Archaeological Investigations in Northeastern Xuzestan, 1976 9780932206800, 9781951538378

Table of contents :
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
Orthographic Note
Glossary of Persian Words Used in Text
1. Archaelogical Survey on the Dast-e Gol, February 1975 by Henry T. Wright and Yahya Kossary
2. Archaelogical Survey in the Vicinity of Iveh, January 1976 by Henry T. Wright and Ismael Yaghma'i
3. Archaelogical Survey on the Plain of Izeh, 1976 by the Izeh Research Group
Introduction, by H.T Wright
Comments on the Geography of the Izeh Plain, by H.T. Wright
The Paleolithic Periods on the Izeh Plain, by Richard Redding and H.T. Wright
The Archaic Period on the Izeh Plain, by Elahe Shahideh
The Susiana Period on the Izeh Plain, by Elahe Shahideh
The Uruk Period on the Izeh Plain, by H.T. Wright
Test Excavations at Tappeh Sabz 'Ali Zabarjad, by H.T. Wright
The Protoelamite Period on the Izeh Plain, by Mohammed Ismael Bayani
The Elamite Periods on the Izeh Plain, by Mohammed Ismael Bayani
Test Excavations in Elamite Layers at the Izeh East Face, Mansure Sajjidi and H.T. Wright
The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods on the Izeh Plain, by Haydeh Eqbal
The Islamic Era on the Izeh Plain, by H.T. Wright
Conclusion, by H.T. Wright
References

Citation preview

Ministry of Culture and Arts Iranian Centre for Archaeological Research Survey Report Number 1

MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY, THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

TECHNICAL REPORTS Number 10

RESEARCH REPORTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY Contribution 5

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN, 1976

edited by Henry T. Wright

with contributions by Mohammed Ismael Bayani, Haydeh Eqbal, Yahya Kossary, Richard W. Redding, Mansur Sajjidi, Elahe Shahideh, Henry T. Wright, Ismael Yaghma'i

ANN ARBOR 1979

©1979 Regents of The University of Michigan The Museum of Anthropology All righ ts reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-0-932206-80-0 (paper) ISBN 978-1-951538-37-8 (ebook)

TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .......................•.................. ............... i v LIST OF TABLES .......................................... ................ vi PREFACE .......................................... ...................... vii ORTHOGRAPHIc NOTE ....•...........•......................... ............. i X GLOSSARY OF PERSIAN WORDS USED IN TEXT ................................... x 1.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY ON THE DA~T-E GOL, FEBRUARY 1975 by Henry T. Wright and Yahya Kassa ry ................................. 1

2.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN THE VICINITY OF IVEH, JANUARY 1976 by Henry T. Wright and Ismae1 Yaghma • i ............................... 19

3.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY ON THE PLAIN OF IZEH, 1976 by the Izeh Research Group .......................................... . 33 INTRODUCTION, by H.T. Wright ... , .................................. 33 COMMENTS ON THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE IZEH PLAIN, by H.T. Wright ....... 35 THE PALEOLITHIC PERIODS ON THE IZEH PLAIN, by Richard Redding and H. T. Wright . . . . . . . . ............................................ . 38 THE ARCHAIC PERIOD ON THE IZEH PLAIN, by Elahe Shahideh ........... 42 THE SUSIANA PERI'OD ON THE IZEH PLAIN, by Elahe Shahideh ........... 50 THE URUK PERIOD ON THE IZEH PLAIN, by H.T. Wright ................. 59 TEST EXCAVATIONS AT TAPPEH SABZ ALI ZABARJAD, by H.T. Wright ..... 64 1

THE PROTOELAMITE

PERIOD ON THE IZEH PLAIN, by Mansur Sajjidi .... 93

THE ELAMITE PERIODS ON THE IZEH PLAIN, by Mohammed Ismae1 Bayani .. 99 TEST EXCAVATIONS IN ELAMITE LAYERS AT THE IZEH EAST FACE, by Mansur Sajjidi and H.T. Wright ............................... .106 THE SELEUCID, PARTHIAN, AND SASANIAN PERIODS ON THE IZEH PLAIN, by Haydeh Eqba1 .................................•....... ........ .114 THE ISLAMIC ERA ON THE IZEH PLAIN, by H. T. Wright. ............... .124 CONCLUSION, by H.T. Wright ....................................... .127 REFERENCES................... . ......................................... 129

i; i

FIGURES 1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8.

9. 10. 11.

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17, 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.

42. 43. 44. 45.

Northeastern Xuzestan, showing Da~t-e Gol, Iveh, Izeh, and other areas ... Da~t-e Go 1 and Iveh ........ , .•....... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 4

An air photograph overlay showing the intensively surveyed portions of Da ~ t-e Go 1 and I ve h................................... , . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 5 Two rock shelters on the Da~t-e Gol .................... ,................. 8 Two open air sites on the Da~t-e Gol..................................... 9 Chipped stone tools from DaMt-e Gol. ..................................... 11 Ceramics from oaMt-e Gol .........................•....................... 14 Qaleh Atabeqi near Iveh .•....................................••..•....... 23 Ceramics from Qale~ Atabeqi ......................................•....... 25 Unglazed ceramics from IV 10 and IV 12 near Iveh ......................... 29 The Izeh Plain today showing springs, villages, and the limits of the area surveyed ..............•.......................................... 36 Epipaleolithic sites in the Izeh area .................................•.. 40 Two rock shelters on the Izeh Plain ....................................... 41 Archaic ceramics from the Izeh area ...................•.................. 45 Archaic sites with wavy line ware on the Izeh Plain ...................... 46 Archaic sites with heavy banded ware on the Izeh Plain ...... , ............ 47 Archaic sites with fine line ware on the Izeh Plain ...................... 48 Two early village sites on the Izeh Plain ................................ 49 Earlier Susiana ceramics from ~oqa Pir~estan ..•.......................... 51 Later Susiana ceramics from Site 8269/5892 ............................... 53 Susiana b sites on the Izeh Plain ........................................ 55 Susiana c sites on the Izeh Plain ........................................ 56 Susiana d sites on the Izeh Plain ........................................ 57 Susa A sites on the Izeh Plain .•......................................... 58 Early and Middle Uruk ceramics from Tappeh Zabarjad ...................... 61 Early fourth millennium sites on the Izeh Plain ........................... 62 Site 8276/5957, a Terminal Susa A and Early Uruk village site ............ 63 Tappeh Zabar jad. . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Bowl rims from Tappeh Zabarjad ..............................•.•.......... 73 Bowl and jar rims from Tappeh Zabarjad ...........•....................... 74 Jar rims from Tappeh Zabarj ad........................... . ............... 75 Jar rims from Tappeh Zabarjad ............................•............... 79 Jar rims and incised sherds from Tappeh Zabarjad .........•.............. ~ 80 Stone and metal artifacts from Tappeh Zabarjad .........................•. 82 Protoelamite ceramics from t~e Izeh Plain ................................ 95 Protoelamite sites on the Izeh Plain ..................................... 97 Site 8183/5992, ~oqa Buzorg ............................ , ................. 98 Elamite ceramics from Site 8244/5966 ..•...• , ............................ 101 Sukkalmahhu Elamite sites on the Izeh Plain .............................. l03 Transitional and Middle Elamite sites on the Izeh Plain .................. l04 Elamite sites on the Izeh Plain .......................................... l05 Elamite ceramics from the east face of the mound of Izeh .••..•...•....... l08 Elamite ceramics from the east face of the mound of Izeh •......•......... l09 Possible Early Seleucid ceramics from Site 8182/5940, ~oqa Dam~am •....... ll5 Seleucid, Parthian, Sasanian, and Early Islamic ceramics from ~oqa Kal ... ll7

iv

46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52.

Parthian, Sasanian, and Early Islamic ceramics from ~oqa Kal ............. ll9 Site 8269/5882 and 8270/5884, ~oqa Kal ................................... 120 Seleuco-Parthian sites on the Izeh Plain ................................. 121 Partho-Sasanian sites on the Izeh Plain .................................. l23 Il-Xanid and Timurid sites on the Izeh Plain .......................•....• 125 Site 8236/5939, a possible Seljuq qaleh .................................. 126 Patterns of Pre-Islamic population change in the Izeh area ............. ·~ 128

