LOOKING WEST

1

w3~1s2eo

B' 1

W350r3•0l~;~;~~~:W~3~50~Sj30ijO~~;i~~~~;l~~~~~~;;;;;~~~~~~~~W~350r270 29

Featureidentificotionnumber

lll!IPlowzoneondsod ~Recentlydisturbedeorth

B2'E

Recent land fill, cobbles and dirt

WA

Fire-reddened earth

~Firecrockedrock ~Chorcoollens

CJ

Yellow to light brown sill, no cultural material

~Occupotion5

~ Redandbluemollledcloy. ~ Densebrownclay

~ Glocri~~~~:nya~~r~~1~~fion ~Streamsorledgrovel

@)

Rodent burrow

mlimitofexcavotion

c

W340:S3!10::::::::~=~~~~;;;;~~~~~~;~~~~~~~~~~

~Occupotion4

IIIIIIIIIl

Occupation 3

111111Occupation2

mmI

Occupation I

W330S310

PROFILE LOOKING WEST I

Figure 55. Stratigraphic Profiles, Fortin site, locus 2.

93

~ Feoha'er..wnber ~

Flrereddenedeorlh

ESBa

Olotcoolslointdtor1h

5J

Chotcoollledts

rm

Flrecr~edrocil

fu:£J

Flinlctlips

~ColcirltdbonefrOCJMnls

@:) eoo....

7A

LimitofeJ1COYolioro

::

u"'

-0

~

0

~

J;l

..r:: 0

..r:: 0

ti]

Ql .£ 0

...:I

;:s 0

'""

2

B. Fire-reddened earth

1

1

C . Fire-cracked stones D. Charcoal & Fire-reddened earth

5

E. Charcoal & fire-cracked rocks

2

2

3

8

1

1 1

1

1

3

F . Fire-cracked stones & reddened earth G . Charcoal, cracked rocks, reddened earth Totals

2

2

4

9

8

17

Feature 70, an unusual bas in-shaped depression filled with sand, not listed.

102

1

1 1

1

~

f ~

2

_g

Table 45 FORTIN SITE, LOCUS 1 Patterns of Wear or Utilization Observed on Projectile Points from Zones 2, 3, and 4

~§

PROJECTILE POINT TYPES

lill

~

~ ~ ~ ~c

f

0

0

2'

2'

~

'tl

'tl

~

£ £ .g c

~

c

i:.l

i'J,

~

~ ..a

"O

c0

3

Knives, Susquehanna

c

0

.2

;::l ..Q

::§1

1

Knives or points, in process

c

0

{/)

.ill

3ltl

..Q

{/)

~

1

Q)

..9

Projectile points, in process Knives or points, fragmentary

{/)

O>

2

1

2

1

8

Table 50 FORTIN SITE, LOCUS 1

Frequencies of Form and Content Attributes for Basic Hearth Categories in Zone 2

FORM

CONTENTS

....

gj

Ql

u

>::

;:I

g

....

0

0 "O

~

0

~

e-

s

0

(/J

o~

HEARTH CATEGORIES

i'.Q

..Q

en

~

_5

0

(/J

;:I

(/J

~

...:I

0

E-
::

.!!l

"O

Sl

0

u

~

~

~

0

en

...:I

m

~

6

~

0

E-


.:0

.:0

.:0

;::l

;::l

0

0

;::l

i::

p:;

4

i::

i::

p:;

0

p:;

4

Stemmed, untyped, broad blade, narrow stem

0

0

i::

.:0 ;::l

;::l

.:0 ;::l

0

p:;

p:;

5

6

1

1

]

Ol "O

~

tl P.

Fl 1

E

..0

g

"' .ill ;::l

"O

.5

~

"O

0

tl ..0

i::

P.

3l

"' ~

..0

gi

i::

Lamoka

3ltl

i:: 0

2

t:

i:: 0

TYPE OR FORM

"'

Ol "O

4

i:: 0

Ol i::

8l

Ol "O

N

i:: 0

Ol i::

:a :a

i i 2

.!B

B

·0

..c:

0

0

0

6

6

6

~

0

P.

z

~

z

27

33

2

2

Side-notched, untyped large

15

1

Stemmed, untyped, broad

1 Totals

P.

2

'E"'

ti

z 1

1§

·0

;::l

1i5

4

6

4

173

7

1

4

3

1

1

1

30

37

15

Table 78 MATTICE NO. 2 SITE

Wear Patterns on Bifaces from Occupation Zone 2

TYPES OF WEAR "O Q)

Q)

tJl "O

Q)

i::

0

gJ

Q)

"O Q)

N

i::

"'"'

gJ

~ ~ i::

'8

'8

;:l

;:l

i:: 0

TYPE OR FORM

i::

0::

i:: 0

0::

0

0

~i::

'8 i::

;:l

0

0::

tJl "O

"'

0

-

g.

i:: 0

i:: 0

tJl i::

tJl

:a

Q)

i::

Q)

tJl i::

~ 2 u

.8

::0

i i

sg

0

Q)

N Q)

Q)

0.

Sl

..0

"O

g.

i:: 0

t':

"'tJl

"'tJl

Q)

~

-§

E uts

.s

"O

3 ~ =g

s

;@ ~

....

ts

Q)

~

s

..i::

Q)

Q)

0

~

:;;:

:::::

ts

.§

0

0

0

Q)

:r::

P.

E==

6

6

6

z

z

:;;:

z 1

Knives, ovate or trianguloid Knives or points, fragmentary

1

Knives or points in process

1

Preforms, Lamoka

1

1 1 1

1 1

2

10

3

6

3

14

4

19

Unidentified fragments

Totals

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

8

50

Table 79 MATTICE NO. 2 SITE

Frequency and Density of Debitage in the Occupation Zones

Occupation Zones

Number

Area in Square Feet For Which Data Are Available

Number Per Square Foot

4

30

1,010

0.03

3

156

1,010

0.15

1:6.47

2

1,269

1,010

1.26

1:0.80

1

239

1,010

0.24

1:4.26

174

Ratio

1:33.7

4

Ta ble 80 MATTICE NO. 2 SITE Debitage Ana lysis

Occupation Zone l

Occupation Zone 2

Occupation Zone 3

DEBITAGE TYPES

No.

No.

No.

Nodules (pebbles)

-

-

Cores

-

15

1.2

Primgry Debris: Primary decortication flakes

Pct.

Pct.

Pct.

1

0.6

-

l

0.4

8

0.6

Block fracture flakes

7

2.9

57

4.5

6

3.8

Sha tter fla kes

Occupation Zone4 No.

Pct.

Totals

No.

Pct.

-

-

-

16

0.9

-

9

0.5

-

70

4.1

5

2.1

72

5.7

10

6.4

3

10.0

90

5.3

Flakes: Platform absent

53

22.2

219

17.3

40

25.6

7

23.3

319

18.8

Platform present, lip absent

42

17.6

165

13.0

26

16.7

6

20.0

239

14. l

Platform present, lip present

9

3.8

35

2.8

10

6.4

I

3.3

55

3.2

94

39.3

502

39.6

42

26.9

8

26.7

646

38.l

Platform present, lip a bsent

22

9.2

45

3.5

12

7.7

1

3.3

80

4.7

Platform prese nt, lip present

3

1.3

111

8.7

7

4.5

2

6.7

123

7.3

12

0.7

16

0.9

19

1.1

1694

99.7

S~i;;Qnd,ary

RetQuch Flakes: Platform absent

Bifacial retouch

-

11

0.9

1

0.6

Unifacial retouch

-

13

1.0

I

0.6

Elimarv Flak!il!il

Totals

3

1.3

16

1.3

239

100.1

1269

100.1

175

-

156

-

2

6.7

-

99.8

30

100.0

Table 81 MATTICE NO. 2 SITE Relative Importance of Basic Activities Through Time as Inferred from the Frequencies of Artifact types in Each Zone (Lithics Only)

~] § IJ :I:

Occupation Zones 4

O> i:: ·i::

"O O> 0 i:: 0 µ_. ·i:: Q) "E ..i::

O> i::

Q)

~

..i::

.8

t.L;

::s

No.

Pct.

No. 2

Pct.

i::

B

~

i:o

IJ

0

2l ,g

~

6

0

E-
i::

-o ·en

100

2

100

3

3

60

2

40

5

100

2

55

30.4

45

24.9

49

27.l

32

17.7

181

100

1

5

25

4

20

7

35

4

20

20

100

Other: Unidentified biface fragments, scrapers, choppers, worked stones, abrading stones Note: Items bearing evidence of two or more functions are counted more than once in the table, hence assemblage totals may be higher than those shown in Table 76.

Hunting and Butchering:

Projectile points, knives, other bifaces, bannerstones. Plant Food Gathering and Processing:

Milling stones, pitted stones, combination tools Biface Production:

Bifaces in process, hammerstones, anvilstones, combination tools

176

THE MUNSON SITE (One 59-2) by Robert E. Funk and Bruce E. Rippeteau

No cultural material occurred in the tests across the creek. The crew reported finding an unusually thick humus zone overlying clay, and struck water at 4.7 feet (1.4 m). Tests Band D failed to produce artifacts or refuse but the stratigraphy at Unit D was similar to that at Unit A (no data on subsurface deposits are available for Unit B, but since it was on a rise ca. 5 feet (1.5 m) above Unit A the deposits probably consisted of gravel). Unit C yielded some cultural items and the stratigraphy was similar to that of Unit A.

Introduction This site was discovered in the fall of 1973 by F. J. Hesse and G. C . Rogers during their survey of the Otego Creek Valley. Hesse reported finding Lamoka points and possibly undisturbed midden debris in test pits near the creek, on the property of the Woodhaven Golf Club, West Oneonta, NewYork(42°28' 47" N. Lat., 75• 5'2l"W. Long.). The site was located between the creek and a dump that adjoined the fairways.

Excavation methodology conformed to that employed on sites previously reported in this volume.

Encouraged by the test results, Bruce E. Rippeteau selected the site for excavations by his SUNY Oneonta field school. He arrived on site with 26 regular students and five work-study people on July 10, 1974, established a grid system and began excavations. The work was halted on July 15, and arrangements made for backfilling by the owner, Carroll Munson, who had generously consented to the investigations.

Not counting units D, E, and Fan area of 1136 square feet (105 square m) was opened to varying depths. All squares were taken to the base of the plow zone over their full horizontal extent, and parts of most squares were dug to the water table at about 5.2 feet (1.6 m) Artifact yield was low, consisting of ca. 220 objects (mostly potsherds and not counting debitage or cracked rocks), which were largely confined to the plow zone or immediately underlying levels. Several mixed components were present, representing intermittent occupancy over a long time span (at least 3500 years). A deep occupation level was disclosed below the water table, and eventually dated to ca. 5000 B.C., but the 1974 work was terminated due to the practical difficulties in broader exploration of the sparse remains at that level. Plans to return in a later field season never materialized.

Local Topography and Geology The Woodhaven Golf Club is situated where Harrison Creek, descending from the hills to the north and west, flows across the valley bottom and enters Otego Creek about 3,000 feet (900 m) north of West Oneonta village. Here the flood plain is relatively narrow, varying between 1000 and 2000 feet (300-600 m) in width. In this stretch, about 1700 feet (510 m) long, the Otego Creek channel is relatively straight, lacking the numerous meanders seen along other parts of its course. This is probably because of the action of Harrison Creek, dumping sediment at the junction and tending to move Otego Creek eastward. Here the elevation above sea level is approximately 1070 feet (326 m).

Physical Stratigraphy The deposits on the site are illustrated in the profile, Figure 70. Below the generally level weed-covered surface at Unit A was the brown plow zone 4 to 16 inches (10 to 40 cm) thick, largely composed of silt derived from the precolonial upper deposits on the site. Underlying this zone was a complex series of sand and silt strata, blending into clay-silts at about 3.3 to 4 feet (1 to 1.2 m). The clay-silts continued below the water table which occurred at 4.8 to 5.3 feet 0.4-1.6 m) below surface. At and below the table the sediments were a blueish-gray color due to long immersion in a reducing environment. At 6.6 feet (2 m) was a sand-gravel zone of undetermined thickness which contained abundant organic material, including leaves, twigs, wood fragments and butternuts, all in a state of excellent preservation.

The Munson site is located on the west side of the flood plain just north of the intersection of the two creeks.

Testing Program and Excavation Strategy The initial test pits (average size 30 by 30 cm) dug by Hesse and Rogers were not mapped, but the area where they had observed cultural debris was later chosen as the principal excavation locale. When the SUNY Oneonta field school opened the grid explorations (Unit A) Rippeteau commenced a series of test pits and squares in adjoining parts of the property. These included: Unit B, a 3 by 3 m square north of the grid; Unit C, of equal size to the southwest; Unit D, of uncertain location though probably close to the creek and to section El2NO; Unit E, also of uncertain location outside the grid; Unit F, across the creek and about 40 feet (12 m) east of the bank; and several other tests across the creek (see Figure 70).

Prehistoric Indian remains were present in the plow zone, in the upper and middle sands and silts .8 to 3.3 feet (.25 to 1 m) deep, and in the organically rich gravels 6.6 to 7.6 feet (2-2.3 m) deep.

177

Cultural Stratigraphy

5/3 (brown). There was a range in thickness from 5 to 8.4 mm. This sherd concentration was designated feature 16, occurring just under plow sole.

Plowzone

Corded exterior, plain interior (fig. 8). One body sherd apparently from a third vessel. Grit tempered with particles under 1 mm in diameter, this sherd was 5 mm thick. Both interior and exterior surfaces were light yellowish-brown in color ( 10 YR 6/4). It was found in test C.

Artifacts Projectile Points: Normanskill (1) (Plate 54, fig . 4). Lamoka (2) (figs. 1, 2). From initial test pits.

Smoothed-over-cord exterior, plain interior. This vessel is represented by 1 body sherd; the aplastic is fine grit (under 1 mm in size); the thickness is 7 mm; the exterior color is pale brown (10 YR 6/3) to gray (10 YR 511) and the interior color is dark gray (10 YR 411to3/1).

Corner-Notched, broad, fragmentary (1) (fig. 3). Other Bifaces: None. Unifaces:

Historic Items:

Scraper, end, on flake (1).

Several rusted modern iron nails were found in the plow zone.

Rough Stone: Hammerstones (1). Anvilstone (1). Netsinkers, side-notched (2).

Features (Table 83) All features recorded on this site were first observed just under the base of the plow zone at the top of the underlying yellow-brown silts. Hence it is assumed that the features originated in an occupation zone destroyed by plowing, which truncated their upper portions. Their locations are mapped in Figure 70.

Polished Stone: Celt, lacking poll (1) (fig. 7). Bead, clay stone (1) (fig. 6). Lithic Materials: All of the points are of eastern Onondaga chert except 1 Lamoka (Plate 54, fig. 2) of western Onondaga. The uniface is of eastern Onondaga, the rough stone tools are of sandstone, the bead of clay stone, and the cell of diorite.

Feature L in the middle of section EONO, was basinshaped. It first appreared as an oval smear of charcoal ringed by fire-reddened earth. It measured 1 by. 7 min oral size and was 35 cm deep. It contained one fire-cracked rock, charcoal flecks, bits of charred butternut shell, and small amounts of ash.

Pottery: The ceramic sample consists of 7 rim sherds, 3 neck sherds, and 114 body sherds plus many small scraps. Four vessels are represented.

Feature 2, near the center of section W3S3, was amorphous, 60 by 50 cm across and 7 cm thick, consisting of fire-reddened earth flecked with charcoal.

Garoga Incised(?) (Plate 54, fig. 5). One rim sherd and

Feature 3, in the northeast corner of section W3N3, was basin-shaped, measuring 53 by 63 by 8 cm in the excavated portion, also containing fire-reddened earth and charcoal.

1 body sherd from one pot. The rim has a channeled collar and the lip is missing. On the collar exterior the decoration consists of alternating oblique and horizontal lines (probably line-filled triangles) extending to the base of the notched collar. The type identification is not certain since the uppermost part of the collar is missing; Garoga Incised vessels display short vertical incised lines just under the lip which are underscored by a continuous horizontal line. These sherds came from testC.

Feature 4, section W3N3 was saucer-shaped. The exposed half (the remainder continued past the west wall) was approximately 80 cm in diameter and 8 cm deep. The fill was reddened earth with charcoal and yielded a chert chunk. Feature 5, section EON6, was about one-quarter excavated (it occurred in the northwest corner of the square) but was about 65 cm in diameter and 7.5 cm thick, hence saucer-shaped. It contained much reddened earth, ash, and charcoal.

