A technique for classifying occupations according to the demands made on certain personal characteristics of workers

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N o r th w e ste r n U n iv e r s it y M a n u s c r ip t

L ib r a r y

T h eses \t>

U n p u b lis h e d t h e s e s s u b m it t e d f o r th e M a s t e r 's and D o c t o r ' s d e g r e e s and d e p o s i t e d in t h e N o r th w e s te r n U n i v e r s i t y L ib r a r y a r e o p en f o r i n s p e c t i o n , b u t a r e to be u se d o n ly w ith due r e g a r d to th e r i g h t s o f th e a u th o r s . B ib lio g r a p h ic a l r e f e r e n c e s m ay b e n o t e d , b u t p a s s a g e s may b e c o p i e d o n l y w i t h t h e p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e a u t h o r , an d p r o p e r c r e d i t m u s t be g i v e n in s u b se q u e n t w r it t e n o r p u b lis h e d w ork. E x t e n s iv e c o p y in g o r p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e t h e s e s i n w h o le o r i n p a r t r e q u i r e s a l s o t h e c o n s e n t o f t h e D ea n o f t h e G r a d u a t e S c h o o l o f N o r t h w e s t e r n U n iv e r s i t y . T h i s t h e s i s by h a s b een u se d by th e f o llo w in g a t t e s t t h e ir a c c e p ta n c e o f th e p a tro n s

is

A L ib r a r y ex p ected

NAME AND ADDRESS

p e r s o n s , w h ose s ig n a t u r e s above r e s t r ic t io n s .

w h ic h b o r r o w s to s e c u r e th e

t h i s t h e s i s f o r u s e by i t s s ig n a t u r e o f each u s e r .

DATE

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

A TECHNIQUE FOR CLASSIFYING OCCUPATIONS ACCORDING TO THE DEMANDS, MADE ON CERTAIN PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WORKERS

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS f o r th e d e g r e e DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

SCHOOL OP EDUCATION

BY CLARENCE A. MICHEIMAN

EVANSTON, ILLINOIS JUNE, 1942

ProQuest Number: 10101745

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality o f this rep rod uction is d e p e n d e n t u p o n th e quality o f th e c o p y subm itted. In th e unlikely e v e n t th a t th e author did n o t s e n d a c o m p l e t e manuscript a n d th er e are missing p a g e s , t h e s e will b e n o te d . Also, if material h a d to b e r e m o v e d , a n o t e will in d ic a te th e d e le tio n .

uest ProQuest 10101745 Published by ProQ uest LLC (2016). Copyright o f th e Dissertation is held by t h e Author. All rights reserved. This work is p r o t e c t e d a g a in s t unauthorized c o p y in g under Title 17, United States C o d e Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346

11

TABLE OP

contents

C hapter I

II

III

Page THE PROBLEM OP OCCUPATIONAL ORIENTATION...........................

1

Im portant E f f e c t o f O ccu pation on Human W elfa re • Need f o r A s s is t a n c e in O ccu p a tio n a l O r ie n ta tio n . Inadequacy o f P r e v io u s A ttem p ts to S o lv e th e P roblem s o f V o c a tio n a l C h o ice, E d u ca tio n , and P l a c e m e n t . ••• S ta te m e n t o f th e Problem . . .........................

2 10 19 25

RELATED STUDIES ....................................................................................

29

C on ven ien ce C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s ........................................... S p e c ia l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s ......................................................... O c cu p a tio n a l A b i l i t y P a tte r n s .................................... O ccu p ation R esea rch Program o f th e U n ited S t a t e s Employment S e r v ic e ................................................................ D i s t i n c t i v e n e s s o f th e P r e s e n t R e s e a r c h ....................

31 33 46 49 55

OCCUPATIONAL REQUIREMENTS .............................................................

60

D e te r m in a tio n o f C h a r a c t e r is t ic s f o r Use in E v a lu a tio n o f O ccu p a tio n a l Demands ........................... D evelopm ent o f a R a tin g S c a le f o r C h a r a c te r is tic s ............................................................ IV

7

60 85

OCCUPATIONAL DATA AND RECORDS ...................................................

91

S e l e c t i o n o f In stru m en ts and Methods ........................... S e l e c t i o n o f a Sample o f O c c u p a t io n s ........................... P r o ced u res f o r S e c u r in g O ccu p a tio n a l In fo r m a tio n .

91 92 93

OCCUPATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS

...................................................

E x p erim en ta l P r o ced u res f o r D is c o v e r in g R e l a t i o n s h i p s ............................................................................ D e te r m in a tio n o f S i m i l a r i t y and D i s s i m il a r i t y Through Use o f T e s t S c o r in g M a c h in e ........................ The R e la t io n s h ip Pormula .................................................. P e r c e n ta g e R e la t io n s h ip s o f O c c u p a t io n s .................... Sum m ary................................................................................................

105 106 113 121 130 132

ill

TABLE OF CONTENTS (OONT.) C h ap ter VI

Page IDENTIFICATION OF CONSTELLATIONS OF OCCUPATIONS . . . .

135

B a s ic C oncepts in Grouping O c c u p a t io n s .............. 134 F o r m u la tio n o f High R e la t io n s h ip T a b l e ................. .. • F o r m u la tio n o f I n t e r r e la t io n s h ip M a trix . . . . . . . . . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f Prim ary O ccu p ation s o f C o n s t e l l a t i o n s .......................................................................... I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f Secondary O ccu p ation s o f C o n s t e l l a t io n s ..................................... T r a n s p o s it io n o f O ccup ations from High R e la t io n s h ip T a b l e ..................................... I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f Supplem entary G roupings .............. C on tinu ou s R ecords o f P ro ced u res .................................... N a tu re and C h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f t h e C o n s t e ll a t io n s . 711

IMPLICATIONS OF THE CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUE FOR OCCUPATIONAL ORIENTATION......................................................

136 138 143 147 150 154 158 164

181

I m p lic a tio n s f o r T o c a tio n a l G u id a n c e ................... 182 I m p lic a tio n s f o r V o c a tio n a l E d u c a t i o n ................ 191 I m p lic a t io n s f o r T o c a tio n a l P la c e m e n t .......... 194 T ill

SUMMARY OF THE TOTAL INVESTIGATION WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY..........................................

203

Problem o f O ccu p a tio n a l O r i e n t a t i o n ..................... 203 S t u d ie s R e la te d t o T h is I n v e s t i g a t i o n ....................... . O ccu p a tio n a l R e q u ir e m e n ts ................ O c cu p a tio n a l D ata and R e c o r d s ............................ D e te r m in a tio n o f O ccu p a tio n a l R e l a t i o n s h i p s ......... I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f C o n s t e lla t io n s o f O ccu p ation s . I m p lic a t io n s o f th e C l a s s i f i c a t i o n T echnique . . . . S u g g e s tio n s f o r F u rth er S t u d y ............................

208 211 213 217 221 226 229

BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................

256

APPENDIX

242

iv

LIST OF TABLES T a b le

Page

I

SHIFTING OCCUPATIONAL PATTERNS ..............................................

16

II

THURSTONE'S AND STRONG'S CLASSIFICATIONS OF OCCUPATIONS BY INTERESTS.............................................................

44

CHARACTERISTICS INCLUDED IN OCCUPATIONAL PSYCHOGRAPHS........................................................................................

64

RIGHT-WRONG TABLE, SHOWING SCORES OBTAINED BY COMPARING PSYCHOGRAPHS OF OCCUPATIONS WITH BASIC OCCUPATIONS; AND PERCENTAGE RELATIONSHIP TABLE, SHOWING PERCENTAGE RELATIONSHIPS OF PAIRS OF OCCUPATIONS...........................................................................................

ISO

HIGH RELATIONSHIP TABLE — INDICATING THE OCCUPATIONS WHICH ARE RELATED BY VARIOUS PERCENTAGE RELATIONSHIPS WITH EACH OCCUPATION OF THE STUDY . . .

137

III IT

Y

VI

711

Y III

IX

X

INTERRELATIONSHIP MATRIX NO. 1 - PERCENTAGE RELATION­ SHIPS OF THE PAIRS OF OCCUPATIONS WHICH CAN BE DERIVED FROM THE OCCUPATIONS HAYING A PERCENTAGE RELATIONSHIP OF EIGHTY OR MORE WITH OCC. No. 188 . . 144 INTERRELATIONSHIP MATRIX NO. 1 , SHOWING THE OCCUPATIONS WHICH WERE SEGREGATED FROM THE MATRIX AND THOSE WHICH ARE MUTUALLY INTERRELATED TO THE EXTENT OF EIGHTY PER GENT ORMORE .............................

146

CUMULATIVE ASSIGNMENT CHART FOR RECORDING ACTION TAKEN IN REGARD TO OCCUPATIONS DURING THE CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURE............................................................

160

COMPARISON OF TWO INTEREST GROUPINGS OF OCCUPATIONS WITH THE CONSTELLATIONS WHICH WERE IDENTIFIED THROUGH THIS STUDY .................................................................

177

COMPARISON OF FREYER'S INTELLIGENCE CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS WITH THE CONSTELLATIONS WHICH WERE IDENTIFIED THROUGH THIS STUDY .........................................

179

V

LIST OF FIGURES F ig u r e

Page

1

O c cu p a tio n a l R ecord S h e e t

............................................................

102

2

F in d e x R ecord C a r d ........................................................................................

109

3

O cc u p a tio n a l

R ecord S h e e t f o r A c c o u n t a n t ...................................

122

4

O ccu p a tio n a l

R ecord S h e e t f o r A c o u s t ic a l E n g i n e e r

125

5

O cc u p a tio n a l

R ecord S h e e t f o r T ic k e t A g e n t ...............................

124

6

P sych ograp h o f Occ* No* 2 Superim posed on P sychograph o f Occ* No* 1 ................................................................................

125

Diagram Show ing th e R e la t io n s h ip o f P o s i t i o n s o f O cc. No* 1 and O cc. No* 2 ........................................................................

126

Diagram Show ing t h e R e la t io n s h ip Two O ccu p a tio n s ..............................

127

7 8

o f P o s i t io n s o f

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM OF OCCUPATIONAL ORIENTATION The work one d oes f o r a l i v i n g a f f e c t s s i g n i f i c a n t l y how he and o th e r s l i v e .

Any o c c u p a tio n e x te n d s i t s r a m if ic a t io n s f a r "beyond th e

a c t u a l work s i t u a t i o n .

For m ost p e r s o n s , o c c u p a tio n a l a c t i v i t y i s

one o f t h e m ajor f a c t o r s o f l i f e . A c h a p te r in th e r e p o r t o f th e Lyndsf s o c i o l o g i c a l stu d y o f M id d letow n i s e n t i t l e d , ”The Long Arm o f th e Job”".

In t h i s i n v e s t i ­

g a t io n a p e r s o n ’ s o c c u p a tio n was found t o he an im portant f a c t o r th a t 1 t h r u s t s i t s in f lu e n c e in t o many a s p e c t s o f h i s e x i s t e n c e . In a f o llo w - u p stu d y t e n y e a r s l a t e r th e a u th o r s o b serv ed t h a t th e Job was s t i l l a c o n t r o l li n g and v i t a l in f lu e n c e in modes o f l i v i n g . They s t a t e d : One’ s Job i s a w atersh ed down which th e r e s t o f h i s l i f e te n d s t o flo w In M iddletow n • • • • • Who one is * whom one know s, how one l i v e s , w hat one a s p ir e s t o b e , t h e s e and many o th e r u r g e n t r e a l i t i e s o f l i v i n g a re p a tte r n e d f o r one by what one d oes to g e t a l i v i n g and th e amount o f l i v i n g t h i s a llo w s one t o b u y .2 T h ese im p a cts o f th e Job in d ic a t e i t s w e lf a r e . str u c tu r e .

im portance in in d iv id u a l

I t i s a l s o one o f th e m ost e f f e c t i v e bonds o f s o c i a l In t h i s c o n n e c tio n , S a lz p o in te d ou t t h a t

o c c u p a tio n i s a f a c t w hich d i s t in g u is h e s one man from a n o th e r , g i v i n g e v e r y in d iv id u a l a f e e l i n g o f ^ R ob ert Iynd and H elen Iyn d , M idd letow n , (New York; H arcou rt, B race and C o ., 1929) p p . 5 3 -7 2 . O R o b ert Lynd and H elen Iy n d , M iddletow n i n T r a n s it io n , (New York: H a rco u rt, B race and C o ., 1937) p . 7 .

z

in d ep en d en c e, and a t th e same tim e u n it e s as e q u a ls men o f d i f f e r e n t o r i g i n and background. O ccu p ation l e a v e s i t s im p ress upon th e in n e r b e in g o f in d i v i d u a l s , a f f e c t s v i t a l l y t h e ir ex te r n a l l i f e h is t o r ie s , serv es a s th e l i n k b in d in g them to s o c i e t y and th e r e b y g i v e s s p e c i f i c form t o s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e . 1 The im portance o f o c c u p a tio n a l a c t i v i t y i s fu r th e r ev id e n c e d by th e g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t e x p r e s se d in what a p e r so n d oes f o r a liv in g .

A d e s c r i p t i o n or i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f a p erso n i s h a r d ly

co m p le te u n t i l i t i s known w here he works and what he d o e s . O cc u p a tio n a l l i f e a f f e c t s n o t o n ly th e p e r so n h im s e lf b u t a l s o h i s f a m ily and a s s o c i a t e s . Im portant E f f e c t o f O ccu p ation on Human W elfare T h is i n t e r e s t in and a t t i t u d e toward an o c c u p a tio n i s l a r g e l y due t o i t s f a r r e a c h in g i n f l u e n c e . th e f o ll o w i n g a r e a s :

T his in f lu e n c e can be n o te d in

s o c i a l s t a t u s , econom ic s i t u a t i o n , p h y s ic a l

h e a l t h , m en ta l h e a l t h , and l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s , each o f w h ich i s d ep en d en t to some e x t e n t upon what a p e r so n d oes f o r a l i v i n g . S o c i a l R e la t io n s h ip s .

The e f f e c t s o f th e h ig h ly com plex

d i v i s i o n o f la b o r on o c c u p a tio n a l l i f e a r e e v id e n c e d by many k in d s o f s p e c ia liz a tio n .

F u r th e r , o ccu p a tio n s te n d t o c l a s s i f y th e m se lv e s

in to s o c i a l h i e r a r c h i e s ,

some h a v in g more s o c i a l s t a t u s than o t h e r s .

Changes i n th e s o c i a l s t a t u s o f o c c u p a tio n s a re p a r a l l e l e d by ch anges in th e s o c i a l s t a t u s of p e rso n s engaged in them. W illia m s , th rou gh h i s in tim a te c o n t a c t w ith many k in d s o f i n d u s t r i a l em p lo y e e s, d is c o v e r e d t h a t a d e f i n i t e c a s t e sy stem e x i s t s ^ A rthur S a l z , ” O c c u p a tio n ,” E n c y c lo p e d ia o f th e S o c ia l S c i e n c e s , (New York: M acm illan C o ., 1933) p . 4 2 4 .

w it h in la b o r .

The work a p e r so n d oes te n d s to c l a s s i f y him s o c i a l l y

among h i s f e l l o w w o r k e r s .

As an exam ple, th e la b o r e r , prom oted to

t h e m illw r ig h t gan g a t o n ly two c e n ts more p er h o u r, i s im m ed ia tely a cco r d e d a new s o c i a l s t a t u s on th e job and in tu r n h is s ta n d in g among h i s f e l lo w s o u t s id e th e jo b i s im proved.

The w ork erf s p o s i t i o n

among h i s a s s o c i a t e s te n d s a l s o to d eterm in e t h e s o c i a l s t a t u s o f h i s w i f e and c h i l d r e n .

Such s t r a t i f i c a t i o n seem s to be b ased p r im a r ily

on p a y , r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , s k i l l and p u b li c c o n t a c t.^ O p in io n s may v a ry c o n c e r n in g t h e d e s i r a b i l i t y o f an occupa­ t i o n a l c a s t e sy ste m . day s o c i e t y .

The f a c t rem ains t h a t i t d oes e x i s t in p r e s e n t

P o s s ib l y in th e fu tu r e th e w orld w i l l become imbued

w ith t h e id e a t h a t a l l w ork, s o lo n g as i t i s h o n e st and w o r th w h ile , sh o u ld r e c e i v e e q u a l s o c i a l r e c o g n it io n .

But i t seem s t h a t f o r

some t im e , p e o p le w i l l te n d t o be c l a s s i f i e d and a f f e c t e d by th e s o c i a l p r e s t i g e a cco rd ed t h e i r o c c u p a tio n s .

B ecause o f i t s s o c i a l

i n f l u e n c e , th e c h o ic e o f an o c c u p a tio n assum es s ig n i f i c a n c e and im p o rta n ce. Econom ic W e lfa r e .

G lo s e ly r e la t e d to th e s o c i a l e f f e c t s o f

an o c c u p a tio n a re th e econom ic e f f e c t s . to ch o o se an in com e.

p

To ch oose an o c c u p a tio n i s

In c o n s id e r in g th e f i n a n c i a l im p lic a t io n s o f

c h o o s in g an o c c u p a tio n , a p erso n ou gh t c e r t a i n l y to r e a l i s e t h a t some ty p e s o f work o f f e r g r e a t e r p o t e n t i a l i t i e s f o r ea rn in g power ■*" W h itin g W illia m s , M a in sp rin g s o f Men, (New York: S c r ib n e r Ts S o n s, 1925) p . 3; p p . 5 5 -5 7 . 2 M axw ell S te w a r t, Your Income and M ine, Few York; A f f a i r s C om m ittee, I n c . , 1938) p . 1 .

C h a rles P u b lic

th a n o th e r s*

I t i s r e a d i l y a d m itted t h a t sim p ly b e c a u se a p e r so n

e n t e r s an o c c u p a tio n , he i s n o t th e r e b y a u t o m a t ic a lly g u a r a n te e d a g iv e n income*

O ther t h in g s b e in g e q u a l, h ow ever, he does ch o o se

b etw een th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a la r g e r or s m a lle r income*

S t u d ie s o f

co m p a ra tiv e e a r n in g s i n v a r io u s o c c u p a tio n s show t h a t some a r e more r e m u n e r a tiv e th a n o th e r s*

For exam p le, in 1925 th e a v er a g e y e a r ly

e a r n in g s f o r em p loyees i n a g r ic u lt u r e w ere " o n ly $ 5 2 5 , a s compared w ith $9 3 5 f o r p e r so n s em ployed in p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e , $ 1 ,5 5 1 in t h e 1 t r a n s p o r t a t i o n in d u s t r y , and $ 1 ,6 7 ? i n f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s * 1* T h is same k in d o f d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i s tr u e a ls o f o r o th e r grou p s o f o c c u p a tio n s*

2

A su rv ey o f w orkers in an Iowa town i n 193 5 -3 6 d i s c l o s e d th a t ev e n th e d e p r e s s io n e f f e c t s w ere d i f f e r e n t f o r f a m i lie s o f la b o r e r s , 3 fa r m e r s, and th e b u s in e s s c l a s s . T h ese d i f f e r e n c e s in incom e h ave a pronounced e f f e c t on th e mode o f l i v i n g o f w ork ers and t h e ir d e p e n d e n ts.

In a su rvey o f

M aryland y o u th in 1958 i t was fou nd t h a t th e w ages o f th e f a t h e r , th e wages o f y o u th , t h e i r e d u c a tio n a l o p p o r tu n ity , t h e i r p o s s i b i l i t y o f wage i n c r e a s e s , t h e econom ic and s o c i a l l e v e l s o f th e p r e se n t g e n e r a t io n and th e s u c c e e d in g , w ere a l l t i e d up in a co m p lic a te d ^ 2

M axw ell S t e w a r t, Your Income and Mine, pp* 8 - 9 .

M au rice L e v in , The Income S tr u c tu r e of t h e U n ited S t a t e s , (f/a s h in g to n , D. C .: B rook in gs I n s t i t u t i o n , 1958)^177 p . ” H arold F* C la rk , L if e E arn in gs in S e le c t e d O ccu p a tio n s, (New Yorks H arper and B r o s* , 1957) 408 p . 3 L o e t i c i a M* Conrad, ^ D ep ressio n E f f e c t s on F a m ilie s o f L a b o r e r s, Farm ers and t h e B u s in e ss G la s s , An A b stract;'* The American J o u r n a l of S o c io lo g y , XLITT, (J a n . 1939) 526-533*

5

econom ic p a t t e r n .

1

For t h e g r e a t m asses o f y o u th , t h e i r s c h o o lin g ,

t h e i r o c c u p a tio n a l f i e l d ,

and t h e i r incom es are v i t a l l y in flu e n c e d

by w hat t h e i r f a t h e r s do f o r a l iv i n g *

Youth ten d t o rem ain a t t h e

same s o c io -e c o n o m ic l e v e l as r e p r e s e n te d h y t h e i r f a th e r s ’ occupa­ t i o n s *2 Thus th e jo b h a s g r e a t econom ic im portance f o r b o th th e w orker and h i s f a m ily , f o r th e p r e s e n t and th e fu tu r e g e n e r a tio n * P h y s ic a l H e a lth *

C lo s e ly r e la t e d t o t h e f a m ily ’ s in com e,

w h ich h a s b een shown t o be l a r g e l y dependent upon o c c u p a tio n , i s th e h e a l t h o f youth*

A stu d y made in t h e m i l l v i l l a g e s o f South

C a r o lin a showed t h a t tw ic e as much i l l n e s s o ccu rred among y o u th s from p o o r f a m i l i e s a s among th o se who w ere r e l a t i v e l y w e l l to -d o * In t h i s su rv ey the r a te o f s ic k n e s s f o r y o u th s i n f a m i l i e s o f low incom es was p r a c t i c a l l y th e same a s t h e r a t e f o r o ld p e rso n s among th e w e ll- t o - d o * Ordin­ a r i l y , y o u th s u f f e r s o n ly about o n e -fo u r th a s much i l l n e s s a s o ld e r p e r s o n s . I t i s e s tim a te d t h a t f a m i l i e s w ith incom es o f l e s s th an |>2,50Q — w h ich in c lu d e s a t l e a s t t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f th e p o p u la tio n — r e c e iv e o n ly ab ou t o n e - h a lf th e m e d ic a l and d e n t a l care t h a t t h e y n e e d .5 Hot o n ly d oes th e jo b a f f e c t th e w o rk er’ s econom ic and s o c i a l s t a t u s , i t a ls o may im p air or prom ote h is p h y s ic a l h e a l t h . There i s ample e v id e n c e t h a t some ty p e s o f work o f f e r g r e a t e r h e a l t h h a za rd s th a n o t h e r s .

T hese may be ca u sed b y e i t h e r i n d u s t r i a l

Howard M. B e l l , Youth T e l l T h e ir S to r y , (W ashington, D. C.s A m erican C o u n c il on E d u c a tio n , 1958J p p . CO-61; 9 2 -9 5 ; 1 2 0 122; 1 5 6 . 2 I b i d . , p p . 1 5 2 -1 5 6 . 3 M axw ell S te w a r t, Youth in th e World of Today, Hew Yorks The P u b lic A f f a i r s C om m ittee, I n c . , 1938) p p . 6 - 7 .

6

a c c id e n t s o r o c c u p a tio n a l d i s e a s e s o r both*

A c c id e n ts r e s u lt from

a c o m p lic a te d number o f r e a s o n s , so i n any one a c c id e n t i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e c l e a r l y th e e x a c t f a c t o r s r e s p o n s ib le * H ow ever, s i n c e some in d iv id u a ls are more prone t o a c c id e n t s th a n o t h e r s , a p e r s o n sh o u ld en gage i n an o c c u p a tio n whose req u irem en ts a r e i n harmony w ith h i s p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s th e y r e l a t e to a c c id e n t p r o n en ess*

B e s id e s in d u s t r i a l a c c i d e n t s , c a s e s have been

r e p o r te d in B r i t i s h f a c t o r i e s o f a v a r i e t y o f p h y s ic a l a ilm e n ts ca u se d b y t h e o c c u p a tio n o f th e w o rk er.

(They in c lu d e c a s e s o f

l e a d , m ercu ry, a r s e n i c , ana l i n e , and b en a in e p o is o n in g and s e v e r a l ty p e s o f u lc e r a t io n *

E h ese d i s e a s e s a re more l i k e l y t o o ccu r in p some o c c u p a tio n s th a n i n o th e r s* Cabot i n s i s t s t h a t in many

i n s t a n c e s th e la c k o f s u i t a b l e work o u t l e t s has a pronounced d e t r im e n t a l e f f e c t on p h y s i c a l h e a lt h .

A consum ing i n t e r e s t in

an o c c u p a t io n a l a c t i v i t y h as a t h e r a p e u tic e f f e c t , w h ich may h e lp a p e r so n th rou gh many a d i f f i c u l t y . ^

Other o c c u p a tio n s ( f o r

exam ple th o s e in an atm osphere o f f r e s h a i r and su n sh in e ) may p la c e t h e worker in en v iro n m en ts w hich a r e d e f i n i t e l y co n d u civ e to p h y s ic a l w e l l b e in g .

Or a g a in , th e c o n d it io n s o f th e work may

o f f e r p r o t e c t i o n from f o r c e s d e tr im e n ta l to t h e p e r so n * s h e a l t h . B a le Y oder, P e r s o n n e l and Labor R e la t io n s , K a l l , I n c . , 1958) p p . 5 7 2 -5 7 5 .

(Hew York;

2

P r e n t ic e -

Y ernon, " I n d u s t r ia l D is e a s e s and P o is o n in g i n B r i t i s h F a c t o r i e s , 1955,** M onthly Labor R eview , XXKIX, (1954) 1 5 9 8 -1 4 0 0 . R ich a rd C* C abot, 1/hat Men L ive By, (B oston : M i f f l i n C o ., 1 9 1 4 ), p p . 1 1 -2 0 .

Houghton

When a p e r so n makes a c h o ic e o f an o c c u p a tio n h e may be s e l e c t i n g p o t e n t i a l h e a lt h h a za rd s or h e a lt h b e n e f it s * w h ich i s

T h is c h o ic e

so v i t a l t o h i s own and h i s f a m i l y f s h e a lt h must n a t u r a lly

assum e c o n s id e r a b le im p ortan ce* M ental H e a lth . p erson al liv in g

M en tal h e a lt h i s a l s o one o f th e a r e a s o f

s u b j e c t t o th e im p a cts o f t h e job*

U n le ss th e work

i s s u c h t h a t i t h arm on izes w ith t h e p e r s o n a li t y o f th e w ork er, con­ f l i c t s may be s e t up*

T hese a f f e c t n o t o n ly t h e p e r s o n a l h a p p in e ss

and w e l l b e in g o f th e w ork er, bu t a l s o have r e p e r c u s s io n s upon th e o r g a n iz a t io n w ith w h ich he w ork s, h is home, and h is s o c i a l r e l a t i o n ­ s h i p s .^

I t m ust be c l e a r l y r e c o g n iz e d t h a t

m en ta l h y g ie n e o f th e in d iv id u a l d e f i n i t e l y in v o lv e s in d u s t iy a s e f f o r t , g o a l , and s a t i s f a c t i o n . The c h ild may e n te r t h e j o b , but i t i s no l e s s tr u e t h a t th e Job e n t e r s th e c h i l d . The in t e r a c t i o n b etw een in d iv id u a l p e r s o n a lit y and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o p p o r t u n it ie s p o s s e s s e s d e f i n i t e v a lu e s from the s ta n d p o in t of m ental h y g i e n e .2 W h ile i t i s n o t t o be d e n ie d th a t th e w orker b r in g s t o th e jo b e m o tio n a l a t t i t u d e s t h a t have t h e ir o r i g i n e ls e w h e r e , Hoppock says th a t • * .* . on th e o th e r hand a f a i r l y str o n g argument can be made in su p p o rt o f th e c o n t e n t io n t h a t v o c a t io n a l m al­ ad justm en t ca u ses e m o tio n a l m aladjustm ent* P u t an a v era g e p e r so n i n a s i t u a t i o n su ch t h a t h is fa m ily i s dependent on h i s p erform an ce in a Job w hich demands a l e v e l o f a b i l i t y M. S . Y i t e l e s , I n d u s t r ia l P s y c h o lo g y , and C o ., 1952) pp* 5 8 6 -6 1 1 . 2

(Hew York;

W. W* H orton

I r a S* W ile , "A M en tal h y g i e n i s t Looks a t Guidance and I n d u s t iy , O c c u p a tio n s, X I I I , (Feb* 1959) 114 f f *

J u s t beyond h is r e a c h , s u b j e c t him t o cen su re and. r i d i c u l e f o r h is f a i l u r e s , add worry over p o s s i b l e d is c h a r g e , and th e developm ent o f g e n e r a l e m o tio n a l m alad ju stm en t would s u r p r is e very few p s y c h o l o g i s t s .* A p e r s o n ’ s o c c u p a t io n a l p lacem en t and th e d eg ree of h is a d ju stm en t t o i t i s im p o rta n t in th e a r e a o f m en tal h e a lt h , a s w e l l a s in th e a r e a s o f s o c i a l , eco n o m ic, and p h y s ic a l w e l l b e in g . L eisu re-T im e A c t i v i t i e s .

I t h a s b een p o in te d ou t t h a t even

th o u g h an o c c u p a tio n has stro n g in f lu e n c e on th e v a r io u s a s p e c t s o f d a i l y l i v i n g w hich h ave b een c i t e d , r e l e a s e may be fou n d d u rin g l e i s u r e tim e .

I t i s t r u e t h a t m odem t e c h n o lo g ic a l advances and

th e su b seq u en t r e d u c t io n i n th e hours o f la b o r fo r many p e o p le are f r e e i n g more o f th e w o r k e r 's tim e f o r a c t i v i t i e s o th e r th a n ea rn in g 2 a liv e lih o o d . W h ile i t i s h ig h ly d e s ir a b le t h a t l e i s u r e tim e should p r o v id e o p p o r tu n ity fo r i n t e r e s t and a c t i v i t y o u t l e t s n ot o f f e r e d by th e j o b , th e n a tu r e o f a p e r s o n ’ s l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s i s a c t u a ll y p a r t i a l l y d eterm in ed by th e n a tu r e o f h i s o c c u p a tio n .

For th o se

f a m i l i e s h a v in g la r g e r incom es t h e r e a r e a v a ila b le a g r e a t e r number and v a r i e t y o f sp a r e tim e a c t i v i t i e s th a n fo r th e f a m ili e s o f l i m i t e d in c o m e s.

The econom ic and s o c i a l in f lu e n c e s o f th e job may

n ot a r b i t r a r i l y d i c t a t e what a p erso n must do in h is f r e e tim e , but they.odo have a g r e a t in f l u e n c e on what he a c t u a lly can do and w ith whom he can do i t . 1

R o b ert Hoppock, Job S a t i s f a c t i o n , (New York; Harper and B r o t h e r s , 1935) p . 2 7 . 2 Eugene T . L i e s , "The A c t i v i t i e s of th e S ch o o l Program in R e la t io n t o L e is u r e E d u c a tio n ," Youth E d u ca tio n Today, S ix t e e n t h Y earbook, A m erican A s s o c ia t io n o f S c h o o l A d m in is tr a to r s , (W ashington, I), "b., 1938 p. 45. 3

R o b ert Lynd and H elen Iy n d , M iddle tow n, 251 f f .

9

In sp it© o f suck l i m i t a t i o n s , l e i s u r e a s a r e l e a s e from th e p r e s s u r e s o f u n s a t is f a c t o l y work s it u a t io n s th e f u n c t io n o f l e i s u r e i s

i s h e lp f u l; h u t i d e a l l y

so m elh i]^ more th a n t o he a p a l l i a t i v e

fo r more deep s e a te d d i f f i c u l t i e s *

Would i t not he much more

d e s ir a b le t o b r in g about a harm onious r e l a t i o n s h i p b etw een worker c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and job req u irem en ts? A f t e r ex a m in in g th e in f lu e n c e o f th e job in r e l a t i o n s h i p t o s o c i a l s t a t u s , econom ic w e lf a r e , p h y s ic a l h e a l t h , m en tal h y g ie n e , and l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s ,

i t is app aren t t h a t v o c a t io n a l e n t e r p r is e

sh o u ld be c o n s id e r e d im portant to th e w e lf a r e o f the I n d iv id u a l and t h o s e d ependent upon him*

The ftlon g aim o f th e job" d o es a f f e c t

t o a g r e a t e x t e n t many o f l i f e f s a c t i v i t i e s #

T h is i n d i c a t e s th e

d e s i r a b i l i t y of making an e f f o r t th rou gh v o c a t io n a l g u id a n c e , v o c a t i o n a l e d u c a t io n , and placem ent t o b r in g about a g r e a t e r d eg ree o f s a t i s f a c t o r y o c c u p a t io n a l a d ju stm en t# The d e s ir a b le work s i t u a t i o n is one in which th e w orker i s h ap p y, and p h y s i c a l l y and m e n ta lly a t e a s e b e c a u se t h e a c t i v i t i e s in v o lv e d a re in harmony w ith h is m en tal and p h y s ic a l a b i l i t i e s and a p p e a l to h i s i n t e r e s t s .

Such s a t i s f a c t o r y o c c u p a tio n a l a d j u s t ­

ment would y i e l d d iv id e n d s i n g r e a t e r w e ll- b e in g o f t h e worker in th e v a r io u s j o b - in f lu e n c e d a r e a s of h is e v e r y day l i v i n g , and i n in c r e a s e d econom ic e f f i c i e n c y and s o c i a l w e lfa r e *

Do c o n d itio n s o f

d e s ir a b le o c c u p a t io n a l ad ju stm en t p r e v a i l or are th e r e d i f f i c u l t i e s i n r e a c h in g su ch an o b j e c t iv e ?

10

Feed f o r A s s is t a n c e i n O ccu p a tio n a l O r ie n ta t io n That a d eq u a te o c c u p a t io n a l a d ju stm e n t i s n o t to "be found in t h i s c o u n tr y i s in d ic a t e d by f ig u r e s on la b o r tu rn o v er*

A stu d y

by B e r r id g e , b a sed on d a ta g a th e r e d from 1924 t o 1929 from 350 co m p a n ies, em p lo y in g an a v er a g e f o r c e o f 6 0 0 ,0 0 0 men, showed an an n u al tu r n o v e r o f 48 p e r c a n t .* T it e le s says; tu r n o v e r r e s u l t s from a v a r i e t y o f c a u s e s . It n a t u r a l l y v a r i e s w ith th e j o b s , w a g es, s e c t io n s o f th e c o u n tr y , se a so n o f th e y e a r , econom ic c o n d it io n s , e t c . , bu t d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n o f the worker o r em p loyer — r e s u l t ­ in g from th e u n f i t n e s s o f th e worker fo r t h e job — i s u n q u e s tio n a b ly a major ca u se F u r th e r , th e d i f f i c u l t i e s in o b ta in in g s a t i s f a c t o r y occupa­ t i o n a l a d ju stm e n t a re num erous. u n d er two c l a s s e s ;

In g e n e r a l t h e y may be grouped

(1 ) th o s e c e n t e r in g p r i n c i p a l l y around th e

p e r so n s o f w ork ers and w ould-be w o rk ers, and (2 ) t h o s e a r i s in g from ch a n g es or new d ev elo p m en ts in o c c u p a tio n a l o p p o r t u n it ie s . I n t h e f i r s t p l a c e , y o u th and w orkers n eed and d e s ir e h e lp . Youth*a Feed and D e s ir e f o r H elp .

Youth a r e fa c e d w ith th e

problem o f s e e in g r e a l i s t i c a l l y th e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e i r own a b ilitie s ,

a p t it u d e s , and i n t e r e s t s on th e one hand, and th e r e q u ir e ­

m ents and o p p o r t u n it ie s in th e w orld of work on th e o t h e r .

D iffic u lty

in making a w is e o c c u p a t io n a l d e c is io n seems t o b e a t t r ib u t a b le to th e ^ w h ite c o l l a r illu s io n * * , t o th e f a c t th a t p a r e n ts are u n a b le t o g i v e t h e i r c h ild r e n r e l i a b l e a s s i s t a n c e , and to th e f a c t t h a t -

T ills Z

Wm A . B e r r id g e , "M easuring la b o r T urn over," P e r so n n e l J o u r n a l, (1 9 2 9 ) 1 9 7 -2 0 6 . S . T i t e l e s , I n d u s t r ia l P s y c h o lo g y , p . 1 1 7 .

11

s o c ie ty f a i l s

to g i v e y o u th an o p p o r tu n ity t o s e e in p ro p er p e r s p e c t iv e

t h e demands and o p p o r t u n it ie s i n th e world

of w ork.^

Bach y e a r a p p r o x im a te ly 1 ,7 5 0 ,0 0 0 y o u th e n te r th e la b o r market in s e a r c h o f one o f th e many d i f f e r e n t k in d s o f J o b s, t h e a c t u a l number o f j o b s d ep en d in g on t h e d eg ree o f d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n betw een v a r io u s ty p e s o f w ork. many a s ,I S ,0 0 0 .

A cc o rd in g to some l i s t s , th e r e may be as

S t u d ie s r e p e a t e d ly show t h a t a la r g e p e r c e n ta g e

o f t h e s e y o u th d e s ir e to e n te r jo b s th a t r e q u ir e but a sm a ll p e r c e n ta g e o f th e t o t a l p o p u la t io n .^

Fo one w ould d ecry th e

a m b itio n o f you th in a s p ir in g to w h at t h e y

c o n s id e r t o be th e

m ost d e s ir a b le j o b , but t h e s e y o u th sh o u ld

be g iv e n a c le a r r e a l i z a ­

t i o n t h a t n o t a l l who a s p ir e can hope to a c h ie v e .

I t i s q u ite

p o s s i b l e , a l s o , t h a t i f g iv e n a r e a l i s t i c p ic t u r e o f th e a c t u a l c o n d it io n s and r e q u ir e m e n ts o f th e j o b , some o f t h e s e y o u th m ight change t h e ir o c c u p a t io n a l a m b itio n s e n t i r e l y .

Hoo many seem to

b e u n d u ly in f lu e n c e d by the " A t t r a c t iv e n e s s o f t h e remote" or th e " g l o r i f i c a t i o n o f t h e u n u su al" a s p o r tr a y e d in l i t e r a t u r e , drama, and th e m ovie s.^ 5 In s e c u r in g ad eq u ate in fo r m a tio n con cern in g o c c u p a tio n s , y o u th a r e fa c e d w it h a m u ltitu d e o f d i f f e r e n t job t i t l e s . i t would b e d i f f i c u l t

C e r ta in ly

to u n d erstan d and c h o o s e , under th e m ost

^ E . G. W illia m s o n , 3 tu d e n ts and 0 ccu p a tio n s , (le w York: H o lt and C o ., 1937) p p . x i i - - 31 p a ss im . 2

Henry

Howard M. B e l l , M atching Youth and J o b s , (T /ashington, D. C.: A m erican Youth C om m issio n ,A m erican C o u n cil on E d u c a tio n , 1940) p . 25; 1 5 5 . 5 . ^ 4

Howard M. B e l l , Youth Y e l l T h e ir S t o r y , p . 1 3 2 . B . G. T /illia m s o n , S tu d e n ts and O c c u p a tio n s, p . 1 4 .

12

f a v o r a b le c ir c u m s ta n c e s , from among: th e g r e a t number o f o c c u p a tio n s . E ven though a you n g p e r so n may he f a m ili a r w it h s e v e r a l hundred of th e t i t l e s , h is in fo r m a tio n may he v a g u e , in a d e q u a te , or m is le a d in g . To f u r t h e r c o n fu se th e i s s u e , o c c u p a tio n a l la b e ls are o f t e n m is­ le a d in g when u se d a s t h e b a s is

fo r v o c a t io n a l c h o ic e .^

Not o n ly do y o u th n eed h e lp in u n d e r sta n d in g o c c u p a tio n s , bu t W illia m s o n a s s e r t s th a t a s s i s t a n c e i s a l s o n eed ed b y m ost young p e o p le in o rd er to ufLd«r&$andL c l e a r l y t h e i r own a b i l i t i e s and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as t h e y r e l a t e to v o c a t io n a l o p p o r t u n it ie s and d e s ir a b l e o c c u p a t io n a l o r i e n t a t i o n .

They do n o t h ave th e p r o f e s s io n a l

t r a i n i n g nor ob j e c t i v i t y t o d iagn ose- isa ti^ fa h 'to r id y ; t h e i r own a p t it u d e s .

2

Youth th e m s e lv e s r e c o g n iz e t h e i r n eed fo r a s s i s t a n c e in o c c u p a tio n a l a d ju s tm e n t. In 1 9 3 4 , a group o f young p e o p le , r e p r e s e n t in g v a r io u s n a t io n a l g r o u p s, met in New York t o d is c u s s f i v e problem s w h ich th e y c o n s id e r e d most, im p o rta n t • « • • • Heading th e l i s t was 'p r e p a r in g f o r and f in d in g th e r ig h t j o b ' . ^ S im ila r d e s i r e s and co n cern s about o c c u p a tio n a l o r ie n t a t io n w ere d i s c l o s e d i n a su r v e y o f th e y o u th o f f i v e C o n n e c tic u t tow ns h ip s ,

4

and in t h e stu d y o f M aryland y o u th by B e l l .

5

Youth n o t

^

E . G. W illia m s o n , S tu d e n ts and O c c u p a tio n s, p . 1 8 .

^ 2

Ib M • , p . x v i i .

Youth E d u c a tio n Today, S ix t e e n t h Yearbook, Am erican A s s o c ia t io n o f S c h o o l A d m in is tr a to r s , (W ashington, D. G.Y 1938) p p . 6 - 7 . 4

A . J . Brundage and M. C. W ilso n , ^ S it u a t io n s , Problem s and I n t e r e s t s o f Unm arried R u ra l Young P e o p le , 16 to 25 Y ears of A g e ,” Summarized i n th e B u l l e t i n of th e K ansas R ural L if e A s s o c ia t io n , I , N o. 6 (J u n e , 1936) 1 0 -1 1 . 5

Howard M. B e l l , Youth T e l l T h eir S t o r y , p p . 7 8 -7 9 .

13

o n ly n eed h e l p , th e y w ant h elp * W hile t h e you n g p e r so n f a c e s d i f f i c u l t i e s in o c c u p a t io n a l l i f e *

in becom ing o r ie n t e d

i t m ig h t h e th o i^ h t t h e r e w i l l he no f u r t h e r

p rob lem s o n ce he i s p la c e d in an o c c u p a tio n *

C o n v e r se ly , h ow ever,

th e problem i s n o t r e a d i l y d is p o s e d o f by an i n t e n s i v e a p p lic a t io n a t a p a r tic u la r s ta g e in on et s l i f e . W orkers* Need f o r H e lp .

W hether i t

i s b eca u se o f th e con­

t i n u a l l y ch a n g in g w orker or work s i t u a t i o n , or b eca u se of u n s a t i s ­ f a c t o r y o c c u p a t io n a l a d ju stm en t in t h e f i r s t p l a c e , n o t a l l w orkers a r e in jo b s fo r w h ich t h e y a r e b e s t f i t t e d * w ork er d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n ,

1

T his i s e v id e n c e d by

i n e f f i c i e n c y on t h e jo b ,

2

and la b o r

tu r n o v e r . I t i s n o t s u g g e s te d t h a t th e d i s s a t i s f i e d worker i s a com plete v o c a t i o n a l m i s f i t n o r t h a t by a s e r i e s o f s h i f t s he can n ot e v e n t u a lly be e s t a b l i s h e d i n work w here he i s e f f i c i e n t and happy.

It is

d e s ir a b l e t h a t th e w orker become s a t i s f a c t o r i l y o r ie n t e d occupa­ t i o n a l l y a s so o n a s p o s s i b l e w ith a minimum of in c o n v e n ie n c e to th e w orker or econom ic w a s te t o in d u str y and s o c i e t y .

In a d d itio n

t o th e d i f f i c u l t i e s o f p la c e m e n t, l a t e r p rob lem s may a r i s e b eca u se t h e w ork ers th e m s e lv e s are c o n t in u a l ly ch a n g in g . Workers may b e thought o f a s changing in two r e s p e c t s .

In

th e f i r s t p l a c e , ch a n g es in t h e w orkers may be due t o work e x p e r ie n c e s , R o b ert Hoppock, Job S a t i s f a c t i o n , 305 p . Anonymous, The F o rtu n e Q u a rte rly S u rv ey , " O ccu p a tio n a l C on ten tm en t," F o r tu n e , X\TII, ITo. 1 , (J e n . 1938} 8 8 -8 9 . 2 Donald G. P a te r s o n and John G. D a r le y , Men, Women and J o b s , (M in n e a p o lis ; The U n iv e r s it y o f M in n esota P r e s s , 1936) pp. 3 4 -2 8 .

14

s h i f t s from one o c c u p a tio n to a n o th e r , and t o in c r e a s in g age*

I h is

i n c r e a s in g age and o th e r i n f lu e n c e s may p rod uce p h y s ic a l v a r ia t io n s * R e g a r d le s s o f how c a u se d , th e ch an ges may make a p erso n p r o g r e s s iv e ly "better a d a p ted to some o c c u p a t io n s , w h ile a t th e same tim e c a u sin g him. t o "become l e s s a b le t o m eet th e req u irem en ts of" o t h e r s .

I t may

"be im p o rta n t th a t th e worker le a r n t o r e v i s e h is a t t i t u d e s and a c t io n s i n a c c o r d w ith th e ch an gin g c o n d itio n s *

Or th e p e r so n may

"be f o r c e d t o lo o k f o r o th e r means o f e a r n iz g a l i v i n g , in v o lv in g a g a in th e e n t i r e problem of o c c u p a tio n a l o r i e n t a t i o n . In the second p la c e * th e r e i s

th e e v e r i->resent hazard o f

a c c id e n t and d is e a s e * w h ich may a l t e r a p e r s o n rs c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s t h e y r e l a t e t o a kind o f w ork.

When t h e s e changes come to the

w o rk er , and he musrt change h is v o c a t io n a l a c t i v i t y , i t i s d e s ir a b le t h a t he s e c u r e work t h a t h arm onizes a s c l o s e l y as p o s s ib l e w ith h i s p r e v io u s o c c u p a tio n and th e new c o n d itio n s imposed by the change i n h is own work a b i l i t y .

Here is in d ic a t e d th e need fo r a

w id e k now ledge o f v a r io u s work o p p o r t u n it ie s and r e q u ir e m e n ts. t e c h n o l o g i c a l changes ca u se o c c u p a tio n a l o p p o r t u n it ie s to s h i f t , g iv in g r i s e to a d d it io n a l d i f f i c u l t i e s of o c c u p a tio n a l a d ju s tm e n t.

B r i e f r e f e r e n c e can be made h e r e o n ly to such f a c t o r s

a s s h i f t s in o c c u p a t io n a l o p p o r t u n it ie s , t e c h n o lo g ic a l ch a n g es, and s h i f t s by w orkers from o c c u p a tio n t o o c c u p a tio n . Change i n O cc u p a tio n a l O p p o r tu n it ie s .

Large s h if t s a r e

ta k in g p la c e i n th e number of w orkers engaged in th e d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a t io n s .

By making a com parison of th e number o f g a i n f u l l y

em ployed w orkers in the d i f f e r e n t cen su s groups as r e p o r te d in

15

1870 and su b seq u en t y e a r s , c e r t a in o u tsta n d in g changes can be o b s e r v e d ,^

Some o f th e groups are grow ing s t e a d i l y s m a lle r in th e

p e r c e n t a g e s o f th e t o t a l number of w ork ers in c lu d e d w h ile o th e r groups a re becom ii^ p r o p o r t io n a t e ly la r g e r * a r e th e s h i f t s in a g r ic u lt u r e and tra d e*

E s p e c i a l l y pronounced

Such ch anges in th e number

o f w o rk ers em ployed n a t u r a lly r e s u lt in a changing p a t t e r n o f v o c a t i o n a l o p p o r tu n ity *

T his a f f e c t s th e y o u th a s he t r i e s to

p r o j e c t h im s e lf i n t o th e f u t u r e work demands and o c c u p a tio n a l r e q u ir e m e n ts , and i t a l s o a f f e c t s the worker who f in d s h im s e lf in th e m id st o f such t r a n s i t o r y m ovem ents. P r o b a b ly much more c a ta c ly s m ic a r e th e changes wrought in th e la b o r m arket by t e c h n o lo g i c a l d e v e lo p m e n ts.

A lm ost o v ern ig h t

new i n d u s t r i e s d e v e lo p , c a r r y in g a lo n g w iih them demands fo r d i f f e r e n t p a t t e r n s of worker c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and a b i l i t i e s fo r th e new ly d is c o v e r e d work p r o c e s s e s .

On the more u n p le a sa n t s id e of

t h i s p i c t u r e , t h e s e new p r o c e s s e s o fte n make o b s o le t e some o ld e r m ethods and a lo n g w ith them a r t s and s k i l l s w hich w orkers may h ave sp en t y e a r s i n l e a r n i n g .

Workers must be found fo r th e

new demands, and a way must be found by Tshich w orkers com petent i n o th e r f i e l d s can f i t

in to th e n ew ly e v o lv in g scheme o f Indus-

t r i a l and v o c a t io n a l a c t i v i t y *

2

New m ethods o f p r o d u c tio n , cou p led w ith th e g r e a t in c r e a s e i n p o t e n t i a l o u tp u t, make i t d i f f i c u l t to m a in ta in smooth y e a r ly *

S e e T able I , p . 1 6 .