v

TABLES

~~~~~~~ss;~~~ ~~e~t:~~e:r~~ b~~~-!P~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~:~~-~~-~~~~~~-~~~:: 26~~ i:3. Ceramics from Qa 1eh Atabeqi near Iveh ...................... , . . . . . . . . 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Epipa1eolithic sites in the Izeh area ................................ 39 Archaic sites in the Izeh area ....................................... 43 Susiana sites in the Izeh area ....................................... 54 Systematic surface collection from Tappeh Zabarjad ................... 66 Beveled rim bowls from Tappeh Zabarjad ............................... 70 Other bowl rims from Tappeh Zabarjad ................................. 71 Jar rims from Tappeh Zabarjad ........................................ 76 Chert blade segments from Tappeh Zabarjad ............................ 83 The distribution of common artifacts at Tappeh Zabarjad .............. 85 Debris in screened units by count and weight from Tappeh Zabarjad .•.. 86 Faunal remains from Tappeh Zabarjad .................................. 87 Protoelamite sites in the Izeh area .................................. 94 E1amite sites in the Izeh area ....................................... 102 Measurements of E1amite ceramics from the Izeh East Face ............. 110 Counts of E1amite ceramics from the Izeh East Face ................... 112 Se1euco-Parthian sites in the Izeh area .............................. l22 Partho-Sasanian sites in the Izeh area ............................... 122

vi

PREFACE

At the outset, we owe the reader an explanation of why this research has been undertaken and why it is reported in this form. Southwestern Iran, incorporating the plains of Xuzestan and the ranges of the Central Zagros, has been the focus of early plant and animal domestication, of early state and urban developments, and of successive later states and empires. It is clear even to the casual traveler that here lowlands and mountains are bound together by complementary resource disparities. In particular, only by seasonal migration of flocks can adequate natural pasture be found. Important as these mountains might thus seem, no detailed archaeological reconnaissance was done in these mountains prior to 1973. Now work has been undertaken by Frank Hole and Peder Mortensen in Luristan to the northwest, by our group in the northeast, and by Hans Nissen and Alan Zagarell farther to the southeast. In a few years we will have a good overview of man's use of the mountain environment during the last 15,000 years. This monograph is a small and preliminary contribution to such an overview. The editor was drawn to the mountains by rather specific circumstances. By 1973 research on the lowland Susiana, Deh Luran, and Ram Hormuz Plains had proceeded to the point where most of the classical explanations of the rise of state and urban society could be rejected. Remaining as a viable possibility was the explanation that stress created by interaction between nomads and settled peoples influenced the evolution of political complexity. With the help of a small grant from the University of Michigan's Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies, I attempted to survey three transects across the front ranges of the Zagros. From this effort I learned two things: l) transect samples showed one whether or not there were sites, but they revealed very little about the overall settlement patterns of the rare and poorly preserved nomad sites; 2) the best area for nomads in terms of soil, water, and pasturage was northeastern Xuzestan, the area occupied today by the Baxtiari people. To learn more about prehistoric nomads and about mountain adaptations in general we will have to survey this vast area va 11 ey by va 11 ey and route by ·route. It was fortunate that Dr. Firouz Bagherzadeh, Director of the new Iranian Centre for Archaeological Research offered m§ the opportunity to survey parts of the new Karun Dam Basin near Da~t-e Gol and Iveh. These efforts--too lace and too little as they necessarily were--made the new Centre's need for archaeologists specially trained in the methods of archaeological survey clear, and thus led to the planning of the training program at Izeh. The three surveys reported here are only a first step. A truly comprehensive overview of man's use of the Zagros front ranges of Northeastern

vii

Xuzestan would require that at least the following areas be surveyed (all are shown on Fig. 1): (1)

(2) (3) ( 4) (5)

The Asmari-Masjed-e Soleiman area near Gulgir, a foothill pastureland; The Qaleh Tal and Baq Malek Plains south of Izeh, and closely related to it; The Susan Plain in the Middle Karun Valley north of Izeh; The ~ali and Andaka areas, both also foothill pasturelands; The Simbar Valley and related valleys north of Dast-e Gol. These areas will require at least two seasons of further archaeological survey.

However~ survey alone will not provide us with the information we seek. Two additional types of research are needed i

(1)

(2)

A program of small excavations designed to both improve the inadequate ceramic sequence with which one is forced to work and to provide concrete demonstration of the social and economic activities pursued on different types of sites; Research into the nature of past environments of the front ranges, involving the study of both plant and animal remains from the small excavations and of data from sediment cores removed from the lakes of Izeh and other areas.

Only with such research, involving the efforts of a number of specialists, can we have some understanding of the beginnings and development of pastoralism in the Central Zagros and of the relationship of this development to settled communities. Since this work will require a number of years, the contributors to this volume want to make these preliminary data available in print, even though we know that future surveys and excavations will doubtlessly lead to amplification and revisions of this report. We owe our thanks to all the many people mentioned in the body of the report, both in Tehran and in the field, who repeatedly helped us. We also thank Richard I. Ford, Director of the Museum of Anthropology, who made this publication possible, and Mary Hodge, Jane t-1ariouw, Naomi Miller, ~~ary Shimizu, and Simone Taylor, who prepared the final manuscript.

viii

ORTHOGRAPHIC NOTE Archaeological site nam~s appear as in published English references, with the exception of Susa (Su¥) and Chagha Mish (toqa Mi¥). If not previously reported, names are transliterated according to the system defined below. Modern Persian personal names follow the wishes of the individuals involved or normal English ortho~raphy. Modern Persian place names are transliterated according to the following system:

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GLOSSARY OF PERSIAN WORDS USED IN TEXT

mound (tappeh) plain farmandar

local administrative head

garms ir

lowlands; warm country; winter pasture lands

imamzadeh

shrine of a local Moslem holy person

keft

pass

konar

Zizyphus sp., jujube tree

kuh

mountain

madrasseh

school

No Ruz

Persian New Year; March 21

qabrstan

cemetery

qaleh

castle; fort

qanat

Persian system of underground water-courses

rud

river

sardsir

uplands; cold country; summer pasture lands

tang

narrow defile; canyon

tappeh

hill; mound, usually the result of repeated human occupation

X

1.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY ON THE DA~T-E GOL, FEBRUARY 1975 by Henry T. Wright and Yahya Kossary

Introduction The new Karun Dam in northern Xuzestan is now completed. When its gates are closed, the impounded waters of the Karun River will reach an elevation of 540 m above sea level. More than 50 km2 of land will be flooded, and as a result, a number of archaeological sites will be covered. The danger to these sites was brought to the attention of the Iranian Centre for Archaeological Research by Dr. J.-P. Digard. In particular, he noted that the area known as Da~t~e Gol contained remains of special interest. Our emergency survey was organized in order to assess the danger to Da~t-e Gol by locating all archaeological sites which might go beneath the waters of the lake. With the help of many people and with great good fortune, we have accomplished this objective. The Da~t-e Gol The Da~t-e Gol is a small valley in the Central Zagros mountains located near 32° 15 1 north latitude and 49° 40 1 east longitude (see Fig. 1). It covers about 50 km2. At its northwest (upper) end, its floor is about 1300 m above sea level. At its southeast end where the Rud-e Olmah drains into the Rud-e Karun, it is only 420 m above sea level. The floor of the valley is everywhere cut and terraced by deep gullies which drain into the Olmah. Hundreds of thousands of years ago the area that is now the Da~t-e Gol was a huge anticlinal mountain formed from an arch of the relatively durable Asmari limestone. When the ancient Karun River cut the end of this arch, it exposed the softer rocks below the Asmari limestone. As these soft layers eroded away, the top of the arch fell. The northeast side of the former arch is now Kuh-e Qelah, while the southwest side is now the Kuh-e Delahtun and the Kuh-e Safati. Between these mountains, the Rud-e Olmah and its tributaries are cutting down to the level of the Karun. In places, they have exposed a gray shale which contains a number of good springs providing waters for irrigation during the late spring and summer dry season. The higher end of the valley above 900 m is forested with oak; the lower end is grassy with only an occasional konar tree. It is important to remember that the existing vegetation has been much affected by the grazing of animals, the clearing of fields, and the cutting of wood for for fuel. It is likely that the oak forests did not exist in the Zagros

1

XUZESTAN

NORTH EASTERN

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Northeastern Xuzestan showing Da~t-e Gol,

Iveh, Izeh, and other areas

1.

SURVEY ON THE DA~T-E GOL

3

during the Ice Age and that oak trees spread slowly into the mountains only after conditions became more temperate. Da~t-e Gol is presently occupied by the ~ineh or ~ahni section of the Haftl eng Baxtiari. Some famili·es 1ive in the valley throughout the cooler seasons, herding goats, harvesting acorns in the autumn, and planting wheat and some irrigated rice in the spring. Others assemble here with their flocks after the Iranian New Year during April and May in preparation for the trip to upland summer pasture. During the summer the valley is very hot and few of the inhabitants remain. Cool season villages are located on ridges and hill tops near springs. Almost every flat meadow or rock overhang has been used recently as a tent site or shepherd 1 s camp. There are two major routes crossing the DaMt-e Gol. The major route comes from the vicinitY, of Lali across the foothill region called "Andaka," through the Tang-e 5ir Ko¥ at the southeast end of Kuh-e D.elahtun, across Da¥t-e Gol and around the east end of Kuh-e Delah to ~elar on the flanks of Kuh-e Mafarun, thence over Sefid Kuh to the Bazoft valley and the plateau. The smaller route comes up the Karun valley and goes northwest RC.ross Da¥t-e Ggl to ~olal, over the northwest flank of Kuh-e Delah to 5irin-Bahar or 5imbar, and thence toward Zardeh Kuh and the plateau. The point where these two routes cross in the lower Da¥t-e Gol is an important cemetery for the local inhabitants (see Fig. 2). The culture and social organization of the area has been studied in detail by the French ethnologist J.-P. Digard, under the auspices of the Iranian Centre for Ethnological Research.

The Survey of February 1975 Our survey was a result of a suggestion made in November 1974 by Dr. Firouz Bagherzadeh. We left Tehran by Landrover on February 6, 1975, reached Da~t-e Gol on the morning of February 8, and surveyed for four days. The first and last days were devoted to extensive survey as we traversed the length of the valley examining points of interest near the route from the Rud-e Karun to ~olal. The middle two days were devoted to intensive survey of the area that would actually go under the water of the new lake, plus some adjacent areas of interest. We attempted to examine every hectare of this area with the exception of the very steep slopes of the hills. We walked over every river terrace and almost every hill and ridge top, using our aerial photographs as guides. A sheet of translucent paper was laid over each photograph, and each piece of land which contained no archaeological materials was marked with a zero (0). Isolated stone and ceramic artifacts were indicated by a plus sign (+). Concentrations of artifacts were recorded as sites, and given temporary, serial field numbers preceded by the letters "DG". We attempted to collect representative samples of all types of artifacts on sites, rather than merely the large or well preserved examples. An example of an aerial photograph overlay is shown in Figure 3. We returned to Tehran on February 13, 1975, bringing along all samples for cleaning, numbering, and analysis. Since the survey, four new sites (located in April 1976) have been added to this listing.

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Da~t-e Gol and Iveh

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Fig. ~. An air photograph overlay showing the intensively surveyed portions of Da~t-e Gal and Iveh

6

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN We owe thanks to many people for the success of this small project. Without the support and resources of Dr. Bagherzadeh and the administrative assistance of Farnaz Bahmanyar the project could never have been organized. Jaffar Nikxat obtained the correct aerial photographs for us. Ann Surat was instrumental in putting us in touch with the Sasser Co., which has built the dam. M. Martin of the Sasser Co. gave us useful information about the planned height of the lake. We could not have reached Da~t-e Gal without our skilled and patient driver, Mr. Fa~lah, and our ever helpful muleteer, Mohammed Ali Roshani. While in Dast-e Gol we stayed with the families of Heydar Qol i Ashrafpur and Ajam Tahmahsebi, whose hospitality was most generous. Upon our return to Tehran, Dr. David Peterson kindly made the facilities of the American Institute of Iranian Studies available for our analysis. Dr. Bagherzadeh, Dr. Hind Sadek-Kooros, and Mr. Donald Whitcomb were all kind enough to examine our artifacts. To all these people we give our sincere thanks. Catalogue of Archaeological Sites on DaMt-e Gal DG 1 (8641/5732) Sar Qaleh Tali (Fig. 5, upper) Length: 115m NNW Width: 40 m Height: ca. 5 m Area: .1 ha Elevation of base: ca. 490 m above sea level Comment: The central rectangular construction with some dressed blocks and the large footing to the south seem to be the oldest parts of this hilltop site. The small additions and the oven represent relatively recent tent sites. The large hole and adjacent shelter on the north end of the central construction are new. The site has been stripped by erosion, but to the south we were able to find one calcite tempered heavy, reduced sherd and one straw tempered fine oxidized sherd, both of which were handmade. The latter is unlike the sherds from DG 10, which seem to be wheelmade. DG 2 (8633/5731) AbLe~ Length:ca. 200m NW. Width:ca. 150m. Height:ca. 10m. Area: 1.5 ha. Elevation of base: ca. 460 m. Comment: The area and form of this site are obscured by rice field construction, but I suspect that this eminence is a geological accumulation at the mouth of a small gully rather than a tappeh, e.g., a mound of architectual debris. Careful examination revealed no grinding slabs or other heavy stone artifacts. While making our collection of stone tools we found a human skull eroding from the terrace. It is probably a male of about age 35, and although it is heavily mineralized I suspect it is not very old. Its head was to the north, and it faced "qibla," the direction of Mecca. Only excavation of the rest of the skeleton and chemical examination of the bones can verify the age of the buri.al. Chipped stone artifacts were the only items found at DG 2. Examination of Table 1 shows that the locally obtained red and yellow chert constitute more than half the raw material. Cortical flakes are proportionally rare, suggesting that most cores were made elsewhere.

