A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages 9780226228860

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A DICTIONARY OF SELECTED SYNONYMS IN THE PRINCIPAL INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

A DICTIONARY OF SELECTED SYNONYMS IN THE PRINCIPAL INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORr OF IDEAS

By CARL DARLING BUCK

WITH THE CO-OPERATION OF COLLEAGUES AND ASSISTANTS

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO & LONDON

This paperback edition reproduces every page of the original, larger-format volume.

THE UNIVERSl1Y OF CHICAGO

PREss,

CHICAGO

60637

THE UNIVERSITY OF CmCAOO PREss, LTD., LoNDON

Copyright 1949 by The University of Chicago AU rights reserved. Published 1949 Paperback edition 1988 Printed in the United States of America 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99

6 7 8 9 10

LCN: 49-11769 ISBN: 0-226-07937-6 (ppbk)

e The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences--Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992.

PREFACE How do we get our ideas? The kind of thinking that distinguishes man from brute has been built up by and is dependent upon the use of symbols. Since vocal utterance attained a higher development than gesture as a means of communication, these symbols are, in fact, the words. Animals, to be sure, have cries which in some cases cover a very considerable range of emotions and to a certain extent serve to communicate. But these are .limited to the immediate experience: they are not detachable symbols capable of expressing past or future experience or any abstract concept. Yet such cries, which comprise all that primitive man inherited from his ancestry, must perforce be the starting-point of human speech. Primitive man, with his more highly developed brain, gained an awareness of a connection between the sound and something expressed by it. With this step taken, a nucleus provided, and doubtless aided by gesture, human speech progressed and in turn became the dominant factor in man's further mental growth. That is, we have the spiral development: superior brain (there is, of course, a "why?" to this too) > primitive human speech> organized conceptual thought. Any more detailed picture of the process, of the much discussed "origin of language", we shall never have. The relatively brief period of recorded speech is separated by a vast interval from the beginnings of human speech-far beyond the reach of the historical-comparative method. N or are we further concerned here with this remote problem. The history of ideas is embodied in the history of the words used to express them. Whether the 'idea', 'notion', 'concept', or 'mental image' (I shall commonly use the innocuous 'notion') is, as many believe, only an abstraction (the concrete object or the uttered and heard sound of the word being the only realities), or whether it corresponds to some reality in the brain (as an eminent neurologist has assured me he thinks quite tenable), need not concern us. For its close dependence upon its verbal expression is beyond dispute. It is a pattern of reaction answering to a given stimulus, which (apart from the actual perception of an individual concrete object, which also suggests the general notion) is normally the word or group of words. It is this pattern of reaction which constitutes the meaning of a word. A word means what it refers to, in a given context or situation. The meaning of a word as a whole may be a composite of various allied applications. In a limited number of words for certain concrete notions the meaning has v

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remained virtually constant for thousands of years, as, for example, those for the numerals and for close family relationship like 'father', 'mother', etc. But such cases are the exception. Change is the rule-sometimes so radical that, without the connecting links, one would be at a loss to see any relation between the earliest known and the latest use. The meaning of most words is not a fixed point, but an area of variable dimensions. It is subject to complex associations, some of them inevitable associations of universal scope, others originating in some particular verbal context, external situation, or among a special social or occupational class. Any such association leads to the so-called "occasional" special meanings, like stone as used by a jeweler = precious stone, or the diverse uses of play. But such an occasional use may spread until it becomes the dominant one, as in the case of deer, originally an 'animal' (like NHG tier, etc.), and doubtless first used in its present sense by hunters, as the favorite animal of the hunt. The associations underlying semantic changes are so complex that no rigid classification of the latter is possible. Many changes may be variously viewed. In a sense, each word has its individual semantic history. N evertheless, there are certain types which it is convenient to recognize. The two most general types are generalization or extension vs. specialization or restriction. Generalization, as in barn etymologically 'barley-place' whence storehouse for any grain or farm produce (now even carbarn), mill originally 'machine for grinding' (corn, etc.), and all words of such broad application as do, get, go, thing. Specialization, as in deer (see above), hound, originally any 'dog' (like NHG hund), sermon from Lat. sermo 'discourse' specialized in church writings. The history of a given word may show successively a specialization and generalization from a new center, as starve from 'die' (as NHG sterben) to 'die of hunger' to 'suffer from hunger'. But this classification is from one point of view only, that of scope. There are many other more specific types of shift within certain associated groups. Commonplace is the figurative use of words like head, foot, mouth, without reference to parts of the body. Such use is, of course, not a rhetorical or poetical device, except in unfamiliar and hence striking figures, but a feature of ordinary speech everywhere. Widespread is the interchange of application between space and time, as in long, short; between size and quantity, as in small, little; between quantity and number, as in all (aU day vs. all men) and the frequent expression by forms of the same word of 'whole' and 'all', of 'much' and 'many', of 'little' and 'few'. In such groups one or the other application may become dominant, as in brief normally used with reference to time vs. its source Lat. brevis 'short' in both senses. Or there may be extensions or shifts. Thus Lat. paucus, usually pI. pauci 'few', was in Vulgar Latin extended to cover

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'little' in quantity (hence It. poco, Fr. peu, etc.) at the expense of parvus, which itself had covered 'small' in size and 'little' in quantity. Material and product. The name of a material is applied to some special product and persists in that sense. The name of the papyrus plant is the source of the most widespread words for 'paper', unaffected by the successive changes in the material used. Most of the words for 'pen' reflect the old quill pen, being derived from Lat. penna or other words for 'feather'. Similarly, in many other cases. The converse is much less common, but is seen in rubber as material named after its early and now insignificant use in rubbing out pencil marks, in graphite (from Grk. 'Ypaqx" 'write') after its use for pencils. In general, in studying the history of words for material objects like implements, mechanical devices, etc. one must always take into consideration the evolution of the things themselves. Thus many of the words for 'lock' and 'key' reflect the primitive devices of bar and peg. Words for thought processes or emotions are, all theoretically and a great many demonstrably, based upon -indicative physical acts or conditions. Thus 'understand' from 'seize, grasp', or 'stand on or under'; 'forget' from 'lose'; 'fear' from 'trembling'; 'anger' and some other emotions from physical 'agitation'. Extension or transfer from one to another sense perception-linguistic "synasthesia" . The widespread group of cognate words to which sweet belongs was doubtless applied primarily to taste but also commonly to smell and hearing (sweet voice, sweet sound), while the Greek and Latin cognates were still further extended to 'pleasant' and mostly replaced by others for the sense perception. Obvious extensions are seen in warm colors, loud colors, sharp taste, etc. Lat. clarus, connected with verbs for 'call, cry out', must have been first used with reference to hearing ('clear voice') but was applied equally to sight ('clear night'). A nearly complete transfer is seen in OHG hel used only of sound 'clear, loud' vs. NHG hell usually of sight 'clear, bright'. Interchange between subjective and objective or personal and impersonal. This is seen in words for sense perception, as I taste, smell vs. it tastes, smells (in some languages differentiated), or emotion, as sad of persons but also sad news, and many others. Several words for 'safe, sure', or 'difficult' were first used only of persons ('without care, anxiety'; 'hard to please') and only secondarily of things. The old form of fear denoted the objective 'danger', hence the emotion which it excited. Various miscellaneous extensions or transfers are due to a similarity of condition or result or some natural sequence. 'Green' and 'unripe' usually coincide, though, to repeat a phrase often quoted, blackberries are red when they are green. This use of green is felt as secondary; yet in origin the color word itself, derived from the root of grow, was based on the color of growing

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vegetation. What 'seems good, is pleasing' implies approval and may give rise to legal terms for voting approval. The lack of anything may lead to the more urgent 'need, necessity', or 'distress', or sometimes to the resulting 'wish' for something, as shown in the history of want as noun and as verb (it wants = it lacks, then he wants it, he wants to do it). An important factor in the history of many words is their emotional value,>, which may vary according to time and circumstance and may show itself in the tone of utterance. Words may be used in a "good sense" or a "bad sense". Or one or the other sense may become dominant. Words for 'old' have a highly emotional value, sometimes friendly, affectionate, sometimes derogatory, abusive. Our old man is generally friendly; but in modern' Greek the compound meaning literally 'old man' denotes a 'scoundrel', and that for 'old woman' a 'common woman, prostitute'. Words for 'woman', also highly emotional, may rise to 'wife' or even eking's wife, queen', or may sink to 'hussy' (hussy also originally 'housewife') and 'prostitute' (cf. queen and quean). A Polish word, related to one for 'mare' and first used as a derogatory epithet, is now the regular word for 'woman' without trace of derogatory feeling. A certain group of cognates contains words for the opposites 'reward' and 'penalty', based on a neutral 'requital'. The movement in one or the other direction, up or down, is known technically as "(a)meliorative" vs. "pejorative" development, the former as in knight originally 'servant' (like NHG knecht), nice once 'foolish, stupid' (from Lat. nescius 'ignorant'), etc.; the latter in knave originally 'boy, servant' (like NHG knabe), stink originally 'have a smell' good or bad, etc. Further examples of semantic change, of the types just mentioned, will be found in great numbers in the body of this work-and many others characteristic of particular groups. For example, in the history of words for domestic animals the conspicuous feature is the frequent interchange between classes of the same species, as when words of the same cognate group denote in different languages 'bull', 'ox', or 'cow', and in another species 'ram, wether', or 'lamb', or show a shift from 'wether', through an intermediate generic use, to 'ewe'. "Semantic borrowing" refers to the borrowing not of the formal word but of some special meaning. There are, of course, great numbers of actual loanwords, some in Greek from pre-Greek sources, many in Latin from Greek, still more in most of the European languages from Latin or in many cases more specifically from French; again from early Germanic and later from German in Balto-Slavic and from Slavic in Rumanian. But besides these there are "translation words". A special use of a familiar foreign word was adopted for the usually corresponding native word. Thus Lat. navis 'ship' came to be used in Christian times for the 'nave' of a church; and, while we have borrowed the word itself in this special sense, the Ger-

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mans borrowed this sense for their native schiff. In Rumanian the inherited word for 'light' (from Lat. lUmen) is also the regular word for 'world', owing to the fact that in Slavic the same word covers both notions. Grk. 7rTW(m 'fall' became, through the notion of 'modification', the grammatical term for 'case' and was faithfully rendered by Lat. casus 'fall'. Nearly all our grammatical terminology rests on such Latin translations of Greek terms. This semantic borrowing is widespread, obvious in many cases. But where a given secondary use is so natural that it might easily arise independently, there is room for doubt; and some of the examples generally cited are, in fact, doubtful or even definitely to be rejected on chronological grounds. Words not only change in meaning, they may be lost outright, displaced by others. Why? There is no one answer. Of the various alleged causes, each has some validity as a factor but is likely to be exaggerated by one whose attention is riveted on it in a hunt for examples. The existence of homonyms may favor the loss of one of them, as the verb let 'hinder' (cf. the noun in the old phrase let or hindrance and let in tennis) vs. let 'permit'. Phonetic changes which have left .little body to the word no doubt favored the partial displacement of Lat. dare, dies, apis, avis by donare, diurnum, apicula, avicellus in the evolution of the Romance words. But the great number of homonyms in English, and monosyllabic at that, shows that neither of these factors is a compelling cause. "Taboo", now used in linguistics to denote the avoidance of words believed to be of ill omen or improper (but many of the latter have proved notably persistent in actual speech), is another factor, the importance of which in our group of languages it is difficult to estimate. It has been frequently invoked, for example, as the cause of the loss in some languages of the old words for 'bear' and some other animal names but never for the much more widespread loss of the old word for 'horse' (3.41). Somewhat allied to taboo is the dualism of vocabulary in the Avesta, where, for example, there are two words for 'son', both with equally respectable cognates in Sanskrit, one used with reference to good beings (the Ahurian world), the other only of evil beings (the Daevic world). Loss of words due to the substitution of those of another language is illustrated on the largest scale (except for the extreme case where the whole language is replaced, like Gallic by Vulgar Latin) by the history of English. A consi~erable part of the Old English vocabulary was permanently lost in favor of French words in the centuries following the Norman Conquest. In Rumanian too, owing to the historical conditions, much of the inherited Latin vocabulary was replaced by Slavic words, though partially restored by literary neologisms. Very often the loss of words is due to the simple fact that what were at first colloquial or even slang words gained increasing currency until they

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superseded the old standard words. Thus Lat. loqu'i 'speak' disappeared without trace in the Romance languages, being replaced at first by a colloquial word which is attested from the time of Plautus on. Lat. caput 'head' was in many regions replaced (in the literal sense) by testa 'potsherd', whence first 'skull' and then 'head' (Fr. tete, etc.). Old words for 'eat' have often been replaced by others meaning originally 'chew, chaw', 'gnaw, nibble', or the like. Semantic word study may proceed from two opposite points of view, form or meaning. For example, one may study the history of Lat. dicere 'say' and its cognates in Latin, or, with enlarged scope, its cognates in all the Indo-European languages; in other words the diverse uses of derivatives of the Indo-European root *deik- and its probable primary sense. Such is the material brought together in the etymological dictionaries of the usual type. Conversely, one may start from the notion 'say' and study the history of words used to express it in different languages. Even for those who regard the notion as an abstraction (see above), there can, of course, be no objection to taking it as a convenient center. By the study of synonyms, their etymology and semantic history, one seeks to show the various sources of a given notion, the trails of its evolution. With some notable exceptions (as numerals, 'father', 'mother', etc. and some others), a group of synonyms has little resemblance to a group of formal cognates such as we find in the etymological dictionaries. The disparity, though less, is considerable within the Romance languages, or the Germanic, or even the Celtic and Slavic. Hence this type of investigation, besides its mainly semantic character and the purpose of revealing the linguistic sources of a given notion, also presents an interesting picture of word distribution. A constantly increasing number of journal articles, dissertations, and other monographs have dealt with particular groups of synonyms in special fields -a few of them in a non-Indo-European family like Semitic or Finno-Ugrian, most of them in Indo-European or some branch of it, like the Romance or the Germanic languages. Such monographs furnish some of the stones for building a more comprehensive structure. But they are scattered, they cover only a small number of even the commonest notions, and some are written on such a grand scale (running to hundreds of pages; e.g. on words for 'child', 'boy', 'girl' in the Romance languages 426 pages, in Old English 271 pages) as to be unwieldy for use without the most severe trimming. A "Dictionary of Ideas" (a title that would suggest to laymen the point of such study) in a truly comprehensive sense (history of words for all ideas in all known languages) is, of course, an idle dream. Even for the Indo-European field anything like a complete semantic dictionary is beyond probable realization at present. Yet some more modest form of synthesis has seemed to me, even now,

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possible and worth while. In announcing the project many years ago, in Language 5(1929).215 ff., it was proposed to collect and study about a thousand groups of synonyms. Actually the number in the present work goes somewhat beyond this. The principal Indo-European languages are covered. Some of the minor Indo-European languages, as Albanian, Armenian, and all modern forms of Indic and Iranian, are excluded from the survey, except for incidental mention, since to include them systematically would increase the labor out of all proportion to the results added. Danish, with which Norwegian agrees in large measure, and Swedish are taken as representative of the modern Scandinavian languages, though thus one may miss certain interesting divergences in word preference between Danish and Norwegian and the more frequent persistence of the Old Norse words in Modern Icelandic. Of the Romance languages, Portuguese is omitted as generally going with Spanish in vocabulary, though here, too, occasional differences are missed or only incidentally noted. There is no room to follow out the chronological and geographical distribution of Romance words on the elaborate scale which is customary and fitting in monographs in that field. Of the important Slavic languages, the (modern) Bulgarian is omitted, the words generally going with those quoted under either Church Slavic or Serbo-Croatian. Under Church Slavic are given preference the genuine Old Church Slavic (Old Bulgarian) words, especially from the Gospels, where such are quotable, but not to the exclusion of others which are (in part accidentally) quotable only from later times. The latter are sometimes marked "late", but probably without consistency. As is well known, Miklosich's Lexicon is full of late forms that are merely Serbian, etc. in Church Slavic dress, and conversely fails sometimes to give early quotations for words occurring in the best records. In this regard, JagiC's Entstehungsgeschichte der kirchenslavischen Sprache, with its indexes, is of inestimable value, though even this at times fails to answer the questions that arise. Since the quotable Old Irish vocabulary is too limited to serve, Old and Middle Irish forms are generally given without distinction and both marked as Ir. (as in Pedersen's Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen and elsewhere), while the modern forms are marked NIr. But under Welsh and Breton are given the modern forms, with special designation of the Old or Middle. Cornish words, which generally go with the Breton or Welsh or both, are not included in the list but often in the discussion, especially those quotable from the old Latin-Cornish vocabulary. The difficulties involved in a project of this kind are perhaps less apparent to the layman than to the specialist. In gathering the raw material, preparing the lists, the matter is rarely so simple as turning up the pages of dictionaries or asking a native speaker "What is your word for so-and-so?"

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The familiar difficulties which assail the author of a two-language dictionary are here vastly multiplied. For if it is true even of word comparisons between two languages, how much more so of those between twenty-odd, that the words are only roughly synonymous. They do not often coincide in all their applications; they rarely cover quite the same ground. Wholly valid are only the equations of words in a particular application, attested by specific fully equivalent phrases. Such tests must be made, and at least lie beneath the surface in all our work. But to insist on this as a principle of arrangement would be a counsel of perfection that would so complicate matters as to wreck any comprehensive project. Furthermore, the combination of applications may be so nearly the same for different languages that they are best united under one head, with indication, where required, of differentiation. Only from a study of the material in a given case can one decide, and then often doubtfully, whether it is better to combine it in one group or break it up into several. The difficulties and complications of this kind are illustrated in the discussion of words for 'world' and for 'earth and land'. The words given in the lists are intended to be the most usual expressions of the given notion in the accepted written and spoken language. To try to include all obsolete and dialectal forms would be folly, though such as come to one's attention and offer interesting parallels in semantic development may be mentioned. The specialist in any given language will always find facts of pertinent interest to supply. We have used the best available dictionaries, but only those with extensive citation of phrases are satisfactory, and for some of the languages covered there are no such. For nearly all the modern languages quoted the words have been supplied or reviewed by native speakers. But even so, owing partly to local and social differences, informants may differ as to what is the best current term. A good old word may be familiar to one but quite unknown to another. Shall it be entered in the list or omitted as obsolete? The choice is particularly difficult in the case of languages that are just now undergoing a new standardization, like Lithuanian and Modern Greek. Many of the Lithuanian words given by Kurschat, representing the Prussian Lithuanian of his time, are not those preferred in the present standard, which was more nearly anticipated by Lalis. I have relied chiefly on the Niedermann, Senn, and Brender, so far as it has appeared, Senn's Kleine Litauische Sprachlehre, and Hermann's Litauisch-Deutsches Gesprachsbiichlein; also, in many cases, on direct information from Professor Senn. For Modern Greek the words of most interest are those of the spoken language (871p,oTLKiI) and the new literary type based thereon. But many ancient or medieval words that have come down in the literary tradition to the Ka9apEvovua and are still considerably used, beside others more colloquial, are also cited. No native Greek, much less myself, though I have con-

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siderable first-hand familiarity with the present spoken and written language, can draw any hard and fast rule. Classification. The arrangement of word lists by subjects is an old story. Not to mention the "determinatives" or "classifiers" of Sumerian, Chinese, etc., there were in the Indo-European field many such Greek glossaries culminating in the 'Ollo}LaunKa of Pollux, likewise in Latin (for the Greek and Latin works of this type, cf. Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. Onomastikon), the Sanskrit Amarakoc;a (all the native glossaries were more or less of this type), similarly Latin-Old English (as Aelfric's Vocabulary), Latin-Old High German (as Heinrici Summarium), Latin-Cornish (the Cottonian Vocabulary), German-Old Prussian, etc. In modern times there have been numerous dictionaries of the leading European languages known variously as 'analogical', 'analytical', 'ideological', 'methodical', 'synthetic', 'topical'; and, the best known and imitated, Roget's Thesaurus. Of all these, no two, apart from direct imitations, will agree in the order or classification. For example, Pollux thought proper to begin with the gods (so in many other lists), passing to man (with the parts of the body), relationship, science and art, hunting, meals, trades, law, town organization, utensils. Aelfric began with agricultural tools, passing to men (by office or craft), diseases, law, insects, vessels, drinks, birds, plants, trees, arms, winds, cereals, clothes, physical world, parts of the body, colors. But actually all sorts of miscellaneous items are mixed in. In Roget's Thesaurus the parallelism of opposites and some of the minor subdivisions may be convenient. But the main groups and larger subdivisions are so comprehensive as to have no obvious coherence. What may one not find under Motion (e.g. eat, food) or Volition (e.g. clean)! The fact is, of course, that relations are too complex to admit any truly scientific and complete classification (cf. the remark of Jespersen, Philosophy of Grammar 34) ; and, even if such were possible, it would have little relation to our instinctive associations. Yet, because the ideal is hopeless, to abandon all such classifica tion would be to sacrifice the obvious advantages of a semantic grouping (cf. e.g. Jost Trier, Der deutsche Wortschatz im Zinnbezirk des Verstandes. Die Geschichte eines sprachlichen Feldes; also Wartburg, Z. rom. Ph. 57.297 ff.) in the many cases where this is feasible. Accordingly, the arrangement will be by semantically congeneric groups, like Parts of the Body, Food and Drink, Clothing, Dwelling, Sense Perceptions, Emotions, Quantity and Number, etc.-but with some recourse to Miscellaneous. The particular order and classification adopted is not copied from others, but no remarkable merit is claimed for it. Like any other, it will be an easy mark for criticism. There will be much that is frankly arbitrary, both in the classification and in the selection of synonyms to be included. A notion which, taken by itself, looks absurd under a given chapter heading may be included because of its rela-

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tions to another that does clearly belong there, e.g. under Emotion, 'danger' because of its relation to 'fear', or 'good fortune' which leads to 'happiness'. Many a heading in a given chapter might equally well be put in another, e.g. 'swift' under Time or Motion. Any infelicities of grouping will not be a serious drawback to use, for an alphabetical index according to the English words will be a necessary complement. The uneven size of the chapters is mostly what might be expected but is partly somewhat arbitrary. For example, if chapter 4 is disproportionately long, it may be for no better reason than that the Parts of the Body form such a neat distinctive class that one is constantly tempted to further inclusions. Yet most of these words have developed such a wealth of secondary uses that their importance is multiplied. Etymologies. Only those that are reasonably obvious and certain give genuine satisfaction. The specialist can recognize these, and at the same time is aware of how large a proportion of the current etymologies, even in most of the best etymological dictionaries, are uncertain, with varying degrees of probability or plausibility. The layman, unacquainted with matters of phonetic correspondence and other refinements, cannot distinguish the gold from the dross. To him the certain etymologies may look uncannily difficult, and the doubtful or even untenable the easiest. I have considered giving only the more certain etymologies, using "etym. unknown", "origin obscure", or the like, even more freely than I have, which would have resulted in the saving of much labor and space. Yet, on the whole, it has seemed best not to be ultra-conservative but to record, with reservations, many of the less certain etymologies. The notations "perhaps", "probably", "possibly", etc. reflect my subjective reaction at the time of writing, and not any rigid system of gradation. The standard etymological dictionaries and the journals are of course consulted; but to save space the references are, in large measure, concentrated on the Walde-Pokorny, Vergleichendes Worterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen (cited as Walde-P.), where earlier discussions (up to about 1927) are cited. In many cases my tacit agreement applies only to the immediate grouping on the page cited, and not necessarily to the much wider and more doubtful grouping under the whole heading. The uncertainty and speculation which are often involved in the grouping under roots and root extensions (which, as the layman should understand, are only convenient abstractions of elements common to groups of actual words) are well known. The other etymological dictionaries are cited mainly for words characteristic of particular branches, as Falk-Torp, N orwegisch-danisches etymologisches Worterbuch, for Germanic, REW (Meyer-Lubke) for Romance, Berneker, Slavisches etymologisches Worterbuch, for Slavic, etc. But Ernout-Meillet, Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue latine (Ernout-

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M.), is cited with greater frequency. For, apart from its notable excellence for the interrelations of Latin words and their semantic development, it represents an independent attitude, with notable differences from the views favored in the Walde-Pokorny. It is conservative in regard to many current etymologies-indeed, in my judgment, ultra-conservative at times, rejecting some connections that appear to me beyond reasonable doubt (as of Grk. Oup,6s with Lat. jumus, etc., where the semantic relation, from a common physical notion of 'agitation', is as easy as that between Grk. aVEp,OS and Lat. animus, anima)-and conversely even daring in some new proposals. WaldeHofmann, Lateinisches etymologisches Worterbuch (Walde-H.), is also often cited for matters other than Latin, since its references are the most recent. The criticism may be anticipated that I have held too closely to the factual and said little of the causes of semantic change and the loss of words. And it is true that, apart from the remarks above, I have, in fact, generally preferred to leave it to others to add, if they like, a given case to their collections in support of their favorite theses. Similarly in regard to areal word distribution. No doubt, there are several significant instances of agreement in peripheral areas, e.g. in the Romance field between Spanish-Portuguese and Rumanian, or in the IndoEuropean field between Italic, Celtic, and Indo-Iranian. Some of these are clearly inherited words, preserved in contrast to innovations spreading in the central area. But the exponents of "areal linguistics" (an expansion of the more factual "linguistic geography") appear to me to overrate the validity of their "norms" ("marginal, central, isolated") and to indulge in rash inferences therefrom as to what constitutes an archaism and what an innovation. Thus for 'fire' (1.81) the group represented by Lat. ignis, etc. (Lat., Balto-Slavic, Skt.) is claimed as older than that of the more widespread group, Grk. 7rVP, NE fire, etc. (Grk., Osc.-Umbr., Gmc., Arm., Toch., Hitt.) because the former is in the marginal group. Both are inherited, doubtless with some original but lost difference of aspect. It is still more perverse to say that for 'water' (1.31) Lat. aqua (which has Germanic cognates in the sense of running water, esp. 'river', and perhaps in some Tocharian and Hittite verbs, but only in Latin is the regular word for 'water') is older than the group represented by Grk. uowp, NE water, etc. (Grk., Umbr., Ir., Gmc., Balta-Slavic, Skt., Hitt., with its typical archaic rln type. Actually, instances of agreement in vocabulary (as in phonology and morphology) may be found between any two and almost any combination of the main IndoEuropean branches, and it is best to let the facts speak for themselves in each case. The work has been carried on with the kindly co-operation of colleagues and with the help of paid assistance, provided for out of the research grant of the General Education Board to the University of Chicago. Sir William

xvi

PREFACE

Craigie, while in Chicago, was always generous in opening his store of knowledge of the Old Norse and English vocabulary. For the Romance languages I have pestered with queries virtually all my colleagues, past and present, in that field-Altrocchi, Borgese, Bullock, Castillo, David, Jenkins, Keniston, Korominas, Merrill, Norman, Parmenter, Rowland, Treviiio, Vigneron, and Wartburg; also Professor Siever (a Rumanian, formerly a graduate student in our Romance department) for Rumanian. For Sanskrit, Professor Clark (in the first chapter) and later Professor Bobrinskoy have assisted. Father J. G. O'Neil, now of Maynooth College, Ireland, formerly a graduate student here in the Department of Classics, originally supplied the Modern Irish words, which were further revised by his colleague Professor O'N olan; and through Father O'Neil's interest in the matter arrangements were made for the listing of the Old Irish words by Miss E. Knott under the supervision of her teacher, Professor O. Bergin. These Irish lists have been of great service in a difficult field, but it is only fair to say that (partly owing to changes or refinements in the headings themselves) many changes have been made and that much of the critical work on Irish, as for Celtic in general, has been done by Professor G. S. Lane. Professors T. P. Cross and Myles Dillon have also been consulted on some questions of Irish usage. For Slavic, beside other informants, my past or present colleagues, Bobrinskoy, Nykl, Spinka, and Gelb, have been consulted for Russian, Bohemian, and Polish respectively. Professor Senn has answered many special inquiries on Lithuanian, often giving the precise history of neologisms in more detail than could be repeated here. That I have also, on occasion, consulted my colleagues in the departments of Greek, Latin, and the Germanic languages goes without saying. For most of the other modern languages covered, various students or citizens of foreign birth have supplied or been consulted on the words of their respective mother-tongues. Of the research assistants who supplied a first draft of etymological notes and references, either for particular linguistic fields or for particular chapters, G. S. Lane served for four years, working first on chapter 6, a part of which was published as a dissertation (Words for Clothing [1931]), and later on other chapters, with especial responsibility for Celtic and Germanic. Others who served for one year or more are J. J. Lund (chap. 9, part of which furnishes his dissertation [1932]), F. R. Preveden (especially for BaltoSlavic; also dissertation, The Vocabulary of Navigation in the Balto-Slavic Languages [1927, unpublished]), and F. T. Wood (for chaps. 4, 5, 7). It is impossible to separate their work from my revision, and I can give them credit only in this general way. While I am thus indebted to all the above mentioned, there have been so many changes, even in the headings (relative to the precise notion intended),

PREFACE

xvii

and so much has been re-written and re-written, that I must assume the responsibility for such errors as may be found in the word lists, as well as for the etymological judgments. I am further indebted to Professors Bobrinskoy and Lane and Dr. Georgiacas for assistance in proofreading, in the course of which they have supplied several additions, and to the editor and readers of the University of Chicago Press for numerous helpful suggestions. It is hoped that, with all its inevitable limitations, the omissions intentional or otherwise, and the errors of detail which may be pointed out by scholars in the special fields, the book may be found useful and worth while as a tentative and skeleton dictionary of synonyms. CARL DARLING BUCK CHICAGO

1949

TABLE OF CONTENTS EXPLANATIONS

Abbreviations for Languages and Dialects Abbreviations for Works of Reference Other Abbreviations Orthography and Transcription Form of Citation

1 1 2 7 9 11

CHAPTER

1. THE PHYSICAL WORLD IN ITS LARGER ASPECTS

12 79

2.

MANKIND: SEX, AGE, FAMILY RELATIONSHIP

3.

ANIMALS

135

4.

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

196

5.

FOOD AND DRINK; COOKING AND UTENSILS

326

6.

CLOTHING; PERSONAL ADORNMENT AND CARE

392

7.

DWELLING, HOUSE, FuRNITURE

455

8.

AGRICULTURE, VEGETATION

486

9.

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL AcTS AND THOSE PERTAINING TO SPECIAL ARTS AND CRAFTS, WITH SOME IMPLEMENTS, MATERIALS, AND PRODUCTS; OTHER MISCELLANEOUS NOTIONS

536

10.

MOTION; LOCOMOTION, TRANSPORTATION, NAVIGATION

661

11.

POSSESSION, PROPERTY, AND COMMERCE

739

12.

SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE, FORM, SIZE

829

13.

QUANTITY AND NUMBER

916

14.

TIME

953

15.

SENSE PERCEPTION

16.

EMOTION (WITH SOME PHYSICAL EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTION); TEMPERAMENTAL,

1017

MORAL, AND AESTHETIC NOTIONS

1084

17.

MIND, THOUGHT

1197

18.

VOCAL UTTERANCE, SPEECH; READING AND WRITING

1247

.

19.

TERRITORIAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL DIVISIONS; SOCIAL RELATIONS

1301

20.

WARFARE

1370

21.

LAW

1419

22.

RELIGION AND SUPERSTITION

1462

INDEX OF HEADINGS

1505

•

xix

EXPLANATIONS ABBREVIATIONS FOR LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS Afgh. Akkad. Alb. AmSp. Anglo-Fr. Arab. Aram. Arc. Arg. Arm. Att. Av. Boeot. Boh.

Br. Bulg. Byz. Cat. ChSl. Cor. Com. Cret. Cypr. Dan. Dor. Du. El. Elam. Esth. Eub. Eur. Fal.

Fr. Frank. Fris. Gael. Gall. Gmc.

Afghan Akkadian (-Babylonian-Assyrian) Albanian American Spanish Anglo-French Arabic Aramaic Arcadian Argolic Armenian Attic· Avestan Boeotian Bohemian (= Czech, a better term, but Boh. more convenient abbreviation) Breton (modern) Bulgarian Byzantine (= Middle Greek) Catalan Church Slavic Corinthian Cornish Cretan Cyprian Danish Doric Dutch Elean Elamite Esthonian Euboean European Fallscan French Frankish Frisian Gaelic (of Scotland) Gallic Germanic (for general Germanic, or with reconstructed forms = Proto-Germanic)

Goth. Grk. Hebr. Hitt. Hung. Icel. IE Illyr. Ion. Ir.

Iran.

It. Lac. Lat. Lesb. Lett. LG Lith. Liv. Maced. Mars. MBr MDu. ME MHG MLat. MLG MW N

NE NG NHG NIce!. Nlr. NPers. Norw.

o 1

Gothic Greek (ancient) Hebrew Hittite Hungarian (= Magyar) Icelandic Indo-European Illyrian Ionic Irish (Old and/or Middle, only occasionally distinguished as OIr, Mlr) Iranian Italian Laconian Latin Lesbian Lettic Low German Lithuanian Livonian Macedonian Marsian Middle Breton Middle Dutch Middle English Middle High German Medieval Latin Middle Low German Middle Welsh New (in following) = Modern (preferred to latter for convenience in abbreviations, beside M = Middle) New English New Greek New High German New Icelandic New Irish New Persian Norwegian Old (in following and others)

2 OE OFris. OHG ON OPers. OPruss. OS Osc. Osset. Pael. PahI. Phoen. Pol. Port. Praen. Provo Rhaet. Rum. Russ. Sc.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS Old English Old Frisian Old High German Old Norse (Old Icelandic) Old Persian Old Prussian Old Saxon Oscan Ossetan Paelignian Pahlavi Phoenician Polish Portuguese Praenestine Provenc;;al Rhaetian Rumanian Russian Scotch (as NE dial.)

Scandinavian Serbo-Croatian Sanskrit Slovenian (not Slovak which is spelled out). Sogdian Sogd. Sorbian Sorb. Sp. Spanish Sumerian Sumer. Sw. Swedish Thessalian Thess. Tocharian Toch. Turkish Turk. Ukrainian (= Little Russian) Ukr. Umbrian Umbr. Vulgar (= Popular) Latin VLat. Welsh W. WGmc. West Germanic WSax. West Saxon WhRuss. White Russian Scand. SCr. Skt. Slov.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR WORKS OF REFERENCE References are regularly to pages; but to numbers in the case of collections of inscriptions and works with numbered entries, such as REW, Pu~cariu, and Lokotscb. Abbreviation of names of literary authors, works, codices, etc., familiar enough in the respective fields, are not listed. Abh. Preuss. Akad. Abhandlungen der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Abh. Sachs. Ges. Abhandlungen der sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Ahd. Gloss. Steinmeyer und Sievers, Die althochdeutschen Glossen. AJA American Journal of Archaeology. AJPh. American Journal of Philology. Alminauskis. K. Alminauskis, Die deutschen Lehnworter im Litauischen. Arch. glott. it. Archivio glottologico italiano. Arch. lat. Lex. Archiv ffu lateinische Lexikographie und Grammatik. Arch. sl. Ph. Archiv fUr slavische Philologie. Barth. Bartholomae, Altiranisches Worterbuch. BB (Bezzenberger's) Beitrage zur Kunde der indogermanischen Sprachen. BBCS Bulletin of Board of Celtic Studies. Ber. Preuss. Akad. Sitzungsberichte der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Ber. Sachs. Ges. Berichte tiber die Verhandlungen der sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wis:;enschaften zu Leipzig. Ber. Wien. Akad. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Berneker E. Berneker, Slavisches etymologisches Worterbuch. References are to the pages of vol. 1 unless otherwise noted, since vol. 2 was suspended after one fascicle. Bloch O. Bloch, Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue franc;;aise. Bohtlingk, Wtb. Bohtlingk, Sanskrit-Worterbuch in kfuzerer Fassung. Boisacq E. Boisacq, Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue grecque.

EXPLANATIONS

3

Bosworth-Toner J. Bosworth, An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, etc., with Supplement by T. N. Toller. BR Bohtlingk und Roth, Sanskrit-Worterbuch. Bruckner A. Bruckner, Siownik etymologiczny j~zyka polskiego. Bruckner, Sl. Fremdworter A. Bruckner, Die slavischen Fremdworter im Litauischen. Brugmann, Grd. K. Brugmann, Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen, 2te Aufl. BSL Bulletin de la societe de linguistique de Paris. Buck, Grk. Dial. C. D. Buck, Introduction to the Study of the Greek Dialects, 2d ed. Buck, Osc.-Umbr. Gram. C. D. Buck, A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian. Busch-Chomskas A. Busch und T. Chomskas, Litauisch-deutsches Worterbuch. Byz. Z. Byzantinische Zeitschrift. CGL. Corpus glossariorum Latinorum. Cl. Ph. Classical Philology. Cl. Q. Classical Quarterly. CI. R. Classical Review. Dahlerup Ordbog over det danske Sprog, grundlagt af V. Dahlerup. Dal' Vladimir Dal', Tolkovyj slovar' zivogo velikorusskago jazka. Denk. Wien. Akad. Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Densusianu O. Densusianu, Histoire de la langue roumaine. Dict. enc. Dictionarul enciclopedic ilustrat (Rumanian). Dict. gen. Hatzfeld et Darmesteter, Dictionnaire general de la langue franQ&ise. Diez F. Diez, Etymologisches Worterbuch der romanischen Sprachen, 5te Ausgabe. Dinneen P. S. Dinneen, Irish-English Dictionary, newed. Drawneek J. Drawneek, Deutsch-Iettisches Worterbuch. Du Cange Du Cange, Glossarium mediae et infima.e latinitatis; id., Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae graecitatis. Ebert, Reallex. Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte unter mitwirkung zahlreicher Fachgelehrter herausgegeben von M. Ebert. Endz., Gram. J. Endzelin, Lettische Grammatik. 'E1I"ET"Ipls 'E1I"LCTT"II'OllUC7} 'E1I"ET"Ipls TOO II411E1I"LCTT'I/~1I (Athens). Ernault, Dict. etym. E. Ernault, Dictionnaire etytnologique du breton moyen. Ernault, Glossaire E. Ernault, Glossaire moyen-breton. Ernout-M. A. Ernout et A. Meillet, Dictionnaire etymologique de lalangue latine, ~ Cd. Falk-Torp H. Falk und A. Torp, Norwegisch-danisches etymologisches Worterbuch. Feist S. Feist, Vergleichendes (formerly Etymologisches) Worterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3te Aufl. Franck-v. W. J. Franck, Etymologisch Woordenboek der nederlandsche Taal, 2de Druk, door N. van Wijk. Fritzner J. Fritzner, Ordbog over det gamle norske Sprog. Gailius-Slaza Vk. Gailius ir M. Slaza, Deutsch-litauisches Worterbuch. Gamillscheg E. GamiIlscheg, Etymologisches Worterbuch der franzosischen Sprache. Gebauer J. Gebauer, Historicka mluvnice jazyka ceskeho. Gerof Naideno. Gerow, Recniko. na blo.garskyj jazyko.. Glotta Glotta, Zeitschrift fUr griechische und lateinische Sprache. Godefroy F. Godefroy, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue fran~ise. Godin Marie Amelie Freiin von Godin, Worterbuch der albanischen und deutschen Sprache. Gott. gel. Anz. GOttingische gelehrte Anzeigen. Gott. Nachr. Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. Graff E. G. Graff, Althochdeutscher Sprachschatz.

4

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Grimm J. und W. Grimm, Deutsches Wtirterbuch. GRM Germanisch-romanische Monatschrift. Harper Harper's Latin Dictionary. Hatzidakis, Einl. G. Hatzidakis, Einleitung in die neugriechische Grammatik. Hatzidakis, MEu. r. XIlTsWciJCtS, MEUlltWPtI'Q. IClll PEIl 'E}.}.1/PtlC6.. Hellquist E. Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk Ordbog, 2d ed. Henry V. Henry, Lexique etymologique du breton moderne. Hermann, Lit.-deutsches Gesprachsb. E. Hermann, Litauisch-deutsches Gesprachsbiichlein. Hessen Hessen's Irish Lexicon, a Concise Dictionary of Early Irish. Hesych. Hesychii Alexandrini Lexicon. Hirt, Idg. Gram. H. Hirt, Indogermanische Grammatik. Holthausen F. Holthausen, Altenglisches etymologisches Wtirterbuch. Horn P. Horn, Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie. Hiibschmann, Arm. Gram. H. Hiibschmann, Armenische Grammatik, I. Theil. Idg. Anz. Anzeiger fUr indogermanische Sprach- und Altertumskunde. Idg. Jhrb. 'Indogermanisches Jahrbuch. IF Indogermanische Forschungen. IG Inscriptiones Graecae. 'IUT. AE~. 'IUTOptlCClJI AE~tICOP Tfis PElls 'E}.}.1/Ptriis. Jagi6, Entstehungsgesch. V. Jagi6, Entstehungsgeschichte der kirchenslavischen Sprache. JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society. JEGPh. Journal of English and Germanic Philology. JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies. Kluge-G. F. Kluge, Etymologisches Wtirterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 11. Aufl., bearbeitet von Alfred Gotze. Kretschmer, Einl. P. Kretschmer, Einleitung in die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache. Kretschmer, Wortgeogr. P. Kretschmer, Wortgeographie der hochdeutschen Umgangssprache. Kurschat F. Kurschat, Litauisch-deutsches und Deutsch-litauisches Wtirterbuch. KZ Kuhn's Zeitschrift (Zeitschrift fUr vergleichende Sprachforschung). Lalis A. Lalis, A Dictionary of the English and Lithuanian Languages. Language Language (Journal of the Linguistic Society of America). Laws, Gloss. Ancient Laws of Ireland, vol. VI, Glossary, compo R. Atkinson. Le Gonidec Le Gonidec, Dictionnaire fran911.is-breton et breton-franc;sis. Leskien, Ablaut A. Leskien, Der Ablaut der Wurzelsilben im Litauischen. Leskien, Bildung d. Nom. A. Leskien, Die Bildung der Nomina im Litauischen. Leskien, Gram. A. Leskien, Grammatik der altbulgarischen Sprache. Lewis-Pedersen H. Lewis and H. Pedersen, A Concise Comparative Celtic Grammar. Liden, Arm. Stud. E. Liden, Armenische Studien. Liden, Stud. E. Liden, Studien zur altindischen und vergleichenden Sprachgeschichte. Linde M. S. B. Linde, Slownik j~zyka polskiego. Littre E. Littre, Dictionnaire de 111. langue fran911.ise. Lokotsch K. Lokotsch, Etymologisches Worterbuch der europaischen Worter orientalischen Ursprungs. Loth, Mots lat. J. Loth, Les mots latins dans les langues brittaniques. LS Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed. Lunds Univ. Arssk. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift. Macbain A. Macbain, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language. Macdonell-Keith A. Macdonell and A. Keith, Vedic Index of Names and Subjects. McKenna L. McKenna, English-Irish Dictionary.

EXPLANATIONS

5

Marstrander, Bidrag C. Marstrander, Bidrag til det norske sprogs historie i Irland. (Videnskapselskapets skrifter, hist.-filos. klasse, 1915, No.5.) Meillet; see Emout-M. Meillet, llltudes A. Meillet, llltudes sur l'etymologie et Ie vocabulaire du vieux slave. Meillet,Introd. A. Meillet, Introduction al'etude comparative des langues indCHluropeennes. Meillet, Ling. hist. A. Meillet, Linguistique historique et linguistique generale. G. Meyer, Alb. Etym. Wtb. G. Meyer, Etymologisches Worterbuch der albanesischen Sprache. G. Meyer, Alb. Stud. G. Meyer, Albanesische Studien I-IV. G. Meyer, Neugr. Stud. G. Meyer, Neugriechische Studien I-IV. K. Meyer, Contrib. K. Meyer, Contributions to Irish Lexicography. Meyer-Lubke; see REW. Miklosich F. Miklosich, Etymologisches Worterbuch der slavischen Sprachen. Miklosich, Lex. Palaeoslov. F. Miklosich, Lexicon palaeoslovenico-graeco-latinum. Miklosich, Turk. Elem. F. Miklosich, Die turkischen Elementen in den sudost- und osteuropiiischen Sprachen (Denk. Wien. Akad. 34, 35, 37, 38). MLN Modem Language Notes. Mnemos. Mnemosyne. Mod. Ph. Modem Philology. Monde Or. Le monde oriental. Morris Jones J. Morris Jones, A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative. Moulton-Milligan J. H. Moulton and G. Milligan, Vocabulary of the Greek Testament. MSL Memoires de la societe de linguistique de Paris. Miihl.-Endz. K. Miihlenbacha Latviesu volodas vardnica, redigejis, papildinajis, nobeidzis J. Endzelins. NED A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Nord. Tidsskrift Nordisk tidsskrift for filologi. N orsk Tidskrift N orsk tidskrift for sprogvidenskap. NSB Niedermann, Senn, und Brender, Worterbuch der litauischen Schriftsprache. O'Curry E. O'Curry, On the Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish. O'Reilly E. O'Reilly, An Irish-English Dictionary, new ed. with Supplement by J. O'Donovan. Osthoff, Parerga H. Osthoff, Etymologische Parerga. Parry-Williams T. H. Parry-Williams, The English Element in Welsh. Paul, Deutsches Wtb. H. Paul, Deutsches Worterbuch. Pauly-Wissowa Pauly's Real-Encyclopiidie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, herausgegeben von Georg Wissowa. PBB Paul und Braune, Beitriige zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Litteratur. Pedersen H. Pedersen, Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen. Pernot, Recueil H. Pernot, Recueil de textes en grec usuel. Persson, Beitrage P. Persson, Beitrage zur indogermanischen Wortforschung. Ph. W. Philologische Wochenschrift. Preisigke F. Preisigke, Worterbuch der griechischen Papyrusurkunden. Prellwitz W. Prellwitz, Etymologisches Worterbuch der griechischen Sprache, 2. Aufl. Pu~cariu S. Pu~cariu, Etymologisches Worterbuch der rumanischen Sprache. 1. Lateinisches Element. RC Revue celtique. Rev. et. anc. Revue des etudes anciennes. Rev. et. indo-eur. Revue des etudes indo-europeennes. Rev. et. sl. Revue des etudes slaves.

6

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Rev. sl. Revue slavistique. REW W. Meyer-Lubke, Romanisches etymologisches Worterbuch, 3te Aufl. Rh. M. Rheinisches Musewn fUr Philologie. RIA Contrib. Contributions to a Dictionary of the Irish Language. RIA Dict. Dictionary of the Irish Language, published by the Irish Academy. Riv. fiI. Rivista di filologia e di istruzione classica. Riv.IGI Rivista Indo-Greco-Italica. Rjecnik Akad. Rjecnik hrvatskoga iIi srpskoga jezika 11a svijet izdaje jugoslavenska Akademija. Rom. Roman\a. Rom. Forsch. Romanische Forschungen. Romance Ph. Romance Philology. ~ineanu eaineanu, Dictionar universal allimbei romAne; or Dictionnaire fran~is-rownain. Sandfeld, Ling. balk. Kr. Sandfeld, Linguistique balkanique. Schrader, Reallex. O. Schrader, Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde, 2te Aufl. von Nehring. Schwers J. Schwers, Die deutschen Lehnworter im Lettischen. Schwyzer, Dial. Graec. Ex. E. Schwyzer, Dialectorum Graecarum exempla epigraphica potiora. Schwyzer, Gr. Gram. E. Schwyzer, Griechische Grammatik. Senn, Lit. SprachI. A. Senn, Kleine litauische Sprachlehre. Skardzius Pro Skardzius, Die slavischen Lehnworter im Altlitauischen, Tauta ir Zodis 7.1 ff. Solmsen, Beitrage F. Solmsen, Beitrage zur griechischen Wortforschung. Solmsen, Unters. F. Solmsen, Untersuchungen zur griech. Laut-und VersIehre. Sommer, Gr. Lautstud. F. Sommer, Griechische Lautstudien. Sophocles E. A. Sophocles, Greek-English Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods. Sperber, Einleitung Hans Sperber, Einleitung in die Bedeutungslehre. Spurrell Spurrell's English-Welsh Dictionary, by J. Anwyl, 9th ed. SSS E. Sieg, W. Siegling, und W. Schulze, Tocharische Grammatik. Stender-Petersen A. Stender-Petersen, Slavisch-germanische Lehnwortkunde. Stokes W. Stokes, Urkeltischer Sprachschatz = Fick, Vergleichendes Worterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen II. Sturtevant, Hitt. Gloss. E. H. Sturtevant, Hittite Glossary, 2d ed. Sturtevant, Hitt. Gram. E. H. Sturtevant, A Comparative Grammar of the Hittite Language. Sv. Akad. Ordb. Ordbok over svenska spraket utgiven av svenska Akademien. TAPA Transactions of the American Philological Association. Thes. (for Celtic) W. Stokes and J. Strachan, Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus. Thes. (for Greek) Stephanus, Thesaurus Graecae linguae. Thes. (for Latin) Thesaurus linguae Latinae. Thomsen, Beroringer W. Thomsen, Beroringer mellem de finske og de baltiske Sprog. Thurneysen, Gram. R. Thurneysen, A Grammar of Old Irish. Thurneysen, Heldensage R. Thurneysen, Die irische Helden- und Konigsage bis zum siebzehnten Jahrhundert. Thurneysen, Irisches Recht Abh. Preuss. Akad., phiI.-hist. KI., 1931, No.2. Thurneysen, Keltorom. R. Thurneysen, Keltoromanisches. Tiktin H. Tiktin, Rumanisch-deutsches Worterbuch. Tobler-Lommatzsch A. Tobler, Altfranzosisches Worterbuch herausgegeben von E. Lommatzsch. Torp, Nynorsk A. Torp, Nynorsk etymologisk ordbog. Trautmann R. Trautmann, Baltisch-slavisches Worterbuch. Trautmann, Altpreuss. R. Trautmann, Die altpreussischen Sprachdenkmaler.

EXPLANATIONS

7

Uhlenbeck C. Uhlenbeck, Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Worterbuch der altindischen Sprache. Ulmann C. Ulmann (und Brasche), Lettisches Worterbuch. Uppsala Univ. Arssk. Uppsala Universitets Arsskrift. Vallee F. Vallee, Grand dictionnaire franQllis-breton. Vendryes, De hib. voc. J. Vendryes, De hibernicis vocabulis quae a latina lingua originem duxerunt. Vetensk. Skr. Skrifter utgivna av kungl. humanistiska vetenskapssamfundet i Uppsala. Vidensk. Med. Meddelelser udgivne af det kg!. danske videnskabernes Selskab. Vidensk. Skr. Skrifter utgit av Videnskapsselskapet i Kristianiaj since 1925 Skrifter utgitt av det norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Vigfusson G. Vigfusson, An Icelandic-English Dictionary Based on the MS. Collections of the Late Richard Cleasby. Vondrak W. Vondrak, Vergleichende slavische Grammatik, 2te Auf!. Wackernagel, Altind. Gram. J. Wackernagel, Altindische Grammatik. Walde-H. A. Walde, Lateinischesetymologisches Worterbuch, 3te Auf!., von J. B. Hofmann. Walde-Po A. Walde, Vergleichendes Worterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen, herausgegeben und bearbeitet von J. Pokorny. Wartburg W. von Wartburg, Franzosisches etymologisches Worterbuch. Weekley E. Weekley, An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. Weigand-H. F. Weigand, Deutsches Worterbuch, 5te Aufl., von H. Hirt. Williams R. Williams, Lexicon Cornu-Brittanicum. Windisch E. Windisch, Irische Texte mit Worterbuch I. Wort. u. Sach. Worter und Sachen. Z. celt. Ph. Zeitschrift fiir celtische Philologie. Z. deutsch. Alt. Zeitschrift fiir deutsches Altertum. Z. deutsch. Ph. Zeitschrift fiir deutsche Philologie. Z. deutsch. Wortf. Zeitschrift fUr deutsche Wortforschung. ZDMG Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft. Z. frz. Spr. Zeitschrift fiir franzosische Sprache und Literatur. Z. Ind. Iran. Zeitschrift fiir Indologie und Iranistik. Z. rom. Ph. Zeitschrift fiir romanische Philologie. Z. s1. Ph. Zeitschrift fiir slavische Philologie. Zeuss Zeuss, Grammatica Celtica, editio altera, curavit H. Ebel. Zupitza, Gutt. Zupitza, Die germanischen Gutturale.

OTHER ABBREVIATIONS abl. acc. act. adj. adv. arch. assim. cauS. class. coIl. colloq.

ablative accusative active adjective adverb(ial) archaic assimilation, assimilated causative classical collective colloquial (ly)

compo cons. cop. cpd. dat. denom. deriv. desid. dial. dim. dissim.

comparative consonant copulative (e.g. 0.- cop. in Greek) compound dative denominative derivative desiderative dialect(s), dialectal(ly) diminutive dissimilation, dissimilative

8 duo dub. eccI. esp. etym. fern. fig. fro

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

dual dubious, doubtful, uncertain ecclesiastical especially etymology feminine figurative(ly) from (either from an earlier actual or reconstructed form; or often, for the sake of brevity = derivative of) freq. frequent(ly) frequent. frequentative gen. genitive gI. gloss, gloss to, glosses gramm. grammarians ib. ibidem, in the same work id. idem (used to indicate the same form, or the same meaning) i.e. id est, that is imperat. imperative imperf. imperfect impers. impersonal indo indicative indef. indefinite infinitive infin. init. initial instr. instrumental intr. intransitive iter. iterative I.c. loco citato, in passage cited lit. literary; also literally (context obviating confusion) masc. masculine mid. middle misc. miscellaneous neg. negative neolog. neologism neut. neuter nom. nominative nom. pro proper name

obj. obs. op. cit. opp. opt. orig. pap. pass. perf. perfect. perh. pI. pop. poss. pple. prec. prep. pres. pret. priv. prob. pron. redupl. refl. refs. reg. rhet. sb. sC.

sg.

spec. subj. superI. trans. vb. vbl. n. v.I. vs

objective obsolete opere citato, in work cited opposite optative origin, original (ly) papyri passive perfect perfective perhaps plural popular (= colloquial) possessive participle preceding preposition present preterite privative probably pronoun, pronominal reduplication, reduplicated reflexive references regular(ly) rhetorical substantive (= noun, also used) scilicet, understand, supply singular; with reference to Welsh, Cornish, Breton, sg. or new sg. = the so-called singulative specifically subjunctive; also subjective superlative transitive verb verbal noun (for Celtic) varia lectio versus, in contrast to, against related to, cognate with

ORTHOGRAPHY AND TRANSCRIPTION The macron is used as the sign of vowel length, not only for Latin, etc., but likewise for Old English, Old Norse, Irish (instead of '), and Lettie. But the customary , in Bohemian and Lith. e = e, Y = ; ; are retained. The sign of vowel length is employed in the case of the older languages (including Goth. e, 0 to conform to practice in other Germanic languages i

EXPLANATIONS

9

but omitted for Sanskrit e, 0; likewise usually omitted in Greek nouns of the first declension like xwpa, KapaLa, the short a of the smaller class like p.ol.pa, (J6.)..alTlTa being shown by the accent) and some of the modern, as Irish (but omitted in Welsh and Breton), Lithuanian, and Lettie. Word accentuation is generally indicated only where this is customary in the normal orthography, as in Greek and in particular Spanish words (Polish ' in () is not a sign of accent but of vowel quality as in the case of the French accent signs; likewise in the transcription of Oscan). Thus, for Sanskrit, Lithuanian, Lettie, and Serbo-Croatian the accent marks are omitted, as not essential for the purposes of this work. The signs 8 (= NE sh) and z ( = NE z in azure, Fr. j.) are used for Lithuanian (formerly sz, i), Lettic; Slavic, Iranian, Arabic, etc. In reconstructed IE forms involving the different guttural series, kw, g"', g"'h are used for the labiovelars; k, g, gh for the palatals; and plain k, g, gh both for the so-called "plain velars" (Grk. KpEas, Skt. krauis) and for others of indeterminate value. The peculiar modification of the gutturals resulting in forms like Grk. 'TEK'T6)V = Skt. taklJan-, since it is clearly not an independent phoneme (cf. esp. Benveniste, BSL 38.139 ff.), should properly be represented by a superior letter, e.g. k~, or fi" (Benveniste). Those who believe that the IE "voiced aspirates" are wrongly so called will nevertheless recognize bh, dh, etc. as the best-understood symbols for this third order of stops. Similarly, ii, t, etc. are still employed as the most convenient symbols for those phonemes which, whatever their precise phonetic value, correspond to i, U in other series. The laryngeals, so much discussed in recent years, are left out of account in the reconstructed IE forms. They concern, as even those who operate with them and at the same time reject the Indo-Hittite hypothesis should admit, a stage preceding that to which the comparison of the main IE languages, those formerly known, points. They belong to what might be called a Proto-IE stage, the forms of which deserve a double asterisk. For example, if the familiar IE *dhe- 'put' goes back to an earlier **dhe + a laryngeal, the contraction must have taken place before the separation of the main IE languages. That it took place independently in all the languages which show the simple long vowel (Grk., Lat., Gmc., Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian) is too much to believe. But all such phonetic matters as the preceding are unimportant for the purpose of this work, where the reconstructed forms merely serve as convenient symbols for certain groupings. It should be further stated here that such reconstructed forms do not necessarily imply the actual existence of such a form in the IE period. In some cases they are merely the proper theoretical bases for certain limited sets of correspondence. Similarly, a

10

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

reconstructed VLat. form need not imply its existence over the whole VLat.speaking territory. Albanian.-The new standardized orthography is followed. Armenian.-Transcribed as in Hiibschmann, Armenische Grammatik. Avestan and Old Persian.-Transcribed as in Bartholomae, Altiran. Worterbuch (including OPers. or, although ~ is preferable). Thus c, J (not c, j as in Sanskrit) and x, -y for the guttural fricatives, and likewise for Modern Persian, etc. Church Slavic.-Transcribed mostly as in Leskien, Altbulgarische Grammatik. But ta, I€, 10, etc. are transcribed in the older fashion ja, je, ju (and so Russ. H, IO as ja, ju), instead of 'a, 'e, 'u, indicating the palatalization of the preceding consonant and strictly more correct (Leskien, op. cit. 37 ff.). The 'J. and b are transcribed u and r. Danish.-The orthography of the Dansk Retskrivningsordbog (3d ed.) by J. Glahder (published by the Committee on Orthography of the Danish Ministry of Education) is followed. Gothic.-The transcription hw, in accord with the OE, OHG, is preferred to the ligature fv; e, 0 marked long, e, 0; diphthongal and monophthongal ai, au not distinguished. Greek.-Forms quoted from inscriptions in the archaic alphabet are generally given in the familiar spelling with 11, w, c. Modern Greek (NG).-As between the historical spelling of the KaOapEvOU(7'a and the phonetic spelling of writers in the ~1IIJ.OTL!d" I have generally used the latter in truly popular words, e.g. 4>TWXOS 'poor', XTE"~ 'comb', with the normal development of 7rT > 4>T, KT > XT, (7'0 > (7'T, etc. (vs. e.g. XE7rTO" 'minute' or 'centime', with pronounced 7rT), or "v4>11 'bride' vs. PVJl.4>1I 'nymph', or PEPO 'water', vs.lit. words with the old P of the neuter retained. But I can see no need of changing abTos to a4>Tos or aha to afJ-ya, since the pronunciation of u in au, EU as f before voiceless or v before voiced sounds is uniform. It is immaterial whether one writes 7rOTr,p~ (from 7rOTr,p~OP) or 7rOT~P~; presents in -wpw or -OPW (from -ow with new present formed to aor. -w(7'a). In several of these matters there is no consistency, in individual cases, even among writers in the ~1IIJ.OTL!d,. Initial p, not p, is now preferred. Irish.-Genuine Old Irish diphthongs are marked with the macron on the first element (as Pedersen) without attempt to distinguish them from the long vowels with glide (as Thurneysen). Lettic.-New orthography as in Miihl.-Endz., except k', etc. (not ~) for palatalized consonant, and l not used (l in Miihl.-Endz. only in headings). Lithuanian.-Present standardized orthography, as in NSB. Old Norse.-For the mutated vowels it is intended to follow the now generally adopted spelling, as e.g. in Heggstad, Gamalnorsk Ordbok. Oscan-Umbrian.-The usual practice of distinguishing by different type

EXPLANATIONS

11

the forms written in the native or Roman alphabets, respectively, is abandoned here as unimportant for the purposes of this work. Rumanian.-Not ti, but i in cimp, etc. as in REW, Pu~cariu, and Tiktin after vol. 1; and now accepted as standard, cf. Grai ~i Suflet 5.207 ff. Russian.-Transcription after the new official spelling. Thus CTOJI Itable , (not CTOJI'h) in transcription stol, but rryTh Iway' transcribed put'; -h discarded and so e in transcription, e being used for former e and e, and if (for e pronounced as 0) not used. Sanskrit.-Transcription as in Whitney's Sanskrit Grammar. Swedish.-The reformed spelling is used (Le. v instead of iv, etc.). Turkish.-The new official orthography in the Latin alphabet is followed, with the new and annoying conflicts of values thus introduced. Thus c = NE j, where J is used in transcription of Persian, Turkish dialects, etc.; r; = NE ch in church, in contrast to c used elsewhere. FORM OF CITATION

In general, words are cited in the form customary in the grammars and dictionaries of the respective languages, except for Latin verbs (see below). Thus nouns are given in the nominative singular and adjectives in the nominative singular masculine, except in Indo-Iranian, where they are given in the stem form but with an added hyphen to make this clear. Occasionally Sanskrit forms are quoted in the nominative singular, the absence of the hyphen showing this. The Latin sources of Romance nouns and adjectives are likewise given in the nominative form, since the constant substitution of the accusative form would be a cumbersome and superfluous concession to strict accuracy. Verbs are cited in the first person singular for Greek and Irish (OIr. sometimes in the third singular, but so marked); otherwise for the European languages in the infinitive (so even for Latin, to conform to the practice for the Romance languages; in Balto-Slavic first person singular present occasionally given also). For Indo-Iranian they are usually given in the root form, as is customary, the Sanskrit mostly as in Whitney's Roots, and the Iranian conforming, e.g. Av. vid-, like Skt. vid-, not vaed- as in Bartholomae. Similarly in cases like hr-, preferred by most Sanskritists, vs. har- in BR, the former is generally adopted. But here the strong form is generally better for Iranian; and it is a harmless inconsistency to use it also for Indic in quoting Indo-Iranian roots, e.g. Skt., Av. tar-. For Slavic verbs it seems futile to cite the forms of the different aspects. The shorter form is generally given. In the lists the inclusion of certain words in parentheses indicates some reservation, such as obsolete, archaic, poetic, dialectal, in special sense, uncommon, or the like.

THE PHYSICAL WORLD IN ITS LARGER ASPECTS

world (which fill some thirteen columns

CHAPTER 1 THE PHYSICAL WORLD IN ITS LARGER ASPECTS 1.1 1.21 1.212 1.213 1.214 1.215 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.51 1.52

Grk. NG Lat. It.

Fr.

WORLD EARTH Duf!'r MUD SAND

= GROUND. SOIL

VALLBY ISLAND

MAINLAND

SaoRE WATER

SEA LAKE GULl', BAY

WAVE

RIVBS; 8TImA.K;

BROOJ[

SPRING; WELL

WOODS, FORllST TREE

WOOD SToNE; ROCK SltT, HBAVENB

SUN

o6lH, Att. 6Ms 'threshold'), perh. .wed- in Ann. getin 'ground'. Walde-Po 1.254. Grk ...100. : Umbr. pefum, per80 's0lum', Skt. pada- 'step, foot', Lith. pada8 'sole' and ultimately the words for 'foot', Skt. pad- Grk. robs, T086t, Lat. ~, podis, etc. Walde-Po 2.24. Grk. XWjl4 'earth heaped up, bank, mound' (: xtSw 'heap up', xec., 'pour', etc., Walde-Po 1.563), in LXX once 'dust', in NG the usual word for 'ground, soil'. 2. Lat. 80lum 'bottom, base, sole (of the foot or shoe)', and esp. 'ground, soil' (> It. suolo, Fr. 801, etc.; ME 8oyle, NE 8011, fro OFr. BOil, this by confusion with 8oil, 80uil 'sill', fro Lat. 801ium 'seat'), root connection doubtful. Walde-Po 2.532. Ernout-M. 953. REW 8079. NED S. V. soil, sb. 3. OE grund, NE ground, OHG grunt (also esp. erdgrunt Otfr.), NHG grund

Grk.

.w..,

pultM pol.,...

poko prrif, pulbero I_eel

(less common in this sensc than boden or NE ground), Dan., Sw. grund, ctc., all orig. 'bottom' (12.34). NED S.V. These words, when applied to earth, denote mostly the solid surface rather than that for cultivation, but in NT Lk. 8.8, etc. (Goth. ana airthai godai, OE on glide eorihan, Wycliff to good ertho), on good ground fro Tyndale on, for which we ahould now say 8oil. OE mo!de 'loose earth, soil' (NE moltl) = Goth. mulda 'dust', Skt. mrti-

'earth, clay', fro root "'mel- in Lat. molere, Goth. malan, etc. 'grind' (5.56). WaldeP. 2.288. Feist 366. NHG boden, Du. bodem, etc. 'bottom' (12.34) and 'ground, soil'. 4. Boh. pli.da 'bottom, ground, soil' (Russ. pod 'bottom of a haycock, hearth') : Grk...100. etc. (above, 1). Here also prob. Russ. pollia (the reg. technical term for 'soil'), fro 'pod(iJ,)s.a beside podolva 'sole'?

1.213 DUST Goth.

mulda, Itubj'ua dupt, dua'

Dan.

01;. 810/1

ON Sw.

OE ME NE Du.

Lith . Lett. ChSI.

SCr.

dulki. (pl.) pI8/i (pl.),put.kli(pl.)

p....M prall

dUB' d...

Pol.

pram p,am

810/

RU88. Skt.

retl-u-, pdnau-, dhUli-

a...

Bob.

pyl

"""'

OHG "uppi, ...ub (mel..) Av. .... MHG BIoup NHG Blaub Many of the words for 'dust' are from word for 'ashes' used for 'dust' and in a widespread 'root ('dheu-), seen in the use of OE Gsce 'ashes' for 'dust' in words for 'agitate, shake', 'vapor, the Lindisf. gospels (Lk. 9.5, 10.11, etc. smoke', etc., or from others having the asca vs. duat in the WSax. versions), notion of 'stir', 'scatter', or 'blow'. All since these words for 'ashes' were no such were obviously applied first to the based in origin on the notion of sma!. flying 'dust' in the air. Others are cog- particles. nate with words for 'loose earth, soil', Words of this group either cover also W.

Br.

THE PHYSICAL WORLD IN ITS LARGER ASPECTS

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

The various ide.. expressed by NE earth and land are frequently covered by the 88JIle word, and where different words are employed their uses overlap. We may distinguish here: a. The whole earth, .. distinguished from sun', moon, etc. Commonly expreseed by the 88JIle words that are used in the following senses, and representing a relatively later conception. Special terms may be introduced to distinguiah this sense, as (from the present state of knowledge) words meaning 'globe, sphere', or compounds like NHG ertikreiB, erdreieh. But these do not displace the common words and are not considered further here. Since the earth is felt as the known

luaitII>-eadh Uwch, pylor po,,",

'fine meal', 'ashes' J with the common

'powder', or, especially Lat. pulvis, are

notion of 'small particles'. But it is only a secondary &SSOCiation or this kind that is ahown in the Ir. derivative of the

the source of those now used for 'powder' (so far as this notion, as for a. prepared product-medicinal, toilet, etc.,

While there is no clear root connection for this group, its primary sense seems to have been that of 'earth's surface, ground'. 2. Grk. 'YiP, Hom. 'Ya.'CI, etym. unknown, perh. of pre-Greek origin. The poetical 414 is also of dub. etym., but possibly 'the mother (earth)'. Brugmann, IF 15.93 ff. 3. Lat. terra (Osc. teerum, lerUm 'territory'), prob. fro *ter.d-: toTTere 'dry up, parch', Grk. T~paOJ.l(" 'dry up', Skt. ITf- 'be thirsty', Goth. ga-pair8an 'dry up, wither', NE thirst, etc., in which case its orig. meaning was 'dry land' VB. 'sea' as in the frequent terra manque. Here belong also, though of

somewhat different formation, Ir. fir ('land; mainly in sense e), W. lir, and the now obs. Br. tiro Walde-Po 1.737 ff. Ernout-M. 1034 f. The descendants of Lat. terra remain the usual words in all the Romance languages except Rumanian, where lara is now mostly 'land' = 'country' (also 'country'

VB.

'city'), otherwise displaced

by the following. Rum. pamtnt, fr. Lat. pavimentum 'floor, pavement'. Used first of the 'ground' (sense b), it became the common word for 'earth, land' in most of the other senses. REW 6312. 4. Ir. talam, NIr. talamh, Lat. teU... (mostly poet.) : Skt. tala- 'surface, bot-

1.212 EARTH

further root connection is uncertain, so

that the semantic starting-point remains obscure, though prob. b. Walde-Po 1.142. Feist 25f. Goth. land, etc., generd Gmc. : Ir. ith-land 'threshing floor' (cpd. of ith 'grain'), W. llqn 'inclosure, yard', etc. Its earliest use was sense e, and in Gothic it is only so used, namely for 'piece of land' or 'country', airpa being used in

all other senses, including 'land' in contrast to sea. Walde-P.2.438. Feist 32lf. 6. Balto-Slavic words, above, 1. Pol. lqd fro NHG land. 7. Skt. kfaTll- (Vedic), Av. zam-, above, .1. Skt. bhii-, bhUmi-, OPers. biimi-, Av. biimi- (less common than zarn-), fro bhii'be', hence first used of the earth as the known world. Other common Skt. words for 'earth' are prthivi- fem. of prthu- 'wide', mahifem. of mah- 'great', kfili- properly 'abode', fJO.su-dha- lit. 'yielding good', etc.

= GROUND, SOIL

As already remarked, the words for 'earth' J among their various applications, are used for the earth's solid sur-

face ('falls to earth, the ground') or its soft surface for cultivation ('good earth, land, ground, soil'). They are, in fact, the usual expressions of these senses, so

that a list would be mainly a repetition of that in 1.21. But there are also other words, some less commOD, others (like NE ground, 8oil, NHG boden) now more common in these senses.

1. Grk. oM4' (poet.) and ~4 Russ. prach now used only in some phrases), SCr. prah, Boh. prach, Pol. proch (Russ. poroch now 'gunpowder'): Boh. prleti 'emit sparks, rain' J Pol. pier. 'scatter sparks, rain, or snow', prob. Skt. PTfata'speckled, a. drop of water', fr. a com-

mon notion of 'scatter' or the like. Walde-Po 2.50. Russ. pyl (Pol. pyl, py/ek less common), fro the root seen in Lith. pIlsti 'blow'. Bruckner 449. 7. Skt. r ....u- (RV +), fro the root seen in Skt. ri- 'let go', mid. 'flow, dissolve', Grk. 6ptI'W 'stir, move', etc. Walde-Po 1.140. Skt. dhllli-, fr. the same root as Lith. dul.kes, ON dupt, etc. (above, 4, 5). , Skt. pan.,.., pll1i8uka-, Av. pqsnu- : ChSI. plsiJ,kiJ, 'sand', prob. fro a root -pis- 'blow' in CbS!. pachati 'toss, fan', Russ. pachnfd' 'blow', etc. Walde-Po 2.68. Barth. 903.

20

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS 1.214 MUD

Grk.

NG lat. It.

F..

Sp. Rum.

Ir.

""J)'bs )'G.v1n1

lutum, ltmu8 fango bove (fange) lodo, fango, barro, cieno noroiu lathach

Nlr.

laitheach, draoib

W.

!/aid, mwd fttnk

Br.

Goth. ON Dan. Sw.

fani leir mudder, dynd (8muds) qyttja, dy, mudder (smuts)

OE

fen mudde, fen

Pol.

mud modder, 8lijk

Skt.

ME

NE Du. OHG

leimo

MHG

quIU,I Sp. lodo 'mud', It. loto, Rum. nected with those for 'earth'. Several lul 'clay') : Lat. pol-luer. 'pollute', Grk. come from the more generic 'dirt, filth', )"b8pov 'defilement from blood, gore', these in part originally 'excrement'. )..v/..ta. 'dirt', Ir. loth 'dirt', etc., root Some are used also for, or are cognate connection dub. Walde-Po 2.406. with, others for 'marsh, swamp'. Others Emout-M. 570. Walde-H. 1.840. are connected with words for 'liquid', REW 5189. 'pour, flow' (through 'flood, inundation' Lat. limu8 (esp. 'river mud') prob. : to the resUlting 'mud'), 'sink' (what one OHG leim, OE lam 'clay', and fro the sinks into), etc. Some are perhaps root seen in Grk. u)..tJIW, Lat. linere based on certain color notions. A few 'smear'; perh. also (with init. sl- beside l-) OE slim 'soft mud, slime', etc. are used for both 'mud' and 'clay'. Where several words are entered for Walde-Po 2.389 f. Ernout-M. 552. the same language, they may be in part Walde-H. 1.804 f. somewhat differentiated in application It., Sp.fango, OFr.fane (> Dr.fank), ('deep mud, mire', 'mud' such as dredged Fr. jange, loanword fro a Gme. deriv. of from the bottom of a rivcr, 'mud' in the the word seen in Goth. jani, OE jen roads, etc.) or in local preference (cf. 'mud' (below, 4). REW 3184a. WartNHG kot, dreck, etc.). burg 3.410 ff. Gamillscheg 405. 1. Grk. '1I'1/)..6s, Dor. 1fiiMs most COInFr. boue, loanword fro a Celtic fonn monly potters' and masons' 'clay' (9.73), like W. baw 'dirt, filth'. REW 1000. strictly moistened earth ('Y;j v'Y~ q,upa- Wartburg 1.302. Gamillscheg 126. 9"ua Plat. Tht. 147c), but also 'mud' Sp. barro 'clay' (9.73), used also for (Hdt., Aristoph., etc., and RO dearly in 'mud'. NT In. 9.6, though rendered as 'clay' Sp. cieno, fro Lat. caenum 'dirt, filth'. in our versions since \Vycliff), ctym. RE'Y 14G8. dub.; perIl. (if 'clay' is the earlier sense) : Rum. noroiu, loanword fro Slavic, d. Grk. '1rc,)..tt\s 'gray', Lat. palure 'be palc', late ChSI. noroj:t 'onrushing', deriv. of etc. 'Vahle-Po 2.53 (1.441). Boi~a('q ri- in rijati 'push, press', reka 'river', 779. etc. Dc\'clopment fro the 'onrushing NG )..o.U1n1, orig.? There is no tenable stream' to the 'mud' carried along with Grk. etymology, and no apparent source it. Tiktin 1062. for it as a loanword. G. Meyer, Alb. 3. Ir. lathach, NIr. laitheach, W. llaid, Stud. 4.77 ("unbekannter Herkunft"). beside Corn. lad 'liquid', Ir.laith 'beer':

22

NG lat. It. Fr.

Sp. Rum.

IT. NIT. W.

BT.

Grk. MTO'YES 'drops of wine in the bottom of the cup', Lat. latex 'liquid', OHG letto 'clay' (NHG /etten), etc. Walde-P.2.381. Walde-H 1.770. NIr. draoib, apparently: drab 'stain, spot of mud' (fr. NE drab or conversely? NED S.V. drab, sb. ' ). W. mwd, fro NE mud. Br. fank, fro OFr. fane (above, 2). 4. Goth. fani (renders '"1M< In. 9.6), OE, ME fen ('marsh' and 'mud', latter in Gospels In. 9.6, as gloss to Lat. limus, lutum, etc.; cf. NED S.V. 2) = ON fen, OHG fenni, etc. 'bog, marsh, swamp' : OPruss. pannean 'swampland', Skt. pa1!ka- 'mud', etc. Walde-Po 2.5. Feist 142. ON leir 'clay' (9.73) also sometimes 'mud' (esp. of riverbank or seashore). So OHG leimo (Tat. 132.4 = lutum In. 9.6), beside leim 'clay'. Dan. dynd, Sw. dy (ON dy 'bog', rare), fro Gmc. *dunja-, fro the root seen in ME damp, OHG-NHG dampf'vapor, steam', with development through notion of 'wetness' (cf. the current use of NE damp as adj.). Walde-Po 1.851. Falk-Torp 170. Hellquist 165. Sw. gyttja (csp. 'deep mud, mire'), fro the root of gjuta, Dan. gyde, Goth. giutan, etc. 'pour', like OE gyre 'pouring, flood'. Hellquist 315. Dan. s,lle (more common in N orw.) : OE, OHG Bol 'mud puddle', Goth. bisauljan, OE sylian 'defile'. Falk-Torp 1233 f. ME mudde, NE mud, MLG mudde, MLG, Du. modder (MLG > Dan., Sw. mudder), fro a root *meu-, *mu- and extensions, seen in many words with a common notion of 'wet' or 'dirty', as Grk. /..tU&n 'damp', ,uooaw 'be damp', I'vu" (*1'00""') 'defilement', Pol. mul 'slime', Skt. mutra- 'urine', Av. miUJra'excrement, filth', etc. Here also, fro a parallel ·smu-, NHG schmutz (> Dan.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

SCr. blato, Boh. bldto, PoL blato, these also or in earlier use 'marsh, swamp' J like late ChSL blato, Russ. boloto, prob. : Lith. bala 'marsh, swamp', OE pill 'p():JI', etc. Bemeker 70. Otherwise (: Lith. baltas 'white') Walde-Po 2.176, Bruckner 31.

Grk.

THE PHYSICAL WORLD IN ITS LARGER ASPECTS

~'-, 41'I'os

......

(A)arena.8abulum aabbia, rena sable, arime arena ni8ip gtmem

gaineamh Iywod I.....

Russ. grjaz' (cf. PoL grqz 'deep mud, bog') : ChSL po-gr~nqti, -grqziti 'sink' (10.33). Bcrneker 350. 7. Skt. panka-, Goth. fani, etc. (above, 4). Skt. kardama-, etym. dub. Walde-Po 1.428.

1.215 SAND Goth.

malma

sand,. ON Dan. ,and Sw. 80nd OE sand ME ,and NE .and ",nd Du. OHG oant MHG ,ant NHG 8and

Words for 'sand', apart from one widespread but difficult group (Grk., Lat., Gmc., Arm.) and some of doubftul origin, come from verbs for 'grind', 'scatter', 'blow' J 'whirl', with reference to the small particles of sand or their action in the air (hence some overlapping in cognate groups with words for 'dust'). In a few the (sandy) 'shore' becomes 'sand'. 1. Group of words belonging together, but of partly obscure phonetic relations, prob. (init. doublets ps-, s-) fro the root seen in Grk. I/t6.w 'rub, crumble', I/Ifit/Jos 'pebble', etc. (Skt. bhas-, psd- 'chew, devour', fro 'crush'). Kretschmer, KZ 31.420. Ernout-M. 881. Grk. ",6.1'1'." al'''''' (orig. 41''''''' cf. n",OI'''''')' Hom. "'''I'a80" al'a80, (6.- for iJ.by dissim., hence also a.,u,uos) j Lat. sabulum (> It. sabbia, Fr. sable); ON sandr, OE sand, etc. (*samdho-, nearest to Grk. 41'09.,), general Gmc. except Goth.; Arm. awaz. 2. Lat. arena (> It. rena, Fr. arene, Sp. arena), beside the correct spelling

Lith.

amelia, amiUis

Lett.

amelu, Bmilta

ChSI.

GTk.

pisilkil pijuak pf,8ek piasek

NG

Ber. Boh. Pol.

Russ.

Skt.

peook MluM-, llikOOJ-

Av.

Lat. It.

FT. Sp. Rum.

harena, fro hasena (gl.; cf. also Sabine fasena (Varro), etym.? Ernout-M. 444. Walde-H. 1.634. REW 630. Rum. nisip, fro Slavic, late ChSI. nasupU 'powder', Slov. nasip 'what is scattered' : ChSI. (na-),ypa/i 'strew, scatter' (9.34). Tiktin 1058. Miklosich 334. 3. Ir. ganem, NIr. gainemh, ctym.? Connected by somc with Lat. luzrijna, but dub. (c!. Walde-H. 1.634). W. tywod : tywyn, Corn. towan 'sandy shore, strand' (cf. W. tywynnog 'sandy') root connection? Br. traez, treaz, fro MBr. traez 'shore, strand' = W. traelh, Ir. tracht id. (1.27). Cf. also Corn. trait 'harena' (Corn. Voc.) and traeth in local names like Pcntraeth 'head of the sands'. Loth, Mots lat. 212. 4. Goth. malma = ON malmr 'ore, metal', OE mealm in mealmstiin 'mahnstone', OHG melm 'dust', all fro the root of Goth. malan, Lat. malere, etc. 'grind'. Walde-Po 2.285. Feist 343. 5. Lith. 8mel;', smiUi8, Lett. 817I£1i8,

Bmuds, Sw. smuts) 'dirt', but also used for 'mud' in the roads. Walde-Po 2.249 ff. Falk-Torp 734. ME myre ('boggy place' and 'mire'), NE mire, fro ON myrr 'bog'. NED S.V. Du. 8lijk, MLG slik (> NHG schlick, used in some regions for 'mud', Kretsc.hmer, Wortgeogr. 614): OHG-NHG Blich (now esp. 'crushed ore'), OE slician 'make smooth', etc. Franck-v. W. 616 f. MHG quat, kat, Mt, NHG kot, orig. 'excrement' (4.66) and now most familiar in this sense in northern Germany, but 'mud' in southern Germany (so used by Luther In. 9.6). NHG dreck, orig. and still in part 'excrement' (4.66), but also the usual word for 'mud' in many regions. On the local distribution of dreck vs. kot in this sense, cf. Kretschmer, 'Vortgeogr. 178. In avoidance of these common but ambiguous words there may be preferred either the innocuous schmuta 'dirt' or schlamm 'mud, slime' (orig.?), this latter being the most fr~quent dictionary translation of words like NE mud, Fr. boue, and now the standard term in official use. 5. Lith. purvaB (uscd in NT, In. 9.6, and still the reg. word for 'mud' in the roads; Lett. PUTVS 'swamp'), etym. dub. Walde-Po 2.14. Muhl-End •. 3.421. Lett. dubl'i (pl.), beside Lith. dumblas 'slime' in river bottom, etc., prob. (cf. Russ. grjaz' below) : Lith. dubuB 'deep', 'hollow', dubti 'sink in', Lett. dubra 'swamp', etc. Walde-Po 1.848. Muhl.Endz.1.509. 6. ChSI. brtnlje (reg. in older texts for 1rTJMs 'mud'), etym.? Berneker 95. ChSI. kalll (Supr. once beside brtnlje, in general later j cf. Jagic, Entstehungsgeseh. 328), Boh. kal 'slime, muddy water', etc., prob. : Skt. kala- 'dark blue', Grk. I(.,,~b 'spot, stain', etc. WaIde-P. 1.441. Berneker 476. Trautmann 113 f.

THE PHYSICAL WORLD IN ITS LARGER ASPECTS

smilts, fro 'smel- beside 'mel- in Lith. maUi, Goth. malan, etc. 'grind'. WaldeP.2.286. 6. ChSl.p ME mountain), Fr. montagne, Sp. montana, which have encroached on the shorter form or even displaced it. Sp. monte now 'woods'.

REW 5664, 5666. Lat. collis, : Grk. ,«i'}..w""~, etc., above, 2. Hence It. colle, coUina, F'r. coUine, Sp. colina, coUado, Rum. colina (neolog.). Lat. clivus 'slope, hill' : Goth. hlains 'hill', Grk. ">--'T&t 'slope, hillside', fro IE *klei- 'bend, incline', in Lat. clindre, Grk. ,,>--rvw, Skt. ~-, NE lean, etc. \Valde-P.

1.490ff. Ernout-M.197f. Walde-H. 1. 236. Sp. cerro 'hill', also 'back of the npck, spine', fro Lat. cirrus 'tuft of featlwTs, crest (of birds)'. REW 1949. Other Sp. words for 'hill' are otero fro Lat.

26

velopment through 'high plateau'. Boh. vreh 'top, summit' (as ChSl. vnlclnl, etc. 12.33), used also lor 'mountain'.

Boh. kopec 'hill', fro kopa 'heap'. Berneker 562. 7. Skt. giri-, Av. gairi- : ChSl. gora, etC'., above, 5.

1.23

NG

rtaloJ.

Goth.

re6w.., ..-e6&/da., 11:6.,,'1'"01

ON

Lat. It. Fr.

Dan. Sw.

w.

pldnum, campus pianura, campo plaine, champ llanura, campo clmp mag, roi magh gwastad, maes

Br.

m...

sp.

Rum. k NIT.

tributed and prob. earlier.· Walde-P. 2.66 I. Falk-Torp 223. Dan. bjerg, Sw. berg, OE beorg ('mountain, hill' and 'burial mound', in former

OE ME NE Du.

OHG MHG NHG

Av. barozah- : OE beorg, etc., above, 4. OPers. kaufa-: Du. heuvel, etc.,

above, 4. Skt. parvata- 'mountain, mountain range, rock', Av. paurvata- 'mountain range', Ir. adj. Skt. parvata- 'knotty, rugged', fro pm'Van- 'knot'. Skt. ocala- 'mountain' fro adj. acala'immovable' . Skt. ,aila- 'mountain', fro cilii- 'stone, rock'.

PLAIN, FIELD tdnps ibns slEUa sleUe, mark Blatt, mark emnet, feU plaine, feW plain, field vlakte, ..zd ebanOti, feW ebene,velt eJJen., ftaclw,fel.d

Distinctive words for a 'plain' in the strict sense of 'expanse of level ground' are substantive forms of adjectives for 'even, level, flat'. But 'plain' is also included in the scope of, and in some languages more commonly expressed by, words for 'field' in the broad sense of 'open country' (VB. 'field' for cultivation, 8.12; Lat. campus vs. ager).

1. Grk. "",olav, NG pop .....,... (Ir. class. TEa,6.~, -6.80s, adj.), fro TrooV 'ground' (1.212). Byz., NG ,,6.Il'1rO~, fro Lat. campus. 2. Lat. planum (much less common than campus; > Fr. plaine > ME plaine, NE plain), Ir. planus 'even, level,

flat' (12.71), whence also, with suffix, It. pianura, Sp. llanuTa. Lat campus (> Romance words), prob. : Grk. d.!'1rTW 'bend' (9.14) and first used of a hollow between hills like the Campus Martius, which may be the

Lith. Lett. CliSl. SCr. Boh. Pol.

RlIss. Skt.

lyguma, laukaR lidzenums, lauks misto ravlno, polje ravan, ramiea, polje ravina, plan, pole rOumina, piaszczlPna, pole ravnina, pole samG-, ajra-

Av.

specific starting-point of its wide usc. C!. Lith. lanka 'valley' Ir. lenkti 'bend'

(1.24). Walde-P. 1.350. Walde-H. 1.148f. Emout-M.140 (withoutetym.). 3. Gall. -magus in Arganto-magus, etc., Ir. mag, NIr. magh, W. mae8, Br. maez, prob. as orig. 'expanse': Lat. magnus, Skt. mak-, etc. 'large, great'

(12.55), Skt. mahi- 'earth'. Pedersen 1.96. Stokes 1981. Walde-P. 2.258 (adversely). Ir. rOi, perh. ; Av. raooh- 'free room', ChS!. ravIn'll 'even, level' (see below, 6). Pedersen 1.251. Stokes 235. Walde-Po 2.356 (adversely). W. gwa.'ltad, Ir. adj. gwa.tad 'even, level, Hat' (12.71). 4. Goth. staps ibns (rendering exactly 'level place'), OE the Grk. ,6"0' emnet (rare), ORG ebawte (Otfr., where ebeni is 'likeness'), MHG, NHG ebene, Ir. adj. seen in Goth. ibns, OE eflm (eben,

""0,"'"

(12.31), ultimately connected with the preceding group *keubh-, etc., above. Walde-P.1.371. Hence also NHG hUgel 'hill', by blend with MHG hUbel. In the same group Dan. hoj 'hill' : hoj 'high', like NHG Mhe, NE height Ir. the respec-

sense replaced by the Fr. lorms, in the latter sense NE barrow), ORG, NHG berg, etc., the most widespread Gmc. word for 'mountain' (but ON bjarg 'rock, precipice'; in Goth. only bairgahei = bpEI";' 'hill country') : Skt. brhant'high, great', Av. b:m1zant· 'high', OOra· sah- 'height, mountain', Arm. berj 'height', Ir. bri, acc. brig, W., Br. bre 'hill'. Walde-Po 2.172 ff. Falk-T"rp 77. OE dun 'mountain, hill' (NE duwn), ODu. du"" (> Du. duin 'sandhill', Fr., NE dune), lormerly believed to be a loanword Ir. Celtic (Ir. dun 'Iortified place'), but this is now generally doubted; perh. Ir. the root seen in Skt. dhil-

tive adj. forms. OHO buhil, MRG bUhel 'hill' : ON bola 'blister, boss', prob. fr. an extension of IE ·bhu- beside ·b.... in words lor 'swell' (cl. Grk. f30uvi> ME coste 'side' and 'coast', NE coast; > Du. kust, MLG kost > Sw. kust; > NHG kiiste > Dan. kyst. The Gmc. loanwords, in contrast to the Romance words, are fully specialized to 'coast'. REW 2279. Falk-Torp 612. Grk. 1TAa:yta 'sides' (neut. pI. of 7rAa:ytOS 'slanting') > MLat. plagia 'shore' (fern. sg.), It. spiaggia, Fr. plage, Sp. playa. REW 6564. It. sponda 'side' (of a bed, cart, etc.; fro Lat. sponda 'bedframe, parapet'), hence also 'bank' of a river and even 'shore' of the sea. REW 8170. Fr. bord 'edge, side' and 'bank, shore', loanword fro Gmc. bard 'edge' (12.353), REW 1215. Rum. mal, fro Alb. mal 'mountain' (or its older source), and first applied to a

1. Grk. ai'YLaMs, the regular Homeric word for 'seashore, beach', distinguished from o.KT~ the (precipitous) 'coast', but eventually the commonest word for 'shore' down to the present day (NO pop. /'taMs). First part: a.t,),ES" 'waves, surf' (Artem., Hesych.), al"(iS" 'hurricane', hrat1'trw 'rush upon', Skt. ej-, iiig- 'shake', etc.; further analysis disputed, but perh. second part : iihhO~", 'spring, leap', hence orig. 'place upon which the waves dash'. Walde-Po 1.11. Bechtel, Lexilogus 16. Kretschmer, Glotta 27.28 f. Grk. lu Lett. dial. krants) , orig. 'stpep bank' (Kurschat), but now the usual word for '~horc' (Lalis, NSB, de.) : ChSI. *krqti1, Russ. krut 'steep', Ukr. kruca 'sterp bank'. Trautmann, KZ 46.265 (against Bcrnckcr 628). Lith. pmnaris, paJuris 'seacoast' lit. 'by the sra', cpds. of words for 'sea', like SCr. pJ'imOlje, etc., Grk. 7rapa.XLa. 6. ChS!. brligl1, Boh. bfch (and pobfcii) , Pol. brzcg (and wyurzeze) , RU3s. baeg, etc., the general Slavic word for 'shore, bank', in part also used for 'hill' or 'mountain' (1.22; esp. SCr. briJcg, now less common than others for 'shore'). Prob. an early loanword fro (but some take as cognate with) the Gmc. word for 'mountain' (NHG berg, etc.). In either case the development is fro 'height' to 'riverbank', then 'shore' in general. Stender-Petersen 266 (for loanword, as Berneker 50). Walde-Po 2.173 (for cognate, as BrUckner). ChS!. kraJ! (beside bregu for al-ytaMs; Jagic, Entstehungsgesch. 328), SCr. kraj (also sometimes 'shore', cf. Rjecnik Akad. s.v.), generally 'edge, border' (12.353). Berneker 605 f. SCr. obala, fro obaliti 'throw down', cpd. of ob and -valiti, valjati 'turn

1.31 Grk.

NG

!l/Jwp P€Po

Lat.

aqua

It.

acqua

Fr.

Sp. Rum. Ir.

agua apa

NIr.

uisce dllj' dour

W. Br.

Goth.

ON Dan. Sw.

OE ME NE Du.

around' : Lat. volverc, etc. The semantic de\'elopment is fro 'overturn, throw down', through 'abrupt, steep', as in Lat. rfpa (above, 2) and others. Rjecnik Akad. S.V. SCr. ial, loanword fro Alb. zal 'gra,vel, sand', dial. 'shore', this fro Lat. sabulum 'gravel'. So G.l\!eyer, Alb. Elym. Wlb. 480, comparing for the variation in the sibilant Alb. sill', dial. tur, fro Lat. saburra. Possibly also some influence of Grk. (al)--ytaMs, which is represented in SCr. by igalo and jalija. SCr. primorjc, Bah. portwfi, Russ. vzrnor'e, etc. 'seacoast', cpd:-;. of word for 'sea', like Lith. pamaris, Grk. 7rapaXia, etc. 7. Skt. tira-, fro tr- 'cross over' (3 sp;. tirati) , IE *ter- in Lat. termen 'boundary', etc. (Walde-P. 1.732 ff.) with development through 'boundary'. Uhlenbeck 113. Skt. kula- ('slope' in Regvcda), etym.? Uhlenbeck 62. Walde-H. 1.305. Skt. vela- 'end, boundary', and esp. 'shore, coast', etym.? Uhlenbeck 297. Skt. para- 'end' and 'shore', Av. para- in cpds., NP -bar (Darya-ba1', etc.) : Skt. para- 'opposite, extreme, etc.', paras 'beyond', Grk. 7rfpii 'beyond', etc. Walde-P.2.32. Barth. 889. Horn 158.

WATER

waW vatn ""nd vaUen wa;ter

wat.,. water

wat.,.

OUG MUG wazzer NUG wasser

I.ith. Lett. ChSI. SCr. Boh.

vanduo ildem

Skt.

voda "oda ,.da "da voda jlLla-, iip-, udan-,

Av.

ambhas-, etc. ap-, OPel'S. api-

Pol.

Russ.

THE PHYSICAL WORLD IN ITS LARGER ASPECTS precipitous bank or coast. Cf. ChSl. bregu, below, 6. The meaning 'mountain, hill' appears in Rum. and Hung. place names. Densusianu 1.:317, 349 f. Rum. (arm, fro Lat. ter-men 'boundary, Titkin 1565. end'. REW 8665. 3. Ir. trag, traig 'shore' as the place where the sea ebbs: Ir. traigim, W. treio 'ebb', Lat. trahere 'draw', etc. Walde-Po 1.752. Pedersen 1.101. Jr. tracht, 'V. traeth, loanword fro Lat. tractus 'stretch of land, tract'. Vendryes, De hib. vOC. 183. Loth, Mots lat. 212. Ir. briL, bruach (also and orig. 'edge') : Lith. briauna 'edge', prob. also OE bru 'brow', etc. Walde-Po 2.196, 207. Pedersen 1.62. W. glan 'side, shore, bank', Br. glann 'bank' belong with MBr. glenn 'country', Ir. glenn, W. glyn 'valley' (1.24), but outside connection dub. Possibly: LG, Dan. klint 'cliff' (Pedersen 1.38; Celtic forms not included in Walde-Po 1.614), with development fro 'steep slope' to 'bank' (as in Lat. ripa, above), and through 'ravine, gorge' to 'valley'? W. tywyn: Br. tevenn 'cliff', Corn. towan 'sandy shore', orig. 'dune, cliff', fr. IE *teu- 'swell' in Lat. tumulus 'mound', etc. (Walde-P.1.706 ff.). Loth. RC 41.406 ff. Br. aod, OCorn. als : Ir. alt, W. alit 'cliff', all : (or loanwords fr.?) Lat. altus 'high'. Pedersen 1.137. Loth, Mots lat. 131. W. arfordir, Br. arfJor 'coast', fro ar 'on' and mor 'sea', like Grk. 7rapa.Xia, Boh. po-mon 'coast'. 4. Goth. staps (or stap neut.) OHG stad, stado, MHG stade, gestat, NHG gestade, beside Goth. staps, OE sta,}, OHG stat, etc. 'place', two parallel groups of derivs. : Lat. status, statio, etc., fro *sta- 'stand'. The specialization in the first group is from the point of view

'I'm:

fairra stapa = 0.'71'"0

"T~S -y~s f7ra.",a.i'a-YE~v

'put out from land'. Walde-Po 2.605. Weigand-H. 1.707, 2.942. ON strt;md 'edge' and 'coast', Dan., Sw., OE-NE, Du. strand (NHG strand fro LG) : Lat.. sternere, etc. 'spread out'. Walde-Po 2.638 ff. Franck-v. W. 674. Otherwise Falk-Torp 1177. ON bakki (riverbank', but also 'bank' in general, as ME banke (fr. ON), NE bank: OHG banch, OE benc 'bench,' etc. perh. Skt. bhanj- 'break.' NED S.V. bank, sb.'. Falk-Torp 43. Walde-Po 2.148. Dan. bred 'border, edge' and also 'shore, bank' : OE brerd 'brim, margin', OHG brart 'edge', etc. Walde-Po 2.133. Falk-Torp 100. OE ofer, Du. oever, MHG uover (fr. LG), NHG ufer, perh.: Grk. ~"'''PO' 'land' (vs. sea), then 'mainland', with specialization, again from the point of view of one on the water, of 'land' to 'shore'. See 1.26. OE warop : OHG werid 'island' (used of land rising above the water in rivers and swamps), OE wer 'dam, weir' (NE weir), etc. fro root of OE werian 'keep off', NHG wehren, etc. Walde-Po 1.282. ME schore, NE shore, MLG schore (Du. schor, esp. 'marshy shore'), fro the root of OE sceran 'cut, shear' (NE shear), with semantic development prob. through 'division' (between land and sea). NED S.V. shore, sb. 1. Franck-v. W.593. NE coast, NHG kiiste, etc., see above, 2. NE beach, of unknown orig., first used of pebbles on the seashore, then, of a pebbly sandy beach, and still so restricted in pop. use though not in geology. NED S.V. 5. Lith. kralitas, Lett. krasts, 'shore,

PHYSICAL IVORLD IN ITS LARGElt ASPECTS

The wonis for 'watrr', with fnv exceptions, belong to crrtain widespread groups of eognatcs, one of these refieding what was clearly the gcnrral IE word for 'water', and three others also fefiecting IE words for 'wah'r', but perhaps in some more special application, such as 'running ,,"uter' or 'rain water'. )'IallY ,vords belonging to these groups appear in other lists, as under 'sea', (wave', 'river', (rain'. l. IE *wedor, *wodor, *udcn-, a typical rln stem neuter, with gradation of the root syllabIc, fro root *wcd- in Skt. ud- 'wet, flow'. Some forms with nasal in root syllnble (intrusion from verb forms with nasal infix, or anticipation of n of stem). Walde-Po 1.252 ff. Ernout-M. 1124. Grk. (,8wp; Umbr. utur (Lat. unda 'wave'); Ir. usee, NIr. uisce (Gael. uisgebeatha 'water of life' > NE whiskey); the Gmc. group, Goth. waW, OE wa:tcr, etc.; Lith. vanduo, Lett. udens, OPruss. wundan, unds; ChSl. voda, etc. general Slavic; Skt. udan-; Hitt. watar, gen. wetenas; Alb. uje. 2. IE 'ak w",- or *akw",-. Walde-Po 1.34 f. Ernout-M.64. Walde-H. 1.60. Feist 18 f. Lat. aqua with its Romance. derivatives. Elsewhere mostly of 'running water' in words for 'river', as Goth. ahwa, OE ea, etc. (1.46). Here Hilt. cku-, aku-, Toch. yok- 'drink"? 3. IE 'ap-. Walde-P.1.46. Skt. ap-, ap- mostly pI. apas, used esp. of the per-

33

of those on the water, 'standing place' to 'shore'. Cf. Goth. (Lk. 5.3) aftiuhan

35

sonifird 'Wuters', Av. iil'-, ap- the r('g. word for 'water', also fr('q. personificd, OPrrs. api-, NPefs. iib 'water'. Elsewhere only of 'running water' in words for 'ri\'er', ll."l Lith. upe, Lat. amnis, Ir. abann, etc. (1.45). 4. IE 'wer-. Waldc-P. 1.268 f. Skt. var-, v(iri, '\vatrr' (of all kinds), Tach. A war, B war ',yatcr'. Elscwhere in words for 'rain water, min', as Av. var-, ON ilr (1.75), or for 'sea' or 'lake', as AY. vairi-, Lith . .iures, etc. (1.32, 1.33). Also Grk. ovpov, Lat. firina 'urine' (d. NE make water). 5. 1'Iisccllaneous: NG V€Po fro VEO-POV (tiOwp) 'fresh water', through V1]pOv (d. Phrynichus VTlplw iJOwp J.L~ Et7r!ls), with regular change of ir to er (Hatzidakis, M... 2.598). Ir. dobur (rare, but cf. dobur-chu 'otter', lit. 'water dog'), W. dwJr, Br. dour

(Celt. 'dubro-) : 8vfjp'" 86.Xaooa Scho!. Theocr. (prob. Illyr.), Alb. det 'sea', and these: W. dwJn, Goth. diups, etc. 'deep' (12.67), ChS!. duno 'bottom', !libri 'valley', etc. Pedersen l.35 f. Kretschmer, Glotta 22.216. Pokorny, Z. celt. Ph. 20.513. Otherwise (: Ir. dub 'black') Walde-Po 1.840. Skt. jala-, the commonest word for 'water' : gal- 'drip', NHG quelle 'spring', etc. Walde-Po 1.690 ff. Skt. ambhas- and ambu- : Grk. 5~fjpo" Lat. imber 'rainstorm', Skt. abhra'cloud, rainy weather', nabhas- 'cloud. sky', etc. Waldc-P. 1.131.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

36

1.32 SEA Grk.

NG Lat.

6a.}"auua. (4)''s, 'll'OI'TOf. dXa:yos) 6a.>"a.uQ'a., rl:>..ct1'OI' maTe (oequor, etc.)

It.

F,. Sp. Rum. h. Nlr.

w.

me
It., Sp.lago, Fr., Rum. lac; Fr. lac > ME lac, NE lake), Ir. loch 'lake, pool', Br. loe'h, lagenn 'lake, pool' (OE lagu, ON lwr 'sea, water'): Lat. lac1lna 'hole, pit', Grk. Aa.1C1COS' 'pit, tank, pond', all prob. fr. a common notion of 'hole, basin'. Walde-P. 2.380. Emout-M. 517. Walde-H. 1.7.48. Pedersen 1.361.

3. Ir. lind, Nlr. linn, W. llyn, Br. lenn, all meaning 'lake, pool, pond' (in Irish mostly 'pool, pond'), fro ·plend : Grk. '1I"XaoapOs 'wet', or fro *ple-ndh-: Goth.jWdus 'flood', etc. Walde-P.2.438. Pedersen 1.37. 4. The Gmc. words are mostly those discussed under 'sea'. But ON vatn, same as vatn 'water'. Dan., Sw., beside s~, sjo, also inds9, insjo, with prefix ind-, in- 'in'. Cf. NHG binnensee. OHG wac 'wave, sea, lake' (usual gl. to Lat. !acu8; also looally NHG wog 'lake', Paul, Deutsehes Wtb. s.v. wage) : ON vOgr, OE wmg 'wave, sea', etc. (1.35). 5. The Balta-Slavic word, Lith elera. (or alera.), OPruss. as.aran, Lett . ...,.., ChSI. jezero, etc. etym.? Connected with the Greek river name 'Ax1po>. by Prellwitz, BB 24.106 (cf. also Kretschmer, Glotta 14.98); with ChSl. jaZ1l 'canal, fishweir', etc. (Berneker 2:77), Lith. de 'pool', by Meillet, BSL 29. 1.38 if. 6. Skt. 8ara8- 'lake, pond, pool, tank' (whence Skt. Sarasvati-, name of a river, Av. Harax'llaiti-, OPers. Harauvati- 'Arachosia') : Grk. tAos 'marsh', root connection? Walde-P. 2.507. Skt. hrada- 'lake, pool, deep water' (Gafigahrada- 'water of the Ganges') : hUJd.. 'refresh'. Uhlenbeek 362. Av. vairi-: Skt. fJari- 'water', Lith. jures 'sea', etc. (1.31).

1.34 GULF, BAY Grk.

1C6)...-oS

Lat. It. F.. Sp. Rum.

..o}.,ros nnus golfo, 3eno, baia golfe, baie golfo, 3000, bahia golf

NG

"-

NIr.

w.

B,.

cuan

cuan morgainc plegmor

Goth.

ON

Dan.

Sw.

OE ME NE

Du,

fiQ1'i5r bu¢ bukt, !ltk 3Cl-earm

gaulf. baye gulf, bay golf

OHG ocrinch MHG 1 NHG meerbusen.

Lith. Lett. ChS!.

ilanka jiJ:ra8licis

SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ.

zaliv z6liv, zdOOka

Skt.

Av. golf, bai

zaIoka

zaliv

THE PHYSICAL WORLD IN ITS LARGER ASPECTS now the common generic word (muir prevailing in the name of special seas, as the Irish Sea, etc.) etym. disputed the old cnmparis::m with Ir. ferg 'anger' and the &KEavOs OVEP-YUlVtOS of Ptolemy is phonetically difficult. Stokes 273. Bergin, Eriu 3.86. Pedersen 2.669 f. WaldeP. 1.289. Perh. best taken as fro ·flYirsge : fairsiung 'wide' (12.61). So Thurneysen, Z. celt. Ph. 11.312, Gram. 95. Ir. ler (gen. lir), Nlr. lear also 'flood, surge (of the sea)', W. llyr 'flood, sea' (arch.), beside lliant 'flood, str.am', fro the root in ChSI. lljati 'pour', etc. (9.35). Loth, RC 50.70 if. 5. The Gmc. group, Goth. saiws 'lake', ON 8a'T (sjdr, sj/l;-) 'sea' (Dan. s;, Sw. sjo, usually 'lake', but also 'sea' in phrases), OE .Ii!, ME see, NE 8ea, Du. zee 'sea'. OHG seo, MHG se 'sea' or 'lake', NHG see fem. 'sea', rnase. 'lake', all fro a Gmc. *saiwi-, outside connections wholly doubtful. Walde-Po 2.464. Feist 406 f. Falk-Torp 1232. ON haf, Sw., Dan. hav, OE herf (poet. and rare), MLG haf (> NHG half in specialized application), is the same word as ON haf 'lifting' : Goth. hafjan, ON hefja 'lift', NE heave, etc. Walde-P. 1.343. Falk-Torp 385. Development

37

through the notion of the convex surface of the high sea, or, more likely, that of the lifting, surging, of the waves. 6. Lith. jura or pI. jure8, Lett. jura, OPru... jurin (ace. sg.): Skt. var-, vari- 'water', Av. tJar- train', vairi'lake', ON ver 'sea' (poet.), OE WreT. 'sea' (rare), ON ur 'fine rain', etc. (1.31). Walde-Po 1.268. 7. Skt. sagara-, with secondary vrddhi fro sa-gara-, with cop. sa- and gara'drink, swallowing', fro gr- 'swallow'. Conception of the sea as swallowing rivers. Walde-P. 1.682. Skt. sam-udra- and uda-dhi: udan'water'. Skt. a~va- (freq. late term for 'sea', ef. BR s.v.), sb. of a~va- 'flowing, rising', fro aTtW8- 'wave, flood, stream', this fro r- 'move'. Uhlenbeck 13. Av . .,.ayah-, OPers. drayah- (NPers. daryii 'sea' or 'large river') : Skt. (Vedic) jrayas- 'flat surface' (so BR), in which case one would compare the Iranian use with that of Grk . .-IAa"yo" Lat. aequor (above), but according to Geldner, Ved. Stud. 2.248 ii., 'onset, onrush, course', fro jri- 'rush upon'. Walde-P. 1.660.

1.33 LAKE Grk.

NG Le.t. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. h. Nlr.

w.

B,.

>J...,

Goth.

smw, mari-6aiws

).£Pllf'l

ON

vain

lacus lago

Dan. Sw

88, ind3d

lac lago

I""

lach (lind) loch (linn) Uyn lenn, loe' h, lagenn

1'11'0, insja

OE ME NE Du.

mere,si!

/""

Russ.

lake

OHG MHG NHG

.,

SOO,

I..ith. Lett. ChS!. SCr. Boh. Pol.

wac

Skt.

Av.

" ... iezero jezero jezero jezioro ozero Sa1'tJ.9.-,

hratltr

vain..

see (masc.)

THE PHYSICAL WORLD IN ITS LARGER ASPECTS The distinction between the (more incloscd) gulf and the (more open) bay is a secondary one, which must be ignored here. The commonest source is that of 'curved shapc·. Others are 'harbor', 'branch', 'inlet', or 'inflow' (of the sea). 1. Grk. te6A'1I"OS 'bosom', 'fold of a garment', and 'gulf, bay' : ON hoolf, OE hwealf 'vault', NHG wiJlben 'fonn an arch', etc. Walde-P. 1.474. Hence, with peculiar change in fonn, the international word, NE gulf, etc., the history of which is as follows (cf. Kretschmer, Byz. Z. 10.581 if.). Late Lat. colphus witb spelling ph, then pronounced and spelled colfuB (cf. rponw. > Lat. tropaeum, late trophaeum > Fr. tropMe, NE trophy). This colfus > late Grk. .0Aq,o" whence NG pop. (with p as in ~p8a = ~Ma; but this form now usual only for 'bosom', not for 'gulf', which is .OA....); also (with g fore as in late gummi for cummi = Grk. .o~~, 'gum') It. golfo (> Fr. golfe> ME goulf, NE golf, NHG golf, Rum. golf, etc.), Sp. golfo. 2. Lat. sinus 'curve, fold, bosom' and 'gulf, bay', etym.? Emout-M.946. Hence It., Sp. seno, generally 'bosom', etc. (as Fr. sein), but also used for a (small) 'gulf, bay', though mostly replaced by golfo, etc. (above 1). MLat. baia, Sp. bahia, It. baia, Fr. baie (> ME bay., NE bay, Du. baai, NHG bail, orig. dub., perh. loanword fro some hleditcrranean (Iberian?) source. Walde-H. 1.93. REW 882. Wartburg 1.205. 3. Ir. etlan, NIr. coon 'harbor' and 'bay' (in Gael. 'ocean') : ON hflfn, 'har-

""pq,o,

39

bor', NE haven, etc., ON hal 'sea', etc. (1.32). Walde-P. 1.342 if. W. rmrrgaine, cpd. of mor 'sea' and caine 'branch'. Br. plegmor, cpd. of plek 'fold' and mor'sea'.

4. ON fi[Jrtir (whence NE jirth,Jrith), Dan. fjord, Sw. fjard, used of the long, narrow arms of the sea characteristic of the Scandinavian coast: OEford 'ford', Lat. portU8 'harbor', etc. 'Yalde-P. 2.40. Falk-Torp 226. ON vtk, Dan. t'tg 'small inlet', but Sw. vik also of a large 'bay' : ON v,kja, OE wican, NHG weichen '(all back, recede', fro the notion of 'recession, bend'. Falk-Torp 1376. Dan. bugl, Sw. bukt (also 'bend') fro W bucht (whence also Du. boeht, ME baght, NHG buch!) : OE byht 'bend', NE bight, all fro the root of Goth. biugan 'bend', etc. Falk-Torp 114. Only the Dan., Sw. word is common for 'bay', the others being used in narrower sense, like NE bight (of. bight of a bay). OHG ocrinch lit. 'eye-ring' once glosses Lat. sinus. Other OHG or MHG words? NHG meerbu8en, in 16th cent. alRo m.eerscho8s, both lit. 'sea-bosom'. Cf. Grk .•0A..o, and Lat. sinus.

5. Lith. ilanka (NSB s.v.) : lenkt> 'bend'. Lett. juras lUis, lit. 'curve of the sea' fro luis 'curve' : likt, Lith. linkti 'bend' 6. SCr., Boh., Rus,''!. zaliv : za-liti, zalivati 'overflow', ChSI. Ziti 'pour'. Boh., Pol. zatoka ; za-teci, za-ciec 'flow in', ChSI. testi, tekq 'flow'. Hence an 'inflow' (of the sca).

1.35 WAVE Grk. NG

Kiipa.

Goth.

ON

wegos (pl.) blira, aida,

Dan. Sw.

bdlge (vove)

SCr.

val, tala8

vdg, bOlja

Doh.

OE ME NE

wilg

Pol.

wa.~

RIlSIl.

vlna fala (wal) vol.. (val)

wave

Skt.

urmi-

NIr.

cup« utuia,jludua onda l'ague (flat, onde) ola, onda Val, IaIaz (.mId) loon Ionn

Du.

baar, golf

Av.

varami-

W.

ton,

Lat. It.

Fr. Sp. Rum.

Ir. Br.

gwaneg

gwagenn, koumm, houlenn

""'"

OHG tl}('llo, wac MHG welle, wac NHG welle, WQge

Words for lwave' are from such notions as 'move', 'roll', 'swell', 'flow', 'break', 'roar', rarely from 'water'. They readily develop secondary applications ('waves' of invaders, of light, sound, etc.), which in Borne cases (Fr. onde, etc.) have almost smothered the original use. 1. Deriva. of IE ·wel- 'turn, roll' in Goth. -walwjan, Lat. volvere, etc. (10.15). Walde-Po 1.298 fI. OHG weUa, MHG, NHG welle; Lith., Lett. vilnis; ChSl. vll1na, va1u, etc., general Slavic (but Pol. fala, now the usual word, fro NHG welle); Skt. >inni-, Av. varami-. 2. Grk. «u,ua, lit. 'swelling' : KV.!:W 'be pregnant', Skt. ~a- 'swell', etc. WaldeP.1.365. 3. Lat. unda : Grk. ~&"p, Skt. udan-, etc. 'water' (1.31). Hence, It., Sp. Qnda, Fr. onde, Rum. uncia, of which only It. oncla is still the common word for 'wave' of the sea. Lat. jluctus 'flow, flood', and 'wave' : ftuere 'How'. Fr. t'Ogue, loanword fro Orne., ON VagT, OHG .otic (pI. wagi), etc. (below, 5). Fr. jiot, OFr. jiuet, loanword fro Gme., OHG jiuot, etc. 'flood, stream' (1.36). Gamil1sche~ 426. Sp. ola, fro Fr. houle 'surge of the sea', this fro Br. haul 'waves'(?). REW 9673 (p. 808). Celtic orig. doubted by Thurneysen, Keltorom. 69 f.

42

THE PHYSICAL WORLD IN ITS LARGER ASPECTS

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

40

bvlgja,

Lith. Lett. ChS!.

viIni8, banga

vilnis, banoa mfma, val'll

Rum. val, loanword fro Slavic, ChSI. vali1, etc., above, 1. Rum. talaz 'heavy wave, surge', through Turk. fro NG 8a.Aa.t1da. 'sea'. See below, 7. 4. Ir., Br. tonn, W. ton: early NHG tiinne 'wave', LG dl1ncn 'swell', Lat. tumere 'swell', Grk. ru),.or 'swelling, lump', etc., fro *teu- 'swell'. Walde-Po 1.708. ,V. gwaneg 'wave', formerly more general 'course' (of a wave, wind, snow, also 'gait' or 'aspect' of a person), etym.?

(: gwan 'thrust, stab'?). Br. gwagenn, colI. pI. gwag, fro Fr. vague. Henry 146. Br. koumm, variant form of komm 'trough'. Henry 78.

ON alda : OE eald./>, aldaht'trough', etc. Walde-Po 1.82. Falk-Torp 789. Otherwise (: Lat. altus 'high, deep') Persson, Beitriige 15. ON bara, MLG biire, Du. baar, proh. : ON bera, OE, OHG bsran 'carry', fro 'carrying', either through an interme-

diate 'rising' (cf. OHG burjan, Du. beu, Ten 'raise'), or 'moving' (cf. Goth. weg08, etc., above); or: ON berja 'strike'. Walde-Po 2.156. Persson, Beitriige 15. Franck-v. W. 25. Du. golf, form influenced by golf 'gulf, bay', but fro MDu. ghelve (also golve), MLG gelve 'wave' : ON gjalfr 'noise of the sea' and 'sea', OE gielpan 'boast' (NE yelp), etc., fro extension of ·ghel- in

pbali, 'swollen brook' (Thuc. 4.96), NG

Pedersen 1.35; fro ·spru-tu- : OE sprUtan 'sprout', etc. Walde-Po I.c.); ON straumr, OE stream, OHG 8trOm, etc. 'stream'; Lith. 81'(.)000, Lett. strava, etc., 'stream', Pol. 8trumien, strumyk 'brook'; Skt. STota8-, 81'avat-, Av. Oraotah- (in cpds.), ravan-, rao8ah-, 'stream, river', OPera. raula 'river' (used of the Nile), NPers. r1i.d 'river'. 2. Derivs. of IE "rei- in Skt. ri- 'let go', mid. 'How', Goth. Tinnan 'run, flow', etc. Walde-Po 1.139 fI., EmoutM.866f. Lat. rivus 'brook'; OE r'L/> 'brook' (gl. Lat. r'Lvus), MLG ride 'brook'; Goth. rinnii 'brook'; ChSI. rlka, etc., general Slavic for 'river'. From Lat. r'Lvus (through r'Lus) come Sp. rio 'river' (Olt. rio 'brook' and 'river', OFr. ri 'brook'), Rum. ri1l 'river' (now jiuviu for large rivera like the Danube). Dim. forms for 'rivulet, brook', Lat. rtvolus, It. rivolo, Rum.

rllllct, It. ruseella, Fr. ruisseau. REW 7341,7338a. Gamillscheg 777. 3. From IE *ap (and ab-) 'water', Skt. apas, etc. (1.31). Walde-Po 1,46. Ernomt-M. 45. Walde-H. 1.40. Lat. amnis'river' (poet.); Ir. ab (aba, oub, etc:), Nlr. abha 'river', W. alan 'river', afonig 'brook', Br. atJen 'river' (mostly obs.), Lith. up Fr. }le""e; Rum. jiuviuneolog.), andjiumen (> It.flume), both common words for 'river' (jiuvius preferred in earlier writers, ftumen in Caesar; Arch. lat. Lex. 7.588), fro jiuere 'flow'. Walde-P.2.213. Emout-M.371. Walde-H. 1.519. OFr. river, riviere, fro Lat. riparia, deriv. of r'Lpa 'riverbank' (1.27), WIIB used for 'shore' (like It. riviera, ew.), then also for the stream flowing between the bank.. Hence ME, NE river, Du. rivier 'river', while Fr. riviere is used of the smaller river tributary to the }leuve. REW605. Sp. arroyo, Port. arroio 'brook', fro a pre-IE word attested by arrugia 'mine gallery' in Spain (Pliny HN 33.70), Basque arroila 'canal', etc., appropriate to the deep-gullied arroyo of the dry season. REW 678. Bertoldi, BSL 32.122. Wartburg, Entstehung d. rom. Volker 2Zf. Rum. ptrlii. 'brook', prob. : rtit 'river', influenced by Alb. perrue 'brook'. G. Meyer, Alb. Etym. Wtb. 335. Spitzer, Mitt. d. rum. Inst. 1.296. Jokl, IF 37.91. 6. Ir. ab, W. alon, etc., above, 3. Ir. sruth, etc., above, 1. Br. ster 'river', MBr. sUzer, fro *stagro: Grk. t1Ta.rW 'drip', t1TCL'YWV 'drop', Lat. stagnum 'pool'. Walde-P.2.612. Pedersen 1.103. Ir. glais 'brook', perh.: Ir. glass 'green'. Macbain 196 S.V. glaiseach. Br. gouer, Corn. gover (OCorn. guuer, gl. rivus) 'brook', W. gofer 'overflow, rill', Ir. Jobar in place names, cpd. of

Most of the word. are derived from roots meaning 'flow, run'. Some are cognate with words for 'water', perhaps

originally 'flowing water' (cf. 1.31). Some are from verbs for 'rush, plunge', or 'roar', applied first to a rushing, roaring stream. 1. Derivs. of IE *sreu- 'flow' in Grk.

pIruoh, NHG bruch, Du. broek 'marsh', root connection? Deriv. fro the root of OE brecan 'break' is most attractive for English (as orig. 'breaking tor-

rent'), but difficult for the other words. NED s.v.l>rook. NE dial. burn for 'brook', fro OE burna 'spring' (1.37). NE, creek, orig. a 'narrow inlet of the sea', is common for 'small stream, brook' in parts of U.S. and elsewhere. NED S.V.

creek, sb. 1 2 b.

(In driving, one no-

'river') fro root of OE jfijwan 'flow', etc.

tices the change of signs from Creek to

(10.32). The use of the corresponding Dan., Sw. ftod as 'river' is after that of MLG vlOt (Falk-Torp 239). OHG jim, MHG vIm, NHG jiuss, fro (extension of the same root in) OHG jiiozan 'flow'. Norw. elf (usual word for 'river'), Sw. al! = ON elfr 'Elbe', prob. : Lat. albus 'white', etc. (cf. Grk .•lv/>l>f and the river 'AAE.6r). Falk-Torp 188 f. Hellquist 1434. ON lrekr 'brook': ON leka 'drip, leak', Du. leken 'leak' (NE leak, loanword), DE (caus.) leccan 'moisten', OE lace, NE dial. lake 'small stream' (cf.

Brook.)

NED

S.V.

lake, sb. 3), Ir. legaim 'melt

away'. Walde-Po 2.423. Falk-Torp 619. The most widespread Gmc. word for 'brook', ON bekkr (poet.), Dan. brek, Sw. back, OE beee (rare), ME beee (fr. ON), NE dial. beck, Du. beek, OHG bah, MHG, NHG bach, prob. : Lith. begli

8. Baltic words, above, 1 and 3. 9. ChSI. rlka, etc., above, 2. ChSI. tokil 'stream', potokiJ, 'brook', SCr. patok 'brook', Pol., Russ. patak 'stream' : tekq, teSti 'flow, run' (10.32). Pol. ruczaj, Russ. rucej, 'brook' (Boh. rui!ej 'torrent'): SCr. ruknuti, ChSI. rykati 'roar', etc., (fr. *reuk-, beside *reug- in Lat. rugire 'roar', both extensions of *reu- in Skt. ru- 'roar', etc. (Walde-P. 2.349 fI.). Bruckner 467.

10. Skt. or.tas, Av. Orautah- etc., above, 1. Skt. nadi- 'river' : nad- 'sound, roar'. Uhlenbeck 142. Skt. 8arit- 'stream, river' : 8T- 'flow' (10.32). Skt. kulyii- 'brook, canal,' beside kulya- 'bone', both from the notion of of 'hollow' : OE hal, etc. 'hollow' (12.72). Walde-Po 1.332.

44

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

THE PHYSICAL WORLD IN ITS LARGER ASPECTS

1.37 SPRING; WELL Grk.

NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W.

Br.

«P't"", {lpfHn,;

r11'rij~H.p

rrrrU,

j ....;p.....

junte, ....genU; po... 8Ource; pU,,"

"-";P'"

U-;l"'I,}lnltnil topuT

lobar

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHO

br........

1tilde; br;nd kdlla; brunn '1"II"IJ; pyU

...ua,

welle, spring rpringj 10fdl

mommemaj

pI"';

MHG bnm.... "Pri.... plulu NHG qoelle; bru......

The natural 'spring' and the constructed 'well' are taken together because of their close relations. The distinction may be a secondary one, or the application of the same word may shift from one to the other. From 'spring' develops also 'fountain', the artificial jet of water or the structure for it. But words for 'fountain', if different from those for 'spring' or 'well' J are not included in the list. Words for 'spring' are most common-

ly from verbs for 'flow, gush, boil up, spring', etc. Several are from adjectives for 'cold', Words for 'spring' readily come to be used for 'source, origin' or cyen cease to be the usual words for 'spring' (cf. NE source VB. Fr. source, I

NHG ursprung). Conversely, 'source, origin' is the earlier sense of a few words that are used al8:o for 'spring'. \Vords for 'well' are mainly words for 'spring' with ext('n~ion or shift to 'well', but some arc of independent origin, re~ fleeting 'hole, pit' or some feature of the construction. 1. Grk. 'lI now 'material'), in class. Grk. 'thicket': 8tJ.uv!,

Lat. densus 'thick'. Walde-P. 1.793. 2. Lat. silva (> It., Sp selva, O.Fr. seuve), etym.? Possibly (with I fro d, as in lingua) : Grk. t611 'timber, forest', and as 'wooded hill' the mountains known as "16'17 or "16i, all prob. of pre-

(as formed by woods);

Greek origin. Solmsen, IF 28.109 ff. MLat. boscus (> It. bosco, Fr. bois, Sp. b08que) was used csp., like Lat. 8altus, for 'woodland pasture' (cf. unusqui8qu£ liber homo agi8tet boscum suum in fore8ta

rarely 'remote', or 'noisy' (as in a storm).

'ev.ery free man may let out his pasture

'boundary'

to 'hole', then 'well'. Cf. NPers. CaSm 'eye', Wma'spring'. Walde-Po 1.170 II. 7. ChSI. istoi!'lniktl (reg. for '"1"Y'I in Gospels, Supr. ete.), Russ. istoi!nik 'spring' (now mostly as 'source'), lit. 'outflow', fro is- 'out' and root of ChSI. tekq, teiti 'flow'. ChSI. studenlci 'well', so SCr. studenac, Boh. studne, Pol. .tudnia : ChSI. studenu 'cold' (15.86). Miklosich 327. BrUckner 523. CbSl. kZ,uJ~zi (v.1. of studenlci in Gospels), Russ. kolodec 'well', loanword fro a Gmc. *kaldinga, deriv. of kalds 'cold', like ON kelda 'spring' (above, 5). Berneker 543. Stender-Petersen 277 f. Ser., Bulg. izvor 'spring' (> Rum. izvor) : ChSl. iz- 'out' and vlreti 'boil' (10.31). Fr. the same root also SCr. vrelo'spring'. l\1iklosich 381. Bah. pramen 'spring', also (jet, stream, strand' : ChSI. pramen; 'thread', SCr. pramen 'tuft of hair', Pol. promien 'ray', fro *por-mcn-, deriv. of IE *per- 'pass through' (Grk. ",paw, etc.). Development in Bohemian through 'thin stream' to 'spring'. Bruckner 438. Pol. ZrodZo, Boh. zTidlo'spring' : Russ. zerlo 'opening, crater', Pol. gardlo

'throat, gullet' (*gor-dlo-), Lith. gurklys 'crop' (of a bird), Lat. gurges 'abyss, whirlpool', Grk. {J6:pa,(jPOll 'Pit', etc. fro IE *gwer_ in Skt. gr- 'swallow', Grk. /3L{3pWttKW 'devour', etc.

out and its sides supported by wooden staves. Leskien, Bildung d. Nom. 403.

through 'opening' (as in Russ.) to 'spring'. Walde-P.1.682. BrUckner 667.

Development

THE PHYSICAL WORLD IN ITS LARGER ASPECTS

Skt. avata- 'well' : Lett. avuots 'spring', ete. (above, 6). Skt. ktlpa- 'hole, pit, well' (cf. ktlpajaW.- 'well-water'): Grk. "1nr.J 'hut',

of the development in NE source. Russ. lcljul! 'spring' : SCr. kljul! 'gushing of water', kljuJcati 'stuff, cram', kljuCati 'well up, boil', Pol. klukaC 'coo, kluck', etc., all of imitative orig., like NE cluck. Berneker 529. 8. Skt. utsa- 'spring' : udan- 'water'. Walde-P. 1.252.

am

'eye', Grk. h7rh 'hole', Arm. 'eye, hole, spring'. Development from 'eye'

stave'. Descriptive of the most primitive type of well, that is, a spring dug

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Pol. zdroj, Boh. zdroj 'spring', ChSI. izrojl 'emission of semen',fr. iz-'out' and the root of rijati 'How', rAka 'river', etc. (1.36). Miklosich 278. BrUckner 650. Russ. rodnik 'spring': rod 'race,

45

Hence It. pozzo, Fr. puits (> Br. pulls), Sp. POllO, Rum. puj; also OE pyt/

47

land in the forest', etc.j d. Du Cange

to be ultimately the earlier, but in Celtic

agisiare). It is now taken by many as a loanword fro Gmc. (OHG busc, NE bush, etc.), instead of conversely as for-

and Gennanic the collective 'woods' is

houl 'wood' : Grk. ,,>.ci6os 'branch', ChS!. klada 'beam, block', Skt. kij~tha~ 'stick, piece of wood, wood' (Gypsy karst, kast 'wood'), fro *keld-d- 'break off, split'. Walde-Po 1.438 f. Falk-Torp 417. NED :-:.v. holt. According to this connection, the meaning 'piece of wood' would seem

ChS!. skoCiti, iter. 8kakati 'jump', etc., with development fro 'proj('ct, jut out',

S.V.

clearly the earlier sense. Ir. fid, (also cpd. jidbad, Pedersen merly. Of other views, the derivation 1.14), W. gwydd: OE widu 'woods, fro Grk. 13M'" 'fodder' with transfer to wood', etc. (below, 4). Ir. r088 'promontory' and 'woods' (W. 'pasture' (cf. CGL 2.258 (lou", pastio, pabula, pascua) is semantically most at- rhoB 'moor'), fro ·prD-sto- 'that which tractive (so Baist, Z. rom. Ph. 32.426 ff.). stands forth'. Walde-Po 2.604. Stokes REW 1419b. Wartburg 1.453. Kauf- 312. mann, Die gallo-romanischen Bezei'V. coed 'woods, wood, trees' (coeden chungen fUr den Begrili 'Wald' 44 II. 'a tree'), Com. cuit, cos 'woods', Br. !wad Rohlfs, Etym. Wtb. der unteritalienisch- 'woods' and 'wood' : Goth. haipi 'field', OE Mp 'uncultivated, wasteland', NE en Grazitat 350. MLat. f ME racke 'rocky cliff', NE rock, MDu. rotse, Du. TOt&), Fr. roche (whenee also roc), TOCher, Sp. Toea, Rum. roea, of unknown origin. REW 7357. NED S.V. rock, sb. l • Rum. stincd 'rock', loanword fro Slavic. Cf. SCr. stanac 'rook', fro s!ati 'stand'. Densusianu 1.268. 3. Ir. clock 'stone', W. clog 'rock, cliff' (mostly in place names), etym.?

51

Stokes 73 (·kluka-, fro Rame root as Goth. hallus 'rock', , etc., below, 6. Walde-Po 2.300. Br. daredenn 'heat lightning', fr. dared 'a dart' (fr. Fr. dard). 4. Goth. lauhmuni, OE ligel, NE lightning, etc., above, 3.

pfrk:anas

perkuona, zibena grom hrom grom, piorun molnija

vajra-, UuJit-

Words for lightning in its destructive

59

NIr. caor 'berry, ball' and 'thunder·

aspect, the supposed bolt of lightning or

bolt' as 'ball of fire', like Ir. cw

'thunderbolt', are partly identical with, or connected with, the usual words for

lhened 'ball of fire, thunderbolt, meteor'

'lightning'; partly with those for the accompanying 'thunder'; while some are independent of either but are cognate with verbs for 'strike' or 'destroy' or with nouns for 'arrow, ray, ball, club',

etc. (such words also in compounds with those for 'thunder' or 'lightning'). 1. Grk. KEPa.VvOS : KEpa.tfw (*KEpa.f~fw) 'despoil, plunder', IC'I,p 'death~ ruin',

Skt. rr- 'crush, break', etc. Walde-Po 1.410. Boisacq 440. Grk. (:JPOII.,..q 'thunder' is never used in this sense. But there is a curious approach to it, with distinction, in 7I"i1l'"Tf' KEPeLV"oS Els TO t1TPeLTlnrdoll' KeLL ol P.EII nilES 7I"A77'YEIITfS, ol 8i KeLL Ep,(:JPOllrqiJEIlTES a.1I'"Wa.VOJI Xen., Hel!. 47.7. Cf. also TO !~Ilpovra'iov

'place struck by lightning' rendering Lat. bidental. NG ~aT_'X!Jc" by haplology fro *tl.C1TpG.1I"o-1I"EAEK', lit. a 'lightning-ax'. Hatzidakis, M,a. 2.193. 2. Lat. fulmen (> It. fulmine), fro 'fulgmen : Julgur 'lightning' (1.55), whence Fr. foudre (OFr. also fuildre, fouldre) with (extension to and then) shift to the striking lightning, being replaced by eclair in the sense of visual lightning. Wartburg 3.841. Sp. rayo (also 'ray'), fro Lat. radiuB 'ray'. REW 6999. Rum. Irasnel ('thunderbolt' and 'thunderclap'), fro trasni 'strike with lightning', also 'crash', loanword fro Slavic, CbS!. tresnati 'strike, crash', etc.

Tiktin 1637. 3. Ir. saignen (gJ. Lat. fulmen), deriv. of saigil 'arrow' fro Lat. sagitla. Vendry.., De hib. vOC. 173. Cf. Br. dial. seah 'thunderbolt' fro same source. Loth, Mots lat. 204.

(K. Meyer, Contrib. 298). Gael. beithir 'monster, huge snake',

used also for 'thunderbolt'. W. taranfollt, cpd. of taran 'thunder' and bolU fro NE bolt. But commonly mellten 'a lightning' (1.55) in this sense. Br. foelir, fro OFr. fuildre, fouldre (above, 2). Also kurun 'thunder' so used. But esp. tan-Joellr, lan-kurun, tan-taran, cpds. with tan 'fire' (cf. Vallee S.V. Joudre). 4. The Gmc. words are those for 'lightning' or 'thunder' or compounds of either with words meaning 'hammer', 'wedge', 'holt', 'stone', 'ray', 'stroke'. ON pars haman- 'Thor's hammer' was

the thunderbolt, but it seems to be quotable only as a term of mythology. The compounds are of obvious makeup, and too numerous to be cited in full (cf. NE Ihunder-stane, now obo.). Most of them are now poetical or figurative. The tendency is also to use the words for 'lighbung' instead of those for 'thunder', which were more common in the earlier

periods. Cf. NE struck IYy lightning (or NHG von blitz gelrotfen), though NE thunder was used in this sense down through the eighteenth century and poetically in the nineteenth (cf. NED s.v.). ME also f auldre, foudre, fr. Fr. (above, 2). 5. Lith. perkanas, Lett. perkuons 'thunder' are used with verbs of striking for the striking lightning (and this poob. the orig. sense, cf. 1.56), but also Lett. zibens 'lightning'. Most of the Slavic languages use the words for 'thunder', SCr. gram, Boh. hrom, Pol. grom and also piorun, as

60

I

6. Skt. llajra-, a term of mythology, Indra's'thunderbolt': Av. vazra- 'club', NPers. gurz 'club'. Skt. ta4it-, fro ta4- 'strike'.

1.62 DARKNESS Ork. NG Lat.

•m...

It.

ten«we, buio, oscurita UMbru, obecuriU tinieblaa

Fr.

8p. Rum.

1.61 Goth.

4>I't

..... l1b:,

ON lamen

Dan. Sw.

8p.

Fr.

lua, lume lumi6re I..

Rum.

lumin4

NE Du.

Ir. NIr.

w.

Br.

soi/se aolw, BOillH golero

goulou

OE ME

LIGHT (sb.) liult.a} Ijo. I.. Ii" Uoht

liJ'(e), light light IWit OHG lic6.fO.

..all

SCr.

.vijoUo

M..a

,co.,.'"

t.n.brao

NIr.

Br.

-ienn. am,c'hou-

w.

Lith. Lett. CbSI.

,1Clwor,

Wuneric temel, dorche dorcIIotf48, doir_

Ir. Grk. NG Lat. It.

tywyUwcII

Goth.

riqis myrkr

Dan.

m;rko

ON Sw. OE

ME NE Du.

NHG

..w.o

Boh. Pol.

lwiat/o

R....

net

Skt.

jyotia-, bh4a-,

Av.

raobJI>.

etc.

(cf. AeoI. 4>avo4>/Jpo.) : Skt. bhi>- 'shine', bhas-, bhiiBas- 'light', etc. Walde-Po 2.122ff. 3. Lith. 8viesa, ChSI. avettl with the other Slavic forms: Lith. 8viesti, ChSl. avetiti 'shine', Skt. ",eta- 'white', Goth. hweits 'white', etc. Walde-P. 1.469 f. BrUckner 535. Lett. gaismo; gaiBs 'bright', Lith. gaisas, gaisras 'distant brightness', gaidrus 'clear' (of the sky), Grk. 4>«,6p6. 'bright'. Walde-P. 1.665. Miihl.-Endz. 1.687ff. 4. Skt. jyotis-, fro dytd- 'shine' (jy fro dy, Wackemagel, Altind. Gram. 1.163), extension of dyu- beside diu- in words for bright 'sky', etc. (1.51). Walde-Po 1.772 IT. Skt. ruci-, Av. raoCah., above, 1. Skt. bhas-, etc., above, 2.

dui8termu, donker

tmina, tarna, mrak

Boh.

.....nota, .....

Pol.

CiemnoiC,

Skt.

Russ.

temnota, t'ma, mrak tGmos-, timira-,

Av.

tom#0. ~,lT~

ntlbll, nOOila (pl.) nuvola, nube nuage nube

...... Ail

maz

W.

cwmwl

Br.

koabrenn, koumou--

above, 1.

Lett. miikuona 'cloud' : makna 'swamp', Lith. miklus 'damp', ChSl. mokrll'wet', Russ. moknut' 'get wet', etc., with common notion of 'moisture'. Waldc-P. 2.224. Miihl.-Endz. 2.580. 6. CbSl. obl4kU, etc., general Slavic for 'cloud', lit. 'covering', fro .olnl.0lkU, cpd. of obi1 'about' and root of vlUti, vMkq 'draw' (: Lith. vilkti 'clothe', etc.; Walde-Po 1.306). Miklosich 379. Briickner 371.

1.74 MIST Grk. NG Lot. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr.

(lit.), 'UITAX",4 mbula MI>bia lwmtillard, brume m.bIa, MIo/ioo, bruma COIl/4,"'IfW"4

W.

niwl. nudd

Br.

latat-,lumn

lI~X~1J IJplx~1J

ceo ceo

Goth. ON

poka

Don.

taage

Sw. OE ME

NE Du.

Boh. mrak 'cloud' (cf Russ. morok 'dark cloud') : ChSl. mraka, SCr. mrak, OE miree, etc. 'darkness' (1.62). Pol. chmura 'cloud' : Bah. chmoura, Russ. chmura 'dark cloud', beside Russ. smuryj 'dark gray', etc. Root connection dub., but notion of 'dark' the immediate source. Miklosich 311. Briickner 180. 7 Skt. megha-, Av. maeya-: Grk. 'mist', etc. (1.74). Skt. abhTa-, Av. awra-, above, 1. Skt. ghana- 'solid mSBS' (fr. "an'strike') often 'cloud'. In Sans~t many poet. expressions like 8u-c/aman- lit. 'well-giving', jala-da'water-giving', etc. Av. duqnman-, dunman- 'cloud, mist' : Skt. dhmn- 'cover', dhvanta- 'darkneRS'. Barth. 749, 766. Av. snao&a-, above, 2. 6I'lx}'~

(FOG,HAZE)

dimma, tIlck"a8 'air' (1.71) and 'weather'.

Av.

Ugni8 uguna ognl

votra, oganj ohen ogit:ri ogon'

agni- (vahni-, anala-) iUar-

veniste, Origines 169. Pedersen, Hittitisch 187. Grk. lI'VP; Umbr. pir (fr. *pilr, cf. acc . PUT01IH1, Osc. adj. purasiai); Goth. fon, gen. funins, ON fiiTT, funi (poet.), OE fYT, NE fire, Du. vuur, OHG fiur, fuir, NHG fcueT; (Boh. PYT 'embers'); Arm. hUT; Tach. A par, B puwar; Hitt. pabbur, pabbwar, dat. pabbuni, etc. 2. IE 'egni-, "ogni-(?). Walde-P. 1.323. Ernout-M. 473. Walde-H. 1.676. Lat. ignis; Lith. ugnis, Lett. ugun8, ChSI. ogn!, etc., general BaltoSlavic; Skt. agni-. 3. NG q:.wTla.: Grk. q:.wr, gen. cPwTor 'light' (1.61), used also for the household fire, as Xen. 1I'pOf cPWr 1rtJlE,JI 'drink by the fire', NT 1Ca.(jfJp,EJIOJI 'lTpOr TO t/>W~ 'sitting by the fire'. Cf. following. 4. It. fuoco, Fr. feu, Sp. fuego, Rum. joc, fro Lat. jocus 'fireplace, hearth', hence 'household fire' and 'fire' in generoJ, replacing ignis in VLat. 5. Ir. tene, NIr. teine, W., Br. tan, fro *tep-n- : Skt. tapas-, Av. tafnah- 'heat',

72

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Lat. tepar 'warmth', etc. Walde-Po 1.718 f. Pedersen 1.93 f. Ir. daig (MW goddaith 'great fire, conflagration', Loth, RC 38.169) : Skt. dah- 'burn', etc. (1.84). Pedersen 1.108. Ir. ded (rare): Grk. 019.. 'kindle', 4f80jl4L cbum, bla.ze', Skt. idh- 'kindle', etc. Walde-Po 1.4 f. Pedersen 1.57. 6. ON oldr, Dan. ild, Sw. old, OE ",led, gen. ",Ideo (poet.): OE il!lan 'burn', Grk. a.'(f)w 'kindle', a.f80p.a., 'burn, blaze', Skt. idh- 'kindle', etc. Walde-Po 1.4ff. 7. SCr. vatra (now more usual than ogan;) : Ukr., Boh. dial. vatra, Pol. dial.

ing 'fireplace' or in part 'fire'. Possibly (with prefixed w-) a loanword fro Iranian

or cognate with Av. iUar- 'tire'. WaldeP. 1.42. Bruckner 604. 8. Av. atar·, NPers. adar 'fire', Av. ii8ravan-, a8aurvan-, Skt. atharvan- 'firepriest', root connection? Walde-Po 1.42. Skt. uahni- 'draught animal, bearer' (fr. vah- 'carry'), freq. epithet of Agni, later alone for 'fire', Skt. anala-, fro an- 'breathe'(?), or perh. of Dravidian orig. Schrader, KZ 56.125.

Grk. NG

.,>Of

.,>by.

1.82 FLAME (sb.) Goth. ON logi, leyg' (poet.)

Lat. It.

:/lamma jiamma

Dan. Sw.

jlamfm, lue jlamma,l4ga

OE ME NE

ley" Ww.eyw, ~M'YoJ.l.a.~ 'blaze, burn' h, t//la). Grk. 6.1.. (poet.): Skt. d.... 'burn. torment'. etc. Walde-P. 1.767 f.

"."¥..

78

(on)1md4n

lihte. kiodl. ligill. kiodle .....token

mon than kindle even with fire. and only light. not kindle, with candle, lamp. pipe. etc.). orig. 'give light'. NED s.v. light. vb.'2. Du. aa...teken. cpd. of .teken 'thrust.' So locally NHG anBlecken. Kretschmer. Wortgeogr.79f.

(obs.) eprendr. 'kindle'. refl. 'catch fire'. REW 554. 6736. Tiktin 80 f. 3. Ir. altai (3 sg. pres.). vbl. n. atud. etc .• cpd. : Grk.6au.. ·kindle'. etc. Here a.lso W. cyn...u and perh. W. ennyn, Pedersen 2.507 f. NIr. laBaim : laBair 'flame' (1.82). Br. enaoui, also and orig. 'animate, give life to'. fro .... 'soul' (16.11). Henry 113. 4. Goth. tandjan. ON tenda. tendra. Dan. (an}ttmde. Sw. (upp}tiJnda. OE onIendan (a.lso a-, but for-tendan 'bum off'), ME tenden, NE dial. lind, OHG zunten. MHG .anden, NHG anzii.nden, outside root connection wholly dub. Feist 474. Fa.lk-Torp 1311. NED s.v. tind. vb. ON kynda. whence ME. NE kindle, etym.? Fa.lk-Torp 610. NED s.v. kindle, vb. ME lihte, NE light (much more com-

5. Lith. ultIegti. Lett. aiz- (or ie-}!legt. more commonly dedzenat. cpds. of Lith. !legti. Lett. !legt 'burn' (1.85). 6. ChSl. tril.kifti, RUBS . • aiee'. cpds. of ChSl.. lesti. Russ. lee' 'bum' (1.85). Scr. • apaliti. Boh. zapaliti, Pol. zapaliC. cpds. of ChSI. paliti 'blaze. bum'. etc. (1.85). Boh. roZllVititi ('light' a candle, etc.). cpd. of wititi 'make light. light the way' : ChSI. 'light'. etc. (1.61).

.vet"

7. Skt. idh-: Grk. dD.. 'kindle' etc. (see 1.85).

1.87 MATCH (sb.)

1.86 LIGHT (vb.), KINDLE Ork. NO Lat.

77

THE PHYSICAL WORLD IN ITS LARGER ASPECTS

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

5. Ir. loacim, NIr. Zoiscim, W. iltJsgi, ~a.lo"a." and others), and this, analyzed Br. Ie.ki, etym. dub. (fr. .lo]Nk-: as °bhre-n-wo-, may be combined with OPruss. lopia 'flame', Grk. XmJ.'1rCl' 'shine't °bher_. ·bhr..... in words used for the etc.?). Stokes 256. Wa.lde-P. 2.383. gushing and seething of liquids. as Lat. Ped""",n 1.76 (fr. °lules-: Lat. /az Jeroh'e 'boil', Goth. brunna 'spring', etc. 'light'). Wa.lde-P. 2.168. Feist 106. Fa.lkIr. breoaim, deriv. of breo 'flame' Torp Ill. (1.82). 7. Lith. • • ChSl. idti, etc .• Br. cIevi : W. deifio 'singe', Ir. 3 sg. above,!. altai 'kindl..• (cpd. with ad-), Skt. d... ChSI. gmiti. etc., genera.l Slavic for 'bum'. Grk. 6a! .. (·6al'""") 'kindle'. etc. 'bum' b.: Skt. gharmo- 'heat'. Grk. Wa.lde-P. 1.768. Thumeysen. Z. celt. 8.p"M 'hot', etc. (15.85). Ir. vb. gorim Ph. 8.&1 f. Ped""",n 2.507 f. (but here 'heat, warm'. Wa.lde-P. 1.688. Berneand 1.108 preferring to derive the Br. ker 333 f. and W. words fro 0deg"h-. above. I). Boh. • paliti. Pol. paliC (now the usua.l 6. Goth. brinnan, callS. brannjan, etc., words for 'bum' a and used with reflexive a.ll the Gmc. words. with uses b and a ex- for 'bum' b) = ChSl. paliti (a.lso pozeti) pressed by simple verb or causative re- ·blaze. bum' (e.g. Supr. = It. uomo, Fr. homme, niska. Falk-Torp 714. Weigand-H. etc.), OLat. hema, Osc. humuns 'homi- 2.168. In Slavic there was a complete shift nes'; Ir. duine, W. dyn, Br. den; OLith. imuo, OPruss. smoy, Lith. zmogus, pI. from 'man'l to 'man'2 and 'husband', imones; Goth. guma (but translates and in part a later restriction to 'husband' with new derivatives in the sense ;"v~p), ON gumi, OE guma, OHG gomo (old Grnc. word, now surviving only in of (man'!, as SCr. mu,skarac, Russ. cpds., as NHG brautigam, NE bride- mulfina, etc. 3. Grk. Q.I'OPW1rOf, etym. much disgroom fro OE brydguma); Toch. B saumo, pJ. siimna : Lat. humus, Grk. xOwu, Lith. puted. But the old analysis iiV()p-W1rOS ieme, etc. 'earth' (1.21). CI. Hom. 'man-faced, man-like', fro the stem of E1rtXOlwtOt avOpunfoL, in contrast to a."';'p, «,,"pbs remains the most probable. brOVpaJlWL OEO[, and even i'1nXOOJlWL alone CI. Hesych. OM' &v8pvnro" and for the (II. 24.220). Walde-P.1.663. Ernout-M. semantic relation cf. OHG mannisco 4571. Walde-H. 1.654 f. Pedersen 1.89. fro man (above, 2). The change of a.vop- to 6,1IfJp- is due to a . in the second Vendryes, RC 40.437 ff. 2. Goth. manna, ON ma'Or, OE element (cf. TWpt1r1rOV fro *UTP-t1T1rOJl) , man(n), mon, NE man, OlIG man, which does not belong properly to the NHG mann, etc. (the most widespread root lnr- but may be due to the influence Gmc. word, with extension fro 'man'l to of "paw. Kretschmer, Glotta 9.231 f., 'man'2); ChSl. mqil (fr. *mqgjo- with a 27.246. guttural suffix, as in Lith. imogus), SCr., 4. Ir. duine, W. dyn, Br. den, above, 1. 5. ChSl. ClO1Jeku, etc., the general Boh., Russ. mui, Pol. mqi (general Slavic word, with shift from 'man' 1 to Slavic word for 'man'l (SCr. covjek also 'man't); Skt. manu-, manu~-, manu$a-, 'man"), whence Lett. cilveks (fr. Russ.), much disputed but best explained as manu~a-. These point to an IE. word for 'man'l, but its root connection and cpd. of a 'celo- (whence ChSl. celjadi so its ultimate semantic source are whol- 'household') and *vik'll: Lith. vaikas ly uncertain. It has been derived from 'child', hence orig. 'member of the houseIE *men- 'think', or, since the designa- hold', with later extension to 'man'l. Cf.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

82

'servant' = W. gwas, Ir. foss 'servant', etc. (19.43). b. ON karl and karlmaor, OE ceorl, OHG karl, all meaning 'man'2, esp. the 'man without rank, freeman', in the earlier period a term of esteem (as in the proper name Karl), later one of disparagement or contempt, as in NE churl, NHG kerl. Perh. as 'full-grown man' : Grk. 'YEPWJl, Skt. jarant- 'old man'. Walde-Po 1.600. Falk-Torp 497. Kluge-G. 296.

OE wl2p(en)-man, w~ed-man 'man, male',. cpds. of wltpen 'weapon, penis' (4.492), wu,pned 'male'. OHG gomman, cpd. of gomo (2.1) and man. 6. Skt., Av. vira-, nar-, above 1, 2. Skt. puma1is-, purhs- 'man, male' (vs. stn:- 'woman, female') : Lat. pUbes 'adult'. Walde-Po 2.83. Ernout-M. 819 f.

2.22 WOMAN Grk.

NO La.t.

It. Fr.

Sp. Rum.

Ir. NIr W.

Br.

MANKIND: SEX, AGE, FAMILY RELATIONSHIP

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

80

"'"

Goth.

'Yvvato\"a

ON

mulier, femiM donna femme

Da.n. Sw.

ginO /rona Iwi>lde

Lith.

Lett.

kuinna CWtme, wij, wIfman qu.ene, wife, woman

mujer femeie

OE ME NE

ben, frau

Du.

bean gwraig, benyw, dynea mao....

OHO MHO wip NHO frau, weib

vronw unb, qu.ena

Many of the words for 'woman' were also the usual words for 'wife', and some became restricted to the latter use, with replacement in the sense of 'woman', as NE wife, Pol. iona, Russ. lena. Words for 'woman' carry an emotional value which is liable to wide fluctuation, either at the same period, according to circumstances, or as between different periods, social classes, or languages. They may suggest the nobility of woman or her frailties. They may move .up or down the social scale. Of OE cwen, cwene both orig. 'woman', the former was from early times a 'king's wife, queen', while the latter became a 'quean, harlot'. Dan. Irone is 'wife', but Sw. kona, formeNY 'woman, wife', is now used only of a woman of loose character. NHG weib was for a time mostly derogatory and was displaced by frau, permanently for (wife', while for 'woman' it has regained respectability.

moteris, moteriske, !mona ,;""a

ChSI.

lena

SCr.

lena lena

Boh. Pol.

Russ. Skt. Av.

/rohida

ZensMna jani-. ndri-, stnJani-, nliiri-, siri-

Conyersely, a derogatory epithet may come to be used as a whimsical term of endearment and eventually as the standard word for 'woman'. So notably Pol. komela (below, 5). 1. IE *gUlenii_, *gtlleni_, etc., with gradation of the root syllable. Without known root connection, unless at some remote period, before differentiation of the gutturals (?), with IE 'gen- 'beget' and 'bear' of Lat. gignere, etc. WaldeP. 1.681. Grk. 'Y1IV71 (Boeot. {3a."a), gen. "Yvvt1&.Kor, NG 'YVV4'.4 ('Y,"", lit.); Ir. ben, NIr. bean, W. benyw; Goth. ginO (and qem 'wife'); ON kona (gen. pl. kvinna); Dan. kvinde (and kone 'wife'), Sw. kvinna, OE cwene (and cwen 'wife'), OHG quena; OPrUBS. genna, ChSl. lena, ete.; Skt. jani-, jani-, -jiini-, Av. Jani- (NPers. zan), gma-, etc.; Arm. kin; Toch. tii1!l. 2. Lat. mulier (> It. moglie 'wife', OFr. mlrillier 'wife', Sp. mujer 'woman,

SCr. celjad coil. for 'household' but also 'men, people.' Berneker 141. Brugmann, Festgabe Kaegi 33. Brllckner 79 (differently for second part of cpd.) 6. Skt. (beside manu-, etc., above, 2) puru~a- etym.? Uhlenbeck s.v. Av. masya- mostly 'man", OPers.

81

martiya- 'man'l and 'man'!, NPera. mard 'man'2, Arm. mard 'man", orig. 'mortal' : Skt. mrta- 'dead', martya'mortal, man', Lat. mortuus 'dead', Grk. {JPOTOS 'a mortal', fro IE *mer'die' in Skt. mr-, Lat. mori, etc. WaldeP. 2.276. Barth. 1148 ff.

2.21 MAN' (vs. Woman) Grk.

NG

dv.qp

Goth.

IlvTPf1f

ON

Lat.

mr

It.

uomo homme hombre, va,6n bdrbat, om fee fear

Fr.

Sp. Rum.

Ir. NIr. W.

Br.

flU"

Lith. I..ctt.

"""UI vIrs

Dan.

wair (yuma, manna) karl, karl-maor mand

ChSI.

mqH

S\\,.

man

SCr.

covjek, muiikarac

OE

teer (lI'l!'pnedman, C6OTl, man) man (were)

Boh

ME NE

mq.z,

Av.

1Ulr-, vIra-, OPera. martiya-

Du.

onG

(Jwaz

mid

Pol. Russ. SkI.

mrs.tczyzna muzCina naT-, nara-, vira-, puman.8-

man, gornman (wer, karl)

MHO NHG

Many of the words for 'man'2, namely most of the Romance and Germanic and all the Slavic, were originally words for 'man'l, or derivatives of these and have been included in the discussion 2.1. Many of the words for 'man'2 were also used for 'husband', and some of them are quotable only in the latter sense, so that they do not appear in this list (so ON verr). 1. IE *wlro-, that is, *wi-ro-: Lat. Vis, Skt. vayas, etc. 'strength'. WaldeP. 1.314 ff. Ernout-M. 1112 f. Lat. vir, Umbr. uiro (ace. pl.); Ir. fer, Nlr. fear, 'v. g'Wr, MBr. (Jour (now used with neg. for 'no one'); Goth. waiT (ON verr 'husband'), OE 'WiT, etc. (old Gme. word, but now obs. except in cpds., as NE werewolf, NIIG wergcld; al,o NE world, etc. 1.1); Lith. t'yras, I.ictt. vIrs; Skt., Av. vim-. 2. IE *ner-. Yarious cognates, as Ir. ncrt 'strength, might', show that the notion of 'strength' is dominant, as in IE

*unro-, but the ultimate root connection is uncertain. Walde-Po 2.332 f. Ernout-M. 667 f. Grk. CtV~p, gen. CtJlopOr, NG Q,JlTpaS; Osc.-Umbr. ner- used of men of rank, officials (here also Lat. Nero and Nerio; cf. also M\V ner 'chief, master', Loth, RC 41.207); Skt. nar-, nara-, Av. nar-; Alb. njeri; Ann. air. 3. Sp. varon = late Lat. baro, -onis 'man'!! (Lex Salica, etc.), OFr. baron, 'husband' fro a Gmc. word meaning orig. 'fighting man' (: ON berjask 'fight'), whence 'man', 'retainer', etc. Wartburg 1.254 f. (best aecount of the complicated history). REW 962. Gamillseheg 83. NED S. V. baTon. Rum. blirbat, fro Lat. barbiitus 'bearded' through Byz. f'ap{JaTos used for one who wa.':; not a eunuch. Cf. NO {Jap{jaTos used of an animal that is not castrated, as liAO'Yo (3ap{jaro 'stallion'. 4. Br. gwaz, fro DBr. guas, MDr. goos

MANKIND: SEX, AGE, FAMILY RELATIONSHIP wife', Rum. muicre fonnerly 'woman, wife', now derogatory), etym. dub., possibly formed with a compo suffix from the root of Lat. mollis 'soft, delicate', and so used of the weaker sex, or from the same root in an obscene sense? Walde-P.2.285. Ernout-M. 637 f. Lat. jemina 'a female' in general and 'woman' (> It.jemmina fonnerly 'woman', now only 'female', Fr. femme 'woman, wife', Sp. hembra 'female'), orig. mid. pple. fro the root of Lat. feliire 'suck', Grk. O~CTOa, 'suck', 911Avr 'female', Skt. dhayati 'sucks', etc., (5.16), hence 'one who gives suck'. Walde-Po 1.829 ff. Ernout-M. 341, 343. It. donna, now 'woman', fonncrly 'mistress, lady', Hke Fr. dame, etc., fro Lat. domina 'mistress'. Rum. femeie 'woman, wife', diaL 'children, family', fro Lat. familia 'household'. REW 3180. PUl'Cariu 595. 3. Ir. fracc 'woman', W. gwrach 'old woman, witch', gwraig 'woman, wife', Br. gwreg 'wife', prob. fern. derivs. of Ir. fer, W. gwr, etc. 'man'2 (Pedersen, 1.159 dub.). Cf. Lat. viriiga 'manlike female', virgo 'maiden', fro vir, W. dynes 'woman' (cf. :Morris Jones 223) fro dyn 'man'l, and Skt. nari- 'woman' fro nar'man '2 • Br. maouez : Corn. mowes 'girl', Goth. mawi 'girl', fern. of Ir. magu 'servant', Goth. 71WgWl 'boy', etc. (2.25--26). Walde-P.2.228. Pedersen 1.98.

4. ON vif (poet.), OE wif, ME wife 'woman, wife', cpd. wifman 'woman' > ME, NE woman, finally displacing wife in its wider sense (except dial. or in cpds.), OHG wib, MHG wip, NHG weib 'woman' and 'wife', now mostly (but not always) derogatory and re-

83

placed by frau, as likewise Du. wijj by vrouw. Etym. much discussed and wholly dub. Falk-Torp 1390. Weigand-H. 2.1224. Paul, Deutsches Wtb. S.V. Weib (on its use). NHG frau, Du. vrouw, orig. 'mistress' as OHG frouwa, fern. of OHG fra, Goth. jrauja 'master' : Skt. purva- 'in front, former', Grk. 1TpWTor 'first', etc. WaldeP.2.37. Falk-Torp 278. NHG jrauenzimmer, orig. a room for the women at court, then coiL for 'women', finally 'a woman, female', now mostly with derogatory feeling. Weigand-H. 1.577. 5. Lith. mote, gen. moters (now usually moteris or moteriske), orig. 'mother' = Lett. mate, ChSl. mati, Lat. mater, etc. (2.42). Lith. [mona (but now mostly 'wife'), fern. of imogus 'man' (2.1). Lett. sieva 'wife' (2.32), also 'woman'. 6. Pol. nieuriasta, fonnerly the common word for 'woman' (zona being 'wife'), orig. 'bride': ChSL nevlsta 'bride', this a cpd. of neg. prefix ne and fern. of vlstu 'known', hence the 'unknown', that is, the newcomer in the husband's family. Zubaty, Arch. sl. Ph. 16.406. Bruckner 362. Pol. kobiela, first appearing as a derogatory epithet and plausibly explained lIB a blend of kobyla 'mare' (this also epithet of a 'clumsy, stupid woman', as is also Russ. kobyla) with names like Biela 'Betty'. Since 18th. cent. without derogatory sense and displacing niewiasta. BrUckner 241. 7. Skt. niirt-, Av. nairi-, fern. deriv. of nar- 'man" (2.21). Skt., Av. stri- 'female, woman', etym.? Walde-Po 2.457, 460. P. Trost, IF 56.197.