Vinette 1. Six rim sherds, 3 neck sherds, 111 body sherds, and ca. 75 crumbs from one vessel. The lip was rounded, the rim slightly flared above a weakly constricted neck, and both interior and exterior surfaces were cord-malleated. The temper was medium grit, up to 4 mm in particle size but generally less than 1 mm. Exterior colors ranged from 10 YR 5/2 (grayish-brown) to brown (10 YR 5/3) or light yellowish-brown (10 YR 6/4). The interiors varied from 10 YR 511 (gray) to 10 YR

Feature 6, near the center of section EON6, was oval in oral outline, about 1.6 m long, 1.2 m wide, and 1 m deep. At the mouth it appeared as dark charcoal-rimmed earth surrounded by reddened soil. In cross-section it was basinshaped, almost conical, with charcoal concentrations dipping from edges to center. There was some cracked rock

178

t

'9

' '

2

3

5

4

6

7

'

9

11

15

-- ----

0

t

2

3

4

5

CENTIMETERS 6 7 8 9 10

r--

li

12

!Ml+ -

'~

-

--l

I NCH E S

Plate 54. Artifacts from the Munson site. Figs. 1-8 from the plow zone or associated features; 10-12, from silts just below plow zone; 9, 13-14, from depths of .7-1.0 meter below surface; 15, 16, from below water table at 2.3 meters. Figs. I, 2, Lamoka type points; 3, fragment of broad corner-notched point; 4 Normanskill point; 5, rim section form an incised, collared pottery vessel; 6, claystone bead; 7, celt; 8, restored section of exterior cord-marked pot; 9, 13, pitted stones; 10, 12, 14-16, side-notched netsinkers; 11, pebble hammerstone. Lithic Materials: I, 3, 4, eastern Onondaga chert; 2, western Onondaga chert; 6, claystone; 7, dirorite; 9-14, sandstone; 15, 16, siltstone.

179

Subsistence Remains

and ash in the fill, which was riddled with small mammal burrows. It was eventually decided (by Rippeteau) that this was actually a burned-out tree stump.

Although bits of calcined refuse bone occurred in some features, these were too small for successful identification of fauna! species hunted and eaten. Charred butternut shells were found in feature 1.

Feature 7, section EON6, was a charcoal smear in the southeast comer of the square, incompletely unearthed but probably at least 80 cm in diameter. It was a shallow lens (depth not given) and contained a single side-notched netsinker.

Distributional Patterns Artifacts and features were concentrated in the northern half of the grid, although sparse remains occurred in section EOS18 and in test unit C (Figure 70). No data are available on the numbers and distribution of cracked rocks in this or lower levels. A very small number of diagnostic artifacts, few of which were associated with features, makes it impossible to horizontally differentiate the traces of individual components. Also since the site apparently covers an area of at least 11,650 square feet (ll 00 square m) of which 1,136 square feet (105 square m), or only 10 percent, was explored, our sample does not permit firm statements about intra-site patterning.

Feature 8, section W3S9, an amorphous hearth, was about half excavated (it continued beyond the western excavation border) but measured at least 60 cm in any horizontal dimension and about 10 cm deep. It consisted of charcoal-stained and fire-reddened earth with some peripheral cracked rocks. Feature 9, section EOS6, was in the northeast corner of the square, continuing past the balk, but measured 85 cm north-south and at least 45 cm east-west. It was a patch of thermally oxidized earth flecked with charcoal, attaining a maximum depth (thickness) of 25 cm. Feature 10, section EON6, was a tight cluster of cracked rocks 50 cm long by 34 cm wide in the southwest quadrant. It contained some chert chips.

Sand-silt Zone (25-40 cm)

Artifacts

Feature 11 , section W3N3, was first observed in crosssection along the east profile in the southeast quadrant, where it appeared as a saucer-shaped lens of reddened and charcoal-rich earth about 80 cm long and 30 cm deep.

Projectile Points None. Other Bifaces:

Feature 12, in the northeast profile of section E3N3, was also not seen prior to recording of the cross-section. It appeared as an unusual conical form about 20 cm wide at the mouth and 30 cm deep. The fill was charcoal-stained earth containing ash and a cracked rock.

Knives or points, fragmentary ( 1). Knives or points, in process (1). Unifaces: None. Rough Stone

Feature 13, in the northern part of Unit C, was an amorphous lens of fire-reddened and charcoal-flecked earth about 20 cm thick. The exposed portion measured 80 cm east-west and 50 cm north-south. A chert chip, a potsherd, and bits of calcined bone were found in it.

Hammerstones (1) (Plate 54, fig. 11) Anvil-pitted stones (1). Bipitted stone (1). Netsinkers, side-notched (3) (Plate 54, figs. 10, 12).

Feature 14, in the southwestern quadrant of section W3N6, was saucer-shaped, 1 m by .7 min horizontal size and 11 cm deep. The fill comprised fire-altered earth, charcoal granules, many fire-cracked rocks, and chert chips.

Polished Stone: None. Lithic Materials: Both bifaces are of eastern Onondaga chert, and the rough stone items are of sandstone.

Feature 15, near the middle of section W3N6, was saucer-shaped, 70 by 50 cm across the rim and 15 cm deep. It consisted of thermally reddened earth, charcoal, and numerous cracked rocks.

Features None of the features noted in the upper part of this zone was sealed within it by a covering layer of sand or silt; all appear to have originated in a level above the present plow sole.

Feature 16, in the northeast quadrant of section EONO, was a mass of potsherds of Vinette 1 type, about 40 cm in diameter.

Radiocarbon Dates Radiocarbon Dates

None obtained on the samples provided by several hearths.

No charcoal or other datable material occurred in quantities sufficient for radiometric age determination.

180

Subsistence Remains

Rough Stone: Netsinkers, side-notched (2) (Plate 54, figs. 15, 16).

None observed or recovered.

Lithic Materials:

Distributional Patterns

Both netsinkers are of siltstone.

None suggested in view of the small area sampled and the meager quantity of cultural material.

Features No features were present in this level.

Sand-silt Zone (.7-1.0 m)

Radiocarbon Dates An age reading of 5090B.C.±120 years (Dic-248 RR) was obtained on a wood fragment from the gravel layer.

Artifacts Projectile Points:

Subsistence Remains

None.

There was no evidence for actual utilization of the butternuts or other preserved organics by the Indians.

Other Bifaces: None. Unifaces:

Distributional Patterns

None.

Not applicable.

Rough Stone:

Culture History and Chronology

Hammer-anvilstone (1) (Plate 54, fig. 9). Hammer-pitted stone (Plate 54, fig. 13). Netsinker, side-notched (1) (fig. 14).

Obviously the oldest occupation of the site occurred at the level now below the water table, over 2 m deep. Unfortunately no diagnostic items were recovered despite the clear evidence of human presence provided by netsinkers and debitage. This level is dated ca. 5090 B.C.

Polished Stone: None. Lithic Materials:

Scant evidence of occupancy in middle levels of the sands and silts (.7-1.0 m) was provided by three rough stone tools. By interpolation from the organic gravels to the base of the plow zone, assumed to date to ca. 2500 B.C. on the basis of the oldest associated traits (Lamoka points), these middle levels were occupied at ca. 3540 B.C. In other words, since 2 m of sediment accumulated in about 2600 years, the rate of accretion was 13 cm per year and about 1,560 years were required to add 1.2 m of sediment on top of the organic zone.

The rough stone tools are of sandstone.

Features None observed in this level.

Radiocarbon Dates No charcoal or other datable material was present.

Subsistence Remains

Several variables affect this chronology. One is the possibility that the organics were deposited either much earlier, or much later, than the artifacts in the gravels. Or, the organics may have been redeposited from much older sediments. These factors in turn would radically modify estimates of the age of initial occupation as well as the period required for deposition of the superincumbent zones.

None observed or recovered.

Distributional Patterns Not applicable, given the relatively small area excavated and the paucity of cultural remains.

Sand-silt Zone (2-2.3 m)

Small quantities of artifacts, debitage, and cracked rocks (but no features) were recorded in the sands/silts just below plow line. It is possible that these were in situ traces of Late Archaic components, but no diagnostic types were present. Presumably these levels date to ca. 2500 B.C. and may reflect Lamoka occupation.

Artifacts Projectile Points None. Other Bifaces:

Multiple components are signified by plow zone materials and associated features. Lamoka points, a Normanskill point, and a corner-notched point are good Late Archaic "index fossils" and probably date between 2500 B.C. and

None. Unifaces: None.

181

1800 B.C. An Early Woodland component (ca. 1000 B.C.) is reflected in the Vinette 1 pottery, and a Late Woodland (Iroquois) occupation (ca. A.D. 1500) is suggested by the Garoga Incised rim sherd. No lithic traits were found which could be definitely assigned to the Woodland components.

Subsistence, Settlement, and Seasonality Since netsinkers were found in all cultural levels, though without diagnostic associations, it is apparent that fishing in Otego Creek was an important subsistence activity for most or all of the prehistoric occupants. On the evidence of projectile points, game was also pursued during the Late Archaic period. Some features, not attributed to any particular component, contained bits of calcined mammal bone, thus supplementing the evidence for hunting. Feature 1 produced charred nut fragments, and pitted stones occurred in the sand/silt just under plow sole. Although these items may pertain to separate components, they suggest a general picture of hunting, fishing and gathering for the upper level occupations. The Iroquois component reflected in the Garoga Incised rim sherd also permits us to assume a period when maize horticulture was well established. However cultivation may not have been practiced in the vicinity of the site, which apparently served chiefly as a short-term fishing camp. The charred nut from feature 1 shows that at least one occupation took place in the fall. Net fishing could be practiced in spring, summer, or fall and hunting was a year-round activity, so there are no grounds for postulating specific seasons of site utilization in any period. An extreme paucity of artifacts precludes intercomponent comparisons of occupational intensity. However, if periods are compared it is clear that occupation was extremely light prior to the Late Archaic (post-2500 B.C.) period and was heaviest during the ceramic period. This is true despite the relatively small volume of deposit sampled below the upper sand/silt zone.

182

MUNSON SITE (One 59-2) Oneonta Township. Otsego County. New York STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE at ONEONTA Excavations of 1974 8. E. Rippeteau

LOCALE AND EXCAVATIONS

Unit

STRATIGRAPHIC PROFILE

B o

EAST WALL OF SECTION W3S9

FEATURE DISTRIBUTION IN EXCAVATED UNITS

cD ~

M

Unit A

~featurenumber

00 w

~firereddenedeorlh

/'.! nr cq;

Unit A

"/F« f,,..Vi

I'

1/' Si uc ;?;
i::

i::

()) .9

;g

·- -0 o:l 0

~ -0

ll g

0

P::

:£

Pct.

No.

9

1.9

106

23.0

I

2.6

4

10.4

Hunting and Butchering: Projectile points, knives, other finished bifaces.

Pct.

No. I

l:ll

Ul .... ())

..:I

6

0

~

..c:

0.2

No.

I-
CD

i:r:

"'CD

"'CD

.gi

O> "O

CD

CD

N

8 ~

c gi

0

N

ill ]

,g.

O>

gi

c0

c0

.... 0

8l

()

J2 N

8

c0 gi

J N

8

~

~

P.

sg

CD

c0

~

gi

c0

.:E

..

_g"'

al

H

~

:a£l :a£l iJ2 z z 0

~§

e§:

t h hs o s

g 2? .5

i':

El 0

;@

~

d

Levanna

Jack's Reef Comer-Notched Jack's Reef Pentagonal Meadowood Orient Fishtail

Dry Brook Fishtail 10

Susquehanna Broad Snook Kill

Perkiomen Normanskill Vestal Side-Notched

Vestal Comer-Notched

19

14

19

15

48

35

10

15

175

181

13

I.amok.a

Brewerton Side-Notched Brewerton Eared Triangle Brewerton Corner -Notched

Otter Creek Neville-like, b road stemmed Kanawha-like

Kanawha/Neville Bifurcated-base

Wells Bridge Comer-Notched Kirk.Stemmed

Corner-notched, similar to Jack's Reef Comer-Notched Corner-notched, Vestal-like Corner-notched, untyped Untyped. base missing Stemmed, narrow, Lamoka-like

Stemmed. broad in base and stem , untyped

Stemmed, broad b lade, narrow stemmed, untyped

Expanded-stemmed. untyped Side-notched, squared tangs, serrated edges Side-notched, untyped Susquehanna-like. elongated shank Triang uloid, untyped Pentagonoid, thick: Jack's Reef Pentagonal? Lanceolate: In process? Totals

14

50

34

32

497

18

5

57

Table 173 RUSS SITE Locus 2 Wear Patterns on Bifaces

]

]

~

]~

'5]

§N

I~ § ..8

0 "0 0::

0 "0 0::

0 0" 0::

-!!> gi ~

i~

i

]~

i §

2'

~

2!

j

~

.§ c.

] i:

]

~

'5

Knives or points, fragmentary

12

59

Knives or points in process

15

38

29

119

TYPE OR FORM

0 "0 0::

u

F'

~

]

:a

~:

10

Knives, ovate or trianguloid

12

Unidentifiable fragments

Totals

10

!UO.£m.l&m: Knives. ovate or trianguloid Knives or points, fragmentary

Knives or points in process Unidentifiable fragments

Totals

12

Totals

15

Totals

11

~' Knives, ovate or trianguloid Knives or points, fragmentary

Knives or points in process Unidentifiable fragments

~:

Knives, ovate or trianguloid Knives or points, fragmentary Knives or points in process

~:

Knives, ovate or trianguloid Knives or points, fragmentary

Knives or points in process Totals ~:

Knives, ovate or trianguloid Knives or points, fragmentary

Knives or points in process 13

Totals ~:

Knives, ovate or trianguloid Knives or points, fragmentary Knives or points in process Unidentifiable fragments

Totals ~:

Knives or points, fragmentary Knives or points, fragmentary

Totals

498

11

""'