l.

SURVEY ON THE DA~T-E GOL

7

There are a number of finished microblade cores. Most are conical (Fig. 6 m), but one is cylindrical, There are also a number of core fragments. Plain blades, microblades, and segments are common, but retouched tools are rare. Thus, it seems that cores were brought here, blades struck from them and made into tools, and the tools were removed and subsequently lost elsewhere. The four retouched tools further elucidate activity at this site. Two are backed microblades, one with a pointed tip and one intact (Fig. 6 o, p). The others are sickle blades, one plain and one denticulate (Fig. 6 q, r). The latter are directly related to the cutting of grasses, while the former may be elements of projectile points (Hole and Flannery 1967). These four tools are all probably elements of "primary or resource extracting'' technology. It seems likely that DG 2 was a specialized campsite to which the hunters and harvesters periodically returned to repair their tools. The form of the cores, the high percentage of red and yellow chert, and the presence of sickles all suggest a relatively late date during the period of the early villages. Of course, this proposition can only be tested by means of excavations on this or similar sites. 11

11

About 150m south of this concentration, we found a single heavy blade with a faceted striking platform remnant (Fig. 6 a). DG 3 (8630/5730) Qaleh Kunji Kar (Fig. 5, lower) Length: 52 m Width: ca. 48 m Height: ca. 5 m Area: ca . . 2 ha Elevation of the base: ca. 460 m Comment: The plan shown on Figure 5 was sketched under a raincoat during a steady rain and is thus not as good as one would like. There is some recent reconstruction, probably by shepherds, which obscures the original ground plan. Nevertheless one can detect an entrance ramp, a small outer court, a larger inner court (so marked) and a series of two room units around the north and east wa 11 s of the complex. To the east and directly below the outer walls is the Karun River. There is one red chert flake from this qaleh or castle. As Table 2 indicates, a majority of the pottery is a handmade, calcite tempered, burnished redware. Large jars or basins with rim modifications (Fig. 7 a, d) and hole mouth jars (Fig. 7 c} occur. Various loop handles and carinated body sherds may be parts of such jars or basins. There is a large, heavy bowl with a rough outer surface (Fig. 7 h). There are also two green glazed sherds, one a ring base of a large bowl, the other a piece of Chinese celadon, and a piece of thin, light green glass. DG 4 (8639/5732) Length: ca. 300m N Width: ca. 150m Area: not measured Elevation of base: ca. 450 m Comment: Rather than a true occupational site this is just a thin scatter of tools covering about 5 ha on river terrace. It is possible, of course, that excavation would reveal that these few items were coming from a deeply buried stratum. We collected one cylindrical microblade core of red chert, one conical blade core of yellow chert, one racloir (sidescraper) of gray chert, and one small, thin, calcite tempered sherd

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Fig. 4. Two rockshelters on the Da~t-e Gal. Above·: DG 9 (Site 8652/5743), A large Middle Paleolithic to EpipaleolithiG rockshelter with a modern shepherd's enclosure. Below: DG 6 (Site 8643/5736), IAgaf Jaffar A~rafpur, an Early Islamic campsite with a modern dwelling.

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Fig. 5. Two open air sites on the DaMt-e Gol. Above: DG 1 (Site 8641/5732) Sar Qaleh Tali, perhaps a Seleuco-Parthia n farmstead. Below: DG 3 (Site 8630/5730), Qaleh Kunji Kar, a fortified residence of Timurid and later times.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN

10

1. Chipped stone debitage from four Epipaleolithic Da t-e Gol

Ta~le

Cortical flakes Ridge removal flakes Blade core, prepared Core top rejuvenation flakes Microblade core, prepared Microblade core, used Split core framents Complete blades proximal segments medial segments distal segments Complete microblades proximal segments medial segments distal segments Plain flakes Percent fine red/yell ow chert

Fig . 6. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.

k. 1. m. n. o. p. q. r.

sites on

DG 2

DG 5

DG 7

DG 9

6

33 5

10

9 1

2 2 3 20

2 1 1 1 1 1

l 1 1 9 1

2 4 10 1 4

1 2

6 7

4

5 4 4 4

2

3 1 1

1 4

2 11

1 1 17

6

2 1 36

55%

39%

37%

19%

Chipped stone tools from Da~t-e Gol

Blade with faceted platform remnant, gray chert Flake with faceted platform remnant, gray chert Small disc or micro-Levallois core, gray chert Exhausted microblade core, red chert Grattoir or endscraper, fine tan chert Grattoir or endscraper, fine pink chert Carinate piece of polyhedral burin, red chert Notched blade segment, yellow chert Denticulate blade segment, white chert Denticulate blade, red chert Retouched flake, red chert Backed microblade (cf. 11 lamelle Dufour"), red chert Conical microblade core, red chert Plain blade segment, yellow chert Backed blade, red chert Tip of backed blade, red chert Plain sickle blade, white chert Denticulate sickle blade fragment, red chert

DG DG DG DG DG DG DG DG DG DG DG DG DG DG DG DG DG DG

2 9 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2

a

h

m

n

a

p

q

12

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN Table 2,

Ceramics from four sites on Da¥t-e Gol

Calcite Temper, heavy Burnished oxidized (red) reduced (gray) Unburnished· oxidized reduced Straw Temper, Heavy Oxidized Reduced Straw Temper, Light Oxidized Reduced Fine Sand Temper Plain Glazed

DG 3

DG 11

DG 6

11 1

3 4

5 4

4

1

DG 10

4 3

36

5

2

1

1

2

5

1 5

1

2

2

with a grooved exterior surface. DG 5 (8642/5736) Reza Qoli Abad Sangi Length: ca. 30 m N Width: ca. 10 m Height: ca. 4 m Area ca. 300 m2 Elevation of base: ca. 500 m Comment: At first we were quite baffled by this tiny site on the slope of a hill with up to 30 chert tools per square meter. Its situation is obscured by terracing and a number of large boulders, but we now think that it is the deposit of a former rock shelter whose roof has since collapsed. The deposit contains small, burned mammal bone fragments, suggesting the practice of burning bone as a fuel. Most of the artifacts are of chipped stone. Table 1 shows that local red and yellow cherts comprise about one third of the assemblage. Evidence of the manufacture and use of cores (such as cortical flakes, rejuvenation flakes, and broken cores} is proportionally very common. The cores collected are all either defective or much used (Fig. 6 d). Blades and blade segments are small, but only a minority of them are true microblades (less than 3 mm in width}. Certainly all stages of blade and tool manufacture were actively pursued at this site. In addition there is a range of retouched tools including 4 small grattoirs (endscrapers} (Fig. 6 e, f), 6 carinated pieces of the type termed 11 polyhedral burins 11 by Hole (Fig. 6 h-j), 3 retouched flakes (Fig. 6 k}, 1 small perforator, and 2 backed blade segments (Fig. 6 1). Most of these are recognizably elements of usecondary technology, 11 useful in making other tools rather than in direct extraction of resources from the environment. This assemblage, though small, is similar to the Zarzian of the Xorramabad Va 11 ey (Hole and Flannery 1967:156-60). If it is

1.

SURVEY ON THE DA~T-E GOL

13

Zarzian, then it is between 10,000 and 14,000 years old. Test excavations at this site in 1976 were reported at the Fifth Symposium on Archaeological Research in Iran. (Fig. 4, lower) I~gaf Jaffar A~rafpur DG 6 (8643/5736) ca. 4 m Area: 120m2 height: Roof m 6 Length: 20m N Depth: Elevation of base: ca. 500 m Comment: This rock shelter was probably recently formed by geological action. It may be no more than a millennium old. There is now an outer stall for sheep and goats, a small inner stall for mules, a larger one for a horse, a hearth, and in the back some platforms of oak branches for sleeping. Seven people live here. In our collection there are five cortical flakes and a gun flint or 11 Strike-a-light 11 of tan chert. The ceramics are predominantly a calcite tempered oxidized ware with unburnished surfaces. As at DG 3, heavy jars or basins (Fig. 7 b, g) and hole mouth jars occur here. One heavy jar sherd has a series of 11 U11 shaped impressions on an applique strip (Fig. 7 k). There is a heavy green glazed sherd with a thumb impressed strip (Fig. 7 j) and a rough bowl base with an interior yellow glaze. This perhaps dates to the ninth or tenth century A.D.

Gar-e Tali DG 7 (8642/5734) 2 Depth: 4 m Roof height: 3 m Area: ca. 30 m Length: 7 m NW Elevation of base: ca. 490 m Comment: This intact rock shelter seems to have a well preserved interior deposit. Heavy grass cover made collecting difficult, and we do not have a reliable sample of smaller items. Nevertheless the series of flakes and cores is quite similar to that from DG 5, so this might also be of Zarzian affinity. There is one racloir (sidescraper) made from a large flake of gray chert suggesting earlier occupations as well. Two sherds of calcite tempered heavy ware, oxidized and without burnish, were also found. Microlithic tools are scattered on the terrace between DG 5 and DG 7.

DG 8 (8642/5751) Length: ca. 110 m N Width: ca. 90 m Area: ca. 1 ha Elevation of base: ca 600 m above sea level Comment: A scatter of new and old tent areas on a small flat area atop a ridge comprise this site. It is like many others we noted, except that it produced a single sherd of the calcite tempered heavy ware. Doubtless many of the others have also been used in the past, but the grass cover on them is fairly heavy at the time of year when the survey was made and ceramics were not visible. This site will not be flooded.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN

14

{Fig. 4, upper) I~gaf Qaleh Bazan Tali DG 9 (8652/5743) 2 Length: 35m N Depth: 12m Roof height: 8 m Area: 300m Elevation of base: ca.580 m above sea level Comments: This impressive rock shelter is presently being used as a shepherd•s camp, the small corral to the south being a place for the newborn animals and the small area to the north being for the shepherds themselves. The floor is covered with dung, but the slope of rock suggests that the deposit is not deep within the shelter itself, although there must be several meters just outside. Certainly the geology will prove complex and test excavations down the slope will be necessary. This site will not be flooded. On the slope outside DG 9, we were often able to find an average

Fig. 7. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k.

Ceramics from Da~t-e Gal

Everted rim pot, neck diameter ca. 28 em, calcite temper, burnished red surface (2.5 YR 6/6), DG 3. Everted rim pot, neck diameter ca. 22 em, calcite temper, burnished red surface (2.5 YR 6/7), DG 6. Hole mouth pot, neck diameter ca. 20 em, calcite temper, burnished red-tan surface (5 YR 7/5), DG 3. Everted rim pot, neck diameter ca. 32 em, heavy calcite temper, tan surface (10 YR 6/4), DG 3. Everted rim pot, neck diameter ca. 20 em, calcite temper, burnished dark brown surface (7.5 YR 5/3), DG 11. Everted rim pot, neck diameter ca. 30 em, calcite temper, red surface {2.5 YR 5/6), DG 11. Everted rim pot, neck diameter unmeasurable, calcite temper, red surface (2.5 YR 6/6), DG 11. Large bowl, rim diameter ca. 40 em, calcite temper, red surface (5 YR 6/7), DG 3. Small bowl, rim diameter ca. 20 em, calcite temper, burnished black surface (10 YR 3/l ), DG 11. Body sherd with applique decoration, sand temper, green glaze, DG 6. Body sherd with applique decoration, calcite temper, red surface (2.5 YR 6/6), DG 6.

7 '.

I

'

•

·. a

).

~- -•

..:s--

-;

--

~

- --~

- -··:: .,:~:··- . ~-~.;_~ . . .··· . ... .. ... ' . ·':•', :· . . -·. ~-..;

-

~ ~

·- ·-

~ •

.

--

.

-~-...-

~

-----...

..

.

b

c

d

I~

-~ f

e

7 9

em

3

.·

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. .. .• ... · ·.

-~--

,_

... 1-~~ ~- ~ ..

: :· ....: !. ..... :' :· . ' .

.

.

.

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k

16

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN of five chert tools per square meter despite the grass cover. Exam.inati on of Table 1 shows th_at the debitage is similar to that from DG 5 though in lesser quantity. Among the retouched tools are 1 small grattoir (endscraper), 4 carinated pieces or polyhedral burins, 3 denticulate blade segments, 2 retouched blade segments, 1 retouched flake, and 1 backed blade segment that is perhaps part of a burin. It is notable that there are six pieces of chert burnt beyond recogni:tion, indicating intense fire. In general this tool series is similar to that of DG 5 and it is probably also of Zarzian affinity. In addition to the later Paleolithic artifacts, there are two that may be earlier, both made from a distinctive gray chert. One is a large flake with a faceted platform (Fig. 6 b) and the other is a small disc similar to a micro-Levalloi s core (Fig. 6 c). Both were at the bottom of the slope in front of the shelter. Perhaps they are from deep Middle Paleolithic levels. Five heavy, calcite tempered sherds were found. One is a reduced burnished jar rim, one is an oxidized burnished sherd, and the rest are reduced unburnished sherds. This collection parallels the ceramic sample from DG 11. ~al-e Gap DG 10 (8657/5731) Length: 85 m NNW Width: ca. 60 m Height: 1.5 m Area: see below Elevation of base: ca. 560 m Comment: There is a small concentration on a low natural mound near two storage buildings for grain which is about 400m2. However, there are a few sherds scattered to the east over an area of about 3 ha. This small mound seems to be an erosional remnant. This site will not be flooded, nor will the nearby A~rafpur cemetery with its stone lions.

In contrast to all the other sites, a majority of the ceramics from DG 10 are straw tempered. Heavy sherds, which have parallels in some Parthian and Sasanian assemblages, occur. There are also two thinner, possibly wheelmade sherds. One has traces of a brown paint; the other is a reduced grayware and seems to have been from the shoulder of a large jar with a raised applique strip around the neck. These two items suggest a possible third millennium B.C. date for a~ least one occupation of this locality in the center of the lower Da~t-e Gal. (see Fig. 2 for location) I~gaf Kertas DG 11 (8708/5707) Length: ca. 60 m Depth; ca. 15 m Roof height: ca. 10 m Area: ca.l ha Elevation of base; ca. 1050 m Comment: This large cave is filled with huge boulders. It is presently occupied by as many as five families and their flocks. It would be very difficult to excavate, and, in any event, is not going to be flooded. Like DG 3, a majority of the ceramics are of a handmade, calcite tempered heavy ware, with burnished surfaces, but most of the sherds have

l. SURVEY ON THE DA~T-E GOL

17