SELECTED IND()"EUROPEAN SYNONYMS 2.24 FEMALE

2.23 MALE &pv,p, IpP"l"

Fr.

m4l.

Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W. Br. Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

Jemmina lemelle

fI14Cho biIrl>iftesc

femeiesc

Lith.

Lett. ChSl. Ser. Boh. Pol.

RUBB. Skt. Av.

64j~VS'

~

mIiI (m4Bculus, m48culinus) maachio

..

remina Mmbra

ban-

ler-,jirend

fi,rean"

baineann

OOnyw

fIWT1IW (JWtJ'

moo...

gumeim, gumakunda 1=1- (1=IIigr) mandlig manlig

qineina

lwenn-

wi!pmd,w;opman mal. mal.

kllindelig ktlinlig wi/, ""'man 1....1e lemale

mannelijk

vrouwelijk

_man

wib wip weiblich moteriBkas llieveikigB, ria>ieti8ks knisk1i !emki !emkll Zen8ki

man mannlich vyriSkoo

riTiYJi.I>f, Lat. femina), only here, beside the existing lena 'woman, female', applied to the physically matured marriageable young woman, whence dim. forms for 'young girl'. So Berneker

MANKIND: SEX, AGE, FAMILY RELATIONSHIP married', etc., all with a common notion of 'young person', and perh. fro the same root as Goth. mag 'can', malU8 'strength,

might', NE might, etc. Walde-Po 2.228. Falk-Torp 748. Feist 339. ON piltr 'boy', Dan., Sw. pilt 'small boy',orig. dub., but perh. (cf. Br. paotr, above, 3) : Sw. pal!, Dan. pjaU 'rag', Sw. dial. pult 'bit of wood', orig. something broken off. Johansson, KZ 36.377. Cf. NE runt, orig. 'stump' now applied to a small person, a little Tunt. Dan. dreng : Sw. drang 'servant', ON drengr 'youth, brave man', drangr 'rock pillar', ChSI. dTqg'll 'beam'. Cf. NHG bengel 'cudgel' applied to a child, der kleine bengel. Falk-Torp 154. Johansson, KZ 36.374. Norw. gut (vs. Dan. dTeng) = Du. guit 'rogue' : Norw. dial. gauta 'prate, chatter', MDu. guiten 'make fun of', etc. Falk-Torp 362. Torp, Nynorsk 191. Sw. g08se : Norw. g088e 'strong fellow' and 'boar', NE dial. gussie 'swine, pig', etc., a colloq. word of the most diverse

applications. Bjorkman, IF 30.252 ff. Hellquist 294. Sw. pojke, fr. Finn. poika 'boy', Hellquist 774. OE cnapa, cnafa, ME knave 'boy, servant' (NE knave 'rascal'), Du. knoop, OHG knabo, MHG, NHG knabe (also OHG knappe 'boy, youth', NHG knappe 'page') : ON knappr 'knob', OE cnrep 'top', Sw. dial. knabb 'peg, knob, small thick-set person or animal'. Falk-Torp

543, 544. Johansson, KZ 36.374. Walde-Po 1.585 f. Back, op. cit. 139. OE cniht 'boy, servant, attendant' (NE knight), OHG, MHG kneht 'boy, servant' (NHG knecht) : ME, LG knagge 'peg', etc. Wood, Mod. Ph. 2.474. Holthausen, KZ 47.307. Falk-Torp 1498 f. Walde-Po 1.580. ME, NEboy, E. Fris. boi'boy', prob. : ON biJji, Du. boef 'knave, rogue', NHG

5. Lith. "aikas, OPruss. waix : Lith. vieka8 'strength', tJeikti 'do, work' (these : Lat. vincere 'conquer', Goth. weihan 'fight', etc. Walde-Po 1.232 ff.). Brugmann, IF 38.141. Lett. puisi8, fro Liv. poitl 'youngman'. Miihl.-Endz. 3.403. Lett. puika, fr. Finn. poika 'boy' (or the Esth. poeg), same as the source of Sw. pojke. MUhl.-Endz. 3.403. 6. CbSl. otroM 'boy, servant' (Boh., Pol., Russ. otrok, but not the usual words for 'boy'), with fern. otrokovica

'girl', cpd. of ow 'out of' and the root of rekq, reiti 'say, speak', hence orig. 'one who cannot speak, infant', like Lat. in/tin8, but with extension to one older

(as in Fr. enfant) and use of dim. otrol~ for 'infant'. Miklosich 274. Bruckner 387. SCr. djeeak, deriv. of dijete 'child', ChSI. dlti (2.27). Boh. chlapec, Pol. chlopiec: ChSI. chlaptl'servant', Russ. cholop 'serf', etc., outside connection dub.

Berneker 394.

BrUckner 180 (: Goth. skalks 'servant'). Boh. hoch, short form of holec 'bald head', holek '(beardless) young man' : holy 'bald', ChSI. golli 'bare', etc. Hence also fern. holka 'girl'. Similarly Sorb. hole 'boy', holea 'girl'. Berneker 325. Boh. pachole : Pol. pacho!ek 'servant, bootblack', etc., cpd. fro root seen in Russ. cholit' 'clean, take care of'. Ber-

neker 395. Russ. mal'i!ik, fro malyj 'small', ChSI. malil 'small', etc. Berneker 2.13. 7. Skt. bllla- 'boy', witb fern. bal... 'girl', adj. bdla- 'young', prob. fro bala-

MANKIND: SEX, AGE, FAMILY RELATIONSHIP (after J. Schmidt), Walde-P., and favored by the actual use of CbSl. dlva = 7rtl.p8bor, devisto

=

1rtl.p8EJlLa..

Otherwise,

as orig. 'suckling', like ChSI. deti 'child' (2.27), Miklosich and recently Pedersen, Gram. Misc. Jespersen 67, in connection with a similar question re-

garding OE fllmlne 'young woman'. 7. Skt. konya-, Av. kainyiJ-, kain... : Skt. kan'ina- 'young', Grk. ICtl.tJ'6s 'new',

etc. Walde-Po 1.397 If. 2.27. 'Child' is understood here as 'boy or girl'. Most of the words serve also for 'child' with reference to the parents, 'son or daughter' J and in several cases this was the original application as

89

bulle 'knave, servant', dial. 'boy', orig. a nursery word like NE baby, etc. NED S.V. Weigand-H. 1.298. ME ladde, NE lad, etym. dub., but perh., as orig. 'attendant', fro the p888. pple. of ME leden 'lead'. NED S. V.

91

NIr. paiste, fro NE page (in earlier sense 'boy'). Pedersen 1.230. W. plentyn, new sg. to plant 'children', orig. a coIl. 'offspring' fro Lat. planta 'sprout, shoot'. Br. bugel 'child' also 'cowherd' : W. bugail 'cowherd', Ir. buacchail 'cowherd, boy' (2.25). Br. krouadur, kroeadur, orig. 'creature', fro Lat. creillUTa. Loth, Mots lat. 153 f. Cf. Sp. criatuTa 'infant' (2.28). Corn. floch (OCorn. flogh gl. puer), pI. flechu 'children' = Br. jloc'h 'page' (cf. NIr. paiste 'child' fro NE p~, above), etym.? Henry 123.

3. Goth., ON, OHG barn, OE beam (NE bairn in Sc.), etc., once general shown by the etymology. But there are Gmc., fro ·baT1IG- 'born', pple. of Goth. also some words that are normally used bairan, OE beran, etc. 'bear'. Cf. Lith. only in the second sense, as Grk. TEICJ'OJI, bernas 'servant' and Lett. berm 'child', Lat. liben VB. pueri, etc. See 2.43. fro the same root. Walde-P.l.56. FalkSome of the words for 'child' belong Torp 51. Feist 82. with those for 'boy', already discussed OE cild, ME, NE child: Goth. kilJ>ei (2.25). So Grk . ..aZ., NG rawL, Skt. baW-, kumara-, and in plural for 'chil- 'womb', Skt. jathara- 'belly, womb' dren' Lat. puer'i, Lith. vaikai. Collo- (4.46). Shift from 'womb' to 'child in quially and in dialects many of the other the womb' (so sometim.. in OE), hence words for 'boy' are used in the plural for 'infant' (cf. Grk. (3p!tpos 'foetus' and 'newborn babe'), tben with extension of 'children'. scope as in Fr. enfant fro Lat. infan •. 1. Lat. in/an. 'infant' (2.28) extended Walde-Po 1.614. NED S.V. child. its scope to include older children. Du., OHG-NHG kind, fro *gen-to-m Hence Fr. enfant and with suffix It. fanciullo ('child' and 'little boy' beside fan- 'born' fro the root of Skt. jan-, Lat. gignere 'bear, beget', Grk. yL"Yl'Opa, 'be ciuUo 'little girl'). REW 4393. born', etc. Walde-Po 1.576. WeigandIt. bimbo, nursery word. REW 921. Sp. nino, nursery word belonging with H.1.1035. a large group of affectionate terms for 4. Lett. bems: Goth. barn, etc. 'father, mother, grandfather', etc. (be- (above, 3). low, p. 94). REW 5817. Walde-P.1.55. CbSl. dltl (pI. deti renders Grk . .-aW!4 Rum. copil : Grk. ..,..!}.}.a 'girl', etc., and '''.a), SCr. dijete, etc., the general Balkan word (2.26). Slavic word (RuBS. sg. ditja no longer in 2. Ir. lelap, later lenab, Nlr. leanbh common use, but pI. deti more common prob. an old nursery word of reduplicat- than pI. of rebenok), olig. 'suckling' : ed type. (This more likely than con- CbSl. dojiti 'give suck', Skt. dhallati nection with the root of Lat. labiiTe 'sucks', etc. Berneker 197. Walde-Po 1.831 If. 'totter, waver', Pedersen 1.491).

92

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

MANKIND: SEX, AGE. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP

Russ. rebenok, deriv. of rob, CbSl. raM 'servant' (19.43). 5. Av. apormay...., aparonayaIw..., cpd. of aparona- 'unfilled' and ayu- 'age', hence 'one of unfilled age, child'.

its present common use in this sense is doubtless due to the latter. Gamillscheg 93. Wartburg 1.304. Sp. criatura, fro late Lat. creillura

2.28. 'Infant' may be covered hy words for 'child', some of which had this sense originally. More commonly it is expressed by derivatives of words for 'child' (or 'boy'), either with dim. suffix, or cpds. or phrases with words for 'little' or 'young'. But there are also many words of different origin. The numerous nursery word::j are not included, except where they have hecome the normal terms of reference, like It. bambino, or at least common as such, like NE baby beside in/am. 1. Grk. JOj...., (adj. and noun) in Homer 'child, infant' (so also - " ,...) and 'childieb. silly', prob. fro °vl,-7rf'" with neg. "'7- and the root of ....uro. 'wise', ete. Walde-Po 2.13. Otherwise F. Specht, KZ 56.122 ff. Grk. 'll"CI.,6£ov, dim. of 'll"a.LS 'child', is 'young child', in NT frequently 'infant' (Mt. 2.11, 13, etc. of the infant Jesus, in our version 'the young child'). Grk. fJpf4xn 'foetus' and 'newborn babe' (Simon. so in LXX, pap., NT, Lk. 2.12. 16. etc.), in NG the usual lit. word for infant: CbSl. ire~, 'foal'. Walde-Po 1.689. NG pwpO ra,a! or simply pwpO, the usual pop. word, fro Grk. pwpO' 'stupid, foolish'. 2. Lat. infans, lit. 'not speaking', fro neg. in- and pple. of Jiin 'speak'. Hence OFr. en/am (> ME en,faunt. NE in/am), Fr. en/am now 'child'. petit en/am 'infant'. It. bambino, nursery word beside bimbo 'child' (2.45). Fr. MM. nursery word like NE baby (below), and if not an actual loanword

in It. dial. and elsewhere (Pauli. op. cit. 76). Rum. copilaf, dim. of copil 'child' (2.27). Rum. prune, fro Hung. poromy 'brood, little fellow, kid'. Tiktin 1274. 3. Ir. nOidiu, NIr. naoidhe, prob. fro °no-widilJn- or the like 'unknowing'. Stokes, BB 25.257. W. mahan fro mab 'boy'. Br. bugelig, krouadurig, dims. of bugel; krouadur 'child' (2.27), which may also be used for 'infant'. 4. Goth. barn, etc., OE cild, OHG kind, all words for 'child' (2.27), are used freely (as properly by origin) for 'infant'. But for the latter also cpds., dims., or phrases, like ON ungbam (ungr 'young'), NE young child (often in NT versions), Dan. opred barn. Sw. Bpddt barn (Bpred, spIid 'tender'), NHG kindchen, kindlein, kleine. kind. das kleine, etc. ME baban. babe. babi. NE (babe) baby nursery word, but now in more general use than corresponding forms in other langoages. NHG s(jugling, lit. 'suckling', fro lliiugen 'suck', now the standard literary term, but not much used in the family. 5. Lith. kUdikis, loanword fro Slavic, ChSI. chudll 'small. poor', etc. Berneker 405. Lett. pupa berns, lit. 'child of the breast' (pupa gen. sg. of pups 'mother's breast').

+,

'creation, creature' J hence as coIl. for 'offspring', then 'infant'. The same use

6. ChS!. .troCe, dim. of otrokll 'boy' (2.25). CbS!. mladIn!ci (translates Grk. JOj-

tlletill 'grandfather'), tevas. Lett. revs. teta, Goth. atta, ON atte. OHG aUo, Alb. at, ChS!. otlc'l, etc .• Hitt. attas, etc. Here also Slav. and Lith. teta 'aunt', etc. A related group is Grk. rfI/hr 'grandmother', n,8£s 'aunt', Slios, Bda 'uncle,

aunt'. Lith. dede 'uncle', CbS!. dUll 'grandfather', NHG dial. deite 'father, old man', etc. 3. mama, amma, etc. Walde-Po 1.53,

2.221. For 'mother', Grk. p6.pp~ (also 'grandmother'). Lat. mamma (also 'grandmother' and 'nurse'), It. mamma, Fr. mama, NE mamma, etc., familiar in nearly all the European languages, in some as reg. word for 'mother'. Cf. also Lett. mdBa 'sister', Lith. mo.fa 'husband's sister', OHG muoma 'aunt', later 'niece' or 'cousin' (NHG muhme). Grk. 4jljl4, 4jljla!, G.jljlLa. 'mother' or 'nurse', ON amma 'grandmother', OHa amma 'mother, nurse' (NHG am.... ). Lat. amita 'aunt' , Alb. arne 'mother'. 4. MM, anna, etc. Walde-Po 1.55;

2.317. Skt. naoo- 'mother', Grk.

'''VB

'aunt', Jl'EJI'JIOr 'uncle', It. nonna 'grandmother', etc., Grk. 4J1'JI'Ls 'grandmother',

Lat. anus 'old woman', OHG ano 'grandfather', ana 'grandmother', OPruss. ane 'grandmother', Lith. anyta 'husband's mother'. NG jla.JI'va. 'mother', blend with forms like those in 3, above. Forms of the above groups are not repeated in the following lists when they are only pet names on a par with NE papa, mamma beside father, 11Wther. They are listed where they bave become the normal words, like W. tad, mam, or where they are serious rivals of the old words, as in the case of It. babbo. mamma. The use of similar forms for different relationships is mainly observed among groups like the above and is due to the originally loose application of these pet names. But there are also other factors.

93

of neg. ne-, nie- and Boh. mluviti, Pol.

11U1lJJW 'speak', prob. lit. formations in imitation of Lat. infilns. 7. Skt. (beside Mia, etc., 2.25) ~"'"" 'child, infant, fetus, young of an animal', orig. prob. 'fetus': Skt. ",II'swell'.

2.31 It. WORDS FOR FAMILY RELATIONSHIP DelbI1lck, Die indogermanischen Ver- parent speech. Words for 'marry' and wandschaftsworter. Schrader,IF 17. 11 ff. 'marriage' are from the most diverse and Reallex., s.v. Familie. Tappolet, sources, and there is no group of cognates Die romanischen Verwandtschaftswor- that can be certainly taken as reflecting ter. Wiedermann, BB 27.205 ff. Her- an IE word for 'marry' . Yet, of course, mann, Gott. Nachr. 1918.204 ff. even from the other linguistic evidence, Many of the words of relationship be- the existence of the institution in the long to well-known groupe of cognates IE period is apparent. pointing to specific words for these relaIn the inherited group the suffix -tertions existing in the parent speech. The or in some cases -er-, -DT-, is conspicuous most widespread are those which are (cf. Skt. pitar-, miltar-, bhriltar-, duhitar-, represented by NE /alkr, mother, 8on, j4mdtar-, yOiar-; devar-, BVaSar-). Owing daughter, brother, sister. Others for to the well-known use of this suffix in which there is sufficient agreement to agent-nouns, these words of relationship indicate IE origin are words for 'grand- were also formerly interpreted as agentson' or 'nephew', for 'paternal uncle', nouns from certain roots, e.g. 'father' as and, in relationship by marriage, those 'protector', 'mother' as 'measurer, for the 'daughter-in-law' and for her thoughtful one'. or the like, 'brother' as husband's father, mother, brother, or sister, or even her husband's brother's

wife. That is, the IE family was obviously not matriarchal. The wife became one of her husband'sfamily, and it was the relations between her and her husband's family that were important. The relations between the husband and his wife's relatives were remoter; and special terms for the 'wife's father', etc. arose only later, either by extension of the inherited group or otherwise. For 'husband' and 'wife' there is great divergence in the actual words, but considerable agreement in employing words for 'man' and 'woman', or, to some extent, words for 'master' and 'mistress'.

Probably this was the situation in the

'supporter', 'daughter' as 'milker', either the 'suckling' or the 'milkmaid', etc. Most of these derivations now seem fan-

ciful and pointless and are generally given up. The use of the suffix is not to be connected directly with its use in agent-nouns, but rather with the use of -tera- (-ero) in words of contrasted relationship, like Lat. dexter vs. 8inister, no.!w vs. ve8ter, etc., that is, it was used in words for 'father' a.nd 'mother', etc. as contrasted terms. Cf. Streitberg, IF 35.196. The actual root connection and ulti-

mate meaning of these inherited words of relationship is mostly obscure. But those represented by Lat. pater, mtltt:r are probably based upon the intrinsical-

MANKIND: SEX, AGE, FAMILY RELATIONSHIP

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS Iy meaningless infantile syllables po. and mtl, with suffix added after the analogy of other pairs of contrasted relations. while the simpler forms with or without reduplication, like NE pa, ma, papa, mama, continued in use as pet names. Such infantile syllables or nursery words play a considerable role in the words of relationship. They give rise to pet names of loose application which may become specialized in various directions. A similar use of infantile syllables, especially for 'father' and 'mother' J is observed in languages from all over the world. Cf. Kretschmer, Einleitung 353 ff., and. for Latin. Heraeus, Die Sprache der romischen Kinderstube, Arch. lat. Lex. 13.149 ff. The principal groupe of this kind may be cited here for future reference. In general, the forms charaeterized by a labial or dental stop are applied to male relatives 'father', 'grandfather', etc., and those with n or m to female relatives, 'mother', 'grandmother', 'aunt', 'niece', etc. But there are many exceptions, as Dew forms for the opposite sex may arise from either type. 1. papa. appa, baba, etc. Walde-Po 1.47; 2.4, 105. For 'father' or 'old man'. Grk . ..-a:nrA (voc. in Hom.), 411""1"0., An/xI, etc., late Lat. papa, Fr. papa, NE papa, etc.; It. babbo. Goth. aba 'husband', ON aft 'grandfather, etc.', Grk . .,...6.1r1rOS 'grandfather'. Slav. baba 'grandmother, old woman', whence Lith. baba 'old woman', and fro this bobute 'grandmother'. Cf. also MHG bObe 'old woman', buobe 'boy', NE baby, etc. 2. taIa,atta, dada, etc. Walde-P.1.44, 704. For 'father' or 'old man', Skt. tala- (in Rigveda), Grk. TeiTC&, TUTC&, IT.,.C& (but Skt. atUi- 'mother'), Lat. tala (frequent in inscriptions), Rum. tatd, W., Br. tad, NE dad, Lith. Utili (OPruss.

"'1.01, but otro~ for the commoner 1I'a.,8loJl' or {3~), deriv. of mkuill 'tender, young'. So Russ. mladenec. SCr. djetdce, Boh. detalko, Po!. dzieciqtko, etc. dims. of dijete, etc. 'child' (2.27). Boh. nemluum, Pol. niemow/f, cpds.

The speaker may take the point of

95

a close 888OCiation between words for

view of another, as when a man calls

reciprocal relations,

his wife 'mother', from the point of view of the children. Such use of Lith. mote

father' and 'grandson' (NE grandson formed on the model of grand/ather, etc.; OHG anD 'grandfather', but dim. eninchil, NHG enkel 'grandson'), or between 'uncle' and 'nephew' (OHG Jetiro 'uncle', MHG vetere also 'nephew', NHG vetter

as 'woman' or 'wife' replaced the origi-

nal sense of 'mother'. One's father's 'nephew' is one's own 'cousin', and there are several examples of shift from 'nephew' to 'cousin'. Furthermore, there is

Lat.

UI,. (.......) ,",pat,

17vttr)'O!

w, marUua (con.iw:)

It. morita, trpOBO Fr. mari, Ipow: Sp. marido (upooo) Rum. 801 Ir. /tJI',cek NIr. jfKJr, ~, nuachar

w.

Goth.

(fIDI".prl·,d ozac'A, pried alia

Don.

m It. nozze, etc.), sec under nuber. (2.33). Lat. mairinWniu11l (>It., Sp. matri-

brifo, etc. 'bride' and laupa, etc. 'run', referring to the ceremonial fetching of the bride, this ultimately reflecting a primitive chase or robbery of the bride.

MANKIND: SEX, AGE, FAMILY RELATIONSHIP

103

'taking the bride', like 'lead the bride, 2.35 FATHER

marry' in Lith. vesti, etc. Berneker 81.

ChSl. malMonlstvo (late), Boh. manielsM, Pol. malienowo : ChSl. malilzena 'married couple', Boh. manlel 'husband', etc. (2.31). Boh. sliatek, orig. 'union': sniti OBoh. snieti, pple. 8iiat, ChSl. sil~ti 'take down, take together', cpd. of sil 'with' and j~ti 'take'. Gebauer 1.381. Berneker 429. Pol. slub 'vow' (= Boh. slib 'vow'), hence also 'betrothal' and 'marriage' : poslubic 'betroth', cpd. of lubic 'like, love'. Hence OLith. saluba8, OPruBS. acC. sg. salUban 'marriage'. Berneker 757 f. BrUckner 531. Russ. 8UpruZeSWO, fro 8Uprug 'spouse'

(2.31). SCr . ..adba, Boh. svatba, Russ . ..ad'ba 'wedding', deriv. of ChSl. ..atl 'kinsman' (: possessive svojf), then 'one who promotes the marriage, matchmaker',

as RUBS. ..at, Pol. swat, etc. Miklosich 332. Pol. we8ele 'wedding', formerly 'merriment' : ChSI. vetrelf..je 'merriment' veBe-

lil'merry' (16.22). Bruckner 607. 6. Skt., beside vivllha-, etc. fro vah'marry', also patitva- 'husbandhood' J janitva- 'wifehood', also pllrJi-graha- lit. 'grasping the hand' (of the bride), pari1JO.ya- (cf. pari-1}i- 2.33), etc. Av. nairilJwana-, lit. 'wifehood', fro nairi- 'wife'.

2.36 MOTHER

2.37 PARENTS

Grk.

'lfarip

".I,.,."p

1'OKe,r, TflClwru, '}'OlItir

NG Lat.

raTyar

".."Tipa

mIlhr

It.

padre, babbo

Fr.

plJr.

_e

'YOP4!if

parenteB genilori pere et mere padre3

pater

Sp.

p !VIE paTentes, NE parents), now 'relatives' (as 'parents' replaced by pue et mere), as also It. parenti, Sp. parientes. REW 6233. Lat. patrfs (as also Grk. lI"a.TtPES') was commonly used for 'forefathers' and occasionally in late times for (parents'. Hence Sp. padres. Lat. genitor 'begetter, father': gignere 'beget', etc. Hence It. genitori. 3. Ir. tuistidi, Nlr. luismhightheoiri : Jr. do-juismim 'beget, bear' (4.71). W. rhieni (formerly also 'ancestors'), cpd. rhi-eni : geni 'be born', La.t. gig-

5. Lith. tevai, pI. of tevas 'father'. Lith. gimdytojai : gimdYli 'bear, beget' (4.71). Lett. vecaki, fro vecs 'old' (influence of NHG eUern prob.). ChSI. rodileli, etc. (all the Slavic words) : roditi 'beget, bear' (4.71).

6. Skt. pilarliu, Av. pitaro (once, Barth. 905), Skt. matarau, both elliptical duals of pitar- 'father' or matar~ 'mother', also copulative dual Skt. matariipiwra.

MANKIND: SEX, AGE, FAMILY RELATIONSHIP

&0., IN.bJ

NG Lat.

.101. (>""') jfli'U8. natus

It.

ft41io, ftgliolo jiIa

Fr. Sp. Rum. h. NIr.

W.

Br.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

(2.27), Lett. dels 'son'. Walde-P. 1.829 if. Ernout-M. 359. Walde-H. 1.496. Lat. niUus, pple. cf. nnsci 'be born', freq. for filiu8. 3. Ir. mace (also 'boy'), NIr. mac, W., Br. mab, etym. dub., perh. as orig. 'boy' : Ir. magu, mug 'slave', Goth. magus 'boy', etc. (2.25). Pokorny, KZ 45.363. 4. Lett. del., fro the same root as Lat. filius, above, 2. 5. Skt. putra-, very common beside 81lnu-, Av. puiJra-, OPera. puBra_, the reg. Iran. word: 08C. puklum 'filium' Pael. puelois 'pueris', Lat. puer 'boy', Grk. 11'4", etc. (2.25). Walde-Po 2.75 if.

2.42. 'Daughter'. 1. IE 'dhugh(9}ter, root connection obscure. The root agrees in form with that of Skt. dull'milk' and with that of Grk. TEfJx'" 'fashion, make'. But in neither case is there a convincing semantic explanation. Walde-Po 1.868. Here belong Grk. 6v'Y6.T'l/P; Goth. dauhtar, etc., all the Gmc. words; Lith. dukU, OPruss. duckti, ChSI. diUti, etc., all the Slavic words (partly with added suffixes and phonetic changes that disguise the orig.); Skt. duhitar-, Av. dugooar-, du'Yw- (OPers. form not yet quotable, but represented 3. Goth. (beside usual barn for .aby Elam. duMil, Cameron, J . Near vo.) jrasts, doubtless fro jra = Grk. "pIJ Eastern Stud. 1.217), NPers. duxtar; etc., but precise formation (cpd. or with Arm. dustr; Toch. A ckiicar, B tkacer suffix) dub. Feist 165 (with refs.; add (SSS 65). 2. Lat. filia (> It. figlia, etc), fem. F. Mezger, Language 19.262 f.). of filius. See 2.41. 4. ChSI. c¢, the reg. translation of 3. Jr. inigena (Ogam), ingen (also Grk. rl"""., SCr. cedo, etc. (in modem 'girl'), NIr. inghean, cpd. like Lat. in- Slavic mostly a pet name 'darling', or digena 'born in, native', Grk. f"'(- only in cpd•. ), prob. not a loanword fr 'Y6vq 'granddaughter'. Pedersen 1.101. Gmc. (OHG kind, etc.), but fro the root of ChSI. -lInq, -leti 'begin', Grk. «4,,1. Walde-Po 1.577. Walde-H. 1.599. W. merch, Br. merc'h, orig. 'girl' : 'new', Skt. kanlna- 'young', kanya,. 'girl' Lith. morga 'girl', etc. (2.26). Walde-Po (2.26), etc. Bemeker 154. Bruckner 2.281. 542.

lhryAT..",w""

filk

hija

ftf, etc. 'mother's brother'; all : Lat. avus 'grandfather', Goth. awo 'grandmother', etc. Walde-Po 1.20. Walde-H. 1.88. 4. Grk. Ilf,rpws 'mother's brother', paraUel formation to 7rO.rpw, (above, 1). Grk. rl1Bh 'aunt' : rr,8rJ 'grandmother', Lith. dedi 'uncle', etc., all of pet-name type (above, p. 94). Grk. BEtaS 'uncle' (on either side), whence late 8Ei.4 'aunt', of the same petname type as the preceding. Hence NO BEtO';, BE[a., or It. zio, zia, Sp. tio, tia. REW8709. 5. Lat. amita 'father's sister', deriv. of pet name of the amma type (above, p. 94) .. Hence, with extension at the expense of matertera, OFr. ante (> ME, NE aunt), Fr. tante (> Du., NHG., Dan. tante) with t variously explained, and with dim. suffix Rum. matWla. Walde-P. 1.53. REW 424. Wartburg 1.89. 6. Ir. brathir athar 'brother of the father', etc., with the corresponding NIr. phrases, all of obvious origin. NIr. also athaireog 'father's sister',

'son's son', son's daughter', and dauhitra-, dauhitri- 'daughter's son, daughter's daughter', derivs. of putra'son', duhitar- 'daughter'.

2.51 UNCLE (a, Paternal; b, Maternal)

."'p,

wuj are used in urban speech without the old distinction, which still prevails in the country. 9. Skt. pitrvya-, Av. tuirya- (hence tuirya- 'father's sister'), above, 1. Barth. 657.

2.54 NIECE (a, Brother's Daughter i b, Sister's Daughter)

Grk.

ciOEAif>t.OoVi a..-fY,tln,dJ,ty,,1n

Lat. It.

fratri3filiv.s (a); soriJrUjilius (b) nipote "","u

frturis filia (a); sorliris fUia (b)

sabrino

rwi

sobrina ",poatd "",ht ",,,,,ht _Uk

niz

nuez

ON

nefi

Dan. Sw. OE

brocUrs/1n (a); 8;ster8?n (b); nev; brorson (a); SY8ternson (b); n6V6 nefa; suhterga (a)

nipt brotkrdaUet (a); s;sterdatter (b) brorsdoUer (a); systerdoUer (b)

F ..

Sp. Rum. h. NIr. W. Br.

"'pot niae (b) ga.-mhac

115

Skt. miitur-hhratar- is attested for 'mother's brother', for which the usual word is matula., a dim. fonnation from matar- 'mother'. Skt. pitr-~asaT- 'father's sister', matr~vasar- 'mother's sister', both rare.

2.53 NEPHEW (a, Brother's Son; b, Sister's Son)

NG

113

I tn,

QOfAif>t.O~

dJ,fY,tn.,

/wtfto.

nipote niece

Goth.

ME

neve, neveu

NE

~Mw

nilt nyfte, nece

mece

Du. nee! nicht nifl, niftila OHG neva MHG neve; vetere (a); briiderson (a); swester8un (b) niftel; brt1dertochter (a)

NHG

Lith.

Lett. ChSl. Ser. Boh. Pol. Russ. Skt. Av.

neffe; bruderssohn (8.); schwestersohn (b) nichte; bruderstochter (a); schwestertochter (b) broientU (a): seserenas (b); broliavailcs (a), etc. broliadukte (a.); seseryCia (b) brdla dels (a)j masas dels (b) brdla meita (a); m&a8 meita (b) synovt, synovtc!, neUj! synovica, nestera sinovac (a); neCak (b) sinovica (a); m:Caka (b) synovec; bratrovec (a); 8e8tre7WC (b) net'; bratrovna (a.)

syndoiis, dim. of .Ll.M/>6s 4brother', but not restricted to 'brother's son'. Hence fem. ~MI>w;j. By•. , NG 6.Pe{tw., A• ..".A (NG also A••>/-.6., -u), witn shift from earlier 'cousin' (2.55). 3. Sp. SObri1lO, sobrina, fro Lat. 8Obrinus, -a 'cousin' (2.55). 4. NIr. garmJw.c 'grandson' and 'nephew'. Cf. 2.48. 5. OE 8Ul!Urga, suhtriga 'hrother's son', etym.? Walde-P.2.470. 6. Lith. brolena8 'hrother's son' (also 'cousin'), deriv. of brolis 'brother'. Lith. 8uerenaa 'sister's son', deriv. of 86BUO 'sister'. Lith. seseryCia 'sister's daughter', deriv. of 868'I.UJ 'sister'.

ChSI. (late) BY1IOvt, synooIct, fem. 8Ynovica, dim. of synll 'son', and orig. used for 'nephew' on either side, as still Boh. synovec. But SCr. sinovac, fem.

MANKIND: SEX, AGE, FAMILY RELATIONSHIP

Binovica, Pol. 8ynow1.eC, fem. .rynowica

used only for hrother's son or daughter. SCr. bratanee, Pol. bratanek, RUBB. (obs.) brataniC, Boh. bratranee (also 'cousin'), bratrovec 'brother's son', with fem. sCr., Pol. bratanica, Boh. bratovna, ete. 'hrother's daughter' (most of these not in common use), derivs. of brat(r)" 'hrother'. Berneker 82.

Lat.

Pol. Bi08trzeniec 'sister's son', 8W8~ tTzenica 'sister's daughter', deriva. of

Biostra 'sister'.

Similar Boh. Butfenec,

fem. 8eBtfenice used also for 'cousin'.

Russ. plemjannik 'nephew', p!emjannica 'niece', derivs. of plemja 'clan, family' (19.23), hence orig. 'relative'. 7. Skt. bhratriya- 'brother's son' (PaQini), 811a81iya- 'sister's son', svasriy/i.'sister's d&.ugbter', derivs. of bhratar 'brother' , 8I1tJ8(JT- 'sister'.

2.55 COUSIN

_, Male

Grk. NG

b, Female c, Father's Brother's Son (Daughter) d, Father's Sister's Son (Daughter) e, Mother's Brother's Son (Daughter) f, Mother's Sister's Son (Daughter)

",",,"" (a); "'"",. (b) ~"'''''''' (a); ~"'>.4»r (b) conaobrinua (a) j con""'""" (b); patrull;, (ae, be); miU.ru8ia (&0) cugiftO (a)i cugina (b) cousin Fr. postbite > ME pa8terite, NE posterity. It. descendenli, Fr. descendonts (> NE descendants), Sp. descendienles, Rum. descenden!i, fro pple. of Lat. descendere 'come down, descend'. Rum. coborUori, fro cobori Idescend'

(this of Slavic orig., Tiktin 379). 3. Ir. iartage, sg. coIl., .epd. of iar 'after' and taig- 'come', this fro to-tiag-, cpd. of tiagu 'go' (Pedersen 2.6(5). Hence like NHG nachkommen. Ir. aui, pI. of aue 'grandfather' (2.46)

~hairceile mam yng nghyfraith (chwegr) mamm-gaer

Av.

Ie"

(b) """"'" (a). ",,' (b)

"""""'""

x"osura-

2.63 SON-IN-LAW Grk.

NO

Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

Rum. Jr. NIr.

w.

Br. Ooth.

ON

Dan.

:;:w.

OE ME NE Du.

"Ya.~f3p6r

"(o.p.rpOs qener

genero

beau-fils, gendre

venw

cliamhain

svarmor

Lith.

(a), 'i!ta (b) """"'" (a), ta!ta (h), puni.o" 'Y ..a ..6.6,}.o•. 'Y.M.>, 'husband's sister'; Lat. glDo (atNO ~tll"a.oos, see below, 3. tested only in glosses) 'busband's sister' 3. Lat. rogndl.U8 'relative' in late (also 'brother's wife'. Cf. Arch. lat. inscrr. 'brother-in-law'. Hence It. cog- Lex. 12.413 ff.); ChSI. o/(J,va. SCr. zaova. nato (> NG ......60. 'husband's or OBoh. zelva. Russ. zolovka 'husband's wife's brother'), Sp. cunado, Rum. cum- sister'. nat. wit.h the corresponding fern. forms. 2. IE ·yenater-, etc., root connection REW2029. dub. Walde-Po l.207 f. Emout-M.469. 4. OHG swager. MHG. MLG 8Wliger Grk. Hom. pI. (cf. (> Dan. svoger. Sw . ..ager). Du. zwager. II. 6.378 'YaM.". ~ ,1.aTI"",. of AndromNHG 8chwager (> Boh. 8vagr. Pol. ache's 'husband's sisters or her husszwagier. Lith. Svogeri. and. through band's brothers' wives') j Lat. pI. ianiHung .• SCr. sagor). fro a deriv. of the trid8 (rare) 'wives of brothers'; OLith. word for 'father-in-law'. See 2.61. jente. Lett. ietere (obs.). ChSI. jFY. above. p. 124. SCr. jetroo. OBoh. jatrev. jatnde. OPol. OE a"lJum 'son-in-law' (2.63) also i,q,rew. RU88. jatrov (obs.); Skt. yatar-; 'sister's husband'.

".TT/P.

5. Litb. (obs.) laiguona& 'wife's brother', etym.?

6. ChSI. (late) lurl. lurin(J,. SCr. sura. surjak. Russ. surin. Skt. 8I/dla-. all 'wife's brother', perh. from ·si1l- 'sew'

(Lat. 8uere. etc.). through 'bind'. Walde-P.2.514. 7. Grk. MMo. (Hesych.). ,IXIo." (Pollux). ON avilar. 'husbande of sis-

,I....""

all used of one's 'husband's brother's wife' , or in plural for 'wives of brothers'. 3. Grk. usually 6.v6pt" ('Y ••a",",) .a,l\-

4HJ. latc ••~pa&~. NO

~w,&.ISa.

'husband's or wife's sis-

ter', fern. of ~tll"a.oos 'husband's or wife's brother' (2.65). Grk. 'bride'. 'daughter-in-law' (2.64). NG .IJ

/ also 'brother's wife'.

..m

2.63. ·Son-in-law·. 1. Grk. 'Yap.{Jpbs mostly 'son-in-law', but also 'brother-inlaw', 'father-in-law', 'relative by marriage', NO 'bridegroom', 'son-in-law' or 'sister's husband' : 'YG.p.o$ 'marriage'. From the same root also Skt. jdmiilar-. Av. zdmiitar-. with suffix as in pitarmiitar-. etc. Walde-Po 1.574. 2. Lat. gener (> It. genero. Fr. gendre. Sp. yerno. Rum. ginere). Litb. kntao. Lett. :moots (also 'brother-in-law'). ChSI. z,lI. etc .• the general Slavic word. all apparently fr. IE ·Oen- in Lat. gignere 'beget. bear'. etc. Ernout-M. 414 f. Or Lat. generforgemer (with n by influence of genitor. etc.) and so belonging orig. to preceding group? So WaldeP. 1.574. Walde-If. 1.590 f. 3. W. daw. Br. deun. MBr. deuif. OCorn. do! : Ir. dam 'a following. band'. NIr. damh 'tribe. family'. with specialization of 'relative' to 'son-in-law'. Walde-Po 1.764. Pederson l.48. 4. OE apum (also 'sister's husband'). OHG eidum. MHG eidem. NHG eidam. perh. (Gmc. *aipuTnG-): Osc. aetei8. Grk. al~a 'portion' and olig. applied to the one who marries a man's heiress-

daughter and has a share in the inheritance. Hermann. Gott. N achr. 1918.216 ff. Kluge-G.123. NHG now 8chwieger8ohn. dial. tochtermann. Kretschmer. Wortgeogr. 4M. 2.64. 'Daughter-in-law' 1. IE *sn'UBo-, prob. orig. 'bride', like the various later substitutes for it. and plausibly explained as fr. ·oneu- 'bind' in Skt.

'sinew'. etc. Walde-Po 2.70l. Ernout-M. 689. Grk. vu6s; Lat. nu""" late nura, *nora (> It. nuora. OFr. nuere. Sp. nuera. Rum. nord); ON snor. OE 8nQrU. ME snore. OHG snura. MHG snur. NHG schnur; ChSI. sn1lcha. SCr. snaha. Boh. snacha. RU88. snocha; Skt. snUf/l-; Arm. nu. 2. Grk. ,,"~Io

ma&Aa

Av.

2.71-2.74. Words for 'stepfatber', etc. are, with some exceptions, derivatives or compounds of the words for 'father', ete. 1. Grk. "'~TPV", Ion. "'~TPV'~ (Hom. +) 'stepmother', deriv. of "'~T~P with suffix related to tbat of r/«p"", "'~TfI"I" Lat. patruus, Skt. pUTfIYIJ- 'uncle' (2.51). From this was fonned masc. "'~Tpvdn or 'lrGTpvdn 'stepfather' (both I"te and rare), NG "'~Tpvdn. Grk. TpiryOPOS, lit. 'of previous birth', hence 'ancestor' 2.56), but also, 88 one bom of 8 previous marriage, 'stepson' or 'stepdaughter', for latter also 'Ir~. But NG 1 b, Gebauer 1.430), lit. 'bound to' : ChSI. privqzll 'bond', pri~ati 'bind to', cpd. of ~oJi 'bind'. Pol. kreumi, fro krew 'blood'. Cf. Boh. krevni pl'ibumt 'blood relations' and Lat. consanguinei.

mma, _myna saime, Jamilija domil

obitelj, porodica rodino. roa.;... eem'ja kula..lifo,.

wider sense ('royal house', 'house of Atreus', etc.) later also of the immediate 'family'. Late Grk. OUcO'YEV". (in pap.), status of an OiKO'YEvqS born in the house, hence NG 'family'. 2. Lat. domus 'house' (7.12), also the immediate 'family'. Lat. familia, orig. the 'body of servants, household', then also 'family' J deriv. of famulm 'servant' (19.43). Hence the Romance words, those of the modern Gmc. languages, also Lett. Jamilija and similar fonns more or less

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

used in the modern Slavic languages (not 5. Lith. leima, ieimyna, OPruss. 8eiincluded in the list). Emout-M. 329. mins, Lett. 8aime, Russ. Bem'ja : Goth. Walde-H. 1.452. Miwa-frauja 'master of the house', etc. 3. Ir. t8glach, NIr. teaglack, W. teulu, (above, 4). cpds. of Ir. tech, W. tv 'house' (7.12), 6. ChSI. domll 'house' (7.12) renders and Ir. 8h"'lI, W. Uu 'throng, army', al... also in sense of 'family'. hence the 'people of the house, houseSCr. porodico, Boh. radina, Pol. rod. hold'. Pedersen 1.84. Walde-P.2.716. Jina, derivs. of ChSl. rodll, etc. 'birth, race' and 'family' in wide sense (19.23). Br. tiegez, tiad, derivs. of ti 'house'. 4. Goth. gard. 'bouse' (7.12) renders SCr. o1>itelj: ChS!. obiUl'£ 'dwelling' Grk .•r••• also in the sense of 'family'. (of monks), 'monastery', fro obitati 'dwell' (7.11). ON hjiJ, hjiJn, OE hiwan, hiwisc, 7. Skt. kula- 'family' in narrow and hiwrmden, hired, OHG hiwiski, MHG hiwiscM: OHG hiwo 'husband', hiwa broad senses, also 'herd, crowd', etc. : 'wife', OE hiwa 'wife' (2.31, 2.32), ChSl. leljadi 'household, body of servGoth. Miwa- frauja 'master of the house', ants'. Walde-Po 1.517. Berneker 141£. Av. niiJa- 'navel' and 'family, kinLith. ieimyna 'family', Goth. hai1fl8 'village', DE hilm 'village, home', etc. dred': Skt. ntJbhi- 'navel' and 'relationship', Grk. b,.,p.Mr 'navel', etc. WaldeWalde-P.1.359. Walde-H. 1.224. l"eist 253 f. P. 1.130. Barth. 1062.

CHAPTER 3 ANIMALS 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22

AmMAL MALE (adj.)

3.45 FOAL, COLT 3.46 Ass, DONKEY

FEMALE

3.47 MULE

CASTRATE

3.51

LIVESTOCK

3.52 COCK

PASTURE (vb.) PASTURE (sb.)

3.53 CAPON 3.54 HEN

HERDSMAN

3.55

STABLE, STALL

3.56 GOOSE 3.57 DUCK 3.61 DOG

CA'M'LE (Bovine Species) BULL

Ox 3.23 Cow

3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 3.41 3.42 3.43 3.44

HEN, CHICKEN (Generic)

CHICKEN

3.612 PUPPT

3.62 CAT

CALI'

3.63

SHEEP

3.54 BIRD

R..w

3.65 FISH

MOUSE

WETHER

3.66

EWE

3.71 WOLF 3.72 LION 3.73 BEAR 3.74 Fox 3.75 DEER 3.76 MONKEY 3.77 ELEPH.\NT 3.78 C.\MEL 3.79 HUNT (vb.) 3.81 INSECT 3.82 BEE 3.83 FLY 3.84 WORM 3.85 SNAKE

LAIlB SWINE BOAR BARROW

Sow PIG

GoAT HE-GOAT

KID HOME (Generic) STALLION GELDING

MARE

In the inherited names of animals there is little to be said about their semantic source. For in most of them the root connection is wholly obscure. The interest in this chapter lies rather in the losses, substitutions, and shifts of application. The loss of certain inherited animal names, like that of the 'bear' in Slavic and Germanic and those for 'woH', 'ser~

FISHERMAN

pent' J 'hare', and 'mouse' here and there, is attributed to taboo (cf. esp. Meillet, Ling. hist. 281 fl.). This h"" doubtless played a part in individual cases. But one hesitates to make too much of this factor when one observes that virtually every inherited animal name (and for that matter nearly every inherited word in other classes, as in the words of relationship, etc.) has been dis-

135

136

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

placed in one or another of the IE languages. The IE word for 'horse' attested in most IE languages in the early period (Grk. t1l'"'lTOS, Lat. equus, etc., 3.41), has been displaced in every modern European language (only the fern. Sp. yegua, Rum. iapd 'mare' surviving), and no one will ascribe this to taboo. On the sources of animal names the following general observations may be made here. Some are of imitative origin. Besides those derived from the animal's cry, as several words for 'cock', 'hen' (3.51 ft.), etc., there are others derived from cries used in calling the animal, the callwords, as NE puss for 'cat' (3.62). For the latter type, cf. Rohlfs, Z. frz. Spr. 49.109 ff. But in several cases it is doubtful which type i. involved. Color words underlie some, as 'brown' in the Gmc. words for 'bear' (3.73) and an IE word for 'beaver' (NE beaver, etc.); 'gray' in Lith. pele 'mouse' (3.63) and prob. a widespread word for 'hare' (OE hara, OHG haso, etc.; OE hasu 'gray'), possibly ON gnss 'pig' (3.35); 'red' in several words for 'fox' (3.74), etc. The notion of swift motion underlies several animal names, as clearly Lith. tekis 'ram', Ir. reithe 'ram' (3.26), prob. Lat. aries Iram' (3.26), Grk. OPVtS 'bird' (3.64), ON hToss, OE hOTS 'horse' (3.41), ON hestT 'horse' (3.41). A proper name applied to an animal, as so often in fables, may become the usual word, as Fr. renard 'fox' (3.74), SCr. malka 'cat' (3.62). A few were first applied to the meat of an animal as food and then to the living animal (the opposite of the usual relation, cf. 5.62), as NG ",o.p, 'fish' (3.65), ON sau'IJr 'sheep' (3.25). Specialization is frequent. Words for 'animal' may be specialized to denote such diverse creatures as 'ox', 'swine',

138

'small beast of prey' (d. REW 476 on the derivs. of Lat. animal), 'horse' (NG a.XO'l'O fro 'unreasoning' through 'animal', 3.41), 'deer' (NE deer, 3.75), 'louse' (Nlr. miol, 3.11). 'Cattle' in the wide sense ('livestock') may be partly or wholly specialized to 'cattle' in the narrow sense, the bovine species (many examples in 3.15, 3.20), or to 'sheep' (Att. 1rpbl3a.TOP, It. pecora, 3.15, 3.25). A 'horned animal' may be an 'ox' or 'cow' (NHG rind, Lith. karve, 3.20 fT.), a 'ram' (Grk. ICPWS, ON hnltr, 3.26), a 'stag' (Lat. cervus, NE hart, etc., 3.75). A 'tamed animal' may be an lOX' (Ir. dam, 3.22) or a 'sheep' (W. dofOO, 3.25). The young of an animal may be a 'calf' (NE calf, etc., 3.24), 'chicken' (Lat. pullus, 3.55), or 'foal' (Grk. ""Xo,, Lat. pullus, NEfoal, etc., 3.45). Similarly, a 'yearling' may be a 'calf' (Lat. vitulus, 3.24), a 'lamb', 'wether', 'ram' (Goth. wiftrus, etc., 3.27, 3.29), 'sow' (Br. gwiz, 3.34), 'goat' (Grk. xip.a.por, 3.36), or 'kid' (SCr. jaTe, 3.38). Of the names of wild animals, only a small selection is considered here. The chief attention is given to domestic animals. For those of most concern in the fanner's daily life, there is a wealth of distinctions within the species (or genus; but with reference to domestic animals 'species' is generally the correct term; for our purposes the technical distinction is of no consequence), of which it is im· portant to note, beside the generic terms, those for the breeding male, the castrated male, the female, and the young, as for the bovine species the Ibull', 'ox', 'cow', 'calf' (still other specific terms like NE steer for 'young ox', heifer for 'young cow' being ignored). There are many shifts of application and local differences even in the same language. Within the same cognate group there may be interchange, as between 'bull', 'ox', and

ANIMALS 'young ox' (NHG stier, NE steer; Skt. uk~an-, NE ox; 3.20 ff.); or between 'lamb', 'ram', 'wether', lewe' (Goth. wiftrus, NHG widder, NE wether, etc.; Lat. vervcx, Rum. berbec, Fr. brebisi 3.25 ff.). The old generic terms for bovine animals, sheep, and swine have become specialized in Gennanic to denote the female, as NE cow, ewe, sow. Conversely, words for a special class, especially the young or the fema.le, may be used generically, as Lat. porcus, NE pig for swine, NE hen or chicken for domestic fowl (3.31, 3.51). Besides such interchange within the

3.11 ANIMAL (Also Wild Beast) Grk.

r ME, NE ,table> NIr. Btahla, W. ystabl), Fr. ,table, Sp . ..tablo,

g0-8tMna-, Wjtra-stluina-, Av. gav3-8tdna-, a8p3-stana-, ultra-stana(cpds. with words for 'ox', 'horse', 'camel').

Here also (fr. IE ",t.-dhla-, as Lat. stabulum, or more prob. a pacallel IE "stel-) the Gmc. group, ON stallr (also stallhu.), OE steall, NE stall. OHG stal, etc., whence also It. stalla. Lett. stallis (fr. MLG stal) and SCr . • tala. WaldeP. 2.644. Falk-Torp 1147. ME stall and stable were both used for the building in which domestic animals were kept, but .tall came to be used mostly of the standing place for a single animal, and stable of the building for horses. 2. It. scucieria, Fr. ecurie 'stable' for horses, derivs. of 8cudiero, ~cuyer orig.

'shield-bearer' fro Lat. scutarius, then also 'page, groom', hence 'place where the grooms stayed, stable'. But in French proh. blended with a loanword fro OHG BC'tlr 'covered place, shed', BcUra 'barn' (so 8curia in Lex. SaL). REW 7759. Gamillscheg 343. Rum. grajd, loanword fr. Slavic (below, 6). 3. Ir. lias, etyro.? Br. kraou : W. (obs.) crau 'pigsty',

151

craw 'sty, hovel', Ir. cro 'inclosure, pen', etc. (these: OE hrof 'roof', etc. Pedersen 1.92; rejected by Walde-Po 1.477). 4. ON fj.s, contraction of *fe-hu. 'cattle-house', cpd. ofje 'cattle' (3.15). 5. Lith. /ciUe, Lett. kmB, fro MLG kol, kate 'hut, shed' (cf. OE cot 'hut', etc. 7.13). Miih1.-End•. 2.338. Lith. tvartas, fro tverti 'comprise, inclose', like tvora 'fence', etc., hence orig. 'inclosure'. Walde-P. 1.750. 6. ChSI. chllvil (also 'hut'), Boh. chMv, Pol. chlew (now esp. 'pigsty'), Russ. chlev, loanword fro Gmc. ·xlaiwa- 'hut' (Goth. hlaiw 'grave' beside hleipra, hlija 'tent',

etc. fro IE "klei- 'incline'; Walde-Po 1.490 ff.). Berneker 389. Stender-Petersen 239ff. ChSI. graJdl (late), BuIg. yraJd (> Rum. grajd), deriv. of ChS\. grOOil 'city' and 'garden', orig.

'inclosed place'.

Berneker 330. 7. Skt. (beside go-~Iha-. above, 1) go-tra- fro go- 'ox, cow' and suffix- -tradenoting place, but not restricted to b0vine species. Av. gal'O-Btdna-,

a8pO-stana-,

etc.

(above, 1) for the large animals, also (nmawm) glioay.m, lit. '(house) for oxen'. For small animaJ.a, as sheep, pasu8-hasta-. cpd. of pasu- 'small cattle' (3.15) and *hasta- fro had- 'sit' = Skt. sOO-. Cf. Yd. 15.23 ff., where the whole series occurs.

152

3.20 CATTLE

3.21 BULL

(Collective or

3.22 OX

plural forms)

""'.

Grk.

NO

".".. (buoi) (bitail, etc.) g NHG bulle, much used in the north in place of stier; also the source of Lith. buli,,", Lett. bullis), Du. but, poob.: ON bjll/r 'ball, testicle', OHG bollo 'ball', OE beallucas 'testicles' (so NE balls in vulgar use), Grk. >/>A)."",,' 'penis' J Lat. Jollis 'leather bag', etc. Walde-Po 2.178. ON gratJ-ungr, also gratJ-uxi, cpds. of gr0:6r 'entire', as in gra'IJ-hestr 'stallion', gratJ-Iw.fr 'he-goat'. ON tarfr (rare), loanword fro Celtic, Ir. tarb, etc. (ahove, 1). ON fam (rare), DE fearr, OHG far, farro, MHG varre, NHG farre (now dial.; OOT

'young bull'; also Du. vaGr8,

NHG fiJrae 'heifer') : Grk.

>:6pm

(Hom.

71'6P'I, 71'6pra,f) 'calf, young cow', Lat.

parere 'hear, beget'. Orig. 'young of an animal', variously specialized . WaldeP. 2.41. Franck-v. W. 720, 723.) 3. ChSI. (late) bykU, SCr. bik, etc., all the Slavic words: SCr. bukati'roar', Skt. bukkati 'roars', buk-kara- 'lion's roar', fro an imitative bu. Walde--P. 2.112 fI. Berneker 112. 4. Skt. u/qan-, Av. uxlan-: Goth. auhsa 'ox', etc. (ahove, p. 153). Skt. nabha- and IJTfabha-, fro IIT",n-, etc. 'male' (2.23).

3.22. Most of the words for 'ox' have

been discussed above (pp. 152, 153). The others are: 1. Ir. dam, NIr. damh : Skt. damya'to be tamed', 'young bull', Grk. aaplt),,1]1 'young ox, steer', t5a.,u.a).ts 'young cow,

heifer', Skt. dam-, Grk. 8iI.~"'1~" Goth. gatamjan, etc. 'tame'. Walde-Po 1.789. W. eidion, Br. ejen, OCorn. odion, etym.? Pedersen 1.370. Henry Ill. 2. Lith. jautis: Lett. jii.tis 'joint', Skt. go-yUti- 'yoke of cattle', yu- 'bind, yoke, harness', yuga- 'yoke', Grk. rll"'(OJl, Lat. iugum 'yoke' , Lat. iumenlum 'draught-animal', etc., hence orig. 'yoke

animal'. Walde-Po 1.201. Lett. verBis orig. 'bull', now 'ox' (Lith. fJer8i8 'calf') : Skt. vr~an- 'male, bull, stallion', Lat. verres 'boar', etc. WaldeP. 1.269. Miihl.-Endz. 4.565. 3. ChSI. voli!, etc., all the Slavic words, etym.?

3.23. The majority of the words for 'cow' represent the IE word for 'ox, cow', Grk. (JOVI, etc., with specialization to 'cow' in Gmc. and Celtic. See above,

p. 152. The others are: 1. NG 4oy.)'oIlA, through 4oy.).O" -cioo., fro Grk. 4oy!).~ 'herd'. 2. Lat. vacca (> Romance words), prob. : Skt. va,a- 'cow' (for use cf. BR s.v., Macdowell-Keith 2.273). Walde-Po 1.214 (adversely). Ernout-M. 1068. 3. Ir. forb, NIr. fearbh : Lat. vervex 'wether'? Walde-Po 1.270. Pokorny, Z. celt. Ph. 17.304 fI. Ir. "4: Skt. aM... 'cow' (rare), Av. azi- adj. 'with young' (of cows or mares),

Arm . ..n 'ox'. Walde-Po 1.38. 4. Lith. ko:rrJe, ChSI. krava, etc., all the Slavic words for 'cow' (also OPruss. curvis, Pol. karw 'ox') : Lat. cervU8, W.

carw, OE heorot, etc. 'stag, deer' (3.75),

153

Dr. suout, fro Lat. 8oldu,s, solidus in its Skt. slh'lra- 'st.rong, thick', slha.ira- late u~e as the name or a gold ('(Jin, henre 'thirk, sturdy', OHU stun 'strong', et.c. through 'money, property' to 'rattle' in It'urther inclusion in this group of Grk. wide sense, then in narrow sense, like NE caUle. MBr. Solt., Soult in pl8.('e~ Ttl.VPOI 'bull', etc., disputed but probable (sec 3.21). Walde-P.2.609. Feist 454. names Reems to have meant a small 3. Goth. auh8us, auh8a, ON ox-i (ux-i), landed property. Loth, Mots lat. 209. 3. ON nant, naut-fe (Dan. n~d, Sw. OE oxa, etc., the general Gmc. word for 'ox', 'V. ych 'ox', Dr. oc'hen 'oxen', Ir. 088 nOt), OE neat, ME nete (NE neat in neat 'stag', Skt. uk.~an-, Av. u:dan- 'bull', cattle, but mOfit1y obs.), OHG rWz, etc. : Goth. niutan, OE 1'/£otan 'rujoy, make poob. : Skt. ttk.,-t~prinkle, emitseed',Grk. irypOl 'moist', etc. Cf. Skt. vr~an- 'male, u~e of, obtain', Lith. nauda 'use, profit', Lett. nauda 'propC'rty, money'. Henre bull, stallion', Lat. verre8 'boar' : Skt. ori/1:. 'u~('ful property'. 'Valde-P. IIT~- 'rain', etc. Walde-Po 1.248. Orig. 'bull', then kept for the castrated 'ox' in 2.325 ff. I"alk-Torp 757. Dan. ":'va~g, fl'. )'fLO quck 'rattle' sh. Gmc., etc. cr. XE bullock orig. 'young bull', later 'ox' (cf. NED), likewise use of qu,ek 'living', hence orig. 'living Lett. versis 'ox' (3.22). Walde-Po 1.248. creature, animal', then 'livestock' like UN kvikfe (:1.l5), now mostly 'cattle' in Feist 66. narrow sensc. Falk-Torp 609. 3.20. 'Cattle', understood here as a Sw. boskap, in OSw. 'household, housegeneric tenn for the bovine specie..;;, may hold goods, property', deriv. of bo he expressed by plural forms or by singu- 'house'. Hellquist 85. lar collectives belonging to the inherited OE hrltJer, ME rother, Du. rund, OHG group, Grk. {Jolll, etc. just discu~sed. (h)rind, MHG, NHG rind, all used in Others have come through 'cattle' in the sg. for 'bovine animal, head of cattle', pI. wider sense, mostly from 'property', '('att.Ie' (for which also coll. NHG rindseveral of these already discussed. in vieh, Du. rundt'ee), prob. orig. 'horned 3.15. A few reflect 'living creature', animal' : OE horn, Lat. cornu, Grk. 'horned', thew'. ICEptl.l 'horn'. Walde-Po 1.407. NED 1. In the Romance languages there B.V. rother. are no fully established pcpular and disNE cattle, see 3.15. tinctive generic terms for the bovine 4. Lith. galvijas 'head of rattle', deriv. species. It. buoi, pI. of bue 'ox', may be of galva 'head'. so used. The French peasant, arcording Lett. guov(s)luops, lielluops (pI. -i in to various informants, will use le betail list), rpds. of luops 'domestic animal' (3.15), Ie8 bestiaux 'the animals' (pI. of (3.15) with guovs 'row' or liels 'large'. b~te, 3.11), le8 vaches 'the COW8', etc. Sp. 5. ChSI. 'gov~o (adj. got'rid! Supr.), ganado (3.15) and Rum. vite (3.15) are SCr. govedo 'hovinf" animal', pI. goveda also commonly UI;;OO for 'cattle' in the '('atOp' (Rus;.:!. govjado obs., but govjanarrower sense. dina 'beef'), etc. : Grk. {jOV'1, etc. (abovf.', 2. Ir. buar, Br. biou: Ir. bo 'cow', p. 152). Berncker 338. ehS!. (lah') mtta, loanword fro Omr., etc. W. gwartheg : gwerlh 'worth, value', ON lIout, etc., above, 3. Stender-Peterwith development through 'property' to sen 307 fI. Boh., Russ. skot, Pol. byd/a, see 3.15. 'cattle', as often. Loth, RC 36.159. not in use) : Av. 8taoTa- 'large rattle',

ANIMALS

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

1M

Du.

a""" ..

-.

A"YtAMa.

borIe,b~

"urea. ....

3.23 COW

bOs, vacca

00.

""W

OHO (h)rindir MHO ri.... NHO Tinder, rin.tlWeA Lett.

{loVra ~

T"VP£

gwariM. biou

BOOut,

oota.

Lith.

,..vpor, ....... "'0

..,.bIt

mte, rotheren

NE Du.

...,

.,...i:lpor

~M~

Lat. It. Fr.

Av.

ANIMALS

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

all orig. 'horned' : OE horn, Lat. cornu, Grk . • Ipo, 'horn'. Walde-Po 1..106 If. 5. Skt. f)a~a.-, above, 2.

3.24. 1I.fost of the words for 'ealf' are specialized from 'young of an animal', this from 'young', 'yearling', etc. 1. Grk. P.OUXOI: Arm. mozi 'calf', root connection? Wald.,.P. 2.309. Boisacq 646. 2. Lat. vitulus (dim. vitellus> It. vitello, Fr. veau, Rum. m(el), orig. 'year~ ling' : Grk. dial. lTEAoJl, ITa.AoJl 'year~ ling', ETOI 'year', Skt. uatsa- ~calf', ete. Walde-Po 1.251. Ernout-M. 1118. Sp. ternero, deriv. of tierno 'young', Lat. tener 'soft, tender'. REW 8645. Sp. becerro, perh. fro Lat. ibex 'cham-

ois' (Korominas).

3. Ir. zaeg, Weg, NIr. laogh, W. Uo, Br. le"", prob. fro .w.pego-: Alb. lope 'cow'.

44.267 fI.

Pedersen

2.22.

Loth,

Re

155

4. Goth. kalbo 'female calf', O~ kalJr, OE cealJ, etc., same word as O~ kcr.lfr 'calf of the leg', fro *gel-bh- an extension of ·gel- in Skt. gula- 'ball', Lat.. galla 'gallnut', parallel to *gel-t- in Goth. kilpei 'womb', OE cild 'child', and with a similar semantic development, in this

ca.':Je 'swelling' to 'womb', 'fetus', 'young of an animal', 'calf'. But in part perh. blended with .gWelbh- in Grk. Il.).>/>... , Skt. garbha-- 'womb', etc. In any case 'calf' is a specialization of 'young of an

animal'. Walde-Po 1.615, 692. Feist 305f. 5. Lith. telias, Lett. tel'., ChSI. te~, dim. telle!, SCr., Boh. tele, Pol. cie~, Russ. telenok (pI. t~ljata), perh. as 'horn' fro *tel- 'raise, carry' (Lat. tollere, etc.), like Goth. barn 'child' fro ·bher- 'carry'. Walde-Po 1.740, top. Lith. verilis, OPruss. werstian : Lett. verBi8 'ox' (3.22). 6. Skt. vatsa-, ahove, 2.

156

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS 3.25 SHEEP

Grk.

otf, rp/)paTOll

NG

..,..

.".p6(l&TO

ICpt«PI

3.26 RAM

La.t. It.

Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W.

.""'.

TOplis

01,

IJOIIJIOtI"UT~

-

.....tone

.... "'" casUnne

bRier .....,....

......,."u...

aries

Ollis

mouton

camero, olleja

oaie caera, Oi, cit

caor.

-

mouton

berbecCMIrat owl, (Ion)

reithe

ApOs,4p!)p

&.pill, tlp..

Ollis

'91'''''

ovej.

"",dero

.--

."..110

agneau

oaie

mid

iii, cairo,'

uan, dinu

iliac

,eit/Ie

molt

dofan

hwrdd, moharm

motu. gwodd8r

moout-toro,

uan

fdofan.

om

mamog

maout

da"_

Br.

da~oad

lamb 8aut'Sr, Jar, amali (coll.)

kratT, 11e3r

Dan.

foar fb

beds tI NG ICp,lA,p,), orig. 'horned': Grk. dpa.f, 'horn', etc. Walde-Po 1.406. 2. Lat. ari.. (> Rum. dial. arete),

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

OE ramm. ME, NE. Du., OHG. MHG Tam, prob. : ON TamT 'strong', from the ram's strength in butting (rather than its strong smell). Walde-P. 2.371. Falk-Torp 874. 5. Lith. tekis. fro tekiti'run'. Lett. tekulis also used for 'ram' or 'boar'. Boh. beTan, Pol., Russ. baran 'male

cr.

sheep' {'ram', or 'wether') : Ork. {j6.p,~ xo,' lpns, {jo.pwv· TpbfJa:roJ' (Hesych.), Alb. berr 'wether, livestock', ultimate

source dub. Berneker 43. 6. Skt. "'"fa-, Av. maeia- (alone or with vaTini- 'male') 'ram', Skt. me~, Av. maeSi- 'ewe', NPers. mil 'sheep' : ChSl. mkhi1. 'bag made of skin', etc., orig. 'sheepskin' or 'skin'(?), root connection

dub. Walde-P.2.303. Berneker 2.246. Skt. urm.z.a-, with ura- 'ewe' : Lat. ve""" 'wether' (3.27), Grk. iJ.pfj. 'Iamb', etc. (3.29). 3.27. 'Wether'. The castration of male sheep for fattening is an old and almost universal practice, and the 'weth-

er' (understood here in the technical sense of NE wether 'cBBtrated sheep') is the grown sheep par excellence. Hence the generic word for 'sheep', where it is

not a distinctively feminine form, may be commonly applied to the 'wether', even though distinctive terms for the latter exist. Some of these are unfamiliar to the layman (BB NE wether except in bellwether). Conversely some words that were originally specific for 'wether' have become generic (os Fr. mouton) or through generic use have acquired a new specialization (os Fr. brebi8 'ewe', fro Lat. vervex 'wether').

In some languages, however, 'wether' is expressed by the same word BB that for 'ram', that is, the same word was used for 'male sheep' whether 'ram' or

'wether' (BB OE wel1er, Russ. baran, etc.). 1. In ancient Greek there is no quot-

able specific word.

Covered by 6" 6,

6u' 4fX"1J' in Homer, in Att. by -roJ'iif

'castrated animal' (3.14) or specifically -rCw

1rpo{J6.f'WV

f'OJ'£is (cf. (jo/Av TOIALtu,

Aristot. HA 575b ). NG pOWruB, see 3.26, OE we"IJtT, etc. 6. Lith. eras, Lett. jers, orig. 'yearling' J like SCr. jar. 'kid', etc.: Goth. jer 'year', etc. Walde-P. 1.135 (to be added 1.105). 3.31 SWINE Ork. NO Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

~J

xriifKIf ')'ovpom, xoipor ril, porcua p"" coelum, pore, pourceau pU6TCO, Cff'do,

...,..,.,..

Rum.

Ir.

pore mua; OTe

Nlr.

muc, ore

w.

moch

moc'h,hc",,'h stD6in

Goth.

D&n. Sw.

OE ME NE Du.

ChSI. _ , etc., ahove, 1. Boh. beranek, Pol. baranek, dim. of beran, baran 'male sheep' (3.26). 7. In Sanskrit and Avestan no special words are quotable for 'lamb', which was presuma.bly expressed &8 'young sheep'.

..... ..... .....

h 6,,...u.

ht

,,,krpor, ".TpL

~I'01IXWpbo,

"'(OVIIfJiwa,fllCp/MfH&

")'OVpouPai. ')'ew-

.....iII ..,.,..

_at

..,.......

8111, aero/a, porca port:U8, porcelltca porcello ...../a, Iroia

/ruN

towe'h

ep.......'h."...)

gwU

porc'W

(J(Iltr

h9rgr

agr

..

...... gr;.

81l, a_

104M pigg
It. .crofa, Rum. .croofl!., NG a.p#a), loanword fro an Italic dialect (hence the medial f), and perh. fro a root ".kerb(h)- in OE 8ceorpan 'scratch', Lett. skrabt 'scratch, hollow out', Lat . • crobiB 'ditch', ek (WaldeP. 2.582, without inclusion of 8r:rOfa) , hence 'sow' as 'rooter'.

2. It. troia, Fr. truie, fro late Lat. troia, this prob. fro ·trogya- : ON prekkr, MHG dree 'filth', etc. Walde-P. 2.642. 3. Ir. crain, fro ·krlikni- : Lat. crOcire 'croak', Lith. krokti 'grunt', etc., hence orig. 'grunter'. Walde-P. 1.414. 4. Br. gwie, OBr. gue., Corn. guis : Lat. vitulU8 'calf', Skt. IIal8a- 'calf, yearling', etc., all orig. 'yearling'. Walde-P. 1.251. Stokes 268. 3.35. 'Pig' is understood here as the young animal. Only the most general terms are included, with omission of others like NE .OOte, 'pig after it is weaned' (common in U.S.; cf. Linguistic Atlas of New England, Map 205). Most of the words listed have been included in the discussion of 3.31. The few others are:

164

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Grk. 6!~A~: 6.~b., Skt. garbha'womb'J etc. J with shift from 'womb' through 'fetus' to 'young of an animal', Ill! often (cf. NE calf, etc., 3.24), then specialization to 'pig'. Ir. banb, NIr. banbk, W. banw (oha.) 'pig', DCorn. baneu 'sus', Br. bano 'sow with litter', etyro.? Pedersen 1.47. Loewenthal, Wort. u. Sach. 9.188. ON gr'i88 (> Scotch griee), Dan., Sw. gris, etyro. dub., perh.: OHG gr'iB 'gray', etc. Walde-Po 1.602 f. Falk-

Torp 348, 1473. Hellquist 300 (imitative orig.). ME pigge (prob. OE 'picga, like docga, frocga), NE pig, MLG Ingge, Du. lng, prob. : Dan. pig, Sw. pigg 'spike', etc. beside OE pic 'pick, pike', etc. (cf. Falk-Torp. 823), and orig. an epithet referring to the shape. Bjorkman, IF 30.266 f. NED S.V. pig. Franck-v. W. 64.

Boh. seZe, orig. 'suckling', deriv. of Bsdti 'suck'.

skin', perh : Skt. ejati 'stirs, moves', etc.

Walde-P. 1.8 f., 11. Hence dim.

3.36 GOAT (Generic or feminine) Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. k

NIr.

W. Br. Goth. ON Dan. Sw.

OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG Lith.

Lett. ChS!.

aer.

Boh. Pol.

R.... Skt. Av.

166

• q(x"'....) ,.u..,fem."YUi" ""pro ctlpT.

cI&mo, biq1u cobra, ehim ""1""4 gtIbor gab/Im" gafr gaur gam

3.37 HE-GOAT

.,p6:yOl

......

.,.pIll1'Ol, -rpo:yl

ICa:rvUa

Aircua, caper becco, capro bow: cabr6n

h It., Sp. capra, Fr. chevre, Rum. capra), fem. to caper 'hegoat' (3.37). Fr. tn'que, prob. fl'. a raIling cry REW 1099. Wartuurg 1.358ff. Sp. chiva, ma~l'. chivo, ~our{'e? 3. Ir. gabor, ~Ir. gabhw', 'V. gafr, Rr. gaor, gaur, peril. with unexplained init. val'iation : I~at. caper, etc. 80 Thurncysen, Gram. 1:39, Z. cclt. Ph. 13.103 ff. Otherwise Walde-P. 1.533,547. 4. Goth. gaits, OX geit, OE gat, ct('., the general Um('un; as 'he-goat' in the description of the gamE' "burk, buck", Petrol]. tH. Cf. nlm,Ul, n. Ph. :l8.94 If. Rut it Re('ms more likely to b{' a loanword adopted in this game than an ill~ hcrited rognatc of OE, II'. bocc, OB buoca, etc. (below, 3.4). It. becco, prob. of imitative ol'ig. RE\y 1020•. Fr. bOllC, loanword fl'. emf'. (,1' Celtic (below, 3, 4). REW 1:,78. \\"urtburg 1.500. Rum. (ap: Alb. ejap ami a wide~pr('{l.cl gruup of }lOp. or dial. tcrm~ for ~he-goat', ba~ell on a (':\lling cry. Cf. esp. CGL 5),03.27 hyrcus caper zappu dicitllT. RE\Y H.19H, Rohlfs, Z. rom. Ph. 45.(\(;.\ f. Walde-H. 1.1;;7. 3. Ir. bocc, \V. /)l1'ell, HI'. boue'h, loanwonl fl'. (ur f'ognate with'.') the (TUl(~. gl'l)up (bplow, 4-). '\'ahle-l'.2.189. 4. 0:\ bukkr, OE blU'C«1, OHO bor,

167

ANIMALS

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

NHG bock, etc., the most general Gmc. word (but NE buck no longer so used, now mostly for 'male deer') : Av. lnlza'he-goat' J NPers. buz: 'goat', root connection dub., perh. of imitative orig. Walde-Po 2.189. Rohlfs, Z. rom. Ph. 45.671. 5. Lith. otuB, Lett. aziB: Skt. aja(3.36). 6. ChSI. kozUtl, deriv. of fem. koza (3.36). Berneker 595. sCr. jarac, deriv. of jarB 'kid' (3.38). 7. Skt. aja-, see 3.36. Skt. chaga- (fern. chiiga- rare), etyro.? Walde-Po 1.336. Av.lnlza- : OE bucca, etc., above, 4.

words.

3.38 KID

165

ANIMALS 3.36. 'Goat'. The generic and feminine words are taken together, since the latter are generally those used in generic sense. Meillet, Rev. et. sl. 5.8 f., brings together under a series of alternating forms groups that are here given separately, namely Ar~ etc. (I), OHG ziga etc. (4), Lith. otuB, Skt. aja- (7), and ChSI. koza (6). 1. Grk. art (mostly~, rarely also el) : Arm. aic 'goat', Av. izaena- 'of (goat's)

3.41 HORSE (Generic)

Grk. NG

3.42 STALLION

.

..,..

trrorat'f1U'6-

I .....

....,.

_0

3.43 GELDING

AMyoJlOlll'OVX'-

.".b,o

canWiua

3.44 MARE I ......

.....

egua

pulluz (ecuI..)

eguuz

(eguuz) odmIaB

OFr. ive, Sp. yegua, Rum. iapd), It. cavalia, ON merr, OE mere, etc., Skt. a,vii-, Av. aspa-. 2. Grk. oplJ6., 'grazing' (: lp{3w 'feed'), as sb. 'mare' late and lit. NG. NG pop. op.&., fro Grk. ope., 'fruitful' (sb. 'mare' in Hesych. and late pap.). 3. Fr. jument, fro Lat. iumentum 'beast of burden' (,mare' in Lex Saliea).

The interchange started in country districts where the work horses on the farm

were in fact the mares. REW 4613. Meillet, Arch. glott. it. 147 f. 4. Ir. lair, etym.? (Stokes 240 "plarek. : Alb. pere 'mare'). W. CfJ8eg, Br. kazeg, MW, OCorn. cassec, perh. : OHG hengist, etc. Pedersen 2.29. Loth, op. cit. 130. 5. Dan. hoppe, orig. 'pacer' : hoppe

169

ANIMALS apart', hence lit. a 'wide-stepper'. Les-

kien, Ablaut 358. 7. ChS!. konJl, etc., the general Slavic word, etym. much disputed. Perh. fro *komnjo- : ORuss. komon', OPruss. camnet 'horse', (here also Lith. kumelY8, Lett. kumels 'foal', Lith. kumele 'mare'?), and further fro *kobnjo-: CbS!. kobyla 'mare', Lat. caballus, ete. Walde-H. 1.125. Berneker 561, 555. BrUckner 253 f. Junker, KZ 50.249 ff. Pokorny, KZ 56, 133. Russ. loiad', now the usual word (kon' esp. 'charger, steed'), Pol. loszak still specific for the small Tartar horse, fro Turk. alaJa 'park horse'. Berneker 734.

Sp. caballo padre, lit. 'father horse',

with padre ... often for the male anima!. 3. Ir. ech-cullach, or simply cuUach, Br. marc'h-kalloc'h, with deriv. of word for 'testicle', W. caill, Br. kell. Cf. Ir. (muc-)cull.ach 'boar' (3.32). Also Br. marc'h-kalc'h wit.h kalc'h 'penis'. 4. ON hestr (3.41) also 'stallion', for which also sto~-hestr and sto'6-hross cpds. with stM 'stud of horses' : OE stad (NE stud, whence studhorse), OHG stuot (NHG stute 'mare'), all meaning ('place for', then col!.) 'horses kept for breeding', orig. 'standing place', deriv. of IE * sUi- 'stand'.

OE steda (NE steed), deriv. of OE

Lokotsch 55.

.tod (above).

8. Skt. a",a-, Av. aspa-, above, 1. Skt. haya- : hi- 'set in motion, impel'. Walde-Po 1.546.

ON reini (rare), OS. wriin;o, OHG reinno, MHG reine : OE wrame 'lascivious', Dan. vTinske 'neigh', Sw. dial. vrensk 'stallion', all from the characteristic lip motion of the stallion in heat. Walde-Po 1.277. Falk-Torp 1397. OHG scelo, MHG schele, NHG schel/hengst, beschaler (cf. beschiilen 'cover the mare'), Dan. beBkeler: MHG schel

3.42. 'Stallion'. 1. Grk. (beside

~

y,,-

usual in Aristot., etc.), 0XEtOIl (also 'cock', both in Aristot.): OXEVw, the technical word for 'cover, mount' (of 'll"OS,

the male), this: Ix", 'hold', Skt. sah(overpower', etc. Walde-P. 2.481 f. NG (jappaTO a,,"o-yo, fro (japtJiiTos 'uncastrated', this fro Lat. barbatus 'beard-

ed' and orig. applied to the bearded uncMtrated man in contrast to the eunuch. Cf. Rum. bIlrbal 'man' (2.21). NG an, fro Turk. at 'horse'. So ORum., ser. at 'horse' or 'stallion'.

Lokotsch 128. 2. Lat. (eguus) admissarius (> VLat. armissarius > Rum. armdsar), deriv. of admittere 'give arcess to' in its special sense of 'put the male to the female'. It. stallone, OFr. estalon (> ME stalon, NE stallion> NIr. stail, 'V. y8talwyn), Fr. etalon, deriv. of the Gmc. word

for 'stable', OHG stal, etc. (3.19), hence used for the horse kept in the stable for serving mares.

REW 8219.

'springing', Skt.

~alabha-

'grasshopper',

etc. Walde-P. 1.600. Falk-Torp 62. NHG hengst (> Dan., Sw. hingst), with shift of meaning from MHG henge.t, OHG hengist 'gelding' : ON hestr 'horse', etc. (3.41). 5. Lith. erlilas, Lett. iirzelis: Grk. apx" 'testicle', etc. Walde-Po 1.183. MUh!.-Endz. 1.577. J~ith. drigantis, Lett. drigants, loanword fro Po!. drygant. MUh!.-Endz. 1.498. 6. BCr. idrijebac, Boh. Hebec, Russ. icrebec, derivs. of the word for 'foal', ChS/' iri!b~, etc. (3.46). SCr. pastuh : ChS/. pastuchil 'herdsman, shepherd', (3.18), hence 'stallion'

as protector of the stude?). ser. ajgir, Pol. ogier, loanword fro

ANIMALS

171

'hop', NE hop, hobble, etc. Cf. ME 2. Lat. eculus, dim. of CqlW,S (eells), hobyn 'ambling horse, pacer, pony' (NE in Varro, RR 2.7.12, 13 is '('(lIt' 8..0; distinguished from 'foal' whi{'h is regularly hobbyhorse). Falk-Torp 417. Sw. sto, NHG stute, fro ON slM, OHG pullus. Rum. mtnz : Alb. mcz 'foal', It. manzo stuot, coIl. 'horses kept for breeding'. (yearling bullock', mama 'heifer', etc., Cf. under 'stallion' (3.42). 6. Lith. kumele, see 3.41, ChS!. kanji. generally regarded as of Illyr. origin. Lett. k' eve (fr. Lith. keve 'bad mare, REW 5289. Densusianu 29. G. Meyer, jade'), OPruss. kajwe, perh.: Lith. Alb. Etym. Wtb. 270. Otherwise, as kaimene 'herd'. BB 27.168. fro *mandius, deriv. of mandere '('hew', 7. ChS!. kobyla, etc., the general Slav- Pu\!Cariu 1092. 3. Ir. serrach, NIr. searrach : Ir. serT ic word, fro the same source as Lat. cabalIus (3.41). 'timid' (and 'proud'), NIr. 8earr 'timid Boh. klisna: ChSI. kljus~ 'be...t of and flighty young animal that follows burden', SCr. kljuse 'nag', Boh. klusati the dam, child at the mother's heels' (Dinneen), this fro "ster-p- (Lith. stirpti 'trot', etc. Berneker 529 f. Po!. klacz, loanword fro Russ. klajai5a 'grow up') beside *ster-t- in NE start, 'nag, pack horse' (Ukr. 'mare') : ChSl. startle, etc. Loth. RC 43.147. Pedersen k1fJcali 'kneel', SCr. klecati 'stagger', etc. 1.94. Walde-P. 1.631. The development of 'foal' through the notion of 'tim_ Berneker 515. BrUckner 231. 8. Skt. (beside a",a-) vaqaba; etym.? id, startled' is much more probable than either of the stages assumed by Pedersen 3.45. 'Foal, colt'. Technically NE or Walde-P. G. S. Lane, Language foal is applied to the young of the horse 13.26 f. while still with the dam, coU to the W. ebol, Br. ebeul : Gall. "epo-, Lat. young horse up to four years or more (cf. equus 'horse' (3.41). NED). But in U.S. coU is now the word 4. OE colt, used for the young of a even for the newborn, foal being in horse, 888, or even a camel, ME coUe, common use only as the vb. NE colt : Sw. kull 'brood, litter', Sw. 1. Grk. "WNx, dim. "",A6.pw, (> NG dial. kult 'pig, overgrown boy', Norw. 1I'ov,,"ap,); Lat. puUus 'young of an ani- kuU 'thick round shape, block', Skt. mal, chicken, foal' ('foal' regularly in gaqi- 'young ox', Goth. kilftei 'womb', Varro, RR 2.7.11 ff.), with derivs. pulli- OE dld 'child', ete. Walde-Po 1.614. ter (Niedermann, Mnemos. 3.3.270 f., Falk-Torp 593, 430. Cf. ON Mnn MLat. poledrus Du Cange) whence Olt. 'block' and 'young be:tl", NE cub : poUro, Sp. potro, It. puledro (REW 6825) Norw. kubbe 'block, stump'. and VLat. puJJ.ti.1TUJn > Fr. poulain 5. Lith. kumelys, Lett. kumeU, see (Gamillscheg 712. Bloch 2.174), Goth. 3.41, under ChSI. konjl. fula, OE fola, etc., the general Gmc. 6. ChS!. lrt~, ete., the general Slavic word, all fro the same root as Grk. 1I"avpos, word : Grk. Pp!o, 'fetus, babe, young Lat. paucus 'little, few', Grk. 1I"ats, Lat. of an animal'. Walde-P.1.689. BrUckpuer 'child', ete. Walde-Po 2.75 f. ner 666. Feist 170 f. 7. Skt. ki,ora-, etym.?

172

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

ANIMALS

3.46 ASS, DONKEY

.....

Lith .

cIma

SCr. Boh.

0Ba0, mGgarac

..a..

Ork. NO

&.x

Lat.

annU8

Sw.

It.

asino, somaro

OE ME NE

..... ...1

Du.

..d

Fr.

Bp.

'YAt1flPOr, 'YO....

Dan.

a""

..... ....z

Br.

......

w.

1'.&&obpl

.....,burro asin, m4gar

Ir. NIr.

Rum.

Goth. ON

....

donkey,

Grk.

lii\.&ropis,

NG

111)11).£

Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir.

NIr.

w.

Ik

Goth. ON Dl\n.

Sw. OE ME NE

3.52 COCK

3.53 CAPON

gaUina polio

d,)"u:ropl., 7)

6p"u

poulet, pousain

gaJlo

gdind

"''''I cailech

capon clapon

coileach ceilog kilhog, frog hana

hani hane tupp, hane hana, coc(c)

ceo"

cabUn capwllt, capwrn jar yar kabon kapun kapun capun

"""" hOna

polio, polluelo puiu de gdina Bici.. cyw

po;i8in ungi, kjWdingr

hlne

kyUing

IIonn IIonne

cicen

kyckling

kappe, kappUn kapaun

lion"" IIonne

hUAnchen,

gaidys

romytas gaidys

viita

gailil

ramita gailia

...16

Iropun

frok08

supia kura,lrokoJJz

...16

huon

gdind

pulcino

chicken chicken kuiken huonichlln huonlin, hUenel

cocke

huon

...""

pull..

gallina paule gallina

chapon

hen, chicken /wen

1I«X10'w,.

gallina

capli cappune

h(n8 hpns hiJn8

OplltlJ&o",

gallus gallo

coq

ewe

3.55 CHICKEN

'IrOVi\.1,If.OTTO-

poule gallina

iar YO'

3.M HEN

capon capon

""PO'" cappo

lion lion henna, hanin

fro_

kuril, kokotu, pltelu frofro!

pijetao, koko'

slepice, kufe kura, kokoaz kura

frohout

/capoun

kogut, pietuch petuch

""pion

Skt.

kukkuja-, kr""lIdk ...

Av.

parOd4ri, kahrkat4s,

kaplun

kurl:ca

k1khlein viitytilf, vilitiuka8 ciilis, calais k..,." pilIenlcl pa. ku'e

kUTcze CJlPle1wk

kukkuji-

"""'lOdq8ui

3.51-3.55. These are most conveniently discussed together. The words entered as generic are mostly those for the much more numerous female, the 'hen', in a few cases those for the young, the 'chicken'. Thus NE hen and chicken are both used generically, with varying local usage (in New England one used to keep hens, but now generally in U.S., chickens, chicken farm). Onlyoccasionally is there a distinctively generic word, as NHG huhn, in common use. Some of the words listed under 'chicken' are used mainly of the very young 'chick'.

NG Lat. It.

._..........

Fr.

mule! mule

Rum.

catlr

Ir.

mill

NIr.

mtlil

Br.

mul mul

w.

Dan.

Sw. OE ME NE Du.

Lith.

mUll

muidyr, m.u.../ mu/dmo

~,.lo",.,

~,..-

The majority of the terms are connected with words meaning 'sing, cry out', etc., or are of imitative origin, reflecting the characteristic cries. Some are in origin words for 'bird' or 'young of an animal'. 1. Grk. liXEICTPvWJI, orig. a personal name (Hom. "AXElCTpl.I&W: ~ 'ward off'), then applied (cf. Fr. renard 'fox', etc.) to (at first the fighting) 'cock', secondarily, also 'hen'. Walde-Po 1.89. Also 6.>'h!.T.,p 'cock', and reg. fern. a.XuTopir 'hen', freq. in Aristot. (where also generic T~ TW" G.MIcTOp£8w, 'YfJ'OS).

SCr.

mill

Boh.

Pol.

muilezel mill mill

Skt.

Ruu.

OHG MHG NHG mauUier, maulesel

cpd. of

Lett. ChSI.

mule mule

Most of the words for 'mule' go back ultimately, most of them through Lat. mwU8, to non-IE sources. A few are derived from words for '8B5' or 'horse'. 1. Grk.

Skt. rasabha-, deriv. of rasa- 'noise' J J hence the 'brayer'. Av. xara- (NPers. xar) : Skt. lchara'harsh', also 'ass', 'mule', 'crow', etc. fro their harsh cries. Barth. 531. Av. koDwl>- 'she-ass', etym.? Barth. 435 .

3.47 MULE Goth. ON

m1Il.. mulo

Sp.

173

ra- 'howl'

'half' and

6vos 'ass'.

2. Lat. mUlus (·mufJhslo-?): Grk. dial. ,.uxMs 'stallion-... ' (Hesych.), Alb. mUBhk, late ChSI. mlBk1l, SCr. """'ga, Boh. mezek (Russ. mesk oba.) 'mule', all prob. fro some Anatolian source. WaldeP. 2.311 f. Ernout-M. 640. Hence most of the European words, some of the Gmc. now with the addition of words for 'ass' or 'animal', as NHG maultier, maulesel. 3. Rum. catir, like Bulg. ka/ur, fro

Grk. 6pv" 'bird' (3.64), in Att. also the usual word for the 'cock' (h) or 'hen' (~). Hence NG 6pv.84 'hen', still the common word in some regions. Grk. OPJl/BWII, dim. of 6pJlts, 'small bird', later also 'chicken'. Grk. dial. KIIXa.ts 'hen' and 'cock' (IG 4.914), prob. fro ·.a}.afL,: xaMw 'call' (cf. Ir. cailech 'cock', below, 3). Bechtel, Gr. Dial. 2.510. Grk. JlEO'/ov (op..907rou>.>...v 'chicken' in pap. of 6th or 7th cent. A.D. j Byz. 1fovXAlov common), loanword fro Lat. pullus 'chicken' (below, 2). Hence also new dim. rot/Xu", Ichicken' but mostly as endearing tenn 'darling'. NG WlCOpa.S 'cock', a blend of Grk. "p ..p4· 6p." (Heysch.) belonging with Ir. cerc, etc. (below, 3) and a *KOICICOS belonging with MLat. coccus, etc. (below, 2). NO 1rE'l'EWOr 'cock', sb. use of old 1rETEtvaS 'winged', like '7I"E1'Et",6", 'bird' (3.64). NG ,ro1'1'a. 'hen', fern. of a:01'1'6s' lSPlo'LS (Heysch.) this with reference to the cock's comb: a:01'TLs 'head', 1rpolCo1'1'is 'mane'. Cf. Hesych. (s.v. '7I"p6a:01'1'a.) a.l a.AU1'pOOlo'1'ES K01'1'ol liui. 1'0'" ht 1'fj a:Efba.Afj M¢ov. Kukules, quoted in Glotta 5.285.

Here also NG K01'1'OrotlAo, IC01'1'07rOU)', 'chicken'. 2. Lat. gallus 'cock' (> It., Sp. gallo), etym. disputed. Perh. orig. 'Gallic' (cf. Grk. n.pu.'" and Mij&, for 'cock'), on the assumption that the Romans became acquainted with the cock from Gaul, where it was brought by the Phoenicians; or, as a native word,

Av.

multu, asiUnGI

--_ m'iilis

mfBk4

...uk m.1 mul,

...

loiak, iWI;

Turk. kohr 'mule'. Berneker 495. Lokotsch 1131. 4. Lith. asilenas (neolog.), deriv. of asilas 'ass'. 5. ChSI. mlBk1l etc., above, 2. Russ. 108ak : 10800' 'horse', Pol. loszak 'Tartar horse', of Turk. orig. (3.41). Russ. iSak, fro Tartar iiek 'ass', this fro Arm. M 'ass' (: Lat. asinUB, etc.). Berneker 438. Lokotsch 565. 6. Skt. a~a.tara- (with Iran. forms of similar orig., Pabl., NPers. astar, etc.; Hom 86), fro apia- 'horse' with suffix -tara- as in vatsa.tara- 'calf that hos been weaned' fr. vat&a- 'calf', in both cases giving the force of 'something dilierent, not quite', hence 'kind of, sort of (horse, calf)'. Cf. Lat. matertera 'aunt' as orig. 'a kind of mother'.

ANIMALS

iJp"JJa.,mTa.

Lett.

RU88.

zar'a.-,ka9w4-

"a.rWP,

,;!to

Boh. Pol.

ooel gardabluJ.., nJoabha-

Av.

yO,...

!i)"f"rptiWII, 0 OPIIU

I.ith.

ChSI. SOr.

oriol

RUBB.

"DltKOpaf, rfrfU'Os

huhn

OHG MHG NHG

Pol.

Skt.

similar forms in other Semitic writings, doubtless .. word of Asiatic origin, precise source uncertain. Hatzidakis MEO'. 2.560 with references. NG oyo,.6.p.., fro neut. of adj. 'Yo,.6.p..., deriv. (suffix fro Lat. - Rum. raid). Alb. r.... etc .• like NHG dioJ. rdtsche. of imitative orig. G. Meyer. Alb. Etym. Wtb. 368. Rohlfs, Z. fr •. Spr. 49.111 f. Boh. kachoo. Pol. Iroczkll; Boh. kIlchali. Lith. kagenli 'quack'. imitative. Berneker 465.

3.61 DOG Goth. hunds ON h.n It. Ilnatrll. Sp. Ilnade, OFr. ane); ON pnd. OE ened. OHG Ilnut. etc .• generaJ Gmc.; Lith. anti8; ChSI. qty. SCr. uIvIl. Russ. utkll; (Skt. ati- a kind of water bird).

Grk. NG Lat. It.

Sorb. pilo 'duckling'. Lewer Sorb. pile 'gosling'. Lett. pile 'duck'. Lith. pypti. Lat. pipdre 'peep' J etc., all of imitative orig. OIjinskij. KZ 43.178. WoJde-P. 2.70. Russ. qrplenok 'chicken', of imitative orig. 7. Skt. kukkujll- 'cock'. kukkull- 'hen'. of imitative orig., like MLat. COCC'UB, etc. (abcve. 2). Skt. krkll-lJiiku- 'cock' (second part ; 11ac- 'voice'), Av. kahrkaJ.iiB 'cock' (vulgar term). NPers. kllrk 'fowl'. belonging

Lith.

Lett. CbS!. SCr. Boh.

Pol. RUBB.

..... I ...

pls4

P"" "..

pi.. .obaka (pes)

Skt.

~

Av.

'P"....

to the same imitative group as Ir. cere 'hen'. etc. (above. 3). Barth. 452. Av. pllrMari'cock' (ceremonial term). cpd. of parii 'in front, before' and daTas'see', hence lit. 'seeing ahead', that is, announcing the day. Barth. 859. On the pair pIlrOdo.rs and kllhrkatas. cf. Benveniste. Studia Indo-Iranica. Ehrengabe fUr W. Geiger. 219 Ii. Av. karatodqsuA' 'cock'. cpd. of kIl,..ea,. 'knife' and adj. .dqsu-; Skt. ~ 'bite' J hence lit. 'biting with knives' with reference to the spurs. Barth. 454.

3.56 GOOSE Grk. NG

rl" xij ..a.

Goth. ON

La.t.

timer

Dan.

It. Fr.

Sw. ON

oca

me

Lith. Lett.

g4B

Boh. Pol. Russ.

huaa !Jam.

gaU8G,

ME

g/Jf fJOOB

glsc/l

NE

gotJMJ

{/td, giugrann

Du.

gans

Skt.

g. gwydd VW""

OHG g Rum. calel, Olt. catello, OFr. chael, Fr. cheau now obs.), perh. : ON ha1Jna 'young goat, kid', Russ. kotit'sja, Pol. kociC si~, etc. 'give birth to young' (of various 'animals'; cf. Berneker 589 f.). Walde-Po 1.338 f. Walde-H. 1.183. Osthoff, Parerga 250. REW 1763. Wartburg 2.496 ff. Lat. fetus (used for the young of various animals), fro the same root as in jemina 'woman', jtl4re 'suck', etc., IE 'dhe(i)- 'suck' (5.16). Ernout-M. 354 f. Walde-H. 1.490. It. cagnoolo, fro cagna 'bitch'. Fr. petit chien, and so in general petit 'little' adj. and sb. for the young of other animals. Sp. cachorro, of Basque orig. REW 5959a. Die. 435. Sp. perrillo, dim. of perro 'dog'. 3. Ir. cuilen, etc., above, 1. W. cenau, ceneu 'puppy' and 'lion's, wolf's cub', etc. with Ir. cano 'wolf's cub' : Skt. kanina- 'young', Grk. Ka.'PO!i 'new'

(14.13,14.14), also prob. ChSI. sten~, etc. (below, 6). Walde-Po 1.398. Pedersen 1.121. 4. ON hvelpr, Dan. hvalp, Sw. valp, OE hwelp, ME whelpe, NE whelp (now arch.), Du. welp (now esp. 'lion's cub'), OHG-NHG welf (now obs. or arch. revival) : OE hwelan 'roar, bellow', ON

'cat' in Cic. with reference to Egypt and later (Pliny, etc.) common, until its displacement by cattus. 3. Late Lat. (4th cent. A.D.) caltus, gattU8, in Grk. form KtiTTO!i, d.TTa.,

-yelm> Romance words, except Rum. pescar, fro Lat. piscariu8 'fishmonger', favored by the suffix of the Slavic word, ChS!. rybar~, etc.), Ir. iascach, NIr. iascaire, Goth. fiskja, OE fiscere, OHG fiscari, Lith.

186

Lith.

Lett.

ChS!. SCr.

ivejys zvejnieks, zvejs rybar!

ribar

Boh.

ryMf

Pol. Russ.

rybak rybak, rybolov kaivarta-, dhivara-, mal3yajivat-, etc.

Skt.

lvejys, ChSI. rybarl, etc.

Exceptions are: Grk. aAU!Vr, fro CiA~ 'sea' and in Homer also 'sailor'. But NG pop. l/ta.pa~ 'fisherman' and 'fishmonger', fro l/tapt 'fish'. Skt., beside occasional matsya-jivatlit. 'one who makes a living from fish', maisya-bandha- (bandh- 'bind, catch'), and mtitsyika- (Pa"(l.), more commonly kiiivarta-, prob. orig. a term of opprobrium (cf. kev- 'serve' Dbatup.), and dhivara-, poob. : dhivan- 'skilful'.

3.73 BEAR iiPKTOf

Goth.

NG Lat. It. F,. Sp.

Q.pKoMa.

ON

Rum.

un

NIr.

art, mathgamain mathghamhaim arth

W.

Dan. Sw. ours 000

Br.

NHG

NG

aAE1l'OV

ON

Lat. It.

vulp& volpe renard zarra, rapwa vulpe sinnach sWnnach, mada ruadh ood'(l.O. llwyno{J louarn

Dan.

NIr.

W.

Br.

Sw. OE ME NE

Boh. Pol. Russ.

Skt. Av.

wkys, 1IUSkn lacis medvldf, medvjed medvld niedZtvi.edz medved rqaarSa-

Mr

3.74

Ir.

ser.

be>'a be>'e bear Du. beer OHG bero MHG ber

Goth.

Rum.

ChS!.

OE ME NE

aAW1n1~

Fr. Sp.

Lith. Lett.

bj'l"n bjPrn bjorn

1. IE *rk'o-, possibly as the 'destroyer' (of beehives): Skt. rak~as- 'harm, injury.' Walde-Po 1.322. Benveniste, BSL 38.141. Grk. iiPKTOS, NO pop. apKouoa.; Lat. ursus, whence the Romance forms, also Corn. ors, MBr. urs (Br. ourz = Fr.); Ir. art, W. arth (Pedersen 1.89); Skt. rk!;a-, Av. arsa-. 2. Ir. mathgamain, NIr. mathghamhain, cpd. of gamain 'calf', first part fro old math 'bear' (RIA Contrib. s.v.), perh. : maith 'good' as a euphemistic tenn. Stokes 199. 3. ON bjprn, OE bera, OHG bero, etc.,

Grk.

NG Lat. It.

Fr. Sp.

"""" /eo

),,kuP, AtOl'Tapt

leone lion /e6n leu

Goth. ON

leo, leon

Dan.

II""

Sw. OE ME NE

Rum. Ie. NIr. W.

100

Du.

leomhan llw

Br.

leon

OHG MHG NHG

5. ChSI. medvldl, etc., all the Slavic words, lit. 'honey-eater', cpd. of medii 'honey' and ed- 'eat'. Berneker 2.30. FOX

fauhO ref' (m.), foa (f.)

Lith. Lett.

ChS\.

lape lapsa lisu lis, lisiro Ziska

7(JV

ser.

fox fox fox

Boh. Pol. Russ.

I",

Skt.

(lopa~a-)

Av.

(raopi~)

Du.

''''' OHG fuhs MHG vuhs NHG fuch8

1. Grk. aAJnr1j~, NG aAI!1I"OV, Lat. vulpes (> It. volpe, Rum. vulpe) , Br. louarn, Lith. lape, Lett. lapsa : Skt. lopa~a- 'jackal', Av. raopi- 'a kind of dog' (Barth. 1496), NPers. robah 'fox'.

But phonetic relations complicated and obscure. Walde-Po 1.317. 2. Fr. renard fro OHG Reginhard, the name of the fox in fables (cf. the LG

lisa

poem Reinke de Vas), orig. 'strong in council, wily'. REW 7172. OFr. goupil, fro a blend of Lat. dim. vulpecula, VLat. vulpicula with Grnc. hwelp 'whelp'. REW 4248, 9463. Sp. zorra (rnase. zarro), fro Basque azaria 'fox'. Sp. raposa, fr. (*rapo » rabo 'tail', this fro Lat. rlipum 'turnip'. REW 7065.

I'"

lioun lion Ueuw leo, lw, lewo lewe, louwo wwe

A~V, which is probably itself a loanword fro some pre-Greek source. The development of the Gme. w-forms, as OHG lewo, NHG lOwe (>Dan. l~ve), is obscure. From such come the Slavic forms

Lith.

li'iUlu, leva8

Lett. ChS!. SCr.

II"" /a,

Boh. Pol. Russ.

I..,

Skt.

siMa-

/au,," lev l,w

Av.

and fro the latter (Pol. or Russ.) the Lith. levas, while Lett. lauva is fro MLG louwe. Walde-H. 1.785. 2. Lith. lilltas, fro Russ. ljutyj 'fierce', Berneker 756,759. 3. Skt. sinha-, without outside connection unless Arm. inj 'leopard'. Walde-P.2.508.

187

ANIMALS 3. Ir. sinnach, NIr. sionnach, etym.? Nlr. also mada (or madra) ruadh, lit. 'red dog'. W. cadno, etym.? W. llwynog, deriv. of llwyn 'bush' (like draenog 'hedgehog' fro draen 'thorn'), with reference to the bushy tail. 4. Goth. fauM (fem.), ON foa (fem.), OE fox, OHG fuhs, etc., the usual

the general Gme. word: Lith. beras 'brown', OE brun 'brown', etC'. Walde-Po 1.166. Falk-Torp 77. 4. Lith. lokys, Lett. ldcis, OPruss. clokis, all fro *tldkis, this perh. as 'hairy, shaggy' : Ser. dlaka 'hair'. Bruckner, KZ 46, 207. Miihl.-Endz.2.434. Otherwise Meillet, Ling. hist. 284. Lith. me§ka fro a Slavic (ORuss. meSika, Pol. Mieszka) pop. abbr. of the following. Berneker 2.30. Briickner 335.

lejon

1. The European words (except Lith. liutas) go back by a series of borrowings, through the medium of Lat. leo, to Grk.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Grk.

I,.

3.72 LION Grk.

Gmc. word. prob. : Skt. puccha- 'tail'. Walde-P.2.82. Falk-Torp 281. Feist 144. Cf. Sp. raposa and W. llwynog. ON refr (masc.), Dan. ra;v, Sw. r{iv, perh. as 'red' : ON jarpr 'brown ',OE eorp 'darkish', etc. "Vaide-P. 1.146. Falk-Torp 931. Hellquist 871. 5. ChSI. lisu, etc., the general Slavic word, etym.? Berneker 724.

3.75 DEER Grk.

tAa.'a. Lith. bezdliont) , fro Turk. ebuzine. LokotBCh 556. Lett. pertik'i., fro Esth. pertik (or conversely?). Muhl.-Endz. 3.210. SCr. majmun fro Turk., Arab. mai-

.""""..

dofante dofant delaint elephant tiliffan!, cowrftl oli/ont

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr.

'lean', reflecting the popular notion that

the elephant cannot bend its legs and sleeps leaning on a tree, a notion that is apparently referred to by Aristot. HA 498- and persisted in medieval and mod-

ern times (cf. Sir Thomas Browne, Pseudodoxia 3.1). Bruckner 500. 7. Skt. hastin- (at first adj. with mrga- 'wild animal') 'elephant', deriv. of hasta- 'hand', with reference to the elephant's trunk as 'hand',

Other Skt. words for 'elephant' are gaja- (: gaj- 'roar'), karirr (deriv. of kara- 'doer' in its special use as 'elephant's trunk') and viira1)a- (prob. fro V(- in sense of 'ward off'). Skt. ~eTa-, Av. ultra- 'camel', perh. with Skt. USTa- 'ox, bull' as orig. 'male animal' fro IE *wes- 'moisten' as 'im_ pregnate', like Skt. vr~an- 'male', Lat. l1eTTes 'boar', etc. : Skt. var~a- 'rain', etc.

Walde-P. 1.308. Uhlenbeck 32.

3.79 HUKT (vb.) Goth. ON veil1a

fh,po.w, 1I:II"1'Yt-

Dan. Sw.

venari, sedlln cacciare

OE ME NE

chaBs.,

cazar,montear

Du.

vina

mediioti

Lett. ChSI. SCr. Boh.

h.nte

Pol.

polowal

hunt

Russ.

ochotit'sja mrga]JG-o

jagen

OHG weidOn, jagan MHG jagen NHG jagen

adcla.idim fiadhachaim hela hemolc'hi, cha8eal

Lith.

jage jaga huntian, wllpan

Skt.

medit louin

knJiti

!oriti

Av.

Some of the verbs for 'hunt' (wild animals) are from the more general notion of 'try to seize, chase' or the like. Others, more distinctive from the outset, are derived from words for 'wild animal' or 'woods', or (in Grk.) connect-

Grk. ICUIf7l'YfTfW, «UV71'Y6.I, fro the earlier ICVJI'1'YfT'}f (Hom.), «t",frYOf 'hunter', cpds. of «U61Jl 'dog' and 4'Yw 'drive'.

ed with the use of dogs.

fight', etc. Walde-P.1.230. Ernout-M. 1085. Lat . • eetaTi 'follow, pursue' also used for 'hunt' animals, fro *8ectus, old pple. of sequi 'follow' (10.52).

Nouns for the 'hunt' and 'hunter' are obvious cognates of the verbs.

1. Grk. B-r,p6.w, beast' (3.11).

8~p,iJw,

fro

8~p

'wild

2. Lat. !l6niiTi (> Rum. rioo), prob. (with grade *wen- beside *wen-) : Skt. van- 'seek, desire', OE winnan 'strive,

1I:As&IJMr 1I:&p.,,),os

camel..

........u.

chomeau

Sp.

Rum.

Ir. NIr.

w.

.....u. e/JmiUj

....oil camoU ......z

Br.

ka_

r.u dofant

OE ME NE Du.

OHG MHG NHG

dofant elpmd, yip oli/an!, dofont dephont oli/ant ela/an!, helfont dofant, (k)tilfant dofant

3.78 CAMEL Goth. vlballll.. ulfold; ON Dan. Sw.

~

kamel OE olfmd (......z) ME ..m8l cam8l NE ka....z Du. OHG o/banla MHG olbent(e), kombeI, ka(m)m8l NHG kam8l

3.77, 3.78. Nearly all the European words for 'elephant' and 'camel' are from Grk. E).~4f or «"J.L,}MS', which again are

based upon Egyptian or Semitic words respectively. But the name of the elephant, known in southern Europe since

Hannibal, was subject to great distortion and some confusion in application with the camel in northern and north-

eastern Europe, where both animals were long known only by hearsay as strange beasts. 1. Grk. EAE4>as, -ClJlTot 'ivory' (Hom. +) and 'elephant' (Hdt. +), to be analyzed as ').-#a., the second part, like Lat. l) SCr. maim..... opica Boh. opian (with nouns for 'the hunt' ON vei3r, OE wa/», OHG weidOn (also 'pasture', NHG weiden, 3.15), fro an extension of *wei- in Lith. ueju, flYti 'pursue', Skt. tJeti 'seeks, follows', Av.vayeiti 'pursues', etc. WaldeP. 1.230. Falk-Torp 1361 f. OE huntian (and hunta 'hunter'), ME hunte, NE hunt: OE hentan 'seize', 3.81

Pol.

RU88. Skt.

albanta, MHG albente, albende, and, through Gmc. and in fonn influenced by veIl-- 'great', ChSI. vellbqd,z, late -blqd1l, Boh. velblaud, Pol. wielb!qd, Russ. ..rbljud (> Lith. verbliudall). Feist 515. Stender-Petersen 358 fT. Bruckner 616. For the confusion note aIsc that MIr. camall is used for 'elephant' in Book of Leinster (K. Meyer, Contrib. 311). My colleague Gelb reports a Hitt.

ANIMALS It. cacciare, Fr. chasser, Sp. cazar fro VLat. *captiare for Lat. captiire 'try to seize, chase' (frequent. of capere 'seize, take'). REW 1662. Sp. montear, fro monte 'mountain,

Lith. drambly. Lett. do/ant. CbSI. SCr. den Boh. den

'restless, active, swift', (pra-)yakfw'hasten, press on', Grk. TXG.JlQ.w 'desire', etc.

Walde-P. 1.195 f. Weigand-H. 1.940. 5. Lith. mediioti, Lett. medlt, fro Lith. medis 'tree', older sense 'woods', Lett.

me.. 'woods' (1.41). Muhl.-Endz.2.590, 611. Cf. Sp. montear, above, 2. 6. ChSI. SCr., Boh. loviti, Pol. Iowi6, polawat, deriv. of ChSI. lav1l 'hunting, beoty' : Grk. ).,ta 'beoty', Lat. lucrum 'gain', Goth. laun, OHG lOn 'reward, pay', etc. Walde-P. 2.379 f. Bemeker 735 fT. Russ. ochotit' Bja refl. (with na 'on' when used transitively) fro ochata 'desire, will, hunt, chase, sport' : chotAt', ChSI. choteti 'wish' (16.61). For the change 'desire' > 'hunt', cf. Skt.lubdha'greedy', as sb. 'hunter'. Berneker 398 f. 7. Skt. mrgaya-, fr. mrga- 'wild animal, game' (3.11). INSECT

Most of the European words for 'insect' (generir, but of somewhat changing scope; sometimes including wonns,

etc.) are of learned origin, going back ultimately to Aristotle's naming of insects from the notehes in their bedies. But there are some others which either have become the accepted technical tenns (so Lith. valndyz, Boh. hmyz, Pol. awad) or are colloquial expressions used

much like bug in U.S. 1. Grk. !..,..~a (sc. Na), the tcnn used by Aristot. (e.g. HA 487'33 .aN;, 6'

EJI'TOJjCl ~a. EXE, «a.-TO. TO U/;,/La. lJlTO/LQ,f), fro b'TEIlJl(IJ 'cut in', with reference to the

incisions, notches. Translated by the Lat. insecta ( : insecare 'cut in ') in Pliny, with later sg. insectum. Hence the widespread Enr. words, mostly borrowed

directly, but translated in W. trychjil (fr. trychu 'cut', mil 'animal'), SCr.

zareznik (fr. cpd. of rezati 'cut'), Russ. nasekomoe (fr. cpd. of 8e~', sekat' 'cut'). 2. NE bug (the pop. word in U.S.; in British use 'bedbug'), prob. the same

word as ME bugge 'scarecrow, hngbear'

192

SCr. obad, Boh. 0IIdd 'gadfly', fro ·obwacio-, orig. 'something that pesters, annoys' : Boh. vaditi 'harm. hinder, trouble', Pol. wadziC 'make quarrel, hinder (= ChSI. vaditi 'accuse', 21.31). Briickner 387. Some words which normally denote a particular insect or a worm are also used generically, as NE fly (NED s.v. fly, sb.; cf. butterfly), W. pryf, Pol. robak, both 'worm' (3.84). Of the numerous Skt. insect names (Zimmer, Altind. Leben 97 f.) none seems to be generic.

(whence vabzdedziai 'insectivora'), neo-

log. introduced hy Javlonskis in 1908 and based on vabala& 'beetle', as I am informed by Senn. Boh. hmyz: hemzali, SCr. gmizati 'crawl', etc. (12.41). Berneker 367. Pol. owad = late ChSI. obadi!, ..adi!,

3.82 BEE Grk. NG lAt. It.

";>",,..

Fr.

oo.;u. abeja

Sp. Rum.

Ir.

Nir.

W. Br.

Goth.

,dAwn

ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG

apill a1". p«:doia

albif14 bech beach gwenynen gwena......

Lith. Lett. ChSI.

bgftuga bi bi

bIa, bini

NHG

,.,.,.

Rum. albind, fro late Lat. alvina = alvearium 'beehive' (Keil, Gram. Lat. 7.107). Development fro 'beehive' to coll. 'swarm. of bees', then 'bee'. REW 393. PullCariu 59. 4. W. gwenynen, Br. gwenanenn, OCorn. guenenen (new 8gB. to coil. W. gwenyn, Br. gwenan 'bees'), fro W. gwan, Com. gwane 'thrust, stick, stab', this : Goth. wunds 'wound', etc. Walde-P. 1.212 (without mention of the words for 'bee'). Henry 150. 5. Skt. bhramara-, of imitative orig. here 'buzzing', but prob. the same as in Lat. fremere, OHG breman 'growl, mutter', NHG bremse 'gadfly', etc. WaldeP.2.202. Skt. ali-, etym.? Ublenbeck 15. Skt. bambhara- (rare), of imitative orig. : Grk. 'a kind of wasp', etc. Walde-P. 2.161.

of piX, 'honey'. 3. Lat. apie, dim. apicula, etym.? Hence It. ape, OFr. ef (Fr. dial. e, etc.); fro dim., It. pecchia, Fr. abeille, Sp. abeja. (Fr. dial. also mouche d mizllit. 'honey

fly'). Ernout-M. 61. REW 523, 525.

,,,,..,,,,6.,.

Walde-H. 1.57.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Goth. waurms, ON ormr, OE wyrm, OHG wurm, etc., general Grne., but in older period esp. 'snake', as Goth. wauTms quotable only in this sense, 0 ~ ormr mostly 'snake' but also 'worm' (Fritzner s.v.), and Sw. orm now only

4. Goth. mapa (for ...wXq~ Mk. 9.44 If.; waurms only for &P,,), ON ,na~kr, OE mapa, OHG mado, these mostly 'maggot' (ME, NE dial. mathe, Se. mad also 'earthworm', NED s.vv. mad, sh. 1 and mathe; NHG made, etc.), but Sw. mask now reg. word for 'worm', possibly: OE moppe 'moth', Skt. matkU7}a- 'bug', etc. Walde-P. 2.228. FalkTorp 700. Hellquist 634.

'snake'.

5. Lett. tiirpe, prob. as the 'borer' fro an extension of the root seen in Lat. terere 'rub', Grk. TETpa.i.JlW 'bore' (cf. TEP'I1aWJI 'woodworm'), etc. Walde-Po 1.732." Muhl.-Endz.4.150.

'grub, maggot'), RUBS. cervI,

3. Grk ......Xq~, NG ....uX~.. : u..X.o,

6. Pol. robak, older chrobak = Boh. chrobdk 'beetle' : Pol. chrobotaC 'rustle', Sloven. hrobati 'gnaw', of imitative orig., with development in Pol. presumably

'curved, bent, winding', ".dXos 'leg', and

many other words based on the notion of 'curved, bent'. Walde-P. 2.598. Grk. (in Aristot. used of intestinal worms) and .~X~ (mostly 'maggot'),

IX""

through the 'gnawing' woodworm. Ber-

neker 403. BrUckner 459.

3.85 SNAKE Grk. NG Lat. IL

Fr. Sp. Rum.

Ir. NIr.

w.

nod.,..

~s, q,l&

Goth. ON

anguia, serpilna,

Dan.

coIubra ...-po ...-pent cukbra, ...,,;..u

Sw. OE ME

....., orm wynn, nadre, BntJCG

,.,.po

NE

mtJke, ..,.pent

nathir

Du. OHG

Russ. Skt.

.lang

Av.

lIqN.r (lx,,)

..u.a;,. Midr, ....if

Br.

tDQurm8,

nalJr, sniikr alanye, mog ormT,

toorme, pent,

Mr-

Pol.

gyooJ.i (ang;."lalty.) la,ka zmi,;'a zmiia IuJd wq% imija) zmeja. (ul)

oki-, sarpa-, uragaaJi-

ncU(a)ra, tottrm, .lan(JtI

MHG .lange, WUMn NHG ochltInge

1. Grk. &PH (NG (i, fro dim. 61&w,,), beside ~x'"

snake, {n)addre

Lith. Lett. ChSl. SCr. Boh.

2. Lat.

serpens,

pple.

of serpere

~X'&J'4 'viper' (less

'creep', like Skt. sarpa- fro 8rp- 'creep'.

generic than iStf>" cf. Aristot. HA 511"14 ff.); Lat. anguis; Lith., OPruss. angis; ChSI. .qit, Pol. wqi, Russ. u.Z; Skt. ahi-, Av. aii-; fro parallel forms with

Walde-P. 2.502. Ernout-M. 931. Hence the Romance forms and ME, NE serpent fro OFr., also W. sarff. REW 7855. Loth, Mots lat. 205. Lat. colubra (> Sp. culebra) prob. : Grk. ICUXMr 'crooked', 1C1IX£~ 'roll', etc. Walde-P. 2,598. Walde-H. 1.248.

and without nasal, but phonetic rela-

tions in part obscure. Walde-P. 1.63 ff. Emout-M. 52. Walde-H, 1.48.

IIII'G. p.vi:"(tL

Goth. ON ftuga

",mea

Dan. Sw.

Fr.

mouch.

Sp.

f7IQ8CG

f7IQ8CG

Rum. Ir.

musOO

NIr. W. Br.

cui! gwybedyn, cylionyn

cuil

kd.......n

flus ftu"" ftbJg. ftY"

OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

fly

f1lieg ftiuga ol"f/8 ft;.g.

Of words for the 'fly' there is a widespread cognate group, probably of imitative origin. Another group, but only Gmc., is derived from the verb for 'fly', with early specialization. 1. IE *mu.-, *mus-, pooh. of imitative orig., with reference to the humming. Walde-P.2.311. Ernout-M.646. FaIkTorp 744. Grk. (·"U"IA), NG poP.I'v"A; Lat. musca (> Romance words); here, but as 'midge' ON mii, OE mycg, OHG mucca, etc. (NHG mUcke also locally 'fly'); Lith. muse, Lett. mula, OPruss. muso; ChS!. mucha, etc., general Slavic.

Lith.

mUle

Lett. ChS!.

mu!a

SCr. Boh.

mucha muha moucha

Pol.

mu.cha

Russ. Bkt.

mako-

Av.

ma:z:iI-

mucha

2. Ir. cuil, W. cylionyn, Br. kelienenn : Lat. culex 'midge', prob. Skt. ~a- 'spit, pike', etc. Walde-P. 1.33. Pedersen 1.147. W. gwybedyn, coli. pI. gwybed, early gwylJbed (Morris Jones ISO), etym.?

3. ON fluga, OE fl.eoge, OHG fliuga, etc., general Gmc., fro the Gmc. vb. for 'fly', OE j!eogan, etc. (10.37), with early and general (though not complete) specialization.

4. Skt. mak,a-, Av. """".,.. prob. of imitative orig., like the group above, 1. Uhlenbeck 209.

3.84 WORM Grk. NG Lat. It.

Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. Nlr.

w.

cr.w"'.,,~

........ ........

crKOV"'.'"

vi......

cruim cruimh, cnuimh

pry!

Br.

Goth. ON Dan . Sw. 01!)

ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

"""'4 (""'......) ..... """k ormr, maWkr

wynn, ........ .......

wurm

pr'" The majority of the words for 'wonn'

belong to one or the other of two groups, alike in suffix but from different roots. One of these groups and a few other words are based on the notion of 'turning around, winding'. A few are connected with verbs for 'bore' or 'rustle, gnaw' and must have applied at first to the woodworm.

Lith. Lett. CbSl. SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ. Bkt. Av.

/cirmiU

--' ""PO IriloI en>

Tabak

Icrmi-

(learam Romance words);

ANIMALS

both : ElAEw, tXXw 'tum around, wind'. Walde-P. 1.299. Boisacq 245.

2. IE *k"rmi-. Walde-P. 1.523. Ernout-M. 1090. Pedersen 1.43. Berneker 169, 172 f. Skt. krmi-, NPers. kirm (here prob. Av. karama- used with Btar· of a shooting star); Ir. cruim, NIr. CTuimh, cnuimh, W. pryj, Br. preliv; OLith. kirmie, now kirmele (Lett. terms 'maw-worm'); here also, with different suffix, ChS!. crilvl, SCr. crv, Bah. cerv, Pol. czeru (mostly

3.83 FLY (sb.) Grk. NG Lat. It.

"u,a

MHG bini

Familiarity with the bee in the IE period, if not proved by the partial European agreement in words for 'bee' J is clearly shown by the more complete agreement in the old words for 'honey' and 'mead' (5.84, 5.85). 1. IE(?) ·bhf-, etc., root connection dub., perh. of imitative orig. Walde-P. 2.184 f. ON bfifluga (cpd. with fluga 'fly'), OE beo, OHG bIa, bini, etc., all the Gmc. words; Lith. bite, bitis, Lett. bite, OPruss. bitte; Ir. bech, NIr. beach; CbSl. b'lCela, etc., all the Slavic forms. 2. Grk. iUX'....A, Att. ,,!X,rrA, deriv.

194

SCr. Boh. Pol. RUBB. Bkt. Av.

".. be bee bri

193

ANIMALS

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

and ultimately connected with Lith. buiys 'scarecrow', b1Jiys 'insect' (so separated in NSB), etc. Bugs are unpleasant creatures. Walde-P.2.117. Endzelin, KZ 44.64. NED s.v. bug" bug'. Lith . • abzdys, now the accepted term

195

3. Ir. nathir, NIr. natha1:r, W. neidr, Br. acr (MBr. azr for *nazr, Pedersen 1.255), Goth. nadrs (lx.6va) ON na~r, OE nred(d)re, !\IE (n)addre (NE adder with restriction of use), OHG nat(a)ra (NH G nailer with restriction of use), here

3.11). Thi. is the generic word, while angis (above, I) and ialt!!." fro ialias

also Lat. niJ.trix 'water snake' (though

the hissing sound? Miihl.-Elldz. 1.425.

doubtless felt as derived fro nare 'swim'), perh. fro a root *(s)ne- 'turn, twist' in

6. ChSl., ser. zmlja, Pol. itmja, Russ. zmeja, delivs. of word for 'earth', ChS!. zemlja, etC'., henre for the animal

words for 'spin,' etc. (6.31). Walde-P. 2.327 f., 694. 4. Goth. waurms, ON ormr, Sw. orm, OE wyrm, ME worme (NE worm now obs. for 'snake'), OHG, NHG wurm (now rarely for 'snake' except in lindwurm 'dragon'), all orig. 'worm'. See

3.84. ON sookr, Dan. snog, Sw. snok, OE snaca, ME, NE snake (displacing serpent in pop. use) : OHG snahan 'crawl',

OE snregl 'snail', etc. Walde-P. 1.697 ff. Falk-Torp 1098. OHG slango, MHG, MLG slange (> Dan. slange), Du. slang, NHG schlange: OHG slingan 'turn, wind', refl.. 'crawl', OE slingan 'crawl', Lith. slinkti 'crawl', etc. (10.41). Walde-P.2.714. 5. Lith. gyvale, deriv. of gyvas 'liv-

ing', with ('urious sperialization, doubtle,,~ throuJ!;h 'animal' (cf. gyvolis 'animal',

'green', are mostly 'viper, adder'. Lett. cmka, from a poor imitation of

that crawls on the earth. Walde-P. 1.663. Bruckner 665. Bah. had : ChSI. gadi! 'reptile, harmful animal', gadf.nu 'foul, hateful', Ser., Pol., Russ. gad 'reptile, anything loathsome', Lith. geda 'shame', OHG quat 'filth' (NHG kot), etc. A term of loathing applied to the snake in many Slavic

dialects. Berneker 289. Walde-P. 1.695. Pol. wqi, Russ. u.Z, above, 1. 7. Skt. ahi-, Av. aZi-, above, 1. Skt. sarpa-: STP- 'crawl', like Lat. serpens.

Skt. also often uraga-, lit. 'breastgoing', cpd. of uras- 'breast' and gam'go'.

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

CHAPTER 4 PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.142 4.15 4.16 4.162 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.202 4.203 4.204 4.205

BODY

4.206

EYEBROW

4.40 4.41 4.42 4.43 4.44 4.45 4.46 4.47 4.48 4.49 4.492 4.51 4.52 4.53 4.54 4.55 4.56 4.57 4.58 4.59 4.61 4.62 4.63 4.64 4.65 4.66

SKINjHmE

FLESH HAIR BEARD BLOOD

BONE RIB HORN TAIL BACK HEAD SKULL BRAIN FACE FOREHEAD

4.207 JAW 4.208 CHEEK 4.209 CsIN 4.21 EYE 4.22 EAR 4.23 NOSE 4.24 MOUTH 4.25 LIp 4.26 TONGUE 4.27 TOOTH 4.26 NECK 4.29 THROAT 4.30 SHOULDER 4.31 ARlI 4.32 ELBOW 4.33 fuND 4.34 FINGER 4.342 THUMB 4.35 LEG 4.36 KNEE 4.37 FOOT 4.38 TOE 4.39 NAIL 4.392 W,NG 4.393 FEATHER

BREAST (Front of Chest) BREAST (of Woman) UDDER (of Animals) NAVEL

HmART LIVER BELLY; STOMACH WOMB

EGG TEsTICLE

PENIS

BREATHE; BREATH

YAWN, GAPE

COUGH (vb.) SNEEZE (vb.) SWEAT (sb.) SPIT (vb.) VOMIT (vb.) BITE (vb.) LIcK (vb.) SLEEP (vb.; sb.) DREAM (sb.) WAXE (trans. and intr.) BRmAK WIND, FART (vb.) URINATE; URINE

Vom

EXCREMENT; EXCREMENT,

DUNG 4.67 HAVE SEXUAL INTERCOURSE 4.71 BEGET (of Father) 4.72 BEAR (of Mother) 4.73 PREGNANT 4.732 CONCEIVE

4.74 4.75 4.76 4.77 4.78 4.79 4.81 4.82 4.83 4.64

LIvEj LIVING; LIFE

DIE; DEAD; DEATH KILL CORPSlII

BURY (the Dead) GRAVE STRoNG, MIGHTY, POWERFUL WEAK

4.11 Grk.

Goth.

flGJpcr. flGJIAcr.

ON

Lat. It.

corp ...

Don.

Fr. Sp.

""'1"

Rum.

corp

Ir.

corp, colinn, cri

NIr.

corp

W.

=ff

NO

Br.

t:m'p6

e_po

ko,.,

Sw. OE ME

to animals and only contemptuously or facetiously to man, as NE muzzle or snout, Fr. gueuJ.e, NHG maul, etc. But words of this type, and in general vulgar expressions, of which there is a luxuriant growth, especially for certain parts (cf. Goldberger, Glotta 18.16 II.), may in part become the accepted terms. There are a few instances (some of the words for 'liver', 4.45) in which the name of the organ was originally one applied to it only as an article of food, parallel to the case of 'fish' as an animal from 'fish food' (NG .p!J.p., 3.65).

BODY

leik lik, likamr (likami) legem It. corpo, OFr. COTS, ME cor{p)s, NE Corpse, Fr. corps, Sp. cuerpo, Rum. corp, Ir. corp, W. curf!, Br. kar!, NHG kOrper), Ir. cri (? Stokes 97), Av. k.hrp- ('body, corpse'; MPers. karp 'body') : Skt. krp- (only instr. sg. krpii) 'shape, beauty', and perh. OE hTif 'womb, belly', OHG (h)ref 'body, abdomen, womb', root connection dub. Walde-Po 1.486f. Ernout-M. 222f. Walde-H. 1.277 f.

4.93 4.94 4.95 4.96 4.97 4.98 4.99

BLIND DRUNK

NADm, BARE

'hear', 'smell', 'speak' (or 'eat'), 'walk', and BO far as some cognates of the former are applied to function this is probably, and in most cases certainly, secondary. On the other hand, the derivation of the IE word for 'tooth' from the participle of the IE root for 'eat' seems too obvious on the formal side to be discarded, though even this situation may possibly be the result of a secondary association (see 4.27). The application of words for 'tongue' to 'speech, language' is almost uuiversal, but the latter use is always secondary. However, there are also examples enough of words for parts of the body derived from a function, as 'hand' from 'grasp, gather' (4.33), etc. and, regardless of priority, a relation between organ and function is widely observed. There is frequent shift of application between words for parts of the body that are adjacent, of similar relative position, associated in function, or through common figurative uses with reference to the emotions. So between 'head'-'horn' (from 'summit') j 'head''skull'-'brain'; 'mouth'-'jaw', 'throat', 'cheek', 'chin', 'lip'; 'neck'-'throat'; 'shoulder'-'shoulder blade'-'back'-'arm' j 'hand'-'arm' j 'foot'-'leg' j 'finger'-'toe' j 'bellY'-'womb' j 'breast' as front of the chest-'woman's breasts'; 'heart' from 'soul' (Rum. inimd., 4.44) or 'bowels' (W. calon, 4.44). With such obvious exceptions as

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS 3. Ir. colinn (renders Lat. car~, but in the sense of 'bcdy'), often also 'dead body, corpse' . ON hold 'flesh', OE hold 'carcass', W. celain 'corpse', best taken as, whether orig. 'body' or 'flesh', fro 'covering' : Ir. celim 'hide', Grk. ICaXlrrTw 'cover', etc. (12.26). Otherwise for root connection Walde-Po 2.592 and FalkTorp 427. 4. Goth. !eik ON lik (Dan. Zig, Sw. lik 'corpse'), OE lie (oftener 'corpse', as mostly ME lieh), OHG lih, MHG lich (NHG !eiche only 'corpse'): Goth. ga!eiko, OE gel;;C 'like', etc., Lith. lygus 'equal', etc. The semantic sequence seems to be 'like' (attested also in Alb., cf. Jokl, Wort. u. Bach. 12.83), whence 'likeness, form, body', but 'like' in the Gmc. cpds. secondary fro 'having same form'. Walde-Po 2.398 f. Feist 327. Falk-Torp 642. ON likamr, likami, Dan. !egeme, OE lichama, ME Zikam(e), Du. lichaam, OHG l;;chamo, MHG lich(n)ame (NHG leichnam 'corpse'), cpd. of preceding and Gmc. *haman- 'covering' (OE hama 'covering', ON hamr 'skin, husk', Dan., Sw. ham 'skin, husk', etc.). Walde-Po 1.386. Falk-Torp 631. Dan. krop, Sw. kropp : ON kroppr 'crop' (of birds), later 'trunk, body', OE cropp 'head' (of plants, etc.), 'crop' (of birds), OHG kropf 'crop (of birds), bunch, swelling', DE creopan 'creep', cryppan 'curve, bend', Grk. 'YPV2I'6t 'curved, hook-nosed', all with notion of 'curved shape, bunch'. Walde-P. 1.598. Falk-Torp 582. Hellquist 513. OE bodig 'stature, trunk, body', ME, NE body: OHG botah, MHG botech 'trunk, corpse', prob. (though disputed) the same word as OHG botahha, NHG

197

BALD LAKE DEAr DUlm

199

boltich 'tub, vat', fro MLat. but(t)a, lndlis, butica, butagium, etc., with application to the bulging 'trunk' of the body, then 'body'. NED S.V. Falk-Torp 89. NHG !eib, fro MHG lip 'life' then 'living mass, body', fro OHG lip 'life' : OElv'life', Goth. liban 'live', etc. (4.74). Weigand-H. 2.43. 5. Lith. kanaB, Lett. kanu, perh. as orig. 'trunk' fro IE *keu- in words denoting curved shape as Lat. cumulus 'heap', Lith. kaukas 'boil', etc. (WaldeP. 1.370 II., without mention of these words for 'body'). Otherwise (as fro a *skeu- 'cover'). Charpentier, Monde Or. 2.23. Lett. miesa 'flesh' (4.17) is also the usual word for 'body'. 6. ChS!. lillo, etc., the general Slavic word, prob. through 'surface, form' : ChS!. lila, 'ground', Skt. tala- 'surface', etc. Walde-Po 1.740. The assumption, after Lewy, of development through 'carved image' is unnecessary. ChS!. telo in the Gospels renders (fW",a. regularly, in two passages (Mt. 6.27, Lk. 12.25) 1}X,,,la where this means 'stature' not 'age'. Later often plUtI 'flesh' used for body'. Jagic, Entstehungsgesch. 407. 7. Skt., Av. tan;;": Skt. Ian-, Grk. 1'f:lvw 'stretch', Skt. tanu-, Lat. tenuis 'thin', etc. Development of 'body' through notion of 'surface, form'. Walde-P. 1.724. Skt. ~arira-, prob. as orig. 'covering' : Skt. rarman-, r;ara1),Q.- 'protection, shelter, etc.', Grk. tca.}'/nrrw 'cover', Ir. celim 'hide', etc. Charpentier, Monde Or. 2.23. Skt. dehfk- 'form, shape, body', fro the root seen in Skt. dih-, Lat. jingP:1'e 'fashion', etc. Walde-P. 1.833.

4.12 SKIN; HIDE Ork. NG

cUp".., ;vx:,fi

Lat.

cutis; pellia (rorium)

Goth.

O'"II:aros

-jiU

"t16, akinn (hqnmd) hull; .kind hud, ,kin Sw. hfjd;fell OE ME hiM, Bkinn; fell • kin; hiM (fell) NE huid, .., Du. OHO hot,fel MHO h1lt, tiel NHG holll; fell

ON

cU"pcr.,1I'"ucrt

It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr.

",u., cute

w.

""""( ) kroc'hm (k8nn)

Br.

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

200

Dan.

peaU (cuir)

C1dia (cuero); pelkjo piel8 cne8S,' crocc:enn, aeehe cneaa, croic«mnj

....

..w..

Most of the words listed may be used, like NE skin, for the skin of man or beast, a few, like Grk. xpWs, only for human skin, and several (placed after a semicolon), like NE hide, only or mainly for the skin of animals. Several of the words are used also or mainly for 'leather' (6.29). The semantic sources are partly 'covering, surface' of the 'body', but oftener 'cut, tear' or the like, orig. referring to

the hide detached from the body. But such difference in origin is not reflected in actual difference in usage. A few show generalization from the skin of a

particular animal, namely 'goatskin'. 1. Grk. 8iplM'- (in Hom. mostly 'hide', later the regular word for 'skin'; also 'hide') : 81""" Lith. dirti, ete., 'flay, skin' (9.29), OE /eran 'tear', Skt. dr'split, tear', ete. Walde-P. 1.797. Grk. XPW' (only of human skin and, mostly poet. J also 'complexion, color') beside xpoa (xpo,a, Ion. XprH~), xpilJ~a 'skin, complexion, color', all ong. 'sur-

&0""

Lith. Lett. ChS!. SOr. Boh. Pol.

Russ. Bkt. Av.

-

oda,' skUra

/ida hoi

k!l.!e, pokoiko

.kOm

kola; skura

hlOC-,' carman-, ojina-

(8Uri-); rormwn

2. Lat. cutis (> It. cute, Sp. cuti8) : ON hii.3, OE hfjd, ete. (below, 4). Lat. pellis 'hide' (> It. pelle, Fr. peau, Rum. pW.e 'skin, hide', Sp. piel 'pelt'; fr. dim. also Sp. pell£jo 'hide'), Goth. )ru1.8fiU 'leprosy', ON berfjall 'bearskin', OE fell, ME, NEfeU, Du. ""I, OHG fel, MHO vel, NHG fell: Grk. !p1J It. cuoio, Fr. cuir, Sp. cuero all mostly 'leather', but sometimes 'skin, hide'), Pol. skOra, RUBB. skura, Skt. carman-, Av. laroman-, all fro IE *(.)ker- 'cut' in Grk. 'shear', etc. Walde-P. 2.573ff. Ernout-M. 220. Walde-H. 1.274. 3. For the following, and some other, less important, Celtic words (as Ir. codal, bian 'hide') cf. esp. Vendryes, Les

>..,

..1,..

face' : xPo.fx4 'graze, scrape', fro an ex-

noms de Is. "peau" en celtique, Wort. u.

tension of IE *gher-, parallel to that in Skt. ghrf- 'rub'. Walde-P. 1.648 ff. Boisacq 1071. Grk. V ••TO< 'hide, leather' : OE hfjd, ete. (below, 4). NG rfTfTl, fro It. pezzo 'piece' J pezza 'piece of cloth'. G. Meyer, Neugr. Stud. 4.70.

Sach. 12.241 ff. Ir. eness, NIr. eneas, W. C'M8 (rare), perh. fro ·knid-ta-: Jr. cned 'wound', Grk. tcJIiiw 'scrape, chafe', OE hnitan 'strike', ete. (Walde-P. 1.395, without

202

inclusion of Jr.

eneS8,

etc.).

Vendryes,

loc. cit. Ir. CToccenn, NIr. croiceann, W. croen,

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

1. IE ·memso--, *mls-, root connection? Walde-P. 2.262. Feist 361. Goth. mimz (once, here 'meat'; also mammo prob. related); Lith. mesa, Lett. miesa, OPruss. mema.; ChSl. "*,0, etc., general Slavic: Skt. mll1i8a-, m .... ; Arm. mi.; Alb. mish; Toch. B mi8a (pI. tantum); with other meanings, Ork. ~~p6, 'thigh', Lat. membrum 'part of the body', Ir. mir 'portion, morsel', etc. 2. Grk.

t1a.p~ :

Av. 8ware8- 'cut', with

development as in Lat. carO (below, 3). Walde-P. 1.751. Boisacq 854. Grk. ,pEa. (but mostly 'meat') : Skt. kTavis- 'raw flesh, carrion', kriJra'bloody, raw', Av. xrU- 'raw flesh', Lat. cruor 'blood from a wound', OE hTeaw

'raw', Lith. /craujaJ! 'blood', ete. (4.14). Walde-P.1.478 ff. Walde-H. 1.295. 3. Lat. caro, gen. carnis (> It., Sp., Rum. carne, Fr. chair) : Umbr. karu 'pars' (but also karne, etc. 'flesh'), Osc. carmis 'partis', Umbr. kartu 'distributo', Grk. ICdpw 'shear', OE sceran 'cut, shear', etc., IE ·(8)ker- 'cut'. Development in Italic to 'portion' in general,

Br. /croc'hm, fro */crokno-, perh., like Lat. corium (above, 2) fro IE *(s)ker- 'cut'. Morris Jones 165. Vendryes, loc. cit. W. ten, Br. kenn (both now mostly in cpds.), Corn. cennen (Ir. cenni'scales') : ON hinna 'membrane' and ON skinn, ete. (below, 4). Walde-P. 2.563 . Ir. socM, NIr. seithe: Lat. Bocilre 'cut', ete. Walde-P.2.475. 4. ON hUt1, OE hfjd, OHG h1lt, ete., the general Omc. word for 'skin' (NE hide now properly only of animals) : Grk. t1Kl.lroS 'hide, leather', Lat. Cuti8 'skin', Lith. kiatda8 'hull, husk', OPruss. keuto 'skin', Jr. codal 'hide'; Grk. ICE(IJw, OE hyoon 'cover, hide', etc., fro IE

*(s)keu- with various extensions. WaldeP. 2.546 ff. Ernout-M. 249. FalkTorp 425. ON 8kinn (> ME 8kinn, NE ,kin), Dan. 8kind, Sw. skin: MHG schint 'fruit skin', Du. dial. schinde 'hide, bark', OHG scintan, NHG schinden 'remove the skin or bark', ON hinna 'membrane', W. ern 'skin', etc. (above, 3), fro

an IE *(8)ken- 'cut off', perh. an extension of *,ek- 'cut'. Walde-P. 2.563 f. Falk-Torp 997.

NG Lot. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr.

w.

Br.

Goth. ON Da.n. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHO MHO NHG

l14pf,~r 11ci.p«a.,~a.f

car.

2), ete., fro IE *(s)ker- 'cut'. Walde-P. 2.576. ON kjpt (occurs only as 'meat'), Dan. "Pd, Sw. kilU, prob. : MLG !:Ute 'entrails', Du. kuit 'calf of the leg', Skt. guda- 'intestine', ete. Walde-P. 1.559. Falk-Torp 522, 1496. OE fl1!8C, ete., the WGmc. word for 'flesh' (ON. jle.k 'pork, bacon', Dan. jlesk, Sw. fllUk 'bacon'), prob.: ON flikki, OE flicce 'flitch of bacon', Lith. plesti 'tear', all perh. from various eXM tensions of IE *(s)pel- 'split'. Walde-P. 2.98 ff. Falk-Torp 235. 6. ChSI. pl1ltl, in the Gospels (where

"""'" chair ca ..... f.m~

....

feoil cig, cnawd kig

Lith.

.reM

Lett. CbS!. SCr. Boh.

pUll!, fnfSO m ...

Mtt

ftil8C m668ch fteiak lIlei8ch fteiach

Most of the words for 'flesh', though not all, are also used for flesh as food, 'meat' (5.61). Words for 'flesh' are also used, esp. in eccl. writings, for 'body', and conversely some words for 'body' are

also used for 'flesh'.

Cf. 4.11. The

Grk.

NG Lat.

9plf, pI. TplXt;, rillf/ (a) TplXa., pi. TpiX« (b), p«AMci.(a)

Sp.

capillus (a.), crinis (a), coma (a), piIus (b) capello (a), p Rum. coade 'bark, rind'), Boh. kfdt, pokolka, Russ. kola, orig. 'goatskin', fro koza 'goat'. Cf. Skt. ajina-, below, 6. Walde-P. 1.336. Berneker 597 f. Briickner 263. Pol. skOra, RUBB. 'kura (WhRuSB. skura> Lith. 8kUra) : Lat. corium, ete., above, 2. 6. Skt. tvac-, -tvacas-: Ork. v6....

Hence NO TpLXa. 'a hair', pI.

TplxE~J

of Grk. ",a).}.Os 'lock of wool', rarely 'lock, tress of hair' : Lith. milas 'cloth', etc.

Walde-P. 2.294. Grk .•6~~ (a), etym.? Boisacq 489. 2. Lat. capillus (a; > It. capello, Fr.

cheveu, Sp. cabello), etym. dub. WaldeP. 1.347. Ernout-M. 147. Walde-H. 158. Lat. crinis (a, mostly pI. or sg. coIl.; > It. crine 'hair' lit. word, Fr., Sp. crin 'horsehair, mane'), fro *cris-ni-: Lat. crista 'tuft on the head of animals', Goth. -hri,jan, OE hrisian 'shake', ete. Walde-P. 2.572. Ernout-M. 233. Walde-H. 1.292. Lat. ",nna (a; > It. chiorna lit. word, Rum. coama 'horse's mane, ridge'), fro Ork. ""~~ (above, 1). For the relative frequency of Lat. caplUus, coma, enni8 in different authors, cf. Thesaurus s.v. capiUus. Lat. pilus, mostly 'single hair on the body' (> It. pelo, Fr. poil 'hair of the body', but Fr. dial. pel, Sp. pelo, Rum. pdr generic), perh. : Lat. p>lleus 'felt cap', Ork. 'felt'. Walde-P.2.71. 3. Ir. foU (mostly a, but also 'the long hair of a horse's tail', ete.), W. gwaUt (a), OBr. guoU, all coli., prob. : OPruss. woUi 'ear of corn', SCr. v/at 'blade of grasS', etc., fro the same root as Lat. veUus'fleece', lana 'wool', etc. Walde-Po 1.297. Ir. find 'a hair', pI. finda 'hair', NIr. jionn 'a hair', firmnodh 'hair' (b) : Grk. 'lov8os 'young hair', OHG winWwa.wa

"'M'

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

204

'eyelash', etc. Walde-Po 1.262. Pedersen 1.114. NIr. gruaig 'hair of head, or of horse's mane', etym.? For still other NIr. words for 'hair'in special applications, cf. McKenna. s.v. hair.

W. blew, Br. bleo (botb coil. with ag. blewyn, blevenn 'a hair'), perh. fro .mk1r beside ·m/" in Grk. paMOs, etc. (above, 1). G. S. Lane, Language 7.279. 4. Goth. tagl ('the single hair of the head' and once 'camel's hair') : ON tagl 'hair of horse's tail', OE tOJgl 'tail', etc. (4.18).

Goth. 8kufl (In. 11.2, etc. dat. ag. akufta coil. = 8p~L 'with her hair'), ON akopt (poet.), OHG scuft, MHG uhopj, all coIl. for 'hair' of the head (NHG 'top of the head, tuft of hair', etc.) : ON akauf 'fox's brush', OE scia!, OHG seoub, etc. 'sheaf'. Walde-Po 2.555. Feist 435. ON, OHG har, OE h~, etc., general Gmc., etym. much disputed, perh.: Lith. krys 'brush' and other words for 'stiff, bristly'. Walde-Po 1.427. FalkTorp 369. Weigand-H. 1.783. OE jeax, OS, OHG jahs (ON jax 'mane') : Grk.

'1I"'0c0~

'fleece, woo)' J etc.

Walde-Po 2.17. Falk-Torp 201. NED S.V. fax. 5. Lith. plaUka8, p!. plaukai (mostly a) : Lett. plauki 'snowflakes, fluff, dust', plUkt 'pluck', further relations disputed. Walde-P.2.97. Persson, Beitrage 238 ff. Lett. mats, p!. mati (mostly a), etym.?

206

Grk .

NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

Rum.

(: m£8t 'throw' as orig. 'hair arranged in a particular way'? M1lh!.-Endz.2.567). Lett. &paiva 'hair of quadrupeds, feathers, etc.' : Lat. spolium 'hide stripped off', OHG spaltan 'split', etc. Walde-Po 2.679. M1lhl.-Endz. 3.983. Lith. gauras, mostly p!. gaurai 'hair on the body, tuft of hair' : Lett. gauri 'hair on private parts', NIr. guaire 'rough hair. bristle'. Norw. kaUT 'lamb's wool', also with different suffix Av. gaona- 'hair'. root .geu-. perh. the same as in Grk. 'Yupbs 'round, curved', etc. Walde-Po 1.557. 6. CbS!. vla81l. pI. vlaBi. etc., general Slavic: Av. vaTOSa- 'hair'. Skt. eaf,a'shoot, twig', fro ·woz..fCo-, with the saine root as in Ir. joU 'hair', Lat. veUus ':8.eece', llina 'wool' , etc. WaIde-P. 1.297. sCr. kosa 'hair' (a), Po!., Russ. kosa, Lith. kasa 'tress, braid of hair' : CbS!. Cesati 'comb'. etc. Walde-Po 1.449. Berneker 580. SCr. dlaka 'hair' (b), etym.? Berneker 208. 7. Skt. ke,a- (a) : Lith. kaisti 'shave, rub, make smooth', OPruss. coipsnis 'comb'. Walde-Po 1.328. Skt. roma.... loman- (b). prob. : Ir. ruamnae, gl. lodiz (meaning here?), NIr.

rilaimneach 'long hair, horsehairJ fishing line', also Ir. raainne 'a hair', rOn, W. rhawn 'horsehair', Br. reun 'coarse hair, bristles'. Walde-P.2.361. Av. varasa- (mostly a, but also b) : ChS!. vla81l, etc .• above, 6. Av. gaona- (b, also 'color', NPers. gun 'color') : Lith. gauras, above, 5.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

........ ...

(

)

......... '"""

aanguiB, cruor

II""" fuil, tri fuil, ...

IMp I>IM bIod bIod bIDd blode blood (pc)

Dan. Sw. OE ME NE

sCr.

Boh.

Pol.

RUSB.

Of the two principal groups of cognates (1. 2, below) the first reflects an IE word for 'blood'. of which nothing can be said as to any remoter semantic source. In the second the prevailing sense is 'raw flesh, raw', or 'blood outside the body, of a wound, gore', whence simply 'blood' in some languages. Other words are from such sources as 'red' (notably in Sanskrit). 'wound'. 'vein'(?). and probably 'flow, gush' or the like.

'drip' or 'juice'. Boisacq 24.

Br.

gwoed (crau)

(JtDQd

1. IE *i8en--, norn.-ace.

..wy"", 'YtJI'l!J.Q.s

NG Lat. It.

'YOO1l, 'YtJI'l!J.&c'J1I

Fr.

Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W. Br.

barba barba bar"" I>,,,ba ba,btl

f .... J&uJog ba" bar.

Goth. ON

Dan.

Sw. OE ME

NE Du.

-r, a

typical

Tin stem neuter. Walde-Po 1.162. Ernout-M. 80 f.• 893. Walde-H. 1.72. Grk. poet. lap. .lap (~ap Hesych.); OLat. aser, assyr (Pau!. Fest., with as"Tatum 'drink of wine and blood mixed'); Lett. aBins; Skt. aark, gen. asnas; Arm. ariun; Hitt. 08haT (with derivs.. Sturtevant. Hitt. Gloss. 37); Tach. ysiJT (SSS, 6).

2. IE ·kr......, .krU-, etc. Walde-Po 1.478. Ernout-M. 234 f. Walde-H. 1.2Mf. Lat. f7f'UOT 'blood from a wound, gore' (as distinguished from generic sanguis; cf. also cruentus 'bloody'); Ir. CT1Z. NIr. cro, W. erau (obs.), Corn. crow, all used

mostly like Lat. cruor; Lith. kraujas. OPruss. craujo. krawia, ChS!. kriWI, etc .• the general Balto-Slavic (except Lett.) word for 'blood' : Ork. IepEQ.$ 'meat', Skt. !Gravis- 'raw desh', Av. :r:rU- 'raw flesh'. Skt. krilTa- 'raw, bloody'. Av. znlra- 'bloody, fierce', OE hr~aw 'raw',

etc. 3. Grk. alpa. etym.? Possibly connected with certain words meaning

•• .kmg

.kliflg

board bOTd beMd

Russ. Skt. Av.

OHG bart MHG bart NHG baTI

For 'beard' there is a. group common cognate with words for 'bristle', 'point',

etc. Several of these are used also for 'chin', as in the Romance languages

banda

bIlrda brtJda

Boh. Pol.

baard

to Lat., WGrnc., and Balto-Slavic, prob.

Lith.

Lett. ChS!. SCr.

brada

00"" (brada) brada boo-ada

""",",.

'jaw'. etc., but first part difficult. Walde-Po 1.587. Grk. orlvelDv 'chin' (4.209) and sometimes 'beard', and so reg. in NG, esp. pI. ,,),EJlEta.. Hence also Grk. ,,),fJlEtG.S, NG

(REW 944) and Slavic (SCr., Boh. "YEVfUi6a. 'beard'. brada, Russ. boroda) , and the inter3. Ir. jlsOc. NIr. jeasog, deriv. of ]es change between 'beard' and 'chin' is seen beside find 'hair' (4.14). Pedersen 1.86. in several outside this group (below, 2 4. ON skegg, Dan. skreg, Sw. skiigg : OE seeaga (once as gJ. to Lat. coma). and 6). An interesting secondary develop- ME, NE shag 'rough hair' (whence the ment rests on the similarity in shape be- more common NE shaggy), ON skagi tween the beard and the blade of an ax. 'promontory' (with vb. skaga 'project'), hence OHG barta. etc. 'ax' (9.25). akDgr 'woods', etc. Walde-Po 2.557. 1. IE ·bhardhii-, prob. fro the same Falk-Torp 1000. Hellquist 970. root as ON. OHG burst, OE byrst 'bris5. Boh. VOUB (more common for tle'. Skt. bhT~ti- 'point, edge', etc. 'beard' than brat,la, which is mostly Walde-Po 2.135. Emout-M. 103. 'chin') = Pol. was, Russ us 'mustache', Walde-H. 1.96. Bemeker 72 f. ChSI. *(v)q81l (quotable only late usil, Lat. baTba (> Romance forms and W. vU8'll) : Grk. 'lov90s 'young hair', Ir. baTj, Br. barv); OE beard, OHG barl, find 'hair', etc. Walde-Po 1.262. Mietc .• general WGrnc. (ON bar15 only in klosich 223. Bruckner 604. secondary senses, 'edge, brim, prow', 6. Skt. ,ma"u- (by assim. fr. etc.); Lith. barzda, CbS!. brada, etc. gen- *smacru-) : Arm. nwuruk,c 'beard', Ir. eral Balto-Slavic. smech, Lith. smakras 'chin'. Walde-Po 2. Ork. 'll"w'YWJI, perh. cpd., -")'WJI : ")'bVf 2.689.

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

207

4.16 BONE Lith. Lett. ChSI.

SkI.

NIr. W.

205

4.142 BEARD Grk.

4.15 BLOOD Goth.

ON

Du. blood OHG bluol MHG bluol NHG blut

Ir.

PAltTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

Av.

kraujaa

--' ";7111

krilri

m

krtno

...... (Ved.), rokla-,

rudhira-, etc. t1Ohunl-

Walde-Po 2.464 f.

4. Lat. sanguis (early neut . •anguen) -ini. (> the Romance words). etym.? Connection with Skt. asrk, asnas, etc. (above. 1) too complicated to be convincing. Cf. refs. in 1, above. 5. Ir. juil (beside juili 'bloody wounds') : W. gweli. Corn. goly. MBr. gouli 'wound' (W. gweli formerly also 'blood'. as still in rMd-weli 'artery'. cpd. with rked 'course'), Lat. vulnus 'wound', ON valr, OE wrel 'the slain on the battlefield'. etc. Walde-P. 1.304 fl. Pedersen 1.139. 162. Loth. RC. 41.208. W. gwaed, Corn. guit, goys. Br. gwad. perh. as 'blood' fro 'vein' : W., Com. (J1JJ!Jth 'vein', Ir.jeith 'fibre', etc. (WaldeP. 1.224, without inclusion of the words for 'blood'). Henry 146. 6. Goth. blOp, OE blild, etc., general Gmc .• prob. as 'that which bursts out' : Goth. blUma 'flower'. etc. Walde-Po 1.177. Falk-Torp 83 f. Feist 101. NE gore. used much like Lat. cruor, fro OE. ME gor(T)' 'dung, filth'. NED B.V.

7. Lith. kraujas. ChS!. kr1lv'l, etc .• above, 2. Lett. asins, above, 1.

8. Skt. (Vedic) asa... , asrk. above, 1. Skt. rakta- neut., sb. use of rakta'red', pple. of raj. 'be colored, be red'. Likewise for 'blood' neuter forms of other words for 'red', as rudhira-, lohita,..,

'07}ita-. Cf. ON To15ra 'sacrificial blood' beside Tjii15r 'red'. Av. vohuni- (NPers. rin 'blood'), etym.? Barth. 1434.

Grk• NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

Rum. Ir. Nlr. W.

Br.

...,10> .....oM

Goth. ON

Dan.

bein ben,1mogI. ben

huef. os

Sw. OE ME NE

cnllim cnaimh ..gwrn askoum

OHG bein MHG bein NHG 1moc/&cn (-M:n)

0
Sp. V. W. 576. 5. Lith. kiauSe, Lett. kauss (latter calavera mostly 'skulP of a dead person, 'death's head', influenced by cadavar mostly with gen. sg. of golva 'head') : 'corpse'? REW 1529), fro cawus 'bald' Skt. k~a- 'case, box' (i.e. 'container'), (4.93). Ernout-M.137. Walde-H. 1.143. fro *keu-k- extension of IE *(s)keu3. Ir. clocenn (K. Meyer, Contrib. 'cover', parallel to *keu-s- in ON hauss 390), NIr. claigeann, W. pe1l{Jlog, Br. (above, 4). Walde-P. 2.548 f. Miihl.kl{}penn, cpds. of words for 'stone' (Ir. End•. 2.178. Lith. kaukolti, etym.? Scheftelowitz, cloch, W. glog, 1.44) and head (Ir. cenn, op. cit. 148, takes as loanword fr. the W. pm, etc., 4.20). Pedersen 1.418. 4. Goth. hwairnei : ON hverrw. 'cook- rare Lat. caucula, dim. of caucus 'drink_ ing·vessel', ON hverr, OE, OHG hwer, ing-cup', but medium of borrowing? 6. CbSl. in Gospels only adj. in kraniSkt. c«ru- 'caldron, pot, kettle', etc. jevo mesto = "pavlov Tlnros, based on the Walde-Po 1.518. Feist 280. ON hauss (so also Norw. haus, Sw. Grk. KPtJ.VI.oV, for which later lllbovo (or dial. hos) : Grk. Kuans 'bladder, pouch', lilblnoje) mesto (Jagi6, Entstehungsetc., fro an s-extension of IE *(s)keu- gesch. 312). Late ChSI. lilbil (whence adj. lilbovo, 'cover', parallel to a k-extension in Lith. kiatde (below, 5). Walde-Po 2.551. etc., above), SCr.lubanja, Boh.leb, lebka (Pol. leb, Russ. lob 'forehead'), prob. : Falk-Torp 385. Norw., Sw. skalle (both used alone for Russ. lub 'bark', etc., either through 'skull'), fro the same root as Dan., Sw. the notion of 'peeled off, bald' (as in •loal 'shell' and Dan. skaal, Sw. Bkal Lat. calva, above, 2), or 'drinking-vessel' . 'bowl, cup'. Here also cpds. with words Walde-P.2.418. Berneker 749. Fol. czaszka, fro czasza = ChSI. caSa for 'head' or 'brain', Dan. hovedskal, hjemoskal, Sw. hwrudskalle, hwrudskal. 'cup', etc. Berneker 137. Russ

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

215

4.203 BRAIN Lith.

Grk.

!-yd.pa.Aos

Goth.

NG

I'va.Ah

ON

hjarni

Lat. It.

cerebrum

D...

hjerne

Du.

hjarna ",.regen brain, hemes (pl.) brain MrSeMn (pl.), brein

......au cerebro

Rum.

er';"';

Nlr. W.

inchinn inchinn ymennyd

Br.

empenn

Ir.

Sw. OE ME NE

CMJello

Fr. Sp.

(pI.)

OHG hirni MHG keme NHG him, gehim

Most of the words for 'brain' are cognate with word~ for 'head' or 'marrow'.

Sometimes the plural used as coil., like NE brains, is the usua.l form. 1. Derivs. of ·fer(a)0-, etc. seen in Skt.

~ras-

'bead', Grk. tcEpas 'horn', etc.

Walde-Po 1.403 ff. Ernout-M. 177. Walde-H. 1.203. Falk-Torp 410. REW 1826, 1827. Lat. cerebrum (> Sp. ",,·.bro, Rum. creier used mostly in pI. cerieri), cerebel-lum (> It. ceroella, Fr. ceroeau); ON hjarni, OHG hirni, etc., general Orne. (except English, where ME hernes, Sc. hams fr. Norse) 2. Grk. I-yKiallo, phrase cpd. fr. Iv 'in' and

ICEtPa).~

'head'.

T.

NG !'valJJ, often pI. !'vaM, fro Grk. IJ.lJEAOs, late pva.XOs 'marrow'. Cf. Aristot. PA 652-25 1roXXOtS 'Yap lCa.l 0 E,),ICEcpaXOS' &OICEt Io'IJEXOS fivaL 'for many think the brain is really marrow'.

Lett. ChBI. SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ.

smegenys (pl.) smadzene& mozgu ","Ulk

mozek mOzg

Skt.

"'"'. mast'4ka-

Av.

1'Il(l8fra'Yan- (in pl.)

3. Ir. inchinn, W. ymennyd, Br. empenn, cpds. (like Grk. 1-y,,aXo,) fro words for 'in' and 'head' (Ir. cenn, etc., 4.20). 4. OE brregen, ME, NE brain, Du. brein, prob. : Grk. {jPEXlAOS, {jpE'YIo'a 'front

part of the head'. Walde-Po 2.314. NED S.V. brain. Franck-v. W. 91. 5. Lith. s>negeny. (pl.), Lett. smad28nes (or pI. -i.), ChSI. mozg,i, etc. (all the Slavic words) : Skt. majjan-, ON merg, OE mearg, NE marrow, OHG mar(a)g, NHG mark, etc., all 'marrow' (Av. mazga once, 'marrow' or 'brain'? NPers. ma')'z both), root connection? For the association of 'marrow' with 'brain', see above, 2. Walde-P. 2.309.