^

M axw ell S te w a r t, Youth i n th e World of Today, p . 11.

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colu m n .

F o r exam p le, a l l o f th e o c c u p a tio n s having' a p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n ­

s h ip o f s e v e n t y w it h O cc. ETo* 1 are l i s t e d in t h e c e l l w here O cc. Ho* 1 and s e v e n ty p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p i n t e r s e c t .

Thus one can q u ic k ly s e e

th e o c c u p a tio n s w hich have a p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f a c e r t a in amount w ith any one o f t h e two hundred o c c u p a tio n s .

The prim ary f u n c tio n o f

t h e h ig h r e l a t i o n s h i p t a b le was t o p la c e in more c o n v e n ie n t form , f o r u s e in su b se q u e n t ste p s o f th e p r o c e s s , th e p erce n ta g e r e la t io n s h i p s o f th e d i f f e r e n t p a ir s o f o c c u p a tio n s . F o r m u la tio n o f I n t e r r e l a t io n s h ip l l a t r i x The s p e c i f i c problem a t t h i s p o in t was t o i d e n t i f y through t h e s e d a ta th e o c c u p a tio n s w h ich h a v e h ig h m utual i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s . S u g g e s tio n s from T h u r sto n e >s C o n s t e lla t io n P r o c e d u r e s.

T hurstone

was f a c e d w it h a s im ila r p rob lem in th e p r e lim in a r y s t e p s o f making h i s fa c to r a n a ly s is .

B e fo r e su ch an a n a l y s i s can be made, i t i s n e c e s s a r y

to group th e ite m s o f d a ta in t o p r e lim in a r y c o n s t e l l a t i o n s or f a m i l i e s . The f a c t o r s a r e th en e v o lv e d on th e b a s is o f th e s e g r o u p in g s . A p ro ced u re s u g g e ste d by Thurstone i s to count in each row o f a ta b le of c o r r e la tio n s , th a t i s ,

f o r each t r a i t , th e number o f

c o e f f i c i e n t s w hose a b s o lu t e v a lu e s exceed some a r b i t r a r i l y d eterm in ed p o in t, sa y ,

.8 0 or . 9 0 .

S e l e c t th e t r a i t (T^) w hich h as th e h ig h e s t

number o f such v a l u e s . L i s t a l l o f th e t r a i t s whose c o r r e la t io n s w it h T ex ceed .8 0 and co m p lete t h e c o r r e l a t i o n t a b le f o r the t r a i t s so s e l e c t e d . E lim in a te from the ta b le the t r a i t w hich has th e l a r g e s t number o f i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s l e s s than .8 0 . B epeat t h e e lim in a t in g p r o c e s s u n t i l a l l th e t r a i t s t h a t rem ain in th e t a b le have i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s th a t e x ceed .8 0 . These t r a i t s c o n s t i t u t e a c o n s t e lla t io n . S e le c t th e t r a it • • • . . w hich h a s th e n e x t h i g h e s t number o f v a lu e s e x c e e d in g a c e r t a in p o in t

139

sftd w hich i s n o t p r o c e e d w ith i t in th e m a jo r it y o f th e t r a i t s a r e f l e x i b l e , and th e y

l i s t e d in th e group j u s t form ed, and same manner as w ith Tx u n t i l th e have "been a ssig n e d * T hese g ro u p in g s may he arran ged to over la p .-*■

He f u r t h e r s t a t e d t h a t t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s co n cern in g the c r i t i c a l v a lu e s w hich a r e u sed in fo r m u la tin g th e c o n s t e l l a t i o n may he a r b i t r a r i l y im posed by th e i n v e s t i g a t o r fo r ea ch stu d y in terms of th e c h a r a c te r ­ is tic s

o f t h e f a c t o r i a l m atrix*^

This p o in t o f v ie w in regard to

d e te r m in in g t h e b a s i s f o r a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s in harmony w ith t h a t s u g g e s t e d by B l i s s in p r e s e n t in g Dewey*s o p in io n th a t t h e co n c e p ts on w hich c l a s s e s a r e b a sed a r e not meraLy c o n c e p tu a l b ut a r e more b ro a d ly e x p e r im e n ta l*

3

He f u r th e r p o in te d out t h a t t h e n a tu r e o f th e c l a s s i ­

f i c a t i o n w i l l depend not o n ly on th e n a tu r e o f th e m a te r ia ls or c o n c e p ts b e in g c l a s s i f i e d b ut a l s o on t h e u n d e r ly in g p u rp o ses as w e ll* T h ese p o in t s o f v iew are im portant in regard to th e developm ent of th e p r o c e d u r e s w h ich are r e p o r te d in t h i s c h a p te r . D e te r m in a tio n o f Im portant P e r c e n ta g e R e la t io n s h ip .

I t was

e s s e n t i a l t h a t some d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g p o in t be e s t a b lis h e d fo r d e te r ­ m in in g th e o c c u p a tio n s w h ich a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e la t e d .

S in c e , as

was p o in te d o u t a b o v e , i n c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s i t i s n e c e s s a r y to d e fin e and d eterm in e th e groups a c c o r d in g t o th e n a tu r e o f th e d ata and the ends i n v ie w , th a t same p roced ure was n e c e s s a iy in d e a lin g w ith th e 1 L o u is L* T h u r sto n e , The V ecto rs o f Mind, (C h icago, The U n iv e r s it y o f C hicago P r e s s , 1935} p . 175* 2

P* 1 7 4 ‘

3

H enry E . B l i s s , The O r g a n iz a tio n of K nowledge, p* 1 2 2 .

^

I b id ., pp. 1 1 9 ff.

i

140

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f v o c a tio n s .

I t w i l l be r e c o g n iz e d t h a t th e n a tu r e o f

th e groups w hich a r e i d e n t i f i e d depends to a g r e a t e x t e n t on what p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p i s u sed as a d if f e r e n f e ia t in g p o i n t .

I f a v a lu e

b elow t h ir t y - t w o , th e lo w e s t in th e stu d y , i s u se d , a l l o c c u p a tio n s w i l l f a l l i n t o one la r g e g rou p .

On th e o th e r hand, s e l e c t i n g a v a lu e

above n i n e t y - f i v e w i l l p r e c lu d e any g ro u p in g o f o c c u p a tio n s and w i l l r e s u l t in e a c h o c c u p a tio n rem ainirg1 s e p a r a te and d i s t i n c t .

Somewhere

b etw een t h e s e ex tr em e s sh ou ld be a v a lu e t h a t w i l l serv e a s a p o in t of d iffe r e n tia tio n .

I t was d e s ir e d t o s e l e c t a valu e w h ich cou ld be

u se d t o gro&p sa tisfh p to r & A y the jo b s w hich a r e r e la t e d in regard to th e demands th e y make on th e w o rk ers.

The r e s u l t i n g f a m i l i e s should

h ave g e n e r a l l y h ig h i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s and should b e e f f e c t i v e in re d u c in g th e la r g e number o f o ccu p a iio n s t o a s m a lle r number o f more c o n v e n ie n t f a m i l i e s .

J u s t what th e n a tu r e o f th e se groups would be

and w hat th e d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g p o in t would b e , had to be d e r iv e d th ro u g h expe r im en ta t i o n . I t was fou n d t h a t by u sin g a very h ig h v a lu e , t h e r e would be more groups fo r m u la te d .

T hese would have h ig h in t e r r e la t io n s h ip s and con­

t a i n r e l a t i v e l y few o c c u p a t io n s .

C o n v e r se ly , by u s in g a low v a lu e the

r e l a t i v e l y few groups i d e n t i f i e d would each have a w ide spread o f i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s , and c o n ta in more o c c u p a tio n s .

N e it h e r o f t h e s e

two ex trem es would r e s u l t i n th e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f c o n s t e l l a t io n s o f o cc u p a tio n s w h ich would a id in s o lv in g th e problem s en cou n tered in v o c a t i o n a l g u id a n c e , v o c a t i o n a l e d u c a tio n , and v o c a t io n a l p la c e m e n t. As a r e s u l t o f e x p e r im e n ta tio n on th e b a s is o u t lin e d above and the in d ic a t e d o b j e c t i v e s , i t was found t h a t a p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip o f

141

e i g h t y was m ost e f f e c t i v e a s a d if f e r e n t la d in g p o in t i n th e f i r s t d i r e c t s t e p s in grouping* o c c u p a tio n s , t h a t i s ,

in e s t a b li s h in g what

i s c a l l e d th e fundam ental s e r i e s o f cons t e l l a t i o n s . This s a t i s f a c t o r i l y met th e req u irem en ts o f a c r i t i c a l p o in t w hich was low enough to in c lu d e s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e la t e d o ccu p a tio n s in th e same group and s t i l l h ig h enough t o p r e v e n t th e i n c lu s io n o f many d i f f e r e n t and c o m p a r a tiv e ly low r e la t io n s h i p o c c u p a tio n s*

This was in

harmony w it h th e o b j e c t i v e o f u s e f u ln e s s o f th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n in v o c a t io n a l g u id a n c e , v o c a t io n a l e d u c a tio n , and v o c a t io n a l p lacem ent* S e l e c t i o n o f Core O ccu p ation f o r I n t e r r e la t io n s h ip M a tr ix *

In

fo r m u la tin g t h e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p m a tr ic e s u sed i n t h is c l a s s i f i c a t i o n t e c h n iq u e , i t was fou nd d e s ir a b le t o make a d a p ta tio n s o f T h u rsto n ers p ro ced u re w hich was d e s c r ib e d above*

I n s te a d o f u s in g a s th e founda­

t i o n o r c o r e o f th e m a tr ix th e o c c u p a tio n h a v in g th e h ig h e s t number o f r e l a t i o n s h i p s above a c e r t a in c r i t i c a l p o i n t , th e o c c u p a tio n was u se d w h ich showed th e h ig h e s t r e l a t i o n s h i p w ith any o th e r occu p ation * T h is p la c e d t h e s t r e s s on h ig h r e l a t io n s h ip s r a t h e r th a n mere number o f r e la tio n s h ip s *

Of cou rse* s in c e any r e la t io n s h ip I s betw een tw o

o c c u p a t io n s , i t f o llo w s t h a t t h e r e were alw ays two v o c a tio n s t y in g f o r c o n s id e r a t io n a s th e one h a v in g th e h ig h e s t r e l a t i o n s h i p .

Conse­

q u e n tly th a t job was u se d as the co r e w h ic h , o f th e two ty in g o n e s , had t h e h ig h e s t number o f o ccu p a tio n s r e la t e d w ith i t to th e v a lu e of e ig h t y or a b o v e . In s e l e c t i n g th e job to be u sed a s th e co re o c c u p a tio n fo r th e f i r s t i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n m a trix o f t h is

stu d y , i t was found th a t th e

h i g h e s t p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p record ed on t h e h ig h r e la t io n s h ip

142

c h a r t was one o f 95 p e r c e n t betw een Occ. N o. 188 and Occ. No. 9 5 . O cc. No* 188 was r e l a t e d to 58 o c c u p a tio n s , and Occ. No. 95 was r e ­ la t e d

t o , 25 o c c u p a t io n s , w ith a p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t io n s h i p o f a t

le a s t 80.

T h e r e fo r e , a c c o r d in g to th e p r o c e d u r e , O cc. No. 188 was

s e l e c t e d as th e c o r e f o r o r g a n iz in g th e f i r s t in t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p m a tr ix . In su b seq u en t s e l e c t i o n o f core o c c u p a tio n s t h i s p roced u re became more c o m p lic a te d as more f a c t o r s e n te r e d in t o c o n s id e r a t io n . sum m arized on p p . 153

T hese are

f f . a f t e r th e p r e s e n t a t io n o f o th e r s te p s in

th e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f c o n s t e l l a t i o n s . O r g a n iz a tio n o f Data in th e I n t e r r e la t io n s h ip M a tr ix .

A f t e r th e

c o r e o c c u p a tio n was d eterm in ed , a l l o f th e o c c u p a tio n s w hich had a p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p w it h i t o f a t l e a s t e ig h t y were o rg a n ized in an i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p t a b l e .

The number of t h e c o r e o ccu p a tio n was

p la c e d in t h e upper l e f t hand s p a c e .

As a means o f i d e n t i f y i n g th e

colu m n s, th e o c c u p a tio n s were l i s t e d in n u m e ric a l ord er from l e f t to r i g h t a c r o s s t h e to p o f the t a b l e .

They w ere a ls o l i s t e d in t h e same

o rd er from to p to b ottom a lo n g th e l e f t s id e a s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n fo r th e ro w s. C o n tin u in g t o u se I n t e r r e la t io n s h ip M atrix No. 1 as an exam ple, O cc. No# 188 was i n d ic a t e d in th e upper l e f t hand co rn er o f th e ta b le and t h e o c c u p a tio n s w h ich had p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t io n s h ip s w ith i t o f e i g h t y o r more w ere l i s t e d in s e r i a l o rd er a lo n g th e to p and down th e l e f t s id e *

The c e l l s

o f t h e c h a r t were f i l l e d in a c c o r d in g to the

p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f th e o c c u p a tio n s i n t e r s e c t i n g in th e c e l l . The c e l l s

o f th e f i r s t row , l i s t i n g the r e la t io n s h ip s o f O cc. No. 188

143

w ith th e o th e r s w e r e , o f c o u r s e , a l l f i l l e d im m ed ia tely on s e t t i n g up t h e c h a r t .

in .

T h is was done

T h is in fo r m a tio n as w e ll as t h a t

fo r th e o th e r o c c u p a tio n s , was o b ta in e d from t h e h ig h r e la t io n s h ip t a b le by r e f e r r i n g t o th e l i n e r e la t in g to th e v o c a t io n under con­ s id e r a tio n .

In c a s e two o c c u p a tio n s did not have a p e r c e n ta g e

r e l a t i o n s h i p o f a t l e a s t e i g h t y , t h a t c e l l was l e f t blank:*

Table VI,

page 144 shows th e com p leted I n t e r r e la t io n s h ip M atrix No* 1 . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f P rim aiy O ccu p ation s o f C o n s t e lla t io n s The prim ary o c c u p a tio n s o f a c o n s t e l l a t i o n are th o s e o ccu p a tio n s o f th e m a tr ix w hich have a m utual i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p o f a t l e a s t 80 p er c e n t .

I t w i l l b e n o t ic e d t h a t th e m a trix in c lu d e d some occupa­

t io n s t h a t do not have t h i s amount of s i m i l a r i t y w ith a l l o f th e o th e r s.

T h ese w ere rem oved, one a t a tim e , from th e ta b le *

That

o c c u p a tio n was f i r s t s e g r e g a te d from th e m atrix which had th e l a r g e s t number o f i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s of l e s s th a n e ig h ty * exam ple u sed h e r e , t h i s was Occ. N o. 176* i s o l a t e d from th e t a b l e .

In th e

Thus i t was th e f i r s t one

In case two o c c u p a tio n s had t h e same

number o f i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f l e s s than e i g h t y , th a t one was i s o l a t e d f i r s t w h ich had t h e lo w e s t p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p w ith th e co re o c c u p a tio n .

This p r o c e s s was r e p e a te d u n t i l a l l of t h e occupa­

t io n s rem a in in g had i n t e r r e la t io n s h ip s o f e ig h t y or more*

These

o c c u p a tio n s c o n s t i t u t e the prim ary o c c u p a tio n s of C o n s t e lla t io n No* 1 . T h is same p ro ce d u re was fo llo w e d in i d e n t i f y i n g the p rim aiy occupa­ t io n s in a l l o f th e m a tr ic e s w hich w ere s e t up in the fo r m u la tio n o f o c c u p a t io n a l f a m i l i e s .

144

TABLE 7 1 . ENTEBBELATIONSHIP MATRIX NO. 1 - PERCENTAGE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE PAIRS OF OCCUPATIONS WHICH CAN BE DEBITED FROM THE OCCUPATIONS HATING A PERCENTAGE RELATIONSHIP OF EIGHTY OR MORE WITH OCC. No. 188

1S.A

m| Ml 87 f t 95 H m tm. m m m i m m i S i £ 1 &s i W 84 2 M 1 So m SO m S3 1 is ei£ m 90 p 1 Si i I 1 pa;1 1 1 M 94 So ft 4 \ \ si * 80 82 83 83 7 1 82 m*€ 92 \ 80 80 83 84 St 26 \ 83 90 83 80 85 84 80 86 j__ _L 32 \ 87 81 81 82 82 83 84 80 83 80 82 82 p p [ 80 t e I-1\ 44 \ 80 88 85 83 84 80 81 81 84 84 «3 80 —80 80 82 i81 m—; M 8482 56 \ n 60 \ 80 80 80 80 84 83 93 82 83 82 86 82 90 89 91 81 82 87 81 8680 83 84 1 86 809l\ Ii “ wi 64 SO 80 81 82 \ 85 68 80 W 82 81 \ 'I 82 82 80 \ 81 8585\ \ 91 80 83 82 80 87 81 81 \1 Z184 J j \ 84 80 \ 86 80 81 8 / 82 61 85 \ 93 r~86 B j M 87 81 \ 86 81 90 84 82 82 81 81 80 84 91 \ 80 82 87 90 P 85 80 80 LZ *9S \ 81 90 94 83 91 90 90 SO 81 83 85 80 80 80 85]m 90 \ 81 98 81 80 84 i l i_ 83 85 85 84 83 82 \ SO toI 82 82 82 |fcd \84 83 85 \ 82 SO 113 81 80 81 .Jpt 120 \ 84 86 83 85 84 ? s 91 83 8087 L.. f' nJ80[ 90 130 \ 83 81 1 i 87 91 *134 83 82 88 _i m 151 Si rI 81 _ _i \ 90 84 84 838090 '152 1 _z1J 1 \ 82 84 S3 83 _i1 —■ 1Z j i 80 L 84 \ 85 1S5 80 P P 156 S. IL lJ 83 m 86 I 157 □ \ 82 J \ 83 86 P 160 80 82 tr z 80 80 80 82\ 162 p i85 81 1 1 ~i 764 Z l j ii 80 84 81 84 84 1 1_I_i 186 \i65 __1 . it f\| 81 86 80 M80 81 ' m 166 □ □ i □ I□ ; N i 174 81 \ L_, p J _j Z' r \ 176 1

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P e r c e n ta g e R e la t io n s h ip b etw een O cc. N o. 4 and O cc. No. 7. B la n k , P e r c e n ta g e R e la t io n s h ip b etw een Occ. No. 26 and O cc. No* 4 i s l e s s than 8 0 .

L - - .- -

rii its \ 82 iL- bs 85 81 L_ ZfZ:Zj ___

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145

T a b le Y I I , on p age 146, r e p r e s e n ts t h e s e g r e g a tio n s made f o r th e f i r s t i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p m a trix *

By s u c c e s s iv e l i n e s , o c c u p a tio n s

i w h ich had th e g r e a t e s t number o f i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s below e ig h t y were s e g r e g a t e d 'u n til o n ly t h o s e rem ained w h ich had i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f t h i s v a lu e or above*

T hese o c c u p a tio n s a r e th o s e o f th e m a tr ix w hich

do n ot have l i n e s drawn th rou gh them*

They a r e in d ic a t e d a l s o by th e

d o u b le a s t e r i s k s i n t h e l e f t hand column o f o c c u p a tio n s*

This p ro­

ced u re r e s u lt e d i n th e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e f o llo w in g o c c u p a tio n s as th e p rim ary members o f C o n s t e lla t io n STo. 1* C o n s t e lla t io n Ho* 1 Prim ary O ccup ation s Occ*Kb. * » » « ** w * n w *

60 87 95 134 152 164

ft

n 1?9

* *

n 188 ” 193

As in d ic a t e d a b o v e , i t i s p o s s i b l e f o r two o c c u p a tio n s t o have a h ig h r e l a t i o n s h i p , and y e t not have e q u a lly h ig h r e la t io n s h ip s w ith o th e r o c c u p a t io n s .

One o f them may have a h ig h r e la t io n s h ip w ith

a n o th e r o c c u p a tio n w h ile th e o th e r d oes n o t .

This f a c t was b rou gh t

o u t p o in t e d ly i n t h e s e g r e g a t io n procedure d e s c r ib e d ab o v e.

An

o c c u p a tio n w h ich f a i l e d t o have a p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip o f a t l e a s t e ig h t y w ith any one o f th e prim ary o c c u p a tio n s , had t o be exclu d ed from t h a t c a te g o r y o f t h e c o n s t e l l a t i o n b eca u se i t d id n ot e x h i b i t p e r fe c t in te r r e la tio n s h ip .

Through a d d it io n a l e x p e r im e n ta tio n i t

was fo u n d n e c e s s a r y t o i n d i c a t e in some manner t h i s h ig h r e la t io n s h i p

146

TABLE V I I . INTERRELATIOHSHIP MATRIX HO. I , SHOWING THE OCCUPATIONS WHICH WERE SEGREGATED FROM THE MATRIX AND THOSE WHICH ARE MUTUALLY OTDEKRHLATED TO THE EXTENT' OF EIGHTY PEE CENT OH MORE 4456\60**6*U 8M 8 4 m B79l 959B\l0M3VMbl34t34slUS*\>SSli#ftolV*#6*l/*WSm" 1 1

W*$M W

**60

8619091

90 8S,

5 O

113

ISI **15Z

838090

**f64 &

* ^

P e r c e n ta g e R e la t io n s h ip b etw een O cc. Ho. 4 and O cc. Ho. 7* B la n k , P e r c e n ta g e R e la t io n s h ip b etw een O cc. Ho. 26 and Ooc. H o. 4 Is l e s s th a n 8 0 . ♦* UfosegregatedL, th e p rim aiy o c c u p a tio n s o f t h e c o n s t e l l a t i o n .

147

t o some o f th e members o f th e prim aiy*

In view of th e s e c o n s id e r a t io n s ,

j'

t h e n , th e n e x t s te p was th e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f th e s e p a r t i a l l y r e l a t e d j o c c u p a tio n s w hich a r e d e s ig n a t e d as th e s e e o n d a iy members of th e con­ s te lla tio n * I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f Secon dary O ccupations of C o n s t e lla t io n s T hose o c c u p a t io n s , w hich had b een s e g r e g a te d from th e m a tr ix when t h e p rim ary o c c u p a tio n s w ere b e in g e s t a b lis h e d , were c o n s id e r e d as p o s s i b l e members in t h e seco n d a ry c a te g o r y o f th e c o n s t e lla t io n *

They

w ere in c lu d e d as seco n d a ry i n th e fa m ily i f th e y met c e r t a in sta n d a rd s w h ich w ere e x p e r im e n ta lly d e r iv e d in a c c o r d w ith th e n a tu r e o f th e d a ta and th e p u rp o ses o f t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n * 1.

T hese a r e g iv e n b elo w .

The o c c u p a tio n was d e s ig n a te d as seco n d a ry i f i t had a p e r ­

c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f e ig h t y o r more w ith a t l e a s t tw o -th ir d s o f th e o c c u p a tio n s o f th e p rim ary c a t e g o r y . it

Or s t a t e d in terras o f a form u la,

is ; 0*s

n x 100 p

-

66 2 /3 per c e n t .

Here 0 r e p r e s e n ts th e o c c u p a tio n under c o n s id e r a t io n , n r e p r e s e n ts the number o f th e o c c u p a t io n ^ a t l e a s t e ig h ty p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip occupa­ t i o n s w hich a r e in th e l i s t o f prim ary o c c u p a tio n s o f t h e c o n s t e l l a t i o n ; p i s t h e number o f o c c u p a tio n s c o n s t i t u t i n g th e prim ary o f t h e con­ s te lla tio n * In th e c a se o f C o n s t e lla t io n Ho. 1 , c e r t a in o c c u p a tio n s , i t w i l l be r e c a l l e d , were s e g r e g a te d from th e m a tr ix as not m eetin g th e r e q u ir e ­ m ents f o r p rim ary membership*

I t i s shown b elow how th e secon d ary

g r o u p in g p ro ced u re was a p p lie d t o t h e s e jo b s in e s t a b l i s h i n g th e

148

se c o n d a r y c a te g o r y o r th e c o n s t e l l a t i o n ,

The o c c u p a tio n s a re l i s t e d in

t h e o rd er o f t h e i r s e g r e g a t io n from th e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p m a tr ix . Occ* N o.

O cc. No*

1

3 X 100 9

= 33 . 3 $

64

56

1 X 100 9

= 1 1 .1 $

166

157

2 X 100 9

= 2 2 .2 $

177

176

2 X 100 9

« 2 2 .2 $

165

4

4 X 100 9

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115

68

2 X 100 9

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174

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192

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32

a 6 6 .6 $ *

120

7 7 .7 $ *

160

4 4 .4 $

a 5 5 .5 $

a= 4 4 . 4 $ = —

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= 55.5% — = 8 8 • 8/o —

X 100

»

8 8 .8 $

9

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7 7 .7 $

a

8 8 .8 $

*

m-

7 7 .7 $

*

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4 4 .4 $

X 100

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100

9

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66 .6 / j

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130

162

sa

X 100

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100

9

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151

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4 X x 100 100 99

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6 X 100 155 9 “ 66.6%* * - i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e o c c u p a tio n h as b een i d e n t i f i e d as m eetin g the c r i t e r i a f o r i n c l u s i o n a s a seco n d a ry member o f th e c o n s t e l l a t i o n .

149

I,

On “th e "basis o f th e a b ove, th e f o ll o w in g o c c u p a tio n s were in c lu d e d

;= a s s e c o n d a iy members in C o n s t e lla t io n ETo. 1:

32, 44, 83, 98, 101, 120,

|! 1 5 1 , 1 5 5 , 1 5 6 , 1 6 0 , 1 6 2 , 1 6 6 . jj

2.

n An o c c u p a tio n was in c lu d e d a s seco n d a ry i f th e o c c u p a tio n f s p

{ r e p r e s e n t in g th e same as above) a c t u a lly was

t h a t i s , one over tw o.

! The r e a so n f o r t h i s i s t h a t in c a s e s w here th e p rim aiy i s made up o f o n ly two o c c u p a t io n s , th e h ig h r e la t io n s h ip o f any t h ir d Job t o e it h e r one o f th e prim ary v o c a t io n s sh o u ld be in d ic a t e d in th e c o n s t e l l a t i o n >j

ev en th o u g h th e t h ir d o c c u p a tio n cannot be in c lu d e d in th e prim ary b e c a u se i t d o e s n o t have th e r e q u ir e d amount o f r e la t io n s h ip w ith b o th . T h is c o n d it io n p ro b a b ly w ould n o t o ccu r v e r y o f tea, i f th e number o f o c c u p a tio n s b e in g c l a s s i f i e d was la r g e . Up t o t h i s p o in t th e r e h a s been d e s c r ib e d th e p r o c e s s th a t was f o llo w e d in i d e n t i f y i n g th e prim ary and secon dary o c c u p a tio n s of a con­ s te lla tio n .

A t t e n t io n i s n e x t d ir e c t e d to a c o n s id e r a t io n of th e p a r t

t h e s e o c c u p a t io n s , so c l a s s i f i e d , have in th e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f sub­ seq uent c o n s t e lla t io n s . Both the p rim ary and th e secon dary o c c u p a tio n s of a c o n s t e l l a t i o n may be c o n s id e r e d as p a r t o f an i n t e r r e la t io n s h i p m a tr ix which i s used in t h e fo r m a tio n o f a new group , but t h e y cannot be u sed a s th e co re o c c u p a t io n .

In s e t t i n g up th e m a tr ix , t h e y do co u n t, how ever, in d e t e r ­

m in in g th e o c c u p a tio n h a v in g the h ig h e s t p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p , and i n com puting th e number o f o c c u p a tio n s h a v in g an

a t l e a s t e ig h t y p e r ­

c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p w ith th e p rop osed c o r e o c c u p a tio n .

T r a n s p o s it io n o f O c c u p a tio n s from H igh Be l a t io n s h ip T a b le

I t w i l l be r e c a l l e d t h a t Thurstons su g g e ste d th a t j u s t a s soon a s a t r a i t had b een a s s ig n e d t o a c o n s t e l l a t i o n , i t sh o u ld be removed from c o n s id e r a t io n in th e o r g a n iz a t io n o f o th e r m a t r ic e s .

T h is p ro ced u re,

when a p p lie d t o o c c u p a t io n s , f a i l e d t o make p ro p er p r o v is io n f o r th e f a c t t h a t o c c u p a tio n s may have h ig h r e l a t io n s h i p s w ith th e members o f more th an one fa m ily * O v erla p p in g o f C o n s t e l l a t io n s .

I t was found u n d e s ir a b le to remove

an o c c u p a tio n from th e h ig h r e la t io n s h ip c h a r t and e lim in a t e i t from f u r t h e r c o n s id e r a t io n m erely b e c a u se i t had b een d e s ig n a te d a s a prim ary o r sec o n d a ry member o f one o f th e c o n s t e l l a t i o n s .

Membership in one

f a m ily , d o es n o t n e c e s s a r i l y p r e c lu d e th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a v o c a tio n a ls o b e in g r e l a t e d to members o f a n o th er group o f o c c u p a tio n s .

In f a c t , as

lo n g a s t h e r e a re o th e r o c c u p a tio n s w ith w hich th e a s s ig n e d o c c u p a tio n h as a r e l a t i o n s h i p o f above e i g h t y , th e r e i s th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f its* b ein g in c lu d e d in a n o th e r grou p , even though t h a t group m igh t in c lu d e as few a s o n ly two j o b s . c e r ta in ly ,

Such extrem es p rob ab ly are n o t a d v is a b le , b u t,

o c c u p a tio n sh o u ld n o t be e lim in a t e d from fu r th e r c o n s id e r a ­

t i o n f o r membership in a n o th e r group a s lo n g as i t i s r e la t e d to enough u n a ssig n e d o c c u p a tio n s t o make i t p o s s i b l e f o r th e o c c u p a tio n to be grouped w ith t h e s e in t h e fo r m u la tio n o f an oth er c o n s t e l l a t i o n .

On

th e o th e r han d , i t i s n o t d e s ir a b le th a t an o c c u p a tio n be c o n sid e r e d o v e r and o v er a g a in as a p o s s i b l e p a r t o f o th e r o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s. Such a p ro ced u re would o n ly le a d to i n e f f i c i e n c y and c o n fu s io n .

There­

f o r e , i t was n e c e s s a r y t o s e t up c r i t e r i a and p ro ced u res f o r tr a n s p o s in g o c c u p a tio n s from t h e h ig h r e la t i o n s h i p t a b le and th u s rem oving them from

151

f u r t h e r c o n s id e r a t io n a s prim aiy or secondary members o f o th e r 1

c o n s te lla tio n s . C r i t e r i a f o r T r a n s p o s itio n from High R e la t io n s h ip T a b le .

Occupa­

t i o n s w ere c o n s id e r e d f o r t r a n s p o s it io n as soon as th e y became e i t h e r prim ary or secon d ary o c c u p a tio n s in a c o n s t e l l a t i o n .

A jo b was t r a n s ­

p o sed i f t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f i t s a t l e a s t e ig h t y p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip o c c u p a tio n s had b ee n p la c e d , e i t h e r a s prim ary or secon d ary in some group o r had a lr e a d y been tr a n s p o s e d . CD's

A x 100 r

S t a te d in form u la, t h i s i s :

= 75%

CO d e s ig n a t e s an o c c u p a tio n which h a s b een p la c e d e i t h e r prim ary or se co n d a r y in a c o n s t e l l a t i o n , and w hich i s b e in g c o n sid e r e d f o r tr a n s ­ p o s i t i o n ; r , i s th e number o f a t l e a s t e ig h t y p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip o c c u p a tio n s t h a t £ 0 h a s; and A r e p r e s e n ts th e number o f _C0’ s a t l e a s t e ig h t y p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h ip o c c u p a tio n s t h a t have been a s s ig n e d as prim ary o r seco n d a ry t o a c o n s t e l l a t i o n o r have b een p r e v io u s ly tra n sp o sed . The c o n s t e l l a t i o n s of w h ich t h e o ccu p a tio n s are a p a r t may be th e same or d i f f e r e n t

th o s e o f w hich 00 i s a member.

C o n s t e l l a t io n ITo. 1 i s u se d a s an exam ple o f t h i s t r a n s p o s it io n proced u re.

I t w i l l be n o te d th a t in t h e c a s e s where i t was c l e a r l y

se e n t h a t t h e f r a c t i o n m s above or belc^r t h r e e - f o u r t h s , th e e n t ir e m a th em a tica l p r o c e s s was n o t c a r r ie d o u t .

The l i s t below in c lu d e s b oth

t h e prim ary and secon d ary o c c u p a tio n s o f C o n s t e lla t io n Ho. 1 as th e y w ere c o n s id e r e d fo r t r a n s p o s it i o n .

152

P rim ary

Secondary

O cc, No,

Occ, 2?o.

60

2 6 /3 1

*

32

1 5 /1 6

8?

1 5 /1 9

*

44

1 7 /2 6

95

2 1 /2 5

*

83

9 /1 7

134

2 0 /2 2

*

98

1 7 /2 6

152

1 7 /1 8

*

101

1 2 /1 5

164

2 0 /2 4

♦

120

1 7 /2 2 x 100

179

1 9 /2 3

*

151

1 2 /1 3

*

188

2 8 /3 9

155

9 /1 2

*

193

2 4 /3 2

156

1 0 /1 5

160

1 5 /1 7

162

1 4 /2 4

166

1 0 /1 3

*

192

1 2 /1 6

♦

Hi

*

♦

*

The o c c u p a tio n s in d ic a te d , "by an a s t e r i s k were tr a n sp o s e d and th e o t h e r s rem ained i n th e h ig h r e l a t io n s h ip t a b l e .

The tr a n sp o sed occupa­

t i o n s w ere r e c o r d e d , a c c o r d in g t o th e d i r e c t io n s g iv e n l a t e r (p p ,1 5 8 -6 4

),

on b o th th e h ig h r e l a t i o n s h i p t a b le and on th e cu m u la tiv e a ssig n m en t ch a rt. The o c c u p a tio n s w h ich w ere thus a s s ig n e d as prim ary o r secon d ary i n a c o n s t e l l a t i o n and w ere tr a n sp o s e d (d e s ig n a te d by t r ) w ere no l o i t e r c o n s id e r e d fo r p la cem en t in a n o th e r c o n s t e l l a t i o n . T h ere was a l s o a seco n d s e t o f c o n d itio n s under w hich an o c c u p a tio n was t e n t a t i v e l y tr a n sp o s e d (d e s ig n a t e d by t ) from t h e h ig h r e la t i o n s h i p

155

'table*

An o c c u p a t io n , d e s ig n a te d "by QU, even though n o t a member of* a

c o n s t e l l a t i o n , was n o t c o n s id e r e d fo r cru o i& l membership in an i n t e r ­ r e l a t i o n s h i p m a tr ix a f t e r th r e e —f o u r th s o f i t s a t l e a s t e ig h t y p e r c e n t ­ age r e l a t i o n s h i p s w ere a s s ig n e d as prim aiy o r secon d ary in some group o r w ere p r e v io u s ly tr a n sp o se d *

R e s t r ic t io n from u se a s a c r u c ia l

member o f a group means t h a t th e o c c u p a tio n th u s c o n s id e r e d can be n e i t h e r t h e c o r e o c c u p a tio n in a m a tr ix , nor can i t be th e o c c u p a tio n | whose h ig h p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip w ith an oth er e s t a b l i s h e s th e secon d o c c u p a tio n as t h e c o r e o f a m atrix*

Such an o c c u p a tio n , t h e r e f o r e , has

no w e ig h t in e s t a b l i s h i n g th e co re o c c u p a tio n of a new i n t e r r e l a t i o n ­ s h ip m a trix *

U n tra n sp o sed o c c u p a tio n s , w h eth er a s s ig n e d to groups or

u n a s s ig n e d , were p e r m itte d to rem ain in th e h ig h r e la t io n s h ip ta b le f o r c o n s id e r a t io n as members o f o th e r i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p m a trices* S t e p s in th e S e l e c t i o n of S u c c e s s iv e Gore O ccupations

At th e

tim e o f s e t t i n g up ea ch new i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p m a tr ix , a check was made to d eterm in e i f each o c c u p a tio n w hich was c o n sid e r e d as t h e co re o c c u p a tio n o f th e m a tr ix was e l i g i b l e from t h e s ta n d p o in t o f th e above c r ite r ia *

The s t e p s , th e n , in s e l e c t i o n o f s u c c e s s iv e co re o ccu p a tio n s

a r e a s f o llo w s : i

1*

F ind th e o c c u p a tio n w h ich shows th e h ig h e s t p ercen ta g e

r e l a t i o n s h i p w ith any o th e r o c c u p a tio n .

I f two or more a re t i e d , s e l e c t

th e one w h ich h a s t h e h ig h e s t number o f a t l e a s t e ig h ty p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p o c c u p a tio n s* 2*

'i

D eterm ine t h e o c c u p a tio n 's e l i g i b i l i t y f o r u se as c o r e of

*** In th e f o llo w in g d i s c u s s i o n s , tr a n sp o se d r e f e r s t o b oth t and t r u n l e s s one or th e o th e r i s s p e c i f i c a l l y d e sig n a te d *

154

a m a tr ix a c c o r d in g to t h e s e c r i t e r i a : a.

D eterm in e w h eth er or not t h r e e -f o u r t h s o f t h e o c c u p a t io n s

a t l e a s t e ig h t y p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip o c c u p a tio n s (th o s e r e la t e d t o i t t o t h e e x te n t o f 80 p e r cen t or more) have b e e n a s s ig n e d to g r o u p s, e i t h e r a s prim ary or secon d ary o c c u p a tio n s , o r tr a n sp o s e d .

I f such i s

th e c a s e , t h i s n u l l i f i e s th e u s e of t h is o c c u p a tio n a s a c o r e o c c u p a tio n . b.

The o c c u p a tio n i s a l s o i n e l i g i b l e a s a c o r e o c c u p a tio n i f

i t h a s p r e v io u s ly been a prim ary o c c u p a tio n in any grou p . c.

I f t h e o c c u p a tio n w hich e s t a b l i s h e s th e h ig h p e r c e n ta g e

f o r t h e p ro p o se d c o r e o c c u p a tio n h as b een tr a n sp o s e d from th e h ig h r e l a t i o n s h i p c h a r t , th en t h e p rop osed co re cannot be u s e d . d.

T ran sp osed o c c u p a tio n s have no w e ig h t in e s t a b l i s h i n g

th e co r e o c c u p a t io n s , e i t h e r in th e d e te r m in a tio n o f h ig h p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p s , o r as on e o f th e o c c r e a t io n ’ s a t l e a s t e ig h ty p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p o c c u p a t io n s . I f an o c c u p a tio n d id not m eet th e se req u irem en ts, i t co u ld no lo n g e r be u se d in t h e fu nd am ental s e r i e s o f g ro u p in g p ro ced u res a s th e c o r e o c c u p a tio n in fo r m u la tio n o f an in t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p m a tr ix f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f p rim ary and secondary jo b s o f a c o n s t e l l a t i o n .

In

t h e s e s u c c e s s i v e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p m a tr ic e s , a l l o c c u p a tio n s w hich had an a t l e a s t e ig h t y p e r c e n ta g e r e la t i o n s h i p w ith th e co re o c c u p a tio n w ere in c lu d e d , w ith th e e x c e p t io n o f th e jo b s w hich had been tra n sp o sed from th e h ig h r e l a t i o n s h i p t a b le • I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f Supplem entary G roupings A f t e r o c c u p a tio n s had b een i d e n t i f i e d f o r prim ary and secon d ary

155

p o s i t i o n s i n c o n s t e l l a t i o n s on th e o a s is o f an a t l e a s t e ig h t y p e r c e n t­ a g e r e l a t i o n s h i p , a c c o r d in g t o t h e p ro ced u res in d ic a t e d ab ove, th e r e l a t i o n s h i p a d m is s ib le was exten d ed down t o s e v e n ty —f i v e and f u r th e r a s sig n m e n ts to groups w ere made. t h e s e r e la tio n s h ip s

I t was found d e s ir a b le to in d ic a t e

even though th e y w ere not as h ig h as t h o s e o f th e

p rim a ry and seco n d a ry c a t e g o r i e s .

I t i s p rob ab le th a t i f th e number

o f o c c u p a tio n s in t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n w ere in c r e a s e d , th e s e s e v e n ty f i v e p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip s would become l e s s im p o r ta n t. In i d e n t i f y i n g the supplem entary g r o u p in g s , a t t e n t i o n was d ir e c t e d t o s e v e r a l k in d s o f o c c u p a tio n s , acco rd in g to t h e a c t io n th a t had been ta k e n in r e g a r d to them in p rev io u s s te p s o f th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p ro­ cedure.

Some had a lr e a d y b eer c l a s s i f i e d in c o n s t e l l a t i o n s and

tr a n sp o s e d ( t £ ) from t h e h ig h r e l a t i o n s h i p t a b le • f u r t h e r co n cern i n th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p r o c e s s .

T hese were o f no

There w ere, how ever,

o th e r o c c u p a tio n s t o w h ich a d d it io n a l a t t e n t io n needed to be d ir e c t e d . These w ere o f th r e e ty p e s:

(1) th o s e w hich had b een p la c e d in con­

s t e l l a t i o n s b u t w ere s t i l l n o t tr a n sp o se d from t h e h ig h r e la t io n s h ip t a b le (CO p ro ced u re d e s c r ib e d on p p . 152-153 a b o v e ), (2 ) th o s e which had b een t e n t a t i v e l y tr a n sp o s e d b u t were n ot a s s ig n e d to a group (OF p ro ced u re d e s c r ib e d on p p . 153-154 a b o v e ), and (3) th o s e w hich rem ained b o th u n a s s ig n e d an d u n tr a n sp o se d .

I t i s th e p ro ced u re in

reg a rd t o t h e s e l a s t th r e e ty p e s th a t i s o f concern h e r e .

These

v o c a t io n s w ere e i t h e r o r g a n iz e d in to new c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s on th e b a s is Of a s e v e n t y - f i v e p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip o r w ere in c lu d e d as t e r t i a r y o c c u p a t io n s in groups w hich had b een e s t a b lis h e d in th e tundam ental s e r ie s o f c la s s if ic a t io n s .

T hese t e r t i a i y

o c c u p a tio n s co u ld be

156

a s s ig n e d a s such on th e "basis o f e it h e r the e ig h t y o r s e v e n ty —f i v e p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p o c c u p a tio n s .

In e i t h e r case* th e s e o c c u p a tio n s

were d e s ig n a t e d as t e r t i a r y members o f t h e ir c o n s t e l l a t i o n s . W henever an u n a ssig n e d o c c u p a tio n was fou nd t h a t , when c o n s id e r e d on th e b a s i s o f s e v e n t y - f i v e p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p o c c u p a tio n s , met a l l o f th e c o n d itio n s f o r s e r v in g as a core o c c u p a tio n in an i n t e r ­ r e l a t i o n s h i p m a tr ix , i t was u sed as th e co re in th e fo r m u la tio n o f such a m a trix *

A lon g w ith i t

in th e m a tr ix w ere in c lu d e d th o s e o c c u p a tio n s

w hich w ere a s y e t u n a ss ig n e d and w h ich , w ith th e e x c e p tio n o f th e s e v e n t y - f i v e p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p , met th e same c o n d itio n s an o c c u p a tio n had to m eet i n Older to become a p a r t of an i n t e r r e l a t io n s h i p m a tr ix in th e fo r m a tio n o f a fundam ental { e ig h t y p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n ­ s h ip ) c o n s t e l l a t i o n * D e te r m in a tio n o f T e r tia r y O ccupations in Fundam ental Con­ s te lla tio n s .

There a re t h r e e b a se s on w hich an o c c u p a tio n which had

n o t b een f i n a l l y c l a s s i f i e d under th e e ig h t y p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip p ro c ed u r es m igh t be in c lu d e d a s a t e r t i a i y

o ccu p a tio n o f a fundam ental

group: (1 ) I f o n e - h a lf or more o f th e p rim aiy o c c u p a tio n s of t h e group are l i s t e d among th e a t l e a s t s e v e n t y - f iv e p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip o c c u p a tio n s o f th e o ccu p a tio n * (£ ) I f o n e - h a lf of t h e primary and secon d ary o c c u p a tio n s o f a group a r e l i s t e d i n th e a t l e a s t s e v e n t y - f iv e p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip o c c u p a t io n s o f t h e o ccu p a tio n * (5 ) I f o n e - h a lf or more of th e o c c u p a tio n 's a t l e a s t s e v e n t y - f iv e p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip o c c u p a tio n s are in c lu d e d in th e same o c c u p a tio n a l

157

g r o u p , e i t h e r a s p rim aiy or seco n d a ry . The p ro ced u re fo llo w e d in i d e n t i f y i n g t h e t e r t i a r y o c c u p a tio n s was t o c o n s id e r in tu rn each o c c u p a tio n o f th e h ig h r e la t io n s h ip t a h le t h a t was not d e s ig n a te d on th e cu m u lative assignm ent c h a rt as being* b o th a s s ig n e d and tr a n s p o s e d ( t r ) )•

(shown on th e ch a r t by e i t h e r x or

JSach o c c u p a tio n was checked in ord er t o le a r n t o what c o n s t e l l a ­

t i o n s i t s above s e v e n t y - f i v e p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip o ccu p a tio n s had b een a s s ig n e d .

A f t e r i n d i c a t i n g , on a working s h e e t , t h e groups t o

w hich t h e s e o c c u p a tio n s b e lo n g e d , a count was made to determ ine the r e l a t i v e s tr e n g th of t h e d i f f e r e n t groups r e p r e s e n te d .

A ssignm en ts

were th en made a c c o r d ii^ to t h e above c r i t e r i a f o r t e r t i a r y occupa­ tio n s .

O ccupations, w hich were in th e l i s t o f a t l e a s t s e v e n t y - f iv e

p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p o c c u p a tio n s o f an o c c u p a tio n , and w hich had b een g iv e n a t e r t i a r y a ssig n m e n t, c a r r ie d no w e ig h t in in f lu e n c in g an o c c u p a t io n ^ a ssign m en t to any g ro u p .

They d id co u n t, how ever, as

p a r t o f the t o t a l number of a t l e a s t s e v e n t y - f i v e p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t io n ­ s h ip o c c u p a tio n s w h ich th e o c c u p a tio n had. D i s p o s i t i o n o f M isc e lla n e o u s O ccu p a tio n s.

A fte r t h e s e p roced u res

had b ee n c a r r ie d o u t, th e f i n a l s t e p s o f t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p r o c e s s w ere t o f in d out and th en p r o p e r ly reco rd on t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c h a r t, t h o s e o c c u p a tio n s w hich w ere (1) secon d ary t o another o ccu p a tio n r a t h e r th a n to a g ro u p , (2 ) n et amenable to g r o u p i e becau se in t h is sam p lin g o f o c c u p a tio n s t h e r e was no o c c u p a tio n w ith w hich^A ^had a h ig h enough r e l a t i o n s h i p , and t h e r e f o r e r e m a i n e d a lo n e , (5 ) r e la t e d t o a v a r ie t y o f o c c u p a tio n s b u t n ot d e f i n i t e l y t o any c o n s t e lla t io n s *

158

The l a s t named k in d s or o c c u p a tio n s may have r e s u lt e d "because th e two hundred o c c u p a tio n s w ere so v a r ie d t h a t in some c a s e s o n ly one o f a p a r t i c u l a r k in d was in c lu d e d .

I t i s q u ite p o s s ib le t h a t i f th e number

Of o c c u p a tio n s were in c r e a s e d or a n o th er sam p lin g were ta k e n , some o f t h e o c c u p a tio n s w h ich w ere n ot in c lu d e d in groups m ight combine w ith o c c u p a tio n s in th e new sam pling t o form c o n s t e l l a t i o n s which d id n o t emerge in t h i s s tu d y .

I t i s p o s s i b l e , a l s o , th a t th e s e new c o n s t e l l a ­

t i o n s would in c lu d e in t h e i r prim ary and secon d ary c a t e g o r ie s some o f th e o c c u p a tio n s w h ich a r e t e r t i a r y in th e c o n s t e l l a t i o n s i d e n t i f i e d th ro u g h th e u se o f th e sample o f two hundred o c c u p a tio n s .

On th e b a s is

o f th e p r i n c i p l e s in v o lv e d in the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n te c h n iq u e — t h a t t h e r e a re v a r y in g d e g r e e s of r e la t io n s h ip w ith in c o n s t e l l a t i o n s and t h a t c o n s t e l l a t i o n s may o v e r la p — th e s e new f a m i l i e s would n ot in ­ v a l i d a t e th e g r o u p in g s o f t h i s stu d y , but would te n d r a th e r to r e f in e and exten d t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . C on tinu ou s R ecords o f P roced u res As th e g r o u p in g o f o c c u p a tio n s p r o g r e s s e d , i t was n e c e s s a r y to keep c o n tin u o u s re c o r d s o f a c t io n th a t had been tak en in t h i s r e g a r d . One p u rp o se was t o s e r v e as a reco rd o f tr a n s p ir e d e v e n t s , and th e o th e r was t h a t th e r e c o r d s so made fu r n is h e d d a ta f o r th e subseq uen t s ta g e s o f th e p r o c e ss. R ecords were k ep t on th r e e d i f f e r e n t form s, and were d e v e lo p e d s im u lt a n e o u s ly w ith th e v a r io u s s t e p s o f th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p r o c e d u r e . The f i r s t o f th e s e s e t s o f r e c o r d s was p la c e d on th e h ig h r e la t io n s h ip t a b le • :'l

159

R ecord s on th e High. R e l a t i o n sh ip T a b le .