a darker color from firing in a reducing atmosphere. There is also a green glazed sherd and a few straw tempered sherds, a sma 11 blade core, and 2 flakes. These stone tools are perhaps earlier. DG 12 (8760/5683) Length: 150m Width; 140m Area: 1.6 ha Elevation of base: ca. 650 m Comment: This site is stepped down four terraces along the stream issuing from~e~meh Garan on the southwest flank of DaMt-e Gol, below the mouth of Tang-e ~ir Kos. The stone buildings that once rested on these terraces are now badly damaged. Throughout there are scattered, very heavy straw tempered, oxidized sherds similar to those from IV 10. This was probably a dispersed village of Partho-Sasanian times. DG 13 (8624/5733} Qaleh Kariyeh Length; 200m Width: 150m Area: ca. 3.0 ha Elevation of base: ca. 450 m Comment: This hilltop site overlooks the great crossing of the Karun filmed by Merriam Cooper in his ethnographic classic Grass. Several similar sites are on the opposite bank, but we could not reach them. The many stone tent foundations on these sites, averaging about three by five meters, have doubtless been rebuilt many times. Sherds of every unglazed type hitherto noted were found, suggesting periodic occupation for more than 2000 years. DG 14 (8640/5729) Howz-e Hosseyn Qoli Xan Length: 9.9 m Width: 9.8 m Height: 25. m Elevation of the base: ca. 490 m Comment: This impressive masonry cylinder captures most of the water from several large springs and raises them so the canals can carry them down the Olmah to rice fields on the Karun terraces. A nearby inscription shows it was bui 1t by the Il-Xan Hosseyn Qol i Xan in 1292 A.H. (A.D. 1875/76}. DG 15 (8668/5682) ~eMmeh Garan Length: 90 m Width: 50 m Area: .4 ha Elevation of base: 640 m Comment; A scatter of predominantly symmetrical microblade cores of red and yellow chert, and microblade fragments marks this stream terrace site. Two sherds of unpainted, handmade straw tempered pottery, typical of the Early Village or Archaic period on the Susiana Plain, were also found. Whether several arcs of rock and fragmentary burials are more recent or are of the Archaic period is unknown. This site will not be flooded and should be reinvestigated.

18

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN Interpretat ion Our survey of the southeast portion of Da~t-e Gol has produced evidence mostly of two periods, one very ancient and one relatively recent. It is surprising that little evidence of the intervening periods was recovered. We will return to this problem in the next section. Six of the sites were occupied during the period when an Epipaleolithic technology emphasizing small blade tools predominated. Several of these sites were occupied by people of the ZarziRn culture, known from the vicinities of Xorramabad, Hulailan, Kerman§ah, and Solaimaniyah in Iraq. A variety of small scraping and cutting tools and various possible projectile point elements distinguish the Zarzian technology. The Zarzian economic and social organizatio n is important because it certainly provided the basis for the subsequent development of food production. The Da~t-e Gol sites, though they are at relatively low altitudes, are all in or near protecting rock outcrops. One has evidence of bone burning, perhaps as a fuel. These sites were perhaps the base camps of hunters moving into the Zagros at the very end of the Ice Age, when climatic conditions were still severe. Another Epipaleolit hic site is probably later as it has sickle blades, indicating plant harvesting. It is perhaps a specialized hunting and harvesting camp whose occupants had come up from one of the early villages on the Central Xuzestan plains. At one open site, perhaps a nomad camp, there are ceramics which may be of the thirdmillen nium B.C. as well as those which may be ParthoSasanian. There is also a dispersed village site of possible ParthoSa san ian date. At six of our sites there is evidence of occupation during relatively recent times. The glazed sherds from these sites could have been made between the 15th and 18th centuries. The good preservatio n of Qaleh Kunj i Kar (DG 3) a1so suggests a recent date. On the other hand, the elders of the Ashrafpur family, which settled in Da~t-e Gol no earlier than the end of the last century, do not know who built the qaleh. The date of these sites will not be known until a stratified site is carefully excavated and the local handmade burnished ceramics are studied in detail. Among the six sites with these ceramics are one sma 11 ova 1 qa 1eh overlooking the Rud-e Karun, two former tent camps, and four caves or rock shelters which are today used by single families or by shepherds. No village sites were found, though it is possible that careful examination ofvthe existing villages will reveal earlier ceramics. The cemeteries of Dast-e Gol are still i.n use. Whether they and their remarkable carved lions were used in the earlier periods is not known. The settlement pattern is similar to that reported by Layard and other early travellers of the 19th century. Certainly at that time the Da~t-e Gol was only one sma 11 element in a vast system spreading from the garmsi.r of Central Xuzestan to the sardsir of the plateau. Much fieldwork will be needed if the development of thi.s pattern i.s to be understood.

2.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN THE VICINITY OF IVEH, JANUARY 1976 by Henry T. Wright and IsmaeZ Yaghma'i

Introduction At the conclusion of our reconnaissance of DaMt-e Gol in February, 1975, we realized that further evidences would be found to the east of the survey area. Indeed, the new Karun Dam will cover far more land on the east, or left, bank than on the west bank. Our team went to this place, known as the rveh area, in order to record all sites which might be covered by the waters of the new lake, and if necessary to make recommendations for further work. The Area of Iveh Iveh is a group of three small, dispersed villages immediately east of Da~t-e Gol in the Central Zagros mountains. These villages are at the northern end of a low area of rolling hills. This area is defined on the east by the nose of the limestone anticline of Kuh-e KaMun, and on the west by an isolated block of bedded sandstones, The northern portion of the area around Iveh proper has several large springs that drain directly into the Karun. The streams of the south portion, which are mostly fed by rainfall rather than by springs, drain into the Taraz River, which subsequently joins the Karun. The low divide between the north and south drainages reaches an elevation of 520 m, while the rolling hills to either side of the divide rise to 500 m. The streams are entrenched on the north to 430 m and on the south to about 400 m, making irrigation difficult though not impossible. Soils have developed on the limestone slopes to the east, on the sandstones and shales to the west, and on limestone conglomerates to the north. However, everywhere cultivation has caused severe erosion and in many places bare rock is visible. Nevertheless the area is relatively rich in water and cultivable land, leading one to expect a long human occupation. At the time of our visit, every patch of soil was cultivated, about 40% being in young wheat about 3 em high and the remainder freshly plowed. Otherwise the vegetation is limited to only a few konar (Zizyphus sp.} trees. In the past this may have been a natural grassland. On the limestone slopes to the east there is a scatter of small oak trees. In the past these were doubtless much more substantial. The former vegetation of the sandstone slopes to the west is unknown. Around the 1arger springs are vestiges of a plant community with wi 11 ow,

19

20

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN a tall reed or

grass~

sedges, and other water loving plants unknown to us.

The Iveh area is occupied today by the Rokibaba sectton of the Haftl eng Baxtiari, Most 1i ve in the three villages near the springs of Iveh, but some occupy isolated hamlets to the south. Approximately 80 ha of irrigated rice fi.elds are cultivated near the springs. There are also gardens with various fruit trees. Goats, sheep, and some cattle are kept in the area. One of the villages takes animals to summer grazing in ~ahr Mahal, but the rest remain throughout the year. In the villages are five small stores and a primary school; nearby are two water-powered under-shot mills. North of Iveh is the Imamzadeh of Sultan Ibrahim, a local center of pilgrimage. Several routes give access to the Iveh area. The main route comes from Izeh to the southeast via the town of Pivan (locally Pi ~n). The road for motor vehicles presently stops at Keft-e ~ahvar , but the trail continues into the valley of ~ami, acro?,S the Rang-e Eynak River, and up past the famous archaeological site of 5ami to Keft-e Balud. Kuh-e Ka~un, an anticline of Cenomanian limestone, is to the northeast, while Kuh-e Bilabad, a hogback of Asmari limestone, is to the southwest. One continues northwest from Keft-e Balud down the Taraz River. Only 2 km from the Karun, this route joins one coming from Masjed-e Soleiman along the east bank of the Karun and turns north crossing the Iveh area. Just beyond the villages of Iveh proper, the route divides, one branch going north toward Susan and the other one going northwest along the Karun to a point near the ancient Sasanian bridges mapped by Hansman, where one can cross the river and go to either DaMt-e Gol or to 5elar. Without bridges however, the Iveh area is a geographical cul-de-sac cut off from access to the north. Fieldwork in January 1976 This further survey in the area was undertaken with the support of Dr. Firouz Bagherzadeh. Preliminary arrangements for the work were undertaken by Farnaz Bahmanyar and the secretariat of the Centre. The survey team, composed of Yahya Kossary, Mansur Sajjidi, Ismail Yaghma'i and Henry Wright, with the driver Mr. Ashrafi, left Tehran on January 20. Because of difficult weather conditions we did not reach Izeh until January 24 and Iveh until January 26. At Iveh, we were hospitably received We returned to Izeh after four by the katxoda , Mr.Mmuchehr Shahriari . above, as well as mentioned people the of all thank days. We wish to Izeh. at gendarmerie the of Capt. Ahmed Rashidi,chief Catalogue of Archaeological Sites in the Iveh Area gabrstan ~ehel Tanan IV 1 (8605/5750} Elevation of base; 500 m. Comment: This small cemetery is still in use. It contains a series of stone lions over the graves of important individuals. The

2.

SURVEY NEAR IVEH

21

oldest are undated and very eroded, The dated examples range from A.H. 1274 to 1331 (A.D. 1857/8 to 1912/13). No artifacts were found. This cemetery may have been used by the inhabitants of the qaleh on site IV 12, less than 1 km to the west. IV 2 (8620/ 57 55) Elevation of base; 520 m. Comment: On the divide between the south and north portions of the Iveh area, there is a flat area covered by a light colored sandy loam. In the road bed traversing this soil type, two tools were found. The larger is a flake of medium gray chert with a plain platform formed by the outer surface of the original chert pebble. The irregular retouch around the perimeter of the flake is of the sort created by use or by the pressure of the feet of animals rather than by human hands. Neverthele~s the size of the flake and the material are similar to those from Dast""e Gol that are thought to be Middle Paleolithic in age. The only other artifact recov~red after a thorough search was a small flake of fine red chert. IV 3 (8637/5766} Zamin Sarab Length: ca. 30 m. Width; ca. 20 m. Elevation of base: 450 m. Comment: This site is a sherd scatter in a small triangular field to the west of the trail leading into the village of Iveh, and southeast of IV 10. The two sites are separated by a dry watercourse. The site has a light scatter of heavy straw tempered oxidized sherds, like those thought to be Partho-Sasanian at IV 10. IV 4 (8641/5768) Elevation of base: 500 m. Comment: On the top of the high limestone conglomerate hill north of Iveh Sarab is a flat area with a thin remnant of yellow clay. Although completely exposed by cultivation, a careful search revealed only a small amorphous core of fine red chert, a circular end scraper or grattoir of fine yellow chert, and a heavy calcite tempered redware sherd. Evidently this hilltop had been both a hunting lookout in latest Paleolithic times and a campsite in recent centuries. IV 5 (8643/5769} gabrstan Pir Kalak Length: ca 70 m N. Width: ca. 50 m. Elevation of base: 460 m. Comment: East of the hi:ll of IV 4 is a small saddle with a flat area of 1ight, sandy soi:l. Here the trails to Susan and to Imamzadeh Sultan Ibrahim diverge. At this location is the undistinguished cemetery of Pir Kalak. About 50 m to the north is a scatter of ceramics, which we designated as site IV 5. There were found in the scatter three amorphous chert flakes, a small flake of fine red chert, and two large flakes of

22

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN a mottled brown chert not fqrni 1iar to us, Among the cerami.cs are five thin straw tempered oxidized sherds, of which one is well preserved enough to detect wheel marks~ while two appear to be handmade. One of the latter has been worked into an oval disc. There are also two heavy calcite tempered redware sherds and one sand tempered, green glazed sherd of recent manufacture, The straw tempered sherds are similar to those from the Seleuco-Parthian site of ~ami, while the redware sherds are of the kind discussed in the next section. Apparently IV 5 was a campsite during several different periods. IV 6 (8650/5768)

Qaleh Atabeqi Deh

(Fig. 8) Qaleh Atabeqi Qaleh IV 7 (8650/5767) NE. m 20 Width: SE. m 35 Length: Elevation of base: 460 m. Comment: These sites form a single unit requiring an extended joint discussion. The former is much disturbed by modern terracing and house construction. Once it must have comprised a substantial series of stone-walled buildings. The soil is a dark brown silt, suggesting an accumulation of midden in the ancient village. One of the few definitely ancient constructions still visible is an oval platform near the stream (Fig. Sa). The latter site is a well preserved rectanguloid qaleh located on an isolated terrace remnant. One approaches it from the direction of IV 6 on its northeast, following a canal to one•s left. This canal branches. The right branch watered the gardens on the slope north of the qaleh, while the left branch powered two mills (Fig. Sb). One crosses this left branch on a small stone slab bridge and walks along a narrow causeway about four meters long. After one passes the causeway at the foot of the slope leading up to the qaleh, one sees a monolithic slab of limestone made in the form of a door 1.90 m long, 1.30 m wide, and .30m thick with a clearly visible pivot (Fig. Be). The unweathered lower surface of the slab still exhibits peck marks, and it seems likely that the door was never finished or put to use as a door. On the upper surface are two oval depressions of the sort resulting from the preparation of acorn flour. One climbs up past several terrace remnants and through a roughly blocked gate 1.90 m wide (Fig. 8d}. Apparently the door was not intended for this gate. The interior of the qaleh measures 32.4 by 17.7 m. The surrounding wall is of small, roughly cut, dry-laid blocks. It survives to a maximum height of 3.4 m on the southeast. The base is 1 .8 m thick, but there is a marked interior battering so that at the highest surviving point the wall is only about .60 m thick. Each of the corners of the qaleh is thickened to support a tower. One corner shows a possible doorway, now blocked, and an interior room at ground level (Fig. 8e). Another room also has a blocked doorway (Fig. Sf}. The only certain trace of the interior construction of the qaleh is the footing of two sides of a passageway (Fig. 8g). If continued to the north and south this construction would separate the outer court near the gate from an inner court. In this respect it is similar to DG 3, Qaleh Kunji Kar. The only other interior construction has either been built recently

t

-N-

~

IV 7

--===--· m

0

15

Fig. 8. Qaleh Atabeqi near Iveh (IV 7, Site 8650/5767) a fortified residence of Timurid and later times

24

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN or reconstructed to provi_de a storage chamber (Fig, 8h}. The walls are 1.5 m thick at the base, and the intertor dimensions are 4.0 by perhaps as much as 10.8 m. Another construction (Pig, 8;) is visible outside the south wa 11 of the qa 1eh. Both the angle of the walls and the stone laying technique are different from tnat of the qaleh, suggesting it is part of an unrelated and probably earlier building. The non-ceramic artifacts from IV 7 include a cortical flake of fine red chert and a 11 Strike~a~light 11 of fine brown chert. The ceramics from the two sites are presented on Table 3. As at site DG 3 on the other side of the Karun, a majority of the ceramics are a handmade heavy red ware with as much as 30% tempering material of large calcite particles in the clay body. The vessel surfaces were usually burnished and the vessels had usually been fired in an oxidizing atmosphere. Four major vessel forms are represented: (1} There is one hole mouth pot (Fig. 9a), probably originally spherical in shape. (2) Much more common are everted rim pots (Fig. 9b-d), probably a squat carinated form with horizontal handles. There is one smaller vessel of this form with a finer paste and with a punctate decoration. (3) Also common are medium-sized bowls usually with heavy rims (Fig. 9e,g), but sometimes without {Fig. 9f,h). Sometimes these also have horizontal handles. (4) There are also small bowls (Fig. 9i,j) both with finer clay bodies, one of which has punctate