6. Skt. masti~ka-: mastaka- 'skull' (4.202). Av. mastr>-yan- in pI. 'skull' (4.202)" and 'brains' (Yt. 10.72). Barth. 1155.

216

Gr!. 'toward' and deriv. of cIr- (IE ern Gaul. REW 1670. Die. 87. Wart*ok"'-) in 6fop.a., iut. of /,plJ.c" 'see, look' J burg 2.350. auu. 'eyes', ",'" also 'face', etc. (15.51). Sp. r081ro (pop. word for 'face', not Hence orig. the 'appearance, look'. vulgar), fro Lat. rOstrum 'beak'. REW 2. Lat.jacies,orig. 'form, shape', then 7386. esp. 'face' J fro Jacere 'make'. Hence, Rum. obra., fro Slavic, ChSI. obrUZ1l through VLat. °facia, It. faccia, Fr. face 'form, shape, image' (12.57), SCr. obra. (> ME, NE face), Rum. fald (Port. 'cheek', etc. Tiktin 1072 f. face 'cheek', Sp. haz, fa. fig.). But the 3. Ir. agad, NIr. aghaidh, etym.? use of Fr. face for the 'face' of a person was given up in the 17th cent. (Wart- Pedersen 1.129. Ir. e-nech, MW, MBr. enep, W. wyneb, burg 3.356). Ernout-M. 322. Walde(Br. enep, eneb 'the opposite'), a cpd. H. 1.439. REW 3130. Fr. visage, fro older vis (now only in of IE *oJcv- 'see', like Grk. .".p&rW7tOJI vio-d-vis) = It. vi.o (pop. for faccia) , fro (above, 1) and Iv......, 'facing', Skt. Lat. .n.",: 'sight'. REW 9384. GamiU- anika- 'face'? Walde-Po 1.171 (adversescheg893. ly). Pedersen 1.38. Morris Jones 154.

218

Grk.

NO Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

...........

ON

IT'" I.......

Dan.

1-

IrenU

Br.

tnl

Br. dremm = W. drem'sight, look', fro ·drksma-. : Skt. dr,-, Grk. S- 'appearance' (Barth. 1495), NPers. 7Uy 'face'. Walde-Po 2.416. Feist 3.37 . Goth. wlits, andawleit:n, ON andlil (Sw. ankle arch.), OE andw!ita, MHG antlitze, NHG antlitz, fro the root seen in ON !ita, OE wlltan 'see, look' (15.51). Walde-P. 1.293. Falk-Torp 28. Feist 48,571 f. Weigand-H. 1.73. OE ansyn (usual word), OHG anasiuni ('face' in Notker, etc.; cf. Goth. anaBiunB 'visible'), OHG, MHG geBihl, NHG gesicht, also (but less common in this sense) OHG anasihl, MLG ansichte (> Dan. ansigl, Sw. ansikte) and MHG angeBihte, NHG angesichl, all fro the root of OE 8eon, OHG sehan 'see' (15.51). Weigand-H. 1.61,704. Paul, Deutsches

Sw. OE ME NE Du.

Imni pands pan•• lorhla/ad lorhe(ue)ds lorehead (brow) voorhooJd

OHO stirna, tinna, andi MHG Btim(e),tinm NHO stirn

'creation, form, kind' (attested for older

Boh. and Pol.; cf. also ChSl. Ivan 'creatioD, work, deed', ser. tvar 'material', SlvaT 'thing' J Bob. tvaT 'form, shape', Russ. War' 'creature'), with further se-

mantic development like that in Lat. facie. (above, 2). Briickner 586. 7. Skt. anika- (RV 'face' lit. and fig.), Av. ainika- (Barth. 125), also Skt. pratika- 'front' and sometimes 'face' cpds. with -Ika-, fro a form of IE ·ok"'see' as in Skt. Ik,- 'see, look' (15.51). er. Grk. 7l'pbu"'.... (ahove, 1). Av. liflTa- 'look, sight' and 'face' (NPers. lihr 'face'), fro adj. l:i8ra- 'visible, bright' = Skt. citra- id. Barth. 586.

219

4.206 EYEBROW Lith. Lett.

ChSl. SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ.

kakta

piere tel tel Celo czo'o lob (Ulo)

Hkt.

bMla-

Av.

ainika-

forehead, Du. voorhoofd, cpds. of words for 'fore, front' and 'head'. NE brow (poet. or rhet.), orig. a word for 'eyebrow' (4.206). OHGstirna, MHO slirn(e) , NHG .tim 'face' (4.204), hence as if 'between (cf. OE steomede gl. frontalis), fro the the eyes', and so described by Aristot., root of Grk. ~TOpPVJ.'" Lat. sternere, etc. 'spread out' J with development, as in HA491 b 12. NG "01"..).,,, prob. (through 'skull'), Grk. CTTf.PWJII 'breast', fro 'fiat surface'. deriv. of clas.. Grk. ICOTb)'~ 'hollow vessel'. Walde-P. 2.639. OHG tinna (in gl.), MHG linne (cf. Amantos, 'A6»v6. 28, ..apal"'. 128 f. 2. Lat. frlms, frontis (> Romance OHG d...nwengi, OE p...nwange, etc. 'temple'), fro IE 'Ien- in words for words), etym. dub. Walde-H. 1.551. 'stretch' and 'thin'. Walde-Po 1.724. 3. Ir. etan (also cend-etan, with cend Falk-Torp 1262. 'head'), NIr. (eadain 'front') clar a 5. Lith. kakla, prob. : kaktas 'bow' eadain (with cliir 'surface') : ON enni, (obs.), Lett. kakls 'corner'. Leskien, OHG andi 'forehead', all as orig. the Bildung d. Nom. 542. 'front side', derivs. of ·anti in Grk. «"Ti, Lett. piere, etym. dub. Miihl.-Endz. etc., 'over against, opposite'. Walde-Po 3.284. 1.67. Falk-Torp 193. 6. ChSI. celo, etc. general Slavic (but Ir. lui (also t...l rind, with gen. of cend Russ. lelo as 'forehead' obs.), fr. IE 'head'), W., Br. tal, W. now tal-cen (with *kel- in Lith. keUi 'raise', kalna8 'mouncen fro Ir. lui cinti) : Ir. talam 'earth', tain', Lat. celSU8 'high'. collis 'hill' etc. Skt. tala- 'surface', etc., with develo!>' Wald.,.P. 1.434. Berneker 140. Briickment of 'forehead' fro 'fiat surface'. ner 80. Walde-P. 1.740. Pedersen 1.132. Russ. lob, orig. 'skull' like late ChSI. 4. ON enni, OHG andi, see under Ir. IUlnl, Boh. leb, etc. (4.202). 7. Skt. bhala-: ChS!. Mlfl 'white', etan, above, 3. Dan. pantle, Sw. panna = ON panna, Alb. balle 'forehead', OPruss. ballo (corOE panne, etc. 'pan' (5.28), with sense rection of balto) 'forehead', etc. fro of 'forehead' fro old Dan. hovedpande, 'bhel- beside °bM_ in Skt. bha-. 'shine', old Sw. hovudhpanna 'head-pan' = etc. Walde-Po 2.175 f. 'skull'. Falk-Torp 813. Hellquist 747. Av. ainika- 'face' (4.204) is rendered OE forhiqfod, ME forhe(ue)de, NE 'forehead' in Yt. 14.9. Barth. 125. Words for 'forehead' have such semantic sources as 'between the eyes', 'front part' J 'fla.t surface', 'high', etc. 1. Grk. P.ETW1I"OJI, cpd. of llEr6. 'between', second part as in 1fp6a(Jnroll

217

Wtb. S.V. Gesicht. Falk-Torp 26. Hellquist 24. 5. Lith. esitias, fro the root "weid- in Grk. etooll 'saw' J el80s 'appearance, fonn, kind' , Lat. videre 'see' J Lith. vei,deli 'look', etc. (15.51). Walde-Po 1.239. Lett. vaigs 'face' and 'cheek', see under latter, 4.208. 6. ChSl., SCr. lice, RUBB. lieo (Boh. lice, Pol. lice mostly 'cheek'; Boh. OOlitej, Pol. oblicze 'face' but not the usual words) : OPruss. lIlygnan 'cheek', root connection? Walde-Po 2.395 f. Berneker 719 f. Boh. tvriF, Pol. twa", (the common words for 'face'), fro the root of ChSI. worili, etc. 'do, make' (9.11), hence orig.

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

4.205 FOREHEAD Goth.

pfft.lro. I[o{rrw

Rum. lrunt. Ir. ...... t1d NIr. cZ4r a eadain Iaken W.

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

Grk.

&/Jpfir

NO Lat.

Goth .

~pM,

ON

supercilium

Dan.

It.

ciglio ...,.cil

Fr. Sp.

Rum.

Ir.

NIr. W.

Br.

ceja .apr1nceand brai (dual), mala mala ad y Uygad

abrant

Sw. OE ME NE Du.

Lith. Lett.

bran ;jmlnyn Ogonbryn ojarbra eyebrowe (browes pl.) eyebrow (browe, pl.) wenkbrauw

OHG

br4u,'fl,

MHO

oucbni bra. oug(e)brd,

NHO

augmbraue

,d1arbr4ua,

1m>

The majority of the words for 'eyebrow' belong to an inherited group. Of the others, some are based on the notion of 'covering', and some are compounds of words for 'eye' and 'on, upon'. There is some interchange of 'eyebrow' with 'eyelid' or 'eyelash', and even 'forehead'

(NE brow). Several show the figurative sense seen in NE brow of a hill. 1. IE °bhru-; also °bhreu- (disputed, see below). Walde-Po 2.206 f. (and 2.169). Brugmann, Grd. 2.1.137. Hirt, Idg. Gram. 2.96. Pedersen 2.93. FalkTorp 44, 109. NED S.VV. brow, sb.' and bree, sb.'. Weigand-H. 1.1J3, 280. Franck-v. W. 787. Berneker 91 f. Grk. Opm, -1m, NG ~pV6, (fr. late dim. Op66...); Ir. brai, br", (nom. du.), b7'1lad (gen. du.), also for-brU (gen. pI., gl. ....perciliorum); ON brUn, pI. bt Dan. k_) : Av. rofar- 'mouth' (of evil beings). Walde-Po 1.570 f. Falk-Torp 518, 521. Hellquist 544. Weigand-H. 1.103. NED S.V. jowl, sb.'. OE eeace, cece (also and later reg. 'cheek', but 'jawbone' in Chaucer's an ""ses cheek; and eeacbcln. NE cheek bone

=

'jawbone' in all early uses, present

PI\.RTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

'dish'. REW 37068. Gamillscheg 541. Meyer-Lllbke, EinfUhrung' 243. For the numerous It. dial. words and their distribution, cf. H. Kahane, Language 17.212 ff. Sp. fMjilla, fro Lat. maxilla 'jaw' (4.207). REW 5443. Sp. carrillo, dim. of carro 'cart', and used, doubtless first as slang, for the lower jaw or cheek, with reference to the up-and-down movement in eating. Spitzer, Riv. fil. esp. 11.316. Rum.. obraz 'face' and 'cheek', fr. Slavic, CbSl. abrazrl 'form, shape, image', SCr. obraz 'cheek', etc.

Tiktin

1072f. 3. Ir. gniad, NIr. gruadh, W. grudd : OE grlada 'bosom', with common notion of curved surface, but root connection? Walde-Po 1.658. Ir. leeconn, NIr. leaca, prob. cpd. of leth 'side' and conn = tenn 'head'. Thurneysen, KZ 48.67 (rejecting the usual comparison with CbSl. lice 'face', etc., Pedersen 1.159, etc.). Ir. cl,1. 1h1 : W. ael 'eyebrow' (4.206). Stokes 3. Otherwise (: Grk. olOOs 'swelling') W. Lehman, Z. celt. Ph. 6.438. NIr. pluc 'lump, knob' (beside ploc and prob. like W. ploc fro NE block in sense of 'lump', as NED S.V. 11), hence also 'choek'. W. bock, Br. OOc'h, fro Lat. bucca (above, 2). Loth, Mots lat. 138. W. cern 'side of the head' and so 'cheek' or 'jaw' (cf. NT, Lk. 6.29 cern vS. grudd Mt. 5.39) = Ir. cern 'corner': CbSl. ~lnov'!na.ja 'molar teeth', Slovak. ~en 'jaw'. etc. Walde-Po 1.427. Loth, RC 42.354. Berneker 147. Br. jotI, fro some early form of Fr. jo.... Loth, Mots lat. 180. 4. Goth. kinnus, ON kinn, Dan., Sw. kind, see 4.207. ON vangi (cf. Goth. deriv. waggarei. 'pillow'), OE wange, wenue, ME tDOnge,

221

smakras 'chin', Skt. ~ 'beard'. Walde-Po 2.689. Ernout-M. 582. Walde-H. 2.15. Fr. mdcJwire, fr. mdcher 'chew'. For Fr. dial. words and their distribution, cf. H. Kahane. Bezeichnungen der

223

Du. wang, OHG wanga, MHG. NHG wange, prob. : OE wang 'field', etc., with common notion of curved surface, and fro the root seen in Skt. vane- 'move

crookedly'. etc. Walde-Po 1.218. FalkTorp 1350 f. Feist 540. OE ceace (WSax.), cee. (Angl.) 'jaw' (4.207), also 'cheek' (so Mt. 5.39, Lk. 6.29 in Lindisf. vs. wenge in WSax. versions), and so reg. later, ME cMke, NE choek. NED S.V. cheek. OHG baccho (rare, gl. to mandibula, mala; cf. chinnibaMo 'jaw'), MHG backe, NHG backe or backen, in early period partly 'jaw', now the popular word for 'cheek' vs. wange. except locally (Kretschmer, Wortgeogr. 100 ff.), etym. dub., perh. : OE "'"" 'back', etc. WaldeP. 2.148. Falk-Torp 41, 44. Or as 'jaw' fro 'eater' fro the root seen in Grk. 'eat', fjla.'Y&>" 'glutton' and (Hesych.) 'jaw'? So, after Much, Wei-

~CI.'Yf'V

gand-H. 1.136, Klnge-G. 33.

But the

sense 'eat' in Grk. is secondary.

5. Lith. skruootas : .kr..ti 'split open'? Buga in MUhI.-Endz. 3.900. Lett. vaig' (also 'face'), perh. as orig. 'curved surface' (cf. OE wange, etc., above. 4), fro the root seen in ON ueikja 'bend', etc. (Walde-P. 1.235). Mllhl.Endz. 4.435. Buga. Kalba ir Senov~ 73. 6. ChSI. lanita (Boh. lanita, lanitva obs.), fro "'olnita : Grk.

w~

'forearm';

OE eln 'ell', elnboga 'elbow', etc. (4.32). Development through 'jaw' with its angle or 'cheek' as 'bent, curved

sur~

face'? Walde-Po 1.157. Torbiornsson, Liq. Met. 68. SCr. ol>raz: CbSl. ol>razrl 'form, shape,

image',

with

development

through 'face' (cf. the loanword Rum. ol>raz in both senses). Boh. lice. Pol. lice, orig. 'face' as ChSI. lice, etc. (4.204). Cf. OPruss. laygnan 'cheek'.

224

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Russ. 8Ceka, prob. orig. 'jaw', as Pol. szczcka, earlier szcuka (4.207). 7. Skt. ga7J4a.-, mostly 'cheek', but also 'boil, pimple' and orig. 'swelling', fro *goldrw-(?) or some form of the root ·gel- seen in numerous words for round or swollen objects (Goth. kilpei 'womb', etc.) Walde-Po 1.614. 4.209. Some of the words for 'chin' belong to the group of cognates in which 'jaw', 'cheek' and 'chin' interchange (4.207). Some reflect the 'shape 'as 'something projecting' or a 'hook'.

Sev~

eral belong with words for 'beard' (4.142), for just as 'chin' may give the word for 'beard', so conversely a word for 'beard' or 'behind the beard'., 'what has a beard on it' , may be used also for the 'chin', and, once so established, no incongruity is felt in applying the term equally to a woman's chin.

1. Ork. 'YEPE'OIl: 'YEPUS' 'jaw, cheek', etc. (4.207). NG 1I"'",{OVllt, with haplology fro E1I"t('JI'"w)"YWVtOV 'that which has a beard on it' : """"Y"" 'beard' (4.142). CI. Russ. pOdbOTOdok 'chin', lit. 'what is under the beard'. Kretschmer, Glotta 9.231. 2. Lat. mentum (> It. mento; Fr. menton in form fro mento, -onis 'person with a long chin'): W. mant 'jaw, mouth' (and prob. Goth munp8, etc. 'mouth', 4.24), fro root *men- in Lat. e~ minere, prominere 'stand out, project', mons, montis 'mountain', etc. Walde-Po 2.263. Ernout-M.608. Walde-H. 2.72 I.

Sp. barba, also and orig. 'beard', and Rum. barbie deriv. (*barbilial Tiktin 158) of barbut cheek' (4.208) and also a pop. substitute for os (cf. Thes.

230

Lith. Lett. CbSl. SCr. Bob. Pol.

1m"",

R ....

Tol

Skt.

mukAa-, 48~. etc. iJh..• ..,.....

Av.

mute

..ta ..ta UoIa

..ta. ga

s.v.). Emout-M.llO. Walde-H. 2.120. REW 1357. Rum. gurlJ. (so Alb. goje 'mouth'. Fr. gueule 'mouth, jaws' of animals, in some dial. common word for 'mouth'). fro Lat. gula 'throat. gullet' (4.29). Lat. gurges 'whirlpool'. late gurga. bas through 'throat' (Fr. gorge) given dial. words for 'mouth'; likewise Lat. riJstTum 'beak, snout, mouth' (of animals, vulgarly of persons). as ORum. rOBt. REW 3921.7386. 4. Jr. gin. W. gene.. (beBide gen 'chin'). Br. g"""': Lat. gena. Goth. kinnus 'cheek'. etc. (4.207). Ir. beoil. NIr. beal. see bel 'lip' (4.25). 5. Goth. munp.. OE mup. OHO mund, etc., general Ome., prob. : Lat. mentum 'chin'. etc. (4.209). rather than : Lat. mandere 'chew', as preferred in Walde-P. 2.270. Falk-Torp 738. Feist 368. Ernout-M. 608. 6. Lith. burna: Bulg. bilrna 'lip'. Ann. beran 'mouth', Ir. bern 'cleft, gap', Ork. "'''/H>-Y~ 'cleft. ravine'. "'iJ.PV'Y~ 'throat·. etc. Walde-P. 2.159. Trautmann 40. Lett. mute: Skt. mukha- 'mouth'. etc. (below. 8). 7. CbSl. usia. etc .• above. 1. Pol. g~: Boh. hubo. sCr. gubica (both 'mouth' only in derogatory sense. 'mug'). Russ. guba 'lip'. CbSl. gqba 'sponge', Lith. gumbas 'swelling, protu-

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

'wart', Skt. varfman-- 'height' J etc. Walde-Po 1.266 ff. Feist 545. 5. Lith .• Lett. lupa : LG labbe 'hanging lip'. Fris. lobbe 'hanging lump of lIesh·. NE lob (NED lob. sb.'). etc .• with common notion of 'loosely banging'. Walde-P.2.710. 6. CbSl. ...'Ina. SCr. ume. deriv. of ",'a 'mouth' : Skt. o~'ha-. Av. aolta'lip', Lat. ostium 'door, entrance, rivermouth', etc., all derivs. of word for 'mouth' (4.24). Walde-Po 1.168 ff.

Boh. reI: ChSI. rillii 'peak'. SCr. rl 'promontory'. Russ. rot 'mouth' (4.24). Boh. pY8k = Pol. PY8k 'snout' : Boh. puchnouti, Pol. puchnqe 'swell', Grk. "'''''.... 'blow'. etc. Walde-P. 2.81. Bruckner 449 f. Pol. warga. perh.: OPruss. war.... 'lip'. etc. (above. 4). Briickner 602. Russ. gubo : Pol. g€ba 'mouth'. etc. (4.24). with shift to 'lips' in pI. guby. whence sg. in same sense. 7. Skt. o~'ha-. Av. ao§Ia-. see above. 6.

4.26 TONGUE Grk.

")'}.,WO"IT4 ')'Nda/J"CI.

Goth. ON

tuggiJ tunga

J:ith.

NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr.

lingua

Dan.

lingua

Sw.

tunge tunga

Chs!. SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ. Skt.

W.

llr.

langue lengua limbit tenge teanga

""od teod

DE

tunge

ME NE Du. OHO MHO NHO

"'unge

tongue tong 2unga

Lett.

Av.

lieiuvis

""z"

j(zyk~

jezil:

jazyk jlJ'tyk jazyk jih.... hizvii-,hizu..-

,unge zunge

The majority of the words for 'tongue' belong to an inherited group, of unknown root connection. Secondary association with words for 'lick' is shown by some. Most of the words for 'tongue' are also used for 'language' (see 18.24). 1. IE ·d1Jljhwa.. or the like. but various phonetic difficulties involved. Walde-Po 1.792. Emout-M. 553. Walde-H. 1.806 f. Lat. lingua (> the Romance words). with dial. I (supported by association with lingere 'lick') fro old dingua (quoted by grammarians); Ir. !enge. NIr. !ganga. W. lafod. Br. !god (all with unexplained init. I; Pedersen 1.88 assumes init. zd); Goth. luggo. OE tunge. OHG zunga, etc., general Orne.; OPruss. in""wis. Lith. lieiuvis (re-formed by association with lieu .. 'lick'). CbSl. j~kii.

etc .• general Slavic (all with unexplained loss of init. d, as in Lith. £lgas 'long' for °dilgtUl); here also (with metatheBis) Tooh. A kantu. B. kantwa (Pisani. KZ 64.100 f.; Benveniste. Hirt Festschrift 2.235). 2. Grk. -YAWU0'4, Att. 'l'AWTTQ., Ion. "'1),,6.0'"0'"4 : 'Yhwxts 'point', ")'A&XES 'beard of corn' J outside connection dub. Walde-Po 1.662. 3. Lett. mile. etym.? Miihl.-Endz. 2.614. Berneker 2.72. 74. 4. Skt. jihva... Av. hizva... hizU-. OPers. acC. sg. h(.)zbiinam (for reading. cf. Kent. Language 19.226 f.). NPers. zaban. all as if fro an IE "sighwa.. (init. 8 > Iran. h; Skt. j by assim. to following palatal). and so possibly a blend of IE "d1Jljhwa.. (above. 1) with some other word. Barth. 1815 with references.

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

berance', Lett. gumbo 'tumor' , etc. Walde-P.1.568. Briickner 138 ff. (Berneker 340 makes two separate groups.) Russ. rot: ChSI. rillii 'peak'. SCr. rt 'promontory', Boh. ret 'lip', etc., these prob. as orig. 'projection' (whence 'mouth' or 'lip' through 'snout' of animals) : Lat. orin 'rise'. Skt. T~ 'high'. etc. G. S. Lane. AJPh. 54.64. 8. Skt. (beBide ilB-. etc.. above. 1)

229

mukha- : Lett. mute 'mouth'. OHO mUla. NHO maul 'mouth' (of animal•• vulgarly of persons). Lett. maul 'roar'. etc .• an imitative group based on an utterance like Grk.l'u. Lat. mu. Walde-P. 2.309 ff . Skt. vadana-, vaktra- 'mouth' as organ of speeeh. fro oad-. ooc- 'speak' (18.21). Av. zofar- 'mouth' (of evil beings) : OE ceaft. NHO kiefer 'jaw'. Walde-Po 1.570 f. Barth. 1657.

4.25 LIP

Grk. NO Lat. It.

xeiMf xfiMs-, "uN.

Ooth. ON

labrum

Dan.

Z_o

Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHO MHO NHO

Fr.

z.....

Sp. Rum. Ir.

Iabio

NIr.

W. Br.

buz4

bll heal, puisln

_/us

(gwojl)

gweUl, muzell

-

wairilom (dot. pl.)

!abo

Idppe wt!ler,lippu

lipfM lip lip

I.JfUT.le/a

Lith. Lett. ChSI. SOr. Boh. Pol. Ruas. Skt.

Av.

I./a(.) lippe

Some of the words for 'lip' are from the notion of 'hanging down' or 'projecting'. Several are connected with words for 'mouth'. the lips bsing the visible part of the mouth. 1. Grk. XEtM:I5', Dor. Xf1M5', Aeo!. x~X>.o5' (*xiX,05'j cf. also XEXUJoOll), NO x,/X. (based on pI. ..a X'o.~) : ON gjplnar 'gills' J root connection? Walde-Po 1.632. Falk-Torp 319. 2. Lat. labr ..m (> It. lobro). pI. labra. late as fern. sg. (> Fr. Uvre). labi..m (> Sp. labio) : OE lippa. NE lip. OHG IeJfur. Ief8. NHO lippe (fr. LG). etc. (see list). root connection uncertain. but more prob. : Skt. lamb'hang down', Lat. labore 'slip', etc. (on semantic side. cf. bslow. 5) than: Lat. lambere 'lick'. Walde-Po 2.384. Ernout-M. 513. Walde-H. 1.738 f. REW 4808. 4813. Falk-Torp 672. Rum. buzd. fro or like Alb. buzii 'lip' (cf. bslow. 3).

zapa Zapa

....

""Ina

vet (pyal) warga

gubG Of,,,,,,

""""

3. Ir. bel 'lip'. pI. beoil 'lips. mouth·. NIr. beal 'mouth. lip'. etym.? Walde-P. 1.671. Pedersen 1.117. W. gweft 'lip of animals' = MBr. gueft 'mouth of animals'. etym.? Stokes 335 (vs. 175). Ir. bus 'lip' (rare). NIr. pus 'lips. mouth' (derogatory term). whence regular word pui"'n. W. gwefu8 (fr. "gwe-b ...; or "gwef-us: gweft'l. Br. gweuz: Alb. buzii. Rum. buza 'lip'. NE buss. NHG bus 'a kiss', etc., of imitative orig. Walde-P. 2.113 ff. Thurneysen. KeltoRom. 86. Br. muzell. fro Prov. muzel (Fr. museau) 'snout, muzzle', dim. of *m1l8us, It. muso. etc. Henry 208. REW 5784. 4. OE lippa. etc .• above. 2. Goth. wainlOm (dat. pl.). ON uprr. OFris. were. OE weier (fr. "were/): OPruss. war.,.. 'lip', and perh. through notion of 'protuberance': OE wearr 'callous skin', Lat. verruca 'height' and

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

Grk. NO Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W. Br.

...a_" dm8 IknU dent diente

di"'" dtI.jiamiZ jiac4l (dead)

dGnt dGnt

231

4.27 TOOTH Ooth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHO MHO NHO

tunpw

Lith. Lett. ChBI. SOr. Boh. Pol. Russ. Skt.

tqn" /MId /God

lOp

tothe tooth /God ...n(d) ...,,(t)

Av.

dantio .uobo

.qb4

.ub .ub .qb .ub dant-

d4t-

zah..

Most of the words for 'tooth' belong to an inherited group. 1. IE ·dont-. ·dT}!-. prob ... pple. form of "ed- 'eat'. But some think this is only a secondary 8B8OCiation and connect with the root of Grk. 6....... 'bite'. OE lang 'tongs'. etc. Walde-P. 1.120. Ernout-M. 260 f. Walde-H. 1.340 f. Feist 483. Grk. 6&:.•• 6006•• gen. ..I...... (06oVT-. fro 1&",r-. as Aeol. !OOVT6. and this prob. by reassociation with 1&>. rather than an inherited form) NG Mm fro dim. form; Lat. dlns. dentis (> the R0mance forms); Ir. det (NIr. dead colI. 'teeth'). W .• Br. dant; Goth. lunp .... OE tilP. OHO zan(d). etc .• general Gmc.; Lith. danlis; Skt. dant-. Av. danian-. dll!ll- (Barth. 683. 728); Arm. alamn.

2. Ir. jiacail. NIr. jiaool. deriv. of a rare fee 'tooth' (Windisch 538). NIr. feac (Dinneen). this perh. in orig. identical with Ir. fee. NIr. feac 'spade' (though differing in decl. and gender). of which the etym. is dub. (Pedersen 1.159. Walde-P. 1.316). But cf. also Zupitza. KZ36.208. 3. Lett. zuobs. CbSl. zqbiL. etc .• general Slavic: Lith. lambo. 'edge of a beam', Grk. "Yop.t/XJr 'bolt, pin, etc.', 'Yo~lo5' 'molar tooth', Skt. jambha'tooth. tusk'. Alb. dhemp 'tooth'. OE comb 'comb', etc., all with common notion of 'tooth' or 'toothlike object'. Walde-Po 1.575 ff. (with needless division of Ork. -yol"f>o' into two words). Here also Tooh. A leam. B keme 'tooth·.

4.28 NECK Grk. NO Lat.

~, .,pil/)(7IMs, ~

x.....

Goth. ON

halB Iwm.a"'"

collum

Dan.

hal.

It.

eollo

Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. Nlr. W. Br.

cou

Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHO NHG

Iwm heals, BWlora hala, 8WD'e, neekt: ned: hal8 h.al8 Iwm. krllg It. braccio (> NG I'rpOTuo), Fr. bras, Sp. braso, Rum. bra!, W. braich, Br. brec'h. Ernout-M. 116. Walde-H. 1.114. REW 1256. Loth, Mots lat. 140. Grk. xdp 'hand' (4.33) is also used for 'arm' (Hom.; the double use is noted by Rufus, Onom. 82 xElp ~E 1'0 aAoI' 0.11"0 1'OU &,pov ,,41 ~ Kpa.1'OU.uEV), and NG 'XEpt is the usual pop. word for 'arm' as well as 'hand', 4. Ir. lam, NIr. lamh 'hand' (4.33), also 'arm'. Ir. doe : Skt. dol$- 'forearm', Av. daos'upper arm, sboulder' (4.30).

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

hand...

hQftd. mUM hatlnd hand

hand, mund hand hand hand

ham, mum

.........

NG

w}'b:pivoJl 4')'KWJllls

Lat. It.

cubitus gomito

F,.

coude

Sp. Rum. h. Nlr. W. Br.

coda

cot uilind

uilk elin uin

Lith. Lett.

Goth.

ON

fllnbogi

albue armbdoe elnhoga OE ME elbowe NE elbow elleboog Du. OHG e(l)linbo,o MHG e(ll/enboge NHG eIknbogen Dan. SIV.

ChSl. SCr. Boh.

alkUne elk"""" lak-utt lakat

Russ. Skt.

wket lokUc wkot' a1'a17l.i-

Av.

aro8n It., Sp. mano, Fr. main, Rum. mtnd), Osc. manim 'manum', Umbr. mani 'manu', etc. : ON mund 'hand', OE mund, OHG muni 'hand' (but more usually 'protection, guardianship'), Grk. I'OP'l 'hand' (Pind.; cf, EVpo.pI,r), IE *1MT-, ~n- (or ·mT-, ·mv--), *m1}/- (orig. an r,ln stem). Walde-P. 2.272. Ernout-M. 591 f. Walde-H. 2.34 f. 3. Ir. 14m, NIr. lamh, W. llaw : OE folm 'palm, hand', folme 'hand', OS folmos pl. 'hands', OHG folma 'palm', Lat. palma 'palm', Grk. r«MI'~ 'palm' (Grk. and Lat. fonns also used for 'hand'), Skt. piiTli- 'hand' (*parni-), Av. panna- 'cupped hollow hand', all with orig. application to the '(flat) palm' only, fro the root in Lat. palam 'openly', plan"" 'smooth, flat', etc. Walde-P. 2.62. Ernout-M. 725. Br. dourn = Corn. darn, W. dwrn, Ir. dorn 'fist' : Lett. dare, duriB 'fist', orig. 'fist' in striking, fro dilrt 'sting, thrust' (cf. Lat. pugnus 'fist' : pungere 'sting', orig. 'thrust'). Walde-Po 1.794 f.

239

Stokes 148. Muhl.-Endz.2.529. (Otherwise Preveden, Language 5.149, fro IE ·dher- 'hold'; but cf. RC 47.496). 4. Goth. hand"", etc., general Gmc., etym. disputed, but prob. : Goth. fTahinpan 'seize, pursue', Sw. hinna 'reach', OE hunlian 'hunt' (fr. parallel root forms ·ken-t-, ·ken-d-) with development of 'hand' fro 'seize'. Walde-Po 1.460. Falk-Torp 366. Feist 244 f. ON, OE mund, OHG munl, above, 2. 5. Lith. Tanka, Lett. ruoka, ChS!. rqka, etc., the general Balto-Slavic word: Lith. Tenkti 'collect'. Walde-P. 2.373. 6. Skt. hasta-, Av . • a.ta-, OPers. dasta- : Lith. pazastis, paiaste 'space under the arm, armpit'. Walde-P. 1.541. Perh. ultimately: Grk. x,[p, etc. (above, 1), i.e., ·Oh....to- beside ·Dhcs-T-. Duchesne-Guillemin, loc. cit. Skt. kaTa- = kaTa- adj. 'doing, making', fro kr- 'do, make'. Skt. pa1}i-, see above, 3. Av. 0"" in dual gal'a, etc. (of evil beings) prob. : Grk. !'Y-'YinI 'pledge, surety', E'Y'YUS' 'near' (both as orig. 'in the hand'), etc. Walde-Po 1.636 I. Barth. 505.

Boh. Pol.

ruk 1',ka Tuko

haata-, kara-, piittizasta-. gu·

4.34 FINGER

rqk.

""'.

Grk.

au."IIMs

Goth.

jiggr8

NG

64x1'll).o

ON

Lat.

digit..

Dan.

jingr finger

It.

dito

Sw.

fmger

F,.

doig/

OE

finyer

Boh.

Sp.

dedo tkget mer

ME

finger

Pr,l.

NE

finger

Rnss. Skt. A V.

Rwn.

html hand

Several of the words for 'hand' are from roots meaning 'seize, take, collect' or the like. Some are from words meaning orig. a part of the hand, 'palm' or 'fist'. Several are without any clear root connection. For extension of 'hand' to 'arm', cf. 4.31.

4"~JI,

ranka

Lith. Lett . ChSl. SCr. RIl88. Ski.. Av.

4.32 ELBOW Grk.

1. Grk. XElp, gen. XEtpOS and XEpOs (Dor. x~p, Aeol. x'pp-; NG x'p'), formerly taken as fr. ·x,p-u- : Skt. hr- 'hold, carry', haras- 'grip, power', etc. (WaldeP. 1.603), but now as fro ·x,up- : Hitt. leSBaT and kes8Tas 'hand' (also, with loss or assimilation of 8, Arm. jem, Alb. dor.

Ir. Nlr. W.

mlm'

by.

Du. ringtr OHG jinga1' MHO vinuer

B,.

bU

NHG

Lith. I.ett.

pirMaIJ

ChSI. SCr.

pr(Ullilr, pl'f.8fll

pirkata

p1'llt prst palec pa!ec (peTal) anguli9T3Z'U-, an(}uSta-

finger

There is no inheritcd group pointing to an IE word for 'finger', but mostly agreement within the several branches, as Gmc., Balto-Slavic, etc. These independent terms are in most cases of

doubtful, if not wholly obscure, etymology. 1. Grk. ~a"TIJ).oS', also neut. pI. ali«TU~« (Theoc. +) hence NG neut. oax1'11).0, prob. fro *aa1'-ICIIAoS' (cf. Boeot.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

240

&...bX...). but etym. dub.

Perh. orig. 'tip' (wbence 'finger' and 'toe') : ON Iindr 'point. mountain peak'. OE tind. OHG zinna 'prong'. ete.. though for these there are other possible connections. Walde-Po 1.120 ff. Boisacq 164. 2. Lat. digitus (> the Romance worde). prob. fr. IE .dei(J- in Goth. w,ikns 'sign'. etc .• beside deif 'gl~ Berneker 545 r. It.

Fr.

g.....

Sp. Rum.

radiUa (hi";o) I7tmunchiu g1un g1Un

Grk.

NG Lat. It. Fr.

Rp. Rum.

Ir.

Nlr. W.

Br.

-,

""" ........ pe. ,,;..K

piod pi
Lat. lxnnb1J8), etc. Walde-Po 2.107 f. 4. CbS!. pqpU, pqp1Jkil, etc., general Slavic : Lith. pumpura8 'bud', Lett. pumpt 'swell', etc., another group of similar orig. to the preceding. WaldeP.2.108.

taining "4~Tol are lacking), see 4.40. 5. Lett. pup.: VLat. *puppa, etc., above, 2.

6. CbS!. 81l8'!cI: (Gospels in dual and p!. - "4~TOl), 81ls1l (Supr., etc.), sCr. BiBa : ChS!. tNsati, SCr. BiBOJ.i, etc., 'suck', this fro *sup-s- beside *seug- in Lst. Bilgere, OE 81lcan, etc., 'suck' (5.16). Miklosich 334 f. sCr. dojka, fro dojiti 'give suck' : Skt. dhayati 'sucks', Grk. 811).;' 'teat', etc. (Walde-P. 1.829 f.). Berneker 205 f. For other Slavic words, see 4.40. 7. Skt. siana-, AV. Istlina- (NPers. pisian) : Arm. stin 'woman's breast', Grk. ~riJ .....· ~Tij8", (4.40), perb. also OE spane, OPruss. &penis 'teat', etc.,

with orig. init. p.t-. Walde-Po 2.663. Here also (or: Lat. pect...,) Toch. A pIUAa1/l, B pIi§cane (dual)? Pedersen, Tocharisch 74, 75.

...,. ubre

uth mh

pwr. (coder)

t..

Lith. Lett. CbSl. SCr. Boh.

juver /lder udere udder

Pol.

Russ. Skt. Av.

u;'" ...... (0)

leimuo teaming

.....

oYml

wym"

tJY11Ija fidhar-

_(i_) euler

Words for an animal's 'udder' are

usually distinct from those for a woman's 'breast', but there is some overlapping. Aristotle uses p.fJ.(nl)! as a gen-

eral term of all animals, and its deriv. NG p.fJ. It. COOTe, Fr. cdmr, OSp. cuer; Sp. corazoo, Port. cOTafijo fro deriv.); Ir. cride, NIr. croidhe (W. craidd, Br. krei. 'center'); Goth. haiTto, OE heorte, etc., general Gmc.; Lith. BiTdi., Lett. BiTds,

2. Rum. inimiJ., fr. Lat. anima 'soul', with shift through common figurative uses of 'soul' and 'heart'. REW 475. 3. W., Corn., MBr. cawn, Br. kalan, loanword fro a form like OFr. cauk/un, chaOOun 'bowels' (deriv. of Lat. caldus 'warm'), with shift through common

to an inherited group. Words for 'heart'

4.43 NAVEL

249

4. OE briiOBt, etc., general Gmc. (Goth. brusts presumably used also for

4.42 UDDER (Of Animals)

,tana-

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

250

Walde-P. 1.704. REW 8759. 3. Ir. cich, NIr. clock: W. cig, Br. kik 'flesh', outside connection dub. Walde-Po 1.334. Pedersen 1.51. W. bTan, Br. bTann, see 4.40.

fit·....

brusl

Words for woman's (or the corresponding man's) 'breast' are in part the same as those listed and discussed in 4.40. They are naturally of most frequent occurrence in the plural (or originally dual), but may be used in the singular and are so entered. Wordsfor'teat, nipple' are frequently used, especially in vulgar speech, for woman's 'breast', but these are not considered here, except where they have become serious terms in the latter sense. Numerous other vulgar terms, like Fr. nichon, etc. are likewise omitted. 1. Grk. "4~Tin, Ion. ,,4th., late "a.q{Jin : Lat. mader. 'be moist' (Grk. p.a.Il~..

2. Lat. mamma (> Sp. mama, Ir. mama, milm), mamilla (> It. mammella, Fr. mamelle, Sp. mamila), the first derived by some fro *mad-mil: Lat. madere, Grk. "4~Th., etc. (above, 1), but prob. the same as the child's word for 'mother, mama' (2.36), just as Grk. P.a.P.P.1I is also used for 'mother's breast'. Walde-Po 2.232. Emout-M. 584. Walde-H. 2.21 f. It. poppa fro VLat. *puppa 'breast', same word as Lat. puppa, pUpa 'little girl, doll', beside pUp... 'little boy', etc., all words of infantile orig., as also Lett. pups 'breast', paupt 'swell'. Walde-Po 2.81. Emout-M. 825. REW 6854. Sp. teta, Rum. !d! NG apxLa,); Ir. uirge (prob.); Av. .razi (dual. ag. 'scrotum'); Arm. arjik' (pl.);

Alb. herdhe; cf. Skt. avir-riika- 'with protruding testicles'.

2. Lat. te.ticul"" (whence the literary Romance words, It. te8ticolo, etc., and

Dan .• Sw. testike!. NE testicle). dim. of testi. also 'testicle' (Plaut .• etc.). but the same word as te8ti8 'witness'. This peculiar use of tesUB is prob. in imitation of Grk. ...o.po.O'T(iTo., 'testicles' (Plaut. Com.,

etc.). wrongly associated with the legal sense of 1ro.PfJO''Ta.'T7I! 'supporter, defender' and so with (cf. auper.te. =) testis 'witness', instead of with the use of ro.po.(/'Ta.'To., for twin 'supporting pillars', 'props of a mast', etc., hence 'testicles', just as aLaIJ/IO' 'twins' was also used in this

sense (Galen. etc.). Cf. (but without the semantic explanation proposed here). Keller. Zur lat. Sprachgeschichte 144. Niedermann I Anz. 19.35. the latter assuming direct application of 'witness' to 'testicle' (I) and quoting Fr. slang t~no 'testicles' (student's slang influenced by Latin 88Sociations?) . Lat. coleus (> Fr. couille. Rum. cotil.; VLat. ·cOleo. -Oni. > It. coglione. Sp. cojon). etym. dub. Walde-H. 1.244. REW 2036. 2038. Rum. bOf (or bOOfe pI. tant.). orig. 'scrotum', fro VLat. *bursa 'leather bag' (> It. borBa. etc.). Grk. fJ6p.a 'hide. leather'. REW 1432. Pu~ariu 210. 3. Ir. macraiUe. NIr. magairle. prob.

'Cock' (3.52. but prob. through the 'cock' of a gun). NE cock (NED S.V. 20). NUG hahn (Grimm S.V. 4). SCr. kurac. kokot. Pol. kurek (Berneker 650). 'Tool'. NE tool (NED tool sb. 21). NIr. glea8 ('means, instrument'). 'Weapon'. OE w~pen 'weapon' (20.21) and 'penis', whence wrep1lRd 'male'.

'Power'. OHG gimaht. MHG gemaht. NHG gemacht (: OHG maht 'power'. Weigand-H. 1.671). 'Creation. form.' ON sk[1Pin (pl.. with article, of skap 'state, condition'), OE (ge).ceap 'private parts' of either sex (NE dial. shape 'female parts'. NED S. v. 16). Falk-Torp 976. 'Organ for urinating'. Skt. medhra4.51 Grk. NO

dial. tump 'tip, point', nasalized fonn of

that in NE tip); Russ. chuJ perh. : chvoJ 'pine needle' (Berneker 408); Skt. repa-. ,epa.a- (: Lat. cippus 'stake, post', etc., Walde-H. 1.219); Sp. carajo (prob. fro VLat. *caracium, Grk. xo.piJ.KWI1, dim. of x4P~ 'pointed stake' (REW 1862) ; perh. here W. pidyn. Br. pidenn (Henry 223). 'Rod' or 'stalk'. Lat. verpa (cf. Grk. pG ..L, 'rod'. Walde-Po 1.276); Lat. virga. Fr. oeTge; NIr. slat; ME &erde. NE yard (NED yard. sb.' 11); Du. roede. NHG rute; ChSI. kolanll. Alb. kot.h (Berneker 536); Av. fravau- (Barth. 99.). 'Swelling.' Lett. pimp;. (: pempt 'swell', Milhl.-End•. 2.218); Boh. pyJ (prob. : Lith. p""ti 'swell'. Lat. praepiltium 'foreskin'. Walde-Po 2.80 f.); VLat. pillium (abstracted fro praep1ltium) > Rum. puld. NG TOVTUG (REW 6881). 'Tail' (4.18). Lat. cando; ME tayl (but oftener 'pUdendum'. NED tail sb. 50); NHG schwa.... zagel.

'leather bag', fro the root ·8kel- 'cut,

split' (cf. ON hre/JJar. etc .• below. 4). Walde-Po 2.592. 4. ON eista. prob. : ChSI. i.w. below, 6. ON bpllr. usually 'ball' but also 'testicle'. OE bealluca8 (pl.). ME ballok. NE ballock (but more commonly bolls in vulgar speech) : OHG bollo. balla. etc .• 'ball'. Lat. follis 'leather bag. bellows', Grk . .p..X}.O, 'phallic emblem'. all from a root 'bhel- 'swell'. Walde-Po 2.177 If. ON hrelJjar (pl.) 'scrotum with t .... ticles' (NIcel. 'testicles'). Dan. rredder. OE herpan 'testicles'. prob. orig. 'scrotum' as 'leather bag' : OE hearpa 'deerskin'. OHG herdo 'vellus·. Lat. cartez

'bark, rind', scortum 'skin, hide' (here also late sCTotum'). Walde-Po 2.578. Falk-Torp 931. OE .ceallan : W. caill. above. 3. Dan.• Sw. 8ten. as also ME. NE stone frequently used for 'testicle'. Du. teelbal. zaadbal. cpds. of telen 'beget'. and zaad 'seed' with 001 'ball' (cf. above). OHG hodo. MHG. NHG hode. prob. : W. cwd 'scrotum', Grk. 0'1CVTos 'leather' I Lat. cuti8 'skin', OE hyd 'skin, hide', etc., fro IE 'skeu-t- 'cover' (semantic development from 'leather bag', 'scrotum' as in

ON hre/Jjar and W. caill. etc .• above). Walde-P.2.549. Falk-Torp 425. 5. Lith. pautas. Lett. paul,. orig. 'egg' (4.48). 6. ChSI. isw (pl. i.te.a 'kidneys'. ORuss. du. Je.te.t! 'testicles'). prob. : ON eista 'testicle' (both combined under

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS secondary sense of 'stopcock, tap' or

nrevpCl, ~ 4N1n4w; IU'ClI7C1LII«,I;

....wj

'II'"",,4.-tll7.

Lat.

8p'i~e;

anima, 'piri~

tu. It.

Sp.

Rum. Ir. Nlr. W. Br.

respirare, fiatare; flaw, rupiro rupirer; kaleine, soujJle reapirar,

reaolla~;

alieni. h..Juo rlJ8ujla; r48uftare doberim anal; anal andluigkim; muJl

257

cpd. of which the first member is related to Ir. mace, W. mab 'son', etc., but final member? Pedersen 1.128. Ir. uirge 'testicle', not 'penis' (K. Meyer. Ber. Preuss. Akad. 1912.800). see above. 1 and Pedersen 2.662. W. caill. Br. kell : OE sceallan. OFrio. skal 'testicles', possibly as 'scrotum' fro

259

(AV +). fro mih- (4.65). Lith. mizius. Lett. misli. (Leskien. Ablaut 279). Miscellaneous and doubtful. Lat. milto,

Ir. moth (Walde-P. 2.312. Ernout-M. 649); Lat. mcntula (> It. minchia). etym. dub. (Walde-H. 2.72. REW 5513) : It. cazzo (: cazza 'crucible'?) j Rum. pule! (Tiktin 1277 f.); Ir. blach (Walde-P. 1.667); Ir. bot. NIr. bod : W. both 'nave of a wheel. boos of a shield'. perh. ChSI. gvozd!'nail' (Pokorny. Z. celt. Ph. 16.405. Walde-H. 1.574); OE teor•• ME. NE wse. tarae (NED tarse sb.'). OHG. MHG &ers (perh. : OE toran 'tear,' etc. Walde-Po 1.802); Lith. byln8; Pol. kulas ('tassle·. Berneker 653): Skt. fi~­ (Walde-P. 1.402); Skt. kaprt(h)- (WaldeP. 1.348. 2.49).

BREATHE; BREATH

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

...."

anda; Qnd, andi aande;ande anda8; ande

Lith.

levipuoti; ktJtJpaa

Lett.

dooiuot, elpet; dvaia,

ChSI.

.11" dyckati; dychantje, duchl1

or;ian, epia,,; oro;,

aim

l-retlte; br.(.)1h breath It. reapirare, Fr. Te8piTeT, Sp. TespiTar), with ab. spirit... (It. Tespiro fr. re8piriiTe) prob.: ChS!. piBkati 'whistle', SCr. piitati 'bias', ON 1"'" 'pedere' (4.64), etc., IE *(s)peis- (imitative). Walde-Po 2.11. It. jiataTe, deriv. of fiato, fro Lat.jldtus 'blowing, snorting, breeze' sometimes also 'breath' : fiaTe 'blow', etc. REW 3359. Fr. soujJW (also 'wind, blast') backformation fro 8ouJII.er 'blow, pant' (= Sp. sollaT, Rum. 8Ujia, etc.) fro Lat. 8ujf1.ii.Te 'blow' (10.38); Sp. Te8ollar, Rum. TIi8Ujia (whence sb. Tli8ufiaTe), fro new cpd. parallel to Lat. TespiraTe. REW 8430. Pu!ICariu 1447. Sp. h~o (Port. folego), back-formation to Sp. hol.gaT (Port. follJaT) 'rest, cease from labor', orig. 'stop for breath' from 'pant', fro VLat. folliciire 'swell or move as a bellows', deriv. of Lat. foUis 'bellows'. REW 3417. 4. Ir. do-berim an4llit. 'give breath'; for anal, etc., see above, 1.

262

5. Goth. aoon, OE orpian, etc., above,l. OE mpm, Du. adem, OHO iUum, MHO, NHO atem, whence the vbs. OE epian, Du. ademen, OHO iUumon, etc. : Skt. iUma... 'breath, soul, life', root connection? Walde-Po 1.118. ME breth, breeth, NE breath (whence vb. ME brethe, NE breathe), fro OE brmp 'odor, smell, scent' : OHG brtJdam 'exhalation, heat' (fr. the root in ON briUJT 'heated', OE brmdan, OHO brillan 'bake', etc.). The meaning 'breath' comes by specialization, either of 'exhalation' (the sense 'exhalation, vapor, steam' common in ME). Walde-Po 2.158. NED S.V. breath. NHO hauch, fro hauchen, MHO hilchen 'blow the breath, breathe out', of imitative orig. Weigand-H. 1.820. 6. Lith. kvepuoli, koapas: kvepti 'blow the breath', kvepeti 'smell, emit an odor', Lett. /wept 'steam, smoke', Ork. .ra.rll6! 'smoke', Lat. MpOT 'steam', etc. Specialization of 'exhalation'. Walde-Po 1.380. Lett. dvaiuot, dw.ia (Lith. dusli 'get out of breath', doe8ti 'expire, die', dvesuoti 'pant', dvasia 'spirit' also 'breath'), CbS!. dychati (duchati 'blow') with sbs., dychanlje, duch;;', etc., general Slavic, fro IE *dhwes-, *dhus-, extension of *dh.eu,.. in Skt. dM- 'shake, agitate', Ork. 6"", 'rage, seethe', etc. Walde-P. 1.846. Berneker 234 ff., 249. Lett. elpet, fro the noun elpe, this prob. through 'weak breath' or 'pant' (cf. also Lett. alpa 'moment of time') : Lith. alpti 'faint', alpnas 'weak', this perh. : Skt. alpa- 'small'. Miih!.-Endz. 1.568. 7. Skt. an-, ana-, Av. .tnti-, pardnli-, above, 1. Skt. pIIlS-, p1Iiea-: Av. suBi- 'the lungs', Lat. queri 'lament, bewail', ON hvre8a, OE hwl!8an 'pant', etc. Walde-Po 1.474. Skt. iUma..., : OE mpm, etc., above, 5.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

part obscure (: W. llyfu 'lick' and so first used of animals licking their jaws??). Henry 101. Br. baeailhal, fro some Romance form of bataclare (above, 2), cf. OProv. boda!-

har, Oascon badalaT, etc. Ernault, Glossaire 225. 4. Skt. jrmbh-, etym.? (Uhlenbeck 102 : ChS!. glqboktl 'deep', but cf. Berneker 307).

4.53 COUOH (vb.) Grk. NG Lat.

It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W. Br.

fHrx~

Goth. ON

tus8fre

Dan.

toBsire

Sw. OE ME NE

fJl,ffffW

tOU8.!er toBeT

tufi _(.b.) ""ach!ach (.b.)

pe'Ych. pasaat

hwoatan coghe, Iw8t

,........ cough

Du. OHG huosten MHG h........ NHG h......

Some of the words for 'cough' are clearly of imitative origin, and so probably several of the others in which the appropriateness is less apparent (in some cases 'cough' may be a secondary specia1ization of an imitative expression applied to various sudden involuntary actions). Noun and verb are regularly parallel, in most cases the verb being derived from the noun. Only the verbal forms are listed, except for Irish, where the verbal notion is expressed only by phrase containing the noun. 1. IE *k"'tl8-, prob. of imitative orig. Walde-Po 1.506. Ir. oosachtach 'a cough' (NIr. doghnim casachtach 'cough', lit. 'make a cough'), W. pesychu beside peswch 'a cough' (derivs. of arch. pa8 id.), Br. pasaat (fr. sb. pas); ON hilsla, Dan. hos/e, Sw. hosta, OE hwiistan, ME host (NE haas!), Du. hoe8ten, OHO huosfbt, MHO huosten, NHO husten; Lith. koseti, Lett. kii.8el, late ChS!. kalilljali (fr. sb. *WII, Well), SCr. kaSljati, etc., general Slavic; Skt. kii.8-.

a

Lith. Lett. ChSl. SCr. Boh. Pol.

.. ""'/8 hOBta

,.".

koseti

kIis", kkpuot

261

4.52 YAWN,OAPE Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr.

X4ffIW, x_J'CkoIiCU X41TKC/,1,X_~pwii~

hiiJre 3badigliare

Miller,bayer bo8teuJr . . .00

minaigim

doghntm mlanjadhach

W. Br.

dylyfu gen disleoi ffm, bazaillult

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG

gina, gapa qabe gapa

ginan, ginian, ganian JOf1e, yam, gape youm, gape gapen, geeuwm. ginm, gien. giwen,

Lith. Lett. ChS!.

SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ. Skt. Av.

iiovauti, -fioti

Zav4tU8 zinqti, zijati Jijevati

zWati

.....

zUwal

'

jrml>h-

ete. MHG ginen, geinen, gewen, etc. NHG gahnen, gffen

The primary notion of the words listed here is 'open the mouth wide'. Many of them may be extended to 'open wide' in general (of the earth, ete.). Nearly all of them show secondary associations with mental attitudes of which the action is indicative, namely wonder, stupidity, or fatigue. In such secondary associations they may be differentiated, as NE yawn (with fatigue) and gape (indicating wonder or stupidity; hence o.lso 'stare at' with open mouth, as usually NHO gafJen; but gape formerly and still locally 'yawn'), or be restricted to one or another of these notions. 1. IE *Ohe(i)-, *Ohf..., *Ohiii-. WaldeP. 1.548 ff. Ernout-M. 453 f. Walde-H. 1.648. Grk. xauKw (late Xo,£IIW), xaO"p.aw, -aop4L (through xa.vp.a 'open mouth, yawning spare, chasm J, or ·xacr"ro!), N G X40"KW now 'gape', xat1#oWv,ua.L (lit.) or xa.up.ovpWVf.Ul' (as if from a ·xa.O'j.LOvpa, like ICAEtO"OUpa. 'gorge', etc.) now 'yawn'; Lat. hiare; ON gina, OE ginan, ginian, ganian, ME Jane, yane, gane, NE yawn (NED s.vv. gane, vb. and yawn, vb.), Du. geeuwen, OHG ginen, geinIJn, giin, giwen, etc, MHG ginen, geinen, gewen, etc., NHG giihnen; Lith. iiOtJauti, in cpds. -iioti, Lett. ialli/ties; ChSI. zinqli, zijati (pres. zejq and zijajq), ete., general Slavic; Toch. A ~ew (G. S. Lane, Language 21.21).

Here prob. also ON, Sw. gapa, Dan. gabe (ME, NE gapefr. Norse), Du. gapen, MHO, NHO gafJen, fro an extension of the same root, as if IE *gha-b- (*gh.- as in Ork. X.UK"'). Walde-P.2.552. FalkTorp 293f. 2. OFr. baaiUier, Fr. MiUer, fro a late Lat. bataclaTe (gl.), also It. sbadigliaTe, with different formation, but both derivs. of VLat. *batiiTe (> OFr. boer, beer, Fr. bayer 'gape', etc.) fro an imitative bo. REW 986, 988. Wartburg 1.281 ff., 287. Sp. bOSlezaT, a differentiated form (with unexplained st, Cuervo, s.v. j perh. by a blend with a VLat. *oslieare by transposition fro Lat. oscitare 'yawn'), of bocezar fonnerly 'yawn' (now 'move the lips', of animals eating), Port. boceja,. 'yawn' : It. boccheggiare 'ga.sp' (of fish out of water), dial. boccheare 'yawn', all derivs. of bo(c)ca 'mouth' (4.24). Rum. c4sca, fro Grk. XD.ITKW (above, 1). Tiktin 305. 3. Ir. menaigim, Nlr. meanluighim (not used; rather doghnim mearifadhach 'make a yawn'), deriv. of men, NIr. mean 'mouth' (4.24). W. dylyfu gen, Br. diskvi gen, phrases with gen 'jaw, chin' (4.207), the verbs, used only in these phrases, being cpds. with prefix W. dy-, Br. di(s)-, but second

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

263

4.54 SNEEZE (vb.) Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W. Br.

rrO,p.vP4' ,"~p"ltoJUU

.tern..,. starn1dare Mernuer

e8lomudar strtfnuta sread (ab.) sraoth (sb.) tisian "".."ia

Goth. hnjlhJo"., Jnfiaa ON Dan . nyse Sw. ny'" OE geJn18an ME nue, jnese, 8M8e NE niezen Uniezen) Du. OHG niosan, niaan MHG niesen NHG nies6n

.......

Lith. Lett. ChS!. SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ. Skt. Av.

/Siauditi !k'aw, Bk'audCl kihati

k1ichati kichat

&Iwt' k ....

kaifljati

Ttai/jati ltdIati k48d4,

Russ.

Ttai/jat'

Skt. Av.

k..-

(with sb. fJ~~, gen. (new pres. toaor.I{J1J~a, with sb. fjijxa.), perh. of imitative orig., though only the X seems appropriate. 2. Ork.

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

fJ~~~",

fJ~x6.),NO fJ~x'"

3. Lat. tus8iTe (> It. t08siTe, OFr. toussiT, Sp. loser, Rum. IU¥; Fr. touseer fro the sb.; REW 901&-16) deriv. of tussis 'a cough', prob.: Lat. tundere 'pound, beat', Skt. tud- 'pound, thrust, prick', Ooth. staldan, OHO sUizan, etc. 'thrust'. Cf. the use of NE hack (NED S.V. hack, sb.' 5) and cough. Walde-Po 2.618. 4. ME co(u)ghe, COt"., NE cough: Du. kuehen, MDu. kuchen, kichen 'cough slightly', NHO keuchen, MHO kichen 'breathe with difficulty, pant', MHO kilchen 'blow (the breath) hard', Sw. kikna 'choke'; all prob. of imitative orig. NED S.V. Weigand-H. 1.1028. 5. Lett. /ckpuot (sb. kkpus), prob. : klapstel 'clatter', Lith. kleplereti 'clap', ChS!. klepali 'knock', etc., all of imitative orig. (cf. NE clap, etc.). MUhI.End•. 2.214, 223.

All the words for 'sneeze' are of imita- NHO nie8en; *1re""8- (*k"8-) in Ser.tive origin. Noun and verb are regularly ChS!. kuehnovenije (sb.), Ser. kiha!i, parallel. Only the verbal forms are Boh. kychati, Po!. kichat; but also with listed, except for Irish, where the verb..l i-vowel, Russ. lichat', etc. Berneker notion is expressed only by a phrase 165,658. containing the noun. 3. ON fnysa, OE gefnesan (*fneosan 1. IE *PSIeT-, imitative. Walde-Po attested in fneosung 'sternutatio'), ME 2.101. Ernout-M. 974. jnese, Du. fniezen : Grk. 1I"V«" 'breathe, Grk. 1rTapPVjla.L, NG tPTfpvLtolJ.a.L; Lat. blow', etc., all of imitative orig. Walde8/ernuere (frequent. slemillaTe > It. •tarP.2.85. Falk-Torp 247. nutaTe, Fr. eternuer, Sp. estornudar, Rum. ME snese, NE sneeze, perh. due in s/T4nuta); MIr. sraod, Nlr. STaoth (sb.; part to a misreading of lnese, but supverb rendered by doghnim 'make', ported by new imitative association (or, cuirim 'put' with sraoth), W. (arch.) as Walde-P. 2.551, an inherited form trewi, ystrewi, Br. strevia; Ann. p·rn~. representing *sneus· beside *kneus-, etc., 2. IE *ksneu-(?), as common source above, 2). NED S. v. sneeze, vb. of following, all imitative. W..lde-P. 4. W. li.ian, orig. dub. Formerly 1.501 ff., 2.551. *kseu-, *skeu- in Skt. ~u-, Lith. (Rhys) considered a loanword fro Lat. Ciaudeti, Lett. 8k'aut, sk'audet; *kneus- luss!,Te 'cough' (4.53), but rejected by in ON hnjolJa, ME nese (NE dial. ne_), Loth, Mots lat. 211. Porh. an independDu. niezen, OHG niosan, niesan, MHG, ent imitative formation? 4.55 SWEAT (sb.) Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

tape« tapc.rt"a.r

.>ldor audore 8U6ur

.udor

Rum.

sudoare, nddUf6Ol4

Jr.

aUtu

NIr. W. Br.

aU..

ch"",. c'houez

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE

aveili ..eel ...It .WiIt l1DOi, .wet .weal .wee!

Du. OHG BHen MHG .wei. NHG schweiss

Lith. Lett. ChS!. Ser. Boh. Pol. RUoSII. Skt. Av.

prakailtu

sviedri pot~

moj (pot) pot po! po! 8IJ€da:e'llae8a-

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

264

The majority of the words for 'sweat' belong to an inherited group pointing to an IE word for this notion. In most of the others 'sweat' is a. specialization of 'heat'. Noun and verh are regularly parallel, and in this case it is the nouns that are listed. 1. Derivs. of IE *BWeid- (in part with r-suffix). Walde-Po 2.521. Ernout-M. 997. Grk. 16".,., NG 16p"'Ta' (for accent, cf. Hatzidakis, M.... 1.190, 2.91); Lat. 8tZdor (> It. sudore, Fr. sueur, Sp. sudor, Rum. sudoare); W. chUll/s, Br. c'houez; ON weiti, OE swat, etc., general Gmc. (ME swet, NE sweat fro the vh. ME swete, OE swl!tan); Lett. SlJiedri (p!.); Skt. sveda-, Av. ""aiioo-; Arm. k'irln, Alh. dirse, djers •. 2. Rum. nddUfOO/d, fro nddufi 'make sweat, sweat', fro ndduJ 'sultriness,

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W. Br.

closeness, asthma', this a loanword fr.

Slavic, ser. neduh 'asthma', etc. (neg. no + duh beside dah 'breath', 4.51). Tiktin 774, 1030. 3. Ir. alias, NIr. all..., etym.? (Macbain 162 as *Ya8-t-: W. ia8 'boiling, seething', Grk. !:£w 'boil', etc.; not in Walde-Po 1.208, Stokes 223). 4. Lith. prakaitas : kaisti, Lett. kaist 'beeome hot', etc., OHG hei" ON heitr, OE hat 'hot' (parallel t- and d- extensions of an IE *kili-). Walde-Po 1.327. 5. ChS!. pobl, etc., general Slavic, (but SCr. only dial.) fro *poktll : ChS!. pekil 'heat', pesti, pekq 'bake', Lat. eoquere, Skt. pac- 'cook', etc. Walde-P. 2.18. BrUckner 432. SCr. ,noj = ChS!., Boh., Russ. moj, Po!. zn6j 'sultry heat, etc.'. BrUckner 655.

4.56 SPIT (vb.)

... ;m.... ~

Goth. ON

Dan.

'p"""

.p""'" crac/ie,

Sw. OE

e8Cupir 8cuipa saile (sb.) aailighim

pom

8piauti

.pit 8pUwet'l

Av.

.pa_(.b.)

spl!tan, hrllCan, spyt/an

ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

.kopo, tufa

.-

Lith. Lett. ChSl. BCr. Boh. Pol. Russ. Skt.

apeiuxm lrlBkja,8pgta 'Plltte

spete, apitte (reche)

pljtvati pljutJati plivati pi...

plevat' f#&.iv-.

Bptwan 8pi(w)en 8prien, spuckm

The majority of the words for 'spit' are of imitative origin, and most of these belong to an inherited group, which, though partly affected by new imitative associations, clearly reflect an IE ex-

Grk. 1f"Ttc.J, NO pop. tPr(ww, tPruW, CPTW; Lat. spuere, frequent. spUtare (> It. sputare, OFr. espuer); Goth. speiwan, Du. spuwen, OHG Bpiwan, spian, MHG Bpi(w)en, spii£n, NHG speicn (in the older language also 'spew, vomit', as chiefly OE spiwan, ON spfjja, cf. 4.57), ON spyla, Dan. spy/Ie, Sw. spotta, OE spytlan, ME spitte, NE spit, OE splEtan, ME spele, NHG spucken (Weigand-H. 2.936, Falk-Torp 1137, 1138); Lith. spiauti, Lett. spl'aut; ChS!. plJlvati, etc., general

pression.

1. IE *spyeu-, spyil-, etc. Most of the forms included here are derivable by regular phonetic processes from init. *spy-, but BOrne owe their form to new associations. Walde-Po 2.683. ErnoutM.969.

266

BPl/aut

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

4. Ir. 8cita bitan

mUfCa

NE

greim (sb.) greamuigkim Wi dania

bite bite

Du. OHG MHG NHG

bizen beiss6n

Wj....

Av.

bi.oan

Words for 'bite' are cognate with others meaning 'gna.w, crush, rub, scrape, split', of which the most original application is sometimes doubtfu!. A few

I are

Grk. NG Lat . It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W. Br.

griBti koUMJti (hrYzti) kqaac (gryjZC) kUMJt'(g>-yzt')

okno-

(d'l'-)

derived from words for ttooth' or 'snout, mouth'. 1. Grk. MKl'w, late lLnd NG 6a'Y'oJOW (new pres. to aor. 164.0V after ~a~fJovw,

!,.Ioo

......,..

l1Omitare, r«:6f'6

lIOmir ....iI4r

vtlrsa, oomita

8ceim aclithim cy/O(Ji, ch:wydu c'houeda. di8lonka

etc.) my spit'. W. poeri (paer sb.), orig.? Br. _kopa, fro OFr. escapir (above, 2). Henry 243. Br. tuJ'a, prob. of imitative orig. Henry 274. 4. ON hr"'kja, OE hrl!can, ME r.che (NE retch, reach), also 'hawk, clear the throat' (as mostly OHG rachisOn, MHG rachsenen) : OE hrlilCa, ON hr/fJca 'spittle', OE hraca, OHG rahho 'throat', etc., all of imitative orig. (c!. Skt. khar}'cresk', etc.). Walde-Po 2.415. FalkTorp 381, 867.

4.57 VOMIT (vb.) Goth. ON

Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

265

as do-biur Uo-cerdim, ldim, etc.) mo Baile, and commonly also NIr. gabhaim (cuirim, cai/him) mo sMile lit. 'put (cast,

.....

Lith . Lett. ChSI. BCr.

Bpgja br_rig

kriikas sptwan apeu'fl (vomyte)

vomit, apew ""'ken (ar)"piwan

.."..;

bljJuati bljuvati

Boh.

ddlliCi,blUi

Pol. Russ. Skt.

womilowai

blevat', iuygot' vam.-,

Av.

chrd-

aptwen, (sick brechen) oich (er)brechen

Beside the usual word for 'vomit', generally avoided in polite speech, there are in most of the modern languages a number of euphemistic expressions corre· sponding to NE throw up, as Dan. kasle op, Sw. kasla upp, NHG auswerfen, Boh. urhrwuti, Pol. womit()1l)Q£, etc., or 're· ject, give back, return' as Fr. rejeler, rendre (Ia gorge), NIr. urlacaim, and es-

1. IE ......... Walde-Po 1.262 f. Ernout-M. 1133 f. Grk. '~""; Lat. vomere (> Fr. VomiT; Lat. frequent. vomitare > It. vomitare, Sp. vomilar, Rum. vomita); Lith. vemti, Lett. vemt; Skt., Av. varn-. 2. NG ~,pvw, fro Grk. *"pltw 'evacuate (by purge or vomit)" 'disgorge'

pecially in Slavic 'turn back, return', SCr. pDIlI'llCili, Boh. 'PTatili, etc., and

a fluid', etc.), fro the root in Skt. rasa· 'sap, fluid', Lat. rOB 'dew', etc. WaldeP. 1.149. Hatzidakis, M, •. 1.292. 3. It. recere, fro Lat. reicere 'throw back' (iacere 'throw'). REW 7183. Rum. varsa (and refl. 8e varsa), lit. 'pour' (= Fr. verser, etc.), fro Lat. verBare 'turn'. REW 9242. Pul'Cariu 1861.

'tear, pullout' as Russ. rvat', vyrvat'. Such locutions (except some that have lost all association with the older literal meaning and are used only for 'vomit',

like It. recere in contrast to Fr. rejeter), are not included in the list.

(-~p/u,)

only in cpds., cf. a.r-EPa.w 'pour out

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS etc.), Skt. da",-, Av. dq8- in tiZi-dqstra'with sharp bite' (Barth. 635) : OHG zangar 'sharp, biting', ON t!"'l/, OE tang (e), OHG zanga 'tongs', etc. WaldeP.1.790. 2. Lat. morder. (> It. mardere, Fr. mordre, Sp. morder) : Skt. mrd- 'crush, rub to pieces', Av. mand- 'destroy', etc., IE ·mer-d-. Walde-Po 2.278 f. (Hardly to be questioned on semantic grounds as Emout-M. 631; cf. introd. note, above). Rum. mUfCll, like It. dia!. mottsikare, etc. 'bite', deriv. of VLat. *mucceu8, Lat. miicus, muCCU8 'snot', through its use for 'snout, mouth' (of animals) as in Maced.-Rum. mut8. REW 5707 (assuming blend with morsicare). Pul'Cariu

1136. 3. NIr. greamuighim, fro Ir., NIr. greim 'bite, piece, morsel', etym.? (As *gresmen : Skt. gras- 'eat, devour', Grk.

267

'YpaCJJ 'gnaw, eat', etc.

Stokes 118; rejected by Walde-Po 1.658). W. cnoi, etym.? Perh.: MIr. cnaim 'gnaw, chew', Grk. kJ''lJl 'scrape', etc. (Stokes KZ 41.385, Walde-Po 1.392, both without W. cnm). Br. danta, fro dant 'tooth' (4.27). 4. Goth. beilan, etc., general Gmc. : Lat. findere, Skt. bhid- 'split', IE *bheid-. Walde-P.2.138. 5. Lith. i Br. _kopal, Rum. BCuipa (Maced.-Rum. ascupi), history much disputed, but prob. fr. some VLat. deformation (with metathesis of c-sp to sc-p) of Lat. conspuere (cf. Port. cuspir). REW 8014. PUl'Cariu 1566. 3. Ir. saile, NIr. 8eile 'spittle', fro Lat. 8aliva'spittle'. Pedersen 1.211. Hence denom. NIr. 8eilighim, but in older language vb. 'spit' rendered by locutions

Nlr. W. Br.

Xelx w 'YXel~

lingere leccare lel.cher lamer linge ligim lighim Uyfu, Uyw

lipat

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

-la..... 8lei.kja 8li/cke 8lieka liccian licks lick likken

leccon

Lith. Lett. CbS!. BCr. Boh. Pol. R.... Skt.

Av.

lailyti (lUi/i) laint lizlJti li2ati ltzati lizat lizat'

Iihro?}z-

lecken leckan

Most of the words for 'lick' belong to an inherited group, pointing to an IE word of this meaning. The others are connected with words for 'lip' or Ilap up'. 1. IE *lei6h-. Walde-Po 2.400. Er-

nout-M. 552. Walde-H. 1.806. Grk. ~dx"', NG 'Y~Elw fro M"lx'" ('Y~ as in 'YAUTWI'l.IJ, 'rescue', deriv. of EKAVTOS; aor. ·h'ML~Q. > hAE'l/Ja by dissim., hence new pres. 'YAd~w; Pemot, Recueil 46); Lat. lingere (> Rum. linge); Ir.

ligim, NIr. ligh-im, W. !lyfu, !lyw (nonetym. /; Pedersen 1.100); Goth.-laigOn (in bi-laigon E'II'CXEixuv), OE liccian, ME licke, NE lick, Du. likkan, OHG leecan, MHG, NHG leeken; Lith. lieiti, iter. laiiyti, Lett.lai.it; ChS!. lizati, etc., general Slavic; Skt. lik-, rih-, Av. raez-;

Ann. lizum, lizanem. Here also prob. ON sleikja, MW 8licken (> Dan. slikke, Sw. slicka), late MHG sleeken, NHG sehleckan 'cat

268

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

daintily', fro a pa.rallel root form with initial.... Falk-Torp 1063. Here also It. leccare, Fr. Ucher, either os deriv. of a VLat. °ligicare intensive to lingere, or else fro the Omc., OHO Ieccim, etc. REW 5027. OamillBcheg 555. 2. Sp. lamer, Port. lamber fro Lat.

--

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

lambere 'lap up, lick up' : OE lavian, OHG lajJan, Grk. }.t..... 'lap'. Walde-Po 2.384. Eruout-M. 519 f. REW 4865. 3. Br. lipa;l, deriv. of borrowing fro

Fr. lippe '(thick) lower lip', lippk 'mouthful', etc. Henry 187.

4.61 SLEEP (vb.; sb.)

Ork.

/CtJh6Jc.J, 1«M.,,60,.cuj

NO

~pcu(-~IU);

Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir.

tltJrmJre; IOmnus dormw; ammo dormir .. IOmmeU dormir,' aumo dormi,' fOmn

Got.h. ON

Dan.

Sw. OE

con4uiim (foaim) j 8Uan,l'OIlud

oUpon; ./1p8 oo/a; '!Min

8""" 8OfJGj.!6mn aotJej

.'1Ipan, 8weJan; .Zltp,

IW6jn .lep.; I/epe

ME NE

Bl«p; Bl«p

Du.

alapen; zlaap

OHO .lIIj...; .lIIj MHO alIIj...; .lIIj,.-..ep NHO 1CA/.DI...;.cltIo!

.....

Nlr.

codlaim; DOdlacIh,

w.

C1/sgu, h'U'IUI; hun,

Br.

kouske4 Auni; ..wk.

Lit.h.

miogoti; " " -

Lslt. ChSi. SCr.

mieguot,· mi6(JB 04pati;04nil

Boh. Pol.

Russ. Skt.

apcwati; aan, rpatJa'IIje • pdtt; spant, 8pdnd: spai; 8m, Bp(mie rpal'; BOn, atrap-,

IIp(JfI,'e

tlr4-;

auapnG-,

nidraAv.

%-OP-; :r;"afna-

span'e, vb!. nouns 'sleeping', fr. the vba. CbS!. silpati, etc. 2. Ork. ,M.., .a.IJ,;,&", etym.? Boisacq 293. Otr'lbski, KZ 66.248. Ork. (mostly in &Or. 'fall asleep'; act. 'put to sleep'), NG U,~VI'a., (or -«.ua,) : Grk. ICe"i1'4' 'lie', Skt. fi- 'lie, rest', also 'sleep, fall asleep', Av. 8lJ.y'rest', etc. Walde-Po 1.358 f. 3. Lat. dormlre (> Romance vbs.) : CbS!. drhnati 'slumber, drowse', Skt. dra- 'sleep', Hom. aar. lapaiJo" 'sleep', late pres. 6ap84""" etc. Walde-P. 1.821. Eruout-M. 283 f. Walde-H. 1.372. 4. OIr. con-tulim, MIr. cotlaim, NIr. codlaim, vb!. n. OIr. cot/ud, NIr. codio.ah, also rarely uncompounded e.g. 3 sg. pret. toili8, etc. : ChS!. toliti 'pacify, quiet, still (hunger, thirst)" Lith. tilti 'become quiet, silent'. Walde-Po 1.740 f. Peder..n 2.655f.

..."ta"",

Ir. foaim ('sleep' as 'pass the night'), perh. : Skt. flaB- 'dwell', etc. Pedersen 2.524. W. cy.gu, Br. kousket, Com. CU8Ce, fro La.t. qui6sceTe, VLat. qu6Bcere 'rest, repose'. The sbs. W. owsg, Br. kousk are back-formations. Loth, Mots lat. 155. 5. Ooth. 8iepan,8ieps, OEslmpan. BlI!p, OHO 8iOJan, 8iOJ, etc. (common to Ooth. and WOmc.) : MLG, Du. slap, OHO sIofU), NHO schlaff 'slack, loose, lax', CbS!. 81aM, Lith. 8labna8 'weak', etc. Walde-P.2.432. Falk-Torp 1056. 6. Lith. miegoti, miegaB, miegojimas, Lett. mieguot, mieg8 (Lith. migti, Lett. migt 'go to sleep'): ChS!. m"£gnqti, mlzaJi, Russ. migat' 'blink, twinkle', etc. WaIde-Po 2.246. Berneker 2.56 f. 7. Skt. svap-, Av. x-ap-, etc., above, 1. Skt. dr;;", sb. nidr;;,.: Lat. dormire. above, 3.

CWIIg

Aun

4.62 DREAM (sb.)

Many of the words for 'sleep' belong to an inherited group reflecting an IE verbal root and an established substantive form for 'sleep'. Others are cognate with words meaning 'lie, rest, quiet, slack, blink' . Verb and noun are geI.1C"'ally parallel, but not in Oreek or Latin, and both forms are listed. The verbal forms listed are those that mean 'be asleep', beside which there are distinctive types for 'fall asleep' and 'put to sleep'. Several of the nouns are used also for 'dream' (4.62). 1. IE *8wep-, sb. *swep-no-s, *SWDpno-s, °sup-no-s. Walde-Po 2.523 f. Ernout-M. 954 f. Falk-Torp 1109 f. ON sofa, Dan. SooB, Sw. 8ooe, OE &Wefan; ChS!. silpa;li. etc., general Slavic verbs; Skt. svap-, Av. x·ap-j beside fonns for 'put to sleep', 88 Lat. sOpire, ON svefja, OE swebban, OHO antsweb-

270

jan, -swebban, MHO entsweben; or 'fall asleep', as ON sofna, ChS!. usilnqti, etc. Ork. tr.-..,; Lat. somnus (> It. sonno, Sp. sueno, Rum. somn, OFr. somme [now 'nap'] j Fr. sommeil fro dim. *somnictdus); Ir. sUan, W., Br. hun (denom. vbs. W. huno, Br. huni, hun(,)a); ON svefn, Dan. s;vn, Sw. somn, OE swefn; (Lith. sap""", Lett. BapniB, sapm 'dream') j ChSI. sunll, Ber. san, Pol. sen, Russ. son (all these also, and Boh. sen only, 'dream') j Skt. svapna-, Av. xl/afno.(also Iran. *x·apa-, NPers. x·ap, cf. Beneveniste, BSL 30.75 ff.); Arm. k'un; Alb. gjum; Toch. A ~pli"", splin-, Biipn-. Lat. sopor, of different formation (·swep~s, like amor, etc.), mostly poet. and esp. 'overpowering sleep', sometimes personified. ChS!. (late) silpan!je, SCr. epavanje, Boh. span!, 8pdnek, Po!. epanie, Russ.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Lat. rabi~ 'madness', with some, orig. local, differentiation from rQ4e (so Die. 669; cf. also NED s.v. ra... , vb.') is semantically the most attractive, but is now generally rejected. REW 4210. Oamillscheg 762. Rum. vis, fro Lat. visum 'sight, appearance, vision'. REW 9383. 4. Ir. aisli1l4, etym. dub., perh. cpd. : sellaim 'look' (15.52). Stokes ap. Macbain 12. NIr. brionglOid fro MIr. brin1l4lOid 'a vision' (K. Meyer, Contrib. 262) : MIr. brinda 'vision', NIr. brionn 'fiction, dream', but outside connection? Macbain 50. NIr. taidhbhreatlh, vb!. n. of vb. taidhbhrighim 'dream', cpd. of MIr. brigaim 'show, declare' beside bricht 'spell, charm, incantation'. A deriv. of

5. ON svefn, OE swefn. above, 1. ON draumr, Dan. drpm. Sw. dram, (OE dr~am only 'joy, music'), ME drem, dreme, NE dream, OS d1'om, Du. droom, OHO, MHO traum, NHO traum, prob. (os Omc. 'draugma-): OS bidriogan, OHG triogan 'deceive', Skt. druh- 'seek to ha.rm, injure', Av. drui- 'lie, deceive" etc. Walde-Po 1.874. Falk-Torp 161. OE m1!ti1l4. MEmeti1l4 (e.g. Chaucer), with the more common vbs. OE mmtan, ME mete, etym.? NED s.v. mete, vb.' and

Skt.

words,

4.63 WAKE (a, trans., b, intr.) Ork. NO Lat.

It. Fr. Sp. Rum.

Ir. NIr.

w. Br.

Fyel~

(a., mid. b) (I)f""'" (a, h) excilare (a, pass. b), expergiati (b) deatare (&, reft. b), 8tlegliare (a., refI. b) (,)Iveill..- (a, reft. h) ckspertar (a,b, reft. b) d'flepta (a, reft. b) dorfui8cim (a, b) daisighim (a, b), mmclaim (a, b) dihuno (a, b), tkJJroi (b) dihuna (a, b)

Goth.

Lith.

budinti (a.), busti, buditi (h)

ON

Lett.

muodin4t (a), muodU (0), ..w.t (h) buditi (0), btullti (b) probuditi (a, reR. b) probuditi (&, refl. h),

_ian (a), gawaknan (h), wakan (b) vekja (a), . . . - (h), tJOka (b) Dan. "",kke (a), _ (b), ..... (b) Sw. vlicka (a), vakna (b), tJOka (b) OE weccan (a), Dnwacnan (h), wacian (b) weccAe (0), wake (a, b) ME NE wake (a, b) (op)weAken (a), Du. (ont-)waken (b) OHO (ar)....:chan (a), ...... chln MHO (er)_ (a), (er)wacA ... (b) NHO (er)_ (a), (er)wacAen (b)

Transitive 'wake' (a) and intransitive (b) 'be awake' or 'become awake, awake' are generally expressed by different formation of the same root. There are two inherited groups (1 and 2, below), of which one may surmise that their primary values were still partially distinct

CbS!. Ser. Boh.

Miti (b) Pol.

Russ. Skt. Av.

Got.h.

aomnium, imomnium

Dan.

It. Fr. Sp.

'0"",,

Sw. OE ME

Rum.

vis aisling brionglOid, taidh-

-..

Ir. NIr.

revet scmge

emueno, Bueno

bhreadh. aisling

w.

breuddwyd

Br.

hutit1r6

ON

Lit.h. Lett.

aoeJ", dra ..... d..;m dr6m

"""",...rung BtIUlIIfft,

ling

NE dream Du. droom OHO t....... MHO /roum NHO traum

Many of the nouns for 'dream' are the same as, or .derived from, those for 'sleep'. Other sources are notions like 'sight, appearance, revelation', or 'deceit'. 1. IE 'swep-no-8, etc. 'sleep' (4.61) or derivs. of it. Grk. EVVrVWPj Lat. Bomnium (> It. BOgnO, Fr. songe, Sp. sueno), later also insomnium (> Sp. ensueno, etc.) modeled on Grk. E;.oil'lrJ'tOlI; Br. huilvre (fr. hun 'sleep'); ON svefn, OE swefn (also

drem(e),

m84

ChS!. SCr. Boh. Po!. Russ. Skt. Av.

-

..

I6pniB, sapnB

liin~

........ .on

''''pna-

'sleep'), ME sweven; Lith. sapnas, Lett. 8apnis, sapns; ChSI. sunu, Ser. san, etc. (also 'sleep', except Boh. sen); Skt. svapno- (also 'sleep'); Toch. A. ~m (also 'sleep'). 2. Grk. OVIE'pos and opal' (nom.-ace. only), NO 6vE 'start up, go on' > 'proceed, continue'). WaldeH. 1.429 f. Otherwise (: Ork. h,Lp.. , etc., above, 1, and only secondary asso-

269

271

ciation with pergere) Walde-P. 1.599. Emout-M. 315. It. svegliare, Fr. ..eiller (more commonly deriv. r6veiUer), VLat. 'exvigilare, cpd. of Lat. vigililre 'stay awake, keep watch' (> Fr. veiller, etc.), deriv. of vigil 'awake, lively' : vigh'e 'be lively, vigorous', etc. (cf. the Omc. group, below,6). REW3114. Emout-M.I064f. Sp., Port. deepertar, fro Sp. despierto, Port. (d}esperto 'awake', deriv. of Lat. expergi8c'! (above, I). REW 3043. 5. Ir. do-fuiscim (e.g. 3 sg. do-fusci, ni diuschi, etc.), NIr. tlaisighim, duisim fro di-, od-, and sech- (cpds. only e.g. dofar-siged 'significatum est') : Grk. ~J'E'Ir(r,l 'tell, relate', Lat. inseque imperat. 'tell', W. heb 'says', etc. Semantic development fro 'call up' or the like to 'wake' (trans., thenalsointr.). Walde-P.2.477ff. Pedersen 2.620. Here also (*imm-od-sc-al-) NIr. mU8claim, Oael. mosgail. Macbain 254. W. dihuno, Br. dihuna, dihuni, lit. 'unsleep', neg. di- and huno, etc. 'sleep' (4.62). W. deff'oi, older effroi, fro adj. effro 'awake', etym.? (Morris Jones, by dissim. fro *eks-pro--gr-, with root as above, 1; but cf. Loth, RC 36, 168 f.). 6. Ooth. us-wakjan. etc. all the Omc. words: Lat. vigue 'be lively, vigorous', vegere 'move, excite', Skt. viija- 'strength, vigor', etc., IE °weD-. Walde-Po 1.246 f. Falk-Torp 1338 f. The original distribution of the Orne. forms is seen in Goth. wakan, ON vaka 'be awake, watch', inchoative Goth. gaulQ,knan, ON vakna 'become awake, wake up', caus. Goth. uswakjan, ON vekja '(-'ause to wake', and similarly in OE (where there are also a number of cpds. with on-, a- not given in the list); but the simple inchoative OE wa"cnan, w(pcnian means 'come into being', and only the cpd. onww.cnan is regularly 'be-

272

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

come awake'. In ME the forms of the strong OE (W01C1I4n). wIic. wIlcon co.... lesced with the weak OE wacian and ME (a) wake. (a)tookene are used indiscriminately for 4be awake, become awake', and also with causative sense superseding ME (a)woccho. OE weccan. Hence NE tooke. awake. waken. awaken trans. and intr., but in common use 'Wake lbecome awake'. IJVJake only adj .• whence be awake for the state. Cf. NED S.vv. wake. vb. and waken. vb. 7. Lett. muodindt. muodet. mUOBl: muodrs ·lively. gay'. Lith. mandruB.

mundruB ·lively. arrogant'. OHG muntar ·zea.)ous. lively' (NHG munter). etc. Walde-Po 2.270 f. 8. Pol. czuwae (only 'be awake') : ChSl. Cuti ·feel. notice'. Russ. cujal.' 'experience, feel', Slav. ctdi 'hear, wake', etc., Ork. ~ 'notice', Lat. caver6 'take heed't Goth. haUBjan, etc. 'hear', etc., IE 'ke..... Walde-P. 1.368 If. Berneker 162. Russ. prosnut's;ja (refl.). apparently new formation after usnut' 'fall asleep', ChSl. U81lnqti. etc. id. : Russ. son. ChSl. I'Ilni! ·s1eep·. etc. (4.62).

Grk. NG Let. It.

p&kro (.........) ."....",..

Fr.

pMer........

Sp. Rum. Ir.

peer

~.fII""

a:>.Uw, 7fO"atr.,

bi/fi

NIr.

broigim broi...,;gloim

W. Br.

bromu, rhet:luJin bramma

Goth. ON froI.a.r.... Dan. Jjerle;!iu

Sw.

Jjdrl4; fi4iJ

OE J«Jrl.an; ab. jr.ting ME J-./uII< NE JIM1 Du. OHG J........ MHG NI'U1J;~ NHG 1........ 1.,....; fisUn

-

The majority of the words belong to one of the two inherited groups. both prob. of imitative origin. The others are either likewise of imitative origin or from the notion of ·break·. Phrases with the noun. like It. lirar peti. Rum. da bdfini. etc .• are omitted. though these are more or less popular in all languages and in some are in more common use than the verbs listed. 1. IE 'perd-. Walde-P. 2.49. Grk. rlp&.,,",. aor. Inp80. (sb. ""pM,. hence NG ""p&tr..); W. rhechain (denom. of rhech fro 0prd-ka-); ON Ireta. Dan. fjerte. Sw. Ijdr/a. OE leortan. ME lerte. NE lart. OHG lertan. MHG .....en. late MHG varzen. and denom........... NHG larzen. lurzen; Lith. persli. Lett. pirBt. SCr. prditi. Boh. prdlti. Pol. pierdzid.

274

Lith. Lett. ChSI. SOr.

peTsti; bezditi pitit. bezdet

,...diti

~h.

prdai, buliti

Pol.

pierdaiel. bzdziee

R .... Skt.

pmkt'. bzdet' prd--

Av.

p>rad-

Russ. perdet'; Skt. prd- (Dhiitup.; now quotable pardale). Av. p.,..d- (3 pI. parodm); Alb. pjerth (sb. pordM fro NG""p&.l). 2. IE 0perd-. 'bzd-. of imitative orig .• but prob. through 'blow' (as in words pointing to IE 'peB- ·blow·). Walde-P. 2.68 f. Emout-M.748. BrUckner 54. Grk. ~1c.J; Lat. pMe!e (> OIt. petIere. OFr. pmr•• Sp. peer; It. Bpetezzare. Fr. p&er. derive. of the nouns pelo. pet. Lat. plditum; REW 6345. 6358); Lith. bez.. deli. Lett. bezdet (bezd- for perd- by asaim. or by blend with °bzd-). Slov. pezdeli. Boh. bzditi. Pol. bzdzieC. Russ. bidet'. 3. NG .Au... = Byz.•M ... ·break·. fr. Grk.•A... id. Cf. NE l>reak wind.

mud, etc., also Lith. maudyti 'bathe', ChSl. myti 'wash' J fro IE *meu-, *meu.-d-,

etc. Walde-Po 2.249 f. Ir. lual. NIr. 1001 ·urine·. perh. with prefix wo- : W. eulon ·dung·. this: Goth. Ims. OE fal ·foul·. Lat. pUs 'pus'. Skt. pu- ·stink·. etc. Loth. RC 45.190 f. (vs. Stokes 266). W. troethi. Br. troaza. fro W. troeth 'lye, urine, wash', Br. troaz 'urine' ("mot

plus relev~JIJ Vall~e) : W. trwnc 'urine, lye', perh. Lat. 8tercus 'dung' J etc. Walde-P.2.641. But Pedersen 1.124 as ·lessive. lye' (for washing) : MBr. go .... zroncquet ·bathe·. Ir. Io-thrucud id.• Lith. trinkti 'wash'. W. piso. with sb. pis. fro ME pisse. NE piss. Parry-Williams 141. Br. staota. deriv. of staot. MBr. staut 'urine' (esp. of animals, but also of men), loanwordfr. Gmc .• Dan. stalle. Sw. stalla. MLG. NHG stallen (OFr. estaler). NE stale. all 'urinate' (of horses. NHG stallen dial. also of men). these perh. (with special application to horses in-

NG Let.

obpIw. 6pd)(CII; oIpov.

&,oa"""

K«T'OV~j d1'OVpo

mingere, meiere;

anna

urinar, piBeiarejorina uriMr, pisaer,' urine onnor, fI'IBGf'; orina urine, p1faj urina miinaim.; I~ mUn m1Znaim; jual piao, trotJAi,' pia, trosOt

-.

Br.

trooza;

-.

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE

-

ME NE

Lith.

m1Jiti; mymlai (pl.),

Lett. ChSI. SOr.

mlzt;mizali (pl.)

.!lap......

ppsej urin pi&8G; uri1/.

mfgon; mfgopa, migpa

_;BICi! mokr'iti. pilati; mol:rala

piae; piaae. urine urinate, piN,' urim,

.......~;

RUBS.

_'. moM'';';....!a

piu pistum,' urine Du. OHG Beichan; hamn, MJich MHG ha....... uichen; horn, seiche NHG harnen, piaun; ham

.......

BCdti, mol;iti; mo(!

Boh. Pol.

"'11""

Skt.

miA-, miiJraya-;

Av.

miz.;~,

mutrQ.., tMtra....,."..,..

codd.; cf. Solmsen. IF 31.468). with 6J,&E'XI''' 'urine'; Lat. mingere, meiere, late mei4re, millre (> Sp. meaT); ON miga. OE migan; Lith. mylti (1 sg. m~. OLith. miniu). Lett. mut. with sbs. Lith. myzalai (pl.). Lett. mizali (pl.) 'urine'; SCr. (obs.) mitati; Skt.

Several of the more respectable verbs. like NE urinaJ.e. etc .• are derived from Lat. tIrina 'urine'. Among the more euphemistic but still common terms. many (though not entered in the list) are parallel to NE make tooter. as Fr. laire de l·ea". Rum. ldsa udu!. Dan. lade vandet. NG ..... (dial. xu"",) TIl ..pO ,.ou. Among those listed there is a widely distributed inherited group reflecting an IE root with this meaning. Another grouP. widespread through loanwords. is of imitative origin. Other words are connected with such notions as 'wet, pour, drip' or 'filth'. In several cases

mih~,

Av.

miz~

(with malsma- 'urine') j

Arm. mizem; Tach. B milo. 2. Grk. ovplc.J. NG (lit. c~pi;!)

K"TCUpi;!.

with sba. olipol', NO IC6.rolJptJ 'urine'; Lat. unna 'urine' (source of the most wide-

spread Eur. words): Skt. var~- ·rain·. var-. fliiri- ·water'. etc. (1.31. 1.75). Walde-Po 1.268 f. Emout-M. 1137. 3. It. pisciare. Fr. piSSOT (> ME pisse. NE piss. reg. biblical words. also

there are cognates meaning 'filth', 'lye', or 'wash', reflecting the common notions of either 'filth' or 'acidity', esp. the primitive use of urine as acid in washing.

as shs.; Dan. pille, Sw. pU8a, Du.,

NHG pissen). Rum. pi", (SCr. pilal.i fro Rum. or It.). all fro a VLat. °pissiare (or the like). of imitative orig. REW 6544. Pu",ariu 1324. FaIk-Torp 830.

1. IE °meiUh-. Walde-P. 2.245 f. Ernout-M. 602. 616. Grk.•"Etx" (so prob. for ."'xlc.J.~ etc.

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

Buenced by the words for 'stall. stable') : Grk. ~r"M~~.. ·drip·. Walde-P. 2.642. Henry 252. Loth. Rom. 19. 593. 5. OHG mchan. MHG seichon (NHG dial. id.). LG silken (sbs. OHG seih. MHG seich). fro IE 'seig-. beside 'seikin ChSI. sicati. Boh. scdti. Pol. szczac. Russ. seal.' : OE silon. OHG rihan. NHG seihen 'strain, filter', Skt. sic- 'pour out, shed'. Lat. sial.: cbpE' 'r! Il~"'''' (gl.). Walde-P. 2.466 f. Weigand-H. 2.835. Bruckner 545. MHG harmon. hermon. NHG harnen. fro sbs. NHG harn. MHG harm. ham. OHG haran. 'urine' cf. MHG vb. hUT-

miln,

275

4.66 VOID EXCREMENT; EXCREMENT. DUNG Grk. NG Lat.

It. Fr. Sp.

Rum. lr. Nlr. W.

Br.

"IlJI:Ko'W, xifw; "itK"", ,,/nrpo!, tlKWP Xf~W; tI"Q:ra, rc/nrpos, "lrpCP'_ (pl.)

cacdre; .lerew, 1116700, fimu8, excrhnentum cacare; merda, 8Wco chier .. mertle, fumier,

G~th.

. ... j

ON

.k.'"Ua, drUa; dril, akitr, myki, skarn akide; .kidt, m;g

Dan. Sw. OE

maihstw,

..."rna

IJkitaj .kU, dynga, tMck

fomIe

eagar; m:ierda, e8tibcol cdc6;_ caccaim; coc::c cacaim; cae:: cadu, COM; each, co--

co."" kac·/w.t; kac'h, men

ME NE

Lith. Lett. ChSI.

nidi; itulaa, meilas dir.t; .ads, mhls

SCr.

Skt.

Mati; govno, gnoj, 00lega Brdti; hcvno. lejno, hndj IJrac; gown. Wjnc, goo} .rat'; govno, kol, pomr't, etc. had-; ,akrt-, purl{la-,

Av.

ri-j

Boh.

8CittJn,' 11&«)X, cwlad,

.ceam., dung, lord

men 'manure', prob. : Lith. iarmas 'lye

from aBhes', Lett. Barms, OPruss. siT1'lf£B ·lye·. Walde-P. 1.463. 6. Lith. mytti etc .• above. 1. Lith. .lapumas ·wetn...• (: ilapias ·wet·. 15.83) and. esp. pl.. 8lapumai. 'urine', 7. ChSl. sf.cati. etc. : OHG seichan. etc. (above. 5). SCr. mokriti. Boh. moti!i. etc .• with sbs. SCr. mokrata. Boh. moc. etc.: ChSl. mokrii 'wet' (15.83). 8. Skt. mih-, Av. miz.., etc., above, 1. Skt. mutraya--, miUra-: Ir. 'urine', etc., above, 4.

rUla.

4.65 URINATE; URINE Grk.

Irca#

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

4. Jr. mllnaim, mllnigim, NIr. m1lnaim, with Ir. mun 'urine' : Skt. mtltTaid. (whence denom. mmraya-. but usually miltram kr- lit. 'make urine'). Av. miWra- ·fiIth. dung'. MLG madder. NE

r.....

It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W.

4.64 BREAK WIND. FART (vb.)

273

4. Lat. rJis8r.r.. sb. lIi(s)si.. oissium ON l>raka ·creak·. etc. Walde-P. 2.193. (all only in glosses), prob. of imitative Walde-H. 1.539. 6. ON Dan. jiM. Sw. jiBa. OE sb. orig.. like ON etc. (below. 6). Hence Rum. btffi. Fr. sb. ves.e. vb ...... /istiTI{J. ME vb.lyste (cf. NED S.V. jist. /ItT. Ernout-M. 1116. REW 9382. sb.'. vb.'). Du. ""esten. MHG "",len. 5. Ir. l>raigim. Nir. l>rmmnighim (fr. llislen. NHG jisten. of imitative orig.• sb. brmmm). W. l>ramu. Br. l>ramma (fr. prob. through 'blow' (cf. also Lat. spirdr. sb. W. l>ram. Br. bramm) : Lat.lraTl{Jere ·breathe·. ChSl. piskati ·whistle·). 'break', fragor 'breaking, crash, din', Walde-P. 2.11. Falk-Torp 220 f.

ochiU. driU; ochit. dung, miz, ford ahitj IJhil., dung, turd,

....

Du.

"""' achijten, drijten; meat,

OHG

acizan;

drek. dreet

milt,

Pol.

RUBS.

"~t:W

gnojl,

.no1M-.

.......

giUha-

mdBra-,

gU3a-,

aairya-, i4man-

qu4I.

t .....

MHG .chizen; .chize, mist, _ . qu4I.

NHG

tuflg It. cacare. Fr. chier. Sp .• Port. eagar. Rum. cdca. deriv. sb. Rum. c4cat); Ir. caccaim, NIr. cacaim, sbs. Ir. cacc. NIr. eac. W. each. Br. kac'h (hence vbs. W. eachu. Br. kac'haut); Ann. k'akor 'manure'; still as nursery words in Slavic. SCr. kakati. kalciti. Boh. kakati. Pol. kaka6. Russ. kakat'; disputed whether the Gmc. words. NE cack (rare, but OE cac-hils 'latrina'), Du. kakken. Dan. kakke. NHG kacken (nurs-

The notion is often a

ery words) are native of the same popu-

specialization of 'filth'. but the converse relation is also seen (as in NE dirt). A distinction between human excrement

lar type (Walde-P .• Walde-H .• etc.) or through student slang fro Lat. cacijre (NED. K1uge-G .• Weigand-H.. FaIk-

easeone'sself,doone'sneed',andespecial-

ly the widespread use of the eimple verbs for ·do·. The current NE medical term defecate shows a recent specialization of 'cleanse of dregs. purify' (Fr. delb]u.er. Lat. delaecii.re. fro laeces 'dregs'; NED s.v.). The nouns for 'excrement, dung' are

so numerous that times difficult.

&

276

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Torp). Re-formed to the original type apparently W. caca (vb. and sb.) like It. caeca, Fr. caca, etc. 2. IE °UMd-. Walde-P. 1.571. Grk., NG xlrw (also x.8m6.w· 60 ..0raTEI. ('retire to ease oneself', Hesych.); Skt. Juul,., Alb. dhje. 'cacare'; Av. zadah.. 'rump', Grk. x68....· 18_ Hesych. etc. 3. IE 0liek-_. Walde-P. 1.381. (N G "" ..p •••, pI., medical Grk. term), Lith. Bikti, Skt. ,akri- (gen. ,aknas). 4. IE *gVlOU-, *gVlu- in words for 'ex-

T*.

"""pas

crement, dung, filth' (crig. 'cow dung' :

IE °g"OU-'OX, cow'?). Walde-P.1.694ff. FaIk-Torp 600. Berneker 339. ChS\. govno (Ogorino), etc., general Slavic word for 'excrement'; Skt. giUha-, Av. gtl8a-, Arm. ku, kay 'dung'; with dextension OE cuead, OHG quiU, MHG quilt, km, kat, NHG kot. 5. Derivs. of IE sker- partly neut. rln stem (or, with separation of Slavic andAv. forms, *sker-, same as in vbs. for 'cut, cut oft', separate', as OE sceran, Lat. cernere, Lith. skirti,etc.?). Walde-P. 2.587. Falk-Torp 986. Benveniste, Origines de la formation des noms 9.

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

smirliet, ChS!. smrUdlti 'stink' . WaldeP. 2.691. Ernout-M. 609. Lat. eurlmen/;um (whence the learned technical words Fr., NE eurement, etc., general European), deriv. of excernere 'separate', also 'discharge from the body', cpd. of cernere 'separate' : Grk. ICpt,,,, 'separate, judge', OE &Ceran 4cut,

shear', etc. (cl. also Skt. ava-, apa-skarll'excrement'). Walde-P. 2.573 f., 584. Ernout-M. 178 I. Lat. jimus, jimum (hence through derivs. Fr. fumier and jiente. REW 3307a, 3309), etym? Walde-P. 1.836. Ernout-M. 360. Walde-H. 1.499 f. Fr. ordure ('filth' in general and 'excrement'), deriv. of ord 'filthy', Lat. Iwrridus 'rude, rough'. REW 4187. 7. W. tom, esp. 'horse dung', orig. as 'ball of dung' : Ir. tomm 'small hill', Grk. 'T'up.{jos 'burial mound', etc.

Vendryes,

RC 48.398. Walde-P. 1.708. Br. mon, perh. fro OFr. moun 'yolk of an egg'. Henry 204. 8. Goth. milihstus (••.-pla), OE meox, ME mix, Du. mest, OS, OHG, MHG, NHG mist: ON miga, OE migan, etc. 'mingere' (4.65), hence orig. 'liquid ex-

crement'. Walde-P.2.2451. Feist 340. Goth. smarna (only nom. p!. smarnoa for u.6p.lo.. 'refuse, dung'), prob. : ON smjpr, OE smeoru, OHG smero 'grease, fat', Ir. smiur, W. mer 'marrow' (semantic development as in NHG schmierig, Du. smerig 'greasy' > 'filthy, dirty'). Walde-Po 2.690. Feist 439. ON akita, OE scitan, etc., the reg. Gmc. vb., and the corresponding sbs., ON skUr, etc., orig. 'separate' (as in Lat. excrementum, above) : Lith. skeisti, Lett. lk'iest 'separate, divide' J Lat.

Ork. UKWP, gen. O"KG.TOs, hence NG tTICa.TO, usually pI. UKa.Ta.j Lat. m1lscerda 'mouse dung', 8ucerda 'swine dung', etc.; OE 8cearn, ON skarn; Slavic vbs., ser.

arati, etc.; Av. sairya- (Barth. 1567); Hitt. sakkar, gen. saknas (Sturtevant, Hitt. Gloas. 128). 6. Lat. stercus (> It. sterco; Sp. estiercol 'dung, manure', back-formation to estercolar fro Lat. stercoriire 'to dung, manure'), perh.: W. trwnc 'urine, lye' (but Br. stronk 'excrement': strinka 'spurt out'), Lith. terlti 'to soil, dirty', also Grk. U'T'EfY"I4POS, MHG drec, etc. (be-

scindere, Grk. It. merda, Fr. merde, Sp. mierda), prob. : Lith. smirdeti, Lett.

*skei-d- beside ·skei-t- in Ir. 8Ct.ithim 'vomit' (4.57), Goth. skaidan 'separate', etc. Walde-Po 2.544. Falk-Torp 992.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

278

Walde-Po

Av. sarnan-, adj. fra-sdimna-, etym.? Barth. 1008, 170B. A v. miilJra- : Skt. mwra- 'urine', etc. (4.65). Av. sairya-, above, 5. Av. hixra- ('liquid excrement'): haek-, Skt. sic- 'pour', Serb.-ChS!. sleati 'mingere', etc. (4.65). Barth. 1812. Also Skt. uccar- (ud-car-), lit. 'move

1.2431. Av. ri- (only with prefix), NPers. ridan 'cacare' : Skt. rt- 'let go, release', raya- 'flow', etc. Barth. 1511. Horn 639.

out', frequent as euphemistic expression for 'void excrement' (also 'pronounce'). Hence uccara- 'pronunciation' and 'excrement'.

Skt. gutha-, Av. gtl8a-, above, 4. Skt. ~kTt-, above, 3. Skt. pu.rt~a-, also 'earth, land' (as opposed to water), 'rubbish', perh. as orig. 'filling' fro the root PT- 'fill'. Uhlenbeck 170. Skt. vi~'ha-, also vi~- : vi~a-, Av. vi8-, Grk. fos 'poison', Lat. viTU8 'slime, semen, poison, stench', etc.

ON drUa, Norw. drite, OE gedrUan (rare), ME drite (NE drite obs., NED s.v.), Du. drijten, LG driten, sbs. ON drit, ME drit, dyrte (NE dirt), Du. dreot, etc. : Russ. dial. drisw.t', SCr. driskati, Boh. dfistati 'have diarrhrea', fro IE *dhreid-, prob. extension of *tlh.er- in Lat. foria pL 'diarrhma'. Walde-P. 1.861 f. Falk-Torp 156. ON myki, mykr (ME muk 'dung, manure', NE muck), Dan . ...;g, prob. (from the notion of 'soft, damp') : ON mjukr, Dan. myg, etc. 'soft', ON mugga 'fine rain'. Walde-P. 2.253. FaIkTorp 748. Sw. trii.ck (hut also 'filth, mire' as mostly ON prekkr) , Du. drek, lateOHG, MHG drec, NHG dreck : Grk. UTEP'Ya"",· «07rpc4' Hesych., 'T'pu~, 'T'pvybs 'must, dregs', etc., IE °sterg_ (el. °sterk- in Lat. stercus, above,6). Walde-P. 2.642. Falk-Torp 159 f. On the dialectal distribution of NHG kat and dreck in this sense (vs. 'mud, filth'), cf. Kretschmer, Wortgeogr. 178 f. OE-NE dung, Sw. dynga (Dan. dynge 'heap'), OHG tunga ('manuring'), MHG tunge, NHG danger (ON dyngja, OHG, MHG tunc 'underground room') : Lith. dengti cover', danga 'a cover', IE 0dhengh-. Development fro 'covering' to 'dung' as fertilizer, and also (independently or through 'dung') to 'heap, underground room'. Walde-P. 1.854. FaIk-Torp 171. For the development of 'dung' through its aspect as fertilizer, cf. NE sb. manure, fro the verb, this fro AngloFr. maynoverer := OFr. manotwrer 'work with the hands', hence 'till, cultivate' and 'fertilize' (NED s. v.). Also Dan. gldeel, Sw. gOdsel 'manure', fro vbs. g;de, goda 'manure' = ON gm'6a 'improve', fro go'IJ 'good'. OE cuead, OHG quiU, etc., above, 4. OE scearn, etc., above, 5.

Grk.

o,u~Mw,

....

fJU'~,

oil;w;

DXEUw, -Ol'cu

NG

~

Lat. It.

f·' .....

Joutre

Rum.

f ...

Ir. NIr.

goithimm, conricim comluighim cydw

Er.

en em bal·a

w.

Dan.

hoder

liggja hjd ligge hoB, kneppe,

1crwlde

CQire, juluere

Fr. Sp.

Lith.

Goth.

ON Sw.

usual euphemistic term for human sexual relations, with sb. 6~,Ala '(sexual) intercourse'.

Grk. p••1w (Aristoph., etc., prob. the commonest Attic term; also El. /3EvEoL), prob. : tJIa. 'violence', etc. Boiaacq 119.

Otherwise Walde-P. 1.667 after Lid ·n. Grk. 'Y.~1w 'marry' (2.33) rarely used for mere sexual intercourse until late

(Lucian), but By•. and NO regularly in this sense. Grk. p.TI", 'cover' of animals (cf. LS s.v.) and so NG fjo.-nw, orig. 'tread on' : {ja.l,,,, 'walk, step'.

priguleli, pi8ti, !awi piegulet, pi&t

3. Lat. caire lit. 'come together', the commonest euphemistic term, with sb.

jebati

coitus. Lat. fuiuere (> It. fottere, Fr. foutre, Sp. hoder, Rum. fute) etym. dub. Walde-Po 2.126. Ernout-M. 406. Walde-H. 1.574. REW 3622. For Fr. flcher 'fix' used for joutre, cf. Wartburg 3.511. 4. Ir. goithimm (g!. fuiuo, Thes. 2.184) : W. god 'adulterous', godineb

Bleep (Ue) with, fuck

Russ. Skt.

bij8iapen

Av.

......

Du.

'cover' of animals.

Lett. Boh. Pol.

jebati jeba6 et', ebat' yah1>-

m;o..

OHG ubarligan MHG bIslafen, BeT"'" NHG beischl"O

is inconsistent, since they might be added in many other cases. but may indicate roughly their relative importance. Words that are restricted to the dead body of an animal. as OE hold. NE careass. NHG 008. Lith .• Lett. maita. SCr. strvifUJ, Russ. sterva, etc. are not included. 1. Grk. ...pbs • •1"",. Av. nasu- : Skt. ~-,

hew'.

5. ChSI. trupfl (renders r'",~o 'corpee'

leick...... leicM

Most. though not all. of the words for 'body' (4.11) may be used for the 'dead body, corpse', even where there are also specific terms for this. just as NE body is often used in preference to cmpse. and in some languages these are the only or the usual words for 'corpse'. Several of the old words for 'body' have even been specialized to 'dead body'. as NE corpse. Dan. Zig. NHG leichnam. etc. All these have been discussed in 4.11. Again. words for 'the dead' are often used in preference to specific words for 'corpee' (as NG pop . ...oo~I"". for lit. 1rTWP.a., It. morto for cadavere, etc.), and in some languages words for 'dead' or derivs. of them are the usual terms for 'corpse'. So Ir. marbt maroon, Lett. miTuonis, Ser. mrtlJO,C, Boh. mrttJola, all obviousderivs. of IE 'mer- 'die' (4.75) and so needing no further discussion here. The inclusion, in the list, of words for 'body' or 'dead' beside the other specific terms

Lk. 9.22). then. mostly with ME. NE mace). Sp. maza. etc. REW 5425. Fr. tuer, fro Lat. t1lt4re, tuttiri 'make safe (tm",,). protect'. also 'protect oneself against. a.\lay' (inopiam tiUiiri Caes.). with development in certain phrases (e.g. famem tiitiiri or focum tiitiiri) to 'quench. smother. extinguish' as in Olt. st1ltare. Prov. tudar. etc. and still in Fr. tuer le feu. hence finally 'kill' already in 12th. cent. French. REW 9018. Garnillscheg 872. Sp. malar. fro Pers. milt 'dead' (through the use in the game of chess of Pers. oak mii.t 'the king is dead'. NE checkmate). REW 5401. Lokotsch 1443. Rum. amort. loanword fro Slavic. ChSI. umonti. etc. (below. 6). 3. Ir. marbaim. NIr. marbhaim fro Ir. marb 'dead' (4.75). Ir. gonim : Grk. Ereq,IIOJI, etc., above, 1. Ir. orgim ('strike. kill. injure. hurt'). with a (presumably) Gall. gl. orgC 'occide' (CGL 5.376.29) OBr. gl. orgiat 'caesar'. Gall. Orgelo-rix. perh. : Arm. harkanem 'strike,' fro *perg- an extension of *per- in CbSl. perq, pirati 'beat', etc. Walde-Po 2.43. Pedersen 2.587. 590. W. lladd (old also 'strike'). Br. laza : Ir. slaidim 'strike', outside connections? Walde-Po 1.439. Pedersen 2.630. 4. Goth. af-. ga-daupjan (render 8a.aT&.. 'put to death'). ON deylJa. Sw. dode. OE (a)dfjdan. Du. dooden. OHG totan. MHG tmten. NHG toten. fro the adjs. Goth. daups. ON dau"llr. etc. 'dead' (4.75). Goth. usqiman, cpd. of us- 4out, off', and qiman 'come', hence 'come to the end' (as once = G.roICTaJI61jVt.U 'be killed',

289

Av. naB- 'perish, vanish', Lat.

'I1.eZ

'violent death'. etc. Walde-Po 2.326. Grk. fff",~O 'a fall' (: r,,"",,, 'fall'). hence esp. 'fallen body. corpse'. 2. Lat. cadaver. deriv. of cadere 'fall'. analogous to Grk. 7rTWP.fJ.. Hence as late loanwords It. cadavere. Fr. cadarne. Sp. cadifel(a)han. MHG bevelhen 'give uP. yield. intrust'. and 'bury' (chiefly in the latter sense MHG der erde bevelhen). OS />ifeklan 'yield. bury'. ON fela 'hide. cover'. OE befiolan 'eommit, deliver, grant', semantic relations peculiar and outside connections dub.. but prob. as orig. 'cover', fr. an extension of 8 root to be seen also in Lat. pellis. OE fell. etc. 'skin. hide' (4.12). Walde-P. 2.59 (adversely to above). Falk-Torp227. Feist 151. Weigand-H. 1.178. Goth. ganawi8triin, fr. MUS 'corpse' (4.77). ON jart5a. Dan. jorde. Sw. jorda. fro ON jprt5. Dan .• Sw. jord 'earth' (cl. early So. to earth in same sense. NED s.v.).

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

The words listed are those commonly employed for the burial place of the dead without nec..sary implication of its precise form. Most of them are cognate with those for 'bury' (4.78) or meant originally 'ditch, trench' or 'mound'. Words for 'memorial, monument' are often used for 'burial monument, tomb', but in most cases are not among the common words for 'grave'. 1. Grk. T.oS 'burial. funeral' (Hom. later the usual word for 'grave' (Taq,;, mostly 'burial'. rarely 'burial place') : 8a.TTW 'bury', rarppo'1 'ditch', etc. (4.78). Grk. uij~. 'sign. mark' (12.94). hence also 'burial mound' (so in Hom., where rcupos is only 'burial'), 'grave, tomb' (Hdt., Thuc., etc., freq. in inscriptions, e.g. Ditt. Syll. 1218). Grk. 8~K't1 'box, chest', a.lso 'tomb, vault' for the dead (Aesch. +) : Tilh,~, 'place, put'.

+).

2. Lat. 8epulcrum (> It. sepolr:ro. OFr.. ME. NE Bepulere. Sp. sepulcro. not popular words) : sepelire 'bury'. It. 8epoltuTa. Sp. sepultura (also 'burial' as Fr. s ME tumbe. NE tomb. formerly more generic than now) beside the less generic tombeau 'tomb'. It. tomba 'tomb'. fro late Lat. tumba. this fro Grk. TUP.{X:S 'burial mound' : Lat. tumulus 'mound, burial mound', tumere 'be swollen', Ir. tomm 'hillock', etc. WaldeP. 1.708. Ernout-M. 1063. -64. REW 8977. Rum. mormtnt fro Lat. monum.entum, nwnimentum 'memorial, monument' sometimes 'tomb', prob. influenced by mort 'dead'. REW 5672. Pu§(,ariu 1109. Cf. the similar occasional use of Grk. p.wr,p.a, and of Lat. memoria in late times (Peregrinatio).

Rum. groapIJ. ('ditch' and 'excavation for burial', 'grave' in narrower sense than mormlnt). prob. through Alb. grope 'grave. hole in the earth' fro Slavic grobu (below). G. Meyer. Alb. Etym. Wtb. 131. Tiktin 703. It. fossa. 'ditch' and pop. for 'grave' (as formerly Sp. fosa now obs. for 'grave'; Fr. J088e used only in the original narrow sense, the excavation, cf. tombe de fosse). fro Lat. f088a 'ditch. trench', late 'grave' : fodere 'dig'.

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS ON heygja fro haugr 'mound. burial mound, cairn'.

ON grefto.. fro grpftr 'burial. grave' (4.71) : grafa (below). ON grafa 'dig'. also 'bury'. Dan. begrave. Sw. begrava (be- after the German forms). Du. begraven. OHG bigraban. MHG. NHG begraben (but Goth. bigraban 'dig around'). cpds. of the Gmc. word for 'dig'. Goth., OHG graban. etc. : ChS!. grebq. greti 'scrape'. pogr.ti 'bury' (below. 6). OE byrigan. byrg(.)an. etc.. ME bum. NE ~ury. (also OE byrgets. OS burgi.li 'buri8.I·) : Goth. bairgan. ON bjarga, OE beorgan, OHG bergan 'save, keep'. Walde-Po 2.172. NED s.v. bury. NHG beerdigen. first 17th. cent.• fro erde 'earth'. NHG bestatten. MHG be8ta.!en 'put in (the correct) place' also 'permit, equip, prepare for marriage, bury', fro 8tatt 'place. room'. Weigand-H. 1.219. 5. Lith. laidati. palaidati (as orig. 'commit to earth'?) : pa-laidas 'loose', leidiu, leisti 'let, let loose' : Goth. letan, etc. 'let. leave'. L..kien. Ablaut 276 f. Walde-P.2.395. Lith. pakasti. fro kosti 'dig'. Lett. apbedit. fro bedit 'dig' also 'bury' : bezt. Lith. besti 'dig'. Lat. fodere 'dig'. etc. Walde-Po 2.188. Lett. aprakt. fro rakt 'dig': Lith.

Goth. warjan. ON verja 'protect'. Skt. ur~ 'cover', etc., cf. Alb. f)(Jf'T 'grave' (OwornlJ.). IE °wer_. Walde-P. 1.282. Stokes 271. Ir. leeht (NIr. leacht 'grave. cairn. monument'). prob. fro Lat. leetus 'bed. couch' also 'funeral couch, bier'. Vendryes. De hib. voc. 150. Walde-P. 2.424. (Otherwise. as cognate. Stokes 245). NIr. uaigh, also 'den, cave', MIr. uag 'hole, grave' (rare), outside connections? Walde-Po 1.171. W. bedd. Br. be•• Corn. bedh : Lett. bedit 'dig. bury' (4.78). Lith. besti 'dig'. Lat. fodere 'dig'. Walde-Po 2.188. 4. Goth. hlaiw = OE hlaw. hlrew 'mound, burial mound', ORG hleo 'burial mound' : Lat. clwus 'hill, slope', etc .• fro the root of OE hlinian. Lat. elinare 'lean'. etc. Walde-P. 1.491. Feist 261. ON grpf. grpJtr. OE grref. OHG grab. etc .• general Gmc. (but Goth. graba only 'trench') : ON grafa 'dig. bury'. OHG graban 'dig', begraban 'bury', etc. OE byrgen : byrigan. NE bury. etc. ME tumbe. NE tomb. fro Fr. tombabove, 2. 5. Lith. kapaB. Lett. kaPB : 0Prus.

rakti 'poke. scratch. prick', cf. Lith. rakBtis 'grave' (4.79). 6. CbSl. pogrehq. pogr.ti. Boh. pohf.. />iti. Pol. pogrzebat. Russ. pogrebat': CbS!. grebq. greti 'scrape'. Goth. graban 'dig'. etc. (above. 4). Berneker 347 f. SCr. palwpati. fro kopati 'dig'. SCr. sahroniti. Russ. schoronit'. pochoronif, fro ser. hraniti 'keep, nourish', Russ. choronit' 'hide, conceal', also in simplex 'bury' : ChSI. chra",!. chraniti 'watch. guard'. etc. Berneker 397 f. Boh. pochovati. Pol. pochOUXJC. fro Boh. ehovati. Pol. chOUXJC 'keep. take care of' (11.24). 7. Skt. ni-khan-. cpd. of ni- 'down' and khan- 'dig'; used of 'burying' any object (treasure. etc.) but also of the dead (e.g. A V 18.2.34 quoted above) • though burial in India was only an occasional practice beside the usual crem.... tion (Oldenberg. Religion des Veda 570). Av. nasu-spaya-, nasu-8pa.. 'burial, burier of corpses' J cpds. of nasu- 'corpse' (4.77) and the root of spayeiti. etc. 'take away, remove'. These words occur only with reference to a sin, a violation of the prescribed Zoroastrian practice of exposing the corpse. Cf. Vd. 3.41 daena mazdayasnis .... spayeiti nasuspaem "the Mazdayasnian law removes the (sin of) corpse-burial". Barth. 1059 f .• 1615.

4.79 GRAVE Ork. NO Lat.

.....

T4,;o"

Goth. ON

hlaiw

86pulerum Bepoltura, fossa

D&Il. Sw.

gra. grav

(Iombo) Iombe(lombeau)

OE ME NE

"",gen. graf

,

It.

Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr.

ufjl£o,

aepultura """",Int (groap4) j ...,. kcht

uaigh

w.

bedd "..

Br.

Du.

grQf, grQ/tr

grave, tumbe """'" (tomb) groJ

OHO grab MHO grop NHO grab

Lith. Lett. ChSl. SCr. Boh. Pol.

kap .. kap.

grobil groo

hroo

R"",.

gr6b mogilo (groo)

Skt. Av.

(uzdilna-)

(""""'.....

)

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS 'buried'. Lett. kapiU. Lith. leapoti 'hew. chop'. ChSI. kopati 'dig' (8.22). SCr. pokopati 'bury'. etc. Miihl.End•. 2.159. Walde-P. 2.561. 6. ChSI. groM. etc .• general Slavic: ChSl. greti 'scrape' , pogreti 'bury', Goth. graban. ON grafa 'dig'. etc. (ef. above ON grpf). Berneker 353. Russ. mogila (replaces grob in popular use) = ChSI. mogyla. Pol. mogi/a 'burial mound'. Bulg. mogila. Alb. ma-

enkopl8

3. Ir. fert. prob. (either as 'covering' or 'protected inclosure') : fern 'shield',

293

gule 'hill', soW'Ce unknown.

295

Berneker

2.68f. 7. The nearest approach to a Skt. word for 'grave' is ,ma¢na- 'place for burning the corpse and collecting the bon..•• etym. dub. Walde-Po 1.387. Charpentier. IF 28.157 ff. The nearest approach to an Av. word for 'grave' is uzdana- 'place for deposit of the bones' (Vd. 6.50). fro uz.. 'up' and da- 'place'.

4.81 STRONG. MIGHTY. POWERFUL NO

taXL'phs, «pa.TtpOt, 81waTOs ilWo,Tin (taXlIpOt, "po.T~

Goth. ON Da.n.

) validw, mltns, form,

Sw•

Lat.

Grk.

....

pot.... It.

Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr.

w. Sr.

forte, potenU fort, puiuant f~rte,

potente

tare, puternic b'm, l4idir, adbol trean, laidir, nearth-

......

cryf. cadarn, nerlhol, galluoa. grymU8 krblv. nerzek, galloudek

OE ME NE

8winp', mahteigB, abr. Bterkr, .tyrkr, mattugr Btmrk, flUBgtig, krafUg • lark, maktig. krajlig fJWf.p, 8trang, mcMtig Btrong, .tark, myghty

8trong, powerful, mighty 8terk, machlig, krachDu. tig OHO 8trengi stark, mahlig, k:reltig, giwaltig MHO stare, strcnge, swint, fl1ehtec. kreltec, gewaltec NHO stark, mac/dig, krUfl~ ig, gewaltig

'Strong' is understood here in its application to bodily strength. But such words have a much wider range, being used a.lso of mind, feelings, etc., and of inanimate things. Furthermore there is no sharp line between 'strong' and 'powerful, mighty', which are applied to bodily strength with more emphasis on the active quality. While only the adjectives are listed. the nouns for 'strength' are mostly parallel, either the sources of or derived from the adjectives, and so are covered in the comments-where are added a few important nouns not so related. Among the semantic sources are notions such as 'stiff, hard', 'hold', 'be able, have power', and various others.

Lith. Lett. ChS!. SCr. Boh. Pol.

Btip"", galingtU .tiprB, BpkigB krlpi1k1i, ril!nll jak, anaian, silaA

Russ.

Bi/,'nyj, m.oitnyj

Skt.

balin-,

Av.

Bt2ra-, aojaJwant~, amavant-

silny, mocny rilny, mocny

...... """".

ojas-

1. Grk. lax.vpor, fro lt1xvr 'strength', Lac. acc. sg. t3iaxlJJI and -yurx.uJI· laxVv (H..ych.). fro °F'-uxiis. first part : Skt. tJi- 'apart' (or possibly: lr, ·/ir, Lat. liis 'strength') and the second from the weak grade of IE °seilh- in Skt. Bah'vanquish, overcome, be able' (cf. vi~sah­ 'overcome, have in one's power'), Grk. EX'" 'have. hold'. etc. Walde-Po 2.482. Boisacq 386. Brugmann. IF 16.494. Grk. ICpa.TEp/n, tca.pTEpbr (Rom. also ICpc1Tvr) with sb. ICpa.roS, "a.PTOS 'strength', etc. : Goth. hardus. ON hart5r. etc. 'hard', prob. also Skt. karkara- 'rough, hard'. etc. Walde-Po 1.354. Boisacq 510 f. Grk. OUJla.TOS, properly 'able, powerful' but also 'strong' in body, in NG the

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

296

common word for 'strong' : 8lwlIlla.L 'be

able', c1lll'a.,c.us 'power', etym. obscure. Boisa.cq204. Grk. all!... 'strength·. perh. aI/-E"", fr. the weak grade the root in Skt. sogh- 'he a mateh for'. ete. IE 0seg"hbeside °se§k- in Ix... etc. Walde-P. 2.482 f. Bolling. AJPh. 21.316. Grk. ;,o,pq 'strength·: ;,o,wiJp. 'strengthen', perf. mid., 'have strength', outside connections? Boisa.cq 847. 2. Lat. riB, the commonest noun for 'strength' : Grk. r, 'strength'. Skt. va!/tuJ- 'strength. vigor. etc.'. Walde-P. 1.229 f. Ernout-M. 1115. Lat. valtns pple. of valer. 'he strong'. whence also validu..: Ir. Jaln,.. Join'rule', jlaith 'sovereignty, prince', OHG waltan. ON valda. ChSl. vlasU 'rule'. etc. (19.31). Walde-P. 1.219. Emout-M. 1071. Lat. rlJbu..tus. orig. ·oaken. of oak'. fr. rob ..... old T0bU8 'oak' (: TUber, dial. Tabu.. ·red·). Emout-M. 867. Lat. forti. (more commonly of mental strength, 'brave', but also and orig. used of physical strength and in this sense > It. forl$, Fr. furl, Sp. fU£Tte). fr. forcU. (F..tus), prob.: Av. dralaite ·holds·. ChSl. driJiati 'hold', guttural extensions of IE °dher_ in Skt. dkr- ·hold. support'. etc. Walde-P.1.859. ErnoutM. 382 f. Otherwise (fr. obherDh- in Skt. broom- 'great, mighty. high', Av. b....rom- ·high·. ete.) Walde-H. 1.535 ff. Lat. pothuJ (> It., Sp. potent.) pple. of °poUr. (= po... 'be able', 9.95). whence OFr. poer, povoir, Fr. potWoir vb. and sb. (> sb. ME, NE PUIDeT. whence adj. NE powerjuJ.), Rum. putere 'power', whence adj. putemic; Fr. adj. puissant fro OFr. puis 1 ag. of vb. Emout-M. 796. REW 6682. Gamillacheg 725. Rum. tare, fro Lat. talis 'such' in the pregnant use as tdlis vir 'such a man'.

or

298

Cf. SCr. jak, below, 6. Pu!!Cariu 1713.

REW 8543.

3. Ir. Ir"" (also 'brave', cf. Lat./orlis). NIr. Irian and (orig. comp.) treis, : ON prekr, prek 'strength, bravery', OE PTece 'force, oppression', etc. Walde-P. 1.755 f. Pedersen 1.296. Ir. laidir, etym.? Ir. adbol (ind adboZ gl. rolde), adbal (oleo ·vast·). etym. dub .• perh. fro Celtic ad-veZo-. IE °ad_upel-: Goth. ubiZ. 'bad' J through sense of 'extreme, excessive·. Pokorny, Streitberg F ..tgabe 292. NIr. nearlhmar, W. nerlhol. Br. neruk, nerzU8, fro Ir. nert, NIr. mart, W. nerth. Br. nero ·strength. power' : Grk. Av/jp. Skt. nar- ·man·. etc. (2.21). Wald...P. 2.332. Pedersen 1.136. W. cryf, Br. krMW, etym. dub .• perb. fro 0krp_ beside 0krep_ in ChS!. kripd. ete. (below. 6). Walde-P. 1.487 (adversely). Stok.. 96. Henry 81 (: Skt. kram- 'advance, walk', ete.). W. cadarn (= Br. kadarn 'brave') beside cadr (arch.) 'mighty, handsome', OBr. cadr, Br. kaer 'beautiful' : Gall. catu-. Ir. cath. W. cad. etc. ·battle·. Walde-P. 1.339, 340. Pedersen 1.323. 2.50.53. W. ga!Zuog, Br. galloudek. through sbs. W. gallu. Br. galloud. fro vbs. W. gallu. Br. galloul 'be able' (9.95). W. grymus, fro grym 'power' = Ir. greim id.: Ir. in-grennim 'pursue' (Ogkrend- : Lat. gradii ·step·. etc.) Pedersen 2.548 f. Stok.. 118. 4. Goth. winps. OE swip. MHG swint, 8Winde (also 'violent, cunning' J etc.) : ON svinnr 'wise', OS sundi, swid 'strong, violent', etc., perh. also OHG gisunt, etc. 'healthy' J outside CODnections disputed. Walde-Po 2.525 f. Feist 468 f. Goth. abrs (cf. abraba 'very', bi-

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Boh. mocny. Po!. mocny. Russ. mo8lnyj, fro sbs. for 'might', Boh. moe, etc. = ChS!. mo.ftI. fro vbs. for 'be able' ChS!. moiti, mogq, etc.: Goth. magan 'be able'. etc. (above. 4). Walde-P. 2.227. Bemeker 2.67 f .• 70. 7. Skt. balin-. fr. bala- 'strength': ChS!. bolj!j, 'Iarger', bolje ·more·. Lat. de-bilis 'weak', Grk. ~EATlwY 'better', ete. Walde-H. 1.327. Walde-P. 2.119 f. Berneker 72. Skt. ",ra... Av . ..ara-. also Skt. ~1Ja8 'strength' : Grk. li,I(vpos 'without authority', ILbpl.O! 'lord, ruler', prob. fro

the root -ICeu- 'swell' in Skt. {Vayate, etc.

Walde-P. 1.365 f. Skt. oj_anl-. Av. aoJah-. aojakvant.. fro Skt. ojas-. Av. aoJah- 'strength' : Skt. vakil·, Ukl1-, Av. tlaXS-, u:d- 'grow, make grow', Goth. wahsjan 'grow', Lat. augere 'increase', etc. Walde-Po 122. f. Av. amavant-, fro ama- 'strength, power' : Skt. ama- 'onset', am,. 'pres.'3 on, injure', ON ama 've."{, annoy,' etc. Walde-P. 1.178. Barth. 141. Av. zavah-, ziivar- 'strength, power' (NPers. .or > Turk. zor > NG so,. 'force, violence') : Skt. java8- 'speed', ju- 'be swift'. etc. Walde-P. 1.555. Barth. 1690.

4.82 WEAK Grk.

NG

d.c.r6e~, Q.pP It.• Sp. sano. Rum. dial. sin, saT, Fr. sain; NE sane restricted

to 'mentally sound' after its opposite

arog ME hail). OE hal. ME hole (NE whole; but hale fro North. dial. used for 'well. vigorous'). OHG. MHG heil (hence derivs. and cpds. for 'health'. ON heilsa. Sw. halsa. Dan. helbred. OE hml/>. ~lu. ME helthe. NE health with new adj. healthy. OHG heilt, MHG heil), orig. 'whole. intact' (and so mostly in modern dialects. NE whole. NHG heil. Dan .• Sw. hel. etc.) : ChSI. "Iu 'whole. unbarmed. well'. celiti 'heal', Russ. celyj 'whole, entire', etc. Walde-P. 1.329. Falk-Torp 393 f. Feist 232 f. Dan. rask ('quick, active, brisk' but also the popular term for 'well', instead of BUnd) = Sw. Task 'quick, brisk', fro MLG rasch = OHG rasc. NHG rasch 'quick, brisk', prob. : ON ras 'haste', Grk, EM

'qui~k

motion, rush', etc.

Walde-P.1.l50n.3. Falk-Torp88lf. Sw. frisk ('fresh'. but also the popular word for 'well') = Dan. frisk 'fresh' (also 'well. hale') fro MLG frisch = OHG frisco NHG frisch 'fresh, cool', etc. : Lith. prieskas 'unleavened, fresh', ChSI. 'P"esinu id. Walde-P.2.89. FalkTorp 274 f. Hellquist 238 f. OE gesund. ME isundo. sunde (NE sound). Du. gezond (MLG gesunt. sunt > Dan., Sw. sund), ORG gisunt, gisunti, MHG gosunt. NHG gesund. prob.: Goth. swin/>s. OE sufi/> 'strong' (4.81). Walde-P. 2.525. Falk-Torp 1205.

rJil.j,dza bolest.an,' nemocan; bcles~ ......"c nemocny; nemoc dwryj; chm-oIJa bol'noj; bolezn' astHJ8tka-, (Uura-; tJY4dhi-, ragabanta-. bazda: yooka-

(so still Munster), etym.? (Macbain 367 : Ir. tinaim 'disappear'). NIr. breoitfhte. breoite 'sick' (chiefly Munster. Dinneen s.v.). pple. adj. of breodhaim 'oppress, sicken, enfeeble', intr. 'wither, decline', etym.?

NIr. aicUl 'sickness. calamity' (for *aicitfhUI), fro Lat. accidontia (> OIr. accidit grammatical term). Pedersen 1.234 n. 3. W. claf, Br. klanv : Ir. clam 'leprous'. Grk. IC.Aa,uapu,,· rXa&apav,

au6E~

Hesych.,

Skt. klam- 'be weary'. Walde-Po 1.498. Pedersen 1.163. W. clwyJ 'disease' (obs. or of special diseases). perh.: Skt. kltba- 'emascu-

'Sick, sickness' are preferred, in the

Grk. 4PP"'UTO' 'weak' (4.82). increas-

heading and translations, to 'ill. illness', since NE sick is the old unambiguous

ingly common for 'sick' in Hellenistic

lated, impotent, eunuch', fro an exten-

times (inscr., pap., NT. etc.) and the NG common word (4ul1,'" more lit.). Grk. vouos, Hom. J'Ovuo~ 'sickness',

sion of the root *kel- in Lith. kalti 'strike'. Gr. K~"'" 'break'. etc. (Walde-P. 1.436 ff.). G. S. Lane. Language 13.23.

word and the one still in most common

use in U.S. III is now preferred in British usage (sick being especially 'sick at the stomach. nauseated') and by many in U.S. as a more refined expression.

Many of the words are from the notion of 'weak, without strength or power', or that of 'bad, evil'. Some were

doubtless applied origina\ly to a special form of ailment and so may be from the most diverse sources, as 'burning' (> 'feverish' > 'sick'), 'bent, twisted' (> 'deformed or abnormal' > 'weakly' > 'sick'), perhaps 'worried' or 'angry' as

applied first to mental illness. But a considerable number of the words are of uncertain origin. Most of the nouns for 'sickness' are derivatives of the adjectives for 'sick'.

These are entered in the list. but generally not repeated in the discussion. But there are also some important nouns

without parallel adjectives. 1. Grk. QUe";,, 'weak' (4.82). also 'sick', but this often expressed rather by pple. of au8EVEw 'be sick' (sor. 'become sick'). or of I'OU!'" (below).

NE well (used chiefly predicative\y. in U.S. also attributively with man, person. etc.) = well 'bene' (used predicatively with dat. in OE. cf. Beowulf 186 wei bi/> />fPfffI 'bene erit eis') : ON, Icel. vel, OHG wela. etc. 'bene'. Cf. NED S.V. Cf. the similar use of Fr. !>ien purtanto Sp. bueno. etc. 5. Lith. sveikas (hence sveikata 'health'). Lett. sveiks, perh. fro *su-ei-kas. cpd. of su- =Skt. BU- 'well' (13.71) and deriv. of root in eiti- 'go'. Fraenkel, Melanges Pedersen 448 ff. Lett. vesels (hence veseliba 'health'): ChS!. veselu 'joyful. gay' (16.22). 6. ChS!. siJdravu, SCr. "drav. etc .• general Slavic words (with the deriv. nouns ChS!. sildravlje, etc.). cpd. of prefix 81l-Skt. su- 'well' and *darv1l : Skt. tfhruva'firm, stable', Av. dTVa- 'well', OPers.

duruva- 'secure, safe', Lat. durus 'hard', etc. Walde-P. 1.804 ff. Berneker 214. ChS!. ceM : Goth. hails (above. 4). Berneker 123 f. 7. Skt. svastha- (hence SIJiUlthya'health'. not common), lit. 'self-abiding. being in one's natural state', cpd. of refl. pron. sva- and -stha- : sthti- 'stand'.

Skt.

ku~ala-.

adj. 'appropriate. fitting,

well, etc.' as neut. sb. 'gooel condition,

health' (hence also adj. ku~alin-). etym. dub. Uhlenbeck 60. Skt. aroga- (hence adj. arogin-). cpd. of a-privative and roga- 'disease' (4.84). Av. d,.va- (hence sb. droatd(-j : ChSI. sildrarrU.-, above, 6. Av. abanta- cpd. of a-privative and banta- 'sick' (4.84).

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

4.84 SICK; SICKNESS Grk.

icc 'healing, payment', Grk. a.ro~ 'cure',

whence J'OUEw 'be sick', pple. often for

'sick'. etym. much disputed and altogether doubtful. Walde-Po 2.333. Boisacq 672. 2. Lat. aeger: Toch. A ekro. B aik(a)re 'sick' (SSS.l1). also (?) ChSI. j¢za 'sickness', root connection dub. Walde-

P. 1.9. Emout-M. 16. Walde-H. 1.16. Lat. morbus 'sickness', etym. dub., perh. : Grk. p.apalJJw 'quench', mid. 'waste away' (uw,ua), 'dry up' (at,u«), 'wither', Skt. mr- 'crush', etc. Waide-

P. 2.277. Ernout-M. 630. It. malato. Fr. malado. fro Lat. male habitus. lit. 'ill conditioned'. parallel to se habere bene. male 'be well, ill'. REW 5264. Sp. en/ermo, fro Lat. infirmus 'weak' (4.82). Rum. bolnav. fro Slavic (below. 6). 3. Ir. lobur 'weak, sick' J see 4.82. Ir, serg 'sickness' : Lith. sergas 'sick', sirgti 'be sick', Lett. serga 'pestilence', peril. Goth. saurga 'care'. etc. (16.14). Walde-Po 2.529. Feist 413. Nlr. tinn = Mlr. tind 'sore. painfnl'

4. Goth. siuks, ON sjUkr, OE seoe. etc.. general Gmc. (but NHG siech 'sickly', as 'sick' replaced by krank) with sbs. Goth. siuleei. sauhts. ON sott. OE suht, etc., later replaced by new derivs. of the adjectives. as ON sjakleiki. sjakdOmr, OE seocness; outside connections dub., but perh. through 'careworn, worried' : Lith. saugus 'cautious' J saugoti

'pay attention to'. Walde-Po 2.472 f. Falk-Torp 1125. Feist 426. OE adl 'sickness'. early ME adle (Ormulum). prob. as orig. 'fever' : OE ad, OHG eit 'funeral pile', Grk. atOw, Skt. idlt- 'kindle'. etc. NED S.V. adle. Otherwise Uhlenbeck. PBB 26.568: Lith. aitrus 'bitter' (Walde-P. 1.3). ME disese 'discomfort' and esp. 'sickness', NE disease (but now mostly of a

301

303

NHG, Du. krank, fro MHG. MLG kranc 'weak (bodily or mentally). bad. slim' (cf. also ON krankr 'weakly'. OFris. kronk 'deathly weak'), prob. as orig. 'bent. twisted·: OE cranc-sla!f 'implement of weaving', NE crank 'handle for turning', Lith. gr(Jsti 'tum'. Walde-Po 1.594. Falk-Torp 575. Weigand-H. 1.1137. 5. Lith. sergas: sirgti 'be sick', Ir. serg (above. 3). Lith. neSfJeikas, lit. 'unwell' (see 4.83). Lith.. Lett. Uga 'sickness' : Grk. Xot"Y6~ 'ruin, mischief', Alb. Zig 'evil, lean'. Walde-P. 2.398. Miihl.-Endz. 2.466. Lett. slims 'sick, evil' (hence slimiba 'disease'), fro MLG slim 'ill, miserable' (= NHG schlimm). Miihl-Endz. 3.932. Lett. nevesei.. lit. 'unwell' (see 4.83). 6. ChSI. bollntl. (and boleti 'be sick. feel pain'), ser. bole8tan, Russ. bol'noj (with sbs.. ChS!. bolhnl. SCr. bolest. Russ. bolezn') prob. : Goth. balwa-weisi (ON b9lfliss) 'evil. wickedness'. Goth. balwjan 'torment', ON bpl, OE bealu 'evil' (NE bale). though doubted by Berneker 71 f. and Walde-Po 2.189. ChS!. nedwu 'sickness' (frequent beside boli!znl, cf. J agio. Entstebungsgesch. 327), neg. cpd. of a ·dqg1l 'power, strength' (cf. Boh. duh 'thriving', neduh 'sickness', etc.) : Ir. dai'1l{Jen 'firm, hard', Skt. daglt- 'attain'. etc. Walde-P. 1.791. Berneker 217 ff. ChS!. jedza 'sickness' (renders mostly pa.AaKla, but also v6u(l~, cf. Jagi6, op. cit.

specific, esp. organic disease), fro OFr. desaise, cpd. of des- 'dis' and aise 'com~

420) : Ser. jeza formerly 'sickness' now 'horror', Pol.j¢Za 'fury, witch', Lett. igt 'feel inward pain, be peevish', tgnis 'peevish person', also ('?) Lat. aeyer.

fort'. NED S.V. NE ill, now preferred to sick in British usage, a specialized use of ill 'bad, evil' (16.72). NED S.V.

Walde-P. 1.9. Berneker 268 f. Bruckner 208. SCr. nemocan. Boh. nemocny (ChSI. nemoclnu for auOEv",~ 'weak J) , neg. cpds.

304

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

of """",n, mocny 'mighty, strong' (as sbs. nemOO, nemoc fro mot, moe 'might'; ChS!. nemoltl late for 'sickness'. Jagi6, op. cit. 327). Pol. chury (Boh. chorfJ. churcwY. RUBB. c1woryj 'sickly') : Av. z·ara.- 'wound', OHO sweran 'pain. fester. swell'. OHO .b. ....,.0 'pain. sore, boil' (NHG goachwUr), etc. Berneker 409. Brilckner 183. 7. Skt. aBrJaBlha- (hence sb. t18I148Ihya,. 'sickness'). neg. cpd. of IIIJa8lha,. 'well' (4.84). Skt. atura-, cpd. of prefix 4- and tura'hurt' (RV) : Grk . .,!pc.> 'rub, exhaust', Lat. were 'rub'. etc. Walde-Po 1.728 f. Skt. oylldhi- 'sickness', lit. 'displace-

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

ment·. cpd. of ui-4- and dh.ii- 'place. put'. Uhlenbeck 299. Skt. roga- 'sickness' (hence ragin-, rogaria- 'sick') J also ru.j- 'pain, sickness' : ~ 'break. cause pain'. Lat. lag.... 'mourn'. etc. Walde-Po 2.412. WaldeR. 1.830. Av. banta... pass. pple. of ban- 'be sick' in caus. banaya- 'make sick' (also bazda-. pass. pple. of band- id.) : Ooth. ban,ja. ON ben, etc. 'wound', OE bana 'murderer', OHG bano 'death, murderer'. Walde-Po 2.149. Barth. 926. Av. yaska- 'sickness'. perh. for 'yakaka- : Skt. yakfma- 'an emaciating disease, consumption' J further connection

obscure. Walde-Po 1.10. Barth. 1269.

4.85 WOUND (sb.) O.k.

Tpa.OJUIt 1Mor,

c:n-aA.

NG ..Am,~pcLn' Lat. ooln.. It. lorita Fr. _.plaN Sp. MridtJ Rum. rand lr. Nlr. W.

Br.

t:r8cla, med

fIOin• ......0., criadll arcIwU, (tWill, bMw gloao. gouli

Goth.

ON

Dan. Sw.

OE ME NE Du.

OHG MHG NHO

bonja dr, und, ben ..,.,. IUIr .,.tId. ben

Lith. Lett.

Jaiada, rona

ChBI.

...",Q

SCr. Boh. PoL RW!O. Bkt.

1DIUItG

Av.

........a ........a

""""" """""

The distinction between a 'wound' resulting from an external blow. and a

'sore' which may result from a wound

or from an internal source. is generally observed. Ilut with some overlapping or shift. The words for 'wound' are mostly from roots denoting 'strike' or

other actions (as 'pierce' or 'tear') from which the wound resulted. But some. without such reference to a caU8&! action and not originally distinguished from 'sore', are connected with notions of 'pain', 'foulness' J etc. 1. Grk. 'Tpavl'a., Dor., Ion. Tpli1P.o.: Ork. T~ ~pierce, wound', T'Tpl,xrIC'" 'wound, harm', Tpe,,,,S 'wounding, injury', TpfM 'rub down, wear out', fro an

extension of IE *I.,... in Ork. "Ipo> 'rub,

dB, Mvtrinuoju'fi'UI ,,",pil, jG%tJtJ, nmo

""'"

rd""

TOM

ra""

........

.......... kto/4-

pierce, distress', TOpOr 'piercing, loud',

Lat. were 'rub'. etc. Walde-Po 1.730. Boisacq 972. Ork. n ... 'wound' (Hom.+). but chie8y 'sore' (so in NT). cf. 1Nc4.4· TP4iJjJ4T4 Hesych.. IAK4u... 'be wounded' : Lat. ulcua 'sore', Skt. QT~ 'hemorrhoids'. Walde-Po 1.160. Ernout-M. 1120. Ork. wT..A~ 'wound' (Hom.. Hipp.) and lscar' (fr. *Ofo.Tf.Mi, cf. 'Yo.TuAIU· OV}.al Hesych.; 01JT1u.J the regular Hom. vb. for 'wound' clearly belongs here. though the ov is unexplained): Lett. IIIIlB 'wound', Lith. votis 'ulcer, boil' fro IE 'w/l- beside 'wen- in OE wund. etc. (below. 4). Walde-Po 1.211. Solmsen, Unters. 298 f. J

mental). deriv. of ""ina 'fault, blame' : Lith. vainoti 'scold', CbSl. vioo 'accusa.tion'. etc. Miihl.-Endz. 4.438 f. 6. ChS!. strupll (Lk. 10.34 renders Tp4iJjJ4 Mar.• Glag.; jazva Sav.). cf. Ru.... Bulg. strup 'scab'. Po!. strup 'scurf'. etc., prob.: Ork. ~Irros 'filth· ~vr&.> 'make foul'. IE ·STeup-. WaldeP. 2.703. (Otherwise Brilckner 521, but ??). ChS!. jazva (also 'blow' and 'plague') = Russ. jazva 'cleft, wound, ulcer', Bulg. jazva 'wound', Boh. jiJva 'scar, wound' : OPruse. ey8WO 'wound', Lett. aiza 'crack (in the ice)'. Lith. ailyti 'husk', etc., further connections dub.

Berneker 276 f. Walde-Po 1.9.

ChS!. rana (also 'blow' and 'plague'), etc .• the modern Slavic words: Skt. vra~- 'wound, sore, flaw', Alb.

'wound', fro a root

varre

-wer- meaning 'tear'

or the like(?). Walde-Po 1.286. For distribution of the three preceWDg ChS!. words see Jagi6. Entstehungsgesch.392. 7. Skt. vra1}a-: ChS!. rana. etc. (above. 6). Skt. kfata-, fro ~an- 'wound, injure' : Ork. ( Lett. ar8M1). fro OHO arzijl. etc. 'physician' (4.87). with form inftuenced by l4chenOn. etc. (above). Weigand-H. 1.90. 5. Lith. gydyti (perfect. iBgydyts). Lett. dziedet, dziediniit : Lith.gyti, Lett. tint (intr.) 'heal over', fro the root -g"'ei- in Lith. gyvas 'alive', gyventi 'live'. etc. (4.74). Walde-P.2.668. Lett. iir8lit. fro MLG ar8ten (above. 4). 6. ChS!. dliti. RUBB. celi!'. fr. ChSl. dill. etc .• 'whole. well' (4.83). Late ChS!. lUiti. UkOllali, SCr. lijeliti, Boh. INJiti. Po!. !eczy~. Russ. !elil' fro CbS!. Ilktl. etc. 'remedy' (cf. also Ukan

30S

SELECTED IND()..EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

'physician'), e&l'ly Slavic borrowing from the Gmc. group in Goth. Uki1iOO, etc. (above, 4). Berneker 710. StenderPetersen 330 f. Boh. lwjiti, Pol. gait = sCr. gojiti 'care fOf, rear', caus. to CbSl. liti, etc. 'live', (4.74.) W&lde-P.2.66S. Berneker 319.

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

7. Skt. bhifOJ- (only RV S.79.1), and bhi,ajya,. (fr. bhifOJ- 'physician'), Av. bilaz.., etym.? W&lde-P. 2.449. Ba.rth. 966f. Skt. cikitBa- 'aim at, care for, etc. JJ then a.\so 'treat medic&lly, cure' (cf. a.\so cikitsii- 'medic&l practice'), desiderative of cit- 'perceive, intend, attend to, etc.'

4.87 PHYSICIAN Gr! It. medico, OFr. mie, miege; and learned borrowings Sp. mhiico, Rum. medic; Fr. mh:lecin, back formation to mfdecine 'medicine', 4.88), also poet. and late Lat. medens pple. : meden 'cure' (4.86). 3. Ir. Iwig, NIr. lioigh, prob. fr. ·zep-agi- 'conjurer' : W. UeJ'voice', MW llefein 'cry', Br. le1Jv 'groan', Skt. ia7>'chatter, talk, whisper', etc. Hence prob. (though also disputed) the Gmc.

310

SCr. Boh. Skt.

fI1Jdytojaa Or.1I ball;;• ...aI!!. Uk ODan. l.os 'toil, moil', Lat. 1TWles 'large mass', molestu8 'trouble-

some'. Walde-Po 2.302. Feist 9. Weigand-H. 2.225, 227. Dan. trret, Sw. trOtt - (NIce!. preytlur also 'tired') ON preyttr 'exhausted, worn out', pple. of preyta 'strive, etruggle, exert one's strength', denoro. of praut 'struggle, exertion' : ChS!. trodol 'toil, exertion, hardship', truditi 'labor,

become tired' (etc.. below, 6), Lat. trildere 'thrust, press', IE *treud- prob. extension of *ter- in Grk. TE!pw, etc.

·rub'. Walde-P.1.755. Falk-Torp 1294. Hellquist 1238.

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

ble' or 'pregnant'), all derivs. of ChS!. truel1l, Ber., Pol. trud 'toil, exertion', etc. (Bee under Dan. Iroot, above, 4). SC. umoran, fro umoriti 'tire, kill' = ChS!. umoriti 'kill' (4.76). Berneker 2.80. Boh. unaveny fro unamti 'tire, fatigue', cpd. of namti id., fro nyti 'waste away, languish' : ChS!. -nyti 'be sluggish', Lith.

breath',

trans.; rell. 'get tired'), this (not: Fr. C/J8SeT 'break' fro Lat. quassl1.re 'shake', as Diez 91, REW 6939, but) = It. cansare 'avoid', fro Lat. camp8are 'turn aside

'intoxicating

drink', MIr. tam ·death'.

Walde-Po 1.720. 7. Skt. "am- 'get tired', pple. "Ilmta'tired', also /clam., kldmea,. id. : Ir. clam ·Ieprous·. W. c/of, Br. klaf'w 'sick' (4.83). Walde-Po 1.498. Skt. khid- ·tear. preBS'. pple. khinna'oppressed, exhausted, tired', perh.: Lat. caedere 'cut, beat, strike down'. Walde-Po 2.538.

313

315

4.92 LAZY An... 4......

Grk. NG Lat.

piger, igndwl

It.

pigro, infingardo

Fr. Sp. Rum.

Imef. trlnd Fr. pare8se, Sp. pareza id., whence adj. Fr. pare...""" Sp. perez080 ·Iazy'. REW

tingw, vangtu (,lin.ltas)

doiten, l4d

Lett. ChSI. SCr. Boh. Pol. RUM.

Bkt. Av.

lcatr., .linkl, laiab Un/l lijm I..... ""i~ kmiwy ltnivyj alasa-. manda......oik-

witb faire and nront), fro It. fingere, Fr. feindre 'feign' (OFr. sm.feindre 'be lazy'), fro Lat. jingBTe 'form, shape' but in the

transferred sense 'contrive, feign' (as commonly the pple. jictus 'feigned, false'). REW 3313. Gamillscheg 403. Rum. lene,fr. lene 'laziness', fro Slavic, CbS!. lbol. etc. 'Iaziness': lbool 'Iazy' (below, 6). Rum. trtndav, fro Irtnd 'slow, ponderous', fro Slavic, cf. ChSI. Irqdol name of some disease (Po!. trqd ·Ieprosy. scurf', Boh. trud ·pimples'). Tiktin 1650. Densusianu 254. 3. Ir.lese, NIr.leisceamhail (cpd. with amhail'like, as') : W.llesg 'weak, feeble, faint'. perh. from 'legh-.ko- fro the root 'legh- ·Iie'. Walde-Po 2.425. Walde-H. 1.768. Otherwise (: ON lpskr 'slack') Pedersen 1.147, Falk-Torp 625. W. diog. Br. diek, cf. OCorn. diauc g!. 'egnem, cpd. of neg. die, second part : Lat. Ocior 'swifter', Grk. Skt. aru·swift·. Walde-P.1.172. Pedersen 1.48. Br. lezirek, fro MBr. lezir fro Fr. loi8ir ·Ieisure'. Henry 185. 4. Goth. lats, ON lair, Dan. lad, Sw. 6493. lat, OHG, MHG las, MHG lezzi It.• Sp. calvo, Fr. chauve) : Av. kauroa-. NPers. kol 'bald'. Skt. ali-kulaa-. -ktllva- 'entirely bald'. prob. also. Skt. kholati-. khalvllta- 'baldheaded'. Wald...P. 1.447. Ernout-M. 137. Walde-H. 1.144. Sp. peldn. fro pelo 'hair' (4.14). 5. Lith. plikos. Lett. plike (also through ironical use of 'hairy' for the opposite. or through a derogatory sense 'naked'). ChSI. plMio!l. SCr. pleifiv. Boh. pleifi"1J. pldaty. Russ. pleifisyj (also common alike to 'hairy' and 'bald·(?). Rum. chel. fro Turk. kel 'bald'. La- Lith. pleikas 'bald spot'. Lett. plaikums kotsch 1152. 'spot') : Lith. plynas 'plain, even, Rum. plefUV. fro the Slavic. cf. ChSI. smooth', plyne 'plain, open field', Norw. plUivil. etc. (below. 6). dial. fiein 'hald. naked'. Sw. dial. fle1I, 3. Jr. mael (also 'dull. without horns'). 'naked', but further root connection dub. NIr. mao!. W. moel (OW mail 'muti- Walde-Po 2.93. Milhl.-Endz. 3.344. lum·). Br. moaI. perh. (as ·mai-I08) fro Falk-Torp 235.

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

ChSI. plMivil. above. 5. SCr. 6elao. fro Turk. kel id. (cf. above. 2. Rum. chell. 7. Skt. kholati-. Av. kourva-: Lat. calt1U8, above, 2. Skt. mu1J4a- 'with shaven head' (also 'hornless. blunt'). perh.: Skt. mrd'crush. rub'. etc. Wald...P. 2.288 (287).

Goth. ON

x~".,

The words listed are those used primarily for 'lame' in the leg or foot (as in NE he is lame). but most of them are or were also used for 'lame' in wider sense, 'crippled' in any limb. They are from diverse notions such as

NG

5. Lith. lingua : ChS!. lelVo1l 'heavy'. tw08ti (deriv. of .4tJiI) 'weight'. ON pungr 'heavy'. etc. Walde-Po 1.726. Lith. oangua: vengti 'shun'. OHG winchen. MHG winken 'move aside. waver'. OHG wonkan. NHG wonken 'rock. waver'. etc. Wald...P. 1.218.260. Milbl.-End•. 3.470. Lett. katr. : kavet 'delay. tarry'. this possibly ('reflect. ponder' > 'hesitate. delay') : Lat. cavere 'heed. take care'. Grk. .0&. 'notice'. etc. Wald...P. 1.370. Miihl.-Endz. 2.338. Lett. laieks : laist 'let go'. etc .• Lith. leieti 'let. permit' (: Goth. lel4n. etc .• ahove. 4; see 19.47). Miihl.-Endz.2.411. Lith. 81inkas (Buga. KZ 52.296; not in Kurschat. Lalis. but cf. alinka 'sluggard'; 8lankus 'slow. lazy' in BuschChowskas). Lett. alinka: Lith. 81inkti 'crawl, slink', OE slingan 'wind, crawl', etc. Walde-Po 2.714. Miihl.-Endz. 3.933.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

eml 'thin, slender',

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. Nlr. W. Br.

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

dub.• perh. as Gmc . • /Uu,.ja- : .h/ew-ain Du. lauw. OHG lao. NHG lau 'tepid'. etc .• fro IE .Ideu-. extension of .tiel- in Lat. calid... 'warm'. etc. Franck-v. W. 400f. (372). Wald...P. 2.709 (1.430). Otherwise Falk-Torp 680.

