Grammar as full and as concisely as possible, the Author hopes that the public will take an indulgent view of the work,
103 31 47MB
English Pages [710] Year 1961
SANSKRIT
.
CO
[
R KALE
OT!LAL BANAR8IDAS:;3
DELHI
u
PATNA
H
VARANASI
HIGHER SANSKRIT
GRAMMAR
FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES, BY
LATE MORESHWAR RAMGHANDRA KALE, Author
of
the
'Sahityasarasangraha? &c. &c.
MOTILAL BANARSIDASS DELHI
::
PATNA
I:
VARANASI
B.A.,
Publisher
Printer
:
Snii clap
Motilal Banarsidass,
:
Shantl Lai Jain
Lai Jain
Shri Jainendra Press,
-,
Bungalow Road,
Bungalow Road,
Jawahar Nagar, Delhi-6.
Jawahar Nagar, Delhi-6.
1961 By a.rangement with
M/S Gopal
f+
Narain
&
Co.
\
Books available at
:
Motilal Banarsidass, Bungalow Road, Jawahar Nagar, Box 1586, Delhi-6.
Post
Motilal Banarsidass, Nepali Khapra, Post Motilal Banarsidass, Bankipur, Patna-4 .
Box
75, Varanasi.
PREFACE The
Grammar
has been prepared with a the Indian University students. The University examiners have been, of late, evincing a desire to exact a more thorough knowledge of the obscurer and therefore more difficult parts of Sanskrit Grammar, than was required formerly. In fact, a student of the present day, with Sanskrit for his second language, must, if he wishes to pass his University Eaxminations with credit, acquire more than a general knowledge of the various departments of Sanskrit Grammar, while none of the grammars now accessible to the Indian student, with the exception of one or two, supply him with the necessary information on the various topics discussed in Dr. Bhandarkar's books, the original Sanskrit works. though ingeniously sketched and^Jadmirably executed, are admittedly meant to introduce a student to the vast field of Sanskrit Grammar. Dr. Kielhorn's Grammar aims more at brevity and perspicuitv than at fullness of treatment
view
to
present
meet the growing wants of
with conciseness. Prof. Whitney's grammar is too elaborate, and therefore too high for the ordinary student. Prof. Monier Williams' grammar and others, though excellent in themselves, are expressly written for European students and are more suited to them than to the Indian students. I have, therefore, done my best to bring the present Grammar upto the requirements of the high standard.
Now, a few words on the scope and arrangement of the work and I will conclude. As remarked by Dr. (Now Sir) Bhandarkar* "Grammar was not an empiric study with Panini and the other ancient grammarians of India." In fact in the hands of the ancient Grammarians of India, Sanskrit Grammar rose to the dignity of a science and must "Introduction to the 3rd Ed. of the 2nd
Book
of Sanskrit.
>
ii
be studied as such. To quote the words of the learned Doctor again "its study possesses an educational value of the same kind as that of Euclid and not much inferior to it
in degree.
of the
For
student
to
make up
a particular
from the mind
has to
go through a certain process of synthesis." To split up, therefore, a general rule of the ancient Indian grammarians into a number of the cases it comprehends, as is done by some praticular modern writers on Sanskrit grammar, is not to build up but to destroy, not to simplify the difficulties of the
student but to embarrass him.
For a Grammar, then, to be practical and correct, in my humble opinion, it must be based on indigenous words understood and studied in their genuine scientific spiiit. In writing the various chapters of this book (except the one on the 'Conjugation of Verbs') I have closely followed Panini as explained by Bhattoji Dikshit (the Ka^hika of Vamana being also occasionally referred to). Many of the rules given are translations of the Sutras of Panini, much matter being thus compressed into a small compass. The original Sutras where necessary, are given in foot-notes as help to memory. Sandhis and declensions are very fully treated.
Compounds which
c play such an important part in San krit
literature, and which, yet, are very summarily disposed of in many grammars, have received special attention,
almost everything in the Siddhanta Kaumudi being included. The formation of feminine bases which is not considered separately in other grammars has been treated of here in a separate chapter (VI). The seventh chapter deals with the Taddhita affixes (i. e. affixes forming secondary nominal ba&es) which, for the convenience of the student and the occassional referer, have been arranged here in an alphabetical order, each followed by a number of the derivatives formed by it. The question of gender which so much perplexes the foreigner has been dealt with in the eighth chapter, while the ninth treats of "Indeclinables." The first nine chapters thus form what may be called the first part of the book, in as much as they deal with all that relates to the noun (declinable and indeclinable) But a special feature of the pres nt Grammar is the chapter on the 'Conjugation of Verbs/ No part of Sanskrit Grammar is more difficult and
iii
perplexing and therefore more calculated, to tire out the patience of the young student, than the conjugation of Verbs. It is, therefore, written with a special attention The general rules given are to th3 student's difficulties. amply illustrated by example. Almost all the roots which are likely to puzzle the student in conjugating '
them
in
a
conjugated.
particular tense or mood have been fully In the eleventh chapter, all the verbs which
change their pada when preceded by particular prepositions are given in an alphabetical order with illustrations where necessary. Two more chapters, one on syntax and the other on prosody, have also been added. The chapter on syntax contains almost everything given in the first Apte's 'Guide to Sanskrit Composisame original having been followed by the both. The chapter on prosody is based on the Chhanclomanjari and the Vrittaratnakara. The book closes with a list of
2G chapters of Prof. tion,' the
verbs (added at the suggestion of my publishers) containing almost all the roots in Sanskrit and giving the 3rd pers. sing, in the important tenses and moods.