Fig. 9.

a. b.

c. d.

e.

f. g.

h. i. j.

Ceramics from Qaleh Atabeqi

Hole mouth pot, neck diameter ca. 20 em. calcite temper, burnished 1 i ght red surface (2. 5 YR 6/6 ), IV 7. Everted rim pot, neck diameter ca. 29 em, calcite temper, burnished red surface (2.5 YR 5.5/6), IV 7. Everted rim pot, neck diameter ca. 40 em, calcite temper, burnished red surface (2.5 YR 5/5), IV 6. Everted rim pot, neck diameter ca. 40 em, calcite temper, burnished red surface (2.5 YR 5/5), IV 6. Medium bowl, rim diameter ca. 34 em, calcite temper, burnished red surface (2. 5 YR 5/4), IV 7. Medium bowl, rim warped, calcite temper, burnished reddish brown surface (2.5 YR 5/4}, IV 7. Medium bowl with inverted rim and carination, rim diameter ca. 23 em, calcite temper, plain red surface (2.5 YR 5/5}, IV 7. Medium bowl, rim diameter ca. 22 em, calcite temper, rough reddish brown surface (2.5 YR 5/4}, IV 7. Small bowl, rim diameter ca. 15 em, fine calicte temper, burnished light red surface (2.5 YR 6/6}, IV 7. Small bowl, rim diameter ca. 16 em, fine calcite temper, plain red surface (2.5 YR 5/6), IV 7.

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26

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN ZUXESTAN decoration on the rim. Associated with these ceramics are wheelmade ceramics certainly imported into the mountain regions. Most are glazed types probably made in nearby towns. From IV 6 there is one sand tempered green glazed sherd, while from IV 7 there are one sand tempered plain sherd with wavy combing, five sand tempered sherds with turquoise blue glaze (one of which is the rim of a jar or bottle), one sand tempered, green glazed bowl base, and one sand tempered green glazed ware with under-glaze dark and light stripes. Dr. M.Y. Kiani has kindly examined these glazed ceramics and has observed that all were probably made between the 14th and 17th centuries A.D. Also, there is the rim of a Chinese blue-and-white porcelain teacup with red over-glaze trellis decoration. This rim is probably mid-or late 18th century in date. Finally there is one thin straw tempered oxidized sherd, which may be earlier than the other ceramics. Table 3.

Ceramics from Qaleh Atabeqi

near Iveh

Calcite tempered, heavy, burnished, oxidized ware Hole mouth pot rim Everted rim pot rim Medium bowl rim Sma 11 bowl rim Body carinations Carinations with horizontal handles Handle fragments Plain body sherds Same, reduced Everted rim pot rim Medium bowl rim Calcite tempered, heavy, unburnished, oxidized ware Body sherds Handle fragment Straw tempered, light,oxidized ware Body sherd

IV 6

IV 7

3 2

1 4 6

1

2 3 2

3 4

17

2 1

1

1

4

9

1

1

In summary, the Qaleh Atabeqi complex may have an earlier occupation evidenced by a single sherd and an enigmatic wall footing. However the majority of the remains date between the 14th and 18th centuries A.D. During this period there was a small fortified residence with four corner towers, around the base of which were clustered a number of sma 11 er ordinary residences, some mills, and other structures.

2.

SURVEY NEAR IVEH

27

IV 8 (8652/5767) gabrstan Mazaran Length: ca. 60 m E. Width: ca, 40 m. Elevation of base; 460 m. Comment: The cemetery itself contains carved stone lions similar to those at IV 1. There are eroded undated examples, one of which exhibits a relief of a wild goat on the side. One later lion, exhibiting typical reliefs of weapons, has a date of A.H. 1204 (A.D. 1789/90) which agrees well with the terminal date for nearby Qaleh Atabeqi. In the flat field to the west, to which the above measurements refer, we found only an amorphous chert core, two sherds of thin straw tempered oxidized ware, and four sherds of calcite tempered heavy ware, three oxidized (including one small bowl rim and one everted pot rim), and one reduced. This area was probably used as as campsite during various periods, as was IV 5. Further west on the terraces of the Karun River, we found an isolated microblade fragment. IV 9 (8643/5764) Sarakan Deh Jaffar Elevation of base: 440 m. Comment: Near a recent stone tent footing we found two heavy calcite tempered oxidized sherds with burnished surfaces. On the hi 11 slope 90 m to the west, there is a small rectangular stone footing, perhaps a looted tomb. IV 10 (8638/5766) Zamin Sarab Length: 60 m. Width; 60 m. Elevation of base; 450 m. Comment: This site is on a small terrace just south of Sarab Stream and west of IV 3. A full section of the deposit is revealed by a canal which follows the edge of the terrace. Here there was about l.80m of dark brown silt. Heavy wheel-made sherds were restricted to the surface, while handmade softwares, microlithic stone tools, and animal bones were noted at the base of the deposit. The artifacts from IV 10 were analyzed by Ismael Yaghma'i. Among the ceramics are six calcite tempered heavy sherds like those from IV 6 and IV 7. The surfaces are weathered and traces of burnishing are not apparent. Most of the ceramics are on a straw tempered heavy oxidized ware without burnishing. Most are evidently wheelmade. There are 18 plain body sherds that are more than .7 em thick and 15 thinner plain body sherds that are 1ess than .7 em thick. There is one rim on this ware from a large, slightly restri.cted vessel with a beveled ledge rim and a raised strip on the upper body (Fig. lOa)~ which is reminiscent of Sasanian forms from the Susiana Plain. There are three, probably related, thick plain body sherds wtth a mixed sand and straw temper. Finally there are three straw tempered, partially oxidized handmade software sherds, two of which were removed from the lowest level of the site just above sterile soil. Among the chipped stone artifacts are 33 pieces of unretouched debitage. There are 12 amorphous fragments, 6 cortical flakes, 3 split

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN

28

fragments of microblade cores, l complete microblade, 9 microblade seg~ Of ments~-4 proximal, 4 medial, and 3 distal~~and 3 plain flakes. this material, 72% were of locally available fine red or yellow chert. In comp~rison, DG 5 and DG 9, possible Zarzian sites on the west bank of the Karun, have respectively 39% and 15% local material; while DG 2~ a site of the later Archaic horizon has 55% of such material . Among the retouched artifacts are 5 notched tools---2 on small flakes and 3 on blade segments. Also there is 1 medial microblade segment with alternate backing, 2 naturally backed utilized flakes, and 1 heavy medial blade segment with steep retouch on both sides. Only the last suggests a Zarzian occupation. All the rest are expectable types in an Archaic assemblage. Thus, this site would seem to have had at least two occupations. One was by people using an Epipaleolithic technology, with a heavy and inexplicable emphasis on notched tools and simple ceramics, perhaps between 7000 and 6000 B.C. The other was perhaps during the first millennium A.D., by people using the predominantly heavy straw tempered ceramics. Only a small excavation can establish whether or not the later occupants completely mixed the lower layers or not.

Fig. 10. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i.

Unglazed ceramics from IV 10 and IV 12 near Iveh

Large pot, rim diameter ca. 32 em, straw temper, plain light brown surface (7.5 YR 6.5/4), IV 10. Everted ri.m pot, neck diameter ca. 21 em, calcite temper, plain light red surface (2.5 YR 5.5/6), IV 12. Medium bowl, rim diameter ca. 32 em, calcite temper, partially burnished light brown surface (7.5 YR 6/5), IV 12. Medium bowl?, rim diameter ca. 30 em, calcite temper, plain pale brown surface (10 YR 7/5}, IV 12. Large bowl, rim warped, calcite temper, plain reddish yellow surface (5 YR 6.5/6), IV 12. Small bowl, rim diameter ca. 25 em, calcite temper, plain light brown surface (7.5 YR 7/4), IV 12. Small bowl, rim diameter ca. 18 em, straw temper, plain reddish yellow surface (5 YR 7/6}, IV 12. Small bowl, rim diameter ca. 22 em, sand temper, plain white surface (2.5 YR 8/1}, IV 12. Large bowl, rim diameter ca. 48 em, sand temper, very pale brown surface (10 R 7/3}, IV 12.

-

. .- -

.

.

.

.

QJ, e

· ·1 \ £25.r·· 7

t~~--~m=,

f

\

..... 1;~-·-,::··_--

~

~

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h

em

oM

-3

'-O;··.- 7

30

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN g~leh Sorx IV 11 (8632/5760) Elevation of base; 520 m. Comment; On thi.s high hi 11 south of Sar&b ~ recognizable by a natural rock platform on its crest, we found two sherds; one calcite tempered heavy redware and one straw tempered thi·n oxi'd i.zed sherd. We also found one parti'ally worked blade core of fi'ne mottled whi'te chert and one heavy blade of fine tan chert. Both have heavy calcite encrustations suggesting consi'derable age.

Di Gah or Deh Gah IV 12 (8607/5743) Length: 120m N. Width: 110m. Comment: This is the only certai'n early Islamic site and earliest certain substantial village site known in the area to be flooded by the new Karun Dam. It is located on a sloping terrace north of one of the seasonal water courses draining the southern Iveh area. The archi'tectural remains suggest at least two discrete periods of occupation. The earlier is represented by well built foundations of trimmed rectangular stone blocks, all oriented slightly east of magnetic north. Because of extensive later rebuilding and recent agriculture, the overall pattern is not clear on the ground, but on the air photograph there are faint suggestions of house blocks separated by narrow streets. The 1ate period of occupation is represented by a number of ruined storage chambers and tent platforms and by a rectangular construction about 35 m by 30 m divided into three units, the easternmost and westernmost of which seem to have been rows of rooms, and the center of which seems to have been a courtyard. Unlike Qaleh Atabeqi, no walls are standing, but the building must have been somewhat similar in scale and plan. Circumstances forced us to limit ourselves to a selected ceramic sample composed primarily of rims and glazed pieces. The ceramics also suggest more than one occupation. There is a diversity of calcite tempered heavy sherds, most of whi'ch seem to have been handmade. In an oxidized redware, probably once burnished like that of Qaleh Atabeqi, there are two everted pot rims (Fig. lOb) and a horizontal handle. In an oxidized light brown ware, not burnished like that from DG 6, there are three heavy bowl rims (Fig. lOc-e) and a small deep bowl rim (Fig. lOf). There is also a badly damaged small pot rim with red paint on the lip. In a straw tempered fine oxidized ware there are a ring base, a deep bowl rim (Fig. lOg] and six plain body sherds, all wheelmade, one of which has a burnished flaky orange slip. In a sand tempered fine oxidized ware there are a number of unglazed pieces including a small bowl rim (Fig. 1Oh), a very heavy bowl rim (Fig. 1Oi), and a strap handle. Among the glazed sherds in this ware there are nine with a turquoise green glaze on the exterior and a lighter glaze on the interior and two similarly glazed sherds with underglaze light and dark painting. Dr. Kiani also kindly examined these sherds and observed that these also were probably made sometime between the 14th and 17th centuries. In addition he noted two sherds with splattered green, brown, yell ow and red glazes probably made around the 12th century A.D. and one sherd with early yellow lustre glaze perhaps from as early as the 9th century A.D.

2.

SURVEY NEAR IVEH

31

The most reasonable tnterpreta,tion of the presently aya tl able evidence is that this wa,s a small well bui.lt village that exi.sted in earlier Islamic times~ that it was abandoned for some centuri.es, and that it was reoccupied as a seasonal camp and khan's qaleh in more recent centuries. IV 13 (8605/5747) Comment: This is a scatter of sherds around a large spring a few meters from the Taraz Ri:ver. All ten sherds were a calcite tempered heavy oxidized ware, and most were burnished. It is possible that these were vessels broken while washing in and obtaining water from the spring.

Interpretation We can now add the preceding evidence to that obtained from Da~t-e Gol and present a synthetic summary of ancient land use in this area. There is no conclusive evidence of human occupation in the area during the last glaciation. The heavy flake tools from some of the open sites (DG 2 and IV 2) and some of the rock shelters (DG 7 and DG 9) suggest Middle Paleolithic occupation. The large blade tool and blade core from an open site {IV 11) ~uggest Upper Paleolithic occupation as well. However, only the excavation of deposits with good geological context can confirm such suggestions. At the very end of the last glaciation there were several possible Epipaleolithic occupations in rockshelters (DG 5, 7, and 9} indicating that hunters related to those of the Zarzian culture were using this part of the Zagros mountains as they were using those better known parts farther north. Three sites and several isolated occurrences probably date from the time of the first agricultural villages. One site has evidence of the manufacture of various elements of food gathering technology (DG 2), while the others have a technology of unknown significance (IV 10 and DG 15). The isolated scatters occur on the terraces of the Karun (DG 4 and IV 8}. These may be locations where animals were killed and butchered rather than occupational sites. It is most reasonable to suggest that a 11 these occurrences result from the specialized seasonal activities of lowland villagers in the mountains. However only excavation can precisely elucidate the situation. From the. long perio.d between 6000 B.C. and 500 B.C., we have no ftVidence other than a scatter of sherds at DG 10 in the center of Da~t~e Gol. Many of the locations with straw tempered thin oxidized pottery may be of Seleuco-Parthian date. We can assert this besause most of the ceramics from the site of the well known shrine at Sami are of this type. Unfortunately there is also a possibility that such wares were also made in earlier Islamic times. If future work does indeed show these wares to be Seleucid or Parthian, then we can document the existence during these periods of isolated houses on hill tops (DG 1), one larger

32

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN structure also isolated but unfortunately obscured (IV 7), and a number of isola ted scatters of ceramics suggesting campsites (IV 5, IV 8, IV 11). This settlement pattern is much ltke that attested for the 14th to 18th centuries, suggesting that this period was one of extensive nomadism in the Iveh area. Straw tempered heavy ceramics may be typical of Sasanian times. If so, we have dispersed village sites (IV 3, TV 10, DG 12) without evidences of elaborate architecture. We also have a large sherd scatters indicating large camping grounds (DG 10, DG 13); this settlement pattern is very much like that known from early in this century. From early Islamic times there is evidence of one 1arge well constructed village (IV 12). If, however, we can take the calcite tempered light brown unburnished ceramics to be typical of this period, then there is also a campsite in a small rockshelter on the other side of the river (DG 6}. This suggests a period predominantly agricultural with 1imited herding. Thus there seems to be a trend from a time of many campsites and no established villages to a time of few campsites and one large established village, Curiously, there is no evidence of occupation around the 13th century, when the Atabeqs of Izeh were quite prosperous. Perhaps at this time the valley of the Karun was an uninhabited border district between minor principalities. In the 14th to 18th centuries there is much indication of occupation in the area, usually indicated by the presence of a calcite tempered burnished red ware. There are small fortified qalehs (DG 3, IV 7, IV 12) in one case closely associated with a village (IV 6) and numerous campsites some with actual tent platforms (DG 8, DG 13, IV 9), some in rock shelters (DG 1, DG 11) and many in the open (IV 4, IV 5, IV 8, IV 10, IV 11, IV 13). This was probably a period of extensive nomadism with very limited agricultural activity in the area. Historically, these sites may represent the settling of the Lower Lurs in this area and their emergence as the Baxtiari people.