!11 unretouched

~~~:i!~.:'~ retouched

..2

Crushing on 1 retouched lateral ed.oe

(end scrapers only)

Crushing on bit

Striations on I or 2 lateral edges

Striations on bit perpendicular edge (end scrapers only)

Rounding/gloss on unretouched. edges

face

Rounding/gloss on dorsal

Rounding/gloss on I or 2

Rounding/gloss on comers

Rounding/gloss on 2 retouched lateral edges

Rounding/gloss and 1 retouched lateral edge

Rounding/gloss on bit (end scrapers only)

ty'

Q3

~ 03 0 . en

CDC

~ §:

~~ ©~ () c:: ::i 0

~

::i:J

Table 175 RUSS SITE Locus 2 Frequencies and Density of Artifacts in the Stratigraphic Levels Excavated Area in Square Meters

Artifacts Per Square Meter

Zones

Number of Artifacts

Plow Zone

411

833

0.49

1:2

Dark Zone

5

ca. 81

0.06

1:16

0-10 Level

81

509

0.16

1:6.28

10-20 Level

277

509

0.54

1:1.80

Ratio

20-30 Level

75

509

0.15

1:6.8

30-40 Level

70

509

0.14

1:7.3

40-50 Level

53

509

0.10

1:9.6

50-60 Level

20

509

0.04

1:25

60-70 Level

10

509

0.02

1:51

Table 176 RUSS SITE Locus 2 Frequencies and Density of Features in the Stratigraphic Levels Excavated Area in Square Meters

Zones

Number of Features

Features Per Square Meter

Plow Zone

65

833

0.08

1:13

Dark Zone

2

ca. 81

0.03

1:40

Ratio

0-10 Level

0

509

0.00

-

10-20 Level

14

509

0.03

1:36

20-30 Level

12

509

0.02

1:42

30-40 Level

II

509

0.02

1:46

40-50 Level

11

509

0.02

1:46

50-60 Level

10

509

0.02

1:51

60-70 Level

3

509

0.006

1:170

501

Table 177 RUSS SITE Locus 2 Relative Importance of Basic Activities Through Time as Inferred from the Functions of Artifact Types Present in the Total Assemblages in Each Level

O>

:§

§

::r::

O>

-g

~

"d

O>

O>

µ_,

·.:

"d "Cil

0 0

O>

·.:

~

0

0

]> Ol t::

:§i Ol t::

f3

f3

f3

;:l

;:l

;:l

;:l

0

0

0

0

p:;

Plow Zone: Knives, ovate or trianguloid

t::

p:;

t::

p:;

Knives or points in process

1

t::

p:;

2

3

Ol

2

1

rll

2;:l

Q)

Ci -0

.9l

-0

~

-0

..Q

-;:::

gJ

N

'§

s Tl

Q)

t::

0 Ol

t::

8 Q)

:

-0

1l ..c:·g tl

cO>

0 0 µ..

~

.Q

~

.8 ::l

Pct.

Plow Zone

38

80.9

Occupation Zone 3

ID

Occupation Zone2

8

No.

B

0.. (j

p:i

No.

cO>

c

cO>

Q)

·c -0 "Ul Q) "E ..c: § ~

Pct.

No.

·~

2

p:i

a ti)

~

Jl -0g

0..

Pct.

.9

6

2

0..

0

E-
!le_

-""-

// /

_'>le_

Excavations of 1967

///

W. D. Lipe, F. F. Schomboch , D. R. Wi lcox

// / fool of RI. 17 t1m bonkmenl

M.A. Costttllo, 7/81

Figure 145. Stratigraphic profiles and plan o f State Museum excavations, Castle Gardens site.

CASTLE GARDENS SITE (Apl 4-4) Vestal Township. Broome County. New York NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM & SCIENCE SERVICE F. F. Schambach. D.R. Wilcox

Excavations of 1967 0

I

2

0

30

60

R

3

4

5 FEET

R 90 120R 150 CENTIMETERS

flOOR PLAN

STRATKGRAPHKC PROlfllES

(Most orlifocts shown in features were associated with them rather than in deposils above or below them.)

North-South Profile Looking East Along EO Line

/>\ EONO

B

North-South Profile Looking West Along W5 Line

W5N5

WSNIO

W5Nl5

I /

B' W5N20

East - West Profile Looking North A long N5 Line

[;;] Stratum lo, motlled gray midden earth

[QJ [QJ

~ Stratum I, plowzone

unmodified cobble

~ dork stained earth originating in Stratum l

fire reddened or crocked rock

fiS2J

dork stained earth originating in Stratum 3o

•

Stratum 2, yellow brown silt

~ sandstone slob

[]]J[]]]]]J dork stained earth originating in Stratum 3b

ElZJ

Stratum 3o, mottled brown silt and midden debris

~burrow

~ fire reddened earth

DJ]

Stratum 3b, gray-brown silt and midden debris

§

D

Stratum 4, compact ton subsoil

~ dork brown fill

[][] post mold originating in Stratum l

[I]

post mold

"Z

[][] post mold originating in Stratum 3b

mottled yellow wash

limit of excavation

~ charcoal flecks

0

~ feature number

571

m m

charred nut frogmen! calcined refuse bone flint debiloge

.A/

i'=-"--'---'--'--'----'-~E~ONO

ARTIFACT TYPE SYMBOLS PROJECTILE POINTS L -Lomoko V -Vestal ROUGH STONE Ch-Chopper NI- Netsinker POLISHED STONE AZ-Beveled adz All OTHER FLOOR PLAN SYMBOLS MATCH THE STRATIGRAPHIC PROFILE SYMBOLS, SEE OTHER KEY.

Ta ble 194 CASTLE GARDENS SITE Freque n cies of Form and Content Attributes for Basic Hearth Categories in Stratum 3a

CONTENTS

FORM

oj? 0

"d

.5en a~ a ...c:

a::i en

...c:

"d

s... tll

e0

8

Q)

s::

]

0

-
§

n "~

Jl

'E

.:i::

Q)_.Q

..c: 0

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

4

3

2

rt.I ...:I

en

~

Q)

..c:

0 ....

~

2

B. Fire-reddened earth

1

5

1

5

2

11

F. Fire -cracked stones & reddene d earth G. Charcoal. cracked rocks, reddened earth Totals

1

1 8

1

573

9

1 6

7

6

2

3

1

2

1

25

Table 196 CASTLE GARDENS SITE Frequencies of Form and Content Attributes for Basic Hearth Categories in Stratum 3b, Lower Two-Thirds

CONTENTS

FORM

..... Q) u

en

Q)

;:l

g '

0

HEARTH CATEGORIES

r:Q

..c::

8' 0

..c::en

-
}~ Charcoal flecks

Fire crocked rock

Ta ble201 CO TTAGE SITE

Trait List (Excludes Pottery)

LOCUS A Sec. E35. E45S25

2A

TRAITS

LOCUSB Test3

EOTrench

2B

2A

2B

Tests2, 4

u

rt.I

li Salix Carpin us·Ostrya Alnus

IWllll Gramineae Misc. Compositae

Table 207 CAMELOT POND Pollen Analysis of Subsamples

%AP

Ambrosia Lycopodium (lucidulum)

·=AP Base

602

O>.

(2)

(2)

(5)

The Organic Zone at the Crandall-Wells Site A sample of organic sediment was analyzed from the 94 cm level in test pit 17, which as stated previously (pages 237-238) was within an old channel of the Susquehanna River. The date of 4355 B.P.±465 years (GX-9313) applies directly to the same level as the sample.

"unknown" 4, and grass 4). There was a strong representation of L. lucidulum at 7 percent. The representation of swamp forest species (ash, elm, red maple) is weak. There was appreciable pollen damage which may have enhanced the counts of pine and chestnut and detracted from others. Nevertheless the sample probably belongs in the early C-2 zone, in keeping with the radiocarbon date.

Pollen were counted from two I-cc samples. The total count is unknown, but the percentages were as follows: pine 24; birch 20 ; oak 9; hemlock 8; chestnut 8; willow 6; basswood 5; ash, elm, and alder 2 each; NAP 18 (including

The Mill Creek Junction Locality On August 6, 1974, during construction of the OtegoOneonta section of I-88, Funk and his crew visited the area being graded for the bridge crossing from the river's south banks to the north banks at the junction with Mill Creek. This location is a short distance downstream from the Camelot No. 2 site at 42° 25' 06" N. Lat., 75• 08' 17" W. Long.

II.

IV Slides ld-6d =HF-> HCI. Started to lose material on decanting after this step. (Step removed all silt).

V.

Here the steep-sided, eroded bank displayed about 12 feet (3.7m) of yellow-brown silt overlying a bed of organically rich dark brown silt, about 15 cm thick, that lay at the water level. This zone in turn rested upon a layer of fine gravel of undetermined thickness . Samples of the organic zone were collected for pollen analysis and radiocarbon-dating.

Slides le-6e = GAA-> ACETOLYSIS (6 min.). Lost a little with each decanting, probably from all tubes. (Process reduced volume little, if any).

V1. Slides lf-6f = KOH. - Residue stored in vials. In the various sub-samples examined, pollen frequency varied from 24,000 to 39,000 per cm3• The higher figure is probably most accurate and represents a fully forested condition.

Test data for this immediate area were provided by Ed Fernau, Soil Mechanics Bureau, N.Y. State Department of Transportation. In general, the cores showed silt and sand in the upper 15 feet (4.5 m) of deposit, but no organics were noted.

There is little evidence of open land (low shrub, herbaceous counts). Fagus is dominant, Tsuga is exceptionally low, and all of the "austral", and probably slowly migrating, elements are there (]uglans, Carya, Castanea, Tilia, etc.) in moderate to low amounts. Pinus is low. Indications are that this sample belongs to the C-2 pollen zone; i.e. , after the first hemlock peak. This large block of material must be considered a single sample and no elaborate conclusions should be drawn based on the pollen assemblage. The extremely low Tsuga is bothersome, but it also reaches such low levels at Cox' (1959) Worcester bog site. We might make one of the hazardous conclusions referred to and say that this sample is older than that from Chamberlain Hill Road on the basis of low Castanea found here.

At this writing, wood samples from the dark brown silt have not been submitted for radiocarbon-dating. Lewis received a monolithic sample for pollen processing, measuring approximately 13 X 10 X 6 cm, wrapped in aluminum foil. Six samples were taken with a cork borer (#6). A relatively low frequency of pollen was expected, so a full l.Ocm3 sample was used this time (1.57 cm of the core). The block was split in half and three samples taken from each of the two faces, attempting to randomize samples over the entire block as much as possible.

Platanus pollen occurs in relatively high amounts. This pollen is uncommonly found in fossil deposits, but this is not the case at Otego. It might be indicative of riverine deposition and will perhaps be found throughout the C pollen zones. It might also be an indicator of a distinct horizon and may have the value for correlative purposes between or within sites. We should be able to determine this with a full reference core.

The material is not clay as stated on the label, but probably a dark silt with very little clay admixture. There is also macro organic material-wood? Slides were made after each chemical process - one capillary tube load per 11 .5 ml of suspension in third water wash, as follows:

I.

Slides lb-6b = HCl (no carbonate activity).

III. Slides lc-6c = KOH (#3 boiled over, lost about 5% original suspension.)

Slides la-6a= No processing; material desegregated inTween20.

603

Ta ble208 MILL CREEK JUNCTION

Pollen Analysis of Samples

TAXON ~

• Fagus

No. AP

TAXON

%AP

contin ued

Shrnl2l;

128

•Un known

25.6

Be tu la

83

16.6

Platanus

73

14.6

• Quercus

55

11.0

• Acer saccharum

40

8.0

• A. n e gundo-saccharin um

9

1.8

•A. rubrum

3

0.6

Pin us

34

6.8

JugJa ns

23

4.6

• Ulmus

20

Tsuga

No.

%AP

14

2.8

Ambrosia

1.6

cf. Achillea

0.2

Cheno-Am

0.2

Cyperaceae

0.2

Thalictrum

0.2 Totals

26

~

1.4

Alnus

Tilia

]uniperus

0.6

Carpinus-Ostrya

0.4

4.0

Corylus

0.4

11

2.2

R h us

0.2

Salix

7

1.4

• Fraxin us

6

1.2

• Carya

4

0.8

4

0.8

Castanea

5.2

0.2 Totals

Lycopodium (lucidulum type) L ycopodium (inundatum type)

Totals • ; AP Base

604

16

3.2

The Chamberlain Hill Road Locality During the 1974. field season Funk visited a locality at the foot of Chamberlain Hill, adjoining Chamberlain Hill Road, in Otsego county where a N.Y. State Department of Transportation contractor was removing peat and muck deposits prior to construction of the roadbed for the Susquehanna Expressway (1-88). This area (42° 23' 55" N. Lat., 75° 08' 36" W. Long.) is only about one fourth mile directly east of the Enck farm (see pages 261-289). It closely adjoins the former south end of a meander loop in the Susquehanna River. A large portion of this loop was blocked off by construction of the D & H Railroad bed.

was mixed in a standard manner and one capillary tube load from each small beaker was made into a two layer microscope mount in glycerine jelly prestained with basic fuchsin. The remainder was then centrifuged in 12-ml tubes until the entire sample was concentrated. The beakers were washed into test tubes a couple of times. The tubes were filled to the 11 .5 ml mark and the material was suspended using a standard stirring technique. One capillary tube load (Kimax 34502; 0.9-1.1 !Ox, 100 mm) was removed from the middle of the liquid in the tube. In one series of tests the material was allowed to settle for 15 seconds; in another series approximately three to four minutes. Pollen recovery was essentially equal regardless of the settling time, but those allowed to settle longer were preferred mounts due to loss of some of the fine material fraction. One hundred tests on delivery capacity of the tubes show an average of .069 ml per tube load with a maximum of 0.075 ml and a minimum of .060 ml. Since there was 11.5 ml of liquid suspension (with .636 cm3 of sediment) a factor of 262.06 (round to 260) gives the amount of pollen per cm3 of sediment. The first sample taken (from the material mixed in small beakers) was designated "a" and should have been three times as dilute as the succeeding "b" series if mixing was approximately uniform in the two methods. Sample la shows a total identified pollen frequency of 5200/cm3; lb, 12,480/cm3. Sample 4a shows a total of 4680/cm3; 4b, 16,380. These were the only samples in which frequency was determined before processing with 10% KOH. After processing with 10% KOH (100° C for 30 min.), the samples were washed three times and again suspended in 11.5 ml H20; this is series "c". Sample le= 49,400/cm 3 (total identified pollen); le' (the longer settling time)= 55,120/cm3• Sample 4c = 44,720; Sample 4c' = exactly the same (86 pollens identified in 1/2 of a standard mount for each technique). Sample 6c - 41,340/cm3; sample 6c' shows about the same frequency although area scanned was not precisely measured.

The sediments under excavation were evidently of fluvial origin. The water table was only three feet below the surface. Brown silts were visible at the edges of the excavation above the water. The backhoe was dredging up large masses of material displaying alternating strata of brown silts and gravels. Peaty layers rich in wood were coming from below 12 feet. Some samples of wood, silt, and gravel were collected by Funk and an assistant. After the field season data were obtained on four subsurface borings from the immediate vicinity of the dredging. These were very kindly provided by Ed Fernau, Soil Mechanics Bureau, New York State Department of Transportation. These borings showed the water table at 3 to 7 feet below the surface (which is 1051 feet above sea level). Brown silts, sands, and gravels were noted down to about 16 feet, varying in proportions from boring to boring. Organic material was found between 10 and 16 feet, but not always in the same levels within that range. Drill hole 46 was nearest to the observed dredging and the data generally correspond closely to what was observed. In this hole the organics were concentrated from 12 to 16 feet. In general, a zone of gravel and sand was recorded at 18 feet, varying from 2 to 6 feet thick. Below this to over 58 feet in some borings were thick zones of sand and silt, apparently lacking in organics.