319

co""' 'hip. hipbone'. REW 2292a. Er- 'hand'. Ernout-M. 585 .• Wald...H. 2.23. nout-M. 226. Rum. fChiap fro VLat. clopp... 'lame' (gl.). cf. ·cloppicltre in Fr. clocher. Provo clopchar 'limp'. Alb. 8hqep 'lame'. prob. of imitative orig. Ernout-M. 199. Wald...H. 1.237. REW 1997. Pu"ariu 1550. 3. Jr. lose. etym. dub .• perh. : Grk. >.at#s, in Hom. 'dull, blunt' Walde-Po 2.190 (cf. above. 3). (KJN#. /J!M' 'blunt missile') and 'mute. ON dau,fr. OE diof. OHG toub. etc .• noiseless' (.wi'll" ~ 'with noiseless general Gmc. ("m most cases also in the wave'), later both 'dumb' and 'deaf' (so sense of 'dull, slow' of mind or body; still in NT). but NG KOU#S only 'deaf'. Goth. only in this sense, daubata hoirtiJ prob. : "'l'1>lI. 'drone', CbBl. chabiti 'dulled heart'. Mk. 8.17) : ON dey/a 'spoil'. pochaW 'foolish', Boh. ochabiti 'blunt. stupefy', dofinn 'dull. drowsy' 'make loose, weak'. Walde-Po 1.348. (Dan. doosn 'laBy' 4.92). MHG tuuben Boisacq 452. 'stupefy', etc. J Ork. ~ 'raise a smoke, 2. Lat. 8UTdUoB (> Romance words) stupefy with smoke'. rlX/>Ms 'blind' also 'dull (of sound), indistinct (also of (4.97). etc .• here also Goth. dumb. smell and color). inaudible'. prob. (as 'dumb', etc., OHG tumb 'stupid, dumb, orig. 'indistinct' of sound) fro the root in deaf' (4.96). fro *deu-bh- extension of IE 8UBUT1'UB 'muttering, whisper', 8U8WTare *dJ&eu,.. in Skt. dha- 'shake', dhu:ma~ 'va'hum, mutter, whisper', Skt. 8IfaT- por, smoke', Grk. fJOOJ 'rush, rage' and 'sound'. ON avarra 'roar'. Walde-Po numerous other formations, with a com2.528. Ernout-M. 1007. mon notion of 'whirling, rapid, dizzy 3. Ir. bodar, NIr. bodhar, W. byddar, motion', applied to various physical and Br. bouzar, prob. (with IE 0) : Skt. mental phenomena, and including some

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

etc.. 'deaf' (4.95). Walde-Po 1.840. Feist 129. Goth. ba...,. 'deaf' (4.95) once (Mt. 9.32). also for "'-'>#s as 'dumb'. Du. atom (MLG Blum > Dan., Sw. stum), OHG. MHG Blum, NHG .tumm : OHG .tam(m)alon. MHG stammeln. ON stama, OE Blamarian 'stammer'. Lett. BIuomiti.. 'stammer, stumble. stop', 8tUmt 'push', Lith. Btumti 'shove'. Walde-Po 2.626. FaIk-Torp 1189 f. 5. Lith. nebyly.. neg. cpd., second part : byloti formerly the common word for 'speak' (18.21).

words for 'deaf'. 'dumb'. and 'blind'. WaIde-Po 1.840. Falk-Torp 179. 5. Lith. kurCias, kurlinas, Lett. kurIB. kuma : ChSI. krtlntl 'having a mutilated ear or nose' (cf. also Russ. kur"1l""llj 'short-tailed', Ukr. kur-rwsyj 'snubnosed'). prob. also Av. karona- 'deaf'. Skt. kaN}/l- 'short-ea.red·. all with common notion of mutilated and presumably fro IE ·(8)k.... 'cut'. Mnhl.-Ends.2.323. Berneker 669.

gludIDj

The common words for 'deaf' are not from such a logical source as 'not h .......

322

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

Lith. beladiB. cpd. of privative prefix be- and lada8 'voice, sound'. Lett. mlms, prob. fr. an imitative syllable me- (like *no.... in Lat. mlltUo8. etc .• above. 2). Mnhl.-Endz. 2.615 f. 6. ChSI. nhntl. etc .• general Slavic. prob. by dissimilation of *mhntl : Lett. memo (above). or. in anyc ..... of similar imitative orig. Schulze. KZ 50.129. Griinenthal. Arch. sl. Ph. 39.290 f. 7. Skt. maka-: Lat. m1ltus. etc. (above. 2). Av. aJratJaOla... neg. cpd .• second part : fra-val.- 'speak out. announce'. Barth. 101.

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W.

Br.

-.-

4.96 Goth.

m1U..

ON Dan.

muto, mutolo

Bw.

m .... mudo

OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

(Jo»tJ"',,.,...,.,,6r

mut amlabar, balb balM mud mud

321

6. CbBl. gluchtl. etc .• general Slavic. outside connections? Berneker 308. 309. BrUckner 145 (unconvincing). 7. Skt. bodhira- : Ir. bodar (above. 3) . Av. karona- (so NPers. kar 'deaf'). see above. 5 and Barth.• IF 3.169. Av. asru.l-gaola-.lit. 'having unhearing ears' (cpd. of a- privative with STu'hear' and gaola- 'ear'). Barth. 223.

DUMB

d"""". dumbr

.... ....m

""up,

..

Lith.

Lett.

ChSl. SCr.

dumb ciumb dumb

Boh. Pol.

....... (tumb) "um(tump)

Av•

.....

RuBS. Bkt.

..........

Of the words for 'dumb'. only a few are from such a. logical source as 'not speaking'. Some are from the general notion of 'dull', with the same word or cognates used aIso fur 'deaf' (4.95). The majority are from 'stammer' or the like. most of these being of imitative origin. 1. Grk. KJN#.. same as for 'deaf' (4.95). Grk. a.".,... (often merely 'silent'. but also 'dumb'), neg. cpd. of ~ 'voice'. Late Grk. fJ/J6s (quotable as 'dumb' from Plut., etc .• in Hesych. 'lame'). common in Byz. Grk .• NG fjou/30" prob. in origin a mere derogatory epithet of the same type as Sp. bobo 'stupid'. NE boob. booby. OFr. bobu 'simpleton'. etc. G. Meyer. IF 6.109. NG ~'IJ'Y'Y6s. see below. 2. 2. Lat. mlltUo8 (> It. muto. Sp. mude. Rum. mH!. OFr. mu; derivs. It. mutolo. Fr. mUlt). fro the imitative syllable mil.

......

noby/Y" bdadU

nlmll nijem nlmll 11._11

..-.....wi

af-

sound made with closed lips (cf. non Jat:ere mu 'say not a. word', Ork. Io'vAa.Xeiv 'mutter'). So also Skt. maka-. Grk. ~...... and the forms of Hesych. ~u&n.

60..

p.v,ros, IlVJIG.pOs, I'VTTOr, """IS, Byz. IJO"'rYOr (Leont. Cypr., 7th cent.). NG IJDIJ'Y'Y6s and Arm. munJ. Walde-Po 2.309 fl. Er-

nout-M. 650. 3. Ir. amlabar. cpd. of neg. a.... and lahar 'loquacious' : W. lIaJar 'speech', Br. lavar 'word', dilavar 'silent, speechless'. Pedersen 2.7. Ir. balb. NIr. balbh. fro Lat. balbus 'stammering' (this sense also in Irish). Vendryes. De hib. vOC. 115. W .• Br. mud fro Lat. mlltUo8. Loth .• Mots lat. 188. 4. Goth. dumb •• ON dumbr, OE-NE dumb, but OHG tumb mostly 'stupid' rarely 'dumb. deaf'. MHG tump 'stupid' rarely 'dumb' (NHG dumm in LG form). fro a nasal form of the root in ON dau,fT.

PARTS OF THE BODY; BODILY FUNCTIONS AND CONDITIONS

323

blpti 'go astray', etc.

Walde-Po 2.216. FaIk-Torp 82. Feist 100. 5. Lith. aklas. Lett. ak/s apparently fro the name of the affected organ. Lith. am.. Lett. acs 'eye' (4.21). Muhl.-Endz. 1.63. Walde-Po 1.34. Lett. neredz148, neg. cpd.• second part : redzit 'see'. 6. ChSI. sUpil, etc .• general Slavic (cf. also vb. CbBl. O8lipnqti. OBoh. 08lnUti 'make blind') outside connections? MikIosich 307. Bruckner 531. 7. Skt. andho-. Av. anda-, cf. Ved. andho- 'darkness'. perh.: Lat. umbra 'shade'. Walde-Po 1.182. Ernout-M. 1123.

found'. fro °dhwel-, extension of *dliev.also in Grk. ruMs 'blind'. ON dau,fr 'deaf'. etc. (4.95). Walde-Po 1.842. Pedersen 1.60. MIr. goll (secondary media). OIr. coU (once. Thes. 1.236.3 gl. 'Iuscum' but prob. 'blind'). perh. : Skt. kaf)/l 'perforated. one-eyed'. Grk. ..~~a.· IJDI'i1t/>8«~­ p.os Hesych.. root .keJ,. 'prick·(?). Walde-Po 1.436. Pedersen 1.157. NIr. caoch : Lat. CatcUoB (above, 2). 4. Goth. blinds, etc .• general Gmc .• prob. (&8 'confused. troubled'. cf. Ir. dali. Grk. ruMs. etc.) : Goth. blandan 'mix with'. ON blanda. OE blandan. OHG blaatan 'mix, trouble'. ChSI. bl¢Ms. also of objects 'dim. obscure' : rfItp.. 'stupefy with smoke'. Goth. dau,f. 'insensible' (of the heart), ON dau,fr 'deaf' (4.95). Walde-Po 1.840. NG urpafJOs 'crooked' (12. 74). also (through 'squint-eyed') 'blind'. 2. Lat. caecus (> It. cieco. Sp. ciego) : Ir. casch 'one-eyed'. 'squinting. blind' (K. Meyer, Contrib. 297), NIr. caoch 'blind. dim-eyed' ('blind' by inftuence of Latin?), W. coeg 'empty. foolish' (coeg-

SOr.

akIaa okla, .....edzig. .llpil alij."

Bob.

.lrpY

Lett.

Pol. ilrpy R...../rpoj Skt. Av. _ondha-

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W.

ddall 'half blind'), Goth. hoihs 'oneeyed', cf. Skt. kekara- 'squinting'. Walde-Po 1.328. Ernout-M. 128. Walde-H. 1.129. It. orbo (but also 'bereft. orphaned'). OFr.• Rum. orb, fro Lat. orbUo8 'bereft. deprived', with late Lat. specialization fro phrases like orbUoB lumine. perh ...... sisted by association with orbiB in the sense of 'eye'. Ernout-M. 710. REW 6086. Fr. ave"llk. OIt. lllJOColo. fro a late Lat. *ab-cculUoB, a medical term like and prob. modelled on Byz. 4r6~~.ros 'blind'. REW 33. Wartburg 1.7. 3. Ir.. W.. Br. dali. prob.: Goth. dwals 'silly'. OE dol. OHG to! 'foolish'. Grk. 80M. 'mud, dirt' (esp. in water), 8ow... 'make turbid (of water). con-

Br.

4.98 DRUNK druukana

""",.,a.._

Goth. ON

i!bri.. (ob)lriI It. (ub)briaco). obviously related to its opposite BObri... 'sober', both presumably cpde. with a common second part. but this, and consequently the precise analysis, is entirely obscure. Ernout-M. 292. Walde-H. 1.387 f. REW 2818. 2820. Sp. barracho. as sb. 'drunkard', orig. a facetious epithet 'wine flask'. mase. to

324

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

burracha 'leather wine ftw' (= It. borraccia. of dub. orig.• REW 1411). Sp. beodo. Rum. beat. fro Lat. bibil... 'drunk' pple. of biber. 'drink'. REW

let. :mtudes. 438). Boh. apilY. lpily (pples.) : ChS!. pili. etc. 'drink'. 7. Skt. malta- 'drunk'. pple. of mad'be drunk. rejoice' = Av. rna&- 'get drunk' (pple. mtJ8Ia- happens not to be quotable in this sense. but cf. NPers. mtJ8I 'drunk') : Lat. 17IIUUre 'be wet'. also 'be drunk' (whence madid... 'wet. soaked. drunk'; mattm. Petro Sat. 41 and in glossee 'drunk' fro *maditm). Grk. I'd"'" 'be moist. ftaccid' (of a disease of fig treee). 'fall out' (of hair), I'dopbs 'wet'. Walde-Po 2.230 f. Walde-H. 2.6f. Ernout-M. 578 reject the connection between the Latin (and Greek) and the Indo-Iranian forms. on formal and semantic grounds. But the Skt. mandforms make no serious difficulty. and on the semantic side. the secondary sense of 'be drunk' which appears in Latin (cf. also U.S. slang 800ked) may well have developed in part in the IE period, and prevailed to the exclusion of 'be wet' in the Indo-Iranian period. with some new extension in Sanskrit ('be e:xhilarated • glad'). Separation seems entirely uncalled for.

1080. 3. Ir. meBC. NIr. mei&coamhail (cpd. with amhail 'like'). W. IlUiddw. Br. 1n6ZO, see above, 1. 4. Goth. drugkam (I Cor. 11.21). OE

druncan etc .• the regular Gmc. expression. pples. of Goth. drigkan. OE drincan, etc. 'drink'. ON plr. later plvallr. fro pi 'ale. beer' (5.92). Dan. fuld. Sw. fuU (so also NIce!' fullur. Scotch fou. and NE slang f!JU). lit. 'full (of strong drink)'. 5. Lith. girtas (old pple.. Leskien. Ablaut 326). pa8igerp. Lett. piedzeriU (pples. of reB. perfect. forms) : Lith. gerli. Lett. dzert 'drink'. Lett. pil.... lit. 'full'. but also 'drunk' (like Dan. fuld. etc .• above). Miih!.Endz. 3.216.

6. ChS!. pijaml (deriv. ptjanica 6 JUfJMt. 24.49). SCr. pijan. Po!. pijany. Russ. p'janyj (old mid. pple.? Cf. Meil-

•w"

4.99 NAKED,BARE Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir.

NIr.

w.

Br.

>.~

Goth.

"(upOr, -y3vpils ..1ld..

ON

nUllo, ignudo ..u

danudo gal neIit;1omm neIit;iom ...u.;lIwm

.....

Dan• Sw.

OE ME NE Du.

_/"

~r, nqIdr; berr ft/I/medere (> Sp., Port. comer) cpd. of odore. Lat. maMmare 'chew' (beside older mandere), used colloq. for 'eat' and freq. in this sense from Varro on (esp. Petronius, Peregrinatio, Itala, etc.). Hence OIt. manicare, Fr. manger (> It.

mangiare), Rum. mtnca, etc. Ernout-M.

585. Walde-H. 2.24. REW 5292. 4. Ir. ithim : Skt. pit.... 'food, drink', ChS!. pitlti 'feed', etc. (5.12). Pedersen 2.559. W. bwyta, fro bwyd 'food' (5.12). Br. dibri, MDr. dibriJ!, OBr. sb. diprim 'food', Corn. dibry., prob. fro a cpd. "di-prim-: NIr. creimim 'gnaw, chew' (Ir. vb!. n. creim, K. Meyer, Contrib. 511). Henry 95. Loth, Vocab. vieux-breton 105. (Otherwise, but to be rejected, Pedersen 1.111). 5. Goth. matjan (more common than itan), fro malo 'food' (5.12). Dan. spise, fro sb. Bpi.., loanword fro MLG Bpise 'food' (5.12). As the polite term this has displaced the old tBde (above, 1), as NHG opeisen has encroached on essen, but without displacing it (Kretschmer, Wortgeogr. 469).

Grk.

TfJ04J/t, ppt;,pc, ....., ,i.,L_

NG

'f'(KJ(/II"~,,L

Lat. It.

Fr. Bp. Rum.

Ir. NIr.

FOOD AND DRINK; COOKING AND UTENSILS

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

328

dbw, "ca, penua, etc. ClOo, mongiare, rN.to nourriture, aliment alimento, comida hron4, mtncare biatl, hlare biadk

W.

bwyd

Br.

b«l

Goth.

ON

Da.n. Sw.

OE ME NE Du.

OHG

6. Lith. IIalgyti (displacing "ti, above, 1), fro valgi. 'food, meal' (5.12). 7. Russ. kuBat', polite term 'partake of' food or drink : ChS!. = kusiti'taste', etc. (15.31). 8. Skt. ar- 'eat, devour', etym. dub. Walde-P.1.112. Skt. bhuj- 'enjoy', esp. 'enjoy food, eat', prob. : Lat. fungi 'be engaged in, perform'. Walde-H. 1.566 (with refs.). Skt. ghas-, Av. gal&- 'eat, devour' (Av.onlyofevil beings), etym.? WaldeP. 1.640. Barth. 517. Skt. kMd- 'chew', colloq. for 'eat' and in MIndic mostly displacing ad-. Wackernagel-Debrunner, KZ 67.158. Av. :£"ar- 'consume, eat or drink' (cf. NPers. zurdan, the reg. word for 'eat') points to a root *swer- or *8Wel-, and under the latter head may be connected with the Gmc. group, OE swelgan 'swallow', NE swallow, etc. Walde-P.2.530. Barth. 1865 f. For 'eat' fro 'swallow', cf. Grk. (J It. cibo 'food', but Sp. cebo 'fodder'), etym. dub. EmoutM. 183. Walde-H. 1.210. Lat. penus 'food supply, provisions' : Lith. penas 'food, fodder', peneli 'feed, fatten'. Walde-Po 2.25. Ernout-M. 753 f. Lat. alimentum (> It., Sp. alimento,

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

(cf. Lith. _algi., below, 7); odr .•me 'knead'. ,,4'Y'" "4.r,,.. 'kneadingtrough', Br. meta 'knead', ChSI. mazati 'smear, anoint', etc. Walde-P. 2.226. Hence ".'Y&pOf was olig. the 'kneader' of bread, etc. But cf. Meillet. BSL 33.41. 3. Sp. guisar 'arrange, prepare' J but esp. 'prepare food, cook', fro gui8a 'manner', loanword fro Gmc. UiiBa (NHG weise) 'manaer'. REW 9555. Rum. glUi 'make ready, prepare',

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Skt. pac-. The otber words for this are mostly tbe same as tbose for tbe intransitive 'boil' (10.31). used transitively, or made traneitive as Fr. fair. bouiller. OE wiellan. caus. of weallan. The few otbers are as follows: 1. Grk. IV-., (only 'cook by boiling' vs. iio> 'boil' intr.) : Arm. eplr.em 'boil', furtber connections unknown. Walde-P. 1.124. In latsr Greek 'cook' and tben 'roast, bake' (5.23). 2. It. leaBare fro late Lat. ilizare, fro Lat. I-lixus 'tboroughly boiled' : Lat. liquOre 'be fluid'. Ernout-M. 556. REW2848. 5.23. Words belonging under IE Opek"- 'cook' (5.21) may also serve for the specific 'roast', and in Balto-Slavic are used only for 'roast' or 'bake'.

Most of tbe words listed cover also 'fry', 'broil', 'grill', and 'toast'. Some specific words for 'fry' are added, separated by a semicolon if clearly differentiated. 1. Grk. 6rroiw (used of all kinds of cooking by means of fire or dry heat as opposed to ""'" 'boil'). fro 6rrln 'roasted. baked'. this prob. (though not generally accepted) fro °t;pfcw-to- (opek"_), like 6;.. 'branch' fro °o_rdo- (·.00- 'sit'). Prellwitz 364. Boisacq 708 (adversely). Grk. ~p6-y.. ; Lat. f7igere. whence It. friggere, Fr. frire (> Br. !rita, ME fry_ [> W . .!friol, NE fry), Sp. frBir. Rum. frige; Skt. bhrajj-, all witb various exteneions of ·bher-, prob. the same as in Lat. fertllre 'boil', etc. Walde-P. 2.165 ff. Ernout-M. 390. Walde-H. I.MS. • Grk. ~.. : ON baka, OE bacan, OHG backan 'bake', etc. fro an extension of °blol- in OHG Men, NHG bahen 'softsn by warm applications' and 'toast (bread)" OE basp 'bath', etc. Walde-P. 2.187. Falk-Torp 42.

'roast' or 'bake' : Grk.

whence also 'dress' and esp. 'prepare food. cook', fro gata 'ready', loanword fro Slavic, SCr. gotwi1, etc. 'ready' (14.29). Rum. bucdtar 'a cook', buc4tdrie 'kitchen', fro bucat Sp. asar), late deriv. of tJ88U8 'roasted'· : Lat. 4rere 'be dry' J Gr. 4i.. 'dry up', Skt. asa- 'ashes, dust'. etc. Ernout-M. 80. Walde-H. 1.65. REW716. It. arrOBtire, OFr. rolftir (> ME r..te, NE roast [> NIr. ro.taim, W. rhoatiol. Br. r..ta). Fr. r6tir. all fro Gmc .• OHG r_n, etc. (below. 4). REW 7098.

Rum. prdji, fro Slavic, CbSl. praiiti,

etc. (below, 5). 3. Ir.!o-no- general 'cook' (5.21), but MIr. pple. fun,a,itM 'roasted· (cf. Atkinson, Passions and Homilies 714). NIr. g7i0Bcaim, fro grioB, MIr. gr'i8 'fire, embers'. W. CTaBU 'roast, bake, toast', Br. kraza 'dry up, broil'. fr. W. cras 'parched. baked', Br. kraz 'dried uP. broiled', outside connections dub. Henry 80. Loth, Mots lat. 153. Morris Jones 137. 4. ON mikja (witb sb. mik > ME steke, NE steak), Dan. stege, Sw. steka, lit. 'stick' (on a spit) : Gotb. Btike 'point' J OE af:ician 'stick, stab' J etc.

Falk-Torp 1155. Hellquist 1070. OE brlldan. Du. braden, OHG 1m!tan, NHG braten : ON brllda 'melt', OE ImBp 'odor, exhalation' (NE breath), a.ll fro °bhrl- beside °bhrli- in MHG broot

'heat, hatching, brood' (OE brad, NE brood) and ultimately connected with other extensions of °bher_ as in Goth. brinnan 'bum', Lat. !eTfJire 'boil' J etc. Walde-P.2.158. Falk-Torp 96. OE hyrstan. OHG harstan. fro OE kyrBte, OHG harBt 'gridiron' (OE hearsteponne 'frying-pan'): Litb. karitas 'hot'. leurti 'to heat', ON hyrr 'fire', etc. Walde-P. 1.418. OHG r_n. MHG rlBBten, NHG rOBten, Du. roosten. fro OHG rolft, etc. 'gridiron'. Weigand-H. 2.610. FranckV.

W. 560.

339

apparent from tbe object (as 'bread') or directly expreseed by a phrase (as It. in foroo); or words ueed for botb 'roast' and 'bake', which are very commonly un-

differentiated. Among tbe derivatives of IE °pek"_. the Balto-Slavic forms mean 'roast' and 'bake', but Russ. pe~' now only 'bake' j and 'bake' is dominant in Gr. 7l'WtTIIJ,

Rum. coace, W. pobi, Br. poba. 5.242. Words for 'baker' are derived from the words for 'bake' or from those for 'bread' or 'oven'.

From 'bake', OE baseere. NE baker, 5. Litb. spirginti. ChSI. praim', SCr. priiti, Boh. praiiti: Litb. sprageti OE base..tre (orig. fem.). NE dial. ba:cter, 'crackle', sprogti 'burst, explode', Skt. NHG backer, etc.; NIr. f"inneadOir. W. spkurj- 'crackle. rumble', Lat. eporgere pobydd; Litb. /repejll8, SCr. pekar, Russ. 'scattsr, strew', etc. Walde-P. 2.673. pekar', etc. From 'bread' (5.51) Gr. 4_«6.... Bruckner 434. Boh. .....mt;, Pol. 8m4lyt : Boh. """'" (-.o.ro. : ..~_), 4_.-..In, NG """,,,a.; 'fire, brand', """"'111 'dried up', CbSl. Sp. ponadero; NIr. ar4noir(?). So Fr. 877UJIIlil 'dark colored', outside connec- lwulanger, OFr. bolenc, formed fr. a tions? Bruckner 502 compares Litb. MLG bolle 'round cake', this prob. fro smogis 'blow' J smogti, smagiu 'strike', It. bolla, Lat. bulla 'knob' . Wartburg 1.427 If. Rum. brutar, fro brut used of but semantic relation? Russ. iant', fr. tar 'heat, glow': coarse, black bread (loanword fro NHG brat, Tiktin 229). ChSI. gorlti, etc. 'burn' (1.84). From 'oven' (5.25). Lats Lat. fumll5.24. Most of the words for 'bake' riUB (earlier f"rnIlria 'baker's trade'), have been discussed under 'cook' or NG 06,.,_., Sp. hornero, It. fornaio. 'roast'. The most distinctive group is REW 3601. the Gmc.. ON baka, OE bacan, etc .• But Lat. pistor, orig. 'miller' (fr. wbich regularly have tbe specific force of pi....... 'pound, crush'), tben tbe reg. 'bake'. but are related to Gr. .....,.. 'roast' word for 'baker'I hence in this sense (5.23). Otbers are tbe general words for OIt. pistore, OFr. peste...... Ernout-M. 'cook'. tbe application to baking being 770. REW 6539.

340

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

FOOD AND DRINK; COOKING AND UTENSILS

5.25 OVEN

5.26 POT

Grk.

l~(,,;\tPCU'Of)

NG

Goth.

auhm

q,ofJpVOf

Lat. It.

!urnus, lomax

ON

DIn

Dan. Sw.

(bage-.......) (bag-, 8teg-)ugn olen

Fr.

lamo jour

Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W. Br.

homo cuptor (."""n./uhu:ht) biicil8

1Jwrn,

popty

I"""

OE ME NE Du. OHG ""'" ovan MHG NHG ""'" (back)olen

Words for 'oven' are derived from verbs for 'bake', from words for 'hot', or are in origin words for some kind of a 'pot' or 'pan' (an earthen pot sunk in coals is the primitive antecedent -of the cooking oven). Several of these words have come to be used for 'stove' (7.32). and then the 'oven' for cooking may be expressed more specifically by a compound. as NHG backofen. 1. From IE 'pekw- (5.21). mostly where the derivs. of this root are used especially for 'bake', Rum. cuptor (Lat. 'coctmum); W. popty. properly 'bakehouse' (ty 'house'); all the BaltaSlavic words, as Lett. ceplis, ChSl. pest!. SCr. pee. Russ. pee' (> Lith. peCius), etc.; Skt. apaka-. 2. Grk. I1rvos, Goth. auhns, ON oin, Dan. ovn, Sw. ugn, OE olen, ME, NE oven, OHG ovan, etc. : Skt. ukhii- 'pot' (for cooking), Lat. aulla, olla 'pot'. These words almost certainly belong together, though their phonetic history is complicated. Walde-Po 1.24 f. ErnoutM. 91 f. Walde-H. 1.84. Falk-Torp 808. Feist 65 f. Grk. K)..t{3avos, (Att. KpT{3avos) in earliest use 'an earthen pot for baking bread', later 'furnace, kiln' and 'oven', an old loanword. perh. related to Goth. hlaifs 'bread'. Walde-Po 1.499. Boisacq 470.

Lith. Lett. ChS!. SOr. Boh. Pol. Russ. Skt.

peCius

uplis peStl pet pee piec pel!

NG

1'.,.01//(11).(

Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W. Br.

4paka-

3. Lat. furnus, Jurnax : Lat. jormus, Grk. 'hot', etc. (15.85). WaldeP. 1.687 IT. Ernout-M. 380. Walde-H. 1.533 f. Hence NG "",uP""" It. forno, Fr. four. Sp. homo; Ir. somn ('furnace, kiln', also 'oven' for cooking?), W. ifwrn, Br. Jorn. Pedersen 1.221. 4. Ir. fulacht 'act of cooking' and 'cooking-pit' (nearest approach to an oven?) : Jo-sligim 'smear over'? Laws, Gloss. 433. NIr. bacus, fro NE bakehouse.

8.p"",

5. Gmc. words, above, 2.

and

xfrrp(l.

La.t. It.

Av.

6. Balta-Slavic above, 1.

Grk.

Skt.

words.

5.26-5.39. Utensils for cooking, eating, and drinking are so multifarious, and so different according to the country

and the period. that only the crudest classification is possible. There are so many kinds of 'pot', 'kettle', 'bowl', etc., and the tenus are so vaguely definable,

that the words grouped under each head are only roughly synonymous and the choice may often seem arbitrary. Noteworthy is the extensive European borrowing of Latin words for such utensils. Several oriental words have passed

through Turkish into the Balkan languages and even further.

hrnek, hrnec, Pol. garnek, Russ. gorsok: Lat. Jurnus 'oven', Skt. ghT1)a-, gharma'heat', Grk. OEPP.OS 'hot', ChSl. gorlti 'burn', etc. Berneker 371. SCr. lonac (Bulg. Urnec, late ChSl. lonlc'). perh. : ChSl. Urno 'bosom, lap'. both from notion of curved shape, and fro *lo"ksno- : Grk. )..EKaV1J 'pot, pan', etc. Walde-Po 1.158. Berneker 732. 7. Skt. kumbha-. Av. xumba- (NPers. xumb) : Grk. KUP.{3M 'vessel, goblet', W.

Walde-Po

2.643. Uhlenbeck 347. Av. diilta- : Av. diz- 'heap up', Skt. dih- 'smear', Lat. fingere 'form, mould', hence 'earthen pot'. Walde-Po 1.833. Barth. 747.

5.27 KETTLE >..ttJ'IS, xa)"lIlol1

NG

-riPT"tfPE5

Lat. It.

leMs, caldaria (late) paiuolo, caldaia bouilloire, ckaudron caldera, perol

Fr. Sp. Rwn. Ir. NIr. W. Br.

cdlda" coire, scabolt citeal (caire, soobhal) crochan (calun', pair) /woW

Goth.

katile (gen. pI.)

ON Dan.

ketill, /werr "'de! kitk! celel, hwer kettel

Sw.

OE ME NE keltk kdel Du. OHG chezzil MHG NHG kes ...

kez,"

The words listed under 'pot' (5.26) may include pots for boiling. Here under 'kettle' are added those that are applied more specifically to vessels for

boiling. usually of metal. 1. Grk. X!/3~' (> Lat. leM.) , of unknown source, prob. an old loanword

(Aegean?). Boisacq 563. Grk. Xa)..K[OV, fro XGAKbs 'copper', is often 'kettle'. NG TEV'd'EpES, fro Turk. tenC8re 'kettle, stewpan'. So Rum. tingire 'stewpan',

etc. Lokotsch 2066 (without the NG word). 2. Late Lat. caldaria. fro Lat. caldus 'hot' (15.85). Hence It. caldaia (derivs. calderone 'large kettle', calderoUo 'small kettle'), Fr. chaudiere (deriv. chaudron

Lith. Lett.

ChS!. SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ.

katilas kails

koUlu koiao kotel kocicl kotel

(h)wer

Celtic orig. (cf. W. pair. below, 3). REW 6245. 6246. Fr. bouilloire. fro bouillir 'boil' (5.22). 3. Ir. coire, W. pair (both now 'caldron, boiler'), OCorn. per, ON hverr, OE hwer, OHG (h)wer (cf. Goth. hwairnei 'brainpan, skull') : Skt. caru- 'a kind of pot'. Walde-P.1.518. Pedersen 1.69. Ir. scaball, scabell (,caldron, large cooking pot'; Laws, Gloss. 641), NIr. scabhal. fro Lat. scaphula, dim. of scapha

'small boat' (fr. Grk. uKi1.~ 'trough. tub'). Pedersen 1.236. NIr. citeal. fro NE kettle. Cf. W. tegell. tecell, fro NE teakettle. W. crochan 'pot' (5.26). also com-

REW 1503. It. paiuolo, Sp. perol, fro VLat.

monly used for 'kettle'. 4. Goth. ·/rotil, or ·/rotilu, (only gen. pl. katiT.e quotable). OE cetel. etc .• general Gmc., whence also the Balto-Slavic words. Lith. katilas, ChSl. kotiliJ.. etc., fro Lat. catinus (5.31) a kind of bowl

*pariolum, dim. of ·parium, this of

for food, also (Pliny) a 'crucible' for

'small kettle'), Sp. caldera, Rum. 001dare. also Br. kaoter, W. callor (obs.).

Lith. Lett.

puodas puode griintct

gTyl.a

OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

ChSI. SCr.

crocca, pott potte pot pot hafan haven. topl topl

poUr gryde, potte

1. Grk. XUTpa. fro the root of Grk. xl 'pour' (9.35). NG TaovK!i).." dim. of raoulCa, fro It.

RUBS.

lonac, grnac hrnek, hrmc garndc goraok

Skt.

kumb~,

Av.

slhallxumba-, diSta-

Boh. Pol.

ukhii-,

NHG dial. pott). perh. fro Gmc. ·putta-. IE *budno-, and related to numerous words having the notion of 'swell up'

zucca 'gourd' and 'gourd-shaped vessel'

applied to shape, etc. If so. that is. if in

(a.s sometimes NE gourd. cf. NED s.v.), this fro VLat. cucutia 'a fruit'. G. Meyer, N eugr. Stud. 4.93. REW 2369. 2. Lat. aulla. pop. alla (> OIt. oglia, OFr. oule, Sp. olla. Rum. oalli) : Skt. ukhii- 'pot, boiler', Goth. auhns 'oven', etc. (5.25). Ernout-M. 91 f. Walde-H. 1.84. REW 6059. It. pentola. dim. of It .• Sp. pinta (> Fr. pinte > ME pynt. NE pint 'a liquid measure'), the same word as Sp. pinta 'spot, mark' fro late Lat. pineta for picta 'painted, marked'. REW 6512. Fr. pot (> Sp. pote), fro Gmc.? See below, 4. Fr. marmite, etym. dub. Gamillscheg 593. Bloch 2.45 ("etyro. inconnue"). Sp. pUCMrO, fro Lat. pultarius 'a kind of pot or jar', orig. 'a vessel for pottage', fro puls, pmtis 'pottage made of meal, pulse' : Grk. 'lro)..rO'; 'pottage', 11'"0.1,., 'fine meal', Lat. pollen 'fine flour', etc. Walde-P.2.60. Ernout-M. 785. REW 6840. 3. Ir. crocan, NIr. corcan, W. crochan, fro OE crocca (below, 4). Thurneysen, Keltorom. 97. W. pot fro NE pot. Br. pod. fro Fr. pot. 4. Late OE pott. ME potte. NE pot, Du. pot (MLG pot> late ON pottr. Dan. potte [Sw. potta 'chamber-pot'l.

spite of its late appearance it is a genuine Gmc. word, it is the source of MLat. pottus. Fr. pot (> Sp. pote). But much

melting metals. and also (Vitruv. 10.7) the 'water-tank' of a pumping-engine. The view that it was just in this last use

that the word was first borrowed. and then extended to any metal 'kettle', is propounded in the most recent discus-

disputed. Walde-Po 2.116. Falk-Torp 845. Franck-v. W. 518. REW 6705. NED S.V. pot. ON gryta, Dan. gryde. Sw. gryta, deriv. of ON grim 'stones, gravel, soapstone': OE greot 'sand, gravel' (NE grit). etc. Orig. a pot made of soft stone. FalkTorp 354. HellQuist 305. OE crocca ('earthenware pot', often glosses Lat. olla; NE crock now in specialized use) : OE crog 'small vessel', OHG kruog 'pitcher', etc. (5.34). OE greofa (greoua twice glosses olla) = OHG griobo 'roasting pan', etym.? Falk-Torp 346. 358. OHG hafan, MHG haven (NHG hafen dial. = topf; Kretschmer. Wortgeogr. 531 IT.). lit. 'holder' : Lat. capere 'take', Goth. haJjan 'raise', etc. KlugeG.225. MHG, NHG topf: MLG dop(pe) 'shell, husk', further connection dub.

Falk-Torp 148. Weigand-H. 2.1053. 5. Lith. puoda,. Lett. puods : OE fret 'vessel' (NE vat), ORG vaz 'vessel', ORG JazzOn 'hold, contain', etc. Walde-Po 2.22. Falk-Torp 200. 6. ChSl. grunlc" SCr. grnac. Boh.

343

sian, namely Briich, Kretschmer Festschrift, 6 if. For other discussions, cf.

Feist 308, Walde-H. 1.182. 5. The Skt. and Av. words listed under 'pot' cover in part a 'boiling pot, kettle'.

5.28 PAN Grk.

NG Lat.

Grk.

grfjta,

Dan. Sw.

ON

FOOD AND DRINK; COOKING AND UTENSILS

cwmm 'valley', NE hump, etc. with common notion of curved shape. Walde-Po 1.376. Skt. ukha-, above, 2. Skt. stMl.. : .tha!- 'stand' (Dhatup.). Grk. arE)"1w 'set up', etc.

Goth.

aulla.olla penWla pot, marmite olla, pote, puchero oald ",OC.u:bIj no.TO

Goth. ON

cat'l""" lmaz

Dan. Sw. OE

piaUo plot plato

ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

Jar/-

teac, miae mitu dy.gI

plod

diWi

Lith. Letl. ChBI. SOr. Bch. Pol.

dioh

RUBB.

IJC1aotcl

Ski.

. NO ..'~rol, Sp. plato. ME, NE plate [> NIr. plata, W. platD, fro VLat. plattus, Grk...X~rVt 'flat'. REW 6586. Fr. assieU. (> Br. asim) in OFr. ' .... signment, place' J hence 'assigned portion at table', fro OFr. aseter 'set', VLat. ·aeseditdre : Lat. sedere 'sit'. REW 722. Rum. farfurie, orig. 'porcelain' and,

miaa, bljudo tanjir talif

talm

like similar Slavic words, fro vulg. Turk. far/uri 'porcelain' - faiJluri, fro f..gfur (through Arab. fro Pers. bogpiir, a title of the Chinese emperor). Lokotsch 569. Bemeker 279. 3. Goth. mea, see 5.31. ON diskr, OE, OHG di.., see 5.31. Du. bord 'plate' and 'board': OE bard 'board, table', etc. (7.44). MHG tallar, teller, NHG IeUer, whence Lett. Iel£k'is, Dan. taUerken, Sw. tallrik (fr. NLG dim. taUereken), Boh. talil, Pol. taIero, Rum. taler ('wooden or earthenware plate'), sCr. !andir (through Hung.), RUBS. (with met..thesis) tarel, tarelka (> Lith. tor~/i..., torielka), fro It. tagliere 'kitchen chopping-board', this fro Fr. !ai/lair, fro !ailter 'cut'. REW 8542. Falk-Torp 1244. Bruckner 564. 4. Lith. ItIk8U (neolog. for 'plate'), fro iekltas 'fI..t' (12.71). Lett. ik'i";., Lith. dial . • kyvia, fro MLG schive 'disk, plate' (NHO scheibe). MiihJ.-Endz. 4.50. 5. CbS!. miBa, bljudo, see 5.31. 6. For Skt. words, see under 'dish' (5.31).

FOOD AND DRINK; COOKING AND UTENSILS

347

5.34 PITCHER, JUG Lilh. !.ell. ChS!.

blitulaa bl'uoda

ser.

zdjda

Boh. Pol.

mlBa

RtIS8.

I!ala(m....)

miaa

Du. achoal, kom OHG BCII!G MHG I!p.J 'bear') a jar Lat. broci, fro Grk. /Jpoxb 'a kind of vessel for liquids', deriv. of /Jpq., 'wet'. with two handles. REW 1320. Wartburg 1.549. VenGrk. vapl~ fro Il&"p 'water'. Ork. oM..", K~X~ : Ir. eilornn 'pitch- dryes, BSL 25.40. Fr. cruche fro Gmc. (see below, 4). er' (K. Meyer, Contrib. 369), NIr. Sp. cdntaro, fro Lat. cantharus, fro eiolarn 'pitcher, bucket', W. eelwrn 'milk-pail', etc. Walde-Po 1.447. Pe- Grk. .~"gapo. 1arge drinking-cup·. REW 1614. dersen 1.94. Sp. jarra,jarro, Fr. jarre (> NEjar), Late Ork. (!o-~" fro Lat. sextarius, a Roman measure, is in NT (Mk. 7.8) a fro Arab. garrah 'earthen water-vessel'. REW 3944. NED 8. v. jar, sb. '. 'pitcher', NG .a'~T~, fro ML..t. cannata beside 3. Ir. cilornn, NIr. cioIarn: Grk. canna 'a drinking-vessel', this generally «6,),...,s, above, 1. taken as loanword fro Gmc., OHG cha... NIr. criiiscin, fro ME cruskyn, this like na, etc., (OE canne, NE can). Walde-Po OFr. creuBeq1Jin fro MFlem. kruyseken 1.535. Emout-M. 144. Walde-H. dim. of krullse (NE cruse, etc., below, 4). 1.154. But otherwise, and better, ... NED s.v. cruskyn. Lat. canna 'reed' applied to a vessel W. piser fro NE pitcher. with long spout, and the source of the 4. The Gmc. group, ON krukka Omc. group. Wartburg 2.204, 208. (rare), Dan. krukke, Sw. kruka, OE Frlngs, Oormania Romania 129 f. crDg, cnlce, crocca, Duo kruik, OHG NO t1'rD.I£Va, tT'Ta.l'l'l fro class. Grk. CTTUkrtwg, NHG krug, is of obscure source I'POS, tfTa.p.vE.oI' 'wine-jar' : tCTTflln 'stand'. (possibly some connection with Grk. 2. Lat. wee... (> It. oreio 'large oil- .".,uuln 'water-pail, pitcher') and shows jar'), dim. weeol"", (> Rum. ureior), a gre..t variety of para.llel forms, includbeside orca 'tun' with Ork. np)(~ 'a kind ing some with • as MHG kra8e, MLG

348

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

kras (Du. kroe. 'cup, mug'), NE ......., etc. WsJde-P. 1.487, 594, 597. FsJkTorp 583, 584. From one or another of the Om•. forms come Fr. t:rl.IChe (cf. MHO krI1A:hB), NIr. crniscin (ahove, 3), Lith. /cragas, OPrUBS. kragi., Lett. krasa (fr. MLG kras), RUBS. kruika. ME picher, NE pitcher (in British UBage now somewhat arch. or disJ., but in U.S. the ususJ word), fro OFr. pichier, MLat. picdrium, bic4rium 'a drinkingvessel' (whence s.\so OHO pechari, behhari, NHO becher, NE beaker, etc.), this fro Ork. Ifi- 'wine-jar, drinking-bowl', this again a loanword of unknown source. NED s.v. pitcher'. REW 1081a. Weigand-H. 1.173. NE jug, in U.S. ususJly denoting a Ia.rge earthenware vessel with stopper and no spout, but in current British speech displacing pitcher, e.g. jug (U.S. pitcher) of cream, prob. fro the fems.\e pet name Jug = Joan. NED s.v.

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr.

....--, dWf, .v..A-

Gcth.

Nw .MTt6..... , milra., _UnA· M pOOul..... col",

ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

Lett. lase), Sp. taza, fro Arab. tasaah 'bowl, basin'. REW 8594. Rum. cea"a fro Slavic l'.aBa (below, 6). 3. Ir. airidech, airdech, apparently a cpd. of air- 'for', but second part obscure (the late spelling ircleoch, as if fro deoch 'drink' only a pop. etym.). Thurneysen, Z. celt. Ph. 8.71 f. Ir. eaileeh, fro Lat. caliz (above, 1). Ir. copan, etc., fro MLat. cuppa (above, 2). 4. Goth. BliklB (reg. for roriJPlOV), orig. the pointed drinking-hom: ON .tikill 'pointed end of a hom', OE .ticel 'sting, goad', Goth. stUB 'point'J Skt. tij- 'be sharp', etc. WsJde-P. 2.612 II. Feist 453.

349

ON koppr, OE cuppe, etc., see above, 2. OE calic (reg. word for 'cup' in Oospels, as sJso Lat. caliz in Vulgate), OHO keUh, NHO Ioolch, etc., fro Lat. caliz (above, 1). OHO beMare, MHO, NHO becher, like NE beaker, fro the same source as NE pitcher (5.34). 5. Lith. puodeli., puodukaB, dims. of pu0da8 'pot' (5.26). 6. ChS!., BCr. /faBa, Boh. /JiBe, Russ. I'.aika (Russ. l'.aBa 'bowl or large drinking-cup'), Skt. 00f(Ika-, Arm. l'.aBak, sJl perh. fro Iranian (cf. NPers. /faBidan 'taste'). Berneker 137. Boh. salek, dim. fro NHO ..hale 'bowl'. Po!. coarka, dim. of czara 'drinkingbowl' (cf. RUBS. /far, /farka 'drinkingglass'), prob. fro Turk. disJ. lara 'large bowl'. Bemeker 136. BrUckner 72. 7. Skt. ca~, above, 6. Skt. patra-, as 'cup' apparently fro pO- drink, IE *po(.)-, like Lat. piiculum. But see under 'dish' (5.31). Av. taSta- 'cup' or 'bowl' (NPers. !alt 'bowl, saucer'), fro Av. tal 'cut out, fashion' : Skt. tak:r 'fashion', etc. WsJde-P.1.717. Barth. 646. 5.36. Saucer. Words for the modern saucer placed under the cup are mostly compounds of 'under' and 'cup', or diminutives of the words for 'dish' or 'plate'. 1. Cpds. of 'under' and 'cup'. It. .otWcoppa, after which was modeled Fr. soucoupe (earlier 801decouppe), NIr. fochupdn (fo+cupdn), Icel. undir8kal, Dan. undorkop, NHO unterla8.e, Lett. apakStase. Cf. Boh. Bpodni lal.ek, lit. 'lower cup', Pol. Bpodek (od jiliZanh), dim. of spod 'under part' . 2. Dims. of 'dish' J 'bowl', 'plate'. NG 1rLo,TcUcL, 1I"LO,TEM, It. piatteUo, Sp. platillo, Rum. farfurioar4, Du. schoteltJe, NHO

FOOD AND DRINK; COOKINO AND UTENSILS Goth. skaidan 'separate, Ork. ~X!tOl, Lat. scindere 'split', etc. Walde-Po 2.543 ff. Falk-Torp 990. Hellquiet 930. Du. lepe!, OHO lejfil, MHO le:/fel, NHO /.o:/fel: OE lapian 'lap, drink', OHO la:/fan 'lick', Lat. lambere 'lick', etc. WsJde-P. 2.384. Weigand-H. 2.77 f. 5. Lith. laukSla8, prob. : Lith. 8uk~ 'shred', liu.klmeB 'sweepings', etc. Of.

351

Schrader, Reallex. s.v. Gabel and NED s.v. fork, sb. 2. Roman forks used in cooking are mentioned by Petronius, passim. But small bronze and silver forks like our modern table forks bave s.\so been found (so my colleague uUman informs me), though there seems to be no literary reference to the use of forks for eating. The words are mostly either the same 'spoon' fro 'chip'r above, 4. So, with as or diminutives of those used for the query, Leskien, Ablaut 318. Beozen- much earlier farm implement (8.26), but berger, BB 27.170, connects with Ork. a few are from other sources. ICtllCcU.J 'stir, mix', in which case 'spoon' 1. Same as words listed in 8.26. Lat. fro 'stirrer, mixer'. But cf. WsJde-P. furea (Petronius for the fork used in 1.377. cooking, and so s.\so for the sms.Iler forks; Lett. kar'uote, perh.: CbS!. koryt.o or for these an unattested dim. form 1), 'trough', with development through NE fork (in this sense > NIr. forc, W. 'scoop, ladle'. Miihl.-Endz. 2.166. :/fare vs. :/forch), NHO gabel, Dan., Sw. 6. CbS!. IMica, SCr. ilica {fro *liica), gaffel. Boh. Ulce, Po!. Iylka, RUBS. lolka, dim. 2. Dims. of words listed in 8.26. It. of *lfjga (cf. Alb. luge 'spoon'), prob. forcMUa, Fr. fourchdte (> Br. fourorig. 'chip' (cf. above, 4) : Lith. IUiti cheteo), Rum. furculiliL; Lith. 8akuM (or 'break', Skt. ruj- 'break', lu.- 'cut', etc. -eo p!.), Lett. daklina (or -as p!.); SCr. (IE *Ieu-, *leug-, WsJde-P. 2.407, 412). .iljuSka, vilica, Bah. vidliCka, Pol. wid£Mikkola ap. Berneker 750. Bruckner lee, Russ. vilka. 316. Jok!, Ling.-kulturhist. Unters. 150 f. 3. Ork. 'p'u'Ypa 'hook for taking meat BCr. kaBika, fro Turk. ka~k 'spoon'. out of the pot' (the nearest approach to Lokotech 1120. a 'fork'), cpd. of ICpEas 'meat' and 4.'ypG. : 7. Skt. ca.........., a kind of ladle, fro a.'Y~, 'seize'. eam- 'sip, drink'. 4. NO ""pow" fro late Ork. ",phvUJv, Skt. danlt. 'ladle' : ddru- 'wood', etc. dim. of 'pin, brooch', fro the root of "'!pc.> 'pierce'. Doubtless first used of 5.38 KNIFE a single pronged utensil and then exWords for 'knife' as a table utensil tended to the modern 'fork'. But in are the same as those for 'knife' in gen- this form (or > ir in contrast to the norersJ (9.23). msJ ir > er) and sense prob. through the 5.39 FORK medium of Venetian pirun 'fork'. REW The use of a fork for eating is still far 6366. Rohlf., Etym. Wtb. d. untcrits.I. from world-wide and in Europe became grizitit 1673a. 5. Sp. tenedor, also and orig. 'holder', common only in the 15th and 16th centuries, having spread from Its.Iy. Cf. fro t.ener 'hold'.

,,,pt,...,

FOOD AND DRINK; COOKING AND UTENSILS

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

352

ment S.V. g1:man), outside root connee· tions dub., but 'meal' fro 'caring for,

5.41 A MEAL Grk. NG

8a.lr, &t1l"JIOl', 1'pa1l"tSCI

Lat.

It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. Nlr. W. Br.

c/>a."(l epulum. oops, cibus pa8" rep ..

cmnida mG84, mtnoore dithat beile pryd

prod

Goth . ON

....u

tJn'~r,

rolgia

Lett.

maltite (obldu) rul'nk jldlo jedzenie, jadlo

Dan.

maa/.id

Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

mdl. mdltid

CbS!. SCr.

mM,Jeorm Me, JaT'1M meal

Bob. Pol. Russ.

maal, maaltyd

Skt.

gouma

Av.

,.0/

bhojana--

mdl. md!zU mohlzeil. mahl

Words for 'a meal' are words for 'food, portion of food'; 'portion'; 'time' specialized to 'mealtime, meal'; 'table'; words

usually applied to a particular meal. 1. Hom.

mal, maltJ3

Lith.

oats 'meal, feast', orig. 'por-

tion', fro oaLop.a., 'divide', IE *dIi(i)-

Walde-Po 1.763.

3. Ir. dithat (K. Meyer. Contrib. 661). prob. a deriv. of (do- +) ithim 'eat' (5.11). But not mentioned in Pedersen 2.558 f. NIr. heile. fro heil 'mouth' (4.24). W. pryd. Br. pred 'time' (14.11) and 'meal'. Cf. Gael. trath 'time' and 'meal'.

Grk. Ui1r1lOJ' in Hom. used of any meal, later mostly 'dinner', etym. dub.

4. Goth. -mats 'food' (5.12).also 'meal' in cpds. undaurni-. nalUa-mats (5.42--45). Walde-H. 1.324. ON ver1Jr (also in cpds dagver"6r. etc .• Grk. Tp/"rEl« 'table' (7.14) also used 5.42. 5.45) prob. : Goth. wairdus. OHG for 'meal' or 'course'. wirt 'host' (19.57), with sense 'meal' fro NG «-,[ 'food' (5.12). also 'meal'. 2. Lat. epulum (also pI. epulae). most- 'portion offered'. Falk-Torp 1371. Hellly 's. sumptuous meal, feast' on religious quist 693. 1393. ON mal. Norw. maal. Sw. mdl. OE or public festivals. prob. as orig. ritual term: Lat. opus 'work', Skt. apas- 're- mI!!. ME mele. NE meal. Du. maal. ligious act', OHG uoba 'festival'. Er- MHG mal. NHG mahl. same word as Goth. mel. ON. OHG mal. OE milli. etc. nout-M. 306. 709. Walde-H. 1.410. Lat. daps 'religious feast, feast' J some- 'time' (14.11). Hence also. with additimes 8. simple 'meal' : Grk. &arall17 'ex· tion of another word for 'time' (14.11) pense', oa:ttTw 'devour, rend', fro an ex· MLG mdltit (> late ON mdlti1J. Dan. tension of IE *da(i)- 'divide'. Walde-Po maaltid. Sw. mt1ltid). Du. maaltijd. MHG 1.764. Ernout-M. 253. Walde-H. malzit. NHG mahlzeit. Falk-Torp 685. Hellquist 674. 1.323. OE feorm 'food. provisions' (5.12). Lat. cibus 'food' (5.12). also 'meal' also 'feast, meal', translating lPlUTOl', (Suet.• Isid.). Lat. mensa 'table' (7.44) also 'meal. prandium in Mt. 22.4 and OELTJIOI', cena course'. Hence Rum. masd 'table, in Mk. 6.21. Lk. 14.12. 16. hence ME fanne 'meal' (this oo.ty fanne had bene a meal'. It. pasta. fro Lat. pastus 'fodder. feast. Chaucer). NED S.V. farm. sb.'. OHG gouma : goumen 'give attention food'. Fr. repas, fro repattre, late Lat. to, protect', Goth. gaumjan 'perceive, repascere 'feed'. REW 6283. 7216. see', OE giman 'take care of, heed', also Sp. comida 'food' (5.12) and 'meal'. Rum. mlneare 'food' (5.12) and 'meal'. 'provide' (cf. Bosworth-Toller. Supple-

5.42

5.43

BREAKFAST

LUNCH

Mpana~«

'supper' is an extraordinary, late evening meal. Grk. &ii1rJloJl, Lat. cena, both

used of the principal meal. but shifting in time, are commonly rendered by 'dinner', but regularly the 'Lord's Supper'.

For detailed discussion of the distribution in Romance, cf. Herzog, Die Be-

zeichnungen der tiiglichen Mahlzeiten in den romanischen Sprachen und Dis.--

lekten. 1. Grk. 4PWTOJl, orig. 'breakfast' as in Hom., later 'lunch' : l1pt 'early', Goth. air 'early', NE ere, etc.; ·O'ro-- fro .d-to-,

pple. of "ed- 'eat'. Walde-Po 1.3. Grk . ••p6.TLU~'. the later word for 'breakfast' : ILlcpir£toJ.l.aL 'drink unmixed wine' (cl.rcpliros 'unmixed') = 'take break·

fast'. the breakfast consisting of bread dipped in wine (cf. Ath. 11c ff.). Grk. Ot'trJlOJI, in Hom. any 'meal' (5.41). later 'dinner'. Grk. &Oprov, in Hom. 'evening meal' (in later epic 'meal', but in prose dis·

placed by "' ..poP) : Alb. darke 'evening. evening meal', dreke 'midday meal', prob. fro an extension of *der- 'day, split' (Grk. 811"" 'flay', op"'''' 'pluck', etc.)

with development fro 'part split off' to 'portion, meal'. Cf. sources of Grk.

oats

(5.41). Lat. cena (below). etc. WaldeP. 1.801. Boisacq 197. 'i'l!:v~a

'dinner', fro class. Grk. "YEuJ,&a 's taste, food' (fr. "YEVoIlCU 'taste'). Hence NG rp!ryEVpo. 'lunch'; for 'break· fast' r(JWtI'6, fro adj. Tpwu1/n 'in the morn· ing', f(OAarO'w (fr. It. colazione, below, 2) or simply Ka.¢ft 'coffee'. 2. Lat. ientiic1dum. iant4culum 'breakfast', fro vb. ientare, mnUire 'take break·

dim. prtn~or 'breakfast'). prob. fro ·pra:m.. (e)dia.m lit. 'early eating', with *prtimo- : Lith. pirmas 'first', Dor. 1f'p41' 'formerly', etc., and *ed- 'eat'. Walde-Po 2.37. Ernout-M. 806. REW 558. Lat. cena 'dinner' fro *kert-sna- 'portion' (cf. Osc. kersmats 'cenis·). fro IE *kert·, in Skt. krt· 'cut', Lith. kertu, kirsti 'hew'. etc. Walde-Po 2.578. Ernout-M. 173. Walde-H. 1.198. Hence It., Sp. cena, OFr. eene, Rum. cintJ.. 'supper' (Fr. cme 'Lord's Supper'), W. cwyn (obs.). Corn. coyn. Br. koan 'supper', W. cinio 'dinner'. Wartburg 2.576 f. Loth. Mots lat. 149. 150. It. colazWne 'breakfast' or 'lunch', fro OFr. colation 'evening meeting and meal of the monks' (NE collation. cf. NED S.V. II.8, 9). Lat. wllatiii 'bringing together·. REW 2043. VLat. "disieiilniire 'to breakfast' (fr. dis· and ieiilndre 'fast'), OFr. desiuner and disner. whence. used also as sb .• (1) Fr. dtjeuner 'breakfast', later 'lunch' (> Rum. dejun. neolog.). Sp. IMsayu1W 'breakfast'. (2) Fr. dIner. ME diner. NE dinner (> NIr. dinnear). NHG diner. It. ME SOPer. NE supper). sb. use of souper 'sup' deriv. of soupe in its earlier sense of

(4pta1'OJ')

Grk. NG La.t. It. Fr. Sp.

colazione petit tUjeuner desayuno

Rum.

prtnfiaor

Ir. NIr. W.

ientikulum

8EiTJ'OJ'

almuerzo

""",ida prinz, masd

dejun

dinnear (proinn) cinio

Zein, merenn undaumimata

D ....

morgenmad, frokoat

froTw.'

Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG Lith. Lett. ChS!.

jrukosl morgenmete

andrajrukost

da{prer~r

tn'u0e83en, vruostucke friilosl""k pusry&i bruokastis, azauu

lunehoon tweede ontmjt

dinner middagnuwl(-ct.n)

imbU, gouma

gQuma

mittag(s)esS6n, -mahl zweUes jruMt'iick miUag(s)u,etI., diner

sniadanie

Russ.

Skt.

roj, zawrak pratarara-

Av.

suirya-

Rum. ojina 'supper', fro Slavic, cf. SCr. ulina 'vespers', Russ. uzin 'supper'. For the Rum. usage in names of meals, cf. especially Tiktin s. v. pIn..

nahtamau n4ttver3r ~

af_id.lwtlllo....d rejenmete soper supper twondmaa/(-ct.n)

abeniusen, -mal, -brot

maids, pusdienas obldii objed, rueak obid

ookarinas veeerja vdcra veceFe

obWd

kolacja

zawrak

obed

u%in

(bhojana-)

(bhojana-) z8ajnya-

The words for the principal meals are discussed together because of the frequent fluctuation in application due to local and social differences of custom, in modern times especially between city and country. Words for 'breakfast' may

shift to 'lunch'. with substitutes for 'breakfast' such as 'first' or 'little break-

fast', or merely 'coffee' or 'tea'. 'Din· ner', that is, the principal meal, may be a midday or evening meal. In the for-

mer case the three regular meals are 'breakfast', 'dinner', and 'supper', while 'lunch' is a slight, casual meal.

In the

latter case the three regular meals are 'breakfast', 'lunch', and 'dinner', while

FOOD AND DRINK; COOKING AND UTENSILS 3. NIr. cwyd 'food' or pryd 'meal'. But now mostly brecwast fro NE breakfast. W. cinio 'dinner' fro Lat. cena (above, 2). W. swper fro NE supper. Br. pred-beure 'breakfast'. cpd. of pred 'meal' and beure 'morning'. Cf. W. boreubryd. Br. lein 'dinner'. MBr. leiff. etym.? Henry 182. Br. /roan 'supper', fro Lat.

cena.

Br. merenn 'dinner' and (dialects) 'afternoon lunch', fro Lat. merenda 'after~ noon lunch' (deriv. of merere 'earn,

gain'). Lotb. Mots Lat. 187.

midday' (cf. NED S.V. undern), MLG undern, etc.; Goth. nahta'11labs = &L1rJ'OJI : Goth. nahts 'night'. Both cpds. with mats 'food', here 'meal'.

'dinner'.

8uipear (8eire) ''''1'''" koan

azaid8

VLat. "admurdium (with substitution of Arab. al-). fr. Lat. ad-mardere 'bite'. REW 182. Sp. comida 'food' (5.12) used for

ther etym.? Ernout-M.472. Walde-H. 1.674 f. Lat. prandium 'lunch' (> It. pranzo 'dinner', Rum. prtnz 'midday meal',

souper

""'" masd de seard, tind, ojina

abende8S6n, -brot vakaricne

'third hour of the day', later 'sixth hour,

fast' : ieiunus, iiiiunus 'hungry', fur·

oei'll"JIOJ'

.,..,.

pi~tiL8

dorurok mUlanil

Pol.

middag middag

undernmele diner

'sop', orig. a Orne. word (5.64). Sp. almu.erzo 'lunch', formerly and still locally 'breakfast', orig. 'a bite', fro

'meal' and esp. the principal meal 'dinner'. Rum. masd 'table. meal' (5.41). also

pranzo, de3inare dincr praind

boreufwyd, brecwast

ontmjt

SUPPER dna

;,;.,-J..... (cMdbhiil')

brekf..' breakf..'

5.45

5.44 DINNER dna

pr~beure

Boh.

'reach out' or 'handle' with specialized . reference to food. Boh. jldlo. Pol. jedunie. jadlo '(article of) food' (5.12). also 'meal'. Russ. awl 'table' (7.44) and'meal·. See also words listed under 'dinner'. 7. Skt. bhojana- 'eating. food, meal'. fro bhuj· 'enjoy', esp. 'enjoy food, eat' (5.11).

,JE'i'/l'"I'OJ' 1'Evpa.,ISE'i'1rJ'OJ'

4~na,.oJ'

Br. Goth. ON

ser.

ruka 'hand'. Development in the vb. fro

prandium colazionc dejeuncr

rpwwb, ICaXClroW, II«qn.f rplryEv1-'4

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

354

NG

provision for'. Walde-Po 1.635 f. FalkTorp 314. Feist 207. 5. Lith. valgi. 'food' (5.12) and 'meal'. Lett. maltite.fr. MLG mdltU (above. 4). 6. ChS!. oo_dil. etc., see under 'dinner' (5.42--45). SCr. rufak. fro ruCati 'take a meal' : ruCiti 'reach out the hands'. denom. of

353

4. Ooth. undaurnimats ... 4P'UTOV, OE

undernmete

= prandium :

OE undern

ON da{JfJer3r, lit. 'day-meal', in time

'breakfast'. but the principal meal (cf. Vigfusson s.v.). niittver"IJr. lit. 'nightmeal' (Dan. nadver. Sw. nattvlird 'Lord's Supper'). both cpds. of ver"IJr 'meal' (5.41).

Dan. morgenmad. but Dan.• Sw. simply midd.og ('dinner'. regardless of time).

355

Dan. aflen3mad. Sw. aftonmdltid. lit. 'morning., midday·, evening.food (meal)'.

Dan. frokost. Sw. frukost 'breakfast' or 'lunch', fro MLG vrlJkost, fro

vro

'early' and kost 'food' (5.12). Sw. Jevallsvard 'supper' fr. kvall 'evening' = ON ""eld, and vard = ON ver"6r 'meal' (5.41). OE morgenmete. undernmete (cf. above), aJenmete, lit. 'morning., noon·, evening-food (meal)'. OE wist 'food' (5.12) andfeorm 'food. meal' (5.12.5.41) are used for pandium and dna respectively in Lk. 14.12. ME diner, NE dinner fro Fr. dIner (above. 2). ME soper, NE supper. fro OFr. soper (above. 2). ME (late) brekfast. NE breakfast. cpd. of break (ME breke) and fast. Cf. VLat. *disieiiln4re, Fr. dejeuner, above, 2. NE lunch. of which luncheon. though quotable from a few years earlier, is an extension, was first used of a 'hunch,

hunk' (of bacon. bread. etc.), and was prob. a colloq. blend of lump and hunch. Cf. NEDs.v. Du. ontbijt 'breakfast'. fro MDu. ontb!ten. like OE onbitan 'partake of'. cpd. of hitan 'bite'. Similarly OHG imbiz (g!. Lat. prandium). cpd. of bizan 'bite', whence NHG imbiss 'smack, lunch'.

OHG gouma 'meal' (5.41) also renders Lat. prandium and cena. MHG VfU08t12cke (also vruoesaen). NHG frilhetUck 'breakfast'. fro vruo 'early' and stUcke 'bit'. MHG, NHG mittag(s)essen. -mahl 'midday meal', MHG Iibente.aen. -mal. -brat, NHG abeniUssen, -brot 'evening meal' (abendmahl mostly for the Lord's Supper). all obvious cpds. of 'midday' or 'evening' with 'food, meal, bread'. For the NHG local usage, cf. Kretsch-

mer. Wortgeogr. 63 ff .• 336 f.

356

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

5. Lith. pturryiliai (pl.) 'breakfast'. cpd. of PU8t 'half' (13.34) and rylaB 'morning' (14.34). so lit. 'midmorning' (meal). Lett. bruokaBti. 'breakf...t·. fro MLG vriik08t (above. 4). Miihl-End•. 1.342. Lett. azaid8 'midday meal'. also locally 'breakf...t· or 'lunch'. etym.? Miihl.End•. 1.233. Lith. pietm (pl.) 'midday meal. dinner·. orig. 'food': CbSl. pitlti 'feed'. pi8ta 'food'. Skt. pit.... 'food. drink'. etc. (5.12). Lett. pmdiena 'midday. noon' (14.45). hence pI. pmdienas 'midday meal'. Miihl.-Endz. 3.425. Lith. vaka:rinoi. Lett. uakarina8 'supper'. fro Lith. uakara.. Lett. .akar. 'evening'.

FOOD AND DRINK; COOKING AND UTENSILS

iti'll'OJl' 'the evening meal' is rendered

Words for 'bread' .... being the most

by ve/fmja; but it is entered in the list under 'dinner', since it is the principal meal in Slavic .... in) SCr. objed. Pol. oIMd. Russ. abed. all fro ob(tl)jad-. per_ fect. cpd. of jad-. IE 'ed- 'eat'. Berneker 273. sCr. rulak 'meal' (5.41). also esp. the principal meal. the noon 'dinner'. Hence also dorulak 'breakfast'. cpd. with do'until, beside'. CbSl. ../fmja. SCr. ..Cera. Boh. ..en.. 'supper' (pol. wi..,.",..... Russ. ../fmja now mostly of the Lord'. Supper). fro CbSl. veCerll. etc. 'evening' (14.36). Pol. kolacya 'supper'. fro Lat. C ME like Ork. "ix" 'wall'), IE ·dheiOh-. paste), Fr. pate, fro late Lat. pasta Walde-P. 1.833 II. Feist 118 f. 'dough', this fro Grk. ...aUTG. 'porridge', 5. Lith. minklt! (NSB), Lett. mikla : neut. pI. of 1rAUT6s 'salted': 1tlMtTW Lith. min/cyti, Lett. micit 'knead' (5.53). 'sprinkle'. REW 6272. Rum. aluat fro Lat. al!evatum 'raised, 6. CbSl. UBto, etc., above, 3. leavened', pple. of leuare 'lighten, raise' 7. Av. gundl>- (NPers. gunda 'lump of (cf. NE leaven), denom. of levi. 'light'. dough'), etym.? Barth. 525. REW 360.

_4

361

bread', etc. Walde-P. 1.580 ff. FaIkTorp 543. Berneker 311 f. Dan. elte : ON ella, Sw. Ja8 (MUhI.-Endz. 1.555).

·rer-.

4. Skt. p8~atJa-, quoted as 'handmill' (BR s.v.), but mostly the act of 'crushing', fro piI;- 'crush' (5.56). Av. sud""-, but meaning and etym. dub. Barth. 1583.

364

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS 5.61 MEAT

...

""

Grk. ",,10, NG Lat. carll U. Fr. oio""" Sp. Rum. """'" Ir. !eIiiJ., C1la NIr. !..;/ W. cig Br. ag

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

.......

.......

mi"..

Lith. Lett. ChSl. SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ. SkI. Av.

1019' /rOd

lrJlU jfJuc

fluho .....

w....A

jleiak

w.iaM jIIIisch

Words for 'meat' are mostly the same as those for 'flesh' (4.13). The exceptions are:

Fr. viande, 'meat' (chair 'flesh'), orig. 'food' (cf. NE viands) fro Lat. vivenda 'means of life, sustenance'. REW 9410.

ON kj!JI always 'meat' (hprund 'flesh') but orig. also 'flesh', as Dan. k;d, Sw. kot! (4.13).

mesa

..... ....... ..... gal'a

mi(80

mj...

NE moot, orig. 'food' (5.12). NEDs.v. (mieBa 'flesh'), possibly as orig. 'raw meat' : Slav. gold 'naked'. Miihl.-Endz. 1.598. Or better (suggestion of F. K. Wood) as orig. 'portion' (like Lat. OOTO 'flesh, meat' fro 'portion', 4.13): Lett. gals, Lith. galas 'end', the latter used also for 'piece' (of bread, etc.). Lett. gal'a 'meat'

5.612 BUTCHER Grk.

«p«nr'W)..'I'

NG

1'Q./(1!)"1I.lr.p!Jf, /CCWa.1MJS,

Kpm'ln"X'IJs

Lzt.

lanius, macelllJriw

It.

macellaro, beccaio

Fr. Sp.

bauch.,.

carnicero

Rum.

m/kelar

Ir. Nlr. W. Br.

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME

mmninkaa miem.ieka

slaktare hyldere, cwellml

Lith. Lett. ChBl. SCr. Boh.

ba(u)","", .laghter-

Pol.

rzetnik mjasnik

• Iagt..

man NE Du. OHG MHG

b1ii8teir cigydd kiger

NHG

Russ. Skt. Av.

butjiJga

plio. kcrv mearh(?) 8a:uaige 8Qwage

wor.' wur" wur" wur8t

Lith.

delra

Lett. ChBl. SCr.

deoa

Boh. Pol.

jltrnice (klobdoa)

Russ.

kcbasica kielbaoa kolbcoa

er', fro mana 'intestine' (CGL 6.684

matia intestina, uncle matiarii dicuntur qui eadem traclant aut vendunt), but influenced by metzjen beside metzeln 'slaughter' (above). Weigand-H. 2.178. Kluge-G.390. Kretschmer, Wortgeogr. 416, ftn. On the distribution of the NHG words, cf. Kretschmer, op. cit. 412 IT. 5. Lith. mesininkas, Lett. miesnieks, fro Lith. mesa 'flesh, meat', Lett. miesa 'flesh'. 6. Ser. mesar, Russ. mjasnik, ir. Ber. meso, Russ. mjaso 'flesh, meat'.

Boh. reznik, Pol. rzeinik, fro Boh . rezali, Pol. rznqt 'cut' (9.22). 7. Skt. mansika- (rare), fro miinsa'flesh, meat'.

bUbula

Goth. ON Dan.

oxakjQt o:tsekPd

It.

carne de bue

Sw.

oxlcOtt

Fr. Sp. Rum. lr.

bauf

OE ME NE Du. OHO MHG NHG

hr~eren

came de vaca

Grk.

fl6E(t)oJl

NO Lzt.

fjoo~vO

Br.

"PEat

came de viUt martjefiil mairtjhe(Jil ng eidion. lliff bosin

boo! boo!

Lith. Lett.

jauliena versu gal'a

ChSl. ftiZsc

rundvleesch rinder-in rinJ,vlei8ch rindjlei8ch

SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ.

Skt. Av.

govedina hoveZina wolowina govjadina g0m4nsagoo-

FOOD AND DRINK; COOKING AND UTENSILS 1. Grk. ci).Xist fro ·o.XXcU'ft ·alliffPT-, of Italiot Doric orig., with liXXii(cf. Hesych. 4AA~.· l\6.XO"'Y· 'ITO""!)

borrowed fro an Italic dialect form of Lat. alium 'garlic'. Kretschmer, Glotta 1.323 ff. Walde-H. 1.30. NG ~""""",., see below, 2. 2. Lat. faTcimen, fro faTciTe 'stuff'. Lat. ltlcdnica (also -CUB, -cum, and Itlcdna) a kind of sausage invented by the Lucanians. Hence dialect words in northern Italy, etc. and NG ""VK6...... Ernout-M. 563. REW 5134. G. Meyer, Neugr. Stud. 3.39. Lat. botulus (source of Fr. buudin? REW 1192. Wartburg 1.423), loanword from an Osc.-Umbr. dial. (with labial for orig. labio-velar, as in poplna, etc.) : Goth. qipus 'belly, womb', Grk. 'YDO""Y 'hollow', etc. Walde-P. 1.560, 671. Emout-M. 116. Walde-H. 1.112. It. sal8icci4 (> Sp. salchicha), OFr. saussiche (> ME 8ausige, NE sausage), Fr. saucisse, W. selBig, Br. siltig, fro late Lat. salei",'a (neut. pI. > fern. sg.), prob. cpd. of salsus 'salt' and (in)Bicium 'mincemeat'. REW 4551. Grober, Arch. lat. Lex. 3.272 f. Loth, Mots lat. 206. Rum. ctmal, fro VLat. ·caTndceus 'made of meat'. REW 1701. Pu~ariu 374. 3. Ir. mart dim. maroc, NIr. marog, loanword fro ON mprr (below, 4). K.

Meyer, RC 12.461. 5.63 SAUSAGE

365

ter), all fro vbs. for 'slaughter' (: Goth. slahan, etc. 'strike, slay' 9.21). OE hyldere (fr. hyldan 'fiay', 9.29) and ewellere (: ewellan 'kill', 4.76) occur as glosses to Lat. lanio, macellarius. ME bo(u)cher, NE butcher, fro OFr. bo(u)chier (above, 2). MHG vleischhauwer, NHG jleischer (locally also fleischhauer, jleischhacker), fro fleisch 'flesh, meat'. MHG 1Mtzeler, fro 1Mtzeln 'slaughter', this fro late Lat. macellare 'slaughter' (d. macellanus, above, 2). MHG met,jrere, NHG 1Mtzger, perh. in form fro MLat. matiarius 'sausa.ge-deal-

5.62 BEEF

1. Grk. ",/>«,y.6$ (: "q,6.t'" 'slaughter', esp. animals for sacrifice) is used for 'slayer, murderer' and technically for the one who slaughters the sacrificial victims, but is not quotable as a trades-

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Words for 'beef' are chosen as typical

FOOD AND DRINK; COOKING AND UTENSILS 'desh, meat' with words for 'cut', 'make', and 'sell'. NG xaaa'ln]s, fro Turk. kasap 'butcher'.

367

4. ON ""1'bjiiga, cpd. of mprr 'fat, suet' (by-form of smpr 'fat, butter' : OE smeoro 'fat, suet', etc. Falk-Torp 1086) and bjUga (also once 'sausage') : bjUgr 'crooked, bent', etc.

Dan. ~18e : LG pole, Du. peul 'pod, husk', NE pulse (otherwise NED), Lat. bulla 'knob'. Hence 'sa.usage' fro its podlike container. Falk-Torp 863. Sw. korv, Norw. kuru: Norw. dial. kurva 'to bend, crook'. Falk-Torp 597. Hellquist 501. OE m£aTh 'marrow' (: ON mergr, Skt. majjan-, Av. mazga- 'marrow', ChSI. mozga 'brain', etc. Walde-P. 2.309) once glosses Lat. lucanica, but there seems to be no confirmation of this use for 'sausage'. NED s.v. marrow.

OHG-NHG wUTst, Du. worst, etym. disputed, but prob. a deriv. of OHG werdan, etc., in its orig. meaning 'turn' (Lat. vertere, etc.), applied to the bent roll of a sausage, like ON bjUga and Sw. korv (above). Other views in WeigandH. and Kluge-G. S.V. 5. Lith. de8ra, Lett. desa, etym.? SCr. kabasica, Bah. klabdsa, Pol. kielbasa, Russ. kolbasa, perh. a loanword, through Jewish butchers, fro Hebr. kolbdsaT 'all kinds of meat'. Bernsker 542. Boh. jUrnice, orig. 'liver-sausage' (fr. jdtra 'liver'), now generalized at the expense of klabdsa.

FOOD AND DRINK; COOKING AND UTENBILS

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

368

5.64 SOUP, BROTH O.k. NG Lat.

It. Fr.

Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W. Br.

nppa, mimatra, l>ro aoupe, potage, bouilIon

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE

-

sopa, coldo

Du.

lOOp

••pII, ciorb4

OHG prod MHG brii6je,I$UPpe NHG au","" !riM

r~"'"

cro61rfl, l'oll"L

i ...

mbndtIIe onbAntith,bnu:Mn potu, CGwl

broil

BU",",

brop

broUl

soup, brotA

Lith. Lett. ChS!. SOr. Boh. Pol. RUIB. SkI.

....uba zupa, atrebMM jucha jvha, polwka

.upl>,_

.,.po, roa6I, polowka • up (ucha) yIlfa-, ripe-

Av.

Grl It. lava, Fr. leve, Sp. Mba; Ir. Bet"', etc., below, 3); OPruss. babo, CbSl. boW, SCr., Boh. bob, Russ. bob, perh. fro a reduplicated form *bhabha- with the notion of 'swelling'. Walde-Po 1.131. Ernout-M. 318 f. Walde-H. 1.436. Berneker 65. Fr. haricot, fro Mexican ayacotli

Lith. Lett. ChSJ.

darJoW.

d4rJaji aellje

"""t.

SCr. Boh.

jar'1lnGt war.zywo

-"""" go-ornten

Pol. Russ.

Skt.

¢lea-

....... ......"

OHG MHG gem.... NHG gem....

'green' or 'growing'; some are from words for 'garden'i some are specialized from 'food' or 'fruit'.

1. Lst. (h)ol ..., early helus, CbSl.

zellje, Boh. zeZenina, Russ. zelen : Lat. helV1J8 'yellowish red', Lith. ialiaB 'green', loU 'grass', ChSI. zeZena 'green', etc. (15.68), words applied to the 'green' or 'yellow' of growing things. Walde-Po 1.624 f. Ernout-M. 456. Walde-H. 1.654. 2. Grk., NG Mx ...a (NG sg. 'cabbage') : Grk. "axal.... 'dig' (8.22). NO xopra., esp. 'greens' but also 'vegetables', pI. of X6pTO 'herb', fro class. Grk. X6pTOS 'fodder, grass' (8.51).

poll....

uleninG zelm,~

Av.

3. It.legumi, Fr.Ugumes,Sp.legu~ bres, Rum. legume, fro Lst. Ze"amen 'leguminous plant', etym. dub. ErnoutM.538. Walde-H.1.781. REW 4972. It., Bp. _dura properly 'verdure', but also 'vegetables, deriv. of It., Sp. verde, Lst. viridis 'green'. REW 9368a. Rum. zarzavat, fro Turk. zerzavat 'vegetables'. Tiktin 1797. Lokotsch 1747. 4. NIr. glasraidh, deriv. of glasB 'green' (15.68). W. llyBiau, Br. louzou 'plants, herbs' (8.53), also 'vegetables', in Br. esp. cpds. with kegin 'kitchen', pod 'pot', or taol 'table'. 5. Goth. gras (for Mx ...a Rom. 14.2; gen. pI. gras. Mk. 4.32) = ON gras, OE gms, etc. 'grass' (8.51). ON urt, OE wyrt, OHG wurz 'plant, herb' (8.53) served also for 'vegetable', and OE wyrte (pl.), OHG wurz, pl. wurzi frequently gloss Lat. olus or oZera. Cf. also OE wyrt.mete, lit. 'plant-food'. Dan. gr;ntsager, Bw. grOn8aker, lit. 'green things', fr Dan. gr;", Sw. griJn

FOOD AND DRINK; COOKING AND UTENSILS

371

'bean'. REW 847. Gamillscheg 508. !aba, etc. (abeve, 2), which amounts to the same thing semantically. So WaldeWartburg 1.190. Sp. judia, fro haM Judia 'Jewish P.2.131. bean'. Cf. NE lima bean, NHG tilrkische 5. Lith., Lett. pupa: Lett. paupt bohne, etc. Rohlfs, Z. rom. Ph. 40.340. 'swell', Pup8 'woman's breast' I Ls.t. 3. Ir. ,eib, W. ffa (coIl.; ag. ffti.en), Br. ptlpus 'small child', and other words fao.!a (coli. pI.; sg.laoenn) fro Lat.laba. containing *pil-, *peu-, with notion of Vendryes, De hib. voc.176. Loth, Mots 'swelling'. Walde-Po 2.79 ff. Against lat. 166. the view of berrowing fro Slavic bob (acNIr. plinaire (pl.) fro ON baunir, pI. cepted in Walde-P. 2.131 in contrast to of baun 'bean' (below, 4). Marstrander, 2.81) cf. Persson, Beitrage 246, ftn. Bidrag 59, 96. 6. ChSI. bobrl, etc., above, 2. 4. ON baun, OE bean, etc., general BCr. grah, orig. 'pea' (5.77). Gmc., prob. : Goth. v,fbauljan 'cause to swell up, blow up', OHG Iralla,OE byZe 7. Bkt. ma~a-: NPers. mas, Pamir 'boil', and other words containing *bhu-, dial. max 'pea', prob. a loanword on one *bheu~ with the notion of 'swelling' side or the other, and without known (Walde-P. 2.114 ff.). But some derive root connection. Uhlenbeck 223. Horn from a reduplicated form like Lat. 960.

pupa pupa

wah, bob, pasulj boll,!"'!

uri

~

The words for 'vegetablee' are partly singular collectives, partly words that are used nearly always in the plural, though some of these may be used also in the singular for 'a vegetable'. 'Vegetables' are simply edible plants and are sometimes denoted only by the general word for 'plant, herb' (S.53). The commonest source is words for

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

So Du. groenten, fro groen 'green'.

Ir.

7. Bkt.

5.65 VEGETABLES

Most of the words listed cover what in 'ova, Dan. suppa, Sw. Boppe, late MHG, current use is partly distinguished, as NHG suppa (> Lett. aupa, BCr. supa, NE soup vs. m·oth, Fr. soupe vs. bouillon, Pol. ""pa). Walde-Po 2.468 f. REW 8464. Falk-Torp 1205. etc. 1. Derivs. of IE *yeu- 'mix', ultimate3. It. minestTa, mineBtrDne (esp. 'vegely the same as *yeu- 'unite'. Walde-Po table soup'), orig. any 'prepared food', 1.199. Ernout-M. 508. Walde-H. fro minutrQre, Lat. mini8trare 'serve'. REW 5590. 1.734. Pedersen 1.65. It. brodo, Bp. brodio, bodrio, MLat. Grk. r..,ro., NG rool'! ('juice' and 'broth'); Lst. iii8; (Ir. Uh, OW iot, Br. brodum, brodium, fro OHG brod (beyod 'porridge'); Lith. jUle ('fish soup'), low, 5). OPruss. juse; ChSI. jucha, SCr. iulw. Fr. bouillon, fro bouill;T 'boil' (10.31). (Boh. iicha 'sauce, gravy'), Russ. ""ha Fr. potage (> ME potage> W. ('fish soup'); Skt. ~. potes), orig. a 'stew', fro pot 'pot' (5.26). Sp. caldo 'broth', orig. 'hot' fro Lst. 2. The widespread modern Eur. group goes blICk, mostly through Fr. calidus (15.85). Rum. ciorbiJ., BCr. 00rba, fro Turk. soupe, to a Gme. suppa, attested in MLst. suppa 'sop' (Orihas. trans., cf. p>rba 'soup'. Berneker 159 f. Lokotech Thomas, M~1. Havet 525), ON suppa 440. 4. Ir. enbruithe, NIr. anbhruith : Ir. 'wine-soup', OE SOPP6 'sop', OHG sopha, soffa 'broth with softened bresd' : berbaim, W. berwi, Lst. lertI1:re 'boil', ete. ON sUpa, OE sUpan 'sup', Skt. sUpa- (10.31). Walde-Po 2.167 f. Pedersen 'soup' J fr. *seup-, ·Be., extensions of 1.115. NIr. bracMn 'broth, gruel', orig. 'fer*BeU- in Skt. 8U- 'press out juice', etc., perh. ultimately of imitative orig. Thus mented matter': brachaim 'ferment', Fr. soupe, in 13th cent. 'sop, bit of bresd Ir. mraich, braich 'malt', Lat. marcere softened with broth.or wine' (still sur- 'wither', etc. Walde-Po 2.282. Pederviving in the phrase £tlTe comme une sen 1.163. 8OUpe), then 'soup', is in the latter sense W. cawl, orig. 'cabbage' (5.70), hence the source of ME soupe, NE soup, Du. through 'cabbage-soup' now 'soup, 'oep, Br. ,oubenn, Rum. sup/}. (recent), broth'. 5. ON bro"IJ, OE brop, ME, NE Russ. 8Up, and semantically at least (some of the forms go bllCk to the Gmc. broth, OHG prod, also MHG br-ileje, suppa) of It. auppa (> NG aowa), Sp. NHG brUhe 'broth': OHG briuwan

370

Boh. palWka, Pol. pole1Dka, fro Boh. polloati, Po. polet.ca ME chick, OE pise, ME peae, NE pease, pea (new NE chick-pea), OPruss. keckers 'pea', eg. fro pease conceived as pl.). Lat. dim. also prob. loanwords fr. a common pisellum > It. pisello > NQ (~)" Rum. cartof, Dan. kartoffel, Lett. kartupelis, Pol. kartof,l, Russ. kartofel'), by dissim. fro older tartuffel, this fro It. tartufolo 'tru£He', used also for 'potato'. REW 8966. Weigand-H. 1.199. Kretschmer, Wortgeogr. 256 I. Berneker 491. 5. Lith. bulvl!, bulbI!, Lett. bulbe, fro Pol. bulba, bulwa, dial. 'potato', this fro Lat. bulbus 'bulb'. Berneker 100. Niedermann, Wort. U. Sach. 8.67 II. Lith. ropute, dim. of rope 'turnip' : ChSI. rlpa, OHG ruoba, Lat. riipum, Grk. pa"" 'turnip'. Walde-Po 2.341. Boh. zemdk, Pol. ziemnt'ak, derivs. of zeme, ziemt'a 'earth'. Bah. brambor, fro bramburk = Brandenburg as the source of export. So Rum. dial. bandraburca 'potato'. Berneker 81 II. Tiktin 154.

The potato was introduced into Eu-

The native Haitian name of the former

was widely adopted and extended to the second. Cf. NED S.V. potato. Other designations arose, and spread either by direct borrowing or literal translation, such as those meaning 'earth-apple', 'earth-pear', or words for 'bulb' or the like that were applied to the new product. There is a wealth of local dialect words that are not considered

here. CI. Spitzer, Wort. U. Sach. 4.147 II., Niedermann, ibid. 8.33 II., Kretschmer, Wortgeogr. 256 II. 1. Haitian batata, through Sp. palata, is the source of It. patata (> NG 'll'"arara), NE potato, whence NIr. prtJia (explanation of rl), W. tatws (pI. fro NE 'latoes) , new sg., laten, Sw. potatis (fr. NE pI. potatoes, cf. Hellquist s.v.). 2. Fr. pomTM de terre, lit. 'earthapple', and similarly, mostly by imitation of the French, Br. aval-douar, Du. aardappel, NHG erdapfel (OHG erd-

5.71 NG Lat. It. h Sp. Rum. k NIr. W.

Br.

kartupelis (bulbe) krumpir

avaldouar

rope from the Western Hemisphere, first the sweet potato from the West Indies, then the common potato from Peru.

Grk.

5.69 CABBAGE Grk.

/Jl14f1J'O'i,

lliiXov, lJ1fWpo. q,POVTO, (6)1rwpuaz

,abbag.

/wpU8taa

kapuost8

OHG col MHG kOl NHG kohl ("'."')

FRUIT

aldin Jrugt frukt oJet

OHG MHG 0'" NHG oo,t

Goth.

Lith. Lett. ChSl. SCr.

NG

K.p4p.p",

Lat.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

374

373

Boh. Pol.

Russ.

obuolys db1UJls jabluko jabuka jablko jablko jabloko

376

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS 2. Grk. "ijXc,", Dor. "aMP, whence Lat. malum (both s.lso 'fruit'), prob. of preGreek origin. But Lat. malum was replaced by VLat. melum (Pallad., etc.) reborrowed fro the common Grk. ,,~, hence It. melD 'apple tree', with new mela 'apple', Rum. mdr. Emout-M. 583. Ws.lde-H. 1.218 f. REW 5272. 3. Fr. pornme, fro Lat. pOmum 'fruit' (5.71). REW 6645. Sp. mantana (manzano 'apple tree'), fro Lat. mala MatidfUJ, supposed to be named from a person (so Pliny 15.15.1) or a place (so Isid. 17.7.3). REW 5247.

Most of the words for 'apple' belong to a single group, the ultimate souroe of which is obscure. 1. Ir. ubuIl, Nlr. iibhall, W. alai, Br. aoal; Crimean Goth. apel, ON epli, etc. general Gmc.; Lith. oboolas, obu.o!y., Lett. abuol8; ChSI. jabl/lko, etc. general Slavic. The name of the Campanian city Abella, which was famous for its apples, is perh. derived fro an otherwise unattested Italic form of this group. Ws.lde-P. l.50f. Emout-M.5. Ws.ldeH. 1.3. Fs.lk-Torp 1411. Berneker 25. Muhl.-Endz. 1.235.

5.73 PEAR Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. !!p.

Rum. Ir. NIr.

w.

Br.

1:lI'w,6.'11"[&'1

pirum per. ",...

Ax""'

pem pard

piorra gelleigm, pertUI,

,A....... per.....

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

pem

,...... ,.... per
"Uia

bumbien. kru.!ka

gen, pI. geUyg, perh. fro (old cpd. of?) geU 'yellow'. W. rhwnen, etym.? 4. Lith. maule, OPru... crauM08 (pl.), SCr. krulka, Boh. hrulka, Pol. grus%a (> Lith. grijAia), gruszka, Russ. gruSa, all borrowed from some orients.l souroe (cf. Kurd. koreli, ""reli 'pear'). Berneker 358. Trautmann 140. BrUckner 160. Lett. bUmbieri8, fro Baltic-German bumbeere, like NE pmnepear, fro Fr. pornme poire. Miihl.-Endz. 1.349.

1. Grk. b ...., NG arLB., perh. (as ·api.o-?) : Lat. pirum, both fro a pre-IE, Mediterranean source. Lat. pirum is the souroe of the Romance and Gmc. forms, s.lso of Br. per (coli.; sg. perenn), and (prob. through NE pear) NIr. piorra, W. peron. Ws.lde-P. 2.75. Ernout-M. 772. REW 6524. Falk-Torp 862. 2. NG ax).46., fro late Grk. axM. = axpa., -Me" 'wild pear', beside 4x'poo. 'wild pear', etym.? Walde-P.1.608. 3. W. geUeigen, pI. gellaig, s.lso geUy-

FOOD AND DRINK; COOKING AND UTENSILS 5.74 PEACH Grk. NG Lat.

It.

Ir. Nir. W. Br.

1. Grk.

~u""

word, quotable from s.ll the Slavic lan-

(Boet. TU...) , Lat.

pean words except the group given under 2. Schrader, Res.llex. 1.306. Ernout-M. 356. Ws.lde-H. 1.492. Fs.lkTorp 215. Pedersen 1.228. Berneker 281. 2. Goth. smakka, ChSl. smoky, sCr. 8mokva, etc. (once the geners.l Slavic

Rum. Jr. Nir. W.

Br.

m4lum Peraicum

Dan.

fer.ken

p ..ca

Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

peroika per... pecM

p_

durazno, melocot6n pierllicd

peiUeog

eirinen. mnog, ofa' gwIcmog

fJ/JTPIII, G''Ta..vA1l (pIi~)

.... "'" ....

,"~bN.

(p&iya.)

raisin

./rugUTe

J;n flmiduJqr gwinronyn.

.......

,...;

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

druva

"'_(.1".

grape grape dr-if erubo,

Irilbo,"'_ traube, weinbeer"

Some of the words listed, as Grk. {jOTPVS, UTq,V).;',

are collectives meaning

'a bunch of grapes, grapes', the single 'grape' being expressed by a different word, as Grk. ~.~ (s.lso 'berry'). Many others were originally used only in this way, and in general the notion of 'bunch, cluster' is a frequent source of

the words for 'grape'. Several are connected with words for 'wine' or 'vine'.

1. Grk. /lOTPIIS, without convincing etym. and perh. a loanword fro a preGreek soUrce. Meillet, MSL 15.163. Ws.lde-H. 1.113. Grk. ~Ta4>U).~, whence ~Ta#).KW, NG ~Ta4>vM : Grk. ~T!~U).. 'pressed olives or gra.pes', MTf#l4JJS 'firm, solid', Skt. stambh· 'make fum', OE ,tempan 'stamp', etc.

Hence named from the

pressing process. Ws.lde-P.2.624. Boisacq 903. 2. Lat. !lila (> It. Sp. uva, ORum. and dial. aucl) etym. disputed, but prob.,

tDlnberi

keke. rI1J1'UOUe

Bah. Pol.

RUBB.

A....... winogr.... llinograd

Ski.

dr/ikfO-

k'ekars, vlnuoga grozdil, groznll

"..0 Br. ruin, colI. j sg. rezinenn), fro Lat. r_us 'bunch of grapes' : Grk. ~d~, #'Y6. (later ~~, ","'Yin, NG pr;,y.) the single 'grape berry', both perb. fro a pre-Greek source. Boisacq 835. Emout-M.849. REW 6984. OFr. s.lso > ME raysyn, NE raisin, once 'grape', now only the dried fruit. NED S.V. ra;sin. Rum. strugur. orig. 'bunch' (ORum. '!rugur de auo, Mold . • /rugur de poamd) etym. much disputed, but perh. fr. a VLat. ·8Iro1rulus, ·,!Tubulus 'crooked' (cf. Lat. '/rebula, ./ribula 'flesh about

RUBS.

brahra

bnoakwinia

persik

pferrid& pjir.ek., pjirliche

Nearly s.ll the words for 'peach' come

2. Lat. duracinus 'hard-berried', cpd. of dU1-m 'hard' and acinus 'berry', was

orients.l source of the peach, which is native to China. Cf. Schrader, ReaIIex. 2.180 f. 1. Grk. pijAoJl 'lrEPU"J,JI, Lat. malum PerBicum. From the latter as persicum or persiea (orig. neut. pI., used as fem. sg.) come It. pesca, Fr. p&he (> ME peche, NE peach > Nlr. peitseog; s.lso > Br. pechez coli., sg. pechezenn), Sp. pri8CO, persigo (not the usual words), Rum. pierBic"'; OE persoc, MLG per81·k (> Sw. persika), MHG pferBich, NHG pjirsche (pI. > Dan. fCTsken), pjirsiche (> Lett. jirsikiB), etc. Russ. per.ik (> Lith. persikas) directly fro the Grk. or Lat. form. The other Slavic forms, sCr. bre.kea, Boh. brosk.., etc., prob. through MHG pfersieh. REW 6427. Fs.lk-Torp 214. Bemeker 51. Bruckner 45.

applied to fruit with stones, as grapes, peaches, cherries. Hence words in various Romance dis.lects specis.lized to 'grape', 'cherry' or 'peach', the latter in Bp. durazno. Hence also late Grk. &"poi.we,. (s.lso oop-) and ~6.KI'" (LS s.vv., without connecting them), the latter (reg. NG word) with transposition sup.ported by association with P660. 'rose', owing to the rosy bloom of the peach. Emout-M. 291. Ws.lde-H. 1.384. REW 2803. 3. Sp. melocotOn: It. melo cotcgno, Grk. P1;MJJI KVc1WJlUW 'quince', but in Spanish 'peach'. REW 2436.

4. W. Birinen wlanog, alal gwlanog, lit. 'woolly plum, woolly apple', fro the fuzzy skin of the peach.

5.75 FIG Grk. NG Lat.

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

crVICO" ......

/f&>e 'grape' (5.76), also sometimes 'berry'. 2. Lat. baca or bacca (> It. bacca, Fr. OOie, Sp. OOya), prob. a loanword fro a Mediterranean source, and perh. related to the Thracian B';'xo.. EmoutM. 98. Walde-H. 1.91. Rum. boabd, fro SCr. boba 'berry'. 3. Ir. c4er, NIr. caor, W. p!. cein.., perh. : Grk. 1C4prOs 'fruit' in wide sense. Pedersen 1.23. W. aeranon (coil. aeron) : Goth. man 'fruit', etc. (5.71). Walde-Po 1.173. Pedersen 1.103. Br. kugenn (mostly 'uvula', but also 'berry'), deriv. of Lst. Uva 'grape'. Ernault, Glossaire 328. 4. Goth. -basi (in weinaba8i 'grape'), ON ber, OE bme, etc., general Gmc., root connection? Falk-Torp 124. Feist 559. 5. Lith., Lett. uoga, ChS!. jagoda, etc. general Slavic, proh. : Lst. Uva 'grape' (5.76). Bemeker 25. ser. boba, fro bob 'bean'.

j

·r.3~

.al

R.... Skt• Av.

--cukrtu

militi

Grk.

Tiip6r

Goth.

alaukt mllsIi

NO Lat. It.

""' formaggio, cacio

TupL

ON

o"tr

Dan.

..t

Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHO MHO NHO

00/

m!Uti

...

Boh. Pol.

dojiti

Fr.

Ru...

diC

Sp.

fromage queso

dojil' duh-

Rum.

brinzd

Jr. Nlr.

Ctlise

1. Grk. b."!).'Y" (> NG pop. b.p"I'Y.. through b.)."I'Y.. with transposition); Lat. mulg"'e (> It. mungere, Rum. mulge, OFr. maudre); Ir. mligim, bligim; OE melcan, OHG melehan, etc., general Gmc. (but OE meolcian, ME mylke, NE milk, fro the sb. OE meole, etc.); Lith. militi, meliu; ChS!. mllBli, ml1lzq, SCr. muati, mu.zem; Alb. mjelle; the old general Eur. vb. for 'milk' : Skt. mrj- 'wipe, stroke', Av. maraz- 'touch', IE *melQ-, with Eur. specialization of 'wipe, stroke' or the like to 'milk'. Walde-Po 2.298 II. Emout-M. 637. 2. Fr. lraire, fro Lat. IrahR.re 'draw'. Sp . ..denar, fro VLat. *..diniare beside *ordinium 'implement', fro Lat. ..dindre 'arrange'. Development prob. through 'manipulate'. REW 6091. 3. MIr. erudim, cruthaim, with sb. crud 'milk' (cf. K. Meyer, Contrib. 535, 538), NIr. crUdhaim, etym.? W. godro, MBr. gozro, Br. gOTO, cpd. *go-dro : W. lToi 'tum, twist', Lat. ITahere 'draw' etc. Wald":'P.1.752. Pedersen 1.97.

pienaa pima

..uk mlijeko ..uk

Pol.

mleka

RU88.

moloka

Skt. Av.

payoh-, zloid-

_.".......

connections that have been suggested seem less probable. Walde-Po 2.298. Feist 360 f. Bemeker 2.34. StenderPetersen 42 II. F. A. Preveden, Language 5.152 II. 3. Ir. IUS (K. Meyer, Contrib. 138) etym.? NIr. bain..., fro MIr. ban... 'drop', rarely 'milk' (K. Meyer, Contrib. 177) Com. banna, banne, Br. banne 'drop' : Skt. bindu- 'drop'. Walde-Po 2.110. Pedersen, 1.116. 4. Lith. piena8, Lett. pUns, Skt. Av. payah- (also pahnan'mother's milk') : Skt. pi.-, pya- 'swell, fatten', pina- 'fat', Grk. 'll"iap 'fat', etc. Walde-Po 2.73 II. pay_,

5. Skt. kfira-, NPers. Sir, etc. : Alb. hirr. 'whey'. Walde-P.1.503. Av. zhJU-, perh. : Lith. 1lViesta., Lett. svieBlB 'butter'. Walde-Po 2.521. Skt. dooM, gen. dadhnas 'thick sour milk' : OPruss. dadan 'milk', Alb. djathe 'cheese', redup!. form fro the root of Skt. dhallati 'sucks' (cf. dhenu- 'giving milk'), etc. (6.16). Walde-Po 1.829.

FOOD AND DRINK; COOKING AND UTENSILS

milk

The verbs for 'milk' are unrelated to the nouns for 'milk' in the same language, except in Irish and the Gmc. group.

...u: mill: ...u:

Du.

1. Grk. 'Yb.).a, 'Yb.).4 Romance words, also Ir. lachI, W. Zlaelh, Br. lae.), without certain rootconnection. Walde-Po 1.659. EmoutM.514. Walde-H. 1.741 f. REW 4817. Pedersen 1.228. 2. Ir. mliehl, bliehl, W. blith; Goth. miluks, OE meole, etc., general Gmc.; ChSl. mllko (*melko), etc., general Slavic; Toch. A malke, B malkwer. These are put together here despite the dispute as to their relationship. Certainly some and prob. all : Grk . • "!).'Y'" Lat. mulgere, Ir. melgim, OE melcan, etc., the general Eur. vb. for 'milk' (5.87). In the Gmc. group the second vowel of Goth. miluks, OHG miluh is puzzling, and some think that the relationship to the vb. is only secondary, due to the assimilation of an originally difierent word related to Grk. 'Yb.).a, Lat. lac (above, 1). The Slavic words were once regarded as Gmc. loanwords, but that is now generally given up. They are separated by many from the above group, but as a "melle- beside *meJ4- is attested by Lat. mulcere, this is unnecessary, and the various substitute

mylke

OHO melchan MHO moIchm NHO .../ken

mjolk

...u:

387

5.88 CHEESE Lith. Lett. ChSI. SOr.

melcan, meolcian

miluks

Lith. Lett. ChS!. SOr.

'Y&:).~

5.87 MILK (vb.) 4pD.'YW, Ap,u'Y1oI

S.V. sugar.

5.86 MILK (sb.) Ork. NO Lat.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Ork. NO

385

cre, the Celtic (W. siwgr fro ME llUIJ1'e) and Gmc. forms, and through the latter the Balto-Slavic forms, except Russ. 8IJl:har (above), and SCr. Set.., which is fro Turk. sMIcer, this fro NPers sakar. Lokotsch 1855. REW 8441a. NED,

Skt. Av.

4. Lett. slauk! : Lith. niaukti 'sweep'. both fro a. common notion of 'wipe, stroke'. Milh!.-End•. 3.919. Boh. dojili, Pol. doit, Russ. dolit' : ChS!. dojiti 'suckle', Skt. dhallati'sucks', etc. (5.16). Bemeker 205. 5. Skt. dull-, NPers. duzlan, duiidan, the Indo-Iranian verb for 'milk' (though not quotable fro Av.). Connection with Grk. TEb'X,w 'make, build', TV)'xlU'w 'hit the mark, meet, happen', Goth. daug, OE deag, OHG Ioug 'is of advantage, avails', etc. is generally rejected on semantic grounds. Walde-P.1.847. Feist 128. But in view of the perfect formal correspondence, one must consider the possibility of deriving the divergent meanings (which even in the Eur. group olIer some problems) from some common source, even if the attempt involves speculation falling short of conviction. For example. the Indo-lranian 'milk' may be from 'stroke', like the Eur. 'milk' (above, 1); 'stroke' and 'strike' may be from a common source (cf. NE Btrike : NE BlTolce, NHG Blreichdn); and 'strike' may lead to 'hit, hit the mark', the earliest use of Grk. TU')'X ..... (whence also 'meet, happen, be fortunate', etc.), from which 'suit, be good for, avaiJ', etc. in Gmc.

W.

ciii8. co...

Br.

I""""";

tJese, c&e Mese chee•• k Lat. zythum). first used

,w.1....

hydromel hidromel

Mdromel, miod mid miodA medd

....

Goth. ON

*midus mj(/,3r

Dan. Sw.

mj/rJ mjlJd medu, malo

NE

....

OE ME Du.

OHG MHG NHG

.t...

.......

Goth.

...=!

ON

winum

Dan.

..... .... Ii..

/ion gwi.. g.,;..

Sw. OE ME NE Du.

OHO MHG NHO

Lith.

mea.

midus

Lett. ...a.. ChSL (...a~) BCr. ...00.;"" Boh. ...00.;"" Pol.

Russ.

mead

mWd

...a

,"",u

,"",(0)

'"'"

Mead WIIB the oldest IE intoxicating drink. made from honey. and remained a common drink among the Celtic, Germanic. and Balta-Slavic peoples. but not among the Greeks and Romans. It is regularly expressed by a word for 'honey' or a derivative of it. 1. IE *medhu- 'honey' and 'mead'. Walde-Po 2.261. Here. only for the drink. Ir. mid. etc .• all the Celtic worde; ON mjp1Jr, OE medu. etc .• all the Omc. worde (Goth. "mid... not quotable. but inferred fro a Grk. transcription 1'!60s. referring to a drink taking the place of wine at the Hunnish court; cf. NED S.V. mead). The Balto-Slavic words are partly the same lIB for 'honey' (hence also Rum. mied). partly derivs.• lIB SCr.• Boh. medouina; but Lith. mid... is fro Ooth. *midm, and ChS!. medu is quotable only lIB 'honey' or late for 'wine'.

Sp.

390

389

5.91 MEAD

....... ....,. ....,.

.-

FOOD AND DRINK; COOKINO AND UTENSILS

Skt. madhu- WIUI used for any sweet intoxicating drink. especially the BOma juice. Av. maclu- was a kind of wine or beer (Barth. 1114. NPers. rnai 'wine'. Horn 1003). Ork. 1'18. occurs only as a poetical word for 'wine', but is the source of the common prose words JlfIJ~, p.JJVUICl.lJ 'be drunk, make drunk', whence NO "..Bua,w... 'drunk'. 2. Ork. /UM..... (Plut. Mor. 672b of the drink of the barbarians). deriv. of }lEAL 'honey'. 3. Late Grk. Mp6/U).~ cpd. of ~8..p 'water' and ,uN. 'honey', whence Lat. hydrome/(,). It. idromek. Fr. hydrr>mel (> Rum. hidTome/). Sp. hidromel (also aguamel. with substitution of agua 'water'). These words are those employed to denote the 'mead' of other peoples. though also used of an unfermented mixture of honey and water.

5.92 WINE ,..;

..........

.

Lith. Lett. ChBl. SCr.

...... ...... wijn ..... ,..;.

Boh. Pol.

wi..

Russ.

win

. ..

"1J'I Br. bier; Rum. beTe). orig. much disputed. perh. an old loanword fro MLat. bibeT a 'drink' (fr. Lat. infin. biber, 'drink'). Kluge-O. 56. For other views cf. Walde-Po 2.11S. Weigand-H. 1.236. NED S.V.

beer, Sh.l. 4. ON pl. Dan. ;1. Sw. 01. OE eaiu. ME. NE ak (the differentiation from beer is recent, cf. NED s.v.). and (fr. Omc.) Lith .• Lett. aim (OPruse. alu 'mead'). ChS!.. ORuss. olu : Ork. /,.}W....,... 'bitter' (Sophr.). Lat. alumen 'alum'. Walde-Po 1.91. Falk-Torp 1419 f. Stender-Petersen 294 If. 5. ChS!. pi_o, etc .• general Slavic (> Lith. P!I1'aB). orig. 'a drink' : CbS!. pili 'drink'. etc. (5.13). 6. Skt. yalJll8Ur/!,-. cpd. of yaua- 'grain. millet, barley' and 8ura~ itself perh. 'beer' (KZ 35.314) - Av. hur/!,- 'miik-\\ine' (Barth. 1837). fro the same root lUI Skt. 80m!>-. Av. haoma- (5.92). or more directly: OE sUr 'sour', etc. Walde-Po 2.513.

CLOTHING; PERSONAL ADORNMENT AND CARE

CHAPTER 6 CLOTHING; PERSONAL ADORNMENT AND CARE 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.23 6.29 6.31 6.32 6.33 6.34 6.35 6.36 6.37 6.38 6.39 6.41

6.47 6.48 6.49 6.51 6.52 6.53 6.M 6.55 6.57 6.58 6.59 6.61 6.62 6.63 6.71 6.72 6.73 6.74 6.75 6.81 6.82 6.83 6.91 6.92 6.93 6.94 6.95 6.96

CLOTHE, DRESS CLOTHING, CLOTHES TAILOR CLOTH

WOOL LINEN; FLAX

COTrON

SlLK LACE

FELT

FuR LEATHER

SPIN SPINDLE

WEAVE

Loo"

SEW

NEEDLE

AWL THREAD

DYE (vb.) CLOAK.

6.412 OVERCOAT

6.42 6.43 6.44 6.45 6.46

WOJlAN'S DRESS COAT SHIRT

COLLAR

SKIRT

6.11 Grk.

NG Lat. It.

Fr.

Sp. Rum.

SToCKING, SOCK

SHOE

BOOT SLIPPER SHOEMAKER, COBBLER

HAT; CAP BELT, GIRDLE GLOVE

VEIL

POCKET BUTTON PlN

ADoBNlOlNT (Personal) JEWEL RING (For Finger) BRAClIlLIIT NECKLACE HANDKERClIIEF

TOWEL

NAPKIN COMB

BRUSH RAZOR

Oumo"'T SOAP MIRROR

CLOTHE, DRESS

m>VP'. Ww"

Goth.

1Da&jo..

Whw,P'Tm.. veatlTe, induere

ON

k/o!W.

I163tire

Sw.

lclado

OE ME NE

CbSI.

habiller, (re)PItir

tcrUdan, gewlldian cloiAe, dru.e

SCr.

dru.,clotIuJ

Du.

kludera wericm, tDCJten

Pol. RU88. Skt. Av.

PUtiT

Ir.

tmbrdca itim, intuigur

NIr. W.

cOirigAim, eaduighim gwiogo, ME lake 'fine linen'), OS lacan = MHG lachen (OHG laMan usually 'a cover of cloth') : MLG lak. Lat. laxU8, Ir. lace 'loose' J hence orig. 'something pliant' or 'loose hanging'(?). Walde-P. 2.712 f. Falk-Torp 619. Franck-v. W. 368. 5. Lith. mila•• Lett. mila (both ususlly 'woolen homespun'; OPruss. milan 'gewant') perh. : Grk. l'aXMs 'tuft of hair'. Walde-P. 2.294. Lith. gelumbe. orig. 'blue cloth' now esp. 'manufactured cloth' : ChSI. golqbyjil. Russ. golubyj. OPruss. golimban 'blue' (15.67). Lett. vadmala. of Beand. orig .• cf. Icel. va"IJmiiI. Sw. vadmal 'homespun'. ON vii.'6-mal, lit. 'a measure of cloth', a unit of legal tender at fairly late date in the north. The orthography indicates a

399

direct borrowing rather than through LG UJdtmal, wammdl, Wdtman, etc. as Miihl.-Endz. 4.430. Lett. dr~be. in pI. 'clothes'. see 6.12. Lett. drana. prob. fro .dor- in dirliJ. 'tear' (cf. Lith. drabuli. 'clothes'. etc .• 6.12). Miihl.-Endz. 1.494. 6. ChSI. .ukno (Supr. with or without .laseno for TpLX"'''' />6."'" 'haircloth'). etc .• general Slavic for 'cloth', orig. 'what is spun' : ChSI. B"kati. Boh. 8oukati, etc. 'turn, ",ind' and (like Lith. aukti) used also for 'spin' (as 'spin' often fro 'turn', 6.31). Walde-P.2.470. Miklosich 333. Brftckner 525. CbSl. platil (reg. for ""-- in Gospels. etc.). Pol. plat 'piece of cloth, rag'). Russ. platok 'handkerchief'. plat'e 'dr...·, prob. : Lith. plat.... Grk. ..>'uTbs. Skt. prthu- 'broad'. as orig. 'something spread out'. Miklosich 249. Brftckner 420. Otherwise (: OHG 8paUan 'split', etc.) Walde-P. 2.678. Late ChSI. rqbil (Pol. rqb 'seam. hem'. Boh. rub 'wrong side' of cloth. etc.; cf. ser. rubala. Russ. ru.IJalka 'shirt') : Pol. rqbae, RUBB. rubit' etc. 'cut, hew' (outside root connections?). hence orig. 'piece cut off' like Grk. p""or (above. 1). Bruckner 455. Miklosich 281. SCr. coha fro Turk. ruka 'cloth·. Berneker 159. SCr. latak, Boh. ldtka: Boh.. Pol. lata, Russ. latka 'patch, rag', outside connection? Berneker 693. Briickner 291. Pol. ch!J.8to. (mostly 'linen cloth'). etym.? Briickner 186 (: ChSI. Bkutil 'edge of a garment'. etc .• but??). Russ. tkan'. fro tkat' 'weave' (6.33). 7. Skt. !laoana-. vaBtra- 'clothing' (6.12) also 'cloth·. Av. ubdaena-, fro IE .webh- 'weave' (6.33). Barth. 401.

CLOTHING; PERSONAL ADORNMENT AND CARE

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

400

the list by giving first the words for

6.22 WOOL Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W. Br.

Goth. ON D&Il. Sw. OE ME

...u..

lIna

NE

wool

olann

Du. wol OHG ""'"" MHG NHG

Ip....

","",' l4M la"" !aim

la"" olann

uil uld

CbSl.

.u w.u.

SCr.

wulf, wuUe

w.u. w.u.

gwlan

qloon

1. IE owJna-, *wlmd-, etc. fro ·wel- in words for 'hair, wool, grass, etc.', prob. the same as in Lat. veUere, etc. 'tear, pluck'. WsJde-P. 1.296 f. Ernout-M. 521,1081. Walde-H. 1.756f. Feist476f. Lat. /ana (> Romance words); Ir. olann, W. gwlan, Br. gloan; Goth. wulla, ON ull, OE wull, wulle, etc., genersJ Gmc.; Lith. vilnos (pI. coli.), Lett. vilna; ChSI. vll1na, etc. general Sl&vic (hut Russ. volno old or dial.) ; Skt. iiN}/J-, Av. vaT9nli-; cf. Grk. (rare) ).;;.0., Dor. ).4.., 'flUet, fleece', Lat. vellum 'fleece', Grk. olMos

Lith. Lett.

'woolly'.

Boh. Pol. RUM. Skt. Av.

'linen', or 'linen' and 'flax', and adding those for 'flax' alone if different.

vii.... vii"" o!iI""

1. Eur. ·ltno- 'flax, linen'. Walde-Po 2.440 f. Schrader, Reallex. 1.323 ff. Ernout-M.555. WsJde-H.1.810. Grk. XlvoJl 'flax, linen', NG AuoO ...avL

"""" 010",

we/na

Jer.t'

.......... ........

IE *W6T-, in 4p1,J1 'lamb', Lat. vervex 'wether', Skt. ura- 'sheep', all wool· bearing animals, perh. the same .... IE ·wer- 'cover', in Skt. VT- 'protect, cover', etc. Walde-Po 1.269 f. 3. NG ~aW, fro Grk. l'a).M. 'tuft of hair' : Lith. mila8 'cloth' (6.21). 4. Late ChS!., obs. SCr., Russ. jaTina : Grk. fp«/los 'kid', Lat. aries 'ram', Lith. eras 'Iamb'. Walde-P. 1.135. Berneker 447. 5. RUBB. serst': ChSL sr1lstl, Pol. sier(b)t, Boh. srst' 'animal hair', Lith. sergs 'bristle', OHG hrusti 'crest' etc. WsJde-P. 1.427. Briickner 490. J

2. Att. IplO., Ion. .xpos, '!pIO"

fro

6.23 LINEN; FLAX Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. Nlr.

W. Br.

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OnG MHG

).£..0..

""J'O:r_l;~

linum, linteum tela (di lino), lino toile (de lin); lin lienzo, lino ptmd; in

lin lion Uiain; llin r-lft; lin

NHG

Zein lin, lerept, Mrr larred, Unned: h;r larft, linne; lin lInen; Un, jkaz linen; lin, flex linen; flax linnen, lijnwaad; vlaB linin; lin,.flaAa, haru limn, Unwdt; lin, I1lahs, har leinen, leinwand,'

Lith. Lett. CbSI. SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ. Skt.

audekUu, drobi; I1nai audek18; lini plattno; Unit platno, bez; lan pl4tno:len plotno; len

..

polotoo, cholat; len

"" -:"",,,,,,,-

.fW Sp. lien.o), the proper term for 'linen fabric', obscure, blend of linum

6.24 COTTON NG It. Fr. Sp. Rum. NIr.

W. Br.

D&Il. Bw. ME NE Du. MHG NHG

~r«~r6.x~

cotone ooI Br. koto1!.s) , Sp. algodrJn, ME eotoun, eoton (> W. eotwm), NE eoUon, Du. katoen, MHG kattun (NHG lcaUun 'csJico'). 2. An orientsJ word, perh. orig. Iranian, represented by Pahl. pambak, Osset. bambag, NPers. panba, Arm. OOmbak. Schrader, loc. cit. Berneker 100 f. Hence late Lat. bombax 'Iinteorum aut

aliae

quaevis

quisquiliae'

(Du

Cange) , bombacium (> NE bomOOsine, bombast, Fr. bombasin, etc.), and apparently Grk. fJ6~fJv~ (> Lat. bombyx) 'silkwonn, silk'. Here also NO p.1fa.p.r/uct, Rum. bumbac,

SCr. pamuk, but by the mediation of different Turkish forms (cf. Berneker, loc. cit.). MHO boumwolle, bounwolle, boumwol, etc., NHG baumwolle, LG bOmwolle, Du. boomwol, lit. 'tree wool'. Cf. Hdt. 3.106 (of indian cotton) ,,161 6!I'Ilp.>.... Br. dant,z... Sp. encaje, fr. encajar 'fit, join' (in woodwork) .. cpd. of caja 'sheath, case', Lat. cap8a 'repository, box', A semantic parallel is seen in NE insertion, usually used of lace set in the body of a garment in contrast to that put on the borders. 2. W. ysnoden 'band, lace' and 'lace' as fabric (like NE lace) : Ir. sn&h, Br. neud 'thread', W. nyddu'spin' (6.31). 3. Dan. lcniplinger (pl.), fr. knipie 'make lace', fr. MLG lcnuppeln (with dissim.) = NHG kUippeln: LG lcnuppel, NHG klOppel 'bobbin'. Falk-Torp, 549.

406

NE lace (> NIr. Iasa) same word as lace in Bhoelace, etc. (fr. OFr. las, las, Lat. laqueus 'noose'), which came to be used esp. for ornamental braid (cf. gold lace) and (first through the similar function of lace rumes?) 'lace' as the fabric in general. NED •.v. Du. kant, lit. 'edge', fr. OFr. cant 'corner'. Franck-v. W. 291. NHG Bpitzen (> Sw. spets), pI. of spUze 'point' (12.352). 4. Lith. karbatkoB (pI., NSB; karbatkai Lalis), fro karba. 'notch, dent', karbuoti 'notch, indent', fr. Pol. karb 'notch', karbotDtlC 'notch, indent', fro NHG kerbe, kerben id. Br1lckner, SI. FremdwOrter 90. Lett. spice, fro LG or NHG spitse. Lett. lcnipeie (Dravneck; not in Miihl.-End•. ), fr. MLG lcnup1"'ln 'make lace' (above, 3). 5. SCr. Cipka, Boh. Mpky (pl.), fr. dim. of SCr., Boh. rep 'peg' (cf. Boh. Cipek 'little peg'). Boh. krajky (pl.), dim. of kraj, ChSI. kraji 'edge' (12.353). Cf. NE edging sometim.. 'lace' (NED S.V. 4). Pol. koronka or pI. koronki, dim. of korona (fr. Lat. corOna) 'crown' with development through 'coronet, chaplet, rosary', etc. Br1lckner 257. Russ. kru£euo (cf. ChS!. krqlivo'suturae genus') : Russ. krug, ChSI. krqgil 'circle' (12.82), Russ. kruiiti 'turn around'. Miklosich 142. Bemcker 626 (without kruievo).

Fr.

.,..,..

(U........)

(pollio)

peUicc1a

1tnm'U1'6

Sp. peUiza. Rum. blond (",...,.,.n) Ir. NIr. fitmW. if"" Br. /eu:r,joulimnn

ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHO MHO NHO

(akinn), 101l-

I .......

Lith. Lett. ChBl. Ber. Boh.

lur bont

Pol. RUIO.

pds

pel,

(feU)

kailw, kt:riliniai kduoks ko!ucldl._ krmo ko.!e.!ino

,,,,ro

mecA

(fif), poilu bellu

pets

Animals' skins provided man's earliest clothing and even after the use of woven cloth continued to play some part. Some of the words for 'skin, hide' (4.12) that are most frequently quotable as applied to clothing are repeated in the list, without further comment below. There are many other obscure terms for garments of skin among various people, as the Gmc. reno, etc. Cf. Schrader, Reallex. 2.156 IT. Considered here mainly are the words applied to the dressed skins with fine hair, the 'fur' of medieval and modern tim... Some of these are derived from words for 'skin', but several are of quite

fem .•b. peUicia > It. 1"'Uiccia (Fr. peli8.e 'fur cloak'), Sp. 1"'lliza (ON piliza, OE pylece 'fur cloak', NE obs. pileh), OHG pelli., MHG belliz, NHG 1"'Zz, MLG 1"'18 (> Dan.• Sw. 1"'18). REW 6375. Weigand-H. ~392. Fr. lourrure (OFr. lorr...re 'fur lining'), fr. OFr.larrer 'line, line with fur', fr. OFr. lu.err, 'sheath', fro Gmc., cf. Goth. fOdr '.heath' (NHG 1ul.1er also 'lining'). But OFr. lu.erre must itself have been used also for 'fur lining', though this is not attested. For it is the source of Br. leur both 'sheath' and 'fur' and ME IUTTe, NE Iur only in the secondary sense. REW 3405a. Wartburg 3.672 IT., NED s.v.lur. Rum. bland, fr. Slavic, cf. Boh. blana

dilTerent origin. 1. NO 'YoiWa. (esp. 'fur coat', with "Yov'made of fur') = By•. 70;;"a 'fur 'membrane, fine fur', etc. (Berneker coat' (cf. Const. Porph., Ger. 381.11, as 69 f.). Tiktin 197 f. worn by the Goths inside out, Achmet 3. Ir. crocenn 'skin' used of the ed. Drexl p. 118, 11.9-18), MLat. gunna 'golden lleece' (K Meyer, Contr. 524). id. (St. Boniface, 8th cent.; also SOOol. NIr. fionnadh (used for the fine hair Bern. ad Verg. Buc. et Georg., ed. of the face and the fur of animals; but Hagen, p. 946), whence OFr. gonne, also for fur garments?) fr. MIr. find/ad goun, 'long coat' (> ME goune, NE 'hair', cpd. of find 'hair' (4.14) and -bod gown > W. (fID7!, 6.42). Here also 'be', with the sense of the composition (through Grk.) Bulg. guna 'cloak of entirely obscured. Pedersen 2.14. goat's hair', etc. (Berneker 363), Alb. W. ffwr, older ffwrri, etc., fr. ME gum 'woolen or fur cloak'. mtimatc IUTTe, NE/ur. Parry-Williams 157. orig. unknown (not Celtic), perh. nonBr. leur ('sheath' and 'fur'), fr. OFr. IE. Pokorny, Z. sl. Ph. 4.103 f. NED luerre (above, 2). Br. loulinenn, orig. 'cured fur' (cf. S.v. gown. 2. From Lat. 1"'lli. (4.12) com.. the Le Gonidec, s.v.), fro MBr. lomiff (fr. late Lat. adj. pellicius, -.... 'of skins', Fr.louler) 'full'.

,.puc"

..iNn

NG Lat. It.

ft7"G'"h _

leUr.

Fr.

1euM8

Sp. Rum.

ji.eUro plBld

6.27 FELT (sb.) pDji, JW It. cuoio, Fr. cuir, Sp. cuero), Skt. carma,.,., Av. Caraman-, allorig. 'hide' (4.12). Rum. pieie, fro Lat. pelli. 'hide' (4.12). 3. Ir. iethar, NIr. ieathar, W. lledr, Br. Ier beside ON ie1fr, OE leper, OHG

TOI'""',

408

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

leder, etc., uncertain whether cognate groups (Oletra-) or orig. Celtic (°letTa- fro °pletra- : Lat. peUis') with early Gmc.

5. Lith. skllra, Lett. ada, orig. 'hide' (4. 12}.

borrowing. Pedersen 2.45. Or as orig. 'smoothed skin' (°letTa- fro °leitra-): Grk. M'os, Lat. liuis 'smooth'? KlugeG.350. 4. Goth. skauda- in skaudaraip (acc. sg.) 'thong' : Grk. UM-os, etc. (above, I). Feist 430. Goth. filkine (adj. tra.nslating 8!t.o ("u..j"", cf. 3 sg. pres. >ii, 3 ag. imperf. I""", etc.), ~, NG pop. -y.!8w; Lat. niire; Ir. on>-, NIr. sniomhaim, W. nyddu, Br. neta : OHG najan 'sew'; Lett. sn4t 'twist lightly' (aa in spinning or esp. plaiting, cf. Milhl.Endz. 3.974), Skt. 81I4yu- and _ n - , Grk. )lEVpew 'sinew'. 2. Grk. «Mew, root connections? WaJde-P. 1.464. 3. It. filare, Fr. filer, Sp. hilar, fro VLat. rll4re (CGL 5 passim), fro Lzt. filum 'thread' (6.38). REW 3293. Wartburg 3.539. Rum. toarce, fro VLat. °torcere, Lat.

410

merly 'span, measure' (now 'judge'), sb. sprindi. 'span' (Leskien, Ablaut 346), perh. a.lso CbSl. prodali 'spring, quiver'

(common element 'be taut, tense'). Persson, BeitrAge 873. Trautmann 278. BrUckner 440. 7. Skt. krt- (3 sg. kroaU.): Grk. "upra.Ms 'basket', Lat. crdtis 'wickerwork', etc., with interchange between notions of plaitiog and spinning. WaJda-Po 1.421.

'spider', lit. 'wool-weaver'. b. Lith. a1J8ti, Lett. a1J8t: ON 1IIl1J 'cloth'.

c. Ir. jigim, NIr. fighim, W. gweu, Br. gwea : Skt. vagura- 'net', perh. Lat. velum (*vexlom) 'curtain, veil, sail', OE w!oce, NE wick, etc. 2. Lat. lexere, aJso 'build' (> It. tessere, Fr. tisser, Sp. tejer, Rum. I Sw.) spintkl: Goth. spinnan, etc. 'spin' (6.31). NED s.v. spindle.

5. Lith. varps'" : uerpti 'spin' (6.31). Lett. sprulica 'spindle' beside prulica 'distaff' (cf. spreat beside pre.1 'spin'), fro Slavic, Po!. ~lica, Russ. prjaslica, etc. 'distaff', fro the root in CbSl. pr¢i, etc. 'spin' (6.31). Milhl.-Endz. 3.1018. BrUckner 440. 6. ChS!., SCr. oreteno, etc., generaJ Slavic, above, 3. 7. Skt. larku-, above, 1.

6.33 WEAVE Grk. NO Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

iH/Ja.tJ,,,,

~""" /aer.

......

tu8ers

!oj...

Rum.

je8e

Ir. Nlr.

JilJim jighim

w.

Br.

gweu

IfW'"

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHO MHO NHO

...... .....

Lith. Lett. ChBI. SOr. Boh.

/.

..... ...... .......

we/on

Pol. RUllI!.

Bkt.

...00.. ..."."

.um .uat

IIlkaIi

Ucati !kdIi Ikai

""'"

..."."

CLOTHING; PERSONAL ADORNMENT AND CARE 3. Ir. garmain (quotable only for 'weaver's beam', but perh. used aJso for the whole 'loom', like Ork. l(1TOf, etc,) : ON karmr 'breastwork', Dan. karm

'frame'. Pedersen 1.494. NIr. Beol, identical with s60l 'course, gnidance', this = seol 'sail' (10.88), in sense back-formation fro seolaim 'steer, guide'. W. gwDdd, orig. 'wooden frame', hence also 'plow', MW 'mast', and so not connected with gweu 'weave', but identical with UWBdd 'trees, wood~'

(1.41). Br. stern, orig. 'frame': W. ystarn 'harness, packsaddle', lit. 'that which is spread out', prob. fro Lat. sternere 'spread'. Loth, Mots lat. 217. 4. ON "f8ta1Jr, or vefr, the older name for the loom, cpd. of vefa 'weave' and 8tatlr 'that which is set up, stand' (IE "_). ON vefsUll!, Dan. v"""'8101, Sw. vavBloI, MHG weberstuol, NHG webstukl, lit. 'weaving support or equipment', Orne.

""""k

Lith. Lett. ChBI. SOr. Bah. Pol.

tpindel

"stola- (OE stol 'chair', etc., 7.43) retaining its more primitive force. FalkTorp 1172. Hellquist 1403. ME lome, NE loom, fro OE geWma 'utensil, implement' (fr. the adv. geIDme - OHG gilOmo 'often', hence orig. 'a thing of frequent use'?) NED s.v. Du. weefgef.ouw, cpd. of getouw = MLG getouwe, MHG gezouwe 'tool,

.-

'stand'.

tpim/ tpifldls tpifldls tpil tpi....ilG, opi/lili 'strike apart, break up' (cpd. of ChS!. biti 'strike', 9.21) prob. with reference to the division of the warp and woof on the loom. Pol. wars.tat (spec. warl/ztal tkacki lit. 'weaver's workshop'), fro NHG werkBtatt. BrUckner 603. 7. Skt . •emr..,.. : .... 'weave' (6.33).

6.35 SEW Ork. NO Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. Nlr.

w.

Br.

#~

p6.fJo>

.""'.

cucirfJ

covdr.

...... ....... COlI.,.

uagim

/uaghoim

gwrial

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHO MHG NHO

aiujan 8011mB.

·8flio

'"

ay,86mmG

8tt.tJion sewe

""'"'" nl'tom.,

Lith. Lett. ChBL SOr. Bah. Pol.

R ..... Bkt.

Biuwan, niljan

fliihm

411

equipment, loom': Goth. taujan 'do,

ip-yaMti

k r _ (p It.

3. Ir. dathaigim (quotable?), NIr. datIIuighim deriv. of Ir. datil 'oolor, dye' (15.61). W. U;wio, Br. Ii"" both also 'paint', derivs. of W. lIiw, Br. Ii... 'color, dye, paint' : Ir. Ii 'color', Lat. Ii.or 'bluish color', etc. Walde-Po 2.715. Pedersen 1.51.

415

4. ON lita, deriv. of litr 'color', orig. 'complexion, appearance' : Goth. wlit8, OE wlite 'appearance, form'. Walde-Po 1.293. FaIk-Torp 679. OHG farawen, MHG verwen, NHG farbon, Du. _ , Dan. farve, Sw. farga, derivs. of sbs. OHG farawa, etc. (MLG I/enDe > Dan. farve, Sw. farg) 'dye, paint, oolor' : OHG faro 'colored', Grk. npK1>6s 'dark, livid', Skt. PTrni- 'speckled', etc. Walde-Po 2.45. Falk-Torp 206. OE tUagian, ME, NE dye, derivs. of OE deah, tUag 'dye', NE dye, prob. : OE tUagol, OHG tougal 'secret, hidden', but root connection and semantic sequence dub. (see 17.36). Walde-Po 1.838. OE telgan (only in gl.) deriv. of telg 'dye, paint', etym.?

5. Lith. paTIJuoti, Lett. pervet, Boh. !Jarvili, Pol. barwit, farbowat, sCr. farbali, derivs. of the nouns for 'dye, paint', these loanwords of different periods fro MHG va""" MW 1161"IIJ6, or NHG farOO (above, 4). Lith. dalyl;, ong. 'dip' hence 'dye' (cf. dalas 'dye, color'), etym.? Walde-Po 1.786. Lett. krdlmot, deriv. of krtl8a 'dye, paint', loanword fro Slavic (cf. Russ. kraBit', below, 6). 6. SCr. bojadisati,also 'paint', derlv.of boja 'dye, paint', this from Turk. boya id. RUSB. kraBit!, 'adorn' hence 'dye, paint', fro krasa 'beauty, adornment' : late ChSl. krasa 'beauty', OBoh. krasa 'light, splendor', etc. Berneker 607. Walde-Po 1.418 If.

7. Skt. ra(ii)jaya-, caUB. of ra(fI)j'be bright, colored, red' (cf. rllga'coloring, dyeing' J rakta- 'colored, red') : Grk. I>/>",: Op«. 'wear'. 6".,.u 'woman's') in this special application, as 'garment'. 6.12); NHG iiberzieAer fro NE dru. (now the most common use). iiberziehen 'pull over'; SCr. ogrta/! fro NHG kleid. Russ. plat'e. etc. A full list ogrI4ti 'hang abuut' (Berneker 372). would be in large measure a repetition Fr. pa/etot. fro (instead of conversely. of words included in 6.12. But a few as formerly &S8umed) the earlier attested others that apply mainly to a woman's ME paUoc~ a kind of short coat (NED dress are given here. S. v.). perh. fro pall 'cloak' (Lat. paRium). 1. Grk......}.os (sometimes 'covering', Baist. Z. rom. Ph. 32.430 ff. REW 6178. also man's 'cloak'. but esp. the long robe GamilIscheg 661. Hence. in the very wom by women). reduplicated form different modern use of the Fr. paleIol (......}.o.) of IE 'pel,. in Lat. peRia, OE as a loose outer coat .or cloak. It. paUo. Jell. etc. 'hide'. ON Jeldr 'cloak'. etc. NG ..uXT6, Sp. palet6, Rum. paUon. Pol. Less prob., since 'covering' seems to be paUo, Russ. pal'to 'overcoat'. the earlier sense. fro 'pel,. in words for Sp. gabftn. orig. the peasant's heavy ·fold·. Walde-P. 2.56. 58. Boisacq 769. coat. but kept in part for the modern NG pop. W. clog. Parry-Williams 181. 241). NE cloak (> NIr. clOca). fro OFr. cloke. cloche. MLat. cZo(c)ca 'cape wom by horsemen and travelers' so called fro its bell-shape. being the same word as the earlier and more widespread MLat. cZo(c)ea. OFr. cloche. etc .• 'bell'. prob. fro Celtic (see under 'clock', 14.43). NED S.V. cloak. REW 1995. Wartburg 2.290 ff.

pall. cf. NED S.V. pall. sb.' 5). perh. fro 'par(u)la- dim. of a borrowing fro Grk. ipo, (above). Walde-P.2.58. ErnoutM.724. Lat. paenula. fro Grk. u.""Xu (Rhinthon) = late Grk. ",""X~, (by met.... thesis also .M"", NT. pap .• etc.). this perh. orig. 'a bright-colored or shining garment': .....6x" 'light-bringing. light-giving'. at"", 'show forth. reveal'. Emout-M. 722. E. Fraenkel. KZ 42. 115. Lat. lacerna. perh. fro lacer 'tom. mangled' : Grk. X...d, 'rag'. X...!tw 'tear up'. Pol. lack. Russ. lockma ·rag·. Walde-P. 2.419 f. Walde-H. 1.743. Ernout-M. 515 ("ouly pop. etym."). Late Lat. manteUum. dim. of a ColtoIberian manl;um. whence Sp. manto. Hence It. manteUo. OFr. mantel (> ME mantel. NE mantle). Fr. manteau (> Rum. manta); Ir. mottal. matal (fr. ON mpUull). W .• Br. manteU (Loth. Mots lat. 184); ON fn9Il1dl. OE menrel. OHG mantal. Du.• MHG. NHG mantel (> Sw. mantel. Lith. manteliB; Lett. m1Jre!i8 through ORuss. mjatUI; also Slavic words. most in speeialized sense. Ernout-M.589. Walde-H. 2.32 f. REW 5326.5328. Bemeker 2.17. It. cappa. Sp. capa, fro late Lat. cappa 'sort of hesd-covering' (Isid.). whence also words for 'cap' (6.55). connection with caput 'head' dub. Hence also Dan. kappe. Sw. kappa (through MLG kappe). Another form of cappa is ciipa in ON kapa. Dan. kaabe. ME cape. NE cope. NE cape (through OFr. eape). ErnoutM. ISO. Walde-H. 1.162. REW 1642. Falk-Torp 480. 494. 3. Ir. lenn (OW lenn. GaIl. linna). etym.? Walde-P.2.53. Stokes 252. Ir.• NIr. brat : Ir. breit ·cloth· (6.21). Pedersen 1.160. W. cochl. fro Ir. cockutl ·cowl·. fro Lat. cucuUus (> W. cwcwU 'cowl. chasuble')

5. Lith. apBiaU8tas (neolog. for 'cloak' or 'overcoat'), fro ap-siausti 'wrap around'.

6. CbSi. riza (6.12) is the usual rendering of both t,,6.,... and x.T&.. (but risa vS. sraI!Wa Lk. 6.29. conversely Mt. 5.40). Cf. also Jagi6. Entstehungsgesch. 296.322. ChSI. plait> (Supr.). SCr. plait. Boh. p!d8t•• Pol. p/aBzcz (> Lith. pIoSCi...), Russ. plait: OPruss. ploaere 'sheet', Lith. ploSttJ 'sort of shawl'. Russ. plaBt

CLOTHING; PERSONAL ADORNMENT AND CARE

419

F ...lat name of a suburb of Cairo where the cloth was made. Lokotsch 621 (where O.n.... is wrongly defined. as if = NIr. coiiear, W. coler); of api 'around' and Lith. kakla8, Lett. MHG gollier, koUier, etc., fro Fr. collier; kak18 'neck' (4.28). Po!. kolnierz (> Lith. kalnieri....), 6. SCr. ogrlica fro urlo 'throat' (4.29). through MHG dial. kol..... for koller Berneker 369. (Bruckner 247). Boh. limec, fro lem 'border, hem', a 2. NG 'Yf,u:a.s, fro Turk. yaka 'collar', loanword of disputed orig. Berneker 700. whence eJso SCr., Bulg. jaka. Mik- Bruckner 290. losich, Turk. Elem. 1.314. Russ. "orotnik, dim. .orotmeek, fro 3. NIr. bilna, pDna, eJso 'inclosure, word for 'neck', CbS!. fJTatrl, etc. (4.28). In the older languages there are no

words for 'collar' as part of a garment,

jUp8

Sp. Rum.

fu.aUJ

w.

Hr.

(tunico), late

.po1HtT'tJ.

1/''''4

goomlla, ••

foldG acirta .gyrI broao,~n

Dan . Sw.

ME NE Du. NHG

camiaio

camicia .:hemiu ......... cd"""" lim, caimmBe, anart

/liM "'1/'

""" Grk.

ON Dan.

serb-, 8kyt1o

Sw.

.kjorta

OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

'hirt hemd

,kjorW

Lith. Lett.

8ert, ,tyrle, hmtej>e

litem hemidi

ChSl. SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ. Skt.

Jo.mde

morikiniai

kr_ ma, sral:ica, koluljG koIulja, rubaCa koiile

koB,.u.

,ubdka

¢mullfG-

hemd

XL'T~V, Lat. tunica, already given under 'coat', were the nearest equiva-

lents of 'shirt' in the classical period. Grk. XL"."'JltuICOf and XL'T"'JI'WV were applied to a short XIT':'. or woman's shift. Grk. V1I".P&IJI'a., iJ'lt'cP8bTfls 'undergarment', Lst. t...nica interior and Lat. sulnlcula (fr. ·.ub-uere, parallel to ina-uere, exuere) would be a sort of undershirt. But the use of a linen shirt under a woollen tunic first appears in the 4th century A.D. Cf. Marquardt, Rom. Privatleben 470,552. 1. Derivs. of IE '! Grk. fj".. ..., NG Ilptu(l, cf. also iuwllptu(u 'drawers'; It. brache, Sp. bragas, Fr. bra;'s; Br. bragou); MIr. brilc fro ON ag. brok (Zimmer, KZ 30.87 f.); Russ. brjuki fro LG; NIr. briste, fr. NE breeches. Etym. dub. The application of the word to the part of the body covered, the 'breech', often assumed to be the original sense, is cer-

tainly attested only in NE (see NED s.v. 4). Schrader, Reallex. 1.512. FalkTorp 104. REW 1252. Although the early North European 'breeches' were in part long trousers (cf. figures in Schrader, Reallex. 1.510 f.), many of the modem words of this group are used mainly of short breeches (as in NE knee-breeches), but locally without such restriction. So NE breeches was in U.S. the usual term before the introduction of the popular pants (c. 1840), and locally long after. 2. It. pantaloni, Fr. pantalon(s), Sp. pantaUmes, NE pantaloons (now obs. in this form; but the abbr. pants is the commonest term, though regarded as vulgar), NG "JraV1'aMVL, Rum. pantaZoni, Russ. pantalony (formerly common, but not in current use), all based on It. pantalone name of the buffoon in It. comedy, supposedly Venetian in origin and a nickname derived from the name of a local saint, San Pantal(e)one. The application to the characteristic tights of the costume and subsequent extension spread from France. REW 6206. NED s.vv. pantaloon and pants. It. calzoni, Sp. calzones (both now rural terms; It. calzone source of Fr. cale~ 'drawers') fro MLat. *calcea (fem. of calceus 'shoe', 6.51), whence also Fr.

CLOTHING; PERSONAL ADORNMENT AND CARE

427

NHG hosen, fro MHG hase, OHG hosa 'long stocking or legging' = OE hosa, etc. id. (6.49). Weigand-H. 1.893. Klnge-G. 256. NHG beinkleid(er) lit. 'Ieg-clothes', in some localities used as a more refined term than the usual hosen. Kretschmer, Wortgeogr. 112. 5. Lith. kelints, kelnts, fro kelys 'knee',

The 'stocking' was unknown to the classical peoples. In medieval times it is not yet clearly defined, being confused

'covering' fro ·kus- as in Goth. huzds 'hoard', etc., extension of IE ·(s)keu- in Skt. sku- 'cover', etc. Walde-Po 2.551.

with 'shoe' or 'leggings, breeches', of one

Falk-Torp 421. NED s.v. hOBe, sb. ON sokkr, Dan. sok, Sw. socka, OE socc, ME socke, NE sock, Du. sDk, OHG soc, MHG 8OC, socke, NHG soche, fro

'stocking' as now worn by women (or

(6.51), as also the rare OE socc, OHG

orig. therefore 'knee-breeches'.

men in sporting costume) and the short stocking, half-hose, 'sock' of the ordinary men's wear. So Fr. baa vs. chaus.ette, NE 8tocking VB. 80ck (such words for 'sock' being added in the list after a semicolon). But in many languages the old words for 'stocking' continued to be used comprehensively, either generally or locally, e.g. It. calza, NE stocking (in parts of New England at least; I still normally call what I wear stockings), NHG strumpf (cf. Paul, Deutsches Wtb. s.v.). 1. It. calza (> NG ."ATa.) = Fr. chaus8e lshort breeches', dim. chaus8ette 'sock', fr. MLat. ·caleea fem. of calceus 'shoe' (6.51). Fr. bas for bas de chausse8 : bas 'low' (12.32). Gamillscheg 85. Sp. media (orig. media calza), fem. of medio, Lat. maiius 'middle', hence 4the

8OC,

Lett. bikees, fro MLG buxe, bo:xe, pI. b1l1:en, cf. Dan. bukeer (above). Muhl.Endz.1.295. 6. Late ChSI. nadragy, Pol. nadragi (obs.), perh. : Pol. droga, Russ. doroga 'way, road, journey', etc., but semantic

history difficult. Bruckner 97. SCr. hlale, fro MLat. ·calcea (cf. It. calzoni, above, 2). Berneker 387. SCr. /!akiire, fro Turk. ,ak¥r 'wide trousers tied about the ankle'. Lokotsch 385. Boh. spodky, Pol. spOOnie, fro Boh. spod, Pol. spodni 'under, below' : ChSI. padd 'below'. Bruckner 424 f. Boh. kalholy, OBoh. kalihoty, galihoty, kalioty, etc., representing an It. *caligotte, dim. of Lat. caliga 'boot, shoe'. (6.52). Berneker 473. Pol. portki, fro Russ. portki (now 'drawers') : CbSl. priUil 'linen', Pol. part 'coarse hempen cloth, sacking', Russ. (obe.) porty 'clothes', etc. Bruckner 397. Russ. stang, prob. loanword, sourC!e?

6.49 STOCKING, SOCK hoaa.; .oUr ON Dan. Sw.

Grk.

425

8tr;mp8, hoa8; aok

Lith.

kojinc

Lett. Boh. Pol.

uk. WopG ptml30cha poHczocha

Russ.

bd4Ic

8I.rumpa: soeko

aer.

hoaa

hoae; 80cke Blocking, /lose; 30Ck

:;BOk

OHG MHO hoaej 3DCk8 NHO ""'mp/;aodt
Pol. poflczocho), fro MHG puntschuch - buntschuoch, lit. 'bound-ahoe', a sort of 'coarse laced

peasant's shoe'. Bruckner 686. Grimm s. v. buntschuh. Russ. Culok (Bulg. Culka), fro Turk. dial., cf. Kasan. CoIgau 'rags for wrapping the feet': Osman. Turk. ",lak 'crippled in the arm'. Berneker 183. Lokotsch 437. 6. Av. a8ravana- 'stocking'(?), etym.? Barth., IF 11.125 fT.

428

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS 6.51 SHOE

Grk.

NG Lat. It.

Fr. Sp.

Rum.

Ir.

6ri3tJp4, riliMP, ....7& ~"A, r ..rom&

cake.. (........) acarpa, colJatura cMUUUN, .oWiIr ",palo, calIGdo

gMaUl, IncoI/amifll Lat. crepida), Lith. 'wrist'. REW 9577. kurpe, Lett. kurpe : Ir. cairem, W. crydd, 3. Ir. accrann, prob. (with metathesis Br. ker. 'cobbler', SCr. krplj. 'snowshoe', for arcc-) : W. archen 'clothing, shoe', prob. fro a *kerep- beside *(8)ker- 'cut'. OW archenatou 'shoes', Br. arc'hena Walde-Po 1.425. 'put shoes on', arc'henad 'shoe', perh. NG pop. .....OUT•• , fro Turk. pabu~ through notion of 'covering, protection' (Pers. paptls, lit. 'foot-covering', cpd. of : Lat. arcire 'inclose, prevent'. Stokes pa- 'foot' and pili fro pm-ulan 'cover'). KZ 41.381. Walde-Po 1.80. Lokotsch 1625. Ir. euaran : MW curan 'boot', perh. 2. Lat. calceua, whence or fro MLat. fro the root *(s}keu- 'cover' as W. esgid, *calcea and other deriv•. , It. calzalura, Goth. 8kDh8, etc. (below). Walde-Po Fr. chaussure, Sp. calzada, Rum. tneal- 2.M7. Otherwise Pedersen 1.176 (: ~minte 'footwear' : Lat. calx, -cis 'heel'. ChSl. lrhilJ1, etc., below, 6). Ernout-M. 138. REW 1496-98. Ir. aB(s)a, ass (K. Meyer, Contrib. Lat. 8OCCUS, a sort of low shoe worn by 138), etym.? Walde-Po 2.3. Walde-H. Greeks and comic actors (important only 1.99. Ir. brllc, NIr. brO(!, prob. fro ON brok, for the borrowed Gmc. words for 'sock' 6.49), loanword, like f1VltxO!, tnlqclS pI. br"'kr 'breeches' (6.48), which were (Hesych.) 'a sort of shoe'. Emout-M. sometimes provided with feet, called specifically leistabr"'kr (in contrast to 948. It. scarpa, perh. as 'leather shoe' fro leistalausar br",kr). Leather breeches of OHO BCharp. 'leather purse'. Bruch, this sort are still used by Icelandic and Z. rom. Ph. 40.647. REW 7981c. Faroese fishermen. Zimmer, KZ 30.87 f.

430

CLOTHING; PERSONAL ADORNMENT AND CARE Falk, Aitwestnordische Kleiderkunde 118. W. esgid, perh. fro *ped-skUto-, cpd. of IE *pU. 'foot' and ·8keu-t- fro *(8)keu'cover' as in Grk. aMos 'leather', etc.

(6.29). Walde-Po 2.549. Osthoff, Z. celt. Ph. 6.398 ff. Br. bola, fro Fr. boUe 'boot' (6.52). 4. Oath. 8kOhs, ON slWr, OE Booh, OHO scuoh, etc., general Omc., prob. fro *slcOu-ko-, IE *skeu- 'cover'. Walde-Po 2.548. Falk-Torp 1016. Feist 434. 5. Lith. kurpe, Lett. kurpe: Grk. "P'I"I" etc. (above, 1). 6. ChSL sapogu (usual word for inr6in Gospels, etc.; Jagi6, Entstehungsgesch. 393), Russ. 8apog (esp. 'boot', but a1so used for 'shoe', instead of bahnak regarded as somewhat vulgar), etyro.? ChSl. lrhi!;l, Bah. strevic, Pol. truwik, SCr. dial. crevlja (cf. crevljar 'cobbler'), ORuss. Cereviji (pl.), Bulg. cr... (pl.),

60,,,.

SCr., Bulg. lizma, fro Turk. ~zme 'boot'. Tiktin 370. Lokotsch 431. Berneker 158. Rum. ciOOotll. (Mold.), Lith. Cebatas, through Slavic, cf. RUBS. dial. lebot, etc. fro Turk., cf. Kasan. labata 'boot' (whence also Sp. zapato 'shoe', 6.51). Lokotsch 379. Bemeker 159.

Lat.

Sp. Rum.

NIr.

w.

BT.

5. Russ. sapog (> Lith. sopogas, Lett. rdbaks), see 6.51.

Grk.

'll'"cwr640),o.

Dan.

pomJQl%.

Sw.

/iffd toffd

Lett. SCT•

pMiIDuft.

NE

• lipper

Sp. Rum.

panlujla, zapatU/a papuc, pontof

Du.

pa""'ffd pa""'ffd

Nlr.

• lipiir y.lopan

w.

BT.

NHG

Boh. Pol. RIl88.

iliuri, pantopli3 tupele

pap.wo

p''''''/d

pa""'/d, patymk tujlja, tufel'

Grc'henod-kambr, paroIuj! Goth. sulja), or for a light 'shoe', BOme of which are in~ cluded in 6.51. 1. MLat. pantoj/a (1482, Du Cange), It. pantoJala (> NG " ••"",,)..), Fr. pantoujk (> NE pantojk now obs.), Sp. pantufta, prob. the creation of a 15th cent. humanist, based upon a fictitious Grk. *rf1"'f"6-~eUos 'all..cork' (no such

cpd. is quotable for any period). Hence also, through Fr. or It., NHO pantojJel (> Bah., Pol. pantofel, Lith. pantoplis, Rum. pantof), Du. pantojJel, and the shortened early Du., LG tojJel, tuffel

(> Dan. t;jJel, Sw. tojJeI, Lett. tupele, Russ. tufel', tuflja). REW 6208&. Franck-v. W. 488. Falk-Torp 1314. Sp. zapatilla, dim. of zapato 'shoe' (6.51) . Rum. papuc, SCr. papula, fro Turk. pab~, source of NG ".roUT Lat. petasus) fro of .....,,""iil" 'spread out'. Walde-Po 2.18. Grk. ..w.o., Lat. piikus, orig. words for 'felt' (6.27). .....a.-

Grk.ICVJI1i, mg. 'cap of dog's skin', fem. of adj.idwEos, fro "wv, gen. ltW6s'dog'. NG a,oi!¢o" a..6~.. fro It. scuJfia, cujJia 'sort of hesddress', MLat. cafea 'hood' (Fr. coiffe), prob. fro Gmc., cf. OHG chuppha 'head-covering used under helmet', also 'woman's headgear'. REW 2024. Bruch, Z. rom. Ph. 38.676. Wartburg 2.838. 3. It. herretto (Fr. beret), fro OProv. beret, OFr. barrete, derivs. of Lat. birrus 'cloak with cowl', perh. of Gall. orig. (Ir. herr 'short', etc.). REW 1117a. Ernout-M. 110. Walde-H. 1.107. Hence fro one or the other of the R0mance forms NIr. baireod. Fr. casqueUe (> NG , ...dro, Dan. kasket), dim. of casque 'helmet', fro Sp. casco 'skull, crown (of hat), helmet', ong. 'potsherd' J fro CaBcar 'break'. REW 6941. Sp. 8ombrero, fro 8cnnbra 'shade' (1.63). Sp. gorra, fro Basque gum 'red'. REW 3822. Rum. plJ.liJ.rie, of dub. orig., perh. by dissim. for °plJ.rlJ.rie fro paT 'hair' (Lat. pilus). Tiktin 1110. 4. Ir. culpa;t (Nlr. culpaUl) 'hood', most common sort of hesd-covering, fro Lat. culcita 'sack of feathers, cushion'. Vendryes, De hib. vOC. 134. Br. tok, tog fro Fr. toque a kind of 'cap', fro Sp. toea (orig. Basque?). Henry 265. REW 8601a. GamilIscheg 849. Br. kalabousenn, also kara- (cf. Ernault, Valloo), apparently, as named for its shape, fro early Fr. calabas8e, Cat. carabao.., etc. (REW 1623, Gamillscheg 172) 'calabash'. 5. ON hpttr, Dan. hat, Sw. hatt, OE hmtt, ME, NE hat, and, with difierent vowel grade, OHG, MHG huot, NHG h"t, Du. hoed (= OE hOd, NE hooa), fro IE *klJdh- 'cover, protect' in Lat. cassis 'helmet', OHG huokn 'protect', etc. Falk-Torp 384. Walde-P. 1.341 f. Walde-H. 1.177.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

It.

f""",f_ f""" dndw, cingulum,

Goth. ON

boltouo cintvro

Dan.

cmmU7'e

OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

Fr. Sp.

...........

Rum.

cingi'.UoGre,cureG,

cola.. /'"""', criu

Ir. NIr.

cno.

W.

flIIIT'8f/1Ja gourU

Br.

Bw.

1. Derive. of °Y0B- 'gird' (perh. orig. °YOIHI-, ext¢Iaka-, lit. 'hesd-cloth' (~IJ.!a- 'cloth'); Skt. ~raBtra- 'helmet', fro ~raB- 'head'. Av. xao&l- (OPere. xauda- in tigraxauda- 'with pointed cap'), perh. : Lat. cUdO 'skin helmet', IE 0(8)keudh-, extension of *skeu- 'cover'. Walde-Po 2.550. Walde-H. 1.301.

CLOTHING; PERSONAL ADORNMENT AND CARE

6.57 BELT, GIRDLE Grk. NG Lat.

433

ON Mfa, Dan. hue : OE hii/e, OHG hUba, NHG haube 'hood', etc., perh. orig. for its rounded shape, fr. IE °keu-bh-, in Grk. ,ii¢6s 'bent', or 0keu-p- in Grk. Sw. miJ8Ba), MHG, NHG matze, earlier MHG fro MLat. almutia, armulia 'cloak with cowl' (> Sp. almucio, Fr. a"muese, NE amice), through Arab. al-musto/cah, fr. Pers. mula 'fur cloak with wide sleeves'. Lokotech 1520. Falk-Torp 750. Weigand-H. 2.249. Du. pet: OFris. pet, LG petzel, MHG bezel, NHG belzel 'sort of hood', orig. unknown. Franck-v. W. 498.

435

6.58 GLOVE Lith. Lett. CbS!. SCr. Boh. Pol. R\IS8. Bkt. Av.

juortIJ

x.....

pojoa

Grk. NG Lat. It.

gull....

pdf pas

Fr. Sp.

u......

jUDBta pojar1l

poi"',

kuW:

k4iici-, mekkol4--, rapm4yd/l-, kamar4-

Rum.

Ir. Nlr. W.

Br.

grY8), Br. gouri.: Pol. trz.., Russ. ler.. 'money-belt'. Walde-Po 1.423. Pedersen 1.42 f.

5. Goth. gairda, ON gj91'ti, gyrtiill, Sw. gordsl, OE gyrdel, ME girdel, NE girdk, Du. garde!, OHG gurtil, MHG, NHG gartel, perh. fro IE °gherdh- 'surround' (?), as in Goth. gards 'house, court', OHG gart 'inclosure', etc. WaldeP. 1.608 f. Feist 185. ON lind; (orig. of 'linden bast'), fro ON z.ind 'linden tree', so named fro its flexible bast (OHG lindi, OE kj>e 'mild', Lat. lentus 'flexible, slow', etc.). Falk-Torp 646. 6. Lith., Lett. jU08ta, ChSI. pojasiJ., etc., above, 1. Russ. ku8'ak, fro Turk. k~k 'belt'. Berneker 652. 7. Skt. kaf'tci., above, 2. Skt. mekhalii.-, perh. as me-kha-lii.- fro IE ·mei- 'bind, join'(?) in Skt. mitra-, Av. miBra- 'friend', Hom. ",£Tp1I 'metal waist-guard (Hom.), girdle'. Walde-Po 2.241 f. Skt. ra~na- ('strap' and esp. 'woman's girdle', beside ra""i- 'strap'), etym. dub. Walde-P. 2.362. Uhlenbeck 246. Av. kamariJ.- (NPers. kamar) : Grk. ,a~"p. 'vault', etc. Walde-Po 1.349 f.

,.Dr&,XftpOX"&

(.....m.a) gam

-

mdnUf4 l4miftd, 14mGftft. 14m1&ainn

......

ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

~

Lith. Lett. ChSl. SCr. Boh.

g'Ium Dan. sl;r). MHG sloier. sleier. NHG schleier. Du. sluier.

also the shorter form MDu. sline. (> Sw. 8IOja): MDu. sloien 'drag'. ON slm'tJa 'drag', SUB'tJur 'trailing gown' (Gmc. °slOd-). Falk-Torp 1073. 1074. Franck-v. W. 621. Hellquist 998. Sw. ftur, 'fine cloth, crepe, gauze', used also commonly for 'veil'. fr. LG flor 'crepe, gauze', fro Fr. velours 'velvet' (fr. Prov. vel.. id.• Lat. villOsus 'hairy'). Falk-Torp 240. REW 9334. 5. Lith. lyra. 'crepe'. used also for 'veil' (Lalis. Kurschat). fro NHG dial. schir 'fine cloth' (: adj. schier. ~ sheer, etc.). Alminauskis 126. Lith. lydas (fr. LG Bide 'silk'). also used for 'veil' (Lalis. Gailius-Slaia). Lith. nometas 'headdress or veil of married women' (cf. Lalis and NSB s.v.), cpd. of nuo 'down, from, away' and deriv. of mesti 'throw', i.e. something 'thrown over and down' from the head. Lett. sk-idrauts. lit. 'a thin cloth'. cpd. of ikid1'8 'thin, loose woven' and auts 'piece of cloth' (cf. prieklauts 'apron', 6.47). Miihl.-Endo. 4.39. 1.231. Lett. plivuTs : plivuot 'flutter. flicker'. pliva 'thin dry skin. thin layer'. 6. SCr. koprena 'gauze, crepe', used also for 'veil' = CbSl.. ORuss.. Bulg. koprina 'sort of silk'. Berneker 564. Boh. zdvoj : zaviti 'wrap up, swathe', cpd. of viti 'wind' (10.14). Pol. kwe!. fro Fr. coiffe 'headdress'. Briickoer 287.

known in ancient costume, are from those for 'bag. sack' or the like. 1. NG ,ui1n!. SCr. d1ep. through Turk. up id.• fro Arab. gaib 'pocket. wal-

let. sack'. Lokotsch 64l. 2. It. tasca. fro Gmc.. cf. MHG tasche (below. 4). Fr. poche (> ME pouche. NE pouch). fro Frank. °pokka = OE pocca 'bag' (cf. ME poiret. below. 4). REW 6631. Sp. boleilla. dim. of bolea 'purse. pouch. bag' = Fr. bourse. It. bOTsa. fro MLat. byr8a 'hide. leather. leather bag'. fr. Grk. /Jupua 'hide'. REW 1432. Rum. bueunar. orig.? Tiktin 248. 3. NIr. pOca. fro OE-ME poke 'bag'. cf. ME poiret (below. 4). W. llogell. also 'chest. receptacle'. fro Lat. locellus. dim. of locue 'place'. Loth. Mots lat. 182. Br. godell. fr. god 'fold in a garment' = W. cod 'bag, pouch, PW'8e, scrotum', fro OE codd 'bag'. Henry 136. 4. Dan. !amme (Sw. dial. !amma. Fris. lamm). perh. loanword fro Celtic. cf. Ir. lumman 'covering', NIr. luman 'coarse cover, bag. pod' : Ir. lomm. W. llwm 'bare. naked'. Walde-P. 2.418. FalkTorp 654. HeIlquist 588. Sw. ficka (Dan. fikke 'a little pouch'). fro MLG vicire. back-formation to ficiren 'stick on, fasten', fro It. jiccare 'fix' (MLat. "r1{/iciiTe for Lat. figere 'fix. fasten'). Falk-Torp 215. HeIlquist 207. ME poket. NE pocket. fro Anglo-Norm. poirete (13th cent. Godefroy). dim. of

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Fr.