3.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY ON THE PLAIN OF IZEH, 1976 by Henry T. Wright

Introduction

The Izeh-Malamir Plain has been the object of archaeological research at least since the visit of Layard in 1841. Though it has been visited many times since, its relative isolation has discouraged systematic archaeological research. However, the survey project described in this report was not designed simply to elucidate a poorly known area; our project was designed primarily as a training project of the Iranian Centre for Archaeological Research. We wanted to have this project in an area with a wide diversity of research problems enabling us to practice many different survey methods. In particular the Izeh area offered four challenging problems: (1) Change from hunting to settled agriculture between 10,000 and 8000 years ago. The area is an ideal habitat for wild sheep, goats, pigs and barley, and also a good place for rainfall agriculturalists and pastoralists. Its many caves and rockshelters could be expected to produce evidence of the Epipaleolithic Zarzian hunters who participated in some of the first steps toward agriculture. (2) Development of the ficst urban-based states on the Susiana Plain to the west and the Marv Dast Plain to the east. Izeh is a border area dominating natural routes between the two, and several settlements of the crucial period between 6000 and 5000 years ago were already documented on the plain. (3) Operation of the early Iranian Empires, in particular the rise of the Elymaen state within the larger Parthian hegemony. The important locality of gami is a short distance northwest of the Izeh Plain, qnd large Seleuco-Parthian sites were previously known on the plain. (4) Development of the Islamic urban center as exemplified by the rise and decline of Medieval Izedj. This area with sites dating from Paleolithic cave sites to large urban centers was surely an ideal training ground for learning survey techniques. The idea for such a training project arose in the summer of 1974 during the course of a discussion between Dr . Ftrouz Bagher,. zadeh and Dr. Henry T. Wright regarding the advantages of different educational approaches. A program schedule was prepared and approved by Dr. Bagherzadeh and by the Minister of Culture. Financial and

33

34

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN administrative arrangements were made by Mrs. Farnaz Bahmanyar. The project began with a prel i_mina,ry trip through the Izeh area in Jan .. uary 1976, and a series of lectures was given in Tehran during the following months. The Izeh Research Group departed for the field on April 24, 1g75 ._ The arch.aeol ogica 1 staff consisted of Ismael Bay ani, Haydeh Eqbal, Richard Redding, Mansur Sajjidi , Elahe Shahideh, and Henry T. Wright~ Our drivers were Rajab Bordbar and Assadollah Farahani. We discussed our work wi_th Mr. Heshmati and Mr. Shaba • i of the Genera 1 Office of Culture and Arts in Ahwaz. In Izeh itself we were welcomed by the farmandar, Mr. Zarinekafsh; the head of the Office of Education, Mr . Tahiri; the head of Gendarmes, Capt. Mahzun; and the head of Police, Capt, Jenani. During our stay we were assisted in problems of local history of Mr. Rostampur and in problems of local archaeology by Mr. Qaibipur, both gf the Office of Education. Mr. Nasser Asadpur and the staff of Ba~gah Nurabad tool< excellent care of us during the two and one half months of our survey. We were fortunate to have a complete set of air photographs at a scale of approximately 1:24,000 and blowups at approximately 1:12,000 of the area of the Med ieva 1 c tty, obtained for us by Mr. As a fi and Mr. We t~ohammedian of the Iranian Centre for Archaeological Research. also had several alidades and a wide range of other equipment provided for us by the staff of the Centre. On an ordinary working day we attempted to do some general survey in order to extend our ancient settlement maps of the plain, and some contour mapping of individual sites previously located. Most of the plain was investigated by what we call 11 Standard survey, 11 in which each area of the plain was criss-crossed by motor vehicles, with frequent examination on foot of the possible sites noted from the vehicles or from the air photographs. In contrast, the environs of Izeh were covered by what we call intensive survey, in which a line of people with air photographs in hand walked over each field recording and call ecting every concentration of artifacts. Unfortunately because of the year's late wheat harvest (mature wheat obscures the ground) we could not do as much of this type of survey as we had hoped. By the time our work was finished we had recorded 180 sites and had mapped more than 40 of these in detail. Artifact samples from every site, representing 22 successive periods between about 20,000 years ago and the present, were analyzed. 11

11

Each member of the Izeh Research Group has contributed to one or more parts of this report. This introduction and the geographical sketch were composed by Wright; the late Paleolithic remains were studied by Redding; the Archaic and Susiana remains were studied by Shahideh; the Uruk Period by Wright; the Protoelamite by Sajjidi; the Elamite by Bayani; excavated material of the Elamite Period by Wright and Sajjidi; the Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods by Eqbal; and the subsequent sections by Wright. General composition and editing was undertaken by Wright. To Wright fell the further task of adding to this report the data on 12 sites which he and Redding found during a brief return visit to Izeh on October 1976 . Various changes were also made following the suggestions of some of our colleagues who read the first draft distributed at the Fifth Annual Symposium on Archaeological Research in Iran in

3.

SURVEY ON THE PLAIN OF IZEH

35

November 1976. We were assisted in our analyses by Dr. B.agberzadeh, Dr. M.Y. Kiani~ Dr. Basil Gray, Dr. John Hansman, Mr. Mohieddin Sadjadi, Ms. Rima Nazarian, and Dr. Elizabeth Carter. Throughout the project there was a spirit of cooperation and hard endeavor that none of us will ever forget. We hope that this kind of productive endeavor can be continued and improved in the future. Finally, we want to emphasize that the survey of the Izeh area is not in any sense finished. There remain areas of the plain to be surveyed (see Fig. 11) and observations to be checked. Even completion of these tasks will 1eave us a prel tminary survey at best. In the future, spectalized surveys focusing on particular periods, using better chronologies and better ways of estimating population, and so on, will be necessary. Only with more complete surveys and with excavations will the economic and social history of the Izeh region become clear.

Comments on the Geography of the Izeh Plain by Henry T. Wright

Southwestern Iran encompasses a variety of landforms and environments. If we are to understand the problems faced by the earlier inhabitants of the Izeh area, we must first understand the place of the Izeh-Malamir Plain in this broader geographical region. Briefly, the Zagros front which crosses Southwestern Iran is the line along which the Arabian Plate is gradually pushing against the Eurasian Plate. Where the former plate slides under is a trough where sediments collected. Today the actively subsiding trough is where the Persian Gulf and the Tigris and Euphrates rivers now lie. However, from about 40 million to about 10 million years ago, the active trough was where the Zagros mountains now rise. The sediments which filled this ancient trough have been compressed and wrinkled to form the ridges and valleys of the Outer or Southwestern Zagros. On the other hand, the edge of the Iranian Plateau has been cracked and thrust southwestward to form the ridges and valleys of the Inner or Northeastern Zagros. The plains and valleys of Southwestern Iran can be thought of as a series of steps. The lowest are the plains of Xuzestan rising to little more than 80 m above sea level; next are the va 11 eys of the Outer Zagros which average about 600 m above sea 1evel where they have not been deepened by the tributaries of great rivers such as the Dez, Karxeh, or Karun; next are those of the Inner Zagros averaging about 1400 m; finally, the plains of the plateau in this region average about 2100 m. While some of the limestone ridges of the Central Zagros, which separate these valleys one from another, are continuous for more than 100 km, most are broken by steep sided canyons,called tangs through which the rivers of the Zagros find their way to the Persian Gulf. It i:;; through such canyons that travelers between the lowlands and plateau found their way through the mountains, though particular circumstances might have forced them to take more difficult routes over the higher ridges.

THE

IZEH PLAIN

c

Springs Vi I loge

•

Survey Limits

km

Fig. 11. The Izeh Plain today showing springs, villages, and the limits of the area surveyed

3.

SURVEY ON THE PLAIN OF IZEH

37

This rugged country is subject to winter rains and snows between November and April, and to hot, dry weather during the other months. In the Outer Zagros there is sufficient moisture to support open forest, predominantly of oak, between 800 m and 2000 m above sea level. Below 800 m, in the foothills, is a grassy steppe dotted with konar trees, while above 2000 m, in areas covered with snow for up to five months of the year, are grassy alpine pastures. Because of these seasonal circumstances, people who live in the Zagros face two problems: (1) shortages of pasture and even lack of drinking water due to drought in the foothills and the Outer Zagros during the summer, and (2) shortages of pasture in the Inner Zagros during the winter as a consequence of heavy snow and ice. There are two answers to these problems of seasonality in the Zagros: (1) vertical migration or transhumance, or (2) massive storage of food for people and animals. The latter answer, however, requires technology, labor supplies, and peaceful conditions which were not available to many Zagros peoples during the past. The Plain of Izeh itself is a relatively high valley of the Outer Zagros, with a floor averaging 750 m above sea level. The plain is a synclinal valley between the Upper Cretaceous Ilam-Sarvak Limestone anticline of Kuh-e Lafkari on the northeast and the Early Miocene Asmari Limestone anticline of Kuh-e ~alxu~k and Kuh-e ~avi~ on the southwest. At the northwest end of the plain the mountains come close to each other, but one can leave by way of a low divide and enter the small Pi un Plain, thence going to Iveh or Susan. To the southeast the synclinal trough rises and the mountains meet at the foot of Kuh-e Munga~t, which rises to an impressive 3100 m. There are no easy routes to the northeast, but there is easy access to the southwest either by way of Tang-e Halijun, thence south toward Qaleh Tul, Baq Malek, and Ram Hormuz, or by way of Rasvand or~Q6leh Zard (Qaleh Tak), thence southwest toward Masjed-e Soleiman, ~u~tar, and the Susiana Plain. The plain measures 21 km from northwest to southeast, 8 km at the widest point near the present town of Izeh, and it covers a surface area of about 135 km (Fig. 11). 1

Izeh is geologically unusual in the Central Zagros in that it is internally drained. Not since the earlier Upper Pleistocene period--perhaps even earlier--have the streams of the Izeh basin flowed outward and joined with the waters of the Karun; instead they flow inward into two shallow lakes. The upper lake to the sou~heast is called Bandun, and the lower in the northwest is called the ~att. At t2e end of the rainy winter season these lakes together cover about 20 km , but in dry summers they are said to become dry salt flats. In part, the formation of these lakes must result from an upraising of the southwest side of the Izeh Plain, since sixth and fifth millennium sites around the ~att are far from the present southwest shore of the lake, but are partly submerged to the north and east (see Fig. 17). However, the solution of gypsum buried deep within the synclinal trough may also have contributed to the development of the lakes. Because of the drainage pattern, the land surface has altered very little since the last glaciation. Except in recently silted areas within a kilometer of the ~att, early sherds and Epipaleolithic tools occur on the modern ground surface. This is very fortunate for the survey archaeologist,since few sites have been hidden by sediments.

38

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN Removing from consideration the lakes and marshy areas near t2em and the extensive gravel fans in certain areas, there are about 75 km of good agricultural land on the Izeh Plain. Because the winter rainfall is copious, good crops of wheat and harley can be taken from these 1ands almost every year during harvests in May and June. Today there are 45 small villages of mud and stone houses on the plain, at least 15 of which are only seasonally occupied. All have been founded during the last 80 years by herders of the •Ali Mommmed i section of the Haftl eng Baxti ari. These villages are usually on the rocky slopes of the plain, allowing easy access to hillslope pastures, to oak forests, and to water sources. During our survey we have seen permanently running springs primarily along the southwest side of the platn where they flow from the Asmari limestone. Even the largest of these, at Nurabad near the present town of Izeh, produces only enough water to irrigate about 8 ha of orchards. Thus while land is widely available, the water supply is definitely limited particularly in the dry summer months when rain-fed pools become empty. Although the Izeh Plain is free of snow, it is sufficiently cold during the winter months that pasturage is limited. Most full-time nomads winter at lower elevations in the foothills. In April, after No Ruz, they cross the Izeh Plain. Usually they enter from Rasvand on :t;he southwest, camp for a few days, and then move eastwards toward ~ahr-e Kord along the old 11 Baxtiari Trail. 11 Izeh is today the last lowland supply center for the nomads before they enter the high mountains, but it is even more important as a service center for local farmers and a government center insuring peaceful conditions. However,as transportation and market access improve, more and more nomads are settling down. With the completion of the new paved highway between Isfahan and Ahwaz, there will be even more growth near Izeh, and during this period of growth it is important to guard the cultural resources of the area. We hope our survey will contribute to the advanced planning of such safeguards before valuable archaeological resources are lost forever.

The Paleolithic Periods on the Izeh Plain by Richard W. Redd1:ng and Henry T. Wright

Our survey found no evidence of the Lower Paleolithic period and mly a single isolated dejete scraper of Mousterian type, perhaps of the Middle Paleolithic period. This is puzzling, since Mousterian tools occur in several nearby valleys. Perhaps the geological events which created the internal drainage of the Izeh Plain, and thus a relatively stable ground surface, occurred during the last glacial period, more recently than 40,000 years ago. Earlier sites could have been hidden or swept away by geological processes.