Pollen was in atrocious condition. Two hundred arboreal pollens (AP) were counted for samples 1, 4, and 6. The others were scanned and seemed to be essentially of the same composition and condition as those analyzed. This seemed a little strange. It was expected that more differences would be shown in a block of material that large if the cork borer method was giving random samples. It appeared that pollen may have been in better condition in sample #3. An analysis of pollen damage was made for samples 1 and 4 by recording fern endospores, fragments of winged conifer pollen, and pollen unidentified because of damage. In sample 1 in 200 AP there were 130 identified pollens other than AP and 71 which were unidentified because of damage. So, for particles known to be pollen about 18% were unidentifiable because of damage. Winged conifers are recorded if more than one half the grain is

A large wood fragment dredged from below the 12 foot level was radiocarbon-dated at 1180 B.C .±55 years (Dic-276). Pollen in part of the peat sample were analyzed by Lewis as follows: This was a large block of material (approximately 20 X 15 X 7 cm), wrapped in aluminum foil. Six samples were taken at random with a cork borer. The volume of each sample was 0.636 cm3• The block appeared homogenous, oxidized to a dark brown through the first 1/4" (6 mm), medium brown in the interior. Each sample was deflocculated in 10 ml of water plus two drops Tween 20. The samples were passed through 60-mesh screens and washed twice with 10 ml of water. Material on the screens was reserved for possible macro analysis. The fraction which passed through the screens now comprised about 30 ml liquid. This

605

elements predominating. If Castanea is at a maximum, I would expect the sample to be about 1500 years old. From the amount of Castanea I would expect the sample to be no more than 4,000 years old. It could be even younger (to just pre-Colonial times, for example), but there are no amounts of agricultural weeds (such as Ambrosia, Plantago, Rumex, etc.) to indicate a just slightly pre-present formation. There are some pollens of goldenrod, sunflower, and elder, which may indicate some open ground around the site (and these are probably under-represented), but I attribute these to stream or spring action which would open suitable habitats for such plants. Alnus pollen is high and commonly badly damaged an all samples.

present. Only pine among the winged conifers was present. There were 28 of them. There were 43 conifer fragments (somewhat subjective-smaller fragments are not recorded), so conifer fragments amount to 154% of recorded conifer pollens. In sample 4 for 174 AP there were 70 identified pollens other than AP and 64 unidentified, damaged. So, about 21 % of pollen was unidentifiable because of damage. There were 41 pine pollens and 45 winged conifer pollen fragments, so the fragments amount to 110% of recorded conifer pollens. For the three samples analyzed, five tree pollens average better than ID percent per sample. Pinus varies from 18.5 to 28 percent of aboreal pollen, Betula from 15.5 to 22, Castanea from 10.5 to 21, Quercus from 9 to 11.5, and Tsuga, from 9 to 12.5. Except for Quercus these are mostly pollens which would be expected to be over-represented in a damaged sample: Pinus, Tsuga, and Betula because badly damaged grains are quite easily recognized (but in the case of Betula, the category should be "betuloid"). Castanea is about the best preserved pollen found. Perhaps its small size helps it escape the severe erosion which takes place here.

A summary of pollen percentages for the three subsamples analyzed is appended (Table 209). The 24 microscope slides for the six sub-samples will be filed. The macro material on screens will be discarded. Peat from the center of the block has been stored in ethyl alcohol in a 125-ml bottle in case subsequent pollen analysis seems advisable. All of the rest of the block was disaggregated in a very dilute Tween 20 solution, screened, with all macro material being dried and stored. If it would appear to add anything, macro material might be identified and/or used for additional radiocarbon assay.

The damaged pollens are predominantly from trees. Quercus, Fagus, Carya, Tilia , and Ulm us are likely underrepresented. Nyssa is present (probably in very small amounts). Badly damaged Nyssa might be mistaken for Fagus, but the reverse is not true. In sample 3 some Carpinus-Ostrya type is seen, so part of the Betula total is from that source. Carya, Tilia, and Ulmus are notoriously damaged. Fraxinus is quite badly damaged, but often recognizable. Much of the Fraxinus here is 3-colpate and may be from F. Pennsylvanica. ]uglans is not seen at all. It usually occurs in low amounts and is quite easily damaged.

Non pollen particles included abundant hyphal fragments, some fungus spores, isolated, but fairly common stomates, a very few diatoms, a couple of sclerodonts, perhaps some spheroidal algal cells (but no Pediastrum), two spores of Lycopodium lucidulum type (if they are L. selago they would be the only possible boreal indicators in the samples).

This sample was field-identified as "peat". At first this did not seem correct. The material is very fine grained and appears at first glance more like a pond sediment gel. But, upon screening there is much macro-material (wood, twigs; apparently forest peat; alder?). There is also a considerable, fine mineral fraction, probably silt. The samples were processed only through the KOH step since examination showed that the pollen was disintegrating with every wash. Some observations: the twigs seem in pretty good condition with bark intact, but pollen badly eroded. Could spring action cause pollen erosion, a fine organic matrix, silt, and abundant macro material? It seems likely that if adjustments were made for differential pollen preservation pine and birch would be much less of a factor in the pollen counts (pollen percentages perhaps averaging 15 to ID percent respectively) and of even less importance in the forests of that time. Although this is a fairly large block of material, I would expect that its sedimentary history is quite short. Castanea percentages would have to be adjusted downward, but would still be high. This looks to me like deciduous forest with austral

606

Table 209 CHAMBERLAIN HILL ROAD Pollen Analysis of Peat Samples

Subsamples #1

TAXON ~

18.5

• Pinus

#4

#6

25.0

28.8

• Betula

22.0

19.5

15.5

·Castan ea

21.0

10.5

18.0

• Quercus

11.5

11.5

9.0

• Tsuga

9.5

12.5

9.0

• Ulmus

7.0

3.5

3.0

• Acer rubrum

1.5

1.0

• A. saccharum

1.5

0.5

1.5

""Fraxinus

4.0

5.0

4.5

· r ilia

1.0

1.0

2.0

• Fagus

2.0

5.5

6.0

•Nyssa

1.5

1.0

• Carya

3.0

1.5

28.0

28.0

filll:l.llll;

50.0

Alnus Salix

0.5 0.5

Sambucus _ ]uniperus

0.5

Hfil:hl;

1.0

4.0

5.0

Gramineae

1.5

0.5

2.0

cf. Solidago

2.0

1.0

1.0 1.5

Cyperaceae

cf. Helianthus

0.5

1.0

Ambrosia

0.5

0.5

Misc. Compositae

1.0

Unknown

2.0

Geraniaceae

1.5

4.5

0.5

Impatiens

0.5

Spargani um-Typha

0.5

0.5

(Pollen percentages based on 200 AP [arboreal pollen] count for each sub-sample. AP base constituents denoted by * .)

607

TREES Pin us

No.

%AP

163

32

Alnus

14 6

SHRUBS

No.

Ouercus

82

16

Salix

Betula

74

14

Cor)yus

I

Fagus

55

II

Carpinus-Ostrya

5

]uglans

31

6

Ilex

I

Acer

21

4

Ulm us

18

3

Table 210 ENCKNO. l SITE Pollen Analysis of Samples from the Bu ried Organic Zone

AQUATIC VASCULAR PLANTS

Fraxinus

17

3

Platanus

17

3

Tsuga

15

3

Unknown, damaged pollen

106 = 17% of TP (619)

Carya

10

2

Conifer pollen fragments

37 = 21% of conifer pollen

Castanea

9

2

Tilia

4

I

Picea

I

+

517

100

Totals NAP (herbaceous)

No.

%AP

Unknown

29

6

Ambrosia

20

4

Gramineae

7

I

Cyperaceae

6

I

cf. Solidago

4

I

Urticaceae

3

I

Chene-Am

2

+

Artemisia

I

+

cf. Achillea

I

+

Carduus

1

+

74

14

Totals Ferns and fern allies Reniform endospores; whole spores of Cystopteris, Dryopteris, etc., Osmunda, trilete endosporeS

Lycopodium

73

2

(complanatum type)

L. (lucidulum type)

I

Totals

76

Typha-Sparganium

I

I I

The Organic Zone at the Enck No. 1 Site The original sample was received as a block of sediment wrapped in foil in the fall of 1973. The usual procedure of removing undisturbed inter nal subsamples with a cork-borer was followed. There was considerable damage to ma ny pollen in the samples. Because of this vulnerable conditi on, some pollen in samples two and three were furthe r damaged in processing, so the results are not shown in the 500 AP tabulation (Table 210). These results place the assemblage w ell within the C zone. The C zone is more difficult to interpret out of context than are the pine pollen zones. There are more species represented and the same pollen assemblages may occur during the waxing and waning of the three or more sub-zones. Some additional remarks are called fo r. 1. The pine, oak, birch highs make this 1ook a little more like the end of the pine zone (pine-hardwoods transition) than CZ. But there is a redeposited comp! ex which favors increased pine and birch percentages, depressing the value for about everything else.

2. If we are still in the pine zone, beec h and butternut are too high. They would be higher yet if c orrections were made for redeposition. Also, all the grai ns of these two species are in excellent condition, there is no evidence of redeposition. 3. The unknown, damaged category is unusually high. Probably a considerable portion of this is fro m oak, also with

+=less than 1%

608

some beech. Damage is due primarily to erosion. The percentage of breakage (conifer fragments) is about twothirds that at Kuhr No. 1 site (pages 610-611). Many of these grains are not badly eroded, but with wall-thinning they also crumple, and with grains without other outstanding characteristics this is disastrous for identification purposes.

time) it would be 6 to 8 percent. Cox considers his pine pollen at Worcester to be abnormally low at that time, but examination of his other sites neither proves or disproves this. 9. A three percent value for Tsuga is quite low for C-2, but it does happen at a number of his other sites; at two successive levels at Worcester, for example (13 to 14 feet). If we try our alternate hypothesis, that this sample is at the B-C transition, we would have to have even higher pine values than shown here; probably 50 percent or better. Also:

4. It was surprising to see sycamore represented. These pollen are rarely found in fossil condition. The tree is presently not found in the higher Adirondacks or generally above 1000 feet altitude. Its northern distribution seems to be controlled by the length of frost-free period and by winter minimum temperatures. With those climatic controls it should not be found at Otego at the B-C zone transition, and the proposed C-2 time would be more likely.

10. At that point, ]uglans, Carya, and Fagus would be virtually absent, and I think Platanus would be also. 11. In summary, a C-2 time for this sample is nearly assured. There is an apparent influence by man on the pollen assemblage. Not many dates exist for definite points in C-2 time and we would need a lot of them to date Enck, especially with only this single sample, because dates might vary considerably depending on the local geography. Miller (1973) in western New York dates C-2 (with a lot of license) from 4390 to 1270 B.P. Enck should be at the mid-point if we can resolve all the questions. Some workers would still call C-2 the xerothermic interval. I can find only generalized dates based on older dated horizons and interpolations from the supposed sedimentation rate (Miller does this in part). I find this method unacceptable. More well-associated radiocarbon dates are needed for C-2.

5. Lewis reviewed a great deal of information for the beginning of ]uglans, Carya, Castanea, and Tilia in New York. Something like twenty-two sites were examined. Isolated blips of one percent or so, of all of these thermophilous species are occasionally found farther down in the profile. All of these species usually occur in low amounts even at their maxima. The time of their introduction into the local flora was taken as the beginning of their first continuous trace. This usually trailed along at one or two percent for some time before maxima were reached. ]uglans and Carya began at almost the same time in practically all profiles at about the middle of the first hemlock peak (midto late C-1}; Tilia began somewhat earlier with the first hemlock rise (early C-1); and Castanea later (and not always present), usually from early C-2 to early C-3. The initiation of Castanea varies widely from Long Island to northern New York. Due to slow migration rate it is apparently strongly time transgressive relative to the standard pollen zones. It might be a good index pollen for the identification of principal plant migration corridors. 6. The ]uglans was apparently all butternut, not black walnut. All grains were in good shape, not redeposited. They had few pores (nine or less) for all those which could be determined, hence the identification. Six percent is higher than in any of Cox's (1959) diagrams. It would be higher yet (8 percent?) if the redeposited fraction could be subtracted. The influence of man might have something to do with this and perhaps also with some of the other pollen surprises here. For instance: 7. Non-arboreal pollen is 14 percent of AP. That's high for all but the top and bottom of pollen profiles and indicates some open, weedy areas near the site. 8. Why the high pine? This is probably due to redeposition of the rugged pine pollen. But even if that fraction could be subtracted, pine would probably still amount to 20 percent. Pine at Worcester bog (Cox 1959) reaches a maximum of 16 percent during C-2 and if we match it with the hemlock minimum during C-2 (as we would have to do to correlate Enck with Worcester at that

609

Pollen Samples from the Enck No. 2 Site Enck No. 2 soil samples were collected in vials from the main grid area. Received by Lewis about September 6, 1974. Pollen grains were exceedingly sparse in these samples.

The procedure was as follows: 1. In 10% KOH, 112-hour@ 100° C., 3 washes (material suspended in third wash) and 2-layer, one capillary tube load microscope mounts were made.

1. Section W40S30, grey clay-silt, 46" depth below surface. Recorded 22 pollen grains (9 as unknown, damaged). There is not enough pollen to establish a zone, but it appears to be predominantly pine: Pinus (8), Tsuga (1), Ouercus (1), Artemisia (1), unknown (2). Lycopodium lucidulum spores present (5).

2. Samples were later fully processed through HF digestion of silica. The "blue" sand is black after washing. Some interfering black, amorphous material remained after full processing. It was not removed when treated as a sulfide, nor in subsequent treatments. Finally tried dispersing with various agents and made slides.

2. Section EO S30, mottled clay+ silt, 44" d.b.s. Little spore material: grass (l); battered pine (1): Lycopodium lucidulum - type (3); several reniform and trilete fern spores.