V arious d e s ig n a t io n s

w ere made on th e h ig h r e l a t io n s h ip t a b le a lo n g s id e o f th e o c cu p a tio n number, w h ich by means o f sym bols in d ic a te d t h a t c e r t a in p roced u res had ta k en p la c e r e l a t i v e to t h e o c c u p a tio n s so d e s ig n a t e d . x:

T h is mark was made a lo n g s id e o f t h e o c c u p a tio n number as

soon as th e o c c u p a tio n had b een i d e n t i f i e d as a prim ary member o f a c o n s te lla tio n . The e n c ir c le d

3:

means th a t t h e o c c u p a tio n i s prim ary to

some group and t h a t i t h a s a ls o been tr a n sp o s e d ( t r ) from th e h ig h r e la tio n s h ip t a b le . 0:

(S ee tran sp os i t i o n p ro ced u res on p p . 150 f f . )

0^ i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e o c c u p a tio n has b een in c lu d e d a s a

seco n d a ry member t o an o c c u p a tio n a l group and h a s , i n a d d it io n , been tr a n sp o s e d ( t r ) from th e h ig h r e la t io n s h i p t a b le • fcs

A t i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e o c c u p a tio n i s n e it h e r prim ary nor

se c o n d a ry i n a g ro u p , b u t th a t th e d isco v ea y has been made, when s e a r c h in g f o r a c o r e o c c u p a tio n in s e t t i n g up an i n t e r r e la t io n s h ip m a tr ix , th a t t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f th e o c c u p a t io n 's a t l e a s t e ig h t y p e r ­ c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p s have been a s sig n e d or tran sp os ed ( t r ) .

In t h i s

c a s e , t h e o c c u p a tio n m ust be c o n sid e r e d a s t e n t a t i v e l y tr a n sp o se d from th e h ig h r e l a t i o n s h i p t a b le u n t i l th e p r o c e s s o f s e t t i r g up th e t e r t i a r y o c c u p a tio n s o f th e groups b e g in s.. Cumula t i v e A ssign m en t C hart.

The cu m u la tiv e a ssig n m en t ch a rt

p r o v id e d f o r an a d d i t i o n a l and more com p lete means o f k eep in g a 1 I t w i l l be n o te d on p . 160 in c o n n e c tio n w ith th e Cum ulative A ssig n m en t Chart t h a t t h i s same s e t o f d e s ig n a t io n s has been u sed fo r a p a r t o f t h a t r e c o r d . This was done b eca u se i t was found d e s ir a b le t o h a v e t h i s d a ta r e c o r d e d in both p l a c e s .

160

TABLE T i l l . CUMULATIVE ASSIGNMENT CHART FOR RECORDING ACTION TAKEN IN REGARD TO OCCUPATIONS DURING THE CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURE

s

F

tr

O cc. No.

P.

Se

1

S.T.

S.P.

S.S.

M.

1 4

Sl

2

tr

3

tr

4

30

16 Se t o O cc.14

1 4

5

tr

17 26

0 Si

4 16

8

tr St

9

1?

ft

10

51

11

tr ft

S F P Se S.T. S .P . S.S. M

7

— -

200

32

5

Supplem entary S e r ie s o f C o n s t e lla t io n s Fundam ental S e r i e s o f C o n s t e lla t io n s Prim ary i n C o n s t e lla t io n N o. (a s i n d ic a t e d ) S econ d ary in C o n s t e lla t io n N o. (a s in d ic a te d ) T e r t ia r y in C o n s t e lla t io n N o. (a s in d ic a te d ) Prim ary in C o n s t e lla t io n o f th e Supplem entary S e r ie s S econ d ary in C o n s t e lla t io n o f th e Supplem entary S e r ie s M is c e lla n e o u s ; in t h i s column was r eco rd ed , None, Mixed, or S econ d ary t o O cc. No.

161

c o n tin u o u s a cco u n t of“ t h e d is p o s a l mad© o f each o c c u p a tio n as th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p r o c e s s c o n tin u e d .

The o c c u p a tio n numbers w ere l i s t e d

on th e c h a r t w ith sp a c e p ro v id ed and d e s ig n a te d fo r reco r d in g s i g n i f i c a n t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n data*

As an exam ple, a p o r t io n o f th e c h a r t i s g iv e n in

Table T i l l , page 160* The colum ns t o th e r i g h t o f th e o c c u p a tio n numbers w ere u sed fo r r e c o r d in g in fo r m a tio n r e l a t i v e to p la cem en t o f the o c c u p a tio n s in to groups*

The v a r io u s d e s ig n a tio n s a r e as f o llo w s :

21

The f i r s t column i s headed JP*

To show t h a t an o c c u p a tio n

was p la c e d a s a prim ary member o f a group, th e number o f th e con­ s t e l l a t i o n in w hich th e o c c u p a tio n was p la c e d , was w r it t e n in t h i s column b e s id e th e number o f th e o ccu p a tio n * S e:

In t h i s coluxnn was reco rd ed th e number o f th e c o n s t e l l a t i o n

Of vfoich t h e o c c u p a tio n i s a seco n d a ry member. S.T.s

Here w ere record ed t h e numbers o f th e c o n s t e l l a t io n s o f

w hich th e o c c u p a tio n i s a t e r t i a r y member*

Most o f th e s e o c c u p a tio n s

were p la c e d i n t o groups on th e b a sis o f s e v e n t y - f iv e p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p s , in s t e a d o f th e e ig h ty of t h e fundam ental p r o c e d u r e s . H owever, some w ere t e r t i a r y on th e e ig h t y p e r c e n ta g e b a s i s and were so in d ic a t e d by p la c in g t r i n th e J? column to th e l e f t o f th e occupa­ t i o n number. S.P.:

T his column was u sed to in d ic a t e th e numbers o f th e

su p p lem en tary groups i n which t h e o c c u p a tio n i s a prim ary member* Supplem entary g ro u p s w ere e s t a b lis h e d on th e b a s is o f s e v e n ty —f i v e p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a f t e r th e e ig h ty p e r c e n ta g e r e la t i o n s h i p s had been e x h a u s t e d .

162

I

S .S .:

O ccu p a tio n s a r e seco n d a ry members o f supplem entary group s

, a s in d ic a t e d b y th e c o n s t e l l a t i o n numbers in t h is Ms

colum n.

T h is column p r o v id e s f o r th e r e co rd in g o f m is c e lla n e o u s

in fo r m a tio n co n c er n in g th e p lacem en t of an o c c u p a tio n .

Some o f the

ite m s w hich were m ost o f t e n u sed are: None:

This i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e o c c u p a tio n has no r e la t io n s h ip s

h ig h enough t o w arrant i t s b e in g p la c e d in any c o n s t e l l a t io n s w hich have b een i d e n t i f i e d .

C o n seq u en tly i t sta n d s a lo n e .

M ixed: The o c c u p a tio n i s r e la t e d t o s e v e r a l groups or occupa­ t i o n s , but th e r e l a t i o n s h i p i s so v a r ie d and s c a t t e r e d th a t i t p r e c lu d e s th e a ssig n m en t o f the o c c u p a tio n t o any grou p . Se t o O cc. No. ______ :

In th e c a se s so d e s ig n a te d th e o ccu p a tio n

may n ot m eet th e req u irem en ts fo r membership in a g rou p , y e t does bear a h ig h r e l a t i o n s h i p to some o c c u p a tio n w hich i s p a r t o f a c o n s t e l l a t i o n . Then th e o c c u p a tio n was d e s ig n a te d a s seco n d a ry t o th e p a r t ic u la r o c c u p a tio n , r a th e r th a n to th e e n t ir e group . The colum ns t o th e l e f t o f th e o ccu p a tio n numbers in t h e cu m u la tiv e r e c o r d c h a r t p r o v id e fo r in d ic a t in g in a b r i e f , c o n c is e manner th e ty p e o f d i s p o s i t i o n made of an o c c u p a tio n . The F column r e f e r s to fundam ental c o n s t e l l a t i o n s , th a t i s , th o s e s e t up on th e e ig h t y p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t io n s h ip b a s i s .

The in d ic a t o r s in

t h i s column a r e as f o llo w s : x:

This i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e o c c u p a tio n was p la c e d as one o f th e

p rim a iy o c c u p a tio n s in a c o n s t e l l a t i o n . a:

T h is shows th a t the o ccu p a tio n i s not o n ly prim ary t o a

- g ro u p , b u t a l s o t h a t i t h a s b een tr a n sp o sed ( t r ) from th e h ig h

163

r e l a t Io n sh ip "table*

11; i s no lo n g e r c o n sid e r e d f o r p lacem en t in

c o n s t e l l a t io n s • 0:

T h is shows t h a t th e o c c u p a tio n so in d ic a t e d and which i s

seco n d a ry to th e c o n s t e l l a t i o n , was tr a n sp o se d ( t r ) from th e h ig h r e la tio n s h ip t a b le .

An o c c u p a tio n w hich had b een p la c e d as secon d ary

to a grou p , but w h ich had not y e t b een tr a n s p o s e d ( t r ) would have no mark in t h i s colum n.

I t s p lacem en t as a secondary o ccu p a tio n would

b e in d ic a t e d in th e _Se column on t h e r ig h t hand s id e o f th e o c c u p a tio n num ber. t:

The _0 i n d i c a t e s th a t th e o c c u p a tio n i s f i n a l l y c l a s s i f i e d . When so in d ic a te d * t h e o c c u p a tio n i s n e it h e r a prim ary nor

secon d ary member o f a g r o u p , but th e d is c o v e r y has b een made when s e a r c h in g f o r a c o r e o c c u p a tio n in i n t e r r e la t io n s h ip m a trix fo r m a tio n , t h a t t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f i t s a t l e a s t e ig h ty p er c e n t r e la t io n s h ip o c c u p a tio n s have b een a s s ig n e d or tr a n sp o sed ( t r ) .

The o ccu p a tio n i s

th en c o n s id e r e d a s t e n t a t i v e l y tr a n sp o se d from t h e h ig h r e la t io n s h ip t a b le u n t i l t h e p r o c e s s of s e t t i n g up th e t e r t i a r y o c c u p a tio n s o f th e c o n s t e l l a t i o n s b e g in s . tr :

T h is means t h a t the o c c u p a tio n was p la c e d in a c o n s t e l l a t i o n

or c o n s t e l l a t i o n s as a t e r t i a r y o c c u p a tio n , on th e b a s is o f the a t l e a s t e ig h t y p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f th e o c c u p a tio n , and has been f i n a l l y d is p o s e d o f i n t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p ro ced u re. The S column r e f e r s t o t h e supp lem entary c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s and a c t i o n t h a t was consummated on th e b a s is o f se v e n ty —f i v e p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f o c c u p a t io n s . x:

T h is symbol in t h e S column in d ic a t e s th a t th e o c c u p a tio n

i s a p rim ary one in a su p p lem en tary c o n s t e l l a t i o n .

164

ft:

The o c c u p a tio n i s prim ary in a group and h as h een removed

from f u r t h e r c o n s id e r a t io n a s p a r t o f an other group* 0:

(tr a n s p o s e d , e t c * )

T h is i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e o c c u p a tio n i s secon dary t o a

su p p lem en ta r y c o n s t e l l a t i o n and has heen tr a n s p o s e d ( t r ) * tr :

T h is means th a t th e o c c u p a tio n h as h een p la c e d in a con­

s t e l l a t i o n a s a t e r t i a r y o c c u p a tio n , h as heen d e s ig n a te d a s a m ixed o c c u p a tio n , o r h a s h een p e r m itte d to stand alon e*

In any c a s e , I t s

f i n a l d i s p o s i t i o n h as heen p ro v id e d f o r in th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p r o ced u re, and i t n eed ca u se no f u r t h e r concern*

In o th e r w ords, i t has h een

tr a n sp o s e d ( t r ) . R ecord s o f C o n s t e l l a t io n s .

As each new c o n s t e l l a t i o n was form ed,

i t was l i s t e d in i t s e n t i r e l y on a s e p a r a te s h e e t t h a t c o n ta in e d o n ly th e f i n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f th e o c c u p a tio n s .

On t h is w ere in d ic a t e d t h e

number o f th e c o n s t e l l a t i o n a c c o r d in g t o th e number o f i t s e s ta b lis h m e n t , and t h e prim ary and secon d ary o c c u p a tio n s o f th e group*

S in c e th e funda­

m e n ta l grou p s w ere a l l s e t up b e fo r e s t e p s were taken toward th e formu­ l a t i o n o f su p p lem en tary c o n s t e l l a t i o n s and t e r t i a r y o c c u p a tio n s in fu n d am en tal c o n s t e l l a t i o n s , sp a ce was l e f t w ith each group f o r adding t h e s e t e r t i a r y o c c u p a tio n s a s t h e y w ere e s t a b li s h e d .

The f i n a l reco rd o f

t h e c o n s t e l l a t i o n s in c lu d e s t h e p rim ary, seco n d a ry , and t e r t i a r y occupa­ t io n s f o r a l l fu nd am en tal and supplem entary s e r i e s o f o c c u p a tio n a l groups* These c o n s t e l l a t i o n s a r e g iv e n on th e f o llo w in g pages* Matu r e and C h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f th e C o n s t e lla t io n s The p ro ced u re f o r c l a s s i f y i n g o c c u p a tio n s has heen d e s c r ib e d in d e t a i l in th e f o r e g o in g p a g e s .

T hese p r o c e s s e s were a p p lie d t o th e

165

two hundred e x p e r im e n ta l o c c u p a tio n s u sed i n t h e stu d y and c e r t a in c o n s t e l l a t i o n s em erged.

W ith th e e x c e p tio n of a few o ccu p a tio n s w hich

rem ained in d ep en d en t and s e p a r a te a f t e r t h e g ro u p in g p roced u re had heen c o m p le ted , th e two hundred o c c u p a tio n s were reduced to t h i r t y - s i x g r o u p s . g e n e r a l H ature o f t h e C o n s t e l l a t io n s .

Most o f t h e f a m i l i e s w ere

i d e n t i f i e d hy u s in g an a t l e a s t e ig h t y p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip b etw een o c c u p a tio n s a s t h e b a s i s fo r c o n s id e r in g o c c u p a tio n s e l i g i b l e m ent in the same g r o u p .

to p la c e ­

There a r e o n ly fou r groups w hich w ere fo rm u la ted

under th e supplem entary p r o ced u re, th a t i s ,

a f t e r th e p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n ­

s h ip n e c e s s a r y f o r in c lu s io n in th e same fa m ily was reduced t o s e v e n ty fiv e .

W hile t h e s e o c c u p a tio n s are r e la t e d enough t o be c o n sid e r e d in

th e same f a m ily , th e y n a t u r a lly do n o t have a s h ig h an i n t e r r e la t io n s h i p as th e o c c u p a tio n s o f t h e fundam ental c o n s t e l l a t i o n s . Bven a f t e r lo w e r in g the admis sa b le p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip to s e v e n t y - f i v e , t h e r e were some o c c u p a tio n s th a t d id n ot seem to be c l o s e l y enough r e la t e d t o an o th er o c c u p a tio n t o m eet t h is sta n d a rd , so th ey rem ained as s e p a r a te o c c u p a tio n s r a th e r th a n becom ing p a r t o f a group . T h is d o es n o t im ply th a t th e s e o c c u p a tio n s a r e e n t i r e l y u n r e la te d to any o t h e r , b u t r a th e r t h a t th e y d id n o t have a h ig h enough d eg ree o f r e l a t i o n s h i p to J u s t i f y t h e i r in c lu s io n as a member of a grou p .

It is

p o s s i b l e th a t in a w id er sa m p lin g th e s e o c c u p a tio n s m ight u n it e w ith o t h e r s t o form new grou p s*

The sta n d a rd s w hich w ere ad op ted f o r

i d e n t i f y i n g th e grou p s c l e a r l y d e fin e th e r e la t io n s h ip e x i s t i n g b etw een th e o c c u p a tio n s o f a c e r t a in c o n s t e l l a t i o n . in a d d it io n t o t h e above o c c u p a tio n s , th e r e are o th e r s w hich e x h i b i t e d h ig h r e l a t i o n s h i p s b u t in such a s c a t t e r e d manner th a t t h e y

C o n s t e l l a t i o n s I d e n t i f ie d Through. A p p lic a tio n o f th e C l a s s i f i c a t i o n T echniq ue t o Two Hundred O ccupations C o n s t e l l a t io n KTo» 1

C o n s t e lla t io n Ho* 2

Prim ary 60 E d it o r farm p ap er 87 In su r a n ce a g e n t 96 la w y er 134 P e r so n n e l d i r e c t o r , c o l l e g e 152 P r in c i p a l o f h ig h sc h o o l 164 R e g is t r a r 179 S o c i a l s e t t le m e n t worker 188 T each er h ig h sc h o o l 193 T r a in in g d ir e c t o r d ep *t s t o r e

Prim ary 92 L aboratory t e c h n ic ia n 114 M iss io n a r y , m ed ic a l 121 H urse 122 H urse s u p e r v is o r 138 P h y s ic ia n 139 P h y s ic ia n , p u b lic h e a lt h 195 V e te r in a r ia n

S econ d ary 32 B u yer, r e t a i l 44 C it y manager 83 H o s te s s d in in g room 98 L ib ra r y work 101 L o b b y ist 120 Newspaper e d i t o r 151 P r e s id e n t c o l l e g e 155 P r o b a tio n o f f i c e r 156 P s y c h o l o g i s t , c l i n i c a l 160 R adio c o n t in u it y e d ito r 162 R e t a i l d e a l e r , books 166 R e p o r te r , s o c i e t y 192 T r a f f i c manager ? e r tia r y 1 A ccou n tan t 4 A d v e r tis ii^ ex p ert 14 A u ction eer? J 3 A ctor 45 C i v i l e n g in e e r , r a ilr o a d 67 F a c to r y I n sp e c to r 91 J o u r n a lis t 103 M agazine c o n tr ib u to r 116 M is ic s u p e r v is o r 154 P r in t in g sa lesm a n 157 P u b l i c i s t 172 S a le s c le r k 176 S e c r e t a r y 174 S c e n a r io e d it o r

Secondary Hone T e r tia r y 125 O steop ath 173 S a n ita r y e n g in e e r C o n s t e lla t io n Ho* 5 Prim ary 127 Q x y -a c e ty le n e c u t t e r 153 Pressm an 200 W elder Secondary 24 Brakeman 99 Lineman 111 Min er , machine 150 Power s h o v e l o p era to r T e r tia r y 21 B oilerm ak er 81 H o is tin g e n g in eer 89 J a n ito r 170 R ig g e r , s t e e l 189 T elegrap h m essen ger

167

C o n s t e l l a t io n Ko» 4

C o n s t e lla t io n Fo» 6

Prim ary 7 A g r ic u lt u r a l agen t 60 E d it o r farm p ap er 82 Home ec o n o m ist 156 P s y c h o l o g i s t , c l i n i c a l 179 S o c i a l s e t t le m e n t worker 188 T ea ch er h ig h s c h o o l 193 T r a in in g d ir e c t o r d e p #t sto r

Prim ary 60 E d it o r farm paper 83 H o s t e s s , d in in g room 84 H o s t e s s , t r a in 130 P a r o le s u p e r v is o r 162 R e t a i l d e a le r , hooks 188 T eacher h ig h s c h o o l

S eco n d a ry 95 Lawyer 98 L ib ra ry wo rk 167 R e se a r c h in home econom ics T e r t ia r y 1 A ccou n tan t 4 A d v e r t is in g e x p e r t 14 A u c tio n e e r 91 J o u r n a lis t 116 M usic s u p e r v is o r 173 S a n ita r y e n g in e e r 176 S e c r e t a r y Q onste H a t io n Ro« 5 Prim ary 146 P o l i c e o f f i c e r 147 P o l i c e , s t a t e patrolm an Secon d ary Rone T e r tia r y Rone

S econd ary 120 Rewspaper e d it o r 155 P r o b a tio n o f f i c e r 164 R e g is t r a r T e r tia r y 14 A u c tio n e e r 45 C i v i l e n g in e e r , r a ilr o a d 50 D em on strator, s a le s c le r k 67 F a c to r y in s p e c to r 91 J o u r n a lis t 116 M usic su p e r v iso r 157 P u b l i c i s t 171 Room c le r k 172 S a le s c le r k 176 S e c r e ta r y C o n s t e lla t io n Ro» 7 Prim ary 26 Broker 44 C ity manager 64 Employment manager 68 F a c to r y manager 98 L ib rary work a d m in is tr a to r 188 T eacher high, s c h o o l Secondary 85 H o te l manager 87 In su ran ce agen t T e r tia r y 27 B u ild in g c o n tr a c to r 45 C i v i l e n g in e e r , r a ilr o a d 67 F a c to ry in s p e c to r 94 Laundry manager

168

C o n s t e l l a t i o n H o. 8

1 P rim ary 65 E n to m o lo g is t 119 M y c o lo g is t S eco n d a ry 19 B i o l o g i s t 129 P a l e o n t o l o g i s t 155 P h a rm a cist c le r k T e r tia r y None C o n s t e l l a t io n H o. 9 P rim ary 28 B u rlap p er 102 I.Iachine o p e r a to r 199 Webber S econ d ary Hone T e r t ia r y 100 L in en room woman 158 P o l l e r , w ash in g m achine, C o n s t e l l a t io n Ho. 10 Prim ary 30 B utterm aker 39 Cheesemaker S econ d ary 78 G eographer 123 O ccu p a tio n a l t h e r a p is t 126 O rc h a r d ist T e r tia r y 63 E l e c t r o p la t e r 77 F o r e s t ran ger 157 P h o t o s ta t c le r k

C o n s t e l l a t i o n H o. 11

Prim ary 24 Brakeman 35 C arpenter 194 T ree surgeon) 51 D e n d r ic ia n S S econdary Hone T e r t ia r y 18 B arber 80 H a ir d r e s s e r ) 196 W a itr ess 3 C o n s t e lla t io n Ho. 12 Prim ary 56 D is p a tc h e r a i r l i n e s 110 Mine in s p e c to r Secondary 68 F a c to r y manager T e r tia r y 27 B u ild in g c o n tr a c to r 189 T elegrap h m essenger 191 T r a f f ic c o n tr o l d ir e c t o r C o n s t e lla t io n Ho. 15 Prim ary 24 Brakeman 75 F i t t e r 182 Steam f i t t e r S econdary 99 Line man 153 Pressm an T e r tia r y 21 B oilerm ak er 47 Crane o p e r a to r 65 E le c t r o p la t e r 89 J a n ito r 105 Meat c u t t e r 111 M iner, machine 170 B ig g e r , s t e e l 180 S t a t io n a r y e n g in e e r W 196 W a itr e ss 80 H a ir d r e ss e r j

C o n s t e l l a t i o n ETo* 14

C o n s t e l l a t i o n Ho* 17

Prim ary 128 P a in t e r 142 P l a s t e r e r

Prim ary 71 F il in g c le r k 104 M ail c le r k

S econ d ary 25 B r ic k la y e r 152 P a ttern m a k er

S econ dary 17 Banking t e l l e r

T e r t ia r y 18 B a r te r 58 D u p lic a t e t i c k e t g i r l , laundry 105 Meat c u t t e r 170 Mine in s p e c t o r

T e r tia r y 5 A g en t, t i c k e t 34 C a lc u la tin g m achine o p era to r 97 L e t t e r c a r r ie r 185 S to c k c le r k C o n s t e lla t io n Eo* 18

C o n s t e l l a t io n Eo* 15 P rim ary 4 4 C it y manager 98 L ib ra ry work a d m in is tr a tio n 165 R e lig io u s e d u c a tio n d ir e c t o r 177 S e c r e t a r y Y*M*C*A. S eco n d a ry 76 Food M erch an d iser? 159 R a d io i announcer -J 117 M otion p i c t u r e t h e a t e r manager 115 M in is t e r o^r_cer 174 S c e n a r io e d i t o r T e r t ia r y 14 A u c tio n e e r 27 B u ild in g c o n t r a c to r 45 C i v i l e n g in e e r , r a ilr o a d 67 F a c to r y in s p e c t o r 70 F a sh io n a d v is o r 74 F lo o r w alk er 91 J o u r n a lis t 94 Laundry manager 157 P u b l i c i s t C o n s t e l l a t io n Ho* 16 Prim ary 112 M in in g e n g in e e r 195 Y e t e r in a r ia n S eco n d a ry 2 A o o u s t ic a l e n g in e e r 106 M ech an ical e n g in e e r T e r tia r y 8 A ir c o n d itio n in g e n g in e e r 173 S t a t io n a r y e n g in e e r

Prim ary 9 A n a e s t h e t is t 115 M o r tic ia n 183 S tew ard ess Second ary 121 E urse 122 ETurse s u p e r v is o r T e r tia x y Rone C o n s t e lla t io n Ro* 19 Prim ary 42 C h ir o p o d ist 62 E l e c t r i c i a n , auto S econ d ary 137 P h o t o s ta t c le r k 178 Sewing m achine operator? 96 Leg k n i t t e r J T e r tia r y 136 P h otograp h er, com m ercial 161 Radio s e r v ic e man 191 T r a f f ic c o n t r o l, a ir 19 7 Watchmaker, r e p a ir

C o n s t e l l a t i o n NO* 20

C o n s t e l l a t i o n No* 23

Prim ary 141 P h y s io t h e r a p is t 144 P la y g ro u n d d I r e c t or

Prim ary 20 B lack sm ith 24 Brakeman 99 Lineman 145 Plumber

S econ d ary 123 O c cu p a tio n a l t h e r a p i s t T e r t ia r y 37 C a te re r 67 F a c to r y in s p e c t o r 74 F lo o r w a lk er 77 F o r e s t ra n g er 107 M essen g er, hank G o n a t e lla t io n No* 21 P rim ary 23 B ookkeeper 1S1 S t a t i s t i c a l c le r k

S econ dary None T e r tia r y 18 Barber 21 B oilerm ak er 47 Crane op e r a to r 89 J a n ito r 111 M in er, machine 170 R ig g er ^ 196 W a itr ess 80 H a ir d r e s s e r j C o n s t e lla t io n No* 24

S eco n d a ry None T e r tia r y 34 C a lc u la tin g machine ope rat or C o n s t e l l a t io n No* 22 P rim ary 143 P latem ak er 184 S tic k u p man S econ d ary None T e r t ia r y None

Prim ary 46 Commercial i l l u s t r a t o r 54 D e s ig n e r , womenf s c lo t h in g S econ d ary 36 C a r t o o n is t -) 1$$ Sculp t or er-* 148 P o r t r a i t p a in te r 13.7 Dressmaker T e r tia r y 88 I n t e r io r d ec o r a to r 93 Landscape a r c h it e c t C o n s t e lla t io n No* 25 Primary 31 B utcher 145 Plumber Secon dary 22 Bookbinder 49 Dairyman T e r tia r y 69 Farmer 86 H ousekeeper 89 J a n ito r 111 M in er, machine 185 S to ck c le r k

C o n s t e l l a t i o n No* 26

C o n s t e l l a t i o n No* 30

Primary79 G e o lo g is t 140 P h y s i c i s t , r e s e a r c h

Prim ary 2 A c o u s tic a l e n g in e e r 108 M e t e o r o lo g is t

S eco n d a ry 6 A g r ic u lt u r a l e x t e n s io n worker 41 C h em ist, i n d u s t r i a l

S econ d ary 13 Astronom er

T e r t ia r y 93 Landscape a r c h i t e c t

T e r tia r y 93 Land scape a r c h i t e c t 137 P h o t o s ta t c le r k

C o n s t e l l a t io n No* 27

C o n s t e lla t io n No* 51

Prim ary 52 D e n ta l h y g i e n i s t 53 D e n t is t

Prim ary 10 A r c h it e c t 12 A r t i s t

S econ d ary 124 O p tic ia n

Second ary None

T e r t ia r y 176 S e c r e t a r y 197 ¥ a tch m a k er, r e p a ir

T e r tia r y 11 A rt c r i t i c C o n s t e lla t io n No* 32

C o n s t e l l a t io n No* 28 Prim ary 133 P e t r o l o g i s t 187 S u rveyor S econ d ary 109 M ilk a n a ly s t T e r t ia r y None

Prim ary 29 Bus d r iv e r 38 C hauffeur S econd ary None T e r tia r y 47 Crane o p era to r C o n s t e lla t io n SI

C o n s t e lla t io n No* 29 Prim ary 61 E l e c t r i c i a n 190 T eleg ra p h o p e r a to r

Prim ary 35 C ab inet maker 66 E tcher 90 J ew elry d e s ig n e r

S eco n d a ry None

Second ary 149 P o t t e r

T e r t ia r y 34 C a lc u la tin g machine o p era to r

C o n s t e l l a t i o n S2

Prim ary 37 C a te r e r 40 C hef 55 D i e t i c i a n 131 P a t h o lo g ic a l t e c h n ic ia n S econ d ary None C o n s t e l l a t io n S3 Prim ary 59 D yer 186 S p o tt e r S econ d ary None C o n s t e l l a t io n S4 P rim ary 88 I n t e r io r d e co ra to r 93 Landscape a r c h i t e c t S econ d ary 94 Laundry manager 136 P h o to g r a p h er , com m ercial Unas s ig n e d 15 16 48 75 118 169 198

A uto m echanic Baker Dancer F lo r is t M u sic ia n , p r o f e s s i o n a l R ew in d sr, k n it t in g Watchman

M ixed

43 72 163 168

C h iro p ra cto r Fireman R e c e p t io n is t R esta u ra n t keep er

173

i.

c o u ld n o t "be c o n s id e r e d a s d e f i n i t e l y b e lo n g in g t o any g r o u p s «

T hese

w ere d e s ig n a t e d a s m ixed o ccu p a tio n s and rem ained o u t s id e o f th e con— ,

s te lla tio n s .

Of t h e two hundred o c c u p a tio n s , th e r e were s e v e n u n a ssig n e d

o c c u p a tio n s and fo u r which were d e s ig n a te d a s m ix ed . ,

o b s e r v a tio n co n cern in g th e c o n s t e l l a t io n s u n ifo rm number o f o c c u p a t io n s .

i s th a t th e y do n ot in c lu d e a

Some have a r e l a t i v e l y la r g e number o f

o c c u p a tio n s w h ile o th e r s h ave o n ly a fe w . th e m ost p a r t , o r g a n iz e d f i r s t .

A nother i n t e r e s t i n g

The la r g e r groups w ere, fo r

T his i s p rob ab ly due to th e f a c t t h a t

a f t e r th e jo b s h a v in g th e h ig h e s t p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip w ere d ete r m in e d , th e number o f above e ig h t y p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip s was a ls o c o n s id e r e d as a f a c t o r in d e r iv in g t h e co re o c c u p a tio n fo r th e in t e r r e la t io n s h ip m a tr ix . The m ost l o g i c a l r e a s o n f o r t h e v a r ia t io n in s i z e o f t h e groups seems t o be th a t in o b ta in in g t h e sa m p lin g o f o c cu p a tio n s to be u sed in th e s tu d y , th rou gh pure c h a n c e , th e r e was not a u n iform d i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e ty p e s o f o c c u p a tio n s , a c c o r d in g t o t h e ir p a tte r n s o f r e q u irem en ts. Types o f R e la t io n s h ip s W ith in G roups.

I t w i l l be n o te d th a t w it h in

a l l o f t h e fu nd am en tal s e r i e s o f c o n s t e l l a t io n s th ere is the p o s s i b i l i t y o f th r e e c a t e g o r i e s o f o c c u p a tio n s , namely p rim ary, seco n d a ry , and te r tia r y .

Each o f t h e s e r e p r e s e n t s d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s of r e la t io n s h ip .

The o c c u p a tio n s in th e prim ary c a te g o r y are a l l m u tu a lly i n t e r ­ r e l a t e d w ith a p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f e ig h ty or h i^ r er*

The

seco n d a ry o c c u p a tio n s do n o t have a s c l o s e a r e la t io n s h ip as do th e p rim a ry .

I f an o c c u p a tio n , on th e e ig h t y p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip b a s i s ,

was in c lu d e d a s a p a r t o f t h e i n t e r r e la t io n s h ip m a tr ix , b u t was se g r e g a te d from th e m a tr ix b e ca u se i t d id n o t agree w ith a l l o f t h e prim ary occupa­ t i o n s , i t was c o n s id e r e d a s a p o s s i b i l i t y f o r i n c lu s io n in th e group

174

un d er th e seco n d a ry c a t e g o r y .

I f t h i s o c c u p a tio n th en had an e ig h t y

p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p w ith two—th ir d s o f t h e members o f th e p rim ary o f t h e g ro u p , i t was p la c e d in th e fa m ily as a seco n d a ry o c c u p a tio n , i W hile t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p i s n o t a s compact as t h a t o f th e p rim ary, i t h as v a lu e i n in d ic a t in g o c c u p a tio n s w hich make s im ila r req uirem en ts on t h e i n d i v i d u a l s w orkicg i n them . The t e r t i a r y o ccu p a tio n s of th e group

bear a more remote r e l a t i o n ­

s h ip t o b o th th e p rim ary and second ary o f t h e group than do the second ary t o th e p r im a r y .

Job s w h ich a re t e r t i a r y members o f a group have e i t h e r

an e i g h t y or a s e v e n t y - f i v e p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip w ith a t l e a s t h a l f o f th e p rim ary and secon d ary o c cu p a tio n s o f th e c o n s t e l l a t i o n .

O thers

a re t e r t i a r y b e ca u se a t l e a s t h a l f o f t h e i r r e la t io n s h ip p o s s i b i l i t i e s a r e in c lu d e d in th e prim ary and secon dary o f th e c o n s t e l l a t i o n .

Thus,

in th e fu nd am en tal s e r i e s o f c o n s t e l l a t i o n s , p r o v is io n i s made f o r th r e e d i f f e r e n t c a t e g o r ie s w it h in th e group, each d e fin e d a cco rd in g t o th e s t r e n g t h o f th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s . In th e s e r i e s o f supplem entary c o n s t e l l a t i o n s , th e prim ary occupa­ t i o n s have b een e s t a b l i s h e d on th e b a s is o f a s e v e n t y - f iv e p e r c e n ta g e in te r r e la tio n s h ip .

The secon d ary members o f t h i s ty p e o f group are

composed o f o c c u p a tio n s w hich rem ained u n a ssig n ed under t h e fundam ental g r o u p in g p r o ced u res and have a s e v e n t y - f iv e p e r c e n ta g e agreem ent w ith a t l e a s t t w o - t h ir d s o f th e prim ary of a sup p lem en tary group . I t w i l l be n o te d , a l s o , th a t throughout th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c e r t a i n o c c u p a tio n s may be c o n n e cte d d i r e c t l y t o o th e r s which a r e members o f a c o n s t e l l a t i o n , in s t e a d o f b e in g d e s ig n a te d as a p r im a iy , se c o n d a r y , or t e r t i a r y member o f th e g ro u p .

T h is i s b eca u se t h e s e jo b s do n o t have a

175

h ig h enough r e l a t i o n s h i p w ith any group t o w arrant t h e i r p lacem en t a c c o r d in g t o t h e r e g u la r p rocedure*

T h e ir r e la t io n s h i p i s so h ig h w ith

th e p a r t ic u l a r o c cu p a tio n * however* t h a t i t sh ou ld he in d ic a t e d in some manner*

T h erefo re* th e o c c u p a tio n i s d e s ig n a te d a s seco n d a ry to th e

s p e c i f i c o c c u p a tio n t o w h ich i t i s c l o s e l y r e la te d * Membership i n S e v e r a l Groups*

I t w i l l he n o te d t h a t some o f th e

o c c u p a tio n s a r e l i s t e d in more than one group* o n ly one group or i t may he i n s e v e r a l*

An o c c u p a tio n may he in

A lso* an o c c u p a tio n may he p la c e d

in d i f f e r e n t c a t e g o r ie s in d i f f e r e n t groups* depending on i t s . t o th e o c c u p a tio n s c o n s t i t u t i n g th e c o n s t e l l a t i o n .

r e la t io n s h ip

W hile a t f i r s t t h i s

i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p and o v e r la p p in g among groups may he c o n s id e r e d d e t r i ­ m en ta l t o t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f th e groups and s ig n if i c a n c e o f th e c la s s i f i c a I

t i o n , i t w i l l he remembered t h a t in th e a c t u a l r e la t io n s h ip s o f th e in d iv id u a l o c c u p a tio n s t h e r e was t h is same k in d o f i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p . Through t h i s p la n , an o c c u p a tio n can he c o n sid e r e d in c o n n e c tio n w ith o th e r jo b s to w h ich i t i s r e l a t e d , even though th e y may n o t be members o f th e same c o n s t e l l a t i o n s .

T his p r o v is io n f o r membership in d i f f e r e n t

grou p s makes i t p o s s i b l e t o show n ot o n ly how an o c cu p a tio n may he r e l a t e d to d i f f e r e n t f a m i l i e s , b u t a ls o to o c c u p a tio n s o f o th e r f a m i l i e s . 1

W hile some o c c u p a tio n s e x h i b i t r e la t io n s h ip s w ith s e v e r a l g ro u p s, th e r e a r e o th e r s w hich a r e members o f one group only* Com parison With O ther C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s .

I t i s r a th e r d i f f i c u l t t o

make a d i r e c t com parison o f t h e c o n s t e l l a t i o n s d e r iv e d in t h i s stu d y w ith t h o s e o f th e o th e r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s w hich were c i t e d in t h e e a r ly c h a p te r s*

T h is i s b e ca u se the v a r io u s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s in v o lv e d d i f f e r e n t

o c c u p a t io n s , b a se s o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , tr e a tm e n t o f d a ta , and o r g a n iz a t io n

176

o f th e f i n a l g r o u p s.

Many o f t h e e a r ly c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s were l i s t i n g s

o f o c c u p a tio n s by g r o u p s , i n r e l a t i o n t o su c h f a c t o r s as c o n v e n ie n c e , k in d s o f a b i l i t y , and l e v e l s o f v a r io u s a b i l i t i e s . f a r more g e n e r a l than th e p r e s e n t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n #

Most o f th e s e w ere The c o n s t e l l a t i o n s

w hich w ere d e r iv e d through t h e p r e s e n t te c h n iq u e s are b ased on s e v e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a c t in g to g e th e r and a ls o p ro v id e f o r c a t e g o r ie s o f r e l a t i o n s h i p w it h in th e groups a s w e ll a s o v e r la p p in g o f g r o u p s.

In

s p i t e o f th e w id e v a r i a t io n betw een m ethods o f o th e r r e s e a r c h e r s and t h o s e u se d in t h i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , i t I s p o s s ib l e to make rough com p arison s o f th e r e s u l t s o f some o f them#

The f i r s t t o be c o n sid e r e d

a re S t r o n g f s and T h u rsto n e*s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s b ased on in t e r e s t *

S in c e

th e g e n e r a l d i f f e r e n c e s were in d ic a t e d a b o v e , t h i s com parison i s c o n f in e d p r im a r ily to th e o c c u p a tio n s w hich w ere common t o th e th r e e s t u d ie s #

They a r e in d ic a t e d i n T able IX, page 177#

I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o te t h a t th e r e i s c o n s id e r a b le s i m i l a r i t y b etw een th e th r e e g r o u p in g s .

In o n ly one or two c a s e s do th e con­

s t e l l a t i o n s o f t h i s stu d y draw from more than one group o f t h e o th e r c la s s ific a tio n s *

T h is is a ls o tru e when S tro n g * s and T h u r sto n e 's

r e s u l t s are compared#

The o v e r la p p in g o f the c o n s t e l l a t i o n s p erm its

a v a r i e t y o f r e l a t i o n s h i p s b etw een o c c u p a tio n s o f d if f e r e n t c o n s t e l l a ­ t io n s # T h is i s n o t t r u e o f th e o th e r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s .

I t is s i g n i f i c a n t ,

a l s o , t h a t many o f th e o c cu p a tio n s w hich were grouped t o g e th e r by S tron g and T h u rston e were more f i n e l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d th ro u g h th e p r e s e n t te o h n iq u © * th ro u g h w h ich th e y w ere combined w ith o th e r o c c u p a tio n s in t h e f o m a t i o n o f new and d i f f e r e n t c o n s t e lla t io n s * •

The c o n s id e r a t io n o f

177

TABLE IX . COMPARISON OP WO INTEREST GROUPINGS OF OCCUPATIONS WITH THE CONSTELLATIONS WHICH WERE IDENTIFIED THROUGH THIS STUDY ( l ) S tr o n g I

P h y s ic is t P h y s ic ia n D e n tis t A r c h ite c t P s y c h o lo g is t Farmer A r tis t

Thurston© A A A A A A

This Study (2) 27 2 28 32 4 26 32

I l a J o u r n a lis t Lawyer A d v e r t is e r

C C c

1 1. 4 1# 4

l i b L if e I n s . salesm an

c

1

I l i a M in is t e r T each er

D B

15 7, 6 , 1, 4

I I I b Y.M .C.A. S e c r e ta r y P e r so n n e l Manager S c h o o l S u p e r in te n d e n t

B B B

15 7 1

17

A cco u n ta n t

1. 4

7 (1 )

B a ta f o r S tr o n g and Thurston© c l a s s i f i c a t i o n from E . K. S tr o n g , J r . , ^ C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f O ccu pation s by I n te r e s ts ,* * P e rso n n el J o u r n a l, X I I , (A pr. 1934) 3 0 2 .

(2 )

The numbers in t h i s column in d ic a t e t h e c o n s t e l l a t i o n s o f w hich th e o c c u p a tio n s a r e members.

178

HI

more o c c u p a tio n s and on a d i f f e r e n t "basis r e s u lt e d in a more d e t a il e d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n th an t h o s e d e r iv e d through, g ro u p in g on t h e "basis o f i n t e r e s t a lo n e . |

S im ila r r e s u l t s w ere o b ta in e d when a com parison was made w ith

I F r e y e r f s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , w hich was based on i n t e l l i g e n c e . ^ |

O nly t h o s e o c c u p a tio n s which were common to th e two s t u d ie s a re in c lu d e d in th e com parisons g iv e n in T ab le X, page 1 7 9 . I t w i l l be n o te d by exam ining th e t a b le , t h a t , w ith o n ly a few

1

e x c e p t io n s , o c c u p a tio n s w hich are in th e same c o n s t e l l a t i o n , a re a l s o in c lu d e d w it h in th e b o u n d a ries o f a s in g le group in F r e y e r rs c l a s s i f i c a ­ tio n .

Thus i t appears t h a t occu p a tio n s w hich were found t o be c l o s e l y

r e l a t e d in t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n were a ls o fou nd t o be s im ila r a cco r d in g t o F r e y e r * s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s b ased on i n t e l l i g e n c e .

To th e e x t e n t o f

t h i s s i m i l a r i t y o f g r o u p s, th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f S tr o n g , T h u rston e, and F r e y e r te n d to c o r r o b o r a te t h e f in d in g s o f th e p r e s e n t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n t e c h n iq u e .

There i s n o t com p lete agreem ent, h ow ever, in the r e s u l t s o f

th e d if f e r e n t s t u d ie s .

The c l a s s i f i c a t i o n methods d evelop ed h ere seem

t o a f f o r d a much f i n e r d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f o c c u p a tio n a l f a m i l i e s .

The

o c c u p a tio n s which w ere grouped t o g e t h e r by th e o th e r in v e s t i g a t o r s were found t o b e lo n g t o s e v e r a l f a m ilie s o f th e p r e s e n t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .

W hile

t h e r e was a m easure o f agreem ent in t h e r e s u l t s , th e p r e s e n t tech n iq u e seem s to go beyond and more c o m p le te ly i d e n t i f y o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s. The c o n s t e l l a t i o n s , a s i d e n t i f i e d through th e m ethods d e s c r ib e d h e r e , a re b a sed on t h e s i m i l a r i t y o f o c c u p a tio n s a c c o r d in g t o s e v e r a l r e q u ir e ­ m ents made on th e w o r k er s.

F u rtherm ore, the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p r o v id e s f o r

I X>ata f o r F r e y e r f s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s from: D ouglas F r e y e r , S ch o o l r and S o c i e t y , XVT, ( S e p t . 1922) 2 7 3 -2 7 7 , and D ouglas F r ey er and E . J . S p a r lin g , O c c u p a tio n s, X I I , (1934) 5 5 -6 3 .

179

STABLE X. COMPARISON OF FREYER*S BTTELLIGEITCE CLASSIFICATION" OF OCCUPATIOFS WITH THE CORSTELRATION'S WHICH WERE HffiOTIFXED TKROUG-H THIS STUDY F reyer

T his S tud y (1)

1

A

E n g in e e r ( c i v i l ) Clergym an A cco u n ta n t

6 15 4

z

B

P h y s ic ia n T each er Y*M.Q*A. S e c r e ta r y D e n tis t

Z 1 15 ze

3

C

S ten o g ra p h e r and T y p is t B ookkeeper Nurse C lerk ( o f f i c e ) P h o to g ra p h er T e le g r a p h e r P o s t a l c le r k E le c tr ic ia n C o n s tr u c tio n foreman

4 zz z 17 19 30 17 30 19

4

a

C arp en ter Plumber P ip e fitte r Auto m echanic Lineman Brakeman B u tch er Baker M iner ( d r i l l ) P a in t e r Farmer B r ic k la y e r B arber B o ilerm a k er

11 24, 13 21 24, 24, 15, 21 13, 14 26 14 14 3

S t e e l worker

3

5

a

6

D (1 )

-

26 13, 3 1 3 , 3 , 11 26 3

-

Numbers r e f e r t o t h e c o n s t e l l a t i o n s o f which th e o ccu p a tio n s a re members*

180

V a ry in g d e g r e e s o f r e la t io n s h ip among members o f a c o n s t e l l a t i o n , as w e l l a s o v e r la p p in g o f th e g r o u p s. The g ro u p s which have b e e n i d e n t i f i e d through th e a p p lic a t io n o f t h e p ro ced u re to th e two hundred e x p e r im e n ta l o c c u p a tio n s seem to m eet t h e c r i t e r i a o f b o th f l e x i b i l i t y and co m p a ctn ess. The f a c t t h a t t h e ex p erim en ta l o ccu p a tio n s have b een c l a s s i f i e d th rou gh th e u s e o f t h e p r o c e s s e s and t e c h n iq u e d e s c r ib e d , seems to s u g g e s t th a t t h e s e same methods may have p r a c t i c a l a p p lic a t io n f o r th e la r g e r number o f o c c u p a tio n s o f ^ h ich t h e two hundred u sed in t h i s stu d y a r e a v e r y s m a ll p a r t .

CHAPTER V II IMPLICATIONS OP TEE CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUE POE OCCUPATIONAL ORIENTATION The f i r s t c h a p te r o f t h i s r e p o r t in d ic a te d th e im portance o f s a t i s f a c t o r y o c c u p a tio n a l o r ie n t a t io n to v a r io u s a r e a s o f human a c tiv ity .

I t was shown, a l s o , t h a t I t i s som etim es a d i f f i c u l t ta s k

f o r t h e i n d iv id u a l t o a c h ie v e a harm onious and happy ad ju stm en t betw een h i s own a b i l i t i e s and i n t e r e s t s and th e req u irem en ts o f a jo b .

It is

g e n e r a l l y r e c o g n iz e d t h a t i t i s b o th th e o p p o r tu n ity and o b lig a t io n o f e d u c a tio n t o a s s i s t th e in d iv id u a l t o a c h ie v e s a t i s f a c t o r y v o c a t io n a l 1 a d ju stm e n t. The s c h o o ls , as w e ll as in d iv id u a ls th e m s e lv e s , are s e r i o u s l y han d icap p ed in t h e ir e f f o r t s b eca u se o f t h e c o n fu sio n c r e a te d by t h e m u l t i p l i c i t y o f o c c u p a tio n a l t i t l e s and th e f a c t th a t t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f o cc u p a tio n s w hich have been attem p ted have b een l a r g e l y in term s o f i n d u s t r i e s , m a te r ia ls u se d , and work c o n d it io n s .

2

T h is i n v e s t i g a t i o n a ttem p ts to m it ig a t e t h i s d i f f i c u l t ^ through th e developm ent o f a te c h n iq u e f o r re d u c in g th e g r e a t number o f o c c u p a tio n s t o a s m a lle r number o f groups o f r e la t e d o c c u p a tio n s . The u s e o f t h e p ro ced u re h as been d em on strated by a p p lic a t io n to a l i s t o f r e p r e s e n t a t iv e v o c a t io n s .

S in c e t h e method i s not dependent

on t h e p a r t ic u l a r jo b s w h ich were u sed f o r d em o n stra tiv e p u r p o se s, i t a l s o a p p lie s t o o th e r o c c u p a tio n s f o r w hich th e n e c e s s a r y b a s ic d a ta a r e a v a i l a b l e . ^ A m erican A s s o c ia t io n o f S ch o o l A d m in is tr a to r s , Youth E d u cation T oday, p . 2 0 7 . ^

Exam ples o f t h e s e a tte m p ts were review ed in Chapter I I , p p. 2 9 -5 9 .