Sp. Rum.

NIr.

w.

Br.

ICOIII'1ft

Dan.

bottone boulon

Sw. ME NE

nasture cnaipe

Du.

NHG

Lith.

botoun

Lett. SCr. Boh.

botwm

....un..

Ornamental buttons have been found dating back even to prehistoric times (e.g. perforated tin buttons from Italy). But it was apparently not till the 14th or 15th cent. A..D. that they came into use as fastenings for garments. eventually replacing in large m...ure the pins or lacings of earlier dress. The words for 'button' originate mostly in those meaning originally 'koob. koot' or the like. 1. NG KOV~..L. fro /COI'flLo •• dim. of Byo. ""~/JoJ 'koot. roll. band'. prob. : u• ..,./J6,. Ir. camm 'crooked'. etc. (12.74). WaldeP.2.539f. 2. Fr. bouton. whence It. boltone. Sp. bot6n. ME botoun (> W. botwm). NE button. fro Fr. bout 'end. point' (12.35). REW 1228c. Rum. nastur(e). fro It. nostro 'band. ribbon'. MLat. nastola. fro Gmc .• cf. OHG nestila. NHG nestel 'lace' for fastening clothing. with Rum. shift fr. such 'lace' to the 'button' serving the same

purpose. REW 5840. 3. NIr. cnaipe (MIr. coop 'button. lump. stud'). fro ON knappr (below. 4). K. Meyer. Contrib. 397. Br. nozelenn. fro MLat. 1iOdellWl. dim. of nOOWl 'koot·. Henry 213. 4. Dan. knap. Sw. knapp (ON knappr 'knob', OE cnapp 'point', LG knapp

dUp ko"... kieauri karma..

Boh. Pol. Russ.

k'""

ONorm.Fr. poire = ON poki. OE pooca. pohha 'bag'. etc .• these prob. (with common notion of 4blown up, swollen') : Lat. bucca 'cheek'. etc. Walde-P. 2.116 f. NED B.V. pocket. Du. wk. MDu. Back (NHG sack also

locally 'pocket' or 'waIIet'; Kretschmer. Wortgeogr. 514) = MLG Bak. OHG sac(ch). OE SI1JCC. etc. 'sack'. fro Lat.

saccus, fro Grk.

0'6.uos 'coarse cloth,

sack'. a Semitic loanword (cf. NG 0'Q.«A'O"u 'coat', 6.43).

MHG tasche. teache. NHG tasche. fro OHG tasca, dasca 'pouch, bag', orig. dub. Walde-P.1.766. Falk-Torp 1249. 5. Lith. kiS..... kisenius (for earlier Wen •• etc .• i after kisti 'stick in. thrust in'). Lett. k'esa (for *kesene felt as dim. form). fro Pol. kieszeti (below. 6). Bruckner. Sl. Fremdworter 92. Miihl.-Endo. 2.371. Lith. delmonas. dalmonae (old word for 'pocket'. but not in NSB). fro Pol. dolman 'Hussar's jacket' (orig. Turk.; Berneker 2(6). with curious shift of sense.

.u''''7

6. SCr. dtep. see under NG (above. 1). Boh. kapsa (Pol. kapBa 'box. sack. wallet'), fro Lat. capsa 'case, chest, repository·. Berneker 485. Pol. kieszeti. prob. (fr. its shape) : kiszka. Russ. kiSka 'gut. intestine'. Berneker 503. 679. Bruckner 229. Russ. korman. fr. Turk. dial. karman 'pocket'. Lokotsch 1097. Otherwise Berneker 490. 439

6.63 PIN

knop knopp button knoop knopi

kii./IDS. orig. 'orderly arrange-

ment', then specialized in two directions, 'adornment' and 'world'. See 1.1. NG ...).j6~ . .6).,.'l'a. fro cl..... Grk. O'TO)JS (gen. - !&os), tlTb).'O'Jl4 'garment' : crT"6Mr 'equipment', tTTEAXw 'make ready. equip'. Walde-P.2.643. Boisacq 907 f. 2. Lat. mundUB (usually in this sense only 'woman's adornment' j the sense 'world' borrowed fr. Grk. @1lO" see

1.1) : adj. mundUB 'clean. elegant' (15.87). Lat. iJrnIilUB, ilr1Ulmentum (both words are used in the sense of 'persoual adornment, embellishment' as well as 'furnishings, equipment'), fro Ornare 'put in order, equip, adorn', for ·jjrdiniire : iirdo (-ini.) 'order. row'. this perh. fro the root ·ar- 'fit' in Grk. 6.papW..., Lat. artus, etc .• but deteils dub. Hence, directly or new formations fro vbs. derived fro Lat. iirnIire, It. ornamento, Sp. adorno. Ir. lJrnoid. NIr. OrnaidJieachJ;. W. addurnaid. ME ornement (fr. OFr. ornement). NE adornment (fr. OFr. aoumement, with spelling--pronunciation

by approximation to Latin). Walde-Po 1.76. Emout-M. 711 f. Fr. porure. fro OFr. porer 'adorn, deck out' (It. parare). fro Lat. porl!.re 'prepare'. REW 6229. Gamillscheg 673. Rum. podaabcl. fro Slavic. cf. CbSl. podoba and Pol. ozdoba (below, 6). 3. Ir. cumtach. lit. 'building. construction', vbl. n. of conutgim 'build, erect'. Pedersen 2.506. NIr. sciamlw.chJ; (also 'beauty'). fro sciamh 'form, appearance', Ir. Bciam, fro Lat. schema, fro Grk. O'Xt1J£a 'shape, form'. Pedersen 1.208. W. trwsiad (aJso 'dress. apparel'). fro trwBio 'dress, deck out, trim, adorn' be· side early tnoB 'ornament, dress', trwsa 'pack, bundle', fro ME trUBse 'pack, bundle' (fr. Fr. troUB"). Cf. the specialization in Fr., NE trousseau, olig. 'bundle' fro the same source. Parry-Williams 95.161. Br. kinklu (pl.). kinkladur. with vb. kinkla 'adorn'. fro some deriv. of OFr . cliquer, clinquer 'ring. clink' (fr. Du. klinken) like clinquant 'gold leaf'. Henry 67. NED s.v. clinquant. Br. bragerewu (pl.. sg. bragere.). fro bragal 'parade, show off one's clothes', orig. 'put on breeches', fro bragou 'breeches' (6.48). Henry 42. 4. ON skraul with vb. skreyta 'adorn'. perh. : Sw. skyrta 'boast', Dan. skryde 'bray. boast'. Falk-Torp 1033. ON prfj"lii. Dan. (pryd arch.) prydelse. Sw. prydnad, with vbs. ON rrrij'IJa. Dan. pryde. Sw. prydo 'adorn'. fro adj. ON pnl'IJr 'valiant. magnificent in appearance' (;;;;:: OE prad 'proud', whence rrrijde 'pride'). fro OFr. pTud, prod (nom. prom, Fr. preux), 'capable, valiant', fro late Lat. prode abstracted fr. prOd-esse 'be of use'. Falk-Torp 851 (but wrong Lat. source). Hellquist 791. REW 6766. OE gearwe (pl.). OHG garawi, MHG

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS Pol. o,doha. with vb. ozdobit 'decorate' : ChSI. prHloba 'what is suitable'. dobrr1 'good'. etc. (16.71). Berneker 203 f. Bruckner 91. 7. Skt. bhlI~1}Il-. fr. bhlI~- 'be busy with, attend upon', caus. 'adorn', extension of bha- 'become. be'. Walde-P. 2.141.

Skt. alamkiir(J;-. fro ala1h-kr- 'prepare'. lit. 'make sufficient', cpd. of alam 'enough' and kr- 'do, make'. Av. pi8-. paisa-: Skt. pit;-. pe~s

'ornament', fro vh.Av.pi8- 'color, adorn', Skt. pi,- 'adorn' : Lat. pi1llJere 'paint'. Grk. .....0- 'many-colored' . WaldeP.2.9. Barth. 818. 907.

6.72 JEWEL Orl.m•

ON

P'fIp ... ~uco.

Dan.

.,.rolla.t",

Sw. OE ME

gioie/lo bijou, jouau j""". alIwJgG gi...... (BIll)

gmI.,

awa

NE Du.

~.-; juwl juwl

Lett.

gjmata", (lim

SCr.

i_, gemtM

jOlD Dan. smykks, Sw. smycka ·'adom', whence sb. Dan. smykke. Sw. smycks influenced by NHG schmuck. Weigand-H.2.7M. Kluge-G. 532. Falk-Torp 1085.

poPuo8alas, fro po-pu061i = Lett. puosti 'clean, adorn' :

5. Lith. 'adorn'

ON ftilJa 'clean, polish'. etc. Walde-Po 2.16. Miihl.-Endz. 3.458. Lett. ruota. perh. orig. 'something notched', i.e. 'a trinket' : rootu 'cut on bias. notch. indent', Lith. rentaB. rintYB 'notch'. MiihI.-Endz. 3.583 f. Lett. gr=ums (also 'trinket. beauty') fro grems 'beautiful' (16.81). MlihJ.Endz. 1.651. 6. CbSl. (Supr.) ukro.8enVe (hence Russ. form). sCr. ukras. Boh.• Pol. okrasa. with vb. CbSl. (u)krasiti 'adorn' : CbSl. krasa 'beauty'. krarinu 'beautiful', etc. (16.81). Bcmeker 607 f. SCr. nakit. with vb. (na)kiliti 'adom' : "'ita 'te.ssel. tuft'. etc. (a large Slavic group with similar meanings) etym.? Berneker 679. SCr. ures, with vb. uresiti 'adorn' : reBa 'fringe', CbSI. rf8a 'catkin, ornament', Boh. rasa, Pol. rz~ 'eyelash', Slov. fesa 'bud'. orig.? Miklosich 276 f. Bruckner 477.

CLOTHING; PERSONAL ADORNMENT AND CARE Br. braoig, deriv. of brao 'beautiful' (16.81). 4. ON g;r8emi. apparently fro an adj. g;rsamr 'precious' : g;rr 'ready. skilled'. g;rva 'do. make', etc. Cf. OE gearwe 'adornment' (6.71). Falk-Torp 323. Du. kleinood. MHG kleinIJI, NHG kleinod, older 'a valuable' (in general). esp. (MHG) 'a gift', cpd. of klein in earlier meaning 'pure, elegant, fine' (OHG kleini. OE cli!ne. NE clean) and OHG -. below). 1. Grk. >J9oo 'stone' (1.44). used also

441

genoe 'gear, equipment', hence also 'armor', 'clothing', and 'adornment':

OHG gimmo. MHG gimme. aJso. with 'stone', ON gimsteinnr, OE gimsUln. Emout-M. 413 f. Walde-H. 1.587 f. Fr. joyau (OFr. joel > It. gioiell. ME iuel. NE jewel. Du. juweel. NHG juwel > Dan.• Sw. juuel). deriv. (cf. MLat. pI. iocalia) of Lat. iOCUB ·jest. sport'. Fr. jeu 'play'. REW 4588. Gamillscheg 543. Fr. bijou. fro Br. bizou 'finger-ring' (bi, 'finger'). REW 1142. Wartburg 1.389. Sp. alhaya. fr. Arab. hlija 'necessaries. clothing. furniture. etc.'. Lokotsch 775. Sp. joya. through OFr. joi(e). fro Lat. gaudium 'joy'. REW 3705. 3. NIr. sead fro Ir. sel 'a valuable' covering a wide range of objects (cf. Laws. Glo... s.v.). but including 'pin. brooch'. its earliest attested sense (cf. sM argait 'silver brooch' Thes. 2.345) = Lat. (orig. Gall.?) senti8 'thombush·. MLat. 'brooch'. etym.? Schrader. Reallex. 2.335. Walde-Po 1.450. W. IIw. : Ir. IIUB 'cattle'. but further connections? Loth. RC. 34.150.

6.73 RING (For Finger) Ork.

~.m."'"

NG Lat. It.

Goth. ON

fiwra9v/p

'«X'I'u)J&

4nulu.

Dan.

ring ring

SCr.

hring rin(l ring

Boh. Pol. Russ.

ring

Skt.

Fr.

....uo

Sw.

bogue

OE

Sp. Rum.

IJOf'tiia

ME NE

Ir. Nlr. W.

clinne, ordnaIc /clinm owdrwy

inel

Du. OHG

hringr

Lith. Lett. ChS!.

Iieda8 gredum priiltml pralm pralm

pierlcie>l kol'eo a/lgu/.ya-

ring

MHO ring Br. bUou NHO ring Most of the words for 'ring' (for the finger) are based on either words for 'ring' in the wider sense of circular form, or those for 'finger' (4.34). A few are from words for 'berry. bud' or the like and must have applied first to a ring with setting. One was in origin a magic ring. 1. Grk. ~""n.N.or. NG hXTU~ fro 6"TVMs 'finger'. 2. Lat. anuiua, fro anus 'ring, anus', root connection? Here aJso (loanwords or cognate?) Ir. ainne. anne. NIr. fainne (1- by sentence phonetics). Walde-H.

1.55. It. anello, Rum. ineZ (Fr. annealS now 'ring' in wider sense or 'wedding ring'). fro Lat. "neUUB. dim. of I!.nulUB (above). REW452.

Fr. bag,... fr. Prov. baga. Lat. biica. bacca 'any small round fruit. berry. a pearl' (Fr. baic 'berry'). REW 859. Wartburg 1.196. Sp. IlOTlija (cf. MLat. Bortelia. Du Cange s.v.). fro Lat. sorlicula 'a little lot. a small tablet or ticket' (apparently for casting lots etc.), dim. of 1lOT8, BOTtis 'lot'. Evidently therefore first applied to a magic ring. then generalized REW 8108. 3. Ir. ordnasc 'thumb-ring', cpd. of ordu 'thumb' and nasc 'ring, band' (: nascim 'tie', Lat. fWdus 'knot', etc., Walde-Po 2.328). W. modrwy, cpd. of OW maut (W. bawd with b- by sentence phonetics) 'thumb' and an obscured deriv. of the

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

444

root in Th_ 'bind' (Ir. COTIrTing 'bind together', Lat. corrigia 'strap', etc.). Morris Jones 136, 163. Br. bizou, fro biz 'finger'. 4. Goth. jiggragui/>, lit. 'finger-gold'. ON hringr, OE kring, OHG ring, etc., general Gmc. (except Goth.): ChSl. krqgt1 'circle', Umbr. cringatro 'shoulder band', etc. Walde-Po 2.570. 5. Lith. iiedas, &leo 'bloom, blossom', pI. 'menaes'. Orig. perh. 'bud', as the semantic source for all the meanings,

and therefore first applied to a ring with a setting (cf. Lat. gemma 'bud, gem', Fr. hague fro Prov. baga 'berry') :

'cuff, rume at wrist') fro api.., ap-o 'about'

and Tanka, ruoka 'hand, arm'. 6. SCr., Bulg. grifJ1Ul = ChS!. grivlna 'necklace' (6.75). sCr. narukvica, Boh. ndTamek, Pol. naramiennik, all dim. cpds. of na- 'on' and the words for 'arm', SCr. ruko, Boh. rame, Pol. ramiiJ.

Grk. NG Lat. It.

aflgul.t"- 'fingerJ toe'.

Fr.

Sp.

6.74 BRACELET ON ba....

IMt

Qpyraw

SOr.

aprU0C6 narukvica, grivtuJ

Wag

Boh.

narmnek

bog I>rtuekt armband OOug

Pol.

noramiennik, bra.

Russ. 8I 'finger-ring', 6.73). NHG halsband (Dan. halsbaond, Sw. halsband by semantic borrowing), lit. 'neckhand'.

6.81 It. Fr. Sp. Rwn. NIr. W.

OE ME NE

",vince

W.

gwdDItlmch, g/.eintlmch

Br.

D... Sw.

eoi/a... collier coIlor colw, ghiordan

muince, muintorc, base

Lat. armiUae (pI.; sg. late), fro armus 'upper arm, shoulder'. Ernout-M.74.

Sp. pulsera, fro pulse 'pulse' and 'wrist' (where pulse is felt), Lat. puis,.. 'blow, push'.

3. Ir. foil, fail: Grk. IX~ (above, 1). Windisch, IF 3.76. NIr. brai8lead, fr. NE bracelet, whence also W. bTeichled but prob. influenced by breichiau pI. of braich 'ann'. Br. trovrec' h, cpd. of tTO 'turn' and brec'h 'arm'. 4. ON baugr, OE beag (&Iso 'ring, collar'), ME beg, OHG bong, MHG bouc : OE /ragan, Goth. bingan 'bend' (9.14). NHG, Du. armband (Dan. armbaand, Sw. armband, by semantic borrowing), lit. 'ann-band'.

5. Lith. apyrankt, Lett. apruoce (also

5. Lith. kaklary8is (&Iso 'necktie'), fro kaklas 'neck'. Lith. karieliai, pI. of korielia 'bead' (orig. 'coral'), used for '(bead) necklace' (NSB, Lalis). Lett. kakla (gen. sg. of kakls 'neck') with ruota 'adornment' (6.71), or bante 'hand' (fr. NHG). 6. ChS!., Russ. moni8to (RUBB. arch. or local) : Lat. monile (above, 2). ChSI. grivlna, fro gri"a 'mane' : Skt. grWa- 'neck', etc. Berneker 352. ChSI. (late) ogriIll, olrm, Russ. olerel'e

: ChSI. grillo, Russ. gOTIo, etc. 'throat' Miklosich 63. Boh. ndhrdelnik, Pol. naszynik, dim. cpds. of na- 'on' and the words for 'throat, neck', Boh. hrdlo, Pol. szyja. 7. Skt. ka1}/hiktI- (rare), fro kof.llha'neck'. Also ka1Jlha-l>hu¢- cpd. with bhUf- in caus. 'adorn' (cf. bhU'I'1f)a-, 6.71).

HANDKERCHIEF

""'"""

Dan. Sw.

km...t;rk/ade ntisduk hand,..,.ch;'f

Lith. Lett.

noBim

NE

SOr.

paiiuelo bati.td, basma

Du.

zakdook

Boh.

kapunlk ch..tka

fazroletto, penuola mouchoir ciar81lr

NHG taBdumtuck, tuck

8chnupf-

Pol. Russ.

,lauciB

............. p/4tok

cadach (p« Rum. colier), Sp. collaT, Ir. Lat. collare 'band or chain for the neck' (for captives, animals, etc.), fro collum 'neck'. ME coler (also 'collar'), fro OFr. coller, collier. Rum. ghiordan, SCr. derdan, fro Turk. gerdan 'neck, necklace', fr. Pers. gardan 'neck'. Lokotach 675. Tiktin 675. 3. Ir. muince, muintorc, abovel 2.

Jr. base, perh.: W. baich 'burden, load', Lat. fascis 'bundle', etc. Pedersen 1.77. Walde-H. 1.459. W. gwddfdurch, gleindorch, see above, 2. Br. tro-c'houzong (Vall ...), cpd. of tro 'twisted' and gouzoug 'neck'.

CWTHING; PERSONAL ADORNMENT AND CARE 2. It. faaoletto, fro late Lat. faciale 'face-cloth, towel' (gl. to ,,_611 NHG dial. salv.t. Russ. salfelka), Rum. f"T"6I, Br. servietenn. Dan. serviet. Sw.• Du. servet. NHG

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr.

449

Br.

raaoir

ft-, fro ·ksu- in Grk. ~ 'scrape, scratch'. etc.. an extension of ·kes- in ChSI. u8ati 'comb, scrape', ab. leslfJ 'comb', etc. (6.91). Here also prob. Lat. novacuIa (> Sp. navaJa). apparently formed fr. a lost vb. ·notI ME rasor. TaBOUT > NIr. rlisUr. NE razor). fro MLat. rllBlb"ium: Lat. rad£re 'shave, scrape'. REW 7076. Rum. briciu. fro Slavic, cf. ChSI. brill (below. 6).

3. Ir. altan, W. eUyn, Br. aotenn, prob. as orig. 'jointed (knife)' : Ir. all 'joint'. Goth.falpan 'fold'. etc. Pedersen 1.137. Otherwise (: OHG spa/tan 'split'. etc.) Walde-Po 2.678. Stokes 21.

4. OE scearsea:e. OHG scarasah•• MHG scharsahs. also Du. scheermeo. MHG scherrn.eour. NHG schermes.... all cpds. of vbs. for 'cut' (OE scearan. etc .• 9.22) and words for 'knife' (OE sea:e, OHG sake, MHG mezzer, etc., 9.23). NHG rasierme ...... cpd. of rasieren (fr. Fr. raser) 'shave' and messer 'knife'. Dan. barberkni•• lit. 'barber-knife'. Sw. rakknif. lit. 'shave-knife' (Taka

'rake, shave'). 5. Lith. .kulikli.. fro .ku.sti 'shave. scrape' (perh. fro IE ·ksu-. above. 1. with initial metathesis, or fro extension of .se/c- in Lat . • ecIlr. 'cut'. etc. WaldeP.1.450. Lith. britva, fro Ruse. (below. 6). Lett. b.ouM

"~

ungumt..... -

onguom

""II"""'"

............ alifi
Dan. salve, Sw. .alva) : Skt. 8aTpi8- 'clarified butter', 8f1Jru,- 'fatty, smooth', Toch. A falllP 'fat, oil'. Walde-P.2.508. Feist 407 f. NED B.V. saltJe, ab. ', ON amyrsl, OE amyrels (Dan. Bmlrelse 'grease', Sw. 8171iirjel8e 'unction') : ON smyrva, smyrja, OE smierwan 'anoint', ON smfr 'butter, fat', Ir. smiUT, W. meT 'marrow', etc. Walde-Po 2.690 f. FalkTorp 1086f. 5. Lith. tepalaB, fro topti 'smear, grease, oil', Lett. tept id. Trautmann 319. Lith. moBtia, fro WhRuss. malt' = CbS!. ma8ti (below, 6). Lett. Bmiire, fro MLG Bmer 'grease' : ON am;r 'butter' (cf. ON amyr,l, above). 6. ChS!. mastl, SCr. malt, pomast, Boh. mast, Po!. ma.!C, Russ. maz' : ChS!. mazati 'a:~.ELcPEul, Grk. Ila:yijvat 'knead', etc. Walde-Po 2.226 f. Berneker 2.23 f. 7. Skt. lipti- and aiijas-, ahove, 1, 2.

453

6.95 SOAP

-

••.-.w.

ON

ptldl, lo.~r

"pi> (late)

D&Il • Sw.

• 0!I>e

........

OE ME NE

jobon Bdpun gall-

Du.

84pa, tvdl s4pe, leapor lOp
Br . • oavon), Sp. jabon, Rum. 8IJ.pun, W . • ebon (learned borrowing). 2. Nlr. galluanach, gallunach, apparently fro gall 'stone' and uanach 'foaming, frothing'. 3. ON j!Vtll, Sw. tvlll = OE pweal, OHG dwahal, Goth. pwahl 'washing, purification' : Goth. pwahan, OE ];wean, ON Pllii., etc. 'wash' (9.36). Hellquist 1253. ON laul1r, OE leapor 'washing-soda', fro 'lou-tro-: Ir. l..auk, W. lludw, Br. Iud" 'ashes' and Lat. larore, Grk. 11.06", 'wash'. Walde-Po 2.441. Falk-Torp 568. NED S.V. lather, sb.

4. Boh. mydlo, Po!. mydlo, Russ. my/o (> Lith. muilaB): ChS!. myti 'wash' (9.36).

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Grk.

It. Fr. Sp.

lith. Lett. ChSl. SOr. Boh. Skt.

IalJ

CLOTHING; PERSONAL ADORNMENT AND CARE

miroir

espejo oglindiJ. scdth4n

NIr. W.

B0> 'anoint', as Skt. liptifro lip- 'anoint' : Grk. ).L...,. 'fat', Lith. lipti 'stick', etc. Walde-Po 2.403.

Grk. xpi.~o.J xP';'(fp.a., fro x.ptw 'anoint', outside connections duh. Walde-Po 1.646. 2. Lat. unguentum, unguen, Skt. aiiiana-, aiijeu- (cf. OHG a1iCho, Ir. imb, etc. 'butter', 5.89): Lat. unguere 'anoint', Skt. anj- 'rub, anoint'. WaldeP. 1.181. Ernout-M. 1126. Hence, fro Lat. unguentum, or new derivs. of unguere, It., Sp. "nguenlo, Fr. onguent, Rum. unsoare (fr. perf. stem of "nge), Ir. ongain, Nlr. ungadh (Ir. ongad 'an anointing', fro ongim, Lat. unguere), W. ennaint (fr. OFr. enoint, past pple. of enoindre, La.t. in-unguere; ef." Pedersen 1.224), ME oignement (OFr. oignemont, MLat. *unguimenium), NE ointment (with -t- from anoint). 3. W. eli: OBr. eli 'redolent', fro Lat. olere 'smell'(?). Pedersen 1.197. Loth, Mots lat. 163. Br. traet, abstracted fro the borrowed

454

Ka1'onpop, .ll:a.'Tpon""

NG

lCal)~cP~

Lat.

speculum 8ptJCchio

Rum.

Jr.

......., ...... moat, .....t

Pol. Russ.

NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

ma.IC

Rum.

aftjano-, anjtJI-, lipti--

W.

tepG/GB• ..,..;.

pomaat

-'

Nlr. Br.

Fr. traiter in the sense 'm&licamenter'. Henry 270. 4. Goth. salbllm, OE sealf, ME, NE salve, OHG salba, MHG, NHG .albe, Du. zaIJ, MLG 8alve (> Dan. salve, Sw. .alva) : Skt. 8aTpi8- 'clarified butter', 8f1Jru,- 'fatty, smooth', Toch. A falllP 'fat, oil'. Walde-P.2.508. Feist 407 f. NED B.V. saltJe, ab. ', ON amyrsl, OE amyrels (Dan. Bmlrelse 'grease', Sw. 8171iirjel8e 'unction') : ON smyrva, smyrja, OE smierwan 'anoint', ON smfr 'butter, fat', Ir. smiUT, W. meT 'marrow', etc. Walde-Po 2.690 f. FalkTorp 1086f. 5. Lith. tepalaB, fro topti 'smear, grease, oil', Lett. tept id. Trautmann 319. Lith. moBtia, fro WhRuss. malt' = CbS!. ma8ti (below, 6). Lett. Bmiire, fro MLG Bmer 'grease' : ON am;r 'butter' (cf. ON amyr,l, above). 6. ChS!. mastl, SCr. malt, pomast, Boh. mast, Po!. ma.!C, Russ. maz' : ChS!. mazati 'a:~.ELcPEul, Grk. Ila:yijvat 'knead', etc. Walde-Po 2.226 f. Berneker 2.23 f. 7. Skt. lipti- and aiijas-, ahove, 1, 2.

453

6.95 SOAP

-

••.-.w.

ON

ptldl, lo.~r

"pi> (late)

D&Il • Sw.

• 0!I>e

........

OE ME NE

jobon Bdpun gall-

Du.

84pa, tvdl s4pe, leapor lOp
Br . • oavon), Sp. jabon, Rum. 8IJ.pun, W . • ebon (learned borrowing). 2. Nlr. galluanach, gallunach, apparently fro gall 'stone' and uanach 'foaming, frothing'. 3. ON j!Vtll, Sw. tvlll = OE pweal, OHG dwahal, Goth. pwahl 'washing, purification' : Goth. pwahan, OE ];wean, ON Pllii., etc. 'wash' (9.36). Hellquist 1253. ON laul1r, OE leapor 'washing-soda', fro 'lou-tro-: Ir. l..auk, W. lludw, Br. Iud" 'ashes' and Lat. larore, Grk. 11.06", 'wash'. Walde-Po 2.441. Falk-Torp 568. NED S.V. lather, sb.

4. Boh. mydlo, Po!. mydlo, Russ. my/o (> Lith. muilaB): ChS!. myti 'wash' (9.36).

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Grk.

It. Fr. Sp.

lith. Lett. ChSl. SOr. Boh. Skt.

IalJ

CLOTHING; PERSONAL ADORNMENT AND CARE

miroir

espejo oglindiJ. scdth4n

NIr. W.

B NE coUage), fro an extension of IE °geu- in words denoting hollow or

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum.

Ir. NIr.

w.

.

"'".

cr~,rWra.

Da.n. Sw.

/eTuIa. padigiione

OE ME NE

- . pTaMs 'basket', Lst. crlltis'wickerwork',etc. Walde-P.1.421. Skt. '¢ld-, above, 1.

...

Lith . Lett. ChBl.

IiiU

SCr.

(g.)teld tente,teld,p Lat. aula; NG > Turk. avlu> SCr. avlija), prob. at first an enclosed space near the house where

the cattle slept, a 'cattleyard' : .~X" 'place for sleeping', '~Mcw 'cottage, fold, stable', fro the root of I."", 'sleep'. Walde-Po 1.19 if. Boisacq 100. 2. Lst. cohors, co!wrtis (later clirs, em-tiB, also CUTB or curti8) : Lat. hartus 'garden', Grk.

xop-ros

'farmyard', Ir.

gort 'field of grain', W. garth 'enclosure, garden', Br. ga ... 'hedge', Skt. hr- 'take, hold, carry', Osc. heriiad 'capiat', etc. Hence OFr. cart, curt, court (> ME curt, court, NE court), Fr. cour, Rum. curle (It., Sp. corte in secondary senses), deriv. It. cortile. Walde-Po 1.603. Ernout-M. 461. Walde-H. 1.242f. REW 2032. Sp. patio, prob. orig. a learned deriv. of Lat. patire 'lie open'. 3. Ir. cuirt, fro Lat. COTS, cortis. Vendryes, De hib. voc. 134. NIr. bannrach (with b fro m, as often), fro Ir. mainder (guttural stem, e.g. gen. pI. mandrach) 'enclosure, pen, fold', this, through MLat. mantira, fr. Grk. ~6..mpa 'fold, pen for animals'.

tWoril

dziedziniec,

OHG MHG NHG

pupoU

'house'. Berneker 385 f. Boh. chalupa, Po!. cliaEupa, orig. duh. Berneker 383. Bruckner 175 f. Russ. chilina, dim. of chila: Ukr. chyla 'hut', ChS!. chylll 'house', Bulg. hila 'hut', etc., early loanword fro Gmc., OHG htl8, etc. (7.12). Berneker 414. Stender-Petersen 240 if. Russ. lalluga, older alalluga, fr. Turk. alaCuk 'hut of cloth or hark'. Berneker 682. Lokotseh 49.

W. iard, fro NE yard. Br. por., fro Lat. porta 'gate'. Loth, Mots lat. 197. Cf. the relation of 'door' and 'court' in Slavic, below, 6.

4. Goth. rMms, etym.? Feist 400. Goth. gards, rarely 'court', mostly

'house' (6.12), ON gar"lir, Dan. gaard, Sw. gdrd, OE geard, ME Jerd, NE yard (OHG garto, MHG, NHG garten 'garden'), uncertain whether fro IE ·ghordho: Skt. grha- 'house', or fro 0gh0rt6- : Lst. cohor8 'court', hortws 'garden', etc. (above, 2), in either case fro the same root. Walde-P. 1.608. Walde-H. 1.243. Falk-Torp 292 f. Feist 197 f.

po/apini, !itra ,o/ta skinlji, kqJta !aIor Bt ME pavilon > NIr. pailliun, NE pavilion), Sp. pabell6n; also Ir. pupal/, NIr. puball, W. pabell. Walde-Po 2.52. Ernout-M. 730. REW 6211. Vendryes, De hib. voc. 170. Rum. cort, fr. By.. .hp"I 'military

DWELLING, HOUSE, FURNITURE

6. In ChS!. the Grk. u"'IPiJ is taken over 88 skiniji, once is rendered by krOV1l 'roof' (7.26), once (Supr.) by kqAta : Bulg. MlAta, SCr. kuta 'house' (7.12). SCr. sator, Po!. ,zater, Russ. later, Rum. f'Ilrt!, fr. Turk. Cad", NPers. C4.dar 'tent'. Berneker 133. Lokotseh 380. Boh. stan: ChS!. stanll 'camp', SCr. stan 'dwelling', Skt. sthana- 'place', fro IE ·sU>- 'stand'. Walde-P. 2.606. Development of 'tent' through the military 'headquarters' tent', as in Rum. cort, above, 2. Pol. namiot : Russ. namet 'cover, roof, large tent', etc., cpd. of na- 'upon' and met- 'throw'. Berneker 2.40. Bruckner

7.15 YARD, COURT Goth. rOhmB, gorda gar3r ON

Du.

...... fOlr4

kala- 'chamber, storeroom', NPers. /cad

7.14 TENT Goth. hklpra. /al;;« Ijold ON

tabenwiculum, tentllrium

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

462

NG Lat.

1Joktde. II'"¢ia bacia

Sw.

Br. log.log.u Words for 'hut' are from those denoting 'cover', 'rounded or hollow sha.pe', or some special manner or material of construction. Some are diminutives of

Grk.

Lett.

ltoji,ltoI

461

DWELLING, HOUSE, FURNITURE rounded shape. Walde-Po 1.555 if., 560. FaJk-Torp 570. OHG hutta, MHG, NHG h1ltte (> Fr. hutte > ME hmte, NE hm, Sp. huJa; also > Dan. hytte), also ODan. hudde, Sw. h1ldila, all : Grk. mJJ.J, OE hydan 'hide', etc. and so ultimately connected with OE hUB 'house' etc. (7.12). WaldeP. 2.546 if., 551. FaJk-Torp 445. 5. Lith. bakuli (NSB, etc.), fro MLG backhtl8 'bakehouse'. Alminauskis 28. Lith. gryCia, grinCia, shortened form of old gryniCia 'servants hall', 'smokehouse' fro WhRuss. °gridnica. Berneker 139. Skardiius 78. 6. Boh. chatrlbeside dial. chat' = Pol., Russ. dial. chata, loanword fro Iran., Av.

463

ME howe ('yard' e.g. in Chaucer, NE obs. how), fro OE haga 'hedge, hedged or fenced-in enclosure', OHG hag 'enclosure', beside OE hegg, etc. 'hedge'. Walde-Po 1.337. NED s.v. how, sb.'. OHG-NHG hof (Du. hof 'court' and 'garden'; 'yard' also expressed by plaals 'place' or binnenplaals; ON hof'temple', Norw. hov 'small hill', OE hof 'house, building'), etym. dub., perh.: OHG hubil 'hill', etc. Walde-Po 1.373. FalkTorp 414. Weigand-H. 877. 5. Lith. kiema8 : Lith. kaima.o, Lett. ciems 'village', all loanwords fr. Gmc. or (with confusion of gutturals) cognate with Goth. hoi.".. 'village', etc., fro IE °k£i_ 'lie'. Walde-P.1.360. Lett. pagal.".., prob. as orig. 'open space' : ChS!. golll 'bare', OHG kalo 'bald', etc. Cf. OPo!. gola 'open place'. Miih!.-End•. 3.27. 6. ChS!. d.oril, etc., general Slavic (but Po!. dw6r 'court' only in secondary senses, as also Lith. dvara. fro Po!. or Russ.; for 'courtyard' Po!. podw6rze, cpd. with po 'in, about') : Lat. forum 'public place, market-place', both prob.,

as orig. the 'doorway with the adjacent court', related to the words for 'door' J

Lith. dury" ChS!. dvf,ri, Lat. fore" Grk. etc. (7.22). Berneker 241. Ernout-M. 377 f., 383. Walde-Po 1.871 (but with separation of Lst. forum, as also Walde-H. 1.537 f.). Po!. dziedziniec, formerly only 'court of a palace' : Po!. dziedzina, Boh. dldina 'inherited property, inheritance', deriv. of CbS!. dedi, Boh. ded, etc. 'grandfather'. Berneker 191. Otherwise (: ChS!. det, 'child', etc.) Briickner 108 f.

8op.,

7. Skt. allgana- 'walking' and (as place for walking) 'court, yard', fr. a11g- 'go'.

7.21 Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W. Br.

olmt, a&1Ia., etc.

""paTW(,.), "lIpapa

c:ond4vo (eubicuI..... etc.) ftanzo,C/I7n8I'G

c/&tJtnbn """"" (pi/'A..... the NG lit. word for ·room·. has been taken over in the pop. language (benee &.>/'6.... not &,>/,6...) and is now more common than .6./,,.,,4 (below. 2) for 'room' in general (as ricra. 6w~,.,a.; 'how many rooms?'). 2. Lat. eondaoe. cpd. of claoi. 'key' (7.24). hence a place that can be locked up. Otherwise only words for specia\ rooms, as cubiculum mostly 'bedroom' J fro cubare 'recline'; triclinium 'diningroom'. orig. the couch on three sides of the table. fro Grk.•"..XI..... Lat. camera (a.lso camara) 'vaulted roof'. fro Grk. '4/r; po>< diWr; po>< duru; goat. rIor. port dare; Jet door; gate n, .......

Words for 'a room' come in part by specia.li.ation from those denoting

466

-

ROOM (In a House)

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

465

DWELLING. HOUSE. FURNITURE

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

4M

tIwJr·;_.... (pI).

467

DWELLING. HOUSE. FURNITURE

usual word for Idoor'; dtJeTi 'doors of an altar') : Oec. veru (pl.). Umbr. _ofe (ace. pI.) 'gate', Lith. fJerti 'open or shut'. CbSl. IITilti ·shut·. Lat. aperire. oper'ire 'open, shut' (*ap-, ·0p-fJerire) , Skt.lIT- 'cover', Goth. warjan, OE werian ·hinder·. etc.. IE 'wer-. Walde-P. 1.280 If. Walde-H. 1.56 f.

Bulg., SCr. kapija ·gate·. fro Turk. kapo ·gate·. Bemeker 484. Boh. brana, Pol. brama 'gate', orig. 'defense' as Bulg.. SCr. brana: ChS\. brant: 'war', braniti 'hinder, forbid', Boh. branm 'hinder, defend', fro the same root 88 ChSI. brati 'fight·. Lat.lerire ·strike·. etc. Bemeker 74.

eOmhla

NEgate. 5. Goth. haurda. ON hur1J. orig. a door of 'Iattice work' : OE hyrdel (NE hurdle). OHG hurt. Lat. crllti. 'wickerwork'. Grk. dpraMs ·basket·. Skt. kala'straw mat', krt- 'wind', etc., IE *kert-. Walde-P. 1.421. Feist 250. ON hli1J 'gate' : OE hlid. OHG hUt 'cover' (NE lid. NHG augemidl. with vb. OE hlidan 'cover', fro the same root 8B OE hlinian, Grk. KXtJIW 'lean', etc., IE "tiki-. Walde-P. 1.490 f. Falk-Torp 629. ON. Dan.. Sw. grind 'Iattice-work door or gate' : OE grindlaB 'gratinge., OHG grimit. Du. grendel ·bolt·. Lith. grinda 'Oooring board'. etc. Walde-P. 1.657. Falk-Torp 348. OEgeat ·gate·. ME Jet. yet (> W. iet). NE gate (> NIr. geata, W. gat) : ON. OS. Du. gat ·hole. opening' (12.85). root connection dub .• but English sense clearly a specialization. NED S.V. gate sb.'. 6. Lith. fJlJrtai. Lett. IIIIrti. OPruss.

warto. ChSI.. sCr.• Boh. IITata. Pol. wroo tao Russ. vorota, a.ll pl.. general BaltaSlavic for 'gate' (but sCr. orala also the

7.23 Ork.

,,).,,"pop, I'Ox).M, 6xe'"

NO Lat.

"M!"IlP''''''~''' clausb'um, puoul...

It.

Fr. Sp.

am-otura, loppo .......... cerrodura, cemJja

Rum.

",....."

Ir. NIr. W. Br.

."...

......

g! ..

c/o

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHO MHO NHO

LOCK (sb.) Lith.

l4B., loka latu Ids loco dUBtor 10k. loci; 8loI

.un .un

Lett. ChSl.

SOr. Boh. Pol.

julrina,8pymJ at.lega (.amlca) b....... zd...k

......k

RW!S.

...mol
Du. wal, Sw. 1Hll1, NHG wall 'rampart, embankment'), fro Lat. valium 'wall of palisades', coli. of vallus

Grk. NO Lat. It.

Fr. Sp. Rum.

Ir. NIr. W.

Br.

mlo,,"'xApa. ..ria. (lit.),"yCoIJqG.,

.,.taIC,

Lat. locus (caminus) fOCDlar. It. Fr. loyer,4trtl Sp. h.ogar, chimenea Rum. vatrd, c4min Ir. .mlach. t.lla ME chimney aleo 'fireplace', cf. NED), Sp. chimenea. REW 1548-49. Falk-Torp 489. Berneker 553.

Fr. alre, OFr. aslre, fro MLat. aslracum 'floor' (7.26). REW 6118.

ogniite ognjiJte

dach. -.cIaG

kry.!u

DWELLING, HOUSE, FURNITURE

Hence, besides words for 'stove' (7.32) and 'chimney' (7.33), for 'fireplace' Rum. cdmin, MHG, NHG kamin

strojiti 'prepare', Russ. stroit'

.,""""-

Av.

Moat of the words for 'roof' are from verbs meaning 'cover' (12.26). But a few reflect a special material or type of structure, and conversely a general word for 'roof' may become restricted. to a special type, as NE thatch. 1. From IE ·(8)1eg- 'cover', in Skt. 8Ihag-, Grk. u.ey." Lat. legere, etc. Walde-Po 2.620 f. Ernout-M. 1020. Pedersen 1.97. Grk. UT!-yOS, r!-yo" rnn; Lat. tktum (> It. lelto, Fr. toil, Sp.lecho, lechado);

6. Lett. jumts, fro jumt 'cover', root

herd

Many of them are also UBed symbolically for the family dwelling house, the 'home' (cf. NE fight for their fireBides), as very commonly Grk. i Lith. peCius). 2. MLat. stu!a (stuba, 8tUpa) , It. stu!a, Fr. _tuve, Sp. estu/a, used for 'hot bath, hothouse', etc. and finally (It., Sp.) for 'stove', OE slo!a 'hot bath', OHG stuba 'bathroom, heated room', MLG stove (> ME stove 'hot-air bath, sweating-room J J also 'heated sitting-room or bedroom'; NE stove in present sense

since about 1600; > NIr. sUiv, W. 8tO!, etc.) The continental Gmc. forms developed in the direction of 'room' and spread to Balto-Slavic mostly in this sense (cf. 7.21). But the development to 'stove', as in NE and Romance, shows itself in some of the Balkan derivs., namely (in form through Hung. 8zoba, now only 'room') Turk., Bulg. soba, Rum. soM, NG U6P."4 (Boba). StenderPetersen 249. The ultimate origin of this group (and

478

even its unity, though this seems obvious) is much disputed, but it prob. rests on a back-formation fro VLat. *extil!iire (It. stu/are, OFr. eBtuver, NE Btew, etc.), this fro *til!us, Grk. riJot 'vapor'. Cf. REW 3108 (with separation of the Gmc. words), and other references given in 7.21. 3. Grk. 8,pp.~urp4 'furnace' (Callim., Euphor.), lit. 'heater', fro 8EPJ.'alJIW 'beat' fro 8,pp.6s 'hot' (15.85). Hence NG 8EPJ.l.4U'Tpa 'stove', mostly in the literary language, the common word being u6p.ra (above, 2). 4. Lat. caminus 'forge', etc., also used for heating a room (7.31). Hence, besides words for 'fireplace' (7.31) or 'chimney' (7.33), also some for 'stove', as It. camino mostly 'cookstove', Sw. kamin 'iron stove', Bob. kamna 'stov~'. Fr. po~, formerly 'heated room', fro Lat. (balneae) pensiles, lit. 'hangingbath', used of a bathroom with the floor heated from underneath. REW 6392. Gamillscheg 704. 5. Dan. kakkelovn, now any 'stove', orig. 'stove of tile', like Sw. kakelugn, MLG, MHG kacheloven, NHG kachelolen, cpd. of Dan. kakleel, Sw. kaleel, MLG kachel 'glazed tile' (> Du. kachel 'stove', Lith. kakalys 'stnve'), fro OHG kachala 'earthen pot', further orig. dub. Falk-Torp 484. Meringer, Wort. u. Sach. 3.156 II. 6. Lith. krosnis, Lett. kriisn8, orig. 'stove made of stones', 'heap of stones', prob. : Lett. kriit 'collect'. Buga, Kalba ir Senove 178. Miihl.-Endz. 2.268. 7. Skt. a~nta-, fro a~n- 'stone', and Skt. culli-, etym. unknown, are both rare, but rendered by 'ofen' in BR.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

SCr. dimnjak, deriv. of dim 'smoke'. SCr. odiak, common in eastern area, from Turk. ocak 'fireplace, chimney'. Lokotsch 1587. Russ. dymovaja truba 'smoke-pipe' or commonly truba 'pipe, trumpet' used alone for 'chimney' : ChSI. trqba 'pipe,

trumpet', loanword fro OHG trumba 'trumpet' (It. tromba, etc., REW 8952). 5. Skt. dhUmanirgama- (rare and no evidence of an actual chimney) lit. 'smoke-outlet', cpd. of dhuma- 'smoke' and nirgama- 'outgoing'.

7.41 FURNITURE Grk.

nnrXa

NG

i:nrA(I;

ON

Lat.

8upellex mobili, ,upe1leUik meubles

Da.n.

It. Fr. Sp. Rum.

Ir. Nlr.

w.

Br.

mueblu mobile intreb, fointreb troscan dodrefn annez, arrebeuri

Goth.

Sw.

OE ME NE Du.

Lith.

baldai, rakandai

Lett. ChS!.

ut.a1Ja8 lutaB, mebele

sCr.

namjeJlaj, pokueatvo

(hoU8hold, mobl.. )

Boh. Pol.

twhy'ek mebel, ,prz~t

furniture meubelen, huisraad

Russ. Skt.

mebel', ob8ta1WVka (upakaratlani)

hwbtlna3r, -bUningr m;bler, husgeraad mJibler, husgerdd idisc, inorf

OHG (giziugali, gizawi) MHG hmrat, hwgerrete NHG nWbel, hausgerat

'Furniture' is understood here in the now prevailing sense of NE furniture (NED s.v., 7), that is as 'house furniture'. Some of the words are connected with those for 'house, dwelling'. But the majority had originally, and some still have, a. wider scope, covering all sorts of movable property, equipment, utensils, etc. The words are partly plural, partly singular forms used collectively. 1. Grk. 1"',..'4 (also 'utensils, fittings', but usually not so general as U""") : i"-'1rOA.q 'surface', ~1r'1r6AQ.£OS 'on the surface' (cf. Cret. ErnrOAa.ta. x"';'p.o.ra. = i1rt'lrAa.), brt'lrEAop.a.t 'come upon', etc., IE *k"el-. Walde-P.1.514f. 2. Lat. supellex, gen. -leetilis (> It. supelleUile) , prob. fro *super-lecti-(li-) 'what lies or is laid over' : lectus 'bed', Goth. ligan 'lie', etc. Ernout-M. 1004 (with doubt). It. mobili, Fr. meubles (sg. meuble > Dan. m.;bel, Sw. mobel, Du. meubel 'piece of furniture', pI. 'furniture', NHG coll. miibel, Lett. mebele, Pol. mebel, Russ. mebel'), Sp. muebles, Rum. mabile,

Av.

plurals of It. mobile, Fr. meuble, etc. 'piece of furniture', fro Lat. mObile 'movable' (cf. mobilia 'movable goods, chattels'), deriv. of 11U}f}ere 'move'. 3. Ir. intreb, !aintreb, (NIr. intreaM 'property, wealth), cpds. of ind- 'in', fo'under', and treb 'dwelling' (7.11). NIr. trosciin 'implements, baggage, clothes' (Gael. trusgan 'clothes') and 'furniture' (or more specifically troscan tighe 'furniture of the house'), loanword fro ME trusse 'bundle, baggage', with added suffix. Macbain 378. W. dodre!n, MW deodreven, cpd. of dy'to' (often intensive), go 'sub', and trefn 'arrangement, order, system'. Br. annez fro MBr. anhez 'dwelling', back-formation fro anhezaJf 'establish, dwell in' (Br. anneza 'furnish'), fro *an,. sed-, cpd. of IE ·sed- 'sit'. Erault, Glossaire 30. Br. arrebeuri, fro arre 'anew' and peuri 'pasture' (3.16), with extension fro 'farm accessories'. Henry 17. 4. ON htlBlnlna"IJr, hu.bUningr, cpds. of hUB 'house' and bUna"IJr, bUningr 'equipment', deriv. of bUa 'prepare'.

DWELLING, HOUSE, FURNITURE 7.33 urk.

NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Nlr.

K(I;,..."OO~,

KG.1n"I/

KQ.rJlO3OX"l

(lit.),

,,«.8«, q,ovy6.po (caminus) camino cheminee chimenea

w.

"'Bimdde, "

Br.

liminal

8imni

simnai

KQ.~"-

ON Dan.

Sw.

ME NE

Du.

OHG MHG NHG

477

CHIMNEY

reykberi, -hiifr, 8korsteinn 8kor8ten Bkorsten chimney chimney BcMor8teen ,cor(en}stei'n Bchor(n)8tein ,chornstnn (kamin, rauchfang)

The 'chimney' is no part of the primitive house, from which the smoke escaped by the door or an opening in the roof, and is relatively late in northern Europe. But it was known in ancient Greece and Rome, as attested by literary references, vase paintings, and actual remains. Cf. Daremberg et Saglio 1.860 II. The words are partly compounds or derivatives of those for 'smoke' (1.83), but come also from words for 'fireplace with chimney', or for 'pipe', 'basket', 'prop-stone' .

Lith. Lett. Ser. Boh. Pol. Russ.

kaminas 8kur8tenu dimnjak (odZak) komin komin truoo

W. simdde, simnai; Br. siminal fro Fr.), Sp. chimenea. REW 1548. Gamillscheg 215. Rum. cOf, orig. 'basket', loanword fro Slavic, ChSI. koU 'basket', etc. Berneker 586. Tiktin s.v.

3. ON reykberi, reykhii!r, cpds. of reykr 'smoke' and bera 'carry', kafa 'hold'. Cf. NHG rauch!ang. Both words rare, usually ljOri 'opening in the roof' : ljos 'light' (Falk-Torp 650). MLG scor(en)stein, scorsten (> late ON skorsteinn, Dan., Sw. skorsten, Lett. skurstenis), Du. schoorsteen, MHG 1. Grk. '4"~ (later -Mx~), lit. schor(n)stein, NHG schornstein (> Lith. 'smoke~receptacle', cpd. of Ka.'lrJoOOS Siurkiftainis in Pruss. Lith.), orig. the 'smoke' and OEKOP.a.t (OEXO,ua.t) 'receive'. 'propstone' upon which the chimney Hence the abbreviated '~""'1 in the rested, first part of the cpd.: ON comic poets. 8kor"IJa, MLG, ME schore 'prop' (NE NG ""'orr6.po, fro It. dial. !ogaro, !u- shore in a shipyard). Falk-Torp 1019. garo, deriv. of fogo = fuoco 'fire'. G. Weigand-H. 2.781. Meyer, Neugr. Stud. 4.97. NHG rauch!ang, lit. 'smoke-catcher', NG Ka,utl'G:oa., see below, 2. is the usual word for 'chimney' in Austria. For the local distribution of 2. Lat. caminus (7.31) included the 'chimney', but is not quotable as ap- NHG 8chornstein, kamin, rau.chjang (also plied tn the 'chimney' only. Its derivs. esse, schlot), cf. Kretschmer, Wortgeogr. are used for 'fireplace' (7.31), 'stove' 436 II. (7.32), and 'chimney'. So as 'chimney' 4. Lith. kaminas, Boh" Pol. komin, It. camino, MHG, NHG kamin (> Boh., above, 2. Lith. dilmalaide, dilmataki. (NSB, Pol. komin > Lith. kaminas); through VLat. caminata 'room with heating but book words only?), cpds. of dilmas appa.ratus', NG Ka.,utl'a.Oa., Fr. chemink 'smoke' with -laide : leidZu, leisti 'let' (> ME, NE chimney> NIr. simne, and -takis : teku, tektti 'run'.

DWELLING, HOUSE, FURNITURE OE idisc(e), ineddisc (gl. Lat. supellex), deriv. of ead 'property, riches' (11.42). OE inor!, inir!e, cpds. of or! 'cattie, livestock' (but orig. 'inheritance'), yrfe, ierfe 'property, inheritance' : Goth. arm, NHG erbe 'inheritance', etc. FalkTorp 34. OE andlOman and geWma sometimes gloss. supellex, but here in their usual sense of 'utensil(s), tnol(s)', whence NE loom (6.34). ME houshold was sometimes used for 'household furniture' (NED s.v., 2). ME mobles (fr. OFr. mobles) 'movable property' covered 'furniture' but never beca.me specialized like the Fr. word. NE furniture, formerly of more general scope, 'furnishing, furnishings, implements', etc., fro Fr. fourniture 'furnishing, provision', deriv. of fournir 'supply, provide', this fro OHG frommen 'perform, accomplish', deriv. of !ram 'further'. Wartburg 3.829 II. NEDs.v. OHG giziugali, caziucali (gl. Lat. supellex), deriv. of gi$iug 'material' (NHG zeug); OHG gizawi (also gl. supellex), whence NHG gezahe 'miner's tools' : 0 E geatwe 'trappings, ornaments, etc.', Goth. taujan 'make', etc. Falk-Torp 1267. Walde-Po 1.779. But whether these OHG words were used for 'house furniture' is doubtful. MHG hUsriit, hUsgerrete, MLG husgorIn (> Dan. husgeraad, Sw. husgerdd),

479

NHG hausrat, hausgerat, cpds. of hUs 'house' and rat 'provision', coIl. gerrete 'utensils', fro OHG riitan 'prepare, counsel' : OE rlklan 'counsel', etc. FalkTorp 433, 865. 5. Lith. baldai, etym.? There is no apparent semantic connection with OLith. baldas 'pestle', baldyli, bildeti 'knock, make a noise' (Leskien, Ablaut 320). But cf. the curious history of NE knickknacks used of small ornaments, connected with knack 'trick' and this with the verb knack 'strike, knock', etc. Lith. rakandai, orig. 'utensils', pI. of rakandas a kind of 'vessel' or 'utensil' beside rakanda a kind of 'basket', root connection? Leskien, Bildung d. Nom. 588f. Lett. istabas lietaB, lit. 'things, implements' (lietas) of the room (istaba). Lett. mebele (given by Drawneek, but not in MUhl.-Endz. or Ulmann), fro NHG miibel (above, 2). 6. SCr. namjeStaj, fro namjestiti 'set up, place', deriv. of mjesto 'place'. SCr. POkuC8tVO, fro a verbal deriv. of kuta 'house' (7.12). Boh. nabytek, fro nabyti 'obtain, acquire', hence lit. 'acquisition'. Pol. sprz(Jt 'utensils' and 'furniture' : spr0qta6 'put a room in order', ChSI. oprctati 'take care of', etc. BrUckner 436. Russ. obstanovka : obstavit' 'put around, set up'. 7. Skt. upakarar)dni, mostly 'utensils', fro upa-kr- 'bring near, prepare'.

.-7.42 BED

Grk. NG

x>.t..." mi"f, uxor,"

!.at.

z..t...

It.

Fr.

ItPefJfJIJ.T'

z.u.

Goth.

ON

Dan. Sw.

Iii

Bp.

....... 1«110

Rum.

pol

OE ME

kbaid, Iig< IeabaidII

NE Du.

Ir. NIr.

w.

Br.

, MIla, 'aing, TCkkja, boW,

Lith. Lett.

101Hz, paIa/Go

ChSI.

odrll,lok

I4t1(1, b/Idd

BCr. Doh.

I1ID'i
ME chaire. NE chair). Fr. chaise. Ir. cathair. Nlr. cathaoir. W. cadair. Br. kadOT; also (through the medium of OVenetian charegla) NG ..p!oyll.., .opi«lI. (both forma heard; also .00",11•• a blend with • 00.vx.""

Sp. Rum.

I......... (10m"..) lampoda, lucema lam!'" Iompora Iomp4

W.

Iilchtmm -..,Iom,... lamp, UUUJ'ft

Ir. NIr. Br.

kr....,.j

3. Ir. bordd. NIr. bIlrd. W. bwrdd. bord, fro Gmc., OE or Norse. below. 4. 4. Goth. biU,,8, ON bjo" (rare). OE />lad. OHG beat. hiet, fro the root of Goth. -biudan. OE beodan, OHG biotan 'offer'. Orig. 'offering. portion' (cf. Lat. mensa. above. 2), applied to the 'serving tray. platter' (whence Balto-Slavic words for 'platter. dish. bowl'. 5.315.33). which wos the old Gmc. 'table'. Walde-P. 2.147. Feist 97. ON bOT", Dan.• Sw.• OE bord, ME borde. all meaning also and orig. 'board' (cf. Goth. ffltu-baurd 'footstool'. MHG bart 'board'. ete.). fro an extension of an IE °bher- 'cut'(?). Walde-Po 2.174. 159. Falk-Torp 94. OHG liBC (disc). MHG. NHG tiBCh. fro Lat. d....... Grk. 81fT... 'quoit'. this also first applied to the 'serving tray. platter' (whence words for 'platter• dish'. 5.31. 5.32). Weigand-H. 2.1047. 5. Lith. 8talaB. OPruas. stali8 (ace. ag. stallan). sCr. BIoi. ete.. the general Slavic word : CbSI. stoltl 'throne' , Goth. st/j1B 'chair'. ete. See 7.43. Lett. galds, also and orig. 'piece of board'. etym. dub.. possibly: Norw. dial. kuU 'stump'. Skt. g"qu,. 'hump'. ete. (Walde-P. 1.614. without the Lett. form). Miihl.-Endz. 1.590 f. 6. Skt. phalaka- 'board. tablet. gaming-table·. perh. the nearest thing to a 'table'. fro phal- 'burst. split'.

7.45 LAMP Goth. lukorta ON Iompi, lJkker Dan. 10m!," Sw. 10m,... OE UohIIOII ME 10m!," NE

Du. OHG MHG NHG

lamp Iomp

/ioItJI..

_,10m!," 10m!,"

Lith. Lett. ChSI. SOr.

Doh. Pol.

RUIIII.

Bkt. Av.

-liompa

10m,...

lam,..., wjotiIj/co

10m,...

11m,... 10m,...

dlpG-

484

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Oil lamps made of stone date from prehistoric times in Greece, foUowed by the common earthenware and the ornamental bronze lamps. From Greece they were introduced into Rome, where candles, unknown in ancient Greece, were in earlier use. From Greece and Rome they spread to the rest of Europe, where the earlier illumination had been from the light of the fire on the hearth or from pine torches. Cf. Daremberg et Saglio and Pauly-Wissowa s.v. lucema, Schrader, ResJiex. 2.6 ff. Like the article itself, the Greek and Latin words were largely adopted. But there are some early Gmc. and Slavic terms, derived from words for 'light'. 1. Grk. M,c.... (> early Lat. I"""us, l!ACinus; NG X.xv.",), Lat. lucema (> It. !ucema, Ir. Ulcharnn, NIr. IOchrann, W. Iluscrn, Goth. lukarn), fro the root of Grk. 'bright', Lat. I..., 'light', !_e 'be light', OE !loht 'light', etc. (1.61). Walde-Po 2.408ff. Emout-M. 573.

x.....

DWELLING, HOUSE, FURNITURE

2. Grk. X.,.d., -48or 'torch', fro Xa,."" 'give light, shine' : OPruss. IopiB 'flame', etc. Walde-Po 2,383. Only 'torch' in class. Grk., but later 'lamp' (so, beside M,cK1S, in NT, as Mt. 25.1 ff.). Hence Lat. lampao, -adis 'torch', later 'lamp', the source of the present almost universal mod. Eur. word for 'lamp', in large part through Fr. lampe. 3. Br. kreuzeul fro OFr. croiBel 'nightlamp', this ultimately fro a Celt.-Gmc. word for 'earthenware pot' (OE crocca, MIr. crocan, etc., 5.26). Henry 81. GamillBcheg 277. 4. ON /j08ker, OE liohtJOlI, OHG liohtfas, MHG !iohtvas, aU cpds. of words for 'light' (1.61) and 'vessel' (ON ker, OE jOll, etc.). 5. ChS!. Imltillniki!., fro ..lIiIi 'give light', denom. of ...au 'light' (1.61). Similarly SCr. 8IJjotilj/ta. 6. Skt. dipa-, fro dip- 'shine', an extension of a... 'shine'. Walde-P.1.772ff.

7.46 CANDLE Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

Gcth. ON

...."""

!Y'

Ijua Uoht, candel. wpor caf'kkl, taper «mdk

Rum.

lumtnare

Sw. OE ME NE

Ir. Nlr. W. Br.

eaindel coinneal cannwyl gDUw.., kantol

OHG ",sa, lioh£ MHG leer26, lieht NHG keru, !icht

t:ande!a bougie ("""nd.a.) vela (bujia, t:ande!a)

Lith. Lett. CbSl. SCr. Boh. Pol.

'jo., kerti

Dan.

--,

Du.

Candles were unknown in ancient Greece (besides lamps there were various kinds of torches) but were common from very early times among the Romans and the Etruscans. Of. Daremberg et Saglio, s.v. candela. Most of the words are derived from those for 'light' or 'shine', with specialization to 'candle'. Some are from other sources, as 'vigil, watch't name of a

RII&I.

foaM ....,.

...... ..n..

2. Lat. candela, the common tallow candie, fro candere 'be bright, shine' : Skt. cand- 'shine', etc. Walde-P.1.352. Hence It., Sp. candela, Fr. chandslk, Ir. caindel, NIr. coinnoa!, W. cannwyl, Br. /tanto!, OE, ME candel, NE candle; NG '~M .. kind of small lamp with disk floating in oil. Late Lat. candt!a also 'chandelier' (candelae vitrooe ingenteB pendent, Peregrlnatio 247). REW 1578. Vendryes, De bib. vOC. 120. Port. IUm< de Bugia, Sp. bujia, OFr. chandelle de Bougie, Fr. bougie (It. bugia 'candlestick'), fro the name of the Algerian town Bugio, and referring orig. to the 'wax', of which much was imported from Algeria. REW 1375. Wartburg 1.600. Sp. oela 'vigil, watch' and 'candie' (oela de /lebo, de =a) : It. veg!io 'watch', etc., denom. of Lat. vigi/4re 'keep awake, watch'. REW 9326. Rum. Iumtnare, fr. Lat. !aminare used in late Latin of a small lamp, deriv. of lamon 'light'. 3. Br. gouto" 'light' (1.61) and 'candle', also with koar 'wax' or soov 'tallow'. 4. ON Ij08, OE leoht, OHG lioht, etc.

we...

(""!til)

...... ......

town, some material used, as wax. But several words for 'wax candles' are used only for those in ceremonial, not in domestic, use. 1. NG ••pl, fro Grk. "'1p!ov, dim. of "'1p/n 'wax' ("'1pol 'wax candies' from 3d cent. A,D.), whence Lat. cera 'wax', ciT.... 'wax-candle' (> It. =0, Sp. cirio, OFr. cirge > ME cerge). EmoutM. 176. Walde-H. 1.202. REW 1829.

AGRICULTURE, VEGETATION

CHAPTER 8 AGRICULTURE, VEGETATION' 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.21 8.212 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28 8.31 8.32

8.44 8.45 8.46 8.47 8.48 8.51 8.52 8.53 8.54 8.55 8.56 8.57 8.58 8.60 8.61 8.62 8.63 8.64 8.65 8.66 8.67

FAIUIER

F1BLD (for Cultivation) GARDEN

BARN CULTIVATE, TILL

PLow (vb.; sb.) FuRRow DIG SPADE SHOVEL

BOE FORK RAKE IL..u-,

Av.

.a.trya-

nin, muiik kfejmpati-

MHG ackerman, lantman, "... NHG ockermann., bauer

Names of various vegetables and fruits under Food, Chap. 5, pp. 370ft'.

486

UkininkaB, laukininkas, lnIrar laucinieks, zemnieks

'Farmer' is understood in the present common use of NE jarmer (NED S.V. 5), that of Lat. agricola. Dictionaries of other languages are apt to take this in an older sense and render it by Fr. jermier, mltayer, NHG pachter, etc. Such words for special classes of farmers, according to form of tenure, are not in· eluded. On the other hand, words for 'peasant', lit. 'countryman', since the peo.sant and farming class coincide in large measure, may be those in common use for 'farmer', while the stricter equivalents are more or less learned or archaic (cf. Fr. paY8an va. agricuZteur, NHG bauer vs. ackermann, etc.). Hence several words for 'peasant' which are commouly so used are included in the list. Many of these have aleo a derogatory use, which does not concern us here. 1. Grk. 'Y.wP'Y0" fro *'Y'I"P'Y0s, beside Boeot. 'Yii(.p'Yo., Lac. 'YiifJ.P'Yop, cpd. of 'Yij 'earth, land' (1.21) and the root of !P'Yov'work' (9.12). NG (beside 'Y""P'Y0s) xwp..Os, xwp,aT17f, prop. 'peasant', derivs, of x&,pa. 'country', XCdPWV 'village'. 2. Lat. agricola, cpd. of ager 'field' (8.12) and the root of colere 'cultivate, inhabit'. Emout-M. 22.205. WaldeH.1.247. It. agricolwre, Fr. agricuiteur, Sp., Rum. agricuitor, learned borrowing fro Lat. agricultor (late), agri cultor, with the same elements as the old agricola. It. coUivatore, Fr. cuUivateur, deriv. of It. coltivare, Fr. cultiver, MLat. cuUivare, this through late c"ltivus fro Lat. cu!tus, pple. of colere. It. contadina 'peasant', deriv. of cootado'countryregion',once'county' : Fr. cornU etc., deriv. of Lat. Come8, -ili8 in its later sense of 'count'. REW 2078. Fr. paysan 'peasant' (OFr. paisant > ME pe)Jsant, NE peasant), deriv. of pays 'country' (19.11). REW 6145.

487

Sp. labrador, fro labrar 'work, make', esp. 'cultivate, till' (8.15). Rum. fdran 'peasant', deriv. of ~ra 'land, country' (1.21). 3. Ir. briug", brugaid 'landowner, farmer, yeoman' (K. Meyer, Contrib. 263,275. Laws, Gloss. 109) fro bruig 'inhabited land, country, district' (19.14). NIr. jeirmooir, W. jJerm1J1l", jarmwr, fro NE farmer (below). W. amaeth1J1l", older amaeth (Laws 'plowman') : Gallo-Lat. ambactu8 'servant, dependent' (orig. perh. this sense in Welsh, whence 'farm-laborer', 'plowman', 'farmer') : Ir. imm-agim 'drive, go about', Lat. agere, etc. Walde-Po 1.35. Br. gounideg fro gounid 'profit', vb. gounit 'gain, earn' and 'cultivate' (8.15). Br. kouer 'peasant', perh., fro OFr. willier 'gatherer', in sense of 'harvester'. Henry 77. 4. Goth. waur.twja deriv. of waurstto 'work' (9.12), renders iP'Ya"!. 'workman' and also reg. 'Y""P'Y0s (once with airjJlis 'of the earth'). ON bOndi (older Inlandi) 'settled landowner, head of a household', Dan., Sw. bonde 'peasant', fro ON Inla 'dwell, inhabit' (7.11). ON akrmlltir, Sw. dkerman, OE mceTceorl, (lCerman, ME acreman, ORO accharman, MHG ackerman, NHG ackermann, (also Du. akkerman) cpds. of akr, etc. 'field' and words for 'man'. ON akrgertiarmatir, akrverksmatir lit. 'field-work's man'. Dan. dyrker fro dyrke 'cultivate, till' (8.15).

Dan. landmand, Sw. landtman, Du. landman, MHG lantman, NHG !andmann, cpd. of land 'country' and 'man'. Sw. jordbr,,/tare, cpd. of jord 'earth, land' and brukare fro bruka 'use'. OE tilia (also eorti-tilia Gospels, In. 15.1; Lindisf. !ond-buend) : tilion'labor,

484

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Oil lamps made of stone date from prehistoric times in Greece, foUowed by the common earthenware and the ornamental bronze lamps. From Greece they were introduced into Rome, where candles, unknown in ancient Greece, were in earlier use. From Greece and Rome they spread to the rest of Europe, where the earlier illumination had been from the light of the fire on the hearth or from pine torches. Cf. Daremberg et Saglio and Pauly-Wissowa s.v. lucema, Schrader, ResJiex. 2.6 ff. Like the article itself, the Greek and Latin words were largely adopted. But there are some early Gmc. and Slavic terms, derived from words for 'light'. 1. Grk. M,c.... (> early Lat. I"""us, l!ACinus; NG X.xv.",), Lat. lucema (> It. !ucema, Ir. Ulcharnn, NIr. IOchrann, W. Iluscrn, Goth. lukarn), fro the root of Grk. 'bright', Lat. I..., 'light', !_e 'be light', OE !loht 'light', etc. (1.61). Walde-Po 2.408ff. Emout-M. 573.

x.....

DWELLING, HOUSE, FURNITURE

2. Grk. X.,.d., -48or 'torch', fro Xa,."" 'give light, shine' : OPruss. IopiB 'flame', etc. Walde-Po 2,383. Only 'torch' in class. Grk., but later 'lamp' (so, beside M,cK1S, in NT, as Mt. 25.1 ff.). Hence Lat. lampao, -adis 'torch', later 'lamp', the source of the present almost universal mod. Eur. word for 'lamp', in large part through Fr. lampe. 3. Br. kreuzeul fro OFr. croiBel 'nightlamp', this ultimately fro a Celt.-Gmc. word for 'earthenware pot' (OE crocca, MIr. crocan, etc., 5.26). Henry 81. GamillBcheg 277. 4. ON /j08ker, OE liohtJOlI, OHG liohtfas, MHG !iohtvas, aU cpds. of words for 'light' (1.61) and 'vessel' (ON ker, OE jOll, etc.). 5. ChS!. Imltillniki!., fro ..lIiIi 'give light', denom. of ...au 'light' (1.61). Similarly SCr. 8IJjotilj/ta. 6. Skt. dipa-, fro dip- 'shine', an extension of a... 'shine'. Walde-P.1.772ff.

7.46 CANDLE Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

Gcth. ON

...."""

!Y'

Ijua Uoht, candel. wpor caf'kkl, taper «mdk

Rum.

lumtnare

Sw. OE ME NE

Ir. Nlr. W. Br.

eaindel coinneal cannwyl gDUw.., kantol

OHG ",sa, lioh£ MHG leer26, lieht NHG keru, !icht

t:ande!a bougie ("""nd.a.) vela (bujia, t:ande!a)

Lith. Lett. CbSl. SCr. Boh. Pol.

'jo., kerti

Dan.

--,

Du.

Candles were unknown in ancient Greece (besides lamps there were various kinds of torches) but were common from very early times among the Romans and the Etruscans. Of. Daremberg et Saglio, s.v. candela. Most of the words are derived from those for 'light' or 'shine', with specialization to 'candle'. Some are from other sources, as 'vigil, watch't name of a

RII&I.

foaM ....,.

...... ..n..

2. Lat. candela, the common tallow candie, fro candere 'be bright, shine' : Skt. cand- 'shine', etc. Walde-P.1.352. Hence It., Sp. candela, Fr. chandslk, Ir. caindel, NIr. coinnoa!, W. cannwyl, Br. /tanto!, OE, ME candel, NE candle; NG '~M .. kind of small lamp with disk floating in oil. Late Lat. candt!a also 'chandelier' (candelae vitrooe ingenteB pendent, Peregrlnatio 247). REW 1578. Vendryes, De bib. vOC. 120. Port. IUm< de Bugia, Sp. bujia, OFr. chandelle de Bougie, Fr. bougie (It. bugia 'candlestick'), fro the name of the Algerian town Bugio, and referring orig. to the 'wax', of which much was imported from Algeria. REW 1375. Wartburg 1.600. Sp. oela 'vigil, watch' and 'candie' (oela de /lebo, de =a) : It. veg!io 'watch', etc., denom. of Lat. vigi/4re 'keep awake, watch'. REW 9326. Rum. Iumtnare, fr. Lat. !aminare used in late Latin of a small lamp, deriv. of lamon 'light'. 3. Br. gouto" 'light' (1.61) and 'candle', also with koar 'wax' or soov 'tallow'. 4. ON Ij08, OE leoht, OHG lioht, etc.

we...

(""!til)

...... ......

town, some material used, as wax. But several words for 'wax candles' are used only for those in ceremonial, not in domestic, use. 1. NG ••pl, fro Grk. "'1p!ov, dim. of "'1p/n 'wax' ("'1pol 'wax candies' from 3d cent. A,D.), whence Lat. cera 'wax', ciT.... 'wax-candle' (> It. =0, Sp. cirio, OFr. cirge > ME cerge). EmoutM. 176. Walde-H. 1.202. REW 1829.

AGRICULTURE, VEGETATION

CHAPTER 8 AGRICULTURE, VEGETATION' 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.21 8.212 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28 8.31 8.32

8.44 8.45 8.46 8.47 8.48 8.51 8.52 8.53 8.54 8.55 8.56 8.57 8.58 8.60 8.61 8.62 8.63 8.64 8.65 8.66 8.67

FAIUIER

F1BLD (for Cultivation) GARDEN

BARN CULTIVATE, TILL

PLow (vb.; sb.) FuRRow DIG SPADE SHOVEL

BOE FORK RAKE IL..u-,

Av.

.a.trya-

nin, muiik kfejmpati-

MHG ackerman, lantman, "... NHG ockermann., bauer

Names of various vegetables and fruits under Food, Chap. 5, pp. 370ft'.

486

UkininkaB, laukininkas, lnIrar laucinieks, zemnieks

'Farmer' is understood in the present common use of NE jarmer (NED S.V. 5), that of Lat. agricola. Dictionaries of other languages are apt to take this in an older sense and render it by Fr. jermier, mltayer, NHG pachter, etc. Such words for special classes of farmers, according to form of tenure, are not in· eluded. On the other hand, words for 'peasant', lit. 'countryman', since the peo.sant and farming class coincide in large measure, may be those in common use for 'farmer', while the stricter equivalents are more or less learned or archaic (cf. Fr. paY8an va. agricuZteur, NHG bauer vs. ackermann, etc.). Hence several words for 'peasant' which are commouly so used are included in the list. Many of these have aleo a derogatory use, which does not concern us here. 1. Grk. 'Y.wP'Y0" fro *'Y'I"P'Y0s, beside Boeot. 'Yii(.p'Yo., Lac. 'YiifJ.P'Yop, cpd. of 'Yij 'earth, land' (1.21) and the root of !P'Yov'work' (9.12). NG (beside 'Y""P'Y0s) xwp..Os, xwp,aT17f, prop. 'peasant', derivs, of x&,pa. 'country', XCdPWV 'village'. 2. Lat. agricola, cpd. of ager 'field' (8.12) and the root of colere 'cultivate, inhabit'. Emout-M. 22.205. WaldeH.1.247. It. agricolwre, Fr. agricuiteur, Sp., Rum. agricuitor, learned borrowing fro Lat. agricultor (late), agri cultor, with the same elements as the old agricola. It. coUivatore, Fr. cuUivateur, deriv. of It. coltivare, Fr. cultiver, MLat. cuUivare, this through late c"ltivus fro Lat. cu!tus, pple. of colere. It. contadina 'peasant', deriv. of cootado'countryregion',once'county' : Fr. cornU etc., deriv. of Lat. Come8, -ili8 in its later sense of 'count'. REW 2078. Fr. paysan 'peasant' (OFr. paisant > ME pe)Jsant, NE peasant), deriv. of pays 'country' (19.11). REW 6145.

487

Sp. labrador, fro labrar 'work, make', esp. 'cultivate, till' (8.15). Rum. fdran 'peasant', deriv. of ~ra 'land, country' (1.21). 3. Ir. briug", brugaid 'landowner, farmer, yeoman' (K. Meyer, Contrib. 263,275. Laws, Gloss. 109) fro bruig 'inhabited land, country, district' (19.14). NIr. jeirmooir, W. jJerm1J1l", jarmwr, fro NE farmer (below). W. amaeth1J1l", older amaeth (Laws 'plowman') : Gallo-Lat. ambactu8 'servant, dependent' (orig. perh. this sense in Welsh, whence 'farm-laborer', 'plowman', 'farmer') : Ir. imm-agim 'drive, go about', Lat. agere, etc. Walde-Po 1.35. Br. gounideg fro gounid 'profit', vb. gounit 'gain, earn' and 'cultivate' (8.15). Br. kouer 'peasant', perh., fro OFr. willier 'gatherer', in sense of 'harvester'. Henry 77. 4. Goth. waur.twja deriv. of waurstto 'work' (9.12), renders iP'Ya"!. 'workman' and also reg. 'Y""P'Y0s (once with airjJlis 'of the earth'). ON bOndi (older Inlandi) 'settled landowner, head of a household', Dan., Sw. bonde 'peasant', fro ON Inla 'dwell, inhabit' (7.11). ON akrmlltir, Sw. dkerman, OE mceTceorl, (lCerman, ME acreman, ORO accharman, MHG ackerman, NHG ackermann, (also Du. akkerman) cpds. of akr, etc. 'field' and words for 'man'. ON akrgertiarmatir, akrverksmatir lit. 'field-work's man'. Dan. dyrker fro dyrke 'cultivate, till' (8.15).

Dan. landmand, Sw. landtman, Du. landman, MHG lantman, NHG !andmann, cpd. of land 'country' and 'man'. Sw. jordbr,,/tare, cpd. of jord 'earth, land' and brukare fro bruka 'use'. OE tilia (also eorti-tilia Gospels, In. 15.1; Lindisf. !ond-buend) : tilion'labor,

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS strive for, attend to', late aJso 'cultivate, till' (see 8.15). OE ~r, MDu. gllebu...., Du. boer, OHG gibUr(o), MHG bar, gebar(s), NHG bauer, cpd. of (10-, gi.- here 'with' and OE bar, OHG bar, ete. 'house', fro OE, OHG bUan 'dwell, inhabit' (7.11). WeigaodH. 1.168, 169. Franck-v. W. 77.101. ME kU8bonde, husbondman, NE hUBbandman (so reg. in our Bible, but now arch.), fro late OE hwbonda 'master of a house', this fro ON hUsbllndi 'master of a house, husband' (in the latter sense aJso ME kU8bonde, NE hUBband, 2.33), cpd. of M. 'house' and bondi (above). NE farmer, earlier 'one who rents land for the purpose of cultivation', fro ME formour 'one who undertakes the collection of taxes or revenues, ete. by payment of a fixed 8um for the proceeds', Anglo-Fr. fermer (Fr.fermi£r), fro MLat. firm4riw lit. 'one who fixes, makes fast', fro jirmus 'fast, firm'. However, the word is felt in modern speech to be the agent noun of the vb. farm. NED S.V. Du. landbouwer, cpd. of land 'land' and bouwer fro bou..... 'dwell, cultivate'. OHG accarbigango, accarbigengiri ('agricola' reg. in Tatian), fro acek.... 'field' and bigango 'cultor' : bigangan 'go over, frequent, till'. 5. Lith. akininkas (the preferred word in Lalis, Senn, Lit. Sprachl., and Hermann, Lit.-deutsches Gespr;;"bs. 12Of.) fro aki8 'farm, farming' (: junkti 'be accustomed'. Walde-Po 1.111). Lith. laukininkaB, Lett. lauciniekB, fro Lith. lauka., Lett. lauk. 'field' (1.23). Lith. iemdirbis, cpd. of ...... ·earth' and root of dirbti 'work' (9.13). Lith. bara., fro MLG bar (= NHG bauer, etc., above, 4). Lett. zemnisks, fro ..".. 'Iand, earth'.

AGRICULTURE, VEGETATION

6. CbSI. di/ateU (freq. in Gospels for in...,.". and 'Y..,p-y6s), fro dilati 'work' (9.13). CbSl. ¥'atell,~, sCr. teiak (Boh. tll6f 'cultivator, miner'), fro ObSl.l¢1.ti 'work', etc. : ChSI. IfgnqIi 'pull, draw' (9.33). Semantic development through 'stretch, strain' to 'work, work in the field'. Miklosich 350. For CbSl. distribution, cf. Jagi6, Entstehungsgesch. 342.

Late ChSl. rataf', SCr. ratar, rataj, lit. 'plow-man' : CbSl. orali 'plow', ete. (8.21). SCr . ..ljak, fro selo 'vill&ge, country' : CbSl. selo 'field', ete. Similarly aJso Boh. sedldk, orig. fro ..10 'village, field', but in form as if from .edlo 'saddle', orig. •....t' (see under 8.12). Boh. rolnU:, Pol. rolnil It. oTto 'vegetable others are from a similar notion of 'en- garden', Sp. htterto 'orchard', kuerla closure'. There may be specialization 'vegetable garden'), Osc. hurz 'hortus, of 'garden' to 'flower garden' J 'vegetable lucus' : La.t. COhor8 'yard, court', Grk. garden' J or 'tree garden, orchard'. A X6pTOS 'farmyard', Ir. gort 'field', lub-gorl converse generalisation is seen in Sw. 'garden' (cpd. with luib 'plant'), Br. tradg4rd, lit. ·tree-garden'. liar. 'garden' (by contraction, cf. 1. Grk. Iri/...., Dor. .4..... : OHG MCom. lowarlk id., Pedersen 1.116), kuoOO, 'piece of land' (NHG huto, hube), prob. also OE geard 'yard' (7.15), OHG Alb. lcopsht 'garden', root connection? garto 'garden', etc. (below, 4), all as Walde-P. 1.345 f. orig. 'enclosure' fro IE *Oher- in Osc.

k¢ra-,_

made to the previous discussion. Even

some of those in which the agricultural sense is dominant are sometimes used also in a wider sense, &B Grk. "yp6" Lat. ager for 'open country' vs. 'town' (19.13). 1. IE ·afjro-, prob. fro ·aU- 'drive' in Lat. agere, etc., and 50 orig. 'place where the cattle were driven, pBBture' (of. OHG triit 'pasture' : triben 'drive'), whence, with the advance of the agricultural stage, the common Eur. use. Walde-Po 1.37. Ernout-M. 22 f. Walde-H. 1.22. Feist 33. Specht, KZ 66.17. Grk. &ypOs; Lat. ager; Goth. akrB, ON akr, OE recer, etc., general Gmc.; but Skt. ajra- (Ry) 'open field' without reference to cultivation. 2. Grk. lpolJpa., Lat. arvum 'arable land' prob. : Skt., Av. "",,,ra- (below,8), and both : Grk . •upu, 'wide', Skt. varas·width'. Specht, KZ 66.246 f. NG xwp6.. fro Grk. xwp"o/>... (Theophr; freq. in By•. ), dim. of XWPA 'land, country'. Petersen, Grk. Dim. in -... 277, 279. 3. It., Sp. campo, Fr. champ, Rum. ctmp, fr. Lat. campus 'plain, open field' (1.23).

4. lr. gOTt, esp. 'field sown to grain' : W. garth 'enclosure, garden', Br. garz 'hedge', Lat. kortus 'garden' (8.13), etc. Walde-P.1.603. Pedersen 1.136. W. cae, the common word for an 'enclosed field' (cf. Evans, Welsh Dict. s.v.), orig. 'fence, hedge' (about the field) : Br. kas 'enclosure, hedge', OHG kecka, OE kecg 'hedge', etc. Walde-Po 1.337. W. maes, Br. maez, also 'field (in broad 8ense), plain' (1.23). Br. park, fro Fr. pare 'park', orig. 'inclosed tract of land' (orig. dub., REW 6253). 5. Dan. mark, Sw. mark (but the latter largely 'land, ground') : ON mvrk 'forest' (1.41), Goth. marka 'boundary',

OE mearc 'borderland' (NE marck), Lat. marg6 'border', etc. Walde-Po 2.283 ff. Falk-Torp 699 f. ME f ..ld, NE field, Du. ..Id, NHG fold, orig. only 'field' in the broad sense, OE, OHG fold, etc. (1.23). 6. Lith. dirva, Lett. dnwa: RUBB. derevnja 'village, landed property', dial. 'BIJl&il field', prob. Skt. du....... 'panicgrass' J Du. tarwe 'wheat', all perh. fr. an extension of IE ·der- in Lith. dirt;, Lett. dirlU, OE teran 'tear', etc. Walde-Po 1.800, 803. Berneker 186. Specht, KZ 66.18. Lith. laukas 'field' but chiefly in broad sense (1.23). Lett. tirUmB, orig. 'a cleared field (for

AGRICULTURE, VEGETATION

'plow'.

8elo,~

njirJa, .....ok rola, gru;>l niva, polf

""""',Ield

heriiad 'capiat', Skt. hr- 'seize, hold', etc. Walde-Po 1.603 f. Ernout-M. 461. Walde-H. 1.242 f. Fr. jardin (> It. giardino, Sp. jardin

491

·larda8 is preferred, 1.859). Muhl.End.. 1.449. Trautmann 45 (: ON draga'draw').

6. For the various ChSI. renderings of Iri/..." cf. Jagi6, Entstehungsgesch. 330, form also ME gardin, NE garden) fro 428. ChSI. vrlJ.tograda, loanword fro Goth. OHG garto 'garden' (below, 4). REW aurtigard. (above, 4). 3684. ChSI. vrtlIu, SCr. IJTI, either abstracted Rum. gradind, fro Slavic (below, 6). fro the preceding (Miklosich and others), 3. Ir. lubgort, Br. lior., see above, 2. Ir. garda, NIr. gmrdha, W. gardd, fro or fro a Goth. simplex. Stender-Petersen 371. ON garlJr (below, 4). Pedersen 1.110. Late ChSI. ogradu, Pol. ogroo, RUBB. NIr. gairdin fro NE garden. 4. In Gmc. mostly words for 'yard', ogorod ('vegetable garden'), Boh. zahraalone or in cpds. ON -ga1''6r, as in da, cpds. of ChSI. gradll, etc. 'city' kalgarlJr 'cabbage garden' (NIcel. garlJur (19.15), reflecting an earlier meaning esp. 'Hower garden'; fro a North Fr.

Goth. aurtigards, OE ortgoard, ME orchard (OE, ME also and NE only 'orchard'), first part prob. old loanword fro Lat. hOTlus (Feist 68, Sten-

alone 'garden');

370 f.; otherwise, namely: Goth. waurt& 'root', OE tDyrt 'plant',

dins, np&/J1Hu.

..w.

dirua,laubu tjrumfJ, dnwa

"",.".

der~Peter5en

Grk. NG Let. II. Fr. Sp.

Lett.

.....

'Field' is understood here &8 a tract of land for cultivation, in distinction from 'field' in a broader sense, without special reference to agriculture, which has been considered with 'plain' (1.23). But several of the words entered here cover both notions, and in such cases reference is

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

490

489

Walde-P. 1.288, Falk-Torp 1336); Sw. tradgdrd, cpd. with trad 'tree', and BO orig. 'a pleasure garden with trees, park', like the NHG lustgarten (Hellquist 1233); OHG garto, MHG garte, NHG garton (with the loanwords Fr. jardin, NE garden, etc.); all: Goth. garde 'house, court,' OE geard 'yard', etc., and prob., fro the same root as Lat. ho,.tus, etc. See above, 2 and 7.15. Dan. havo, fro ODan. hago 'hedged-in piece of land' : OE haga 'hedge, hedgedin piece of land' (NE haw), etc. FalkTorp 386. OE wyrUun, cpd. of wyrt 'plant' and tun 'enclosure', also Du. tuin 'garden' : OHG run, NHG ",un 'hedge', lr. dun 'c&Btle, fort', etc. Walde-Po 1.778. 5. Lith. daria8, Lett. dar.., perh. : OHG targa 'circumference, border', Grk. apaaaoJJo., 'grasp', etc. (the group in

Walde-Po 1.807; but transposition fro

'enclosure', regardless of whether or not

this is a loanword fro the Gmc. group (above, 4). Late ChSI. and Bulg. also denv. gradina 'garden' (> Rum. grMind). Bemeker 330. Russ. sad (Pol. sad 'orchard', Boh. ,ad 'park, orchard, plantation') = ChSI. sada 'plant, tree, shrub' (late also for Iri/lro.), fro vb. saditi 'plant' : Skt.•adaya-, Goth. satjan 'set', caus. of IE *8ed- 'sit'. Trautmann 258 f. . SCr. baJla fro Turk. bak~o 'garden' (orig. Pers.). Berneker39. Lokotsch 169. 7. Skt. valika-, vataka-, fr. IJiJ.ja- 'enclosure, enclosed piece of land' : urli'hedge, fence',

f)r~

'cover, surround', etc.

Uhlenbeck 281 (Walde-P. 1.281 without vatikiJ..., etc.). Skt. udyiina-, udyanaka-, esp. 'pi...... uregarden, park', fro ud-ya- 'goout', cpd. of ya- 'go, walk'. Av. pairidaUa- 'hedged-in place', perh. 'garden' (of. NPers. pale. 'garden', and loanwords Grk. rapMEwos, Arm. partes 'enclosed garden') : pairi-dalzaya'wall about', Skt. dehi-, Grk. 1'ELXOS 'wall', etc. (7.27). Walde-Po 1.833. Barth. 865.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

492

8.14 BARN Grk. NG Lat. It.

Fr. Bp. Rum.

Ir. NIr. W. Hr.

Lith.

tltJriiM, ab1M

tliroPo'MJI', 11r'064."

Goth.

,.."."

.,,......,..,,, "TO{kJ)"Up

ON

11/43.

Lett.

a'am.

Dan. Sw.

/ado /ado borem,bmm

ChSl.

iiIIni.w 'throw'.

Grk. •.w« 'hut' (7.13), also 'barn' (Hes.). 2. Lat. horreum, etym.? Ernout-M. 461. Walde-H. 1.659 f. Lat. grlJfl4rium (> It. (lT1l1IIJiD, Sp. granero, Fr. (IT...im-), usu&ily in pI. (lT1i114M, fro tp"dnum 'grain' (8.42), whence also Fr. (lTtmg. (> Br. granch) fro ¥Lat. (lTiinica, fem. of an adj. *(lTilnu:us 'pertaining to grain'. REW 3839, 3845. Gamillseheg 482. Rum. turd (see illustration in Dict. Ene. 1262), fro MHG scAiur. or st:kiior (below, 4). Tiktin 1537. Rum. hambar, sCr., RUBB. ambar 'storage place for grain', fro Turk. ambar, Pers. anbar id. Berneker 28. Lokotsch 71. 3. Ir. •aball, NIr. • aMall (obs.), fro Lat. .tabulum 'stall, stable'. Pedersen 1.219. Nir. ....01>61, etym.? W. YBgubor, OW .cipaur gl. horr.a, Corn. .",Oor, perh. fro VLat. *BClipli1"ium (deriv. of Lat. IICOpa 'besom of twigs', 9.38). Loth, Mots lat. 216. 4. Goth. ba...l8: LG ba.... 'grainchamber', ON biIBB 'cow-stall' (NE dial. b0086), derive. of stem band-: bindan

AGRICULTURE, VEGETATION Lith. kWti 'spread out', ObSl. kla8ti 'load, lay'. Walde-P. 1.489. FalkTorp 617. OE herem, beren, ME bsrne, bern, NE barn, fro *ber.-rern, cpd. of b.... 'barley' (8.45) and ..... 'house', in cpds. 'place' : ON rann, Goth. razn 'house', etc. (7.12). NED S.V. barn. Du. IICkuur, MLG sehar(.), OHG 8ciura, ....ra, MHG BChiur(.), NHG IICMusr (.chauer): OHG ....r, MHG schur 'cover, shelter', fro the same root as OHG IICugin, BCugina, MHG sehiu..., NHG IICkeun., all derivs. of IE *(s)keu'cover', in Skt. 8kundti 'protects', Grk. q«U'TOS 'hide' J Lat. ob8caru.s 'dark', etc. Walde-P. 2.548. Weigand-H. 2.700. OHG B!adal, MHG Btadel (NHG dial. Bladel; Kretschmer, Wortgeogr. 408) : ON Btp"IJull 'milking-pen', OE Btapol 'place, foundation', etc., derivs. of IE *stiI- 'stand'. Walde-Po 2.606. FalkTorp 1199. Possibly through notion

fui', in p888. 'be well cultivated', fro the root of lno, 'work'. 2. Lat. coler. 'inhabit' and 'cultivate' : Skt. car- 'move, go, be busy with', Grk. nM,,"', TEAM""" 'become', G.Io'ATeX}w, 'rise' J ...oMS 'axis, pole', M'MS 'circle', etc., IE -/cWel-, orig. sense 'turn', with deVelopment through 'be busy with' (cf. Lat. verB NE cuIti.., now obs.), Sp. cultivar, Rum. cultiva. Fr. labour... 'cultivate' andesp. 'plow', Sp. labrar 'cultivate', fro Lat. labllrilr. 'labor, toil', deriv. of sb. labor 'labor, toil', (9.12). REW 4810. 3. Ir. airim 'plow' (8.21), also in wider

W. Br.

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE

~...,.,,,,

'YecaIP'Y&O,

."XNEpyw

coler.

7. Skt. kUfll/a-, etym. dub., but perh.

: koca-

'container', fr.

extension of

*(8)ke... in OHG 8ciura, etc. (above, 4). Uhlenbeck 60. Av. Yava..... fro yava- 'grain' (8.42). Barth. 1.267.

coltivare cultirJer, labourer

cultWar, labrar cv1Hvo airim tn'brighim, saothruighim diwyllio, bin, ...... thu

Du.

opdirbti op_

Lith.

Lett. ChBl. SOr. Boh. Pol. Russ. Bkt. Av.

bUon, tilian HUe cv1H1IOI It. aralro, Sp. arado); Ir. aratkar, W. aradr, Br. arar; Lith. arkla., Lett. arkl8; ChSI. ralo fro *radio, *ordlo (but sCr. ralo, Boh. radio, Pol. radio, RUBB. rala, oralo, now used only of a primitive plow, or 'plow-handIe', 'plowshare', otherwise replaced by the Gmc. word);Arm.araur;Toch. AiIr..

Similarly,

I(a/ta'TEVw,

fro

d./taTOs

MHG pfluoc, NHG pflug; hence the vbs. ON plregja, etc.; now general Gmc. for sb. and vb., the sb. also widely spread as loanword in eastern Europe (Lith. plagas, Russ. plug, etc.). Origin

much disputed and quite uncertain. Walde-P.1.812. Falk-Torp 838. Schrader, Reallex. 2.186 f. Kluge-G. 442. OE sulh; Lat. sulcus 'furrow', etc.

(8.212). 6. Lith. plagas, fro Gmc., for the modern plow. For wooden plow either the old arklas (above, 1), or zagre : iagaras 'dry limb', OHG kegil 'peg, stake', Sw. kage'tree-stump'. Walde-P. 1.569 f. 7. ChSl. orati, raw, etc., above, 1. SCr. plug, etc., general Slavic for the modern

plow,

loanword

fro

Gmc.

(above, 5). Russ. socha 'wooden plow': CbS!. socha 'cudgel' (Boh., Po!. 'forked stick plow-handle', etc.), outside connection

disputed, perh. : Skt. ~akhd- 'branch', Goth. hOha 'plow', etc. (above, 4). Walde-P.1.335. Stender-Petersen 409 f. Russ. pachal' (also painja 'plow-land') : late ChS!. pachati 'shake, fan', Russ.

pachnut' 'blow', pdchnut' 'smell', etc. BrUckner 389. 'Plow' fro 'shake up' or

trace', etc. (but not 'furrow' ma.de by the plow), OE sulh 'plow'. Walde-P.2.507.

the like. 8. Skt. kr~-, Av. kars-, both also 'draw, pull', beside: Skt. karfll-, Av. karsa- 'a

Fr. sillon, in its earlier use 'heaped-up earth', fro a. vb. meaning 'heap up earth',

furrow',

outside

connections

loanword fro a pre-Aryan language,

Przyluski, BSL 22.118 f. Skt. sira- (RV+), perh., with sita'furrow', fro IE *se(i)- 'throw' and 'sow' (8.31), and denoting a kind of 'drillplow' (i.e. for plowing and sowing) such as is attested for ancient Mesopotamia and modern India. Bloch, La charrue

vedique, Bul!. School of Or. Studies 8.414 fl. Skt. hala-, perh.: Arm. jol 'post, stake', Lith. loolis 'stick, tree-trunk'; or : Arm.jlem 'plow' (vb.), all of dub. root connection. Walde-Po 1.629. Av. aUa-, NPers. xes prob. : Skt. ~a­ 'pole of a plow or wagon', Grk. otci~ 'rudder-bandle', etc. (Walde-P. 1.167, without ...sa-). Barth. 32.

U~).4~

Goth.

NO

(tV}"cUct

ON

Lat.

8ulcWl

Dan.

It. Fr. Sp. Rum.

Boleo 8illQn 'Uteo brazda

Sw. OE ME NE

Jr.

etrech

Du.

Nlr. W.

clau (eilre)

ORO lurh, Juruh MHO !Jurch, vurich NHG furche

Grk.

Br.

rhych era, erv

dub.

Walde-P. 1.429. Barth. 456 f. Skt. !a1!gala- (RV +) perb. with !allgula- 'tail, penis' : Lith. linguoti 'swing, rock'. Walde-Po 2.436. Otherwise, as

.... ..ga

Lith.

Lett.

for lure Jdra lurk forwe

ChS!. Pol.

Russ.

Skt.

110M

1. Grk.

Words for 'furrow' (here, of course,

al(o.'IITW,opfxrl1w,

NO

tTl(a.(jw

Dan.

Lat.

Sw. OE ME NE

}.axu.lJIW

It.

foder, vangare (scavare)

Fr.

creU8er (fouir, jouil-

Sp.

cavar

Rum.

sdpa claidim

Av.

.~X.~,

Dr.

fro ·4fXa.a.xa.lvw (not common): Ir. laige 'spade', W.Zlain 'blade'. Walde-Po 2.381. 2. Lat. fodere (> Fr. fouir) : ChS!., bodq, bosti 'stick, prick', Lith. bedu, besti 'stick into', Lett. bedu, best 'bury', W. bedd 'grave', Goth. badi 'bed', etc. Walde-P. 2.188. Ernout-M. 373. Walde-H. 1.5211. It. vangare, fro vanga 'spade' (8.23). It. BCavare (tech. 'excavate'), Sp.

AGRICULTURE, VEGETATION

4. Goth. graban, OE grafan, etc., general Gmc. : Lett. grebt 'scrape, hollow out', ChSI. po-greti 'bury', etc., IE ·ghrebh-. Walde-P. 1.653 f. Feist 218 f. ME digge (14th cent.), NE dig, prob. fro OFr. diguer 'make a dike, hoBow out the earth', fro d£gue 'dike', loanword from Gmc., as Du. dijk 'dam, dike, bank' = oE dic, NE dil£h (this: Lat. figere 'fix', etc. Walde-P. 1.832 f.). NED S.vV. ditch, d1·g. OE delfan, ME delve (NE delve still dial. for 'dig' in literal sense), Du. delven, OHG telban, MHG telben : Russ. dolbal', dolbit' 'chisel, hollow out' J Lett. dalbs 'fish-prong,

OHO MHO NHO

Hr. ero, erv = OCorn., W. erw 'field' : OHG ero 'earth', etc. (1.21). Walde-Po 1.142. Pedersen 1.63.

cloddio, palu kUua, kava

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

498

cavar, fro Lat. (ex-)cavare 'make hollow, excavate, deriv. of cavus 'hollow' (12.72), REW 1788, 2964. Fr. creuser, fro creux 'hollow' (12.72). Fr. fouiller ('dig', but mostly as

Goth. ON

Grk.

W.

rived from verbs for 'draw', 'dig', or 'sow'(?). But in the case of Fr. sill Anglo-Ir. loy, NED s.v.) : Grk. X.x"'w 'dig'. Walde-P. 2.381. Stokes 238. W., Br. pal, prob. loanword fro Lat. pala (above, 2). Pedersen 1.204. But cf. Walde-P. 1.435. 4. ON pall, OE pal fro Lat. pala (above, 2). Falk-Torp 862. ON reka, also 'shovel' (reg. 'spade' in NIcel.), see 8.24. OE .padu, ME, NE spade, Dan., Sw. spade, Du. spade, NHG 8paten (fr. LG) : Grk. O'7('Q.(Jfj 'fiat blade', OE spon 'chip, splinter', etc. Walde-P. 2.652 f. FalkTorp 1110. OHG sc'llvala, which ree-;. glosses Lat. pala, is 'shovel' (8.24); also used for 'spade'?

MHG grabeschit, NHG grabscheit, cpd. of graben 'dig' and OHG 80U 'wooden billet'. 5. Lith. spatas fro NHG spaten. Lith. ka8iklis, kastu_ (neolog. for spatas), fro kasti 'dig' (8.22). Lett. lapsta, also 'shovel', see 8.24. 6. ChS!. ryw (Supr.), Boh. ryt, Pol. rydel : ChS!. ryti, etc. 'dig' (8.22).

Briickner 471. SCr.lapata, etc. reg. 'shovel' (8.24), in part also 'spade' (> Rum. lopatii'spade, shove!'). Ser. asov, fro Hung. aso 'spade, shovel' (: Hung. as 'dig, mine').

500

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Russ. _!up (but /opata usual for 'spade' as well as 'shovel'), fr.- _pil' 'tread on' (secondsriIy 'replace'), cpd. of stupit' 'tread, step' (ChSl. stqpiIi), applied to the spade with reference to

AGRICULTURE, VEGETATION

the fact that one steps on it to push it into the ground. 7. Skt. kloanilra-, Av. kqatra-: Skt. khan-, Av. kon- 'dig' (8.24).

8.25 HOE Grk. NG Lal. II.

Fr.

T.

8.24 SHOVEL Grk. NG Lal. II. Fr. Sp.

..no..

Goth. ..i:tJ...., ON

palG

Sw•• OE ME

Rum.

Iopald

Ir.

Nlr. W.

Br.

"'pilla ......

D&Il.

".u.

..1_ 1_ pala

rhaw,

NE Du.

Lilh .

.i:ovl

1I:••e!

""'"

adwveI IiwmeI fI!Itqp

mft

pol

Lett.

/ilpota

CbS!. ser. Boh.

/upaIa /upaIa /upaIa IopaI4, ..vJ/..., and orig. sense of 'purifier' hence 'winnowiug-sbovel') : Lat. pUruB 'pure', Skt. pU- 'cleanse', OHG 10IDef& 'sift grain', ete. Walde-P. 2.13. Boisacq 824. 2. Lat. pala 'spade' (8.23), later 'shovel', whence in latter sense It., Sp.

nowing-sbovel', OHG scora (rare), MHG schor (also 'hoe') : ON skora 'make an incision, score'. Wald&-P. 2.552. Feist 566. ON rska ('shovel' also in Norw.) : OE rtJCU, etc. 'rake', Goth. Tikan 'heap up'. See 8.27. Dan. • koul, Sw. • kouel, OE scoj!, ME schooel, NE .hooei, OHG scUoaIa, MHG schtIoele, sch1J.lel (LG > Lith. Biupile, Pol. mJ/1a), NHG schau/el, also with different sullix, Du. schop (like NHG schiJppe 'scoop') : ON .k1Jla, OE BCil./an, OHG scioban, etc. 'shove' (10.67). Wald...P. 2.556. Falk·Torp 1020 f. 5. Lith. Iopeta, Lett. lapsta (also pala, Fr. pille. 'spade'), OPruss. loplo 'spade', Slavic Rum. lopat4, fro Slavic (below, 5). lopata (in part also 'spade') : Lith.lopa, 3. Ir. sl1la8at, NIr. • lua&ad, etym.? Russ. lapo 'paw', Goth. /(jfa, OE lr>1 W. Thaw, also 'spade' (8.23). 'palm of hand', etc. Walde-P. 2.428. W. aiej!, fr. NE .hovel. Berneker 733. 6. Skt. kloanilra- 'spade' or 'shovel', Br. pal, also 'spade' (8.23). 4. Goth . • kauTa in winfri-skauro 'win· see 8.23.

howe, NE hoe), MHG houwe, NHO haue

(still the usual word for 'hoe' in the south, hacke in the north; cf. Kretschmer, Wortgeogr. 223), Du. houweel, fro OHG houwan (NHG hauon), etc. 'strike, hew' (9.22). NED S.V. hoe sb.'. MHO, NHG haeke (MLO> D"n. hakke, Sw. haeka) : vb. MHG haeken 'hack'. ef. also NED S. v. hack, sb.'.

5. Lith. matikas, fro Pol. mo!yka (below, 6). Lith. kaplys ('dull ax', now also 'hoe', NSB s.v.), Lett. kaplis : Lith. kapoli, Lett. kopa! 'hoe, hack', Slavic kapa!i 'dig' (8.22). Miihl.·Endz. 2.159. 6. ChSI. molyka, etc., general Slavic, 'mattock' or 'hoe' ! OE maUoc, etc. (above, 4).

Grk.

3£KpciJOOJI

NG Lat. II. Fr. Sp.

6ucpb,

Rum.

Ir. Br.

Golh. ON

l~,......".zu..

D&Il. Sw.

..ppa houe

Sp. Rum. Ir. Nlr.

tJUIdo 8Gp4

W.

hof

Br.

Jurco 100000000,lor", lourche

hor",

lurell lore pice

fforch loro'h

Golh. ON Da.n. Sw.

kri~l: tjUga gre!>, tyo, gaffe! gaffe!, gr6P(')

geoIel,lor", forks NE lork Du. ..".k OHG ga/J Romance words), etym.? Ernout-M. 403 f. Walde-H. 1.569 f. 3. Ir.fore, W.fforch, Br.lore'hfr. Lat. lurca. Vendryes, De hib. vOC. 144. Loth, Mots lat. 169. NIr. pfc Sp. leg6n, a tool used in mining), perh.: late Grk. M"'Y" ("A.'Y...... f), A Fr. massue 'club', etc. REW 5426), deriv. of ·mattea 'club' (> Fr. mas.., NE mace, etc., REW 5425; cf. Lat. maleola 'mallet'), this: ChSI. motyka 'mattock' J Skt. matya- 'harrow', etc. Pokorny, Z. sl. Ph. 5.393 f. Walde-P. 2.229 (but taking OE mat!oc as Gmc. cognate). Wald&-H. 2.49. OHG houwa (> Fr. ho.... > ME

AGRICULTURE, VEGETATION

503

8.27 RAKE Grk.

NG Lal. It. Fr. Sp.

Rum.

r4itrum, rtJBteUUI

Golh. ON Dan.

.......eI!o

Sw.

riiJ,a

OE ME

racu, Tok.

llpd"" nTW)'yba.

T_, J'OBtriUo, raatro

W.

grebi4 ....1Gl racG, rasMl cribin, rhaec

Br.

....t.ll

Ir. Nlr.

Lith. hrJfa

n..

T It. seme; *sementia > It. semenza, Fr. semence, Rum. sdmtn(.4; dim. > Sp. semilla), whence again semindre (> It. seminaTe, Fr. SemeT, Sp. 8embrar, Rum. semitna); Ir. sil, NIr. Biol'seed', whence Ir. Bilaim 'sow'-W., Br. had 'seed', whence W. hadu 'go to seed', Br. hada 'sow'; Goth. saian, ON sa, OE aGwan, etc., general Ornc. vb. for 'sow'sbs. OE s/!d, ME sed It. messe, Sp. mies) and messio (> Fr. moisson), orig. the act of 'reaping', but also for the resulting 'crop', fro metere 'reap' (8.32). Ernout-

M. 613. REW 5542-43. It. raccolta (> Fr. rko/te) , Rum. recoUit, fro pple. of Lat. recolligere 'gather up'. REW 7127. Sp. cosecha, fro MLat. collecta 'harvest', fr. pple. of Lat. colliger. 'collect'. REW2045. Rum. 8eceri~, fro secera 'mow, reap' (8.32). 3. Ir. torad, NIr. toradh, in general 'fruit, product', cpd. to-rad, to-ret-:

512

B."",,,,,,.

514

8.42 GRAIN (Generic = British Com) Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum.~

Jr. NIr.

w.

Br.

viTO! 'YlWIiIUITIII, VI",Pa.

frU-" (JNJf&O, Jrumenlo. bioda bU, grain

(frO""

griM ith. orbor ...bhor yd ed

. 3. Grk. ~'TOS 'grain' (o.\so 'bread. food'). but a.iready 'wheat' in Hellenistic times (NT. pap.) as in NG (pop. ~,"6.p,). orig.? WaJde-P. 1.470. Boisacq 866 ff. Hence adj. ~•• ~pbs. whence ~'~p6. 'cereaJ products' (eJso lit. NG). Grk. -y!v...,,,. 'product' (fr. -y.,....., 'beget. bear'. 4.71). hence pI. -yeW.j" ••• 'fruits of the field' (Polyb .• NT. etc.). NG esp. 'cereals. grain'. 4. Lat. framentum (> It. frumemo. generic esp. in pl., eg. mostly .I wheat', Fr. froment 'wheat'). fro the same root as frUg~ 'fruits of the field' (8.41). frikt .... 'fruit', ITui 'enjoy', etc. Walde-Po 2.208. Ernout-M. 393. Fr. bM (both generic. esp. pI. leo bIb!. and 'wheat'; cf. ce mot rk bled •... esl prim gfmera!ement pour tous leo vraim. juslJUt", fjptra Becole, centenum segale

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

518

517

Rum.

Jr.

Sw. OE ME NE Du.

W.

r... ,.is

Br.

riz

Nlr.

Lith. Lett.

"' ris

SCr. Boh.

ry'

Pol.

r'!!z

rice

Russ.

'"vrihi-

Skt.

rijst

OHG MHG NHG

rysai riSi

ChS!. riro, ariz

ryze

Av. ris

reis

Rice is of oriental origin, and likewise without doubt Grk. 5p,ra, which is the source of all the European words. This is prob. a distorted form (through Iran.)

I

of the word seen in Skt. orihi- (AV +), Afghan vrile, etc. Boisacq 712. Schrader, Reallex. 2.230.

8.51 GRASS Grk. NG Lat. It.

11"00., xopro'i

Fr.

herbe hierba

Sp. Rum. lr. NIr.

xoprnp,

herba, gramen erba

W.

iarM fer fear gwellt, glaswellt

Dr.

geot

Goth. ON Dan.

gTtX8

Sw. OE

grds gras,

ME NE Du. OHG

MHG NHG

Lith. Lett.

hawi gras

gras {JTa8S

gras gras gras gras

Words for 'grass' are from such notions as 'green, growing, fat, blade', but in part also from 'fodder', since the fodder was usually grass. 1. Grk. 'lroa, Ion. 7rOi77, Dor. ?roia, fro *1roifa : 'lftWII 'fat', Lith. peva 'meadow', Skt. pivas-, Av. ptvah~ 'fat', etc. WaldeP.2.74.

ChS!. SCr. glErS

Boh. Pol.

Russ.

io!e zale trava trava trdva trawa trava

Skt.

t", ...

Av.

(vastra-)

Grk. xop-ros, orig. 'enclosure', esp. 'feeding place for cattle', whence 'fodder, grass, hay' : Lat. hortus 'garden' (8.13), Ir. gort 'field' (8.12), etc. Walde-P. 1.603. Hence NG xop-rnpL.

2. Lat. herba (> It. erba, Fr. herbe, Sp. hierba, verba, Rum. iarba), etym.

dub. Walde-Po 1.646. Emout-M. 448. Walde-H. 1.639 f. Lat. gramen. prob. as orig. 'fodder'. fro *graamen- : Grk. 'Yp.u.. 'gnaw'. Skt. gras'devour'. etc. Emout-M. 430 f. Otherwise (: Goth. graB. etc.) Walde-Po 1.645. Walde-H. 1.616. 3. Ir.ltr. NIr.ltar = W. gwair 'hay' (OW gweir). prob. fro *'IJJegT~: Lat. vigtre 'be fresh and strong'. veget... 'lively, vigorous', Skt. vdja- 'strength', etc. Walde-P.1.247. Pedersen 1.103. W. gwelU. Br. g80t (olderguelt). prob. : W. gwaZU. lr. lolt 'hair'. OPruss. woUi. SCr. • !at 'ear (of com)'. etc. Walde-Po 1.297. Otherwise (as orig. 'fodder' : Ir. gelim 'gr&se'. etc.) Pedersen 1.96. W. glaswelU. lit. 'green gr...... cpd. of glas 'green' and gwelU. 4. Goth. hawi. reg. for 'gr...... see under 'hay' (8.52). Goth. gras (but only for xopro. as 'fruit of the field' or mostly Mxa ... 'herb. vegetable'). OE grms. etc .• general Gmc.

(and OE g..... Flem. ger. with metathesis) : MHG gruose 'young plant. shoot'. ON grlla. OE grllwan 'grow'. etc. WaldeP. 1.646. Feist 220. Otherwise (: Skt. ghTf- 'rub') Falk-Torp 355. 5. Lith. loU. Lett. zale : Lith. laliaB. Lett. zaN. ChSI. zelind 'green'. Grk. XOMs 'gall'. xMr, 'young green plant or grass'. xAwpOs 'green'. etc. Walde-P. 1.625. 6. ChSI. trava. etc.. general Sl&vic. orig. 'fodder', fro the root of ChSI. truti 'use up', natndi 'feed', etc. : tryti 'rub', etc. (9.31). Walde-Po 1.731. Trautmann 327. Brtlckner 575. 7. Skt. trrJa-: Goth. j>aurn.... ON. OE Pom. ChSl. trilnd ·thom·. ChSl. 8Irdnl 'stalk. blade'. perh. fro the root *8W- seen in Grk. flTEpeOs 'stiff, firm', NHG .tarr 'rigid. stiff'. etc. Walde-Po 2.641. Av.lIIiIltra- 'pasture' (3.17). hence also 'fodder, grass'.

8.52 HAY Ork. NO Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W. Br.

x6tn Romance words). etym. dub.. perh. as °lend-mmn: delender. 'defend'. offender. 'repulse'. Grk.

RU88. Skt. Av.

n..... ...... .......... ..... • 1..

lijmo

(lrtN>-)

"""", Skt. han- 'strike'. etc. ('hay' as gr.... cut down. cf. the Gmc. grouP. below, 4); or with specialization fro 'product·like/"'ua 'interest on capital' fro the same root as jkundus. feliz 'fruitful'. Walde-Po 1.680. Emout-M. 345. Walde-H. 1.479. 3. lr.ltr also 'gr...... NIr. tirim lit. 'dry gr...... W. gwair 'hay'. see under 'gr..... (8.51). Br.loonn. fro Fr. loin.

rear

ME wort. MLG wurt. OHG. MHG wurz. all : Goth. waurts 'root'. etc. (8.54). Du. kruid. OHG. MHG krUt. NHG kraut. used for 'plant. herb' or with specialization (esp. 'cabbage'), prob. : Grk. {Jpw 'well. teem' (cf. 'Yij uroi, (jpiJovuu 'earth teeming with plants',

ChSI. byl'lje (Supr. for (JOT6..~ and 6.PI'''''''' 'drug'). SCr. biljka. Boh. bylina. derivs. of byld pple. of byti 'be' (cf. Grk. 111"0'. above. 1). Bameker 112. Boh. rostlina, Pol. ro§lina, Russ. ra.tenie : ChSI. TasU 'grow'. etc. (12.53). SCr.• Russ. trava 'gr..... (8.51). also

Aristot.). Walde-Po 1.689. WeigandH. 1.1142. Franck·v. W. 353. 5. Lith. augalas. augmuo. Lett. aug. : Lith. augti. Lett. augt ·grow·. Lat. augere, Grk. a.li~ 'increase', etc. Walde-

'herb'. Boh. zelina, Pol. ziel. : ChSI. zelend 'green' (15.68). zeiV. 'vegetables' (5.65). Lith. 10M 'grass' and 'herb', etc. 7. Skt. ffirwlh-. fro oi-rudh- 'sprout.

P. 1.22 f. Lith. iDle. Lett. za/. 'gr..... (8.51). also 'plant. herb' (cf. esp. Miihl-Endz.

grow' (vi-- as in other cpds'J like an1.£. beside anu-). Skt. o~adhi-. esp. 'healing herb' (in contrast to more generic viTudh-; cf. Macdonell - Keith 1.125). apparently a cpd., second part : dha- 'place, put', but first part obscure. Uhlenbeck 37. Av. "",,,ra- (usually pl.) : Skt. urvara'field' (8.12). Barth. 401 ff.

4.696ff.). 6. ChSI. .add (Gospels Mt. 15.13. Supr.) = Russ. Bad 'garden' (8.13). fro saditi 'set' = 'plant', cau~. of 81Jdq, .lsti'sit· (cf. also Lith . • oditi 'set. plant'), IE *••d- 'sit'. Walde-P. 2.483.

plr. piC. rad~

rodice

Fr. Bp.

racine rau

Rum. Ir. Nlr. W. Br.

rdd4ci1kl Jrem Jreamh gwreiddyn. gwrizienn

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE

ME NE Du. OHO MHO NHG

__ .... rod

rot wyrUruma. wyrtwala rote

root wortel wurzolo

Lith. Lett. ChS!. SCr. Boh.

!aknis

Pol.

kor... kor...• miliauaraiaji-

R ..... Skt. Av.

aokna k.....1

korijen kof...

WUJ'zel wurzel

For 'root' there is a widespread in-

herited grouP. which includes also several words denoting 'branch' or 'plant', and community between 'root' and

'branch' is observed in another group. But the root connection and underlying notion is uncertain. 1. IE °wfd-. *";'d-. etc. in words for 'root', also 'plant, branch', etc., prob. fro

a °werd- beside *werdh- in Skt. wdh'grow'. Walde-Po 1.288. Emout-M. 849. Falk-Torp 907. 1336. REW 6995. 7000. Lat. TOO"" (> It. radic.. OFr. Tau.

Sp. ralz; late deriv. ra,,!dna > Fr. Tacin Fr. rameau, Rum. ramur4) : radix 'root', etc. (8.54). Emout-M. 849. REW 1033.7055. Fr. branche (> ME braunche. NE branch; also Norm. Fr. form> Br. brank). fro I&te Lat. branca 'paw of an animal' (> Rum. lnincd. It. branca

524

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

'paw, claw'), orig.? REW 1271. Wartburg 1.498. Gamillscheg 139 f. Rum. crad!, fro Slavic, cf. Bulg. krak, kraka 'leg, foot', ser. krak 'long leg', etc., alsc in ChSl. dli1go-krakil. 'sort of insect' (lit. 'long-leg'). Tiktin 429. Berneker 571 f. 4. Ir. craib, NIr. craobh (also a 'tree', as in Gael.), etyro.? Macbain 104. Ir. gesca, gee, NIr. geag, W. cangen, cainc, Lith. ,aka, Russ. suk (ChSI. sqkU 'twig', Boh. suA: 'knot' in wood), Skt. ,akha-, Arm. _ : Skt. ,a1tku- 'peg', Lith. ,aknis, Lett. sakne, OPruss. Bagni8 'root', Goth. hOha, Ir. dcht 'plow' ('forked stick'), etc. Walde-Po 1.335. Pedersen 1.126, 494. Br. barr 'top' (12.33), also 'branch' (as 'tip', cf. Du. wk, below, 5). Br. brank, fro a dial. form of Fr. branche (above, 3). 5. Goth. asts, OHG ast, etc., above, 1. ON kvistr, mostly 'small branch, twig' (Dan. /wist, Sw. qvist 'twig'), ME twist, twy.1e (c!. NED s.v.), C!. ON kvisl 'fork, branch' (of a river, etc.), fro Gmc. twi.- (Goth. twis- 'apart'), IE °dwis in Lat. bi8, early Lat. dui8 'twice': IE dwou'two' (cf. below, OE twig, etc.). Walde-Po 1.820. Falk-Torp 607 f. ON grein, Dan., Sw. gren : Sw. gren 'fork between two branches', Sw. dial.

grena 'spread the legs', MHG griten, id., Goth. grip8 'step', etc., connections outside Gme. uncertain, but semantic development clearly 'fork, angle' > 'branch'. Falk-Torp 345. Walde-Po 1.652. OE te/.ga, OHG zwe/.ge (with zw- for z- fro zWig), MHG ze/.ge, zelch (ON tjalga 'thin limb, long arm', rare) : ON Ie/.gja 'whittle', Ir. dlongim, dluigim 'split', Lith. dalgis 'scythe'. Walde-Po 1.812.

Falk-Torp 1252. OE bOg, bllh, ME baw(e), NE bough, same word as OE bOg 'shoulder' : OHG

526

AGRICULTURE, VEGETATION

buog 'shoulder', Skt. biihu-, Grk. "'xv< 'arm', etc. (4.31). Early and usual specialization to 'bough' of a tree. NED S.V. bough, sb. OE twig, twigge (ME, NE twig 'small branch, twig', but in OE general 'branch', cf. Gospels, Mk. 13.28, Mt. 24.32, of the branches of the fig tree, also In. 12.13 palm-treowa twigu), Du. twijg, OHG zwig (mostly 'twig', cf. Graff 5.729; but also 'branch', cf. Tatian 116.4, 5), MHG zwic (likewise mostly 'twig, sprout, cutting'), NHG zweig, all d~vs. of IE *dwi-, *dwei-: *dw6u 'two', like ON kvistr, etc., above. Here also OHG zuog, OS tog, with vowel from the numeral. Walde-Po 1.819. Note the opposite tendencies of usage in English ('branch' > 'twig') and German

('twig'

> 'branch').

ME braunche, NE branch, fro Fr. branche (above, 3). Du. tak, fro MDu. tacke, tac 'point, branch' = MHG zacke, NHG zacken 'point, prong' J NE tack, etc. root CODnection dub. Franck-v. Walde-Po 1.785.

W.

685.

6. Lith. laka, above, 4. Lett. ror8, prob. : Lith.lara8 'beam of light' (Lalis), ieroti 'shine, glitter', etc. Cf. the opposite semantic development in OE beam, NE beam for 'beam of light' (NEDs.v.19). Miilil.-Endz.4.691. 7. ChSl. vetm, Boh. vet.., Russ. vetv' : Lith. vytis 'osier', Lett. tritvols, OPruss. witwan, ON m'liir, OHO willa 'willow',

etc., '-formations of IE ·wei- in ChSl. veja, Skt. vayii- 'branch', Ir. je 'rod, measuring-rod', Lat. mere 'plait, weave', Lith. vyti 'twist', ChSI. viti 'wind, twist', etc. Jokl, Arch. sl. Ph. 29.44. Walde-Po 1.224,225 SCr. (Bulg., Slov.) grana, Ukr. hranok (Russ. granka 'tuft, wisp') : Russ. gran' 'facet, limit', granica 'frontier', Pol.

scrap', etc., fro the root seen in Grk. AE-rW 'peel off', AE1rO~ 'bark', etc. Walde-

with the same semantic relation as Lith. lapas : Grk. AI..w (below, 5). Walde-Po

neker 723 f. 7. Skt. pattra-, also and orig. 'wing, feather' (4.392). Skt. parfJ,a-, also and orig. 'wing, feather' (4.392). Av. varJka-, cf. MPers. varg, NPers. barg. etyro.? Barth. 1367.

2.418. Feist 323 f. Falk-Torp 683. ON bla'li, etc., above, 1. 5. Lith.lapa8, Lett.lapa : Slov.lepen, Sorb. lopjeno 'leaf', Russ. lepen' 'piece,

P. 2.429 f. Berneker 701 f. 6. ChSI. li.til (coli. listmje), etc., general Slavic : Lith. laiska8 formerly 'leaf' (esp. of a book), now 'sheet of paper, letter' (as also Boh., Pol. list), OPruss. laiskas 'book', root connection? Ber-

8.57 FLOWER Gtk.

"'6.1IiJ0!, M

Lat.

fto,

NG

It. F,. Sp. Rum. k NIt. W.

B,.

Goth.

MUMM~

rUff' fteur ft'" floar'

bUUh, 8roth

blath

blodeuyn, blodyn bleunienn, hoked

ON

Dan. Sw.

OE ME NE Du.

(blama)

blmn, blom8tr blom(i)..}u)

ON

Lat. It. F,. Sp.

folium foglia

Dan.

Rtun. h.

Nk

feuiUe hoja frunzd (joaie)

duille duilleog, bileog

Sw.

OE ME NE Du.

lauf8 (lauf, blad (1M blad (/i;f) l It. foglia, Fr. feuille, Sp. hoja, Rum. joaie, the last mostly 'leaf' of paper); Gael. bile 'blade' of grass, etc., dim. Ir. billellc, Nlr. bileog; ON blalY (rare in this sense), laujsbla'lJ, Dan., Sw. blad, OE blmd (but rare in this sense,

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

4. Goth. laufs, pI. laubos, also lauJ coIl. 'q,(i'XXa.', as likewise ON lauj, Dan. I¢v, Sw. IOf 'foliage'; OE leaf sg. and pI., ME lefe, leef, etc., NE leaf, OHG loub, MHG loup either 'leaf' (pI. OHG loubir 'leaves'), or colI. 'foliage' as NHG laub, Du. loof, prob. : Lith. lupti, Lett. lupt 'flay, peel', Russ. lupit' 'peel, bark', etc.

= Skt.

gran, Boh. hrana 'corner, edge', etc., all from the notion of 'point' : ON gr{m, Ir. grend 'beard', OHG grani 'bearded', etc. Walde-Po 1.606. Berneker 346. Pol. galqi, Boh. haluz, Ukr. hd!ui, Russ. dial. galjuka, as °gaUr": Russ. gol'ja (rare) 'bough', Boh. hill 'staff, stick', etc., Arm. ktnr 'branch', root con~ nection? Berneker 292, 326. Briickner 133. Russ. suk, above, 4. 8. Skt. ,iikM, above, 4. Skt. vayli : ChSl. veja, etc. (above, 7). Av. YazSti- (in cpds. 8ri-yazsti-, etc.)

cf. GalL 1I''E,lJ.1I''e-001JAo, '1tEJlTaq,vAAOJl' : Grk. (JaAAW 'bloom, flourish, abound', (JaA).O, 'sprout, young twig', Alb. dal 'sprout, go forth', Arm. dalar 'green, fresh', etc.

Walde-Po 1.825. Pedersen 1.375. Lat. folium could also be put with this group, instead of as above, 1. Cf. Ernout~M. s.v.

AGRICULTURE, VEGETATION Br. boked (also 'bouquet'), fro Fr. bouquet. 4. Goth. bloma, ON bwm, bwmstr, etc., above, 1. ME flour, NE flower, above, 1. 5. Lith. gel< (now the preferred word, cf. NSB S.V. kvietka) prob. (orig. applied to a particular flower?) : Lith. geitas, geltona8, Lett. dzeltiins, ChSI. ililtu, etc. 'yellow' (15.69). Lith. kvietka, fro WhRuss. kvctka: ChSl. cvltu, etc., (below, 6). Briickner,

SI. Fremdw. 101. Lith. liedas (also 'ring'), Lett. zieds (mostly 'bloom' or fig. 'flower') : Lith. zydeti, Lett. ziedet 'bloom', Goth. keinan, OHG eM,nan 'sprout', OE cinan 'burst,

527

stand open', etc. Walde-Po 1.544. Miihl.-Endz. 4.738 ff. Leskien, Ablaut 290. Lett. puk'e, fro Liv. puk'k' 'flower'.

Miihl.-Endz. 3.405 f. 6. ChSI. It. betula, OFr. beau!, deriv. Fr. bauleau, Sp. abedul; REW 1068, 1069), Gallic word: Ir. bethe, NIr. beith, W. bedwen, Br. bezvenn 'birch'; so named according to Pliny (HN 15.75) becsuse bitumen ex ea GaUi e:rcoquunt, therefore may be connected with Lat. bitumen 'bitumen, mineral pitch', this (as based on a Gallic or Osc.Umbr. form) : Skt. jaJ.u- 'lac, gum', OE cwudu 'cud' (hwil cwud" 'white cud, mastich'), OHG cuti 'gluten'. Walde-Po 1.672. Efnout-M. 108, 111. Walde-H. 1.103, 107. Rum. mesteacdn, fro late Lat. mastioin... 'of mastic', applied to the 'birch', which yields a sap used for a drink (cf. NE birch beer, bircli wine), like thst of the mastic tree. Tiktin 970. 8.M. 'Pine'. There is some confusion between 'pine' (pinus) and 'fir' (abies), as of the coniferous trees in general, and

some of the words listed differ in application according to the period and region. 1. Derivs. of *pf- in words for 'fat, sap, pitch', as Grk....tWJI, Skt. pina- 'fat' (adj.), Grk. "'ap, Skt. pioos 'fat' (sb.), Grk. 2I"Laacr., Lat. pix 'pitch', etc., applied to the very resinous 'pine'. Walde-Po 2.73ff. Grk. ..iT"'; Skt. pitu-daru-; Lat. pinus (also picea, fern. of adj. piceus, fro pix 'pitch'), whence It., Sp. pirw, Fr., Rum. pin, also OE pin-beam, pin-treow, ME, NE pine (> NIr. peine), OHG pinboum (usual gl. to Lat. pinus), Du. pijn (-boum), W .• Br. pin, W. also piTHDYdden (with gwydd 'woods', 1.41). 2. Grk. ",b..", NG pop. also ",b•• and T~ ..,b.., OHG fiohta (Steinmeyer-Sievers, Ahd. Glossen 4.63.19; cf. ib. 3.195.63 pinus pinbom vel viechtech vel chien), MHG viMte, NHG fichle (but 'spruce'), Lith. pulis, OPruss. peuse, perh. also Ir. oclUach (cf. Stokes KZ 33.73) : Grk. txe-, 'l'tPt-rEtlqs 'sharp', hence 'pine' fro its needles. Walde-Po 2.15. 3. Ir. gius (crand gius gl. pinus), NIr. giti8 'pine' or 'fir', etym.? W. ifynid1l1!Jdden, cpd. like pin-1l1!Jdden, first part deriv. of ifon 'stick' (with reference to the needles). 4. ON, Sw. Jura, Dan. Jyr, OE Jurh, Jurh-wudu (gl. pinus; but ME JyrTe, Jyrre-tre glosses abies in 15th cent., Wright Vocab. 560.7, 646.20, etc.; cf. also Jyrre 'sappin' in 16th cent.; this shift complete in NE fir, except that in Scotland the native pine is still called fir; ME > W. ifyr 'pine' or 'fir'), OHG Jorha (usual gl. to Lat. picea), MHG 1JOTh.e, NHG Jahre (dial. = lciejer), all with transfer to 'pine' fro 'oak' : Lat. quercus 'oak' (8.61). NHG kUJer, fro lcion-Jahre, cpd. of preceding with kien 'resinous wood, pine resin'. Cf. also OHG chien, lcinboum

529

Walde-Po Grk. 8piir, Ir. daur, NIr. dair, W. der- OPruss. ansonis, etyro.? wen (pl. derw), Br. dervenn, all 'oak' (and 1.83. Milhl.-Endz. 4.427. 80 also dru- in Ir. drai 'druid', Gall. 6. (ChSI. dqbil 'tree'), ser., Boh., Druid£B, Thurneysen Z. celt. Ph. 16.277) Russ. dub, Pol. rI4> (orig. meaning 'oak'; : Grk. 8iJpv 'tree' (rare), 'beam, shaft, CbSI. 'tree' secondary), etyro. dub., spear', OE tr.ow 'tree, wood', ChSI. possibly, with reference to the dark drJoo 'tree', Skt. d4ru, dru- 'wood', heart-wood (cf. Lat. rDbur), fro ·dh"mbhdT'U17&&- 'tree', etc. : Ir. dub 'black', Grk. TilI/>ot 'smoke, 2. Grk. mOs, orig. 'beech', see 8.62. steam', etc. Beroeker 216 f. NG pop. IM.av,~,', fro {l.XavU, 'acorn' SCr. hrast: CbSl. chvrastije, Russ. (8.66). ChlJOT08t, Boh. chrasti, Pol. chr68t, etc. 3. Lat. quercus (adj. querceuo, fem. 'brushwood'. Borneker 408 f. quercea > It. quercia), fro ·perk"u- (assim. as in quinque fro ·penk"e, etc.) : 8.62. 'Beech'. 1. IE °bluigo-s. OHG Jereh-eih, Langob. Jereha, NHG Walde-Po 2.128 f. Ernout-M. 326. vereiche 'oak', Swiss ferch 'oak wood' Walde-H. 1.445 f. Falk-Torp 126. (Weigand-H. 1.566), OHG JurM., etc. Grk. 4>"..,0s, Dor. 4>ii"(o. with shift to with shift to 'pine' or 'fir' (8.64, 8.65), 'oak', there being no beeches in Greece also Goth. Jairguni, OEfirgen 'mountain' proper, Lat. Jagus (> Rum. Jag, OFr. (1.22). Walde-Po 2.47 ff. Ernout-M. Jou; adj. JIiff..... > It. Jaggio, Sp. haya; 838. REW 3142, 3145); fro Lat. also the Lat. rilbur, a special kind of oak (as Celtic words (Vendryes, De hib. vOC. It. rovers, Fr. ro.....e, but Sp., Port. 139. Loth, Mots lat. 167) Ir. Jaghvile roble generic 'oak'), early form rilb.... (cpd. with bile 'tree'), NIr. !1I.igh, W. (whence rDbustus 'of oak, hard, strong'), ifa1l1!Jdden eg. of ifa1l1!Jdd coll. 'beeches' named from its reddish heart-wood, and (cpd. with gwydd 'wood'), Br. J"os, NO a.u1l"~At, etym.? Boisacq 55. 2. Lat. viti. (> It. vite, Sp. vir!), fro IE ·wei- in Lat. viere 'twist, plait', Lith. vyti, ChSI. viti 'twist, wind', Lith. vytis 'willow twig', Grk. LT~a. 'willow', etc. Hence adj. rnteus, fern. vUea (> Rum. vita). Walde-Po 1.224. Ernout-M. 1107, 1116 f. REW 9388, 9395. It. vigna 'vineyard', pI. vigne'vines', Fr. mgne 'vineyard', and 'vine', fro Lat. vima 'vineyard', deriv. of vinum 'wine'. REW9350. 3. Ir. fine7TUlin (Olr. gen. pI. finime), NIr. fineamhain 'vineyard' and 'vine', fro Lat. rn'Tl.dimia 'grape-gathering, vin tage', cpd. of vinum 'wine', with second part fro demere 'take away'. Ernout-M. 1111. Pedersen 1.214. Vendryes, De hib. vOC. 142. W. gwinwydden, cpd. of gwin 'wine' and gwydd 'woods, trees' (1.41). Br. gwinienn, deriv. of gwin 'wine'.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

words for 'shrub, bush' with adjs. of words for 'wine'. Pol. winorosl (according to informant the best current word; many others in dicts.), cpd. with rosl old word for 'growth' : rose, ChS!. rasti, etc. 'grow' (12.53).

8.68

NG It.

Fr. Sp. Rum. NIr. W.

B,.

1(:t'lrvOf

tobacco taboe tabaca tutun

Dan. Sw.

NE

Du.

NHG

Russ. vinograd, fr. ChSl. vinogradu 'vineyard', also sometimes 'vine', fro Gmc., Goth. weinagards, 'vineyard', etc. Stender-Petersen 366 I. 7. Skt. drak~a- (also 'grape'), prob. as 'running vine', fro drij· 'run'. See 5.76.

tobac

Lith. Lett. Ser. Bah. Pol. Russ.

tobaIMs tabaka duhan, tabak ! NG q,ovplo."",), Fr., Sp. furner, NE smoke, NHG rauchen, Du. rooken, etc. 2. Some are of similar ultimate origin, but loanwords rather than derivs. of the native noUDS, as W. smocio fro NE smoke, Lett. Bmik'et, fro LG .moken (Muhl.Endz. 3.960), Lith. rakyti (cf. NSB S.V. kuryti) fro some LG form like Du. rooken.

Lith.

Lett.

ser.

Boh. Pol.

Russ.

rUkyti smek'et puSiti, duhaniti koufiti kurzyc kurit'

3. Derivs. of or phrases with 'tobacco'. Derivs. Br. butunat, ser. duhaniti. Phrases with 'drink', as NG 1r[VW Ka1rVO, Rum. bea tutun, SCr. dial. piti duvan (Rjecnik, Akad. 9.900), Ir. Maim wbac (or caithim tobac 'use tobacco'), NHG obs. or dial. taback trinken, tabac sauffen (Weigand-H. 2.538). 4. SCr. puSiti : puhati 'blow' (10.38). 5. Boh. koufiti, Pol. kurzyc, Russ. kurit', all used also with reference to literal smoke or dust: Lith. kurti 'heat', etc. Berneker 651 I. Bruckner 284.

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS, ETC. 9.86 PAI.....R (as Artist)

CHAPTER 9 MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS AND THOSE PERTAINING TO CERTAIN SPECIAL ARTS AND CRAFTS,' WITH SOME IMPLEMENTS, MATERIALS, AND PRODUCTS; OTHER MISCELLANEOUS NOTIONS 9.11 Do, MAD 9.12 WOIut (sb.) 9.13 WORK (vb.) 9.14 BEND (vb. trans.) 9.15 FOLD (vb. trans.) 9.16 BIND (vb. trans.) 9.17 BOND 9.18 CHAIN 9.19 Ron, COG 9.192 KNOT (sb.) 9.21 BTBIKE (Hit, Beat) 9.22 CUT (vb.) 9.23 KNIPIIl 9.24 SCISSORS, SBBABS 9.25 Ax 9.26 BREAI< (vb. trans.) 9.27 SPLIT (vb. trans.) 9.28 TEAR (vb. trans.) 9.29 FLAy, SIIN 9.31 RUB 9.32 8TBmCH 9.33 DRAW, PuLL 9.34 SPRlIlAD OUT, 8TBEw 9.342 PRESS (vb.) 9.35 POUR 9.36 WASH 9.37 SWEEP 9.38 BROOM 9.41 CBAIT, TRADE 9.412 A= 9.42 ARTISAN, CRA.JT8MAN 9.422 TOOL 9.423 UeE (vb.) 9.42 CARPENTER

9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.48 9.49 9.50 9.51 9.52 9.53 9.54 9.55 9.60 9.61 9.62 9.63 9.64 9.65 9.66 9.67 9.66 9.69 9.71 9.72 9.73 9.74

9.87

PAINTING, PICTURE

9.86 9.89 9.90 9.91

PAINT (ob.) PAINT (vb. 'Point a Ho\l8O') THING BE

9.92 9.93 9.94

BECOME

HEw BORE AUGER SAW (sb.) H.uoma

NAIL BEAll BOARD MAsoN Bmcl[ MORTAR

S'IITH FoRO.. (vb.) ANvIL CAST (Metsls) GoLD SlLvn COPPIlR, BRONZE

IRON LEAD TIN; TIN-PLATE POTTER MOLD (Clay, etc.) CLAY GLASS 9.75 PLArr (vb.) 9.76 BAREBT 9.81 CARVE 9.82 SCULPTOR 9.83 STATUE 9.84 CSISEL 9.85 PAINT (vb., as Artist)

'fold', 'cut', etc., are disCUSBed here in 9.14 fl. 536

M

phasis on the action): 7rEpa., dpo.v 'beyond, across', etc. Walde-P. 2.32. Grk. 7rOL«", ".OLfEw, in Hom. esp. 'construct, build' but also 'make', eventually the commonest word for 'make, do', deriv. of a ·7fOt-fo- : Skt. ci- 'arrange, gather construct, build', ChSI. linv. 'arrangement', Ciniti 'arrange', with similar development to 'do, make' in the modern Slavic languages, SCr., Bah. liniti, Pol. czyniC, etc. Walde-Po 1.509 ff. Berneker 156 f. NG ICdJlW fro Grk. "dlJ,JIW 'work, toil' (9.13), in Hom. already aor. «a!'E, ".p.ov 'wrought, built', and in Byz. period frequent for 'make, do'. NG ~nuJlw, t/HcLUVW 'make, fix' (e..pnuu,",,,a serves as &Or. pass. of "4vw), fro a late eMJEtu!"w 'set right', deriv. of ebObs 'straight'. Hatzidakis, Einleitung 407.

3. Lat. ager. 'drive' (10.65), hence also 'pursue a course of action, act, do', with more emphasis on the aetion than facer. (above, 1), which in VLat. absorbed these uses of ager.. Emout-M. 24 ff. 4. Ir. c/o.gntu (less freq. gn'u), NIr. do(gh)nim : Grk. 'Yl'Y"",,4' 'be born', Lat. gignere 'beget, bear', etc., with development through 'give birth to, create'. Walde-Po 1.576. Pedersen 2.544. W. gwneuthur, gwneud, fro the SaIDe root as the preceding, but with iuit. gw for g under the influence of supplementary forms fro °upo-aD-. Pedersen 2.545. Br. oher, fro sb. ober = W. ober 'work, deed', fro Lat. opera. But Br. ober infin. only, finite forms fro gra-, ae 1sg. gran, MBr. graf = Com. guraf, connected with preceding group. Pedersen 2.545 f. 5. Goth. taujan (renders "p4aaw and ...,/w), pret. talbido, sb. laui 'deed' : ON (runic) tawido 'made', OE talbian 'pre-

9.97

DIFFICULT

9.98 TRY' (Make Trial of, Teet) 9.99 ThY' (Attempt, Endeavor)

NEED, NECESSITY

9.992 WAY, MANNER

OuGHT, MUST

9.993 9.11

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

Rum. Ir. NIr. W. Br.

."pitra"." 1nH",",

Ka-.q.nil.JIW

jacere, agere lore joire hocer laa

fuPPEN

pare' (NE taw), getawa 'instruments', MHG zouwen 'prepare', etc., outside connections dub. Walde-P. 1.779. Feist 474 f. Goth. waurkjan (renders EP"Yciro~a( 'work' and '11"0(.«.,), OE (ge)wyrcan 'work' and 'make, do' (pret. worht. > NE wrought), OHG u,";'rken, wurehen 'work, make, do' : OE weare 'work', Grk. ~P'Yov, etc. (above, 2). ON g;r(.)a, Dan. g¢r., Sw. gora, orig. 'make ready' : OHG garawen 'prepare', OE gierwan 'prepare, cook', ON g;rr, OHG garo, OE gearu 'prepared, ready', this I...t group, perh. lIB orig. 'prepared' of food, fro 'hot' : Grk. (JEP~OS 'hot', etc. Walde-P.1.688. Falk-Torp 322 f. Hellquist 323. OE macian (I... common than gewyrcan), ME, NE make, Du. maken, OHG mahhlln, MHG, NHG machen (OS makiin 'build'), prob. fro an IE °maDin Grk. p.a.UUCAJ, &Or. ~1'a.'Y1'1JI 'knead', etc. (5.54), with development through 'mold, build with clay'. Walde-P. 2.226. Falk-Torp 689. Weigand-H. 2.102. OE dlln, OHG tuon, etc., above, 1.

p'r..,

6. Lith. (pa-)doryli, Lett. dartt : Grk. 8p6.CAJ, a.bove, 2. Lith . • eikti : Lett. veikt 'struggle, accomplish', Lith. uiekas 'strength, power', Lat. uincere 'conquer', Goth. weihan 'fight', etc. Walde-Po 1.232 f. Muhl.End•. 4.524 f.

7. CbS!. (siI.-)t.DTili (in Gospels reg. for ".OW 'do' or 'make'), Russ. tvorit' 'make' (Ser. tvoriti 'create, fashion', etc.) : Lith. tverti 'comprise' and 'create', tvora 'fence, hedge', tureti 'have', Lett. tvert 'seize, comprise, hold', outside connections dub. Walde-Po 1.750 f. CbS!. (siI.-)dllati, deriv. of delo 'work' (cf. above, 1), in Gospels for !p-yaro"a" later freq. for ..o,/w (cf. Jagic, Entstehungsgesch. 400, 405), and so for 'do,

DO, MAKE

Goth . ON

laujan, 'lDaurl:jma.

.w(,).

Lith.

Dan.

fJIr6

Lett. ChSI. SCr. Boh.

Sw. OE

.",..

dOn, (ge)tDJ/TCOft ,

macian ME NE

dognlu do(gk)nlm .....ulhW', gwneud

Du.

do(...), make, wiTeIIe do, make do Romance words), Osc. falciiad, Umbr. fa~a 'faciat'; OE dlln, ME tl.&M, don, do, NE do, Du. doen, OHG, MHG hum, NHG tun; CbSl. (fr. dlU) delo 'work', whence vb. de/aU 'work', later 'do, make' (below, 7). 2. Grk. Ip&. and PEtw, in Hom. the commonest verbs for 'do', fro the same root as ~P'YOJl, fEP'YOI' 'work', OE wetn'c 'work', etc. (9.12), Av. VOT9z.. 'work, do'. Grk. 8paw., in Hom. 'do service' (cf. 6Pf/ariJp 'laborer'), elsewhere 'do' (hence 6pa,,4 'act'), but mostly poet. : Lith. daryti, Lett. daTil 'do'. Walde P. 1.803. Grk. 'lrpi.trClw, Att. fl'pi.TT(~J Ion. ,,~tlWt

Words for 'do' and 'make' are treated together because these most generic notions of action are so commonly expressed by the same word; and where there are pairs of words, roughly distinguished by the feeling for the action itself or the implication of result respectively, the idiomatic differentiation is never quite the same for different languages and periods, not even in the case of such closely allied pairs ae NE do, make-NHG lun, machen; (cf. NHG Was mach! er' - NE What i8 11£ dmng') Words for 'do, make' rest on generalization from a great variety of notions, as 'place, put', 'set straight', 'make ready', 'arrange', 'fit', 'get through', 'cause to be born', and 'work1• For a wider survey, including many of the less common alternative expressions not mentioned here, cf. Yoahioka, Verbe of Doing and Making in the IndoEuropean Languages (Chicago diss.). 1. From IE °dhi- 'place, put', in Skt. dM-, Grk. rUh,!", Lith. deli, CbSl. deli,

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

in Hom. 'pass through' (the sea), 'ac complish', in Attic 'act, do' (with em-

9.943 FITTING, SUITABLE 9.95 CAN, MAy

9.96 EASY

BUILD

1 Namely (in 0.41-9.89), carpentry, masonry, metal~work, pottery, sculpture, and painting. Words pertaining to the making of cloth and clothing, as 'weave', 'apin', 'sew', etc., are diseWlled in the chapter on clothing (6)j those for 'cook', 'bake" etc., in the chapter on food and drink (5). Numerous words for manual actions of wide application, important in various crafts, as 'bend'.

538

537

9.942 DUTY

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS, ETC.

etc.) : ChS!. praviti 'direct', deriv. of pralJil 'straight, right' (12.73). 8. Skt. kr- (krooti, karoti, "rta-, etc.), Av. kar.... (k.ranaoiti, k.rata-, etc.), OPers. kar- (akunavam, karta-, etc.), general Indo-Iranian (still the common word in modem Indic and Iranian languages), perh. : W. peri 'cause', Ir. CTUth 'form', Lith. kurti 'build'. Walde-Po 1.517 f. Uhlenbeck 63. Av. varaz-: Grk. fpcK.J, ~P'YOJl, etc., above, 2.

make' Bah. de/ati (also 'work'), Po!.

dziaiae, Russ. delat'. Berneker 194. SCr., Bah. "initi, Pol. czynic : Grk. (above, 2). Ser. raditi 'work' (9.13), also 'do, make'. Bah. robiti, Pol. robie, derivs. of rob, ChSI. rabil 'servant': Goth. arooips 'toil, labor', etc. Walde-Po 1.184. Bulg. pra.ja (the common verb for 'do, make'), SCr. praviti (Bah. spraviti 'mend, repair', Russ. praf,"iti 'govern', lr'OUW

9.12 WORK, LABOR, TOIL (sb. abstr.); WORK (sb. concr.) Grk.

NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

Rum.

Ir. NIr.

W. Br. Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE

Du.

lpyCUJ'ta., n..os; Ip'YOII' IcwM14• ..-rlUTla.j ~o (op ...) opera,lob,,,; opU8 0UV7'tlge

luC1'1t, mUftC4; oper4 8i!.etJ&ar, opair. lubair; opair

obair. aooO&ar; obair g'I.IJOith, UaJU1'; gwaith labour; ober arooipB,' 'lDaurltw I18rk, vinna. erfi1Ji; I18rk arbejde;

~k

arbete,' verk

weorc. BWiru:; weore wor~

9.13 WORK, LABOR, TOIL (vb., intr.) ¥'Yo.tOl'IU.KApP.v,ttw) Xvyltw (d.,IIrTW)

La.t.

fiectere, curtl4re piegare, incun;rare courber, jUchir, plier

w.

Goth. arbai}>8 (renders «6.-0, 'toil'). ON erjitJi (cf. adj. erfilJr. OE ear!ePe 'hard. difficult'; OE earIo}> 'hardship'). OHG ar(a)beil. MHG. NHG arbeil. Du. arbeid (MLG > Dan. arbejde. Sw. arbele). with vbs. Gotb. arbaidjan. etc .• all prob. : Grk. 6~"'" 'orphan'. Lat. orbus 'bereft', CbSI. ralnl 'slave', etc., with development fro 'condition of an orphan' to one of 'slavery. drudgery. toil'. Walde-P. 1.183 f. Falk-Torp 31. Feist 55. K1uge-G. 22. ON flinna (with vb. flinna. also 'gain') :Goth. tDinnD 'suffering', winnan 'auft'er', OE winnan 'labor, toil', later 'win, gain', OHG winnan 'strive, fight', Skt. van-

'desire. gain'. etc. Walde-P. 1.260. Falk-Torp 1382 f. NED s.v. win. vb. OE swine. ME swinke. with vb. swincan. swinken (NE swink. arch. or dial.). parallel form to OE swingan 'flog. bent. strike. fling' and 'fling oneself. rush'. OHG swingan 'fling. rush'. NED s.v. etc. Walde-P. 2.526. BlDink vb.

2. Lat. fteclere (hence °j!eclicare > OFr. j!echier. Fr. jlkhir). etym.? ErWalde-H. 1.514 f. nout-M. 367 f. REW 3366. Gamillscheg 424. Lat. cuTfJ(ire (> It. curoare, Fr. cour* her, Sp. encorvar), deriv. of CUTVUS 'bent,

For 'work' concr. mostly Skt. krta-, Av. karola-. OPers. karla- : Skt. kr- 'do.

curved' : Grk. ICOpctJvOs, ItIJPTOS, Lith. kreivas, Russ. krilJoj, etc. 'bent, curved, crooked', with widespread root connec-

make' (9.11).

"""""""" \""""""'. pleca

C1'ommaim, jiUim camaim, labaim plygu

/;rom.,... pleg1J

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

(ga)biugan

Lith.

aveigja, bmda

Lett.

bli'

ChS!. SCr. Boh. Po!. Russ. Skt. Av.

bDja, kro/ta bgg...

bowe, bende bend

buigen biogon. bougm

lenkti liekt, luocU .a-iU(i'i

pregnuti. pregiboti ohnouti, ohybati

1#, nogiqt

put', agibat' aiio-, nam-, bhuj-

biegen, lKJugtn, len1cen I>ili oaluocft

Boh. skladati. Russ. 8klad1Jl1fU'. cpds. of /I- = ChSI. si1- 'with. together'. and Boh. klasti 'lay'. Russ. kla./, 'put. place' (12.12).

s1/gIlnqt;, Bilgybali ...,;n okladali, '""'~

Pol.

1_1dowat

R .... Skt.

okladyoGt'

Av.

3. Ir. filUm (also 'bend'. in gram. 'decline'). NIr. fillim : Skt. oal- 'turn' intr., Grk. Awvw, Lat. volvere 'wind', etc .• fro IE oweI-. Walde-Po 2.539. Pedersen 2.522. W. plygu. Br. plega, fro Lat. pliclJre. ahove.2. 4. Goth.fa/J>on. OEfea/don. etc .• general Gmc. (Du . • au...n fro MDu.•auden; cf. also Goth. ain-fal}>s. OE I!n-feald. etc. 'onefold. single'). fro a deriv. or extension of *pel-, seen in Grk. a,rMos, Lat. dupZ ... 'twofold'. etc. Here prob. Skt. p$- 'fold. pocket'. Walde-Po 2.55 f. FaIk-Torp 249. Sw. uika : OE wican 'yield. give way'. ON I1ikja 'move'. Skt. vij- 'move quickly. recede'. Grk.•w. 'yield. shrink'. fro IE 0weir!- weiie-. prob. an extension of °wei_ in Lat. Me 'plait'. Lith. "111i 'wind'. etc. Walde-Po 1.223. 233 If. HeIlquist 1341. 5. Lith. .tulpuoti 'set posts. furnish with pillars'. also 'fold'. deriv. of aMpaB 'post. pillar' (fr. Russ. stolp id.). which developed secondary meanings 'beam of light' and 'fold'. the latter from the column-like appearance of vertical folds (pleats). Lett. sa/uocU. cpd. of ZuocU 'bend' (9.14).

9.16 BIND (vb. trans.)

a...

Grk. NG Lat. It.

......

Fr.

I;'"

Sp. Rwn. Ir.

!ega ctm-rigim, naacim,

NIr.

.......,za;m(ftGiaci..)

W. Br.

,hwymo

,......

rinctre, ligfire. mcter.

ligar,

atar

cenglaim

legame, vincolo lion /eglJtur4 cuimr«:h

ceanqal

,hwym

.i-.

7. ChSI. sillJt!zati (so reg. for 8,... in Gospels; v@zati for 8.tT/lWw). SCr. (s)vezati, Boh. vazati, etc., general Slavic, with derivs. for 'bond' (9.17), prob. with CbSl. qziti 'crowd, press', qza 'bond' (so reg. for 6E'lp.61 in Gospels), CjZ1lkil 'narrow'. Av. qz- 'lace. hem in', Grk. 4-yxw 'strangle', Lat. angere

'bind, oppress', ON png1', OE enge, etc. 'narrow'. fro IE "angh-. Walde-P. 1.62. Miklosich 56 f. BrUckner 611. ChSl. povristi. -m'/lzq (Supr.; not in Gospels) : Lith. verili 'draw tight'. virliB 'rope', ON viTgill 'hangman's rope', OE wyrgan 'strangle'. etc. Walde-Po 1.273.

8. Skt. bandh-. Av. bami-. above,!. Skt.•4-. Bi-.Av. M.(y)-: Lett. Biet, etc .• above, 6. Skt. na1&- : Jr. nascim. etc .• above. 4. Skt. d/!-. di- : Grk. 8!w, above. 2. Av. dB",z-. with ab. dorazli-: Skt. drh- 'make firm. fix'. Lith. dirZas 'strap'. etc. Walde-Po 1.859. Barth. 698.

bantli band boond band

bend, /lah band, bond, bend bond band gibmti, bam gIka

1. Grk. 'r1'WtrCI.I, with 1M"lIx4 'a fold' J perh. fro ·rl-VX-. a cpd.• like Skt. py..k,na- 'how-case·. with prefix .pi beside

It.

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS. ETC.

connections dub.

9.15 FOLD (vb. trans.)

For relations between 'fold' and 'bend'. see 9.14. Among other semantic sources are 'double, turn, wind, put ~ gether·.

Grk. NG Lat.

I Walde-Po (SSS 446). further 2.331 f.

Lith. Lett. CbS!. SCr. Boh. Pol. RUBB. Bkt. Av.

ry!ys, rai8tis

..-

lJaile

(lJ)veza, vez

t1vazek, oozadlo wiqzadlo, 1IfJja;.', lJfJjazka bandha(na)-, ..... tJimG. banda-, hinu-. ~Zti-

9.18 CHAIN Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W. Br.

4).vcr"

A>.wall catena

......

chalne cadena

!anj

.l4brad, rond .lMhradh cad""", chad.nn

1. Ork. 4}'vu... NG form),orig.?

Goth.

naudibandi, eisama-

ON Dan. Sw. OE ME

rekendr, hlekkir

bandi kads,lmIko kedja

racente, racenU&JI& chayne, raA:enteie. ra-/:and

-_no

NE cb It. catena. Fr. chaine. Sp. cadena; also Celt. and Gmc. words. below). etym. dub .• but perh. : cas';s ("cat-Bi8) 'hunting net'. Skt. ~..ta- 'sort of belt'. Walde-Po 1.338. Ernout-M. 162. Walde-H. 1.177 f. (Etruscan orig.?) Rum. lanl. fro Slavic. cf. SCr. lanae (below. 6). Tiktin 888. 3. Jr. 8labrad. NIr. 8labhradh. formed with suffix -rad (Pedersen 2.52 f.). fro a which might be fro "81ag-- (so Macbain 326) in OE la1ccan 'seize. grasp'. etc. (Walde-P. 2.707). or as easily fro °slab1&- (?) in Skt. labh- 'grasp, seize'. etc. (Walde-P. 2.385). Ir. rond (NIr. ronn 'chain. tie or bond. an ornamental chain. wire'. etc.. Dinneen). etym.? W. cadwyn. fro Lat. catena. Loth. Mots lat. 142.

.Iab-.

Lith. Lett. ChS!. SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ. Bkt. Av.

grandine, reteJia k'Uo qkklllzlftD

lanac.verige feU.

ImIcuch, cep'

chaeine. Fr. cha£ne. Loth. loc. cit. 4. Goth. naudibandi (alone renders

4}',,,,,, Mk. 5.4. 2 Tim. 1.16. otherwise with adj. ei8arneins laf iron', Mk. 5.3, 4; cf. also cpd. ei&arnabandi. Lk. 8.29). lit. 'bond of necessity'. cpd. of nau}>. 'necessity, distress· (9.93) and bandi 'bond' (9.17). ON rekendr pI. fern .• rarely sg. re~ndi, OE racente. ME rakand. cpd. OE racenttlah. ME rakenteie. rakentyne. etc. (with OE teah 'bond') : ON rakki 'ring fastening sai1yard to mast'. OE racca 'part of a ship's rigging'. fro IE *reD- beside *rekin Bkt. r~na- 'cord, rope, strap, bridle',

rapni- 'cord, rope, rein', etc. Wald&P.

2.362. FaIk-Torp 872. ON hlekkir. pI. of h/ekkr 'ring, link'. Dan. IfEIIke 'link. chain': OE hle1ICB 'link'. MHG gelenk 'a bend'. Zenken 'bend'. etc. Walde-Po 1.498. FaIkTorp 676.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

548

Dan. klEde, Sw. kedja, fro MLG kede, beside kedene, Du. keten, OHG ketina, MHG keten(e), NHG kette, fro Lat. catena, in part through VLat. ·cadena.

Falk-Torp 518. Franck-v.W. 302 f. Kluge-G. 297. ME chayne, cheyne, NE chain, fro OFr. chaeine, Fr. chaIne. MHG lanne, Ian (NHG lanne 'a sort of shaft'), orig.? Weigand-H. 2.18? 5. Lith. grandine, grandini. (neolog. in this sense) : grandi. 'ring, link of a chain', OPruss. grandis 'ring' on a plow, Lett. groods 'tight twisted', these: OHG kranz 'wreath', etc. Walde-Po 1.595. Trautmann 94 f. Lith. retms, fro Russ. retjaz' (helow,6). Bruckner, SI. Fremdworter 126. Lith. lenciugas (but see NSB s.v.), fro the Slavic, cf. WbRuss. !ancuh, Pol. !aricuch 'chain' (below). Bruckner, SI. Fremdworter 102. Lett. kede, fro MLG kede (above, 4). Muhl.-Endz. 2.373.

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS, ETC.

6. ChSI. qie leleztno, lit. 'iron bond', qle : qza 'bond' (9.17). SCr. lanac, beside Boh. lana 'rope', Pol. lanwy 'traces', fro MHO lanne 'chain' (above, 4); Pol. !a1lcuch, fro a cpd. MHG -lann-zug. Bemeker 689. Bruckner 306. SCr. verige, pI. of veriga id., ChSI. verigy (Supr.), Russ. verigi 'chains, irons,

fetters' : ChSI. arum 'rope, cord' (9.19). Walde-Po 1.263. Trautmann 352. Boh. retez (Pol. rzeciqdz, wrzeciqdz now 'chain or bolt of a door'), Russ. retj..' (ohe.), etc., etym. dub. Bruckner 633. Miklosich 385. Russ. cep' ; pri-cepit'sja 'fasten upon, stick to', cepkij 'tenacious', outside root connections? Berneker 125 f.

7. Skt. rrflkhalli- (or 0-), etym. dub., perh. fro "tier- in Arm. sarik' (pl.) 'bond, cord', Grk. lCaipof 'row of thrums for attaching thread to loom'; or: ON hlekkir (above, 4). Walde-Po 1.409, 499. Uhlenbeck 315.

Grk.