Approximately 36 cm 2 of sample area from eleven microscope slides were examined from the five subsamples taken from the blue sand monolith at Enck No. 2. Only 10 pollens were seen. Most slides were made double or triple density of previous slides and most of these were made from the more concentrated residue in the storage vials rather than the dilution used to determine pollen frequency. The pollen frequency was incredibly low, probably about 10 per cm3 and it is possible that the pollen was lost at some stage in processing. No meaningful conclusions can be drawn from the resulting counts: unknown, damaged (2); Pinus (2); Picea (l); Ulnus (l); Tsuga (1). Also, in the earlier slides alluded to above: unknown, damaged ( l); Gramineae (l); Ericaceae (1).

3. Section EO S30, yellow-brown silt, Lamoka floor, 23" d.b.s. Abundant fragments (mostly 100 um) of partially degraded (and probably partially carbonized) vegetative material. Spores sparse. Betula (l); unknown, damaged (2); a few reniform fern spores. On 10/10/74, Lewis started processing a large block of material, labelled "Enck No. 2, N. backhoe trench, blue sand deposit, ca. 8 feet deep, collected 7/19/74." The block measured ca. 16 X 12 X 8 cm. It was split in two, 6 samples taken from the exposed face "randomly". The blue sand shows considerable rusting. There is enough clay to hold the material together and give a shiny appearance to the subsamples extruded from the cork borer. The subsamples are 1 cm 3 each and are arbitrarily numbered 1-6.

The Organic Sample from the Backhoe Trench at Kuhr No. 1 Site The basic sample received was a large block of sediment measuring 30 X 15 X 15 cm wrapped in foil. A sample was extracted from the center of the block with a cork borer. From this was extracted a smaller sample of one cm3 which was fully processed; 500 arboreal pollen were identified. It was felt these sediments may have been rapidly deposited and a single sample would be representative of the whole block. The sample showed a distinct pine zone assemblage. Depending on the site, it's possible to take samples in a lengthy pine zone which provide essentially the same relative pine frequencies although they may be separated chronologically by 1,000 years or more.

tional samples were taken from different parts of the block. A total of 900 AP were read. These samples confirmed that the whole block is reasonably uniform in pollen frequencies. The remainder of the block was defloculated and screened, yielding some macroscopic material including pebbles. Lewis estimated a total pollen concentration from these samples of over 24,000 pollens per cubic cm of sediment. Davis (1969) computes a concentration of 400,000 pollen for about the same time, or about 50,000 per year. Her work is with the lake sediments where accumulation rates would be expected to be higher. Stream worked sediments might be expected to dilute· pollen, but based on my work with airborne modern pollen and (considering the many

To make sure that this block did not contain areas exhibiting a sub-zone pollen assemblage within B, or possibly the spruce-fir of the underlying A zone, or even the hemlock-hardwoods of the overlying C zone, two addi-

610

variables) she probably overestimates accumulation rates by at least a factor or two.

Table21 1

KUHR NO. 1 SITE Analysis of Organic Sa mples

In summary, the Kuhr No. 1 pollen assemblage is much like that found over a wide region. It probably corresponds to the middle of the B zone at Worcester bog only 25 miles ENE of Otego and should date to about 9,000 B.P. (which is confirmed by the actual radiocarbon dates of 8970 B.P. and 9020 B.P.). There a re no surprises. Pine is the strongly dominant pollen and oak is next in abundance. Nonarboreal pollen is very low (2% of AP) showing that we have a closed forest with few, if any, open areas in the vicinity and no indication of impending major forest successional changes. There is some evidence of a small swamp forest component (elm, ash, red maple, alder, and willow) which are to be expected along a major water course.

Trees

There are a lso very small amounts of fir, and no beech (not a single grain in the 900 AP counted). Butternut and hickory had also not yet migrated from areas to the south (only one grain each). Birch mig ht be a leftover from a previous pine-birch subzone. It is a pioneer and opportunist and might be expected to inhabit rocky ledges and areas recently opened by blow-down or fire. In this assemblage it was probably occupying habitats not generally favored by other trees and also as a general forest constituent.

No.AP

%AP

Pin us

611

68

Quercus

147

16

Be tu la

41

Tsuga

31

Ulm us

28

Fraxinus

23

Acer

10

Juglans Carya

Platanus Abies Picea

Hemlock is a lso present in low amounts; perhaps in habitats transitional from cold hilltops to general forest, perhaps as an occasional general forest constituent, but this is speculative.

Totals

Shrubs

Alnus

The "unknown" listing under NAP is for pollen in reasonably good condition that cannot be confidently placed in other categories (it is not tree, shrub, or aquatic p lant pollen).

98+ %AP

17

Salix

14 Totals

NAP (h e rbaceous)

The incorporation of the latter two samples into these totals tends to raise the pine slightly with slight decreases in most other tree pollens. The first 500 AP were better processed; better mounted, but differences are slight and later samples confirm the pollen uniformity of the whole block of sediment.

901 No.

31 No.

%AP

Gramineae Cyperaceae

Liliaceae Ambrosia cf. Solidago Unknown

10 Totals

19

Total Pollen, excluding acquantics =

951

Percentages based on percent of AP. There were a lso: one aquatic pollen; 27 pteridophyte spores; several Pediastrum. Unknown, damaged pollen= 77. As percent total pollen = 8%. Conifer pollen fragments = 192. As percent conifer pollen = 30%.

6 11

Pollen Samples from the Gardepe Site Four samples from the Gardepe site, locus 1, were received by Lewis from Robert Funk on September 6, 1974. These were from zone 4A at 14 inches below surface; zone 5, 21 inches deep; zone 6, 36 inches; and zone 7, at 116 inches. Two additional samples examined were from locus 3. One was from Trench A, zone 3, at a depth of 10 inches and the other was from Trench B, zone 3, at 29 inches. All samples were fully processed through acetolysis. An interfering black material similar to that in the Enck No. 2 samples could not be removed. It was finally dispersed with ammonium hydroxide and slides were made.

The single grass pollen is well preserved. Lycopodium complanatum-type spores are fairly common and there were three L. lucidulum-type spores. There was only one damaged pollen seen. Zone 6 showed not a trace of palynomorph in a whole mount. Zone 7 was scanned with the same result. These zones appear to be pollen sterile.

Results of Analysis, Locus 3 1. Trench A north end zone 3. Only one pine pollen; sample considered pollen sterile.

Results of Analysis, Locus 1

2. Trench B zone 3. One pollen grain each of: Pinus, Ouercus, Betula, Tsuga, Carya, Ulmus. Two grains of Castanea. There were six "unknown, damaged", not identifiable, but not Pinus. This is a weak representation, but assuming no contaminants, it probably represents a hardwood zone.

Zone 4A. Pollen were in generally eroded and degraded condition. Since there was differential preservation of the grains, the assemblage was undoubtedly not precisely representative of the original assemblage. Of the arboreal pollens, Betula was dominant though showing much damage. Castanea and some other midsummer flowering plants are in better condition than the others. The assemblage is in the C zone after the first hemlock peak. We can also assume a disturbed site with high grass and other weedy herbaceous growth (although the latter is a weak component of the pollen assemblage) indicating opening(s) in the forest. Degraded birch and alder pollen are found in small clumps. This may show that they grew on site or their pollens were carried in by some agency other than wind. Chestnut undoubtedly grew on site. Pollen of hickory, walnut, and butternut are not seen. Hemlock pollen was not seen and pine is very low (three percent). This is very unusual. These latter pollens preserve well (especially pine) and they would be expected to be overrepresented in this pollen-damaged situation. Even relatively few fragments of such grains are found and these may have been over-counted because of their paucity (smaller fragments than usual included in this category). It would seem that pine and hemlock were virtually absent at least locally, but there are other strange omissions. A hickory, a maple, and a hemlock were finally seen after quite a bit more of the sample was examined . No beech was recognized and this may be due to poor conditions of pollen, with oak and beech probably both ending up in the "unknown, damaged" category. This is about all the information we can squeeze from this sample. Zone 5 This sample yielded one grass pollen, not even a fragment of a conifer pollen. There was abundant fern endospores, mostly of the monolete, reniform type. Usually in such situations fern endospores show much damage and their numbers alone have been used by Lewis as an index of pollen preservation. Such is not the case here. There is some erosion of the endospores, but most are in good shape.

612

The Russell Beach Swamp Information provided by F. J. Hesse led to the sampling of this locale by the State Museum crew in July, 1975. It is in Masonville township, Delaware County, at an upland elevation of 1750 feet (534 ml (42° 16' 45" N. Lat., 75° 20' 10" W. Long.). At the time of our study it was part of a farm operated by Russell Beach for an absentee landlord in New Jersey.

the samples consisted of gray to blue-gray clay. This clay became impenetrable below 147 inches. Samples obtained from 0-10 and 10-20 inches were removed in small blocks with a shovel and wrapped in aluminum foil. Samples from these levels were also collected for radiocarbon dating using the same method, and the Davis borer was used to collect samples for each of the ten-inch levels from 20-50 inches below surface. Organic content was negligible below 50 inches.

The sampling site is a swamp of several acres in which stand the trunks of numerous dead trees. Water at the outlet is slow moving, and there are signs of recent beaver activity. This site has a mixed sedge community with upland hardwood forest on the steep banks to the north and meadowland on the moderate slopes to the south.

The pollen diagram (Figure 17) shows the depths of samples in centimeters. The range is only 20 to 70 inches (51 to 178 cm) because pollen preservation was poor at higher and lower levels. The A zone is well represented from 70 to 25 inches (] 78 to 65 cm) and the sequence is truncated just above the early B zone (65-58 cm).

We probed the swamp for pollen near its center, presumably the deepest part, using a Davis borer. No samples were held by the tube from 0-20 inches. Brown peat was successfully sampled at 10 inch intervals from 20 to 50 inches. At 40-50 inches some clay content became evident, and the color shifted from brown to gray. From 50-147 inches

Lake Misery Lake Misery is located in Laurens township, Otsego county, about 1.75 miles southwest of West Laurens village (42° 30' 27" N. Lat., 75°12' 04" W. Long.). It is owned by the Ehlert family and lies within a bedrock depression on the summit of a large hill at an approximate elevation of 1790 feet (545 m). The outlet drains into the East Branch of Otsdawa Creek, which flows southward into the Susquehanna River at the village of Otego.

amounts of tritium in the residue, most of the dates are internally consistent and seem compatible with the known chronology of the associated pollen zones. However, Dic-498, associated with C-1 pollen, seems about 1000 years too old for this zone. On the pollen diagram (Figure 16) an initial, basal horizon dominated by spruce and pine is followed by a horizon of very low pollen frequency. This suite is succeeded by assemblages of the A zone, including A-4, and welldelineated B and C-2 zones. Only the early part of the C-3 subzone is present; more recent pollen are missing from the column.

The lake itself has been reduced to a small pond by the steadily encroaching organic mat that surrounds it. Overall dimensions of the bog and lake are about 800 by 1200 feet (245 by 365m). Funk and several field assistants sampled the site on August 18, 1975, near the center (inner edge) of the mat where the maximum depth was assumed to be. A Davis borer was used to obtain both pollen and radiocarbon samples, and the maximum penetration was to mixed, hard gray clay and gravel at 330 inches. No samples were obtained from the loose, spongy material in the top 5 inches. Rich brown peat occurred beneath that level down to the clay. Table 212 lists the samples collected for radiocarbon assay and the dates actually obtained. Setting aside one aberrant date, Dic-491, rejected by the Dicarb laboratory because of exceptionally high

613

Table 212

LAKE MISERY Radiocarbon Dates for Organic Samples

Depth of Sample Meters

Inches

Date

Lab No.

1.27-1.52

50-60

1330 B.C.±65 yrs. (3280 B.P.)

Dic-491

Rejected by Dicarb Lab. because of very high H3 count

2.03-2.29

80-90

A.D. 330±65 yrs. 0620 B.P.)

Dic-488

Rich peat

2.79-3.05

110-120

A.D. 210±60 yrs. 0740 B.P.J

Dic-489

Rich peat

3.56-3.81

140-150

850 B.C.±100 yrs, (2800 B.P.J

Dic-496

Rich peat

4.32-4.57

170-180

2600 B.C.±85 yrs, (4450 B.P.)

Dic-497

Rich peat

5.84-6.10

230-240

6510 B.C.±115 yrs. (8640 B.P.)

Dic-498

Mixed mineral and organic grains

7.37-7.62

290-300

Not submitted

-

614

Remarks

Very small organic content

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Archaic Period Research in the Lower Little Tennessee River Valley. The University of Tennessee, Report of Investigations, No. 18. Knoxville.

1979.

The Howard and Calloway Island Sites. Tennessee Valley Authority Publications in Anthropology, No. 23. University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations, No. 27. Knoxville.

Coe, J. L. 1964. Cox,D. D. 1959. Curtin, E. V. 1996.

Davis, M. B. 1969.

The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 54 (5). Philadelphia. Some Postglacial Forests in Central and Eastern New York State as Determined by the Method of Pollen Analysis. New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin 377. Albany. Late Archaic period technology and land use patterns: Lessons learned from the Mattice No. 2 site. InA Golden Chronograph for Robert E. Funk, pp.119-128. Occasional Publications in Northeastern Anthropology No. 15. Archaeological Services, Bethlehem, Connecticut. Palynology and environmental history during the Quaternary period. American Scientist 57 (3): 317-322.