182

F u rth erm o re, s in c e th e r e l a t io n s h ip s o f t h e o c c u p a tio n s a r e based, on t h e re q u ir e m e n ts made on th e w orkers, t h e r e s u lt a n t groups c e n te r around th e human e lem en ts i n th e Jobs*

Thus, i t i s p o s s i b l e to e v a lu a t e

in com parable term s th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f w orkers and th e demands made by o c c u p a tio n s or c o n s t e l l a t io n s o f o c c u p a tio n s*

This te c h n iq u e o f

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n h as im p o rta n t im p lic a t io n s f o r e d u c a tio n , as w e ll as f o r o th e r s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s # i i c h d e a l w it h problem s r e la t in g t o s a t i s ­ f a c t o r y o c c u p a tio n a l o r ie n t a t io n * I t was s t a t e d in C hapter I t h a t th e s te p s in a c h ie v in g s a t i s f a c t o r y o c c u p a tio n a l o r i e n t a t i o n in v o lv e s e l e c t i n g an o c c u p a tio n , p re p a r in g fo r it,

e n t e r in g upon i t ,

and p r o g r e s s in g in i t *

The im p lic a tio n s o f the

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n te c h n iq u e f o r t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s a r e c o n sid e r e d h ere under t h r e e main h e a d in g s , nam ely:

( l ) v o c a t io n a l g u id a n ce

i n t e l l i g e n t c h o ic e o f o c c u p a tio n a l a c t i v i t y ;

— in v o lv in g th e

(2 ) v o c a t io n a l e d u c a tio n

— o b t a in in g th e t r a i n i n g and e d u c a tio n n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e p rop er p e r ­ form ance o f t h e jo b ;

(3 ) v o c a t io n a l p lacem en t

p r o g r e s s in g i n a c h o sen o c c u p a tio n a l f ie ld *

— e n t e r in g upon and

2

I m p lic a tio n s f o r V o c a tio n a l Guidance The te c h n iq u e f o r c l a s s i f y i n g o ccu p a tio n s which has been d ev elo p ed h er e h as im p o rta n t im p lic a t io n s fo r v o c a t io n a l g u id a n c e , e s p e c i a l l y as 1 N a tio n a l V o c a tio n a l G uidance A s s o c ia t io n , ’’The P r in c ip le s and P r a c t ic e s o f E d u c a tio n a l and V o c a tio n a l G u id an ce,” O ccu p a tio n s, 2V (May, 1937) 7 7 2 . George E* M yers, P r in c ip le s and T echn iqu es o f V o c a tio n a l G uidance, (New York: M cG raw-H ill Book Co*, 1941)' p p . 3-10* 2

Howard M* B e l l , M atching Youth and J o b s, p p . 1 7 -8 7 .

183

i t r e l a t e s t o {1) o c c u p a tio n a l in fo r m a tio n and (Z } m ethods o f v o c a t io n a l c h o ic e * V o c a tio n a l I n fo r m a tio n * W hether in d e a lin g w ith v o c a t io n a l in fo r m a tio n through group methods o r in d iv id u a l stu d y , th e way i s opened f o r a much more m anageable p ro ced u re in d e a lin g w it h in fo r m a tio n a b o u t th e many v o c a t io n s *

I n s te a d o f a tte m p tin g to c o n s id e r an alm ost e n d le s s

number o f jo b s or o r g a n iz in g them a c c o r d in g t o m a t e r ia ls , i n d u s t r i e s , or s i n g l e a b i l i t i e s , a s d id many o f th e p la n s w h ich were c i t e d in Chapter I I , o c c u p a tio n a l d a ta can b e o r g a n iz e d a c c o r d in g t o v o c a t io n a l f a m i l i e s , b a sed on th e human req u irem en ts o f th e job s*

T h is p r o v id e s fo r more

e f f e c t i v e m ethods o f s tu d y in g o ccu p a tio n s and o f r e la t in g th e n a tu r e o f jo b s t o th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e in d iv id u a ls s e e k in g th e in fo rm a tio n * By s tu d y in g th e s e v o c a t io n a l f a m i l i e s , i t i s p o s s i b l e t o secu re a more com p lete and com p reh en sive p ic t u r e o f th e k in d s o f work in w hich p e r so n s en gage.

Jobs a re a l s o see n in t h e i r r e la t io n s h ip s r a th e r th a n as d i s ­

crete e le m e n ts .

F a c ts can f i r s t be p r e s e n te d w h ich p e r t a in t o th e

group o r c o n s t e l l a t i o n and th e n on t h i s b a s ic fo u n d a tio n , more detax le d and s p e c i f i c in fo r m a tio n can be g iv e n fo r d i f f e r e n t o ccu p a tio n s*

The

in fo r m a tio n about th e c o n s t e l l a t i o n w i l l n a t u r a lly be o f a r a th e r g e n e r a l n a t u r e , p r e s e n t in g an overview o f a l l the o c c u p a tio n s w h ich i t in c lu d e s *

Many more o c c u p a tio n s can be c o n sid e r e d through t h i s p roced u re

than by t r y i n g to d e a l s e p a r a t e ly and i n t e n s i v e l y w it h each o n e.

T h is

makes p o s s i b l e , a l s o , t h e e lim in a t io n o f a g r e a t amount o f r e p e t i t i o n and d u p l i c a t i o n o f in fo r m a tio n . I f more d e t a i l e d in fo r m a tio n i s d e s ir e d about c e r t a in o c c u p a tio n s , t h i s can be se c u r e d a f t e r d e v e lo p in g th e g e n e r a l In fo rm a tio n reg a rd in g

184

"the const© 11 a t i o n •

There i s “thus p ro v id ed a l o g i c a l and e f f i c i e n t :

means o f t r a n s i t i o n from a t t e n t io n t o d a ta about broad a rea s o f work to th e d e t a i l s o f a s p e c i f i c jo b as th e stu d e n ts* i n t e r e s t s become more s p e c ia l i z e d *

G en era l l i t e r a t u r e con cern in g the f a m i l i e s should be a v a i l ­

a b le t o a l l p e r s o n s con cern ed w it h o c c u p a tio n a l o r i e n t a t i o n , w hether th e y a r e ttw ould b ef* w ork ers or c o u n se lo r s*

Use o f f u r t h e r l i t e r a t u r e about

s p e c i f i c v o c a t io n s w i l l depend on th e im m ediate n e e d s , i n t e r e s t s and c ir c u m sta n c e s o f ea ch in d iv id u a l*

Thus i t i s seen t h a t such a method

o f o r g a n iz in g and d e a lin g w ith o c c u p a tio n a l in fo r m a tio n i s con d u cive t o o b ta in in g a u n i f i e d v iew o f th e c o n s t e l l a t i o n s o f o c c u p a tio n s in th e w orld o f work and a ls o p r o v id e s f o r d e t a ile d stu d y o f s p e c i f i c job s and t h e ir p e c u l i a r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s *

S ch ools should o r g a n iz e t h e ir

programs so a s to make a v a ila b le o c c u p a tio n a l in fo r m a tio n , b oth through group and in d i v i d u a l stu d e n t a c t i v i t i e s . In group w ork, w h eth er in v o c a t io n a l g u id an ce c l a s s e s , home rooms, a s s e m b lie s , o r in r e l a t i o n t o r e g u la r c o u r s e s , t h e main em phasis shou ld be on th e n a tu r e o f f a m i l i e s o f o ccu p a tio n s*

D is c u s s io n s and i n v e s t i ­

g a t io n s sh o u ld b e on a broad b a s is and sh ou ld s e r v e to a cq u a in t th e p u p il w ith t h e f a m i l i e s o f work, both f o r th e purpose o f p r o v id in g g e n e r a l in fo r m a tio n and

a ls o t o a id him in f in d in g jo b s f o r w hich he

i s b e s t q u a lif ie d * D e f i n i t e p r o v is io n sh o u ld be made f o r in d ep en d en t in d iv id u a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n and stu d y as w e l l a s group p roced u res*

As t h e group

work o p en s up a re a s o f i n t e r e s t , th e in d iv id u a l sh ou ld make more i n t e n s i v e s t u d i e s o f c e r t a i n c o n s t e l l a t i o n s and o f o c c u p a tio n s w ith in th e se f a m i l i e s .

In t h e c a s e o f th e in d iv id u a l, t h i s s e c u r in g o f

185

o c c u p a t io n a l in fo r m a tio n may a l s o p roceed from an i n t e r e s t i n a s in g l e v o c a t io n to a stu d y o f o th e r members o f th e c o n s t e l l a t i o n and th en p o s s i b l y to o th e r c l o s e l y r e la t e d o r o v e r la p p in g c o n s t e l l a t i o n s • For s c h o o ls t o ca rr y out th e g e n e r a l s u g g e s t io n s p r e s e n te d a b o v e, i t w i l l be n e c e s s a r y to e s t a b l i s h d e f i n i t e p la n s in regard t o m ethods, m a t e r ia ls and a c t i v i t i e s *

She program o f a c t i v i t i e s th rou gh w hich

o c c u p a tio n a l in fo r m a tio n i s made a v a ila b le t o s tu d e n ts sh o u ld be d e f i n i t e l y o r g a n iz e d a c c o r d in g t o a p la n w hich c o n s id e r s f a m i lie s o f r e l a t e d o c c u p a tio n s*

T here m ust a ls o be p r o v is io n f o r in d iv id u a l

i n v e s t i g a t i o n and study#

T h is a p p lie s t o o th e r group m ethods o f

s e c u r in g o c c u p a tio n a l in fo r m a tio n a s w e l l as t o v o c a t io n a l gu id an ce c la s s e s .

S in c e th e c o u r s e s and group program s w i l l undergo a r e o r g a n i­

z a t io n , i t f o llo w s t h a t so u r ce m a t e r ia ls , su ch as o c c u p a tio n a l l i t e r a t u r e sh o u ld be o r g a n iz e d a lo n g th e same p lan #

As p o in te d ou t in t h e e a r ly

p a r t o f t h i s p r e s e n t a t io n , m ost o c c u p a tio n a l l i t e r a t u r e has i n t h e p a s t b een p r e s e n te d ab ou t e i t h e r a com b in ation of h etero g en eo u s jo b s or an o r g a n iz a t io n o f jo b s b a sed on f a c t o r s e x t r i n s i c t o th e n a tu r e o f th e in d iv id u a l n ee d e d t o do t h e w ork.

The ten d en cy h as been to u se

in d u s tr y a s a b a s i s f o r t h e o r g a n iz a tio n o f t e x t s and r e fe r e n c e m ater­ i a l s , r e s u l t i n g i n t h e r e p e t i t i o n o f many j o b s .

L i t t l e e f f o r t i s made

t o d e s c r ib e t h e k in d o f p e r so n who can b e s t do t h e jo b .

Trader t h e new

method o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , t h e human b e in g i n t h e job i s c o n s id e r e d as th e c e n t r a l f a c t o r in o r g a n is in g

v o c a t io n a l m a t e r ia ls .

O ther job

f a c t o r s a re c o n s id e r e d secon d ary t o th e human c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s n e c e s s a r y . T his same c l a s s i f i c a t i o n sh ou ld a ls o be made th e b a s is o f o r g a n iz a t io n f o r g e n e r a l r e f e r e n c e and sup plem entary m a t e r i a ls .

V o c a tio n a l gu id an ce

186

f i l m s s h o u ld he p rep a red and o r g a n ise d in a ccord an ce w ith t h e s e p r in c ip le s . To n a t io n a l c o n fe r e n c e s and s p e e c h e s co n c e r n in g f o r t h e m ost p a r t ,

to

c a t io n s are now,

s e t up a s a c o n g e r ie s o f h e te r o g e n e o u s o c c u p a tio n a l

t i t l e s , many* s e l e c t e d b e c a u se th ey happen to he p o p u la r a t a p a r t ic u l a r t im e .

Wxoh more e f f i c i e n t and sound p la n n in g would he p o s s i b l e i f

t h e s e a l s o w ere o r g a n is e d a cco rd in g t o f a m i l i e s o f r e la t e d o c c u p a tio n s . T ryou t work e x p e r ie n c e and tr y o u t co u rses should f i r s t draw t h e ir a c t i v i t i e s from d i f f e r e n t c o n s t e l l a t i o n s in o rd er t o p r o v id e as w ide a v a rietu r o f work e x p e r ie n c e s a s i s c o n s id e r e d d e s ir a b l e f o r t h e in d iv id u a l*

Then as more d e f i n i t e a b i l i t i e s and i n t e r e s t s are d i s ­

c l o s e d , t h e e x p e r ie n c e s can be r e la t e d more d i r e c t l y t o th e o c c u p a tio n s w it h in a fe w s e l e c t e d c o n s t e l l a t i o n s , T h is b a s i c p r i n c i p l e o f o c c u p a tio n a l in fo r m a tio n , in v o lv in g c o n s id e r a t io n o f c o n s t e l l a t i o n s , a p p lie s on a l l l e v e l s o f e d u c a tio n . TShile i n t e r e s t i n a s p e c i f i c o c c u p a tio n may h e t h e im petus f o r d e s ir in g v o c a t io n a l f a c t s , , th e many v o c a t io n a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s can he more e f f i c i e n t l y c o n s id e r e d by u s in g t h i s to d ir e c t a t t e n t i o n to t h e stu d y o f f a m i l i e s o f o c c u p a t io n s .

As s tu d e n ts p r o g r e s s in s c h o o l and le a r n

more about t h e d i f f e r e n t f a m il ie s o f o c c u p a tio n s , in c r e a s in g a t t e n t i o n sh o u ld be g iv e n t o more s p e c i f i c in fo r m a tio n c o n c e r n in g th e o c c u p a tio n s w h ich c o n s t i t u t e th e grou p s w hich are most im p ortan t f o r t h e in d iv id u a l. In e i t h e r c a s e , w h eth er c o n s id e r in g f i r s t t h e fa m ily o r th e jo b , th e o r g a n iz a t io n o f m a t e r ia ls and th e methods u sed a r e b ased on con­ s t e l l a t i o n s o f o c c u p a t io n s . A r e o r g a n iz e d approach t o o c c u p a tio n a l in fo r m a tio n r e q u ir e s

187

d i f f e r e n t "teaching p r o c ed u res and in fo r m a tio n a l background on th e part o f tea ch ers.

S in c e t h e v o c a t io n a l o b j e c t iv e i s r e c o g n iz e d as

im p o rta n t th rou gh ou t a l l e d u c a tio n , t h i s change i n approach a p p lie s n o t only* t o c o u n s e lo r s and te a c h e r s o f o c c u p a tio n a l in fo r m a tio n c o u r s e s but t o a l l t e a c h e r s .

I h e y sh o u ld know o r have a v a ila b le in ­

fo r m a tio n c o n c e r n in g broad f a m i l i e s o f o c c u p a tio n s , and sh o u ld r e c o g n iz e t h e demands o f jo b s as r e l a t i n g t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f in d i v id u a ls . But m ost im p o rta n t o f a l l ,

t h e ir e d u c a tio n a l p h ilo so p h y must be such

t h a t p r a c t i c e s and p ro ced u res a r e b ased on a c o n s id e r a t io n o f t h e im portance o f th e p u p il and h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . V o c a tio n a l Oho i c e .

The secon d s e t o f im p lic a tio n s to be con­

s id e r e d under v o c a t io n a l g u id a n ce d e a ls w ith v o c a t io n a l c h o ic e * t h i s , th e f i n a l d e c i s i o n sh o u ld r e s t w ith th e i n d i v i d u a l. i s n a t u r a ll y in v o lv e d , how ever, o c c u p a tio n .

In

C ou n selin g

in many in s t a n c e s o f s e l e c t i o n o f an

But w h eth er such i s th e c a s e or n o t , t h e g e n e r a l p la n o f

p roced u re i n v o c a t i o n a l c h o ic e i s la r g e ly th e same. In c h o o s in g an o c c u p a tio n , a t t e n t i o n may be d ir e c t e d f i r s t e i t h e r to f a m i l i e s o r t o s p e c i f i c v o c a t io n s which seem t o be most in harmony w ith th e i n d i v i d u a l ' s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

W hile t h i s a t t e n t io n may be

o r i g i n a l l y prom pted by i n t e r e s t , s e r io u s c o n s id e r a tio n o f a jo b should be b a sed on a b i l i t y o r a p t it u d e f o r the work as w e l l .

G e n e r a lly , in

c a n v a s sin g t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r a l i f e work, i t would be b e t t e r to s t a r t w ith th e f a m i l i e s u n le s s th e p erso n a lr e a d y has a pronounced i n t e r e s t i n a p a r t ic u l a r v o c a t io n .

^Shen s t a r t i n g w ith v o c a t io n a l

f a m i l i e s , th e p ro ced u re m ight be t o d eterm ine f i r s t w hich f a m ili e s

.

v have r eq u ire m e n ts h a rm o n izin g most c l o s e l y w ith th e p erso n * s

188

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , a b i l i t i e s , and o p p o r t u n it ie s .

A fte r making’ t h i s

s e l e c t i o n , a t t e n t i o n can be d ir e c t e d to a c o n s id e r a t io n o f more s p e c i f i c o c c u p a tio n s w it h in t h e f a m i l i e s .

When s t a r t i n g w ith a s tr o n g

i n t e r e s t in one o r a few o c c u p a t io n s , a t t e n t io n can be d ir e c t e d t o th e f a m ily o r f a m i l i e s t o w h ich t h e s e b e lo n g , i n o rd er to s u g g e st o th e r jo b p o s s i b i l i t i e s .

In e it h e r c a s e , v o c a t io n a l c h o ic e i s made

a c c o r d in g to v o c a t i o n a l f i e l d s or r e la t e d o c c u p a tio n s whose g e n e r a l re q u ir e m e n ts harm onize w ith t h e w o r k e r 's c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

The c h o ic e

i s k e p t b road and w ith a l t e r n a t i v e s a s lo n g as a d v is a b le ; and ev e n w ith t h e s e l e c t i o n o f a d e f i n i t e l i n e o f work, t h e way i s s t i l l open t o s h i f t th e c h o ic e t o a c l o s e l y r e la t e d o c c u p a tio n i f circ u m sta n c e s so d ic ta te ,

T h is p ro c ed u re in v o c a t io n a l s e l e c t i o n , b u i l t on th e te c h n iq u e

f o r c l a s s i f y i n g o c c u p a tio n s w hich has been h e r e in d e v e lo p e d , d is c a r d s t h e ham pering n a rro w n ess and d i f f i c u l t y w hich a t te n d make c h o ic e s a c c o r d in g t o a s p e c i f i c v o c a t io n .

t h e a ttem p ts to

I t d is c a r d s t h e o ld

c o n c e p t o f "one p e r f e c t v o c a t io n a l n ic h e " f o r each in d iv i d u a l. T h is g e n e r a l p la n o f v o c a t io n a l s e l e c t i o n i s im p ortan t n ot o n ly from th e p o in t o f v iew o f th e in d iv id u a l but a l s o f o r a l l t h o s e who w ou ld o r sh o u ld c o u n s e l s t u d e n t s . e d u c a t io n .

H erein i t i s l a r g e l y o f concern t o

E d u ca tio n sh o u ld r e v i s e and e x te n d i t s p r a c t ic e s o f c o u n s e l­

in g s tu d e n t s c o n c e r n in g v o c a t io n a l c h o i c e .

The stu d e n t sh ou ld be

en co u ra g ed and a s s i s t e d in a p p r a is in g h i s own i n t e r e s t s and a b i l i t i e s a s r e l a t i n g t o req u irem en ts o f o c c u p a t io n s .

This sh o u ld n o t be an

e v e n t b u t s h o u ld be a d ev e lo p m e n ta l p r o c e d u r e ,

G-eneral a t t e n t io n

s h o u ld b e g iv e n t o i t a s t h e s tu d e n t i s c o n fr o n te d w it h problem s o f e d u c a t io n a l c h o ic e and co u rse s e l e c t i o n .

A t f i r s t , t h e s e c h o ic e s

189

s h o u ld h e t r e a d , p r o b a b ly in v o lv in g s e v e r a l c o n s t e l l a t i o n s .

As the

p u p il* s i n t e r e s t s and a b i l i t i e s m ature and d e v e lo p , th e d i r e c t i o n o f h i s c h o ic e w i l l become in c r e a s in g ly d e f i n i t e but s ig h t sh ou ld n e v e r be l o s t o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e a r e a ls o o th e r o c c u p a tio n s in th e same c o n s te lla tio n

c l o s e l y r e l a t e d f a m i l i e s w hich are f o r him im p o rta n t

v o c a tio n a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s * pJCOpeae^y.it#- a id t h e s tu d e n t in t h i s a p p r a is a l and s e l e c t i o n r e q u ir e s a d i f f e r e n t o r g a n iz a t io n and em p hasis i n reg a rd to r e c o r d s , t e s t s , i n d i v i d u a l i n v e n t o r i e s , and c o u n s e lin g th a n hstvebeen u sed in t h e p a s t*

T hese s h o u ld a l l h e o r g a n iz e d in su ch a manner as t o

em p h a size t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e in d iv id u a l as th e y r e l a t e t o t h e r e q u ir e m e n ts o f o c c u p a t io n a l f a m i lie s *

I n v e n t o r ie s and reco rd s sh ou ld

g i v e i n c r e a s in g em p h asis t o t h o s e a c t i v i t i e s o f and f a c t s c o n c e m iig t h e in d i v i d u a l w h ich w i l l a id more d i r e c t l y in s e l e c t i n g an a r e a o f v o c a t i o n a l a c t i v i t y in w h ich th e s tu d e n t seems to have th e g r e a t e s t p o s s i b i l i t y o f s a t i s f a c t o r y a d ju stm e n t.

T e s t s f o r p u rp oses o f a id in g

in v o c a t io n a l s e l e c t i o n s h o u ld b e c o n s tr u c te d so as to be more m eaning­ f u l i n reg a rd to t h e f a m i l i e s o f r e l a t e d o c c u p a t io n s . i n two w ays:

(!)

T his can be done

d evelop m ent and a d o p tio n o f s e p a r a te t e s t s f o r th e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h ich a r e fou n d to be im p ortan t in v a r io u s f a m i l i e s , and (2) developm ent o f a co m p o site t e s t , d e s ig n e d t o m easure th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s demanded by a fa m ily o f o c c u p a tio n s .

I t i s p r o b a b le

t h a t b o th o f t h e s e sh o u ld ta k e i n t o c o n s id e r a t io n th e v a r i a t io n s in t h e k in d o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s in v o lv e d . S c h o o ls n eed t o make d e f i n i t e p r o v is io n f o r p r o v id in g c o u n s e lin g w h ic h d e a ls w ith v o c a t i o n a l g u id a n ce on t h e b a s is o f v o c a t io n a l

190

fa m ilie s *

T h is te c h n iq u e o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n im p lie s th e need f o r a

d i f f e r e n t approach t o v o c a t i o n a l c o u n s e lin g , as w e ll as t h e r e d ir e c t io n o f em p h asis i n i n d iv id u a l i n v e n t o r i e s , t e s t s ,

and reco rd s*

S in c e t h i s

i s t r u e , c o u n s e lo r s m ust he prep ared to u n d erstan d o c c u p a tio n s in term s o f grou p s w h ich make s im ila r demands on th e w o rk ers.

(They must

h e t r a in e d to r e l a t e t h e s e grou p s o f o c c u p a tio n s and t h e ir demands t o th e a b i l i t i e s o f th e in d iv id u a l when a id in g them in th e s o lu t i o n o f p rob lem s o f v o c a t io n a l c h o ic e .

T h is im p lie s n o t o n ly a d i f f e r e n t

in fo r m a t io n a l background b u t a d i f f e r e n t c o n s id e r a t io n o f v o c a t io n a l p o t e n t i a l i t i e s o f th e stu d e n t as w e ll*

T eacher t r a in in g sh o u ld ta k e

t h e s e f a c t o r s i n t o a c c o u n t in t h e p r e p a r a tio n o f te a c h e r s and c o u n s e lo r s . l$ h ile t h i s p la n o f v o c a t io n a l g u id a n c e , b ased as i t i s on f a m i l i e s o f o c c u p a t io n s , in v o lv e s an e v a lu a tio n o f th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a p erso n in r e l a t i o n t o th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s req u ired by an o c c u p a tio n a l group or b y a s p e c i f i c v o c a t io n , i t w ould by no means f o llo w th a t t h i s p roced u re w ould be an im p e r so n a l, m ech an ical p r o c e ss*

I t i s d e s ir a b le to f a c i l ­

i t a t e v o c a t io n a l s e l e c t i o n by means o f te c h n iq u e s and d e v ic e s , b u t i t i s n o t c o n s id e r e d p o s s i b l e , f e a s i b l e , nor a d v is a b le to attem p t to remove th e p e r s o n a l e q u a tio n from a s i t u a t i o n w h ich i s so ste e p e d w it h p e r s o n a lity fa c to r s *

i n o c c u p a tio n i s in r e a l i t y t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f

th e w orker and th e work; and u n le s s th e human b e in g in th e jo b i s t o be t r e a t e d as a r o b o t , v o c a t io n a l g u id a n ce and a d ju stm en t m ust be made w ith due c o n s id e r a t io n f o r v a r i a b i l i t y and com pensatory r e a c t io n s in t h e n a tu r e o f th e p e r s o n a li t y in v o lv e d .

191

I m p lic a t io n s f o r V o c a tio n a l E d u ca tio n T o c a t io n a l e d u c a tio n , a s p r e p a r a tio n f o r th e j o b , i s d e f i n i t e l y a p a r t o f t h e a c t i v i t i e s in v o lv e d i n a c h ie v in g s a t i s f a c t o r y o c c u p a tio n a l o r ie n ta tio n .

For i t ,

th e te c h n iq u e o f c l a s s i f y i n g o c c u p a tio n s a ls o has

im p o r ta n t i m p l i c a t i o n s .

I t was p o in te d out in an e a r l i e r c h a p te r t h a t

v a r io u s t y p e s o f v o c a t io n a l e d u c a tio n , i n d u s t r i a l a r t s and tr a d e and i n d u s t r i a l e d u c a t io n , w ere n o t s a t i s f a c t o r y s o lu t io n s t o th e problem s o f o c c u p a t io n a l o r i e n t a t i o n .

I n d u s t r ia l a r t s has b een , t o a g r e a t

e x t e n t , a r a th e r m i& cellan eou s sa m p lin g o f a c t i v i t i e s from th e t r a d e s , e n r ic h e d by m a t e r ia ls and a c t i v i t i e s d e sig n e d t o t r a i n in th e v a lu e s o f g e n e r a l e d u c a t io n .

In sa n e c a s e s , c o u r s e s have b een o r g a n iz e d a c c o r d in g

t o th e m a t e r ia ls u s e d , f o r exam ple; c o u r s e s in wood work and m e ta l work. T o c a tio n a l e d u c a tio n h a s l a r g e l y a c c e p te d th e o r g a n iz a t io n e x i s t i n g in t r a d e s and in d u s t r y and h a s d ev e lo p e d c o u r s e s f o r p r o v id in g s p e c i f i c t r a i n i n g a c c o r d in g t o t h a t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .

I t i s d o u b tfu l w h eth er t h i s

is

th e m ost d e s ir a b le m ethod o f

o r g a n iz in g v o c a t io n a l e d u c a tio n , b ased

as

i t i s , to a g r e a t e x t e n t , on

th e chance developm ent o f tr a d e s and

i n d u s t r i e s r a th e r than p la n n ed on t h e b a s is o f s tu d ie d c o n s id e r a t io n 1 o f in d i v i d u a l a b i l i t i e s o r b a s ic s k i l l s . B a s ic and S p e c i f i c T r a in in g .

There i s a grow in g r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t

w ith th e in c r e a s in g c o m p le x ity in ty p e s and v a r i e t i e s o f o c c u p a tio n s , it

i s im p o s s ib le f o r s c h o o ls t o t r a in w orkers a d e q u a te ly f o r a l l

th ese

jo b s.

q u e s t io n e d .

Even i f i t were p o s s i b l e , i t s

of

d e s ir a b ilit y i s s e r io u s ly

S p e c i f i c job t r a i n i n g cannot be c o n s id e r e d ad eq u ate

1 W illia m B . ’l a m e r , n0n Coming o f A g e ,” I n d u s t r ia l A rts and T o c a t io n a l E d u c a tio n , XXTOII, 1 , (J a n . 1929) p p . 6—7.

192

T o c a t io n a l t r a in in g *

The v e r y s p e c i f i c i t y o f t h i s job t r a i n i n g

p r e c lu d e s th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f ta k in g in t o c o n s id e r a t io n l a t e r changes in. t h e w orker o r th e w orld o f w ork, w hich may make i t im p e r a tiv e to a ttem p t t o change from on e v o c a t io n t o an other*

I t seem s much more

a d v is a b le , i n v o c a t io n a l t r a i n i n g , t o t r a i n th e p erso n in b a s ic s k i l l s and in fo r m a tio n common to a group o f o c c u p a tio n s , r a th e r th an t r a i n f o r s p e c i f i c i t y and hope t h a t i n some manner t h e s e s k i l l s m ight t r a n s f e r t o o t h e r o c c u p a tio n s *

I t m igh t be th a t u nder c e r t a i n c ir c u m sta n c e s,

th e e x i g e n c i e s o f th e o c c a s io n w ou ld d i c t a t e such s p e c i f i c t r a i n i n g b u t t h i s would i n no way n e g a te th e p r in c ip le t h a t i t i s b e t t e r f i r s t t o have g e n e r a l t r a i n i n g on w h ich l a t e r s p e c i f i c t r a in in g can be based* T h is w ould f a c i l i t a t e a d d i t io n a l v o c a t io n a l t r a in in g and r e t r a in in g i n c a s e o c c u p a t io n a l s h i f t s become n e c e ssa r y * A c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f o c c u p a tio n s , e s t a b l is h e d through th e a p p l i c a t i o n o f th e te c h n iq u e s d ev elo p ed h e r e , w ou ld open t h e way f o r v o c a t i o n a l t r a in in g p la n n ed and o rg a n iz e d a c c o r d in g t o s k i l l s in fo r m a tio n r e l a t i n g t o a group o f o c c u p a tio n s .

and

The i n i t i a l and b a s ic

t r a i n i n g sh o u ld be d ir e c t e d toward d e v e lo p in g th e s k i l l s and a b i l i t i e s t h a t a p p ly t o a f a m ily o f o c c u p a tio n s .

T r a in in g in s p e c i f i c s k i l l s

s h o u ld come l a t e r , a f t e r t h i s b a s i c t r a in in g has b een a c q u ir e d .

T h is

can th e n be done w it h a minimum o f tim e and e d u c a tio n a l e f f o r t .

S h ifts

in th e k in d o f work done by a worker w ould be f a c i l i t a t e d a s i t would b e e a s i e r t o b u ild th e n ew ly r e q u ir e d s k i l l s on th e fo u n d a tio n o f th e p r e v i o u s l y a c q u ir e d g e n e r a l t r a i n i n g .

This p r in c ip le o f t r a in in g

a p p l i e s to i n d u s t r i a l t r a in in g a s w e l l a s t o th e more form al t r a in in g in s c h o o ls .

In th e e n t i r e f i e l d

o f v o c a t io n a l e d u c a tio n , th e em phasis

*

193

i n t r a i n i n g sh o u ld be fir st* on a Inroad fo u n d a tio n p r o v id in g f o r f l e x i b i l i t y and t r a n s f e r , and l a t e r on s p e c i f i c s k i l l t r a in in g 'when n e ed i s in d ic a te d *

A p e r s o n f s v o c a t io n a l e d u c a tio n can p ro ceed

h a r m o n io u sly w it h t h e developm ent o f h is v o c a t i o n a l p la n s and oppor­ tu n itie s . R e o r g a n is a tio n o f C ourses and M eth od s,

The a p p lic a t io n o f t h e s e

p r i n c i p l e s w ould h a v e f a r - r e a c h in g e f f e c t s on a c t u a l p r a c t i c e s in v o c a t io n a l e d u c a tio n .

I t would in v o lv e a co m p lete r e o r g a n iz a t io n o f

c o u r s e s , i n th e i n d u s t r i a l a r t s and g e n e r a l v o c a t io n a l c o u r s e s a s w e l l a s i n th e s p e c i f i c tr a d e c o u r s e s .

T o c a tto n s b e lo n g in g t o th e con­

s t e l l a t i o n s would n eed t o be c a r e f u l l y a n a ly z e d t o s e e what th e e le m e n ts o r a c t i v i t i e s a r e in which th e y make s im ila r req u irem en ts on th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e w o r k e r s . around t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s ,

C ourses co u ld th e n be o r g a n iz e d

The e a r l i e r and more g e n e r a l c o u r se s m ight

c o n s id e r i n an e x p lo r a to r y manner t h e a c t i v i t i e s in v o lv e d i n s e v e r a l c o n s te lla tio n s .

T h ese m igh t c o n s t i t u t e u n i t s o f th e c o u r s e .

Then i n

t h e more advanced c o u r s e s , a t t e n t i o n m ight f i r s t be d ir e c t e d t o th e more d e t a i l e d o p e r a t io n s in v o lv e d i n a f a m ily o f o c c u p a tio n s and th e n l a t e r t r a i n i n g e o u ld b e narrow ed and s p e c i a l i z e d to in c lu d e t r a in in g in a s p e c i f i c J o b .

I n t e n s iv e s tu d y and r e s e a r c h i s n e c e s s a r y , how ever,

in d e v e lo p in g th e c o u r s e o f s tu d y w hich w ou ld be in v o lv e d in such a sw eep in g r e o r g a n iz a t io n .

This c o u r se w i l l have to be p lan n ed n o t o n ly

i n r e l a t i o n t o th e s k i l l s t o be a t t a in e d b u t must a l s o in c lu d e the s e l e c t i o n and o r g a n iz a t io n o f a c t i v i t i e s and m a te r ia ls o f i n s t r u c t i o n , shop o r g a n iz a t io n , eq u ip m en t, te x tb o o k s , Job s h e e t s , work p la n s and o th e r p h a se s o f v o c a t i o n a l e d u c a t io n a s w e l l .

The c o u rses cannot be

194

i a mere random sa m p lin g o f u n it s from th e c o u r s e s f o r v a r io u s t r a d e s • | T here m ust he a co m p lete r e b u ild in g o f c o u r s e s a s based on th e r e q u ir e — •' i

ij m ents made by r e l a t e d v o c a t i o n s , t h i s r e la t io n s h ip b e in g a c c o r d in g to th e ■; r e q u ir e m e n ts made on th e workers* T h is r e o r g a n iz a t io n w i l l o b v io u s ly r e q u ir e a d i f f e r e n t type o f t r a i n i n g fo r v o c a t io n a l te a c h e r s *

I n s te a d of b ein g p r im a r ily s p e c i a l i s t s ,

f o r th e f i r s t c o u r s e s t h e y w i l l have t o be g e n e r a l i s t s in v o c a t io n a l s k i l l s and th e n f o r t h e o th e r c o u r s e s th e y sh ou ld be s p e c i a l i s t s in some s p e c i f i c p h a se o f work a c t i v i t y *

M oreover, th ey w i l l have to d i r e c t in ­

c r e a s in g a t t e n t i o n t o th e c o n s id e r a t io n o f th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s tu d e n ts a s t h e y r e l a t e t o th e demands made by c o n s t e l l a t i o n s o f o c cu p a tio n s* The a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s e p r in c ip le s t o v o c a t io n a l e d u c a tio n w i l l mean c o m p le te ly c u t t i i ^ a c r o s s th e old l i n e s o f o r g a n iz a t io n b u t th e y w i l l make p o s s i b l e b a s ic v o c a t io n a l tr a in in g fo r more s tu d e n ts and in r e l a t i o n t o more v o c a t io n a l f i e l d s *

T h is b a s ic p r e p a r a tio n w i l l s e r v e as th e

fo u n d a tio n f o r d evelop m en t o f s k i l l s in s e v e r a l r e la t e d o c c u p a tio n s as , n e e d s a r is e * I m p lic a t io n s f o r T o c a tio n a l P lacem en t S ch o o ls cannot c o n s id e r t h e i r t a s k f in is h e d when a stu d e n t has made a v o c a t io n a l c h o ic e and has b een t r a in e d fo r a job*

I t was p o in te d

o u t e a r l i e r t h a t th e s c h o o ls h ave an in c r e a s in g r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f a s s i s t ­ in g y o u th e n t e r upon and advance in jo b s*

Other s o c i a l a g e n c ie s , such as

com m unity, s t a t e , p r iv a t e and o th e r employment s e r v ic e s w i l l a s s i s t in t h e s e p r o b lem s.

F u rth erm ore, t h e in d iv id u a l h im s e lf , and the em ployers

i a s w e l l , can and do c o n t r ib u t e a g r e a t d e a l to t h e placem en t o f w orkers*

195

E v id e n c e p r e s e n te d i n th e f i r s t p a r t o f t h is r e p o r t in d ic a t e d t h a t th e p r e s e n t p r a c t i c e s o f s c h o o ls and o th e r s o c i a l a g e n c ie s in r e l a t i o n to v o c a t i o n a l p la c e m e n t a r e in a d eq u a te f o r th e s o lu t i o n o f p rob lem s o f o c c u p a t io n a l o r ie n t a t io n *

One o f t h e re a so n s fo r th e in ­

adequacy i s t h e d i f f i c u l t y in d e a lin g w ith th e g r e a t number o f job t i t l e s . The t i t l e s a r e not a lw a y s d e s c r i p t i v e o f th e job and a r e not the same in d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f t h e c o u n tr y .^ A n oth er s e r i e s o f d i f f i c u l t i e s a r i s e s b ecau se o f th e attem p t t o p la c e w ork ers a cc o rd in g to s p e c i f i c jo b s and job t i t l e s .

The f a c t o r s

w h ich a r e g iv e n t h e m ost c o n s id e r a t io n are o f t e n Job c o n d itio n s and s p e c i f i c a t i o n s r a t h e r than th e w orker c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s which are funda­ m e n ta l to perform an ce on th e j o b .

The q u a lif i c a t io n s demanded are

g e n e r a l l y s t a t e d in terms of s p e c i f i c e x p e r ie n c e , and " a b i l i t y to p e r ­ form th e d u t ie s o f t h e jo b ," r a t h e r th a n t h e human c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h ich a r e demanded by th e o c c u p a tio n .

p

T hese c ir c u m sta n c e s a f f e c t th r e e c l a s s e s o f w orkers:

(1) y o u th

who a r e a tte m p tin g to e n t e r upon t h e ir chosen f i e l d of v o c a t io n a l a c tiv ity ,

(2 ) w ork ers who by n e c e s s i t y or c ir c u m sta n c e s a r e d is p la c e d

from a jo b and most t r y t o f in d a n o th e r , and (S) w orkers who b eca u se o f advancem ents and s e a s o n a l ch an ges s h i f t from one job t o a n o th e r . W hile i t i s t r u e t h a t t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y on d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l a g e n c ie s w i l l v a r y , t h e te c h n iq u e o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f o c c u p a tio n s as h e r e in ^ M. It. T rabue, " F u n c tio n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f O c c u p a tio n s," O c c u p a tio n s, XV (November, 1956) p . 1 2 ? . 2

h . G-. P a te r s o n and J . G* P a r le y , Men, Women and J o b s, p p . 4 8 - 4 9 .

196

d e v e lo p e d h as im p o r ta n t im p lic a t io n s f o r th e p r a c t i c e s of a l l a g e n c ie s w hich a re co n cern ed w ith v o c a t io n a l p la c e m e n t. I n i t i a l P la c e m e n t,

No m a tte r how c a r e f u l l y c h o ic e and p r e p a r a tio n

h ave b een made, many "beginning w orkers w i l l p rob ab ly engage in a s u c c e s s io n o f J o b s, e i t h e r a s s te p s n e c e s s a r y t o advancem ent, or b eca u se o f occup a­ t io n a l o p p o r tu n itie s ,

T h is n eed not be a h in d ran ce in o c c u p a tio n a l

o r i e n t a t i o n n o r a haphazard s h i f t i n g from one Job to a n o th e r .

I f th e

p a r t i c u l a r Job w h ich i s d e s ir e d cannot be im m ed ia tely l o c a t e d , p la c e ­ m ent can b e c o n s id e r e d in o th e r members o f th e o c c u p a tio n a l g rou p . T hose f a m i l i e s o f Jobs which a r e s e le c t e d as p la cem en t p o s s i b i l i t i e s sh o u ld be th o s e w h ich are in a c c o r d w ith th e w o rk er's c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and w h ich can c o n t r ib u t e work e x p e r ie n c e s which w i l l s e r v e t o in c r e a s e th e i n d i v i d u a l ' s e m p lo y a b ilit y and v o c a t io n a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s . The s c h o o ls m ust assume much o f th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r th e p la c e ­ ment o f b e g in n in g w o r k e r s .

I t may be th a t t h e y w i l l w is h t o co o p e r a te

w ith o th e r a g e n c i e s , b u t t h is does not r e l i e v e them o f t h e i r o b l ig a t io n to y o u th .

In t h i s a c t i v i t y t h e s c h o o ls or o th e r a g e n c ie s p erfo rm in g

t h e p la c e m e n t f u n c t io n , and th e b e g in n in g w ork er, sh o u ld th in k o f p la c e ­ ment in term s o f c o n s t e l l a t i o n s of o c c u p a tio n s .

The p o in ts o f v iew in

a i d i n g y o u th to f in d Jobs v a r y a l l t h e way from th e a t t i t u d e th a t " J u st any Job w i l l do" to th e o th e r extrem e o f a tte m p tin g a p e r f e c t m atching o f th e d e s ir e s and a b i l i t i e s o f a p erso n w ith th e req u irem en ts o f a s p e c if ic Job.

I f t h e s c h o o l has made a stu d y o f th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

t h e i n d i v i d u a l , i t can c o n s id e r him f o r p la cem en t in any one o f s e v e r a l Job s w hich b e lo n g t o th e same f a m i l i e s and make s im ila r r e q u ir e m e n ts. The p la cem en t o f f i c e r s sh o u ld have a v a ila b le th e r e s u l t s o f s t u d ie s

sh o w in g th e Jobs in t h e community and th e c a l l s

f o r w orkers;

t h e s e a r e c l a s s i f i e d i n t o f a m i l i e s o f r e l a t e d o c c u p a tio n s .

and how Then th e

w ork er can be c o n s id e r e d f o r p la cem en t in any Job w it h in a c o n s t e l l a t i o n w hich h a rm o n izes w ith h i s a b i l i t i e s .

This p ro ced u re fo r th e young

w orker o p en s up more e x t e n s iv e o p p o r t u n it ie s in Jobs r e la t e d to h is a b i l i t y » c o n s e q u e n tly in c r e a s in g h is p o s s i b i l i t i e s of making s a t i s f a c t o r y p r o g r e s s i n th e J o b . P la cem en t o f E x p erien ced W orkers.

The problem o f f in d in g a Job

i s f a c e d not o n ly b y "would be" w orkers b u t a l s o by many w orkers who h a v e h e ld J o b s .

V arious

c ir c u m sta n c e s o f t e n make i t n e c e s s a r y f o r

e x p e r ie n c e d w o rk ers t o fin d o th e r J o b s.

For t h is g ro u p , one of the

g r e a t d i f f i c u l t i e s s ta n d in g in th e way of s a t i s f a c t o r y o c c u p a tio n a l a d ju stm en t was fou nd t o b e th e c o n sta n t changes i n b o th w orkers and o c c u p a t io n s .

How would th e p r in c ip le o f o c c u p a tio n a l f a m ili e s ap p ly

i n r eg a rd t o th e s e ?

I f ch a n g es i n th e p e r so n made i t no lo n g e r p o s s i b l e

f o r him to pursue h i s u s u a l o c c u p a tio n , he m ight w ith l e a s t d i f f i c u l t y change to a n o th e r o c c u p a tio n of t h e group t o w h ich h is o r i g i n a l occupa^ t i o n b e lo n g s .

I f t h e changes w ere so g r e a t as to p r e c lu d e t h i s

p o s s i b i l i t y , i t w ou ld be n e c e s s a r y to r e a p p r a is e h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , and attem p t t o f in d a n o th e r fa m ily w hich seemed t o be m ost c l o s e l y in l i n e w it h them . p r o sp e c ts.

T h is , th e n , w>uld be h is new f i e l d o f o c c u p a tio n a l

In c a s e o f ch a n ges in o c c u p a tio n s , or i f an o c c u p a tio n sh ou ld

become o b s o l e t e , th e p e rso n would t r y t o s h i f t t o a n o th er o c c u p a tio n of th e same grou p to * h ic h h is form er o c c u p a tio n b e lo n g e d . a r e c o n t in u a l l y a p p e a r in g .

New o c c u p a tio n s

T hese would be p la c e d in t h e sy ste m o f

o c c u p a t io n a l f a m i l i e s on t h e b a s is o f t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s of t h e i r

198

r e q u ir e m e n ts w it h th o s e o f o c c u p a tio n s and o c c u p a tio n a l groups a lr e a d y e s t a b lis h e d *

In c a s e o f extreme v a r ia t io n s , i t m ig h t he n e c e s s a r y to

e s t a b l i s h new grou p s*

Thus i t i s s e e n .th a t th e system o f o c c u p a tio n a l

f a m i l i e s f a c i l i t a t e s o c c u p a tio n a l o r i e n t a t i o n in th o se c a s e s where p ro b lem s a r i s e due t o ch an ges in w orkers and o cc u p a tio n s*

I t i s an

in stru m en t m e e tin g th e n ee d s c r e a te d by a dynamic s it u a t io n * Some persons: l o s e t h e ir jo b s b eca u se o f o th e r r e a s o n s , such as econ om ic c o n d i t i o n s , change i n demands fo r w o rk ers, p e r s o n a l f a c t o r s , and th e l i k e *

T h ese w ork ers a r e a l s o in t h e job m arket*

The v o c a t io n a l

o p p o r t u n it ie s o f t h e s e p e r s o n s have b een , fo r th e most p a r t , by employment a g e n c ie s and m anagers a c c o r d in g to t h e t i t l e p a s t jo b s*

c o n sid e r e d

o f th e ir

The p rim ary c o n s id e r a t io n h as b een t h e name o f th e job or

th e a c t i v i t y perform ed*

I t i s n o t always p o s s ib le t o match job t i t l e s *

They may v a r y in d i f f e r e n t l o c a l i t i e s or i t may be th a t a s p e c i f i c job d o e s n o t e v e n e x i s t in a n o th e r p a r t o f th e co u n tiy *

T h e r e fo r e , t o

i n s i s t on p la ce m e n t a c c o r d in g to i d e n t i c a l t i t l e s i s t o a d v o ca te a p ro ced u re w h ich i s n o t alw ays p o s s i b l e , and to p e r s i s t in a tte m p tin g to do so g r e a t l y r e s t r i c t s t h e jo b o p p o r t u n it ie s o f w o r k e r s.

Is i t

n o t l c g i c a l t h a t th e worker may have the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s r e q u ir e d by s e v e r a l jo b s even th ou gh th e t i t l e s may be d i f f e r e n t ?

The c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

te c h n iq u e breaks down the f a l s e d em arcation s which through custom have come to be a s s o c ia t e d w ith many v o c a tio n s *

P lacem en t o f f i c e r s sh o u ld

a c c o r d in g ly b reak away from th e t r a d i t i o n a l job dom inated p o in t o f v ie w and c o n s id e r p la cem en t in terms o f t h e human c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s r e q u ir e d by th e j o b .

They m ust a ls o d is c a r d s p e c i f i c i t y in p la c e m e n t.

I n s t e a d t h e y sh ou ld p la c e w orkers a c c o r d in g t o r e la t e d o c c u p a tio n s i f

199

t h e e x a c t oo cu.p a t io n o f t h e w o rk er’ s p a s t e x p e r ie n c e i s n o t a v a i la b le o r d e s ir a b le . Many o f t h e p rob lem s o f p lacem en t would be g r e a t l y red uced by c o n s id e r in g th e w orker f o r p la cem en t in s e v e r a l o c c u p a tio n s w h ich b e lo n g t o a f a m ily , a l l t h e members o f w h ich make somewhat th e same req u irem en ts on th e p e r s o n s engaged i n th em .

$hen t h e w o rk er, in se e k in g a new Job ,

would n a t u r a l l y sedh work among one o f th e o c c u p a tio n s w h ich i s a member o f th e same fa m ily as t h e o c c u p a tio n i n w h ich h e was fo rm erly en g a g ed . S h is w ould a l s o p r o v id e f o r p la cem en t a c c o r d in g t o w orker a b i l i t y and Job r e q u ir e m e n ts , r e g a r d le s s o f t h e s p e c i f i c Job t i t l e .

A ls o i t would

open up more p la cem en t p o s s i b i l i t i e s , d ep en d in g on th e c o n s t i t u t i o n o f th e o c c u p a tio n a l f a m ily , r a th e r th a n on m atching th e s p e c i f i c occupa­ t i o n a l t i t l e s o f t h e p r e v io u s and th e p rop osed w ork. f h e s e c o n s id e r a t io n s would a p p ly in th e c a s e o f w orkers s e e k in g p la c e m e n t and a l s o i n th e c a s e o f employment s p e c i a l i s t s fa c e d w it h th e problem o f h ir in g and p l a c i n g w o rk ers.

P lacem en t o f w orkers a c c o r d in g

t o f a m i l i e s o f o c c u p a tio n s w ould f a c i l i t a t e s h i f t s from Job to Job and from in d u s t r y t o in d u s t r y .

By th e a d o p tio n o f th e p r i n c i p l e s o f

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f o c c u p a t io n s , v o c a t io n a l o p p o r t u n it ie s can be broadened and p la cem e n t f a c i l i t a t e d .

M oreover, th e human beingw & th h i s a b i l i t i e s ,

r a t h e r th an a Job t i t l e , assum es th e r o l e o f m ajor im portan ce in v o c a t i o n a l p la c e m e n t. S e a s o n a l S h i f t s and A dvancem ents.