IC!Awf, C1XOi'JJOf, vrapToII

NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

Rum. Jr. Nlr. W. Br.

VI""'"

funiB, restiB corda, fune corM, cordon cuerda, 8oga, cordel fringhie, funie, f7\ur 8tianem, tet, loman

"ad, c&da

rhaff, cord kordenn, fun

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG

taug, strengr, seil, simi, lJna reb, tOIl, snor, 8n1re, line rep, Mg, lina, snOre rilp, lIdZ, 8treng, 8ima, I,.. roop, cord, 8treng, line rope, cord touw, reep, BnOeT lIeil, Btric, rtij, Btrang, reip,

Lith. Lett. ChSJ. Ser. Boh. Pol.

550

Some of the words are cognate with those for 'thread', as Fr. ficelle (dim. of file), NHG bindfoden. Among others are MLat. sptIflum, It. spago (> NG u.-,h'Y.')' of unknown orig. (REW 8113; KZ 66.259), NE twine (OE twin, fro twi'two', hence orig. 'twisted'). 1. Grk . .ax., (Hom. +), Att . ••>.w" perh. : Du. halen, ME hale 'pull', NE haul, etc. Boisacq 401. Grk. O'"Xo~vos, orig. 'rush, reed', then 'rope or cord' made by plaiting rushes together, dim. O'"xo~P'OJl, NG CTKOtvL 'rope, cord', etym. dub. Boisacq 934. Grk. CT7ra.PTOJI, dim. CTraprLov, orig. =urltpr., a kind of rush or broom (like the Sp. esparto) : 0'"1I"'E~pa 'anything twisted', also 'rope, cord' fro *sper- beside *sperg- in 0'"1I"'ap'"(w 'wrap', O'"1f'a.P"Yapa

'swaddling-/>_ 'murder', etc.; Lat. de-fendere by several IE roots and by a great 'ward off', of-fendere '.trike against'; variety of words in many of the IE lan- Skt. han--, Av. Jan- 'strike, slay'; Arm. guagea. These are partly differentiated, ganem 'strike'; Hitt. kwen, kun- 'strike, esp. according to the kind of instrument defeat, kill': Ir. gonim 'wound, kill'; or object involved. But the differentia- Lith. gimi, ChSl. gflnati 'drive' (fr. tion is too diverse and fluctuating to 'strike'), etc. 2. IE °bher_. WaIde-Po 2.159 f. Erpermit any general classification or fixed arrangement in the table. Just &8 NE nout-M.348. WaIde-H. 1.481 f. hammer and ra"" may be used &8 verbs, Lat. feri,.. 'strike, beat, knock, slay' so a few of the more general verb. for (> Sp. h£rir 'wound, hurt, strike', Fr. strike are derived from the name of the ftrir 'strike, smite', obs.); ON berja instrument used. Several, mostly of 'strike, beat', OHG berj..., MHG berimitative origin, were first used with ref~ jen, bern 'strike, pound', also 'knead, erence to the sound made by a blow (cf. mold'; ChSl. borjq, brati 'fight', Av. liliNE knock, Fr. frapper, NG XTV1'W, be- bara- 'with a sharp cutting edge'; prob. low). Some are used esp. for 'strike aIso Lat.forare, ON bora, OE borian, etc. with a sharp instrument', and so overlap 'bore' (9.46). with 'cut'. Some are used esp. for 3. IE °bhei_. Walde-Po 2.137 f. Ber'strike to death', and so overlap with neker 117. 'kill'. The notion of repeated action is Ir. benim 'strike, cut' (W. bidio 'trim usuaIly, though not always, present in a hedge', MBr. benaff 'cut', etc.); ChSl. NE beal and pound, and elsewhere may li!jq, bili, SCr., Boh. biti, Pol. bi6, Russ. be brought out by the use of cpds. or bit' 'strike, beat'. 4. Grk. -rlJrr.., beside rln:or 'blow, imiteratives. 1. IE 0g"hen- in words for 'strike', print, form, image' : Skt. lup-, tumpand esp. 'strike to death, wound, kill' 'hurt' (Dhiitup.),pra-stumpati(gramm.), (4.76). WaIde-Po 1.679 ff. Ernout-M. Lat. sluplre 'stand stiff, be stupefied', 344. WaIde-H. 1.332 f. ChSI. 111pali 'paIpitare', Iilpiltali 'paIpiGrk. 6.L,.., 'strike' (poet.), fut. 6...., tare, caIcare', etc., fro O(s)leu-p-, beside aor. ~ttl1a., beside aor. ~JIO" 'kill', ·(8)te?J...d... in Lat. tundere 'strike, beat,

554

6. Ir. benim, above 3. Ir. sligim: W. !liasu (arch.) 'slay, kill', perh. fro a root -.kg- beside -.lakin Ir. slacc 'sword', Goth. slahan 'strike',

etc. (below, 7). Ir. 8laidim : W. lladd, Br. laza 'kill', earlier 'strike', outside connections? WaIde 1.439. Pedersen 2.630. Ir. bilalim, NIr. buailim, prob. fro ·boug-l- : NHG pochen 'knock', NE poke, etc., fro an imitative bu-. Walde-Po 2.113. Stokes 180. W. taro, cf. OBr. toreusit 'attrivit', prob. fro an extension of ·ler- in Ork. Tfipw, Lat. terere 'rub', Grk. TpWW, TLT~ u'"" 'wound', etc. WaIde-Po 1.730. W. curo, fro cur 'blow', properly 'anxiety, care, affliction', fro Lat. CU1'a 'care, trouble, anxiety'. Loth, Mots lat. 155. Br. skei, MBr. squey, beside sko 'blow', etym. dub. Henry 240. Ernault, Glossaire 384. Br. kanna, orig. 'bleach cloth (by beating it)', whence 'beat' in general, fro kann 'white, shining'. Henry 53. Ernault, Dict. ~tym. 242. Br. dourna 'strike with the hand', fro dourn 'hand' (4.33).

7. Goth. slahan, ON sla, OE slean, etc. generaI Gme. (but specialized in NE slay, and largely already in ME sleye, skie to 'strike so as to kill', a sense also present in most of the other Orne.

forms) : MIr. .lachta 'stricken', slace 'sword', NIr. slacaire 'batterer', slacairt 'beating', etc. Walde-P. 2.706. Feist 436. Falk-Torp 1048. Goth. slaulan: Lat. tundere, etc. (above, 4). Goth. bliggwan (renders 6!p.w, pauTL'YoiW,

pound', Skt. tud- 'beat, push', Goth. stautan 'strike', OHa stozan 'hit', NHO slossen 'hit, push', etc., O(8)teu-g_ in Skt . tuj- 'strike, push, urge', Ir. tuagaim'strike with an axe (luau)', etc., extensions of IE -(s)leu-. WaIde-Po 2.618. Boisacq 991 f. Ernout-M. 1064. FaIk-Torp 1198. Grk. ICPOVW, cf. Hom. ICpoaivw 'stamp,

strike with the hoof': Lith. krulli 'pound, bruise, crush', ChSI. siJ.-kruBili 'break to pieces', IE ·kTeus-. Walde--P. 1.480 f. Boisacq 522. Grk. lCorTW 'strike', and 'cut with a. blow', with ltO'If"b 'cleaver', IC01I"M 'chisel', etc. : Lat. capU8 'capon' (= 'cut'), Lith. kapoli 'chop up', ChS!. kopali 'dig', skopiti 'castrate', etc. Walde--P. 2.559 ff. Boisacq 492 f. Ernout-M.

151. Walde-H. 1.161 f. Grk. ..aL.. 'strike' (post-Hom. and poet.), perh. : Lat. pamre 'strike, beat', but disputed. Schwyzer, IF 30.443 f. Walde-P. 1.12. Ork. ICTvrEw 'crash, resound' (: ninros 'cra.sh, noise'), and trans. 'make resound', NO xnnrw 'strike, knock, hit',

with deVelopment through 'strike with a sounding blow, knock', as in txTinr1JUe niv ",oPTa 'knocked on the door'. Grk. /l.p/ It. percuotere, Sp. perculir) , cpd. of quatere 'shake' (10.26). The earlier sense is 'strike through', this from 'shake through and through'. Ernout-M. 834 f. Lat. caedere 'strike (esp. with a cutting instrument), cut, strike to death, kill' (esp. in latter sense cpd. occidere), prob. : Skt. khid- 'press, tear, pound', perh. also Skt. chid- 'cut off', Ork. uxitCil

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Rum. lavi, fro Slavic loviti 'hunt, catch' (3.79). Tiktin 923.

lCaTwcOrrEU') ,

OHG

bliuwan,

MHG bliuwen (NHG bleuen), OS Ulbliuwid 'excudit', MDu. blouWef& (here prob.

UJI.~XW

'wipe off, cleanse', etc. Walde-Po

FaIk-Torp 1081.

'split', Lat. scindere 'tear', etc., but with complicated and difficult root relations. WaIde-P.2.538. Ernout-M. 128 f., 906. WaIde-H. 1.129. Lat. per-cellere 'strike', esp. 'strike down, destroy' (cf. cl 'flay' (but also 'cudgel, thrash', so often in NT), Goth.

ICOXarTW

'pick,

carve with a chisel'. WaIde-Po 1.440. REW 2034. Wartburg 2.865 ff. Lat. batl....re, late battere (> It. hattere, Fr. ballre, Sp. balir, Rum. bate), rare word in literature, though apparently old and popular (already in Plautus), perh. GaIl. loanword, cf. GaIl. anda-bata 'gladiator who fought with closed helmet'. WaIde-P.2.126. WaIde-H. 1.99. Fr. frapper, prob. of imitative orig., like NE rap, flap, clap, slap, etc. (cf. NG XT ....., above, 4). Wartburg 3.763. Otherwise REW 3173. Fr. heurter 'strike', esp. 'hit, knock', deriv. of a Gmc. noun = ON hrulr 'ram', hence orig. like NE vb. ram. REW4244. Sp. pegar, also and orig. 'stick, fasten', fro Lat. piedre 'daub with pitch', fro pix 'pitch'. REW 6477.

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS, ETC.

NE sb. blow), etym. dub. Walde-Po 2.217. Feist 100. ON ljosta, esp. 'hit, strike with a spear', ct. ljDBtr, Dan. lyster, Sw. ljuster 'fish-spear', beside ON lustr 'cudgel' : W. llost 'spear', MIr. loss 'point of anything' (both secondarily 'tail'), root connection dub., but perh. as orig. '(Ios)sehJagen' fro root in Goth. fra-liusan, OHG far-liosan 'loose', etc. WaIde-Po 2.408. Falk-Torp 671. ON berja, etc., above, 2. ON drepa 'strike, kill' (Dan. dra:be, Sw. driipa 'kill'), OE drepan 'strike', OHG treffan 'strike, hit, touch' (NHG lreJJen 'hit'), fro a root *dhreb- beside *dhrebh- in Goth. gadraban 'hew out', ChS!. drolnli 'break in pieces'. Walde-P. 1.875. Falk-Torp 159. NED S.V. drepe. OE Malan, ME bete, NE beal, OHG bazan, MHG bazen 'beat' (ON baula id., rare), perh. fro a by-form of the root in Lat. con-filtii:re 'repress, confute'. WaIde-H. 1.259. Falk-Torp 120. ME, NE smile (now only rhet. or poet.), fro OE smUan 'smear' : OHG (be)smizan, MHG smiZen 'stroke, smear', MHO also 'strike', NHG schmeissen 'throw, hurl', dial. 'strike', Goth. 008meitan, ga-smeitan 'annoint', prob. fro an extension of *sme(i)- in Ork. UJl.QW, 2.685 f.

553

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS, ETC.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

552

555

diBtairan 'tear to pieces', etc., IE *dcr-. Bernekcr 179 f., 185. Walde-P.1.799. ChS!. tlilkq, lliSli (reg. for 'kno(:k' on the door), Ser. tuc-i, Boh. tlouci (Russ. toloe' 'pound, grind', tolkot' 'push') : Lith. aplilkii 'be tame', pcrh. W. talch 'fragment, grist', OCorn. talch 'furfures', all with a common notion of 'pound'. Walde-Po 1.741. Trautmann 321 f. ChSl. uraziti, Pol. rane, Russ. razit', beside Boh., Pol., Russ. raz 'a blow' : Grk. p4uuW, Ion. pf,(fUW 'strike down, beat'. Walde-P. 1.318. Briickner 454 f. SCr. lupiti : Russ. lupit' 'peel, scale off', also 'flog, drub, beat', Boh. loupiti 'peel', lupati 'slap, beat, flog', Pol. lupie 'scale off, plunder' and 'give a hard blow', etc., Lith. laupyti 'break, crumb', Lett. laupll 'peel, skin, rob', Skt. lup'break, injure, rob', IE *leup-. WaldeP. 2.417 f. Berneker 746. Boh. Modili, perfect. cpd. of hodili 'throw' fro 'aim, fit, suit', the general Slavic scnse (ChS!. ugodili 'please', etc.). Semantic development as in Lith. istikti, above, 8. Berneker 317. Russ. kololit', esp. 'hammer, pound, beat' (ChS!. klalili 'move, shake', ser. klatiti 'shake up, rock', Pol. ld6cie'stir, shake', etc.), etym. dub., perh. : ChSI. klati 'prick', Russ. kolotit' 'prick, split, slaughter', Lith. kalli, Lett. kalt 'forge, hammer', etc. Walde-P. 1.438. EernjIa) Kh(3", 'cut'. 5. Lat. caeder. 'strike, cut' (9.21). It. tagliare, Fr. !ailZer, Sp. /ajar, Rum. laia, fro VLat. talidr. 'cut', deriv. of Lat. talea 'rod, stick', in agriculture 'cutting, scion'. Ernout-M. 1013. REW 8542. Fr. couper, orig. 'strike', hence 'divide bya blow, cut', fro coup 'blow' (see under It. colpire 'strike', etc. 9.21). Fr. trancher 'cut off', fro Lat. trUncaTe 'cut off, maim', fro truncus 'maimed'. REW8953. Sp. cortar, fro Lat. curttire 'shorten', denom. of curtu8 'shortened, mutilated', fro the root '(s)ker- (above, 2). ErnoutM. 248. REW 2418. 6. Ir. teBCaim, above, 1. Ir. snaidim, NIr. snoidhim, IJ'IUJighim, W. naddu, all esp. 'hew, chip', beside W. TUlddyf'adze', Br. (n) ..e 'twibill' : MHG snat(t)e 'weal, welt', Swab. schnatte 'cut in wood or Besh', Swiss schnatzen 'carve in wood', root °snadh-. Walde-P.2.694. Otherwise Pedersen 2.29, 633. Ir. 8COthaim 'cut off' : Ir. BCoth 'Hower,

557

young shoot' (8.57). Cf. VLat. talidr. : tlJlea, above, 5. NIr. gearraim, fro MIr. gerraim 'cut off, shorten', fro gerr'short' (12.59). W. terri, &!so 'break', as Br. terri 'break', see 9.26. W. Irychu, Br. Ir"""'M, beside W. trwch 'broken, maimed', MCorn. trehy 'hew', prob. fr. "truk-a-: Lith. trukti 'rend, break, burst', OE prycean 'press', etc. (Walde-P. 1.731). G. S. Lane, Language 13.27 f. (vs. Walde-Po 1.758, etc.) . Br. skej. 'cut, split': Grk. an (renders 8.plt'" 'reap', but uf-sneipan 'kill' for sacrifice), ON Bni"lla, OE snipan (early ME snijJen, NE dial. snithe), Du. snijden, OHG anidan, MHG sniden, NHG sehneiden, beside OHG snit 'cut', MHG snitzen 'carve (wood)', OE snl!'s, ON sneis 'spit', out-

side root connections dub. Walde-Po 2.695 f. Feist 440. Falk-Torp 1097. ON telgja : Ir. dlongim 'split' (9.27), fro an extension of "del- in Lat. dolare 'hew' (9.45). Walde-P. 1.812. FalkTorp 1252. ON hpggva, Dan. hugge, Sw. hugga, OE heawan, ME hewe, NE hew, Du. huuwen, OHG houwan, MHG houwen, NHG hauen (eommon Gmc. use 'strike with 8. cutting instrument, cut by a blow', whence in part 'hew, carve', also 'hoe', 8.25) : CbSi. kovati 'forge', Russ.

559

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS, ETC.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

558

Fr.

krojiti, Pol. kroic mostly 'cut' as of a

rate', Lith. skirti 'separate, divide', etc. 3. IE "!em-. Walde-P.1.719f. Boi-

NHG achMidon represented by several IE roots and by a great variety of words in many of the IE languages. As in various non-IE languages there is no generic word for 'cut' but only special words according to the instrument used or the object cut, so even in IE there is only partial generalization. There is often a partial dis-

leertu, kirsti, Lett. certu, ciTst 'hew,

hack'; Russ.-CbSl. lntu, tre.ti 'cut'; Skt. krt-, Av. karat- (3sg. Skt. krotati, Av. karantait.); CbSl. ras-krojiti, Boh. krajeti, Pol. krajat (Russ. krojil', SCr. tailor) : Grk. K.lp", 'shear', Lat. c"rlus 'shortened, mutilated', Ir. 8caraim'sepa-

mei-

midea, MUUImI., __

'Cut' is an extremely broad notion,

ON 8kera, Dan. 8we, Sw. 8kdra, OE sceran, ME sehere (NE Bhear specialized 'cut wool, hair', as already OHG BCeran 'tondere', MHG, NHG Bcheren); Lith.

~OV'l',a, (fr. Turk.), Fr. canif (fr. Gmc.), Rum. briceag (fr. blend of Turk. and Slavic), etc. 1. Grk. ~ci.XCUp(l, dim. p.a.xaLpwJI, NG p.axa.tp, : Grk. p.ILxoIJ.a, 'fight', p.6.X'TI 'battle', but root connection dub. See 20.11. 2. Lat. culter, dim. cuttell,.. (> It. coltello, Fr. couteau, Sp. c""hil/o, &!so W. cyllell, Br. kantell), either by dissim. fro '(8)ker- in words for 'cut' (9.22), or fro "(s)kel- in words for 'split, cut', like Lith. 8keUi 'split', etc. Walde-Po 2.592. Ernout-M. 240. Walde-H. 1.304. REW 2381. Loth, Mots lat. 152, 156. Rum. cutit, fro a °cotit,.. 'sharpened', deriv. of Lat. COB, cl}tis 'whetstone' (Rum. cute). Cf. Rum. ascuji 'whet, sharpen' fro ·exclllire. Tiktin 471. PUSQariu 41. 3. Ir., NIr. scian, fro an extension of ·sek- in La.t. S6Care 'cut', etc. (9.22). Walde-P.2.542. Pedersen 1.68. 4. ON knifr, Dan. kniu, Sw. knif, OE enif (later than seen and prob. fro Scand.), ME, NE knife, MLG knif (> NHG kneif 'short curved knife'; fr. Gmc. also Fr. canif 'penknife'), prob. (as orig. 'pruning knife'?) with MLG knipen 'pinch' : Lith. gnybti 'pinch', etc. Walde-P. 1.581 f. F&!k-Torp 550, 548.

Grk. NG La.t. It.

Fr. Sp.

!/Ia.)Jf ~a.Wt

forfich

form, ce8tM ciBeaux, cisoille8

Rum.

tijeras fOOTfeci demU8

W.

siswrn, gw&!oiJ

lr. NIr. Sr.

sio.ttlr, deimheaa

aUailIwu, gwdIre

OE 8etlX : ON 8en, OHG saks 'large knife, short sword', Lat. 8axum 'stone', fro the same root as Lat. secare 'cut', etc.

(9.22). Hence cpds. with word for 'food', orig. 'knife for cutting food' but not 80 restricted in actual use, OE meteseax, OHG mezzi-saks, memra(h)s, mezer8, etc., MHG mez(z)er, NHG mesBer, Du. mes. Weigand-H. 2.171 f. K1uge-G. 388. 5. Lith., Lett. peilis (also OPruss. peile, -peilis), prob. with Slavic pila 'saw' (9.48), fro OHG fila 'file'. Buga, Kalba ir Senov,; 187. Lett. nazis, prob. fro Russ. 'knife' (cf. foll.), rather than cognate with it. Muhl.-Endz. 2.697. 6. ChSI. noll, etc., general Slavic : ChSl. pro-noziti 'pierce through', etc., outside connections? Walde-Po 2.326 f. Bruckner 364, 367. Miklosich 214. 7. Skt. krti- (RV), Av. karota- and karoti- (NPers. kard 'knife'), fro Skt. "rt-, Av. k.rot- 'cut' (9.22). Barth. 454. Wackernagel-Debrunner, KZ 67.157.

no.

Skt. ~tra. 'knife, dagger, sword', fro

Skt. ,a8- 'cut' (9.22). Skt. churik4-, with MInd. ch, fr. k~UTik4- : k~w·a-, Grk. EVpOJI 'razor', etc. Walde-P. 1.450. Uhlenbeck 95.

9.24 SCISSORS, SHEARS Lith. nrkli8 Goth. Lett. ik'ires. wldea ON Bkmri, 'QX ChSI. Dan. •• kI SOr. skare, nonce, makazs Sw. n1liky Boh. 3cearIJ OE Pol. ME moura, scher. ....y"" RU88. noznicy Bcisaor., .Mar. NE kartari-, 1qpatliSkt. 8c1war Du. Av. OHG sdir(a), MHG acha 'sickle'. WaldeP.1.629. Otherwise Miihl.-Endz. 4.728. Lett. ilk'ere8, fro MLG 8chere (: MHG schlEre, etc., above). Miihl-Endz. 4.34. 6. Ser. noZice, Boh. nldky, Pol. noiyce, Russ. noinicy, all pI. derivs. of the Slavic words for 'knife', SCr. noz, etc. (9.23). SCr. ilkare, Slov. ilkarje, fro OHG skari, pI. of sciir (above). Miklosich 298. SCr. makaze fro Turk. makas 'scissors'. Berneker 2.9. 7. Skt. kartari- 'shears' or 'dagger, knife', see 9.23. Skt. krpii1J..i- 'shears' or 'dagger', beside krpa1J..a- 'sword' : Lith. kirpti 'cut with shears', Lat. carpere 'gather, pluck', etc., fro extension of *sker- 'cut' (9.22). Walde-Po 2.580. Uhlenbeck 64. Skt. (Vedic) bhurijiiu (du.), meaning 'scissors' dub. (Macdonell-Keith 2.107). Walde-Po 2.181.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

562

ChSI. biti 'strike' (9.21). Walde-Po 2.137. Pedersen 1.67. Falk-Torp 73. Walde-H. 1.503. Otherwise on Gme. words (fr. the root of Lat. findere, Skt. bhid- 'split') Weigand-H.1.190. KlugeG.47. Pisani, KZ 67.226 I. Ir. tuag, NIr. tuagh: Ir. tuagaim 'hack, chop', Skt. tuj- 'strike', ON jJoka 'move, change', etc. Walde-P.2.616. 5. Goth. aqizi, OE rex, etc., above, 1. ON barcYa, OS barda, OHG barta, MHG barte, derivs. of words for 'beard' (OHG bart, OE beard), fro the resemblance of the projecting ax-head to the shape of a beard. Walde-Po 2.135. Falk-Torp 395. OHG bihal, etc., above 4. On the distribution of NHG beil and axt, see Kretschmer, Wortgeogr. 108 f.

6. Lith. kirvis, Lett. cirvis : Skt. kroi'a weaver's instrument' (prob. also Skt. kuthara- 'ax'), Russ. (diaL) Cexla, OHG dehsa(la), NHG dechsel, SCr., Boh., Russ. tesla (> Rum. tesld), all 'adze', fro the root of Skt. tak?-, Av. tas- 'hew' (9.45). WaldeP.1.717.

9.26 BREAK (vb. trans.) Grk.

/JTi'Y"VIJI., "o.T-"'Y"V~L,

Goth.

NG

l(;\.6;w,8po.Vw o"ratw, TIT(L, ME h(Jc1~t, NE hatchet), Provo apcha (> Sp. hacha, OIt. accia) , fro a Gmc. *hapja (MLat. hapia) seen in OHG kappa, heppa 'sickle-shaped knife', this prob. : Grk. IClnrrw 'strike, cut', K01ils 'cleaver', etc. (9.21). Walde-Po 2.560. REW 4035. Gamill8cheg 502. Rum. topor, fro Bulg. topor (below, 7). 4. Ir. biail, W. bwyall, Br. bouc'hal : ON liildr, bilda 'cutting tool', OE bill 'kind of broadsword', OHG liihal (*bi}>l-) , MHG biZ, NHG beil, Du. bijl 'ax', fro the root in Ir. benim 'strike cut',

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS, ETC. Grk. KhaW: Lith. kalti 'hammer, forge', Lat. per--cellere 'strike down', etc. (9.21). Grk. Opa;"', etyro. dub. Walde-Po 1.872. Walde-H. 1.553. NG u1ratwor urapw (with new presents to aor. EUlI"a.aa), fro class. Grk. (nraw'draw' (9.33), also 'tear, rend' whence the NG 'break'. NG raaKlrw, prob. of imitative origin. Pernot, Recueil, p. 4.

2. Lat. frangere (> It. frangere not common, OFr. /raindre, Rum. fringe, etc.; REW 3482) : Goth. brikan, OE brecan, etc. (below,4). Walde-P. 2.200. Ernout-M. 386 I. Walde-H. 1.541. Feist 105. Lat. rumpere (> It. rompere, Fr. rampre, Sp. romper; Rum. rupe now mostly 'tear'): ON rfafa, OE reofan 'break', Skt. rup- 'feel spasms', Lith. rupeti 'be anxious', etc., fro *reup-, prob. an extension of *reu- in Lat. ruere 'fall down', Skt. ru- 'break into pieces', etc. Walde-Po 2.354 f. Ernout-M. 876 I. It. spezzare, deriv. of pezza 'piece'. REW 6450. Fr. casser, fro Lat. quassare 'shake, shatter'. REW 6939. Gamillscheg 192. Fr. briser, fro a Gallic form answering to Ir. brissim 'break' (below, 3). REW 1306. Gamillscheg 150. Wartburg 1.534 I. Sp. quebrar, fro Lat. crepiire 'rattle, crack', through 'burst' (cf. It. crepare, Fr. crever, Rum. crapa 'burst, die'). REW 2313. Rum. sparge, fro Lat. spargere 'strew, scatter' (9.34), whence first (and still esp.) 'break into small pieces'. REW 8120. Tiktin 1465 I. 3. Ir. brissim, Nlr. brisim (cf. Fr. briser, fro a corresponding Gallic form; also Corn. bresel 'strife', MBr. bresel, Br. breul 'war') : Skt. bhri- 'injure', Av.

563

bri- 'cut', ChSL briti 'shear', etc. Walde-Po 2.194, 206. Ir. con-boing (3sg.), cl. bong- (vbl. n. buain) 'reap, break' : Skt. bhaiij- 'break' (see below, 7). Walde-P.2.150. Pedersen 2.477. Stokes 177. W. torri, Br. terri (older tOTN), cl. W. tor, Br. torr 'a break, cut', perh. fro torp- : Lith. tarpas 'interval, interstice' (i.e. 'a break'), trapus 'fragile', etc. (Walde-P. 1.732). G. S. Lane, Language 13.27. 4. Goth. brikan, OE brecan, etc., general WGmc. (Dan. brrekke, Sw. bracka, fro MW breken) : Lat.frangere, above, 2. ON brjOta, Dan. bryde, Sw. bryta, OE breotan (cl. also OHG bradi 'fragile', ON broma 'fragment', OE bryttian 'divide, dispense', etc.), fro IE *bhreu,.., perh. an extension of *bher- in Lat. felire 'strike', etc. (9.21). Walde-Po 2.195 I. HellQuist 105. ON rjafa, OE reofan : Lat. rumpere, above, 2. 5. Lith. laulti, Lett. lamt : Skt. ruj'break, destroy' Grk. hlJ)'pOS 'mournful', Lat. lugere 'mourn', OE tolilcan 'break in pieces', OHG liohhan 'pull, tear out', fro IE *leug-. Walde-Po 2.412 I. Walde-H. 1.830 f. 6. CbSl., SCr., Boh.lomiti, Pol.lomie, Russ. lamat', and with different grade ChSI. prllamati, Boh. lamati, Pol. lamae : ON lami, OE lama, etc. 'lame, crippled', ON lemja 'beat, flog', Lett. l'imt 'break down under a load', OPruss. limtwei 'break', etc., fro IE *lem-. Walde-P. 2.433 f. Berneker 688, 731. 7. Skt. bhanj-: Arm. bekanem 'break', Ir. bong- 'break, reap', con-baing fbreaks' (above, 3), Lith. banga 'wave, billow'. Walde-Po 2.149 f. Av. sCand- (in caus. fonn sCandaya~, Bi!indaya-; cf. sb. skmda-; Barth. 1586 I.), perh.: Ir. scandaim 'split', ON skinn 'skin, hide', etc. Walde-Po 2.563 I. J

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

564

: Skt.

9.27 SPLIT (vb. trans.) Grk. NG Lat. It.

Goth. ON

vxLt'l4

'xlf"',

O'xtt~

/inUre fa1lfkre, _ . f-.

Dan.

Lith. Lett. ChSl SCr. Boh. Pol.

klj",. .paite, kl;", aplitU apliUm, kllJlJll clOojan cleoe .plil (cieaIIo)

RWIII.

Rum.

dupiea

Sw. OE ME NE

h. Nh.

dIonjJim

Du.

aplij....

Skt.

BCOiltim

faouta

OHG .pa/tan, klioban MHG ,pat.... NHG Bpatlsn

Av.

Br.

Fr. Sp.

1umder, rajar

w.

holIti

Bphu~

(I fr. U) 'burst, split open',

phal- 'burst, ripen', Grk. crt/Ja.)'6.crcrmr

,kelt"

TE~1I'e,1I', K.eVTfi1l'

cijepati

O(s)p(h)el-. Torp 1111.

llc'IU clpiti

'"pat;

lupot. BZCZBpaC kolot', !&pat' Mid- (tlr-, cAid-) dar- (Bid-)

In words for 'split' the distinctive na- of Lat . • piCa 'ear of grain'. REW 2600 tion is 'cut in two along the length, the (but "Vogel rupfen"?). Pu~ariu 524. grain, etc.', thongh they may ..leo be Candrea-Hecht, Romania 31.307. used more broadly for 'severJ divide'. 3. Ir. dltmgim, dluigim: ON telgja Many are from roots that appear also in 'whittle', OE telga 'branch, bough', Lith. words for 'cut', 'tear', 'flay', etc. dalgis, Lett. dalgs 'scythe', fro °delgh-, 1. Grk. uxLj.. : Skt. chut- 'cut off, °dlegh_, an extension of °del- in Skt. dalsplit', Av. sid- 'split, destroy', Lat. 'burst', Lat. dolare 'hew', etc. Walde-Po scindere, sometimes 'split' (cuneis lig- 1.809 f., 812. Pedersen 1.43, 2.507. num, etc.), mostly 'tear', Goth. Bkaidan NIr. BCDiUim, W. hollti, Br. faauta, 'separate', Lith. s/r.U8ti, Lett. ik'icst derivs. of Ir. ""DiU, W. holU, Br. foout 'a 'separate', etc., with numerous and cleft, split' : Lith. skeUi 'split', ON sl«1ja complicated root connections. Walde- ldivide', Grk. Q'1(a,XXw 'stir up, hoe', MIr. P. 2.543 f. Ernout-M. 905 f. se It. fendere, Fr. 2.590 ff. Pedersen 1.77. Otherwise for fendre, Sp. hender) : Skt. bhid- 'split', the W. and Br. forms (fr. °spalto- : OHG Goth. beitan, ON Mta, OE bitan, etc. apaUan, etc.) Loth, RC 32.420. 'bite', fro IE °bheid-. Walde-Po 2.138. 4. ON kljUfa, Dan. kl;ve, Sw. klyva, Emout-M. 360 f. Walde-H. 1.500 f. OE cliofan, ME cleve, NE cleave (arch.), It. spaccare, fro Gmc. (Langob. *spah- Du. klieven, OHG klioban, NHG kli... han), cf. MHG .-packen 'split', OHG ben : Grk. -y}.iJ,p.. 'carve', Lat. glabere spahha 'dry twig', of which further con- 'peel', etc. Walde-Po 1.661. Walde-II. nections are dub. Walde-Po 2.652. 1.610 f. Falk-Torp 542. REW8114. Du. splijten (MHG Bplizan, NHG Sp. rajar, derive of raja 'a crack, slice' J Bpleissen) and Bplitlen (MDu. > NE this fro Lat. radula 'scraper'? REW Bplit; MLG > Dan. Bplilte), MHG Bplit7001. leren (> Sw. Bpliltra), NHG Bplittern, Rum. despica, fro late Lat. despicare all fro a °Bplsid-, prob. connected with 'break apart, break open' (despicatisfori- *sp(h)el- of the following group. Waldebus, leetis, Ronsch, Coli. phi!. 295 f.; P. 2.684. Falk-Torp 1126. NED s.v. despicalis glossed by patefacns, di.ruptis, Bplilvb. inciBi., also spiculati. decoriatis, CGL OHG spaltan, MHG, NHG spalten, 6.331.), same word as de8picare (cf. Du with Goth. spilda 'tablet', etc. (prob. Cange s.v.) used with bladum for 'pluck also, with secondary meaning, the group grain', that is 'break off the ears', deriv. ON spilla, OE spildan, spillan 'destroy')

566

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS, ETC.

(Hesych.), etc., fro a root Walde-Po 2.677 f. Falk-

5. Lith. skelli, .kaldyti, Lett. 8k'elt, skaldit (cf. CbS!. ,kala 'cliff, stone', Russ. iCel' 'a cleft', etc.) : NIr. BCoiUim, etc., above, 3. 6. Late ChS!. cepiti, sCr. cijepati (cf. Russ. dial. cepinka 'stick, stalI', etc.) perh. : Grk. cr~trwl', Lat. scipio 'staff', ON .kifa 'slice', and by parallel root extensions, Grk. ux!j.., etc. (above, 1). Walde-Po 2.545 (cf. also 1.364). Berneker 125. Boh. 8tipati, Po!. szczepa6, Russ. • tepal' : CbS!. .kopiti 'castrate', Grk.

9.28 TEAR (vb. trans.) Grk. NG Lat. It.

Fr. Sp. Rum.

Jr. NIr.

w.

Br.

tT7f'apOtTtTW

twXlr",

,cindere Btracciare tUchir6T' Ttl8gat', deagan-ar TUpe rebaim reabaim, ,(t)racaim rhwygo Teg
It. premere), perf. preBBI, pple. pressus, with frequent. pres8lire (> Fr. preeser, Sp. prensar; Rum. preea, fro Fr.), fro parallel stems ·prem- and .pres- (ct. °trem-, ·tres- in words for 'tremble'), outside connections dub. Walde-Po 2.43. Emout-M. 807 f. REW 6738, 6741. 3. Ir. /IJiscim, W. gwasgu, Br. gwaeka

576

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

: Grk. welt. 'push', Skt. rod1&- 'strike, slay', I1I1Jr... 'preBS'. Wa.lde-P. 1.255. Pedsrsen 2.515. Stokes 260. 4. Gotli. "reikan, ON "ryngoa, OE "ringan, OHG dringan, etc., 0.11 of these mostly 'press around, throng' J pooh. : Lith. lrenkti 'throw violently, clash', trankU8 'jolting', Av. 8raxta.- 'crowded together' (Barth. SOL). Wa.lde-P.1.758f. Fa.lk-Torp 1293 f. Feist 5Olf. OE "ryccan, OHG druuken, MHG drucken. NHG driU:ken (vs. drucken 'print'), Du. drukken, Dan. trykke, Sw. lrycka : Lith. trukti 'rend, hresk'. W&J.de-P. 1.731. Fa.lk-Torp 1288, 1290. OHG presaOn, MHG. NHG pr..son (> Dan. presae. Sw. pressa), ME pr...., NE pr.... Du. person, fro Lat. pr..B4re or Fr. pre.ser (ahove, 2). Falk-Torp 848. Franck-v. W. 497. NE squeeze 'preBS hard', etym. duh. NEDs.v.

va.,

5. Lith. BpaU8ti : Grk. a... 'urge on, hasten' (14.23), Walde-P. 2.659. Trautmann 273f. Lett. Bpies!, prob. : spies!, Lith. spi..ti 'swarm' J Lat. spi8Bm 'thick, compact' (12.64), etc. WaIde-Po 2.658. Traut-

Grk. NG Lat. It.

Fr. Sp• Rum. Ir. Nlr. W.

Br.

-

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS, ETC.

mann 274. Otherwise MIlhI.-Endz. 3.1006. 6. CbSi. tiBkati (rare; ti.nqti 'pueh out'). SCr. pritiBnuti, priliBkiaati, Boh. tiBknouti (timiti 'oppress'), Pol. (ci8kOO 'throw') ciBnqt, BCiIl1lqt. Russ. (but not the usual words for 'press') ti.kat'. tianut', prob. fro the ""me root as ChSI. t6sto, ete. 'dough' (5.53). Walde-P. 1.702. CbSI. i~, limq (late), Russ. lat. 1sg. 1m" (a.lso, but not common. SCr. ieti. .......... Boh. idinw.ti, Pol. iqc. ime) : Grk. -r~1'W 'be full', -rOo.. 'seized', etc. Wa.ldeP. 1.572ff. Miklosich 408. ChSI. gne8ti, gnetq (late, hut iter. ugnltati 'crowd upon', Ostrom.). Boh. hniati (esp. 'knead'). RUBS. gneati (now esp. 'oppress'), etc. : OE cnedan, OHG kneton, ete. 'knead' (5.54) Walde-P. 1.580. Berneker 3ll f. Boh. tlaCiti : tlouci, ChSI. tl1lkq, tl18ti 'knock, beat, strike' (9.21). Miklosich 349. RII88. davit' (also 'choke, strangle') : ChSI. daviti, etc. 'choke', perh.: Goth. 'dead', etc. Berneker 181 f. Feist 118. 7. Skt. pid- : Grk .....t., (ahove, 1).

00"".

9.35 POUR Oath. ON Oan. Sw. OE ME

xlw

l-

......... ........

..,.,..

"'.-

MIla ••lceol:ja 1oaIlde. wdo. d:wahan, ON jJI14 (Dan. to, Sw. 111 It. arte still in part 'craft'),

TftcTfAI',

eap. arB 8OTdt"da as opposed to the liberal

Skt. tak,an-, Av. ta8an-, which reflects an IE word, though the earliest scope of its application is not entirely clear, 'f...h-

arts; arlijicium (cpd. with facere 'do, make'; cf. artiJex 'artisan') fro the notion of 'fit together': Lat. artus 'joint',

ioner, builder', or 'carpenter' (see under 'artisan').

armU8

the exception of the group Grk.

Most of the words listed have a wider a.pplication than 'manual craft' and

'stroke, sweep over, wrap about', OHO

sweifan 'swing', etc., root *swei- with numerous extensions in words for 'swing, bend'. Walde-Po 2.520. F&lk-Torp

1223. OHG kerr..., MHG ker(e)n, NHG kehren, OLG kerr..., cf. OHG uberkara 'sweepings', Norw. kaTe, Sw. kara 'scrape', perh.: Lith. ierti 'scrape, scratch'. Falk-Torp 496. Klnge-G. 293. Weigand-H. 1.1017. On the distribution of NHG kehren and feg ..., cf. Kretschmer, Wortgeogr. 194ff. 5. Lith. iIluoli, Lett. slaucit, beside Lith. iiluota, Lett. sluota 'broom' : Grk. .Mr.. 'rinse', OLat. duere 'cleanse' (cf.

Grk.

NG Lat. It.

F,.

Sp. Rum.

Jr. Nlr. W. Br.

.

Sp. artesano, NE artisan; REW man' and esp. 'carpenter', fro *sapero- : 679. Gamillscheg 52), Rum. me~tel[U{Jar, Lat. sapere 'taste, perceive, know', OHG meseriaf; W. crejJtwr, Br. micherour; OE intseifen 'perceive'. Walde-Po 2.450. crrejtiga, Dan. haandvrerker, Sw. handt-. Pedersen 1.92. verkare, Du. handwerker, MHG hant-. Ir. cerd 'craftsman', also 'smith, artist, werker, NHG handwerker; Lith. amatipoet', NIr. ceard : Ir. cerd 'craft' (9.41). ninkas, Lett. amatniek8; ChSl. kiznlnik11, 5. Goth. -smi/m only in aiza-smi/>a SCr. zanatlija, obrtnik, Boh. feme8lnik, 'coppersmith' and so uncertain whether Pol. rzemieslnik, Russ. remeslennik; Skt. still generic 'craftsman' or 'smith', ON ~lpin-. smi'Or 'craftsman, woodworker or metalCpds., the second part meaning 'doer, worker' (cf. gull-, jarn-, tre-smifJr) : OE maker', 'man' or 'master' : Lat. artijex 8mi/>, OHG amid 'smith', etc. (9.60), fro (cf. facere 'do, make'); ON i~narma~r, the root in Goth. gasmipOn 'effect', ME eraftirruIn, NE craftsrruIn (earlier ON smi~a 'make, forge', etc. (9.61). craftes man), Du. ambachtsman; OHG OE wyrhta (cf. isern-, stan-, treowwercmeistar, MHG wercmeister (lit. wyrhta) , ME (with metathesis) wright, 'work-master'); also NHG handwerksOHG wurhto, MHG (only in cpds.) man, Dan. haandvrerksman, Du. hand-wiirhte, -worhte : OE weorc, OHG werc, werksman, and NHG handarbeiler. etc. 'work' (9.12). 2. NG jJ.o.uTopas, P.a.UTOp1JS, used for 6. ChSI. chytr'k!, denv. of chytnl 'master·workman' and one who is master 'skilled, crafty' (cf. 9.41). of a trade, 'artisan', fro Lat. magister Russ. masterovoj, deriv. of 'master, 'master'. G. Meyer, Neugr. Stud. 3.43. maker' (9.41). Cf. OHG meistar (in wercmeistar, above, 7. Skt. karu- 'doer, maker', but esp. 1), Russ. masterovoj, fro the same source. craftsman' : kr- 'do, make'.

The majority of words for 'artisan, craftsman' are derivs., cpds., or root connections of those for 'craft', discussed in 9.41. Others are mostly of similar semantic sources, notions like 'work, fit, know'. In several there is an early tend· ency toward specialization, chiefly to 'carpenter' or 'metalworker' (9.43,9.60).

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS, ETC.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

586

It. Fr.

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS, ETC.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

584

werktuig giziuc ziuc, wercziuc werkzeug

Many of the words listed have a wider range than NE tool in its usual application and may cover any 'instrument, implement'. 1. Grk. EP'YCt).E~OV, deriv. (perh. through *Ep-ya.-AOV, cf. Ep;ra.-T7JS, Ep;ra.-V7J) of EP'YOV 'work' (9.12). Grk. OP'Ya.IIOV : EP'YOV 'work'. 2. Lat. instr'Umentum (> It. strumento, Fr., NE, NHG, Pol. Russ. instrument), denv. of instrucre 'provide, equip', orig. 'set in order', cpd. of struere, 'arrange, prepare', fro the same root as Lat. sternere 'spread out', etc. (9.34). Ernout-M. 989 f. It. ordigno, fro VLat. *ordiniurn, deriv. of Lat. ordD, -inis 'arrangement, order', ordintire 'arrange'. REW 6092. It. utensil; (pl.), Fr. outil, fro Lat. utenst'lia, VLat. usitilia 'utensils', deriv. of uti 'use'. Ernout-M. 1141. REW 9101. Sp. herramienta, deriv. (through vb. herrar) of hie.rro, Lat. ferrum 'iron'. Rum. unealta, fro unealte 'of many kinds', pI. of una alta (cf. Lat. unus alter) 'one, the other'. Tiktin 1685. 3. Ir. airneis 'cattle, wealth' also pI. airnisi 'tools', Nlr. oirneis, prob. fro ME harneis 'equipment'. ,K. Meyer, Contrib. 64. Laws, Gloss. 44. NIr. uirlis, orig. dub., a variant of the preceding word? Nlr. aera (given as 'tool' by McKenna and Dinneen), also and orig. 'use, serv-

SCr.

Boh. Skt.

inagis, iranku rikB (orqdtje) orutie, alat ndCin, ndstroj narz,dzie orudie karat\-a-

word fro OHG arunti 'embassy' j but d. Pedersen I.c.) SCr. alat (also Alb. alat, Rum. dial. halat) , fro Turk. alet 'tool'. Miklosich, TUrk. El. 1.246. Boh. ndCin : Ciniti 'do, make' (9.11). Boh. nastroj: TUlstrojiti 'prepare, equip', strojiti id.

587

Pol. narz~dzie: rzqd, rZfd 'row, set, order', ChSl. rfdu 'order, arrangement'. Bruckner 356, 474. 7. Skt. ka1'01Ja- (neut.), mostly act of 'doing, making', fro kr· 'do, make' ~9.11), but also means of making, 'instrument, tool'.

Av.

ice', same word as Ir. acra 'suing, claim' vbl. n. to ad-gairim 'sue, claim I, cpd. of gairim 'call' (18.41). K. Meyer, Contrib. 12. W. arf 'weapon' and 'tool', fro Lat. arma 'arms'. Pedersen 1.241. Br. benveg = W. benffyg, benthyg 'loan', fro Lat. beneficium 'favor, service'. Loth, Mots lat. 138. Henry 31. 4. ON tal (pl.), OE tal, ME tole, NE tool, fro the root of OE tawian 'prepare', Goth. taujan 'do, make' (9.11). NED S.V. tool, sb. OHG giziuc 'equipment, tools', MHG ziue (NHG zeug 'material, cloth', 6.21) : MLG tugen 'make', etc. Weigand-H. 2.1320 f. Hence also, with words for 'work', MHG wercziuc, NHG werkzeug, and (prob. semantic borrowing) Du. werktuig, Dan. vmrkt¢j, Sw. verktyg. Dan. redskab, Sw. redskap, fro MLG redeschap 'readiness, equipment'. FalkTorp 886. Hellquist 822. 5. Lith. inagis, irankis, cpds. of i'in' with nagas 'nail' (of finger or toe, 4.39), pI. 'fingers, hands' (cf. NSB S.V. nagas), and with Tanka 'hand' (4.33). Lett. riles = Lith. rykas 'vessel, tool' root connection dub. Muhl.-Endz. 537.

6. ChSl. orqdtje ('affair, business', lat, 'implement'), Ser. orude, Russ. orudie : ChSl. rfdu 'order, arrangement'. WaldeP. 2.368 f. Pedersen, KZ 38.310. Otherwise Miklosich 226, Bruckner 381 (loan·

(vb. Grk.

XPWIUU.

NG

~UTaXHP'rOl-'tI.~, XP'ItUI'01fO~[;j

Lat.

uti

It.

~ervirsi

F,. Sp.

Rum. Jr. Nlr. W.

B,.

di, tulare, adop(e)rare se servir de, employer, user de emplear, mar, servirse tk intrebuinla, sem de, se fol03i de, uza airbiur biuth usaidhim iwsio ober gam

"

9.423 USE = Make Use of)

Goth. ON Dan.

&rukjan njota, nyta bruge, benytte, vrnde Sw. bruka. begagna, nyttja, anvanda OE brUcan, nyUian ME brouke, use (nyUen) NE use (employ) Du. gebruiken OHG (ge)brUchan, niuzan, nuzzan MHG (ge)brUchen. nuzzen NHG gebrauchen, benut;:en, anwenden

'Use' is understood here as 'make use of', not in the secondary sense of 'make or be accustomed to', which developed in Romance and English (now mostly in past tense or pple. used). This latter started in the sb. Lat. usus 'use' and 'usage, custom' (so also in NHG gebrauch, but not in the vb. gebrauchen). 'Use' and 'enjoy' may be parallel senses in the same word or in cognate groups (below, 4); also 'use' and 'need' (below, 1, 6). Other connections are with words for 'turn' (through 'turn to, apply') and for 'live' (through 'live through, experience'), 'work' ('work at, operate'), 'fold' ('enfold, involve')' 'advantage' (,take advantage of'), 'serve' ('serve oneself of'). 1. Grk. xpW)J.a.t (*XP'1Eo)J.aL, cf. inL xpijt;1(Jat, Boeot. XPEtE~u(Jat), in various senses, 'have need of', whence both 'desire' and 'make use of', fro the latter also

Lith. Lett.

varioti, naudoti lietuot

SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ.

upotrijebiti uziti uiyc upotrebit' upayuj-, prayuj-

ChS!.

Skt. Av.

the freq. technical 'consult an oracle' : 'need', xp~ 'needs, must, ought', etc. (see 9.93). Hence xfYf/u'JJ.Os 'useful', whence cpd. NG XP7JULP.01t"O'W 'make use of'. Grk. P.ETa.XE,p£tOIJ.a., (: xELp 'hand') 'take in hand, practice', NG 'use'. 2. Lat. uti, OLat. octier (cf. also Osc. uUtiuf 'usus', Pael. oisa 'usa'), etym.? Walde-Po 1.103. Emout-M. 1141 f. Hence, formed fro pple. or sb. usus, MLat. 11sare, It. usare, Fr. user (> ME, NE use), Sp. usar (Rum. uza neolog. fro Fr.). It. servirsi di, Fr. se servir de, etc., lit. 'serve oneself of', fro Lat. Bervire 'serve' deriv. of serous 'slave'. Fr. employer (> ME, NE emploY, in part = use, NED S.V. employ, vb. 1), Sp. emplear, fro Lat. implicare 'enfold, involve, engage', cpd. of plicare 'fold' (9.15). Ernout-M.778. REW 4312. XPEta.

588

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

It. adop(e}rare, cpd. of op(e}rare 'work, do, make', Rum. tntrebuinja, cpd. fro .b. trebuinla 'need' (of Slavic orig., 9.93), with sense inHuenced by NHG gebrauchen (so Tiktin 840), or by the similar Slavic cpds. as SCr. upotTijebiti, etc. (below,6). Rum. se folosi de, fro sb. folos 'gain, advantage', this fro Byz. ""Ms, Grk. ,,0' 'furtherance, advantage, help'. Tiktin 641 f. 3. Ir. a'irbiur, cpd. of berim 'carry', followed by biulll ( Dan. bruge, Sw. bruka) , OHG (ge}br-uehan, MHG (ge}brUehen, NHG (brauchen now J

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS, ETC.

'need'; Paul, Deutsches Wtb. s.v.) gebrauchen, Du. gebruiken : Lat. frui 'enjoy', frilx, fr-uetus 'fruit', etc. Walde-P. 2.208. Falk-Torp 106. Feist 107. ON niota, nyta ('use' and 'enjoy'; Dan. nyti.e 'enjoy', nytte cbe of use', benytte 'use'), Sw. nyttja, OE ,,"otan, nyttian, ME nyUen, OHG niuzan, nuzzan, MHG nuzzen, NHG (nutzen mostly 'be of use') benu.tzen : Goth. niu.tan 'attain, enjoy', ganiutan 'catch', Lith. nauda 'use, profit'. In this group the sense of advantageous use is dominant, and the early forms also mean lenjoy'. WaldeP. 2.325. Falk-Torp 774, 777. Feist 379. NHG anwenden (> Dan. anvende, Sw. anva:nda) , cpd. of wenden Iturn', hence 'turn to, apply, use' for a particular purpose. 5. Lith. vartoti, fro the root of veTsti, Lat. vertere, etc. 'turn'. Cf. NHG anwenden. Lith. naud.ati, fro nauda 'use, profit' : OE ,,"otan, etc. (above, 4). Lett. lietwt, fro lieta 'thing' (9.90), also 'tool', etc. Miih!.-End•. 2.505 f. 6. ChS!. (?), SCr. upotrijebiti, Russ. upotrebit', cpds. with root seen in ChS!. trebovati 'need', sb. potreba 'need', etc. (9.93). Boh. uiiti, Po!. uiyc, cpds. of iiti, iyc 'live' (4.74), hence through 'live through, experience' (cf. NHG erleben) > 'use'. 7. Skt. upayuj-, prayuj-, cpds. of yu,i'join, unite'.

9.43 CARPENTER Grk.

Tt«TWJ'

NO

Goth.

p.a.pa:yl(~, ~I1MI1P"'~

ON

Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir.

faber fa/egTwm,

Dan. Sw.

cha:rpentier oorpintero dulg,"", ...lar sair

OE ME NE Du.

Nlr.

• oor

OHO

.....

W.

MHO NHO

kal ....

Br.

timrja tr18m:a.'3r tlmrer

Lith. Lett. ChSI. SCr. Boh.

dailidi remeaia tektonu, drlvodlljo k80r, drvodjeljo

carpent SCr. burgija, above). Berneker 102. 7. Skt. vedhaka-, vedhanika- 'instrument for piercing pearls' : vidh- 'pierce' (9.46).

bag....

bohrer

9.48 SAW (sb.)

Words for 'auger', that is, the more generic words for a boring instrument (special terms for a small borer, like NE gimlet, are ignored) are partly from the verbs for 'bore' (or roots of similar source, 'turn, whirl'), partly connected with words for 'sharp' or some sharp instrument. A few are from various otber sources. and tbere are several loanwords.

1. Derive. of .1eT-, etc. in words for 'bore' (9.46). Grk. Tpfnr.... (cf. Tpiir40J 'bore'), whence MLat. Irepan"m, OIt. Irepano (cf. Fr. IrApan as surgical instrument), It. trapano, NG Tptnr6.V'; Grk. T~IMTPOV (Hom.); Lat. terebra; Ir. tarathar, W. taratir, Br. tarar, ta/ar, Latinized Gall. lara/rum, whence OFr. tarer., Fr. tari6re (with suffix change), Sp. taladro. Ernout-M. 1033. REW 8570, 8959. 2. It. succhi,Uo (less commonly suechio in this sense): 8UCChiare 'suck', from the notion of BUCking out the chips. REW8417. Sp. barre...., fr. Lat. 'spit. javelin' and later 'auger', deriv. of veru 'spit, javelin' : Ir. biT 'spit', Goth. qairu 'stake, thorn', etc. W8Id",P. 1.689. REW9261. Rum. alredel, fro Slavic (below, 6). Rum. burghiu, fro Turk. burgu 'auger' (cf. SCr. burgija, below. 6). Lokotsch 363.

......i...

3. Ir. larathar, etc., above, 1. W. ebill (MBr . • bil 'peg. nail') : Lat.

acukus 'sting., spur, spine', acer 'sharp', OE awel 'awl'. etc. Wald",P. 1.29. Wald",H. 1.11 .. Stokes 5. W. tr1IJyddew : tr1IJyddedu 'peuetrate, Jl8BS' (now 'license'), deriv. of tr1IJy 'through'. 4. ON Mi/arr, Sw. navare, OE ... (b)JogilT, ME ooll6f1ar, "'uger, NE auger (a nauger > an auger), Du. avegaar, OHG ...bag..., nabuger, MHO ...beger, also (with metathesis through influence of OHO nagal, MHG ....gel 'nail') OHG nagabilr, MHG nageber, fro a Omc. cpd. (·naba,.gaiaa-, ·nabo-gaiaa-) of the eI", ments seen in ON np/, OE ""Iu, OHO naba 'nave of a wheel' and ON geirr, OE gar, OHG g... 'spear, pointed instrument'. with orig. meaning 'sharp tool for boring through the nave of a wbeel'. FaIk-Torp 757. NED S.V. auger. Dan. bar, Sw. bOlT, OE bor, Du. boor, OHO bora, NHG bohrer: ON bora 'bore', etc. (9.46). 5. Lith. grqitaa (cf. OPr. gra...lis id.) : gr~ 'turn, bore' (9.46). Lett. _rpllls, prob.: W. chwerfu 'whirl'. ON /lVarla 'displace, turn', OHO 8tOeToon 'whirl', ME, NE BWerVe, etc. Miihl.-Endz. 3.1144. Wald&-P. 2.529 f. (without Lett. svarpllla). 6. CbSl. 8IJrildl1l. SCr. ....dao, Pol. SWUkr, Russ. sverlo. prob. fro *8IIT!lb-dlo-

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

~~-

.""" ...

'"""

Rum. !...-.tu Ir. tmrae (Hn') Nlr.

14M (toirooac)

W.

UiJ

Br.

Iiukonn

Goth. ON Dan. Sw.

OE

.......

_.mid ..... "'. adg

--

ME NE Du. OHO ,.". MHO NHG IIigo

The saw is a special form of cutting instrument (though its evolution as a distinct tool goes back to neolithic times), and the majority of words for 'saw' are from roots meaning 'cut'. Imitative origin, a rough imitation of the noise of sawing, is probable for several. Some loanwords reBoot the r", semblance between a fine saw and a file. 1. Grk. 71'ptwv, NG 71'pUw" fro vb. 'If'ptw 'saw' (cf. 'If'pLO'Tbs 'sawn' Hom., np{o6r}>, etc.), • ..P...., prob. of imitative origin. Wald&-P. 2.89. 2. Lat. serra (> Sp. sierra), perh. of imitative orig. (IT, with 8 fro _re). Wald",P. 2.501. It. :rega, Fr. 8cie : It. :regare, Fr. 8cier 'to saw', fro Lat. _re 'cut'. REW 7764. Rum. I....lrdu, fro Hung. I""'.IIZ 'saw'. 3. Ir. luire.., NIr. Wirease. prob. fro ·tar-the.., a cpd. of tar- 'across' and a deriv. of lescaim 'cut' (9.22). Machain 381. Ir. serr, fro Lat. ....... (above, 2).

Lith. Lett. Chs!. SCr. Boh. Pui. RUBB. Bkt. Av.

piuklaa

.ag'iI pile pita,pita pita pita lcrakaea-,itanJpal....

Vendryes, De hib. vOO. 177. Bee also under 'scythe, sickle'f 8.33. NIr. 8dbh. fro NE 8aW. W.lIil, fro Lat. lima 'file'. Loth. Mots lat. 182. Br. h&kenn : h£Bk a kind of reed with sharp edges, W. hug 'sedges', reduplicated formations fro the root .seA;.. 'cut' of Lat. 8eC11re, etc., and in the Omc. word for 'saw' (below, 4). Henry 161. (Wald",P. 2.475 for hosk. etc.). 4. ON 81'11. OE 8II/1U, sage, OHG saga, :rega, etc., general Gmc., fro IE ...Ie- in Lat. seclire, CbSl. sMti 'cut', etc. (9.22). Wald...P. 2.476. FaIk-Torp 942. OE mid: snljJan, ON mi3a, Goth. omijJan 'cut' (9.22). Wald",P. 2.695. 5. Lith. piukla8: piauti 'cut', etc. (9.22). Wald",P.2.12. Lett. zIfg'ia, fro MLG sag.: OHO aaga, etc. (above, 4). Miihl.-Endz. 4.695. 6. ChSI. pila, etc., general Slavic word for 'saw', with dimin. forms for 'file', also (perh. through Slavic) Lith.

596

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

piela 'saw, file' (obs.), pidyl5ia 'file', pelyti 'to file', loanword fro the Gmc., word for 'file', OHG rt.hala, fila, MHG voile, NHG !eile. Bruckner 414. Bugs Kalba ir Benove 68, 187. (Trautman 210 assumes orig. connection with Lith. peilis 'knife', but this is another loanword.)

SCr. testera, fro Turk. telltere 'saw'. Miklosich. TUrk. El. 1.176. Skt. krakaca-, of imitstive orig.• cf. krakf- 'roar, crash', etc., krkar4- 'a kind of partridge'. etc. Walde-Po 1.413. Skt. karapatra-, lit. 'hand-blade', cpd. of lcara- 'hand' and paUra- 'wing, feather, blade' (4.392).

-

_./>gll

Lith. Lett. ChBl. SOr. Boh.

ha.....

PoL

mIot

hammer M.....

Russ. Skt.

molot mudgara-, ghana-

h""",,"

Av.

(00kui-)

9.49 HAMMER (sb.) Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

_u

....u.u.

Goth. ON Dan .

marl It. maTtello, Fr. marleau, Sp. maTtillo), prob. : CbSl. mlahl, etc. (below, 6), and fro the root of Lat. molere (cf. Umbr. maletu 'molitum'), CbSl. mllti 'crush, grind', but much disputed in details. Walde-Po 2.287. Ernout-M. 582, 592. Walde-H. 2.16, 37. Rum. ciocan, fr. Turk. ~an 'battleax', prob. through Slavic, cf. Bulg. lekan 'hammer', Russ. lekan 'punch, 'battle~ax'.

..kit

M.....

Words for 'hammer' (sb.) are mostly from roots meaning 'strike, beat, crush', but some are based on the material (as the Gmc. group reflects the primitive hammer of stone) or shape (as probably the Grk. ~'a'YE 'log, block, line of battle', Lith. baliiena 'beam on a harrow', Russ. (dial.) bolozno 'thick board'; root connection dub. Walde-Po 2.181. FalkTorp 76f. OE beam 'tree. pillar, beam', ME beem, NE beam, OHG boum 'tree, pole, beam' (NHG baum 'tree') : Goth. bagmz 'tree', etc. (1.42). ON tTe, OE treow 'tree, wood' (1.42), hence also 'beam' (cf. NE axletree, singletree, etc.). 5. Lith. ball It. ta.ola. Sp. tabla). Umbr. tafte 'in tabula'. etym. dub .• perh. fro ·lal-dhJ.a.. : Skt. tala- 'surface', OHG dil 'boarding'. etc. (below. 4). Walde-P. 1.740. Lat. assis. also written aris (> It. asse, Fr. ail) : aBBer 'stake, beam', asBtda

Rum. sctndurll. fro Lat. seandula 'board. plank' (and so not entered in the (BCindula) 'shingle'. this prob. : OHG list) : Skt. tala- 'surface'. Ork. "lXi. a BCinien 'flay' (NHG sehinden). Ir. sea"," kind of 'board' or 'tablet'. Ir. tulam draim 'split', etc., with orig. notion of 'earth', etc., all from notion of flat sur'split', and in the form BCindula asso- face. Walde-P.1.740. Falk-Torp 1261. ME planke, NE plank. Du. plank. fro ciated with scirukre 'split'. Walde-Po Lat. planca (above. 2). 2.563 f. REW 7652. 3. Ir. cl Fr. planche; ONorth.Fr. planke> ME planke. NE plank, Du. plank. Br. planken). fem. of plancus 'flat-footed' (only in Festus. but source of cognomen Plancus) : Grk...M£ 'fiat surface', Lett. plakt 'become flat', etc. Ernout-M. 774.

'Mason', the one who builds with words for 'artisan' or 'builder', either used alone in specialized aense or with

defining noun or adjective forms. Several of the more distinctive words are

derivs. of those for '(stone) wall'. Some derivs. of words for 'stone' are used for 'mason'. but most of these apply rather to the 'stonecutter' who prepares the stone or does fine work in stone. 1. Grk. 'TEIe,.",,, 'artisan', including 'mason', see 9.42. Grk. XtfJovP'Yin. general term for 'worker in stone' (cf. XWos 'stone', £vX.vp"y6. 'woodworker'. 9.43); less fre-

quent. but with more technical significance, XI.9Mb-yos, lit. 'one who picks out (and builds with) stone' (XI"Y'" 'pick out.

select'). XtfJoMI'"' 'one who builds with stone' (~~ 'construct. build'. 9.44). NG x,.[v'T'f1s 'builder', also spec. 'ms.son' : .. tr", 'build' (9.44). NG p.Q.(l'ropas 'artisan', also spec. 'mason', see 9.42. 2. Lat. Jaber 'artisan'. including 'mason', see 9.42.

Late Lat. lapidarius (fr. lapis...dis 'stone') is rather 'stonecutter, lapidary' than 'mason'. It. muratore, deriv. of mUTare 'build in stone'. fro muro '(stone) wall' (Lat. maTUS 'wall'). Fr. """on (> ME machun. NE rnaBOn), MLat. macio, machio, matio 'mason'. prob. IL Latinized form of a Gmc. °mak. : OE macian 'make'. OHG mah1Wn 'accomplish, make, construct', etc., reflecting an assumed earlier meaning of

the Gmc. verb. namely 'build with clay' (eee 9.11). REW 5208. Meyer-Lubke. Wort. u. Bach. 9.67 f. Sofer, Isidorus 142. Walde-H. 2.4. Sp. albaliil. fro Arab. banna 'architect'. Lokotsch 216. Rum. zidar. fro Slavic. sCr. zidar (below. 6).

'mason', cpd. of stan 'stone' and wyrhta

'artisan' (9.42). ME machun, macon, mason, NE mason. fro Fr. """on (above, 2). NED S.V. Du. mel8elaar. deriv. of metselen 'build in stone'. fr. MDu. mets(e), maets(e) 'mason': OHG stein-meizo. NHG steinmetz 'stonecutter', fro a GalloRom. ·matsio = MLat. macio (above. 2). Meyer-Lubke, Wort. u. Bach. 9.67 f. Sofer. Isidorus 142. 5. Lith. murininkas. Lett. marnieks. derivs. of Lith. mUTas. Lett. maria 'stone wall'. fro MLG mure : OHG mara. etc. (above. 4). Miihl.-Endz. 2.678 f. 6. SCr. >idar. Boh. aednik: ChSl. z!dati. SCr. zidati 'build'. etc. (9.44).

Pol. mulara. by dissim. fro murara. deriv. of mur 'wall'. fro Gmc .• cf. OHG mara. etc. (above. 4). Bruckner 348. Russ. kamenll!ik. deriv. of kamen' 'stone' (1.44). 7. Skt. lepaka- (aiBO lepakara-. prob. by influence of kr- 'do, make') 'smearer, plasterer' and hence with reference to building with clay or mortar 'mason' : lip- 'smear' (Grk. X(,ro. 'fat'. etc. WaldeP.2.403).

Pol.

umms'3r

Dan. Sw.

m ......

muratore

ma,""

Sp. Rum. Jr.

..dar

NJr.

BOOr

doiche

W.

aoer

~

OE ME NE

albanil

.lIir

Du.

mamon.r

aaer cerrig

OHG MHG NHG

....... ......u..r m1lron m1lrare

.........

R ..... Skt.

murininkos m11mieb

ridar

udnik mula... komenRik lopoka-

Av.

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS. ETC.

3. Ir. sair, NIr. saor, W. saer 'artisan' (9.42), including 'mason'; more ape-

cmcally NIr. SOOT elaiche. W. 8aer maen. saer cerrig. with words for 'stone' (1.44). Br. malilloner, fro Fr. maron (above. 2) with added agent suffix. 4. Goth. timrja 'carpenter, builder' (9.43). also 'builder in stone' (Mk. 12.10). ON steinsmitfr. cpd. of steinn 'stone' and smi"lir 'artisan' (9.42); also steinmei8tari, lit. 'stone-master'. Dan. murer, Sw. muraTe, OHG murfin, MHG murrere, NHG maurer, denvs. of Dan., Sw. mur, OHG mura, MHG mUTe, NHG mauer 'stone wall', fro Lat. miir'U8 'wall'. Falk-Torp 741. OE 8!1inwyrhla. both 'stonecutter' and

machun

ON

NG

Lat. It.

Br.

"'al4nwyrhta .......

timrja

",.la11Jf,1I.6.trropas

(faber)

T4nwJ., )'&/'JoIlP'Y6s

Fr.

Lith. Lett. ChSI. SCr. Boh.

Goth.

Grk.

SELECTED INDO· EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

stone or brick. is often expreseed by

601

603

9.54 BRICK Grk.

NG

Lat. It.

Fr. Sp. Rum.

Ir.

'Ir).W60s roU{j'M

Goth.

(.kolja)

later

Dan.

tigl "'......... tegl tegel

brique ladrillo

eli_ida later

Nlr. W.

Br.

br...

priMJ...., bricsen brikenn

Lith. Lett.

OE ME

tigel4

SCr. Boh.

p/ytG kieg'olein

Russ. Skt.

ON Sw.

OHG MHG NHG

ChSl.

Av.

kirpiO i It. fabbro, Rum. fij,.,., flJurar), see 9.42; also faber ferrariUB or simply ferr4riUB (> It. ferraio. Sp. herrero. Rum. jierar), deriv. of ferrum 'iron' (9.67). REW 3120, 3257. Fr. forgeron, deriv. of forgt!T 'forge' (9.61). 3. Ir. goba (stem gobann-), NIt. gabha, W. gof, Br. goo (cf. Gall. Gobannio,

Walde-Po 2.276. It. calcino, deriv. of Lat. cal3; 'lime'. It. maUa, fro Lat. maUha 'a kind of cement' (Pliny), borrowed fro Grk. ,,6.M-r, 's. mixture of wax and pitch' : 1la,)JJalCOs 'soft', Goth. mulda, OE molda 'dust, earth', Skt. mrd- 'clay, loam' (9.73). Walde-Po 2.289. Walde-H. 2.17. Sp. argamaaa (Oat., Port. argamaaBa), cpd. of m.asa 'mass, dough, mortar', but first part dub. (relation to Lat. argiUa 'clay' difficult). Sp. mezcla 'mixture' (5.17), commonly used by the workmen for 'mortar'. Rum. tencueal/J 'pl&Ster, mortar', deriv. of tencui 'cover with plaster or mortar', fr. NHG ttlnchen 'cover with lime, whiteW&Sh, pl&8ter' through Pol. tynCOVJ Fr. mmtier, Sp. mortero in both senses), prob. fr. the root seen in Skt. mr- 'crush,

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

aizMmipa (j4m- )am'i'iJr 80Ied 80Ied amip ...ith ...ith

-

Lith.

Lett. CbS!. SOr. Boh. Pol.

kalW!

kakj. koooE! koooC kooal

Irowai

RUM.

Bkt. Av.

kurnec kclrmara-. lohak4ra-

...it .chmied

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS, ETC. Grk. (rare), NG a..,,,,,AaTw 'hammer, beat out, forge', deriv. of a..,pI,Aaros 'wrought with the hammer', cpd. of aq,upo 'hammer' and the vbl. adj. of ~Aav­ II'(Q

'drive, strike, forge'.

2. Lat. fabricare (> It. fabbrieore 'make, build, forge', Fr. furger, Sp. fraguar), general word for 'make of wood, stone, metal' but often spec. 'forge' (cf. !abrica 'trade, workshop', esp. 'smithy'), deriv. of faber 'artisa.n, smith' (9.42). Lat. cadere 'strike, hammer, forge', also prOC'iidere, 8ZC1ldere 'beat out, forge' : ChSI. kovati, etc. (below, 6). ErnoutM. 238 f. Walde-H. 1.300 f. Sp. fqrjar, deriv. of fqrja 'smithy', fro Fr. fqrge, this fro Lat. falwica (above). REW3121. Rum. fl!.uri, deriv. of fl!.ur 'smith· (9.42). 3. NIr. oibrighim 'work, work on' (9.13), also spec. 'work on metals, forge'. W. morthwylio 'hammer, beat, forge', deriv. of morthwyl 'hammer' (9.49). Br. g...lia, deriv. of gooel 'smithy', fro goo 'smith' (9.60). 4. ON smrIJa 'make, forge', Dan. smede, Sw. Bmida 'forge', OE Bmij>ian

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr.

w.

Br.

.......

"'paw,~

i'ncUa

.....m... encl.... yunque

nic:ooG/Il indlin

inneoin

.......

ein{g)ion

607

'make of wood or metal', ME Bmith.e,

Du. smeden 'forge', OHG Bmidiln 'make, forge', MHG Bmiden, NHG schmietkn 'forge' : Goth. gasmipan 'effect, cause', all perh. first used of woodwork (cf. also 9.42, 9.60) and fro a root *amiii- 'cut, hew'(?) seen in Grk. a"tA~ 'knife for carving',

~lUvlnJ

'hoe' or

'mattock'.

Walde-Po 2.686. Falk-Torp 1077 f. Feist 31 f. ME, NEfqrge, fro Fr.fqrger (above, 2). 5. Lith. kaUi, nukaUi, Lett. kalt 'hammer, forge' : Lith. kulti 'thr&Sh', Lett. kult 'beat, thrash', Grk. ICXtiW 'break', CbSl. klati 'prick, pierce, kill', etc. Walde-Po 1.437. 6. CbSl., SCr. kovali, Boh. kouti, kovati, Pol. kut, k..",w, RUBB. /rovat' 'hammer, forge': Lat. ciidere (above, 2), Lith. kaul' 'strike, beat, fight', ON /!wgoa 'cut, hew', etc. (9.22). Walde-Po 1.330. Borneker 593. 7. Skt.

ghalaya-

'unite,

fashion,

make', sometimes used for making some-

thing of metal, caus. of ghat- 'strive, unite, take place'. Apparently no technical word for 'forge'.

-.

9.62 ANVIL Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

amboIt

BIIId onjilt .....u(otit/o.)

....a

Pol.

Rues.

aanbeeld """,ok• • ,..".,.

...ombou

Most of the words for 'anvil' belong to roots for 'strike. beat', in part the same as for 'forge'. One small group is b&Sed on the notion of 'stationary, firmly fixed', and another word probably on

Lith. Lett. CbSl. SCr. Boh.

Fie""""

lokta

"""""' "" kooadlo

naiwtHmj

kowadIo nakOIIal'nja

Skt. Av.

that of 'raised place'. The Greek word re800ts a primitive anvil of stone. 1. Grk. NG pop. """,.. (fr. Skt. (lfman-, Lith. akmuo, ChSI. kamy, etc. 'stone'. (1.44).

Iu"""...):

a.,....,

608

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

2. Lat. incUs, -Wiia (VLat. 'inc11dine > It. incudine, ancudine, Fr. enclume, Sp. yunque): (in)cUdere 'strike, hammer, forge' (9.61). Emout-M. 238. REW4367. Rum. nicovald, fro Slavic, ChSI. ookovalo (below, 6). 3. Ir. indein, indeoin, NIr. inneoin, W. ein(g)ion, Br. anneo, fro a cpd., first part Ir. ind-, etc., second part dub. Thurneysen, IF 4.274 f. Pedersen 1.114.

4. ON ste'IJi (> ME stithi), Sw. stad, through the notion of 'something firmly fixed', fro IE 'sta- 'stand'. Walde-Po 2.605. Falk-Torp 1155. Hellquist 1103. The other Gmc. words are from cpds. of ana- 'on' with roots meaning 'strike'. They are thus similar to, and perh. modeled upon, Lat. incUs (above, 2).

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS, ETC.

OE anfilt, ME anvelt, NE anvil, OHG ana/alz, MLG anebelte, ambolt (> Dan. ambolt) , Du. aanbeeld: Lat. pellere 'strike, beat, drive', etc. Walde-Po 2.57, 184. Franck-v.W. 3. NED s.v. anvil.

OHG anabo., MHG anebo., NHG amboss : OHG biizan, OE beatan 'strike, beat', etc. (9.21). Walde-Po 2.127. Weigand-H. 1.49. 5. Lith.

priekalas: kalti

'hammer,

forge' (9.61). Lett. lakta, prob. the same word as lakta 'perch' (: lokt 'fly') and 'raised place'. No etym. in Miihl.-Endz. 2.417. 6. ChSI. nakovaw, ookollallno, SCr. ookovanj, Boh. (oo)kovadlo, (oo)kovadli00, Pol. (na)kowadw, Russ. ookoval'nja : ChSI. kovati 'hammer, forge', etc. (9.61). Bemeker 593.

9.63 CAST (Metals) Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. Nlr.

w.

Br.

XOflllEW

xiww

fundere fondere, gettare /ondre fundir

'.rna

teilgim

bunw teun

Goth. ON Da.n. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

Ziti

giotan {J6te, caste

Boh.

Uti laC

cast (found)

gieu.. giQzan giezen

Pol. Russ. Skt. Av.

Ut' richie.

gies8tm

(into the mold). 1. Grk. XOaJlEUw, XWJlEVw, deriv. of XO(tvos 'smelting pot, mold for casting' J fro the root of xl 'pour' (9.35), whence also NG XUJlW 'pour' and 'cast'. 2. Lat. fundere 'pour' (9.35), also

'cast', and specialized to 'cast, smelt, melt' in It.fondere, Fr.fondre, Sp.fundir. It. gettare 'throw, cast (metals)', fro

VLat. *iectiire, Lat. iactare 'throw, hurl'. REW 4568. Rum. turna 'pour in' (9.35) and 'cast'. 3. NIr. teilgim 'throw, cast' (10.25), and by semantic borrowing fro NE cast also 'cast metsls'. Walde-P. 2.396 f. Pedersen 2.564 f. W. bwrw 'throw' and by semantic borrowing fro NE cast also 'cMt metals' : Ir. di-bairgim 'throw'. Walde-P. 2.165. Pedersen 2.476. Br. teuzi 'melt, dissolve', and by influence of Fr. fondre (above, 2) also 'smelt, cast' : W. toddi 'melt, dissolve',

Some of the other words for metals

Grk. TljKW 'melt', etc. Walde-Po 1.701. Pedersen 1. 68. 4. ON steypa 'make stoop, overthrow,

are derived from names of places that were important centers of production and export. Some are loanwords, their precise source unknown.

pour out', hence also 'cast metals', Dan.

st,be, Sw. stopa 'cast', caus. to ON stiipa, OE stupian, NE stoop. Walde-P.2.619. Falk-Torp 1198. Hellquist 1108. Sw. gjuta, OE geotan, ME gete, Du. gieten, OHG giozan, MHG gie.en, NRG giessen, same as for 'pour' (9.35). ME caste, NE cast 'throw', hence 'throw into a mold, cast metals', fro ON

kasta 'throw'. NED s. v. ClUt, vb. NE found 'smelt, cast metals' (now little used, but cf. foundry), fro Fr. fondre (above, 2). 5, 6. Lith. lieli, Lett. liel, SCr. liti, etc. general Balto-Slavic, same as for

'pour' (9.35). 7. Skt. sic-, Av. hi!!- 'pour' (9.35), both also 'cast' (cf. AV 11.10, 12; Yt. 10.96.3). 9.64-9.69. Schrader, SprachvergJeichung und Urgeschichte 2.10 ff., Reallex. s.v. Metalle, Erz, Gold, etc. V. Bradke, Methode und Ergebuisse der arischen A1tertumswissenschaft 28 ff. Rirt, Indogermanen 684 ff. Feist, Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen 196 if. Among the metal names the one most certainly inherited group is that pointing to an IE word for 'copper', with subsequent extension to 'bronze' or in part transference to 'iron'. For 'gold' and 'silver' there are certain widespread groups within which there is agreement in root and partially in suffix, an agreement not sufficient to determine a precise IE form but too great to be acci-

dental. For this and other reasons it is now generally believed (otherwise Schrader) that gold and silver, as well as copper, were known in the IE period.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS 9.64 GOLD gulp

x.pw/)f

Goth.

NG

XP1JfTbs, xswuiJ."0

liT liT

2. Loanwords from some common aubtl8

Lett. ChSI. SCr. Boh. Pol.

da",

Russ.

zel",

zlata

,lata ,/mo wlota hirattya-, jatarilpazaranya-, OPel'S. daranya-

source, perh. to be sought in Asia Minor. Feist 421. Goth. silubr, OE siollor, OHG sil(a)bar, etc., general Gmc.; OPruss. sirablan, Lith. aidabras, Lett. sidrabs; ChSI. sUrebro, srebro, etc., general Slavic. 3. NG a Lat. metallum 'mine, metal'), orig. dub.

Boisacq 630. Fr. mine (> ME myne, NE mine, Rum. mind, Dan., NHG mine, etc.) It., Sp. mina (It. now miniera, fro Fr. mi-

niere, in sense intended here), prob. fro a

Gallic word for 'ore'. Cf. Gael. mein 'are, metal', Ir. mianach 'ore, mine', W. mwn, mwyn 'are', mwnglawdd 'mine', Br. menglouz 'mine, quarry'. REW 5465. Thurneysen, Keltorom. 67 ff. Gamillscheg 613. NED s.v. mine, sb. (doubtful of above connection). MHG bercwerc, NHG bergwerk (Dan. bjrergwrerk after NHG), cpd. of berg 'mountain, mountainous region' (l.22) and 'work'.

NHG grub. (> Dan. grube, Sw. gruva) 'pit' and 'mine' (or for latter spec.

erzgrube) , fro OHG gruoba 'pit', fro graben 'dig' (8.22). Cf. Boh. d~ 'pit' and (prob. after NHG) 'mine' = ChSI. dolil, Pol. d6/ 'pit', Russ. dol 'valley' : ChSl. doll 'under'. Berneker 208 f.

From verbs for 'dig' (8.22).

Lith.

kasykla, Lett. raktuve, Pol. kopalnia (but for 'miner' gornik, fro gora 'mountain', prob. after NHG bergmann), Skt. khani-. SCr., Boh. Russ. rudnik, fro ruda, 'ore', orig. 'red ore' : ChSI. rUdri1. (15.66).

611

0.0''7,1'0$ 'without mark, uncoined', used freq. with xpuuo. or li.p-yvpo. for gold or silver bullion, and 1l.u~!JO' finally specialized to 'silver' (LXX and freq. in pap.). Sp. plata, Port. prala, through 'silver plate', fro Provo plata 'plate' : Fr. plat,

It. piaUo, etc., all fro Grk. 1I"AaTVS 'fiat'.

REW6586.

9.66 COPPER, BRONZE

1. Derivs. of IE 'Ohel- in words for 'yellow' like Skt. hari-, Av. zan-, Lat. helvu., etc. (15.69). Agreement in suffix between Gmc. and Slavic, and within Indo-Iranian. Walde-Po 1.624 ff. FalkTorp 360. Feist 224. Goth. gulp, OE gold, etc., general Gmc.; Lett. zelts, CbSl. zlato, etc., gen· eral Slavic; Skt. hira1J-ya-, Av. zaranya-, OPers. daranya- (Dar. Sus. f. 35), all neuters. 2. Lat. aurum (> Romance and Celtic words, also Alb. ar), fro 'ausom (Sab. aUBUm, Festus); OPruss. auBia,

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. Nlr.

It is noticeable that the old metal names are regularly neuters, except in

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS, ETC.

Lith.

Skt. Av.

609

Ir. tam 'tabes', Lat. tdbes 'wasting away',

4p"YvpGS

w,.,

argentum

argento argent plata.

argint argat, airged airgead Russ.latun'), It. ottone, etc., is also difficult (REW 4933). 'Brass' is 'yellow copper' in Du. geel koper, SCr. tuta mjed. Grk. OpELXa.MOS lit. 'mountain copper' (whence Lat. aurichalcum with spelling after aurum), an alloy of unknown character, later used for 'brass', as in NG.

1. IE ·ayes-. Walde-Po 1.4. Ernout-M. 19. Walde-H. 1.19. Lat. MS, gen. aeNS (cf. aBnUS, aMnus, fro ·ayes-no-, Umbr. ahesnes 'ahenia'), whence late aeramen, ·aramen (> It. rame, Rum. arama 'copper', OFr. arain, Br. arem, Fr. airain 'bronze'); Goth. ai., ON eir, OE lir, OHG er; Skt. ayas-

612

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

prob. 'bronze' in Rigveda (Zimmer. Altind. Leben 51 f. Macdonell-Keith 1.31 f.). later 'iron'. Av. ayah- 'bronze' (as shown by epithets 'yellow. golden'; cf. Geiger. Ostiran. Kultur 148). later 'iron' as NPers. 4han. 2. Grk. x.M6s. prob. a loanword and possibly fro the same source as Lith. geldi. 'iron'. etc. (9.67). Walde-Po 1. 629. Boisacq 1049. NG pop. 1'1 Romance words. also W. plwm. Br. ploum). prob. a loanword fro the same source as the Grk. word. Ernout-M. 781. 3. Ir. luaide. NIr. luoidlw; OE lead. ME lede. NE lead. Du. Iood (MHG liit.

5. Lith. Svinas. Lett. .wins. Russ. svinec, etym. dub. Persson, Beitrage 745. Buga. Kalba ir Senove 262. OPruss. alwis 'lead', Lith. all/as 'tin', Lett. alvs. alM 'tin'. ChS!.. Ser .• Boh. olovo. Po!. o/6w all 'lead'. but Russ. olovo 'tin', orig. a color word (with characteristic -wo-suffix) with application to either 'lead' or 'tin' and subsequent varying distriBution in this respect. But root connection dub. (OHG elo 'yellow'. etc.?). Walde-Po 1.159. 2.442.

NHG lot 'lead' as 'solder' or 'plummet'; so also Dan .• Sw. lod. fro MLG). The Gme. words are prob. borrowed from Celtic. and the latter perh. deriv. of IE

6. Skt. Bioa- neut. (AV +. cf. Macdonell-Keith 2.452). et.ym.? Av . • rva- neut. (Barth. 1649). NPers. surb. etym.?

Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr.

w.

Ilr.

plumbum pWmbo p/omb

pl...

lIalTlTl'Tfpor

Ka).cii; Tel'Ed:f

plumbum album stagno; laUa ctain; fer&nc eatafio; lata cositor; tinichea 8Uin, crid stan Y8taen, tyn

""'n

Goth ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du.

tin tin; blik tenn; bleck tin tin tin tin,'blik

OHG un MHG un NHG zinni blech

NE tin covers both the raw metal and the more familiar tin-plate, for which in many languages dilIerent words are used. The latter (from which usually the words for 'tinner') are from notions like 'thin strip, plate', shining', 'white iron', 'hard'. But most of the old words for 'tin' as the metal are of obscure origin. Schrader. Reallcx. 2.696 fT.

Lith. Lett. CbSl. SCr. Boh.

cinas, alva8; skardis alva, aloo; skiird8 kOlliterl
"6.111'7l5: 1I"Aa.UO'W 'form, mold' (9.72). NG TO'ovlCO.Xir, fro TO'OVICO,M 'pot'. 2. Lat. jigulus (cf. fictilia 'earthenware, pottery'): fi1llJere 'mold, form' (9.72). It. lJa8aio (the term used in archeol-

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS, ETC.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

616

ogy), deriv. of 11080 'vase, pot' (also ....110, whence lHlIleUame 'pottery'), Lat. t'48um.

It. 8tovigliaio 'pot-maker' and 'potseller', deriv. of 8toviglie 'pottery', this fro VLat. 'te,tulle, deriv. of Lat. te.tu beside testa 'earthen pot, tile, etc.'. REWS688. Fr. potier, deny. of pot 'pot', whence also poIerie 'pottery' > Br. poderi, pi>dere., NE poUery. Sp. alfar.ro (cf. alfarena 'pottery'), fro alf(ah)ar 'pottery', this fro Arab. faIJ/Jdr 'potter'. Lokotsch 570. Sp. ollero, Rum. olor (cf. Rum. olld... 'pottery, potter's shop'), fro Lat. Ol/ariUB, adj. 'pertaioing to pots', later 'potter', deriv. of alla 'pot'. 3. Ir. cord 'artisan' (9.42) also spec. 'potter' (cf. Ml. 18&12, lSb4). Ir. doiIhtltid (Wh. 4c29), deriv. of dolbaim 'mold' (9.72). Pedersen 2.17. NIr. criadoir, fro criad(h)a 'pottery', deriv. of cre 'clay' (9.73). W. croc1umydd, deriv. of crockan. 'pot'. Br. potier, deriv. of pod 'pot', fro Fr. pol. 4. Goth. Iw.8ja, deriv. of Iw.8 'vessel, jar' : ON ker, OHG kar id., of dub. orig. FaIk-Torp 496. Feist 30S. Late ON leirsmi"iJr, OE 14mwyrhta, OHG leimwurhlo, cpds. of words for 'clay' (9.73) and 'artisan' (9.42).

Dan. poltemager, Sw. krukmakare, cpde. of Dan. poue (: OE poll, below), Sw. kruk (: OE crocca, below) and

'ma.k.er'. OE crOCtuyrhta, cpd. of crocca 'pot, crock' and wyrhta 'artisan' (9.42). ME pollere, NE polter, derivs. of ME, NE pol, OE poll 'pot'. Du. poltenbakker, cpd. of pol (: OE polt, above) and bakken 'bake'. OHG havanari, MHG havenrere, NHG dial. ha/-, derivs. of OHG ha/an, MHG haven 'pot'. NHG IOpfer (whence IOpferei 'pottery'), deriv. of MHG, NHG Iopf 'pot'. 5. Lith. puodZius, Lett. puodnieke, derivs. of Lith. puodae, Lett. puods 'pot'. 6. ChSI. grinUarl, Boh. hrnCir, Pol. garncarz, RUBS. goneaT, gor8eCnik, derivs. of ChSI. grilnlcl, etc. 'pot'. SCr. lonl',ar, deriv. of lonac 'pot'. Pol. .dun (cf. late ChSI. ttdll 'potter's clay') : ChSI. ridali 'build', orig. 'mold, fashion' (cf. 9.44). Bruckner 650. 7. Skt. kumbhakara-, cpd. of kumbha'pot' and a deriv. of kr- 'do, make'.

Skt. kubila- (whence kaul4laka- 'pottery'), orig.? Uhlenbeck 59. S. Cf. Toch. A kunti.-l8ek, B lwak8ilteaik 'potter' (= Skt. kumbhakara-) , cpde. of (presumably words for 'pot', with) Isek-, l8aik- 'form, fashion' (9.72).

9.72 MOLD (Clay, etc.) Grk. NG Lat. It.

Fr.

T).,wITW

yM1J..

fi_' rntklla ..,

pIaom..... I.."..,.. modelm-,Iormer /ormar, modelar

Sp. Rum. 10Nn4, modela k dolbaim, cummaim NIr. Joirmighim, cumaim Jfurfio, Uunio W. B,.

...,.

Lith.

Goth. ON

It. creta), aIso spec. crela figlina 'potter's clay', etym. dub., perh. through terra alta 'sifted earth', fro cernere 'sift, separate'; or: Ir. cr~, etc. (below, 3)1 Walde-H. 1.290 f. Fr. glaise, also terre glaise 'potter'. clay', fro Gall., cf. glisomarga 'a kind of marl' (Plin.). REW 3788. GamilIscheg 471. Sp. barro 'clay, mud' (It. barTO, a special kind of clay), orig.1 REW 965. Wartburg 1.265. Rum. luI, fro Lat. lutum 'mud, potter's clay' (1.214). Rum. humiJ., fro Bulg. huma 'clay', this fro Grk. x,,~. 'earth'. Tiktin 743. 3. Ir. cre (gen. aiad), W. pridd, Br. pri : Lat. cr~la' See above, 2. W. clai, fro ME ciai (below, 4). 4. Goth. PahiJ, OE pohe (rare), OHG

Grk. NG Lat. It.

Fr. Sp. Rum.

.....

,.

........... ..... , vidrio ~_M

oIicld

k

,lain(e)

NJr.

gloifUJ

W. Br.

flWIIdr (I1II It. !letTo. Fr. veTTe; VLat. "vitrium > Sp. vidrio). prob.• as appropriate to the familiar blue-green Roman glass, the same word as vitrum 'woad' (a plant furnishing a blue dye). this again related in BOme fashion to OHG weit. OE wild 'woad'. Walde-P. 1.236. Emout-M. 1074 f.

Rum. 81idd. fro Slavic. CbSI. st'Iklo. etc. (below. 6). 3. Ir. glain(.). NIr. glaina : W. glain 'gem. bead'. Ir.• W .• Br. glan 'bright. pure'. Jr. g.1 'white'. fro IE "gel- or *OheJ,. in numerous color names (for 'gray', 'blue', 'green', 'yellow'). WaldeP. 1.622 f .• 624 ff. W. gwydr. Br. gwer. fro Lat. vitrum (ahove. 2). Pedersen 1.233. Loth. Mots lat. 176. 4. ON gler. OE glma. OHG glas. etc .• general Gmc. (Dan .• Sw. glas fro MLG). orig. used of 'amber' (as OE glm- and in part OHG glas) : Ir. glas. 'green. gray. blue'. W. glas 'blue'. Br. glas 'green'. ON glai.a 'make shine. adorn'. ME. MLG glaren 'gleam'. all prob. fro an ...xtension oUE *Uhel-incolornames (cf. ahove. 3). Walde-P. 1.626. Falk-Torp 325. 5. Lith. sliklas. Lett. 8tilc/.s. OPruss. stido. fro Slavic (below. 6). Lett. gldze fro MLG glas (above. 4). Miihl.-Eudz. 1.624. 6. ChSI. .t'lJclo (quotable only late). etc .• general Slavic. fro Goth . • tikis 'drinking cup' (roTl}pwl1), which became ;known to the Slavs as a glaBB drinking cup (prob. their first acquaintance with gl3BB. at least as a useful product, hence used also for the material). but which orig. applied to the old Gmc. 'drinking hom'. and so : ON stikill 'pointed end of a drinking hom'. OE slicel. OHG .tichil 'point, prick', etc. Bruckner 549. Stender-Petersen 398 I. 7. Skt.kaca-: khac-'shinethrough·(?). Uhlenbeck 51. Av. yama-. yiima- (Barth. 1264. 1286; NPers. J4m). etyro.?

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

622

'plait' are from other roots meaning 'fold, twist, wind' or the like, or derivatives of nouns for 'trees, braid'. A few

'braid' fro that of 'plant. shoot' through similarity of appearance. Henry 224. 4. Goth. UB-Windan (Mk. 15. 17. etc. for ..>.w.). cpd. like bi-windan 'wrap' : OE windan 'wind'. etc. (10.14). OE In-egdan 'make a quick movement. draw a sword', hence from the motions in the proeess (cl. the throwing of the shuttle in weaving) also 'plait. braid'. ME In-eide. NE braid (now mostly with reference to hair. but cf. In-aided rug.) : ON breg'l1a 'move quickly, draw a sword, etc.'. OS In-egdan 'plait'. OHG In-.uan 'jerk. weave'. these further: ON brjii

are identical with the words for 'weave' (6.33). and in most languages the words for 'weave' are freely used with an object like 'basket, mat' or 'reeds, twigs', 80 that they thus cover 'plait'. 1. IE "plef- in words for 'plait' and 'fold', an extension of ·pel- in other words for 'fold'. Cf. Lat. plidire. Goth. la/pan. etc. 'fold' (9.15). Walde-P.2.97. Emout-M. 77711". Grk. ..}..... ; with !-extension Lat. plect£re (> W. plethu; Loth. Mots lat. 'sparkle, shine' J MOl/a 'flame, burn', etc. 196) and ON fiWa. OE fieohtan. OHG (for such relatione of. the uses of NE fiehtan. etc.. once general Gmc.; here flash). Walde-P. 2.169. FaIk-Torp 56. NE plait. plat (in southern U.S. one aIeo (or fro "pier,.. a parallel extension of "pel-?) ChSI. plesti. pletq. etc.. general platB hair). deriv. of plait 'a fold. crease'. fro OFr. pleit. Lat. plicil:um: plicI1.re Slavic (whence Rum. tmpleti). 2. It. intrecciar•• Fr. tres.er. Sp. tren- 'fold'. pledere (ahove. 1). NED s.v. 5. Lith. pinti. Lett. pit: Goth .• OE oar. derivs. of It. tr.ccia. Fr. tr••••• Sp. trenza 'tress, braid', fro ¥Lat. ·trichea, spinnan 'spin'. ChS\. ~ti 'stretch'. fro orig. dub. REW 8893. Gamillscheg 863. IE "(')pen- 'stretch. draw' and hence from the stretching involved in twisting Rum. tmpleli. fro Slavic (ahove. 1). 3. Ir. figim. same as for 'weave' (6.33). together the fibers. etc.. 'spin. plait'. NIr. dualaim 'plait. fold. braid'. deriv. Walde-P. 2.660 f. Lett. reig'it: reig'iB 'wickerwork' J of Ir. daal 'fold. fringe. plait. lock of hair' ("doklo) : Goth. tagl 'hair'. OE trzgl Lith. rog.1i 'knit. plait'. Skt. rajju-. Lat. 'tail'. Skt. da~ 'fringe. horder·. etc. Testis 'cord, rope', OE Te8C, rysc 'rush' Walde-Po 2.374. Walde-P.1.785. Stokes 152. 6. ChSI. plesti. pletq. etc .• see ahove. 1. Br. plafl8ona. deriv. of pla1lson 'braid 7. Skt. u- (oayale. uta-). same as for (of hair)'. fro Fr. plan,on (deriv. of Lat. planta) 'young plant. shoot'; the meaning 'weave' (6.33).

Grk.

~,/[a."AlIor,etc.

NO Lat.

/(4),&8" 1COCPt.", eorbia, calotAus, etc. camstTG, paniete, corba

It.

......

Fr.

pamer, corbeille

Sp.

UBtIJ, canaata COf.pa1UIf" dial> diabh. basc(.)oid baapd,ca.,.u..... pa1UIf".-

Rum. Ir. NIr.

w.

Br.

9.76 BASKET Goth. tainja, mltrj6 laupr, mna ON Da.n. Sw.

OE ME

ku", kma

NE

t.nel, windel, toU1g6 windle, baakel baaUt

Du. OHO MHO NHO

kor/, mand zeimw, corb, craUo karp, krebe, ","eRe kmb

Lith. Lett.

guri>tJB kunliB, f1T'lIOZ8

ChS!.

koIl, krobljl koI, kolariea (kmpa)

Ber. Boh. Pol.

RUBB. SkI. Av.

koI. ko& kmI. konina, kuzoo, korob pija(ka)-, p.w.

NO

Goth.

r).h~

Lat. It.

~

ON

inlrecciare

Fr.

tre88eT

Sp.

Ir.....

Rum. Impkti Ir. jigim NIr. dualaim

w.

pklhu

Br.

p/afI Lat. ci,ta > It. Sp. ceata. W. cost) : Ir. ceBB 'basket' (K. Meyer. Contrib. 353). ci.,. 'twisted'. Walde-Po 1.452. Walde-H. 1.223. Vendryes. MSL 19.61. Grk. I11rIJpl•• -lao. (> Lat. sparta, dim. BpDTtula. It. sparta. ek) : 'niipa 'anything twisted, coil, cord', v7fiLpT'tw 'rope'. etc. Walde-P. 2.667.

,.,.t••.

623

Grk. 4pp'Xos (Ion. 4pu.x.'). orig. dub. Walde-P. 2.374. Grk. aapoycl"" (in NT. 2 Cor. 11.33 clearly a 'rope-basket'; of. the Goth. rendering snlJrjD; so prob. in the papyri. where the word is frequent beside K6 It. corba; late dim. corbicula > Fr. corbeille). orig. dub .• possibly with notion of plaiting from bending: Russ. korobit' 'bend'. ON herpask 'contract', etc. j or may be a loanword fro some Mediterranean source. Lat. corbiB is the source of the Gmc. words. Dan. kurv. Sw. korg. Du. karl. OHG em·b. NHG korb. and these again of the BaltoSlavic words. Lith. gurbas. Lett. kurvis. ChS\. kraIiIf!. Russ. korob. Walde-Po 2.588. Walde-H. 1.272. Emout-M. 220. Bemeker 568. Lat. qudlum (*quaslom. cf. quasiU"" 'small basket') : ChSI. koll 'basket'. etc. (below. 6). aIeo CbSl. (late) kosara 'hurdle. sheep inclosure'. SCr. koliara 'stall of wickerwork', with no known root con.. nection. Walde-P. 1.507. Emout-M. 832. Bemeker 586 f. Lat. fi'CU8 (orig. 'basket' for olives. etc., then 'money-basket' hence 'public treasury'). perh.: Grk. ..i80s 'winevessel't Lat. jid.elia 'earthen jar', as orig. a woven basket covered with clay. Emout-M.364. Walde-H. 1.492 f .• 506. It., Sp. cuta, see Grk. "Lv"" above, l. It. caneBtra, Sp. canasta, see Grk. "ciJ'EOJ', above,!. It. paniere, Fr. panier (> Br. paner), Rum. panaro fro Lat. pI1.7Ulrium 'breadbasket', deriv. of panis 'bread'. Rum. cof. fro Slavic. ChSI. koB!. etc. 3. Ir. cliab. NIr. cliabh. perh. orig. 'basket-shield' : ON hlif 'shield'. hlifa 'protect'. Pedersen 1.116.

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS, ETC.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS OHG corb, ete., above, 2 under Lat. corbiB. MHG kreOO : OHG krippa, OE cribb 'crib, manger', MLG kenJe 'fish-basket, lattice-work', this fro .~«....-..bs, also iuo8p Dan. male, Sw. mdla), NHG malen : Goth. meljan 'write', OE mi'!lan 'spot, soil', derivs. of Goth. mel, OE ml!!, OHG mill 'spot, mark, sign', these prob. fro the root

seen in Skt. malina- 'dirty, dark', Grk. IJEJ\aS', Lett. melns 'black', etc. But the immediate development in German is fro 'make a mark' to 'draw', hence also 'paint', and has no direct connection

with a color notion. Falk-Torp 691.

Walde-P. 2.293.

Pol. RU88.

schilderm

Skt.

_,miiIln

of color, but are father from notions like lscratch, draw, adorn', 'mark, represent',

and were used at first for any form of graphic delineation, then especially for 'paint' since the use of color was usual. 1. Grk. 'YP6.~ (: OE ceorfan 'cut, carve', 9.22) 'scratch, mark', hence usual

'painter', and fro the latter, the usual verbs rorrp~, NG rorrp~£rw. 2. Lat. pingere 'adorn, embroider' and esp. 'paint' (> Fr. poindre, It. pingere,

5. Lith. tapyti (now best word, Senn; formerly in different sense) : Lith. tepti, Lett. tept 'smear', ChS!. tepq, teti 'strike, heat' (Trautmann 319). Lith. pieSti, lit. 'draw, sketch', hut pie.ti paveikslq 'paint' (Lalis, cf. also Hermann, Lit.-deutsches Gespriicbsb. 131), see under Lat. pingere, above 2. Lett. g/eznwt: Lith. gleznoti (dial. 'paint'), derivs.· of Lett. glez"" Lith. glemus 'weak, tender, delicate', with development through 'do delicate work, adorn'. M1ibI.-Endz. 1.626. 6. SCr. • Iikati, deriv. of slika 'painting, picture': lik 'form, appearance'. Bemeker 719. SCr. malati (dial.), Boh. malovati, Pol. maluwaC, fro MHG, NHG malen (above, 4). Bemeker 2.11. Russ. pi8at' 'write, draw, paint' (hence livopiB' 'painting', livopiBec 'painter', cpds. with iivoj 'alive'; cf. Grk. torrp/J.¢o" ahove, 1) : ChSI. p'£Bati 'write', etc. (ahove, 2). 7. Skt. likh-, earlier rikh- 'scratch, write, draw, engrave, paint' (cf. Ukha-, rekha- 'mark, stroke, line, figure') : Grk. !pd~ 'bruise, tear', W. rhwygo 'tear', Lith. riekti 'slice, cut, etc.'. Walde-Po

maIooati malowat

pisat' 1ikJ>.

Av.

dappled, many-colored', Skt. ~- 'carve, fashion, adorn', ChSl. pl8ati 'write', OPers. pi8- 'write', Lith. piesti 'sketch,

draw' (cf. below, 5), Goth. jilu-faihB 'manifold' (1rOA..... IK.}.o.), OE f4h, fllg, OHG feh 'colored', etc. whence again the verbs OEfii.gian 'grow dark, vary', OHG fehen 'color' and with these ON fa 'draw, paint'; here also Toch. piT It. scalpsUo), fro scalpere 'carve' (9.81). Emout-M. 901. REW 7642, 7645. It. C88eUo, OFr. cisel (> Br. kizell) , chisel (> ME chisell, NE chi.el > NIr. Bi8lal), Fr. ciseau, fro late Lat. ·caesez.. lum, cl8ellum, deriv. through "c'i.um (cf. ci80rium 'cutting tool') of caedere 'cut'. REW 1474. Wartburg 2.40. NED s.v. chisel sh.'.

2.344.

psynt. paint

The verbs for 'paint' as an artist are in

Ork. NO Lat. It.

Fr. Sp. Rum.

Ir. NIr.

W. Br.

r.,..,_ r.,..,_

631

9.86 PAINTER (As Artist)

'portray, describe', formerly also 'paint';

'painting', pintear 'painter', peint 'paint',

mitan. 4lieJran

Lith. Lett. ChSI. SCr. Boh.

f4, .krifa male mdla

most cases (unlike those for 'paint' a

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

630

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHO MHO NHO

dliJeII> dldto

Av.

6. ChS!. (late) dlato, Boh. d/dto, Pol. di6to, RUBB. tloloto, fro ·tlolb-to-, beside SCr. dlijeto with e-grade, fro the root of RUBB. tlolbat', tlolhit' 'hollow out', OE delfan 'dig', etc., IE ·delhh-. Walde-Po 1.866 f. Bemeker 183, 208, 250 f.

9.85 PAINT (vb., As Artist)

dMto

Skt.

meiail maizel meisBel

Welsh words denoted originally 'wedge',

3. NIr.

Bob. Pol. R"",.

chisell

Words for 'chisel' (sculptor's or carpenter's) are from verbs for 'cut, hew, carve', 'split', or 'hollow out'. The

Lith. Lett. ChSL SCr.

root connection dub.

Walde-Po 1.680. Stokes 110. FalkTorp 299. 4. ON meit.il.1, OHG meizil, MHG maizel, NHG meissel (> Dan., Sw. mejsel), fro the root of Goth. maitan, OHG mewn, etc. 'cut' (9.22). Walde-Po 2.222. Weigand-H. 2.162. OE gmj8ex, fro grajan 'carve' (9.81) and sew:, sex 'knife' (9.23).

Sp.

9.84 CHISEL (sb.)

629

(>P ..... )

Goth. ON

Dan. Sw. OE ME

pi.......

Du. I Rum. tablou). It. quadro, Sp. euadro, fro Lat. qua.drum 'a square'. 3. W. Uun 'form, shape, figure, picture', as 'picture' also cpds. arlun, daTlun, etym.? 4. OHG bilade, bilidi, MHG bilde (MLG > Dan. billed, Boh. v!!c, etc. 'thing', but root connections unknown. WaldeP.I.246. Falk·Torp 1372. Feist 543. ON hlutr 'lot, share' and 'thing' : OE hlot (NE lot), etc. Walde·P. 1.493. Falk·Torp 650 f: OE ping 'judicial assembly, court', 'matter before the court', then any 'matter, affair, thing', with generic sense as ME, NE thi1l{} = ON pi1l{} 'public as· sembly', Dan., Sw. ting 'judicial court' and 'thing', OHO dine (ding, thing) 'assembly, council', and 'thing' as MHG dine, NHG ding-all: Goth. peih. 'time' (14.11). Semantic development 'appointed time' > judicial assembly> subject of debate> 'affair, thing'. Walde·P.1.725. Falk·Torp 1263. NED S.V. thing. MHG, NHG .ache, fro OHG sacha 'cause', sometimes 'affair, thing' : OE sacu 'strife, dispute, lawsuit' (NE sake), Goth . • akjo 'strife', etc. (19.62). Simi· larly Du. zaak, Dan. sag, Sw. sak, with sense 'thing' perh. due to NHG inHuence. Falk·Torp942f. Weigand·H.2.633. 5. Lith. daiktas (also 'place') : dygti 'sprout' (fr. 'stick up'), diegti, Lett. diegt 'prick', Lat. rtgere 'pierce, fix', etc. Semantic development 'something sticking up, point', whence both 'definite place' (cf. NE point in this sense) and 'item, matter' (cf. NE a point in hia favor, etc., NED S.V. point II 5), hence any 'matter, thing'. Walde·P. 1.832 f.

waihts hlulr ting, sag sak, ling OE ping ME thing NE thing Du. ding, zaak OHG dine, sacha MHG dine, suche NHG suche, ding Goth.

Lith.

daiktas

Lett.

Dan. Sw.

ChS!. SCr. Boh.

luta vest! .toor

ON

There can hardly be a more vague general notion than that of 'thing', covering any act, event, or material object. It is based on a variety of specific notions, and most commonly the generalization to an act, event, or affair is earlier than that to a material object. A few of the words listed are still not used for 'thing' as a material object.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

to an independent word for 'thing' in Irish. 1. Grk. 'If'PQ:YJla. (notion of 'act, affair', etc., dominant) : 1I'p4aaw, Att. 1I'p4rrw 'do' (19.11). NG rp«yp.a, pop. rp«p.a also of material objects and as generic as NE thing. Grk. xpijp.a (in pI. also 'goods, property') orig. 'what is needed': xPEia. 'need', xp~ 'needs, ought, must', etc. (see 9.93). Cf. OSC. egmo 'thing' : Lat. egere 'have need', prob. semantic borrowing fro Grk. xpijp.a. Kretschmer, Glotta 10.157 f. 2. Lat. res ('property' and 'affair, thing'), Umbr. re-per 'pro re' : Skt. rlis, gen.,sg. rayas, Av. gen. sg. rayo 'riches', Skt. Til- 'give, grant'. Walde·P. 2.343. Ernout-M. 822 f. Lat. acc. sg. rem> Fr. rien 'thing', mostly 'nothing' fro neg. phrases, like NG Tt'lf'OTE 'something', 'nothing' . Otherwise replaced by the following: It., Sp. cosa, Fr. chose, fro Lat. caU8a 'cause' and esp. 'lawsuit', whence 'affair, thing'. Root connection unknown. Emout·M. 166 f. Walde·H. 1.190. Rum. lucru 'work, act' and 'thing', fro Lat. lucrum 'gain'. Sense of 'work' through vb. Luera (Lat. lucrari) 'gain' (by work) > 'work', but generic 'thing' by Slavic influence. Cf. Bulg. delo and rabota both 'work' and 'thing'. Tiktin 927 f. REW 5146. 3. Ir. ni, NIr. ni, pI. neithe, orig. neut. of pronominal nech 'someone' (*ne-kU/o-, with change fro negative to positive, as in Lith. ne-kaa 'something'. Pedersen 1.212. Thurneysen, Gram. 309, 311. Jr. ret (cf. also cr~t 'what?' for ce ret), NIr. rud, perh. : Skt. ratna- 'riches'. Walde·P.2.374. Stokes 232. Thurney· sen, Gram. 127. W. peth : Br. pez 'piece, bit', Ir. cuit 'share, part', etc. (13.23). Pedersen 1.160.

633

Pol.

R"",. Skt.

"'C

rZecz veSc', delo va"tu-

Av.

In several cases, partly due to semantic borrowing, the development has been through 'subject of litigation'. Other sources are 'act, deed, work, share, thing needed, property', etc. The use of the neuter of the indefinite pronoun for 'anything, something' and, with negative, (nothing' (Grk. n, onn, Lat. quid, aliquid, ne quid, etc.), has led

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS, ETC. Lett. lieta, perh. : Lith. lyti. 'form, shape'. Miihl.·Endz.2.506. 6. ChSI. vesa, Boh. vee, Russ. veSl'.' : Goth. waihts, etc. (above, 4). SCr . • tvar : ChSI. (sil)tvoriti 'make, do' (9.11), tvar~ 'creation, work, deed', etc. Miklosich 366. Bruckner 586. Pol. Tzecz, also and in early period only 'speech' = ChSI. reR: re.ti 'say'

9.91 Grk.

NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Jr. Nlr. W. Br.

dIAL, i 'must'. Walde-P.2.260. NED s.v. mole and must. Franck-v. W. 437. Weigand-H. 242 f. Hellquist 678. OE modal>, ME nedeth, NE needs (: OE nead 'need', 9.93), also used with notion of obligation or necessity. NED s.v. need vb. NHG dar! orig. 'needs' (9.93), now 'may' and esp. with neg. 'must'. NE has to, now the most common

expression for 'must' (barring perhaps the more colloq. has got to; cf. even U.S. vulgar I goUa) and favored by the fact that, in contrast to must, it has a past tense in same use (had to do it). Similarly NHG hat (er hat abzuwarlen 'he must wait'), but much less important for this sense than NE has. 5. Lith. reikia (impers.), cf. reikalas, 9.93. Lith. jur, fro tur~i 'have' (11.11), the common expression for 'must'. Lett.ooJaga (ir) impers., cf. roiadZiba, 9.93. 'Onght, must' also expressed by fut. of verb 'be', lit. 'it will be', e.g. Lith. rytoj

bus i gina vaiiuoti 'tomorrow we must ride into the foresi' (NSB p. 93; cf. Senn, Lit. Sprachlehre p. 58), Lett. teo nebtl8 zag! 'thou .balt not steal' (Milhl.Ends. 1.359). 6. ChS!. dliU'lnll iestll (64)

'must' (like 'may'

>

'must'

in Gmc., above, 4) and differentiated form, spreading fro Slov. and Croat. territory. RjeOOik Akad. 7.1 f. Miklosich 199. Bemeker 2.67. Boh. musi, Po!. mUBi, fro NHG mUSB. Brilckner 348 f. Stender-Petersen 318. Po!. pmDiniene§, usual expression for 'ought', fro adj. pmDinien 'obliged' (:!Dina 'fault, guilt', 16.76) with vb. 'to be'. SCr. ima, Boh. rna, Po!. ma, Russ. imejet 'has', all used sometimes like NE

ha81D, most commonly the Boh. ma (or mllje.t, mel by). 7. Skt. arhati 'deserves, may', sometimes 'ought', beside argha- 'worth, price' : Av. araJaiti 'is worth', Grk. 6.A in Gospels In. 9.4 (& : Goth. gadaban 'be fitting, happen', 9.993), and Du. behoort 'belongs, is proper' sometimes 'ought'. FaJk-Torp 118. Hellquist 125. ON ii, OE Iih, ME We, fro ON eiga, OE agan 'own' (11.12)., sometimes 'ought', but in this sense replaced by pret. ME oughle, NE ought. NED s.v. r, Leakien SCr. Gram. p. 105, Vondrak, Slav. Gram. p. 459) = ChS!. moutll'can' (9.95). Development fro 'can'

proper', then

pUgl pUg. (phrase with 'ought') d..u. duty plichl

OHG (phrase with 'ought') MHG (phrase with 'ought') NHG pjlichl

Lith. Lett. ChS!. BCr. Boh. Pol. Russ.

Skt.

643

p ME pTopTe, NE proper), Sp. propio (witb dissim.), all also and orig. 'what is one's own', fro Lat. proprius 'one's own', this fro a phrase pr~ prWo (privUB 'single, one's

own'). Emout-M. 846. For UseB, cf. NED s.v. propeT. 3. Ir. comada., OW cimados, W. addos, cyfaddwJ, with Ir. ad 'law, custom' (NIr. adh 'good luck', perh. : Umbr. aTme 'aancte', arsmor 'ritus' (also Goth. ga-tilB, etc.?). Vendryes, RC 35.212ff., 42.401ff. Walde-H. 1.12. Devoto, Melanges Ped-

zaam, fro fJuegen.

Du. gepast, NHG pas.end, fro vb. Du. (> NHG) pas.en 'suit', this fro Fr. ptl8Ber 'pass', VLat. pa8&ire, deriv. of Lat. pa88UB 'step'. Development, first in Du., through 'pasB through to one'B goal, attain' to 'be Buitable'. Kluge-G. 434. Paul, Deuteches Wtb. 390. Franck-v. W.491. NHG angemes8en, lit. 'measured up to', fr. mt88en 'measure'.

MHG geschicket 'arranged, ready', also 'suitable', pass. pple. of schicken 'crea.te, a.rrange, make'. Hence NHG

geschiekt formerly more common than now for 'suitable' (so e.g. Luther, Lk. 9.62). Weigand-H. 697. Paul, Deutsches Wtb. 204. 5. Lith. pritinkas: tikti, tinku 'fit,

suit', tikras 'right, sure', tUreti 'believe',

etc. (17.15). Lett. derig., fro deret 'bargain, be of use, suit' = Lith. deTeti 'bargain' : Skt. dhr 'hold', etc.(?). Walde-Po 1.858. MOO!.-Endz. 1.456. 6. ChS!. upTavUmil (Gospels, Lk. 9.62 .M.,..,), pple. pret. pass. of uprarJil:i, cpd. of praviti 'set right', fro pratnl 'Btraight, right' (12.73, 16.73). ChSJ. podob'tnil (mostly 'Bimilar', 12.82, but paoobno jestil = rpn•• /norl. Gospels, Mt. 3.15) : Goth. gadiJb, etc. (above, 4). SCr. priliCan, Russ. priliCnyj, cpd.. : ChSJ.liee 'face' (4.204). Bemeker 719 f. SCr. 8hodan, fro 8ahoditi 'go together', cpd. of hoditj 'go' (10.47). Boh. vlwdny: vhod 'at the right time', hodil:i .. 'be Buitable', ChS!. godil 'time', etc. Bemeker 316 ff. Pol. sto8owny, fro 8tOS 'a hit, thrust' (now mostly 'a pile, heap'), fro NHG StoS8 's hit, thrust' (also 'pile, heap'). Bruckner 517. =

7. Skt. yogya-, fro yoga- 'yoke', yuj'join' (12.22).

merly very common, but not in current use (M. Dillon). Br. defeat, fro MBr. d61'en 'rule, guide' (cf. W. dyre 'come I'), cpd. of de- and ren 'rule, guide'. Henry 92. Emault,

Ork.

&-wa'TCU,

NG

~TOfn'

IEEU'Tt

Octh. ON

mag m4

kan, moo ken, md

CbS!.

"""1/, milt may, can, mote can, may kan, mag mag, muoz

Boh. Pol. Russ.

Lat.

poteat,licet

Dan.

It.

pull

Sw.

Fr. Sp. Rwn. Jr. NIr.

pout

OE ME NE

w.

Br.

p....u poaU

Lith.

Lett.

ronic, Jetar

Du.

fe0d4nn, tig lois gal! gal!, goU

OHG MHG mac, kan, muoz NHG kann, mag, darj

Despite the difference between 'can', implying physical or mental power, ability, and 'may', implying permission or possibility, these notions are very commonly merged in their linguistic ex-

BCr.

Bkt.

Av.

gal

rJar,lai moUt~

mo.ie.

smije m12ze,8m£ moiIe

moUt «*noti tcwaiti

pression. That is, they are covered by the same word, either in accepted usage or at least in popular usage. Even in English, the teacher who conscientiously corrects the pupil'B can Ir to may Ir iB

convenient', but also

.~.a,po,

EiilhTOS,

'timely,

Lk. 9.62) :

OE til 'capable, apt', OHG til 'object', etc., outside root

connections dub.

Walde-P.1.809. Falk-Torp 1565. Feist 205,477. See also above, 3. ON fallinn, eBp. til fallinn, or faUinn til, pple. offaUa'fall' (10.23), here in its sense of 'agree, suit' (cf. NHG gefalUm 'please'). ON hentT, lit. 'handy' (: hpnd 'hand'), but esp. 'serviceable, suitable'.

ON hl1JfT, fro hl1Jfa 'aim, fit, be suitable', deriv. of

hOi

'moderation, fair·

Skt. lamlr 'hang down', the sense 'suit-

able' coming fro the prefix ge-. Walde-P. 1.740. Falk-Torp 634. Hellquist 607. OE (beside gedofen, etc., above) geri8ene, gerisenllc, fro geri8an 'suit, be fitting', cpd. of risan 'rise' (10.21). ME able (as 'fit, Buitable' Wycliff, Lk.

Diet. etym. 264. 4. Goth. gadOb, neut. Bg. (gadOb ist = ..~r") beside gadohan 'be fitting' and 9.62, freq. in Chaucer, etc.), through 'happen', OE gedofen, gedafenl!c, gedefe, OFr. (h)able fro Lat. habilis (above, 2). beside geoofnian 'be fitting' : ChS!. po- NEDB.v. ME sulely (rare), NE suitable, fro vb. ooba jestil, pa-dobajetil 'ought' (9.94), SCr. doba 'point of time' (14.11), ChS!. 8uit (in senses 10, 14 NED), this fro sb. dobril 'good', etc., prob. Lat. faber 'arti- suit (cf. Benses 21, 23 in NED), fro OFr. san' (9.42). Walde-Po 1.284 f. Walde-H. mite, orig. 'what follows, consequence', fro deriv. of Lat. sequ, 'follow'. REW 1.436 f. Feist 176 f. Bemeker 203 f. Goth. fagrs (neut. fagr = .MOT•• , Lk. 7839. Gamillscheg 821. NED s.vv. 14.35) = ON fogT, OE fregeT 'fair, beau- suit, vb., 8uit, sb. NEfitl:ing, fro vb. fit, this fro adj·fit(?), tiful', fro the same root as OHG f1.UJflan 'join, fit together'. Falk-Torp 201. both: MDu. fitten 'fit', etym.? NED s.v. fit, vb. Franck-v. W. 164, 745. Feist 424.

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS, ETC. engaged in a hopeless struggle. Furthermore, the Gmc. grllllP represented by NE may meant 'can' in the early period. The BtriCtly permissive 'may' finds more distinctive expression in some

forms like the Lat. impers. lice!, NHG darf. More generally as 'is permitted', with pass. formB of the verbs for 'permit' (19.47), e.g. NG 1"'0 IT"".,..,... ; 'is it permitted me, may 17' These obvious expressions are not repeated in

the list. Most of the words are connected with others for 'might, power', for which no

earlier ultimate sense is attainable. Words for 'know' are in many languages

used as 'know how' and BO virtually

647

132b); or (another possibility not previously considered) the inlJuence of opposite cpd.. like 1,,1"''*'' vB. 4".,*,. (that is, e",ropE';, VB. /troPE;' sometimes = 'is unable'). Grk. ~EECTn, lit. 'it is' (for Borne one to), used as 'it is pennitted'. So often,

and in NT, where it is rendered by licet in the Vulgate, in other versions by phrases meaning 'is due' (Goth . • kuld

i.t) , 'is proper' (ChS\. oostojitil, NHG sich ziemet Luther), 'is lawful' (King James), or by pass. formB of the verbs for 'permit' (OE alfifed is, etc.). 2. Lat. pole.t (> Romance forms), fro polis e8t and pote est, phrase with potis, neut. pate 'able, possible' : Skt. pati-

'can', like Fr. il sait lire 'he (knows how

'master, husband', Grk. rOCT'S' 'husband',

to) can read'. The full development in this direction, displacing the older mean-

Gotb. fap. in brap-fap. 'bridegroom', hunda-faps 'master of a hundred, centurion', Lith. pati8 'husband', etc. Walde-Po 2.77 f. Emout-M. 796. Lat.licet, impel'S. 'it is pennitted, may' (Osc. licitud 'liceto') : !ieeTe, liceri 'be

ing 'know' and the old words for 'can',

is characteristic of the Gmc. group, NE can, etc. 1. Grk. c1VVUTUt, with liVVUTOS' 'strong, powerful' and avvlljUs 'strength, power',

etyro. dub. (4.81).

NG

8"aTo,

and

c1vvul'tS' are still the common words, but

c1VllaTa, (aVilaI'll', etc.), while lit. and familiar to most, is commonly replaced

by the following: 9.95 CAN, MAY (3 sg.)

Goth. gatils (renders

ness' : OE behOfian 'have need of' (Bee Dan. beJuw, 9.93). Falk-Torp 455. Dan. pas.ende, Sw. pa••ande, fro vbs. Dan. pa88e, Sw. passa, these fr. MLG passen = NHG paS8en (Bee below). Falk-Torp 817. Hellquist 752. ersen 224. Sw. lii.mplig, fro lii.mpa 'suit, fit', this Ir. oiremain, oiremnach, NIr. oireamh- fro MLG *lempen beBide limpen 'make nach, fro oirim 'fit, suit', this denom. suitable' : OE (ge)limpan 'take place, fro or 'border, edge' (12.353)? happen', OHG (gi)limfan 'be Buitable', NIr. cpd.. with prefix ion-, in- (Peder- OE gelimpl'ic, OHG gilumpflih (freq. in sen 2.11), as ion-miachair 'fit for mar· Otfr.) 'suitable', prob. ultimately fro riage', etc. (Dinneen S.V. ion-, in-), for- the same root as NE limp 'walk lamely',

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

OHG biqulimi (OE goow8m£ 'pleasing, acceptable'), MHG beq",""", (NHG bequem sometimes 'suitable, convenient, but mostly 'comfortable, easy'), fro OHG biqueman 'come to, attain'. Weigand· H.1.204f. OHG gif1.UJflM (Tat. = apt1J8), MHG gefu.ege (NHG gefUgig), fro OHG f1.UJflan 'join, fit together'. Similarly Du. voeg-

645

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS, ETC.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

644

NG ",ropE';' (also 1}",1I"OPELj late Byz. spelling varied), certainly fro E{nropEL 'prospers, has plenty', sometimes with infin. 'finds a way, is able, can' (Aristot.),

and in this sense well atteBted in late Grk. (e.g. J o. Moschus). The only question is the precise formal development, which is much disputed. Regularly EinropEL

> E7ropEL, roPE';, (Hatzidakis, Glotta

22.131). Then nasal introduced (causing change of p > b), either by influence of ~Jl.1I"oPOS' 'merchant' (so Hatzidakis, I.e., but?); or from neg. phrase aiv 1I"0PE';, pronounced liEIJ.1I"OPEL with subsequent detachment of (!)"r.p.' (so

Jannaris, Hist. Greek Gram. §§ 130,

or offer for sale, bid on, appraise', this

perh. : Lett. likt 'agree in trade' (adversely Miih!.-End•. 2.487). Walde-P. 2.395. Ernout-M. 547 f. Walde-H. 1.797. 3. Ir. conic, cpd. of com- 'with' and icc- in other cpds. 'ca.use, find, come' (cf. do-iccim, 10.48). Pedersen 2.554. Thurneysen, Gram. 503. Ir. eta 'gets' and, after neg., 'can', more freq. pres. pass. fetaT (cf. Laws,

Gloss. 353), NIr. feadann, feadtaT (IBg. feadaim) or phrase is feidiT, cpd. of -ta- in aUa 'is' (9.91), ad-co-ta 'obtains, gets' (11.16), etc., IE ".t ME eiBe. ete.• NE ..... sb.). this fro Lat. adiacii... 'lying near. neighboring'. but mainly through 'what is at hand. convenient'. REW 168. GamilIscheg 23. Warthurg 1.31 ff. Du. gemalck£lijk. fro gemak 'comfort. e8Be' = ORG gimah 'quiet, comfort', fro adj, gimah 'suited, convenient' = OE 'suited,

well-matched' J

etc.

Franck-v. W. 185. 5. Lith. lengll(l8. Lett. viegls 'light' (15.82) and 'easy'. 6. ChS!. udoM. adj. and adv. (on form. cf. Leskien. Altbulg. Gram. 97.3; in Gospels ... udoM 6vu.. 6....6'N.n and compo u.dbblj.. in Supr. adv. = pq.6lon••u.o'N.n). cpd. of form seen in doba 'proper time'. ChS!. pa-doba jestil 'is proper'. ete. : Goth. ga-daban 'hap-

'N,..

9.97

Rum.

Ir. NIr. W.

Br.

velopment through 'tearing'. 'quick'). Grk. '~KOM,. mostly of persons 'easily satisfied. good-natured'. then also of things 'easy' (Pl&to; but common in this sense only later; reg. Byz. and NG); taken by some (e.g. LS) as orig. 'contented with one's food' (attested late) : .6ha. 'intestine'. but more prob. belongs with other cpds. in ""IWMS', -roMS 'turn-

ing. tending'. ete. (IE 'k"el- in ..!Ao"." Lat. colere, etc. j " reg. after El)-, whence also 6vu ....Ao, as opposite). Walde-P. 1.431 (top; not repeated 514). Still otherwise Bois&cq 294. 2. Lat. jacili8 (> It.• Fr. jacile. Sp. jdcil. all late borrowed forms). lit. 'doable', fro Jacere 'do'. Lat. levis 'light' (15.82). though only rarely quotsble as 'easy' (cf. id eo levi... ferendum, Cic.), was prob. common in VLat. in this sense and the usual term in Romance before the borrowing of Lat. jacili.. Tbis sense is attested for It. lieve in Dante. Petrarch. etc. (Accad. della Crusca). OFr. legere. logiere (cf. Godefroy). Sp./egero in early period (cf. Juan Ruiz); and Rum. UfOT (deriv. of levis. PUI'Cariu 1844) is still the usual word for

ment perh. through 'know how'. but outside connections dub. Walde-P. 1.333. UhIenbeck 301. Av. lavaiti. with talJah- 'might. power' : Skt. tatnti, t4uti 'is strong', tmJaB-, lura- 'strong. powerful'. perh. ultimately the same root as in Lat. tumire 'swell', ete. Walde-P. 1.706 ff. Barth. 638 f.

Lith. Lett.

Isngvaa .;.g!a

ChSl. SCr. Boh. Pol. R ....

udobI laic

Skt.

.....m.

let"", !egkij ,u-kara.-, etc.

Av.

applied to a person 'good natured. of easy disposition' was extended to things and eventually became the regular word for 'easy', 1. Grk. M.&un. Ion. P'/t&un. Aeo!' !Jpq.8,.. (Pp~6,.. EM). that is. "fPii.-I6"". based on the form seen in the adv. Pii.. 1>11 •• Hom. p•••• Aeo!. !Jp~ and in compo p~•• super!. p~O"TOS. but root connec-

'easy' as well as 'light'.

Rum. leme (with verbal phrases. e.g. Ie, ... a zice 'easy to say'). fro Bulg. !eBen 'easy'. Tiktin 905. Berneker 755. 3. OIr. Q.88e. prob. fro "ad-8/a-y0'standing by', hence 'at one's disposal,

easily attainable'. Hence MIr. us.a and with intensive prefix (: Lat. per. etc.) irusBa, lit. 'very easy' (both fonns used as 'easy' and 'easier'), NIr. !urus, Juras. Pokorny. KZ 45.138. 143 ff. Ir. ,oirb (gl. jacilis; NIr. •oirbh 'favorable. pleasant'). with doirb 'difficult'

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

650

Fr.

G.rovpa.s 'take away, rob'; semantic de-

reg. word for

7. Skt.

gemakkelijk

with development through 'free from difficulties'. In Greek a word originally

Sp.

~ti (~).

tion and orig. sense dub. Wackemagel. Vermischte Beitriige 11 ff. Hermann. Gott. Nachrichten 1918. 281. Schwyzer. IF 45.259 f. (: !J.1fO-fPii.- in Hom. «'"lOp••

'can', beside desid. riks- 'learn': Av. saC- 'take note of', desid. Bixl- 'learn' I caUS. 'teach' (Barth. 1551 f.). develop-

IdU

ably in one group 'uninhabited, empty' J

Ork. NG Lat. It.

6. CbS!. moletil (magq. molti). SCr. mole. ete .• general Sl&vic : Goth. mag 'can'. ete. (above. 4). sCr. Ilmije. Boh. ....t (amjeti. Ilmiti). now used like NHG rlMf. that is. 'may' or with neg. 'must' J orig. 'dare' : CbSl. Irilmlti 'dare' (16.51).

"'pe, "'pelle, llohI elM. light, tlMy

OHG lidi MHG .roe Br. NHG I. 2.400.

9.96 EASY Goth. autizd (comp.) (1,,3ON

"f,aun, EIHwAor eOcoXos

lacUis foci,.

Sp. Rum.

MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL ACTS. ETC.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

648

xwris, 3iwItONn

and 'easy'.

Boh. tmadny = Pol. tmadny 'convenient. easy' (but not the usual word) : Pol. snadi adv. 'apparently. perhaps'. RUBS. BnaBt' 'tool, implement', snadiff 'provide. supply'. late ChS!. adv. 8nIIdI 'superficially'. all apparently fr. some such notion &8 'on the surface', whence 'apparent' or 'convenient', but without a.ny known root connections. Miklosich 312. Briickner 504. Pol. /atwy (Iacwy. /acny) : Boh.lacinli. lacny 'cheap', formerly 'easy', ldce 'cheapness', formerly 'insignificance, trifle', root connection dub. Bemeker 694. Briickner 307 (: SCr. latiti. latati 'seize, undertake').

7. In Skt. 'easy' and 'difficult' are expressed by cpds. of 8U- 'well' and d..... 'ill'. e.g. Bukara- (dUfkara-) 'easy (bard) to do'. 8utior"," (d"rdar~a-) 'easy (bard) to see', etc.

DIFFICULT

6",,,,,,",

ON

dijfici!is dijJici!e diJ!i. neg. of 118< 'easy' (9.96). Henry 96. 4. Goth. agl... : agls 'shameful'. OE egZe 'loathsome, troublesome', etc., with

development similar to that in Grk. 6vu..>.os. Walde-Po 1.41. Feist 15. ON prefix tor- (: Goth. tuz-. Grk. 6",,-. Skt. dUB-). opp. of aull- (9.96) and used

in parallel cpds.• e.g. tor-jlf'ldr 'hard to find'. tor-BlJUr 'hard to come at or do'. ON erjitJr. OE earjeJ>e. earjoJ>e (e.g.

more common in this sense than 'diffi-

cult'. Du. moeilijk. deriv. of MDu. moeye 'trouble. pains. burden' = NHG m1lhe. ete. Franck-v. W. 436. OHG uniJdi. neg. cpd. of iJdi 'easy' (9.96).

MHG 81/IQ!Ttl. NHG schwer. also and orig. 'heavy' (15.81). Hence NHG schwierig unambiguously 'difficult'. but still less common than schwer. Dan. ,.,.". (fr. NHG? Falk-Torp 1222) sometim... but less commonly 'difficult'. Sw. BV4r formerly 'heavy', now only 'difficult' (tung 'heavy'). 5. Lith. aunkus 'heavy' (15.81) and 'difficult'. Lett. griito. orig. and still locally 'heavy' : Grk. (3.pv •• Lat. gravis. ete. 'heavy' (15.81). MUb!.-Endz. 1.669 f. 6. CbSI. ne udoM (Gospels. Mk. 10.24

652

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

kako ne udoln

= 1rWS

~b(lI(OMv fun), neg.

phrase with udolii. 'easy' (9.96). SCr. 1..z11.k, Boh. tlikjj (or obtiiny) 'heavy' (15.81) and 'difficult' (Pol. c~zki, Russ. tjaielyj in phr...es with 'work, task, problem', etc., but not in phrases 'it is difficult to').

(~

Grk.

OoKtJ.Uitw, 1I'tlpaw

NG

OOKt~4tW

Lat. It. Fr.

expe-riri, templare, probare provare, tentare essayer, eprouver,

Sp. Rum. Ir. Nlr. W. Br.

probar bJeerca promaim jromhaim, triailim ",oft eBoot

ten""

Pol. trudny, Russ. trudnyj, derivs. of fonn. ~ ChSI. trudu 'toil, pains' : Lat. tT'Udere 'thrust, press', OE preat 'throng, oppression, distress', etc. (cf. NE threaten 18.44). Walde-P.1.755. Bruckner 577. 7. Skt. dUIJ-kara-, etc., opp. of suo kara-, etc. 'easy' (9.96).

9.98 TRY' Make Trial of, Test)

Goth.

kiusan, kausjan, jraiJJan reyna, freiBta

ON Dan.

pr~e

Sw.

prova fandiu.n, costian fonde, prove, assay, essay, tne

OE ME

,," probeeren, beproeven

NE Du.

OHG MHG NHG

Lith. Lett. ChSI. SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ. Skt. Av.

bandyti, miginti meg'inat, medzindt iakusiti pokufJati, probati skouleti, pokusiti pr6bowac probovat' parik~-

COTOn, costOn prueven, lJe1'auochen probieren, prii/en,

".,.,uchen

'Try' is understood here as 'make trial of, test', though many of the words, like NE try, came to be used with the infinitive in the sense of 'attempt, ~ndeavor' (9.99). For the sake of brevity these two notions may be referred to as 'try't and 'try'2. The semantic sources are vllrious, as 'get through' (through 'experience' to 'try'), 'approve', 'weigh', 'try to find out, seek, ask', 'separate, sift', 'look around, inspect'. Several of the words cover also 'approve', partly secondary (as make a test with favorable result), but the earlier sense in the case of Lat. probare with its derivs., which, in addition, show the sense 'prove' = 'establish as true'. Many of the words came to be used for 'tempt', especially in biblical language and in the ba.d sense; in some this became the dominant use and without necessarily bad sense. In fact, the majority of the words for 'tempt' are the

654

S.V.

MHG vers'UOchen, NHG versuchen (in various senses, but esp. 'try'l and 'tempt', now also 'try'2, cpd. of suochen, suchen 'seek' (11.31). Weigand-H. 1166. Paul, Deutsches Wtb. 603.

(Try to

NG

1I"HpaW, t'1TM 1!'POU1I'aBw, 6oK~J'atw,

1I'nuIlltw

Lat.

W.

conliTi prova:re, tentare, procurare, cercare essayer, td.cher, tenter, chercher procurar tnceroo, cauta, umbla triallaim tabhraim iarracht aT ceino

Br.

esaat

It.

Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. Nlr.

5. Lith. bandyti: OPruss. perbanda 'tempts', perbandan (acc. sg.) 'temptation', outside connection? Lith. megimi (> Lett. meg'inat), Lett. medzintit : Lith. megti 'be pleasing to', now trans. 'like, be fond of', Lett. megt 'be able, be accustomed', outside connections dub. Walde-Po 2.256. Muhl.Endz. 2.612, 613. 6. ChSI. iskusiti (in Gospels reg. for both OoKL/J.arW and 1I"EtparW; also okulati, pokulati; vil,kusiti reg. for 'taste' lit. and fig.), SCr. (po)kulati, Boh. zkouleli (also zkusiti, pokusiti, but mostly 'taste' or 'perceive, experience, suffer', pokouSeti 'tease, tempt' i Pol. kusic with cpds., and Russ. iskusit' 'tempt'), cpds. of kusiti, loanword fro Goth. kausjan (above, 4). Berneker 652 r'. Stender-Petersen 372 f. Otherwise Bruckner 285. SCr. pro'bati, Pol. pr6bawaC, Russ. proba"at', through sb. (~late Lat. proba) fro Lat. probare (above, 2). 7. Skt. pank$-, lit. 'look around', hence 'inspect, examine, try', cpd. of ikf;- 'see, look' (15.51).

9.99 TRY' Attempt, Endeavor)

~

Goth.

ON

Dan. Sw.

OE ME NE Du.

OHG MHG NHG

BQkjan leita vi" /ors;ge joraoka Becan, anginnan Beke, endover, f onde try (endeavor, attempt, auk, essay) pO(/en, trachten auohhen suochen versuchen

Many of the words for 'try'2 = 'attempt, endeavor' are the same as those for 'try'2 = 'make trial of, test', which came to be used with the infinitive, like NE try to.

Lith. Lett. ChSl.

SCr.

Boh. Pol. Russ. Skt. Av.

bandyti, mtginti raudzit iskati pokusati pokusiti lJe, IJnaZiti se staTac si~ starat'sia yat-

Many are words for 'seek', which came to be used with the infinitive, like NE seek to (now mostly lit.). Other sources are 'take care of, attend to', 'reflect upon, consider', 'begin, undertake',

653

trial, but helped by native triall, triallaim (9.99). Br. esaat, fro sb. esa(e) , this fro Fr. ..sai. Henry 116.

2. Lat. experiri: Grk. 1f'ELPo.w, etc. (above, 1). Lat. tempUire (later spelling tenUire) 'feel of', mostly 'try'l, also 'attack, incite' (> It. temare, Fr. tenter, Sp. tentar in various senses including 'try' and 'tempt'), proh. : Lith. tempti 'stretch' (cf. Lat. tempus 'time'), fro an extension of IE *ten- in Grk. Tdvw, Lat. tendere, Skt. tan- 'stretch', Lat. tenere 'hold', etc. Walde-Po 1.721 f. Ernout-M. 1024. Lat. probare 'approve, find good', 'try'l, and 'prove', first sense the earliest, Osc. prli.fatted 'approved', deriv. of probus 'good, upright', fro *pro-bhwl}- (cf. superbus) : Skt. pra-bhu-, 'excelling, eminent, mighty', orig. 'being in front'. Hence It. provare, OFr. prover (Fr. prouver 'prove'i as 'try' replaced by eprouver, but this also 'prove' and esp. 'experience'), Sp. probar, and similar forms (partly through Fr., also partly through sb. MLat. proba, & back-formation to probare) in Celtic, Gmc., and Slavic. Walde-Po 2.37. Ernout-M. 812 f. REW 6764. It. assaggiare (nowesp. 'taste'), OFr. a(s)sayer, Fr. essayer, derivs. of It. saggio, OFr. assai, essai 'trial', fro late Lat. exagium 'weighing, balance' (: exigere 'weigh, try' with recomposition). REW 2932. Garnillscheg 384 f. Wartburg 3.255 ff. Rum. cerca, orig. 'seek' (= It. cercare, Fr. chercher, 11.31), now mostly 'try', for which esp. £ncerca.

4. Goth. (ga)kill8an (reg. for 00"'1'4101; also US-, but mostly for 6.,,-oOOIC'I"Q.,SW 'disapprove, reject'), OE castian, OHG carOn, coston, MHG, NHG kosten (now mostly 'taste'): OE ce08an 'choose', Goth. kaUBjan (with gen. for -Y'VoI'4 'appearance, kind' > (Goth.) 'manner'.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

658

1.526,

2.596 with 677. Henry 103 f. (with different root connection).

4. Goth. haidus: ON hot'llr 'honor',

b!ldao veidB, tlJ8e(?) obr..~

mode), earliest seruze 'measure', fro the root of Lat. mecUTi 'care for, heal', medit5.ri 'think about', Grk. ~1OO~o, 'be mindful of', Goth. milan 'measure', etc. Walde-Po 2.259 f. Ernout-M. 599, 622 ff. Walde-H. 2.56. It. maniera, Fr. manure, Sp. manera, fro fonn of Lat. manuarius 'belonging to the hand', deriv. of manus 'hand'. Semantic development through '(way of) handling'. REW 5332. Gamillacheg 586. Fr. fat;on, fro Lat. factw 'party, class' (also rarely 'conduct') fro facere 'do, make'. REW 3133. Gamill.cheg 401. Sp. forma 'form' (12.51), also 'manner'. Rum. chip, in earliest use 'statue, portrait', hence 'fonn, appearance' and finally 'kind' and 'manner', through Slavic (SCr. kip), fro Hung. kep '.tatue, portrait, form'. Tiktin 343 f. Bemeker 504. Rum. fel ('kind, sort', and 'manner'), fro Hung. fel in phr""". like minden fele 'all kinds of'. Tiktin 614 f. 3. Ir. mod, NIr. modh, W. modd, fro Lat. modus (above, 2). Vendryes, De hib. vOC. 157. Loth, Mots lat. 188.

Several of the words for 'way, manner' (of doing something) are also used for the 'kind, sort' (of things), and stiD others must have p ....ed through this stage, especially tho.e hsBed upon 'form, appearance' or the like. The diverse notions which have been generalized to 'manner' include 'turn, direction', 'way' (= 'road'), 'measure', 'handling, conduct, perfonnance', 'arrangement, order', and 'fonn, appearance'. The use of .uch words has .pread at the expen.e, but by no means to the exclusion, of the old adverbs of manner formed from adjectives or pronouns, in such well-known types as Grk .•oX.." Lat. bene, Goth. waila, NE weU, ChSl. dobrl, all 'in a good manner, well', or Lat. ita, Skt. tatM, OE pus, etc. 'in this manner, thus'. Conversely, NE wise has become virtually an adverbial ending in likewise, otherwise, etc., and late Lat. phrases with mente, abl. of mens 'mind, disposition', have given rise to the new adverbial ending, It., Sp. -mente, Fr. -menl. 1. Grk. TP01rOf, orig. 'tum, direction' : ,,,.,,... 'turn' (10.12). 2. Lat. modtuJ (> It., Sp. medo, Fr.

Pedersen

8luMt'sja, prikljuCit'sja nipat-, udpad-

aich tref/en

Grk. lTvp.{Jalpw, cpd. of O"VV- 'together' and pal",,,, 'go, walk'. Grk. crVP.1r£7I'TW 'fall together', also 'happen'.

2. Lat. accidere, cpd. of cadere 'fall' (10.23), whence also the re-formation It. accadere, and Sp. sucedor (Lat. 8uccidere) 'follow, succeed', impers. 'happen'. Er-

nout-M. 126. REW 61. Lat. continge" (> Sp. accntecer), cpd. of con- 'together' and tangere 'touch' (15.71). Ernout-M. 1016 f. REW 2184. Lat. evenire, cpd. of e- 'out' and venire 'come', whence also (Lat. advenire 'come to, arrive'), It. avvenire, Fr. avenir, now advenir, and Sp. sobrevenir, EmoutM. 108. REW 216. It. darsi, refl. of dare 'give'. Fr. arriver, also and orig. 'arrive' (10.55). Fr. se passer, refl. of passer 'pass', fro VLat. *pas8are, deriv. of passU8 'step'. Sp. pasar 'pass' and impers. 'happen'. Cf. NE come to pass. Ernout-M. 728. REW6267. OFr. occurrir, NE occur, Sp. ocurrir, fro Lat. OCCUTTere 'run into, meet', cpd. of currere'run'. NED S.V. occur, vb. Rum. se tntimpla, deriv. of Lat. tempus 'time', through a parallel VLat.

657

ME manere, NE manner, fro Anglo-Fr. manere = Fr. maniAre (above, 2). MHG art 'birth, descent, nature', NHG 'kind, sort' (of thing) and 'manner' (of doing something), prob. (but disputed) fro Lat. arB, artis 'skill, art' in

3. Ir. tecmaing, donecmaing (3sg.), etc., NIr. teagmhaim, cpd. (to-in-com-) of icc- in do-iccim, ticim 'come' (10.48) Pedersen 2.555. NIr. imthighim 'go' (cpd. of teighim 'go', 10.47) also 'happen', as cad d'imthigh air 'what happened to him'. W. digwydd, Br. digouezout, cpds. of W. cwyddo, Br. koueza 'fall' (lO.23). W. damweinio, fro sb. damwain, cpd. of chwaen 'change, hap.' Br. darvezout, daroout, cpd. of dar(d-ar-) and beta 'be', like W. dorfod 'finish'. Pedersen 2.442. Br. c'hoarvezout, c' hoarvout, Corn. wharfos, cpds. of the vb. 'be', first part seen also in simplex MW chweris, chweiris, Corn. whyris 'it happened', perh. : NHG schwer 'heavy', etc. with development through 'faU'(?). Loth RC 49.372 ff. (vs. Pedersen 2.442). H. Lewis, BBCS 4.136 f. 4. Goth. gadaban 'be fitting' (9.943) and 'happen' (Mk. lO.32). ON bera 'bear, carry' (10.61), often impers. 'happen'. ON henda, orig. 'seize, catch', like OE

gehendan (both: ON /ivnd, OE hand 'hand,' with parallel forms in Goth. frahinjJan, OE hentan 'seize'), hence also 'take an interest in, concern', etc. and sometimes 'happen', as reg. Dan. hrende, Sw. handa. Falk-Torp. 447. HeUquist 386. Dan. tildrage sik, cpd. of drage 'draw', but in this .ense after MLG 8ik wdragen (Du. zkh wed.rlIflen) = NHG sick zutragen. Falk-Torp 1259. Dan., Sw. slce, fro MLG achin : NHG geschehen, etc. (below). Falk-Torp 989. Sw. intrai!a 'arrive' and 'happen', fro NHG eintreffen 'arrive' and 'be realized'. Falk-Torp 1291.

659

OE gebyrian, Du. gebeuren, OHG giburien (NHG gebiihren 'be proper, belong') : OE beran, etc. 'bear, carry'. Cf. the use of Grk. ""!"Pip'" 'bring together', 'be useful, fitting' and sometimes 'happen', with sb. CTvp..q,opa 'event, hap, mis-

hap'. Walde-Po 2.156. Falk-Torp 118. Franck-v. W. 57. OE geZimpan, cpd. of limpan 'happen' and 'pertain to', beside gelimpZk 'suitable' : OHG (gi)limfan 'be fitting', etc. (see 9.943). OE gescfun, OHG gascehan, MHG, NHG geschehen, cpds. of OE scfun 'go quickly' (also 'fall to one's lot'), OHG 8tehan, MHG schehen 'move quickly' : ChSI. 8koCiti 'spring, jump', etc. WaldeP. 2.556. Weigand-H. 1.695. ME happe, happene, NE happen, fro sb. hap 'chance, fortune', this fro ON happ id. (16.17). NHG 8ich ereignen, fro MHG erougnen, erougen, OHG irougen 'show', deriv. of ouga 'eye'. Weigand-H. 1.459. KlugcG.136. NHG al.o 8ich treffen, sich zutragen, refl. of tTejJen 'hit', tragen 'carry'; begegrwn 'meet' (i8t ihm begegnet 'happened to him'), vorkommen 'come forth' (da8 konn vor/common 'that may happen'). 5. Lith. atsitikti, Lett. nuotikt, cpds. of Lith. tikti 'fit, suit', Lett. tikt 'be pleasing' (see 9.943). 6. ChS!. prikljuliti ~ 'fall to one'. lot', 'fit', and 'happen' (Lk. 24.14; cf. also po prikljulaju 'by chance' Lk. lO.31), Russ. prikljuCit'sja (leBS common than aluCit'sja), deriv. of kljuka 'hook, crutch', with development through 'hook into', 'fit', etc. Bemeker

528. ChS!. luCiti se, siUuCiti se (freq. for 'happen' in Supr.), SCr. sluliti 8e, Russ. 8luCit' 8ja (Boh. luCiti 'shoot, throw', Pol. luczyt' 'shoot, hit'), prob. : Lith. laukti

660

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

'wait for' J OPruss. laukit 'seek'J Grk. Mb~~"" Skt. /oc- 'look', with development 'look' > 'aim at' > 'fit' > 'happen'? Walde-Po 2.411. Bemeker 742 f. BrUckner 313 f. ChSl. byti 'be' sometimee 'happen' (e.g. MI ME, NE move) : Skt. mill- 'push, press', Av. ava-mivamahi 'we deprive', Grk.

4~{)(TatrlJa, 'pass over,

surpass' (also all~ 'ward off'?). Walde-P. 2.252. EmoutM. 634 f. REW 5703. Fr. remuer, cpel. of OFr. muer 'change' (fr. Lat. miifijre). REW 5785. Fr. houger (orig. and now only intr.), fro VLat. *buUicare (cf. It. bulicare), deriv. of buUire 'bubble' (10.31), whence 'be agitated, move'. REW 1388. Wartburg 1.617 f. Rum. mifca, etym.? Tiktin 995 ("sicherlich Erbwort, aber dunklen U rsprungs"). Not in REW or Pu!JCariu. Development fro some deriv. of Lat. misc6re 'mix', through the notion of 'stir up, agitate' (as seen in It. '11I£Btare 'stir', fro *miscitare; of. OE hreran, etc., below, 4) would be attractive if the phonetic difficulties could 00 overcome. 3. Ir. -luur (e.g. in dana-m-luur 'when I rouse myself'), vbl. n. luud, whence Ir. luadaim, luathaim, prob. fro IE *pleu- in Grk. rXiw 'sail, float', OE fliiotan, NE jlIJat, ete. Walde-Po 2.94 f. Pedersen 2.571 f. NIr. corruighim, deriv. of MIr. corrach 'uneven, unsteady', this fro corr 'uneven, odd, pointed', prob. fro IE *kwerp- in ON hoorja, OE hweorJan 'tum', etc. (10.12-13). Walde-Po 2.472, (without corruighim). Macbain 71. W. symud, fro MW symudau 'change' (cf. semantic development in Fr. remuer), fro Lat. sub-mutiire 'change, interchange'. G. S. Lane, Language 8.298. W. ysgogi: Br. di-s/wgella 'shake', ChSl. skoCiti 'jump', OE soocan 'shake', etc., IE *(8)kek-, (s)keg-. Walde-P. 2.556. Pedersen 1.125. Br. finval, MBr. fiJual: W. chwifio 'stir, wave, brandish', perh. ON srnmma, OE swimman, etc. 'swim' (10.35). Walde-Po 2.524. Henry 122. Stokes 323. Br.jlacha (intr.), fro OFr. fteschier (Fr. jUchir) 'bend, tum aside' (fr. Lat. ftexic(jre). Henry 123.

MOTION; LOCOMOTION, TRANSPORTATION, NAVIGATION 4. Goth. ga-wigan, OHG wegan, whence caus. Goth. WUlJjan, -wagjan (but Goth. fohns mostly for ~.}..v.. 'shake'; OE wecgan, wagian also 'shake' J NE waw, WUIJ), OHG weggen, MHG, NHG bewegen (> Dan. betuEge) : Skt. vah-, Av. f.laZ-, Lat. vehere, etc. 'carry, ride', ete., IE *we{jh- (10.66). Walde-P. 1.250. Feist 212. The assumption of two distinct roots *weOh- (Meillet, BSL 35.2.116) is uncalled for. Goth. wijJOn (MI It. ic, cpd. of prefix rao- 'apl!.rt' and .trutorcere, Fr. tordre, Sp. toreer,' Rum. kolo (cf. Bulg. torkolo 'circle'). blended toarce 'spin'J cpd. tntoarce: 'tum') : Ork. with okold 'circle'. Tiktin 1339. 7. NIr. ca8tlim, deriv. of caB 'curl, l.,.pcucTOs, Skt. tarku- 'spindle', ORO drahoil 'roller', etc. WaJde-P. 1.735. fold', MIr. adj. caBB 'curly, crooked', etc. (root connection dub. Walde-P. 1.450). REW8798. NIr. cornaim, deriv. of corn 'roll, coil, Lat. amic>re, usua! for 'wrap (oneself) in a prment, throw a prment about cylinder', prob. = corn 'goblet' (fr. Lat. (oneself)" cpd. of am(b)- '..bout' and cornu 'hom'). NIr. rolaim, W. rholio, fro NE roll; iaeere'throw'. Emout-M. 43 f. WaJdeH.1.39. also NIr. rothlaim by influence of roth It. girar. (= Sp. girar intr. only), fro 'wheel'. soukati 'wind, twist' (threl!.d, wool, etc.), Russ. 8katat' 'roll up', 8katit' 'roll down' etc.; also .seu-p- in Lith. .upU 'swing,

speciaJ words for the latter notion. Thus NE turn is fRr more common for the cifcul..r motion th..n twist, which is felt as somewhat Btrenuous; so Fr. tourner VB. tortIr., etc. But in some languages the circular turning is nOmll!.lly expressed by distinctive words, as Lat. Wrquere VS. vertere, NHG dr.hen VB. wenden, irehren. There is considerable interchange between 'tum around, twist' and 'wind' and 'roll'. Defiuitions are mostly omitted in the following discussion. But the grouping in the lists, despite the overlap.. ping, is roughly approximate for the dominant uses in the several langua.ges. Most of the forms listed are used transitively, the intransitive being expressed by middle, passive, or reflexive forms, or without change. In a few

'twist, squeeze', etc.

·weil It. lIOitare, avvoitare); Ir. fillim (mostly 'fold, bend'); Goth. -walwjan (cpde. only), walwislJn, OE wielwan, intr. wealwian, ME walwe (NE wallow); OHG wellen; Goth. waltjan, ON veita, OE widtan. wyUan, Du. wentelen (for *weItelen, Franck-v. W. 787), OHG. MHG weizen, NG wiI.ken (caus. to ON velta, OHG welzan, wialz, etc.); Lett. velt (Lith. IJIlUi 'to feel, felt'); CbSl. valit.i, valjali, SCr. ooJ,jali, Boh. vdleti. valit.i; Arm. gel"", 'twist, wind', etc. For late Skt. va/-, perh. a Middle Indic form of fJ'['t-, and Av. var-, cf. now Tedesco, JAOS 67.100 IT. 3. IE *wei-, esp. in words for 'wind'. Walde-P. 1.223 IT. Emout-M. 1106 f. Lith. uyti. uynioti; CbSl. v'ljq, IJiti, 8ilviti, sCr. IJiti, Boh. viti, (na)lJinouJ.i, Pol. wit. Russ. 1JiI.'; Skt. .... (3sg. pres. uyayali, pple. vita-); Lat. viere 'bend, plait', etc.

4. IE ••eu-, 'aeu-k-. Walde-P. 2.470. Pedersen 2.635 ff. Jr. Wim, cpd. imbWim, impDim (imb'about', but cpd. not exclusively 'tum Rround'), NIr. iompuighim; Lith . • ukti 'tum Rround, twist', ChSI. sukati, Bob.

MOTION; LOCOMOTION, TRANSPORTATION, NAVIGATION W. troi, Br. !rei, etym. dub., perh. : Lat. trahere 'draw', Goth. pragjan 'run', also the Celtic words for 'foot' W. troed, Ir. traig, etc. WaJde-P. 1.752. Stokes 136. W. dirwyn, cpd. of older rh'll!fl1lO id., etym.? W. treiglo. treillio deriv. of treigl 'tum, path, track', etym.? Br. rodeUa. deriv. of rodell 'curl (of hair)', dial. also 'little wheel', fro Lat. rorella (cf. Fr. roukr, etc., ..bove, 6). Loth. Mots lat. 202. Br. ruiiha, prob. fro OFr. ro.ler (Fr. roukr, above, 6). Henry 236. 8. Goth. wandjan, ON venda, Dan. vende. Sw. ronda, OE wendan, ME wende (NE wend), OHG wenten, Du., MHG, NHG wenden, causatives to Goth. -windan (biwindan 'wr..p', uswi,.. dan 'plait'), ON, Sw. IJinda, Dan. 1Jind, OE windan, ME wind, NE wind, OHG winlan, Du., MHO, NHG winden 'wind' : Umbr. ah-uendu 'avertito', Skt. vandhura- 'hRmper (of wickerwork)', Arm. gind 'ring'. Walde-P. 1.261. FalkTorp 1367, 1382. Feist 98, 550. ON s",la, Dan., Sw. 81W : OE _ wan, Goth . .miwan 'hurry' (as 'tum'), CbSl. snuJ.i 'wRrp', Russ. snovat' 'wRrp. go to and fro', Skt. 81IiI.van- 'band, tendon', etc. Walde-P. 2.696. Falk-Torp 1097. ON hver/a, OE hweor/an, OHG (h)werban, all mostly intr. 'tum' or in secondary senses: Goth. hf}{Jirban 'wander ..bout'. prob. Grk. • ••pd, 'wrist' (as 'pivot'). Walde-P. 1.472 f. Falk-Torp 438 f. Feist 279 f. ON ve/ja: vela, OE TU/an, OHG

weban 'weave, plait', Grk. ~a.lJIW 'weave', etc. Walde-P. 1.257. Falk-Torp 1405. Dan...~~ (Sw. 8fI6pa 'shroud, wrap up') : ON .veipa 'stroke, sweep, sw..the, swaddle', DE BtD4pan 'swing, sweep', OHG wwei/an 'swing, set in turning ma-

665

'squeeze, draw fast, bind', ChSI. -II7'1lzq, .",...ti 'bind', with nasaJ OE wriT/{/an

667

tion, wriggle', Goth. midjtWWeipaina 'deluge' (lit. 'middle-sweeping'). WaldeP. 2.520. Falk-Torp 1223 f. OE tyrnan, turnian, ME turne, NE turn, fro Lat. tomare OFr. tomer. turner, Fr. W!JT7IeT (above, 6). NED S.V. turn, vb. ME wrappe, NE wap, perh. (pp fro pn) : Lith. verpti 'spin', Grk. PA"'" 'sew. pl!.tch', ~..... 'bow, stoop', etc. WaJde-P. 1.277 (top). Falk-Torp 1399. ME rolle, NE roU, MW (> Dan . rulle, Sw. rulla), Du., MHG, NHG rollen, fro OFr. roeler, Fr. roukr (..bove, 6). F ..lk-Torp 918 f. Weigand-H. 2.602. NE twist, fro ME twiste 'separate, divide' and 'combine, unite', whence esp. (early NE) 'plait, interlace, combine by interlacing' and eventually the modem generaJ sense; fro ttoi- : two. Cf. Du., W twisten 'quarrel' (fr. 'divide'). Icel. tui.8tra 'scatter' and older Flem. twi8len, Dan. dial. tui.8te,!oeste 'twine'. NED S.V. OHG keran. MHG keren, NHG kekren, etym. dub. WaJde-P. 1.546. Weigand-H. 1.1015. Kluge-G. 293. OE pril.wan ('tum, twist, torture', hence in aJtered sense NE tkrOlD), Du. draaien (W dreUm > Dan. dreje), OHG drajan, MHG dTllljen, NHG drehen: Grk. rolpw, Lat. ter.re, Lith. trinti, ChSI. triti'rub'. WaJde-P. 1.729. Weigand-H. 1.376. Du. wikkelen, late MHG, NHG wiekeln (> Dan. IJikle, Sw. vekla), deriv. of NHG wickel, MHG wickel(in), OHG wicchili, widIol. etc., orig. 'roll of flax or wool on the distaff to be spun' : DE wice, wecco, OHG wekko 'wick', Ir. jigim, W.

g'U'IeU

'weave', Skt. rXig'Ura-

'snare, noose'. WaJde-P. 1.248. FalkTorp 1377. 9. Lith. kreipti: ChSI. krlB1l 'turn, change of weather', vil8krliBiti 'raise' (from the del!.d), ON kreiji 'wrist' (as

'pivot'). etc. Walde-Po 2.571. Berneker 615. Lith. grpti (but chielly 'bore'), Lett. griut : ON kringr. MHG krine 'ring'. MHG lcrane 'circle, region', etc., also OE erane (in cr/J1lC8tfBj 'a weaver's too)'). NE crank. etc.. IE *(lTOfI/J(k)-. Walde-Po 1.594. MIthI.-Endz. 1.662 f. Lett. 1ft: Lith. tinti 'swell' (as 'stretch'). Goth. u1-jJanjan 'stretch' (intr.). OE penian. Lat. tendero. Grk. ,w.. 'stretch', etc. Walde-Po 1.724. Miihl.-Endz. 4.205 f. lO. Latc CbSI. krqtiti (""tali 'plait'). Boh. kroutiti. Russ. krutit'. SCr. okrenuti. okretali. Pol. ~ci It. gotta 'gout'; deriv., through a vb. *guttiare, goccia, gocciola 'drop'; Fr. goutte, Sp. gow 'drop' and 'gout'; Rum. guIA 'gout', dial. 'drop'), etyro.? Emout-M.439. WaldeH. 1.629. REW 3928, 3929. For the sense 'gout', see NED S.v. gout, sh. 1, Rum. pic (also 'a little, a bit'), for 'drop' more commonly picdtur4, fr. vb.

pica 'drip', this fro an imitative syllable seen in It. piccolo 'small', etc. (1.256).