Dincauze, D. F. 1976. The Neville Site: 8000 Years at Amoskeag. Peabody Museum Monographs, No. 4. Cambridge. Elliott,D. 1977. Otsiningo, an example of an eighteenth century settlement pattern. In Current Perspectives in Northeastern Archeology: Essays in Honor of William A. Ritchie, edited by R.E. Funk and C. F. Hayes ill, pp. 93-105. Researches and Transactions of the New York State Archeological Association 17 (!).Rochester and Albany. Fisher, D. W. 1980. Bedrock Geology of the Central Mohawk Valley, New York. New York State Museum Map and Chart Series, No. 33. Albany. Fleisher, P. J. 1977b. Glacial morphology of Upper Susquehanna drainage. In Guidebook to Field Excursions, 49th Annual Meeting, New York State Geological Association, edited by Philo Wilson. State University of New York College at Oneonta. 1983.

Glacial Stratigraphy and Chronology of the Upper Eastern Susquehanna Drainage. Draft Manuscript. State University of New York College at Oneonta.

1986.

Glacial geology and Late Wisconsinian stratigraphy, Upper Susquehanna drainage basin, New York. In The Wisconsinan Stage of the First Geological District, Eastern New York, edited by D. H. Cadwell, pages 121-142. New York State Museum Bulletin 455. Albany. .

615

Ford, R. I. (editor) 1986. An Ethnobiology Source Book: The Uses of Plants and Animals by American Indians. Garland Press. New York. Funk, R. E. 1965. 1976.

The Archaic of the Hudson Valley: New evidence and new interpretations. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 35 (3-4): 139-160.

Recent Contributions to Hudson Valley Prehistory. New York State Museum and Science Service Memoir 22. Albany.

Funk, R. E. and H. Hoagland 1972a. An Archaic camp site in the Upper Susquehanna drainage. New York State Archeological Association Bulletin 44: 1-7. 1972b. The Davenport Creamery site, Delaware County, New York. New York State Archeological Association Bulletin 56: 11 -22. Funk, R. E. and B. E. Rippeteau 1977. Adaptation, Continuity, and Change in Upper Susquehanna Prehistory. Occasional Publications in Northeastern Anthropology, No. 3. George's Mills, New Hampshire. Funk, R. E. and B. Wellman 1984. Evidence of Early Holocene occupations in the Upper Susquehanna valley, New York State. Archaeology of Eastern North America 12: 81 -109. Gardner, W. M., editor 1974. The Flint Run Paleo-Indian Complex: A Preliminary Report 1971-1973 Seasons. Occasional Publications 1, Archeology Laboratory, The Catholic University. Washington, D. C . Halsey, F. W. , editor 1906. A Tour of Four Great Rivers. Being a Journal of Richard Smith. The Hudson, Mohawk, Susquehanna and Delaware. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Hart, J. P. and N. A. Sidell 1997.

Additional evidence for early cucurbit use in the Northeastern woodlands east of the Allegheny Front. American Antiquity 62 (3): 523-537.

Herrick, J. W. 1977. Iroquois Medical Botany. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University at Albany. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor. Hesse, F. ). 1975. Kenyon, I. 1980.

The Egli and Lord sites: The historic component Association Bulletin 63: 14-31.

"Unadilla" 1753-1778. New York State Archeological

The Satchell Complex in Ontario: A perspective from the Ausable Valley. Ontario Archaeology 34: 17-43.

Kinsey, W. F. III., H. C. Kraft, P. Marchiando, and D. ). Werner 1972. Archeology in the Upper Delaware Valley. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Anthropological Series, No. 2. Harrisburg. Kirkland, J. T. and R. E. Funk 1978. Archeological predictions from the distribution of floodplain sediments along the Upper Susquehanna River valley, New York. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 10 (7): 435. 1979. Archeological chronology and postglacial alluvial regimes in the Upper Susquehanna River valley, New York. Northeastern Geology 1 (1): 60-68. Kraft, H. C. 1975. Archeology of the Tocks Island Area. Seton Hall University Press. South Orange, New Jersey. Lenig, D. 1965.

The Oak Hill Horizon and its Relation to the Development of Five Nations Iroquois Culture. Researches and Transactions of the New York State Archeological Association 15 ( 1). Rochester.

Lewis, T. M. N. and M. E. Lewis 1961. Eva: An Archaic Site. University of Tennessee Press. Knoxville.

616

Lindner, C . 1983.

Evidence against prehistoric digging tools of sandstone in Central New York State. Man in the Northeast 26: 55-73.

Mason, R. J. 1967. The North Bay component at the Ports des Morts site, Door County, Wisconsin. Wisconsin Archeologist 48 (4). Miller,N. G. 1973. Late-glacial and Post-glacial Vegetation Change in Southwestern New York State. New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin 420. Albany. Morgan, L. H. 1962. The League of the Iroquois. Corinth, New York. Ogden,J. G . 1977. The use and abuse of radiocarbon dating. In Amerinds and Their Paleoenvironments in Northeastern North America, edited by W. S. Newman and B. Salwen, pages 16-34. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 288. Parker, A C . 1910. Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants. New York State Museum Bulletin 144. Albany. Raemsch, B.E. 1970. Preliminary Report on Adequentaga. Yager Museum Publications in Anthropology Bulletin 2: 1-19. Oneonta. Ritchie, W. A 1932. The Lamoka Lake Site. Researches and Transactions, New York State Archeological Association 7 (4). Rochester. 1936.

New Evidence Relating to the Archaic Occupation of New York. Researches and Transactions, New York State Archeological Association 8 (1). Rochester.

1940.

Two Prehistoric Village Sites at Brewerton, New York. Research Records of the Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, No. 5. Rochester.

1944.

The Pre-lroquoian Occupations of New York State. Rochester Museum and Arts and Sciences, Memoir 1. Rochester.

1945.

An Early Site in Cayuga County; New York. Research Records of the Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences, No. 7. Rochester.

1952.

The Chance Horizon , an Early Stage of Mohawk Iroquois Development. New York State Museum Circular 29. Albany.

1961.

A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points . New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin 384. Albany.

1965.

The Archaeology of New York State. Natural History Press. New York.

l 969a. The Archaeology of New York State. Revised edition. Natural History Press. New York. l 969b. The Archaeology of Martha's Vineyard: A Framework for the Prehistory of Southern New England. Natural History Press. New York. 197la. The Archaic in New York. New York State Archeological Association Bulletin 52: 2-12. 197lb. A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. Revised edition. New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin 384. Albany. Ritchie, W. A and R. E. Funk 1971. Evidence for Early Archaic occupations on Staten Island. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 41 (3): 45-59. 1973. Aboriginal Settlement Patterns in the Northeast. New York State Museum and Science Service Memoir 20. Albany. Ritchie, W. A and R. S. MacNeish 1949. The Pre-Iroquoian pottery of New York State. American Antiquity 15 (2): 97-124. Sirkin, L. A 1977.

Late-Pleistocene vegetation and environments in the Middle Atlantic region. In Amerinds and Their Paleoenvironments in Northeastern North America, edited by W. S. Newman and B. Salwen, pages 206-217. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 288.

617

Smith, R. R. and R. K. Rabeler 1976. A Checklist of the Vascular Flora of Pine Lake. Hartwick College. Oneonta. Smith, S.S. n.d.

A Checklist of Higher Plants for Otsego County, New York State. Ms. on file, Botanical Survey, New York State Museum. Albany.

Starna, W. A. and H. Gutierrez 1980. Excavations at the Street site, Otsego County, New York: A preliminary report. New York State Archaeological Association Bulletin and Journal 79: 1-7. Stevens, P., K. A. Youngs, and R. Englert 1984. A Cultural Resource Survey Report of PIN 9750. 69 (BIN 2-22841-0), River Street ove r the Delaware and Hudson RR, City of Oneonta, Otsego County. Submitted to New York State Department of Transportation by the New York State Education Department. U. S. Department of Transportation 1984. I-88 Flood Mitigation, West City Line to Main Street, Main Street to CR 47, Otsego County, PIN 9357.43. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, and New York State Department of Transportation Design Report-Environmental Assessment. Waugh, F. W. 1916. Iroquois Food and Food Preparation. Geological Survey Memoir 86, Anthropological Series 12. Facsimile Edition 1973. National Museums of Canada. Ottawa. Weber, J.C. 1973.

Report of the I-88 Archeological Salvage Project, PINs 9357.02 through 9357.14, including 9357.28. Cultural Resource Survey Report Submitted to New York State Department of Transportation by the State Education Department.

Whitney, T. and S. Gibson 1972. The White site Nbn 2-3. Chenango Chapter, New York State Archeological Association Bulletin 13 (2). Witthoft, J. 1953.

Broad spearpoints and the Transitional Period cultures. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 23 (1): 4-31.

618

AUTHORS AND INVESTIGATORS INDEX (VOL. 2) A

Gillette, C . E. 468, 533 Gramly, R. M. 557, 580 Griffiths, D. 263, 296 Gutierrez, H. 132, 136, 365, 618

Anonymous 468, 615

B Benton, J. 568 Bourque, B. J. 557, 580 Brooks, K. L. 21, 615 Broyles, B. J. 37, 411, 467, 615 Brumbach, H.J. 337, 38 1, 393 Buckley, J. D. 47, 48, 50, 52, 53, 57, 58, 615

H Halsey, F. W. 540, 616 Hamell, G . R. 508, 521 Harman, W. 369 Hart, J.P. 20, 616 Hartgen, K. S. 207 Hartgen Archaeological Associates, Inc. 20 Hayes, C . F. III 568 Herrick, J. W. 21, 616 Hesse, F. J. 151, 177, 187, 207, 237, 238, 242, 261, 365, 393, 394, 431, 432, 503, 519, 533, 536, 539, 555, 613, 616 Hoagland, H. 39, 40, 41, 123, 125, 145, 374, 545, 549, 588, 616 Houck, M. 292, 337 Houck, R. M. 145, 291 , 292, 381, 545, 555 Huey, P. R. 448

c Chapman, J. 37, 411, 615 Clermont, N. 19, 20 Coe, J. L. 37, 615 Connor, P. 136 Cook, G . 125, 128, 145, 545, 602 Cox, D. D. 603, 609, 615 Curtin, E. V. 161, 162, 615

D Davis, M. B. 610, 615 Dean, K. 21 Dincauze, D. F. 348, 467, 615 Dineen, R. J. 40, 123, 149, 151, 188, 207, 237, 277, 291, 397, 432, 433, 436 DuBois, R. 263, 296

K Kenyon, I. 63, 616 KFS Historic Preservation Group 19, 20 Kinsey, W. F. III 309, 348, 568, 616 Kirkland, J. T. 44, 68, 262, 277, 295, 337, 393, 431, 436, 437, 616 Knapp, T. D. 19, 20 Kraft, H. C. 568, 616

E Elliott, D. 149, 533, 615 Englert, R. 150, 618

F

L

Fisher, D. W. 132, 214, 615 Fleisher, P. J. 40, 149, 393, 397, 407, 431, 436, 615 Ford, R. I. 21, 616 Funk, R. E. 19, 20, 37, 39, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 78, 79, 124, 125, 134, 135, 137, 145, 151 , 162, 177, 194, 207, 219, 276, 277, 291, 295, 337, 348, 349, 365, 373, 374, 393, 411, 431, 503, 519, 533, 545, 550, 555, 557, 569, 579, 588, 595, 597, 598, 602, 605, 612, 613, 616, 617

Lain, A. 19, 20 Lenig, D. 550, 616 Lewis, D. M. 153, 237, 263, 272, 295, 396, 595, 597, 609, 610, 612 Lewis, M. E. 37, 616 Lewis, T. M. N. 37, 616 Lindner, C . 64, 617 Lipe, W. D. 557, 568, 579, 580

M

G

MacNeish, R. S. 58, 60, 79, 588, 617 Marchiando, P. 616 Mason, R. J. 588, 617

GAI Consultants, Inc. 19, 20 Gardner, W. M. 467, 616 Gibson, S. 124, 131, 135

619

u

McDowell, E. 555 McMahon, J. 131 Miller, N. G. 609, 617 Miller, P. R. 381 Mitchell, R. 21 Moeller, R. W. 136 Morgan, L. H. 133, 617

United States Department of Transportation 150, 618

v Versaggi, N. 20

w Wallace, D. 41, 149, 188 Waugh, F. W. 21, 618 Weber, J.C. 187, 555, 556, 618 Weide, D. 436 Wellman, B. 123, 145, 241, 242, 261, 448, 545, 616 Werner, D. J. 616 Whitney, P. 307 Whitney, T. 124, 131, 135, 618 Wilcox, D.R. 533, 557, 580 Witthoft, J. 194, 618 Wurst, L. 19, 20

N New, J. G. 136, 617

0 Ogden, J. G. 598, 617

p Parker, A. C. · 21, 617 Peterson, J.B. 19, 20 Petrovsky, S. 568 Pfeiffer, J.E. 237 Prezzano, S. 19, 20

y Youngs, K. 150, 618

R Rabeler, R. K. 21, 618 Raemsch, B. E. 39, 145, 617 Reilly, E. M., Jr. 76, 159, 215, 549 Rippeteau, B. E. 62, 64, 67,145, 177, 219, 241, 276, 291, 337, 393, 431, 519, 597, 616 Ritchie, W. A. 19, 45, 50, 52, 58, 60, 63, 64, 65, 78, 79, 124, 132-135, 137, 156, 162, 163, 194, 207, 216, 219, 266, 276, 308, 309, 348, 349, 367, 373, 374, 411-413, 443, 452, 467, 504, 545, 550, 568, 588, 617 Rogers, G. C. 151, 177, 365, 393, 431, 432, 503

s Schambach, F. F. 55 7, 580 Shapiro, M. 557, 568, 579, 588 Sheviak, C. 75, 78, 216, 218, 385, 451, 550 Sidell, N.A. 19, 20, 616 Sirkin, L.A. 153, 617 Smith, R.R. 21, 618 Smith, S.S. 21, 54, 136, 159, 309, 618 Snow, D.R. 19, 20 Starna, W. A. 21, 128, 132, 136, 431, 618 Sterud, E. 555 Stevens, P. K. 150, 618 Stewart, M. 149

620

SITES AND LOCALITIES INDEX (VOL. 2) (All located in New York State unless stated otherwise indicated)

A

E

Adequentaga Site 39, 145, 146 Afton 568 Apalachin Creek 579 Apl-6 Site 588 Appalachian Plateau 365 Arbuckle-Lozier (Shearer) Site 39, 145, 149, 150, 187

Egli Site 533-543 Enck Farm 20, 241, 277, 605 Enck No. 1 Site 261-269, 271, 277, 278, 309, 344, 608, 609 Enck No. 2 Site 261, 264, 266, 271-289, 308, 344, 348, 610, 612 Endicott 557

B

F

Bemis Site 545-554 Binghamton 19, 568 Briar Creek 381 Broome County 468, 557 Broome Tech Site 19 Butternut Creek 545

Fifty Site (Virginia) 467 Flax Island Creek 291, 337 Fortin Site 39-124, 132, 135, 137, 146, 152, 153, 189, 271, 276, 292, 308, 309, 348, 413, 534 Franklin Mountain 597

G

c

Gardepe Site 37, 38, 393-430, 431, 504, 612 Gifford Creek 40 Gillingham Rockshelter No. l 370-373 Gillingham Rockshelter No. 2 370, 373 Glens Bridge Hill 365, 374 Greenhouse Site 568

Calder Hill 241, 261, 278, 365, 367 Calder Hill Rockshelter 370, 371 Calloway Island Site (Tennessee) 37 Camelot No. 1 Site 39, 151, 187-207, 237, 309, 344, 510 Camelot No. 2 Site 187, 188, 207-235, 308, 309, 603 Camelot Pond 187, 188, 237, 602 Castle Gardens Site 557-578 Chamberlain Hill Road 603, 605-607 Chance Site 550 Charlotte Creek 39, 40, 41, 67, 68, 78, 123, 374, 568, 588, 596 Chemung River l 9 Clum Site 555, 556 Cooperstown 214, 468 Corning Glass Works 149 Cottage Site 568, 579-593 Crandall-Wells Site 187, 237-239, 603

H Hallstead Park Site (Pennsylvania) 19 Harrison Creek 177 Hudson Valley 37, 67, 79, 134, 216, 219, 349

Johnsen No. 1 Site 37, 393, 431, 432, 503-517 Johnsen No. 2 Site 393, 431, 432, 434, 519-532 Johnsen No. 3 Site 393, 411, 412, 431, 432

K Kipp Island Site 133, 588 Kuhr No. 1 Site 189, 271, 276, 291-336, 337, 344, 349, 468, 609, 610, 611 Kuhr No. 2 Site 308, 337-363

D Davenport Creamery Site 588 Deer Blind Rockshelter 374, 375 Delaware County 393, 533, 555, 596, 597, 613 Delaware Valley 219, 309, 539, 568 Dennis Site 134 Deowongo Island Site 550

L Lake Misery 596, 613, 614 Lamoka Lake Site 63, 162, 163, 308 Lewiston Mound Site 588 Lord Site 533, 540

621

M