3.

SURVEY ON THE PLAIN OF IZEH

39

In any event, s i.x roc kshel ters have the 1a rger b1ade too 1s that may indicate earlier Upper Paleolithic occupation (8197/5962, 8207/6013, 8212/5910, 8226/5996, 8335/5921, and 8346/5862), but we cannot be certain of such a dating without excavation, The majority of the rockshelter sites produce an Epipal eol i thic ass-emblage of sma 11 blade and microbl ade cores and blade fragments, notched pieces often with wide deep notches, small end scrapers, and simple burins. Backed pieces are rare and geometries have not been found. This as-sembl~ge is known from an excavated sample from Reza Qoli Abad Sangi on the Dast-e Gol, northwest of Izeh 04right and Yaghma i 1976) and seems to be related to the Zarzian Industry well known from the Northern Zagros. Site characteri sties and some aspects of the tool industry are presented in Table 4. 1

Table 4.

Epipaleolithic sites in the Izeh area:l976

No.

Size

Exposure

km to Spring

8150/5871 8189/5860 8189/5962 8191/5965 8192/5965 8197/5962 8198/5961 8202/5958 8212/5910 8214/5904 8221/5899 8265/5881 8281/5985 8287/5871 8346/5862

Large Large Small Small Large Small Large Small Large Small Large Small Large Large Large

ssw

2.2 .5 .2 .6 .5 .6 .5 .4 .9 .2

SE NE N SE ESE SE SE

s N s

N SE SE SE

.1

.9 8.2? 1.8 ?

Bur ins Blade Dst-Prx: End Cores Medial Scrapers Blades 2 40:8 13 3 5 2 6 11 :6 2 l :2 3:0 2 1s l 10:3 1 1 20:1 2 2s 5 8:4 1 8:3 l 1 1 16:6 4 3 1 2 10: 1 4 7: 1 3 1 5 1:1 7:0 2 3 24.9 13 4,1 s 3 58:18 20 8 2, ls

Notches Lg. Sm. 19 10 2 1 1 1 3 3

1 3 l l

1 2 3 4 1 2 2 10 7 ? 24

(N.B.: 11 S 11 indicates burin spall. Samples from three additional Epipaleolithic sites, all large shelters facing south [8222/6000, 8226/5996, and 8325/5961] have not been studied). We surveyed only about 30% of the valley slopes intensively, and thus cannot yet speak of a ''settlement pattern" for this period (Fig. 12). Nevertheless, consideration of site size and location does allow us to speak of two discrete types of Epipaleolithic rockshelter settlement: (l) On the one hand there are larger shelters facing south or southeast. These tend to have proportionally more end scrapers. Given that the prevailing wind is from the northwes·t in the cold winter and spring months, it is possible that these are winter or spring camps. This would be a time when hideworking and woodworking, leaving behind more scrapers, would be more common (cf. Fig. 13 above). (2) On the other

SITES

Rock Shelter

c

Area of Intensive Slope Survey

km

r-. ,...._··_-,

Fig. 12.

Epipaleolithfc sftes fn the Izeh area

834 7/58 62 N

0

30m

821 2/5 915

Fig. 13. Two rocks helter s on the Izeh Plain. Above; Site 8347/5 862, a large r Upper Paleo lithic and Epipa leolit hic rocks helter with modern sheph erds' huts. Below; Site 8212/5 915, Tang-e Asad, a small er Epipa leolit hic rocks helter with modern sheph erds' huts.

42

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN hand, there are the smaller sites usually facing north or northeast, which may in contrast be summer or autumn camps (cf. Fig. 13 bel ow). There is another interesting distinction among the flint tools, in addition to that noted regarding the scrapers. All. sites produce fragments of the proximal (nearest the platform}, medial, and distal (farthest from the platform) parts of blades. The ratio of proximal and distal to medial should be 2:1. Among our larger sample$, those which have the expected ratio of about 2:1 may have more cores, indicating that the complete process of flint working and use occurred at the site. Those which have higher ratios of 5:1 or even 20:1 tend to have fewer cores, indicating that finished blades were often carried here and worked into tools that were transported elsewhere, with only the blades 1 ends being left behind at the site. This possible manufacturing distinction is not clearly related to the seasonal distinction noted above. Thus we have suggestions of a rather complicated seasonal pattern of movement during the period just 5efore the invention of agriculture. To clarify these intriguing possibilities it will be necessary to finish the intensive survey of the hill slopes and to excavate on the sample of sites, washing all excavated soil to recover a representative sample of the small microlithic tools as well as to recover animal bones which could confirm whether or not there were seasonal differences.

The Archaic Period on the Izeh Plain by Elahe Shahideh

After the Epipaleolithic period, between 10,000 and 8000 years ago there were several small villages on the Izeh-Malamir Plain. We found several types of Archaic painted pottery on these sites and we believe that there were at least one preceramic phase and three ceramicusing Archaic phases. Archaic pottery is always tempered with quantities of chopped straw and fired at a low temperature. The surfaces are buff or brown and the cores of the vessel bodies are often still black or dark brown. The surface was usually burnished so that the straw is not visible, but there is usually a pattern of fine cracks in a rectangular pattern on this burnished surface. Throughout the Archaic phases, we have evidence only of small simple bowls. Often these were left plain (Fig. 14a) or were given an overall red or brown slip. However there were several more distinctive painting styles; (_1) Some vessels have horizontal wavy lines (Fig. 19c and perhaps Fig. 14e). These are most similar to the "Painted-Burnished Ware" of the "Archaic Susiana I" of ~oqa Mi¥ (Kantor and Delougaz 1974;17 and Fig. 5), (2) Other sharply carinated bowls have heavy horizontal bands on the shoulder (Fig. 14d,f), We do not know of any para 11 el s for this material. (3} Yet other vessels have closely spaced fine lines in herringbone motifs (Fig. l4b,h,i}, bird

3.

SURVEY ON THE PLAIN OF IZEH

43

motifs (Fig. 14c) and so on (Fig. J4g). These are perhaps similar to the llRed-line Ware 11 of the ~oqa Mi¥ uArchaic Susiana 2n (Ibid., Fig, 4}. The one possible preceramic village, as tndicated by a perfectly symmetrtcal conical mXcroblade core, and the one site with definite wavy line pottery is Coqa Pir~estan (8267(5961; Fig. 19c) on the northeast edge of the center of the plain (Fig. 14). This location is far from a good spring, and it would have been difficult to live here during the summer. The heavy banded pottery is found at Pir~estan and two small villages to the south, both close to good springs (Fig. 16). The population of the area would have been around 650 people, assuming 200 people/ha (Johnson 1973:66), at the time that this pottery was in use. The fine line pottery is found on at least six villages, five of which including the three larger villages were on the southwest side of the plain close to good springs (Fig. 17). If all these villages were inhabited at once~ during the time that fine line pottery was made, there would have been about 1900 people residing in them. The primary problem with these data is that while ~oqa MiM provides an indication of the relative ages of the wavy line and fine line ceramics, the chronology of the heavy banded ceramic is unknown. This problem demands a stratigraphic excavation, perhaps on a site like 8162/5874, whtch has already been cut in half by the erosion of the Halijun River. Beyond this is the problem of the relation between these early villages and the preceding Epipaleolithic cultures. A specialized and coordinated excavation program is needed. Table 5, Number

Archaic sites in the Izeh area: 1976

Site Type With Wavl Line Ceramics 8267/5961 Pir~estan Village With Heavl Banded Ceramics tl 8162/5874 ~ar Qaleh 8183/5993 oq~ Buzorg 8267/5961 Pir estan With Fine Line Ceramics 11 8162/5874 ~ar Qaleh 8209/5930 oqa HajjamMid II 8239/5918 II 8249/5908 8268/5895 It 8323/5881 Without Diagnostic Designs 8204/6012 8300/5935 Name

II

II

II

It (t

Area in Hectares

Nearest Village

2.2

6.3

.6 .5 2.2

11.8 9.0 9.0

.6 2.0 ,6 1.1 3.0 2.3

8.0 3.6 1.4 1.4 2.4 5.3

1.0 l.l

Nearest Spring

.1 2. 1

6.5

•1

2.8 3.3 3.0 2. 1

3.4

.6

4.6

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN

44 Fig. 14.

a. b. c.

d. e.

f. g.

h. i.

Archaic ceramics from th_e Izeh area,

Plain bowl, 0;18, Th;l.0.6, Temp; 5% straw~ Slip; light yellowish brown (10 YR614) (826715895}. Fine line bowl, 0;16, Th;.85, Temp; trace straw, Slip; reddish yellow (7.5 YR 715) (8267/5895}. Fine 1 ine bowl, 0:16, Th: .85, Temp: none, Sltp: 1 igflt brown~ (715 YR 614) (8267/5895). Heavy band bowl, 0;20, Th:.75, Temp: trace straw, Slip: very pa 1 e brown, (1 OY'R 714) (8267 I 5895} • Wavy line bowl? 0:17, Th:.70, Temp: trace straw, Slip: very pale brown (10 YR 7/4) (816215874). Heavy band bowl, 0:22, Th:l.06, Temp: trace straw, Slip: light brown, (7.5 YR 6/5) (816215874]. Fine line bowl, 0:14, Th:.50, Temp: trace straw, Slip; very pale brown, (10 YR 8/4} (816215874). Fine line bowl, 0:26, Th:.85, Temp: 5% straw, Slip: pale brown (10 YR 6/3) (8267/5895). Fine line bowl, 0:26, Th:l.OO, Temp: 5% straw, Slip: light brownish gray (2.5 Y 6/3) (8267/5895}.

d 11 indicates exterior rim diameter in centimeters; 11 Th 11 indicates vessel wall thickness 2 ems below the rim similarly measured; 11 Temp 11 indicates tempering material or inclusions; Colors are measured according to the Munsell Color System. 11

a

b

l

7

c

~

I e

d

\ ~ I 9

f

h

7

Fig. 15.

Archaic sites with wavy line ware on the Izeh Plain

ARCHAIC SITES WITH HEAVY BANDED WARE

c

km

Fig. 16.

Archaic sites with heavy banded ware on the Izeh Plain

ARCHAIC SITES WITH FINE LINE WARE

c

km

Ftg. 17.

Archaic sites with fine line ware on the Izeh Plain

~

N

0

30m

50

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN The Susiana Period on the Izeh Plain by Elahe Shahideh

The beginning of the Susiana period is marked by changes in ceramic technology and in settlement pattern. Growth continues until the end of the Middle Susiana period when there is a decline. Throughout the phases of this period the most common ceramic ware has a slightly sandy paste and is fired at a high temperature in a controlled atmosphere. The vessels are usually completely oxidized to a greenish or buff color. Later in the period some vessels appear to have been made on a wheel rather than by hand. Small to medium bowls (Fig. 19a; Fig. 20c-f, i ), basins with flat lips (Fig. 20a,b), and large necked jars (Fig. 20h) were common. For the most part the painted designs on these vessels are similar to those of contemporary sites on the Susiana Plain. Material like that from Ojaffarabad 4 and 5 (Oollfus 1971 ), variously termed Susiana a (Lebreton 1957) or Early Susiana (Kantor 1974) are not definitely present in the Izeh area, and it is possible that the Archaic pottery making traditions continued in the Izeh area as the Susiana tradition was emerging on the Susiana Plain. However, material like that of the lower levels of Tappeh Ojowi (Oollfus 1976) variously termed Susiana b (Lebreton 1957) or Middle Sus i ana 1 (Kantor 1974) is common. Bowls with bo 1d zig-zags on the exterior and parallel line motifs on the interior (Fig. 19a,b,g), jars with high necks and ledge rims (Fig. 19d), and high ring bases (Fig. 19e) are notable. Middle Susiana 2 and 3, roughly Susiana c, ceramics are present but poorly preserved in our samples. Stein illustrates a well preserved series excavated near Izeh (Stein 1940; Pl.2,3 ) which shows affinities with Bakun material from Fars as well as with Susiana ceramics.

Fig. 19. a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

Earlier Susiana ceramics from Co~a Pir~estan (site 8267/5961)

Bowl rim, 0:26, Th:,81, Temper: 5% fine sand, Body: pale yellow (2.5 Y 8/3), Paint: dark gray (2.5 Y 4/1). Bowl base, Th:.80, Temper: 10% fine sand, Body: white (2.5 Y 8/2), Paint: very dark brown (7.5 YR 3.1). Bowl rim, Archaic wavy line ware, 0:14, Th:.70, Temper: 10% straw, Body: very pale brown (10 YR 7/3), Paint: brown (7.5 YR 5/2). Jar rim, 0:8, Th:.50, Temper: trace sand, Body: pale yellow (5 Y 8/3), Paint: Olive gray (5 Y 5/2) (over-fired). Bowl base, 0:7, Th:.83, Temper: 5% medium sand, Body: very pale brown (10 YR 8/3), Paint: very dark gray (10 YR 3/1) (over-fired). Bowl rim, 0:19, Th:.89, Temper: trace straw, sand, Body: white (5 Y 8/2), Paint: dark gray brown (2.5 Y 4/2). Large bowl rim, 0:42, Th:.70, Temper: trace fine sand, Body: pale yellow (2.5 Y 8/2), Paint: weak red (2.5 YR 4/2).

r=-,

a

d

\81

J

LJ1

b

e em

oM

g

-

3

52

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN Late Susiana or Susiana d and Susa A vessels have characteristic crosshatching (Fig. 20i), parallel lines (Fig. 20f), chevrons (Fig. 20e), and 11 X11 motifs (Fig. 20d). In addition to these buffwares, unpainted straw tempered ware like that of the Archaic period occurs in earlier Susiana, and red wares occur in Middle and Late Susiana. If there is any Early Susiana occupation in the Izeh area, it is at the previously occupied Archaic settlement on the northeast edge of the plain (8267/5961 ). Perhaps 8 ha were occupied, indicating a population of about 1600 people. In the first part of the Middle Susiana period, this settlement shrinks, but five other villages were scattered throughout the plain (Fig. 21), with a population of about 2400 people. In the latter part of the Middle Susiana period, there are six small villages, three clustered in the northeast and three clustered in the southwest. Population was about 1800 people (Fig. 22). The dispersion of population into smaller settlements parallels the trend suggested by data from the Archaic period. In Late Susiana 1 or Susiana d, the northeast side of the plain was abandoned and there are a possible small center (8215/5934) and two villages on the southwest side of the plain (Fig. 23). Population drops to about 1200 people. During Late Susiana 2 or Susa A there is evidence of only three small villages, two clustered on the southwest near the route of access toward the Susiana Plain (Fig. 24). Population is only about 900 people. Thus, during Middle and Late Susiana, population gradually drops with village life flourishing only in a few areas. Fig. 20. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.

Later Susiana Ceramics from Site 8269/5892

Basin rim, D:28, Th:.77, Temp: trace straw, Body: very pale brown (10 YR 7/4), Paint: dusky red (7.5 R 3/4). Basin rim, D:23, Th:.83, Temp: none, Body: very pale brown (10 YR 8I 4 ) ( Do 11 f us 1 971 : Fi g . 10 : 9 ) . Small bowl rim, D:l5, Th:.39, Temp: none, Body: pink (7.5 YR 7/4) Paint; red (10 R 4/6). Small bowl rim: D:l4, Th:.46, Temp: none, Body: pale yellow (2.5 Y 8.4), Paint: dark brown (7.5 YR 4/2) (Dollfus 1971: Fig 13:1,3). Bowl sherd, D:22, Th:.46, Temp: trace sand, Body: pale yellow (2.5 Y 8/4), Paint: very dark gray-brown (10 YR 3/2) (Dollfus 1971: Fig. 14: 6, 12). Bowl sherd, D:±30, Th~.65, Temp: trace sand, Body: pale yellow (2.5 Y 8/4), Paint: worn off. Bowl base, BD:l4, Th:.54, Temp: trace straw, Body: very pale brown (10 YR 8/4), Paint: dark red (10 R 3/6). Jar neck, D:22, Th: 1.00, Temp: trace straw, Body: pale yellow (2.5 Y 8/4) (Dollfus 1971: Fig. 17:14; Fig. 18:9). Bowl sherd, D:20, Th:.53, Temp: none, Body: very pale brown (10 YR 8.3), Paint: weak red (10 R 4/3) (design damaged). Large flat base, BD:l2, Th:.90, Temp: trace sand, Body: very pale brown (10 YR 7/4).

7

a b

c

d

I e

g

h

l

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN

54

Elsewhere in Xuzestan, on the Susiana Plain (Johnsontl973 87-90) and on the Ram Hormuz Plain (Caldwell 1968:351), the last phase of the Susiana period is one in which Susiana wares and forms were produced, but little or no painted decoration was used. This 11 Terminal Susa A11 phase may be present at two village sites near the center of the Izeh Plain with a total population of about 900 (Fig. 26). However, our pottery samples are small and a confusion between the seldom decorated Middle Susiana and Terminal Susa A sherds is possible. In any event, in Izeh as elsewhere, there are fewer but larger settlements during this period. Table 6. Number

Susiana sites in the Izeh area t 1976 Name