REW 6494. l'u!Icariu 1304. Tiktin 1154. Rum. 8trop, back-formation fro vb. wopi 'sprinkle', prob. corruption of a Slavic *BiJ,.kropiti (cf. ChSI. kropiti, SCr. lkropiti 'sprinkle', Bemeker 623). Tiktin 1519. 3. Ir. hanna (K. Meyer, Contrib. 177), Br. banne, hannec'h, OCom. hanne (MCom. 'a jot, bit'): Skt. bindu'drop', root connection? Walde-P.2.110. Pedersen 1.116. A. Mayer, Glotta29.69f. Ir. briJen (also 'rain, shower, spot', K. Meyer, Contrib. 266), NIr. braon, etym.? Walde-P.1.268 (vs. Stokes 271). W. dafn (with vb. dafnu 'drip'), etym.? W. di/eryn, with vb. diferu = Com. devery, dyvery 'drip', etyro.? 4. ON dropi, OE dropa, OHG tropfo, etc., general Gmc., beside vbs. ON drjupa, OE dreopan, OHG triufan, etc., also OE dropian, dryppan, etc. (NE drop, drip, beside dresp fro OE drilopan, and droop fro ON dropa), with Ir. drucht

NIr. W. Br.

4568. Sp., Port. arrojar, fro VLat. *rotuldre 'roll' (10.15). REW 7396. Sp. tirar 'draw' (9.33), hence aIso 'shoot' and 'throw'. Rum. arunca, fro Lat. m.ncdre 'weed out'. REW 2908. Tiktin 100. 4. Ir. focerdaim (OIr. Ssg. /oceirtI; 'throw' and 'put' (for uses cf. Laws, Gloss. 372), fro *up etc. (above, 1). 6. Lith. metu, meati, Lett. .....t, ChS!.

metq, mesti, iter. metati (Russ. metat', Boh. metati, Pol. miolat 'Bing, cast', etc., in more restricted applications; SCr. metati mostly 'put, place'), characteristic old Balt-, ...

Av.

a/>.,rpiIr

Besides the words listed as the most orig. 'tum around'. Walde-P. 1.271 ff. generic for 'throw', there are numerous Falk-Torp 1370 f. others which are usuaUy expressive of Grk. ptrr., (NG pLx"" a\so ~.... , greater violence or are more restricted pLxr." cf. Hatzidakis, M.u. 1.291) fro as to their objects, as NE fling, hurl, .1DIip-; Goth. 1IXJirpan, ON llerpa, OE cast, It. lanciare, Fr. lancer, Sp. lanzar 1D6OrpIJfI, OHG tJJeT/an, etc., fro *tJJeT-b-; (extended from 'tbrow a lance', but still ChS\. VMlgq, ",.Uti (1IMlgnqti, 1Jri1zati), less generic than others), ChS!. kydati, Boh. ",.hnouti, ",.hati, fr. • ...r-g- (in Pol. kidaC, Russ. kido.t' (: SCr. kidati Skt. orj- 'tum', 10.12). 'break, tear', Boh. kydati 'clean out 2. Grk. fJ~~""', Arc. 8f~""', with fJo~4, dung'; Bemaker 676), etc. The once fJOXot 'a throw', {:Ji"Aot 'missile', etc., all generic word has sunk to a subordinate pointing to IE *g-e!-, prob. the same as position in the case of Sp. echar in con- in Skt. gal,. 'drip', OHG quellan 'gush trast to It. gettare, Fr. jeter, or Boh. forth', etc. Walde-Po 1.690 f. Semantic metali, Russ. metal', etc., in contrast to connection through a common 'fall, let fall'. Cf. Hom. 1s aA. ChS\. mesti. Most of the words are cognate with fJ~lI 'river falling into the sea', and others denoting some kind of quick mo- the extended use of NE drop (10.23) betion, as 'turn', 'roll', 'gush', etc. A few side drip. Otherwise Wackemagel-Decome from the notion of caim at' or brunner, KZ 67.159 f. 'draw' (through 'shoot'). NG rErO; 'fly' (10.37), aIso 'let fly, 1. From. various extensions of *wer· throw'. 3. Lat. iaure, iici: Grk. !~p" &or. parallel to IDert- in words for 'turn', as Lat. verlere, etc. (10.12). Cf. NE thrOlD, ~«a 'send', aIso 'throw'. Walde-P.1.199.

_.pO. ....•

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Emout-M. 466 ff. Walde-H. 1.666 f. (with full refs. on the disputed I~I")' Hence frequent. ioct4re, *iect4re > It. gettare, Fr. jeter, Sp. echar (the last esp. in manifold secondalY senses). REW

'shake'? 2.479.

Ru...

Bkt. Av.

,....

tropJen

1. Grk. O"TI1')'WJ', with vb. C1Tcil"w 'drip' ('"rcl'Y""), prob. : Lat . • tagnum 'stagnant water, pool', OBr. 8taer, NBr. sier

674

Pol.

drop

The extension of 'fall in drops' to 'faU' in general, as seen in NE drop (10.23), leads us to consider here the nouns for a 'drop'-despite the fact that in these the notion of motion, the 'dropping', is subordinate in feeling to that of (small) amount (of a liquid), so that the inclusion in this chapter seems illogical.

'river', W.

Lith. Lett.

dropi

MOTION; LOCOMOTION, TRANSPORTATION, NAVIGATION 'dew', fro *dhreub- beside *dhreubh- in Grk. 9p{nrr.. (u"""",.) 'break in pieces', 8pul£l.'a., .,p/JfJKJr 'bit, lump', and *dhreusin Goth. driusan, OE dr_n 'fall'. Walde-P. 1.873. Falk-Torp 150, 159. 5. Lith. laias, Lett. lase, perh.: Russ. law, la.oina 'spot'. Mfih!.-Endz. 2.441. Bemaker 691. Buga, Kalba ir Senov~ 193. 6. ChS!., SCr., Russ. kaplja, Boh.

MOTION; LOCOMOTION, TRANSPORTATION, NAVIGATION

675

10.26 SHAKE (vb. trans.) -hri8jan, gawigun,

quatere. quaawre

8ci£OUre

Sw.

......

CJ"E"".",~O'toJ. ra~M.I,

NG lAt.

1'wG.i""" Cl"ctw

Cl"IlMW

It.

Fr. Sp.

-

Goth. ON Dan.

Grk.

.......

80cudir

Rum. Ir. Nlr.

8C1dura

W.

8ig!o

Br.

heja

erothim crothaim

OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

W Sp. hervir, Rum. jierbe), Ir. berbaim, NIr. beirbhim, W. berwi, Br. hirvi. also NIr. bruitkim : Skt. bhurva'l1i- 'wild, restless', Russ. bruja 'streaming, current' J OHG briuwan, etc. 'brew', IE *bheru-. Walde-P. 2.167 f. Ernout-M. 352 f. Walde-H. 1.437.

SCr.

Boh.

ooa., _" ..u.boa (...u..)

Pol. Ruy.

Bkt. Av.

flirti virl wfti oreti rJfUi ~

'How' (as 'run' only special uses, cr. Mtihl.~ End •. s.v.). ChS!. te,ti 'run. flow'. SCr. teci, Boh. teci, Russ. tee' 'flow' (sense 'run' entirely lost), Av. tal- 'run, flow'. 3. Lat. fluere (> It. fluire, Sp. fluir).

perf. fl1lxi (cf. also con-fluges) : Grk. 'wine-drunk', Sp. nudar), VLat. also ·notare (> It. nuatare, Rum. tnota, OFr. noer, REW 5846); Ir. maim, NIr. mamhaim, W. nojW (fr. sb. nawf, nojion), Br. neuftvi, neui; cf. Skt. Bna- 'bathe', anauti 'drips', etc. 2. NG ..A.I'7ro., fro class. Grk. (Jaw 'dive, plunge', deriv. of ICliAvp/Jos 'diver', name of a bird. Already Hellenistic for 'swim', cf. Moeris VEt)' teal "";'XEric" 'ATT&«oL, IU)).Vjlfjall "EXX"ws. 3. Fr. nager, fro Lat. 1I4oigtlre 's&il' (10.36). REW 5861.

""".1'-

Lith. Lett.

ChS1. SCr. Boh. Pol. R ....

Skt. Av.

pia""", plavkr/li po/dII pi..., p/tJ..u p/DDiIi, p I pIauti, p'-ti plywqo! ply 'rage. seethe'. etc. In part confused with preceding group (where q and u were merged). Walde-Po 1.835 f. Bemeker 236. ChS!. .!!jati. etc .• above. 1. 8. Skt., Av. va-, above, 1. Skt. doom- : Lith. dumti, ChSI. dqti 'blow' (above. 7).

10.41 CREEP. CRAWL Grk.

Goth.

lp1fw

NG

Q'!pJIoplU, lp"l'w

ON

8kr1:~a, krjiZpa

Lat. It. F,. Sp.

aerpere, repere 8tluciare, serpeggiare ramper, 'e tratner arrastrarse 8Sttrt

Dan.

krybe kraol.

Rum,

h.

Nlr. W.

B,.

8ntiighim, mamhaim ymlus{JO, cropian en ern 8tlsja

686

kr1/pa kriila

Sw.

OE

creopan miCan,

ME NE OHG MHG NHG

listi, slinkti list plwiti, (P>-I) ...ykati

sa,.

pu ~ati gmizati plaziti 8S, lkti p.lzal, czolgal rir presm1lkat'.ja, polzot' BTP-

Boh.

smtigan

Du.

Lith. Lett. CbS!.

crepe, craule creep, crowl kriupen ch.riochan, ,UMan kriechen, 8lichen kri«hen, IChleicMn

Pol. RUBS,

Skt.

.

Av.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

crawl. fro Norse). ON krafla 'paw. scramble', Sw. kravla 'crawl, scramble': MLG kTabben 'scratch. scrape'. NHG krabbeln 'crawl. grope'. Grk. -yp4q.., 'scratch, write', etc. Walde-Po 1.607. FaIk-Torp 577 f .• 572. Hellquist 507. 519. NED S.V. crawl vb.'. OE snillan. early ME sniken (NE sneak fro a parallel form) : ON sn'ikja 'hanker after', Dan. snige, Sw. snika 'sneak', Gmc. *mile- beside *.male- in OE maca 'snake'. etc. Walde-Po 1.697f. Falk-Torp 1095. OE smtZgan (ON smjtZga esp. 'crawl through a hole') : ChSI. smy/cati 8~, etc. (see below. 7). OHG 8likhan. MHG 8liehen, NHG 8chleicMn : ON 81.!kr 'smooth'. Ir. 81igim 'smear', etc., IE ·Bleig-, fro *Cs)lei- in words for 'slimy. slippery. etc.' (Grk. a.AtJlw, Lat. linere 'smear', etc.). WaldeP.2.391. 6. Lith. li8ti. Lett. list. prob. fro forms of IE '8leidh- 'slip' (in Grk. hA"tfJ..... etc .• 10.42) without initial 8- (in Lith. also nasalized). Walde-Po 2.708, 715. Lith. 81inkti: OHG Blingan 'wind. swing'. OE slingan 'creep' (rare word). OHG ,lango 'snake'. etc. Walde-Po 2.714.

7. ChSI. plllziti. SCr. puzati. Boh. plaziti se, Pol. pekoe. Russ. p- (above. 1). WaldeP. 2.370. Emout-M. 861, 931. Miihl.Endz. 3.497. It. Btrisciare, also and orig. 'touch lightly. stroke'. of imitative orig. REW 8309. It. serpegviaTe. above. 1. Fr. ramper. formerly 'climb' (cf. also rampant 'with raised paws' > NE rampant) : It. rampart 'clamber up', Tampa 'claw', etc., all through 'claw, paw', fro Gmc. *hrampa- 'hook' (cf. MLG ramp 'cramp, misfortune', Du. ramp 'misfortune') related to OHG hrimpjan 'pull

687

Rum. aluneca. luneca. fro Lat. l-abri'make smooth. lubricate' (cf. below. 5, OE 81upan. etc.). ~ariu 997. 4. NIr. 8leamhnuighim, W. UUkro, above, 1. Br. rikla (Vallee, Emault), prob. fro earlier riskla beside riska (both in Le Gonidec), fro Fr. ri8quer'risk'? 5. ON .kreppa (sense 'slip' fro 'disappear', orig. 'contract. draw together') MHG schrimpjen 'draw together. wrinkle' : ON .korpinn 'shrunken', fro an extension of *(B)ker- 'twist. tum'. WaldeP.21.588. Falk-Torp 1032. c4re

ON akri'lJna: skrt-tJa 'creep, crawl' (10.41). (OEglidan) ME. NEglide (only rarely 'slide'). MLG gliden (> Dan. glide, Sw. glida), Du. glijden. MHG gUren. NHG g!eiten. perh. fro °gh!eidh-. beside 'ghlend-, ghliidh. etc. in words for 'shining, smooth'. etc. (through 'smooth' to 'slippery'. cf. OE glred 'shining. bright. glad' : OHG glat 'smooth'. fro *ghl.dh-). Walde-P.1.6Zl. Franck-v. W. 203. OE .l1i.pan. OHG 81upjan. MHG 8liipjen. NHG 8chlupjen : Goth. sliupan. OHG .liojan 'slip. creep in'. IE *(8)leubin Lat.lllbricU8 'slippery'. etc. Walde-Po 2.710 f. Feist 438. 6. Lith . • lysti. Lett. 8Udet, above. 1. Lith. oouiti, liiuoiti. prob. of imitative origin. 7. SCr. klizati .e. etc.. the Slavic group, above, 1. 8. Skt. 811'-. nearest equivalent. but chielly 'creep. crawl' (10.41).

MOTION; LOCOMOTION, TRANSPORTATION, NAVIGATION

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

688

10.43 JUMP, LEAP (vb.) ark.

.......• ..,...

NG Lat. It.

""'" oaI... -.

Sp.

_ . IriIcor

Fr.

Goth.

-Maupan ON o/jIkkoa. Al4u"" Dan. hop,.., 'Pring< Sw. /Iop!I" OE hila""...pringan ME ! It. l1litar., Fr. ",uter, Sp. BOltar 'jump'), Toch. A ,.u. 'hop, jump' (SSS 477); perh. Skt. ucchalati (.ud-sat-) 'ruehes up'. 2. Grk. ,."a... , NG ...,a;;; : Skt. po&'go, fall', CbSI. pasti 'fall' (10.23), fro the same root lIB Grk. rcWs, ...&It, Skt. ptJd-, etc. 'foot'. Walde-P.2.23.

BOlt",

etc., above, 1. 3. Lat. Sp. brincar: C"t. t1inclar, blincar 'bend' (intr.), deriv. of Lat. t1incul"m 'cMin, bond'. REW 9341. 4. Ir. lingim, vbl. n. Uim = W. llam, Br. lamm '" le"p' (·1"".........), whence NIr. Uimim, W. Uamu, Br. lammo! (-t. -out) : Skt. lagh...., ragh.... 'quick, swift', Grk. lA.xu. 'small, little', IE 'kg"J&-. Walde-P. 2.426. Pedersen 2.368. W. neidio: Br. nijal, MCom. nyU" 'Oy' (10.37). 6. Goth. -hlaupan (only cpd. ...... hlaupan 'jump up'), ON hlaupa, OE hliapan, ME Iepe, NE leap = OHG hlaujan, NHG /aujon 'run' (this meaning also in OE and late ON), etym. dub., perh. : Lith. IIlubao 'limping', lIubwti 'limp', IE '~IotHJ-, extension of '/ilouin Skt. p-t>r}B- 'lame', Lith. lIumao'limping'. Walde-P. 1.473 f. Feist 532 f. ON .~kkea, also 'burst, spring "pILrt, spurt' : Goth. atigqan 'hit, collide with', OE stiman, OHG stiman 'smell' (15.21). Walde-P. 2.617. Falk-Torp 1168. Dan. happe, Sw. kappa (ON kappa 'hop') = OE hoppion, NE hop, etc.:

690

Grk.

fjaJlrw, fJa.t-

NG Lat.

np(,) ....TCii ambul4ro, gT NE ball), ed "Iso Sp. OOilar (by " blend with another word), fro late Lat. baUd.. 'dance' (Augustine, etc.), loanword fro Grk. p.>.}.[.", 'dance' (which ba/ld g101!8es, CGL 2.255.43, "nd which is quoted by Athen&eus from Epich&rmus and Sophron). WlLrtburg 1.221. Walde-H. 1.95. Emout-M. 102. Otherwise REW 909. Rum. juca, orig. 'play' like Fr. jouer, etc. (16.27), but used also for 'dance', inOuenced by the double use of SI"vic igrati (below, 6). 3. There was "pp&rently no dancing in ancient Ireland (cf. O'Curry 2.406 f.). NIr. rinncim, used also for 'spin' (of a top), and so prob. orig. and fro rinn 'point'. W. dawnBio, Br. da1!8al, ahove, 2. 4. Goth. plinsjan, fro the Slavic, cf. ChSI. ~8(Jti (below, 6). Feist 384. Stender-Petersen 530.

MOTION; LOCOMOTION, TRANSPORTATION, NAVIGATION

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

ON hoppa, used of the dance, but mostly 'hop, jump "bout', cf. Dan. hoppe 'jump' (10.43). ON dama, etc., "bove, 2. OE sealtian, Baltian, OHG salzan, fro Lat. saUll.. (above, 2). 5. Lith. Bokti, also regularly 'jump' (10.43). Lett. diet (used for 'dece' in NT translation, now oha.) : Skt. di- 'SO&r, fty', Grk. 8io4o.o 'whirl', Ir. dian 'swift'. Walde-P. 1.775. Milhl.-Endz. 1.483. Lett. dancuot, "bove, 2. 6. ChSI. ~ti, SCr. pluati, Russ. pljasat' (Boh. pluati, Pol. plqza6.II~., 'A~va 29, ,,"p6.pr. 39ff. 3. Lat. currere (> It. correre, Fr. counT, Sp. COTrer) : cur8U8 'course' J CUTTUB 'wagon', Gallic oorTUS, Ir. carr, Br. kaTT 'vehicle, wagon', further connections (as with OE hors 'horse', etc.) dub. Emout-M. 247 f. Walde-P. 1.428. Walde-H. 1.315 f. Rum. a1erga : It. dial. alargarse 'withdraw', VLat. *allargare, deriv. of Lat. largus 'abundant' in its later sense 'wide' ("s in It. largo, etc., 10.61). REW 352,4912.

-Ar....

694

4. Ir. rethim, NIr. rithim, W. rhedeg, Br. redck : Ir. roth, W. rhod, OHG rad, Le.t. rota 'wheel', Skt. ratka- 'chariot'. W&!de-P. 2.368, Pedersen 2.600 f. 5. Gotb. rinnan, ON renna, OE iman, rinnan, ME rinne, renne, NE run, OHG rinnan, MHG rinnen (NHG rinnon); hence NHG rennen, Sw. Tanna, orig. caUS. = OHG rennan, ON renna (pret. rende) 'cause to run', Goth. ur-rannjan 'c"use (the sun) to rise' : Skt. T- (3sg. roli, roooli) 'move, stir' (10.11), Grk. 3pJl'u#u 'rouse, move', etc. Walde-Po 1.138. F&lk-Torp 890, 901. Feist 398 f. Goth. prO{/jan, OE jJrmgan, see under Grk. TpiX", "bove, 2. ON hlaupa (I"te in this sense, ...rlier mostly 'I...p'), Dan. lIbe (Sw. lIJpa'run' in m&ny ph......., but mostly repl&ced by 8pringa; Hellqnist 1051), Du. loopen, OHG hlaufan, Zoujan, MHG Zoujen,NHG lauf..., see ON hlaupa, OE hleapan 'leap, jump' (10.43). Sw. springa, orig. 'leap, jump', as ON 8pringa, OE 8pringan, etc. (10.43). H.llquist 1051. 6. Lith. begli, Boh. beleli, bJhali, Pol. In:edc, biegat, Russ. beiat', begat', &Iso or orig. '/lee', like Lett. begl, etc. See 10.51. Lett . • kriet, see under 'tly' (10.37). Lett. di"l. veri, prob. fro ·wer- underlying words for 'tum' (10.12). Walde-P. 1.271. Persson, Beitrii.ge 956. 7. ChS!. te,li, tekq 'run, tlow', whence the Slavic words for 'tlow' (cf. 10.32) : Lith. teketi 'flow, run', Lett. tecet 'flow', Ir. techim '/lee' (10.51), Av. tal- (3sg. talaili) 'run, tlow', Skt. tak- (3sg. takli) 'rush'. Walde-Po 1.715. SCr., Siov. trCati : ChS!. tr"kU 'course, flight', Ir. trice, NIr. tnc 'quick, nimble', root ·Irek- : ·trek- in Av. udarv-Brqaa'moving on the belly, creeping' (of snskes)? W&!de-P. 1.755. Boh. beleli, etc., above, 6. 8. Skt. and Av. words, "bove, 1,2,7.

MOTION; LOCOMOTION, TRANSPORTATION, NAVIGATION 10.47 GO Grk. NG

• lI.K,fjaW wiuol,1nf"Yabrcol

Goth.

Lat.

... (-.., late .... der., ambuUIrol a.fIdare (ire), rKJdo alkr, Mia, irai ir, tJOy

ON

It.

Fr. Sp. Rum.

Ir. NIr. W.

bcfjaLIIW.

4. Lat. ire, Sp. ir, etc., above, 1. Lat. cedere, perf. cess'i (mostly 'go away', but 'go' in cpds., perh. fro *ce·zdwith weak grade of 'sed- in ChS!. cJwdili, etc. (below,8). W"lde-P.2.486. W"ldeH. 1.193. Emout-M. 168 f. Lat. vadere 'go rapidly, rush, &dvance', in late Lat. simply 'go' (e.g. frequently in Peregrin"tio) : Lat. vadum 'ford', ON va3a 'wade, rush', OHG watan 'wade', OE wadan 'go, advance' (NE wade). Hence the present forms like It. vado, va, Fr. vais, Sp. voy, Rum. 3sg. va, etc. Walde-Po 1.217. Emout-M. 1069. REW 9117. Lat. ambulare 'walk' (10.45), used colloquiaJly for 'go' in Plautus (quo ambulaa tu, bene ambula) and regularly in late Latin. Hence Fr. aller, Rum. umbla. REW 412. Wartburg 1.86f. It. andare, Sp. andar (latter mostly 'walk'), much disputed. Apparently fro

" VLat. *ambitare (: Lat. ambire 'go around', sb. ambilus), but in late L"t. texts there is no trace of such" form beside the common ambtdiirej hence one suspects some, not precisely explained, reform"tion of the l"tter. REW 409, 412. Rwn. merge, fro Lat. mergere 'sink, plunge' (10.33). Sem&ntic development perh. 'sink' > 'dis"ppe"r' > 'withdraw' (cf. Alb. rniirgonj 'withdr"w') > 'go "w"y' > 'go' (so Pu~a.riu 1058), but may be simply fro the pop. use of mergere for impetuous going, like NE plunge into the woods, into tbe crowd, etc. Cf. immerBit sese in ganeum 'plunged into " gs.ming-house', etc. (Plaut.), "nd immargebam in a Rom"n epit"ph from Bulgaria. REW 5525. 5. Ir. tiag1i, Nlr. teighim : Grk. VTOtxw 'stride, advance, walk' (in Lesb. dial. 'go'), Goth. Bteigan, -steigan used for v"rious cpds. of Grk. 1I.w.., ON sliga, OE, OHG sligan, "II used for 'go, go up, go down', Lett. Bteigt 'h...ten', etc. Walde-Po 2.614.-Ir. imperat. eirg, fut. -rega, Nlr. raghaidh, etc., etym. disputed. Walde-P. 2.364 (: rigim'stretch out'). Pedersen 2.648, Thumeysen, Gram. 473. (: Grk. !PXOI'.' 'come' 10.48).-Ir. pret. luid : Grk. lX.wol'." ~Xo.&. (10.48). Walde-Po 2.417. Pedersen 2.378.-NIr. pret. chuaidh, Ir. perf. docuaid, perh. ·dicom-vad-: L"t. vadere ("bove,4). Pedersen 2.648.-Ir. info du!, etym.? (Pedersen !.c. : Alb. ddlii 'go out, sprout'). W. myned, Br. mont, monel, Corn. mones : ChS!. minqli 'pass' (of time), Lat. me4re 'wander, go', IE *mei-. W&!de-P. 2.241. Pedersen 2.4M.-The finite indic"tive Brit&nnic forms chietly fro the root 'aD- (in Le.t. agere, etc.), e.g. (only 3sg. forms quoted) W. pres. a (OW agit), imperf. ai, perf. aeth; Br. pres. a, imperf. ae, pret. eaz. Pedersen 2.353, 451 f. (W"lde-P. 1.35).-W. subj. (3sg.)

merge, 'Umbla tiagu (/Qd, "''flO, dul) tItgAi.. (chU4idh. rag-

hc.> 'wander', Skt. cl-Bad- 'arrive at, reach', ut-Bad- 'go away, withdraw', fro IE *sedultimately identic,,1 with ·Bed- 'sit' (Le.t. sedire, etc.). The sense 'go' might have &risen first by derivation with prefixes (... in Skt.). Walde-Po 2.486. Berneker 392. Otherwise Briickner 181. 9. Skt., Av. i-, ytl-, above, 1. Skt., Av. gam-, glJ-, above, 2. Av. dear- 'go' (of Daevic beings) : Skt. dhorati 'trots', Grk. .-8opw 'pl"y', etc., IE *dhwer- : *dhwe,.. in Av. dva,.. 'tly' (10.37), extensions of *dheu- in Skt. dhu- 'shake' (10.26). Walde-P. 1.842.

10.48 COME Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum.

Ir. NIr. W.

IpxOlla.t,

Goth.

........ ...w. ....... .......

ON Dan.

.or.•)JJop IpXOIW-, aor. 4p8a.

.....

doietlim, tidm Hgim , dol, etc.)

Br.

don(')1

Sw.

-,

qi......

ka ... kom... kom...

.....

OE ME NE

""""'n

DIL

!:omen

come

OHG queman, coman MHG !:omen, NHG kom.....

""men

Lith. Lett. CbSI. SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ. Bkt. Av.

aleiti

......, (atiet) priti, gr~8ti doOi pfijUi, p/idodzeti

przyjsc, przychodt.iC pridti. prichodit' (4- )gam-, (a- )i·, etc. (...)Jam-

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

696

01lHl-) of the roots

1. For the Latin, Romance, Germanic, and Indo-Iranian worda, representing IE 0goem-, and for the general relation of 'come' to 'go', see under 'go' (10.47). 2. Grk. Ipxo,."" etym. dub. Boisaeq 287 with refs. Perh. fro an extension of IE °er_ in Grk. 6p.vll' 'rouse', Skt. rooti 'moves' (10.11); or more closely: 6pxto,..., 'jump, dance'. Persson (cf. Boisacq). McKenzie, C!. Q. 15.44. Grk. aor. tjA8ov, ~~u/Iov, fut. !>.ot.ro1'''' : Ir. lod 'I went' (prat. to tiagu 'go', 10.47), further connection with Skt. rudh- 'grow, mount', Goth. liudan 'grow', dub. Walde-P.1.417. 3. Ir. do-iccim, ticim, NIr. tigim, cpd. of icc- (fr. 01}1i-?) : Skt. (Jf-, 711Jf-, Av. naB- 'attain', Lat. nandri, nancIBci 'attain, obtain', Grk. 4JI'f'YIUI., Lith. nelti, ChS!. ....ti 'carry, bring'. Walde-Po 1.128 f. Ernout-M. 652. Pedersen 2.557 f. Thurneysen, Gram. 126, 130. W. dyfod, cpd. of dy- (0to-) and bod 'be'. Here also Br. done!, dont, but blended with monel, mont 'go'. The finite Welsh forms are fro cpds. (0to-al-,

°04-, 0.1- discussed

under 'go' (10.47). The modem Breton has constructed a regular conjugation on the stem deu-, after MBr. Isg. ,woojf, etc. ("to-aI-). Pedersen 2.446, 452 ff.

4. Lith. aleiti = Lett. ati.t, hut the latter mostly 'come back', cpds. of prefix at- 'back, hither', and eiti, iet 'go' (10.47). Lett. nel1d : Lith. nokti 'mature', pra1IOkti 'overtake', perh. fro a ....1:- beside o,..~ in Skt. ""f-, etc. (above, 3). Walde-Po 1.129. Miih!.-End•. 2.698. 5. CbS!. priti (= pri.iti), ser. doM, (= do-iti), etc., also ChSI. pri- ME, NE depart), Sp. partir, fro

odeieti

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

698

'space'.

697

Lat. parti.,.. 'divide' (fr. par', parliB 'part'), with semantic development through the use, first in refl., for 'separate oneself' (cf. NE they parted). REW 6259. Gamillscheg 673. Fr. aortir ('go forth'), etym. disputed. REW 8110. Gamillscheg 809. Sp. aalir, fro Lat. Balir. 'jump, leap' (10.43). REW 7540. Rum. pleca (as trans. 'bend'), fro Lat. pliccl,.. 'fold', with sense 'depart' prob. starting in phrase for folding the tents. Note the contrast with Sp. Ilegar 'arrive', fro the same source (10.55). REW 6601. l'ufcariu 1334. 5. OE gew'Uan (usual word for 'depart'), apparently cpd. of wllan 'impute' (: Goth.frtHDeitan 'avenge', OHG 'impute', these: Goth., OE witan, etc. 'know'), but semantic development obscure (cf. also OS giwllan 'go', OHG arwizan 'depart' in Tat.). Walde-Po 1.238. Du. (beside weggaan, etc.) ..rtr.kkcn, cpd. of trekken 'draw' (9.33) and 'march, go'. NE leave (12.18) in phrases like left 1M ho""" is equivalent to 'depart from', hence now also without object, perhaps the most common popular expression, as he i8 leaving, he haa juat left.

......n

otic;

_(Jorl-),wn

'Depart' is simply to 'go away' and is most commonly so expreesed (NE depart is mostly in literary use). But there are also some terms of different origin. 1. Verbs for 'go' are often used alone

MOTION; LOCOMOTION, TRANSPORTATION, NAVIGATION 2. Verbs for 'go' in compounds or phrases with worda for 'away, forth, out', etc. Grk. bOo, ~PXol'''' Lat. al>-, • .,-ire, ab8-, de-, dia-ceder. (also an, UIIgaggan, ON ganga aj, ganga brott, Dan. gaa bort, Sw. gdbort (broU, bort : ON braut 'way, road', 10.71. Falk-Torp 95; Dan. also drage bort with drage 'draw' 9.33, also 'go', Falk-Torp 151), OE iUgan, OHG ilzgangan, argangan, NHG weggehen, Jortgehen, Lith. iieiti, nUlliti, ChS!. otiti, iziti, Skt. apagam-, etc. 3. Grk. 4vUXWp6.> (also a..... ), cpd. of XWpf.oull;" in the 'way' (: Lith. keli08 'way'). Walde-P. Gospels, similarly in modem Slavic, ser. iCi ... (kim), Boh. jiti oa (kym), 1.446. 3. Rum. urma, fro urma 'foot-track, Po!. ~ ... (kim) 'go behind (someone)'. CbS!. po-818dooati (renders rap ..otrack, trace' - It. orma 'foot-track', Sp. husma, husmo 'scent', fro Grk. oop.;' Mull;"), alMiti (mostly in secondary 'smell'. REW 6112. ~a.riu 1835. sense), SCr. • Ij.dil:i, Boh. (n6-).ledooati (Po!. na-AlatIowaC mostly 'imitate'), Densusianu 201. Russ. .!edit', .ledooat', derivs. of S!. 4. Ir. sechur, above, 1. NIr. leanaim = Ir. Z.nim 'hang to, aledll 'track' (: Lith. a/yaU, Lett. slid.t adhere' : Lat. liner. 'daub, besmear', 'slip, slide', etc. 10.42). Walde-Po Grk . .u.t... 'smear' (IE 0lei-. Walde-Po 2.708. 8. Skt. afJl>o, Av. hal-, above, 1. 2.389). Pedersen 2.565.

+,

700

Ork. NO Lat. It. Fr. Bp.

Rum.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

'-.....,.,.& """"

_. ""'ill

(..... por-)Hgu
It. inBBgUir•• Sp. per~T. with change of prefix Fr. po....";"",. OFr. porBi...e. par"';Te). cpds. of _equi 'follow' (10.52). Rum. urmari. fro ..rma 'follow' (10.52). Rum. goni (also 'drive'). fro the Slavic (below. 6). 3. Ir. i..",-ennim. cpd. of the vbl. stem -gren7>- (not found as simplex). fro *grend,.. : Lat. gradi 'walk'. ChSI. flTf8li 'come'. Walde-Po 1.652. Walde-H. 1.615. Pedersen 2.549. Thumeysen. Gram.353. Ir. do-sennim (e.g. ~pl. du-m-sennot. etc.). etyro. dub .• perh. as olig. 'start, frighten (game. etc.) by a noise' : Skt. suan- 'sound'. Lat. 8onare. etc. (15.44). Pedersen 2.625. NIr. tor ..igkim : Ir. Ioracht 'pursuit. success' prob. fro *to-rO-Baig-. cpd. of 8Gig" 'go after. claim' (cf. Ssg. doroick 'attains·. etc.). Pedersen 2.610. Laws. Gloss. 739. W. erlidio, ymlid. perh. fro same root as dilyn. canlyn 'follow' (10.52). Morris Jones 391. Lloyd-Jones. BBCS 2.108. Br. redek warlero'h 'run after' (waTlerc'h 'after' fro war 'on' and lertfh 'track'). 4. Goth. wrikan = ON reka. OE wrecan 'drive. avenge' (NE wreak). OHG rehhan 'punish, avenge': Lat. urgere 'press, impel', Skt. waj- 'stride, go'. Walde-Po 1.319. Feist 574.

'hostile pursuit', outside connections

dub. Walde-Po 1.60. Falk-Torp 17. 1430. ME. NE p ..T..... fro Anglo-Fr. pur8uer = OFr. parBi.,.•• por...ire (above. 2). NEDs.v. ME chace. NE chase. fro OFr. o1uJcier 'hunt out, pursue', Fr. chasser 'drive (away). hunt' (3.79). Du. najrI4Jen. NHG nachjrI4Jen. cpds. of no, nach 'after' andjrI4Jen 'hunt'. OHG jrI4JOn. MHG jrI4Jen 'hunt. pursue' (3.79). 5. Lith. persekineti. cpd. of per'through' and frequent. form of sekli 'follow' (1O.52).

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Bp. Rum.

Ir. NIr.

W

ad-oequ'.

3. Ir. dogrennim. cpd. of the root -grenn- in ingrennim 'pursue' (10.53). Cf. also TOBaigim, etc. 'arrive at, reach' (10.55). NIr. beirim 41', also 'seize, catch' (11.14). lit. 'carry on' (beirim 'carry. bring. take'. 10.61). also beirim 8uaB ar. with 8uaB 'up' (prob. copied from NE oatch up with). W. goddiweddyd. re-formed infin. from lsg. goddiweddaf, old infin. goddi..... MW gortii.... , prob. = *..par-di-wedd- (cf. diwedd 'close. conclusion') fro IE *wedh'lead'. in Ir. f It. amllare). in the older language 'reach the shore. land' • fro VLat. "adrip Dan.

prinati

for, order'; outside connections dub. WaJde-P. 1.197. Barth 1288 f.

~ priftati

Ilar-._ bhr-, hT-

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

""'' ' '

Rum.

"P"'.

bringe. Sw. bringa). OHG bringan. MHG. NHG bringen. beeide OE brengan, OS brengian. MLG, Du. brengen (fr. obrangjan) : W. he-brwng 'lead. conduct. bring'. MCom. hem-bronk 'will lead'. MBr. ham-brouc. NBr. ambrouk 'lead'. WaJdeP.2.204. Falk-Torp 102. Feist 105. ON IMa (Dan.l;re. Sw./lJra 'carry' and 'lead'. NHG IUhren ·Iead·. 10.64). caus. to ON lara, Goth. laran 'go. travel' (10.47). ON kama 'come' (10.48) with dat. of object. and 80 reg. NIcel. kama me'IJ. for 'bring'. OE letian. ME leeche. NE lelch (still common locaJly). "rob. as orig. 'go after' : ON leI 'a step'. leta 'lind one'. way'. Grk ...100. 'ground'. etc. WaJdeP.2.24. NED s.vv.lel andletch. OHG haJJJn. holiln. MHG. NHG holen. Du. halen (also 'draw'. cf. ME hale. NE haul) : OE ge-lwZian 'get'. perh. Arm. k·a/em 'collect. take away'. Toch. kill'lead. bring' (SSS 430). The old comparison with Lat. calare. Grk. .AM.. 'caJ1·. etc. (FaJk-Torp 373. Walde-H. 1.141) is based on the frequent use as 'caJI' in OHG. But the evidence &8 a whole indicates that this sense is secondary. Mansion. PBB 33.547 ff. Franckv. W. 226. 4. Skt. hr- ·hold. carry. take' and (esp. with a-) 'bring': Osc. heriiad 'capiat', Lat. Iwrtus 'garden', etc., IE ·6he..... Walde-P. 1.603. Av. a-yilB-. cpd. of yilB- 'desire. ask

OHG MHG /Jriftgm. ,...,. NHG bringon, haIm

Go'h. ON

NG Lat.

10.47). While 'carry' denotes the action without regard to direction. 'bring' involves the implication of a definite goe.I. oftcn the position of the speaker. but not necessa.rily so. Generally this notion is either undistinguished from 'carry'. Lat. lerre. etc .• which as in Grk. cover both 'carry' and 'bring', Or is expressed by compounds of the verbs for 'carry' with prefixes meaning 'to' or the like. For these. as already discussed in 10.47. or obvious compounds of the same, no rurther comment is needed. It is only in Germanic that there is a distinctive independent group for 'bring'. But some otber word. of various primary meanings are also used for 'bring'. and tbe meet important 01 these are listed.

709

pIi_i

MOTION; LOCOMOTION. TRANSPORTATION. NAVIGATION 5. Lith. Bi1pli. Lett. BIiIU. see under Goth. Bandjan. ek. (above. 4).

10.63 SEND Grk.

The relation of 'bring' to 'carry' is similar to that of 'come' to 'go' (cf.

Dan.

Bant(:;an

.enda .end.

Li'h. Lett. ChB!.

OE ME NE

...w.

SOr. Boh. Pol.

Du.

zmden

Skt.

"'ntla .endan

.end

Russ.

OHG • en/an MHG 86nden NHG .chicken, 8enden

Several of the word. for 'send' are derived from word. for 'road'. with development through an intermediate 'go. travel' to 'cause to go' = 'send'. Some show specialization from 'let go, throw', or 'put, place, prepare, arrange' (an

expedition. etc.). Some are connected with words for 'know', 'warn', 'command'. and must then have been used

Av.

Bi""U

6. ChSI. Bi1lati. more commonly perfect. pOBlali (iter. B1JZattI. etc .• genera.I Slavic. perh. : Goth. aaljan 'offer'. ON 8elja 'give over, sell' J OE seUan 'give, sell'. Walde-P. 2.504 f. Bruckner 499.

8utJt

'send off. dispatcb' (an embassy. expedition. etc.) : OE .teUan. 'set. establish'. etc. (12.12). 2. Lat. miU£re (orig. sm-? of. COBmittere Paul. Fest.). etym. wbolly uncertain (Av. maet/- 'mittere' Barth. 1105. but?). but meaning 'send' specialization of 'let go, throw', etc., which is also found at aJ1 periods and is dominant in the cpds. and in VLat. (whence Fr. meUre 'put'. etc.). WaJde-P. 2.688. Emout-M. 621 f. It. mandore. Sp. mandor (also 'com- way', etc., hence ong. 'cause to go'. mand') = Fr. mantler 'send word. sum- From the same root prob. also Lith. mon', fro Lat. mandare 'commit, en- Bi1pli. Lett. ,nUit. WaJde-P. 2.496 f. join', also late 'send word', fro man- = Feist 410 f. man,.. 'hand' (cf. man-cepa. etc.) and NHG .chicken. earlier meaning 'predare 'give'. Emout-M. 586. REW pare. suit. adapt'. so MHG achicken = ON .kikka 'arrange': OHG acehen. 5286. It. inviare, Fr. enooyer, Sp. entJiar, fro NHG geschehen 'happen'. etc. WeigandVLat. 'ifWidre beside late Lat. viare H. 2.702. K1uge-G. 516.

.....-e

Grk. NG Lat.

4-yCt.l,4'rml'tu c1a11'Yw dUM-.

U.

menGT6,

condurre,

guidMe

Fr.

mmer, conduire, gui-

Sp.

llet1ar, cmducir, guiar

Rum.

duce,llOOId..,.

w.

l«lim tr. . . . .im arwaita, tywy. koe

rhr

Ir. NIr.

'promise', not quotable 8B 'send'), cpd. of pra-- 'forth' and if- 'impel, hurl' = Av. i8- 'set in rapid motion' : ON eiBa 'start violently', Lat. Ira 'anger', etc., IE ·eiB-. Walde-P. 1.106 f.

Av. _ _ 'mittere·. Barth. 1105. but this sense dub.

10.64 LEAD (vb.) Goth. HuMn ON 1eiII. Dan.

Sw. DE ME NE Du.

Lith.

!«le.!;'.

LeU. ChSl.

leda,jlJrtl

SCr.

liJdan

!«le Ieod lIOfI'J"ftI.,~

OHG IeitmI MHG leiten, I.IUeren. NHG fiiIoren. IeitmI

Br. Apart from an inheritcd group in which 'lead' seems tc be the primary sense. words for 'lead' are cognate with others for 'draw', 'seek', 'road', 'carry' J 'go' (88 'cause to go'), and 'drive'. Strictly. one 'leads' from in front and 'drives' from behind. but in situations where both have in common the notion of 'conduct' the difference may be loet sight of. with resulting interchange. 1. IE *wedh-. Walde-Po 1.255. Pedersen 2.515 f. Ir.ledim; Lith . ..du • ...Ii. Lett. oedu. ...1; CbSl. vedq. "Bli. iter. ..diti. SCr. IIOditi. Boh. w.ti. Pol. protrJlJdziC (cpd. replacing largely wiest. wodzit). RUBB. vesti. vodif. Av. oaaaya- (caus.). 2. Grk. l'Yw: Lat. agere. Skt. aj'drive' (10.65). Grk. !\'YioI'A' (cf. !\'Y.":'. 'leader. chief') : Lat. oIigire 'perceive keenly'. Goth. sfJkjan 'seek'. etc. (11.31). WaldeP.2.449. Boisacq 314. Emout-M. BB7.

711

pre,ayali (so also OPe... IraiBayam 'I sent'; but Av. Irae8ya- 'impel' and

...n

RU88.

...ti IICdUi okti prowadzit I16sti,lJOdit'

Av.

n .. ni-, vd&lyo.-

Boh. Pol.

Bk'.

Grk. MvYIw 'show the way. guide'. NG M~'Yo; 'guide. lead'. deriv. of MvY6s 'guide', cpd. of MOr tway, road' and the root of l'Y"'. 3. Lat. ducere (also 'draw'). OLat. doucere : Goth. tiuhan 'lead' and 'draw', OHG ziohan. OE am. etc. 'draw' (9.33). Walde-Po 1.780 f. Emout-M. 285 f. WaJde-H. 1.377 f. Hence Rum. duce both 'carry' and 'lead' (of. Sp. !levar); and, fro the cpd. Lat. condtlcere 'draw. bring together. assemble'. It. condurre (OIt. conducere). Fr. conduire, Sp. conducir, Rum. conduce. REW 2127. It. monare. Fr. mener (both also used for 'drive' animals) = Rum. mina'drive' animals, fr. late Lat. minare 'drive' animals. deriv. of minae 'threats'. EmoutM. 615. REW 5585. It. guidore. Fr. guider (OFr. guier). Sp. guiar. fro Gmc .• prob. a Fronk. wltan : OE gewUan 'see, look' and 'take a cer-

712

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

tain direction'. REW 9528. GamillON ki'l1a. Dan. kde. Sw. leda. OE scheg 498. !/!dan. ME leda. NE kad. Du. killen. Sp. llerIar 'carry' (10.61). also 'lead'. OHG. MHG. NHG Ieilen. Gmc. ·laid4. Ir. Jedim. above. 1. jan. caus. to ON Ma. Goth. kiJ>an. etc. NIr. trelJruighim. deriv. of trellir 'go' (10.47). Walde-P. 2.401. Falk'guide, direction, conduct, strength': Torp 629. Ir. tremr 'vigor'. tre/Jrach 'strong' (WinDan. JFe. Sw. JUra (alsc 'carry'). Du. disch). further etym.? voeren. MHG .ueren. NHG JUhren. but W. arwain, earlier 'carry', fro *ari- ON JrI!Ta 'bring' (10.62). OHG Jumen we971- : Ir. Jen. OE _ 'wagon'. Lat. 'convey, cause to go', etc., Gme. *JiWjan, V6heTe 'carry'r veht 'ride' , Skt. vah.- 'carry, caus. to ON JaTa. Goth. Jaron. ete. 'go' ride'. etc. (10.66). Walde-Po 1.250. (10.47). Walde-Po 2.39. Falk-Torp W. tywyo (cf. also tywysog 'leader. 291. prince') : Ir. tu .... to8sach 'beginning'. 6. Lith. 1!08ti. ChS!. ve8ti. etc. (the tiiisech 'leader'. fro IE .weiIl- 'know' in Skt. uid-. Grk. ol8~. etc .• with develop- Baito-Slavic group). above. 1. ment of 'know' to 'know the way, lead', 7. Skt. ni- n... (nayOO. n'lta-). Av .• Walde-Po 1.238. 256. Pedersen 1.308 OPers. ni- (Av. 3sg. pres. nayeiti. OPers. (vs.l36). 3sg. imperf. anaya. etc.); cr. Skt. netarBr. kos 'send' (10.63). alsc 'lead'. 'guide'. perh. : Ir. neath (Ogam gen. 5. Goth. tiuhon. see under Lat. d"""'e. netas) 'hero'. Walde-Po 2.321. above. 3. Av. lIdaaya.-, above, 1. 10.65 DRIVE (vb. trans.) Grk.

IAaIww

Goth.

dreibaft, draibjan

NO

"x-, fh61fllJ, etc. agere, ".u"",

ON Sw.

Sp. Rum.

api'lt.fPfl, coccior8 pow..r, chtu..,. 1l1'f'f4r, ecAar goni, m(tuJ

reka, kqr4 dri.. driw, k6rtJ

Ir.

Ssg. ad-Gig, imm..,;g

Du.

Nlr. W.

li0m4inim gyrru

OHG

Lat. It.

Fr.

Dan.

OE ME NE

driJ.... ......... driN

Lith. Lett. ChSI. SCr. Boh. Pol.

fKIf7II.i, ginti dzit g/lMli. g : Skt. tHJdJi,. 'strike, kill', Av. 1I&I411a- 'force hack'. Walde-P. 1.254 f. Boisacq 1080. NG ""'»'x""" fro cpd. of preceding, namely ·ol#-r~ (cf. class. fr~ -) > whence ""'»'x'" after the -.., presents and with guttural fro aor. Iutr,owl;A for Iutr_A (of. class. &.rA and "'_A; for spread of E- VB. ".. aor. of. Hatzidakis Einleitung 136). cr. NG dial. djAfrw&', ip.n.x"', etc. fro • ....slc. ('I.".. A~. 1.550). 2. Lat. Ir/lder.: Goth. .....J>riutan 'make trouble for, annoy', OE {1!.)jJreotan 'make weary', OHG driofan 'press, oppress', ChSI. 1r1Id1l 'trouble', vb. Iruditi 'trouble', etc. Walde-P. 1.755. ErnoutM.l000. Lat. peller. 'drive, strike' (10.65) and cpde., esp. impeller., sometimes 'push'. Hence also, through pulo... 'blow', puL6I!.r. (> Fr. pDU88Br) and impul8l!.r. (> Sp. empujar). Ernout-M. 750. REW 4323,6837.

W. gwthio, beside sb. gwth 'a push, thrust', etym.? W. hyrddu, beside sb. hwrdd 'a push', etym.? Loth, RC 36.175 (VB. Morris Jones 153). Br. pouka, fro an early form of Fr. pDU88Br, fro Lat. puls4r. (above, 2). 4. Goth. o,f.lciuhan (renders 4~), ON 'kfija, Norw. skyrJo (Dan. • kubbo fro a difierent but related form), OE .cfi.jan, ME shaue, NE .~ (Du. sch";wm now I... common in this sense), OHG sciohan, MHG, NHG schieben, prob.. : Lith. .kubUB 'swift, quick', CbSI. .kubati 'pull' (cf. also Skt. /cfubh- 'a jerk'), with common notion of quick motion. Walde-P. 2.556. Feist 9. Falk-Torp 1035, 1047. Weigand-H. 2.703. Dan. ./#dB, Sw. 'Iilta, Du. ./ooten, NHG .Io&BBn, all also 'hit, strike' as mostly in earlier times (Goth. stautan only in this sense) : Lat. tu.nd.ere 'strike, beat, pound', Skt. Iud- 'hit, push', etc. Walde-P.2.618. Feist.451. Falk-Torp 1198.

as

.""pI,JIw,

Lat. impifI{Jer. (> Rum. tmpifI{J.), ·ezpifI{Jer. (> It. epifI{J.")' cpde. of ptmger. 'drive in, fix'. Ernout-M. 728 f.

.terner.

pple. of rumpere 'break') 'broken road',

i.e. one that has been broken through, opened up. Gamillscheg 775. Rum. drum, see above, 1, NG ~p/JpDS. Rum. cale (= Sp. calle 'street'), fro Lat. callis 'path' (10.72). Pu~ariu 262. 3. Ir. • Iig. (NIr. • Iig,," 'way, avenue'), with .I,,>chl 'a following', MIr. .Iiehl 'track' : Ir. 81igim 'strike'{T). Pedersen 2.103. Adversely Walde-P. 2.706. Ir...I, Br. hBnt (= W. hynl 'way, journey') : OE Bi1J, OHG sind 'journey, course, way, time', Goth. sinps 'time' etc. Walde-P.2.496. Pedersen 1.138. Ir. COMr 'road, path (conaraib g1. BBmitis MI. 143b2), journey', also 'way, manner' (K. Meyer, Contrib. 460. Laws, Gloss. 174), etym.? Pedersen 2.51. I

Ir., NIr. oothar, perh. mig. 'ox-track, ox-run', deriv. of be} 'ox, cow'. Pedersen 2.51. Ir. rlil, Nlr. rod, fro OE rild, NE road (below, 4). Pedersen 1.21. NIr. boalaeh chiefly Ulater in this sense, otherwise 'mountain pass, inlet, passage', fr. heal 'lip, mouth', also 'entrance, opening' (cf. Bcal Fsirste 'Belfast' : lear.ad 'sand bar'). W. jfordd, fro OE ford. Parry-Williams 34. Morris Jones 227 f. 4. Goth. wigs, ON uegr, OE, OHG WBg, etc., general Gmc. (NE way now rare in this sense except in highway, railway beside railroad, but still common in 18th cent. and even later; in U.S. colouiaI recorde Sir William Craigie finde that way is the usual word until about 1700) : Goth. gawigan, OHG wogan 'move', Skt. oah-, Lat. IIBhere, lIBhi 'carry, ride', etc. (10.66). Walde-P. 1.250. ON brout, fro brjota 'break', like Fr. route, above 2. Falk-Torp 95. ON gata (> ME gate), cf. Goth. gatwo 'street' (10.73). OE .Irmt 'street' and 'road', but used especially in earliest period of certain (chiefly Roman) roads, ME Btrete, OHO strllza, MHG .lrllzB, NHG stras.. 'street, road', Bee above, 2. NE road, fro OE rlid, ME rode 'aet of riding, journey' : OE 7idan 'ride (1O.66). NEDs.v. 5. Lith. kelias, Lett. CIlI'1 : Grk.•!Aou80s, above, 1. 6. CbSI. pqt'l, SCr. put, Russ put' : OPr. pintiB 'road', Skt. path- (nom. panthl!.s, etc.), Av. paIJ- (nom. pantd, etc.; OPers. acC. palJim) 'way' (in general) J whether 'road, street' or 'path', Grk. 1...ni'a

iI6o,_

.... ,...

oia, p/aUo

Goth. ON Dan.

Bw.

calk, "'" .1rod4, uli/4 .1ige,mU

mid MoI(!I'I>"rId)

"'

,.,..., pIopja

Lith.

flIJIH(ulvM)

",...., gala

IMt.

io/G,

QQde

Cb81. SQr. Boh. Pol. RUIIII.

raapqIij., pqtI, .,... ulim ulim ulim

Skt.

ratA"a., tlUAi-

---.gala

OE ME -'fIGIo NE Du. OHG MHG ",,",oHu NUG -(gaou)

The distinction between 'road' and 'street' (in a town) is secondary and incompletc. Words for 'road' covered also ·etreet'. and some came to be ueed mainly in the latter sense. like NE 8!Teet. Several of the other words that are ueed mainly for 'etreet', and listed here only, are sometimes ueed also for ·road'. 1. Grk. Mo. 'road' (10.71) also and in NG only 'street' (be.ide pop. 4pbpot). Grk. 1'Y.... (sc. Mo.), formed with the same suffix as the fem. perf. act. pple. in (cf. also 6P'Y ...., etc.) fro 1'Y" ·lead'. Grk. "~.Te'. (sc. Mo.), fem. of ..~.m 'wide', in Hellenistic times the common word for 'street' (freq. in NT and pap.) but in NG the public 'square'. Grk. pCp.~ 'force, rush' (fr. Iplx.> 'drag'), in Hellenistic times (LXX, NT, pap.) 'street' or 'aIley', with development, fro

-u'.

722

gaIoa

Av.

'rush through', 'going, passage', like that in Fr. olUe (> NE alloy) fro aller ·go·. 2. Lat. via, It. via, eee 'road' (10.71). Lat. p/alea, fro Grk. "~.Te'. (above, I). Fr. rue (> Sp. roo 'street in a village'). fro Lat. rlJga 'wrinkle. fold. crease'. REW 7462. Sp. calle, fro Lat. callis 'path' (1O.72). Rum. 1ItradtJ, fro It. Blrada 'road' (1O.71). Rum. uli«!, fro the Slavic (below, 6). This is now ueed for the street in a village, but Blrad Lett. vag'i, pI. after rali), Du. wagen (> early NE wagan, wagon, NE wagon), OHG wagan, MHG, NHG wagon; Lith. oeiimos, ChSI. IJOW (mostly 'chariot'), Boh. rnlz, potJOZ, Pol. w6z, powOz, Russ. POfJOzlta; Skt. 1Idhana-, IIIiIw- (both also 'draught-animal') .

*-"

10.75 CARRIAGE, WAGON,CART Goth. Lith. I,.ofa. ......, 6x«

721

Lett. ie/a : Lith. eiU ·row·. Lett. iot. Lith. eili 'go' (10.47). Mfihl.-Ends. 2.35.

uI/co

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

sCr.

W. heal, formerly also 'course, way' = Ir. 8eol'course', etym.? Br. ro, fro Fr. "'" (above). 4. Goth. gatwiJ, ON gala (> ME gal£). Dan. gade, Sw. gala, OHG gaua. MHG gaue. NHG gaBB. (in the north mostly ·lane. alley'. but cf. Kretschmer, Wortgeogr. 491 f.). etym. disputed and wholly dub. Walde-P. I.M3. Feist 205. Goth. plapja (once) by assim. or mere error fro Grk. ,..XaTfia. or Lat. pZaaa (above, 1. 2). OE B!TaJ!, OHG 8!Tam, etc., eee under Lat. BlrIJla (via) 'paved road' (1O.71). S. Lith. gtJ.bm, Lett. gabJa, fro Gmc .• above, 4. Buga, Kalba ir Senovi> 114 f. Mfihl.-Ends. 1.609. Lith. ulyl!i.G (now replaced by gtJ.bm in lit. langoage), fro Pol. uliritenis 'bicycle' and 'two-wheeled cart'. Miihl.-Endz. 1.473. 7. CbSI. kola. kolesa. sCr. kola (Po!. kolasa. kolasTea. Ruse. koljasTea dim. 'ca.lash·). pl. of kolo 'wheel' (10.76). Berneker 548. ChS!. 110m. Boh. w... etc .• above. 1. SCr. taljige. Ruse. telega 'cart' (Pol. telega. etc .• not ordinary word). fro Turk. taliTea 'light four-wheeled carriage'. Miklosich, TUrk. Elementc 2.46. Bruckner 568. 8. 8kt. vahana... vahar. above. 1. Skt. yana.. : i- 'go' (10.47). Skt. anao- (mostly 'draught-wagon. cart') : Lat. on... 'load'. Walde-Po 1.132 f. Ernout-M. 703. Skt. ratJuv.. Av. TaBar 'chariot' : Lat. Tota. Lith. ratas 'wheel' (10.76). Av. vasar: va,..!- 'turn' (10.13-14). Barth. 1418.

polIO'.

10.76 WHEEL Grk. NG Lat. It.

Fr. Sp. Rum.

rPOXM (1I:bA:>.os) rPOXM, pMa.

Goth. ON

r ...

....1.

Dan. Sw.

roue

OE ME NE Du. OHO rod MHG rat NHG rad

r ..aa

roaI Romance forms); Ir. roth. W. rhod. Br. rod; OHG Tad. MHG rat. NHG Tad; Lith. ratas. Lett. rata; Skt. rothar, Av. TaBar 'chariot' (10.75). Here NG pM. fro Ven. rada = It. r""ta. G. Meyer. Neugr. Stud. 2.77. 3. Grk. TPOXOs = Ir. dTach : Grk. rpl,X" 'run', etc. (10.46). Walde-P.1.874f. 4. Ir. roth, W. rhod, Br. rod, above, 2. Ir. dTach. above. 3.

10.77 AXLE Grk. NO Lat. It. Fr.

I~"

At-. _ . axi3

aala. 08.e euieu

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE

Sp. Rum.

eje

ME

orie

Jr. NIr.

j..... acasWir

NE Du.

W. Br.

ahel

ecMl

OHG

Lith. Lett. CbSL SCr. Boh. Pol. Ruas.

Skt. Av.

lail108 kug';'

korablil, lad\ji brad, loda I.od!, kordb okr,t,8talek korabl', .ud1w

""U(_YO-. adj.)

lar generic term. Forthermore. the IE ·ship·. that is. what was denoted by the word which yielded the widespread group for 'ship', was rather a 'boat', and

ultimately only " 'dugout'.

Lith. Lett. CbSl.

Q"u14 QXulIr' aksel axel caz ax, axletre, axtre

axle as ahaa

...

alia

SCr.

oaf 030lIina, oa

Bob.

oulprava

Pol. Rues.

08

Skt.

akf.

Av.

08'

MHG aha. NHG ados.

With few exceptions, the words for 'axle' belong to an inherited group. 1. Derivs. of IE *~-. this prob. fro °aDe8- : *aD- 'drive' in Skt. aj-. Lat. l1{Jere. etc. (10.65). Walde-Po 1.37. Ernout-M.97. Walde-H. 1.89. Grk. ~v; Lat. azis (> It. 1188e. Sp. oje). It. 8ala (fr. VLat. *axalis). Fr. esBieu (fr. VLat. *axilis); OE _. ME ax. ax-Ire (Ire here as 'beam'). NE dial. ex (usual pop. form in New England). Du. as. OHG ah8a. MHG ah8e. NHG ach8e; Lith. aiio. Lett. as8; ChSI. """. SCr. osovina, rarely 08 (Boh. 08a 'axis'), Pol. os. RUBS. 08'; Skt. ak~ar (Av. aSar 'shoulder'); ON pxull. pxul-tre (> ME axle-Ire. NE axle). Dan. aksel. Sw. axel

(Gmc. *ah8Ulaz); W. eckel. Br. ahel (fr. *aksila); Rum. oBie fro Slavic. In late Lat. azis became identical with

Cl8m 'board', whence the two mean...

ings of It. ass. and the prevalence of derivs. in most Romance dialects. Wartburg 1.160 f .• 190. 2. Ir. !erlas 'distaff. spindle' (6.32). also 'axle' (Laws, GlOBS. s.v.). NIr. acastiJir (Dinneen, etc. j acai8tear McKenna). fro ME axlre. 3. Boh. ntipraua., also 'restoration, repairing', abstract to naprauiti 'set right, repair', with specialization to 'axle' as

the part that breaks down and needs repairing?

There is

727

Slavic group (below. 7). For the application of other Grk. animal names to certain types of ships ( NG pop. {3ar6p It., Sp. nave, W. lle8tr 'vessel, pot', fro the root *les- in obs. Rum. naie. naval. nilvigium (> Fr. Goth. lisan, ON leSB 'pick up, collect' naoiTe. Sp. navio); Ir. nau, rW; ON (poet.) (12.21). Walde-Po 2.440. Thurneysen. nlir; Skt. nilu-. NPers. nilv (OPers. KZ 37.95 . nlJviya 'navigable'? Av. navaya- 'navi5. Goth .• ON skip. OE scip. etc .• general Gmc. (OHG also 'vessel' in older gable'). Ann. MV. 2. Grk. ..).o'ov = ON fley (poet.): sense). prob. as 'hewn-out. hollowed Grk. 1r'Mw 'sail, float', Slav. ploviti 'Boat', log' : Lett. ik'ibit 'bew, cut', ON skipa 'arrange, divide', fro IE ·skei-b-, extenetc. (10.34. 10.36). NG pop. • ap6.{3., fro •• p6.{3u,.. dim. of sion of *skei~ in Skt. chyati 'cuts off', etc. "po.{Jo, 'homed beetle. crayfish' (: "pa. Walde-P.2.545. Falk-Torp 992. Feist 'hom'). which came to be applied to a 434. ME, NE vessel, above, 3. kind of boat. apparently from its crab6. Lith. laivC18 'ship', Lett. laiva 'boat' like appearance (cf. Hosych. !q,6'N"•. p.ucpa. «a.p~,a) and is a common Byz. (RUBS. dial. lajba. Pol. dial. !ajba). fro word. Hence also late Lat. carabuB Finn. laiva 'ship'. Bemeker 686. Lett. kug'is. fro MLG kogge = MHG 'wicker boat covered with hide' (Isid.). It. caravella. NE caravel. etc .• also the kocke. latc OHG kocha 'sort of boat' evidence of IE words for 'oar' and 'row', but not for 'mast' or 'saU'. Cf. Schrader,

Lith. Lett. CbSl.

Dan. Sw. OE

iugum giogo

'wagon'.

725

W. olwyn. etyro. dub. Walde-Po 1.30l. 5. Lith. ratas. Lett. rata. above. 2. Lith. tekinis : teket.i 'run'. (10.46). Lett. riteni8 : ritindt, netet, riBt 'roll' (10.15). Miihl.-Endz.3.532. Lett. skritulis : Lith. 8krituly8 'circle. knee-pan'. 8kryti8. OPruss. scritayle 'felloe', Lith. BkrieBti 'make a circle', OE BCTijJe 'course', Bcrid 'carriage', fro extensions of ·8ur- in words for 'tum, bend'. Miihl.-Ends. 3.894. Walde-Po 2.571. 6. SCr. t.olak : wk. ChSI. wM 'flow'. but through the sense of 'run' as in CbSl. tekq. testi 'run. flow' (10.46). SCr. kot.ol : kolrljati. RUBS. katit'. etc. 'roll' (10.15). Bemeker 591. 7. Skt. cakra-. Av. taxra... above. 1.

MOTION; LOCOMOTION. TRANSPORTATION. NAVIGATION

10.78 YOKE Grk. NG Lat.

(sg. Hom. II. 23.340. mostly in pI. .6.).a); ON Iwel. hjiJI. Dan.• Sw. kjul. OE hweogul. hweotDOl. hwlol. ME h....le. whele. NE wheel. Du. wiel; Skt. cakrar, Av. taxrar; Toch. A kuk4l. B kokale

Reallex. 2.295 fl. Apart from the inherited grouP. the most common connection, in part reflecting the primitive 'dugout'. is with words denoting some sort of hollow object. as 'vessel' (in orig. sense of .essel). 'pot', 'tub', 'trough', 'belly', etc. A late Grk. word for a kind of boat is a prolific source of European loanwords denoting a special type of ship or generic 'ship'. Specialization of 'something built' to

.pth..

728

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

(broad with round bow and stem), Icel. kuggu,r 'barge'. Bemeker 537. MiihI.End•. 2.300. 7. ChSI. korab!Jl, Boh. kordb, Russ. korabl' (Pol. korab 'boat, skiff'), an old general Slavic loanword (despite b for expected v) fr.late Grk . ..piJ.{Jeo. (above, 2). Bemeker 567. BrUckner 256. Otherwiae Preveden, Language 6.279 ft. ChSI. Uul'iji, a.!d'!ji (less common than korab!fl" cf. Jagi6, Entstehungsgeech. 358), sCr. !ada, Boh. Iod' (pol. /Mi, l6dka, Russ. Iodka 'boat'), perh. as orig. 'hollow vessel' : ON alda 'wave' J Dan. aide 'trough', OE eaJdop 'trough, tub'. Walde-Po 1.92. BrUckner 310. SCr. brod, also and orig. 'a ford', as general Slavic (Russ., Boh. brad, Pol. br6d, etc., Berneker 86 f.), hence ..

MOTION; LOCOMOTION, TRANSPORTATION, NAVIGATION

means of crossing it 'boat', extended to

'ship', Rie~nik Akad. s.v. Pol. okr€t, cpd. of kr€t 'a twist' : ~, krqcit 'twist' (ChSI. krqliti 'turn', etc.10.14). Semantic development prob. through 'plaited vessel' of some kind, cf. SCr. dial. okrut 'cask', Boh. krulina 'knot, cradle'. Berneker 627. BrUckner 377f. Pol. .tatek, formerly 'property, equipment, implements' (cf. expressions like NHG lahrzBug, Dan. lar~j, etc.), fro the root of.1II Lat. nauta), Ir. nlJaire, noere, Skt. 1141rika-, derivs. of Grk. '4i1s, etc. 'ship' (1O.81). 2. Fr. marin, Sp. marino, fr. Lat. marinus adj. 'marine', deriv. of mare 'sea.'. It. marinaio, marinaTO, OFr. mariner (> ME, NE mariner, now poet.), Sp. marinero, Rum. marinar, fro MLat. marinlirius. REW 5359.

Lith. Lett. ChS!. SOr. Boh. Pol.

jiirritlia,jfJrininlr.tu jilm• • lcug'ifiWc. (""';""in4)

Russ. Bkt.

.....;ak, ......

-,-

ndmofnik, pIawc Rulan, marynarz,

-

majUk

Av.

Fr. _lot (> Rum. matelot; pI. > Du. malT... > Dan., Sw. malT08, NHG matr08e, Russ. malTos), fro OFr. matenot 'comrade', fr. ON mptunautr 'mess-com-

panion' (cpd. of malT 'food, meal' and nautr ·companion'). GamiJJscheg 599. Falk-Torp 705. Franck-v. W. 417. 3. Ir. noaire, above, 1. Ir. /Qing88aCh, deriv. of long 'ship' (1O.81). NIr. maim6alach, cf. mairnea/acht 'navigation', apparently fro Sc. and North E. marinal 'mariner, se.iJor', fro

for 'sea' and 'man'. OE .mlijJend, OHG .."lidanJii lit. 'seagoing', cpds. of word for 'sea' and pple. of OE lipan, OHG lidan 'go'. Dan., Sw. matr08, Du. matr008, NHG matrose, above, 2.

the largest vessels. Some cover rowboats and small sailing craft, some only the former J and some only still more specific

types of small boats. For the scope of the Greek and Latin terms, only a few of which are included here, cf. Torr, Ancient Sbips 105 ff., and for the Old N orae, cf. Falk, Wort. u. Sach. 4.85 ft. 1. Grk. M~{Jos (> Lat. lembus), so By•. and lit.· NG, etym.? Boisacq 568. Grk. u".9"q (> Lat. scapha) also 'trough, tub': tTltO.q,os 'hollow vessel' J

'dig'.

Grk. .bl'f3~ (> Lat. cymba), also 'drinking cup, bowl': Skt. kumbha'pot', MIr. comm 'vessel', W. cwm.m 'valley', etc., fro ·kum-b-, extension of IE .Jreu.. in words for 'swelling, round', etc. Walde-Po 1.376. Boisacq 534. NG {J~"'4, fro late Lat. barca (below,2). 2. Lat. !unter (> Rum. luntre), linter, also 'washtub, trough', etc., etym.?

Walde-Po 2.437, 440. Emout-M. 567. Walde-H. 1.809 f. Lat. cymba, scapha, fro Grk., above, 1. Late Lat. barca, fro 'barica, deriv. of baris, fro Grk. {Jip" 'flat-bottomed boat', in origin an Egypt. word (Copt. bari). Hence Byo., NG {J~"'4; It. barca (> Fr. barque> NE bark), Fr. barge (> NE barge), Sp. barca, barco, Rum. bared; MIr. bare; late ON barki, MHG barke, etc. The words of this group are applied in different languages and periods tc the most diverse types, from a small rowboat (only, or covering small se.iJboat) tc a large three-masted v....l (as NE bark in the technical sequence according tc the rigging, ship, bark, brig, briganJiine). Ernout-M. 103. Walde-H. 1.96. Wartburg 1.251. NED s.vv. bark and barge. Fr. bateau, OFr. bate! (> It. baU8Uo), deriv. of Anglo-Norm. bat fro OE bat (below, 4). REW 985. Wartburg 1.281. Sp. bole, fro NE boat.

jar'a'sea'.

Lett. kug'inieks. deriv. of kug'is 'ship'.

6. Late ChS!. morjanintl, Boh. namofo.. nlA:, Russ. marjak, derivs. of CbS!. morje, etc. 'sea'.

SCr. mornar, mrnar, Boh. (old) mariPol. marynarz, fro It. marinaro (above, 2). Bemeker 2.19 f. sCr. bradar, fro brad ·ship'. Boh. p!avec, fro p/ Fr. radeau; also Br. radeU, razeU. REW 7088.

Lith. Lett. ChS!. SCr. Boh. Pol.

aieIi8 plU06t8, pluta, aielaim Bplav lIOr.plt'

.ratwa, pI.t

RUBS.

plot

Bkt.

wI.pa-

Av.

It. zaUera (Sp. zata, zatara, but not the usual word), fro MHG tatee 'paw'? REW 8599. Sp., Port. balsa 'raft' (also 'pool', in Port. also 'clump of briar bushes'). 'Raft' prob. based on the m ..terial used in its construction, but the ultimate source of the word is unknown (Iber. ?). REW 917. Rum. p!utIJ, also 'cork', fro the Slavic, cf. Slov. pluta, SCr. pluto 'cork', Russ. plot 'raft' (below,5). Tiktin 1193. 3. Ir. raith, fro Lat. ratis (above, 2). RIA Contrib. s.v. NIr. s/aod, also 'swath, layer or pile, sliding mass' (Dinneen), hence the meaning of 'raft' (in this sense also batIulhlood : bata 'stick, timber') = MIr. s!det 'a slide' (: OE s!idan 'slide', etc., 10.42). Walde-Po 2.707 f. Macbain 327.

MOTION; LOCOMOTION, TRANSPORTATION. NAVIGATION

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

732

W. cludair. also 'heap. pile' (SpurreIl). hence the meaning 'raft' (fr. 'pile of wood') : cludo 'carry. convey'. arch. 'heap' (10.61). Br. TadeU, TooeIl, see above, 2. 4. ON floli, Dan. j/JJIMU (both also 'fleet'). Sw. floUe (cf. floUIJ 'fleet'), NE float (rare in this sense, NED s.v. 7a), Du . • Iot, OHG fUJ. (mostly 'flux, flow'), MHG .Iii., NHG ftou : ON ftfola, OE jI£otan 'float', etc. (10.34). Falk-Torp 229. NE Tafl, arch. (ME) 'rafter, beam, spar', fro ON raptr 'rafter', coll. 'roof, ceiling'. NED s.v. 6. Lith. Bislis, Lett. Biela.ns, proh. : Lett. Biel 'hind'. Leskien, Bildung d. Nom. 275. Mllhl.-End•. 3.S5S. Lett. pluo.18 (= Lith. plUOBlaB 'ferry') : plil8t 'overflow', OEjUoIan 'float', etc. (ahove, 4). Mllhl.-Endz. 3.364, 366. Lett. pluIB, fro ORuss. *pl.u.l, Russ. plot 'raft' (below. 6). MIIh1.-Endz. 3.359.

6. sCr. aplao. cpd. *~, d. plao (poet.) 'navis. linter' (RjeOOik Akad. 10.22) : p/ooiti 'float', etc. Bah. OOT. as orig. 'a hinding-together' (of logs) : Pol. w6r'sack, hundle', CbSI. t.IT'Ilt1l, Lith. wrfi 'cord', Lith. t16Tti 'to thread', etc. Walde-P. 1.263. Trautmann 352. Bruckner 382, 634. Pol. lratwa, earlier ITafla, fr. early NHG trifI 'a drive of logs' (14th cent., still in local use; d. Weigand-H. 2.1071 and similar uee of NE drioe in U.S.) : 1M.... 'drive'. Bruckner 675. Russ. plot, Pol. p/Bt, Bah. pU' : Russ. plaoat', Pol. plytDat, Bah. p/ovali 'float'. Trautmann 224. 7. Skt. u4upa-, also 'moon', particularly 'new moon' (whence the meaning 'raft, barge' as a 'flat, slightly curved hoat'?), MIndic for Skt. *flU-pa-, lit. 'keeper of the (correct) time'. WackernageI. A1tind. Gram. 1.167 (UhIenbeck 28, hut with unconvincing explanation of the meaning 'raft').

10.85 OAR Grk. NG Lat. It.

eo.... """pM KCHI'II'L

_ ... (,......)

Goth. ON

......

1Jr, N'IJi

Lett.

"'"

ChSI. SCr.

Fr. Sp. Rum.

r....

Sw.

0I81d, Iopa/4

OE ME NE

Ir.

rame

Du.

rame, oviron.

NIr.

ramM

Br.

.......

w.

rhwyf

Lith.

Dan.

~per

Bah. PoL

.... riem OHO ruodGr, rNmo MHG r..,u,.. rood-

Av.

rwxJq

NHG

.t.verruc/er

Many of the names of the 'rudder' are oar'. like jailm, pailm 'palm-tree' fro the cognates with those for 'oar'. In the same source. older languages they may be the same NIr. Bliuir, fro ON Btyn (below, 4). since the simplest form of 'rudder' is Marstrander. Bidrag 73. merely an 'oar' trailed in the water beBr. 8tur, fro Du . • tu"r 'helm, rudder' hind the boat. With a more advanced (below. 4). Henry 257. form of steering apparatus come special 4. ON slfjri. ·Dan. BtY', Sw. s!yre, OE words for 'hehn, tiller' (mostly connected 8tear, ME BlAre, MLG star(e), Du. •tuur with words for 'handle' or 'beam'), and (mostly 'hehn'), OHG .liura. MHG these are sometimes extended to cover 8liur (NHG .leuer), and cpds. with the whole 'rudder'. A few words for words for 'oar' in OE sthJrriijJor, OHG 'rudder' are from verbs for 'guide, steer'. 8liurruodar, etc.; the same word as OHG 1. Grk. '"I84}.... : Hom ...71&. 'blade 8liura. NHG steuer, MLG .tar(e) 'supof the oar'. pI. '"18. also 'rudder', through port. aid. contribution' (hence the orig. notion of 'flat surface' : 1I"Mo" 'ground, sense of the group was 'support, aid to earth', 1I"E6l.o11 'plain', roVs, Lat. peB 'foot', the ship'; the vbs. ON .tgra. OE sturan, etc. Walde-P. 1.23 f. etc. 'steer' are secondary) : OHG 8tan, and Btiuri 'strong, magnificent', Skt. NG ",.0", fro It.limo1Ul (below, 2). 2. Let. guberrni Fr. gouver- 8thura- 'strong, thick', etc. Walde-Po nail, Cat. governaU > Sp. gobernalle). 1.609. Falk-Torp 1194. Franck-v. W.682. deriv. of guberniJre 'steer, pilot asbip', fro ON ra,l1n, Dan. rar, Sw. roder, (OE Grk. «u(J NG «ar4PT', Rum. catart. SCr. katarka, ORuss. katart) , orig. 'equipment' (so ICflra.p'TELa., ICG.r4p8£a. in pap.j d. 1I"G.pE).a.{jOIl T~ 1I"MWJ' fTUII rfj «arap8Lu) : NG 4PIL..oupo), Sp. arbol,lit 'tree' (cf. ON Biglutre. below, 5). Fr. m4t, Sp. mdslil, above. 1. Sp. palo, lit. 'pole, stake', fro Lat. palm'stake·. Rum. catart, above. 2. 4. Ir. • eolchrand. NIr. seolchrann, W. hwylbr..... cpds. of words for 'sail' (10.88) and 'tree' (1.42). prob. semantic borrowings fro ON Biglutre (below. 5). Marstrander. Bidrag 46. Br. gwern. fro the name of the tree gwern 'alder'. Henry 152. n. 2. 6. ON Bigla, and cpd. Biglu-lTii (IT. here 'beam') : oegl 'sail' (10.88). OE mast, etc., above, 1. 6. Lith. maslaB (Kurschat; in this sense now replaced by .tiebas. NSB s.v. maslaB). Lett. masl8, above. 1. Lith . • tuba. (in Kurschat as 'mast' of

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

wrl6.po",w. 'woven basket'. Walde-P. 2.164. MUhI.-Ends. 1.356. 6. CbSI. jadrilo 'oail' (jadr. 'mast. bosom'). SCr.jedro. prob. derivs. of ChSI. jati 'ride'. etc.• IE *y1J- in Skt. ylJ- 'go'. etc. (10.47. 10.66). Berneker 442.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

A,p~'"

por'

10.91 HARBOR. PORT Goth. ON Iu;j" Dan.

hmm

Lith. Lett.

Sw. OE ME NE

hom.. hafen, port htwm, port, herbmDe harbor, port

CbS!. Ser. Boh. Pol. Russ.

Du.

hat> ME take 'seize, Endz. 2.110. take', NE take), Dan. ta{Je, Sw. taga Lett. n'emt, prob. a blend of the 'take' : Goth. tekan 'touch', outside con- (now only) dial. nemt (above, 4) with nections dub., but primary sense ap- jemt (above.) MUhl.-Ends. 2.899. parently 'lay hands on'. Walde-P. Walde-Po loco cit. 1.786. Falk-Torp 1241. NED S.V. 6. ChSI. l11lz~ti, etc., above, 5. take vb. CbSi. b'lrati 'collect, take', Boh. brdti, 5. Lith. imti, OPruss. 1m! 'take', Pol. brat, Russ. brat' 'take' : Lat. ferre, ChSI. j~ti 'seize, take', but mostly cpds. Grk. 'reach, attain' > 'obtain', as in, and perh. influenced by, NHG bekommen. Boh. dostati, Pol. d08tai. Russ. dostal', cpd. of do- and stati 'stand', semantic development as in preceding. CbSl. poluliti. Russ. polulit' (SCr. poluliti 'attain, acquire'). cpd. of ChSI. luliti. refl. luliti ~ 'happen, must', in Supr. 'hit, touch' (in modem Slavic often also 'aim. throw'), prob. : Skt. 10k- 'see. behold, look at', Grk. Xe60'0'CIJ 'see', etc., IE ·leuk-. Semantic development 6.

dobyl'. cpd. of do- 'until, up

through 'reach, hit' fro 'take aim, see'.

Wa.ide-P. 2.411. Berneker 742 f. 7. Skt. liP-. Av. !ra-ap- : Lat. adipioci (above. 2).

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr.

Sp.

Rum.

See under Ir. ro-

3. Goth. giban. etc.. genera.i Gmc .• prob. : Lat. habh-e 'have'. Ir. gaibim 'take. seize' (11.13). despite the semantic polarity, for which there are Some parallels. Thus Ir. gaibim 'take, seize' and ON Iii. 'seize. get' (11.14) are sometimes used in the sense of 'give', likewise ME lake (NED s.v. 60). and Hitt. da- 'take' = IE 'dO- 'give' (see above. 1). The

Rum.

Ir.

lnapola

OE ME NE

airicim

Du.

rtJtJtituir,~

Nlr.

tabhraim, aiaigim

Br.

rhoi rei

w.

Sw.

OHG MHG NHG

rdenw 1'etenIr, guardar

Ii...

Br.

cadu> ".word

give'. Walde-Po 1.344. Faik-Torp 312. Kretschmer. Glotta 19.207. See also refs. under Goth. niman 'take' (11.13). 4. Skt.

T/I,-

(Av.

TIi-

'grant'):

ros

'goods, riches', rayi- 'gift, jewel', Lat.

T,S 'thing' (early also 'property'). Walde-Po 2.343. Ernout-M. 861 f.

---

argebaft wid..-ge/J8n ,., (bo'from', but a.iso 'back again'), NG boal&.>; Lat. reddere (whence after prendere 'take' VLat. *rendere > It. rendere. Fr. TendTe. Sp. rendiT); Goth. at-giban. etc .• all the native Orne. words and phrases; Lith. atiduoli. Lett. atduol; ChSI. tnldali, triJzdati, otUdati, Pol. oddat, Russ. otdat'; Skt. PTati-da-. In the modern Celtic languages there is usually no distinction between 'give' and 'give back'. So NIr. tabhTaim (also with taT n-ais 'back'). W. rhai, Br. rei.

NE Du.

SCr.

.....uti

Pol.

tDT6cii, oddao! o/dQt'. 1IOZIINJiIat'

Boh. Rusa,

Skt.

bohoIdo boMlla (ge )hoaIt/an

MIdo, /cope Iceq,rdain IMhoudom (gi)lIaltan, />ihaltan

OHG MHG IHhaltm NHG IHhaltm

'KeeP. retain' is for the most part expreseed by words for 'hold' (11.15). or by compounds of these. e.g. Fr. Tetenir (> ME reteyne. NE Tetain). NHG bclialten. Lith. illaiklJti. etc. Or words for 'preserve (from harm). keep safe' (11.24) are also used in the weakened sense of 're-

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

Rum.

Ir. NIr.

w.

Br.

Sw.

Pol.

deT!at' dhr-

Av.

(dar-)

RUBS.

gi..

Lith. Lett. ChSI. SCr.

g;.. g;..

gieJan

Boh. Pol.

Du.

g.....

Skt.

g...... geban gebon

Av.

Except in Celtic and Germanic, the words for 'give' belong to an inherited

group. 1. IE 'do-. Walde-Po 1.814 II. Ernout-M.274ff. Walde-H.1.360ff. Grk. 61&.>,." aor. 1&'>«4. N G al&.> and 6u... (blend of ala", and &:''''''' latter formed to 8Or. u...-.; Hatzidakis. Einl. 408, note 1); Lat. dare (> It. daTe. Sp. doT. Rum. do; Fr. donner, It. donar. fro Lat. donaTe 'present, give as a gift'. denom. of don..... 'gift'). perf. dedi, Osc. deded, Umbr. dede 'dedit'. Umbr. dirBG 'det', etc.; Lith. duoti, Lett. duo/; ChSI. dati, etc., general Slavic; Skt., Av. da-; Ann. tam; Alb. dhanii;

drlliati (..)dr!ati driot; (•• )trq.mIaC

Skt.

OE ME NE

OHG MHG NHG

ii/mkyti pal_

tain·. as Fr. gardeT. W. codw, etc. (and so sometimes NE preserve). and to this group belongs NE keep in which 'retain' is now the leading sense. Thus a.\l the words listed belong with those discussed in 11.15 or 11.24.

11.21 GIVE Goth. giban ON gefa g;.. Dan.

,taWI" at-, at&" dar. dare, dmoar. don_ dar d4 dtH>iur tugaim, t.abhraim rhoi, rhoddi rei

Lith . Lett. ChS!. SCr. Boh.

Russ.

duoti duot dati dati dati

doC dat' dIi-,r4dIi-

Hitt. da- 'take' (Sturtevant. Hitt. Gloss. 146 with refs.). Possibly here also W. rhai, rhoddi, Br. rei, fro ·pro-d-, cf. Ir. dO-Tat 'gave' (suppl. verb to do-biur. below) fro 'to-pro-d- as also W. d1JT1J imperat. 'give!', etc. Pedersen 2.380, 473. There are also forms pointing to an extension *dou-, as OLat. subj. duim, doom, Umbr. purdovitu 'porricito', Cypr. opt. aUfaJlOL, Lith. dovana 'gift', etc. 2. Ir. do-biur 'give. bring'. NIr. dobheirim. but commonly dependent labhraim, cpd. of Ir. berim 'carry, bring' (10.61). NIr. lugaim, generalized fro the pret. Ssg. tug, Ir. duic, tuic, tuc 'brought', fro

POSSESSION. PROPERTY. COMMERCE

common notion of stretching out the hands, hence 'take' or 'hand over,

giva tilbaka, dtergiva C agief.n, edgkfan giJe again, restore give back, return

For the most part 'give back' is expressed as in English by the words for

Sw. OE ME

uarder,

relation i. perh. explained by the

11.22 GIVE BACK. RETURN Goth. algiban Lith. atiduoti, tJ/iIrqiint; «11'0&"""1" mfIT~,«1I'O&aw ON Lett. atduot gel· .ptr reddertJ (r88fit'""tJ) Dan. g;.. tilbage ChSI. trll-,Iriiz..,ol1l-dati rmituirtJ, rmdertJ rendrtJ, rutitUtJr

Dan.

,.;....,..

congaibim congb/Iaim

Grk.

IIrdtiti praIi.;J4..

Av.

2. Words belonging with verbs for 'turn' (10.13). NG 1.,.'UTpE!/>6>, "lupL,,,,; Sp. deoolf){)T; NE Teturn; Lith. algrqZinli (: gr~ti 'bore'. Lett. uriezl 'turn'); ser. vratiti. Boh. !!ratin. Pol. wr6cit, Russ. fJOZVTaSCat' (ChSI. loanword). 3. Lat. Testituere 'replace, restore' (11.23). also 'return'. as It. restituir•• Fr. restitu.er, Sp. resu'tuir. Rum. tnapoia. fro tnapoi 'back, behind' (fr. apoi 'after. next'). 4. Ir. aisicim, aiscim (K. Meyer, Contrib. 69. Laws. Gloss. 45 f.). NIr. aWigim (McKenna), aiseogaim (Dinneen). deriv. (cpd.?) of ais 'back'.

5. ME, NE restre, also 'bring back to a previous (or original) condition', now the usua.! sense (11.23).

A1rYMaDlttnJP', h-uo-

11.23 RESTORE Goth. ",Ira gaaaijan, "'Ira

NG Lat. It. Fr.

Bp. Rum.

Ir.

Nlr.

w.

~,iW'OlCdt.fflij

rutitUm'B, r8jiare,

.to.........

1'.

reataunJrB, riItabilirf rulauru, rekJblir ralaurar, r~ rNlaura, rutabili aiaicim aPigim

adler

751

Lith. Lett.

olitau"ti, oUtdtyti atjaunuot, atka!

....

rJBfIDPTBIIo

CbSl.

'UlItrojiti, uWoriti,

ut-

geednl........ geod.

sCr.

gOOMjan

p/JIM

Br. Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

tqJa:rw Umlr.

Ir. NIr.

w.

11.17 KEEP. RETAIN Goth. (J1a)faslan ON /aalda

....

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

-t-uec-. etyro. dub. uec-, 10.61.

749

POSSESSION. PROPERTY. COMMERCE

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Du. krijgen. MHG (central) krigen, also frequently and ciasBica.i 'strive after, get', whence 'get with money, ..krigen 'strive for, acquire. get', hence buy', prob. : Lat. par.... 'give birth, NHG kriegen (now regarded as vulgar bear' (perh. orig. 'produce'). Lith. pereti VB. bekommen. but everywhere heard), 'brood. hatch', etc. Wa.ide-P. 2.41. deriv. of MDu. crijcli, MHG kriec, (central) Aric. krig 'exertion, endeavor. enErnout-M. 734 f. It. o_e. Fr. obtenir. Sp. obtener, mity. conllict' (NHG krieg 'war'), outRum. obfi"". a.\l late borrowings fro Lat. side connections dub. Weigand-H. obtiniTe 'get hold of. get p088ell8ion of, ac- 1.1151 f. Franck-v. W. 349 f. Paul. 'hold' (11.15). quire', cpd. of Deutsches Wtb. 302. Du. bekomen, NHG bekommen : MHG Sp. crmaeguir (= It. crmaeguir. 'reach'), fro Lat. c61I8eqUi (VLat. -aequere) bekommen 'arrive at. reach' with gen. 'acquire, win', OHO biquemtm. 'come up 'follow up, reach'. Rum. cdp4la (= It. copitar. 'arrive'), to, reach, etc. J = Goth. biqiman 'come fro VLat. ·copitar., deriv. (beeide cop- upon', cpd. of qiman. OHO queman, etc. tare) of capere 'take' (11.13). REW 'come', 1635. 5. Lith. gauti, Lett. (lilt, gaut (Lett. 3. Ir. ad-cota (3eg.), cpd. of ad- (pretonic for .....) com-ta fro the IE root . _ mostly 'catch, try to get'. but loca.ily 'stand'. Cf. Lat. praeatin4re 'huy'. Ann. 'get') : Av. gilnaoiti 'promotes'. gaonastanam 'acquire, earn'. Pedersen 2.638 f. 'profit'. MlihI.-Endz. 1.687. Wa.ide-P. 1.637. Thurneysen, Gram. 351. 420. Lett. dahat, fro Russ. dobr/I' (below). NIr. !O(liw.im for !O(lilbJw.im : Ir. !oga-

ON

endrbmta, mdrreiaa

Dan.

wit

Sw. OE

dterstlilla

ME NE

8la/>tli4n

Boh.

r'-' reMore weerher8ltlkn or.......

......

Pol.

przywr6cil, naprawil

RUSB.

t:IO.I8~',tIOZob-

Skt.

pratWam-il-dh/i-

Du.

OHG MHG ~ NHG wi&lerherlltlkn

Words for 'restore' are from 'set in place', 'make Btraight', 'make firm', 'renew', 'raise, erect', 'make better', etc. 1. Grk. lI.... aJJLu.,.,,.,. NG lit. 11.....8urr;;', cpds. of cir6, in same use as in 11..-..11&.>,., 'give back' (11.22). and .aJJ!u.,.",lL 'set in order, arrange', NO lCaBUTTW

r.-.,.,,..

'establiSh'. cpd. of Grk. 'make stand'. Grk. !r4..pO""', NG !r...pO."".., b·,6UJpO&J"",, cpd•. of Grk. 6pO"'" 'set straight. right' deriv. of 6p06r. straight'). NG hp8&ww, 6p8w 'erect, straighten'.

2. Lat. reBtituere, orig. 'replace', fr. Btatuere 'set up' : Btare 'stand'. EmoutM.981. Lat. rejir.ere, fr./ac ..e 'make. do'. Lat. restaurare, beside older inataurare 'restore, renew, repeat', prob. (as denom. of a -StaUTo-) : Grk. UT4VpOs. ON slaurr 'stake'. etc. Walde-Po 2.608. ErnoutM. 490 f. (no etyro.). Hence (lit. words) It. TeslauTaTe. Fr. re8taurer, Sp. reBtaurar, Rum. reBtaura. REW 7249. It. ristabiliTe, Fr. T~tabliT, Sp. restablee.,., Rum. restabili, cpds. of It . • tahilire. Fr. ~labliT. Sp. establecer. Rum. slobili, fro Lat. stalliliTe 'make firm. fix. establish'. REW 8702. 3. Ir. aisicim. NIr. aiwi4im, but mostly 'restore' = 'give back'. see 11.22. W. adler. cpd. of ad- and the root seen in Ir. berim 'carry'. l-forris Jones 332.

vrl1diti

u'P08Iaviti, oImotoiti

zMditi, oIm-

viti

noeit'

Av.

Br. ads..el. cpd. of ad- and sevel 'lift (10.22).

4. Goth. a!lra gasafjan (o/lra gasatip. = cI....4TEuTclihJ Mk. 8.25). lit.

warp

'set again'.

Goth. o/lra gaMtjan (o/lra ga/roteip = Mk. 9.12). lit. 'better again'. ON endTbrela. endTTeisa. cpds. of endT 'again' with breta 'better. mend' (: Goth. botjan) and rei8a 'raise, erect, build'. Dan. genoprette, lit. 'erect again'. Sw. 4teTslalla. lit. 'set (up) again'. OE ge-edn1.wian, fro n1.W6 'new', with prefix eel- 're-'. OE g&-edstapelian. fro slapol (slaPel) lI .....aJJ'UT~

Ifoundation, fixed condition or position'.

ME, NE Teslore fro OF re8trer. Lat. T..taurllre (above, 2). Du. weerhersteUen. NHG wiedeThersteUm, lit. 'set in place again'. OHG ir- (or ar-) sezzen ('restore', Otfr .• Tat.; NHG ..setun 'make good. replace'), cpd, of sezzen 'set'. MHG widermachen. lit. 'make again'. 5. Lith. al8la1yti. lit. 'set (up) again'. Lith. atitaisyli. cpd. of taisyti 'mend. repair' (: ties... 'straight'. etc .• 12.73). Lett. afjaunuol. lit. 'make young again, renew' (: jauna 'young'). Lett. atkal salaisil (so in NT). lit. 'make, prepare again' (atkal 'again', 14.35). 6. ChSI. ""/rojiti (U8trojilii. - 40·""0-

'O It . • alvar., Fr. sa......, Sp. • al.ar) deriv. of .alDu. 'safe, well' (11.26). Rum . ...tntWi, prob. through the Slavic (cf. SCr. mentooati) fro Hung. mend id. Tiktin 989. Rum .•ctlpa (alBO intr. 'escape' = Fr. khapp ..., It. scappare, etc.), fro VLat. ucapptlTe, lit. 'un-cloak';deriv. of cappa ·cloak'. REW 2952. ~ariu 1542. 3. Ir. ie88Urc, MIr. le88argim (NIr. telJllargaim Dinneen), cpd. of _ with orgim 'kill, injure' (4.76). Pedersen 2.588.

Ir. sOirim, NIr. 8aoraim, fro Ir. 8mr, NIr. 8aOT 'free' (19.44). NIr. fua8Claim, fro OIr. dufualsci (3sg.) 'undoes, releases', cpd. of to-od..... with leicim 'Iet, leave, let go' (: Lat. linqu£re, etc.). Pedersen 2.564f. NIr. . Dan. r.dde, Sw. rddda), OHG r.tlan (also 'drive, move'), MHG, NHG retten, perh. 88 'save' fro 'move, thrust aside' : Lith. kresti, Ir. CTothaim ·shake'. The OHG word would then preserve the more orig. meaning. Cf. the semantic development of NE r.scu. (below). Walde-P. 1.484. Falk-Torp 885,928. ME, NE save fro OFr. • alver, 8au.... (above, 2). ME r ••kowe, NE rescue, fro OFr. rll8CQU"e 'to free', cpd. of 68CDurre 'shake', fro Lat. ez~. 'shake off'. NED s.v. REW2998. 5. Lith. iSgelbeti, also 'help' as usually the simple gelb&i (19.58). Lett. gl It .• Sp. 8alVO. Fr. sauf) 'whole, unharmed, safe': Skt. sarva-. 'whole, all', Grk. aXos 'whole' J etc. Walde-P. 2.510 f. Emout-M. 891. Lat. 8BruTUS (> It. sicuro. OFr. sure. Fr. 811r, Sp. seguro), lit. 'without care', neg. cpd. of cllra 'care, concern, trouble', hence, but only later, 'safe'. Ernout-M. 246. Rum. nevdt4mat, lit. 'not injured', neg. of pple. of vlJlilma 'injure, wound'

(11.28). Rum. teafar, orig.? Tiktin 1570.

758

POSSESSION, PROPERTY, COMMERCE

3. Ir. • 14n. also 'well, in good health' (4.83). NIr. BdbhiUta, pple. of aiibhiilaim 'save, rescue' (ll.25). W., Br. diogel, cpd. of prefixes di(neg.), 0- (= go-, cf. W. di-.lega

NIr. W.

Br.

/raqistjan

ON Dan.

.pilla

Sw.

otT.....

It. Fr.

Goth.

(3sg.). millim, coUim scriosai'm dinistrio, distrywio dwuja

Lith.

(....)ooikinti, (• ..-)

Lett.

(iz-)puo.tU, imicinat (po-, iz..)gubiti, razo...

griauti

;deltBgge /6r8t6ra

CbS!.

OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG

8pillan, .piidan ,pille, de8trui(e) de8""11 P6mietigen ftrquista.n. /urli03cm

NHG

ur8t6ren, vern.ichtm

zer8ttEren., verniJ&.. !(;g)..

riti SCr. Pol. Ruso.

razoriti, uni8titi, p&ruiiiti (.)nltiti, (.)bofiti (.)ni8ZC%IJ6, (.)burzy6 uni&Zit', razorit,

Skt.

f'l4raYa-, cUwamaa1l4'".

Av.

......1;.

Boh.

rtJZrUIit·

k,..

POSSESSION. PROPERTY, COMMERCE

759

Dan. ;de/mgge, orig. 'lay waste' (but now in this sense !legge ,de), cpd. of ,de 'waste, desert' and llBgge 'lay'. Sw.jlYrstlJra. fro MLG vorstoren, parallel to NHG zer8toren (below). Hellquist 1109. ME destrui(e). NE destr"fj fro OFr. deBtruire. Du. oernietigen. oernieten, MHG oernihtigen, oernihten, NHG oernichten (in MHG, MDu. also 'hold as naught; despise'), cpd. of Du. niet. MHG niht. NHG nicht 'not'. Franck-v. W. 735. Weigand-H. 2.1157. OHG jurliosan. firliosan 'lose' (11.33) also 'destroy' (both senses in Tat. and Otfr.). perh. influenced by Lat. perdere

'bend'. Berneker 373 I. Walde-P. 1.567 f. ChSI.. SCr. rawriti, Russ. rawrit', Boh. (.)bofiti (fr. ob-ofoiti, Gebauer 1.424), cpds. of Slavic oriti 'loosen. plunge down. demolish. etc.' : Lith. irti 'go to pieces, fall in ruins', Skt. arma-'ruins'. Walde-P. 1.143. SCr. uniBtiti, Boh. (.)nlCiti. Russ. unictoZit', fro the words for 'nothing', SCr. niift. Boh. nic. Russ. nieto. Ct. NHG vernichten. SCr. poruSiti. Russ. razrumt'. cpds. of Slavic ruiiti 'tear asunder, loose' : Lith. rausti 'dig up, gruh up', etc., fro *reu-8extension of IE *reu- in Lat. ruere 'tear

'destroy' and 'lose'.

etc. Walde-P.2.356. Pol. (z)niszczyc, fro nizki 'low' : ChS!. niitJl 'poor', niZ1l 'down', fro *ni~ 'down' (cf. above, 5). Bruckner 364. Pol. (.)bur~: Russ. burit' 'hurl. throw', burja 'stonn', Ser. buriti Be 'be-

MHG zerstaren. NHG zer8tlYren, lit. 'scatter completely'. cpd. of MHG staren, OHG atOren 'scatter' (NHG storm 'disturb'): OE 8tyrian 'move, stir', NE stir, etc. Walde-P. 1.750. Weigand-H. 2.979. 5. Lith. (su)naikinti, Lett. iznicinllt : Lith. nykti 'disappear'. Lett. nikt 'be sickly. not thrive, perish'. these prob. : Lett. nica 'downstream'. ChS!. nicl: 'bent over', Skt. nica- 'low', ni 'down', etc. Miih!.-Endz. 2.746. 747. Leskien. Ablaut 279. Lith. (8u)griauti : Lett. g'raut 'wreck. demolish', Lat. i-n,puere 'break in, fall upon', con-gruere 'fall together, meet', Grk. (Hom.) IXPfJO' 'fell upon. assailed'. Walde-P. 1.647. Walde-H. 1.700. Lett. (iz)pU08tU. in the simplex properly 'lay waste', fro puosts 'waste, deserted·. loanword fro ORuss. pustll id. Miihl.-Endz. 3.459 f. 6. ChSI. pogubiti, izgubiti. less usually also simplex gubiti = SCr. guMti 'lose', Russ. guMt' 'spoil', etc., caus. to ChSI. gybati, etc. 'perish', prob. = gybati

up, dig up', Skt. ru- 'strike to pieces',

come angry', etc., outside connections

disputed. Walde-P. 2.191. Berneker 103. Bruckner 50. 7. Skt. nlit;ay..... caus. of ~ 'be lost. perish' : Av. nas- 'disappear', Lat. necare 'kill'. etc., IE ....Ii-. Walde-P. 2.326. So also Toch. A naks-. caus. of ndk- 'disappear. perish' (SSS 445). Skt. d/wamsaya,., caus. of dhvarhs- 'fall, go to pieces, perish', prob. : Grk. Obw 'blow, storm, smoke', Lat. Jurere 'rage', etc. Walde-P. 1.843 I. Skt. ~ : Grk. Ii!"'" 'decay, wane, waste away', also trans. 'consume, destroy', AV. xsyo gen. of ·xli- 'vanishing,

misery. distress'. Walde-P. 1.505 I. Av. mar.k- 'destroy. kill' : Skt. mrc'hurt, injure', proh. fro an extension of IE ·mer- in Skt. mT- 'crush', Grk. pupa.£JlCtJ 'quench, make waste away', mid.

'waste away, decay, etc.'. 2.278.

Walde-P.

760

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS 11.28 HARM, INJURE, DAMAGE (vb.)

Grk.

I3MrTW,

Xti~~uu t1/JA'~JI1'"

NG

p>./urTw,

Lat.

Metre, laedere

It.

far mole, nuocere laire mal, nuire daiiar face rdu, v4t4ma jojichim, bronnaim deanaim ole, etc. niweidio aber drouk, etc.

Fr. Sp. Rum. lr. NIr.

w.

Br.

Goth.

ON Dan.

Sw.

OE ME NE Du.

gG-akapjan, ga-sl.eipjan Bke3ja, 8ka3a .katie (bukadige)

.Ir.ad.

Lith. Lett. ChS!. SCr. Bob.

hearmian, Bkeppan harme, skathe, hurte harm, injure, damage,

hurt 8ehaden, beschadigen,

Pol.

Russ. Skt. Av.

iunkti, iskadyti 8kiit;Ut

uriditi, oU1Stetiti ostetiti, (na-)skoditi ubliZiti, (po-, u-)81:0diti (1h za-)8zkodzi6 vredit' hih&-, ri~ zya-, irii-

kwaad do It. nuocere, Fr. nuire, etc., REW 5938), caus. of *nek- in Lat. nex 'violent death, murder', neeare 'kill', Grk. vEKvr, VEKpOs 'corpse', Av. nasu- 'corpse', Skt. na;:- 'perish', caus. niifaya- (11.27). Walde-P.2.326. Ernout-M.669. Lat. laedere, esp. 'wound, hurt' but also 'injure', etym. dub., but orig. sense 'strike, hit' implied by cpds. allidere, collidere, etc. Ernout-M. 517. WaldeH. 1.749. Lat. damnum, the regular noun for 'harm, injury' (> It. danno, OFr. dam, Sp. dano, Rum. dauni1; deriv. OFr. damage, Fr. dommage; REW 2468), also in early use 'loss, expense', prob. fro *dap-no- : Grk. 86.1I'"TW 'devour, rend, tear', oo.1I'"o.J.'fJ 'expense', etc. Walde-Po 1.764. Emout-M. 252f. Walde-H. 1.322. Its deriv. damniire is 'doom, condemn' (> It. dannare, etc.), the orig. sense 'harm' being only rare and early, so that the use of Sp. danar for 'harm' is not inherited but restored from the noun. Rum. viltama 'injure, wound', etym. dub. Po~cariu 1865. In the Romance languages generally 'to hano' is most commonly expressed by phrases, as It. far male, Fr. faire (du) mal, Rum. face rau, all lit. 'do ill' (c!. 'bad' 16.62). Similarly, after French, Br. ober drouk, etc. and Du. kwaad doen.

~res. jinati) 'oppress, dep~ive of', p~in.t-I' ~kt. ri~-, Av. ir~~- 'b~ .injured' and mg to an IE *gya- besIde *gwya- In 'Injure' (cf. Av. raesa- 'mJury', NPers. words for 'might, power', as Grk. mO., res 'wound'), etym. dub. Walde-Po etc. Walde-P.1.667. Barth. 1700. 2.345 f. Uhlenbeck 250. Barth. 1485 f.

11.29 SPOIL (vb. trans.) Grk.

aUJ.¢8elpw

NO

XaAW corrumpere guastare, sciupare

W. Br.

gaur

echar a perder at:rica loitim loilim diletha gwasta

frawardjan spilla fordomJe Sw. 16rdtirva 0E spillan ME apille, CON'Upt NE spoil, ruin Du. bederven OHG farwarten MHG verderben NHG verderben Goth.

Lith.

ON

Lett. ChS!. SCr.

Dan.

Thenotion'spoil',asintheprevailing current UBe of NE spoil (vb.), that is, 'injure something seriously', mostly so as to make it useless without entirely destroying it, is midway between 'harm, injure' and 'destroy', so that there is some overlapping of usage. Several of the words listed here may be used also for 'destroy' or for 'injure', but in most there is a close approximation to the use of NE spoil. The etymological connections are too diverse to summarize. 1. Grk. "..",IMpw, cpd. of an, OHG werdan 'become' (cf. OE forweorpan 'come to naught, perish'). Walde-P. 1.275. Feist 166. ON spilla, OE spillan, ME spille, see under 'destroy', 11.27. NE spoil, in ME 'despoil', through OFr. fro Lat. spoliare 'despoil', deriv. of spolium 'booty, spoil'. Orig. sense kept in the noun 8pail, while the verb took on the use of ME 8pille (above), as this became restricted to 'spill'. NED S.V. NE ruin, orig. 'reduce to ruins', hence 'inflict great injury', often 'spoil', fro Fr. ruiner, MLat. ruinaTe, deriv. of Lat. ruina 'a falling-dawn, ruin', fro rueTe 'fall down'. MHO, NHG verderben, MLG vorderven (> Dan. fordwrve, Sw. fordiirva) , Du. bederven, caus. to MHG verderben (intr. str. vb.) 'come to naught, die', OFris. forderva 'perish', OE (ge)deorfan 'labor' and 'be in peril, perish', prob. : Lith. darbas 'labor', etc. Walde-Po 1.863,2.631 (after v. Wijk, IF 24.230 f.). 5. Lith. gadinti, Lett. dia!. (sa- )gandet : Lith. gesti, pres. gendu, Lett. g'int, pres. g'inslu 'spoil' (intr.), 'perish', Skt.

763

gandh- (Dhatup.) 'hurt, injure', etc.

Walde-Po 1.672 f. Lett. maitat, prob. as orig. 'cause to rot', deriv. of Lett. maita 'rarrion'. Muh!.-Endz.2.552. Otherwise Walde-P. 2.222 (: Goth. maitan 'cut', etc.). 6. CbS!. tWti (Gospels, Supr.; also ras-), }x>,side lUja 'corruption, rust, moth' = Russ. tleti 'be rotten', tlja 'rot', etc. (Miklosich 370), perh. : Grk. TtAOS 'thin stool' (in diarrhea), OE pinan 'be moist', etc. Walde-Po 1.701. Ser. pokvarili, beside kvar 'injury', etym.? Bemeker 655. Boh. (z)kaziti = ChSI. (is)kaziti 'destroy, spoil', Russ. izkaziti 'disfigure, distort, spoil', Pol. zkasic 'taint, corrupt, defile', etc., caus. of ChS!. eeznqti 'disappear', etc. Berneker 498, 153 f. Pol. (ze)psuC, deriv. of pies (gen. psa) 'dog', like Ser. psovati Iscold, swear' likewise fro pas 'dog', and NHG verhunzen 'spoil, botch, disfigure' fro hund 'dog'. Bruckner 445 f. Russ. (is)portit' (late ChSI. (i8)prutiti), beside porro 'damage, corruption', Pol. zapartek 'foul egg', etc., etym.? Miklosich 243. Bruckner 397. 7. Skt. dWiaya-, caus. of d~- 'become bad', fro prefix du~- = Grk. OVq- 'ill'. For other Skt. and Av. words, see under 'destroy' (11.27).

11.31 SEEK Grk.

('I1"~

Goth.

NG

'YIlPfVw, r'l1"W quaerere, petere

ON

sokjan leit,a, sf.Ekja

Dan.

./ge, led. (e[ler)

Lett. ChS!.

cercare chBcher buscar cduta (cerea)

Sw.

soka,leta (elter) secan seke. secke seek, look for. etc.

ser. Boh. Pol. Russ.

"",ken

Skt.

anu-i~

Av.

is-

Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum.

OE ME NE

Ir.

sirim, iarraim, saigim

Du.

NIr.

w.

loirgim, iarraim cei.w

Br.

kl Romance words for 'lose'). Thus Lat. amittere in part 'lose' by ac- Emout-M. 277. REW 6403. 3. In older Irish 'lose' is usually excident or without fault VB. the stronger perdere 'lose' so that the object is de- pressed by a phrase with at-baill 'perstroyed or utterly lost. But actually ishes. dies'. e.g. at-baill a dligid. lit. both verb< are quotable with the same 'perishes his right' = 'he loses his right' objects {'life', 'property' J 'a person' by (Laws 1.118. 4. 9). and more often with death. etc.) and without difference un- the conjunct. form used independently less rhetorica!. (Cf. e.g. Cic. Faro. eiplid 1Zad ini dligis 'perishes from him that which is due (him)' = 'he l"ses 5.16.3). 1. Grk. h-6XX.,., 'destroy' (11.27). what is due him' (ibid. 1.10). NIr. caillim. W. colli. Br. koll: Ir. also 'lose'. NO X4PW, new pres. to Bor. EX40'4 fro collim'destroy' (11.27). 4. Goth.jraliusan. OEjorleosan (pple. !x~ ..a" to late xo.6w 'destroy, lose'. deriv.

Goth. ON

",,",~p/#-

invenfre, repertrfJ

DOD.

1IaIlar, ............

Sw. OE ME NE

,.........

Rum. g4ri, ajf4 jogoibim, joricl;im Ir. NIr.

w.

Br.

doghAbhim

caff..z. cael kaoout

hi""",, fin... ji.nn..,mu. jinM, hiU4

ji....... finn.. find

-

Du.

Lith. Lett. CbS!. SCr. Boh.

......, ....ti

obriIti

....s....u.m. najUi. nacMuti

PoL

RU88.

rinden

OHG ji.ndan MHG NBG ji.nden

Words for 'find' reflect such notions as 'seize, get', 'come upon, go after', 'see, know' (through 'come to recognize'). Some onginated in the language of the chase through 'stir up' or 'scent' (game). 1. Grk. .bpla.... NG /JpLa... : OIr. pret. filar 'found', fnth 'was found', Ann. gerem 'capture, seize', root *wer-. Walde-Po 1.280. Thurneysen. Gram. 428.471. 2. Lat. invenire, lit. 'come upon, meet'. whence the usual sense 'find, discover', cpd. of flBnire 'come'. Ernout-M. 1084. Lat. reperire 'find out. discover' (but often synonymous with inoonlre) and 'obtain·. cpd. of parere (older parire) 'give birth to' for orig. 'get' (cf. parare 'prepare. get'. 11.16). Ernout-M. 734. Fr. tro,.".r (> It. trovare). Prov. trobar, trOfJar {'find', hence also 'compose poetry'). etym. much disputed. but hest fro .Lat. turbare 'disturb' through use as a hunters' and fishermen's term, as actually attested in Sardo turbare 'stir up game' and 'frighten fish into a place where the water is poisoned'. REW 8992 (with refs .• esp. Schuchardt. Wagner). Iordan-Orr. Introd. to Romance Linguistics 54. Sp. hollar. Port. achor. Rum. afia. fro Lat. ajJIiire 'breath upon'. through use as a hunters' term, 'scent' (cf. Fr.ftaiTeT, etc.) game, hence 'track', 'find'. REW 261.

Bkt. Av.

Z1I.

(11.64), ](/lGl,,", 'need, use' (9.423). Generic term, but also often spec. for 'money' and 80 reg. in NG. Grk. c~~a.T"a.J 8g. CTijI'A 'a piece of property' : - 'ill'). Loth. RC 45.187 ff. W. me.oUTOS 'wealth' (11.42). 2. Lat. dive8, -itia, prob. fro diVU8 'god', reflecting the conception of the

gods as the dispensers of wealth. Ernout-M. 273. Walde-H. 1.358 f. Lat. opulentus, fro opea 'riches' (11.42). It. ricco, Fr. riche, Sp. rico, fro Grne. (below, 4). REW 7315. Rum. bagat, fro Slavic (below, 6). 3. Ir. 80mme 'rich' and dom:me 'poor', epds. of s- 'well' (IE *8'U-) and do- 'ill' (IE *dU8-), second part dub., perh. 'opsmio fro the root in Lat. opes 'riches', etc. Walde-P. 1.176. Ir. saidbir, NIr. saidhbhir 'rich' and daidbir, Nlr. daidhbhir 'poor', cpds. of s- and do- (as above) with adbar 'material' (of dub. etym.). Pedersen 1.305, 2.9, 518 note. W. cyfoethog, fro cyfoeth 'power, wealth' (11.42). Br. pinvidig by metathesis for *pindivig = W. pendefig 'prince, noble', deriv. of penn 'head, chief'. Pedersen 1.381. Henry 224. Ernault, Glossaire 492. 4. Goth. gabigs, fro gabei 'wealth, riches' (11.42). ON autJigr, OE eadig, ead, OHG otag, fro ON au,tJr, OE iJad (OHG ..od in alOd) 'wealth' (11.42).

Goth.

unleds

tfn"wxin

ON

fatrekr, uau3igr faltig faltig wa>dla, peorfewJ" eorm

Lat.

pauper, inop$

Dan.

It. Fr. Sp. lhuu.

pm>eTQ

Sw.

pauvre

pobre sdrac

Ir.

boehl, domme, daidbir

NIr.

boehl, daidhbhiT,

deaIMo

w.

tlawd

Br.

paour, tatJantek

OE

ME NE Du.

OHO MHO NHG

pou(e)re, arm poor arm, behoeftig arm, durftig, wadal arm, durflic arm, (be)diirftig

Most of the common words for 'poor' as the opposite of 'rich' are also used with strong emotional value (depreciatory or affectionate) for 'unfortunate, wretched', etc., and this latter use is by no means always the secondary one. That is, be-

sides the words in which lack of wealth is the primary notion, as shown by their

etymology (e.g. neg. cpds. of words for 'rich' or 'waalth'), there are many others in which, as the cognates show, the de-

velopment has been in the opposite direction, namely from an expressive term for 'unfortunate' or the like to 'poor' = 'not rich'. 1. Grk. rEII11S (adj. 'poor' and sb. 'a poor man') : 11'£110,1.'«' 'toil, work' also 'be poor', 1rOVOS 'toil, work', etc. (9.12). The 1f'EJl1JS was the one who toiled for a living, 'poor' by contrast to the rich, but distinct from the 1f'TwX6S 'beggar'

(11.53) who had nothing (cf. Aristoph., Plutus 553). But already in the NT has displaced 1rEP11S as the common word for 'poor', hence NG q,TWXOS.

1r'TWXOS

2. Lat. pauper, prob. an old cpd. *pau-paro-s 'getting little' (cf. ON fatCEkr, below, 4), first member: paucus 'little', Goth. Jawai, ON Jar 'few', and the second: parare 'get, prepare' (11.16). Hence It. povero, Fr. pauvre (OFr. povre > Br. paour, ME pou(e)re, NE poor), Sp. pobre. Walde-Po 2.75. Ernout-M. 744. REW 6305.

etc., but in the older period mostly = Goth. reiles 'ruler', adj. 'honored', prob. old Gme.loanword fro Celtic, ef. Gall. Tix 'king' (e.g. in Dumno-Tix, etc.), Ir. Ti (gen. rfg) id. Lat. rex, etc. Walde-P. 2.365. FalkTorp 898. OE ,..Zig, ME weZthy, NE weaUhy, fro OE weZa, ME ,..Uke 'wealth' (11.42). OHG iJlltig, fr.lllt 'property' (11.41).

'mighty, noble'

5. Lith. bagotaa, Lett. bagtu., loanwords fro Slavic (below, 6). Muhl.End•. 1.249. Lith. turtingas, fro turtas 'property' (11.41). Lett. turfg', fro wret 'hold, keep, have' (11.11). 6. ChSI. bogatil, etc., general Slavic, fro bagu 'share' (in ubogil, nebogu 'poor') - bogu 'god': Skt. bhaga- 'good fortune, welfare' and 'dispenser', Av. ba-y4'share, good fortune, god', OPers. baga'god', Skt. bhaj.. 'share, distribute', etc. Walde-P. 2.128. Bemeker 67. BrUckner 33 f. 7. Skt. dhanin-, fro dhana- 'property, wealth' (1I.41). Skt. dravyavanf,..., fro dravya- 'property' (11.42). Skt. revant- (also 'splendid' and so Av. rcrevant-), fro rai- 'wealth' (11.41). Av. saetavant-, fro saeta- 'riches' (1I.42). A v. iStavant-, fr. ilti- 'property, riches' (11.41).

POSSESSION, PROPERTY, COMMERCE

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

'II'.!"'Is

781

ON n:kr, Dan. rig, Sw. rik, OE rice,

"vant-

'poor' beside wddali 'poverty', etym.

11.52 POOR Grk.

While many of the words for 'rich' are derivatives of those for 'property' or 'wealth' ,others are of independent origin resting on broader notions such as 'mighty', 'fortunate', 'splendid', 'favored

Lith. Lett. ChS!.

biednas, neturtingas

Boh. Pol. Russ. Skt.

chudy, ubohy ubogi, biedny bednyj, ubogyj

sCr.

Av.

nabags, mazturigs ubogi1, nebogil, nut!

ubog, siromaian

daridra-, nirdhanaetc. drigu-, aaai.ta-

Lat. irwps, neg. cpd. of opes 'wealth'

(11.42). Rum. sarae, fro Slavic, late ChSI. siraku (below, 6). 3. Ir. boeht, prob. orig. 'broken1 , pple.

to bong- 'break'. Stokes 177. Ir. domme, see under 80mme 'rich' (11.51). Ir. daidbir, NIr. daidhbhir, see under aaidbir 'rich' (11.51). NIr. dealbh, see under selb 'property' (11.41). W. tlawd, cf. Ir. tlaith 'soft': Grk. 'TAa.'TOS 'suffering, patient', Lat. latus 'born, carried', fr. the root *tel- in words for 'lift, carry' and 'endure'.

Walde-Po

1.739. Pedersen 1.132. Br. paour, fro OFr. povre (above, 2). Henry 217. Br. tavantek, etym. dub. Henry 26l. Emault, Glossaire 683.

dub. Walde-P. i.15, 221. OE pearfends, pple. of pearfan 'need'. OE earm (but mostly 'miserable'), ME arm (rare), Du., OHG-NHG arm Goth. arms, ON armr 'wretched, miserable', etym. dub., perh. fro *ar&-ma-: Lat. orbU8 'bereft', Grk. 6~4vbs 'bereft, orphan', etc. Walde-P. 1.184. FalkTorp 32f. ME pouere, poure, NE poor, fro OFr. povre (above, 2). Du. behoeftig : behoeven 'need, want'. OHG du,rjtig, MHG durftiC, NHG (be)durftig : OHG durfan, etc. 'need,

783

'poor person, beggar' (Jagi6, Entstehungsgesch. 408; and so Russ. niicij mostly 'beggar'), fro *nistyo- or *nukyo-, precise analysis uncertain but based on a form cognate with Skt ni- 'down',

ChSI. nizu 'down', etc. Zubaty, KZ 31.58 ff. Meillet, &udes 2.380 f. Endzelin, Z. al. Ph. 13.78. SCr. sir0ma8an, cf. late (Serb.-)ChBl. Biromachu, siraktl 'poor', fr. ChSI. Bird 'orphaned' (2.75). Boh. chudy - Pol. chudy 'lean, wretched', SCr. hud, Russ. chu,dQj 'evil, bad' (Russ. also 'lean'), ChSI. chudu 'small, insignificant', etc. perh.: Skt. klJud- 'crush, pound', ~udra- 'small'.

want'.

5. Lith. biednaa, fro Pol. biedny (below). Lith. netu,rtingas, neg. of rurtinga. 'rich' (11.51). Lett. nabags, fro Slavic nebogil, beside ubogu 'poor' (below). MUhl.-End•. 2.685 f. Lett. mazturfgs, cpd. of maz 'little' and tUrfg8 'wealthy' (11.51). 6. ChSI. ubogu, nebagu, SCr. ubog, Boh. ubohy, Pol. ubogi, Russ. ubogyj, neg. cpds. beside bogatu 'rich', etc. (11.51). ChSI. niiftt renders Grk. 1I"T"'X6s more frequently than ubogu, mostly as sb.

Walde-P. 1.502. Berneker 405. Pol. biedny, Russ. bednyj (- Boh. bfdny, sCr. bijedan 'wretched, miserable', ChSI. bMlnu 'maimed'): ChSI. beda 'necessity', Mditi 'compel', etc. Berneker 54. Walde-Po 2.185 f. 7. Skt. daridra-, lit. 'wandering about, roving', hence 'poor' and as sb. 'beggar' : daridriJ.. intens. to driJ.. 'run'. Walde-Po 1.795. Uhlenbeck 121. Skt. nir-dhana, neg. cpd. of dhaTUN'property, wealth' (11.41). Av. drigu-, driyu-, etym.? Walde-P. 1.821. Barth. 777 f. Av. aiaeta-, neg. cpd. of salta- 'wealth'

(11.42).

4. Goth. un/eds - OE un/red 'miserable, unfortunate' sometimes also 'poor', lit. 'without possessions in land', neg.

cpd. of OE !rep - ON Iliff 'share of land'. Walde-P. 2.394. Feist 521. ON fateekr, Dan., Sw. fattig, lit. 'taking little', cpd. of fa acc. of far 'few' and teekr fro taka 'take'. Falk-Torp 208. Hellquist 203. ON uau'lJigr, neg. cpd. of au(Jigr 'rich'. OE wmdla (also sb. 'a poor man, beggar') beside wlEdl 'poverty', OHG wadal

11.53 BEGGAR Grk.

NO

'lfrwxOs r'1ncivof,

OUUCO"t~f

Fr. Sp.

mendicU8 mendicat&te, accatt.one mendiant mendigo, mendigante

Rum.

cerfetor

Jr.

(foigd' 'begging')

NIr.

bacach cardotyn klaskeroora

Lat. It.

w.

Br.

bidagwa

Lith.

ON

gQngum.aar, Qlmu8u· ma3r

Lett. ChS!. SCr.

Goth. Dan.

tigger

Sw.

tiggc.re

OE ME NE

wlldla

Du.

OHO MHO NHO

begger(e) beggar bedelaar betaliiri betela>re belli".

Boh. Pol.

Russ.

Skt. Av.

elgeta, ubagas nabags, diedelnieks niStt prosjak !ebrak

,.brak niiCij bhi/cfu-, daridra-, yacaka-

784

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

The majority of the words for 'beggar' are from verbs for 'a.sk for' (18.35). But several are in origin opprobrious epithets (like NE bum), based in part upon certain physical or mental defects. 1. Grk. ""'''x6s : ".,..:.~ 'timid, fearful, cowering', 'll"r&uraw 'cower, cringe' J r1i(7v~

'cower, crouch', (these: ...£rTW 'fall', rI.."",,,o, etc.). Walde-P. 2.19. Boisscq 823. NG t'1nulIO$, fro l"lIrC, 'seek, ask for' (11.31, 18.35). NG a'4Il'OP,G.pt7fJ fro a,"o,""" 'serve' (formerly also 'beg', now ~,....""v..), fro 6,"oJ'Os 'serva.nt, deacon', 2. Lat. mend!cU8 (> Sp. mendigo), prob. orig. 'defective, unsound' : men,. dum and numda 'physical defect, fault', W. man 'spot, mark (on the body)', Skt. mind4- 'physical defect' (fr. the same root also Lat. menddx 'lying'J etc., with divergent semantic development). Walde-P.2.270. Emout-M.605. WaldeH.2.69. Hence vb. menaware 'beg' > It. mendicare, Fr. mendier, Sp. mendigar with pples. for 'beggar', It. mendicantLnu byti hili duZan, dugovati byti dluZen bye winien byt'dolZnyj dhr-

Cret. O¢fI~w, Arc. perf. pple. etc., etym.? Boisacq 731 f.

NG Lat.

aa.w.ltopa., aa."Eltopa.,

mutuum mtnere,

7. Skt. roam da-, lit. 'give a debt' (roa- 'debt' 11.64), used for 'pay a debt', also with loco 'lend' (cf. roa-diitar- 'lender of money') and with abI. 'borrow'. Skt. kusida-, the technical term for 'lending of money at interest', but not appearing in verbal phrases, etym.? Uhlenbeck 61. AV. *namahya- (cf. adj. nama.hant'lending') fro namah- 'a loan', prob. : Grk. vEpw 'divide, distribute', Goth. niman 'take', etc. (11.13). Walde-Po 2.330. Barth. 1069 f.

prendere in prestito emprunl.er tomar prestamJ

tmprumuta, lua cu

tmprumut Ir. NIr. W. Br.

Jaghaim aT iasacht echwyna, benthycio

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

leihwan Bi8 piggja at lilni laane /dna

borgian Imwe

Imrow Imgen we,",1On

Lith. Lett. ChS!. ser. Boh. Pol. RIIBS. Skt. Av.

skolinti aizn'emt, tapinat zaj{ti posuditi, pozajmiti vypiljCiti se, dluZiti

8e

potyczic

zanjat'

roamkr-

entlehemn, borgen borgen, leihen, enlleh-

"'"

empresta

The majority of the words for 'borrow' are akin to those for 'lend', already

discussed (11.61). The verb may be in the same form, the difference in applica-

tion being shown by construction (e.g. with 'to' = 'lend', but with 'from' = 'borrow'), or in a differentiated form 'borrow'. Thus Grk. ouvEi.ropat, mid. of oallE£rw 'lend'; Lat. mutuiin fro miUuus

'lent, borrowed' (in mutuum dare 'lend', etc.); W. benthydo, echwyna 'borrow, lend'; Br. empresta (or ampresta), a blend of presta 'lend' and Fr. emprunter; Goth. leihwan sis refl. (with af.); Dan. loone, Sw. lana 'lend, borrow'; NHG leihen 'lend, borrow'; MHG entlehenen, NHG entlehnen fro MHG Zehenen 'lend', etc.; Lith. skolinf:i 'lend, borrow'; Lett. tap;nat 'lend, borrow'; SCr. posuditi, Pol.

hence 'owe', or through 'withhold'(?).

Ernout-M.255. Walde-H. 1.326. Rum. datori, deriv. of datoT 'debtor', fro Lat. debitor. REW 2493. 3. Ir. dlegair domsa, lit. 'claim is had on me', with passive of dlig~'m 'have claim to, have the right to', also used in personal construction with person owed as subject and prep. do with person owing (e.g. dligim ni duit 'I have a claim for something upon thee' = 'thou owest me' Wb. 32a20), so also NIr. dlighim airgead diot 'you owe me money' (cf. Dinneen) beside the transitive use as 'owe'; W. bod mewn dyled(i) 'be in debt (to)', dyled 'debt' j Br. dleout 'owe, ought' : Ir. dliged 'law, right'. Pedersen 2.506. 4. Goth. skulan (infin. not found; 2sg. skaU, 1pl. skulum, etc.), OE sculan (not found; 3sg. sceall, etc. also ME schal in this sense), OHG scolan, MHG sul(le)n. siiln, etc. (NE shall, NHG sollen, etc.), hence adjs. ON skyldr, skyldugr, Sw. skyldig, MHG sehuldee, Du., NHG schuldig 'obliged, owing' (with 'be' regularly for 'owe'), also vbs. Dan. skylde, MHG, NHG 8chul.den 'owe' : Lith. skeUti 'owe', skola 'debt', skolingas 'owing',

795

skilti 'get in debt', OPruss. skalisnan 'duty', without s- Lith. kaltas 'owing, obliged', kalte 'debt', further root connections, as with Lith. skeiti 'split' dub.

Walde-Po 2.596. Falk-Torp 1038 f., 1045 f. Feist 435 f.

oEagan

(ugan to geldanne 'owe' in

Lindisf. Gospels, Lk. 16.5, etc., but reg. 'own'), ME 0Je, owe, NE owe, d. OE agan 'own', etc. (11.12). NED S.V. owe. 5. Lith. kaltas or skolingas buti, lit. 'be owing'; for kallas, skolingas 'owing', and skeleti 'owe', see above, 4. Lett. parada bill, lit. 'be in debt', with loco of pardds 'debt' (! 1.64). 6. CliSl. dluHnu byti, etc. 'be owing, in debt', with forms of adjs. ChSl.dluz'inu, SCr. duzan, Boh. dluzen, Russ. dolinyj, fro ChSI. dl1lgil, SCr. dug, etc. 'debt'

(11.64). SCr. dugovati, fro dug 'debt' (11.64). Pol. bye urinien 'be owing', with adj. urinien 'owing, guilty' : wina, Boh. vina

'guilt, fault', etc. (16.76). Bruckner 622. 7. Skt. dhr- 'hold' (11.15) is also used for 'owe' (with dat. or gen., BR s.v. 18). Cf. debere, above, 2.

11.64 DEBT

F0-

debt', that is by phrases containing

~~K6o"

Late Grk. XpEWU1'EW, NG pop. x{JWU1'W, deriv. of XpEWu1'fJf 'debtor', this of XpEWf

1. Grk. b«PEfAW, Hom., Aeot., Arc.

mu..

tUarj

It. Fr. Sp. Rum.

Grk.

words for 'debt' or adjectives derived from them, or more rarely by verbal derivatives therefrom. But in several cases the verb is conversely the source of the noun, or is unrelated. In some of these the underlying notion is 'have,

hold' (something belonging to another).

Miklosich 411. Russ. odolZit', fro dolg, ChSI. dliJ.g1l 'debt'. Berneker 244.

POSSESSION, PROPERTY, COMMERCE

row, Du., MHG, NHG borgen (MHG also like OHG borgen 'give heed to', etc.), fro OE borg, borh 'pledge, surety', MHG borg, Du. borg 'pledge, loan', etc. (hence orig. 'take on pledge', or in MHG, NHG also 'give on pledge, lend'), fro the root of OE beorgan, OHG bergan, ON bjarga 'keep, preserve', etc. (11.25). Walde-Po 2.172. NED S.V. borrow, vb.' OHG wehslon 'change, exchange' (12.93), also 'borrow' (Tat. Mt. 5.42). 3. Lett. aizn'emt, cpd. of nemt 'take' (11.13), cf. aizduot 'lend' (11.61). 4. ChSl. za}(Jti, Russ. zanjat', cpds. of the Slavic verb for 'take', ChSI. j(Jti, etC'. Hence the sb. ChSI. zaj~mu, etc. 'loan', and fro this SCr. po-Cor u-) mjmiti 'lend, borrow' and many phrases not entered in the list but frequently used for 'lend' or 'borrow', e.g. Russ. dati vzaimy 'lend', vzjat' (or brat') vzaimy 'borrow'. Berneker 426.

skulan vera skyldr, skyldugr skylde vara skyldig seulan (ligan)

Lith. samdas 'hire, rent' vb. samdyti 'hire, let, rent'. Boh. piljCiti, Pol. poiycziC (latter also 'borrow'), cpds. : Pol. zyczye 'wish well', Boh. iiCiti 'grant', these: Boh. Ziti, Pol. iye, ChSI. ziti, etc. 'live'. Bruckner 669.

11.62 BORROW Grk.

(e.g. mid. or refl., or with prefix) for

5. Lith. 8lrolinti, 8kolyti, fro 8kola 'debt' : 8ke/.eti 'owe', etc. (11.63).

11.63 OWE Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

Lith. zyeyti (Kurschat, NT, now replaced by preceding), fro WhRuss. zyew (el. Pol. poiycw.t, below). BrUckner, Sl. Fremdworter 158. Lett. aizdual, cpd. of dual 'give'.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

794

793

POSSF..8SION, PROPERTY, COMMERCE

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

792

'debt' (11.64). 2. Lat. debere (> It. tUJVere, Fr. devoir, Sp. deber), fro de-habere, with semantic development through 'have (something) from (someone)', that is, 'have something belonging to another'

NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum.

Ir. NIr. W. Dr.

):pfof ):plot debitum,

Goth. ae8

alienum

de1rno deU. deudo, debito datorie

fiach fia Fr. detle, Sp. deuda, and as lit. borrowings It. debito,

nout-M. 19. Rum. datorie, fro datori 'owe' (11.63).

796

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

3. Ir. fiai{j

Lith. Lett. CbS!.

sqskaita rik'ins, rek'inasana (,!oro)

SCr.

TaCun u/let

}.,O'Y(tPIQ.O"~'

ON

tal, tala, reikningr

Lat.

ratio

conto

Dan. Sw.

regmkab, regning

It.

Fr. Sp.

cuenta

Rum.

8OCQteald,

Ir.

airem. comairem

NE

account, reckoning

N[r.

comhaireamh,

Du.

Av.

w.

cyIMf

Hr.

kant

rekening ,eda rech(e)nunge rechnung

compte

com

...

OE ME

ralming gerrld, riht (a)count, re(c)k(i)ning

OHG MHG NHG

Some of the words for 'account' are related to those for 'number' or 'count', while others are based on a more general notion of 'reason, right' or the like. 1. Grk. AO-yOS' (also 'reason, word', etc.) : AE-YW 'gather, recount, say', etc., Lat. legere 'gather, select, read', etc.

Walde-Po 1.422. From same source also M-ytUpOr : Xo-Y£rO~at 'count, reckon', and

Byz., NG }.o-yap..upbs : Byz. }.o-yap,.t., 'calculate', fro M-ya.pWV dim. of M-yoS'. 2. Lat. ratio: reor, rert, ratus 'reckon, judge', etc., Goth. rapja 'number, count', OHG reda, radia 'account, speech, tale', etc., fro IE *re-, *ra-, prob.

related ultimately to the root of Grk. apapltTlCw 'join together, fit', Lat. artus 'joint', etc. Walde-Po 1.73 f. EmoutM. 860 f. Feist 394. It. conw, Fr. compte, Sp. cuenta (fr. cuenw), Rum. coni (lit. loanword) fro late Lat. computus 'computation', fro computare 'reckon', cpd. of puUire 'reckon, consider, think'.

Emout-M. 828.

REW2109. Rum. 8ocoteaUf, fr. socoti 'heed, pay attention to', fro the Slavic, cf. Bulg.

dial. sokoli 'guard'. Tiktin 1451 fr. 3. Ir. airem, comairem 'number, reckoning, account' (cf. Laws, Gloss. 37), NIr. comhaireamh, W. cyfrif, cpds. fro rim-, W. rhif 'number' (13.12), vb. Ir. airmin 'count' (ad-nm-, Pedersen 2.602). NIr. cunntas, fro ME counle. Br. kont, fro OFr. conte, cunte.

Bah.

Pol.

rachumk

Russ.

,/let

Skt.

gatlana-

4. Goth. raho, OHG reda (radia, redia) : Lat. ratio (above, 2). ON tal, tala (also 'number, tale, talk') : OE (ge)/OJI 'tale, number, series', OHG zala

id.,

NHG zahl

797

agieldan, ME yelde, OHG geUan, MHG geUen, beside Goth. gild, gilBlr 'tribute, tax', OHG gel! 'payment, recompense, money', NHG geld 'money', etc., outside connections dub. Walde-Po 1.632. Feist 161. NED s.v. yield vb. MLG betalen (> Dan. beta/.e, Sw. be/ala), Du. betalen, NHG (be).ahlen (MHG bezaln rarely 'pay', mostly = zaln 'count, calculate, relate', OHG .aWn 'count'), fro the sbs. LG tal, OHG zala 'number, series', NHG zahl 'num· ber'; hence 'pay' fro 'count out'. Falk-

Torp 64, 1243. Paul, Deutsches Wtb. s.v. zah.J.. ME paie, NE pay, fro Fr. payer (above, 2). 5. Lith. moketi 'understand, know how' ('can' in this sense, as 'can read') and 'pay' (ui- only in this sense) : mokli 'learn', Lett. m4ku, l1u'icet 'understand, be able', m4cU 'teach', OPruss. mukinl 'teach'. Milhl.-Endz. 2.575. Semantic development prob. how' (to count), 'count out'

>

'know 'pay'

(cf. NHG zah/.en, above). Lett. makedt, fro maksa 'payment' (Esth. or Liv. mak8 id.). Milhl.-Endz. 2.555. 6. ChSI. v1lzdati 'give back' (11.22), in Gospels reg. for a..oaL&..p, also when it means 'pay, repay'.

SCr. platili, etc., general Slavic (but not in old ChSI.), deriv. of word for linen (ChSI. platll, platIno, 6.23). According to the chronicle of Helmold the Sla VB used linen cloth as the standard of value in trade. Brilckner 420. Schrader, Reallex. 1.325. 7. Skt. dd- 'give' (11.21) also the usua.l word for 'pay'. Av. Ci- 'atone for' and so 'pay' (e.g. Cikayal Yd. 13.10; cf. Barth. 103 s.v. alia- and 464) : Grk. 1"VW 'atone for', etc. (above, 1).

POSSESSION, PROPERTY, COMMERCE

11.66 ACCOUNT, RECKONING Grk.

Tip.;' 'reward' or 'penalty', row'I, 'pen. alty', Av. kalina 'penalty', ChSI. lena

'number', etc.

(13.12). Walde-Po 1.808. Falk-Torp 1243. ON (late) reikningr, Dan. regning, Sw. riikning, fro MLG rekeninge = Du. rekening, etc. (below). Dan. Tegmkab, fr. regne 'reckon, calculate', fro MLG rekenen (below). OE gerdd (also gerddegode; cf. Gospels, Mt. 18.23, 24, where Lindisf. reht, rehtnis) : adj. geroo 'well arranged, skilled',

Goth. garaijJs 'appointed', MGH gereil 'ready', etc. (14.29). OE riM 'right, justice, law' (21.11),

fro MLG rekenen 'reckon' MUhl.-Endz. 3.520.

799

(above).

tion'), Lat. ralio (above, 2). Miklosich

6. ChSI. slovo 'word' (18.26), reg. =

CUq, Cisli 'count, read', etc. (18.52). Pol. Tuchunek, fro rachowac, fro NHG rechnen. Bruckner 451. 7. Skt. ga1)-ana- : ga1)-aya- 'count, enumerate, calculate', ga1J,a- 'host, multitude'.

271.

Boh. ueel, Russ. scel cpds: ChSI. Grk. AO-yOS' 'word' is used also in the Gospels where AO-YOS' is 'account', as Mt.

12.36 (both senses in same verse), 18.23, etc. Ser. ratun, fro It. razione (now 'ra-

11.67 SECURITY, SURETY Goth.

Grk.

bixupov, i-y-yv,.,.

NG

lvexupov,

Lat.

pignU8 (arrabO, arra) pegrw (arra) gage (arrhes)

ON

6.ppu.~v

It. Fr. Sp. Rum.

Ir. Nlr.

w.

Dan.

d.ppu.~v

prenda

amantlt, z4log gell

OE ME NE Du.

Lith.

uz.taUu

velJ, pantr

Lett. ChS!. SCr.

,alag

pant pant wedd

plege, wed(de), surere security, pledge, sure-

Here is intended the material security offered, not the personal promise as in

the now most common USe of NE pledge. 1. Grk. EvEXVPCW, cpd. of EJI'- 'in' and EXVpOS' 'strong, secure, safe' (: EXW 'hold,

have'). Grk. Inln7 (cf. !n""

the personal

also (esp. Northumbrian) 'account', as likewise rehtnis. ME acount, count, NE account, fro OFr. a-conte, a-cunte, conte, cunte (above, 2).

'surety', b"yVdw 'give surety', etc.): h-yVs 'near', both prob. ~ng. 'in the hand', cpds. of b· 'in' and *-yv- : Av.

ME re(c)k(i)ning, NE reckoning, Du. rekening (MLGrekeninge),MHGrech(e)nunge, NHG rechnung (OHG rechenunga 'arrangement'), fro OE gerecenian, MLG rekenen, OHG rehhanon, etc. 'calculate', fro the same root as OE riht, etc. (above). NED s.v. reckoning. Weigand-H. 2.546. 5. Lith. sqskaita (neolog.; rokundas now obs.), fro suskaityti 'count', cpd. of skailyli 'read' (18.52) and 'count'. Lett. rek'ins (Tek'ens, rek'enin'S), fro MLG rekinge, rekeninge (above); Lett. rek'inasana fr. rekindt 'reckon, consider,

211.

gu- 'hand'.

Walde-Po 1.637.

Boisacq

Grk. appa.{3wv 'earnest-money, pledge'

(NG pop.

appa~wva

id. and esp. 'be-

trothal ring', pI. 'betrothal'), loanword fro Semitic, prob. a. Phoen. word = Hebr. cerabiin 'pledge'. Hence Lat. arrabo and abbr. arra > It. arra, Fr.

arrhes. Boisacq 82. Emout-M. 75. Walde-H. 1.69. REW 665. 2. Lat. pignus (> It. pegno) perh. as 'mark (for remembering a contract)' : pi:ngere 'embroider, paint'. Ernout-M.

766f.

Boh. Pol. Russ.

Skt.

ty pand

OHG wet(t)i, MHG plant NHG pfand

gwU ad_ gouatl

Br.

Sw.

wadi

plant

k'ila zalogiJ.

Zllstava zastawa zaklad, zaWg nyd8a~, nikfJepa-, 4dhi-

Av.

Fr. gage, OFr. also wage, fro Grnc., Goth. wadi, etc. (below, 4). REW 9474. Gamillscheg 451. Sp. prenda, fro pTender 'take'. Diez 646. Rum. amanet, through NG ."aPErt 'pawn, pledge', fro Turk. emanet 'security'. Lokotsch 66. Tiktin 56. Rum. zdlog, fro Slavic, ChSl. zalogu,

etc. (below, 6). 3. Ir. geU (cf. Thurneysen, Z. celt. Ph. 15.266 fl.), NIr. geaU (hence vb. geU'promise, pledge'), fr. *ghislo- : Jr. gwll, W. gwystl 'hostage', Br. gouestl 'pledge, security', ON gtsl, etc. 'hostage' (*gheis10-), root connection dub. Walde-Po

1.554. Pedersen 2.537. W. adneu: Ir. aithne gl. depositum, abstract of aith-rw- 'entrust', perh. : Lat. ad-nuere 'nod to, assent'. Pedersen 1.441, 2.586. 4. Goth. wadi, ON velf, OE wedd, ME wed(de), OHG we(t)li (NHG weUe 'bet', cf. NE wager orig. 'pledge' : wage, Fr.

BUrl'.

Grk.

-.

NG

-.

11.68 INTEREST Goth. _ . ON ~. okr

It.

- . fin.. interuu

Dan. Sw.

Fr. Sp. Rum.

inUrtt _ doMnd4, intera

OE ME

~, """ ....... (Jf1I NE pawn). if this in Ioliti 'lay'. lelati 'lie'. etc., IE *legh-. is the Bame word as pan 'piece' (orig. of Walde-P.2.425. Bemeker 727 f. Boh . ...taoo. Pol. zastawo. cpds. of za.. cloth, fro Lat. pann... ) and not conversely fro Gmc. as some think. FaIk- 'behind' and deriv. of the root in Boh. BlIUi. Pol. Blat 'stand'. Torp 813 f. Kiuge-G. 439, Franck-v. RUBS. zaklad. fro .a- 'behind' and W.487f. ME surets. NE surely (in this sense fro kladu. klast' 'put. place' (12.12). 7. Skt. nya..G-.lit. 'a setting down'. fro 14th cent.• NED s. V. 5) fro OFr. fro Lat. 8Bc1ZrittlB 'security. whence the ni-aB- 'throw. lay, or put down' (as'throw'. 10.25). now more common NE 86C1Jrity. Skt. nik",pa-, fro ni-kfip- 'throw ME plege. NE pledge. fro OFr. pIeg. 'surety' (Fr. ploig.). MLat. plwium. down' (kfip- 'throw'. 10.25). Skt. iidlti-. fro /io4011r, OE cynelic toll, and OHG zol often g1. vectigal). fro MLat. tol(I)~nium by influence of tollere 'lift' for lat. Lat. teliinium 'tollhouse', fro Grk. ",,",.10> id. Falk-Torp 1269. NED S.V. loll sb.'. OF; gaJol. also 'interest' (11.68). ME taxe, NE tax, fro the verb ME taxe, fro OFr. taxer (above. 2). NED S.V. Du. belasting, Iit. '8 loading', fro belasten 'load, burden'.

OHG. MHG zins (general for 'any sort of tribute from the subject to the lord'. MHG also in the modem sense 'interest'), fro Lat. census 'census, regis-

ter' (of citizens and property). late 'tax' (so Grk.lrijvcror in NT). Emout-M. 173. Weigand-H. 2.1330. Kluge-G. 713. OHG trib ... (Tat.). fro Lat. trilnltum. NHG BleUer: MHG .tiur(.), OHG stiura 'prop, support' (also 'rudder', 10.36). Weigand-H. 2.967 f. Paul, Deutsches Wtb. S.V. 5. Lith. mokeBliB. lit. 'payment' (beside mokesnis), fro makoti 'pay' (11.65). Lett. nuoduoklis. fro nuoduot 'give UP. deliver' (: duot 'give'). Lett. mzsIe (pI. meali 'dice. lot'). fro me.ti 'throw'. MUhl.-Endz. 2.603. Semantic development through 'that which is one's lot (to pay)'1 6. ChSI. danl, Boh. dan. SCr. danak; Pol. podatek. Russ. podat' : CbS!. dati, etc. 'give' (11.21). Bemeker 179. 180. CbSl. myto (not quotable for 'tax'. but mytar'l reg. for T~S and myt'lnUa for w..:w... in Gospels). Buig. mito. Boh.

804

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

my to,

Pol. myto, etc. 'toll', fro Orne., Goth. mota, etc. (above, 4). StenderPetersen 324. sCr. portz, lit. 'assessment' : porezati 'cut up, separate, divide' (rezati 'cut' 9.22). Miklosich 278. Boh. berne, Pol. pob6r: Boh. brdti, Pol. brae 'take' (11.13). Berneker 51, 75f. Boh. poplatek, also plat (but this mostly 'pay, payment') : platiti 'pay' (11.65). Russ. nalog, cpd. of na 'on' and deriv. of root in Slavic wziti 'lay' (cf. zalog 'pledge',l1.67). Semantic borrowingfr.

Grk. NG

rplHrolm

Lat.

jrii.dU8, rroitU8

It.

rendita

Fr. Sp.

'en'" ,enta

Rum.

Ir. Nlr.

W.

Br.

"l.:r~"'(t,JO'o&

venit teacht iatroch cyUid, incwm

let.

the Romance group (It. impo8ta, etc.) possible. 7. Skt. karlN-, perh. (like kaTlN- 'ray', but with independent semantic development), fro kar-, kir- 'pour out, scatter' (as what is 'poured out' to the ruler). Uhlenbeck 45. Skt. bali-, etym.? Uhlenbeck 188. Skt. fUlklN- (in RV 'price', later 'tax'), etym.? Uhlenbeck 313. OPera. bali-, as orig. 'assessment' or more prob. 'contribution' : Av. baJ- '88sign as a share', Skt. bhaj- 'divide, share, furnish', etc. Barth. 953.

11.71 INCOME Goth. ON ta/ca,'ekja

Lith. Lett.

Sw. OE ME NE

indtagt, indlromst inkomst

ChS!. SCr.

doIwd(ak),

,

income

Bob. Pol. Russ.

inkomBt

Skt.

d It. profiUo, Rum. profit), fro Lat. profectus 'progress, increase, growth, success', fro proficere 'advance, derive advantage, profit'. REW 6769. It. guadagrw, Fr. gain, fro vbs. It. guadagnare, Fr. gagner (OFr. gaaignier) 'gain, earn', fro a Gmc. (Langob. or

form, prepare', perfect. of waurkjan 'hunt, pasture', ON fJet"'6a 'hunt', etc. 'work, do', etc. Feist 210. ON IJbati (so reg. in NIce!.), cpd. of LMs. Omitted are the words which. while meaning literally 'costly'. are not the common words for 'dear' as applied to an article for s&ie. but are used mostly in in a figurative sense, more nearly 'coatly', 'precious' or 'extravagant'. Thus Lat. pref.ilJ8U8 fro pretium 'price' and sometimes 'dear, expensive', but mostly 'valuable, precious'; and the numerous

825

11.87 PRICE Grk. NG Lat.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

826

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr.

POSSESSION. PROPERTY. COMMERCE

colloqui&l word. but rather high = 'highpriced'. NE expensive (in U.S. less restricted than in England). fro a Lat. type °ex_ PenBWuS, fro expendere 'spend', but asso-ciated with expense (11.72). NED s.v. 5. Lith. brangus. etym.? ( : Du. prank 'ostentation. show'?). Uhlenb.ok 205. Franck-v. W. 524. Lett. darg8. either cognate with. or borrowed from. the Slavic (below). Miihl.-Endz. 1.448. 6. ChSI. drag;;.. etc.. general Slavic (in the modem languages also 'dear. beloved'). etyro. dub. Berneker 213. SCr. Bkup. also 'stingy'. Bulg. 8kqpij 'dear, expensive, stingy', in the other Slavic languages only 'stingy', RUSfl. Bkupoj. Boh. okoupY. Pol. skqpy (11.54). 7. Skt. mahiirgho-. cpd. of maha'large. great' and argha- 'price' (11.87). Skt. bahum1llya-, cpd. of baku- 'much, many' and malya- 'price' (11.87).

11.89 CHEAP derivatives of It. costo. ete. 'cost' (11.72). as It.• Sp. COOIOBO. OFr. costeuo (> ME costouse > W. costus). Fr. coateux. NE C08Uy. NHG koolbar. etc. 1. Grk. roXVTEX~S, cpd. of roXv 'much' and last member fro ,!~.. 'tax. toll. duty' (11.69). Grk. ,tJA'OS. fro "I'~ 'price' (11.87). NG 6.'P'fJOr. fro class. Grk. 6..p,fM/. 'exact, precise, accurate' then (fr. 'exact in money matters') 'parsimonious, stingy' and hence 'dear' (88 SCr. okup. below). 2. Lat. clirus (> It.. Sp. carD. Fr. cher) 'dear' = 'beloved' (16.28) and 'expensive' (Plaut. in both senses). Rum. scump. fro Slavic. cf. Bulg. ekqpij. etc. below. 6. 3. Ir. lOgmar. cpd. of 109 'price' and mar, miir 'great'.

Grk. NG Let. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. Nlr.

w.

Br.

fbT"eA"S, fGc.wos

Goth.

Lith.

;.n,,,,

ON

il 'moderate, cheap', cf. NHG semantic borrowing fr. Fr. bon march~. 4. ON -adijrr, OE UndR.oT, ME undere, billig, etc., above) : SCr. u-desiti 'set OHG un/iuri, MHG un/iUTe, neg. cpds. right, make right', ChSI. desiti 'find', etc. of ON dgrr, etc., 'dear, expensive' ar loanword? Bemeker 188. (11.88). 7. Skt. alpakrlta-, lit. 'bought for ME good chepe, NE cheap (shortened little', cpd. of alpa- 'little, small' and fro good cheap), Du. goedkoop, lit. 'good krita- fro kri- 'buy' (11.81).

CHAPTER 12 SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE, FORM, SIZE 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15 12.16 12.17 12.18 12.19 12.21 12.22 12.23 12.232 12.24 12.25 12.26 12.27 12.31 12.32 12.33 12.34 12.35 12.352 12.353 12.36 12.37 12.38 12.41 12.42 12.43 12.44 12.45 12.46 12.47 12.48

PLACE (sb.) PuT (Place, Set, Lay) SIT

12.51 12.52 12.53 12.54 12.55 12.56 12.57 12.58 12.59 12.61 12.62 12.63 12.64 12.65 12.66 12.67 12.68 12.71 12.72 12.73 12.74 12.75 12.76 12.77 12.78 12.81 12.82 12.83 12.84 12.83 12.91 12.92 12.93 12.94

LIE

STAND (vb. intr.) REKAlN, STAY, WAIT

REMAIN (= B. Left Over) LEAw

QmET (sdj.) COLLECT, GATHER

JOIN, UNITE

SEPARATE (vb.) DIVIDE OPEN (vb.) SHUT, CLOSE (vb.) CoVER (vb.) HroE, CONCEAL

HIGH Low Top BOTrOM END POINT EDGE 5mB MIDDLE (adj.) CENTER

RIGHT (adj.; VB. Left) La.... (adj.; VB. Right) NEAR (sdv.) FAR (adv.) EAST WEST NORTH

SOUTH

FORM, SRAPBl

SIZE GROW

MEASURE (vb.) LutGE, BIG (GRlIAT) SHALL, LI'I"l'LE

LoNG TALL

SBORT

WWE,

BROAD

NARROW THICK1

(in Dimension)

THICK' (in Density) THINt (in Dimension) THIN' (in Density) DEEP SHALLOW

FLAT HOLLOW (- Concave) 8TRA.IGBT

CROOKED

Hool[ CORNIlB

Caoss SQUARlI (sb.) RoUND (adj.) CIRCLE SPHERE

LINE (sb.) HOLE EQUAL LIKE, SIJ4ILAB

CHANGE (vb.) SIGN (sb.)

829

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

830

Grk.

NG L&t.

It. Fr.

Sp. Rum.

.....

12.11 PLACE (sb.) Goth. ",p • ON ...3.

loclUl luogo, poolD

Don.

mo.

liBu, place lugar. Bitio

b.

loc da, iw, mU, airm,

NIr.

maigm dU, ionad

Br.

U. lee'1&.

w.

Bw. OE ME NE Du.

plads, .t&:l plats

.ww, atede

-

.wk, plac6 plac6 plooh

oieta oieta ml.to

SCr.

mj68to

Boh. Pol.

mieja

RUBB•

OHG MHG _ 'moderate, cheap', cf. NHG semantic borrowing fr. Fr. bon march~. 4. ON -adijrr, OE UndR.oT, ME undere, billig, etc., above) : SCr. u-desiti 'set OHG un/iuri, MHG un/iUTe, neg. cpds. right, make right', ChSI. desiti 'find', etc. of ON dgrr, etc., 'dear, expensive' ar loanword? Bemeker 188. (11.88). 7. Skt. alpakrlta-, lit. 'bought for ME good chepe, NE cheap (shortened little', cpd. of alpa- 'little, small' and fro good cheap), Du. goedkoop, lit. 'good krita- fro kri- 'buy' (11.81).

CHAPTER 12 SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE, FORM, SIZE 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15 12.16 12.17 12.18 12.19 12.21 12.22 12.23 12.232 12.24 12.25 12.26 12.27 12.31 12.32 12.33 12.34 12.35 12.352 12.353 12.36 12.37 12.38 12.41 12.42 12.43 12.44 12.45 12.46 12.47 12.48

PLACE (sb.) PuT (Place, Set, Lay) SIT

12.51 12.52 12.53 12.54 12.55 12.56 12.57 12.58 12.59 12.61 12.62 12.63 12.64 12.65 12.66 12.67 12.68 12.71 12.72 12.73 12.74 12.75 12.76 12.77 12.78 12.81 12.82 12.83 12.84 12.83 12.91 12.92 12.93 12.94

LIE

STAND (vb. intr.) REKAlN, STAY, WAIT

REMAIN (= B. Left Over) LEAw

QmET (sdj.) COLLECT, GATHER

JOIN, UNITE

SEPARATE (vb.) DIVIDE OPEN (vb.) SHUT, CLOSE (vb.) CoVER (vb.) HroE, CONCEAL

HIGH Low Top BOTrOM END POINT EDGE 5mB MIDDLE (adj.) CENTER

RIGHT (adj.; VB. Left) La.... (adj.; VB. Right) NEAR (sdv.) FAR (adv.) EAST WEST NORTH

SOUTH

FORM, SRAPBl

SIZE GROW

MEASURE (vb.) LutGE, BIG (GRlIAT) SHALL, LI'I"l'LE

LoNG TALL

SBORT

WWE,

BROAD

NARROW THICK1

(in Dimension)

THICK' (in Density) THINt (in Dimension) THIN' (in Density) DEEP SHALLOW

FLAT HOLLOW (- Concave) 8TRA.IGBT

CROOKED

Hool[ CORNIlB

Caoss SQUARlI (sb.) RoUND (adj.) CIRCLE SPHERE

LINE (sb.) HOLE EQUAL LIKE, SIJ4ILAB

CHANGE (vb.) SIGN (sb.)

829

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

830

Grk.

NG L&t.

It. Fr.

Sp. Rum.

.....

12.11 PLACE (sb.) Goth. ",p • ON ...3.

loclUl luogo, poolD

Don.

mo.

liBu, place lugar. Bitio

b.

loc da, iw, mU, airm,

NIr.

maigm dU, ionad

Br.

U. lee'1&.

w.

Bw. OE ME NE Du.

plads, .t&:l plats

.ww, atede

-

.wk, plac6 plac6 plooh

oieta oieta ml.to

SCr.

mj68to

Boh. Pol.

mieja

RUBB•

OHG MHG _ Fr. asaeoir 'seat, place', B'asSeMT 'take a seat', ItTe as... 'be seated, sit'; REW 7780); Ir. saidim, vbl. n. suide, whence Nlr. suidhim; W. eistedd fro sb. - OBr. ..lid gl. •edile fro cpd. ('.klHli-oedo- Pedersen 1.20; otherwise Morris Jones 78), Br. azeza fro cpd. 'ad-8ed- (Pedersen 2.605; Loth, Mots lat. 134); Goth. man, OE

Lat. It.

Fr. Sp. Rum.

Ir. NIr. W.

Br.

siuan, DHO sizzan, etc., general Gmcj Lith. sedeti, Lett . • edel; ChSI. sidlti, etc. general Slavic, beside perfect. sl.ti 'to.ke a. seat'; Skt. sad-, Av. had-. 2. IE ' ...., perh. ultimately derived fro a cpd. of preceding, 3sg. mid. 'Ndtai. Walde-P. 2.484 . Grk. ~!,ao, 3sg. ~arao (~Skt. Iiste), more commonly d.8rtfJa.t., whence NO pop. • 49o!,ao; Skt. a..., Av. M-.

Goth.

nil'Gl' ni,"",

Lat.

iadre, cub4re

Dan.

ligon liggja ligge

It.