Schenevus Creek 568 Schoharie Valley 214 Seneca River 266, 308, 568 Sharon Springs 214 Sharrow Site (Maine) 19 Shearer Site (see Arbuckle-Lozier) Sidney 393, 533, 545, 555 Sidney Airport Site 555, 556 South Shelter No. l 367, 369 South Shelter No. 2 369, 370 Staten Island 411 Sternberg Site 381-391 Street Site 39, 40, 123-143, 266 Susquehanna River 19, 20, 39, 40, 123, 145, 149, 151, 187, 207, 219, 237, 241, 261, 271, 277, 291, 365, 374, 376, 393, 431, 432, 503, 533, 545, 555, 557, 579, 598, 613 Susquehanna Valley 19, 37, 39, 63, 67, 137, 220, 308, 374, 381, 568

Maple Terrace Site 187 Mattice Meander 237 Mattice No. 1 Site 151 Mattice No. 2 Site 151-176, 207, 276, 344, 348, 600, 601 Mattice Swamp 151, 188, 207, 237 McCulley No. 1 Site 374 Memorial Park Site (Pennsylvania) 19 Messina Site 145-147 Mill Creek 151, 152, 187, 188, 207, 237 Mill Creek Junction 187, 603, 604 Mount Moses 533 Mud Lake East 596 Munson Site 177-185, 599, 600

N Niles Site 187 Norwich 124

0 Old Unadilla Site 539 O'Neil Site 266, 308, 309 Oneonta 123, 145, 149, 151, 177, 187, 207, 596-598 Oneonta Bypass Bog 598 Otego 151, 241, 261, 291, 337, 365, 381, 599, 603, 613 Otego Creek 149, 151, 177, 182 Otego Rockshelters 365-379 Otsdawa Creek 291, 613 Otsego County 39, 123, 207, 241, 261, 291, 337, 381, 468, 545, 605, 613 Otego Yard Site 20 Ouleout Creek 393, 597 Owego 568, 579

T Tennessee 411 Tinkham Site 568 Tioga County 579 Tracy Creek 55 7

u Unadilla 393, 468 Unadilla River 533, 545

v Vestal 557 Vly Bog 596-598

w

p

Wells Bridge 393, 431 Wessels Site 555, 556 West Davenport 39, 40 West Oneonta 177 West Virginia 411 West Water Street Site (Pennsylvania) 19 White Site 124, 131, 135 Wisconsin 588 Worcester Bog 603

Port des Morts Site (Wisconsin) 588

R Richmond Hill Site 411 Roberson Site 19 Rose Site 241-260 Rose Island Site (Tennessee) 466 Russ Site 37, 128, 308, 393, 411, 412, 431-502, 519 Russell Beach Swamp 613

s Saint Albans Site (West Virginia) 466 Sand Hill Creek 393, 431

622

GENERAL SUBJECT INDEX (VOL. 2) A

506-508, 519, 521-523, 535-538, 546, 547, 555, 563, 565-567, 583, 585-587 Bifaces in Process 45, 47, 50, 52, 53, 56-58, 61-65, 70, 72, 74, 76, 77, 132, 153, 154, 156, 162, 180, 191, 192, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214, 217, 243, 246-248, 274-276, 297, 299, 301-304, 340, 342, 343, 347-349, 367, 369, 374-376, 382-384, 397, 399, 403, 405, 408, 410, 413, 438, 440, 441, 443, 446, 452, 454, 455, 457, 460-464, 466, 506-508, 519, 522, 523, 535, 537, 538, 546, 555, 563, 565-567 Bifurcated-Base Points 37, 62, 238, 404, 406, 411, 412, 453, 457, 467 Bipitted Stones 72, 156, 180, 191, 211, 212, 218, 275, 298, 302, 303, 383, 443, 466, 506, 546 Blades, Cache (see Meadowood Cache Blades) Blocked-end Tubes 37, 399, 400, 401 , 403, 404, 411, 412, 413 Bone, Animal Refuse (see Subsistence Remains) Bone and Antler Artifacts 65, 127, 133, 308, 366-370, 372-374, 376 Box Turtle 137, 368, 369 Brewerton Phase 219, 238, 309, 349, 367, 370, 467, 469, 557, 568 Brewerton Comer-Notched Points 369, 370, 374, 375, 453, 460, 461 , 466, 522 Brewerton Eared-Notched Points 339, 343-345, 348, 349, 372, 373, 410 Brewerton Eared Triangle Points 19, 208, 211, 216, 219, 304, 372, 373, 453, 460, 469, 555 Brewerton-like Points 59, 452, 585 Brewerton Side-Notched Points 19, 304, 339, 343, 345, 348, 366-370, 372-375, 394, 410, 442, 443, 451, 453, 461, 462, 469, 585 Bulrush 136 Bushkill Phase 309 Butler, Colonel William 533 Butternuts 52-54, 65, 75, 76, 78, 136, 137, 159-162, 177, 178, 180, 181, 192, 194, 216, 218, 219, 274, 276, 309, 347, 348, 540, 550, 559, 560, 561, 583

Abrader-anvilstones 52, 56, 61, 343, 462 Abradingstones 72, 73, 132, 156, 191, 298, 299, 407, 443, 444, 448, 457, 460, 462, 546, 585, 587 Acorns 75, 560 Adena Points 37, 397, 399, 400, 403, 404, 405, 411 Adena-like Points 300, 397, 398, 504, 510, 567 Adzes 66, 132, 342, 349, 366, 367, 376, 446, 469 Adzes, Beveled 308, 339, 343, 347-349, 559, 565-567 American Colonial Army 533 Antler artifacts (see Bone Artifacts) Anvil-Abradingstones 52, 56, 61, 340 Anvil-Hammerstones: see Hammer-Anvilstones Anvil-Millingstones 52, 153, 156, 443, 450 Anvil-Pitted Stones 48, 50, 56, 57, 58, 72, 77, 153, 156, 180, 191, 212, 299, 301 , 302, 303, 340, 403, 405, 440, 463, 506, 507 Anvilstones 45, 46, 48, 50-52, 54, 55, 56, 61 , 64, 65, 72, 76, 132, 156, 162, 178, 190-192, 212, 217, 273, 299, 301 -304, 340, 342, 343, 349, 383, 384, 386, 405, 413, 443, 444, 450, 454, 457, 460, 462, 463, 521, 536-538, 546, 547, 555, 565, 567, 585-587 Argillite 211, 340, 440, 442, 537, 539 Arrowleaf 136 Artifacts, Historic 178, 209, 243, 340, 384, 399, 409, 410, 440, 448-452, 468, 472, 473, 483, 484, 506, 508, 521, 533, 534, 536, 537, 555, 579, 580 Atlatl We ights (see Bannerstones) Ax.es, Grooved 66

B Bannerstones (Atlatl Weights) 19, 155, 156, 157, 160, 162, 398, 399, 412, 469, 567 Bare Island Points 19, 304 Batten Kill Phase 56 Beans 19, 124 Bear, Black 76, 79, 589 Beaver 550 Beekmantown Chert 301 Benton Points 37, 467 Bifaces 54-58, 61, 62, 64, 65, 70-72, 76-79, 153, 154, 156, 160, 180, 191-194, 209, 210, 212-215, 217, 219, 220, 243, 245-248, 264, 274, 297, 299, 300-304, 339, 340, 342, 343, 347, 348, 366-370, 372-376, 382-384, 397, 399, 400, 403, 405- 408, 410, 438-441, 443, 446, 449, 452, 454, 455, 457, 459-464, 466, 468,

c Cache Blades (see Meadowood Cache Blades) Canandaigua Plain Pottery 77, 79 Canfield Phase 19

623

Corylus (see Hazelnut) Cucurbita pepo (see pumpkin) Culture History 62-64, 78, 79, 133-135, 162, 181, 182, 193, 194, 219, 248, 264, 276, 308, 309, 348, 349, 386, 411, 412, 466-469, 510, 523, 539, 550, 588, 589

Canoe Point Phase 588 Carpenter Brook Cord-on-Cord Pottery 535, 585, 587 Carpenter Brook Phase 124, 134, 135, 539 Carya (see Hickory) Cayadutta Incised Pottery 582, 584, 585, 587 Celts 64, 66, 132, 178, 179, 211, 212, 214, 220, 308, 338, 342, 348, 349, 366, 367, 446, 448, 546, 586, 587 Chance Horizon 545, 550 Chance Incised Pottery 546, 547 Chenopodium 136 Cherts: Beekmantown 301 Esopus 45, 46, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 211, 214, 218, 264, 265, 304, 305, 344, 348, 383, 384, 405, 406, 439, 440, 442, 446, 453-455, 458-460, 462, 463, 465, 520-522, 537 Flint Ridge (Ohio) Chalcedony 385, 586, 588 Fort Ann 56, 297, 506 Kalkberg 50, 191, 245, 439, 446, 458, 463, 520, 522 Knauderack 132, 157, 273, 275, 384, 446, 465 Normanskill 52, 55, 56, 58, 59, 74, 300, 301, 304, 344, 400, 442, 446, 458, 459, 505, 507, 546 Onondaga 37, 45, 46, 48-50, 52, 53, 55-59, 61, 62, 70, 71, 73, 74, 77, 79, 127, 130, 132, 153, 154, 157, 160, 178-180, 190-193, 209-214, 216218, 220, 243-248, 264, 265, 273-275, 297, 299, 300-305, 339, 340, 342-344, 347, 348, 382-385, 398-401, 403-408, 410, 439-442, 446, 452-455, 458-460, 462-466, 505-509, 520-523, 535-538, 546, 547, 564, 566, 584 Oriskany 465 Pennsylvania Jasper 73, 74, 127, 128, 130, 133, 217, 304, 369, 383, 384, 401, 439, 446, 454, 458, 521 Chopper-Abradingstones 341, 343, 459, 463 Chopper-Anvilstones 459, 506 Choppers 50-53, 65, 66, 72, 73, 80, 127, 130, 132, 155157, 162, 212, 341-344, 347, 349, 368, 369, 372, 376, 383, 384, 398, 399, 402, 407, 413, 443-445, 456, 457, 459, 460, 462, 463, 469, 506, 559, 561, 563, 566, 567, 569, 585, 586 Clams, Fresh Water 136, 369, 539, 550, 581, 589 Combination Tools 65, 155, 156, 341, 343, 347 Complexes, Cultural (see Phases) Corn (Maize) 19, 78-80, 124, 125, 137, 182, 450, 451, 468, 469, 550

D Debitage 45, 50, 52-53, 56, 74, 77, 125, 133, 161, 162, 191, 214, 216, 243, 245, 246, 264, 275, 304, 305, 344, 347, 348, 385, 405, 406, 465 Deer, White-tailed 76, 79, 136, 137, 159, 162, 215, 219, 370, 451, 469, 536, 539, 550, 559, 569, 589 Deowongo Incised Pottery 546, 547, 587 Disks, Chipped Stone 72, 80, 398, 399, 407, 412 Dog or Wolf 550 Drills 52, 53, 56, 58, 62, 65, 66, 70-72, 127, 130, 132, 190, 191, 193, 211, 212, 220, 297, 300-304, 308, 386, 399, 400, 403, 404, 439, 443, 446, 450, 454, 455, 457, 460, 461, 465, 507, 567 Dry Brook Fishtail Points 190, 191, 193, 194, 211, 212, 244, 246, 247, 300-302, 443, 446, 469, 505, 507 Dry Brook Phase 248, 249 Ducks 136 Durfee Underlined Pottery 548

E Elk (Wapiti) 550 Eshback Points 339, 347, 348 Esopus Chert 45, 46, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 211 , 214, 218, 264, 265, 304, 305, 344, 348, 383, 384, 405, 406, 439, 440, 442, 446, 453-455, 458-460, 462, 463, 465, 520-522, 537

F Features 45, 47, 48, 50, 53, 56-58, 60, 70, 72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 132, 153, 156, 157-159, 161, 178, 180, 191-193, 210, 212, 214, 215, 218, 245, 247, 263, 264, 274-276, 305-308, 340, 342, 343, 344-348, 384, 385, 401, 402, 405, 406, 408-411, 440, 448, 450, 459, 460-465, 506, 507, 509, 522, 535, 536, 539, 549, 558-563, 579-581, 583, 585 Fishtail-like Points (see Orient Fishtail-like Points) Flint Ridge (Ohio) Chalcedony 385, 386, 588 Fonda Incised Pottery 582, 587 Fort Ann Chert 56, 297, 506 Fox Creek Phase 367, 374, 588

624

Fox Creek Stemmed Points 70, 193, 366-369, 374, 383, 384, 386, 438, 440, 442, 537, 539 Frost Island Phase 56, 57, 60, 64, 191, 193, 194, 207, 208, 210, 214, 216, 219, 220, 237, 238, 266, 276, 296, 302, 305, 308-310, 349, 405, 468, 469, 504, 510 Fulton Turkey Tail Points 58, 59, 64 Functions and Activities (see Subsistence and Settlement Patterns)

Iroquois 133, 163, 182, 539, 550, 588

Jack's Reef Corded Pottery 71, 73, 132, 193, 584, 585, 587 Jack's Reef Corded Punctate Pottery 130, 134 Jack's Reef Corner-Notched Points 19, 58, 59, 64, 71, 72, 79, 127-129, 132-134, 193, 304, 383, 384, 386, 399, 400, 403-405, 410, 411, 442, 443, 446, 453, 457, 460, 466-469, 504, 584, 585, 587 Jack's Reef Dentate Collar Pottery 70, 71, 73, 78 Jack's Reef Pentagonal Points 71, 72, 79, 125-127, 129, 130, 132-134, 193, 210, 211, 304, 397-400, 411, 443, 453, 457, 465, 468, 469 Jack's Reef Points 61, 124, 132, 137, 403, 412, 451, 452, 467, 586-588 Jasper, Pennsylvania (see Pennsylvania Jasper) ]uglans 75, 76

G GarogaincisedPottery 178, 179, 182 Genesee Points 54-59, 63, 90, 191, 193, 194, 214, 237, 276 Genesee-like Points 52, 61 Geneseo Cord-Marked Pottery 588 Gorgets, Polished Stone 366, 367, 374, 582, 587 Gouges 66, 132, 469 Grapes 136, 137 Greene Points 371-373 Ground Stone Tools 19, 66

K Kalkberg Chert 50, 191, 245, 439, 446, 458, 463, 520, 522 Kanawha Phase 469 Kanawha Points 37, 453, 454, 460, 467, 468 Kanawha-like Points 453, 454, 457, 460, 467-469 Kanawha/Neville Points 461 Kipp Island Criss-Cross Pottery 134 Kipp Island Phase 71, 78, 124, 128, 133, 134, 137, 219, 220, 309, 468, 469, 555, 588 Kirk Corner-Notched Points 37 Kirk Points 19, 411, 467-469, 523 Kirk Stemmed Points 37, 149, 453, 457, 462, 463, 467-469 Kirk Tradition 469 Knauderack Chert 132, 157, 273, 275, 384, 446, 465 Knives, Bifacial 52, 56, 58, 61, 62, 64, 65, 70-72, 78, 79, 132, 154, 156, 192, 193, 209, 210, 212, 217, 246, 248, 274, 275, 297, 301-304, 339, 340, 342, 343, 347, 366-369, 374-376, 383, 384, 397, 398-400, 403, 405, 406, 410, 438-440, 443, 452, 454, 455, 457, 460-463, 466, 506, 519, 521, 522, 536-538, 546, 547, 550, 563, 565, 567, 569, 589

H Hammer-Abradingstones 72, 546 Hammer-Anvil-Pitted Stones 72 Hammer-Anvilstones 45, 48, 50, 52-54, 56, 58, 61, 70, 72, 76, 77, 79, 132, 153, 156, 181, 191, 209, 212, 216, 245, 299, 301-303, 340, 342, 343, 346, 349, 384, 399, 403, 443, 444, 454, 457, 459, 546, 563, 565 Hammer-Pitted Stones 45, 48, 50, 52, 53, 56, 61, 127, 156, 181, 191, 212, 264, 275, 301-304, 340, 384, 399, 403, 404, 443, 454, 457, 463, 465, 507, 546 Hammerstones 45-48, 50-54, 56, 58, 61, 64, 65, 71, 75, 76, 79, 132, 155-157, 162, 178-180, 191 , 212, 218, 246, 248, 264, 271, 298, 299, 301-303, 341, 343, 344, 347, 349, 374, 382, 399, 403, 404, 406-408, 413, 440, 443, 444, 448, 449, 452, 454, 457, 459, 460-464, 506, 509, 522, 536, 537, 539, 546, 565, 567, 583, 587 Hardaway Horizon 37 Hazelnuts (Corylus sp.) 75, 76, 136, 385, 540, 559, 561 Hickory Nuts (Carya sp.) 53, 54, 65, 75, 136, 137, 159, 160, 162, 385 Historic Artifacts (see Artifacts, Historic) Holocene Epoch 19, 123, 188, 271, 296, 337 Hopewell Culture 588 Hopewellian Tradition 588 House Patterns 549, 550 Hunter's Home Phase 19, 124, 126, 133-135, 137, 412

L Lagoon Phase 309 Lagoon Points 37, 309, 398 Lake Otego 149, 188, 393, 397, 431, 436 Lamoka-like Points 45, 59, 62, 154, 297, 443, 465 Lamoka Phase 19, 62, 63, 123, 124, 151, 162, 181, 193,

625

N

219, 220, 238, 264, 271, 272, 275-277, 293, 296, 305, 308-310, 345, 348, 376, 451, 468, 469, 557, 568 Lamoka Points 19, 45-50, 52, 58, 59, 61-63, 153, 154, 156, 160, 162, 177-179, 181, 188, 218, 219, 237, 273, 275, 276, 296, 297, 299, 304, 305, 308, 339, 342- 344, 346-350, 384-386, 399, 400, 402, 411, 442, 443, 451, 468, 469, 559-565, 567-569, 581, 586, 587 Lamoka Points in Process 45, 46, 48, 50, 61, 63, 153, 154, 156, 160, 191, 276, 299, 339, 344, 346-348, 350 Laurentian Tradition 19, 193, 219, 220, 348, 370, 373, 374, 410, 451, 467, 468, 555 LeCroy Points 19 Levanna Cord-on-Cord Pottery 538, 586 Levanna Points 19, 58, 59, 61, 64, 71, 72, 76, 79, 125133, 135, 137, 139, 190, 191, 193, 194, 242-245, 248, 276, 300, 303, 304, 309, 382-384, 386, 397-400, 403, 407, 408, 411, 412, 438, 442, 443, 451, 452, 465, 468, 469, 504, 510, 535-537, 546, 547, 555, 563, 564, 567, 584-587 Long Bay Points 467

Netsinkers, General 47, 52, 64, 65, 67, 77, 79, 80, 132, 136, 162, 182, 248, 276, 303-305, 309, 310, 344, 349, 412, 443, 445, 446, 449, 469, 505, 509, 523, 550, 560, 561, 562, 567, 569, 583, 585-587, 589 Netsinkers, Side-notched 45-48, 50, 52, 61, 71, 72, 77, 78, 178-181, 212, 243, 244, 263-265, 273, 275, 298, 299, 339, 340, 343, 348, 398-400, 403, 404, 407, 440, 443, 445, 454, 459, 460, 506, 507, 538, 546, 547, 563, 565 Netsinkers, End-notched 45, 46, 48, 52, 61, 64, 445, 459, 460, 559, 560, 563, 565, 566 Neville Phase 19, 469 Neville Points 37, 347, 348, 453, 467, 468, 504 Neville-like Points 339, 347, 348, 453, 454, 461, 464, 467-469, 504, 505, 510, 564 Normanskill Chert 52, 55, 56, 58, 59, 74, 300, 301, 304, 344, 400, 442, 446, 458, 459, 505, 507, 546 Normanskill-like Points 49, 52, 62, 63, 190, 192, 194, 339, 342, 343, 347-350 Normanskill Points 49, 52-54, 57, 58, 61, 63, 64, 66, 178, 179, 181, 193, 238, 304, 344, 345, 349, 368, 369, 372-374, 451, 453, 454, 467, 560 North Bay Phase (Wisconsin) 588 Nutting Stones 45, 48, 50-52, 56, 64, 65, 67, 80, 155, 191, 211, 298, 299, 309

M Madison Points 58, 59, 61, 64, 131, 132, 135, 546, 547, 567, 585 Maize (see Corn) Meadowood Cache Blades 55-58, 64, 190, 191. 304, 536, 537, 539 Meadowood Phase 19, 55, 58, 64, 194, 276, 309, 451, 468, 469, 510, 539 Meadowood Points 54, 55, 57, 58, 63, 64, 190, 191, 193, 194, 212, 214, 217, 219, 273, 274, 276, 397, 398, 412, 442, 443, 446, 451, 465, 469, 533, 539 Middlesex Phase 413 Milling Stone-Abraders 61, 212 Milling Stones 77, 153, 155, 156, 162, 302, 343, 349, 443, 444, 454, 457, 562, 565, 567 Mohawk 550 Mullers 565, 566 Muller-anvilstones 561, 565, 567 Munsell Color Chart 43, 58, 60, 68, 70, 74, 77, 152, 153, 160, 161, 178, 189, 208-210, 217, 272, 293, 294, 302, 303, 338, 340, 382, 384, 385, 395, 396, 399, 401, 408-410, 434, 435, 437, 440, 446, 448, 454, 457, 459, 460, 462, 504, 508, 509, 534-536, 538, 546, 548, 549 Muskrats 136