O ther c o n s id e r a t io n s r e l a t i v e

t o p la c e m e n t in v o lv e s e a s o n a l s h i f t s o f w ork ers and v o c a t io n a l advance­ m e n ts .

S e a s o n a l v a r i a t io n s in in d u s t r ie s c r e a t e g r e a t e r n eed f o r w orkers

i n some o c c u p a tio n s and l e s s in o t h e r s .

E ven w it h in a s i n g l e f a c t o r y o r

200

b u s i n e s s o r g a n iz a t io n t h e s e c o n d it io n s may e x is t *

In such, c a s e s in d u s t r y

and b u s in e s s can o p e r a te more e f f i c i e n t l y by s h i f t i n g w orkers from one jo b t o a n o th e r a c c o r d in g to t h e s e f lu c t u a t io n s * s h i f t e d betw een j u s t any k in d s o f jo b s* m e st S a t i a f a d t o r i l y

But w orkers cann ot be

The worker m ust be a b le t o

th e req u irem en ts o f th e v a r io u s k in d s o f work*

The te c h n iq u e o f c l a s s i f y i n g o c c u p a tio n s a s d ev elo p ed h e r e h as im p ortan t i m p lic a t io n s in t h i s r e s p e c t .

S in c e i t p r o v id e s f o r g ro u p in g jo b s

a c c o r d in g t o th e r eq u irem en ts on th e w o r k e r s, i t i s p o s s i b l e by a p p ly ­ in g i t t o th e jo b s in v o lv e d t o le a r n w hich make s im ila r r e q u ir e m e n ts. T h e se , th e n , a r e t h e jo b s amorg w hich w orkers can be t r a n s f e r r e d w it h th e l e a s t l o s s o f t o t a l o p e r a tin g e f f i c i e n c y and l e a s t worker in ­ c o n v e n ie n c e .

Itfot o n ly i s t h i s te c h n iq u e a p p lic a b le w it h in one in d u s tr y

b u t a l s o in th e g e n e r a l la b o r m ark et.

Government employment and p r iv a t e

em ploym ent a g e n c ie s , by knowing t h e c l o s e l y r e la t e d o c c u p a tio n s , can p r o v id e f o r s h i f t i n g w orkers to r e la t e d o c c u p a tio n s a s s e a s o n a l f l u c t u a t i o n s ca u se v a r i a t io n s in t h e need f o r w orkers in d i f f e r e n t j o b s . A nother ty p e o f s h i f t in v o c a t io n a l a c t i v i t y co n cern s advance­ m e n ts.

E m ployees w ish to advance and th e em ployers a re a ls o in t e r e s t e d

i n a d v a n c in g t h e i r w o r k e r s.

S c h o o ls , a l s o , h ave a d e f i n i t e o b l ig a t io n

i n a id in g t h e i r form er s tu d e n ts p r o g r e ss in t h e i r j o b s .

Som etim es

advancem ent o p p o r t u n it ie s open up new v o c a t io n a l p r o s p e c t s .

It is

im p o rta n t t o b o th th e in d iv id u a l and th e o r g a n iz a tio n t h a t the oppor­ t u n i t i e s f o r advancem ent are not j u s t more im portant or more r e s p o n s ib le jo b s b u t t h a t th e y a r e j o b s w hich a r e r e l a t e d to t h e a b i l i t i e s and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e p e r s o n . o c c u p a t io n s i s im p o r ta n t.

Here a g a in , t h e know ledge o f r e la t e d

By knowing th e f a m il ie s o f jo b s making

201

s i m i l a r demands on t h e w o rk er, i*t i s p o s s i b l e to know w h eth er th e p ro p o se d p ro m o tio n w i l l p la c e t h e p erso n i n a jo b which, r e q u ir e s about t h e same c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as h i s form er w ork .

Or, i f th e jo b w hich the

w ork er i s le a v i n g d o es n o t r e q u ir e t h e f u l l p o t e n t i a l a b i l i t y o f th e w o rk er, h i s p ro b a b le s u c c e s s in t h e new job may be judged somewhat on t h e b a s i s o f a com p arison o f h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and t h e req u irem en ts o f t h e c o n s t e l l a t i o n o f w h ich th e new jo b i s a member.

By c o n s id e r in g

p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r advancem ents i n term s o f f a m i l i e s o f o c c u p a tio n s , th e way f o r p ro m o tio n s i s more c l e a r l y in d ic a t e d and th e p r o b a b i l i t i e s o f w u ccess a r e in c r e a s e d .

S ch o o ls have an o b l i g a t i o n n o t o n ly t o a s s i s t

p e r so n s p r o g r e s s in t h e i r work b u t a l s o t o in d ic a t e t o s tu d e n ts t h e p r o m o tio n a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s i n d i f f e r e n t j o b s .

In p la cem en t, s c h o o ls and

o t h e r a g e n c ie s m ust c o o p e r a te in making a p p r a is a ls o f th e in d i v i d u a l ' s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as th e y a p p ly t o v o c a t i o n a l r e q u ir e m e n ts .

She tec h n iq u e

o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f o c c u p a tio n s a s d e v e lo p e d h e r e makes p o s s ib le a more e f f i c i e n t s h i f t i n g o f w orkers t o m eet s e a s o n a l f lu c t u a t io n s and p r o v id e s f o r more e f f e c t i v e p r o m o tio n a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r w o rk ers. W hether i t i s in reg a rd t o th e v a r io u s a s p e c t s o f v o c a t io n a l g u id a n c e , v o c a t i o n a l e d u c a tio n or v o c a t io n a l p la c e m e n t, t h e tech n iq u e f o r c l a s s i f y i n g v o c a t io n s w hich h as been d ev elo p ed in t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n h o ld s s u g g e s t io n s f o r w id e sp r ea d changes w hich w ould make p o s s ib le more e f f i c i e n t and im proved m ethods o f o c c u p a tio n a l o r i e n t a t i o n .

It o ffe r s

im p o r ta n t im p l i c a t i o n s in t h i s r e s p e c t f o r e d u c a tio n , in d u s t r y , and o t h e r s o c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s con cern ed w ith th e v o c a t io n a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f w ork ers.

£h e a r b it r a r y and t r a d i t i o n a l v o c a t io n a l c a t e g o r i e s , b a sed

on su c h a r t i f i c i a l i t i e s as m a te r ia ls or t o o l s u sed and th e l i k e , sh ou ld

202

h e d is c a r d e d f o r an o r g a n iz a t io n o f j o t s t a s e d on th e r e la t io n s h ip o f th e r e q u ir e m e n ts and demands made on th e w o r k e r s.

A r e c o g n it io n o f

t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f j o t s and th e n t h e i r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a c c o r d in g to t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e in d iv id u a l r e q u ir e d f o r th e j o t r a th e r th an t h e m a t e r ia l f a c t o r s o f th e work op ens th e way fo r sw eep in g r e ­ o r g a n iz a t io n o f e d u c a t io n a l m ethods i n reg a rd t o v o c a t io n a l o b j e c t i v e s , i n d u s t r i a l p ro c ed u r es in regard to p e r s o n n e l and l a t o r r e l a t i o n s , and l a t o r i n r eg a rd t o i t s o r g a n iz a t io n a l a c t i v i t i e s .

The in d iv id u a l,

r a th e r th a n th e j o t , i s s t r e s s e d a s of m ajor im p o rta n ce.

The im p lic a ­

t i o n s o f th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n tech n iq u e s u g g e s t p r a c t i c e s which would a id in s o lv i n g many o f th e problem s of o c c u p a tio n a l o r i e n t a t io n fo r t h e young p e r s o n t r y in g to become ~int&Xlrigei$tlys e s t a b lis h e d in a v o c a t i o n , and a ls o f o r th e o ld e r worker who f in d s i t n e c e s s a r y or a d v is a b le to make a v o c a t i o n a l change*

I

CHAPTER T i l l

I I]

SUMMARY OF THE TOTAL INTSSTIGATION WITH SUGGESTIONS FOE FURTHER STUDY

I

The a c t i v i t i e s in w hich one en gages in o rd er t o earn a l i v e l i h o o d ,

|

v a r i o u s l y © s tr e s s e d by such term s a s jo b , o c c u p a tio n , and v o c a t io n ,

j j

a f f e c t many a s p e c t s o f a p e r s o n 's e x i s t e n c e .

s

Not o n ly do t h e s e a c t i v -

j i

itie s

j

a f f e c t s h i s f a m ily and a s s o c i a t e s as w e l l .

j

s o c i a l l y and e c o n o m ic a lly ; i t a f f e c t s p h y s i c a l h e a lt h and m en tal w e ll

I

b e in g ; and i t even e x te n d s i t s

I||

t u n i t i e s and a c t i v i t i e s #

i n f lu e n c e t h e w ork er i n a s i g n i f i c a n t m anner, b u t h i s o c c u p a tio n I t a f f e c t s them and him

r a m if ic a t io n s i n t o l e i s u r e - t i m e op p or-

I

I

II || |!

I

||

I

Problem o f O ccu p a tio n a l O r ie n ta tio n A p e r s o n 's a s s o c i a t e s and t h o s e o f the members o f h i s f a m ily , b o th on and o f f th e j o b , a r e , t o a g r e a t e x t e n t , d eterm in ed by t h e

|

work h e d oes*

|

incom es in tu r n in f lu e n c e what k in d o f

ij

jl t o b u y .

j j

T a r io u s jo b s make p o s s i b l e d i f f e r e n t incom es and t h e s e l i v i n g a p e r so n w i l l b e a b le

N e c e s s i t i e s , l u x u r i e s , and c u lt u r a l a d v a n ta g es depend h e a v ily

on o n e 's in co m e.

Some jo b s a r e more co n d u civ e t o h e a lt h f u l w orking

j] c o n d it io n s th a n a r e o t h e r s .

S in c e h e a lt h s e r v i c e s must l a r g e l y be

ij

I p u r c h a se d , th e jo b d e ter m in es s i g n i f i c a n t l y what k in d and how many ill il

jj j

h e a l t h s e r v i c e s th e f a m ily may h a v e .

,

c a u s e s d e t e r i o r a t i o n in m en tal h e a l t h .

S t r u g g lin g t o perform ta sk s f o r

‘ w h ich one i s i l l - a d a p t e d p rod u ces p h y s ic a l and m en tal u n r e s t and The e f f e c t s o f u n fo r tu n a te

|j j o b s t r a i n on th e m en ta l h e a lt h o f t h e worker a r e in tu rn tr a n s m itte d ?!

ji an d r e f l e c t e d In th e g e n e r a l atm osphere o f h i s home l i f e #

W hile r e l i e f

204

from t h e s t r a i n s o f a job may b e fou n d in l e i s u r e a c t i v i t i e s , t h e k in d o f l e i s u r e one may h a v e , where and when he has i t , in f lu e n c e d b y how and when and where he works*

i s a ls o

The job one h as makes

i t s im p r e s s io n on b o th tbe p e r so n and h i s f a m ily in m a n ifo ld ways* I t sh o u ld n o t be e x p e c te d th a t a l l in f lu e n c e s o f th e job can o r s h o u ld be o b l i t e r a t e d *

I t i s im p o rta n t, h ow ever, f o r th e w e l l b ein g

o f th e w orkers and t h e i r a s s o c i a t e s t h a t e a c h p e r so n be engaged , as n e a r ly a s p o s s i b l e , in t h e ty p e o f work w ith req u irem en ts th a t a r e m ost c l o s e l y in harmony w ith t h e w o r k e r 's c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and a b i l i t i e s and w h ich makes t h e maximum c o n t r ib u t io n to th e w e lfa r e and h a p p in ess o f h i m s e l f and o th e r s * F eed f o r A s s is t a n c e in O ccu p a tio n a l A d ju stm en t*

A lthough i t i s

h i g h l y d e s ir a b l e , s a t i s f a c t o r y o c c u p a tio n a l ad justm en t does n o t seem t o be e a s y t o a c h ie v e *

I t has b een r e p e a t e d ly shown th a t many o f

a p p r o x im a te ly 1 ,7 5 0 ,0 0 0 y o u th s who e n t e r th e la b o r market i n se a r c h o f jo b s e a c h y e a r h a v e a s p ir a t i o n s w h ich a r e o u t o f a l l p r o p o r tio n t o t h e i r a c t u a l o p p o r t u n it ie s *

T h e ir la c k o f know ledge o f t h e i r own

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s in r e l a t i o n to o c c u p a tio n a l demands makes i t d i f f i c u l t f o r them t o s e l e c t jo b s fo r which t h e y a r e b e s t f i t t e d and in which th e y w ou ld h ave t h e g r e a t e s t p o s s i b i l i t y

o f o c c u p a tio n a l s u c c e s s *

M oreover, th e g r e a t number o f o c c u p a tio n a l t i t l e s c o n t r ib u t e s to c o n f u s io n i n v o c a t io n a l ch o ic e * Nor I s i t y o u th a lo n e who n eed h e lp and a s s i s t a n c e in problem s o f o c c u p a t io n a l o r ie n t a t io n *

B ecause a p e r so n i s s it u a t e d in a j o b ,

i t d o es n o t n e c e s s a r i l y mean t h a t th e problem i s d is p o s e d o f once and fo r a ll.

The e le m e n t o f change i s common to th e n a tu r e o f work and

t o t h e p e r s o n s who do t h e work*

New o c c u p a tio n s a r e d ev elo p ed as th e

r e s u l t o f t e c h n o lo g i c a l d i s c o v e r ie s and ch an ges i n th e mode o f l i v i n g . Some o f th e o ld go o u t w it h th e com ing of t h e new*

C on seq u en tly th e r e

i s v a r i a t i o n In o c c u p a tio n a l o p p o r t u n it ie s and in t h e demands w hich o c c u p a t io n s make on w o r k e r s. ch an gin g*

The w orker, h i m s e l f , i s a l s o c o n s t a n t ly

T hese ch a n g es may he so e x t e n s iv e th a t t h e y make i t no

lo n g e r p o s s i b l e f o r the w orker t o en gage in h is

custom ary v o c a t io n .

The p rob lem th e n a r i s e s as to what j o b , In k e e p in g w ith h is c h a r a c te r ­ i s t i c s , h e may e n t e r a s a new means o f l i v e l i h o o d . The e le m e n t o f change i s n ot t o be r e g r e t t e d . th ro u g h i t t h a t p r o g r e s s ta k e s p l a c e .

I t is la r g e ly

I t i s th rough e x p e r ie n c e s in

v a r io u s jo b s t h a t th e you n g p e r s o n le a r n s a t f i r s t hand o f th e d i f f e r e n t k in d s o f work and i t i s

through l a t e r changes t h a t many workers r e c e iv e

t h e i r p rom otion s and w id e r o p p o r t u n it ie s . from one job t o a n o th e r are d e s ir a b le *

Many ty p e s o f t r a n s it io n s

W hatever may be th e rea so n fo r

t h e s e c h a n g e s , t h e y c r e a t e problem s u h ich make i t d i f f i c u l t f o r th e p e r s o n t o b e c o n t in u a lly w e ll- a d j u s t e d to h i s v o c a t io n a l s i t u a t i o n . I t i s im p o r ta n t, b o th from t h e sta n d p o in t of v o c a t io n a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s and w e lf a r e o f th e i n d i v i d u a l, th a t th e p r o c e s s move a lo n g sm ooth ly, w it h a s much harmony as p o s s i b l e between t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e i n d iv id u a l and t h e demands of t h e j o b .

Even under fa v o r a b le c o n d it io n s ,

many w ork ers need a s s i s t a n c e in t r y in g to m a in ta in s a t i s f a c t o r y occupa­ t io n a l o r ie n ta tio n . In t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y w h ich s o c i e l y has f o r th e w e lfa r e o f i t s members, i t must a ls o tak e c o g a ia a n c e o f t h e problem o f o c c u p a tio n a l a d ju stm en t w h ich c o n fr o n ts b oth y o u th and e x p e r ie n c e d w o r k e r s .

206

V a r io u s a g e n c ie s w i l l p r o b a b ly "be c a lle d on t o assume t h e i r sh are o f th e r e s p o n s ib ilit y •

I t was shown, h o w ev er, t h a t t h e s c h o o ls in t h e i r

r e l a t i o n s h i p to t h e y ou th o f t h e cou n try and t h e i r in c r e a s in g em phasis on a d u lt e d u c a tio n h ave n o t o n ly an o p p o r tu n ity hut a ls o a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o assum e a la r g e p a r t o f t h is ta sk * Inadequacy o f P r e v io u s A ttem pts t o S o lv e th e P roblem .

The prob­

lem o f o c c u p a t io n a l a d ju stm en t has n o t gone u n r eco g n ized in th e p a s t n o r h as th e r e been a co m p lete d e a r th o f a ttem p ts to s o lv e th e problem * V o c a tio n a l e d u c a t io n , a s a method o f s o lu t i o n , has been d ir e c t e d e i t h e r t o s p e c i f i c t r a i n i n g f o r a few s p e c i a l i z e d tr a d e s o r i t h as b een so g e n e r a l t h a t i t s aim s w ere v i r t u a l l y submerged in th o se o f g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n * V o c a tio n a l g u id a n ce has a ls o f a l l e n s h o r t in a d e q u a te ly m e e tin g t h e p rob lem , a lth o u g h i t

i s d e f i n i t e l y a move i n th e r ig h t d ir e c t io n *

The in fo r m a tio n a v a i l a b l e f o r u se in g u id a n ce and p lacem en t ten d s t o be e i t h e r o f a v e ry s p e c i f i c n a t u r e , r e la t in g t o d i s c r e t e o c c u p a tio n s , o r e l s e o f su ch a g e n e r a l n a tu r e as t o be vagu e and i n e f f e c t i v e * F u r th e r i t w i l l be r e c a l l e d t h a t much o f th e in fo r m a tio n i s not o rg a n ized in a manner t h a t a id s d i r e c t l y in b r id g in g th e gap b etw een jo b demands and worker a b i l i t i e s * V o c a tio n a l p la c e m e n t, a s a p rop osed s o l u t i o n , has a ls o been in a d e q u a te . th e t i t l e s

The te n d e n c y h as been to a ttem p t p lacem en t a cco rd in g to o f s p e c i f i c j o b s , t r y in g t o f i n d th e p erso n who "matched*

a jo b r a t h e r th a n to l o c a t e th e v a r io u s jo b s f o r w hich a worker i s q u a l i f i e d b e ca u se o f h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s *

E a r lie r in t h i s stu d y i t

was p o in te d out t h a t t h e s e in a d e q u a c ie s have t h e i r b a se p a r t i a l l y in

207

|

th e d i f f i c u l t y o f d ea lin g - w ith th e m u l t i p l i c i t y o f o c c u p a tio n a l t i t l e s ,

! ;i

]

c o u p le d w it h th e id e a o f s p e c i f i c i t y in v o c a t io n a l ch o ice* o f o c c u p a t io n a l t i t l e s

The th ou san d s

c o m p lic a te s a t i s f a c t o r y a d ju stm e n t, w h ether

i n i t i a l c h o ic e o f an o c c u p a tio n or l a t e r changes in T o c a t io n a l a c t i T i t y a re in v o ir e d * S ta te m e n t o f the Problem *

S in c e o c c u p a tio n a l ad ju stm en t i s

im p o rta n t t o th e in d iv id u a l and s o c i e t y and s in c e th e la r g e number o f o c c u p a t io n a l t i t l e s c r e a t e s d i f f i c u l t y in s e c u r in g s a t i s f a c t o r y ad­ ju s tm e n t, t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n so u g h t t o d e v is e a more ad eq u ate method o f d e a lin g w ith them .

I t was th o u g h t p o s s i b l e t h a t th e developm ent

o f a te c h n iq u e fo r reduc in g t h e s e many o ccu p a tio n s to a s m a lle r number o f groups o f r e la t e d jo b s m igh t a id m a t e r ia lly in r e d u c in g th e d i f f i ­ c u l t i e s in r eg a r d t o v o c a t io n a l g u id a n c e , v o c a t io n a l t r a in in g and v o c a t i o n a l p la c e m e n t.

The p r e s e n t s tu d y , th en , was concerned w it h

d e v e lo p in g a tech n iq u e f o r g r o u p in g o c c u p a tio n s a c c o r d in g t o t h e i r r e la tio n s h ip s

as b a sed on t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s o f th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

r e q u ir e d o f w orkers*

M oreover, i t was im p ortant t o c o n s id e r th e s e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as a l l a c t in g t o g e t h e r . in t o fo u r r e l a t e d s t e p s :

T h is problem r e s o lv e d i t s e l f

( 1 } d e te r m in a tio n o f a l i s t o f c h a r a c te r ­

i s t i c s w hich w ould d e s c r ib e t h e job req u irem en ts; re c o r d i s

( 2 ) s e c u r in g and

in fo r m a tio n about jo b s i n term s o f th e amounts o f th e s e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s r e q u ir e d ;

(3} d e v is in g a means o f r e p r e s e n tin g th e

r e l a t i o n s h i p s betw een p a ir s o f o c cu p a tio n s a c c o r d in g to t h e sim ila r ^ i t i e s o f t h e i r req u irem en t p a t t e r n s , and, (4 ) i d e n t i f y i n g t e n t a t i v e c o n s t e l l a t i o n s o f o c c u p a tio n s th r o u ^ i -the stu d y of t h e r e la t io n s h ip s fo u n d .

S t u d ie s B e la te d t o T h is I n v e s t ig a t io n V a rio u s ap p roach es have b een made t o the problem o f c l a s s i f y i n g jo b s#

Some o f th e m ost common are th e s o - c a l l e d c o n v e n ie n c e c l a s s i ­

f i c a t i o n s , t h a t i s , a mere l i s t i n g of jo b s in grou p s as a means o f p r e s e n t in g them in some o rd er o r s y ste m .

Among th e f a c t o r s on w h ich

su ch g r o u p in g s have b een b ased a re in d u s t r y , o u t s id e or in s id e w ork, k in d o f s e r v i c e , and th e lik e * S p e c ia l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s . p r e s t i g e s c a l e f o r o c c u p a t io n s .

Beckman s u g g e ste d a s o c io -e c o n o m ic W hile jo b s do v a r y in t h e i r p r e s t i g e ,

su ch g r o u p in g s h a v e o n ly a r e l a t i v e l y sm a ll v a lu e In h e lp in g a p erso n f i n d h i s v o c a tio n *

Some in d u s t r i e s have fou nd a s e r v i e e - f u n c t io n a l

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n an a id in e q u a lis in g t h e ir wage s c a l e s and w orker promo­ t io n p o l i c i e s .

I t i s p r im a r ily an a d m in is tr a t iv e t e c h n iq u e .

The

P s y c h o lo g ic a l C o rp o ra tio n arranged a l i s t o f a b i l i t i e s , and in d ic a t e d f o r ea ch some o f th e o c c u p a tio n s w hich r e q u ir e d t h a t p a r t ic u la r a b i l i t y . T hese have b een h e l p f u l t o c o u n s e lo r s in s u g g e s t in g p o s s ib le v o c a tio n s t o th o s e s e e k in g v o c a t io n a l g u id a n c e . Some o f t h e most w id e ly a ccla im ed s c a le s a re th o s e w h ich a ttem p t t o group o r c l a s s i f y o c c u p a tio n s a c c o r d in g to th e l e v e l s o f g e n e r a l i n t e l l i g e n c e r e q u ir e d .

T hese d e p i c t l e v e l s o f a b i l i t y , as m easured by

p s y c h o lo g ic a l t e s t s , o f p e r so n s who are engaged i n c e r t a in o c c u p a t io n s . They show e x i s t i n g c o n d itio n s r a th e r th an in d ic a t e th e amount o f g e n e r a l i n t e l l i g e n c e m ost c o n d u c iv e t o s a t i s f a c t o r y perform ance o f th e j o b . S i m i l a r l y , t h e M in n eso ta O ccu p a tio n a l H a tin g S c a le s i n d i c a t e , on th e |

b a s i s o f a s i x p o in t s c a l e , th e amounts o f f i v e d i f f e r e n t a b i l i t i e s r e q u ir e d by each o f 413 o c c u p a t io n s .

As t h e name im p lie s , t h i s i s

209

I p r im a r ily a r a t in g s c a le * r a t h e r than a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f v o c a t io n s . The r a t in g o f o c c u p a tio n s f o r a b i l i t i e s req u ired does hear c lo s e r e l a t i o n ­ s h i p , h o w ev er, t o o n e o f th e s te p s in t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n . S tr o n g and T hurstons a p p lied , t h e f a c to r a n a ly s is te c h n iq u e to m easu res o f v o c a t io n a l i n t e r e s t s and o b ta in e d i n t e r e s t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f a sm a ll number o f j o b s . be p o s s i b l e

T h eir groups in d ic a t e d t h a t i t m ight a ls o

to c l a s s i f y jo b s on th e b a sis

o f t h e human c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

r e q u ir e d . O ccu p a tio n a l A b i l i t y P a t t e r n s .

S e v e r a l s t u d i e s , made by Dodge

and th e M in n eso ta Employment S t a b i l i z a t i o n B esea rch S t a f f , showed t h a t it

i s p o s s i b l e to m easure w orkers in an o c c u p a tio n on a v a r ie t y o f

t e s t s and o b t a in a p a t te r n o f t h e amount o f t h e a b i l i t i e s p o s s e s s e d by t h e w o r k e r s.

Workers in d i f f e r e n t o ccu p a tio n s w ere found to have

d if f e r e n t p a tte r n s o f a b i l i t i e s .

I t was f u r t h e r shown th a t p r o f i l e s

can be e s t a b l i s h e d b o th f o r th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of an in d iv id u a l and f o r t h e t r a i t s r e q u ir e d by a j o b .

For th e jo b , how ever, th e p a t te r n

l o s e s some o f th e s i g n i f i c a n c e b ecau se of t h e a c c e p ta n c e o f e x i s t i n g c o n d it io n s r a th e r th a n d e t e m in ir g th e amount o f a b i l i i y a c t u a ll y r e q u ir e d ,

A ls o , th e s t a t i s t i c a l trea tm e n t iro n s out some o u tsta n d in g

v a r i a t io n s o f t h e d a ta on w hich the p a t t e r n i s fo r m u la te d .

The te ch n iq u e

o f a b i l i t y p a tte r n s or p r o f i l e s d id o f f e r , how ever, some v a lu a b le s u g g e s t io n s f o r m ethods o f r e p r e s e n tin g human a b i l i t i e s and job r e q u ir e ­ m ents • O cc u p a tio n a l B e se a rc h Progran o f U n ited S t a t e s Employment S e r v ic e *

The U n ite d S t a t e s Employment S e r v ic e d e v e lo p e d a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

o f o c c u p a tio n s b a se d on e s tim a te s o f r eq u ired c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o b ta in e d

210

th ro u g h jo b a n a ly s is *

5 h ey c o n s id e r e d th e t r a i t s s e p a r a t e ly , h ow ever,

r a t h e r th a n to g e th e r *

A c h a r a c t e r i s t i c w hich o ccu rred w ith c o n s id e r a b le

fr e q u e n c y was s e l e c t e d and th e n p a ck s o f o c c u p a tio n a l reco rd cards w ere s o r t e d t o s e g r e g a t e t h e v o c a t io n s w h ich r e q u ir e d t h i s a b i l i t y *

3!hen

by r e p e a te d s o r t i n g s fo r o th e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , grou p s o f o c c u p a tio n s r e s u lt e d w h ich had as many as fou r or s i x c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n common* 2!h is p ro ced u re was r e p e a te d w ith v a r io u s

m u la tio n o f th e o c c u p a tio n a l f a m ilie s *

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s in th e f o r W hile t h e stu d y i s one o f th e

m ost s i g n i f i c a n t o f th e v a r io u s a tte m p ts ^shich h ave b een made to c l a s s i f y o c c u p a t io n s , i t i s

in ad eq u ate f o r t h e s o lu t i o n o f p roblem s

o f v o c a t i o n a l g u id a n c e , v o c a t io n a l e d u c a tio n , and v o c a t io n a l p la c e m e n t. $ h is i s tr u e fo r a t l e a s t t h r e e r e a so n s:

( 1 ) each group was b u i l t

around a s e r i e s o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s c o n s id e r e d s i n g l y o r a d d it iv e ly ; ( 2 ) human c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and job f a c t o r s were mixed in e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e g ro u p s; and (5 ) th e groups were c o n fin e d l a r g e ly to t h e s k i l l e d and s e m i - s k i l l e d j o b s . D i s t i n c t i v e n e s s o f th e P r e se n t B e s e a r c h *

W hile th e s t u d ie s

m en tio n ed above have much in common w ith th e p r e s e n t problem o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f o c c u p a tio n s , i t w i l l be r e c a l l e d t h a t t h e r e w ere s e v e r a l r e s p e c t s in w hich th e l a t t e r i s unique*

‘f h is i n v e s t i g a t i o n

c o n s id e r e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f d e v e lo p in g a te c h n iq u e f o r c l a s s i f y i n g k in d s o f wojk: on t h e b a s is o f th e demands made by th e jo b on th e w o rk er*s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

I t r e c c g n iz e d t h e human p e r s o n a lit y as o f

c e n t r a l and m ajor im p o r ta n c e .

Only one o f th e o th e r s t u d i e s w hich

u s e d human c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s or a b i l i t i e s made any d e f i n i t e attem p t " fr o

a c t u a lly /g r o u p o c c u p a tio n s *

CDhe Thiited S t a t e s Employment S e r v ic e

>

211

t r e a t e d them a s s e p a r a te e n t i t i e s and in a s e q u e n t ia l manner*

T his

s tu d y u se d th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s a t o t a l p a t t e r n , a l l a c t i n g t o g e t h e r . T h e r e fo r e , i t s m ost d i s t i n c t i v e f e a t u r e s a r e t h a t i t was h ased on th e human c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s demanded by Job s and t h a t th e y w ere c o n s id e r e d a s a t o t a l c o n f ig u r a t io n . O ccu p a tio n a l R equirem ents One o f th e f i r s t s t e p s in a tte m p tin g such a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n as p ro p o sed above was t o d eterm in e th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h ich co u ld be u se d t o d e s c r ib e th e demands made by Jobs on th e w ork ers. D e te r m in a tio n o f L i s t o f C h a r a c t e r is t ic s Demanded by J o b s .

Many

term s have b een u se d t c d e s c r ib e v a r io u s a b i l i t i e s and a s p e c ts o f human p e r s o n a lit y #

A la r g e number o f such l i s t s p rop osed by v o c a t io n a l and

p e r s o n a li t y p s y c h o l o g i s t s w ere c a r e f u l l y s c r u t in iz e d to determ ine th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h ich were most u s e f u l in d e s c r ib in g Job r e q u ir e m e n ts . By " C h a r a c t e r is t ic ” was meant a t r a i t o r a b i l i t y * or

term which

a p t ly se r v e d to i d e n t i f y th e req u irem en ts made by a v o c a t io n on th e w ork ers engaged i n i t .

On th e b a s is o f w e ig h t of o p in io n , d e s c r i p t i v e

v a lu e and t h e s p e c i a l n e e d s o f t h is s tu d y , a w ork in g l i s t was p r e p a r e d . This was f u r t h e r r e v is e d by p r e lim in a r y essp erim en ta tio n b e fo r e the a c t u a l e v a lu a tio n and r a t in g o f th e o c c u p a tio n s began.

Through t h e s e

p ro c e d u r e s th e r e e v o lv e d a l i s t o f t h ir t y - o n e t r a i t s w hich was a c t u a ll y u se d i n e v a lu a t in g the req u irem en ts made by th e o c c u p a tio n s w hich were u sed in t h e d evelop m ent o f t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n t e c h n iq u e .

These in c lu d e d

p h y s i c a l , p s y c h o - p h y s ic a l, p s y c h o lo g ic a l and em o tio n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , i

n am ely;

a g i l i t y , a p p ea ra n ce, manual d e x t e r i t y , p h y s ic a l en d u ran ce,

212

m en ta l en d u ra n ce, h e a l t h , h e ig h t , s tr e n g t h , w e ig h t , h e a r in g , s i g h t , s m e l l , t a s t e , to u c h , academ ic a p t it u d e , a r t i s t i c a b i l i t y , c l e r i c a l a p t i t u d e , Judgm ent, l i n g u i s t i c a b i l i t y , m a th em a tica l a b i l i t y , m ech a n ica l a b i l i t y , memory, m e th o d ic a l a b i l i t y , m u s ic a l a b i l i t y , s c i e n t i f i c a b i l i t y , s o c i a l a b i l i t y , s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n s , w r it in g a b i l i t y , e m o tio n a l s t a b i l i t y , s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y and dom inance.

Each of t h e s e was c a r e f u l l y d e fin e d

a c c o r d in g t o c u r r e n t Job a n a ly s is l i t e r a t u r e and th e e x p erim en ta l work in w h ich i t had b een u s e d . The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as f i n a l l y ad op ted were based on a c a r e f u l stu d y o f s u g g e s t io n s drawn from a u t h o r it a t iv e so u r c e s and on th e c r i t e r i a r e l a t i n g to t h e p u rp o ses o f t h is

s tu d y .

The u s e o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s in

e v a lu a t in g Job req u irem en ts i s n ot to be "thought o f a s an attem p t t o d e a l w it h d i s c r e t e e lem en ts o f p e r s o n a li t y .

I t i s m erely a method

u se d i n o r d e r to d e s c r i b e ;m orel^ d eq u atd ly d a ta r e g a r d in g o c c u p a tio n a l r e q u ire m en ts so t h a t s i m i l a r i t i e s in th e demands made by v o c a t io n s may be n o te d and com pared. D evelopm ent o f R a tin g S c a l e s .

In making a p r o f i l e o f th e char­

a c t e r i s t i c s demanded b y a J ob , i t was found im p ortan t to in d ic a t e the am ount, a s w e l l a s th e n a tu r e o f r e q u ir e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

A v a r ie ty

o f r a t in g m ethods w ere i n v e s t i g a t e d f o r s u g g e s tio n s which would be v a lu a b le in d e v i s i n g a method o f in d ic a t in g th e amounts or d e g r e e s of th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s r e q u ir e d by d i f f e r e n t v o c a t io n s .

I t was found m ost

p r a c t i c a l f o r t h e p u rp ose o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n to u se a s i x d i v i s i o n s c a le .

I f t h e t r a i t was r e q u ir e d a t a l l ,

th e upper f i v e p o in t s o f th e s c a l e .

i t was in d ic a t e d by one of

Each o f th e s e was d e fin e d in

term s o f t h e amount o f th e t r a i t p o s s e s s e d by v a iio u s s e c t o r s o f th e

213

g e n e r a l p o p u la tio n when d iv id e d a c c o r d in g to a stan d ard d is t r ib u t io n * T h ese w ere:

a v e r y h ig h amount, a s r e p r e s e n te d "by th e upper 5*E>/£ o f

th e g e n e r a l p o p u la tio n ; above a v e r a g e , a s p o s s e s s e d by* th e n e x t 24^; a v e r a g e , t h e m id d le 45$>; b elow a v e r a g e , t h e n e x t 24/k; v e r y lo w , th e lo w e s t 3*5/£*

I f a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c was n o t r e q u ir e d , i t was s im p ly

r a t e d a s su ch and in d ic a t e d by t h e lo w e s t s c a le d iv is io n * In a d d it io n to d e f in in g th e t r a i t s * and a rr a n g in g and d e f in in g c a t e g o r i e s o f a r a t in g s c a l e , i t seemed a l s o to b e im p ortan t to e s t a b l i s h a d e s ir a b l e or a c c e p t a b le sta n d a rd of p erform an ce*

I f a v e r y low stan d ard

w ere e s t a b l i s h e d f o r job s u c c e s s , of c o u r s e , t h e r e would n ot be r e q u ir e d a s g r e a t nor as h ig h an amount o f an a b i l i t y *

On t h e o th e r hand, i f

v e r y h ig h sta n d a rd s w ere adhered t o , j u s t t h e o p p o s it e would be th e c a se* The f i r s t w ould te n d t o condone j u s t " g e t t in g by" w h ile th e o th e r would aim fo r a u to p ia n p e r f e c t i o n of a ch iev em en t.

In t h i s s tu d y , th e n , a

medium d e g r e e o f s u c c e s s was u se d as the stan d ard o f p erform an ce. S u c c e s s was in t e r p r e t e d to in c lu d e b o th work e f f i c i e n c y in th e j o b , and w orker s a t i s f a c t i o n and h a p p in e s s . O ccu p a tio n a l Data and B ecords A f t e r e s t a b l i s h i n g th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and r a t i n g s c a le s ^diich w ere t o be u se d in e v a lu a tin g the req u irem en ts o f o c c u p a tio n s , i t was n e c e s s a r y t o o b t a in t h e d ata f o r th e e x p e r im e n ta l p ro ced u res in v o lv e d i n d e v is in g a te c h n iq u e fo r c l a s s i f y i n g o c c u p a t io n s . s e v e r a l s t e p s , nam ely:

(l)

T h is in c lu d e d

s e l e c t i o n o f th e o c c u p a tio n s to be u sed a s

a sam p le; ( 2 ) d e te r m in in g t h e so u r c e s and s e c u r in g th e o c c u p a tio n a l in fo r m a tio n ; and ( 3 ) r e c o r d in g th e d a ta in a manner w hich was e f f i c i e n t

214

and o f maximum u s e f u l n e s s In th e d evelop m ent o f th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n t e c h n iq u e #

A lth o u g h o t h e r s t u d ie s were drawn upon f o r s u g g e s t io n s ,

i t was n e c e s s a r y to d e v is e new methods and te c h n iq u e s t o a cco m p lish e f f e c t i v e l y t h e p u r p o se s o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n . S e l e c t i o n o f a Sample o f O c c u p a tio n s.

C e r ta in c r i t e r i a were

e s t a b l i s h e d t o s e r v e as a g u id e i n th e s e l e c t i o n o f th e e x p erim en ta l o ccu p at i o n s • 1#

The s e were 5

A w id e range o f o c c u p a tio n s sh o u ld he c o n s id e r e d , in c lu d in g exam p les from v a r io u s s k i l l e d and p r o f e s s io n a l l e v e l s .

2*

O ccu p ation s sh o u ld he in c lu d e d from a v a r i e t y o f i n d u s t r i e s , b u s i n e s s e s , and p r o f e s s i o n s .

3#

The sa m p lin g should in c lu d e a w ide v a r i e t y o f th e r e q u ir e ­ m ents made by jo b s on w o rk ers.

4.

Only th o s e jo b s shou ld be in c lu d e d f o r w hich th e r e was a v a ila b le a u t h e n t ic in fo r m a tio n w hich co u ld b e a n a ly zed f o r th e d a ta c o n s id e r e d p e r t in e n t t o t h i s problem .

5.

The o c c u p a tio n sh ou ld be m ea n in g fu l and s p e c i f i c in regard t o name and d e f i n i t i o n , n e ith e r to o vague and g e n e r a l nor t o o h ig h ly s p e c i a l i z e d .

P r o ced u res f o r S e c u r in g O ccu p a tio n a l In fo r m a tio n .

I t w i l l be

r e c a l l e d t h a t s e v e r a l m ethods o f o b ta in in g in fo r m a tio n c o n c e r n in g th e demands made by jo b s on w orkers w ere c a r e f u l l y c o n s id e r e d . in c lu d e d : th e jo b ;

T hese

( 1 ) d i r e c t o b s e r v a tio n on t h e jo b ; ( 2 ) t e s t i n g w orkers on (3 ) a c t u a l work on th e jo b ; (4 ) c o n s u lt a t io n w ith s u c c e s s f u l

w ork ers on t h e jo b ;

(5 ) a stu d y o f job t r a n s f e r s ;

o c c u p a tio n a l l i t e r a t u r e .

( 6 ) stu d y o f

W hile m ost o f th e s e are v a lu a b le means o f

215

s e c u r in g jo b d a ta , i t was fou nd t h a t th e u se o f o c c u p a tio n a l l i t e r a t u r e a s in fo r m a tio n b e s t se r v e d t h e need s and p u rp o ses o f t h i s in v e s t ig a t io n * To g o back to o r i g i n a l s o u r c e s , v a lu a b le a s i t would have been# was beyond th e s c o p e o f t h e c e n t r a l purpose© o f t h i s r e s e a r c h , w h ich was to d e v e lo p a te c h n iq u e f o r c l a s s i f y i n g v o c a t io n s ,

The n eed f o r such a

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n sy stem a s p rop osed was u rgen t and to w a it u n t i l th e u lt im a t e had b een a cco m p lish ed in se c u r in g o c c u p a tio n a l in fo n n a tio n would b e t o p o stp o n e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n d e f i n i t e l y .

M oreover, i t was

fo u n d t h a t th e r e was s u f f i c i e n t o c c u p a tio n a l l i t e r a t u r e a v a i l a b l e , much o f i t e s t a b l i s h e d th rou gh th e methods m en tioned a b o v e, f o r u se as s o u r c e m a t e r ia l in d e te r m in in g th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s demanded by a sa m p lin g o f v o c a t io n s . S e v e r a l c r i t e r i a w ere u sed in s e l e c t i n g and d eterm in in g the a c c e p t a b ilit y o f lit e r a t u r e . as c o n c lu s iv e e v id e n c e .

In no c a s e was any s i n g l e sou rce a c c e p te d

The sta n d a rd s e s t a b lis h e d f o r t h e l i t e r a t u r e

w ere s i m i l a r t o t h o s e drawn up by th e P u b l i s h e r s Committee o f th e n a t io n a l V o c a tio n a l G uidance A s s o c ia t io n and in c lu d e d f i v e main p o in t s : (1 ) T i t l e s and d e s c r i p t io n s are s p e c i f i c , a v o id in g v a g u en ess and g e n e r a litie s . (2 ) M a te r ia l i s g e n e r a ll y a c c e p ta b le and u s e f u l in v o c a t io n a l o r ie n ta tio n . (5 ) The d a ta was sec u red by r e s p o n s ib le p e r so n s u s in g a c c e p ta b le p roced u res. (4} S c i e n t i f i c m ethods and approaoh were m a n ife s te d throughout t h e p r e s e n t a t io n o f th e in fo r m a tio n . (5 ) D ata i s o f su ch n a tu r e a s to ren d er i t u s e f u l in th e p r e s e n t

216

r e s e a r c h f o r e v a lu a t in g th e o h a r a c t e r i s t i e s demanded “by th e Jobs* T o c a t io n a l l i t e r a t u r e was c a r e f u l l y exam ined in ord er t o s e e u r e d a ta on r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o c c u p a tio n s*

In some c a s e s where th e te r m in o lo g y

was d i f f e r e n t i t was n e c e s s a r y t o in t e r p o la t e t h e d e s c r ip t io n s i n term s o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s c o n s id e r e d in t h i s stu d y*

S in c e t h e s e i n t e r ­

p o l a t i o n s w ere c a r e f u l l y made th ro u g h t h e u se o f d e f i n i t i o n s and r a t in g s c a le s ,

i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t any o th e r i n v e s t i g a t o r u s in g th e same

in fo r m a tio n , s c a l e s , and d e f i n i t i o n s would o b ta in s u b s t a n t i a l l y th e same human c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r th e o c c u p a tio n s in w hich in t e r p o la t io n s w ere made.

Com plete o c c u p a t io n a l p r o f i l e s were o b ta in e d f o r two

hundred s i x t y - f i v e o c c u p a tio n s*

These w ere th en r e c o n sid e r e d in a cco rd ­

an ce w ith t h e c r i t e r i a f o r o c c u p a tio n s and l i t e r a t u r e .

A fin a l l i s t

o f two hundred o c c u p a tio n s was t h u s s e le c t e d f o r u se in t h e e x p e r im e n ta l p roced u res. Method o f R ecord in g O ccu p a tio n a l D a ta *

A ls o i t was n e c e s s a r y to

d e v e lo p a r e c o r d in g method w hich would be u s e f u l in comparing the r e q u ir e m e n ts made by v a r io u s o c c u p a t io n s .

I t w i l l be r e c a lle d th a t

s e v e r a l m ethods w ere t r i e d e x p e r im e n ta lly and t h a t th e one f i n a l l y u se d was an a d a p ta tio n o f th e b lan k answ er s h e e t u se d w ith th e I n t e r ­ n a t i o n a l B u s in e s s M achines T e s t S c o r in g M achine. t o i n d i c a t e th e t i t l e d a ta .

The m argin was u sed

o f t h e o c c u p a tio n , work d on e, and so u r c e s o f t h e

Each c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e stu d y was r e p r e s e n te d by a s e r i e s

o f f i v e answ er s p a c e s .

The sp a ce f a r t h e s t t o t h e l e f t o f t h e s e r i e s

o f f i v e , n e x t to t h e l a b e l i n g fo r th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , was b la ck ed out i f a v e r y s m a ll amount was n e c e s sa r y *

S p aces w ere marked in f o r

217

p r o g r e s s i v e l y h ig h e r amounts o f th e t r a i t r e q u ir e d u n t i l , i f a v e r y h ig h amount w ere demanded, a l l f i v e o f them w ould he b la c k e d out* T h u s, t h e amount o f each a b i l i t y r e q u ir e d b y th e Job was in d ic a t e d on th e d a ta s h e e t*

The sp a c e s so marked a re r e f e r r e d t o as ^ p o s it io n s ”'

on th e o c c u p a tio n a l psychographs*

P sych ograp hs w ere prepared fo r ea ch

o f t h e two hundred v o c a t io n s and were u sed in th e c o n tin u a tio n o f th e a tte m p t t o d e v e lo p a p ro ced u re fo r g ro u p in g o c c u p a tio n s a c c o r d in g to th e demands made on th e w orkers* D e te r m in a tio n o f O ccu p a tio n a l K e la tio n s h ip s I t was n e c e s s a r y t o f in d a method o f p o r tr a y in g th e r e la t io n s h ip o f two or more o c c u p a tio n s in su ch a manner th a t th o se which are more n e a r ly a l i k e would show h ig h e r r e l a t io n s h ip s th a n th o s e w hich are more d is s im ila r .

F u r th e r , t h e s e r e la t io n s h ip s sh ou ld be e x p r e sse d in such

a way a s t o make i t p o s s i b l e t o compare t h e d i f f e r e n t d eg rees o f s i m i l a r i t y betw een v a r io u s p a ir s o f v o c a tio n s *

I t w i l l be r e c a ll e d

t h a t a s c r e e n method and th e F in d ex s y ste m were e x p lo r e d and r e j e c t e d a s p o s s i b l e m ethods fo r d e r iv in g t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p .

Through the u se

o f o c c u p a tio n a l p sychogrsjp hs, i t was p o s s i b l e to v i s u a l l y compare th e p a t t e r n o f demands made by v a r io u s o c c u p a tio n s .

But such s u b j e c t iv e

m ethods were o f l i t t l e v a lu e in com paring a la r g e number o f p a ir s o f v o c a t io n s f o r p u rp o ses o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n *

In o rd er to u t i l i z e th e

o c c u p a t io n a l p s y c h o g r ^ h s fo r d e r iv in g t h e r e la t io n s h i p s betw een v o c a t i o n s , i t was n e c e s s a r y t o s o lv e two p rob lem s.

The f i r s t was t o

f i n d a p ro ced u re f o r o b j e c t i v e l y d e te r m in in g the s i m i l a r i t i e s and d i f f e r e n c e s o f v o c a t i o n s , and th e second was t o d ev elo p a method fo r s t a t i s t i c a l l y r e p r e s e n t in g the d eg ree o f t h is r e l a t i o n s h i p .

D e t e r m in a t io n o f S i m i l a r i t y and D i s s i m i l a r i t y Through U se o f

T e s t S c o r in g M ach in e.

Com parisons of t h e p o s i t i o n s o f a few o c c u p a tio n s

can he made by c o u n tin g on th e p sy ch o g rsp h s t h e p o s i t i o n s w hich a re common t o b o th and t h o s e i n w hich th e y a re d i f f e r e n t .

T h is w ould be a

stu p en d ou s t a s k , h ow ever, f o r any g r e a t number o f o c c u p a tio n s .

It w ill

b e r e c a l l e d t h a t t h e co m p lete p ro ced u re o f s c o r in g t e s t s by u se o f th e I n t e r n a t io n a l B u s in e s s M achines T e s t S c o r in g M achine was e x p la in e d in C h ap ter V .

By a d a p ta tio n s and p ro p er p r e p a r a tio n o f s c o r in g s t e n c i l s ,

i t was fou nd p o s s i b l e to u s e t h e I n t e r n a t io n a l B u s in e ss M achines T e s t S c o r in g M achine in m aking th e com p arisons o f o c c u p a tio n s w hich were n eed ed i n t h i s s t u d y .

The m achine w as f i r s t u sed t o cou n t th e p o s i t io n s

on each o f t h e two hundred p sy c h o g r a p h s. t a b le

T hese w ere record ed on a

(B ig h t—Wrong T a b le) a lo n g s id e t h e number o f th e Job .

A f te r t h i s

had b e e n done ea ch o c c u p a tio n was c o n s id e r e d in tu r n a s a B a s ic o c c u p a t io n .

A k ey was p rep ared a cco rd in g to th e p o s i t i o n s in d ic a te d

on t h e p sych ograp h o f t h e B a s ic o c c u p a tio n and th e o th e r o c c u p a tio n a l p sy ch o g ra p h s were sc o r e d a g a in s t t h i s key *

T h is s c o r in g proced ure was

u se d t o d eterm in e t h e number o f p o s i t i o n s th e two o c c u p a tio n s had in common, d e s ig n a te d by " E ig h t* , and th e number w h ich th e Job b e in g s c o r e d had b u t w h ich th e B a s ic o c c u p a tio n d id n o t h a v e . d e s ig n a t e d by "Wrong".

