A Study of Certain Phases of Ringworm Infections

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P U R D U E U N IV E R SIT Y

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION

_____

GEORGE CARMICHAEL WALKER

by

A STUDY OF CERTAIN PHASES OF RINGWORM INFECTIONS

ENTITLED

COMPLIES WITH THE UNIVERSITY REGULATIONS O N GRADUATION THESES

AND IS APPROVED BY M E AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

If

1

P r o f e s s o r in C h a r g e o f T h e s is

H ead of S chool or D epartm ent

/ AUGUST

1950

TO THE LIBRARIAN:-THIS THESIS IS NOT TO BE REGARDED AS CONFIDENTIAL.

PROFESSOR DT CHARGE

GRAD. SCKOOZi FORM 9—3 -4 9 — 1M

A STUDY OF CERTAIN PHASES OF RINGWORM INFECTIONS

A Thesis

Submitted to the Faculty

of

Purdue University

by George Carmichael Walker In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree

of

Doctor of Philosophy

August, 1950

ProQuest Number: 27714191

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is d e p e n d e n t upon the quality of the copy subm itted. In the unlikely e v e n t that the a u thor did not send a c o m p le te m anuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if m aterial had to be rem oved, a n o te will ind ica te the deletion.

uest ProQuest 27714191 Published by ProQuest LLC (2019). C opyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C o d e M icroform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my sincere appreciation to Professor H. G. Dekay and to Professor C* L* Porter for their inspiration and guidance, not only in the performance of this work, but during my entire program of study.

To the other members of the faculty of the School of Pharmacy, and to the members of the staff of the Ontario College of Pharmacy, I extend my thanks for their interest and assistance in this pro­ ject.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION.........................

1

OBJECTIVE OF THE THESIS......................

7

REVIEW OF TEST PROCEDURES.........................

9 9

' Fungicidal Testing Methods..........a.......,.........,...*., Fungistatic Testing Methods.

.... ........... *.....

Importance of Test Methods. EXPERIMENTAL.

19 21

.................

21+

.....

Part !..

21+

Physiological Aspects of the D e r m a t o p h y t e s . 2 A Conidial Suspension Techniques. ...............

27

Mycelial Disk Techniques.

32

Development of a Test P

...... r

o

c

Part 2............................. Solvent Considerations.

e

d

.

u

r

a

e .

1\2

.........................a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fungicidal Tests with Glycol Solvents...... »..... Part 3

*

.

*

.

.

*

*

.

38

42 52

6

2

Historical Survey of Antifungal Preparations..............

62

Fungicidal Tests with Alcohol as Solvent.

72

.....

Part 4* •« .........

84

Fungistatic Evaluation.

.....

Fungistatic Tests with Alcohol as Solvent.

84 ...... ».....

Fungistatic Tests with Glycol as Solvent Part 5.9 .

9

....

88

98

9

Comparison of Fungicidal Test Methods..» .......

99

Page Part 6... ................. Antihistamines............... ................ ..... Part 7 .............. Antifungal Preparations......

106 ....

106 109 109

CONCLUSIONS............».............

123

BIBLIOGRAPHY

126

................

LISTS OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Tables Table

Page

1.

Effect of Varying Concentrations of Phenol on Conidia.

....

30

2.

Effect of 2% Phenol on Conidia.*..........

3-

Effect of Polyethylene Glycol 400 on Conidia

4*

Effect of Phenol on Culture Disks..............

34

5.

Effect of Polyethylene Glycol on Culture Disks..................

46

6.

Effect of Propylene Glycol on Culture Disks.

....

47

7.

Effect of Ethylene Glycol on Culture Disks....................

48

8.

Effect of Ethanol on Culture Disks

49

9.

Effect of 1,4-Dioxane on Culture Disks......

31 .......

31

.....

50

10.

Effect of Acetone on Culture Disks.

11.

Effect of Phenols in Propylene Glycol.........................

54

12.

Effect of Phenols in Polyethylene Glycol.

55

13.

Effect of Phenols in Polyethylene Glycol 400..................

56

14*

Effect of Long Exposures in Polyethylene Glycol........

58

15.

Colony Diameters of Trichophyton mentagrophytes........

62

16.

Effect of Phenols in Alcohol.

77

17.

......

51

....

.......

Results of Selected Chemicals in Alcohol.........

».

78

18.

Fungicidal Activity of Effective Chemicals........

79

19.

Results Showing Most Active Compounds.............

79

20.

Effect of Selected Chemicals in Polyethylene Glycol.............

81

21.

Effect of Surface Active Agents on Culture Disks.......

83

22.

Fungistatic Tests on Solvents.

87

23*

Fungistatic Tests on Phenols in Alcohol

...... ................

88

Table

^ge

2A.

Fungistatic Tests on Surface Active Agents

.....

. .. .. ..

25.

Fungistatic Tests on Selected Chemicals........................

95

26.

Activity Coefficients on Selected Chemicals

96

27.

Fungistatic Tests in Polyethylene Glycol 400................

28.

Fungicidal Tests with Surface Active Agents..................

105

29.

Effect of Antihistamines on Culture Disks........................

108

30.

Fungistatic Activity of Antihistamines. »

....................

108

31.

Antihistamine Inhibition in an Ointment Base...*...............

117

32.

Fungistatic Tests in a Non-Ionic Base......

120

......

94-

98

Figures Figure

Page

1.

Apparatus for Fungicidal Testing.......

39

2.

Testing Apparatus with One Cell Exposed..................

39

3*

Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Disks..............

45

4.

Fungistatic Plate Using o-Benzylphenol.

5•

Inhibition Shown by 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol

................... *

97

6.

Inhibition Shown by Laurylpyridinium Chloride....................

97

7•

Inhibition Shown by o-Aminophenol......

100

8.

2,4,5-Trichlorophenol in Emulsifying Wax Base...*.......

122

9.

2,4,5-Trichlorophenol in Hydrophilic Ointment.......

122

...........

93

A STUDY OF CERTAIN PHASES OF RINGWORM INFECTIONS

INTRODUCTION

The science of Mycology occupies an important position among the many divisions of the biological sciences.

It is a fascinating

study, and one which has intrigued and beguiled many men since the original observations of Bauhin and Hooke.

Countless thousands of

investigations have been made into the many aspects of fungal ex­ istence and our knowledge concerning their classification, activ­ ities and interrelationships greatly extended. The ability of many fungi to act as parasites and to bring about disease and destruction of plants valuable in the economy of man has led to considerable research into methods controlling these deleterious activities.

The progress in Phytopathology, and

in the treatment of plant diseases has made rapid strides, partl

icularly within the last 20 years. #

2

The fungous infections of man and animal are of great interest to the medical practitioner and veterinarian.

The diseases are

many in number and the etiological fungi are found mainly in the large subdivision known as the fungi imperfecti.

Some of the

pathogens are worthy of serious consideration since they have frequently resulted in death or in chronic disfiguration, as for example, Coccidi