Thus
be seen that I have spared no pains to useful and as complete as possible. Also such of the technical terms used in original Sanskrit Grammars as the student always meets with in Sanskarit commentaries, are given in their proper places with their
make
the
it
will
book
as
explanations.
In writing this
Grammar,
I
have occasionally used
Monier Williams's, Dr. Kielhorn's and Whitney's grammars to ail of whom I make ample acknowledgements. My special thanks are due to Dr. Bhandarkar whose two books of Sanskrit were my chief guide in writing out the chapter on the 'Conjugation of Verbs,' and to the late Prof Apte to whose excellent 'Guide to Sanskrit Composition,' I am indebted for some of the illustrations given in tha Thirteenth chapter. I have also to thank
my
friend Mr. IJUdhavacharya Ainapure for his occasional and for the pains he took in preparing for this Grammar the list of Verbs added at the end and carrying it through the press.
help
into
This being th? first attempt of the Author to bring one volume che various departments of Sanskrit
iv
Grammar as full and as concisely as possible, the Author hopes that the public will take an indulgent view of the work, and pardon him for any of the inaccuracies,. mistakes of typography, &c., that might have crept in notwithstanding his best care.
It
is
a sufficient
excuse
whole volume was written and Before carried through the press in less than a year. concluding I have also to thank Mr. Vinayaka Narayana, for these to say that the
Proprietor of the firm of Messrs. Gopal Narayen & Co., my publishers of this Grammar, for the care with which he passed the sheets through the press.
Lastly I beg to say that I shall be very grateful for any corrections and suggestions that may be sent to me by my indulgent readers and critics and will try to profit by them if the book reaches a second edition.
1894.
CONTENTS. CHAPTER. I.
II.
PAGE.
The Alphabet
...
Rules of Sandhi :-
...
1
Svarasandhi
2
Halsandhi
...
...
and adjective
IV.
V. VI. VII.
2 3
Irregular bases
...
22
32 34
II)...
54
4
Words
...
...
28
...
of irregular declension
...
65
...
82
Pronouns and their Declension
...
...
87
Numerals and
...
...
102
...
...
HO
...
...
113
...
115
their Declension
Degrees of Comparison
Compounds 1 Dwandwa
...
or copulative
3
compounds
Tatpurusha or the Determinative com-
pounds
...
...
...
121
Karmadharaya or the Appositional compounds
...
...
...
133
...
147-
144
4
Upapada compounds
5
Bahuvh! or Attributive compounds
6
compound 1 6fr General rules applicable to all compounds 16& Other changes in connection with com-
7 8
Avyayibhava
pounds IX.
12
...
...
...
Bases ending in vowels (Section I) Bases ending in consonants (Section
2
VIII.
12
...
3 Visargasandhi Subanta or Declension of nouns, substantive
1
1
...
...
...
...
III.
...
...
...
or the Adverbial
..,
Formation of Feminine Bases
...
...
...
...
171
180
Secondary Nominal Bases derived by the addition of the
Taddhita or Secondary
affixes.
194
2
CHAPTER X. Gender XI.
XII.
PAGE ...
...
...
219
Avyayas or Indeclinables
.-,
...
223
...
...
224
...
...
228
...
1
Prepositions
...
2
Adverbs
...
3
Particles
...
4
Conjunctions
...
...
...
231
5
Interjections
...
...
...
231
...
...
Conjugation of Verbs 1
230
... Active Voice (Section I) with Bases unchangeable (a) Roots
4th, 6th and 10th classes) (b) Roots of the classes
1st,
which from
2
233
235
...
24]
(1st,
...
6th and 10th
their bases irregu-
248
...
larly (c)
4th,
... ...
Roots with changeable bases (2nd, 3rd, ... 254 5th, 7th, 8th and 9th classes) General
or,
Non-conjugational tenses and moods
...
295
...
298
The two futures and conditional (a) First
Future
...
...
(b)
Second future and conditional
...
300
(c)
Perfect
...
306
...
...
(1)
Irregular bases
(2)
Periphrastic Perfect
(d) Aorist 1st Variety
...
...
321
...
329
...
...
...
332
...
...
...
332
2nd
...
...
...
333
3rd
...
...
...
340
6th
...
...
...
344
7th
...
...
...
354
4th
...
...
...
5th
.
347 352
PAGE
CHAPTER (e)
Bencdictivc
...
...
...
356
Section II
...
...
...
359
...
...
...
359
...
364
(a) Passive (b)
Non-conjugational tenses and moods 1
Perfect
2 Aorist
...
...
...
364
...
...
...
365
...
367
2 Derivative Verbs (Section
III)
...