T hese were

B oth t h e s e "E ight" and "Wrong” s c o r e s w ere

r e c o r d e d on t h e E ight-W rong t a b le in t h e i n t e r s e c t i n g c e l l of th e two o c c u p a t io n s .

A f t e r a l l o f t h e o c c u p a tio n s had b een compared w ith one

J o b , th e n e x t o c c u p a tio n in t h e s e r i a l l y numbered l i s t was u sed a s a B ase and a l l were s c o r e d a g a in s t i t .

T h is p roced u re was co n tin u ed

u n t i l e v e r y o c c u p a tio n had b e e n compared w it h o r sc o r e d a g a in s t e v e r y

219

o th e r o c c u p a t io n .

S in c e e i t h e r one o f a p a i r o f o c c u p a tio n s c o u ld he

u se d as t h e k e y , th u s making n e c e s s a r y o n ly one com parison f o r each p a i r , th e f i n a l t a h le o f s c o r e s was in t h e form o f a t r i a n g l e , becom ing p r o g r e s s i v e l y n arrow er as t h e s c o r in g p r o g r e s s e d ,

\7 h ile th e u se o f

th e T e s t S c o r in g M achine s o lv e d th e f i r s t problem , t h a t o f o b j e c t i v e l y d e te r m in in g th e s i m i l a r i t i e s and d i f f e r e n c e s o f v o c a t io n s , th e r e rem ained th e problem o f c o n v e r tin g t h e s e " H ight,r- 5tV/rong” s c o r e s in t o a s t a t i s t i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t io n o f t h e d e g r e e o f r e la t io n s h ip . The B e la t io n s h ip Form ula.

I t was d e s ir a b le t h a t th e form ula

th ro u g h w h ich t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p was d e r iv e d sh o u ld ta k e in t o con­ s i d e r a t i o n th e e x t e n t t o w hich th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p r o f i l e s o f two jo b s o v e r la p and th e e x t e n t to w h ich each one h as p o s i t i o n s w hich a r e n o t a p a r t o f th e o t h e r .

I t w i l l be r e c a lle d t h a t th e r e la t io n s h ip

o f t h e p r o f i l e s o f two jo b s was d em onstrated both by su p erim p osin g th e a c t u a l d a ta s h e e t s and a ls o by g r a p h ic a lly r e p r e s e n tin g th e p o s i t i o n s w h ich th e y h a v e i n common and th o s e w h ich a r e a p a r t o f one p r o f i l e b u t n o t th e o th er*

T h us, i n t h e r e la t io n s h i p o f any two

o c c u p a t io n s , t h e r e w ere th r e e s e t s o f p o s i t i o n s r e p r e s e n te d : w hich o c cu r red in b o th p r o f i l e s ;

(I) th o s e

(2 ) th o se w h ich were a p a r t o f th e

f i r s t p r o f i l e o n ly ; and (3 ) t h o s e w hich w ere o n ly in th e secon d p r o f i l e . A fo rm u la was deduced f o r d e te r m in in g what p e r c e n ta g e th e number o f p o s i t i o n s common t o th e two psychographs i s of t h e t o t a l number o f d i f f e r e n t p o s i t i o n s in d ic a t e d by them .

T his form ula w as:

P .R . o f BY - E x 100

F 7T "

P.E* o f BY r e p r e s e n t s th e p erce n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip o f any two

220

o c c u p a t io n s , JB and Jf, a s 'based on th e s i m i l a r i t y and d i s s i m i l a r i t y o f t h e i r demands on th e w o r k e r s.

S h is term m erely l a b e l s th e answer

w hich i s d e r iv e d th rou gh t h e u se o f t h e fo r m u la .

R ( "Right**' s c o r e )

r e p r e s e n t s t h e number o f p o s i t i o n s which a r e common t o th e two o c c u p a t io n a l p sy ch o g r a p h s; 100 i s a c o n s ta n t , u se d to c o n v e r t a d ecim a l in t o p e r c e n t a g e ; 33^ r e p r e s e n ts t h e t o t a l number o f p o s it io n s w hich a r e on t h e p sy ch o graph o f o c c u p a tio n 13 of t h e form ula; and ¥ ("Wrong* s c o r e ) r e p r e s e n t s th e p o s i t io n s w hich a r e in d ic a t e d on th e psychograph o f o c c u p a tio n T b u t n o t on t h a t o f o c c u p a tio n 33. The d a ta f o r o b ta in in g th e p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip s o f th e v a r io u s p a ir s o f o c c u p a tio n s w ere ta k e n from th e B ight-W rong Table w hich was s e t up d u r in g t h e com parison o f p r o f i l e s through, u se o f the T e st S c o r in g M achine*

The v o c a t io n s , a s s e r i a l l y arra n g ed , were each in

tu r n c o n s id e r e d a s th e JB o c o n a t i o n o f th e form ula*

For exam ple,

u s i n g th e f i r s t v o c a t io n , i t s r e l a t io n s h i p w ith e v ery o th e r job in th e stu d y was fou n d by c o n s id e r in g in tu r n the "R ight" and "Wrong* s c o r e s f o r O ccu p ation Humber 1 and ea ch o f th e o th e r j o b s .

The p e r c e n ta g e

r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r ea ch p a ir o f jo b s was p la c e d in th e Bight-W rong t a b le im m e d ia tely u nder t h e " R igh t* and "Wrong" s c o r e s f o r th e com bination* The form ula was a p p lie d i n t h i s manner t o a l l o f th e p a ir s o f occupa­ t i o n s in v o lv e d in t h e stu d y o f th e two hundred j o b s .

S in c e th e r e i s

no d i f f e r e n c e i n th e p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h i p o f two o c c u p a tio n s , r e g a r d le s s o f w h ich i s u sed a s t h e B a s ic o c c u p a tio n , i t was n e c e s s a r y t o u se t h e form ula o n ly once f o r ea ch p o s s ib le p a i r .

The p e r c e n ta g e

r e l a t i o n s h i p s and th e "Right*-*W rong* s c o r e s o f th e p a ir s o f v o c a tio n s w ere com bined in t h e same ta b le *

I t was t h e n known a t i h i s p o in t o f

th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p ro ced u re th e p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t io n s h i p betw een e v e iy p a i r o f o c c u p a tio n s in c lu d e d in th e s tu d y .

T hese e x h ib it e d a ran ge o f

from. 32 p er c e n t t o 95 per c e n t .

I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f C o n s t e lla t io n s of Occupatio n s The n e x t s te p was to a n a ly z e t h e s e d ata to determ ine w h eth er v o c a t io n s would f a l l in t o f a m i l i e s or c o n s t e l l a t i o n s a c c o r d in g to th e s e r e la tio n s h ip s •

There was no p r e c o n c e iv e d id e a a s to how and in what

manner t h e f a m i l i e s w ould b e d e r iv e d e x c e p t t h a t th e y sh ou ld be i d e n t i f i e d th rough the a c t u a l r e la t io n s h ip s o f th e j o b s .

I t was

p o in te d o u t in C hapter VT t h a t t h e d is c r im in a t io n s on w hich c l a s s e s a r e b a se d w i l l depend on th e n a tu r e o f t h e m a te r ia l and the p u rp o ses i n v ie w .

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s a r e i n some r e s p e c t s a r b it r a r y and r e l a t i v e

to c e r t a i n v ie w s or c o n c e p t io n s , i n t e r e s t s or p u r p o s e s .

Thus, in

c l a s s i f y i n g o c c u p a tio n s , t h e r e was no p red eterm in ed s e t of r u l e s . I n s t e a d , t h e p ro ced u res fo r id e n t i f y i x g f a m il ie s grew out o f th e n a tu r e o f t h e m a te r ia l and w ere in accord w ith th e g e n e r a l p r in c ip l e s w hich have b e en e n u n c ia te d a b o v e . High B e la t io n s h ip T a b le .

S in c e a l l o f the o c c u p a tio n s were

i n t e r r e l a t e d t o some d e g r e e , i t was n e c e s s a r y to d e v is e a method f o r d i r e c t i n g m ajor a t t e n t i o n t o th e h ig h e r p erce n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p s .

It

was o b v io u s t h a t o n ly th e h ig h e r r e la t io n s h ip s would be o f v a lu e in id e n tify in g c o n s te lla t io n s .

T h e r e fo r e , a t a b le was p rep ared w hich

showed o n ly th e o c c u p a tio n s v/hich were r e l a t e d to any o c c u p a tio n o f th e s tu d y , c a l l e d the B a sic o c c u p a tio n , t o th e e x te n t o f s e v e n ty p er cen t or ab ove.

T h is in c lu d e d a p p ro x im a tely th e upper h a lf o f th e

p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p s .

the u se of t h i s t a b l e , c a l l e d th e H igh

22 2

B e la t io n s h ip T able* i t was p o s s i b l e t o d eterm in e q u ic k ly w hich o c c u p a tio n s of* th e stu d y w ere r e la t e d w i t h c e r t a in d e s ig n a te d p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p s t o any v o c a t io n w hich m igh t he c o n s id e r e d as th e B a s ic o c c u p a t io n . F o r m u la tio n of* I n t e r r e la t i o n s h ip M a tr ix Thurston© u se d in d e r iv in g c o n s t e lla t io n s

The p roced u re w hich

of t r a i t s in one o f th e

i n i t i a l s te p s o f h is f a c to r a n a ly s is te c h n iq u e p ro v id e d v a lu a b le s u g g e s t io n s f o r i d e n t i f y i n g f a m ilie s o f o c c u p a tio n s -

I t w i l l be r e ­

c a l l e d t h a t e v id e n c e was p r e s e n te d t o the e f f e c t t h a t in th e p ro ced u re s u g g e s t e d b y T h u r sto n e , a s w e ll a s in o th e r g ro u p in g p r o c e d u r e s, th e v a r io u s c r i t i c a l v a lu e s and d is c r im in a tio n s u sed in t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n w i l l l a r g e l y be d e r iv e d expe rim enta l l y in reg a rd t o th e n atu re o f th e m a t e r ia l and under l y i n g p u r p o se s -

The b a s ic p roced u re in i d e n t i f y i n g

f a m i l i e s h a v in g h ig h p e r c e n ta g e r e la t io n s h ip s was to e s t a b l i s h an i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p m a tr ix compos ed of t h e jo b s w hich had a r e la t io n s h ip o f 80 p er c e n t or more w it h an o c c u p a tio n s e l e c t e d as t h e co re o f th e m a tr ix -

R ep eated e x p e r im e n ta tio n in d ic a t e d th a t a r e la t io n s h ip o f

80 p e r ce n t was m ost e f f e c t i v e a s a d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g p o in t f o r th e f i r s t s te p s in g r o u p in g o c c u p a tio n s -

That o c c u p a tio n w h ich had th e

h i g h e s t p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p , and a ls o had t h e g r e a t e s t number o f o c c u p a tio n s r e l a t e d t o i t w ith a p e r c e n ta g e o f a t l e a s t 8 0 , was d e s ig n a t e d a s t h e co r e o c c u p a tio n o f th e m a tr ix -

The i n t e r r e la t io n s h i p

m a tr ix was th e n c o m p le te d , u s in g a l l o f t h e v o c a t io n s w hich agreed w it h th e c o r e o c c u p a tio n t o th e e x te n t o f 8Q p er c e n t or m ore.

D e f i n it e

r u l e s w ere fo r m u la te d f o r the e s ta b lish m e n t o f s u c c e s s iv e c o r e occupa­ t i o n s and i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p m a tr ic e s -

zzz

I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f Prim ary and S econ d ary O ccu p ation s o f Cons t e l l a t Ion s .

The o c c u p a tio n s o f th e m a tr ix d id n o t a l l have an

80 p e r c e n t in t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p *

T hat o c c u p a tio n which had t h e g r e a t e s t

number o f o c c u p a tio n s r e l a t e d t o i t w ith l e s s than 80 p e r cent r e l a t i o n ­ s h ip was th e f i r s t t o b e s e g r e g a te d from th e m a tr ix . h a v in g t h e n e x t h i g h e s t number was s e g r e g a t e d .

Then th e one

T h is p r o c e s s co n tin u ed

u n t i l a l l o f th e j o b s rem ain in g in th e m a tr ix had in t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f 80 p e r c e n t or more*

T hese o ccu p a tio n s c o n s t it u t e d t h e prim ary

c a t e g o r y o f t h e c o n s t e l l a t i o n w hich was b e in g fo rm u la ted on t h e b a s i s o f t h a t m a trix *

A l l o f t h e s e g r e g a te d o c c u p a tio n s w hich had an 80 per

c e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p w ith a t l e a s t t w o - t h ir d s o f t h e prim ary o c c u p a tio n s w ere in c lu d e d i n t h e c o n s t e l l a t i o n as seco n d a ry o c c u p a t io n s .

In t h e

few c a s e s w here th e prim ary c a te g o r y was composed o f o n ly two j o b s , due t o t h e number o f sam ple o c c u p a tio n s i t was som etim es d e s ir a b le to i n d i c a t e o th e r v o c a t io n s h avin g an 80 p e r c e n t r e la t io n s h ip w ith e i t h e r o f t h e o c c u p a tio n s o f t h e p rim ary. T r a n s p o s it io n o f O ccu p ation s from High R e la t io n s h ip T a b le . B eca u se i t was fou nd d e s ir a b le to allow o v e r la p p in g o f c o n s t e l l a t i o n s , y e t u n d e s ir a b le to co n tin u e to c o n s id e r an o c c u p a tio n fo r membership in an u n lim it e d number o f s u c c e s s i v e f a m ilie s *

i t was n e c e s s a r y to e s ta b ­

l i s h some p r i n c i p l e s f o r t r a n s p o s it io n of o c c u p a tio n s from t h e h ig h r e la tio n s h ip t a b le .

When tr a n s p o s e d , a jo b was n o t regard ed a s p a r t

o f th e h ig h r e l a t i o n s h i p t a b l e .

O ccupations w ere c o n s id e r e d f o r

t r a n s p o s it i o n a s soon a s t h e y w ere p la c e d in e i t h e r th e prim ary or seco n d a ry c a te g o r y o f a c o n s t e l l a t i o n .

A job was tr a n sp o s e d i f t h r e e -

f o u r t h s o f th e o c c u p a tio n s to w hich i t was r e la t e d to t n e e x te n t o f

224

80 p e r c e n t o r h ig h e r had b e e n p la c e d a s p rim ary o r secon d ary in a c o n s t e l l a t i o n or tr a n s p o s e d .

A tr a n sp o se d o c c u p a tio n , i f a l s o a p a r t

o f a c o n s t e l l a t i o n , was no lo n g e r c o n s id e r e d fo r membership in any o th e r c o n s t e l l a t i o n . A job was a l s o tr a n sp o s e d i f I t was d is c o v e r e d , when new i n t e r ­ r e l a t i o n s h i p m a tr ic e s w ere b e in g s e t u p , th a t th r e e —fo u r th s o f i t s above e i g h t y p e r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p s were a lr e a d y a s s ig n e d a s prim ary o r se c o n d a r y , or tra n sp o sed *

Such a tr a n sp o s e d job had no w e ig h t in

th e d e te r m in a tio n o f t h e c o r e o c c u p a tio n o f a m a tr ix .

Under th e s e

c ir c u m s ta n c e s , i t was no lo n g e r u se d in th e fundam ental grouping p r o c e d u r e s but w as l a t e r , during th e supplem entary p r o c e d u r e s, con­ s id e r e d fo r t e r t i a r y membership in c o n s t e l l a t i o n s . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f Supplem entary G rou p in gs.

A fte r th e s e r ie s o f

c o n s t e l l a t i o n s had b een i d e n t i f i e d on t h e b a s is o f 80 p er cent r e l a t i o n ­ s h ip s i t was found d e s ir a b le to in d ic a te f u r t h e r c o n s t e l l a t i o n members on th e b a s is o f a 75 p e r cent r e l a t i o n s h i p . a s t h e sup p lem en tary g r o u p in g s .

This s e r i e s was d e s ig n a te d

O ccu pation s w hich had rem ained un­

a s s ig n e d i n t h e fundam ental p r o ced u res w ere c o n sid e r e d fo r t e r t i a r y membership in fu ndam ental c o n s t e l l a t io n s o r as p rim ary or secon d ary members o f c o n s t e l l a t i o n s in t h e supplem entary s e r i e s .

D e f in it e and

w e l l d e fin e d r if le s were fo llo w e d in th e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s e su p p le­ m entary r e l a t i o n s h i p s .

A fte r th e fundam ental and supp lem entary

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p r o ce d u re s had been co m p leted , th e r e rem ained a few o c c u p a tio n s w hich w ere n o t i d e n t i f i e d a s members o f any c o n s t e l l a t i o n . T h ese w ere d e s ig n a t e d as (1 ) secon d ary t o an oth er j o b , (2) u n c l a s s i f i e d o c c u p a t io n s , or (5 ) m ixed r e l a t i o n s h i p s .

I t is p rob ab le t h a t , i f the

225

number o f o c c u p a tio n s s t u d ie d w ere in c r e a s e d , some o f th e u n a ssig n e d o c c u p a tio n s w ould combine w i t r o th e r v o c a t io n s to form c o n s t e l l a t io n s w h ich d id n o t emerge i n t h i s

study*

CTontinuous B eco rd s o f P r o ced u res *

Continuous reco rd s w ere kep t

o f th e a c t i o n t h a t was ta k e n d u rin g th e d i f f e r e n t s ta g e s o f the p ro­ cedures*,

T hese se rv e d b o th a s r eco rd s o f tr a n s p ir e d e v e n ts and a ls o

a s d a ta and a id s in su b seq u en t s te p s o f th e p r o c e s s*

I t w i l l be

r e c a l l e d t h a t th e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f occupations: a s members o f con­ s t e l l a t i o n s was r e c o r d e d in d e t a i l on b o th t h e h ig h r e la t io n s h ip t a b le and a l s o on th e c u m u la tiv e a ssig n m e n t ch art*

D if f e r e n t symbols were

u se d to d e s ig n a t e th e a c t io n w h ich had b een ta k e n in regard t o th e o c c u p a tio n s *

In a d d it io n t o t h e s e r e c o r d s , th e r e was th e f i n a l

r e c o r d w hich l i s t e d th e c o n s t e l l a t i o n s a s t h e y w ere i d e n t i f i e d th ro u g h th e a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n tech n iq u e t o th e sample o f two hundred o c c u p a tio n s* M ature and C h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f the C o n s t e l l a t io n s .

W ith the

e x c e p t io n o f a few occu p ations; w hich rem ained u n c l a s s i f i e d , th e two hundred v o c a t io n s were reduced to t h i r t y - s i x g r o u p s,

In each o f th e s e

t h e r e was p r o v is io n f o r th r e e c a t e g o r ie s o f r e la t io n s h ip among th e v o c a t io n s *

The r u le s and r e g u la t io n s which were u sed in t h e ir

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a l s o s e r v e to d e f in e and d is t in g u is h t h e d egree o f r e la tio n s h ip o f th e se d iffe r e n t c a t e g o r ie s .

F u rth erm ore, i t was found

t h a t t h e r e was some o v e r la p p in g o f c o n s t e l l a t i o n s ; t h a t i s , an o c c u p a tio n was a member o f more than one fa m ily *

c a s e s w here

I t w i l l be re­

c a l l e d t h a t t h e r e was a v a r ia t io n i n th e s i z e s o f t h e g r o u p s, p ro b a b ly b e c a u s e the random s e l e c t i o n o f e x p e r im sn ta l o c c u p a tio n s in c lu d e d more

226

jo b s o f some ty p e s th a n o f o th e r s*

Doe to th e w ide d i f f e r e n c e s in

approach., i t was d i f f i c u l t to compare th e c o n s t e l l a t i o n s which were i d e n t i f i e d in t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n w it h t h e o c c u p a tio n a l groups o f o th e r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s *

However, t h e com parisons w hich w ere made w it h

i n t e r e s t and i n t e l l i g e n c e g ro u p in g s ten d ed t o co n fir m th e r e s u l t s o b ta in e d th r o u g h th e u se o f t h i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n te c h n iq u e *

For th e

m ost p a r t , t h e groups d e r iv e d in t h is s tu d y f e l l w it h in th e b o u n d a ries o f groups e s t a b l i s h e d in th e o th e r s t u d ie s *

In th e c o n s t e l l a t i o n s ,

h ow ever, t h e r e was more d e t a i l e d and d i s t i n c t d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n among th e o c c u p a tio n s * I m p lic a tio n s o f t h e C l a s s i f i c a t i o n (Technique r

The te c h n iq u e which was d ev elo p ed f o r c l a s s i f y i n g v o c a tio n s on t h e b a s is o f t h e t o t a l c o n f ig u r a t io n of th e req u irem en ts made on th e w orkers engaged in them was shown to h ave im p ortant im p lic a t io n s in r e l a t i o n t o o c c u p a tio n a l o r ie n t a t io n *

I t r e d ir e c t s t h e major em phasis

i n v o c a t io n a l o r i e n t a t i o n t o th e im portance o f t h e human p e r s o n a li t y . F u r th e r , in s t e a d o f c o n s id e r in g jo b s s e p a r a t e ly o r g rou p in g them a c c o r d in g to m a t e r i a l s , i n d u s t r ie s or s in g l e a b i l i t i e s ,

th ey can be

d e a l t w ith a s grou p s o f jo b s w hich make somewhat s im ila r req u irem en ts on th e w o r k e r s.

T h is te c h n iq u e and method of c l a s s i f y i n g jo b s has

im p ortan t im p lic a t io n s fo r v o c a t io n a l g u id a n c e , v o c a t io n a l e d u c a tio n and v o c a t i o n a l p la c e m e n t. V o c a tio n a l G u idance*

In v o c a t io n a l g u id a n ce, w hether i n group

o r in d iv id u a l work, in r e l a t i o n t o o c c u p a tio n a l in fo r m a tio n or v o c a t i o n a l c h o ic e , t h i s tec h n iq u e s u g g e s ts d r a s t i c changes in m a t e r ia ls ,

227

m ethods an d p r o c e d u r e s .

O ccu p a tio n a l in fo r m a tio n , in s t e a d o f b ein g

e i t h e r to o s p e c i f i c or to o g e n e r a l ca n now be o r g a n iz e d in r e l a t i o n t o b road v o c a t i o n a l f a m i l i e s *

In le a r n in g about o c c u p a tio n s , a t t e n t io n

can f i r s t be d ir e c t e d t o c o n s t e l l a t i o n s and th en l a t e r d ir e c t e d to th e s tu d y o f more s p e c i f i c j o b s ,

T h is s u g g e s t s a g e n e r a l

r e o r g a n iz a t io n

o f v o c a t i o n a l l i t e r a t u r e a s w e ll a s of m ethods and p ro ced u res o f s tu d y and p r e s e n t a t i o n .

I t a p p lie s t o l i t e r a t u r e , c o u r s e s , l e c t u r e s , con­

f e r e n c e s , f ilm s and o th e r m ethods o f p r o v id in g v o c a t io n a l in fo r m a tio n . T h is in tu r n in v o lv e s a r e - d i r e c t i o n i n t e a c h in g methods and in t h e t r a i n i n g o f te a c h e r s who h a ve th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r a id in g p erso n s i n o b t a in in g o c c u p a tio n a l in fo r m a tio n . In c h o o s in g a means of making a l i v e l i h o o d , th e p erso n may f i r s t c o n s id e r th e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f broad a rea s o f work as th e y r e la t e t o h i s a b i l i t i e s and i n t e r e s t s and th e n as c h o ic e becomes more d e f i n i t e , a t t e n t i o n can be d ir e c t e d to th e in d iv id u a l o c c u p a tio n s o f a f a m ily . Or, from an i n t e r e s t in a s in g l e o c c u p a tio n t h e p erso n can p ro ceed to th e c o n s id e r a t io n o f o th e r c l o s e l y r e la t e d jo b s o f th e same c o n s t e l l a t i o n . V o c a tio n a l c h o ic e can be made more i n t e l l i g e n t l y in t h a t th e p e r so n may c o n s id e r s e v e r a l f a m i l i e s or r e l a t e d jo b s whose req u irem en ts harm onize m ost c l o s e l y w ith h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

The c l a s s i f i c a t i o n te c h n iq u e

a l s o s u g g e s t s a d i f f e r e n t o r g a n iz a t io n and em phasis in regard t o t e s t s , r e c o r d s , in d iv id u a l i n v e n t o r i e s , and c o u n s e lin g th an have been u se d in th e p a s t .

T hese sh o u ld b e o r g a n iz e d in su ch a manner as t o em phasize

t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e in d iv id u a l in r e l a t i o n to t h e req u irem en ts o f o c c u p a t io n a l f a m i l i e s . V o c a tio n a l E d u c a tio n .

I t was p o in te d out i n C hapter I t h a t

228

v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g , in s t e a d o f "being o r g a n iz e d in c o u r se s a c c o r d in g t o m a t e r ia ls o r i n d u s t r i e s , may now "be o r g a n iz e d a c c o r d in g t o th e s k i l l s and in fo r m a tio n p e r t a in in g t o f a m ilie s o f job s# t r a i n i n g w ou ld in c lu d e t h e a c q u i s it io n of s k i l l s r e q u ir e d "by a fa m ily o f r e la t e d J o b s. "built on t h i s b a s ic fo u n d a tio n #

{Che i n i t i a l

and in fo r m a tio n

S p e c i f i c Job t r a in in g would "be

V o c a tio n a l e d u c a tio n , o rg a n ized in

c o u r s e s and u n i t s a c c o r d in g t o t h i s p la n , w ould c e n te r t h e a t t e n t i o n on t h e human a b i l i t i e s r e q u ir e d by jo b s#

The a p p lic a t io n o f th e s e

p r i n c i p l e s w ould i n d i c a t e r e o r g a n iz a t io n o f c o u r s e s , u se o f m a t e r ia ls , and m ethods o f te a c h in g in i n d u s t r i a l a r t s and g e n e r a l v o c a t io n a l c o u r s e s a s w e l l as in th e more s p e c i f i c tra d e c o u r s e s .

B a s ic

v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g w ould be p o s s i b l e f o r more s tu d e n ts and in a w id er ran ge o f v o c a t io n a l f i e l d s #

S p e c if ic

s k ills

can b e b u i l t on t h e s e as

n e e d s a r is e # V o c a t io n a l P la c e m e n t#

I n s te a d o f a tte m p tin g to p la c e w o rk ers,

b o th t h o s e who are e n te r in g upon v o c a t io n a l a c t i v i t y and a l s o th o s e who f in d i t n e c e s s a r y to make ch a n g es, a c c o r d in g t o a jo b la b e l a t ta c h e d t o them b e c a u se o f some s p e c i f i c job t r a in in g o r work e x p e r ie n c e , t h e y can be c o n s id e r e d in term s o f t h e ir c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and fundam ental work a b i l i t i e s *

M oreover, th e p erso n cm a ls o be c o n sid e r e d f o r p la c e ­

ment in a f a m ily o f r e la t e d jo b s r a th e r than f o r j u s t one o r p o s s ib ly o n ly a few s p e c i f i c k in d s o f work#

T h is g r e a t l y enh ances th e

p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e w o r k e r’ s c o n tin u e d s a t i s f a c t o r y v o c a t io n a l a d ju s t­ ment and i t a l s o makes p o s s i b l e a more e f f i c i e n t and b a la n ced d i s ­ t r i b u t i o n o f la b o r in in d u s tr y and b u s in e s s #

In an e v e r ch an gin g

s i t u a t i o n , r e l a t e d to b o th th e worker and work o p p o r t u n it ie s ,

ZZ9

r e o r i e n t a t i o n i n v o c a t io n a l a c t i v i t y w ould "be g r e a t l y f a c i l i t a t e d th ro u g h th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f o ccu p a tio n s*

T h is approach to p lacem en t

w o u ld , o f c o u r s e , mean a sw aepihg change in p lacem en t p roced u res* P la ce m en t o f f i c e r s i n s c h o o ls sh o u ld have a v a ila b le th e r e s u l t s o f s t u d i e s show ing th e jo b s i n t h e community and th e c a l l s f o r w orkers and how t h e s e a re c l a s s i f i e d in to grou ps o f r e la t e d v o c a t i o n s .

The

s c h o o l r e c o r d s sh o u ld em phasize t h e s tu d e n tf s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s es r e l a t e d to c o n s t e l l a t i o n s o f o ccu p a tio n s*

P u b lic and p r iv a t e employ­

m ent s e r v i c e s , in c o n s id e r in g p r im a r ily human c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s in s t e a d o f job l a b e l s in p l a c i n g w o rk ers, would need to r e v is e t h e ir methods o f in t e r v ie w in g and t h e i r reco rd and f i l i n g

sy ste m s.

F or s c h o o ls and

o th e r a g e n c i e s , p la cem en t o f w orkers a c c o r d in g to m ethods made p o s s i b l e by t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n tech n iq u e would mean b r e a k in g away from an em phasis on s p e c i f i c i t y and jo b d o m in ation in fa v o r of an em phasis on g e n e r a l a r e a s o f work and th e im p ortan ce o f human c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The im p lic a t io n s o f th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n te c h n iq u e s u g g e s t p r a c t i c e s w h ich w ould a id in s o lv i n g many o f t h e problem s o f o c c u p a tio n a l o r i e n t a t i o n b o th f o r young p e r so n s t r y in g t o become e s t a b lis h e d in a v o c a t io n and a l s o f o r o ld e r w orkers who f in d i t n e c e s s a iy o r d e s ir a b le t o make v o c a t i o n a l changes* S u g g e s t io n s f o r F u rth er Study The p ro c e d u r e s w hich have b een d ev elo p ed and

d em on strated in

t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n f o r g r o u p in g o c c u p a tio n s a c c o r d in g t o req u irem en ts made on t h e w o r k e r s, in no way r e p r e s e n t th e s o lu t io n o f a l l o f the n e e d s r e l a t i v e to o c c u p a tio n a l o r i e n t a t i o n .

W hile th e r e s u lt s seem

230

t o be s i g n i f i c a n t and h o ld p rom ise o f making w orth w h ile c o n tr ib u tio n s t o v o c a t i o n a l g u id a n ce and e d u c a tio n , t h e r e are o th e r problem s w hich p r e s e n t th e m s e lv e s a s p o s s i b i l i t i e s fo r fu tu r e c o n s id e r a t io n .

Some

o f t h e s e may be th o u g h t o f as th e d ir e c t ou tgrow th o f th e p r e s e n t r e s e a r c h , w h ile o t h e r s a re o f a more supp lem entary n a t u r e .

In any

c a s e , a l l o f them seem t o h ave d i r e c t r e l a t io n s h ip t o th e te c h n iq u e h e r e in d e v e lo p e d . A p p lic a t io n o f th e te c h n iq u e t o a Larger Fumber o f O ccu p a tio n s. 3This s tu d y i s p r im a r ily con cern ed w ith d e v e lo p in g a te c h n iq u e f o r c l a s s i f y i n g v o c a t io n s in t o f a m i l i e s o f r e la t e d o c c u p a tio n s .

S in c e

th e te c h n iq u e was d e v elo p e d through t h e u se o f two hundred o c c u p a tio n s a s an e x p e r im e n ta l sa m p le, one o f t h e im m ediate n e x t s t e p s , i t would seem , w ou ld b e to a p p ly th e te c h n iq u e t o a la r g e r number o f v o c a t io n s . I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t many o f th e a d d it io n a l o c c u p a tio n s would become p a r t s o f t h e grou p s w hich have been fo r m u la te d , w h ile some o f them w ould combine to form new groups * on in s e v e r a l w a y s.

I h is c l a s s i f i c a t i o n m igh t be c a r r ie d

One m ethod w ould be t o c o n s id e r a la r g e number

o f o c c u p a tio n s in a s i n g l e a p p lic a t io n of t h e grou p in g p ro c e d u r e . A n oth er p r o p o s a l would be t o d iv id e t h e o ccu p a tio n s and o b ta in g r o u p in g s by a p p ly in g th e te c h n iq u e to each l i s t o f o c c u p a tio n s and th e n to compare t h e r e s u lt a n t g r o u p s.

Or a g a in , i t m igh t be d e s ir a b le

to c o n s id e r th e Jobs now in c lu d e d in some o f t h e v a r io u s in d u s t r i a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s and t o r e c l a s s i f y them a c c o r d in g to t h i s te c h n iq u e . C o n tin u a tio n o f H ff o r t t o R e fin e L i s t o f B a s ic O ccu p a tio n a l R eq u ir e m e n ts.

cohere i s n eed f o r th orou gh and i n t e n s i v e stu d y in an

e f f o r t t o d eterm in e t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e in d iv id u a l w hich a re

231

01031} u s e f t t l a s common, d enom inators in r e c o r d in g th e demands made on w orkers by v a r io u s o c c u p a tio n s*

At th e p r e s e n t tim e th e r e i s c o n fu s io n

b e c a u se o f th e g r e a t number o f term s u s e d , th e la c k o f agreem ent among i n v e s t i g a t o r s c o n c e r n in g w hich term s are m ost v a lu a b le in d e s c r ib in g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s r e q u ir e d by Jobs and th e u se o f d i f f e r e n t terms fo r d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a tio n s#

These terms sh ou ld be c a r e f u l l y s tu d ie d and

re d u a e d , as f a r a s p o s s i b l e , t o a s y s te m a tic te r m in o lo g y adequate to d e s c r ib e t h e i n d iv id u a l and t o in d ic a t e th e req u irem en ts o f many ty p e s o f o c c u p a tio n s#

The p r e s e n t s tu d y h a s made a p r e lim in a r y

ap p roach t o t h is problem b u t much n ee d s to b e done# Improvement o f M ethods o f S ecu rin g O ccu p a tio n a l In fo r m a tio n # I n t e n s iv e s t u d i e s n eed t o he made on th e d evelop m en t o f m ethods f o r s e c u r in g r e l i a b l e o c c u p a tio n a l in fo r m a tio n , d e a lin g e s p e c i a l l y w ith th e demands made on t h e w orkers#

This In fo rm a tio n sh o u ld be in su ch

form and te r m in o lo g y as to a g r e e w ith th e r e v is e d term in o lo g y e s t a b lis h e d f o r d e s c r ib in g th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f w orkers#

S e v e r a l approaches m ight

be ta k en in th e develop m ent o f such o c c u p a tio n a l in fo rm a tio n #

F ir s t,

t h e r e m ight be a th orou gh s tu d y o f th e p r e s e n t v o c a t io n a l l i t e r a t u r e and Job s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , in t e r p r e t in g them i n term s o f th e worker c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h ich a re c o n s id e r e d im p ortan t a s common d enom inators f o r d e s c r ib in g o c c u p a tio n a l req u irem en ts#

The p r e s e n t l i t e r a t u r e would

u n d o u b te d ly n eed t o be supplem ented by a d d it io n a l v o c a t io n a l r e s e a r c h and Job d e s c r ip t io n s * S eco n d , new o c c u p a tio n a l l i t e r a t u r e m ight be p rep a red , a c c u r a t e ly d e s c r i b i n g o c c u p a tio n s in term s o f th e req u irem en ts made on t h e w orkers# T h is , t h e r e a l h e a r t o f th e v o c a t io n a l d e s c r ip t io n as f a r a s v o c a t io n a l

232

g u id a n c e i s co n ce rn e d , h a s b een n e g le c t e d in the p a s t .

True enough,

i t i s e a s i e r t o d e s c r ib e some o f th e more s e l f - e v i d e n t ite m s con cern ­ in g a j o b , b u t th e f a c t rem ains t h a t c o n c r e te in fo r m a tio n i s n eed ed w h ich w i l l a s s i s t i n b r in g in g t o g e t h e r in m u tu a lly harm onious term s, t h e d e s c r i p t i o n s o f a w o rk er's c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and o f th e j o b f s re q u ir e m e n ts • T h is l i t e r a t u r e m igh t be d e r iv e d e i t h e r th rou gh stu d y and o b s e r v a t io n by t r a in e d jo b a n a ly s t s , or th rou gh th e developm ent and a p p l i c a t i o n o f o b j e c t i v e t e s t s and m easures f o r d ete r m in in g j u s t what t h e j o b ' s r eq u ir em en ts a r e i n term s o f w orker c h a r a c t e r is t ic s *

The

p r o p o s a l o f d e v e lo p in g and u t i l i z i n g o b j e c t iv e t e s t m ethods in v o lv e s a stu p en d o u s t a s k , b u t i t seems to h o ld th e g r e a t e s t prom ise o f o b j e c t i v i t y in job a n a ly s is *

U n t il t h e s e t e s t methods a r e d e v e lo p e d ,

h o w e v er , i t w i l l be n e c e s s a r y to u se th e l e s s o b j e c t iv e method o f o b s e r v a t io n a l a n a l y s i s in s e c u r in g o c c u p a tio n a l in fo r m a tio n .

W hile i t

h a s i t s s h o r tc o m in g s, i t s t i l l i s of s u f f i c i e n t a ccu ra cy and s ig n i f i c a n c e t o s e r v e a s a means o f p r o v id in g d a ta u n t i l more o b je c tx v e methods can b e d e v e lo p e d .

R e g a r d le s s o f how a c q u ir e d , o c c u p a tio n a l in fo r m a tio n

w h ich d e s c r ib e s t h e jo b in term s o f the demands made on th e worker i s g r a v e ly n e e d e d . P e r f e c t i o n o f M achine P r o c e s s e s f o r Use in G rouping P r o c e d u r e . W hile m ach in es w ere u sed t o some e x t e n t in th e developm ent o f the te c h n iq u e f o r g r o u p in g o c c u p a tio n s , some of th e step s w ere done by s lo w e r and more la b o r io u s m ethods*

I t may be p o s s i b l e to adapt machine

p r o c e d u r e s t o some o f t h e s e o th e r p r o c e s s e s ; f o r exam ple, th e s o r t in g and com paring

s t e p s w h ich a re im portant p a r t s o f th e t o t a l p r o c e d u r e .

235

37he developm ent o f such m achine methods w ould make i t p o s s i b l e t o a p p ly t h e g r o u p in g te c h n iq u e to more o ccu p a tio n s i n a s h o r te r tim e, and p o s s i b l y w it h l e s s exp en se* A n a ly s is o f O ccu p a tio n a l F a m ilie s f o r C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s *

I t would

h e o f v a lu e in v o c a t io n a l g u id a n ce t o know n ot o n ly th e v o c a tio n s w hich c o n s t i t u t e a f a m ily , b u t a l s o th e d i s t i n g u i s h i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a group.

5?hese m igh t b e s e t up i n su ch form a s t o in d ic a t e th e c h a r a c te r ­

i s t i c s w h ich seem t o be common t o th e group a s a w h o le, a s w e ll a s th o s e a p p ly in g t o j u s t c e r t a i n members o f th e group*

An e f f o r t m igh t a l s o be

made t o d eterm in e w h ich o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a re o f k ey im portance i n th e r eq u ir em e n ts made on th e in d iv id u a l*

In o th e r w ord s, what are

th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , t h e la c k o f w h ich , would make i t d i f f i c u l t t o make com p en satory a d ju stm e n ts?

£ h ia a n a ly s is o f

th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

o f a f a m ily w ould a id in i d e n t i f y i n g and l o c a t in g th e group o f occupa­ t i o n s w h ich seem s t o m atch m ost c l o s e l y the a b i l i t i e s and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s Of

t h e p e r s o n s e e k in g v o c a t io n a l o r ie n t a t io n * D evelopm ent o f a S ystem fo r Comparing I n d iv id u a l and O ccu p a tio n a l

P r o file s .

S h is problem r e a l l y h in g e s on o th e r p r o j e c te d s t u d ie s w h ich ,

have been m en tion ed above*

A f te r h a v irg e s t a b li s h e d p r o f i l e s o f th e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s demanded by grou p s of o c c u p a tio n s and in d iv id u a l o c c u p a t io n s , and h avin g d e v ise d a method fo r d eterm in in g th e p e r s o n 's c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s in terms o f th e s e req u irem en ts,

i t would be d e s ir a b le

t o h ave a q u ick and e f f i c i e n t method o f making a com parison o f in d iv id u a l and o c c u p a t io n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p r o f i l e s .

By u s in g th e p e r s o n 's

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p r o f i l e a s a sta n d a rd or key and com paring w ith i t th e p r o file s *

f i r s t o f groups o f o c c u p a tio n s , and l a t e r o f s p e c i f i c

o c c u p a t io n s o f a g ro u p , i t may b e p o s s i b l e q u ic k ly t o g e t an i n d i c a t i o n a s to w h ich o c c u p a tio n s most c l o s e l y c o in c id e w it h th e p e r s o n 's c h a r ­ a c te r is tic s .

On th e b a s i s o f t h e s e s i m i l a r i t i e s * th e n , f u r th e r s t u d i e s

can be made o f th e p e r s o n 's f i t n e s s and a p t it u d e s f o r th e o c c u p a tio n s th u s l o c a t e d . D evelopm ent o f a R e fe r e n c e S ystem f o r In fo rm a tio n About F a m ilie s . T here i s n e ed f o r a s y ste m o f r e c o r d in g and f i l i n g in fo r m a tio n con­ c e r n in g o c c u p a tio n s in such a manner t h a t i t i s r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e .

T here

sh o u ld be some c o n v e n ie n t means o f t r a n s i t i o n from th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e p e r so n t o l i t e r a t u r e

c o n cern in g o c c u p a tio n a l r e q u ir e m e n ts.

T his

m igh t b e done by some ty p e o f c r o s s r e f e r e n c e sy stem , p o s s ib ly a d i c t i o n a r y o f o c c u p a t io n s , m aking i t p o s s i b l e a f t e r determining* th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a p e r s o n , t o tu rn f i r s t t o t h e o c c u p a tio n a l f a m ily and t h e n to t h e s p e c i f i c o c c u p a tio n s whose req u irem en ts harm onize m ost c l o s e l y w ith them .

H aving lo c a t e d th e s e o c c u p a tio n s , p e r t in e n t in ­

fo r m a tio n c o n c e r n in g them s h o u ld be a v a ila b le th ro u g h o th e r r e l i a b l e so u rces. Improvement and R efin em en t o f P r o c e d u r e s.

T h is r e s e a r c h , w h ile

i n d i c a t i n g o th e r problem s f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n in r e l a t e d a r e a s , i t s e l f m ust be c o n s id e r e d f o r fu tu r e d evelop m ents and r e fin e m e n ts .

I t w ould

seem t h a t th e te c h n iq u e a s d ev elo p ed h ere h o ld s w ide p o s s i b i l i t i e s as a w o r th -w h ile in stru m en t o f o c c u p a tio n a l o r i e n t a t i o n . i t t o a c h ie v e i t s

In o rd er fo r

f u l l e s t p o t e n t i a l i t i e s , h ow ever, i t w i l l be n e c e s s a r y

c o n t in u a l l y t o im prove and r e v i s e the p r o c e d u r e s .

I t i s in no manner

c o n s id e r e d a f i n a l p r o d u c t, b u t i t d oes seem to be a v a lid and v a lu a b le

■beginning in op en in g up new m ethods and te c h n iq u e s fo r h e lp in g , s o lv e some o f th e p rob lem s t h a t p e r t a in in v o c a t io n a l a d ju stm e n t. f u l l s i g n i f i c a n c e o f th e p ro ced u re depends on t h e s e c o n tin u e d d ev elo p m en ts and r e f in e m e n t s .

The

BIBLIOGBAPHY Books A l l p o r t , Gordon W ., P e r s o n a l i t y , A P s y c h o lo g ic a l I n t e r p r e t a t io n , York: Henry H olt and Co . , 1927) 566 p p .

(Few

A n d erso n , H. Dewey and D a v id so n , P ercy E . , O ccu p a tio n a l T rends i n the U n ite d S t a t e s , (S ta n fo r d U n iv e r s it y , C a l.s S ta n fo r d U n iv e r s it y P r e s s , 1940) 599 p p • B e l l , Howard M ., Matching- Youth and J o b s, (W ashington, D. C .s Am erican Youth C om m ission, American C o u n cil on E d u c a tio n , 1940) 277 p p . _______

» Youth T e l l T h eir S t o r y , (W ashin gton, D* C.s C o u n c il oh E d u c a tio n , 1928 } 255 pp.

Am erican

Bingham , W a lter T * , A p titu d e s and A p titu d e T e s t in g , (Few York; and B r o s ., 1937) 3 S i p p • r B l i s s , Henry E . , The O r g a n iz a tio n o f K now ledge, (Few York: and C o ., 1929) 4 1 4 p p . C ab ot, H ich a rd C ., What Men L iv e B y, (B oston s 1914) 341 p p .

Harper

Henry H olt

Houghton M i f f l i n C o .,

C la r k , Harold P . , L i f e E a rn in g s in S e le c t e d O c cu p a tio n s, (Few York; H arper and Bros’* , 1^37) 408 p p . Cox, John W ., Manual S k i l l , 247 p p .

(Cambridge:

The U n iv e r s it y P r e s s , 1934)

Crawford* A lb e r t B . , and C lem en t, S tu a r t H ., The C h oice o f An O ccu p a tio n , (Few Havens Y ale U n iv e r s it y P r e s s , 1932) 495 p p . D od ge, A rth u r P . , O c c u p a tio n a l A b i l i t y P a t t e r n s , (Few Yorks p f P u b l i c a t i o n s , Columbia U n iv e r s it y , 1935) 97 p p .

Bureau

G a r r e t t , Henry E «, S t a t i s t i c s i n P s y c h o lo g y and E d u c a tio n , 2nd e d . , (Few Yorks Lcuigmans, G reen and C o ., 1939} 493 p p . G ilb r e t h , Frank B . , and G ilb r e t h , L i l l i a n M ., F a tig u e S tu d y , (Few Yorks S t u r g is and W alton C o ., 1916) 118 p p . G il b r e t h , Frank B . , M otion S tu d y , (Few Yorks 1911) 116 p p .

D. Tan F o stra n d C o .,

G u ilf o r d , J . P . , P sychome t r i o Met hod s , (Few York; C o ., 1936 ) 566 pp*

M cGraw-Hill Book

237

H oppock, R o b e r t, Job S a t i s f a c t i o n , 1935) 303 ppT ~

(Hew York;

H arper and B r o th e r s ,

K e l l e r , F r a n k lin and V i t e l e s , M orris S . , V o c a tio n a l G uidance Throughout t h e W orld, (Hew York: W. W. H orton and C o ., 1937) 575 p p . K e lle y , Truman L ., I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f E d u c a tio n a l M easurem ents, (Hew York: W orld Book Go*, 1927) 363 p p , K retsch m er, E r n s t , P h y s iq u e and C h a r a c te r , (Hew York: B ra ce and C o ., i n c . , 1925) "266 pp.""

H arcou rt,

L e v in , M a u rice, The Income S t r u c tu r e o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s , (W ash ington , D* C .: B ro o k in g s I n s t i t u t i o n , 1938) 177 pp* L e v in e , A lb e r t J . , C u rren t P s y c h o lo g ie s , (C am bridge, Mass*: P u b lis h e r s , 1940 J 270 pp* Lynd, R ob ert and Lynd, H elen , M iddletow n, (Hew York: and C o ., 1929) 550 p p .

S c i- A r t

H a rco u rt, B race

, M iddletow n in T r a n s it io n , (Hew York: H a rc o u r t, B race and C o ., 1 9 3 7) 604 p p . M acrae, A n gu s, T a le n ts and Tem peram ents, (Hew York: C o ., 1933) 211 p p . — — —

D. A p p leto n and

M yers, G eorge E . , P r in c i p l e s and Techniq.ues of V o c a tio n a l G uidance, (Hew York: M cG raw-H ill Book C o ., 1941) 359 p p . H eu b erg, M aurice J . , P r in c i p l e s and Methods o f V o c a tio n a l C h o ice, (Hew York: P r e n t i c e - H a l l , I n c . , 1934 ) 302 p p . P a t e r s o n , D onald G ., and D a r l^ r , John G ., Men, Women and J o b s, (M in n e a p o lis: The U n iv e r s it y o f M in n esota P r e s s , 1936) 145 p p . P a t e r s o n , D. G ., E l l i o t t , R . M ., A n d erson , L. D ., To o p s, H. A ., H eid b r ed er , E , M in n eso ta M ech anical A b i l i t y T e s t s , (M in n e a p o lis: I h iiv e r s it y o f M in n eso ta P r e s s , 1930) 560 p p . P a t e r s o n , D . G ., S c h n e id le r , G. G ., and W illia m so n , E . G ., S tu d en t G uidance T e c h n iq u e s, (Hew York: M cG raw-Hill Book C o ., 1938) 316 p p . S c o t t , W a lte r D i l l , C lo t h ie r , R o b ert C*, and Mathew s o n , S t a n le y B . , P e r s o n n e l Management, 2nd e d . , (Hew York: M cGraw-H ill Book C o ., 1931) 583 p p . Spearman, C. E *, The A b i l i t i e s o f Man, (Hew York: 1927) 4 1 5 p p .

The M acm illan C o .,

238

Spearm an, C. E . , N atu re o f I n t e l l i g e n c e * L t d ., 1923) 385 p p . -------------------

(London:

M acm illan and Co**

S t e a d , W illia m H ., and S h a r t le , C a r r o ll L ., O ccu p a tio n a l C o u n se lin g T e c h n iq u e s , (New York: Am erican Book C o ., 1940) 273 p p . S t e n q u i s t , John L ., M easurem ents o f M ech an ical A b i l i t y , (New York: Bureau o f P u b l i c a t i o n s , Colum bia U n iv e r s it y , 1923) 101 p p . Sym onds, P e r c i v a l M«, Diagnosing* P e r s o n a lit y and Conduct, (New York: t h e C entury C o ., 1931) 610 p p . ' T h u r sto n e , L o u is L ., Prim ary M ental A b i l i t i e s , o f C h icago P r e s s 7 1958) 121 p p .