0 Oak 137 Oak Hill Corded Pottery 548 Ohio Fireclay 400, 403, 404 Onondaga Chert 37, 45, 48-50, 52, 53, 55-59, 61. 62, 70, 71, 73, 74, 77, 79, 127, 130, 132, 153, 154, 157, 160, 178-180, 190-193, 209-214, 216-218, 220, 243248, 264, 265, 273-275, 297, 299-305, 339, 340, 342344, 347, 348, 382-385, 398-401, 403-408, 410, 439-442, 446, 452-455, 458-460, 462-466, 505-509, 520-523, 535-538, 546, 547, 564, 566, 584 Organic Zones 123, 149, 152, 153, 177, 181, 187, 188, 237, 238, 261, 263, 264, 272, 278, 295, 308, 381 Orient Phase 19, 194, 469 Orient Fishtail Points 54, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 193, 194, 209, 212, 242, 246, 248, 304, 410, 443, 469, 533, 539, 564, 565, 567, 568 Orient Fishtail-like Points 190, 192, 194, 209, 212, 214 Oriskany Chert 465 Otstungo Incised Pottery 548

626

Otstungo Notched Pottery 547, 548 Otter Creek Points 61, 242, 372-374, 439, 441-443, 467-469, 555 Owasco Corded Collar Pottery 548 Owasco Corded Horizontal Pottery 130, 134, 135, 137, 538, 587 Owasco Platted Pottery 582, 587 Owasco Tradition 19, 71, 79, 129, 133, 134, 135, 137, 383, 386, 408, 412, 413, 533, 536, 539, 540, 550, 555, 588

308-310, 343, 345, 348, 376, 451, 468, 469, 557, 568 Meadowood 19, 55, 58, 64, 194, 276, 309, 468, 469, 510, 539 Middlesex 413 Neville 469 North Bay 588 Orient 19, 194, 469 Perkiomen 194 River 349 Shenks Ferry 19 Snook Kill 56, 57, 276, 300, 305, 308, 468, 469 Squawkie Hill 588 Vergennes 373, 469 Vestal 49, 63, 193, 208, 219, 220, 276, 277, 296, 305, 308, 310, 376, 452, 468, 469, 523 Vosburg 348 Pipes, Clay, Smoking 547-549 Pitted Stones 45, 50-52, 56, 65, 132, 153, 155, 156, 162, 179, 182, 190-192, 211, 212, 214, 216, 271, 298, 299, 301-304, 309, 340, 349, 374, 412, 440, 443, 444, 449, 452, 454, 457, 462, 463, 510, 555, 583, 585 Plants, Higher 21-36 Pleistocene Epoch 237, 393, 436 Plott Short Stemmed Points 37, 397 Plummets 19 Point Peninsula Corded Pottery 130-132, 134, 135, 582, 586, 586-588 Point Peninsula Plain Pottery 60, 71, 73, 210, 303, 309, 584, 585, 587 Point Peninsula Rocker-Stamped Pottery 133, 370, 371, 383, 384, 386, 446, 454, 582, 584, 585, 587, 588 Point Peninsula Tradition 19, 79, 129, 133, 135, 349, 408, 412, 413, 452, 555, 585, 588, 599 Polished Stone Objects (see Adzes; Adzes, Beveled; Axes; Grooved Axes; Celts; Pendants; Gorgets; Bannerstones; Blocked-end Tubes; Gouges; Soapstone Vessels) Pollen Analysis 153, 188, 237, 263, 272, 295, 396, 595-614 Pollen Zones 153, 188, 237, 263, 295, 396, 596, 598, 599, 602, 603, 608-613 Polygonum 136 Pottery Types: Canandaigua Plain 77, 79 Carpenter Brook Cord-on-Cord 535, 585, 587 Cayadutta Incised 582, 584, 585, 587

p Palmer Points 19 Passenger Pigeon 550 Pendants, Polished Stone 71-73, 80, 133, 555 Pennsylvania Jasper 73, 74, 127, 128, 130, 133, 217, 304, 369, 383, 384, 401, 439, 446, 454, 458, 521 Perkiomen Complex 194 Perkiomen Points 190, 191, 193, 194, 211, 212, 214, 219, 300, 301, 372-374, 403-405, 411, 451, 453, 457, 467, 510 Perkiomen-Susquehanna Points 190, 191, 193, 399, 400, 505, 507 Pestles 58, 65, 341, 343, 349, 563 Phases, Cultural: Batten Kill 56, 57 Brewerton 219, 238, 309, 349, 367, 370, 467, 469, 557, 568 Bushkill 309 Canfield 19 Canoe Point 588 Carpenter Brook 124, 134, 135, 539 Chance 545, 550 Dry Brook 248, 249 Fox Creek 374, 588 Frost Island 56, 57, 60, 64, 191, 193, 194, 207, 208, 210, 214, 216, 219, 220, 237, 238, 266, 276, 296, 302, 305, 308-310, 349, 405, 468, 504, 510 Hopewell 588 Hopewellian 588 Hunter's Home 19, 124, 126, 133-135, 137, 412 Kanawha 469 Kipp Island 71, 78, 124, 128, 133, 134, 137, 219, 220, 309, 468, 555, 588 Lagoon 309 Lamoka 62, 63, 123, 124, 151, 162, 181, 193, 219, 220, 238, 264, 271, 272, 275-277, 293, 296, 305,

627

Chance Incised 546, 547 Deowongo Incised 546, 547, 587 Durfee Underlined 548 Fonda Incised 582, 587 Garoga Incised 178, 179, 182 Geneseo Cord-Marked 588 Jack's Reef Corded 71, 73, 132, 193, 584, 585, 587 Jack's Reef Corded Punctate 130, 134 Jack's Reef Dentate Collar 70, 71, 73, 78 Kipp Island Criss-cross 134 Levanna Cord-on-Cord 538, 586 Oak Hill Corded 548 Otstungo Incised 548 Otstungo Notched 547, 548 Oswasco Corded Collar 548 Owasco Corded Horizontal 130, 134, 135, 137, 538, 587 Owasco Platted 582, 587 Point Peninsula Corded 130-132, 134, 135, 582, 586-588 Point Peninsula Plain 60, 71, 73, 210, 303, 309, 584, 585, 587 Point Peninsula Rocker-Stamped 133, 370, 371, 383, 384, 386, 446, 454, 582, 584, 585, 587, 588 Saint Lawrence Pseudo-Scallop Shell 58, 588 Vinette Complex Dentate 446 Vinette Dentate 71, 73, 124, 133, 134, 243, 340, 383, 384, 441, 442, 446, 454, 459, 466, 582, 584-588 Vinette One (1) 155, 160-162, 178, 180, 182, 302, 303, 308, 309, 446, 459, 468, 505, 510, 581, 583, 584, 586, 587, 589 Wagoner Incised 548 Wickham Incised 73, 74 Wickham Punctate 71, 73, 74, 129, 133 Pottery, Untyped 60, 62, 64, 70, 71, 74, 77, 78, 128, 129, 160, 161, 178, 243, 248, 303, 342, 373, 383-386, 399, 401, 440, 446, 448, 457, 460, 462, 536, 538, 548, 563, 582, 583, 585, 586 Projectile Point Types: Adena 37, 397, 399, 400, 403-405, 411, 412 Adena-like 300, 397, 398, 504, 510, 567 Bare Island 19, 304 Benton 37, 467 Bifurcated-Base 37, 62, 238, 404, 406, 411, 412, 453, 457, 467 Brewerton Corner-Notched 369, 370, 374, 375, 453, 460, 461, 466, 522

Brewerton Eared-Notched 339, 343-345, 348, 349, 372, 373, 410 Brewerton Eared Triangle 19, 208, 211, 216, 219, 304, 372, 373, 453, 460, 469, 555 Brewerton-like 59, 452 Brewerton Side-Notched 19, 304, 339, 343, 345, 348, 366-370, 372-375, 394, 410, 442, 443, 451, 453, 461, 462, 469, 585 DryBrookFishtail 190, 191, 193, 194,211,212, 244, 246, 247, 300-302, 443, 446, 469, 505, 507 Eshback 339, 347, 348 Fox Creek Stemmed 70, 193, 366-369, 374, 383, 384, 386, 438, 440, 442, 537, 539 Fulton Turkey Tail 58, 59, 64 Genesee 54, 55, 56-59, 63, 190, 191, 193, 194, 214, 237, 276 Genesee-like 52, 61 Greene 371-373 Jack's Reef 61, 124, 132, 137, 403, 412, 451, 452, 467, 586-588 Jack's Reef Corner-Notched 19, 58, 59, 64, 71, 72, 79, 127-129, 132-134, 193, 304, 383, 384, 386, 399, 400, 403, 404, 405, 410, 411, 442, 443, 446, 453, 457, 460, 466-469, 504, 584, 585, 587 Jack's Reef Pentagonal 71, 72, 79, 125-127, 129, 130, 132-134, 193, 210, 211, 304, 397-400, 411, 443, 453, 457, 465, 468, 469 Kanawha 37, 453, 454, 460, 467, 468 Kanawha-like 453, 454, 457, 460, 467-469 Kanawha/Neville 461 Kirk 19, 411, 467-469, 523 Kirk Corner-Notched 37 Kirk Stemmed 37, 149, 453, 457, 462, 463, 467-469 Lagoon 37, 309, 398 Lamoka 19, 45-50, 52, 58, 59, 61-63, 153, 154, 156, 160, 162, 177-179, 181, 188, 218, 219, 237, 273, 275, 276, 296, 297, 299, 304, 305, 308, 339, 342-344, 346-350, 384-386, 399, 400, 402, 411, 442, 443, 451, 468, 469, 559-565, 567-569, 581, 586, 587 Lamoka Points in Process 45, 46, 48, 50, 61, 63, 153, 154, 156, 160, 191, 276, 299, 339, 344, 346-348, 350 Lamoka-like 45, 59, 62, 154, 297, 443, 465 Levanna 19, 58, 59, 61, 64, 71, 72, 76, 79, 125133, 135, 137, 139, 190, 191, 193, 194, 242-245, 248, 276, 300, 303, 304, 309, 382-384, 386, 397400, 403, 407, 408, 411, 412, 438, 442, 443, 451, 628

465, 468, 469, 504, 510, 535-537, 546, 547, 555, 563, 564, 567, 584-587 Long Bay 467 Madison 58, 59, 61, 64, 131, 135, 546, 547, 567, 585 Meadowood 54, 55, 57, 58, 63, 64, 190, 191, 193, 194, 212, 214, 217, 219, 273, 274, 276, 397, 398, 412, 442, 443, 446, 451, 465, 469, 533, 539 Neville 19, 37, 347, 348, 453, 467, 468, 504 Neville-like 339, 347, 348, 453, 454, 461, 464, 467-469, 504, 505, 510, 564 Normanskill 49, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 61, 63, 64, 66, 178, 179, 181, 193, 238, 304, 344, 345, 349, 368, 369, 372-374, 451, 453, 454, 467, 560 Normanskill-like 49, 52, 62, 63, 190, 192, 194, 339, 342, 343, 347-350 Orient Fishtail 54, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 193, 194, 209, 212, 242, 246, 248, 304, 410, 443, 469, 533, 539, 564, 565, 567, 568 Orient Fishtail-like 190, 192, 194, 209, 212, 214 Otter Creek 19, 61, 242, 372-374, 439, 441-443, 467-469, 555 Palmer 19 Perkiomen 190, 191, 193, 194, 211, 212, 214, 219, 300, 301, 372-374, 403-405, 411, 451 , 453, 457, 467, 510 Perkiomen/Susquehanna 190, 191, 193, 399, 400, 411, 505, 507 Plott Short Stemmed 37, 397 Rossville 58, 59, 64, 304, 339, 340, 349, 466, 504506, 510, 584 Sand Hill Stemmed 19, 37, 38, 397-400, 403-405, 407, 411, 412, 504, 505, 508, 510 Savannah River 467 Snook Kill 37, 54-59, 61, 63, 64, 193, 211, 212, 214, 215, 219, 273, 274, 276, 277, 296, 300, 301, 304, 305, 308, 442, 443, 446, 466, 469, 505, 510 Snyders 504 Stark/Morrow Mountain 19 Susquehanna Broad 54-58, 61, 63, 64, 190, 191, 193, 194, 210-212, 214, 217, 219, 220, 244, 246, 248, 264, 265, 273, 274, 276, 292, 296, 300, 301, 303, 304, 308, 309, 348, 370, 371, 399, 405, 438, 442, 443, 451-453, 466, 469, 505, 507, 509, 510, 521, 523 Susquehanna-Like 58, 59, 64, 465, 504, 505, 519

Vestal 52-54, 57, 63, 149, 188, 193, 218, 219, 237, 276, 296, 304, 342, 343, 344, 347-350, 411, 449453, 467, 469, 522, 523, 559, 561-565, 567-569 Vestal Corner-Notched 49, 211, 216, 297, 301, 308, 438-440, 442, 443, 446, 454, 465, 466, 468, 519-522 Vestal-like 49, 52-54, 58, 61, 64, 273, 274, 340, 343, 347, 349, 443, 460, 468, 521 Vestal Side-Notched 149, 217, 297, 301, 308, 339, 340, 343, 438, 442, 443, 446, 454, 457, 468, 519-522 Vosburg-like 19, 58, 59, 276, 339, 347, 348, 442, 443, 466, 521 Wells Bridge Corner-Notched 37, 453, 454, 459, 460, 462, 463, 467-469 Projectile Point, Untyped 46, 47, 49, 50, 52-54, 57-59, 62-64, 72, 131, 135, 153, 154, 156, 160, 162, 178, 179, 211, 212, 214, 216, 246, 273, 275, 297, 299, 300, 301, 303, 304, 309, 339, 340, 342, 343, 366, 374, 375, 383, 384, 397-399, 403, 404-407, 410, 412, 438, 439, 441-443, 452-454, 457, 460-463, 465, 505507, 519, 522, 523, 536, 537, 546, 547, 563-565, 567, 581-588 Pumpkin 19

R Rabbits 136 Radiocarbon Dates 47, 48, 50, 52-54, 57, 58, 63, 64, 72, 75, 77, 78, 79, 123, 126, 129, 131-135, 149, 152, 156, 159-162, 181, 188, 192, 193, 214, 215, 216, 218, 237, 247, 263, 264, 272, 274, 276, 295, 308, 347, 348, 381, 396, 402, 405, 409, 411, 440, 451, 461, 462, 464, 465, 536, 562, 568, 596-598, 602, 603, 605, 611, 614 Raspberry 136, 137 Refuse Bone (see Subsistence Remains) Rhyolite 37, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 190, 191, 213, 214, 218, 246, 300, 302-305, 403-405, 442, 452, 465, 506 River Phase 349 Rossville Points 58, 59, 64, 304, 339, 340, 349, 466, 504-506, 510, 584

s Saint Lawrence Pseudo-Scallop Shell Pottery 58, 588 Sand Hill Stemmed Points 19, 37, 38, 397-400, 403405, 407, 411, 412, 504, 505, 508, 510 Savannah River Points 467

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Scrapers, Bifacial 154, 156, 339, 343 Scrapers, End 58, 59, 62, 66, 70-72, 127, 130, 132, 154, 160, 162, 178, 191, 193, 209, 304, 368, 369, 374, 375, 397, 404-406, 438, 439, 443, 452, 454, 457, 458, 460, 461, 463, 464-466, 468, 509, 520-522, 537, 538, 546, 547, 555, 565-567, 585, 586 Scrapers, End-Side 72, 372, 373, 382, 438, 439, 443, 454, 460, 522 Scrapers, Side 47, 48, 50, 56, 58, 59, 62, 66, 72, 132, 190-192, 209, 212, 216, 243, 247, 302, 303, 347, 374, 375, 383, 397, 403, 438, 439, 441, 443, 446, 454, 457-461, 463, 508, 522, 585, 586 Seneca Tribe 133 Shellfish 136, 376 Shenks Ferry 19 Sinewstones 56, 71, 77, 132, 403, 546 Skunk 137 Snook Kill Phase 56, 57, 276, 300, 305, 308, 468, 469 Snook Kill Points 37, 54-59, 61, 63, 64, 193, 211, 212, 214, 215, 219, 273, 274, 276, 277, 296, 300, 301, 304, 305, 308, 442, 443, 446, 466, 469, 505, 510 Snyders 504 Soapstone (Steatite) Vessels 61, 64, 211, 212, 214, 215, 220, 264, 265, 266, 587 Soil pH 44, 70, 189, 272, 396, 407, 409, 437, 438, 534 Squash 124 Squawkie Hill Phase 588 Stark/Morrow Mountain Points 19 Steatite Vessels (see Soapstone Vessels) Stratigraphy, Cultural 44, 70, 79, 145, 153, 178, 189, 209, 217, 243, 246, 247, 263, 274, 296, 340, 382, 397, 407, 409, 410, 438, 441, 504, 508, 509, 519, 535 Stratigraphy, Physical 42, 68-70, 79, 81, 93, 145, 147, 152, 165, 177, 183, 189, 196, 208, 217, 223, 242, 247, 258, 263, 268, 272, 286, 293, 312, 338, 353, 382, 389, 395, 407, 408, 410, 416, 434, 471, 503, 508, 509, 512, 519, 524, 534, 542, 545, 557, 567, 571, 580, 581, 583, 591 Strawberries 137 Strike-a-lights 71, 72, 127, 130, 132, 212, 382, 383, 386, 408, 546, 547, 550, 555 Subsistence Remains 52, 54, 57, 65-67, 70, 72, 75-80, 135, 136, 159-161, 180, 192, 215-218, 245, 309, 347, 348, 366-370, 373, 374, 385, 399, 402, 403, 405, 451, 454, 457, 459, 461-464 Subsistence-Settlement 64-67, 79, 80, 162, 163, 182, 194, 219, 220, 248, 249, 266, 276, 277, 309, 310,

349, 350, 386, 412, 413, 469, 510, 523, 539, 540, 550, 589 Susquehanna Broad Points 54-58, 61, 63, 64, 190, 191, 193, 194, 210-212, 214, 217, 219, 220, 244, 246, 248, 264, 265, 273, 274, 276, 292, 296, 300, 301, 303, 304, 308, 309, 348, 370, 371, 399, 405, 438, 442, 443, 451-453, 466, 469, 505, 507, 510, 521, 523 Susquehanna Knives 19, 55-58, 62, 64, 190, 191, 193, 194, 211-215, 220, 276, 300-304, 308, 309 Susquehanna-like Points 58, 59, 64, 465, 504, 505, 519 Susquehanna Tradition 57, 61, 64, 194, 209, 219, 300, 302-304, 412, 465, 510 Teshoas 50, 72, 406, 410, 443, 454 Traditions: Hopewellian 588 Iroquois 133, 163, 182, 539, 550, 588 Kirk 469 Laurentian 19, 193, 219, 220, 348, 370, 373, 374, 410, 451, 467, 468, 555 Owasco 71, 79, 129, 133, 134, 135, 137, 383, 386, 408, 412, 413, 533, 536, 539, 540, 550, 555, 588 Point Peninsula 79, 129, 133, 135, 349, 408, 412, 413, 452, 555, 585, 588, 589 Susquehanna 57, 61, 64, 194, 209, 219, 300, 302304, 412, 465, 510

u Ulus 19, 469 Unifaces (see Scrapers, end; Side; and End-Side)

v Vergennes Phase 373, 469 Vestal Corner-Notched Points 49, 211, 216, 297, 301, 308, 438-440, 442, 443, 446, 454, 465, 466, 468, 519-522 Vestal-like Points 49, 52-54, 58, 61, 64, 273, 274, 340, 343, 347, 349, 443, 460, 468, 521 Vestal Phase 19, 49, 63, 193, 208, 219, 220, 276, 277, 296, 305, 308, 310, 376, 441, 452, 468, 469, 523 Vestal Points 52-54, 57, 63, 149, 188, 193, 218, 219, 237, 276, 296, 304, 342-344, 347-350, 411, 449453, 467, 469, 522, 523, 559, 567-569 Vestal Side-Notched Points 149, 217, 297, 301, 308, 339, 340, 343, 438, 442, 443, 446, 454, 457, 468, 519-522 Vinette Complex Dentate Pottery 446 Vinette Dentate Pottery 71, 73, 124, 133, 134, 243, 340, 383, 384, 441, 442, 446, 454, 459, 466, 582, 584-588

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Vinette 1 Pottery 155, 160-162, 178, 180, 182, 302, 303, 308, 309, 446, 459, 468, 505, 510, 581, 583, 584, 586, 587, 589 Vosburg Phase 348 Vosburg-like Points 19, 58, 59, 276, 339, 347, 348, 442, 443, 466, 521

w Wagoner Incised Pottery 548 Walnuts 53, 54, 65, 75, 78, 192, 274, 276, 309, 347, 348 Wapiti (Elk) 550 Wells Bridge Corner-Notched Points 37, 453, 454, 459, 460, 462, 463, 467-469 Wells Bridge Moraine 393, 396, 397, 409, 431, 436 Wickham Incised Pottery 73, 74 Wickham Punctate Pottery 71 , 73, 74, 129, 133 Wisconsinan Ice Sheet 365, 393, 407, 431 Woodchuck 550, 589 Wooden Artifacts 66

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