Susiana a 8267/5961 Susiana b (~iddle Susiana oqa Buzorg 8183/5993 8204/6012 8209/5930 ~oqa Hajj am~ i d 8249/5908 8267/5961 Pir~estan 8267/5895

Site Tyee

Area in Hectares

Nearest Village

6.5

Lg. village 8.4 1) .6 vi 11 age 1.1 village Lg. village 3.9 1.4 village Lg. vi 11 age 5.0 .7 vi 11 age

Nearest Spring

±

2.3 2.3 4.6 2.4 5.7 2.4

2. 1 .6 2.7 2.8 6.5 2.3

Susiana c (Middle Susiana 2-3) village 8224/5945 village 8255/5974 village 8256/5903 vi 11 age 8267/5961 Pir~estan village 8269/5896 village 8304/5900

2. 1 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.0

3.9 1.6 1.2 1.6 1.2 3.4

2.5 4.8 3.3 6.5 2. 1 2.0

Susiana d {Late Susiana 1 ) Lg. village 8215/5934 Zabarjad vi 11 age 8256/5903 village 8269/5896

3. 1 1.4 1.5

6. 1 1.2 1.2

3. l 3. 1 2. l

Susa A (Late Susiana 2) 8226/5950 8269/5896 8287/5891

vi 11 age village vi 11 age

1.0 1.5 1.9

7.7 1.8 l. 8

2.0 2. l .5

Terminal Susa A 8252/5920 8276/5957 ~oqa Gori'eh

village Lg. village

1.5 3. l

4. l 4. l

3.6 7.5

Fig. 21.

Susiana b sites on the Izeh Plain

SITES WITH SUS I ANA c

c

km

Fig. 22.

Susiana c sites on the Izeh Plain

(,)

SITES WITH SUSIANA

d

0~

km

Fig. 23.

Susiana d sites on the Izeh Plain

WITH SUSA

A

c

km

Fig. 24.

Susa A sites on the Izeh Plain

3.

SURVEY ON THE PLAIN OF IZEH

59

The Uruk Period on the Izeh Plain by Henry T. Wright

At the beginning of the Early Uruk period~ the plains of northeastern Xuzestan are occupi'ed by a low density of settlements, both large villages and small centers (Fig. 26}. Because the beveled rim bowl is rare at this time, these sites must be recognized by the presence of diagnostic jar forms known from the excavations at Tall-i Ghazir near Ram Hormuz (Ca 1dwell 1968). The ware of these vessels is a soft but evenly fired buff or greenish ceramic wtth a light straw temper. Simple flared neck, round lip jars and more diagnostic thickened round lip jars with a sli'ght groove on the interior of the rim both occur (Fig. 25d,e). A less common heavily straw tempered ceramic is used to make uprotobeveled rim" bowls with tapered rather than truly beveled rims (Fig. 25a). Middle Uruk pottery, known from only one site, is discussed in detail in the next section. Two new wares were added: a hard sand tempered buff ware, certainly wheelmade, used for small ledge and expanded rim jars as well as various bowls (Fig. 251} and a coarse sand or gravel tempered red-brown ware used for very heavy jars (Fig 25m). The true beveled rim bowl (Fig. 25b,c) is very common in this later phase. There are two definite early Uruk sites on the Izeh Plain, both relatively large (8215/5934; Tappeh Saoz•ali Zabarjad: 9.5 ha and 8276/5957: 3.1 ha [see Fig. 27]). The first is in the south central part of the plain and the second is in the north central part, about 6.3 km from the other. Neither is notably close to a good spring. Population is larger than at any time during the Susiana period, approaching 2500 people. Whether this represents a nucleation of nearby population in response to local circumstance, or in contrast, a deliberate settling of the border areas beyond the Susiana encouraged by a polity centered on ~u~, is a question which can only be answered with excavation. Whatever the causes of the Early Uruk development, the subsequent trend of settlement is clear. Settlement datable to the beginning of the Middle Uruk phase occurs only at Tappeh Zabarjad and only on a restricted area no larger than three hectares. As this key site is threatened by modern house construction, we made three small excavations in these Middle Uruk layers. With the available evidence we cannot be sure whether we are dealing with an isolated agricultural village or with a small outpost supported by communities elsewhere. The nearest possible supporting community is the Middle Uruk site of Qaleh Tol, 30 km to the south, located on a large defensible rock outcrop. Once again, careful excavation should solve this problem. However, the overall settlement picture is clear: the flourishing EarlyUrukcommunities declined, Middle Uruk settlement centered farther south, and during the Late Uruk, the entire area seems to have been abandoned, the nearest known outpost being either at Tall-i Ghazir or near Gotwand on the Karun River crossing onto the Susiana Plain.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN

60

Fig. 25. Early and Middle Uruk ceramics from Tappeh Zabarjad, site 8215/5934 ·a. b. c. d. e. f.

g. h. i. j. k.

Proto-beveled rim bowl rim, 0:±14, Th:l.24, Temp: 5% straw, Body: very pale brown (10 YR 8/3} (Johnson 1973:54, Pl. Ib). Beveled rim bowl rim, 0;15, Th:l.30, Temp; 5% straw, Body: reddi.sh yellow (7.5 YR 8/6). Beveled rim bowl rim, 0:14, Th;l.Ol, Temp: 5% straw, Body: very pale brown (1 0 YR 8/3). Grooved round rim jar, 0:12, Th:l.OO, Temp: 5% limestone, Body: very pale brown (10 YR 7/4), Slip: pinkish white (7.5 YR 8/2) (Caldwell 1968: Fig. 15:16; Johnson 1973:55, Pl. I!Ic}. Grooved round rim jar, 0:±8, Th;l .14, Temp: trace straw, Body; very pale brown (10 YR 8/4) (Ibid.). Ledge rim jar, 0:16, Th:.90, Temp; trace straw, Body; pink (7.5 YR 7/4), Slip: light red (2.5 YR 6/6}. Flared expanded rim jar with grooved lip, 0:28, Th:l .06, Temp: trace straw, Body: pale yellow (2.5 Y 8/3). High expanded band rim jar, 0:19, Th:l.Ol, Temp: 5% straw, Body: reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6) (Johnson 1973;58; Pl. IIIh). Heavy expanded rim jar, 0:32, Th: 1.53, Temp: 5% straw, Body: very pale brown (10 YR 7/4}. Flared round rim jar, 0:14, Th:.65, Temp: 15% limestone and sand, Body: light red (2.5 YR 4/6} (Johnson 1973: Pl.IIId). High expanded band rim jar, 0:20, Th:.94, Temp: 10% limestone and sand, Body: pale brown (1 0 YR 6/4) (Johnson 1973:58; Pl. I I Ih).

a

b

~7

~-1le, There were 517 bone fragments that could only be identified as mammalian. These were mostly fragments of long bones, vertebrae, ribs, and sKull elements of medium sized mammals. Non-mammalian species are represented by two elements from the Class Aves and four from the Class Osteichthyes. The identifiable mammalian elements represent at least six different mammals. These include a fox (Vulpes sp.), pig (Sus scrofa), domestic cow (Bos taurus), domestic sheep (Ovis oriental is)~omestic goat (Caprahircus), and the gazelle (probably Gazella subgutturosa) described in detail below. Vulpes sp. A fox was represented by two elements. occurs in this area at present.

This animal

Sus scrofa. Pig elements comprised 14% of the identifiable The la-rge size of the ulna in Unit A, Layer 2, and the third molar in Unit C, Layers 5 or 6, (46.0 mm}. would seem to indicate that the material is from wild individuals, and wild pigs are at present a nuisance in fields around Izeh. The presence of distal limb elements, skull elements, and innominate fragments as well as limb elements proper, indicates that entire pig carcasses were brought back to the site. There is no evidence of burning on any of the pig material. materia~l.-

Bos taurus. Domestic cattle were represented by 16 elements comprising 12% of the identifiable material. The identification of the Zabarjad cattle as domestic is based on a single measurable element, a first phalanx (69.0 by 39.0 mm) from Unit B, Layer 3 or 4. The Bos material represents both young and adult individuals. These animarswere probably also butchered on the site. There is no evidence of burning on any of the cattle elements. Ovis . . . capra-Gazella. The remaining 83 mammalian elements were from sheep, goats, or gazelles. These antmals comprtse 67% of the identifiable material. Young and old individuals were represented in the sample. These animals were probably butchered on the sites. Gazella, ~' and Ovis were all present in the sample but the small number of elements asstgnable to species does not allow one to establish meaningful utilization ratios. That the sheep and goats from Zabarjad were domestic is assumed, since no horn cores were recovered. The only gazelle known to occur in the area is the goitered gazelle, ~. subgutturosa. This is probably the species represented by the material assignable to this genus.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHEASTERN XUZESTAN

92 bird.

Class Aves. Two bird elements represent a medium sized water Comparative materal is unavailabl~.

Class Osteichthyes. The four fish elements were probably a 11 from individuals of the family Cyprinidae. One of the elements represents a very large member of this family. Such fish could have been obtained about 10 km away from the Halijun River. There is not enoughmaterial to do a distributional analysis within the Middle Uruk layers. We can note that a pig seems to have been butchered near Unit B during Layer 2 times, and a pig and a young cow seem to have been butchered near Unit C in Layer 5 and 6 times. In contrast, a number of small bovids were butchered near Unit B in layer 3 and 4 times and again at the time the pit was filled. Thus there may be some spatial separation between the butchering locations for large versus small mammals. Future work on this point would be useful. The reader may consult Table 14 for detailed distributional information. In short, our data indicate that although the inhabitants of Middle Uruk Zabarjad gained much of their meat from the hunting of pig and gazelle, the majority of their meat came from domestic cows, goats, and sheep. The percentages of pig and cow are the highest reported from an Uruk community in Xuxestan. Larger samples are needed to better characterize the varieties represented, and to establish a sheep-goat mortality curve. Concluding Remarks These small excavations have established several points about Tappeh Zabarjad which will be useful in planning future work: (1) centimeters more. With Middle Uruk

On the summit of the mound there are at least eighty of Middle Uruk deposits; in some places there are probably more extensive excavation it should be possible to recover buildings and large samples of associated artifacts.

These deposits have not been badly damaged by later construc(2) tion or by later use of the mound as a cemetery, though some disturbed parts could exist outside the area we have tested. The information available at present from these deposits (3} be interpreted as representing a simple agricultural simply most can evidence that wtl d animals were hunted and domestic have We community. were herded and butchered on the site, probably goats and cows, sheep; with choppers and blade tools, as they were el sewhe.re in Southwestern Iran. We have no carbonized plant seeds but we do have a sickle blade and grinding slabs indicating harvest and preparation of grains. The usual range of jars and bowls for domestic use seem to have been produced locally. Few of the materials used in the technology indicate far-

3.

SURVEY ON THE PLAIN OF IZEH

93

reaching exchange connectio ns. On the other hand, some unusual features of the sample may indicate a more complex community; the chert tools were made elsewhere and the percentage of cows is notably high, even though this is an area where few cattle are kept today. Both of these features suggest provision ing from another center elsewhere. The occurrence of a fine stone vessel and a discarded copper implement in such a small sample is surprisin g and suggests some families on the site were wealthier than others. Finally, there are high concentr ations of beveled rim bowls in certain areas; such concentr ations have been taken as an ind lea tion of admlni stere.d l aDor activity- (Johnson 1973:

129- 38). Future work on Middle Uruk layers must be directed at eluci dating the soc ia 1 and administ rative organiza tion of the community at this time. (4) Below the Middle Uruk deposits are sealed layers and structure s of the much larger Early Uruk center. Understanding of the economic, social, and administ rative organizat ion of such a community is crucial to our understanding of the origin of the state in Southwestern Iran.

The Protoelamite

Period on the Izeh Plain

by Mansur Sajjidi

After the later Uruk abandonment, the plain was reoccupied by communities making what we term Early Protoelam ite ceramics. There was a striking increase in population to levels not equaled again until the Seleuco-P arthian period. We recognize as Early Protoelam ite those ceramics with close parallels to Suse Acropole I:l6-l4b (LeBrun 1971). The surface samples have the following characte ristics: The clay is usually straw tempered, but sometimes there are also small pieces of limestone with the straw. Most vessels are finished on a potter 1 s wheel, but some large vessels were perhaps begun by hand. Many are well fired; the sherds are very hard and ring when struck against a hard object. The color is usually brick red with a dark core. Most vessels had a red or dark brown slip which flakes easily away from the original clay surface, but in our collectio ns many sherds have lost their slips completely. Among the more common vessel forms are small and medium sized bowls with simple round lips, simple flat lips, or thickened flat lips. There are also large bowls or basins with flattened or ledge rims and simple raised bands or ridges on the body (Fig. 35a). There are many jars with flared necks and simple (Fig. 35b} or thickened (fig. 35c, d} rims. These range from small to very large (Fig. 35d). Also common are jars with a grooved band rim (Fig. 35e,f} which also range from small to very large, These jars often have ring bases (Fig. 35g) and one or more raised bands on the body, either plain or impressed with the finger (Fig. 35h). One large site (8326/5898) has softer and thicker sherds and some

94 Table 15 '·

Pro toe 1amite Name

No.

~oqa Buzorg

8183/5992 8184/5984 8192/5998 8204/5910 8215/5939 8234/5923 8243/5921

T.Sabz 1 Cili Baqar>i ~ahr Burj

8262/5899~00 8265~6/5970

8299/5941 8304-6/5900-1 8326/5898

Fig. 35. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

sites in the Izeh area: 19 76 survey

~oqa Karieh

Site Area in Type Hectares 3.3 Center 3.3 Camp 9,3 Camp 1 •5 Camp 12.6 Town 2.6 Village 1.0 Camp 3.3 Center 5.8 Center 1.2 Village 3.3 Center 4.4 ?

Nearest Nearest Settlement Spring 2. 1 6.4

2.5 2.5

3.6 2.5

3.8 4.0 4.0 4.0

4.8 6.4 5.0 4.8 4.0

Protoelamite ceramics from the Izeh Plain

Basin, 0:24, Th:.80, Temp: 10% straw, limestone, Body: light red (2.5 Slip: light red (2.5 R 6/6), 8262/5899. R 6/6), Small round rim jar, 0:14, Th:.50, Temp: 10% straw, Body: light red 2.5 R 6/8), Slip: brown (10 R 5/3), 8262/5900. Medium thickened round rim_jar, 0:18, Th;.58, Temp: 5% straw, Body: light red (2.5 R 6/8), Slip: light red (2.5 R 6/6) 8262/5899, (Le Brun 1971: Figure 66:3). Large thickened round rim jar, 0:40, Th:l.lO, Temp: 10% straw, Body: light yellowish brown (2.5 Y 6/4}, Slip: dark gray (10 YR 4/1) 8262/5899. Medium band rim jar, 0:20, Th:.60, Temp: 10% straw, limestone, Body: light red (2.5 R 6/8), Slip: light red (10 R 6/8), 8262/5899, (LeBrun 1971: Figure 63:13). Medium band rim jar, 0:20, Th:l.OO, Temp: 10% straw, Body: light red (2.5 YR 6/8), Slip: very pale brown (10 YR 8/3}, 8262/5900, (Le Brun 1971: Figure 63:13}. Ring base, 80:18, Th;.80, Temp: 10% straw, Body: reddish yellow 7.5 YR 7/6), Slip: light red 00 R 6/8}, 8262/5899. Thumb impressed band, Th:.60, Teme: 10% straw, Body: reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6), Slip: light red (10 R 6/8) 8262/5899.

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0

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Fig. 37. Site 8183/5992, ~oqa Buzorg a small Protoelamite center with an Archaic and Middle Susiana occupation under the center and Elamite, Seleucid, and Il Xanid-Timurid reoccupation on the southeast terrace.

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N

SURVEY ON THE PLAIN OF IZEH

3.

99

The Elamtte Periods on the Izeh Plain by Mohammed IsmaeZ Bayani

The earlier Elamite periods, termed ''Awan'' and "Simashki" by Carter in her outstanding synthesis of the second millennium B,C. in Xuzestan (lq71) are not well attested on the fzeh Plain. This may result from our lack of kno~ledge of the local ceramics of these times. Tn

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