(C hicago:

9 th e V e c to r s o f Mind, (C hicago: _ _________________ C h icago P r e s s , 1935) 266 p p .

U n iv e r s it y

U n iv e r s it y o f

toops*. H erb ert A ., t e s t s f o r V o c a tio n a l G uidance o f C h ild ren t h i r t e e n t o S i x t e e n Y ears o f A ge, (New York: Bureau o f P u b l ic a t io n s , C olum bia U n i v e r s it y , 1923) 159 pp. Vaughn, Sam uel J . , and M ays, A r th u r, C ontent and Methods o f the I n d u s t r i a l A r t s , (New York: th e C entury C o ., 1924) 397 p p . V i t e l e s , M o rris S . , I n d u s t r ia l P s y c h o lo g y , (New York: and C o ., 1952) 652 p p . W a tte r s , Henry B *, Youth Makes th e C h o ic e , ( N a s h v ille : 1938) 384 p p . W illia m s , W h itin g , M a in sp rin g s o f Men, (New York: S o n s, 1925) 313 p p . W illia m s o n , E . £ . , S tu d e n ts and O ccu p a tio n s, and C o ., 1937)" 437 p p .

W. W. N orton Broadman P r e s s ,

C h arles S c r ib n e r * s

(New York:

Henry H o lt

W illia m s o n , E . G ., and P a r le y , J . G ., S tu d e n t P e r so n n e l Work, (New York; M cG raw -H ill and C o ., 1937) 315 p p . Y oder, D a le , P e r s o n n e l and Labor R e l a t io n s , (New In c • , 1958) 622~™ppl “

York: P r e n t i c e - E a l l ,

P e r io d ic a ls A l l p o r t , Gordon ¥ . , "A T e s t f o r A scendance-Subm is s i o n , 1* The J o u rn a l o f Abnormal and S o c i a l P s y c h o lo g y , X X III, 2 , (1928) 1 1 8 -1 3 6 .

Anonymous, The F o rtu n e Q u a r te r ly S u rv ey , " O ccu p a tio n a l C on ten tm en t," F o r tu n e , X F II, ETo. 1 , (J a n , 1938) 8 8 - 8 9 , B aum garten, "D ie C h a r a c t e r f e s t e llu n g b e i dem S ig n u n g sp r u fu n g e n ," F s y c h o t , Z e i t s c h r i f t , IT , (1929) 1 1 3 , Beckman, B , 0 . , "A Hew S c a l e f o r G auging O ccu p a tio n a l B ank," P e r so n n e l J o u r n a l, X I I I , (1 9 3 4 ) 2 2 4 -2 3 3 , B e r r id g e , W. A , , "M easuring Labor T u rn over," P e r so n n e l J o u r n a l, T i l l (1 9 2 9 ) 1 9 7 -2 0 6 , C la r k , F lo r e n c e E . , Chairman, P u b l i s h e r s C om m ittee, " D is t in g u is h in g Marks o f a Good O ccu p a tio n a l M onograph," O c c u p a tio n s, X T III, 2 , (N ov. 1939) 1 2 9 -1 3 0 , C onrad, L o e t i c i a M ,, " D e p r e ssio n E f f e c t s on F a m ilie s o f L a b o rers, Farm ers and t h e B u s in e s s C la s s , An A b s tr a c t;" The Am erican J o u r n a l o f S o c io lo g y , XLIT, (J a n , 1939) 526-553* C raw ford , A , B , , " F o r e c a s tin g C e r ta in C o lle g e A p t itu d e s ," P e r so n n e l J o u r n a l, XL (O c t, 1932) 1 6 0 -1 6 8 , F r e y e r , D o u g la s and S p a r l i r g , E , J , , " I n t e l l i g e n c e , O ccu p a tio n , and A d ju stm en t," O c c u p a tio n s, X I I , (J u n e, 1934) 5 5 - 6 3 . !

I F r e y e r , D o u g la s, " O ccu p a tio n al I n t e l l i g e n c e S ta n d a r d s," S ch o o l and S o c i e t y , XVI, 4 0 1 ( S e p t . 1922) 2 7 3 -2 7 7 . I H a l l , M ilto n 0 , , "The D is a g r e e a b le J o b ," P e r so n n e l J o u r n a l, IX, (D e c , 1930) 2 9 7 -3 0 4 .

j

j i

j

ji j|

|j

Hopwood, J . 0 , , "Fundam entals i n S a la r y and Wage A d m in is tr a tio n ," O f f ic e Management S e r i e s , 5 5 , (1930) Am erican Management A s s o c ia tio n . V o c a tio n a l G uidance A s s o c ia t io n , "The P r in c i p l e s and P r a c t i c e s o f E d u c a tio n a l and V o c a tio n a l G uidance," O c c u p a tio n s, XV, (May, 1937) p . 7 7 2 . P io r k o w s k i, C ., " B e itr a g e zur P sycho lo g i s chen M eth o d o lo g ie d er W ir t s c h a f t lic h e n B e r u fse ig n u n g , B e ih e f t e ," Z e i t s c h r i f t fu r Angewondte P s y c h o lo g ie , X I, (1915) p p . 15—16*

1 S h o r t , O liv e r C ., "Maryland G ross C l a s s i f i c a t i o n P la n ," P e r so n n e l 1 J o u r n a l, X I, (O c t. 1932) 1 6 9 -1 7 3 . | S tr o n g , E . K ., J r . , " C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of O ccu p ation s by I n t e r e s t s ," |j P e r s o n n e l J o u r n a l, X I I , (A pr, 1934 ) 301—3 1 3 .

T ito rn d ik e, E . L ., ’•'On. th e O r g a n iz a tio n o f t h e I n t e l l e c t , " P s y c h o lo g ic a l Review, XXVIII (1921) 139-151. T h urston © , L« L«, "A M u lt ip le F a c to r S tudy o f V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s , " P e r s o n n e l J o u r n a l, X, (O c t. 1931) 1 9 8 -2 0 5 .

j

T hurston© , L . L«, and Thur s t o n e , T. G ., "ITeuro t i c I n v e n to r y ," J o u r n a l o f S o c i a l P s y c h o lo g y , I , 1 , (F eb. 1930) 3 - 3 0 . T h u rston © , I*. L . , " S ta n d a r d ize d T e s t s fo r O f f ic e G i r l s , " J o u r n a l o f A p p lie d P s y c h o lo g y , I I I , (1919) 2 4 8 -2 5 1 .

I T rab u e, M* R ., " F u n c tio n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f O c c u p a tio n s," O ccu p a tio n s, XT, (Mov. 1936) 1 2 7 . T em on, , " I n d u s t r ia l D is e a s e s and P o is o n in g in B r i t i s h F a c t o r i e s , 1 9 3 3 ," M onthly Labo r R eview , XXXIX, (1934) 1 3 9 8 -1 4 0 0 . ! |

!

V i t e l e s , M o rris S . , "Job S p e c i f i c a t i o n s and D ia g n o s t ic T e s t s o f Job C om petency D esig n ed fo r t h e A u d itin g D iv is io n o f a S t r e e t R a ilw a y Company," P s y c h o lo g ic a l C l i n i c , XIV, (1922} 83 f f .

1

, " V o c a tio n a l G uidance and Job A n a ly s is ; th e P s y c h o lo g ic a l V ie w p o in t," P s y c h o lc g j c a l C l i n i c , XV, (1924) 1 6 4 . I W arner, W illia m E . , "On Coming o f A g e," I n d u s t r ia l A r ts and V o c a tio n a l [j E d u c a tio n , XXVTII, Ho. 1 , (J a n . 1939) 6 - 7 . W ile , I r a S . , "A M en ta l H y g ie n is t Looks a t G uidance and I n d u s tr y ," O c c u p a tio n s, X I I I , (F eb . 1939) 114 f f . M isc e lla n e o u s jj

| j!

j!

j

|

| I

I

A m erican A s s o c i a t i o n o f S c h o o l A d m in is tr a to r s , Youth E d u ca tio n Today, S ix t e e n t h Y earbook, (W ashington, D. 0 . : The A s s o c ia t io n , 1938) pp. 305. B e l l , Hugh M, Manual f o r t h e A d justm ent I n v e n to r y , (S ta n fo r d U n iv e r s it y , C a l i f . : S ta n fo r d U n iv e r s it y P r e s s , 1934)' "4 p p . B e m r e u t e r , R ob ert G ., Manual fo r th e P e r s o n a lit y I n v e n to r y , (S ta n fo r d u n i v e r s i t y , C alifT S S ta n fo r d U n iv e r s it y P r e s s , 1935) 6 p p .

jj B ru n d age, A . J « , and W ilso n , M. C ., " S it u a t io n s , Problem s and I n t e r e s t s S o f Unm arried R ural Young P e o p le , 16 t o 25 Y ears o f A ge," j Summarised in t h e B u l l e t i n o f t h e Kansas R ural L if e A s s o c i a t io n , j! I , Ho. 6 , (J u n e, 1936} 1 0 - 1 1 . j

D vorak , B e a t r i c e , D i f f e r e n t i a l O ccu p a tio n a l A b i l i t y P a t t e r n s , (M in n e a p o lis: U n iv e r s it y o f M in n esota P r e s s , 1935) 46 p p .

G reen , H e le n , Berman, I s a b e l , P a te r s o n , D. G ., and T rabue, M. R*, A ^QlQQted O ccu p a tio n a l T e s t s f o r U se in P u b lic Employment O f f i c e (M in n e a p o lis : U n iv e r s it y o f M in n eso ta P r e s s , 1933) 3T pp7" H u r lin , R alph G ., and G iv e n s, M e r id ith B ., " S h if t i n g O ccu p a tio n a l P a t t e r n s ," R ec en t S o c ia l Trends i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s , (Hew Torki M cG raw -H ill, 1 9 3 3 j“Y d l. 1 , Ch. 6 . I n t e r n a t i o n a l B u s in e s s M achines C o rp o ra tio n , Manual o f I n s t r u c t io n fo r t h e I n t e r n a t io n a l T e s t S co r in g M achine, (T e s t S c o r in g Machine S e p a rtm e n t, 590 M adison A v e ., Hew York, 1939) 20 p p . n a t i o n a l E d u c a tio n A s s o c i a t io n , I m p lic a tio n s o f S ocio-E con om ic G oals f o r E d u c a tio n , (W ash in gton, D. C.Y The A s s o c ia t io n , 1937# 126 p p . P a r k e r , W illia m S . , Books About J o b s, (C h icago: P u b lis h e d fo r th e n a t io n a l O c cu p a tio n a l O onference by th e Am erican L ib ra ry A s s o c i a t i o n , 1936) 402 pp. Ruch, G ile s M ., and S e g a l, D avid , Minimum E s s e n t ia ls o f th e I n d iv id u a l I n v e n to r y in G uidance, (Wash i i g to n , D. 0 . : O ff ic e o f E d u c a tio n , O c c u p a tio n a l In fo r m a tio n and G uidance S e r v ic e , 19 ) 83 p p . S a l z , A r th u r , " O cc u p a tio n ," E n c y c lo p e d ia of t h e S o c i a l S c ie n c e s , V o l. 1 1 , (Hew York: M acm illan C o ., 1933) p p . 4 2 4 -4 3 4 . S e a s h o r e , C. E . , "The D isc o v e r y and Guidance of M u sica l T a le n t ," T h ir t y - f o u r t h Yearbook o f th e n a t io n a l S o c ie t y fo r th e S tudy o f E d u c a tio n , (B lo o m in g ton , 1 1 1 .: P u b lic S ch o o l P u b lis h in g C o ., 1934) Oh. 2 1 . S t e w a r t, M a xw ell, Your Income and M ine, (Hew York: C om m ittee, I n c . , 1938] 31 p p .

P u b lic A f f a ir s

, Youth in th e W orld of T oday, (Hew York: A f f a i r s C om m ittee, I n c . , 19381 39 p p .

The P u b lic

U n ite d S t a t e s Bureau o f C en su s, A lp h a b e tic a l In d ex o f O ccu p ation s and I n d u s t r i e s , S ix t e e n t h Census o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s : 1940, (W ashington: Government P r in t in g O f f ic e , 1940) 607 p p .

242

i P P B S B I X

1 O ccu p a tio n s U sed a s an E x p erim en ta l Sample i n D e v e lo p in g th e T echnique C l a s s i f y i n g O ccu p a tio n s 1*

A cco u n ta n t

26.

B rok er, s t o c k s and bonds

2.

A c o u s t i c a l e n g in e e r

27.

B u ild in g c o n t r a c to r

3.

A c to r

28.

B u rlap p er

4.

A d v e r t is in g e x p e r t

29.

Bus d r iv e r

5#

A g e n t, t i c k e t

30.

B utterm aker

6.

A g r ic u lt u r a l e x t e n s io n w orker

31.

B u tch er

7.

A g r ic u ltu r a l agen t

32.

B uyer, r e t a i l

8*

A ir c o n d it io n in g e n g in e e r

33.

C abinetm aker

9.

A n a e s th e tis t

34.

C a lc u la tin g m achine o p e r a to r

• o H

A r c h ite c t

35.

C arpenter

11.

A rt c r i t i c

36.

C a r to o n is t

13*

A r tis t

37.

C a terer

13.

A stronom er

38.

C hauffeur

14.

A u c tio n e e r

39.

Cheesemaker

15.

A uto m echanic

40.

Chef

16.

B aker

41.

C hem ist, i n d u s t r i a l

17.

B anking t e l l e r

42.

C h ir o p o d ist

18.

B arb er

43.

C h iro p ra cto r

19.

B io lo g is t

44.

C ity manager

20.

B la c k sm ith

45.

C i v i l e n g in e e r , r a ilr o a d

21.

B o ilerm a k er

46.

Commercial i l l u s t r a t o r

22.

B ook b in d er

47.

Crane o p e r a to r

23.

B ookkeeper

48.

Dancer

24.

Brakeman

49.

Dairyman

25.

B r ic k la y e r

50.

D em on strator, s a l e s c le r k

2

51*

D e n d r ic ia n

76.

Food m erch a n d iser

52*

D e n ta l h y g i e n i s t

77.

F o r e s t ra n g er

53.

D e n t is t

78.

G eographer

54*

D e s ig n e r , women's c l o t h i n g

79.

G e o lo g is t

55*

D ie tic ia n

80.

H a ir d r e s s e r

56.

D is p a t c h e r , a i r l i n e s

81.

H o is t in g e n g in e e r

57.

D ressm aker

82.

Home eco n o m ist

58.

D u p lic a te t i c k e t g i r l , laundry*

83.

H o s t e s s , d in in g room

59.

Dyer

84.

H o s t e s s , t r a in

60.

E d it o r , farm p ap er

85.

H o te l manager

61.

E le c tr ic ia n

86.

H ousekeeper

62.

E l e c t r i c i a n , a u to

87.

In su ra n ce a g e n t

63.

E le c tr o p la te r

88.

I n t e r i o r d e co ra to r

64.

Employment manager

89.

J a n it o r

65.

E n to m o lo g is t

90.

J e w e lr y d e s ig n e r

66.

E tc h e r

91.

J o u r n a lis t

67.

F a c to r y in s p e c t o r

92.

L a b o ra to ry t e c h n ic ia n

68.

F a c to r y manager

93.

L andscape a r c h i t e c t

69.

Farm ing

94.

Laundry manager

70 .

F a sh io n a d v is o r

95.

Lawyer

71.

F i l i n g c le r k

96.

Leg k n i t t e r

72.

Firem an

97.

L e t t e r c a r r ie r

73 .

F itte r

98.

L ib ra ry work, a d m in is tr a to r

74.

F lo o r w a lk er

99.

Lineman

75.

F lo r is t

100.

L in en room woman

3

101.

L obbying

126.

O r c h a r d ist

102.

M achine o p e r a to r

127.

O x y -a c e ty le n e c u t t e r

105.

M agazine c o n t r ib u t o r

128.

P a in t e r

104.

M ail c l e r k

129.

P a le o n to lo g is t

105.

Meat c u t t e r

130.

P a r o le s u p e r v is o r

106.

M ech a n ica l e n g in e e r

131.

P a t h o lo g ic a l t e c h n ic ia n

107.

M essen g er, hank

132.

P attern m ak er

108.

M e t e o r o lo g is t

133.

P e tr o lo g is t

109.

M ilk a n a ly s t

134.

P e r so n n e l d ir e c t o r , c o l l e g e

110.

Mine i n s p e c t o r

135.

P h a rm a cist c le r k

111.

M in er, m achine

136.

Pho to g ra p h er, commerc i a l

112.

M ining e n g in e e r

137.

P h o t o s t a t c le r k

113.

M in is t e r

13 8 .

P h y s ic ia n

114.

M is s io n a r y , m e d ic a l

139.

P h y s ic ia n , p u b lic h e a lt h

115.

M o r tic ia n

140.

P h y s ic is t , research

116.

M usic s u p e r v is o r

141.

P h y s io t h e r a p is t

117.

M otion p i c t u r e t h e a t e r manager

142.

P la s te r e r

118.

M u sic ia n , p r o f e s s i o n a l

143.

P latem ak er

119.

M y c o lo g is t

144.

P laygrou n d d ir e c t o r

120.

Newspaper e d i t o r

145.

Plumber

121.

H urse

146.

P o lic e o f f ic e r

122.

H urse s u p e r v is o r

147.

P o l i c e , s t a t e p atrolm an

123.

O c c u p a tio n a l t h e r a p is t

14 8 .

P o r t r a i t p a in t e r

124.

O p tic ia n

149*

P o tte r

125.

O steo p a th

150.

Power s h o v e l o p e r a to r

4

151*

P r e s id e n t, c o lle g e

176*

S e c r e ta r y

152*

P r in c i p a l o f h ig h s c h o o l

177*

S e c r e ta r y , Y.M.C.A.

153*

Pressm an

178*

Sew ing m achine o p e r a to r

154*

P r in t i n g sa lesm a n

179.

S o c ia l s e t t le m e n t w orker

155*

P r o b a tio n o f f i c e r

180*

S ta tio n a r y e n g in e e r

156*

P s y c h o lo g is t, c l i n i c a l

181*

S t a t i s t i c a l c le r k

157*

P u b lic is t

182.

Steam f i t t e r

158.

P u l l e r , w a sh in g m ach in e, la u n d ry

183.

S tew a rd ess

159*

R ad io an n ou n cer

184.

S tic k u p man

160*

R ad io c o n t in u i t y e d i t o r

185*

S to ck c le r k

161.

R ad io s e r v i c e man

186*

S p o tte r

162.

R e t a i l d e a le r , b ook s

187*

Surveyor

163*

R e c e p tio n is t

188*

T eacher, h ig h s c h o o l

164.

R e g is t r a r

189.

T elegrap h m essen ger

165*

R e lig io u s e d u c a tio n d ir e c t o r

190*

T elegrap h o p e r a to r

166*

R e p o r te r , s o c i e t y

191.

T r a f f ic c o n t r o l d ir e c t o r

167.

R ese a rc h i n home econ om ics

192.

T r a f f ic manager

168*

R e s ta u r a n t k e e p e r

193*

T ra in in g d ir e c t o r , departm ent s t o r e

169.

R ew in d er, k n i t t i n g 194.

Tree surgeon

19 5 .

V e te r in a r ia n

196*

W a itr ess

197.

Watchmaker, r e p a ir

198*

Watchman

199.

Webber

.

W elder

170.

R ig g e r , s t e e l

171.

Room c le r k

172.

S a le s c l e r k

173.

S an i ta r y e n g in e e r

174.

S c e n a r io e d i t o r

175.

S c u lp to r

200

5

SOURCES OF OCCUPATIONAL INFOHU'DITION

B e n n e t t , G. V ern o n and O ld e r , F rank E . , E d i t o r s , O c c u p a t i o n a l O r i e n t a t i o n * (L o s A n g e l e s : S o c i e t y f o r O c c u p a tio n a l R e se a r c h , 1931) p p . 609* B e n n e t t , G. V ern on and S a c h s , G e o r g ia May, E x p l o r i n g t h e W orld o f Work, (L o s A n g e l e s ; S o c i e t y f o r O c c u p a t i o n a l R ese a rc h , 1937) pp. 596. B ingh am , W a lt e r Van D y k e , A p t i t u d e s and A p t i t u d e T e s t i n g , (Mew Y o r k : H a rp er and B r o t h e r s , 1937*]“^ p p . 3 9 0 . Chapman, P a u l ¥ ♦ , O c c u p a t i o n a l G u id a n c e , E . S m ith and Company, 1 9 3 7 ) p p . 6 3 8 .

( A t l a n t a : T u rn er

C o o l e y , R o b e r t L . , R o d g e r s , R o b e r t H . , and B elm an , H arry M2L L i f e Work, (Hew Y ork : M cG raw -H ill Book C o . , I n c . , 1930) p p . 218. C r a w fo r d , A l b e r t B e e c h e r , and C le m e n t, S t u a r t H o lm es, E d i t o r s , The C h o ic e o f an O c c u p a t io n , (Hew Haven: Y a l e U n iv e r s it y , 1932) pp. 495. D a v i s , Anne S . , E d i t o r , The Commonwealth V o c a t i o n a l G u id a n ce M o n o g ra p h s, S e r i e s A^ ( C h ic a g o : The Commonwealth Book Company, 1 9 3 5 ) D a v i s , Anne S . , E d i t o r , A u to and G arage S e r v i c e ♦ Barber. C a te r in g . J e w e lr y D e s i g n in g . O f f i c e M ach in e O p e r a t o r . P a th o lo g y * P r i n t i n g S a le s m a n . W atch m a k in g .

1935 1935 1935 1935 1935 1935 1935 1935

p p •1 4 * p p . 11* p p . 20* p p .17. pp•1 6 . p p .21. p p .1 4 . p p .25.

D a v i s , Anne S . , E d i t o r , The Commonwealth V o c a t i o n a l G u id a n ce M o n o g ra p h s, S e r i e s B^ ( C h ic a g o : The Commonwealth Book Company, 1 9 3 6 ) D a v i s , Anne S . , E d i t o r , The D i e t i c i a n . The H o s t e s s The H o t e l I n d u s t r y L a n d sc a p e G a r d e n in g and T r ee S u r g e r y

1936, 1936, 1936, 1936,

p p .14. p p . 1 3 .* p p .1 8 . p p .1 2 *

6

D a v i s , Anne S . , E d i t o r ( c o n t i n u e d ) M in in g - G o a l and I r o n . M in in g - P e t r o l e u m . R a ilw a y ( C o m m e r c ia l) . R a ilw a y (M e c h a n i c a l ) . W e ld in g .

1936, 1936, 1936, 1936, 1936,

p p .17. pp•22. pp.1 7 . pp.1 4 . p p .15.

Women , (Hew PP* 3 1 9 . F i l e n e , C a t h e r i n e , E d i t o r , C a r e e r s f o r Women, H ou gh ton M i f f l i n Company, 1 9 3 4 ) pp. 620.

(B oston :

G i l e s , F r e d e r i c k iff., and G i l e s , I . K . , V o c a t i o n a l C i v i c s (Hew Y o rk : M a c M illa n Company, 1 9 2 2 ) pp. 284.

L app, John A . , E d i t o r i a l D i r e c t o r , C a r e e r s , (C h ic a g o : The I n s t i t u t e f o r R e se a r c h , 1939) The I n s t i t u t e f o r R e s e a r c h A ccou n tan cy a s a C a r e e r , Humber 4 . A c c o u s t ic a l E n g in e e r in g , Humber 3 8 . A d v e r tisin g as a C areer, Humber 1 7 . A ir -C o n d itio n in g as a C areer, Humber 6 7 . B a n k in g a s a C a r e e r , Humber 31* C i v i l E n g in e e r in g a s a C areer, Humber 2 . F l o r i s t a s a C a r e e r , Humber 6 3 . G eneral A g r ic u ltu r e a s a C a reer, Humber 2 0 . L a n d sc a p e A r c h i t e c t u r e a s a C a r e e r , Humber 1 3 . M e ch a n ica l E n g in e e r in g a s a C areer Humber 3 6 . M in in g E n g i n e e r i n g a s a C a r e e r , --------Humber 9 2 . M o r tu a r y O p e r a t io n a s a C a r e e r , Humber 7 2 . M u sic a s a C a r e e r , Humber 1 1 . H u r s in g a s a C a r e e r , Humber 2 5 . O p tom etry a s a C a r e e r ,Humber 2 7 .

1930 1931 1931

p p .15. p p .15. p p .14.

1935 1931

p p .15. pp•18•

193 0 1935

p p * ll. p p .2 3 .

1930

p p .19.

19 3 1

p p .1 5 .

1931

pp*18.

1939

p p .2 9.

1936 1930 1931 1930

p p .22. p p .11. p p .1 5 . p p .7 .

7

The I n s t i t u t e f o r R e s e a r c h ( c o n t i n u e d ) O s t e o p a t h y a s a C a r e e r , Number 2 8 . Pharm acy a s a C a r e e r . Number 4 4 . P h o t o g r a p h y a s a C a r e e r , Number 4 7 . R e c r e a t i o n a l L e a d e r s h ip a s a C a r e e r , Number 5 0 . S o c i a l Work a s a C a r e e r , Number 4 3 . S a le s m a n s h i p a s a C a r e e r , Number 3 3 . T e a c h in g a s a C a r e e r , Number 5 2 . C a r e e r s i n t h e T h e a t r e , Number 8 9 .

1 9 3 1 , p p . 10* 1931, p p .1 3 . 1931, p p .15. 1931, 1939, 1931, 1931, 1939,

L e u c k , M iria m S im o n s , F i e l d s o f Work f o r Women, P . A p p l e t o n and Company, 1931J"” pp* 3 4 9 . M a u le , P . , She S t r i v e s t o C o n q u er, W a g n a lls Company, 1 9 3 5 ) pp. 298.

p p .14. p p .1 5 . p p .1 9 . p p . 18# p p .23 .

(New York;

(New Y ork: Punk and

M enge, Edward J . v . K . , J o b s f o r t h e C o l l e g e G rad u a te i n S c i e n c e , (New Y ork : The B ru ce P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 9 32 ) pp. 175. N a t i o n a l Y o u th A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f I l l i n o i s , W i l l i a m J . C a m p b e ll, D i r e c t o r , O c c u p a t i o n s . A S e r i e s o f V o c a t i o n a l S t u d i e s , ( C h ic a g o : 1939) N a t i o n a l Y o u th A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f I l l i n o i s A ir - C o n d itio n in g . A u t o m o b ile I n d u s t r y . E l e c t r i c A p p lia n c e s. Garment I n d u s t r y D i r e c t o r o f M u sic S t o r e O c c u p a t io n s S t r u c t u r a l S t e e l W orkers

1938, 1939, 1938, 1938, 1939, 1938, 1939,

p p .28. p p .4 6 . p p .3 0 . p p .36. p p .3 0 . p p .42 . p p .39.

N a t i o n a l Y o u th A d m i n i s t r a t i o n f o r K e n tu c k y , R o b e r t K. S a l y e r s , D i r e c t o r , The B e a u t i c i a n and B a r b e r , ( L o u i v i l l e : 1938) pp. 39. N a t i o n a l Y o u th A d m i n i s t r a t i o n f o r K e n tu c k y , R o b e r t K. S a l y e r s , S t a t e D i r e c t o r , D o m e s t ic S e r v i c e , ( L o u i s v i l l e : 1937) pp. 64. N a t i o n a l Y o u th A d m i n i s t r a t i o n f o r K e n tu c k y , R o b e r t K. S a ly e r s , S ta te D ir e c to r , W a itr e ss, ( L o u is v ille : ) pp.

23.

8

N a t i o n a l Y o u th A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f W a s h in g to n , John H. B in n s S t a t e D i r e c t o r , The Lumber I n d u s t r y of* W a s h in g to n , _ I n d u s t r i a l S t u d y , Number 1 , ~ ( Tacoma: 1958/ pp. 159. N a t i o n a l Y o u th A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f W i s c o n s i n , O c c u p a t io n s I n t h e D a i r y I n d u s t r y . R e s e a r c h Number 1 o f t h e W is c o n s in I n d u s t r i a l S t u d i e s , (M a d iso n : 1938) p p .55. O a k le y , C .A . and M a c ra e , A n g u s, Handbook o f V o c a t i o n a l G u id a n c e , (London: U n i v e r s i t y o f London P r e s s , L t d . , 1 9 3 7 ) pp. P e i r c e , A dah , V o c a t i o n s f o r Women, (New Y ork: Macmi1 l a n 0 ompany, 1 9 3 3 ) p p .3 2 § . P r o c to r , W illia m M a r tin , V o c a t io n s , M i f f l i n Company, 1 9 2 9 ) p p . 3 8 2 .

The

( B o s t o n : H oughton

R o s e n g a r t e n , W i l l i a m , C h o o s in g Y our L i f e Work, M c G r a w -H ill Book Company, I n c . , 1924") p p . 3 2 3 .

(New Y ork :

R o y a l l , R . E . , Highway J o b s , O c cu p a tio n a ln M o n o g r a p h Number 8 , ( C h ic a g o : S c i e n c e R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e s , 1 9 3 9 ) p p . 4 8 . de S c h w e i n i t z , D o r o t h e a , O c c u p a t io n s i n R e t a i l S t o r e s , ( S c r a n t o n : I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e x tb o o k Company, 1937") p p T 42 2. S m it h , L e w is W ilb u r and B lo u g h , G id eo n L . , P l a n n i n g a C a r e e r , ( C h ic a g o : A m erica n Book Company, 19361 PP* 4 7 0 . T e a c h e r s and A s s o c i a t e d R e s e a r c h Group, J o l i e t Township H ig h S c h o o l , S u c c e s s , V o c a t i o n a l I n f o r m a t io n S e r i e s , C h l o r i s S h a d e . D i r e c t o r , ( C h ic a g o : M o r g a n - D illo n and Company, 1 9 3 7 ) T e a c h e r s and A s s o c i a t e d R e s e a r c h Group A r c h ite c t B o o k - k e e p in g The F l o r i s t I n d u s t r y J o u r n a list The Laundry i n d u s t r y P h y s i c a l E d u c a t io n p lu m b in g p o l i c e and E i r e p r o t e c t i o n P r i n t i n g Trades

p p . 23 pp . 2 1 p p . 23 p p . 20 p p . 23 p p . 23 p p . 19 pp .2 4 p p . 22

9

T e a c h e r s and. A s s o c i a t e d . R e s e a r c h Group R a d io and T e l e v i s i o n T e le p h o n e and T e le g r a p h S e r v i c e

p p .24. p p . 24#

U n i t e d S t a t e s D ep a rtm e n t o f t h e I n t e r i o r , A r t , G r e e n l e a f , W a l t e r , J . , G u id an ce L e a f l e t s , (W a sh in g to n ,D * C •: U n i t e d S t a t e s G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 3 2 ) pp. 13. U n i t e d S t a t e s Employment S e r v i c e , D i c t i o n a r y o f O c c u p a t i o n a l T i t l e s . (W a s h in g to n , D .C .s U n i t e d S t a t e s G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 3 9 ) pp. U n i t e d S t a t e s Em ployment S e r v i c e Job D e s c r i p t i o n s f o r H o t e l s and R e s t a u r a n t s 1938, p p .421. J ob D e s c r i p t i o n s f o r Job P o u n d r ie s 1938, p p .3 6 6 . Job D e s c r i p t i o n s f o r Job M achine Shops 1 9 3 8 , p p . 1 9 6 . Job D e s c r i p t i o n s f o r B a k ery P r o d u c t s In d u stry 1939, p p .347. Job D e s c r i p t i o n s f o r G l e a n i n g , D y e i n g , and P r e s s i n g I n d u s t r y 1938, p p .344. Job D e s c r i p t i o n s f o r t h e C o n s t r u c t i o n In d u stry 1936, p p .1 5 3 9 . Job D e s c r i p t i o n s f o r t h e Laundry In d u stry 1937, p p .291. Job D e s c r i p t i o n s f o r t h e Lumber and Lumber P r o d u c t s I n d u s t r i e s 1 9 3 9 , jp p .3 4 7 . J o b D e s c r i p t i o n s f o r t h e i t e t a f l Trade 1 9 3 8 , p p . 7 1 5 . J o b S p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e A u to m o b ile M a n u f a c t u r in g I n d u s t r y 1935, p p .7 7 8 . Job S p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e C o t t o n T e x t i l e In d u stry 1935, p p .2 5 4 . P r e p a r e d by t h e O c c u p a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h P rogram , D i v i s i o n o f S ta n d a r d s and R e s e a r c h , W i l l i a m H. S t e a d , D i r e c t o r . (W a s h in g to n , D .C .s U n i t e d S t a t e s Government P r in tin g O f f ic e ) .

T r a it s o r A b i l i t i e s In c lu d e d in Worker C h a r a c t e r is t ic s Eorm o f t h e O cc u p a tio n a l R esearch Program o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s Employment S e r v ic e 1*

Work r a p id ly f o r lo n g p e r io d s

26.

A r ith m e tic co m p u tation

2#

S tr e n g th

o f hands

27*

I n te llig e n c e

3*

S tr e n g th

o f arms

28*

A d a p t a b ilit y

4.

S tr e n g th

o f hack

29*

A b i l i t y to make d e c is io n s

5*

S tr e n g th

o f le g s

30*

A b i l i t y t o p la n

6#

D e x t e r it y o f f in g e r s

31#

I n itia tiv e

7#

D e x t e r it y o f hands and arms

32*

8*

D e x t e r it y o f f o o t and l e g

U n d erstan d in g o f m ech a n ica l d e v ic e s

9*

E ye-h an d c o o r d in a tio n

33.

A t t e n t io n to many ite m s

34*

Oral e x p r e s s io n

35*

S k i l l in w r it t e n e x p r e s s io n

36*

T act in d e a lin g w ith p e o p le

37*

Memory o f names and p e r so n s

38*

P e r so n a l appearance

39#

C o n ce n tr a tio n am id st d is tr a c tio n s

40*

E m otion al s t a b i l i t y

41*

Work u nder hazardous c o n d itio n s

42*

E stim a te q u a l i t y o f o b j e c t s

43.

Work un der u n p le a sa n t p h y s ic a l c o n d itio n s ( q u a lif y ) _______________

44#

C olor d is c r im in a t io n

45.

10.

P o o t-h a n d -e y e c o o r d in a tio n

11*

C o o r d in a tio n o f Ind ep en d ent movements o f b o th hands

12*

E s tim a te s i z e o f o b j e c t s

13.

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14*

P e r c e iv e form o f o b j e c t s

15*

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16*

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17.

K een n ess o f h e a r in g

18*

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19.

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20*

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21*

"M uscular” d is c r im in a t io n

22#

Memory f o r d e t a i l s ( t h i n g s )

23*

Memory f o r id e a s ( a b s t r a c t )

46#

A b i l i t y t o m eet and d e a l w ith p u b lic H eigh t

24#

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47*

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25.

Memory f o r w r it t e n d i r e c t i o n s

4 8 . ___ _____________ ______________ 4 9 . __ _______ _______________________ 50* _________ _______________________

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TABLE IV R ig h t - Wrong Table P e r c e n ta g e R e la t io n s h ip Chart B a s ic O cc. No, TP 1 72

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

71

61

70

59

59

78

71

80

74

59

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

R 72 W 0 P 100

57 14

53

62 7 79

56 3 75

49

63 15 72

57 14

61 19 67

61 13 72

52 7

56 16 64

56 15 64

52

41

43

8 66

11

12

12

63

49

51

R W P

71

48 13 57

55 15 64

55 4 73

54 5 71

59 19

60

61

52

48

11

6

57

59 13 70

10

73

61 13 73

47

66

62 18 70

75

63

62

46 9 57

61

53 17

46 13 62

41 18 52

56

49

53 27 60

48 26 55

42 17 54

47 25 55

50

53

21

10

61

75

39 15 51

39 16 50

52 7

48

57 15 67

53 18 60

53

42

10 66

12

51

42 13 50

43

43

11

12

62

61

R W P R W P R W P R W P R W P R W P R W P R W P

66

0 100

0 100

10

60

66

11

72

12

22

22

67

59

66 12

57 14

58

62

11

22

12

68

59

80

68

63

76

55 4 74

59

47

49

12 66

21

22

65

55 19 71

51

20

54 26 64

47

12 66

53 25 63

51

0 68 100

64

60

49 14 67

47

59

50 28 57

53 18 69

53 27 62

56 18 73

44 15 59

50

54 17 71

47 16 63

47 7 71

41 14 56

50 78 9 0 57 100

63

61 13 67

52 7 61

59 13 65

59

58 5 70

43

45

11

10

73

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48

51

63 71 0 15 73 100

60

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51 65

56 16 64

73

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45 9 56

44

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60

80

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60

55

48

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8

6

62

56

48 7 55

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59

53

12

10

69

63

49 5 62

46 9 55

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52

47 24 56

42 52

40 14 55

40 15 54

58 13

50 13 59

49 5 63

48 7 61

68

70 0 100

52 18

0 12 66 100

8

0 11 66 100

61 19

61 13 66

74

0 66 100

R W P

R 56 59 47 57 51 50 59 56 59 9 19 15 21 8 W 16 12 14 13 P 64 70 55 67 64 62 65 64 63 IP ___ t o t a l p o s i t i o n s in d ic a t e d on p sychograph r r ig h t s c o r e s $ wrong s c o r e s p pe r c e n ta g e r e l a t i o n s h i p 12

66

65 9 80

8

52 7

22

62

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72

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12 66

60 11

68

21

11

53

- Wrong 'T able P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t i o n s h i p C hart

B a s ic Oc c « Ho. TP 1 72

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

71

61

70

59

59

78

71

80

74

59

72

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17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

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41 7 52

55

45

39 47

60 18 67

35 4 46

53 14 62

8

55

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10

69

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40

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50

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49 7 63

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45

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60 18

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41 15 34

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32 7 47

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53 9 64

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36

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53

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39

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78

58

68

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6

54

R ig b t Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t i o n s h i p C hart

B a s ic . Ode. No-. TP 72 v-

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3

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4

5

6

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W YM O ccu p ation Number

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71

61

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53

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41

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43

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54

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54 13 60

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52

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54 11 66

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73

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R ig h t — Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t io n s h ip Chart

B a s ic Oce* N o. TP i 72

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

71

61

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59

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R ig h t — Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t i o n s h i p C hart

B a s ic Qcc. No* TP 1 72

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

71

61

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70

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72

73

74

75

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R ig h t — Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t i o n s h i p Chart

B a s ic Occ ' No* TP 1 72

i*Y*i

O ccu p ation Humber

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2

3

4

5

6

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10

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81

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83

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41 7 53

44 •9 55

61

62 23 67

10 66

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52 17

54 21

68

46 17 60

11

60

59 26 69

47

11

67

67

36 9 53

50 13 69

47

50 25 59

38 7 57

55

68

35

64

53 5 64

7 80

40

56 7 72

53 5 70

60 15 70

55

10

42

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78

10

8

79

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37

63

57 18 64

45 18 57

43 15 56

56 19 70

53

50

64

8

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65

79

8

47 33 12

45 36 9 46

42 16 56

41

48

12

21

58

60

54 31 60

55 5

42

42

6

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66

50

47

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69 16 73

51 9 64

54 ■ 43 6 5 70 57

43

64

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56 13

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53

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70

56

51 ^ 45 9 3 57 54

43

72 13 77

52

63

8

6

48

62 7 71

62

60

12 68

56 4 72

44 4 56

49 4 63

56 13 64

63

57 6

71

51 7 63

58 17 64

39

22 66

49

38

42

49

10

11

20

70

55

60

62

50 35 0o

49 14 67

44 14 60

50 25 59

34

11

52

43 5 56

48 5 6?

53 16 60

63

56 7 71

47

53

11

22

57

46

10

62 55 11

65

51

48 18 62

41 7 57

5? 15 58

12

6

71

91

12 66

8

65

10

22

67

8

11

67

10

37 8

47 38 7 44 6

49 11

48 40 5 57

S ig h t Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t i o n s h i p Chart

B a e io Occ,No. TP 1 72

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

71

61

70

59

59

78

71

80

74

59

72

,,YM O ccupation Number 97

98

99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112

R 47 W 7 P 59

60

39

37

8

11

0

75

47

51

R 48 W 6 P 62

54 14 63

44

36

6

1

57

R 44 W 10 P 62

51 17 65

39

R 45 W 9 P 57

62 6

11

1

11

82

48

51

R V P

47 7 71

52 16 69

42

37

8

0

63

63

R 43 W 11 P 61

50 18 65

42 8

R 50 W 4 P 61 R 47 W 7 P 60 R 51 W 3 P 61

49 5 65

8

66 12

62

52

44 16 58

54

59 15

35

59

10

20

65

56 18 62

68

43

64

60 4 80

59 15 69

60 14 71

39

67

6

12

79

49 5 64

51

81

34 15 45

50 28 56

47 7 60

44 20

46 23 52

49 25 57

36 9 51

51 28 57

47 13 57

38

57 21

10

22

62

63

56 18 63

57

11

51 23 54

35

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47 7 62

44

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56 38 13, 3 67 51

50 9 63

52 17 67

31

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39

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58

58

72

34 7 44

54 15 72

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54 24 65

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54

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11 68

20 68

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55 24

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66

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21

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57

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71

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78

55 19 70

57

10

50 24 60

39

6

44 16 59

57

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45 14 62

39

2

60

70

65 3 80'

41 9 47

37

32 9 37

55 4 67

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62 7 73

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60 14 65

33 7 45

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53

40

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59

33

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58 16 67

59 15 69

33 7 49

13 79

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35

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61 13

64

53 7 61

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38 3 46

51

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53

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61 13 70

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45 15 61

34 15 46

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43 61

46 18 60

46 ■45 28 29 53 51

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48 31 53

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61 17

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51

68

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55 19 60

38 7 48

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10 66

66

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R 42 W 12 P 59

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34 3 55

R 46 W 8 P 58

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42

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59 19 65

56 3 75

43 7 53

R 47 W 7 P 58

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51 18 57

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41

10

12

54

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8

68

11

10

54 52 12

56 13 62

66

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75

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P e r c e n ta g e B e la t io n s h ip Chart *‘V*! ; , , •; .; 11YH O ccu p ation Number

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113 114 115 116 11? 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 .T P , , , ,, . Hi 60* n 65; ; 64; 62,1 55 .45. 52 : 59 1 63 1 64 55 61. 55 49'"', 33" 39 y W,,> 1 2 .' 34 - 13, , 13 , 6 12 7. . 5 , ; 20 , 22 10- 14 , 22 , 11 10 , 9 P 71 61 75 73 71 53 66 77" 69'" 63 67 71 58 59 47 48 '■*

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59 • H , 51- 57 - W - 21? 43P 63 56

5 6 54 21 >21 70 66

49 ■ 4 6 - 4 6 52 57 57 12 11 , 13 - 1 3 - 26. 29 69 66 64 60 67 65

6

59 H 50 56 W 22. 44 P 62 54

53 49 24 26 64 58

49 40 12 17 69 53

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78 B 63 73, - 66 65 - W , 9, 27 11 10 P 72 70 63 73

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' 7 1 H ■ 57 67 62 56. - W-, 15 34 - 15 19 P 66 64 72 62

9

80 R 61 W 11 P 67

77 24 74

10 ‘ 7 4 R 59.' 67. W 13 34 P 63 62 II

1 12

59 R.

49 52 r W 23 - 49 p 60 48

56. , 4 3 : 5. 14 74' 50

73 R ; 53 • 65.■. 59 53 - W 19 ■ 36 18 22 P 58 60 66 56

48 44 13 13 56 52

50 48 , 39 40 27 12... 9' 8 58 68 57 60

61 58 . 61' 56 4- 17 16 4 74" 61 65 68 57

56 3 67

61 4 72

61 ' 66 14 • 11 65 73

57 3 69

44 44 4 4 52' 52

64 ' 56 23. 9

62. .. 59 18■ 13 71 64

52 63

42 44 6- 4 52 56

49 26 58

40 20 50

57 72 7 11 65 79

48 ■50 11 14 68

49 34 68 53

74, 12 80

62

39 .-42 9 6 45 50

53. 56 , 63 64 6 8 20 22 69 71 69 69

, 54. 46, 52 „ 55 . 63 7. 11 7 9 20 67 54 ' 64 66 67

49 48 .46 - 40 28 , 27 15 17 56 56 62 53

49 54 52 49 40 , 41 16 ' 21 , 25 11-' S .7 65 67 62 70 60 62

47 4-7 . 53 54 5 1 54 12 17 29 32.‘* 14 21 66 62 ' 61 59 70 67

59 , 45 - 56 62 . 68 72 4 12 , 3 2 15 14 69 50 69 77 73 78

70 63 - 53- 47 7 12 3 10 80 69 60 52 61 57 16 13 68 62

52 6 1 ^ 62 . 6 3 .. 55, : 5 6 5 5 -. 48 . 37 .4 0 7. 3 21: 23 10 19 22 . 12 11 8 67 83 ' 68 68 69 63 60 58 46 57

8 13 ;

72 74

66

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50 37 52

45 20 ‘ 57

50 51 - 61 61 54 60. 9 , IS- 22- 2 6 1 1 15 62 60 65 62 65 69

59 . 54*', 39 40 18 6. 9- 8 66 70 49 51

45 33 49

8

33 , 36

15 12 44 51

57 . 49 41 43 20 11 7 5 62 59 52 55

R ig h t - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e la t io n s h ip C hart

B a s ic **y ** O ccu p ation Number Occ. 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 No. TP 1 72 R 51 58 61 46 53 65 62 55 52 67 67 54 49 38 42 49 W 10 10 15 15 17 1 9 9 12 12 7 26 22 14 11 11 P 62 71 70 53 60 80 74 66 66 68 71 63 59 46 58 61 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

71 R 55 W 6 P 71

58 18 65

50

59

57

11

11

59 15

62

12 66

12

10

61

72

68

74

71

61 R 44 W 17 P 56

51 17 65

51 25 59

42 19 53

45 25 53

55 19 64

52

46

22

21

63

56

70 R 49 W 12 P 50

57

55 21

70

60

45 16 57

52 18 59

65 9 83

59 15 69

56

11

69

59 R 48 W 13 P 67

53 15 71

53 23 65

47 14 64

52 18 67

55 19 70

58 16 77

48 19 61

59 R 49 W 12 P 69

50 18 65

50 26 59

49

52 18

46

22

21

69

68

57 23 62

52

12

64

58

78 R 54 W 7 P 63

61 7 72

61 15 65

46 15 49

60

67 7 79

66 8

71 R 52 W 9 P 65

57

56

11

20

67 13

70

62

47 14 55

61 13 72

80 R 58 W 3 P 70

63 5 74

66 10

49

73

53

74 R 54 W 7 P 67

56

58 18 63

53

55

12

65

59 R 44 W 17 P 58

46

72 R 54 W 7 P 68

51 17 57

22

57

10 68

68

63 7 72

63

60 14

64

57 13 65

46 30 52

42 19 54

55

51 in 62

21

59

12

8

11

69

56 3 76

67 26 69

66

58

41

10

53 7

43

23 70

6

2

72

68

56

56

57 7 65

42 17 54

58 35 60

56 33 60

44 24 52

47 13 63

38

35

47

11

8

11

53

51

65

46 13 55

66

66

39

23 71

10

10

62

49

40 3 55

50

68

52 16 60

50

27

57 32 62

47

48

21

76

57 36 60

12 68

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70

49 9 72

45 14 62

58 35 62

56 33 61

54 14 74

48

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38 5 59

45 13 62

51

73 20

74

62

66

48

39 4 48

52

8

55 5

41

12

59

74 15 80

56

65

58 9 67

62

55

68

53 7 68

52

40 3 54

50

12 66

59 9 74

41

12

52 7 67

58

58

41

75 65 9 73

11

51 8

68 21

59

12

67

1

25 71

74 75 14 80

10

2

64

71

44 5 52

66

57

51 9 61

44 5 56 36 13 50

37

43

42

6

1

55

57

57

53

10

6

63

62

77 16 80

59

67 26 67

23

11

68

67 22

68

61 13 70

72

52 7 64

47 23 57

51 23 62

57 23 62

48 19 61

43 16 57

52 41 52

53 36 56

57

42 13 55

55 15 63

55 15 60

58 16

59 8

52 7

66

74

66

63 30 62

63 26 64

55 13 65

47 13 55

8

8

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6

62 8

63

2

55 3

50

66

43

49 9 59

0

58 6

55

42 16 56 45 13 53

R ig h t - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t i o n s h i p C hart

B a s ic Occ. No. TP 1 72 R W P 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