368
...
...
376
Frequentatives
...
...
3S4
Nominal Verbs
...
...
392
(a)
Gausals
(b)
Desideratives
(c)
(d)
... ...
...
XIII.
Parasmaipada and Atmanepada
XIV.
Verbal Derivatives or Primary Nominal Bases
XV.
Syntax
...
399
...
...
...
...
416
:
...
...
...
468
Concord Government
...
...
...
470
2
...
...
...
475
3
Pronouns
...
...
...
508
4
Participles
...
...
...
510
5
Tenses and moods
...
...
518
6
Indeclinables
...
...
532
...
...
1
1
APPENDIX
I
:-Prosody
1
Samavrittas
2
Vishama Vrittas
APPENDIX
II
:
Dhatukosha
...
...
...
...
3
...
...
24
...
...
24
..15-61
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE WORK. OF
THE NAMES OF THE WORKS AND GRAMMATICAL, &C.
Amara. Bhatt.
Amarakosh. or
Sis.
Bhatti-
Bhatti.
kavya. Bhartrihari. Ni. Sa.
Bh.
Sisupalavadha.
Uttar.
Utcararamacharita. or
Vop. A- or
Vopadeva.
Bop.
Atm
Atmanepada.
AbL
Ablative.
Ace.
Accusative.
Dev.-Devibhagavata Purana
Adj.
Adjective.
Hit.
Adv.
Adverb.
Avy.
Avyayibhava.
Nitisataka.
Vai.
Sa.
Variagyasataka.
Hitopadesa.
Kad.
Kadambari.
Katya Katyayana. D. Kav Dandin's Kavyadarsa Kir.
Mb.
Pan.
Rag.
Meghaduta.
Compare.
Compound. Dative.
Dat.
Den.
Denominative.
Des.
Desiderative.
Freq
.
Frequantative. Indeclinable.
Indecl.
Panini's Sutras.
Inst.
Instrumental.
Raghuvamsa of Kali-
Loc.
Locative.
dasa.
Ram.ch. Sak.
Cau.
Comp.
Malavikagnimitra. Mahaor Mah. Bhas.
bhashya of Patanjali. Mah. Bhar. Mahabharata.
Meg.
Bahuvrihi. Causal.
Cf.
Kiratarjuniya.
Mai.
Bah.
Nom. Ramacharita.
Abhijnanasakuntala of Kalidasa.
Nominative.
P. or Par.
Pass.
Parasmaipada.
Passive.
Pot. P. -Potential participle.
Sid.
Kau.
Sidhantakau-
mudi, shita's
Bhattoji
commentary on
Panini's
&c.
&c.
Present participle.
Pres.p.
Pron.
siitras.
&c.
P.P.-Past Passive participle.
Dik-
Pronouns. c.
&c'
&c.
A
HIGHER
SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. Chapter I. THE ALPHABET. Sanskrit, or the refined language, is the language of
1.
Devas or gods * and the alphabet called Devanagari, or
The
(a)
correct
that- em ployed
name
in
which
written is
is
it
in the cities of gods.
for the Sanskrt alphabet is
Daiva-
nagari sometimes abbreviated into Ndgari, Perhaps in the word Devanagari we have a history of the times when the
Aryans entered and
who
settled in
The Aryans
Northern India.
were much fairer in colour than the aborigines of India
are the Devas referred to in the
name Devanagari
shine, those of a brilliant complexion
Aryan settlements within the
);
(
from r%g^to
and Nagari means the
precincts oi
which the sacred
language was spoken. (6)
The Sanskrit language
is
generally written in different
parts of the country, in that alphabet which is used for the
Vernacular ever, in
( e. g.
Bengali, Marathi &c.
).
That
character,
which the earliest monuments are written
(
how-
such as the
inscriptions containing the edicts of Asoka ) and which is employed throughout Upper India is generally considered to
be the real Devanagari. *
Wf
f 'TIT
?Cr ^TCFifUcqrai qf fffi:
I
Dandin,
2
SANSKRIT GBAMMATI.
The Devanagari alphabet
2.
^
[
2
consists ot forty -two letters
or varnas, nine vowels or svaras,
and
consonants
thirty-three
or vyanjanag.*
These express nearly every gradation of sound, and every letter stands for & particular and invariable sound. (a)
Note
This explains
:
there are no names, as in Greek -
why
for the different letters oi the alphabet.
*
Thus given by Pamni
Vowels:
gr^or
Consonants :
The
=s,
letter;
e.
ar^Tt the letter
g.
&c.
11. A vowel by itself or a consonant, simple or conjunct, with a vowel added to it, is called an Akthara or a syllable.
The form* which
12.
the vowel signs
to consonants and the changes which
when compounded (a) 3?
are given below, under
added to a consonant
is
assume when added
some (a)
letters
and
undergo
(b).
denoted by the rein ova I of
the nether stroke; as 3? +37=91 ka. The remaining vowela when compounded with a consonant become r, p , *r> ^ > t> ^> c > ft
%%>,1, respectively; as ^+an=^fea,^+f =foki; t
ku.,
Exception : *>^t.
k,