O ccu p ation Number 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 42

52 19 57

51

38 16 43

40

50

50 17 56

71 R 47 W 6 P 61

53 14 62

53 13 59

50 ,44 13 10 59 51

44

57

8

22

59 18

56

61

66

61 R 38 W 15 P 50

47

44 19 55

37 17 47

55

55 24 65

55

58

48 23 57

40

20

22 66

7 0 R 41 W 12 P 50

51 16 59

52 19 58

53

41 13 50

39 13 47

65 14 77

64 13 77

43

10 66

10

53

69

72

59 R 44 W 9 P 65

49 18 69

40 14 52

54 25 64

55 22 68

46 7 70

51 18

60

46 17 60

42

22

59 R 46 W 7 P 70

48 19 61

47 24 57

45 13 58

42

40 12

59

56

57 28 59

52 25 62

45

12

67

46 23 56

78 R 44 W 9 P 50

56

51

68

43

61

11

68 11

8

46

77

9 78

10

57

41 13 45

41

63

57 14 62

49

71

71 R 46 W 7 P 59

54 13 64

54 17 61

48 15 56

41 13 49

42

58

8

11

52

68

61 16 70

45

10

61 13

57

71

80 R 47 W 6 P 55

61

61

49

64 13 69

49 4 58

54 15 57

66

67

61 18 62

8

71

47 5 55

63

10

47 16 49

44

6

7 4 R 46 W 7 P 57

53 14 60

53 18 58

56 7 69

47 7 58

43 9 52

60 19 65

61 16 68

49 4 63

54 15 61

59 R 38 W 15 P 51

43 24 52

43 28 49

50 13 69

40 14 55

33 19 42

51 28 58

50 27 58

39 14 53

49

42 10 51

72

R W P

11

44 9

54

11

49 18 54

49

12

61

12

10

49

59

48

22

4

6

52

78

62

12

47

12

10

60

64 15 74

55 24 57

65 12

77

56 21 60

44 9 54

12 68

49 4 65 40 13 54

8

49 4 64

57

60

52 7

30

50

11

6

6

68

65 15 75

66

36

64

77

52 17 59

55 16 63

60

47

20 66

12

34 7 44

49 7 63

53 13 64

52 17

54 17 69

54 26 62

51

30

8

11

74

42

47 9 67

49 17 67

57

59

54 5 72

50

60

12

63 17 72

30

12

11

37

6 66

79

53 18 69

55 25

32 9 47

10

66

46 13 64

67

50 16 67

50

51 29 58

43 16 57

34 7 51

42 14 57

50 16 67

64 7 75

72

56 3 69

32 9 37

52 4 63

61' 5 74

57 14 67

65 15 76

51 65

32 9 40

49 7 62

57 9 71

54 5 64

38 3 46

50

13 71

57 9 64

57 14 65

60

49

33

48

20

10

8

8

57 9

64

58

40

59

68

62

46 25 55

50 30 56

43 16 57

28 13 39

42 14 57

47 19 60

51 19 57

51 20 55

58 22 62

47 12 56

66

66

20

58 13

21

62

72

8

83

57

8

34 7 43

46

6

58

6

45 51 11 15 54 58

R ig h t - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t i o n s h i p C hart

B a s ic »Yn O ccu p ation Number Occ. No. 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 TP 1 72 R 50 58 58 65 53 61 64 52 38 38 55 55 60 56 45 63 W 12 6 2 4 6 14 6 8 1 10 20 8 18 11 9 11 P 59 7 4 78 86 68 76 71 63 47 46 76 67 65 72 52 79 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

71 R 56 W 6 P 73

8

71

61 R 4 4 W 18 P 56

50 14

70 R 49 W 13 P 59

56

59 R 50 W 12 P 70

66

8

72 56 8

84

51 9 64

35

60

63

59

73 9 84

54 9 62

36

21

20

10

54 12

49

11

47 40 9 59

6

65

50 6

77

53 27 62

48 14 66

46 13 64

56 15 75

57 23 69

45 17 59

42 17 55

49

47

61

40 9 46

53 3 65

60 5 72

68 12

76

59 3 73

40 9 50

52 4 69

54

66

54

11 66

14 77

57 5 60

56 9 63

0

53 7

59

53

59

68

55

36

10

6

12

8

11

68

73

69

69

14 80

70

44

51 9 57

60 9 67

53

61

69 13 74

55

39

8

8

63

44

45 4 53

51 9 62

58

64 18 69

52

41

41

50

11

6

8

6

61

51

51

48

51 18

53 29 60

43 54

34 13 47

62

46 17 52

43 4 56

6

8

61

69

52 7 64

57

10

52 13 72

62

76

60

72

46 19 59

12

6

49

57

12 66

52 17 68

53 16 6n

20 68

20

11

40

66

44

75

54 15 62

67

12

40 9 59

62 7 73

47 13 55

12

76

49 14 67

51 13 60

59

12

65

57 5 76

47

20

6 66

54 28 62

66

60

12

50

11

48

68

53

38

47

46 13 64

53 18 54

38 9 48

50 19 64

12 68

43 16 56

49 14 58

37

59

49 13

16 77

49 14 67

11

52 28 58

73

53 29 60

57 7

53

53

55 14 75

12 66

57

57 14 67

53

12 66

47

47

47 9 67

56 13 78

80 R 53 W 9 P 59

72 R 51 W 11 P 61

66

8

49 13 58

38

51 9 75

59 5 78

P

61

63 17 71

33 14 44

49

56 3 57

71 R 52 W 10 P 64

50 14

43

11

51 14 60

50

8

60 9 76

53 7 62

43 19 55

55 27 62

39

44 5 58

50 13 59

53 7 69

60 4 73

59 R

55 14 73

62

67

78 R 50 W 12 P 55

8 68

20 68

66

68

56

55 14 65

48

44 16 59

74 R 54 W 8 P 66

71

50 9 63

52 17

50 14

66

58 11

47 13 64

59 R 52 W 10 P 75

ff

12

56

12

22

60

12

10

52

69

8 68

42 17 48

56 15 65

66

54

47

59

14 70

8

12

12

61

51

64

62 18 67

53 9 64

53

63

52 13 60

58 13 67

33 16 44

44

43

12

22

48 14

62

53

49 31 54

40 9 49

45

49 16 56

58

11

54

22

62

6 66

21

66

44 15 59

49 13 58

55 4 72

55 16 62

50 63

R ig h t - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t io n s h ip C hart

B a s ic »Ym O ccupation Number Occ. No. 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 TP 1 72 R 54 44 64 44 58 41 64 46 47 42 58 64 41 56 63 60 W 8 7 5 4 16 7 5 11 10 9 14 9 12 18 1 6 P 68 57 77 54 72 49 71 63 60 52 67 81 53 74 72 76 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

71 R 50 W 12 P 60

45 4 60

57 18 64

48

61 R 51 W 11 P 71

38

76

56 15 65

43 3 53

58

35 16 46

49 23 58

55 16 71

44 3 60

43

41 10

54

51

56 16 65

63

10

56 26 65

43 4

49 4 77

42 9 61

46 7 70

53 29 60

39

44 9 65

39

51 16 54

46 7 54

68

14 74

42 5 51

52 15 60

45

62

8

20 68

55

50 3 60

47

62

54 13 64

53

56 19 70

41 13 56

70 R 55 W 7 P 71

41

64

43

8

11

11

52

79

53

59 R

48 W 14 P 66

44 5 69

56 19 72-

45 9

59 R 48 W 14 P 66

41

.78 R 59 W 3 P 73

42 7 50

71 R 53 W 9 P 66

43

80 R 56 W 6 P 65

70

60 19 67

58 9 73

39 7 57

46 14 60

52 27 59

49 18 62

54

58

6

21

81

39 7 51

71

64

58 9 73

56 16 75

54 17 71

42 4 62

51 9 75

55 24 66

52 15 70

53 19

50

49

48

12

21

6

55

68

63

62

12 68

52 27 60

53 14 72

47

43 8

56

50

59 13 65

68

6

42 4 51

53 7 62

60 19 62

60 7 70

43 4 57

46 7 59

41

62

60

58

10

11

77

73

8 66

21

50

41 5 54

52

10

63

62 5 82

48 5 56

45

61

6

11

84

40 7 46

52

67

62 9 70

43 3 52

57 3 69

65 14 69

58 9 65

61

44 7 54

61

58 13 67

42 4 54

56 4 72

62 17 68

60 7 74

35

47 13 65

50 29 57

40

51 9 63

21

42 5 55

47

61

63 19 70

44 23 52

40 13 54

54 28 61

37

42

10

11

52

50 17 57

41

61

12

21

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R ig h t - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t i o n s h i p C hart

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S ^ s ic 11YH O ccup ation Number Oco, No. 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 TP 1 72 R 62 48 62 47 50 38 34 40 W 7 11 22 9 16 4 3 9 P 78 58 66 58 57 50 45 50 2

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B a s ic O cc. N o. 1 TP 13 71 R W P

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3

4

5

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R ig h t - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t i o n s h i p C hart

Hyn

71

63

54

55

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24

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26

27

28

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R ig h t - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t i o n s h i p C hart

B a s ic O cc, N o. 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

**YM O ccu p ation Number TP 71

63

54

55

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33

34

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38

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R ig h t - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e la t io n s h ip Chart

B a s ic O cc. No* 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

i*Y'* TP 71

63

54

55

56

48

63

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50

51

62

50

O ccu p ation Number

49

50

51

52

53

54

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56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

R 47 W 11 p 57

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73

R 45 W 9 P 71

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51 32 63

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R ig h t - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t i o n s h i p C hart

B a s ic Occ* No* TP

13

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71

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67

68

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72

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76

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78

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R 52 W 7 P 66

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R igfrt - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e la t i o n s h i p C hart

nyH

B a s ic O cc. No. 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

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TP 71

63

54

55

56

48

63

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Occupa t io n Number

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82

83

84

85

86

87

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89

90

91

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93

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95

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R ig h t — Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e la t io n s h i p Chart

B a s ic O cc. No. 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

,,Ym O ccu p ation Number TP 71

63

54

55

56

48

63

56

50

51

62

50

97

98

99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112

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R ig h t - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t i o n s h i p C hart

B asi c O cc. No. 13

14

«Y" TP 71

63

113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 & W P

56 16 64

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16

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O ccu p ation Numb er

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74

R ig h t - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t i o n s h i p Chart

B a s ic Occ No. 13

14

15

16

17

13

19

20

21

22

23

24

O ccu p ation Number 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 TP 71

63

54

55

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55

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"Right - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e " R e la tio n sh ip C hart

B a s ic Occ • No. TP 13 71

14

15

16

17

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63

54

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R ig h t - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e la t i o n s h ip Chart

S a s ic Occ No, TP 13 71

,lTtl

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14

15

16

17

18

19

20

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42 17 48

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B ig h t - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e B e l a t i on s h ip Chart

B a s ic OccNo, TP 13 71

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

63

54

55

56

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63

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O ccu p ation Number

177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 R W P

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47 7 61

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R W P

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40 9 64

44 31 52

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43 2455

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38 24 48

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39 23 57

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53

6

12

66

21

R ig h t - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t io n s h ip C hart

B a s ic O cc. N o. TP 13 71

14

15

16

17

18

19

63

54

55

56

48

63

«Yn

O ccupation Number

193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 R W P

56 13 67

50 9 63

R W P

57

48

12

11

76

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47 9 59

53 13 63

43

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44

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R W P

39 30 52

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48

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31

35

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68

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34

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38

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43

R W P

56

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77

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11

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71

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45

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63

58

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45 4 83

"Right - R'rong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e la t io n s h ip Chart

B a s ic Occ • No. TP 25 47

MY" 3

4

O ccupation Number 5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

R W P

26

65

R W P

27

78

R W P

28

39

R W P

29

67

R W P

30

59

R W P

31

59

R w P

32

69

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33

55

R t.j f? P

34

60

R W P

35

57

R W P

36

55

P. \l *D

The d a ta w hich would a p p ly to th e co m b in a tio n s o f o c c u p a tio n s g iv e n on t h i s page have a lr e a d y b een p r e s e n te d in an e a r l i e r p a r t o f th e table* In o rd er to a v o id r e p e a tin g th e d a ta f o r th e c o m b in a tio n s, th e y a re p r e s e n te d o n ly a t t h e ir f i r s t o ccu rren ce# C o n seq u en tly , w ith th e ex­ c e p t io n o f some o f th e f i r s t p a g e s , th o s e o f t h i s s e r i e s which would r e p r e s e n t th e lo w er l e f t h a l f o f th e com p lete t a b le have b een om itted #

15

16

R ig h t — Wrong T a b le P e r c e n ta g e R e la t io n s h ip

B a s ic Occ • No. TP 25 47

26

27

28

29

30

65

78

39

67

59

Chart

"YH Oc cupa. t i on Numbe r 17 R W P R W P R W P R W P R W P R W P

31

48

R W P

32

69

R W P

33

55

34

60

R W P

35

57

R W P

36

55

R W P

R

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18

19

20

21

22

23

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

40 47 10 0 70 100

33 32 42

45 33 56

36 3 72

44 23 63

41 18 63

40 73

36 33 45

33 65 14 0 42 100

60 18 72

30 9 41

49 18 59

46 13 59

36

61

12

8

47

83

60 78 5 0 72 100

37

61 6

46

73

45 3 56

63

2

54 5 65

37 39 41 0 46 100

36 31 52

36 23 58

36 70

33 36 44

36 67 3 0 51 100

48 61

44 4 62

52 17 62

48 59 19 0 62 100

45 3 72

20

45 43 14 0 73 100

39 30 50

24

11

8

12

6

75

49 62

39 69 9 0 50 100 44 25 55

R ig h t - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t i o n s h i p Chart

®a s i c Occ. No. TP 25 47

26

2?

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

65

78

39

67

59

48

69

55

60

57

55

"Y"

Occupation Number

33

34

35

36

37

38 ■39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

R 42 W 13 P 70

39

4-5 12

41 1467

41 17 64

41 24 58

42 30 54

40 17 62

41 27 55

34 48 45

40 25 55

38 9

76

40 25 54

22

57

40 15 64

41

21

59

68

39 19 59

R 39 W 16 P 48

46 14 58

42 15 52

41 14 52

48 17 58

41 14 52

44 14 56

49 16 60

48 24 54

44 13 57

54 14

60

53

2

12

68

90

69

45 18 54

33 14 42

41 17 50

R 52 W 8 P 64

51 9 61

53 4 65

51 4 62

56 9 64

51 4 62

52

57

52 5 63

60

60 2

70

75

6 68

44 3 54

47

8

60 5 72

57

8 66

58 14 63

53

R 36 W 19 P 62

37 23 60

38 19 65

36 19 62

37 28 55

35

36

20

22

59

37 35 50

39 18

59

37 28 55

68

37 31 53

32 30 46

34 31 49

37 26 57

34 13 65

34 24 54

R 47 W 8 P 63

49

53 4 75

45

54

47

54

52

11

11

20

80

60

69

60

48 9 63

54 14 67

49 13 61

52 13 65

50 13 62

45

1

58

49 16 59

40 18 47

R 45 W 10 P 65

44 16 59

46

52 13 72

45

55 3 89

52 13 72

55 17 72

4-8 9 70

52 16 69

48 14 66

52 13 72

48 15 65

39

11 66

41 14 56

R 40 W 15 P 63

40

39 16 61

45

41 14

47 18 69

47 25 64

42 15 67

44 24 61

38 24 53

42 23 59

37

38

20

10

20

66

45 13 74

43

60

44 13 71

63

64

56

R 44 W 11 P 55

49

46

47

47

57

51

36

11

11

21

10

1

8

12

11

61

58

65

55

59

57

59

54 14 65

61

12

52 13 63

51

11

46 o 59

44

11

87

74

63

45

44 14 53

R 55 W 0 P 100

43 17 60

47

45

44

43

21

12

72

69

58

64

60

48 24 61

46

10

43 15 61

45

10

50 13 73

40 7 64

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R 43 60 W 12 0 P 60 100

46

45

45

45 13 62

48 17 62

51

42 16 55

11

63

20

10

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65

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62

11

10

65

64

49 16 65

R W P

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46 9 70

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48 7 75

46

R W P

46

55

47 18 64

41 14 59

42 16 59

0 70 100 11

10

64

12

67

2

65 8

58

11

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46 op

41

45

11

21

20

70

60

54

60

49 23 59

49

50 18 64

46 16 60

47 18 60

71

38 9 55

50 15 69

49 23 61

49 75

49 19 64

43 19 57

47 18 63

50 13 72

44 3 73

42 16 57

43

44 28 53

44 13 65

45 23 58

42

44

53

37

20

21

10

10

56

58

82

57

41 17 52

20

22

56

8

72 8

12

R ig h t - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e la t i o n s h i p Chart

B a s ic

11YH Occupation Number

Occ.

No. 25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

TP 47

65

78

39

67

59

48

69

55

60

57

55

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

R 41 W 13 P 68

37 18 57

42

43 32 54

46 37 54

38 27 51

41 32 52

39 33 49

43

37

22

67

38 34 47

45 23 64

41 14 67

11

62

35 19 53

35

8

34 31 43

R 43 W 11 P 57

51 4 74

48 16 59

55

53 30 56

49 16 60

53

49 16 60

37 17 45

60 78

49 19 58

43

11

62

56 16 69

R 51 W 3 P 63

52

58

60 13

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44

62

58

12

6

10

10

65

69

68

15 73

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60

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62 13

68

2

66

67

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50

R 36 W 18 P 63

32 23 52

36 28 54

38 37 50

39 44 47

35 30 51

37 36 49

35 37 46

38 27 58

35

34

10

20

72

58

R 47 W 7 P 63

50 5 69

56

63

53

54 18 64

50 9 74

44

42

1

12

75

58 17 69

65

53

R 50 W 4 P 79

46 9

50 14

55

37

46

51

20

68

68

R 46 W 8 P 82

39 16 61

43

R 44 W 10 P 56

53

22

61

20

65

20

34 45 42 3 52

60

56

37 9 50

83

70

10 66

51 4 62

42 4 51

60 5 72

34 38 44

38 30 55

37 18 65

34 12

67

32 33 44

54 18 64

56 12

71

43 7 65

39 7 53

50 15 61

50 5 78

46 48

47 18 61

12

12

59 6

20

12

72

67

54 19 63

48 17 63

55 18 71

53 19

49 16

8

8

21

70

54 19 69

68

65

55

69

64

53 15 72

45 38 52

41 24 57

46 27 61

42 30 54

43

38 7 69

38

62

44 31 56

59

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44 24 61

42 13 59

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57 26 54

54

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61

54

12

11

11

75

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75

67

38 7 50

41 13 50

63 9 81

52 16 61

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60 5 81

R 44 W 10 P 68

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48 27 58

51 32 59

49 17

45 27 55

50 15 71

36 9 56

42

47

63

43 29 51

50 18

68

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68

74

39 7 63

41 24 52

R 44 W 10 P 63

43

56 19 71

56 27 64

50 15 67

49 24 58

52

51 14 69

41 4 64

42

50

20

12

22

60

47 17 61

58

61

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43 7 72

39 7 58

47 18 61

R 47 W 7 P 74

44

52

11

12

46 19 61

50 23 63

46 26 55

42 3 70

39 15 75

46 26 55

53 15 74

48 7 75

39 7 61

22

75

55 28 65

54

65

52 23 65

R 41 W 13 P 60

41 14 59

45 19 61

47 28 57

50 33 57

49 16 69

46 27 56

44 28 53

49 16 69

37

36 18 49

45 27 55

45 23 58

43

37 9 58

41 24 52

2

12

8

21

67

65

22

61

11

79

8

59

16

12

8

12

64

0

43 54

CX

R ig h t - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t i o n s h i p C hart

B a s ic Occ. No. TP 25 47

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

65

78

39

67

59

48

69

55

60

57

55

11Y**

O ccu p ation Number

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

R 35 W 24 P 49

37

38 26 52

38 32 48

38 16 60

35 19 53

37

42 18 65

41

37 17 58

20

77

35 18 54

35

21

52

41 18 63

38 19 58

41 26 56

40 17 62

R 47 W 12 F 61

34 15 43

54

60

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41 13 52

51 4 74

41 18 49

46

60

41 19 49

11

72

49 5 70

36

10

39 15 49

47

10

60

48 19 57

42 15 52

R 50 W 9 P 57

445 52

62

49 5 59

51 3 63

50

52

54

49

51

59

2

1 68

10

6

8

77

65 5 78

56

61

69

48 9 55

R 33 W 26 P 51

35 14

33 37 43

34

32

20

22

66

35 29 51

57

52

31 24 49

35 24 55

33 24 52

36 31 51

R 43 W 16 P 52

40 9 53

53

53 17 63

46

51

45

8 68

12

61

45 9 59

52 15 63

R 47 W 12 P 66

38

52

11

12

45 9

45 9

54

73

51 19 65

66

R 41 W 18 P 62

35 14 56

44

41 29 53

42

R 49 W 10 P 62

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56

61 9 78

42

R 41 W 18 P 56

45 4 76

R 47 W 12 P 65

43

R 43 W 16 P 59

41

R 59 W 16 P 60

12

63

54 11

62

6

47 46

58

51 9 59

35 23 56

35 25 55

47

50 3 61

65

36

31

33

11

22

21

72

51

55

44' 3 63

44 9 58

46

60

53 7 72

61

48 7 65

46 14 63

43 4 68

44 9 65

44

66

44 14 60

38 16 59

39 19 58

44 16 69

40 7 73

50

52

51 3 71

65

44 16 52

44 26 54

41 13 60

39 15 56

43 15 61

46 18 59

49

39 15 52

40 14 54

52

46 24 57

43

63

45 19 59

63

59

57 27 52

6

65 8

6

70

2

11 68

20

65 8

73 44 20

59

22

54

21

60

8

8

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1

58

8

45

49

10

10

10

64

65

39 14 63

42

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49 4 67

46

41 19 55

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44

41

79

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46

48

45

12

12

2

63

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67

70

76

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59 14 58

67 13

70

76

21

8

66

51

12

70 12

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6

6

62

62

11

57

37 20

63 47 10

61

51 16

45

71

52 5 81

68

63

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45 14 72

40 17 62

44 23 62

43 14 69

52 3 72

43 16 51

49

47

62

52 15 62

10 68

39 16 55

42 17 58

42 15 60

49 18 67

43 14 62

40 13 55

41 13 56

41 14 55

43 16 56

43 14 58

48 19 61

46

40 13 57

44

42 13 60

47

43 14 61

48 19 63

47

57 14 57

66

60 16 55

68

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63

70

22

11

58

70

12

70 8

62

10 66

11

65

12 68

19 54

8

12

10

59

11

65 10

70

R ig h t - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t i o n s h i p C hart

O ccupati on

»

»'Y"

o S3

B a s ic Occ No. TP 25 47 •

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

65

78

39

67

59

48

69

55

60

57

55

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

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R 37 W 12 P 62

40 41 45

38 27 51

38

38 35 46

38

38

38

22

10

67

38 31 49

43 42 48

40 23 57

22

55

38 15 61

36

67

36 30 47

37 38 44

36 9 64

R 35 W 14 P 44

60

53

36

60

50

37

6

10

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47

85

67

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59 26 65

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51 7 71

64

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56 9 76

84

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R 47 W 2 P 59

66

59

61 5 73

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66

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39

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11

19

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72

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56

65

68

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56

6

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58

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70

72

46

R 36 W 13 P 69

35

21

21

56 6

75

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10

52

11

70

56 3 69

76

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34 31 49

34 25 53

34 39 44

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36 17 64

35 34 48

39 "34 46 29 46 50

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34 41 43

71

R 45 W 4 P 63

54 27 57

55

52 7 70

53

41 7 55

51 15 62

52

4-4 9 68

53 16 52

61 24 67

50 13 62

52

54

39

69

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R 41 W 8 P 61

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49 17 65

47 13 65

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49 62

53 27 67

49 14 67

R 38 W 11 P 64

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43

42

40

78

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59

41 7 75

36 17 55

40 29 53

48 37 56

R 38 W 11 P 47

65 16 77

59

61 5 82

53 7 70

41 7 54

40 13 49

57 70

62 23 67

R 40 W 9 P 62

46 35 51

43

47

42 27 51

R 41 W 8 P 60

52 29 58

50 15 67

R 43 W 6 P 68

48 33 53

48 17 65

46 13

R 38 W 11 P 58

49 32 56

46 19 62-

45

10

73

22

61 6

79 22

56

65 8

20

61

8

10

6

21

6

71

61

53

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36 9 53

42 61 61

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51

65

33

10

12

63

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43 15 61

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49

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45 28 59

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62 78

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44 29 52

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46. 14 67

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77

47

50 23 60

40

46

45

48

20

8

57

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21

59

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40

8

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58 27 67

48 27 55

42

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67

58

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44 4 72

43

6

64

46 23 57

52 33 58

48 15 67

45 13 64

46 29 54

38 7 59

44 29 52

38

44

48

38

22

12

10

58

57

72

58

45 2.4 57

47 38 50

49 14 71

42 16 59

45 30 53

35

10

44 9 69

12

65

66

12

65

11

6

20

59

6

10

20

12

12

11

10

10

54

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Ri4p&t — Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e la t io n s h ip Chart Basic Occ.

No. 25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

TP 47

65

78

39

67

59

48

69

55

60

57

55

H Y,!

Occupation Number

97

98

99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112

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38 30 49

41 9 73

32 5 61

36 33 45

38 3 76

34 25 47

R 43 W 11 P 57

59 9 80

36 14 45

34 3 50

62 7

29 12

86

38

R 49 W 5 P 59

65 3 80

47 3 58

37

61

40

0

8

1

47

71

R 35 W 19 P 60

34 34 47

36 1468

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53 15 65

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36

R 46 W 8 P 69

48

R 42 W 12 P 70

41 27 55

R 47 W 7 P 62

60

40 9 72

40 38 47

36 18 55

39 25 54

39 35 47

42 32 53

36 9 64

44 35 53

50 45 9' 15 68 56

33 16 41

54 24 61

46 63

51 13 65

50 24 56

56 13 67

32 13 41

56 23 64

51 9 53

43

50 4 57

57 7 75

55 ' 65 19 9 54 75

67

61

63 15 67

4-3

51

50 9 57

34 35 46

36 5 82

33 26 51

36 24 57

36 13 69

36 42 45

33 21

55

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35 39 44

36 38 47

38 3 54

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49

41

56

11

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22

53

53 16 64

63

55

63

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50 24 55

43 7 65

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50 19 64

35

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46 14 63

43

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47 7 71

51 13 71

56 13 73

42

40 29 52

35 65

37 29 53

42 18 64

41

75

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43 35 52

39 15 62

41 23 58

62

38

36

63

31

1

6

10

21

49 5

83

47

51

84

39

68

59

36 13 44

57

12

52 7

48

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63

R 40 W 14 P 58

45 23 58

41 9 64

34 3 58

43 26 53

36 5 60

42 17 58

44 16 62

39

R 43 W 11 P 61

50 18 64

42

37

48

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98

99

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112

R 55 W 0 100 ?

48 20 64

42 8 67

36 1 64

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4-3 16 61

50 10 77

40 9 62

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36 9 4-1

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R ig h t - Wrong T able P e r c e n ta g e R e la t io n s h ip Chart B a s ic O cc. No^ TP 97 55

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O ccu p ation Number

113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 £ 49 W 23 P 63

55 46 55

52 25 65

50 25 63

45 16 63

42 15 60

44 15 63

48 16 68

53 30 62

55 32 63

48 17 67

46 29 55

49 28 59

46 14 67

40 8 63

41 7 66

98

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R 64 W 8 P 84

65 36 63

61 16 73

62 13 77

57 4 79

44 13 59

52 7 69

60 4 83

60 23 66

65 22 72

56 9 73

57 18 66

55 22 61

51 9 66

39 9 51

42 6 57

99

50

R t P

48 53 45

45 32 55

43 41 32 20 52. 59

42 15 65

39 20 56

41 23 56

47 36 55

48 39 54

43 22 60

43 32 53

46 31 57

42 18 62

44 4 81

41 7 72

40 32 49

100 37

R 36 W 36 P 49

37 36 64 . 41 37 46

37 38 49

37 24 61

33 24 54

35 24 57

37 27 58

36 47 43

37 50 43

36 29 54

37 38 49

35 . 36 42 24 44 59

32 16 60

34 14 67

101 69

R 62 W 10 P 79

64 37 60

62 15 74

61 14 73

55 6 73

44 13 54

51 8 66

58 6 78

60 23 65

64 23 70

54 11 68

56 19 64

53 24 57

50 10 63

37 11 46

38 10 48

102 41

R 32 W 40 P 40

40 61 39

37 40 46

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31 28 45

33 31 45

39 44 46

39 48 43

35 30 49

37 38 47

39 38 49

35 25 53

39 9 78

37 11 71

103 59

R 55 W 17 P 72

56 45 54

53 24 64

52 23 63

47 14 64

43 14 59

50 9 74

55 9 8l

53 56 30 . 31 60 62

47 18 61

50 25 59

47 30 53

42 18 55

36 12 51

35 13 49

104 60

R 50 W 22 P 61

57 44 49

53 24 63

51 24 61

45 16 59

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55 28 63

56 31 61

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53 22 65

50 27 57

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42 6 64

41 7 61

105 49

R mr p

37 35 44

49 52 49

43 34 52

40 35 48

38 23 53

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38 26 51

47 36 55

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42 6 77

106 78

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73 28 69

63 14 69

56 19 58

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55 9 63

65 18 68

68 19 69

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53 7 62

42 e 50

42 6 50

107 54

R 48 ' 53 W 24 ■ 48 P 62 52

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53 22 70

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50 14 73

51 32 59

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R 54 W 18 P 66

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59 24 67

60 27 66

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55 22 64

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39 9 53

40 8 56

63 38 62

.R ig h t - Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t i o n s h i p C hart

B a s ic Q cc. N o. TP 9,7 55

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O ccu p ation Number

129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 1 4 4 3 w p.

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50 18 68

48 28 58

43 18 59

52 18 71

50 24 63

51 23 65

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40 9 62

38 5 63

46 12 69

98

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R 52 W 10 P 67

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56 20 64

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64 10 82

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47 12 59

65 28 68

65 24 71

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99

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R 43 W 19 F 62

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100 37

R 36 W 26 P 57

36 32 52

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101 69

R 51 W 11 P 64

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1Q2 41

R 35 W 27 P 51

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36 38 45

36 31 50

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33 10 65

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103 59

R 47 W 15 P 63

49 19 63

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56 18 73

54 20 68

48 19 62

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R

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52 24 62

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21 66

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54 39 55

54 35 57

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40 9 58

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4-0 28. 52

45 31 56

43 18 64

45 25 61

40 34 48

45 29 58

39 28 51

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46 43 50

38 30 48

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40 9 69

35 8 61

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57

51 10 53

61 9 70

62 12 69

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55 12 61

54 5 65

73 20 75

72 17 76

64 4 78

52 8 60

43 6 51

41 2 51

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52

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52 37 57

45 23 58

49 11 76

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48 10 75

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63 30 67

61 28 66

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104 60

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R 48 W 14 P 71

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R 55 W 7 P 78

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56 14 72

56 18 68

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R ig h t — Wrong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t i o n s h i p C hart

B a s ic OccNo*. TP 97 55

11Y" O ccup ation Number 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 R 45 W 8 P 72

56 21 61

47 24 60

43 20 57

37 17 51

41 11 62

50 m 60

52 25 65

43 10 66

46 23 59

50 21 66

50 29 59

43 16 61

33 8 52

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98

68

R 42 W 1 P 53

53 14 65

54 17 64

50 13 62

40 14 49

40 12 50

64 15 77

64 13 79

44 9 57

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62 9 81

63 16 75

54 5 74

31 10 40

52 4 72

60 6 81

99

50

R 46 W 7 P 8l

42 25 56

41 30 51

40 23 55

42 12 68

42 10 70

40 39 45

41 36 48

45 8 78

37 32 45

43 28 55

40 39 45

38 21 53

36 5 65

37 19 54

39 27 51

100 37

R 34 W 19 P 61

35 32 51

35 36 48

35 28 54

32 22 54

34 18 62

37 42 47

37 40 48

35 18 64

35 34 50

36 35 50

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34 25 55

30 11 63

33 23 55

36 30 54

101 69

R 42 W 11 P 52

53 14 64

55 16 65

48 15 57

36 18 42

41 11 51

67 12 83

67 10 85

43 10 55

62 7 82

61 10 77

64 15 76

55 4 75

31 10 39

52 4 71

59 7 78

103 41

R 38 W 15 P 68

36 31 50

35 36 46

35 28 57

39 15 70

38 14 69

33 46 38

34 43 41

39 14 71

31 38 39

35 36 46

32 47 36

31 28 45

35 6 75

30 26 45

31 35 41

103 59

R 38 W 15 P 52

43 24 52

45 26 53

47 16 63

36 18 47

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57 22 71

56 21 70

41 12 58

48 21 60

51 20 65

56 23 68

48 11 69

29 12 41

47 9 69

54 12 76

104 60

R 44 W 9 P 64

46 21 57

47 24 56

46 17 60

41 13 56

41 11 58

49 30 54

51 26 59

46 7 69

46 23 55

48 23 58

50 29 56

42 17 55

32 9 47

42 14 57

46 20 58

105 49

R 42 W 11 P 70

42 25 57

42 29 54

38 25 51

39 15 61

40 12 66

39 40 44

41 36 48

42 11 70

36 33 44

39 32 48

40 39 45

35 24 48

35 6 64

34 22 48

37 29 48

106 78

R 48 W 5 P 58

54 13 60

53 18 56

51 12 57

42 12 47

44 r8 51

62 17 65

63 14 69

48 5 58

55 14 60

58 13 64

65 14 71

51 8 59

34 7 40

49 7 58

57 9 66

107 54

R 40 W 13 P 60

46 21 62

49 22 65

44 19 60

37 17 52

42 10 66

51 28 62

53 24 68

42 11 65

48 21 64

49 22 65

51 28 62

44 15 64

31 10 49

44 12 67

48 18 67

108 64

R 44 W 9 P 60

50 17 62

50 21 59

46 17 57

40 14 51

40 12 53

56 23 64

56 21 66

46 7 65

49 20 58

53 18 65

58 21 67

47 12 62

32 9 44

47 9 64

53 13 69

R i^ it « Wrong T ab le P e r c e n ta g e R e la t io n s h ip Chart B a s ic Occ# No# TP 97 55

NYn

O ccu p ation Number

161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 R 43 W 19 P 58

51 13 75

46 14 58

50 19 67

46 13 68

51 18 70

50 32 57

44 19 60

34 13 50

41 8 65

45 11 68

48 17 67

49 31 57

46 16 65

42 17 58

50 21 66

98

68

R 48 W 14 P 59

58 6 78

52 8 68

61 8 80

58 1 84

60 9 78

64 18 74

54 9 70

36 11 46

38 11 48

51 5 70

56 9 73

62 18 72

58 4 81

46 13 57

60 11 76

99

50

R 45 W 17 P 67

42 22 58

39 21 55

41 28 53

40 19 58

43 26 57

42 40 47

41 22 57

37 10 62

43 6 77

37 19 54

43 22 60

43 37 49

38 24 51

41 18 60

43 28 55

100 37

R 35 W 27 P 55

37 27 58

37 23 62

37 32 54

36 23 60

37 32 5«

37 45 45

36 27 56

31 16 58

32 17 59

36 20 63

36 29 55

37 43 46

35 27 55

34 25 55

36 35 50

101 69

R 50 W 12 P 62

60 4 82

55 5 75

62 7 82

56 3 78

60 9 77

62 20 70

52 11 65

35 12 43

39 10 49

53 3 79

56 9 72

62 18 71

56 6 75

42 17 49

61 10 77

102 41

R 38 W 24 P 58

34 30 48

33 27 49

33 36 43

32 27 47

35 34 47

35 47 40

33 30 47

37 10 73

39 10 77

30 26 45

34 31 47

36 4A 42

30 32 41

38 21 61

35 36 46

103 59

R 46 W 16 P 61

51 13 71

48 12 68

55 14 75

50 9 74

55 14 75

57 25 68

44 19 57

35 12 49

35 14 48

45 11 64

46 19 59

52 28 60

51 11 73

40 19 51

54 17 71

1 0 4 60

R 47 W 15 P 63

51 13 70

50 10 72

52 17 68

44 15 59

50 19 63

49 33 53

45 18 58

38 9 55

41 8 60

46 10 66

48 17 62

49 31 54

45 17 59

4415 59

54 17 70

105 49

R 41 W 21 P 59

39 25 53

39 21 56

39 30 49

37 22 52

40 42 29 40 51 . 47

41 22 58

37 10 63

39 10 66

36 21 50

39 26 52

43 37 50

35 27 46

39 20 57

39 32 48

106 78

R 56 W 6 P 67

57 7 67

51 9 59

61 8 71

52 7 61

57 12 63

68 14 74

51 12 57

38 9 44

44 5 53

50 6 60

53 12 59

67 13 74

53 9 61

47 12 52

57 14 62

107 54

R 47 W 15 P 68

51 13 76

49 11 76

51 18 71

47 12 71

52 17 73

50 32 58

45 18 62

34 13 51

40 9 64

46 10 72

48 17 68

50 30 60

48 14 71

40 19 55

51 20 69

108 64

R 52 W 10 P 70

52 4-8 12 12 68’' 63

55 14 70

49 10 66

52 17 64

59 23 68

51 12 67

37 10 50

41 8 57

47 9 65

48 17 59

61 19 74

49 13 64

43 16 54

53 18 65

R ig h t ** Wrong T able P e r c e n ta g e R e la t io n s h ip Chart B a s ic Occ • N o, TP 97 55

«Y"

O ccu p ation Number

177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 R 45 W 17 P 62

41 8 65

51 24 65

43 11 65

45 22 58

43 10 66

51 31 59

39 8 62

47 6 77

38 13 56

53 19 72

50 21 66

40 6 66

46 14 67

50 29 60

49 18 67

98

68

R 59 W 3 P 83

43 7 56

65 10 83

47 7 63

52 15 63

43 10 55

62 20 70

43 4 60

47 6 63

40 11 51

57 15 69

64 7 85

41 5 56

52 8 68

58 21 65

59 8 78

99

50

R 40 W 22 P 55

40 9 68

42 33 51

42 12 68

43 24 58

45 8 78

44 38 50

36 11 59

449 66

37 14 58

47 25 63

40 31 50

39 7 68

41 19 59

44 35 52

41 26 54

100 37

R 36 W 26 P 57

35 14 69

37 38 49

35 19 63

37 30 55

35 18 64

36 46 43

34 13 68

36 17 67

32 19 57

37 35 51

37 34 52

34 12 70

36 24 59

37 42 47

37 30 55

101 69

R. 58 W 4 P 80

42 . 63 7 12 55 78

46 8 60

53 14 64

42 11 53

62 20 70

42 5 57

47 6 63

40 11 50

59 13 72

65 6 87

42 4 57

53 7 70

58 21 64

60 7 79

102 41

R 33 W 29 P 47

36 13 67

34 41 42

36 18 61

36 31 50

39 14 71

35 47 40

33 14 60

36 17 62

34 17 59

39 33 53

32 39 40

32 14 58

36 24 55

37 42 45

34 33 46

103 59

R 48 W 14 P 66

40 9 59

55 20 70

39 15 53

47 20 59

38 15 51

53 29 60

40 7 60

40 13 56

41 10 61

51 21 64

55 16 73

38 8 57

49 11 70

51 28 59

52 15 70

104 60

R 44 W 18 P 56

4-4 5 68

50 25 59

44 10 63

53 14 72

43 10 61

52 30 58

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105 49

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R 50 W 12 P 66

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11

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; R ig h t... - Wrong T ab le P e r c e n ta g e R e la t io n s h ip Chart B a s ic Occ*

11YH O ccu p ation Number

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TP 109 74

97

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99 100 101 1 0 2 103 10 4 1 05 1 0 6 107 108 1 09 1 1 0 11% 1 1 % 57

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R ig h t -W r o n g .T a b le P e r c e n ta g e R e la t io n s h ip Chart B & sic Opc. N o. TP 109 74

*'Y11 O ccu p ation Number 113 1 1 4 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 R 54 W 18 P 59

69 32 65

60 17 66

56 19 60

50 11 59

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110 74

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51 64 8 0 71 100

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117 61

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R ig h t - Wrong T ab le P e r c e n ta g e R e la t io n s h ip Chart P a s ic O cc. N o. TP 109 74

,«Y«

O ccu p ation Number

129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 133 139 140 141 142 143 144 R ¥ P

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B ig h t ’ - ’ w rong T a b le P e r c e n t a g e R e l a t io n s h ip C hart

B a s ic O cc. Ho... TP 109 7 4

HYn

O ccu pation dumber

145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 R 45 W 8 P 55

50 17 55

51 20 54

47 16 52

39 15 44

42 10 50

58 21 61

59 18 64

45 8 55

50 19 54

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64 15 72

47 12 55

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53 IB 61

110 74-

R 48 W 5 P 61

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43 11 51

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65 14 74

66 11 78

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63 16 70

52 7 64

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59 7 74

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R 42 W 11 P 75

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38 33 49

35 28 48

38 16 62

41 11 73

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40 13 69

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36 23 53

36 5 72

32 24 41

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112 79

R 52 W 1 P 65

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58 13 63

50 13 54

46 8 53

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65 12 72

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56 13 61

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67 12 74

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58 8 67

113 72

R 41 W 12 P 49

53 14 62

55 16 63

48 15 55

37 17 42

41 11 49

68 11 81

66 11 80

44 9 54

57 12 68

61 10 75

64 15 74

56 3 75

31 10 38

53 3 71

62 4 82

114 101 R 51 W 2 P 50

63 4 60

65 6 61

56 7 52

50 4 48

47 5 44

72 7 67

73 4 70

50 3 48

62 7 57

68 3 65

74 5 70

57 2 55

36 5 34

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115 77

R 47 W 6 P 64

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51 12 57

44 10 51

46 .63 6 16 55 68

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59 10 68

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116 75

R 42 W 11 P 49

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65 12 75

44 9 52

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60 11 70

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117 61

R 44 W 9 P 63

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49 22 55

44 19 55

37 17 48

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58 21 71

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56 10 79

118 57

R ¥ P

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44 27 52

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43 23 54

119 59

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30 11 43

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120 64

R 42 W 11 P 56

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63 16 79

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R ig h t *- Wrong T ab le P e r c e n ta g e R e la t io n s h ip Chart B a s ic Occ,* No.. TP 109 74

»YU

O ccu p ation Number

161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 R 49 W 13 P 56

54 51 1©: 9 6 4 61

57 12 66

50 9 60

54 15 61

64 18 70

53 10 63

37 10 44

40 9 48

49 7 60

51 14 58

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55 16 61

110 74

R 55 W 7 P 68

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50 10 59

58 11 68

53 6 66

57 12 66

64 18 70

54 9 65

40 7 50

45 4 58

50 6 63

54 11 64

63 17 69

55 7 68

46 13 53

56 15 63

111 45

R 38 W 24 P 55

38 26 53

34 26 48

37 32 48

37 22 55

38 31 50

39 43 44

37 26 52

35 12 61

42 7 81

35 21 53

39 26 55

40 40 47

35 27 49

38 21 58

37 34 47

112 79

R 56 W 6 P 66

59 5 70

52 8 60

61 8 70

53 6 62

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69 13 75

54 9 61

38 9 43

48 1 60

51 5 61

56 9 64

70 10 79

53 8 62

49 10 55

59 12 65

113 72

R 47 W 15 P 54

58 6 74

51 9 63

60 9 74

58 1 80

61 8 76

65 17 73

53 10 65

36 11 43

38 11 46

52 4 68

55 10 67

63 17 71

59 3 79

43 16 49

60 11 72

114 1©1 R 59 W 3 P 57

62 2 60

56 4 53

66 3 63

58 1 57

66 3 61

78 4 74

61 2 59

44 3 42

47 o 4-6

54 2 52

63 2 61

75 5 71

59 3 57

53 6 50

68 3 65

115 77

R 55 W 7 P 65

61 3 76

56 4 69

62 7 74

56 3 70

63 6 76

67 15 73

54 9 63

38 9 44

44 5 54

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60 5 73

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55 7 66

48 11 54

63 8 74

116 75

R 51 W- 11 P 59

58 6 72

54 6 67

60 9 71

55 4 70

62 7 73

62 20 65

51 12 59

37 10 44

40 9 4-8

53 3 68

56 9 67

60 20 63

55 7 67

44 15 49

61 10 72

117 61

R 46 W 16 P 60

56 8 81

49 11 68

56 13 76

54 5 82

54 15 71

59 23 70

56 7 83

36 11 50

38 11 53

51 5 77

52 13 70

60 20 74

53 9 76

39 20 48

55 16 72

118 57

R 46 W 16 P 63

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46 14 65

45 24 55

41 18 55

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44 38 46

40 23 50

39 8 60

39 10 58

42 14 59

45 20 58

43 37 46

40 22 51

41 18 55

49 22 62

119 59

R 46 W 16 P 61

50 14 69

47 13 65

53 16 71

50 9 74

51 18 66

57 25 68

46 17 60

34 13 47

36 13 50

44 12 62

46 19 59

56 24 68

48 14 66

39 20 49

51 20 65

120 64

R 48 w 14 P 62

58 6 83

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61 8 85

56 3 84

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63 19 76

51 12 67

37 10 50

39 10 53

51 5 74

54 9 74

59 21 69

60 2 91

43 16 54

58 13 75

R ig h t « Wrong T ab le P e r c e n ta g e R e la t io n s h ip Chart Basi'C' Oft C*, N o., Tp 109 74

»>Ym O ccu p ation Number 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 R 49 W 13 P 56

45 4 58

58 17 64

45 9 54

54 13 62

46 7 57

64 18 69

42 5 53

47 6 59

46 5 58

58 14 66

56 15 63

43 3 56

50 10 59

57 22 59

56 11 66

110 74

R 56 W 6 P 70

46 3 60

61 14 69

52 2 68

56 11 66

48 5 61

64 18 70

43 4 55

48 5 61

43 8 52

62 10 74

61 10 ’73

46 0 62

56 4 72

67 12 78

59 8 72

111 45

R 37 W 26 P 52

37 12 65

37 38 45

41 13 70

38 29 51

43 10 78

38 44 38

32 15 53

39 14 66

34 17 55

42 30 56

37 34 47

34 12 60

37 23 54

39 40 46

38 29 51

112 79

R 54 W 8 P 62

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63 12 69

51 3 62

54 13 59

52 1 65

69 13 75

43 4 52

50 3 61

44 7 51

66 6 78

61 10 68

44 2 54

54 6 64

63 16 66

63 4 76

R- 60 W 2 P 81

42 7 53

64 11 77

47 7 60

51 16 58

43 10 52

63 19 69

42 5 54

46 7 58

40 11 58

57 15 65

65 6 83

42 4 55

52 8 65

58 21 62

59 8 74

114 101 R 60 W 2 P 58

48 1 47

72 3 69

52 2 51

62 5 58

52 1 51

79 3 76

45 2 46

51 2 50

50 1 49

68 4 65

69 2 67

44 2 43

59 1 58

74 5 70

66 1 65

115 77

R 59 W 3 P 74

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67 8 79

50 4 62

55 12 62

47 6 57

72 10 83

44 3 55

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44 7 53

63 9 73

64 7 76

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59 8 70

116 75

R 57 W 5 P 71

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46 8 55

52 15 58

43 10 50

66 16 73

40 7 49

47 6 58

41 10 48

57 15 63

64 7 78

43 3 55

54 6 67

63 16 69

56 11 65

117 61

R 54 W 8 P 78

42 7 62

58 17 74

47 7 69

51 16 66

44 9 63

55 27 63

41 6 61

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37 14 50

55 17 71

58 13 79

40 6 60

49 11 68

54 25 63

57 10 80

118 57

R 40 W 22 P 51

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46 29 54

40 14 56

44 23 55

39 14 55

48 34 53

38 9 57

44 9 67

39 12 57

46 26 55

44 27 52

39 7 61

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48 31 55

43 24 53

119 59

R 47 ■w- 15 P 64

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53 22 65

40 14 55

47 20 59

41 12 58

57 25 68

40 7 61

42 11 60

43 8 64

51 21 64

51 20 65

38 8 57

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49 30 55

51 16 68

120 64

R 55 W 7 P 78

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63 12 83

44 10 60

51 16 64

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60 22 70

41 6 59

46 7 65

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57 15 72

62 9 85

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58 9 80

113 72

frigh t - Wrong T ab le P e r c e n ta g e R e la t io n s h ip Chart B a s ic Occ* N o. TP 109 74

'’Y11

Occnpat io n Number

193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 H 55 W 14 P 63

49 10 58

64 20 68

47 9 57

52 14 59

39 3 51

33 4 42

42 7 52

1 1 0 7 4 ^R 60 W 9 P 72

53 6 66

66 18 72

50 6 63

55 11 65

40 2 53

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111 45

R 37 W 32 P 48

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43 41 50

42 14 71

38 28 52

Si­ ll 55

34 3 71

42 7 81

112 79

R 60 W 9 P 68

56 3 68

75 9 85

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56 10 63

39 3 48

35 2 43

47 2 58

113 72

R 63 W 6 P 81

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61 23 64

48 8 60

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114 101 R 68 W 1 P 67

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115 77

R 62 W 7 P 74

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69 14 76

53 3 66

54 12 61

38 4 47

36 1 46

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116 75

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117 61

R 57 W 12 P 78

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37 5 56

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118 57

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42 7 66

119 59

R 51 W 18 P 66

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57 27 66

41 15 55

48 18 62

37 5 58

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38 11 54

120 64

R 62 W 7 P 87

48 11 64

59 25 66

47 9 64

47 19 57

38 4 56

33 4 49

41 8 57

Wrong T ab le P e r c e n ta g e R e la t io n s h ip Chart B a .sic

11

O ccu p ation Number

Oc g :#

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1 1 3 1 1 4 115 116 117 1 1 8 119 12 0 1 21 122 1 3 3 1 2 4 1 25 1 2 6 127 128

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