Sw.

lirma

W.

giacere Un cout:ItA _ . estar CI It. seder., OFr. seoiT now 'suit', Sp. sentar 'seat,

835

'hole'. Walde-P. 1.639. Muhl.End•. 1.679. 7. ChS!. Ielali, etc., above, 1. 8. Skt. ,i-, 3.ide (NE lit., dial., or in certain phrases), OHG bitan, MHG biten, old Gmc. group for 'wait, await', agreeing formally with Grk ....£8.. 'persuade', Lat.fidere 'trust', and perh. connected through a common notion of 'patient waiting, steadfastness', but much disputed. Walde-Po 2.140. Feist 86 f. OE belVan, Du. blijven, MLG bliven (> Dan. blive, Sw. bliva, but in this sense now mostly fOrbliva), OHG l>iliban, MHG b(e)ltben, NHG bleiben = Goth. °bileiban (assumed fro belaif, Goth. cal.), beside caus. Goth. bilaibjan 'leave behind', OE (simplex) 1m/an, NE leave, etc. : Skt. lipta~ 'sticky', lip- 'smear', Grk. (AL"", 'fat', >....~pOs 'oily', but also)

Goth.

ON

Dan. Sw.

aftv=n Iva,liIM

Wive tilmIer. (Ii/bage) bliva ~vrig (kvar)

Lith. Lett. ChSl. SCr.

OE ME NE

beli/an, ll!Jan

Boh.

leve, remayne be left, remain

Du.

blijllm.

PoL Russ. Skt.

OHO biliban MHG belibe>& NHO bleibm

Most of the words for 'remain' = 'be left over' are the same as, or connected

with, those for 'remain, stay' (12.16). But some belong with those for 'leave' (12.18). 1. Grk. XELroJ.'4L, mid. of Atl1rw 'leave' (12.18) used for 'be left behind' and 'be left over, remain'. Grk. ~!"'" 'remain, stay' (12.16), in NG also 'remain, be leIt over'. 2. Lat. relinqui, pass. of relinquere 'leave' (12.18). It. rimanere, Rum. r4mtnea, It. reItare, Fr. rester, Sp. r68tar, quedar, see 12.16. 3. Ir. do-fuarat, cpd. of di-od- and reIhim 'run' (10.46). Pedersen 2.600. Lit. 'run out from'; semantic development prob. through 'escape, survive' to 'be left'.

illikti, pasilikti

atUk/ ..tali 08tati %1l8g4 Gizdorit, aiz-

....

ChBl.

ZGtooriti, wkknqti,

SCr. Boh.

...-m

("")I1lctl... ("")cl/IBfJ"

Some of the common verbs for 'shut, close' meant orig. 'lock' J that is 'fasten shut' (by means of bar. bolt. lock and key, etc.). so especially the inherited group (below. I).

847

"P.

5. Goth. uslUkan, ON IUka Dan. lukke "p. OHG anll1Zhhan, MHG en!11Zchen : Goth. g It. chiudere, arch. Fr. clore; Lat. inclador. 'shut in' > Rum. Inchid6); ChS!. (m}klJuCili; with initial .. (al- fro .~), OHG lIIiom.., MHG lIIisun, NHG Ichliea...., Du . • Iui/m (beside OHG Ill..... oil, etc. 'key'); cf. Lith. kliuli 'hook, grapple, hinder'. 2. Lat. 0pe7i"', but chiefty 'cover': aperire 'open' (12.24). It . ......ar., Sp. csrrar (Fr.......sr 'keep shut, hold tight, squeeze'), fro VLat. _ e for late Lat. fro esra 'bar, bolt, loek' (7.23). Ernout-M. 927. REW7867. Fr.lsrmer, fro Lat. jil"lll41'e 'make firm, fast' (firmlPJ'strong, firm'). REW 3318. 3. Ir. iadaim, perh. fro a cpd. .BpidM-, with IE .dM- 'place, put', d. Grk. h-,....l8"j" 'lay, put on'. Pederoen 2.551, 653. Stokes 328. MIr., NIr. danaim, fro dan 'fortress, castle', either through the zenee 'en· clooure' (c!. W. CGu, below) or through 'fortify, barricade'. NIr. druidim, fro Ir. druit 'cloee, firm, trustworthy', etym. disputed. Walde-P. 1.806. Osthoff, Parerga 132 f. W. cau, MW caeu, fro cae 'enclOBure, field, fence, hedge' (: OE Meg, NE hedge, etc., Walde·P. 1.337). Br . • erra, fro OFr. 86rT6T : It. Berrare, etc. (above, 2). Br. pr...na, mig. 'bar, bolt (a door)', fro prenn 'wood', esp. 'wooden bar'. 4. Gotb. galilkan, ON laka, OE (be)· lacan, ME lukt, OHG biltihllan, MHG (be}lachen; Dan. lukkB, ODan. II/kke (ON II/kja mostly with prep. 'shut in, encloee, etc.'); beside sbe. for 'Ioek' ON Ioka, OE Ioc, etc. (7.23), all poosibly (with semantic development 'bend' > 'shut') : ON II/kna 'bend the knees', Grk. >.vyLr.. 'bend, turn, wind', etc.

_II""

SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE, FORM, SIZE

Walde·P. 2.414. FaIk·Torp 661. Feist 189f. Sw. Bl/Inga - Dan. 8I'h-. "", Goth. lUifan 'steal', etc. (11.66). Walde-P. 1.497. MUhI.·Endz.3.930. 7. ChSI. Biikryli, etc., general Slavic: Grk .•pbr,..., etc. (above, 2). Boh. schovaI.i, Pol. sc1uJvxre 'preserve' and 'hide', cpds. of Boh. cIwvaIi, Pol. chovJat 'keep, preserve' (11.24). Russ. prjatat.' : ChSI. tI-fIIllati 'adorn, cover' (with clothing), fJ1Z8..prflali 'de· prive' (Supr.), SCr. prdaIi 'cover with ashes', Pol. ~ 'clear away', etc.,

852

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

etym. and primary sense dub .• but RUSS., 'hide' obviously fro 'cover'. Miklosich 2621. Briickner 436 f. 8. Skt. guk- (3sg. pres. gUhati). Av.

something warm' (cf. NSB s.v.). WaldeP. 1.566 f.

12.31 HIGH Grk. NG

ON

Litb.

AIJr

Lett.

Da.n. Bw.

h;j

CbS!.

hilt!

SCr.

Lal. It.

aU... (",,)c:oIoua

Fr.

""'"

OE ME NE

Malo

ard, uasal Iird ucMl uIael

Du.

hoo9

Sp.

Rum.

Ir. NIr.

alia alia

InaU

Bob. Pol.

heigh

high

Russ. Ski. Av.

OHG MIl MHG /oIH:h w. Br. NHG Iw.hs. NG pop. op,>.hs; Ir. uasal. W. uckel. Br. uhel. Com. huhel. Gall. UuUo-(dunum); ChS!. vysoklJ.. etc .• general Slavic group: Grk. "". adv. 'high'. Ir. 08. Uoo. W. uck. Com. ugh fabove, over', fro IE *dp(e)s-, etc., beside ·upo- in Grk. Inr6 'under'. Skt. upa 'unto'. Ir. io. Goth. u.f 'under'. etc. (for the contrast between 'over' and 'under'

in this grouP. cf. Brugmann. Grd. 2.2.912). Walde-Po 1.193. Boisacq 1009. 2. Lat. altus (> It .• Sp. alto; Fr. haul with h- fro Frank. hoh; Rum. tnaU fro in alto). orig. pass. pple. of alere 'nourish. rear'. hut from earliest times used only as adj. in transferred sense 'high' (and 'deep'). Emout-M.36. Walde-H. 1.32. Lat. cel8U8. and more usually ""cel8U8. p..... pple. of .;;ellere in anteceller. 'proetc. Walde-P.1.435. Emout-M. 170 f. WaIde-H. 1.197. 3. Ir. ard. NIr. iJrd: Lat. arduUB 'steep. elevated'. also (in part fro parallel -dh- forms) Av. aradwa- 'lifted up. elevated·. ON prl1ugr 'steep'. ChS!. raoti

'-pof

NG

... It. colmo. Sp. cumbre, Rum. culme) : coUi8 'hill', celsu& 'high'. etc. Emout-M. 207 f. Walde-H. 1.249 f. REW 3276. It.• Sp. cima. Fr. cime. fro Lat. cyma 'young sprout' of cabbage. etc .• fro Grk. «ii~a.

in this sense and others. Emout-M.

etc. : Lat. iJcer 'sharp'. etc. Walde-Po 1.28. Boisacq 32 f. Hence also sb. IlKpo. 'highest or farthest' point. Grk. KOpu4>ll. esp. (Hom. +) 'crown on

250. REW 2438. Rum. vtrf. fro Slavic. SCr. wh. etc. (below. 6). Tiktin 1752. Fr. haul 'high' (12.31). used also as

the head, mountain-top, peak', also general 'top' : Grk. "opus 'helmet' J JCDPVJlfJos

sb. for 'top'.

'top of a hill'. p!. Hom. 'sterns of ships'. prob. fro an extension of the root ·Iier-

'top'.

in words for 'head, hom, etc.', in Grk. 1(4P4 'head', ceP4l 'hom', Skt. pra&-

teO.p,

'head. point'. etc. Walde-Po 1.406. 2. La.t. 8ummU8 'highest, topmost', used like Grk. '''POl, e.g. in monte summo 'on the top of the mountain', in aqua summa 'on the top of the water'; hence

also sb. summum (> OFr. 110m. whence dim. OFr. IIOmmett. > ME somette. NE

sCr.

low laag

Russ. Ski. Av.

Boh. Pol.

OHG nidari MHG nider(e). NHG ni«lrig

..el

.....

Imnaa

nUl1kl1 nizok

nukr] nuki nizkij

n"'"

"itomo- (superl.)

ll!ge

/mg•• prob. as orig. 'lying' : Goth. ligan. etc. 'lie' (12.14). Falk-Torp 626. Franck-v. W. 365. Otherwise (: Lett. llznB 'flat' and the dubious Hom. ).4x.,a 'low'?) Walde-Po 2.425 f. OE nij>erlic. fro nij>er adv. 'down. beneath. below' = OHG nidar. NHG nieder adv. 'down'. whence adj. OHG nidari. MHG nider(e). NHG (nieder) niedrig (Du. nederig 'lowly. humble') :

verbs for 'down' or 'under', but some are

from the notion of 'on the ground' or 'lying'. 1. Grk. x!J4I'aM•• xal'~M.. Lat. humili•• Lith. iema8. Lett. ...... : Grk. xllW. 'earth', xa.~a.L 'on the ground', Lat. hum1J8. Lith. iemd. Lett....... 'earth'. etc. (1.21). Walde-P. 1.662 f. 2. It. basso. Fr. ba•• fro VLat. ba88U8 'low', (hence also *ba8aiare > Sp. bajar 'lower'. whence back-formation bajo) prob. dial. word (cf. Osc. Ba88U8). perh. orig. 'thickset. short'. but etym.? Ernout-M. 105. Walde-H. 1.98. Rum. jos. fro Lat. deOr8Um 'downwarde'. REW 2567. 3. Ir. i.e!. etc .• general Celtic. fro Ir. is(s). W. iB. etc. 'below. under'. this perh. fro IE °pedBU 'at the feet'. loc. p!. of IE 0pld- 'foot'. Walde-P.2.23. Pedersen 1.50. 4. ON lii.gr (> ME lah. NE low). Dan. lao. Sw. Illg. Du. laag. MHG

Skt. nitardm 'downwards', comparative formation to IE *ni-, *nei- in Skt. ni-, Av. nl- 'down', Av. nitama- 'lowest', CbS!. niztl 'down'. etc. Walde-P.2.335.

Weigand-H. 2.297 f. 5. Lith.lemao. Lett. umB. above. 1. 6. ChS!. niZ1lkll. etc .• general Slavic : ChS!. niztl 'down' (above. 4). Miklosich 216. Meillet. :etudes 326. 7. Skt. nica-. deriv. of ni- 'down' (above. 4). either directly or fro cpd. nllaiic- 'directed downwarde·. Walde-P. 2.335. Uhlenbeck 149. Av. nitama- (super!.). above. 4.

Ublenbeck

spitzs, gipJel, daI

Few of the worde listed are so generic ... NE top. which may denote the upper part or surface of any object. regardless of shape. Most of them are used primarily with reference to something high. 8B a mountain. hill. or tree. With certain objects words for 'point' or 'end' or 'head' are often used. The top of a flat surface (top of a table. of the water). may be expressed quite differently. as NHG oberJUtche 'upper surface', etc. Or more generic expressions may be supplied by phr..... like It. il di sopra. Fr. Ie haut. NHG dao obere. etc. 1. Grk. IlKpos. adj. 'highest. topmost.

ldg niperlfc lah

Worde for 'low' are mostly from ad-

SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE. FORM. SIZE stiff'. etc.

Lith. Letl. CbSl. SCr. Bob. PoL Russ. Ski. Av.

ttYpp. BpeI8

8pitze,

Lilb. Letl. ChSI.

"1J8CIc1I

uz- 'upward, out' J etc.

Golh.

BUmmw adj .• CIlC1i-

NIr.

w.

ON

Fr.

w.

12.33 TOP Grk.

It.

x....AM hu.mili8

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

854

Goth.

27. Walde-P. 1.190. Skt. unnata-. pple. of ud-nam- 'rise up, raise' J cpd. of nam- 'bend' and ltd'up, out'. Av. barazant- (also ba....... baraziman-) : Skt. brhont- 'high. tall·. but mostly 'great. strong'. Ir. brio W. br. 'hill'. ON bjarg. OHG berg 'mountain·. etc. WaldeP. 2.172 f.

ject, surpass', ezcellere 'surpass, excel', etc. : Lat. COUiB 'hill'. Lith. kelti 'lift'.

Lal.

xfJa.pa'AOJ, XCIII'!""

Sp. NIr.

=.

U8-,

Lat. II.

Ir.

aukJIaB augsU "1I1Okil oi8ok

'grow'. Walde-Po 1.148 f. Emout-M .. 69 f. Walde-H. 1.64. Pedersen 1.51. Ir. ua.sal, W. uchel, etc., above, 1. 4. Goth. houh•• OE Mall. etc .• general Gmc .• prob .... 'arched up' : Goth. hiukrna 'heap. multitude'. huhjan 'heap uP. collect'. ON haugr 'grave-mound'. MHG houc 'hill'. Lith. kauka. 'swelling. boil'. kaukarao 'hill'. etc .• fro an extension of • keu- in worde for rounded. bent object.. Walde-Po 1.371. Falk-Torp 451. Feist 249. Here prob. (with c fro a dental extension) Toch. A koc. B kauc 'high'. G. S. Lane. Language 14.26. 5. Lith. aukl/IJB. Lett. augBl8 : Lith. augti, Lett. augt 'grow', Lat. augire 'increase'. etc. Walde-Po 1.23. Milh!.Endz. 1.218. 6. ChS!. oysoklJ.. etc .• above. 1. 7. Skt. ucca-. beside advo. Av. usla 'above. uP'. derivs. of Skt. ud-. Av.

verbs for 'above, over, up', partly from notions like 'grown up', 'heaped up', etc.

12.32 LOW Grk. NG

Rum.

""uha

Goth.

IJII. above. 1). AV.llWIIk 'bottom' and 'surface of earth, ground' (NE ground), OHG grunt (g!. Lat. lundus), MHG grunt 'bottom, abyss', etc. (NHG grund), cf. Goth. f/T"ndu-waddjus 'foundation wall', root connection dub. Walde-Po 1.656. Falk-Torp 352 ff. Feist 222.

12.35 END Goth. andeia ON IIJIdi Dan.

SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE, FORM, SIZE

W. gwaekxl, Br. goueled: W. gwael 'low, base', Ir. Jael 'evil', further connections dub. Stokes 259 (: Lat. Iiilu.; but cf. Walde-P. 1.214).

SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE, FORM, SIZE 4. ON oddr, Dan. od, odde, Sw. udd, OE ord, OHG art ('point, edge, shore', NHG ort 'place'), fro Gmc. *uzda-. prob. IE *ud-dho-, deriv. of .d/te- in Skt. dM", etc. 'put, place' with prefix *00· as in Skt. ud- 'up, out'; or : Lith. usni, 'thistle', etc.? Walde-Po 1.308 f., 827. Falk-Torp 787, 1524. Hellquist 1271 f. ORG Bpizza, &pizzi, MHG, NRG 8pitu (> Dan. spiels, Sw. spets), Du. spits : OHG spiz, OE Bpitu 'spit' (for roasting), fro a root *spei- seen in numerous other words for sharp objects, as Lat. spina 'thorn', spica 'ear of grain' J etc. Walde-P. 2.655. Falk-Torp 1118. ME, NE point, Du. punt (> Dan., Sw. p1Jnt 'point of land', etc.), fro Fr. pointe (above, 2). NED S.V. point, sb. l • Franck-v. W. 527.

859

5. Lith. galas, Lett. gals 'end' (12.35), also usual for 'point', though this may be expressed more specifically as 'sharp end', Lith. ailTtUJ (or smailusitJ) galas. 6. SCr. !:iljak, orig. a 'wooden awl' : !:ilo 'awl' (6.38). Boh. hrot = Pol., ORuss. grot 'point of a spear, javelin' : MHO grill 'fishbone, vertebra, tip'. Walde-P. 1.606. Bemeker 354. Boh. Bpic, dim. Bpilka, fro NHG Bpitu. Pol. leoniec, Russ. /rone(; 'end' (12.35), also 'point' or more specifically with 08try, 08tryj 'sharp'.

7. Skt. GflTG- (also 'top, front, beginning') : Av. a"'(ra- 'first, earliest', Lett. agrs 'early', root connection? Walde-Po 1.38f.

12.353 EDGE (Of a Knife, Sword, etc.; of a Table, Forest, etc.)

Grk.

A",,"; ""''''''''''''' xe"iMs

NG Lat.

&6ipa.S', xalM aciea; Ora, marg6

It.

filo, togl;'; ...10, ......

Fr. Sp. Rum.

Ir.

.on;

giM jU, ""..Iwmt; bord filo; canto, ori/l4, bor-de tail; margine lrubar; bra, brIUu:h, ......, oo:/wJ., bIl

NIr.

laoIJhar,

W.

min, aUlCh; ymyll, oeM Mom... lemm, ..... denn, bGrvenn; ""bl,

Goth. . ... ; (.kaul)

Lith.

.......; _ ,

B{Jg; roM Dan.~; kant, rand Sw.~; kant, rand

Lett.

OE ME NE

egge edgo

ser.

oamem; mala odrIje; kraft (Irilskrilfj.) oilraicG """; h....... (o)/traj

Du.

1Chmp; kant, ,cmd

Pol.

OHG

ekkoJ ("""); (Wdo) ack#Jr(p)Js, mide, ecke

R....

s It., Rum. margi..., nout-M. 7 ff. FaIk-Torp 182. Pedersen etc.) : Goth. marka, OE mearc, etc. 1.123,412. 'boundaIy'. Emout-M.593. Walde-H. Grk ...,.~, Lat. aciiB; ON egg, Dan. 2.39f. 1Ilf/, OE ecq, 'ME egge, NE edge, OHG It. jilo, Fr. jil 'thread' and 'edge', Sp. elcka ('edge' of a sword in N otker; aIso jilo 'edge' va. hilo 'thread', fr. Lat. j.J.um 'point'), MaG ecke ('edge, point, cor- 'thread' (6.38), with development ner'; NHG 'comer'); Lith. almeno, Lett. througb tbe fine line o( tbe edge. Wart"""""'; ChS\. o8trf.je, sCr. ol!rlJlJ, Boh. burg 3.532. 08t1'i, Pol. ostru, RUBB. OBtrio; Skt. It. I Fr. l16 (above). Henry 77. 4. Goth. fera 'part, region' and prob. 'side' (renders 1l'sJos, ICXLp.a.7'a. 'region' also ,upos 'part o( body', Eph. 4.16, and cf. esp. paim of hleidumein firai 'unto them on the left hand', Mt. 25.41), OHG /era, flam 'side, part', etym.? Walde-Po 2.40. Feist 148. ON Bi11a, OE ride, etc., general Gmc. (except Goth.), prob. (through the notion 'broad, long') : ON ","tJr 'banging down, long', OE Bid 'wide, broad, long', etc., these: W. hyd 'length', Ir. 1M 'long, eternal', Lat. siru8 'late', etc. Walde-Po 2.462. FaIk-Torp 961. 5. Lith. ltmaB, Lett. 84ns ('side' o( body, but extended in sense), perh. (as olig. 'rib'?): Russ., Slov....... (pl.) 'sled'. Milhl.-Endz. 3.804 f. Trautmann 298.

863

Lith. pud, Lett. puse, lit. 'half' (13.24), but used commonly (or 'side' of objects. 6. ChS\. strana (but mostly 'country, region'), sCr., Boh. stra7U1, Pol. s!rona, Russ. a!orona 'side': ChSI. pro-stirq, ·atrlli, Lat. ,teTnere, Grk. O"ripIo'VI'" etc. 'spread out'. Walde-Po 2.639. BrUckner 519. RUBB.-CbS!. bokiJ., etc., general Slavic, orig. dub. Walde-Po 2.105. Bemeker 68f. ChS!. rebra 'side of the body' (Gospels, In. 14.34, etc.), pI. o( rebro 'rib' (4.162). 7. Skt. parrva-, fro par"", 'rib' (4.162). Skt. pak¥,-, also 'wing, shoulder, half' : Lett. paksis 'comer of the house', au pakla iet 'do one's need' (lit. 'go aside'), RUBB. pack 'groin', etc. WaldeP. 2.3 (. Milhl.-Endz. 3.50. Skt. ardha-, Av. a",?Ja-, also 'half' (Av. 'half' adj. only in cpds.), perh. : Lith. ardyti 'split, divide', etc. WaldeP. 1.143. Ublenbeck 14. Barth. 193.

12.37 MIDDLE (adj.)

"'-

ON

Fr.

medius M tnfDO, mMio au milieu, mi-,

Sp.

moym medi

Sw. OE ME NE

Grk. NG Lat. It.

Goth.

~,I"fT':;'"

Rum.

Ir.

mijlociu mid-, medOnach

NIr.

meodIWruu:h,

W.

.....z, "'" peifedd

Br.

......u..

Dan.

Du.

Litb.

midi;" mi'IJ1',mi'IJmidt~8t,

melkm8t,

midt'PMlUnt, midmidl.t, middel, midd mitUW, mid middl., mid· midddm,middonmilti, miUiI

OHG MHG .mu., miUd NHG miUlsr, mittel-

Lett. CbS!. BCr.

Boh.

Pol.

Russ.

Skt. Av.

11idurlm. tJitUj., Pidus(...&10 .b.) ",cdnij 8lIedni lredni .rednij ......tAyamailya-, maaama-

eIr.reiz,krtJU.

Most o( the words (or 'middle' are derivatives of a single IE (orm. The others are from 'inner part', 'beart', and 'channel'. A recurring secondary sense of sb. 'middle' is 'means' (the medium by which one attains results), as in Fr. moyen, NHG mittel, etc. This notion is otherwise expressed by a case-

construction (the old instrumental), a preposition ('through'), or by words (or 'way, manner'. 1. IE *medhyo- Walde-Po 2.261. Ernout-M. 601. Walde-H. 2.57 (. FaIkTorp 719f. Hence, either directly or in derivs., all the words listed, except in Britannic and

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE. FORM. SIZE

""Biz

Balto-Slavic. where the word survives in W. """"" 'within'. ChSI. meldu 'in the middle. between' and mdCia 'street'. etc.• hut as the adjective for 'middle' is displaced by other tcrms. The original form is represented by Grk. I'1t1O" dial. pM""" ,.h-"" (all fro °,,16 ... ); Lat. m«li... (> It. _ . m«lio. Fr. mi-. Sp. m«lio. etc.). Osc. loc. sg. fem. mefiat.; Ir. mid-; Goth. midjU. ON mi'IJr. OE midd. OHG mitli. etc.; Bkt. madhya-. Av. mai.\IIa-. But many of these came to be partly replaced as adjectives for 'middle' by derivs.• e.g. NG ,..~m.... Iatc Lat. medilin... (> It . ......ano. Fr. mDl/81I). Ir....... d.Iinooh. fro sb. tn8dIln'middle' (this also a deriv. form). OE middel. and the compo and superI. forms like NHG miUlor. OE midlest (more common tban the positive). midmtJllt. Sw. mellerBt. Av. maloma-; or by phrases. as Fr. au (or du) milieu. It. nel mezzo; or by derivs. of cpds.• as Rum. mijlociu fro sb. mijloc. this like Fr. milieu. fro cpd. with forms of Lat. locus 'place'. 2. W. canol (sb. and adj.). fro Lat. candliB 'channel. groove'. Loth. Mots lat. 143. W. perjerld (cf. Com. a bertDedh 'within'). fro Lat. pfiT medium. Loth. Mots lat. 195.

Dr. ekTeiz cpd. of e, en 'in' and 'center - Ir. cride 'heart', etc. The

simple lcreir is used as prefix 'mid-·. e.g. kreizdeiz 'midi'J kreiznoz 'minuit', etc. 3. Lith. !liduriniB. Lett. vidijB fr. Lith.. Lett. !lid... 'middle. inner part'. this prob. : Skt. llidhu- 'solitary. isoIated·. Lat. "...were 'separate. divide'. Walde-Po 1.239. 4. So.. srednij. Boh. Btfednl. Pol. b-edni. Russ. srednij. fro the sbs. ChSI. BTlda. etc. 'middle': ChSI. BMltIf ME ner, NE near), nreri, Dan. nrer, Sw. nclra (compo forms in Scand.). OE neGh. neh. ME ne{i)h. NE arch. nigh. Du. "" (usually cpd. ....mj). OHG nclh{o). MHG 1IiiM. 114. NHG nGh{e). outside connections dub.• perh. : Lith. pra--nokti 'overtake', Lett. n4kt 'come'. Walde-Po 1.129. FaIk-Torp 778. Feist 373. Weigand-H. 2.267. 5. Lith. ani (old loc. ·arai) : Grk. lpn 'even, just', Ann. ard 'now, just',

6. ChSI. blizt. bliZ1l, SCr. bliz". Boh. blloko. Pol.. Russ. blizko. beside adj. ChSI. bliz'lnt. ete. : Lett. blaizit 'press together. crush. best'. Lat. jitgere 'best. strike down', Grk. "'~IfJ.. 'press, crush'. Walde-Po 2.217. Bemeker 61 f. 7. Skt. samtpam, beside adj. samipa-. prob. : sam-ltp- 'obtain·. cpd. of lip'reach'. Uhlenbeck 329. Skt. antikam, beside antika- 'vicinity, presence', fro anti 'opposite, before' (: Grk. An! 'opposite', etc.). Skt. nikajam, beside nikala-adj. 'near. at one side'. apparently cpd. with ni-

'down{wards),. but last member obscure. Uhlenbeck 147. Av. ame.loc. sg. of adj .•a.ma- (fro .azd..na- pple.) fro root o.ed- 'sit' (Skt. sad-. Av. had... etc.). Walde-P.2.485. Barth. 220.

12.44 FAR (adv.) Grk.

NG Lat. It.

Fr. Sp. Rum. Jr.

~... rippt.), .".,AI! ",""P'A, d.XXAp'Y" "''''''". long;

Goth.

lontano, lunge loin

ON Dan. Sw. OE

departe

ME NE

lei"

in chein

/airra Jjarri. langt

Lith.

toIi

Lett.

tal.

lafl4!. j i ldngt,/jamm

ChS!.

dalete It., Rum. nord, Sp. norte), fro OE nor/>. REW 5957. 3. Ir. tila8cert, NIr. tuaiBceart, cpd. of *tila. : taath 'left' (12.42) and cert (as in de8-cert 'south') 'part, region', perh. orig. 'quarter' : Lat. quartuo, etc. Loth, RC 43.160 ff. Pedersen, Don. Nat. Schrijnen 423 ff. W. goglodd, cf. Ir. fochla 'the North' (as a section of Ireland), cpd. W. go-, Ir.fo- 'sub-' and last member: W. cledd, Ir. cle 'left' (12.42). Pedersen 1.68. Br. hanternoz, 'midnight' (lit. 'halfnight', fro hanter 'half', 13.24) and 'north', 8S opposed to krei8teiz 'noon'

and 'south'. 4. ON nor"iJr, OE nor/> (adv.), etc.,

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS 12.51

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Bp. Rum. Ir. Nlr.

Pol . • ach6d fro .aclwdm 'go behind, go down (of sun)'. 7. Skt. pratici-(dir-), fro pratyafic.. 'turned toward, facing, behind, western' ('west' from 'behind'). Skt. ~ma-(di,-), lit. 'hinder(most), last', fro p~ca- 'behind, after' and 'in the west'. Av. daosatara-, daoiaotara-, adj. (+ fro u.faatara- 'eastern'), fro *doola- 'evening, west' = Skt. do~a- 'evening, darkness' (prob.: 6lxm, ete., above, 1). Barth. 674. Walde-Po 1.777 f.

IMJp4tI" Cl'xij",cr., IMJP#/, ux1i1ACl

"taos

/flrma, figata

Icmna lorme

I""""

lomul

truth, delb tuma, eruI.h, deolbh

trurl jurm, mus,

QOZ

FORM, SHAPE

Goth. laudi, kiwi ON mynd, akapan Dan. Ilkik1ca8e, dannelae Sw. .kapnad, gurol/ OE hiW, guceap ME hiswe, /ot'tM, ahap NE Jorm,lIhape Du. gutalle, q«l4a.... OHG bilidi MHG g..talt, get/!ne (bi/d.) NHG gutalt

Some of the words for 'shape, form' have also the more generic sense of 'appearance' and are connected with the IE root for 'see' and 'know'. Others are from verbs for 'fashion, mold, create, make' or from such diverse notions as 'hold', 'strike', 'grow', etc. 1. Grk. ""P'f>II, etym.? Walde-P. 2.274. Boisacq 645. Grk. (1xfiP,a, deriv. of 'x~ 'hold, have', fut. CTX~(1~, hence orig. 'manner of holding oneself', then 'form, shape, bearing, manner', etc., like Lat. habituo : habere. Walde-Po 2.482. Grk. fr&oS, orig. 'appearance, aspect', hence 'form, shape, kind' (NG 'kind'), fro the root of ECaOJol ~B&W', ocaa 'know', like Lith. veid08 'face, appearance', Lett. oeidB 'form, appearance', ChS!. llidil 'look, appearance', etc. Walde-P.1.239. Boisacq 220. 2. Lat. fOrma (> It. forma, OFr. fourme > ME forme, NE form; Fr. 1orme, Sp. forma, Rum. formiJ are lit. borrowings), etym. dub. Connection with Grk. either by borrowing and transposition of consonants (through Etruscan?) or otherwise is possible. Ernout-M. 378 f. Walde-H. 1.630 f. Lat. rorma has given a more or less literary or technical wo"ro. in most of the Eur. languages, as Dan., Sw., NHG form, in Slavic languages forma. Lat. jigilra, properly 'shape given to an object' : fingere 'shape, mold', ftgulU8

""P#"

Lith. Lett. ChS!. SCr. Boh. Pol.

pavidalas atao., augUmB, veida

olmw oblik, lik podoba, tvar ksztaU, postal obraz, trill

RUBS. Bkt.

nlpa-, 4k4ra-

Av.

vaeai-, kahrp-

'potter', Skt. dih- 'smea.r', etc. WaldeP. 1.833. Ernout-M. 361 f. Walde-H. 1.502. 3. Ir. CTuth : W. pryd 'appearance', Skt. kr- 'do, make'. Walde-Po 1.517. Stokes 60. Ir. delb, NIr. dealbh : dolbaim 'form, mold', doilbthid 'figulus', W. delw 'image', Lat. dolare 'hew, construct', Skt. dol- 'split, rend', etc. Walde-P. 1.810. Stokes 150. NIr. cuma, fro MIr. cumma 'a breaking, cutting, shaping, fashioning, manner', fro com-benim, cpd. of benim 'strike, hew'. Pedersen 2.461. K. Meyer, Contrib.663. W. ffurf, fro Lat. fOrma. Loth, Mots lat. 171. Br. furm, fro OFr. founne (for this and the other Br. words, see Vall~e s.v.

forme). Br. n6UZ, also aoz : Ir. gntl8 'habit', W. 'nature', La.t. notus, Skt. jMta'known', etc. Pedersen 1.49. Loth, RC 42.371. 4. Goth. laudi : liudon, OE leodon, OS liodan 'spring up, grow', Skt. rudh-, Av. raoa.. 'grow' (12.53). Walde-P. 2.416. Feist 323. Goth. hiwi, OE kiw, Mow also 'color, appearance', ME hiewe (in all senses j NE hue restricted to 'color') : ON hg 'down', Sw. hy 'color of the skin', root connection disputed, perh. fro that in OE hi!wen 'blue', Ir. ciar 'dark', ON hangnaW8

SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE, FORM, SIZE general Gmc., prob. : Osc.-Umbr. nerera- 'left' (12.42), Grk. "'!""fPO! 'lower', with development 'lower' > 'inferior' > 'left', and fro 'left' to 'north' as one faces the rising sun. Walde-P. 2.333 f. FalkTorp 770f. 5. Lith. Siaure, ChS!. etc., the latter also 'north wind', beside Lith. Siaury8 'north wind': Lat. CGUTUII 'northwest wind', Goth. 8kUra tDindi8 'whirlwind', OHG BCtir 'stonn', etc. Walde-Po 1.377. Lith. liemiai, Lett. zie>Ml'i fro Lith. liema, Lett. ziema 'winter'. 6. ChS!. .bJeril : Lith. Siaure, above. Boh. P1llnoc, Po!. p6Inoc 'midnight' and 'north', cpds. of 'P1ll, pol 'half' and noc 'night'. 7. Skt. uteara-(di,""), fro uttara- 'upper, higher' also 'left, northern', deriv. of ud- 'up, out'. Skt. ud;"u;;,.(dir-), fro udofic.. 'upward, northward', fro ud- 'up, out'. Av. ap4xtara-, apllZadra-, deriv. of apdnk- 'turned backwards', adv. 'back', in accordance with the southern orientation in the Avesta. Barth. 79 f., 82.

".ri,

12.48. Words for 'south' are often the same as those for 'midday, noon'. Other sources are '(rainy) south wind', 'sunny region'(?), and 'right', or with a different orientation 'in front'. 1. Grk . ..o..r, properly 'south wind', as 'rainwind': I'OTWS, lIfYTEphs 'damp, rainy', JIOl'ia 'moisture, rain', etc., prob. fro the root in Grk .•.u.. 'flow', Lat. nlir. 'swim', etc. Walde-Po 2.692 f. Boisacq 673. Grk. JJ,E(11JP,{JpLa, also and orig. 'midday' (14.45). 2. Lat. merldie8, also and orig. 'midday' (14.45). Similarly in the Romance languages It. mezzogiorno, ......adi, Fr. midi, Sp. mediadia, all lit. 'noon, midday'.

SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE, FORM, SIZE 'gray', etc.; or fro *8keu- in words for 'covering'? Walde-P.1.360f. Falk-Torp 442. Feist 259. NED s.v. hue, sb.'. ON mynd = Norw. mynd 'manner, character, nature' : OE gemynd 'memory, mind', Goth. gamunds 4remembrance, memory', etc., Lat. mens, -tilJ 4mind', etc. Semantic change fro 'remembrance' to 'appearance' (as remembered) and 'form'. Torp, Nynorsk 443f. ON 8kapan, Sw. 8kapnad, OE gesceap, ME .hap, NE _hape : ON, Sw. • kapa, OE BCieppan, Goth. ga8kapjan, OHG scaphen 'form, create', etc., perh. orig. 'chip, hew out', fr., a parallel form of the roots in Goth. 8kaban, OE acafan'shave,' Lat. scabere 'scrape', Grk. (1Kci""T~ 'dig', etc. Walde-Po 2.662. Falk-Torp 976, 977. Feist 200 f. NED s.v. 8hape, sb. Dan. 8kikkel8e, fro skik '(good) CUBtom, habit, usage', fro MLG BChik 'form, (correct) condition': MLG BChicken 'bring into order, direct, send', MHG BChicken 4cause to happen, perform, bring to order' (NHG BChicken 'send'), etc. Falk-Torp 993. Walde-P.2.557. Dan. danne18e, fro danne 'form, mold', fro adj. dan (Norw. and Dan. dial.) loanword fro MLG pple. dan 'done, made' fro dan 'do'. Falk-Torp 136. MHG, NHG ge_talt (> Sw. gestalt, Du. gestalte), fro gestalt 'arranged, constituted', pple. of 8tell8n 'place, put'. Weigand-H. 1.707 f. Franck-v. W. 191 f. ME forme, NE form fro OFr. founne (above, 2). Du. gedaante, MDu. ghedoente 'form, appearance, quality', fro ghedane id. = MHG getI1:ne, derivs. of the past pples. MDu. ghodoen, MHG getan 'done, made' (cf. Dan. danmhe, above). Franck-v. W. 178. OHG bilidi, biladi, MHG bilde (but mostly 'image, figure', etc., NHG

873

Lat. aU&ter 'south wind', also 'south', prob. orig. 'east wind' : ON aUBtr, ete., 'east' (12.45), with shift through 'southeast' explained by the diagonal position of the axis of Italy. Walde-H. 1.87. Emout-M. 94 (with some doubt). Fr. Bud (> It., Rum. sud), Sp. sud, sur,fr.OEBil/> (below, 4). REW8424. 3. Ir. deacert, NIr. dei8ceart, cpd. of d... 'right, southern' (12.41), with cert as in tila8cert 'north' (12.47). Ir. tilaB, NIr. thuao, adv. 'above' and 'in the South', that is, t-iiaB, fro 1ia8 'above' : Grk. Ot/I, 'on high'. Pedersen, Don. Nat. Schrijnen 424. W. deheu, de, lit. 'right (band, side)', as adj. 'right, southern' (12.41). Br. kreiateiz, also and orig. 'midday' (14.45). 4. ON su6r, OE Bil/>, ete., general Gmc. (the MHG and NHG form without-n-fr. LG), Gmc. *sunpa-,orig. perh. 'toward the sun, the sunny region' : Goth. sunnO, etc., 4sun', like the words for 'east' fro 'dawn'. Walde-Po 2.447. Falk-Torp 1224 f. 5. Lith. piet1l8 (p!.) also and orig. 'midday meal, midday' (14.45). Lett. dienvid..., also and orig. (beside dienaavid...) 'midday' (14.46). 6. ChS!. jugil, SCr., Russ. jug, Boh. jih, etym. duh. Walde-P.1.26. Berneker 468. Po!. p/udnie, also and orig. 'midday' (14.45), similarly Boh. podonf adj. 'midday-, southern', k podeni 'to the south'. 7. Skt. dak~l1A-(dir-), fro dak~f}IJ­ adj. 'right, southern' (12.41). Av. paUTtJa- 'in front, former' and 'southern' in contrast to Skt. pilrua- 'in front, eastern', owing to the southern orientation in the Avesta. Barth. 870 ff. rapiBwitara-, rapi8wanataraAv. 'southerly', derivs. of unattested simple adj. forms fr. rapilJwii.. 'midday' (14.45). Barth. 1509.

875

bild), proh. deriv. of an adj. 'bi!- 'fitting, becoming', seen also in bt:Uig 'cheap', OHG billich 'fitting, according to', etc. Weigand-H. 1.237 f. Kluge-G. 57. 5. Lith. pallidalas : veidas 'face, appearance', Lett. veidB 'fonn, appearance', ChS)' vidil 41ook, appearance', Russ. rrid 'face, look, form', Grk. ErOO! 'aspect, form', etc. (above, 1). Trautmann 368. Lett. 8tiW8, also 'growth, stature' : stilvet'stand'. Miih!.-Endz.3.1066. Lett. augUm8, lit. 'growth': augt 'grow'. Miih!.-Endz.1.22Of. 6. ChS!. obrazil, Russ. obraz (Boh. Qbraz 'picture, image'), cpds. of simplex in Russ. roz, Boh. rdz, etc. 'blow' : ChS!. uraziti 'percutere', rkati 'cut', etc. Meil-

let, :I;:tudes 221. Miklosich 273. SCr. oblik, lik: ChS!. lice 'face, cheek', etc. (4.204). Bemeker 719 f. Boh. War : ChS!. tvorrl 'condition, appearance', Worit< 'make', etc. (9.11). Miklosich 366. Boh. podaba : Slov. podoba 'picture, appearance', Pol. podoba 'similarity', ChSI. po-doba je8M, po-4bajei:U 'it is fitting', etc. Bemeker 203 f. Pol. k..talt, fro NHG gestalt (above). Bruckner 278. Pol. po_tae : stae 'stand'. Bruckner 432. RUS8. vid, see above, 5. 7. Skt. rrlpa- : lIarpa8- 'image, form'? UhIenbeck 262, 275. Walde-P. l.276 (without rrlpa-). Skt. akdra-, akrti- fro kr- 'do, make'. Av. vaeai-: via- 'recognize, know', Grk. .zOOs 'form', etc. (above, 1). Barth. 1321. Av. k.hrp-, also esp. 'body (of men and gods)' : Skt. krp- 'form, appearance, beauty' (only inst. sg. krp4), Lat. corp... 'body', ek Walde-Po 1.486. Barth. 467ff.

876

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS 12.52 SIZE

Grk. NG Lat. It.

Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. Nlr.

W. Br.

p.~'YJJos

,.,.,.eo,

Goth. ON

mikilei atorleikr

magnitUdO

Dan.

.t;rreUB

grandezza

Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

grandeur tamafio

mdrime meit

mew

maim

men'

Lith.

Lett. ChS!. SCr. Boh.

8Mrkk

micelnel3 mikelnea • • vae nae

Pol.

Russ. Skt.

",ooUe

milaM"', grlizJ grlEZ6, gr68.8

Av.

diduma.8. didybe lielum8 velWije, veliC'tsMje

odWi"" odikoB., wielkoM velilina maoo-, maha4mazah-, ma3Clh-

midid

Most of the words for 'size' are obvious denvs. of the adjectives for 'large, big' (12.55), that is, 'bigness' is used for 'the degree of bigness', as Grk. pl'y.&x : p'1'a., Lat. magnitiJdO : magnus, Goth. mikilei : mikilB, etc.--..ll the words listed, with the following exceptions: 1. Sp. Iamaiio, sb. of adj. Iamano 'so large' (Lat. lam magnus '80 large'). REW8552. 2. Ir. meit, NIr. meid, W. maint, Br. ment, perh. *manti, old abstract formation fro root in Ir. mdr 'large' (12.55). Pedersen 1.242 f., 2.48. Walde-P.2.238.

3. ME SYS6, NE size, fro OFr. sise, ci.. for a.oise lit. 'act of settling or fixing

something' (esp. assessments, levies, etc.), pple. of OFr. asscir 'sit at, set down, settle' (Lat. adsidere). The modern sense is late in ME, earlier 'assize' then esp. 'regulation of amount, quan· tity (of a tax, etc.)' and 'fixed quantity or size', NED s.v. size, sh.l, 4. Skt. mdna-, esp. cpds. parimd1l-, pramd1).a-, lit. 'measure' : ma... 'measure' (12.54).

12.53 GROW Grk.

NG Lat. It.

Fr. Sp. Rum.

Ir. Nlr. W. Br.

AbtDv1£1U. ,l'f"'(AM."CAJ,

( = .Increase in Size) Goth. 1JX1.Iujan a.b~6.t'(I,I

C1'eacere, auglacere C1'escere crottre

,,_

CTefte 43aim, forbiur J&aim

'Yiu

kreski

ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

Lett. ChS!. SCr.

waxe,

Pol.

Boh.

(/rOwe

"'OW groeien, wassen

Russ. Skt.

wahsan wahl", wacha",

Av.

Most of the words for 'grow' were probably used primarily with reference to plant life, as is demonstrably the case for NE grow. 1. IE *aweg- (*aug-, *ug-, and with .8- extension *aweks-, etc., orig. desid. formation). Walde-Po 1.22 f. ErnoutM. 88 ff. Walde-H. 1.82 f., 850. FalkTorp 1390. Feist 67, 541.

878

Lith.

"""a vo"'. "".a """",an

augti aug' raBU rasti rl1sti r08nqC rasti vrdil-, rudiI-. ukfva~, Ttul-, UX8-

Grk. av~cI""" also an~"" "~'" (*tlF'~) 'increase' (trans.) with mid. aUebo~aL etc. 'grow' (intr., but NG aUtav", trans. and intr.); Lat. augere 'increase' trans., rarely also intr. 'grow', inchoat. augescere intr.; Goth. wahsjan, OE weaxan etc., general Orne. (NE wax of the moon, but mostly arch.); Lith. augti, Lett. augt; Skt. ukl/-, Av. uxs- (3sg. pres. uxSyciti);

'measure, point of time, meal, etc.'); Lith. matwti; ChSI. sb. mba, whence vb. mmti, etc., general Slavic (hence Lith. mieruoti, Lett. mh'it); here (?) Toch. A me- (SSS 456, but B form lacking). W. mesur, mesuro, Br. muzula, fro sbs. W. meSUT, Br. muzul, MBr. mesur, fro Lat. mensura. Loth, Mots lat. 187. ME mesure, NE measure fro Fr. mesurer.

2. IE *med- in words for 'measure' and esp. 'measure, estimate with the mind, reflect.' Walde-Po 2.259. Ernout-M. 599. Walde-H. 2.55 f. Feist 363. Ir. domidiur (vbl. noun tomus, NIr. tomhas, hence tomhaisim), cpd. of midiur 'judge'; Goth. milan, OE melan, OHG mezzan, etc., general Gmc. (but ON meta 'value, estimate'): Grk. p,EOop,a, 'be mindful of', Lat. meden. 'care for', esp. 'heal', meditliri 'reflect upon'.

12.55 LARGE, BIG (GREAT) Grk.

,un-a.,

Goth.

NG

Pf!'Y«Xos

Lat. It.

magnus, grandis grande, gr0880 grand, grOB grande mare milT, bras(s), oil

ON D8.Il. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. Nlr. W.

Br.

miJr

ma"" br..

mikils storr, mikiU ,1m micel "'" mikel, grere (bigg) wrge, big "'miMil, ' ' , groz (great)

grot, michel ",01 Sp., Port. medir), pple. mensus (hence mensura sb. and late de· nom. mens11rare > It. misurare, Fr. ma-tr-m

SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE, FORM, SIZE mekkis 'great', esp. in number; Toch. A miik, B mdka 'great in number'. 2. Derivs. of an IE *me-, *mQ.-. Walde-Po 2.238. Falk-Torp 714. Ir. mdr, mOT, NIr. mOT, W. mawr (Br. meur 'majestic, grand, etc. ') : Grk. -P,"'pos in hXEUL-p,,,,pos 'great in spearthrowing', OE ml!Te, OHG mdri, etc. 'famous', Slavic -mlrn in Vladi-meru, etc.; Ir. compo mau, mo(u), W. mwyj Goth. mais adv. 'more', maists 'greatest', OE ma 'more', mara, ml!st 'greater, greatest' (in size, quantity, or number; NE more, rruJst not used of size). 3. LBt. grandiB (> It., Sp. grande, Fr. grand), esp. 'great (morally and physically)' and often also 'full-grown', etym. dub., but perh. (as 'swollen'?) : Grk. (:lpiJ.'8os 'pride', ChSl. grqdt 'breast', etc. Walde-Po 1.699. Emout-M. 431 f. Walde-H. 1.617 f. It. grosso, Fr. gros 'thick, coarse' (12.63), but also 'stout' and 'big'. Rum. mare, fro Lat. mas, mans 'male' (in designating the male animal of a species and consequently the larger). Pu~ cariu 1027. Tiktin 952. 4. Ir. mar, mOT, W. mawr, above, 2. Ir. brass, Br. Corn. bras (W. bras 'stout, coarse'), pro b.: Lat. gros8Us 'thick, coarse' (12.63). Walde-Po 1.698. Walde-H. 1.623. Stokes 183. Ir. oil, also freq. as prefix oll- (cf. also Gall. Ollo-gnatus, etc.), prob. : Lat. pollere 'be able', pollens 'powerful', perh. Skt. phala- 'fruit' etc., with primary notion of 'swollen'. Walde-Po 2.102. Ernout-M. 785. Stokes 52 f. 5. ON sliirr, Dan., Sw. swr (late OE ,liir is loanword), cf. OFris. stOr id., OS stOri 'famous' : ChS!. starn 'old', Lith. storas 'thick', fro the root. *sta- 'stand', with semantic development fro 'standing (fast)' to 'big, thick, old'. Walde-Po 2.607. Falk-Torp 1174. OE great (mostly 'coarse, stout,

879

thick'), ME grete, NE great (but with strict reference to size, now mostly replaced by large or big), Du. groot, OHG, MHG gra., NHG gross, prob. with primary meaning 'coarse' as in OE (freq. also in MHG) : ON gramr 'porridge', OE greot, OHG grioz 'sand', fro a root *ghreu- in words for 'rub, pound'. Walde-Po 1.648 f. Kluge-G. 219. NED S.V. great. ME bygge, bigg(e), big (earliest sense 'strong, stout, mighty'), NE big, prob. of Norse origin, fro a form like Norw. bugge 'strong man'. NED s.v. big. Austin, Langnage 15.249. ME, NE large, in ME 'ample, spacious, broad', etc., fro OFr. large (Fr. large 'broad'), fro Lat. larga fern. of largus 'abundant, copious', etym.? Ernout-M. 524. Walde-H. 1.764. REW 4912. NED S.V. 6. Lith. didis, didelis, etym. dub.; possibly through 'conspicuous' : Skt. didi· 'shining', di- 'shine', etc. Walde-Po 1.772. Lett. lids (Lith. lielas obs., not in NSB), prob. through 'tall' fro 'slender' : Lith. leilas 'slender, thin', teioos 'thin, flexible', etc. Walde-Po 2.388. Muhl.Endz. 2.501 f. 7. ChSI. velij!, veliM, SCr. velik, Boh. vel(i)ky, Pol. wielki (but Russ. velikij now used like NE great and replaced by bol'soj with reference to size) beside 'veli- in ChSI. vellmi 'very', vellrllpii '~E')'ahrnrpE1f'I,S', and *valll-, Russ. valom 'in abundance', valovoj 'wholesale' , prob. : Grk. (ihLS 'in crowds, sufficiently', EtA"', Att. dAM., 'pack close', etc. WaldeP. 1.296. Otherwise Bruckner 616 f.( : ChSl. veleti 'order', Lat. velie 'wish', etc.). Russ. bol'soi, new positive to old compo bol'§ij, ChSI. bolljl, fern. bollS! 'greater' (positive velijt, veliku, above) : Skt. baliyas- 'stronger', bala- 'strength',

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

880

Grk. {jiA'Ti.wP, {jfA'rEPOS 'better', Lat. de·

bilis 'weak'. Walde-Po 2.110. WaldeH. l.327. Berneker 72. 8. Skt. mahanlr, mah-, Av. maront-, maz-, above, 1. Av. tnasan- 'great, significant', masit-, masita- 'great, large', masyah- 'greater', ma8'ilta-, OPers. ma9ista- 'greatest', beside masan- 'greatness, importance',

Grk.

NG Lat. It.

Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr.

w.

Br.

masah- {length, size', and mas- 'long' : Grk. MaKPO. 'long' (12.57). Walde-Po 2.223. Barth. 1154 H. OPers. vazarka- ('great' king and 'great' ~ 'large' earth): Skt. vaja'speed, vigor, contest', vajra- 'thunderbolt', Av. vazra- 'club', Lat. vegere 'set in motion, excite'. Walde-Po 1.246 f. Barth. 1390.

12.56 SMALL, LITTLE

......

Goth.

-"'"

leitila (""ala) IUiU, Bmar (smalr) lille, pI. smaa Wen. pI. 8md lfitel, smrel litel, smal

ON

parous

Dan.

piccolo

Sw.

petil

pequeno, chico

mic beec beag bach, bychan bihan

OE ME NE

,mall, little klein I uzzil, 8mtih{ i). sma/, lutzel, amal. 8'mrehe, klein

Du.

OHG MHG NHG

Lith.

maw

Lett.

mau

ChS!.

mal~ (chud~)

ser.

mali, malen

Boh. Pol.

maly maly malyj alpa-, ki}udra-

Russ. Skt. Av.

kasu-

klein

There is no widespread inherited group for 'small' parallel to that for 'la.rge', and the majority of the words are of uncertain origin. Several seem to be

bllBed upon expressive (symbolic) syllables. 'Crushed, ground (fine)' is the certain source for one word and a possible

one for some others. A peculiar development from 'bright, shining' through 'clean, delicate, fine, thin', etc., is seen

in NHG klein vs. NE clean. Words for 'small' naturally develop secondary opprobrious senses, 'petty, trivial, mean', etc. Conversely, for cer-

tain groups (Goth. leitils, etc., and OE lytel, etc.) in which the majority of the cognates have the notion of 'deceit, abuse' or the like, one must reckon with

the possibility that this is the more original and 'small' in the literal sense secondary (cf. the history of 'right' and 'left', 12.41, 12.42). 1. Grk. p.i.K.pOs, Ion., early Att. 0'1l"iKpb., also hypocoristic M'''O' (attested

as Dor., Boeot. and prob. widespread pop. form, as in proper names MlICKOS etc.) : Lat. mu:a 'crumb, little bit', ON smar 'little', OHG smahi 'little, insignificant', perh. fro an extension of a root *sme-, *smei- in words for Ismear, rub'. Walde-Po 2.685 f. Boisacq 885. FalkTorp 1075. 2. Lat. parous (also 'little' in quantity) : Grk. 1I"'ailpos 'little', pI. 'few', Lat. pauci, Goth. fawai, etc. 'few' (13.17). Walde-P.2.75. Ernout-M. 737, 742. Replaced in pop. Lat. and the Romance languages as 'small' by a variety of obscure forms apparently based on expressive syllables like *pikk, *pitt, 'pits, etc. REW 6494, 6544a, 6550. Goldberger, GIotta 18.52. Late Lat. pisinnus (first in Att. Labeo for 'child', in Peregrinatio a pisinno = a puero; ecclesia pisinna 'small church', also in Marc. Emp., Isid., etc., cf. App. Prob. pusillus non pisinnus), pitinnus

perh. here ChSI. chudil, etc. (above, 6). Walde-Po 1.502. Av. kasu-, perh. : Ijth. ka1eti 'lose weight', NHG hager 'lean, thin', ME hagger, NE haggard. Walde-Po 1.334.

8. For a group which, though not containing the usual words for 'small' as discussed here, seem to have some such central notion, see under Grk. IJ.a.Jl6s

'thin, sparse' (12.66).

12.57 LONG Grk.

p.~,80).Lx6s-

NO

p.axpOf, p.axpin

Lat. It.

longus lungo

F,.

long

Sp.

IT.

largo lung cian, long, Jota

NIr.

[ada

Br.

hir, maith hir

Rum.

w.

etc.

Sp. pequeno, Port. pequeno. Sp. chico (beside other Romance forms), prob. fro an expressive Cikk, parallel to pikk, etc. REW 2451b, 9653 (p. 806). Or fro Lat. ciccum in its use for something small or worthless (as

Plaut. Rud. 580)? So Die. 98, Gamillscheg

(Hvielleicht"), M. Pielal, Manual 120 (on ch), 125. Rum. mic, prob. (not for Lat. mfca 'crumb', but) fro Grk. ""tKKOS (above, 1). 218

Densusianu l.201. Pu~cariu 1067. REW 5559. 3. Ir. beec, bee, Nlr. beag, W. bach, bychan, Br. bihan, etym. dub. Walde-Po 2.150. Pedersen 1.385. Stokes 166. 4. Goth. leitils, ON litill, Dan. lille (for liden, older lidel), Sw. liten, cf. ON lilt adv. 'little, badly', prob. : Goth. lita 'hypocrisy', OHG liz 'pretext', lizzOn, lizitan 'simulate', MHG liz, litze 'humor', outside connections dub., perh. Grk. AoLOOPEW 'abuse, revile'. IE *leid- beside a parallel *leud- with similar semantic relations in the following. Walde-Po 2.402. Falk-Torp 640 f. Feist 328. OE lytel, ME liUI, NE little, OHG luzzil, luzzig, MHG liUzel, liltze, prob. : Goth. Iiuts 'hypocritical', liutai 'conjurers', OE lot 'deceit', ON lfita'dishonor, blame'; and further Russ. Zudit' 'deceive', ChS!. ludu, aer. Iud 'foolish', etc.; cf. also Ir.lilla 'little finger'. WaldeP.2.416. Falk-Torp 641. Goth. ImW1.s (only superl. smalista), late ON smalr 'little', OE smrel, ME .mal, NE small, OHG, MHG smal'slen-

Goth.

ON Dan.

Sw.

OE ME NE Du.

OHO MHG NHG

lagg8 lang>" lang ldng long long long lang lang lane lang

Most of the words for 'long' belong to one of two inherited groups, these probably related ultimately. 1. IE ·del.agha-(?), 'd[gho-. Walde-Po 1.813. Bemeker 251 f. Grk. OOAtXOS, poet. except in sb. &A'XOS' 'the long course', cf. also EvaE).EX~S' 'perpetual'; ChS!. dli1gu, SCr. dug, etc., general Slavic; Skt. d'irgha-, Av. daraga-, OPel'S. darga-; Baltic with loss of d-,

Lith. ilgas (OPruss. ilgi, ilga adv., Lett. ilgs adj. of time only); Hitt. dalugals (pl.), with sb. dalugasti 'length'. 2. IE 'longha-, prob. fro 'dlongha- and ultimately related to preceding on the

basis of a simple root 'del-. Walde-Po l.812 f. Ernout-M. 561. Walde-H. l.820 f. Falk-Torp 622. Lat: longus (> It. lungo, Fr. long, Rum. lung); Goth. laggs (attested of time only), ON langr, OE long, etc., general Gmc. 3. Grk. MaKpOs, NG pop. Ma ME bref, NE brief), now mostly of time and generally replaced by the following (but It. breve also spatial beside corto). It., Sp. corto, Fr. court, Rum. scurt (sfro MLat. derivs. in ex-) fro Lat. curtU8 'cut off, broken, mutilated, shortened' : Grk. KE(pw 'cut off, shear', etc. Ernout-

M. 248. Walde-H. 1.316 f. REW 242l. 4. Ir. gerr, Nlr. goorr : Skt. hrasva-

884

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

'short, little', Grk. XEpElwll 'poorer, worse', Ir. gair, garait 'short (of time)', etc. Walde-P. 1.604 I. Pedersen 1.83. Ir. cumbair, cummair, berr (K. Meyer, Contrib. 206), W. byr, Br. berr, OCorn. ber (gL breviB) cf. Ir. cuimre 'shortness', lr. berraim 'shear, clip', root connections? Walde-P.2.160. Walde-H. 1.107 (Lat. birrus, loanword). 5. ON skam(m)r, OHG Bkammer, beside OHG hammer 'mutilated, feeble', perh. fro *(s)kap-m 'wide' in general. But the actual use of the rare Ev.ppa8.qr connotes skill, rather than copiousness, of speech. 4. Lat. latus (> Rum. lat), prob. fro *saatos (cl. saatta, Festus) : ChS!. stUati 'spread out', stelt, postelja 'bed'. WaldeP. 2.643. Ernout-M. 527 f. Walde-H. 1.172. It. largo, Fr. large (Rum. larg 'extensive, spacious', but under influence of Fr. large sometimes used for lat 'wide', cf. Tiktin s.v.), fro Lat. largua 'abundant, copious', etym.? Emout-M. 524. Walde-H. 1.764. REW 4912. Sp. ancho, fro Lat. amplus 'large, spa-

12.62 NARROW Grk.

IT1"OOs

NG

Goth.

ITrfllbs

ON

Lat.

It.

Fr.

Sp. Rum.

Ir.

Nlr. W.

Br.

angustus Btrelto, angusto etroit eBtreclw, angosto strimt, tngwt cOil, cumung cumhang, caol cul, cyfvng enk, Btri:

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Most of the words for 'narrow' rest on the notion of 'tight' or 'pressed', while some are from 'slender' or 'small'. 1. Derivs. of IE ·anOh- in Av. qz- 'tie, oppress', Grk. cl.-yxw 'throttle', Lat. ange:re 'throttle, distress, torment', ChSI. qziti 'crowd, straiten'. Walde-Po 1.62 f. Ernout-M.51. Walde-H. 1.47. Lat. angustus (> It. angusto, Sp. angosto, Rum. Ingus!); Br. enk, cpds. Ir. cum-ung, NIr. cumhang, W. cyJ-yng; Goth. aggwus, ON {'ngr, OE enge, an{Je, OHG angi, engi, MHG enge, Du., NHG eng; Lith. ankStas; ChS\. qzii.kii., Ser. uzak, Boh. uzky, Pol. wqzki, Russ. uzkij; Skt. a1ihu- (only in compo a1ihiyas- and in cpd.) beside a1ihas'fear, oppression', Av. qzah- 'need, oppression'; Arm. anjuk. 2. Grk. I1TEvOS, Ion. I1TEtvOS (fr. *I1TEVf6s), beside I1TEVlYYphS 'narrow', etc., prob.: ON stinnr 'stiff, firm, strong', OE stip id. and 'hard, severe', with secondary sense in Gmc. development (cf. Grk. I1TEVOXWp£a, Lat. angustiae, NHG enge, etc. 'narrowness' and 'difficulty, distress'). Walde-P. 2.627. Boisacq 909. Falk-Torp 1168. 3. It. stretto, Fr. etroit, Sp. estrecho, Rum. strtmt fro Lat. strictus (·strinctus for Rum.) 'drawn together, bound tight', pple. of stringere 'bind together'. REW 8305. 4. Ir. cOil, NIr. caol, W. cul, also 'slender, lean', cf. OBr. culed 'macies', perh. : Lett. kails 'naked, bald', kaili I' audis 'childless couple', in any case with Celtic extension of 'slender' to 'narrow'. Walde-P.1.455. Stokes 88. Br. striz, fro Lat. strictus (above, 3). Loth, Mots lat. 208. 5. ON Im/ngr, Dan. Irang, Sw. trdng, cf. MLG drange, MHG gedrenge 'stuffed full, tight' : ON />ryngva, Dan. tramge, Sw. Iriinga, OE pringan, NHG drangen, etc., 'press, crowd', Lith. trankus 'jolt-

ing, rough', Av. lJraxta- 'close·packed' (ranks), etc. Walde-P. 1.758 f. FalkTorp 1279. 1293 f. OE 8mrel, ME smal, OHG, MHG, Du. smal, NHG schmal (largely also 'slender'), Dan., Sw . .sma,l (meaning 'narrow' fro German), Gmc. group in early period also or only 'small' (12.56). Dan. sn(EVe:r : ON stUEjr, snreJr 'tight, narrow, quick, swift', snreJugr 'swift', without s- ON nrejr, OSw. 1UPve:r 'quick', perh. Arm. nurb 'narrow, slender, thin'. Walde-P.2.698. Falk-Torp 1095.

OE nearu, ME narowe, NE narrow, OS naru : ON Nprva-sund 'Straits of Gibraltar', OHG narwa 'scar' (Le. 'closed wound'), prob. fro a root meaning 'draw together, tie'(?) in OHG snOOT 'band, string', Lat. nervus 'tendon', 'nerve', etc. Walde-P. 2.699 I. (with 2.696). FalkTorp 755. ME streit, NE strait (still adj. for 'narrow' or 'difficult' in Bible, but now rare except in sb. Straits), fro OFr. estreit (Fr. etroit, above, 3). NED S.V. strait. Du. nauw: MLG nouwe 'narrow, close, exact', MHG adv. nouwe, gencuwe 'close, scarcely' (NHG genau 'exactly'), OE hnlaw 'stingy', etc., all prob. as 'little' fro 'crushed': OHG hniuwan, MHO niuwan 'pound to pieces', etc. Walde-P. 1.396. Franck-v. W. 542. Falk-Torp 785. 6. Lith. 8iauras, Lett. saurs, etym.? Miihl.-Endz.4.7. 7. ChS!. qzii.kii., etc., above, 1. ChS!. tlsnii. (renders aTEV.' Lk. 13.24, TEfJALP.P.EVOS Mt. 7.14), SCr. tjesan, Boh. tlsny, Pol. eiasny, Russ. tesnyj : ChSI. tiskati 'press'. Meillet, :E:tudes 435. Bruckner 60. 8. Skt. a1ih",., above, l. Skt. avistima-, avistrta·, neg. of vistima-, vistrta- 'spread out, extensive, wide', pples. of vi-str- 'spread out'.

885

cious, abundant', etym.? Ernout-M. 47. Walde-H. 1.42. REW 430. 5. Jr. lethan, etc., above, 1. Ir. fairsiung, W. eang 'broad, ample', cpds. (Ir.for-eas-, W. e8s-) of *enghi-, etc. : OE enge 'narrow', etc. (12.62). WaldeP. 1.62. Pedersen 2.10. 6. Goth. brai/>s, ON bre:itJr, OE brlld, etc., general Gmc.; cf. Goth. us-braidjan 'spread out', etc., OHG breta 'the fiat hand', etym. dub. Walde-P. 2.194. Falk-Torp 100. Feist 104. ON mor, OE wid, etc., general Gmc., except Goth., perh. fro *wi-ito-, cpd. of *wi- 'apart, away' (Skt. vi-, etc.) and pple. of IE *ei- 'go' (Skt. i-, Grk. ,I,.,), in form = Skt. vita- (oi-ita-) 'gone, lacking, without', but with development of 'gone apart' to 'extensive, wide'. WaldeP. 1.103. Falk-Torp 1373. 7. Lith. platus, Lett. plats, above, 1. 8. ChSI. sirokii. (reg. for ,..AaTv. in Supr., Ps.; in Gospels Mt. 7.13 for .up.xwpos, while ...Aa.TVS is rendered by prostranu, lit. 'spread out' = Ser. prostran 'extensive, spacious') etc., general Slavic, etym.? (Bruckner 547 : Goth. skeirs 'clear', etc. improbable.) 9. Skt. pr/hu-, Av. p.ra/J",., above, 1. Skt. uru-, above, 2. Av. pallana- (with 6 for I fro p.",6u-), NPers. pahn: Grk. 1I'UQ.WiiP.L 'spread out', Lat. patere 'stand open', pandere 'spread out, open'. Walde-P.2.18.

Dan. Sw.

OE ME NE

aggwWl prqngr, Qngr SnreveT, trang, sma! amal, trdng nearu, enge, amrel narowe, atreit, nnal "">TOW

Du.

nauw, smal, eng

OHG enui, angi, smal MHG enge, ,mal NHG .chmal, ""II

Lith.

Lett. ChS!.

SCr. Boh. Pol.

RUBS. Skt. Av.

siaura.s, ankStaa SaurB qzi1ku., tcsnu. uzak, tjesan ti2ky, tlsny wqzki, ciasny uzkij, tesnyj

aithu-,

aviBU~

SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE, FORM, SIZE

887

12.63 THICK! (In Dimension) Grk.

'll'"a.xVs

ra.x'"

ON

Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. le. Nlr.

cra8SUS, (late) gr08SUS gr0880, Bpe8S0 epais grueso, espeBO gros tiug, retnor reamhar tew teo

Dan. Sw.

NG

W.

Br.

XOJ/Tp6s,

Goth.

OE ME NE Du.

OHG MHG NHG

pykkr tyk tjock picce thikke thick dick dicchi dicke dick

Words for 'thick' as applied to the dimension through, as in a thick board, are also or were once used in the less specific sense of 'coarse' or 'big, bulky', or of persons 'stout, fat'. 1. IE *bhen!}h-, esp. *bh7JUhu-. WaldeP.2.151. Here as 'thick' Grk . ...axvs, Lett. biezs, Skt. bahula- (also 'abundant, much' like bah",. = Grk. ,.-ax.') : Av. bqzah-, bqsnu'height, depth', ON bingr 'heap', etc. 2. NG XOVTpOS, fro class. Grk. xov8phs 'granular, coarse (esp. of salt)' beside 'X6popos 'grain or lump (of salt), groats' : Lat. frendere 'rub to pieces', OE grindan, NE grind, etc. Walde-P. 1.656. Boisacq 1066. 3. Lat. crassus, perh. 'thick' as 'firm, solid' fro 'firmly twisted together': cratis 'wicker-work', Grk. d.pTaAos 'basket', Skt. krt- 'spin'. Walde-P. 1.421. Ernout-M. 227 I. Walde-H. 1.285 I. Late Lat. grossu. (> It. grosso, Sp. grueso, Rum. gros; Fr. gros mostly 'big, coarse'), prob. : Ir. bras(s) 'large, big', etc. (12.55). Walde-P. 1.698. WaldeH. 1.623. It. spesso, Fr. epais, Sp. espe8O, also 'thick' = 'dense', fro Lat. spi88U8 'dense' (12.64).

4. Ir. tiug (NIr. tiugh only 'dense'), W. tew, Br. leo: ON />ykkr, OE f>icce, etc. (below, 5).

Lith.

.tor..

Lett.

biezs, resns d,be/Il a.boo tlusty

ChS!. SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ. Skt. Av.

gruby

tolstyj sthula-, bahula-

Jr. remor 'thick, fat', NIr. reamhar 'thick (of dimension)', W. (arch.) rhef 'big, thick', etym. dub. Pedersen 1.167. Walde-P. 2.371. 5. ON />ykkr, OE />icee, OHG dicchi, etc., general Gmc. ; Ir. tiug, etc., but root connection dub. Walde-P. 1.718. Falk-Torp 1308. 6. Lith. storas : ChS!. stari!. 'old', ON storr 'large', prob. fro the root *sta'stand', with semantic development to 'thick, big, old', fro the notion of 'firmstanding'. Walde-P. 2.607. Lett. biezs : Grk . ..axv, (above, 1). Lett. resns : Lith. Tesnas 'stout, vigorous, solid', perh. ChSl. redu 'food', Slov. rediti 'nourish', Skt. vrdh- 'increase, cause to grow'. Walde-P. 1.290. Miihl.Endz. 3.513. 7. ChSI. debelii., SCr. debeo, Bulg. debel : OPruss. debikan 'great', OHG tapfar 'heavy, weighty' (NHG tapfer 'brave' = 'firm, weighty in combat'). Walde-P. 1.850. Berneker 182. Boh. tlusty, Russ. tolstyj (Pol. !lusty 'fat'), ChSI. *tlustu, cf. otluste 'E1raxuv87]' : Lith. patul~8 'swollen', Lett. tulzums 'swelling', Lith. tuliti 'swell up, become soft, rotten', prob. fro an extension of IE ·leu- (in Lat. tumere 'swell', etc.). Walde-P. 1.710. Trautmann 331. Pol. gruby : SCr. grub 'coarse, ugly', Russ. grubyj 'rough, coarse', ChSl. grqbU 'rude, ignorant', all perh. 'rough,

OHG s«Jri 'strong'. OSw. BlUr 'big'. OHG lliuri 'strong, proud'. Av. 8/41Jah'thickness. strength'. Arm. BIvar- 'thick'. Walde-P.2.609. Uhlenbeck 346. 348. Skt. bahula- : Grk. "A~ (above. 1).

coarse' fro 'wrinkled', fro a nasalized form. of the root in Slov. grbati 'hunch UP. crook, wrinkle' J Russ. gorbit' 'crook' J etc. Walde-Po 1.596. Berneker 3M. 368. 8. Skt. sth'llla-. BtIw.IJira-. RV sthlira- :

....... ........ ...".n.

Ork • NG Lat.

dmIut, apia"', era...

It.

_

...

...... fUIo

Fr.

Ipoia (dmN)

Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W. Br.

"pIIQ,

den.to

du dl/Utll

Ii"llh

tow tlO,."l:

12.64 THICK' (In Density) Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

Lith. Lett. ChSl.

bWu

SCr.

"...t

"""" 1h1/dll

Boh. Pol. RUBB. Skt.

hvatJI wtII

dicIoJ. dfIIU dit:IoI, did;

Av.

,bj,ik,. Iel, tyk

w,tJo It. 1Ip688O. Fr. lpai•• Sp . ..-peso) : Grk. C11I"W"""· 1rV«J' It. ratio. Sp. ralo. Rum. rar; lit. words It .• Sp. raro. Fr. rare); Lith. retas. Lett. rm; (with -dh- exten-

in modem Slavic; cf. esp. adv. /lpto 'often') : Lith. kimlti 'stuff full'. Be.... neker 154f. SCr. gust. Boh. hUBIY. Pol. fIfBIY. Russ. gU8I.oj (Russ.-CbSI. gUBliJ). Slavic 0gqotil fr. 0gonD-to-: Lith. gunga 'ball (of thread. of tbe foot. etc.),. gungti 'bend. crook'. Grk. 'Y"rrP"S 'growth on treetrunks', 'YO')"YbXos 'rounded', etc., all prob. fro a root meaning 'to swell. become thick'. or the like. Bemcker 341. 343. Walde-Po 1.638. 7. Skt. ghana-. beside sb. ghana- 'solid mass, lump, club', fro M'nr 'strike, slay'. Uhlenbeck 84. Skt . .andra-. etym.? Uhlenbeck 333. Skt. bahula-. also 'thick' of density (12.63).

12.65 THIN' (In Dimension) Grk.

NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W. Br.

Goth. ON

punm

t.nw.

Dan.

tynd

minu

Sw. OE ME NE

tunn pynne thinne thin

Mn-6o

Mrrir, +'rffllr

_ii, (t.nu.) de/jpdo (t.n...)

aulJlirs

Lith. Lett. ChS!. SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ.

Skt. Av.

dun Du. OHG dunni MHG dunne NHG dUnn

tana, aiim tana /eMu

tano 'Thin' comes from the notion of 'stretched out' in the large inherited grouP. and similarly from 'spread out' in the Baltic words. Otherwise it is from various sources through the notion of 'fine, delicate'. 1. IE °ten..... °1,...... with meaning 'thin' fro 'stretched'. deriv. of "ten- in Skt. tan-. Grk ...L"",. Lat. tendere. etc. 'stretch' (9.32). Walde-Po 1.724. Ernout-M. 1029. Lat. lenui. (> lit. words It .• Sp. tenue. Fr. Mnu); Ir. tana. W. leneu (e fr. Lat. tenuiB). Br. tano; ON punnr. OE frynne. OHG dunni. etc .• general Gmc.; Lett.

p/mI.....6s. lit. 'peeled' (of grains) hence 'fine, thin': ~ 'peel, husk', A!"", 'rind. husk'. etc. Walde-Po 2.424. Boisacq 569. By•. ....r6s (Const. Porph.). NG pop. perh. fro ""1r6s 'flying. winged' (Eust. 855.42. Kor......A./uc.A 1.123). despite the difficulty in form (. fr. ""pOv?) and sense ('thin' 88 what easily flies?).

,p.."",.

SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE. FORM. SIZE 4. Ir. tana (cf. Thes. 2. xxii iB tana an duh 'the ink is thin'). W. teneu. Br. taM. also 'thin' of dimension (12.65). 5. ON punnr. etc .• general Omc. for 'thin' in both senses (12.65). Sw. gle•• older and dial. gli8 : older and dial. Sw.• Norw. gli8a 'peep through'. OE gliBian 'shine. glisten'. etc. Hellquist 286. 6. Lith . • ky.la8. Lett. lk·idr. 'thin'. of liquids. beside Lith. .ki..ti 'dilute' (milk with water). Lett. 8kaidlt 'thin (&

891

drink)'. prob. (88 'make clear') : Lith. .kaid..... Lett. .kaidr. 'clear. bright'. ChSl.liBliJ 'pure'. etc. Walde-Po 2.537 f. Berneker 22 f. 7. Russ. iidkij 'thin' of liquids. but also iidkaja boroda 'thin beard'. iidkije row., 'thin hair' = sCr. iidak 'thin. diluted'. etc .• late ChSI. iidllk1l 'watery'. perh. : Ork. 6fLaA 'mud. filth'. Walde-Po 1.671. Sohnsen. Beitrii.ge 237. 8. ChSI. rldllk1l. etc.. Skt. virala-. above, 1.

12.67 DEEP

12.66 THIN' (In Density) Grk. NO Lat. It.

dickl : Lith.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

890

889

SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE. FORM. SIZE

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

888

Lith. Lett. CbS!.

retal, akyataa Tela, it/idrl

SCr.

riJadak

Boh. Pol.

Russ. Skt. Av.

,Idilkii

Hdk1I

,w4ki ,edkij. iidkij "rola-

sion) ChSI. redllk1l. etc .• general Slavic; Skt. virrala-. 2. Ork. (O""F6s) 'thin. sparse' (opp. to ..wooOs in Emped .• etc.) : Ann. manr 'amall', Ir. menb 'small', Lith. menkas 'small. petty'. Skt. manak 'a little' (adv.). Toch. A mank. B me1Iki 'fault, lack', Hitt. maninkweBB- 'become short' (Sturtevant. Language 6.217 f.• Hitt. Gloss. 97). Walde-Po 2.266 f. Ernout-M. 618. Ork. ~PAWs (~- Hdn.). in earliest use 'slender, narrow', later 'thin'VB. 'JMIICJIOS, etym.? Sommer. Gr. Lautstud. 114. By•.• NG also (cpd. with ~VA-) ~.~".... 3. Fr. clair, Sp. claro, lit. 'clear', hence 'letting the light through. not dense'. fro Lat. CliirUB 'clear. bright'. Hence cpd. Fr. clair...".. (with ...".. 'sown'). used esp. of grASS, grain. trees.

"A""'. ".."".

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

~~- profundua altus,

Rum.

odI..,

Ir. NIr. W. Br.

domain, /udu:main doimAin

prolondo,londo prolMld

profomtk>. 1&ondo

dw/n doun

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE

Du. OHG MHO NHG

dillpJ

djupr dy/> djup diup dup dup diep

Lith. Lett. ChS!.

SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ.

"'"

Many of the words for 'deep' are connected with others for 'hollow' or 'bent' and must hAve first been used of 'deep' holes. dishes. etc. Some. belonging with words for 'dip. plunge' were probably first used of the 'deep' sea. etc. Lat. altus is unique 88 a word for 'high' applied also to distance downward. 1. IE °dhBub- in words for 'deep'. 'bottom'. and 'bollow·. Walde-P. 1.847 r. Here as 'deep': Ir. domain, NIr. doimhin. W. dwfn. Br. doun. cpd. Ir. fu-dumain; Ooth. diup •• OE aeoP. etc .• general Omc.; Lith. duhus 'deep' (of dishes). mostly 'hollow'; cf. Lith. duo'" 'a hollowJ hole', Lett. duobs 'hollow'. 2. Ork. {JAB",. beside {JMo.. {JiJRos 'depth'. etym. dub. Boiaaeq 112. Cuny. Melanges linguistiques offerts a H. Pedersen. 208 ff. 3. Lat. all", 'high' (12.31) also 'deep'. Lat. profund,.. (> It. profondn. Fr.

hluboky

Skt.

glf/>oki glubolrij gobh.f.ra-, gaAana-,

Av.

icifro...

001

""I

gil.. (dub ...) dril'! glqboJrii dubok

etc.

guf.....

profand. Sp. profundo). fro fundus 'bottom' (12.34). whence It. fondo. Sp. hondo

'bottom' and 88 adjs. 'deep'. Emout-M. 401 f. Walde-H. 1.565. REW 3585. 6772. Rum. OO(ru:. fr. Lat. ad-U1lCUB (or VLat. 0ad-ancUB) 'bent' : Lat. a'1U:UB. uncus 'hook'. etc. (12.75). hence first 'bent. deep' (dish. etc.) in contrast to 'flat'. REW 144. Pu~cariu 25. Tiktin 2lf. 4. Lith. gil..... Lett. tkil'l (OPruss. ace. sg. fern. gillin) beside Litb. gelme. Lett. dzelme 'depth'. etym.? Berneker 321. 5. ChSI. glqbok1t. Boh. hlubokY. Pol. g~boki. Russ. glulxlkij. beside ChSI. glqbina. etc. 'depth'. prob. fro °gZumbh-. a nasalized form of the root in Ork. 'YM It. piano, OFr. plain, Sp. plano, llano), Lett. plans (mostly 'thin', like Lith. plona8); with guttural extension (cf.

SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE, FORM, SIZE 'swell', Grk. KViw 'be pregnant', Kv,ua 'wave', etc.) or concave, as here. WaldeP. 1.365 II. Ernout-M. 167, 203. Walde-H. 1.191. Grk. •0LMs ('KoF'1.o,); Lat. 'covus (> Port. caoo), cavus (> It. caoo); Ir. ctla, W. taU (this with Br. keo 'cave', fro *kowW-, cf. Loth, Mots lat. 145). 2. NG {Ja&vMt, dim. of {JaJJv, 'deep' (12.67). 3. Fr. creux, OFr. crues, Provo cros, orig. dub., but prob. Celtic. REW 2257. Gamillscheg 277. Bloch 1.190. Sp. hueco, Port. ouro, oca, prob. (despite phonetic difficulties) fro VLat. ·VOOCU8 = Lat. vacuus 'empty'. REW 9155. Rum. gdunos, deriv. of ORum. gdun fro VLat. *cavo (-.;nis) 'cavity', fro cavus (above, 1). REW 1794. Pu~cariu 700. 4. Ir. cUasBach, NIr. cuasach, fro cUas 'hole' : coo (above, 1). Br. kleus, fro Fr. cre"'" with I fro kleuz 'ditch'. Henry 70. S. ON holr, OE, OHG hoi, etc., genera.! Gmc. (Sw. iMlig, Mlig fro Ml'hole', sb. fro OSw. hul adj.), perh. : Grk. K.vM,

lI"EOUlM

6.17, elsewhere in Gospels bo~), etc.,

895

'stalk of a plant, shaft of a spear, quill', Lat. caulis 'stalk of a plant', etc., Skt. kulya- 'bone', all fro the notion 'hollow (shaft)'. Walde-Po 1.332. Walde-H. 1.189. Otherwise (: OE helan 'hide', etc.) Fa.lk-Torp 427. 6. Lith. dubus, Lett. duob.: Goth. diups 'deep', etc. (12.67). 7. SCr. izdOOen, lit. 'hollowed out' fro iz-dupsti (lsg.-dubem) 'hollow out': Russ. dolbat' 'chisel, mortise', etc. Berneker 251. Boh. duty, through 'blown up, swollen', fro the root of OBoh. dunuti 'blow' (ChSI. dunqti, etc. Berneker 236), Boh. duoti 'blow', refl. 'swell'. Pol. (wy)drqiony, lit. 'hollowed out', fro (wy)drqiiC 'hollow out, dig out', older droiony, droiic, etc.: Boh. drdiiti 'groove', Russ. doroZit' 'flute', etc. Berneker 212. Briickner 97. Russ. vognutyj 'bent, concave', fro ""gnut' 'bend, fold in' (9.15). Russ. glubokij 'deep' (12.67), also 'hollow' (of dishes, etc.). 8. Skt. uttiina- 'stretched out' (fr. tan- 'stretch'), also 'hellow'.

Concave) Lith. Lett.

dubua duohs

ChS!. ser. Boh. Pol.

Russ. Skt.

izduben duty wydrqiony vognutyj utt/lna-

Av.

But words that are used for 'hollow' only in this latter sense as NG KOVq,WS (: Grk. KOVCPO'i 'light, unsubstantial', late also 'empty'), and others listed under 'empty' (13.22), Pol. pr6iny, Russ. puswj, Skt. runya-, are not included in this list. 1. Derivs. of IE *{Ceu- seen in numerous words with common notion of curved, whether convex (as Skt. ~vd-

12.73 STRAIGHT Grk.

t(JJb It. dirilW, dritto, Fr.

896

2. Grk. erAln, Ion. tfIn, relation and orig. obscure. Walde-P.2.450. Boisacq 294,370. Grk. bp8bs (,op/Jo-, "«>p8fO'"), orig. and in actual use mostly 'upright, vertically straight' : Skt. 'ilr, diriug, Mlr. direcA, Nlr. direooh (loanwords? cf. Pedersen 1.229, 2.116); Goth. milll8, ON riItr, etc. general Gmc. (the orig. meaning pressrved in NHG amkrecht 'plumb', au/recAt, NE ..pright, and NHG rechter IDinkel, NE right MlfIU, etc.); aJso ON rakr, Sw. rak (= East Frank. raJ. 'right', MLG tak 'straight, in order'); Skt. d...., Av. .,.......

ing up long and slim', Weigand-H. 1.685. Paul, Deutsches Wtb. 201. 6. Lith. tieaua, Lett. I'''a and taiam (the latter alao 'even, like, just, true') beside Lith. tie"" 'mske straight', tm.yn 'prepare', Lett. talal! 'mske, prepare' : Lith. lei.... 'just, true', OPruss. teiei 'honor' (fr. 'uprightness'), Slav. tialn 'comfort' (fr. 'eet right'), CbS!. tiehiJ 'calm, quiet' (fr. 'even'), root connection? The eenee 'straight, even' seems the more original in the group. MUhI.Ends. 4.124, 125, 215. Lett. lfdzaM 'equal, even' (12.91) used reg. for 'straight' in NT, Mk. 1.3, Lk. 3.4, 5, etc. (this uee not given by Miih!.-Endz. s.v.). 6. CbS!. prtIlIiI (the regu\ar word for erAln in Gospels), sCr. pl'lJfl (also 'right, upright, just' as Boh. prtIlI, Po!. pro"'l/, Russ. fITO'1IIi), prob. as orig. 'straight, forward' : Skt. ~ 'inclined forward, steep', Lat. prim..., Grk. .."..,.,j. 'inclined forward', derivs. of IE *pro, *priJ, etc., 'forward, in front' in Skt. pro, Grk . ..pi>, etc. Walde-P. 2.38. sCr.........., Boh. rarmf" aJso 'equal, even, level', the prevailing Slavic meaning (see 12.91). Boh. pHm11, Ruee. prjamoj: CbS!. prlmil, esp. adv. primo 'over against', orig. obscure. Meillet, l!Jtudes 2.427. Vondrik 1.553. Gebauer 1.41. Po!. prorly, aJso 'simple' the usual Slavic eenee, as in ChS!. proatiI (for A..Miir in Gospels, but also for bp8bs in Supr., etc.), Boh. proBtY, Russ. proatoj, prob. orig. 'straightforward' (hence 'upright, straight' and 'simple'), fr. "proato(in form like Skt. prastha- 'plateau'), cpd. of "pro 'forwards' and a vb!. adj. fr. "_ 'stand'. Walde-P.2.604. Meillet, ll:tudes 1.611. BrUckner 439. 7. Skt. d...., Av.........., above, 1.

,-

.,.-

Grk.

G'K0>.&6s, m,&riAos,

NG Lat.

tTTpa/Jbs, A'CII'riMr

n.

Fr. Sp. Rum.

Ir. NIr. W. Hr.

........ ......... torlD

torcido,

OE wilh, ME toole, both also sb. 'evil', beside OS wah ab. 'evil', Goth. un-wdha 'blameless' (Gmc. "wanho-) : W. gwaeIh 'worse', Skt. va1ic- 'totter, stagger', IIakra- 'crooked' etc. Walde-P. 1.218. Feist 525. 5. Lith. kreilJlJ8 : SCr. kriv, etc. (below,6). Lith. !rumpoa : Grk. ,.priM. (above, 1). Lett. likB : Lith. l,nkti, lenkn 'bend' (9.14). Miih1.-Endz. 2.486. Lett. nelIdzens in NT, Lk. 3.5, neg. of lfdzaM 'straight' in same passage (not in MUhI.-Ends.). 6. CbS\., Btrilpillnil (Lk. 3.5 for " .... AWs, not rp.xln as by error Jagi6, index to Marianus, Meillet, :1;:tudes 299, Walde-P. 2.635; correctly Jagi6, Entstebungegesch. 430, 474, with other references), also atr'Ip'UioiI (Jagi6 430, Meillet loc. cit.), beside late CbS\. Btrilpitil 'variety', RUBS. 8tropota 'bend, curve' (here aJso ChS\. atrupil 'wound', Po\., Russ. atrup '&curl'?), etym. dub. WaldeP. 2.635, 703. sCr. ""0, etc., general Slavic (only ChSI. krIoiI in this senee not quotable), with Lith. kreitJaa, fr. "kreiwo- with extension of the root in Lat. curvu.a, etc. (above, 2). Walde-P. 2.570. Bemeker 618.

7. Skt. oakra- : OE wilh (above, 4). Skt. k14ila- : Grk. ",.Xt0 (above, 1).

Dan.

!:rum, /crogd

Sw.

Iorokig, krum ;_h,Wh(,""",,) croked, WI. .......kod krom crumb krump .b-umm

OE ME NE

COf1IO

Du.

IIrItnb

camm, cromm, Ctlar

...... ....... komm, kromm,

com, crom, CUOT

OHG MHG NHG

-,-pao

Lith. Lett. lfia(. ._ ) ChSl. Itrllpltrml SCr.

krio

Doh. Po\.

ldill/l

SU.

lIOkrtr,iUfi/a-

R"",.

krolfIDII Icri..;

Av.

guJGT

NE crooked is clearly the most distinctive opposite of straight. But many of the words listed as ouch opposites are terms tbat answer to both crooked and curved, tbat is, they are used without dilIerentiation (except in technical language) as to whether the defleetion is in the form of a curve or one or more sharp angles. They are derived from a variety of roots for 'bend' or 'tum'.

'round', etc., fr. a root "(a)ker- with numerous extensions. Walde-P. 2.568. Ernout-M. 248. Walde-H. 1.317 f. Lat. prd.... (partly 'crooked' in lit. eenee, but mostly fig. 'perverse, wrong'), etym. dub. Walde-P. 2.86. Ernout-M. SO6£. It. torto (atorto, diatorto), Sp. torcido, lit. 'twisted', pples. of It. torcere, Sp. torcer 'twist' (10.13); Fr. tortueuz, fr. Lat. torlWaua; Fr. tortu (so in NT, Lk. 3.5, but now obs. or arch.), re-formed fr. tort : Gamillscheg 851. Rum. otrimb (cf. It. atrambo 'equinting, bandy-legged, distorted, queer'), fro VLat. atromb... for Lat. atrabua 'squinting', this fr. Grk. . Dan., Sw. krum), beside OE crump, Du. krom, OHG krump/id. : OHG krimplan 'draw together, shrink', ON kreppa 'clinch, clasp', Russ. gOTb 'hump, bump', gorbil' 'bend, bow', Ir. gerbach 'wrinkled', etc. Walde-P. 1.596. OE ]>weorh: ON "verr 'crosswise', OHG dwaralo 'slanting, oblique, across' (NHG owerch 'across'), Goth. jJwa,rha 'angry', root connection dub., but p0ssibly as orig. 'cut (crosswise)': Av. ihDaraB- 'cut', Grk. aa.pf 'flesh', root "_~; or as 'twisted' fro the root in OHG dweron 'tum rapidly', OE frweran 'twirl, stir' J Skt. tv,.... 'basten', etc. Walde-P .. 1.736. Weigand-H. 2.1353. Feist 507. NED S.V. thtDaTl., adv.

12.74 CROOKED Goth. wrGiq< Iri_ ON

897

SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE, FORM, SIZE

Grk. NG Lat.

d..,dtTTp'

It. Fr.

gancio. unci'no croc, """"'"

Sp.

Rum.

Ir. NIr. W.

Br.

4.,lUtTT{IOII UftCUf,

Aam",

-

ganeho, goro/NIID cIrlig

crfICa,

........og

bach kr09, 1Jac'I>

12.75 HOOK Goth. ON lrikr

Lith. Lett.

Dan.

kTog, hago

ChSI.

Sw. OE ME NE

krot,_ hIlc Mi. crDk hook IIaak llliko

SCr.

Du.

OHG MHG NHG

Boh. Pol. R....

1taIIl""

htria, ME crok, NE crook), Dan. I OIt.

ritondo. It. Iondo. Fr. rand. Sp. redondo. Rum. obs. or dial. riUund; reformed It. rolondo. Rum. rotund), deriv. (prob. through a vb. form) of rota 'wheel' (10.76). Walde-Po 2.368. Ernout-M. 871. REW 7400. 3. Ir. cruind, NIr. cruinn, W. crwn, OBr. oron. Br. krenn, fro 'krund-i-, fro IE ·{.)kr...... extension of '{.)ker- 'turn, bend'. in ChSI. krqgil 'circle', {o)kruglu 'round' (below, 6), Av. akarana-- 'round', Lat. cu""'" 'crooked', ete. Walde-Po 2.572f. 4. ON kringlllttr, fro kringla 'circle'. ON riMlr (also simple Mlr), OE Bin(e)weaU (seonuwaU, etc.). OHG Bin{a)wel, MHG Binwel, OS Binu"",l, MLG BinewoU. cpds. of ON Bi-. OE. OHG Bin'always' (= 'entirely'). and last member : ON 1Ielta. OE wealtan. OHG walzen 'roll. turn'. CbS!. Mlili 'roll', Lith. ap.aI", 'round' (below. 5). etc. Walde-Po l.302. Falk-Torp 789. Franck-v. W. 607. OE Bin-trendel, cpd. of Bin- (c!. above. ON BWalr) and trendel 'circle. ring' (12.82). OE Bin-hwerlel. OHG Bin{h)werbal.

okrqgly

RUllI.

l:ruglyj

SkI. Av.

IHIrltda.k Dan. kreds. Sw. krets), NHG krei.: MLG

905

SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE. FORM. SIZE

Du. uierhoek. MHG uier~ (adj.). NHG viereck. cpds. of vier 'four' and Du. hoek. MHG. NHG ecke 'corner'.

connection?

Weigand-H. 1.1145. 1155. Falk-Torp 578. OE trendel. cf. MLG trendel 'round disk'. MHG trendel 'ball, circle'. OHG trennila 'ball. sphere'. MLG trint. trent 'circular' : OE trenden (rare), ME trende 'turn round. rotate' (NE trend). but further root connections (as with NHG trennen 'separate') dub. Walde-Po 1.798. Falk-Torp 1283. NED s.v. trend. ME cercle. NE circle. fro Fr. cercle {above. 2). NED s.v. 5. Lith. ap.kritiB : Lith . • krie.1i 'make a circle', skrieti 'run or fly in a circle', .kriIlli 'fly'. fro an extension of the root in Lat. circulus (above, 2) and ON hringr. ChS!. krqgll. etc. (above. 4). Walde-Po 2.571. Trautmann 267. Lith. ratas 'wheel', also 'circle' : Lat. rota. OHG rod, etc. 'wheel' (1O.76; cf. Lat. rotundus 'round'. 12.81). Walde-Po 2.368. Lett. rin'k'is, also 'ring', fro MLG rink 'ring, circle' (above. 4). Miih!.-Endz. 3.529. 6. ChS!. krqgil. etc .• general Slavic : ON hringr. ete. 'ring. circle' (above, 4). Berneker 626. Po!. kola 'wheel' (1O.76). also 'circle', mostly replaeing the older krqg in this sense. 7. Skt. mtl1J4ala-. etym. dub .• perh. : Ir. meU 'globus'. Walde-Po 2.295. Uhlenbeck 211. Skt. cakra- : Grk. ,,".>.0. (above, 1).

NG

Fr.

Sp. Rum.

Ir.

NIr.

w.

Br.

'p. "''''pC1. glOOu8, '1'1l 'hollow, hole'. Weigand-H. 2.75. Kluge-G. 362. 5. Lith. .kyle: .kelti 'split' (9.27). Leakien. Ablaut 341. Lett. caurums : caUTS, Lith. kiauraa 'full of holes', kiuTti 'become full of holes', outside root connections? Milhl.Endz.1.366. 6. ChSI. dupina (Supr. = 6..~) : Russ. duplo 'hollow' (of a tree, etc.), Lith.

2. Lat. foramen, fro forare 'bore' (9.46). Lat . ..vum 'hollow, hole', sb. fro adj. cavu. 'hollow' (12.72). It. buco. prob. fro VLat. IIOC(U)". = vacU1J.B 'empty' (13.22). Cf. Sp. hueco 'hollow' (12.72). REW 9115. Fr. tro" (= Prov. lrauc. Cat. tra", Lex Ripuaria traugum). orig. dub .• perh. Gallic. REW 8864. O&millscheg 870. Sp. agujero. fro aguja 'needle' (6.37) and must have referred first to the eye of a needle. or possibly to the hole pierced by a needle. Sp. hoyo ('hole' as a bollow place, like one made by a bomb), beside hoya, fro dubus 'hollow, deep', Goth. diups 'deep', Lat. fovea 'pit'. REW 3463. Rum. ,aura, fro *cavula, dim. sb. fro etc. (12.67). Bemeker 237 f. In the Gospels rpo...,,.., rp.,..X"~. in Lat. cav... 'hollow'. REW 1795. Pu~ the phrase 'eye of a needle' are rendered cariu 701. 3. Ir. toll (also adj. 'hollow'). W. twll. by ucho 'ear'. SCr. rupa (also Slov., Ukr. for 'hole Br. toull. perh. (·tuk8lo-): Ork. riHco. 'mason's hammer', ChSI. tiUcnqti 'pierce, in the ground. ditch'), fro an extell5ion of the root in ChSI. riivati 'tear', ryti 'dig', prick'. WaIde-Po 2.615. Stokes 134. NIr. poll = Oael. poll 'hole. pit, like that in Lat. rump.,.e, OE roofan pond', W. pwU, Br. poull 'pool', proh. 'break', etc. (9.26). Cf. ON rauf 'hole' loanwords fro OE pOl 'pool'. In any case (above, 4). Ws.Jde-P. 2.355.

911

SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE. FORM, SIZE

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

910

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr.

Lith. .kgli Lett. caUTU"" ChS!. dupina

hoi htlI

SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE, FORM. SIZE Several of the words for 'hole' denoted primarily a hollow place (NE hole in the ground, foxes' hole., etc.) and are cognate with adjectives for 'hollow' or with words for 'pit' or the like. Others, with the prim.lry notion of perforation or

gual, e(n)gal. Anglo-Norm. ingal (Wart-

burg 1.44). Br. par, fro Lat. plIr, acc. parem (above, 2). Lotb, Mots lat. 192. 4. Goth. ibna : ibm, OE e/en 'level, flat'. etc. (12.71). Goth. oamaleik. (laos) beside galeik. (6,..... ) and adv. analeikD (6,..,u..,), ON gRkr. Rkr, Dan. ligo, Sw. lika ('equal' and 'like'), OE gel!.c (in Gospels renders Lat. aequali. and aimilia). ME ilike, NE alike (now uaed only predicatively. but stronger than like. e.g. just alike, almoBl alike), OHG gilih (both 'gleich' and 'iihnlich', e.g. Otfr.), MHO gelich, NHG gleWh, also OHG obant"th, B477i4£th 'equal', and OHG aflOM, MHG aneReh, NHG IJJmlieh 'similar'. Du. gelijk (also 'like'), all cpds. or derivs. of Oath. leik, OE Re, etc. 'body, form'. Walde-Po 2.398. Falk-Torp 642. Weigand-H. 1.735. NED s.vv. like, alike, ylike.

ME egaU, fro OFr. egal (above, 2). NEDs.v. NE equal (ME rare), fro Lat. aequali. (above, 2). NED s.v. 5. Lith. lyg.... Lett. adv. Rdz, Iithi. adj. Iidzena, 1icIzig. (also 'like. similar'), OPruss. adv. po"", 'likewise': Goth.

Grk.

NG Lat.

It.

Fr.

Bp. Rum•

Ir.

Nlr.

w.

Br.

....... .......

aimilia

simill. aomigliante

......u.t.Ie.,.....a

.......... .......a

amaejonU, pt:Jreido

ctmnhail tMrig. /aafal "",",.h.nvel

leik 'body', 8tJmaleik8 'equal', etc. (above, 4). Walde-Po 2.398. Milhl.Eud•. 2.477, 480, 481. 6. CbSl. ravintl (reg. for Iovs, but also for ...6.J>6s 'level'), sCr. ........, Bob. rormy, Pol. r6wny, RU88. ravnyj. also 'even, level, flat' (but RU88. rtJIJfIyj 'equal' VB. rmmyj mostly 'level, flat') : Av. ravoA- 'open space', Lat. nl8 'country' VB. 'town', Goth. rams 'roomy, spa.cioUs', OE ram 'space' (NE room), etc.

Walde-Po 2.356 f. Bruckner 464 . SCr. jednak, lit. 'at one with', fro jed... 'one'.

Boh. Btejny. apparently (no discu88ion found) based on ·.taJlntl (aj > ej, cf. Gehauer 1.133 ff.; BUffix as in Pol. dostojny 'worthy, dignified') : Bt4ti 'stand, stand still. remain', with development through '.table, fixed, unchanging'. Cf. NE Bttmding epithet. NHG Btehender auedruck.

7. Skt. ..".... (also 'level, flat'), Av. hama- = Grk. 6,."" Goth. aama, etc. 'same'. Walde-P.2.490. Skt. tulya-. fro tulti.- 'balance' (itself also used with notion of equality or similarity, cf. BR s.v.) : Grk. T4X ••ra. 'balance', Lat. toUere 'raise', etc. Walde-Po 1.738 f.

..

12.92 LIKE, SIMILAR Goth.

ON

Dan. Bw.

OE ME NE Du.

gakiks lfir ligMrIdo. Iig< lika

gel'"

I"'like," similar golijk

OHG gilJh, analJh MHG .mllCh NHG iihnlich

As already observed in 12.91. the words for 'equal' and those for 'like, similar' are partly overlapping in uae. The majority of those for 'like. similar' belong to groups discussed in 12.91, or

,..,...

Lith. Lett. I_go ChS!. " - n f l SOr. elila... nalik Boh. podo!my Pol.

podo!my

RU88.

poc/Iaiii. podobnlli

Bkt. Av.

upama-, Fatima-

are from simila.r sources, as 'same' or 'body, form'. Other semantic sources are 'suitable', 'going (or carrying) after', 'measuring up to'.

1. Derivs. of IE *aomo- 'same' (itself

912

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

related to others for 'together'). WaldeP. 2.488 If. Boisacq 702. Ernout-M. 942. REW 7925-28. Pedersen 1.47, 165.

Grk. 4,....,; Lat. aimili. (in form :

SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE, FORM, SIZE

OHG analih, NHG ahnlick 'like', see 12.91. 5. Lith. panaSus (Lalis, Senn, etc.; not in Kurschat, and prob. neolog.) : na8m 'comfortahle, fertile' (c!. NSB

Grk. dp.a.),./n 'even, leve}'), hence It.

B,V.), nelti, paneiti 'carry, bear'.

aimile (loanword), OFr. semble, and, through Lat. vb. aimil4r., Fr. •embler, etc., Fr. Bemblable, TB88emblant, Of, through VLat. ·simililIr., It. somigliar., Sp . • eI1UJjar, the pple.-adj. It. somigliante, Sp. seI1UJjante; Rum. asemenea (also 'equal', esp. before introduction of ega/. fro Fr.), fro vb. asem Dan. veicsle, Sw. vexla), Du. wisselen, fro sb. OHO wehsal 'exchange', etc. (all used esp., though not exclusive-

Weigand-H. 2.1031. Kluge-G. 615. 6. Balto-SlaVic words, above, 1. 7. Skt. vi-kr- and vi-klp-, cpds. of kr'do, make' and klp- 'be' adapted' with

sort out', etc., fro extension of root in ON skipa 'put in order, arrange', etc.

ly, with reference to exchange of money)

barter involving sharp

practice.

vi- 'apart, differently'. Skt. mi-, above, 1.

12.94 SIGN Csb.) Goth.

Lith. Lett. ChS!.

Grk.

uij~, InIpfioJ.

NG

1nI1'1ii~

ON

taikm takn, teikn

Lat.

signum .e(JM

Da.n. Sw.

tecken

NE Du.

t&n token,signe nun (",ken) teeken

It.

F,.

ngne

Sp. Rum . Jr. NIr.

8igno,8ena

W.

• emn arde, comarde comhartha

a""1ldd

B,.

OE ME

leun

SO,.

OHG zeihhan MHG uicMn NHG zeichen

Words for 'sign' (sb.), denoting something which 'points out, indicates', are from veI'bs for 'point out, observe, see, know, teach'. 1. Grk. (J'fi~a, Dor. (J'a.~a, fro *dya-men-

: Skt. dyOrita- (the oft quoted dylirlnanseems to be a ghost word) 'thought, reflection', but orig. ~baervation', fro dhi-, dhyti- 'think', orig. 'observe': Av. di'look at, observe' (15.51). Walde-Po 1.832. Boisacq 861. Hence (T'I1PEtOJl (in prose more common than (Tij~o., which carne to mean esp.

Boh. Pol. Russ. Skt.

Av.

!enkla8, iymi zJme znamen'Eje znak, znamen, menje znak, znameni znak, znami{, cecha rn.ak, znamenie lakfatw-, lingodax.§ta-, dax8dra-

'tomb, grave') and late

913

4'AAor 'other'. Walde-Po 1.85. Boisacq 46. 3. L..te L..t. cambtre and cam1Yillr. (> It. cam1Yiare, Fr. changer, Sp. cam1Yiar; *excambiare> It. acambiare, Fr. khanger, Rum. schimba), proh. of Celtic origin, fro a form = Ir. camm 'crooked, bent' (12.74). Walde-Po 2.539. Pedersen 1.118 I. Ernout-M. 138 f. WaldeH. 1.145 I. REW 1540, 2949. 4. Ir. coimclaim (01r. gl. cam1Yio), coimcWim (MIr.), cpd. of com-imb with cImm 'conquer', orig. 'tum' ('tum back, repulse'), perh. fro IE *k"e/- in Grk. 'lrE~O~a.L

'"KAo'

'become', rOMS

'axis, pole',

'wheel, circle', etc. (Walde-P. 1.514 If. without Ir. claim); in any case

'change' fro 'turn'. Pedersen 2.494. NIr. athruighim, fro aiharrach 'change, alteration', Ir. aitherrach 'change' and

'repetition' (01r. aitherrech gl. repetitio), vb!. n. of aitherraigim 'repeat, emend', cpd. (aith-air-) of rigim 'stretch out'. Pedersen 2.593 I. K. Meyer, Contrib. 72. NIr. aiBtrighim (also 'travel, journey', the earlier sense) : Ir. aistrech 'roving, unsettled', aisler 'toil, pains' and 'travel, journey' (K. Meyer, Contrib. 70; NIr.

aistear). W. newid, fro sb. newid(iau) 'exchange, wares' : OBr. nouitiu gl. nundinae, prob.: W. newydd, Br. nevez 'new' (deriv. fro words for 'nine' in imitation of Lat. nandinae unlikely, since

this source of the Lat. word long forgotten), in any case 'change' based on 'ex-

change of goods'. Pedersen 1.14. Loth, Voc. vieux-breton 196. Br. kemma (beeide abs. kemm, eskemm 'exchange') fro late Lat. cam1Yilir. (above, 3). Loth, Mots lat. 148. W. troi, Br. trei 'tum' (10.12) are also used for 'change', esp. Br. trti.

5. Goth. ismaidjan, above, 1.

SPATIAL RELATIONS: PLACE, FORM, SIZE

: Lat. vicis (gen.), vicem, etc. 'change'. Walde-Po 1.235. Falk-Torp 1364 f. ME eha(u)nge, NE change, r.. Fr. ehanger (above, 3). MHG andern, endern, NHG andern (> Dan. rendr., Sw. andra) and MHG verandern, -endern, NHG verandern, MLG voranderen (> Dan. forandre), Du. veranderen, fro MHG, MLG ander (OHG andar) 'other'. Weigand-H. 1.58, 2.1139. Falk-Torp 253, 1412. NHG tauschen, beside sb. tausch, of same orig. 88 Uiuschen 'deceive', cf. MLG tilsch 'joke, trick', so evidently first used

ON skipta 'share, divide' and 'change',

Rum. mula 'remove, change one's place

pair', etc.).

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Dan. skifte, Sw. skifta 'change, shift' = OE sciftan 'arrange, divide', ME .hifte id. and (prob. Norse influence) 'change' (NE shift), MLG, Du. shiften 'divide,

mon', etc. Walde-P. 2.240 1.,245,247 f. Boisacq 51. Emout-M. 648 f. REW 5785. Berneker 2.48 I., 62 f. Grk. iJ.~oL{j., (reg. word in Hom., less common than iJ.'AMuu., for 'change'); Lat. m1Wire (> It. mutare, Sp. mudar;

Goth.

OE ME

for 'change, exchange', 'paired', 'com-

to-', representing the sbs. upam4-, pratim4- 'comparison, similarity', these fro vbs. upa-ma- 'compare', prati-ma-

NG

Flo.

are derived from those for 'other', 'apart, differently', 'divide', and 'tum'

frequent at end of cpds. meaning 'similar

Lat. It. Sp. Rum. J,. NIr.

in which the primary notion seems to be

'point of time', all with common notion of 'suitable' : Goth. ga-daban 'happen', gadObist 'is suitable, proper', etc. Walde-

12.93 CHANGE (vb.) Grk.

The majority of the words liated cover 'change' in the sense of 'make different, substitute another', and also 'exchange' involving a reciprocal give and take (for which NE exchange is now usual). But cf. NHG verdndern 'change' in the former sense VB. wechseln mostly 'exchange' (but meinung or kleider wech8eln on the border line) and taU8Chen 'exchange'. Either notion readily extends to the other. Thus Grk. iJ.'AMuu." of similaraemantic origin to NHG verandern and NE alter, came to cover also 'exchange'. There is a widespread cogn..te group

(T11~4o,oJl,

NO

u~~M,.

2. Lat. Bignum (> Romance words), generally taken as orig. 'cut mark' fro the root of 8ecdre 'cut' (so Walde-Po 2.478, Emout-M. 939), but much more probably fro the root of in-seque 'say' in its earlier sense of 'point out' (18.22). 3. Ir. arde, cpd. comarde, NIr. com-

hartha, W. arwydd, Br. arouez, fro *arwid- cpd. of ar 'before, for' and the root of Lat. rJidere 'see', etc. Pedersen 2.6. Henry 18.

4. Goth. taikns, ON tIlkn, teikn, OE ta.cn, OHO zeihhan, etc., general Grnc., fro *dei{j- beside ·deik- in Grk. O'UC.V~" Skt. di,-, etc. 'point out'. Walde-P. 1.777. Falk-Torp 1251. Feist 472. ME 8igne, NE sign, becoming more common than token, fro Fr. Bigne, Lat. Bignum (above, 2). Cf. also the group (not included in the list) OE mearca, NE mark, NHG merkmal, etc., orig. 'boundary' like Goth. marka (19.17), but also used for'sign'. 5. Lith. tenklas, Zymi, Lett. rime (Baltic i fro in), ChS!. znamenlje (Gospels, Supr., etc.), SCr., Boh., Pol., RUBS.

915

zna/c, and the less common, or partly specialized in use (e.g. to 'omen' or 'token, badge'), Ser. znamen, znamenje, Boh. znameni, Pol. znami" Russ. zna.menie, all fro the root of Lith. liMti, ChS!. mati, etc. 'know' (17.17). Po!. cecha, fro NHG zeichen. 6. Skt. lak~a>1a-, less commonly laketym.? Uhlenbeck 257. Skt.lillga- (cf. Av. hapw.iringa- 'with seven signs'), etym. dub. Walde-Po 2.399. Uhlenbeck 261. Av. daxsta-, daxsdra-, fro daxs- 'teach' (17.25). Barth. 676. ~a-,

QUANTITY AND NUMBER doubtful. But they are omitted from the discussion, since they are obvious derivatives or cognates of the words for 'much, many' (13.15) or 'great, large' (12.55). Among other near equivalents to 'quantity' are NE amount, fro vb. amm",t, orig. 'mount' (fr. OFr. amonter, Lat. ad montem), hence 'rise in quantity or number' (similarly Fr. montant, etc.); Lat. BU7llma 'sum, amount' (> Fr. oomme, NE BUm, NHG '''1IIme, etc.), fem. of BU7IImus 'highest'. 1. Grk. ....6~, (Aristot.), fro ..6uo. 'how much?' which served as a modelfor Lat. quantit48 fro quant.... Hence the

CHAPTER 13 QUANTITY AND NUMBER 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 13.17 IS.18 IS.19

13.32 13.33 13.34 13.35 13.41 13.42 13.43 IS.44 13.45 13.46 13.47 13.48 13.49 13.51 13.52 13.53

QUANTI'l'Y NUMBER WHOLK

EVERY; ALL (pl.) MUCH; MANY

MORE LITTLE (Quantity); FEw (Number) ENOUGH MULTITUDE, CROWD

13.192 NOTE ON OTHER WORDS FOR A Co:uLECTIVE BoDY

(of PeI'80ns, Ani-

mats, or Things)

13.21 13.22 13.23 13.24 13.31

FuLL

EMPTY PART (sb.) HALF NOTE ON THE NUMEBAL9

Om:

ALon, ONLy FnulT LAsT THREE THIRD (Ordinal) A THIRD (Fraction)

THREE TnIEs OCCURRING THRIll: TI¥JDS TBREBJ'OLD, TRIPLE CONSlBTING OJ' THREE KINDS CONSISTING OF Tmu!:E TOGETHER

GROUP

o:r THREE

By THUBS THREE APIECB

Grk.

NG Lat. It.

MISCELLANEOUS

Fr.

Sp.

Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

....'"",

Rum.

cantitate

Ir. NIr. W.

Br.

13.11 QUANTITY Goth. ("",_1 ON Ujqldi, merg8, ""'11'1

",.",.. quam....

quantitd

Dan.

ktiantitot

Sw.

kvamiUt (m"'''') quantit6(.)

OE ME NE

quantile cantidad

Du.

mat meid

OHG MHG NHG

maim

mont

Rum.

Lith. kiekybi Lett. kvantiIaU (daw....) ChSl. (milnogiBtIJo) SCr. koIWiftG Boh. Pol.

Russ.

quantity

hoeveelheid

Skt.

(managl) (.....igot iloAC koIikst.. prG-m4~, m4~,

pari-

mana-, etc.

Ir. NIr.

W.

Br.

13.12 NUMBER Goth. "'Pi' ON tala

....pM "''''pM

n...........

..........

-

""""".

Dan.

(... }tal

Sw.

antal get«l,rim ftO(u)mbNJ,

OE ME NE

...

mI......o

Du.

lin, rim, (n)umir uimhir

...mber

rhi!, nver

.......

Many of the words for 'number' are connected with the words for 'reckon, count', these of various sources, Some rest on the notion of 'arrangement, order', or 'distribution'.

1. Grk. i1.p,e!,ln, beside ,",pm" 'un-

Greek by ....6T~., perhaps a coinage of Aristotle, meaning literally the 'howmuch-ness', which the Romans rendered

able for 'quantity, amount' or 'number'

ary uses as 'arrange, reckon, count',

by the equivalent quantitas, whence, di- in the abstract, as Grk ...).~11ot ('amount' rectly or by further semantic borrowing, of the penalty, 'number' of the ships, most of the European terms. etc.), Lat. magnitUdo or muJ.ti.tadli, Russ. The nearest equivalent, preceding the mnolestvo, etc. Accordingly, such words adoption of these terms, would bs the are entered in the list (but in parentheses) words for 'great quantity or number', where abstract forms are lacking or 916

hence 'number', prob. through 'arrangement, order'. Cf. Skt. rea- 'suitable, proper', rtu-- 'fixed time, season', Lat. rhi 'reckon, judge' J ratio 'reckoning', and esp. Ir. rim, OE rim 'number' (below, 3, 4). Walde-Po 1.75. Persson, Beitrllge 742.

918

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

in Grk. 6.pt8"m, etc. (above, 1). WaldeP. 1.75. Pedersen 1.51. 4. Goth. Tapji!: gaTapjan 'count', Gmc. 'Tapa 'number' in ON hund-Tap 'hundred', etc., fro the root in Grk. "p,e~ln, etc. (above, 1). Walde-Po 1.74. Feist 394. ON tala, Dan. tal, antal, Sw. antal, OE getrel, ME tale (OE talu only 'account, tale'), Du. getal, OHG zala, MHG zal(.), NHG zohl : ON tala 'speak, talk', OE talian 'consider, reckon, account', OHG zalOn 'count, relate, pay', etc.,

(perh. Grk. M),os, Lat. dol.... 'guile, deceit', but see 16.68). Walde-Po 1.808. Falk-Torp 1243. Walde-H. 1.366. OE rim, ME rime, OHG rim: Ir. rim, etc. (above, 3). ME no(u)mbre, NE number, fro Fr. nomhre (above, 2). 5. Lith. akail!i..., akaitliuo, Lett. 8kaits, .kaitli. : Lith. skaityti, Lett. skai-

Grk.

NG La.t. It.

3Ms', ras 3Ms', b}..hK)."pos, 6>....... tQtua, omnia, int6ger intero, tuJ.ta

Fr. Sp.

entW, tout

Rum.

£ntreg, tot (h}.its iomli!.n, go !liT, or fad hoU, cwbl, koII

Ir. NIr. W.

Br.

gether' and its cognates in other languages, which often reHect such second-

entero,

tooo

cyJ.,.

ChSI. Ciati 'count, reckon', etc. (cf. below). Mllhl.-Endo. 3.867, 4.47. 6. ChSI. Cialo,

OE ME NE Du.

OHG MHG NHG

Boh. &10, Russ.

Skt. ci.Ir 'perceive, obeerve'. Walde-Po 1.509. Berneker 157, 1741. Boh. paCet: poCitati 'count', ChSI. poCitati 'read', iter. of Cist; (above). Berneker 174 f. SCr., Bulg. broj, prob. orig. 'notch' (os tally in counting): Russ.-ChSI. briti 'shear', brill 'razor'. Bemeker 87, 94. Pol. liczba, beside liczyc 'count' : Boh. liCha 'computation, figure', lil!iti 'relate, depict', CbSl. lil!iti 'announce, divulge', these : CbSl. lice 'face, cheek', etc. (4.204). Berneker 720 f. 7. Skt. samkhya-, fro vb. sam-khya'add up, calculate', cpd. of khya- in caus. 'make known, tell'.

13.13 WHOLE Goth. ollB ON allr Dan. Sw.

Cism~,

Cislo : ChSI. tisti 'count, reckon, read, honor', etc., Lett. !k'ist 'think, suppose',

hel, al hel,all eal(/} kale, al wkale all g It. ogni 'every') and also 'whole', pI. 'all', etyro. dub. Ernout-M. 702 f. Brugmann, Totalitll.t Mil'. Lat. integer 'intact, whole' (> It. intero, Fr. entier, Sp. entero, Rum. tntreg), neg. cpd. of the root of langere 'touch'. Walde-Po 1.703. Ernout-M. 1016. Walde-H. 1.708. 4. Ir. (h)uile, W., Br. hall, above, 1. NIr. iomliin 'whole' = MIr. immldn 'full, complete', cpd. of ldn 'full' (13.21) . NIr. leiT, usually as adv. go leiT with sg. 'whole', with pI. 'all' (e go leir 'it entirely, all of it', iad go leir 'they entirely, all of them'), Ir. COlleiT 'wholly' : W. Uwyr 'entirely, entire'. Stokes 242, Macbam 227 without further connection. Atkinson, Pass. and Hom. Gloss. 781 f. equates with leir 'visible' as 'visibly' > 'wholly'.

1.366 f. Brugmann, Totalitiit 60 ff. Grk. 5M. (above, 1) ha.s been partly displaced by other, orig. more emphatic, terms for 'whole', os follows: Grk.

NIr. ar lad, lit. 'in length', but commonly 'altogether, whole' (an scial ar lad 'the whole story'). W. "Ylan, cpd. of cy (= "YI-, Ir. com-, Lat. com-) and mutated form of man 'place'. Evans, s. v. W. cwbl, Com. cowal, etym. dub. Loth, RC 37.37 f. (vs. Morris Jones 3lO). 5. Goth. ails, ON aUT, OE sall, etc.,

li>Jnc>"",pos

perfect, sound',

general Gmc., outside connections dub.,

'lot' is simply

perh. : Lith. aliai adv. 'all-, completely' in aliai vienas 'every one', aliai metai 'every year' (NSB), if these are not fro

'all' (rarely also 'whole'), prob. through 'comprehensive' or the like fro a participial form of the root seen in Dor. 'ft"niJJG.' 'possess', Skt. CfJa- 'swell', Grk. "v&." 'be pregnant', "jjpos 'power', etc. Walde-Po

'complete,

compound of

.).~po.

'whole' in late times (cf. quotations in LS) and lit. NG. Grk . • dp.... 'un-

920

QUANTITY AND NUMBER

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Gmc. Mikkola, BB 25.73 ff. Walde-Po 1.90 (but Osc. allo almost certainly not 'tota'). Feist 40. The general usage of this group is sg. 'all' = 'whole', pI. 'all'. The use of the ag. for 'every' is not properly Gothic (where Grk. 'JI"iis in this sense is expressed by pI. forms or by the neut. sg. with part. gen., cf. Streitberg, Got. Bibel, s.v.) nor OE (sometimes in ME, obs. in NE, cf. NED S.v. all 3), and in general is uncommon or restricted to certain phrases. Cf. Paul, Deutsches Wtb. for NHG all and the larger dictionaries for Du. al, Dan. al, Sw. all. Dan., Sw. hel, ME hole, NEwhole, Du. geheel (heel less usual), in the older languages Goth. hails, ON ht:ill, OE Ml, OHG ht:il 'sound, well, uninjured' (4.83) : ChSI. diu 'well, sound, unharmed', SCr. .no, etc., 'whole' (below, 7), W. wei '(good) omen', OW coilou 'au8piciis'; cf. ON ht:il 'good sign, happiness', OE h1!l id. Walde-P.1.329. Falk-Torp 393 f. OHG, MHG, NHG gam, MLG gans, Du. gansch 'whole' and in older languages 'sound, uninjured', etym. dub. Kluge-G. 185. Weigand-H. 1.620. 6. Lith. visas, Lett. vis" ChSI. vIs!, SCr. sa. (pI. &vi, denv. ..aki, all with transposition of vs-; Leskien, ser. Gram. p. 53), RUBS. ties' ag. 'whole', pI. 'all'

(Boh. viIe pI. rare), hence derivs. ChSL viseku (renders 1I"Q.S' 'every' and in Gos~ pels also iKCUTTOS'), ser. svaki, Russ. vsjakij 'every', Boh. dechen, Pol. wszystek sg. 'whole, every', pI. 'all (also Boh. vsecek id.) fro *wi-oo-, beside *wi-~-in Skt. viCVa-, Av. vispa-, OPers. vispa- and visa- 'whole, every', pI. 'all', perh. all derivs. of the adverbial *wi- 'apart', but semantic relation far from obvious. Walde-Po 1.312. Brugmann, Grd. 2.1. 200. Lith. Cielas (cf. NSB s.v.), fro Slavic (below, 7). 7. SCr. cio, Boh. cely, Pol. cafy, Russ. celyj 'whole', in part also in the older sense of 'well, sound', like ChSI. diu: Goth. hails, etc. (above, 5). 8. Skt. sarva-, Av. haurva-, OPera. hartwa-, above, 1. Skt. krtsna- 'whole', perh. (as 'solid', fro 'twisted tight'?) : krt- 'spin, twist' (thread). Walde-Po 1.421. Otherwise Uhlenbeck, p. 63. Skt. sakala- 'whole', lit. 'having (all its) parts', cpd. of sa- cop. and kald-

'part'. Skt.

Av. rnspa-, above, 6.

9. Hitt. pankus 'whole, all': Skt. baku- 'much', etc. (13.15). Sturtsvant, Hitt. Gram. 118, Glosaary 115.

Ir. Nil. W. B,.

Goth.

reir; r4lt'rH IlME; /sMH.

omnia, qui8gue; omnhl ogni;tuUi chaque, tout; toUB cado, 1000; lode. jiecare, tot,- toll each; uili gach, gach uile; 116 ~uik, (JO leir pob;holl pep,' hall

hwazuh (hwar;iizuh, ails); alI4i hverr, aliT; allir (en)hver (al); aUs vor, varje (all); alle i!lc, gehwilc; eaUe "";(ch), elch, ali all. """1/; all ;.Mr, elk (all; aUs iogillh, (eo)giwellh, al;aUs MHG iegelfch, ietwelkh, ietwedsr, al,- alle NHG (all); ails

ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG

j.a..-

922

Lith. Lett. ChS!. SC,. Boh. Pol.

kiekvienas; ,,;,; ikviens, ikkatr3,

ikkur'8,' viBi omlkil, kilftdo; oUi tmlki,- wi kaidy, viechen; v8ichni Wdy, W8zyBl.ek,- W8Z-

Skt.

yscy koZdyj, vtJjakij; ~e 8arva-, vipHI-; 8arva-,

Av.

vUpa-; PispG- (in pI.)

Russ.

~(inp!.)

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

above); similarly MHG iet-weltch, ietes· welich, cpd. of ie- (~ OHG eo, above) and OHG et(t)es-, et(t)e-(h)wel,h (adj.) 'aliquis'. OHG eo(h)wedar 'each' (of two), MHG ieweder (and iet-weder, for iet-, see above) also 'each, every' (of several), NHG jeder (replacingjeglich, MHG iegePaul, lich, etc., in late MHG). Deutsches Wtb. 272 f. Weigand-H. 1.946. 5. Lith. kiekvienas, fro kiek 'how much?' and vienas 'one'. Lett. ikviens, cpd. of ik 'ever' (: Lith. *jiek in obs. jiekas fsomething', and parallel to kiek, above) and viens 'one'; for use of ik alone with gen. in locutions

expressing 'each, every', cf. Muhl.-Endz. 1.703. Lett. ikkatrs, cpd. of ik and katrs interrog. 'who, which (of two)?', used also as indef. 'each' (of two'), and generally now also 'every' (of several). MtihI.Endz. 2.172. Lett. ikkur's, cpd. of ik and kur's 'who' (interrog. and rel.), also used alone as indef. 'each, every'. Miihl.-Endz. 2.327. 6. ChS!. ki1.i(i)do (Supr., etc. for EKct It. molto, OFr. mout, Sp. mucho, Rum. mull), prob. : Grk. pa.Aa 'very', Lett. milns (rare) 'very much', Lat. melior 'better'. Walde-Po 2.272. Ernout-M. 639. Walde-H. 2.63. Fr. beaucoup, cpd. of beau 'beautiful, fine' and coup 'blow', replaces OFr. mout in 13/14th century. Gamillscheg 92. Wartburg 2,868. 3. Ir. mor, NIr. mostly a mhor or usually deriv. moran, sb. with gen. or partitive prep. de, fro adj. mJjr 'great, large' (12.55). Ir. imde, NIr. iomdha, sg. 'many a', pI. 'many', fro *imbde : Ir. imbed 'copia, multitudo' (this of dub. etym., Walde-Po 1.125). Ir. il, NIr. lan, above, 1. W. llawer (with and without 0 'of') : Ir.lour, lOr 'enough', perh. (with dissim.) fro *rowero- : Ir. ro-leTa 'suffices' (: OHG weren 'preserve', Pedersen 2.518). Thurneysen, Gram. 119. Br. kalz, also and orig. sb. 'a heap' : Corn. cals 'heap', W. cargl 'heap, collection', outside connections? Thurneysen, IF 42.148. 4. Goth. manags 'much', pI. 'many', compo managiza 'more' (sg. and pl.), ON (late) mangir, Dan. mange, Sw. manga, OE manige, ME nwnie (pI.; sg. ON mangr, OE rrwnig, etc. 'many a'); OHG manag 'much', pI. 'many', compo manigiron 'more' (pl.), MHG manige, NHG manche (distrib. 'several'), Du. menige pI. 'many' (sg. MHG mamc, etc. 'many a') : ChSI. munogu 'much', etc. (below,

921

Rum. fiecare, cpd. of fie 3sg. and pI. subj. offi 'be' and care 'who, which' (Lat. qualis), hence orig. 'whoever it may be'.

923

6), Ir. menicc 'often', W. mynych 'frequent, often', root connection dub.

Walde-Po 2.268 f. Feist 343 f. Goth. mikils, OE micel (mycel), OHG mihhil fgreat, much', pI. 'many', ON mikill 'great, much' (pI. only Igreat'), Dan. megm, Sw. mychen 'much', ME I muchel, mickel, NE much 'much' (use as 'many' obs.; for ME forms and uses, cf. NED mickle and much) : Grk. "',(a" Lat. magnus 'great' (12.55). Walde-Po 2.257 f. Falk-Torp 708. Goth. filu, etc., above, 1. ON margir (pl., sg. 'many n'), etym. dub., perh. : ON mor-o 'multitude', etc. Falk-Torp 695,730 (Walde-P. 2.277). 5. Lith. daU{l, daU{lel, Lett. daudz, adv. (used as indecl. sb.) with gen. sg. or pI. (Lett. also with nom., and nom. pI. daudzi), Pol. duio, prob.: Pol. duiy 'strong', Goth. daU{l, OE diag, OHG toug 'is useful, avails', Grk. TV')'XavW 'meet, reach', etc. Walde-Po 1.847. Berneker 217 f. MUhl.-Endz. 1.443. 6. ChSI. mUlUJgu 'much', pI. 'many', compo munozejt, Ser., Russ. mnogo, Boh. mnoha, adv. and sb. with gen., pI. adj. SCr. mnogi, etc., 'many' : Goth. manags, etc., above, 4. Pol. wiele, adv. and sb. with gen. 'much, many' : ChSI. vell.- (as prefix) 'very', velijt, velikil, Pol. wielki 'great, large', etc. (12.55). Bruckner 616. Pol. duio : Lith. daU{l, above, 5.

7. Skt. bahu- 'much', pI. 'many', compo bakutara-: Av. bqzah- 'height, depth', Baluch. OOZ 'much', baz 'thick', Grk . .-aX"' 'thick' (12.63), Hitt. pankus 'all, whole'. Walde-Po 2.151. Skt. bhilri- 'much, strong', pI. 'many', compo bhiiyas- (i.e. bhii-yas- : bhii-ri) : Av. buiri- 'abundant, complete', Lith. bUrys 'group, flock, shower', Lett. bUra 'crowd', perh. fro *bhu- in words for 'blow up, swell'. Walde-P.2.114. Skt. PUTU-, Av. paru,- pouru-, above, 1.

924

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Sp.

---

Rum.

maimWl

Ir. NIr. W. Br.

""'; liG (pl.) tuilloodA; (pl.)

Du.

m1D!l

OHG

Grk. NG Lat. It.

Fr.

'rMU..,,..Mw.

13.16 MORE Goth.

mmaagim (moizo,

mail adv.)

pi'" pi;'

ON

..,.;,.;; fteiri (pl.)

Dan.

- ; j/Me (pl.)

pI.. do

Sw. OE ME NE

_;j/Me (pl.) m4 ""'; ...... (ag.)

....

I..

mui, muioc'h

...... ..... ..,,-.

RUBS. Skt. Av.

bol'le

bola- 'strength', etc. WaJde-P. 2.110. Berneker 72. ChSI. II@lte, neut. only (but renders ..AeIo.A Mt. 20.10, rAeIovt Mt. 26.53),

bolijf, ml1noilJl, tIf~e

..Ie

.....(.)

though not always of those in use in the same languages (e.g. Lat. multua but P/m). Most of these have been included in the discussion of the latter (13.15), leaving only the following for notice here.

1. Grk. rep,,,riftpof, compo of rfp"'" 'beyond the usual quantity or number, superfluous' (deriv. of ...pl), is in NT sometimes 'more' (mostly in adv.) and the reg. word for 'more' in NO (rAeI~.. archaic even in lit.; &-

magnus 'great', etc. Rum. mai mull (pI. mai mulji), compo of mull 'much'; mai fro Lat. magi.

(above). 3. Ir. nW, W. mwy, Br. mui, muioc'h, compo of Ir. mOT, W. mawr, Br. meur

'great' (12.55).

Ir. lia (pl.) : Ork. rA.""., Lat. plm, ete. (13.15). NIr. twilleadh (followed by nom. or gen. or by de or iB, freq. aIao '\Vith proleptic a 'its', cf. Dinneen), lit. 'addition', Ir. tuilled id., fro a verbal stem to-lin-, cpd. of liooim 'fill' : Lat. plen... 'full', etc. (13.21). Pedersen 2.567. 4. Ooth. maim, usually 'greater' (pElt",.), as 'more' only neut. maizo (..A....), maio adv. v.iAM., ..A.ro.), ON meiri adj. 'more, greater', meirr adv., Dan., Sw ....... adv. and adj., OE 111.1,..., in sg. 'little' in quantity, time, or number (rAOpos AA6s), pI. 'few'; Lat. pa...... (fr. like nervus: Ork. ..Opo., and Oall. 1anIo8, Ir. /.arb: Lat. taurus, Grk. -rAilpo$') 'little' in size, quantity, or time; Lat. paucl 'few', ag. paUCU3 rare in class. Lat. but reg. in ¥Lat. for pan!1J8 with reference to quantity (in late Lat. texts sometimes pam for pauc'l by overcorrection), hence It., Sp. poco, Fr. peu; Ooth.lawai, ON 14ir, Dan.laa, Sw. Id, OE jBatDe, jeIJMtJ, ME lewe, NE 1f:tD, OHO I~he (sg. ON II!.r 'scarce, not numerous' with collectives; ag. forms in call. in sense of 'not numerous'. Goth., OHO rare); cf. also Lat. paul(I)". 1. IE ·pau- with various suf\ixes. 'little', pauper 'poor'. Walde-P. 2.75 f., Ernout-M. 742. Feist 2. Ork. 6AI,.0, 'little' (also 'small' of size, esp. in Hom.), pI. 'few' (not Hom. 147. NED s.v.lf:tD. Ork. r.Opo., post. word for usual in this sense), perh. : >.o.,.bt 'ruin, de-

.pa"",.,

927

QUANTITY AND NUMBER

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

struction', Lith. liga 'sickness', etc.

MUhl.-EndB.

greater', etc. : Skt. balillaB- 'stronger',

wiccoi

mfr, mlroj mcmigiroft

meaning, of words for 'much, many',

'strength'.

4.442.

dGugiGua

(pl.) MHG NHG mohr

For the most part, forms of the same word (or the same indeclinable form) are used with the singular for 'more' in quantity and with the plural for 'more' in number. But some words are mainly, if not absolutely, restricted to one or the other of these uses and are marked in the list as (eg.) or (pl.). Many of the words for 'more' are comparatives, in form as well as in

926

Lith. Lett. ChS!. SOr. Boh. Pol.

QUANTITY AND NUMBER ""YaB

13.1S ENOUOH (adj. or adv.) Grk. NG Lat. It.

Fr. Sp.

Rum. Ir. NIr.

lKu6r, ~" ~

,atia

..... """",.,.

abbatt01l!O

datu! /our

W.

dathtrin, a4i/h, Ioor dig 6. ChSL tiUfI: Skt. tuceka-, etc. 'loose' > 'empty'), fro the root *ei- 'go' (above,5). ChSL yrazd'!nll (in Gospels renders (Grk . •l"" Lat. 'ire, etc.); better than orig. 'merely appearing': Grk. «to.. 4/Y'YOt 'idle', but 'empty' in neg. cpd. ne'burn', etc. Walde-P. 1.5, 103 (hut prazd'!na 'pregnant'), SCr. prazan, Boh. favoring the latter connection). Van prdzdny, Pol. pr6iny, etym.? Miklosich 259 f. BrUckner 439. Wijk, IF 35.266. Wood, MLN 17.6. OE mmetig, Ibntig (also 'at leisure' and Russ. pustoj: ChSL p",,/1I 'desert, 'unmarried'), ME amti, em(p}ti, NE emp- W88te' (and so in most modern Slavic ty, deriv. of OE mmta, l!metta 'leisure', languages), OPruss. pausto 'wild', ChSL etym. dub., but perh. a .pd. of I!- (neg. pUBtiti, Russ. pustit' 'let, let go', Grk. pref. as in 1!-wI!de 'unclothed', etc., OHG n(,., 'cause to cease'. Walde-P. 2.1. a-) and deriv. of root in metan 'measure, Trautmann 208 f. 7. Skt. plnya- (the source, through mete out' (12.54) hence orig. 'lack of assignment', then 'leisure'. Buck CI. Ph. Arab. fifr, of NE cipher and .ero, with 15.198. the other similar Eur. forms): ""'" OE Imre, gelmre, ME lere, OHG lari, 'swell' (pple. plna-), but line of semantic MHG lmr(e}, NHG !eM, perh.: OE, development not clear. Walde·P. 1.365. OHG lesan 'collect, gather, glean' and GUnther, KZ 68.139 ff. first used of a field whose crop had heen Skt. rikla-, pple. of rio- 'empty, leave, harvested and hence was 'empty'. release' : Grk. AE£lI''-', Lat. linquere 'leave, Kluge-G. 350. let', etc. Walde-P. 2.396. Skt. tuceka-, lucchya,.: ChSL tiUfI, Du. iedig, leeg : NHG lodig, MHG ledee 'free (from difficulty), unmarried', etc. (above, 5).

.....

aa-,~

Goth. ON

l/aCuua, in4nis, lId1I.ua IIU6/o

D&Il. Sw.

1ii.m[1 'pointed stake', etc. Walde-P. fO')' Cret. ~,,£•• sb. 'half'; ~"'uus > NG 2.595. Falk-Torp 375. Feist 239. In contrast to the words for 'a third',

'a fourth', and other fractions, which are

pop. l'urOr adj., TO puro sb.; Lat. semi-,

OE, OS slitn-, OHG silmi-, Skt. slimi- in cpds. Of similar ultimate orig. prob. W. hanner, adj. and sb. (in cpde. haner-), Br. hanter adj. and sb. (fr. *s1p-tero-) : Ork.

a.'TEpo$,

Att. iTC!;pot 'one or the other

of two'. Walde-P. I.c. Pedersen 1.138 (with different root connection).

5. Lith. p""., Lett. puse sb. (with gen.), also freq. Lith., Lett. pus- in cpde. : OPru... po88i8fJ'lDtliUJ 'mittwoch', e88e ... pausan 'on the part of', Toch. A pofi 'side, wall'. MUhl.-Endz. 3.426. Fraenkel, IF 50.229. 6. ChSI. polll, SCr. po (dial. pol), Pol. pol, Boh. ptll ebs., Russ. pol- (in cpde.

936

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

only in nom. and acc. with gen. of second member, in other ca.ses polu- with second member regularly inflected), also adjs. Bah. polorJilnt, Po!. poIowicmy; Slavic poUl, 'half' = polv. 'side, shore' (cf. above Ir. loth 'side, half') : ChS!. TaBplatil:i, OHG opaltan 'split', Skt. apdIaya-

'split', etc. Walde-P. 2.678. Miklosich 256 f. Briickner 429. 7. Skt. ardM-, beside sh. ardlia- 'side, part, half' : Lith. ardyl:i 'divide, split', etc. Walde-P.1.143. Ublenbeck 14. Av. oo£ma.. (NPers. nlm) : Skt. noma'the one, the other', also 'half', orig. duh. Barth. 1036. UhIenbeck 151.

QUANTITY AND NUMBER 13.32 ONE Grk.

•t,

NG

Iv.. unus

Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum.

13.31. NOTE ON THE NUMERALS

persistent as the numerals in retaining

the inherited words. Except for some suffix-variation and actual substitution in the case of 'one' (13.32), the IE words for 'one' to 'ten' have persisted everywhere with only slight changes other than phonetic; likewise the IE word for 'hundred', while for 'thousand' there are several different groups. The '-teens' are expressed hy cop. cpds. of the digits with 'ten', with the exception of the Gmc. words for 'eleven' and 'twelve' (Goth. ain-lij, t,wa,.lifJ and the whole Lith. series (vienio-lika, dvylika, try-lika, keturio-lika, etc. for 11-19), which are cpds. with a form of IE "leik"'leave, remain' (Grk. MI...., etc., WaldeP. 2.396 f.), hence orig. 'one over' (the ten), etc. For 2(Hl0 certain IE cpds., the second part of which seems to be obscurely related to the numeral for 'ten', have been partIy retained (for 20 Grk . •!>cou" Dar. fltean, Lat. IJIginl:i, Skt. vi~ati-, etc. j for the others Grk. -«OIo'To., Lat.

938

-ginta, Skt.

~,

etc.), and partly replaced by more transparent phrases or cpds. (as for 20 Goth. lwai tigjus, OE lwen-tig, Lith. dui-4e8imt, Rum. doulJ,. oeci).

The decimal system, based on counting the fingers, prevails. But the influence of a duodecimal or sexagesimaI system is indicated by certain breaks in the type of formation as that between 12 and 13 in Gmc., between 60 and 70 in Grk., Goth., etc. The ordinals are formed from the cardinals, mostly with a -to- or -mosuffix. Exceptions are those for 'first' (13.33), and many of those for 'second', which are literaI\y 'the other' (Goth. anpar, OE Dj>er, ChS!. rnlIoru, etc.) or 'the following' (Lat. secundus: Bequi 'follow'; similarly Grk. ~.b..po, prob. orig. 'the one after', cf. Hom. all!u'Ta.'ros 'last'). For detailed discussion of the IE numerals, cf. Brugmann, Grd. 2.2.1 ft. In the following we list and discuss only those for 'one' and 'first', and for 'three'

with derivs., choosing these last as convenient illustrations of the various types.

1. 'One' used hy itself for 'alone'. So Lat. unus (beside the more distinctive aDlus), Goth. aina (reg. for ,,6... ), ON einn, OE an, etc., but esp. with weak in~ flection OE ana, OHG eino; Lith. tJienas; ChS!. jedinv., Russ. odin, and for attrib. 'only' with def. adj. inflection, SCr. jedini, etc. (hut Russ. jedinyj now arch., usually jedimt.ennyj); Skt. eka-, Av.

-.

Derivs. of 'one'. Grk. ~"'" (1 see below, 2); Lat. unicus (> It. unico, etc.); Ir. oenuT, NIr. aonaT, W. unig; Goth. ainaha (for ",,,,,,,,1\,), ON eingar, OE IInga, OHG einac, einig, MHG ei1UlC, Du. eenig, NHG (einig obs. in this sense, replaced hy) eintig; OE anlie, ME onely, NE only; Sw. ende, Dan. eneste; Lith. vienatinis, Lett. vienigs; Skt. ekaka-; cf. aiso, fr. stem *sem- in words for 'same', Rum. Bingtlr 'alone', fr. Lat. Bingalus 'single' (Emout-M. 944 f. REW 1945) and SCr., Boh., Pol. Bam 'alone' (ChS!. Bamv. 'self'). Phrases with 'one'. Br. e-unan (e pass. pron.), unan-penn (penn 'head'), etc. (Vallee s.v. seu.l); ME al(l) on(e), a/om, NE alone (hence lone, lonely, lone8Orne, now mostly in emotional sense, &8 also NHG einBOm), LG alene (> Dan. alene, Sw. aUena), MHG aleine, NHG aliein, fro aU as adv. 'wholly' and word for 'one'; ,Lith. vienaB 8aU (sau 'for oneself'), Lett. vi.... patB (patB 'self'). 2. Grk. ~""" Ion. ,.,..." (",.,>fo,), generally taken (alter Brugmann) as cognate with "...0., "o..os (""U>fOS) 'thin (in density), rare', etc. (12.66). WaldeP. 2.266 f. Ernout-M.618. Miss Hahn, Language 18.88 f., reviving and improving an older suggestion, derives fr. *O'lUWfos, formed fro *sem- in Grk. eIs, "La (·O',,£a), II' 'one', Grk. 6,ws, Goth.

Dan. Sw.

NIr.

Br.

u.....

Lith .

CbSl.

jedinl1

en

SOr. Boh.

jedan jeden

PoI.

jeden

Lett.

Russ.

Du.

...

OHG MHG NHG

......

ai.. eihB: OE jJing-gemearc 'measured time', ON, OE jJing 'judicial .....mbly', prob. fro IE 0len-k-, extension of 'len- 'stretch'. Walde-P. 1.724. FaJk-Torp 1263. Feist 494. Goth. mel (usually)(p6... , once &,pa) : ON m4l, OE mOil, OHG m4l 'fixed time, mealtime, etc.', fro the root in ON mmla, Lat. mefi";;, Skt. mii.-, etc. 'm....ure'. Walde-P.2.237. FaJk-Torp 685. Feist 353. Goth. hUJOila, mostly 'period of time, hour' (renders both )(p6vo. and any 'age'; cf. 'greatness'

>

'size', 12.52),

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS 'strength. vigor' (through 'prime of life'). or 'grown stature' (due to the double use of Grk. ~X"'la). 1. Grk. ~Xucla 'age' and secondarily 'bodily growth. stature'. fr. ~X,~ 'of the same age, comrade'. Dor. 4~. fr. .BWit-lik-. formed fr. the refl. stem in Grk. &. Cret. Fin. Skt........ etc. For the -stem and suflix. cf. ~M,,,,,. ,."M.... Lat. quali.. t4l.i.. Boisacq 3211 f. Brugmann. Grd. 2.1.382. Walde-P. 2.455. 2. Lat. aetII8. -t4ti8 (> It. eta. OFr. a.l. Sp. edad. lit. loanword Rum. elate; VLat. ·aetdticum > Fr. age). early Lat. aeDita8. fro aevum 'et.,rnity. lifetime. age (in wide sense). generation' : Grk. aUw with similar uses (cf. aIeo aIF.I. Att. Atl 'always'). Goth. aiwa 'aUw·. Skt. /lyu- 'life. lifetime. living being'. Av. ayu..- 'duration, age', etc. Walde-Po 1.6 f. Ernout-M. 21. REW 251. Rum. "'rstd. fro Slavic. cf. ChSI. II7'1lilia. etc. (below. 6). Tiktin 1754. 3. Ir. ais, NIr. am8, W. oe8, and W. oed. cpd. oedran. Br. oad. etym. dub. Pedersen 1.56. 176: Lat. a.tIl8. etc. Adversely. Thurneysen, Idg. An•. 6.196. Walde-P. 1.7. Walde-H. 1.21. 4. Goth. ald8 (renders al.... 'Y"' W. hW1Jr also 'evening') : Ir. Bir 'long (of time)', W. hiT 'long'. fro a root • ..(i)- (cf. compo Ir. sia. W. hW1J fro .BB-i.) seen also in Lat. setius 'less', early 'later', Goth. .eiP"", ete. (below, 4), Skt. 811.ya- 'evening', but orig. meaning of root dub. Walde-P. 2.462. Ernout-M. 933. FaIkTorp 962. Feist 415 f. It. tardi, Fr. lard, Sp. larde. fro Lat. tarcU 'slowly', & Rum.

TIME Ernout-M. 685. Widespread in its orig. temporal sense and also, with loss of temporal force, in numerous idiomatic uses introducing a phrase or sentence. Ork. ,,;;. (in pop. NO replaced by .wpa, below 2); Lat . ..unc (fr. *num-ce); Ooth. nu (nat), ON, OE ..a, OHO nd, etc., general Omc.; Lith., Lett. nu, Lith. ..anai (all oba.); ChSI. nynl, Boh. "11'" (Pol. ninie obs., Russ. ..yne lit.); Skt. nu, ntlnam, Av. fl,11, ntlrnn.j Toch. A n'l1, B no 'but' (SBS 308). 2. NO .wpa, quotable from the 12th cent., fro rji &Jp" quotable from the 7th cent. in the sense of 'at this time, just now'. Hatzidakis, G10tta 3.77 ff. 3. It. adoBBO - OFr. ados, OSp. odie.. 'at once', Rum. ade8 'often', fro a blend of Lat. d8nsu8 'thick' aod ad proe...... in It. appr8880 'near', Fr. apri8 'after'. REW 2558. Otherwise (fr. ad id ipoum) Wartburg 1.30. It. ora 'hour, time' used also as a.dv. 'now'. Similarly, Sp. aJwra, OSp. agora, fro hac MrI1.. REW 4176. Hanssen, Sp. Oram.198. Fr. maintenant, pple. of maintenir 'hold in the hand, maintain', with development throu([h 'at hand, handy' to 'at once, Boon' (12th cent.), then 'now'. REW 5839. Oamillscheg 581. Rum. acum (also acuma and acu), fro VLat. eccum modo 'just now'. Putlcariu 18. Tiktin 17. 4. Ir. indor8tJ, indo88a, innoBBa, etc.,

.elai

.au

963

NIr. anois, perh. fro *ind Ilr-Ba 'this hour' : or, tlar 'hour, time' (14.51). Pedersen 1.207, O·Connell. Ir. Oram. 137. Otherwise Bergin (ap. Strachan, Stories from the Tain'. 74) as ind !1w.B-8IJ 'this staying' : 108. 'staying, rest'. W. 11" awr, phrase with awr 'hour' (14.51). Br. bromo, MBr. broman, fro *prodma.., this fro prod 'time', with 7IlO1l 'here'. Henry 43. Emault, Diet. 6tym. s. v. bremon. 5. ~oth . ..u, ete., above, 1. MHO iel8o. ioouo. i ..., ete., NHO jetzt, fro a combination of ie (NHO je) and .IAO (NHO zu). Weigand-H. 1.948. Kluge-G. 268.

6. Lith. dabar, etym.? Lett. tagad, fro a form of the pron. stem to- and gad: CbSl. god.. 'time' (14.11). hence similar to CbSl. IfJgda 'then'. Miihl.-End•. 4.122. 7. ChSI. nynl, above, 1. SCr. &ada. fro stem of the pron. seen in ChSI. .n 'this' and - It . • eloce. Sp . • el.oz), d. 2.391,435. W. chwym. often with implication of ••Ie. 'light-armed infantryman', etyro. dub., perh. (*weg-81o-) fro the root of a whirring sound (Evans, s.v.; d. chwyrvegere 'move, excite', vege1:u8 'live, ani-

nu 'whiz, whir, snore'), prob. based on

mate' (cf. the semantic development of

an imitative syllable, like that in Skt. svar- 'ma.ke a sound', Lat. susurrus 'hum-

NE qu~k, below, 5); or (*wegh-slo-) : vehere 'drive, transport'?). Ernout-M. 1082. Lat. titus, pple. of ciere 'set in motion, excite' : Grk. leu., 'go', ,,;:IIEw 'move'. Ernout-M. 185 f. Walde-H. 1.213 f. Lat. rapidus (> It. rapido, Sp. rapiOO, Rum. repede; Fr. rapid. > NE rapid). orig.

'violent,

tearing

away'

(esp.

of swift-Bowing currents), fro rapere 'snatch, carry oti, plunder'. Ernout-M.

854. REW 7OM.

ming', NE swearm 'swarm', Walde-Po

2.528 (adversely). Loth, RC 23.117. Morris Jones 146 (: Skt. 8phur- 'jerk, dart'; improbable). W. clau : Ir. clii 'whirlwind', root connection? Loth, RC 38.159. Br. herrus, fro herr 'speed, impulse', older err, fro OFr. erre 'journey, way, course' in phrases like de grant erre, de bonne erre, etc. (cf. Godefroy, s.v.). Henry 116.

968

but mostly 'vigorous. lively. alive. etc.'. OE cwic.. 'alive' : ON kvi.kr. OHG quec, Lat ........ etc. 'alive'. NED S.V. NE last, orig. as still also 'firm'. fro OE Ifllot 'firm' : ON lastT. OHG le&ti. NHG lut. etc. 'firm'. The sense of 'swift' (for which it is now the pop. word) seems to have developed first in the adv. (quoted in NED from 1205) in phrases like run last (cf. ru.. hard). NEDs.v. NE speedy, Du. • po8Iiig. fro sbs. NE speed, Duo spoed 'speed' J orig. 'success', as OE Bpid. OHG spuot. beside vbs. OE splhDan. OHG spU01l 'succeed' : CbS!. speti 'succeed' (also .plsiti. etc. 'hasten' (14.23). Walde-P.2.657. Franck-v. W. 648. NED S.V. spesd, sb. Du. wug, fr. MDu . • lugghe 'able to fly' : Du. wiegen. NHG jl.iegen. etc. 'fly'. Franck-v. W. 752. Du. gauw. MDu. ga: OHG gllhi 'sudden. hasty. quick' (NHG jdh 'abrupt'). etyro. dub. (ablaut form with prefix ga- to Grk . .:.cv" etc .• above, 17). Walde-Po 1.172. Franck-v. W. 176 f. OHG rase. MHG. NHG. Du. rasch (MLG > Dan .• Sw. raok). with ME raad& (rare), NE rash 'hasty. impetuous. reckl_' (loanword? cf. NED). fro Gmc. *raska-. perh. *rad-ska-: Ir. rothim 'run', Skt. ratha- 'wagon', etc. Walde-P.2.368. Falk-Torp 882. OHG sniumi (sniumo. oliumo. adv.). MHG .lium•• sni..me (OE sniom. adv.) : Goth. sniumjan, sniwan, OE m.eowan 'hasten' (14.23). MHG g68UJinde (also 'bold. violent'). NHG geschwind. cpd. of MHG BWind••

kreteti 'move back and forth, wa.ver', Ir. crothaim'shake·. Walde-P.1.484. FalkTorp 870. ON marr lswift. keen' (of eye. etc.), Dan .• Sw. mar. lit. 'twisted tight. bardpun' (of a cord). so rarely ON marr (cf. VistuBBon. s.v.): ON mara 'twist. wring. tum quickly'. Walde-Po 2.701. Falk-Torp 1090. Hellquist 1011. Dan. hurlig (Sw. hurtig 'cheerful. hrisk. agile'). fro NHG hurtig 'brisk. quick (at work). alert'. deriv. of MHG hurt 'shove, drive' fro OFr. hurt 'shove'. Falk-Torp 433. Sw. mabb. prob. : MHG .maben 'hurry' = .maben 'snap, hop, jump, shove, etc. I J beside trnappen 'snap' J NE snap,

etc .• all fro a Gmc. 'BOOb-. 'map- indicating various types of quick motion, but root connection dub. Hellquist 1009 f. Falk-Torp 1089 f. OE-NE BWiII: OE 8'lJiijan 'move. sweep', ON BtJifa 'swing, turn, drift', OHG BWeibon 'sway. swing'. etc. WaldeP.2.52O. NED S.V. OE BnBI(I). ME mel. Du.. OHG. MHG BnBI. NHG adlnell: Sw. mall 'good, nice', older 'quick, capable', Dan. mild 'shrewd', root connection dub. Falk-Torp 1096. Weigand-H. 2.764. NE quick. in this BBnse rarely also ME

B'lDint 'strong, mighty, vehement' : OE

"""'P. OS swt"'ll 'strong. vehement'. Goth.

Lat. Fr. Sp.

ppaMn &.p-y6t,fjpdbr;i'YaA UI., tr'OY" (advs.)

eardw, lentua len/o

lmt len/o

Rum. 1 mall mall

Ir. NIr. W.

Br.

ora!

g- 'before' and (proh.) deriv. of "per- in Grk . .ripi. 'beyond', Lat. porttlre 'carry', etc. Ernout-M. S15 f. It. affrettarBi, rell. of ajJrettIJr. 'dispatch, speed up', fro !retta 'haste', deriv. of ¥Lat. ·frict4re 'rub', frequent. of !ricar.. REW 3505. Fr.•• luUer, rell. of luUer 'hasten', OFr. haater 'press on, pursue', fro "die 'haste', OFr. ila81e fro the Gmc., cf. Goth. hai!8Ie 'quarrel', OE haBI 'enmity', OFris. Mal 'haste', etc. OFr. ha8Ie is the source of the sbe. ME ila81e, MLG ila81, etc., whence (or in part fro OFr. ila81er) the vbs. ME ha81e, NE ha8Ien, MLG ila8ten (> NHG ha8ten), Du. haa8ten (Dan. ha.le, Sw. ha8ta through sb. fro MLG), W. ila8tu, Br. ha8ta. REW 3990. Falk-Torp 384. Franck-v. W. 224. NED s.vv. ila8le, ha8ten. Fr.•• depb;her, ref!. of depkher 'expedite, dispatch', for ·desempkher fro empuker 'hinder' (Lat. impedic4re). REW 4296. Gamillscheg 306. Fr. 8e preBBeT, reft. of presser 'press, squeeze', Sp. dane priBtJ 'make haste', with pri8a 'hastc, urgency', Sp. apr"urarBB, reft. of apreBUrar 'hasten, speed up', fro pr.8UTa 'anxiety, haste' (Lat. pr,,8UTa 'pressure'), all fro Lat. pre88dr. 'press'. REW 6741. Rum .•• grltbi, rell. of grltbi 'drive on, press, dispatch', fro the Slavic, cf. ChS!. grahili 'seize, plunder'. Tiktin 694 f. 3. Ir. awnaig..r (e.g. imperat. dia-

TIME now the common word VB, 1uzBt8n, earlier

>..100_), rell. of perfect. of dvigrIqti

'swift' (14.21). NIr. broBtuighim, as traDS. 'excite, goad', MIr. brostaim, and brostaigim 'incite, stir up' (K. Meyer, Contrib. 270 f.), prob. : Ir. brot 'goad' (sb.), but relation complicated. Stokes ap. Macbsin 52. W. bryBio, see under Lat. !eofi1I4Te, above, 2. W. ila81.., Br. haBta, see under Fr... hdter, above, 2. Br. butmaat, fro bua1I 'swift' (14.21). 4. Goth. miumjan (fr. • ...i ........ in OHG ...i ..mi 'swift', etc., 14.21), ...iwan, OE 81IimDan, ON my3ja (rare) : ON moo 'turn' J 8",.il'IIr 'nooee' and 'swiftness', OE mOld 'haste', ON ...t11Jigr 'tuming, swift', prob. Skt. _ 'band', etc. Notion of .wiftness fro 'tumiDg'. Walde-Po 2.696. Falk-Torp 1097. Feist 440 f. ON s/cynda (> ME .lcinde, rare), .kunda, Dan. skynde, Sw. • /qmda, OE 8CI/ftdan (OS !arBkuftdian 'incite, urge', OHG BCufllan 'incite, stimulate') : OE sc1ldan 'shake, tremble', OS ."uddian, OHG BCuUen 'shake, swing', CbS!. Bkytati /If 'wander about', etc. Walde-Po 2.601 f. Falk-Torp 1046. OE e!eJltan, e!.lan, fro o!oBl, o!.t, efeJIt 'haste, speed' (cf. OS o3OBllico 'swiftly'), prob. a cpd. ·o!-msf?: ON ei84 'dash along, tear through', Lat. ira 'wrath', Skt. if" 'set in motion, incite'. Walde-Po 1.107. Holthausen, IF 20.320. OE higian (mostly 'strive, exert oneself'), ME kye, NE hie (arch. and poet.) : MLG higen, etc. 'pant', outside connection (as with Skt. ~hra- 'swift') dub. Walde-Po 1.363. Franck-v. W. 252. NED s.v. hie vb. ME hOBle, etc., see under Fr. • e Mi.er, above, 2. NE hurry, only NE in this sense but

'carry or cause to go with haste', so ME /wry. (dub. quotation in NED), cf. MHG, NHG h..,.,.en 'whir', etc., all of imitative origin. NED s.v. Falk-Torp 432. Du. zieh BPOeden (NHG Bich Bpulen fr. LG) - OS apOdia.. 'grant success', OHG gisp_ 'cause to succeed', rell. Bill giBpuoUin 'hasten', fr. Du. BPOed 'speed', etc. (see 14.21). OHG, MHG iIen (MLG iIen > Dan. iie, Sw. iIa), NHG eilen, Bich bseilen, OS Uian, perh. fro a form with I-su1Iix of IE ·ei- 'go'. Walde-Po 1.104. Falk-Torp 461. Weigand-H. 1.414. MHG ..:hem, ..:herBn (NHG reII. Bich ..:heren) : Grk. " • .u,... 'jump, hop, dance', Skt. kirati 'strews, scatters' , etc. Walde-Po 2.566.

'move' (10.11). Walde-Po 1.235. Berncker 24Of. CbS!. spUiti, Boh. Bplchati, Pol. spieozyt, Russ. BplAit', fro CbSI. spkhit, Bob. spkh, etc. 'haste' : ChSI. Bplti 'be succsssful' (in modern Slavic also 'hasten'), Du. spoeden, etc. 'hasten' (above, 4). Walde-Po 2.657. Brllckner 509. scr. hitj8li : hitati 'seize, throw' also 'hasten', CbS!. ehytati 'tear', cheatiti 'seize', Boh. chodI.iti 'seize' (11.14), chodtati 'hasten', etc. Bemsker 407, 414. For the development of 'hasten' from 'seize', cf. Rum. Be grltbi (above, 2) and NHG Bich packen. scr. brmIi, fro brz 'swift' (14.21). scr. turili Be, prob. : gurati 'thrust, press', ON keyra 'drive, thrust'. Pete..... son, IF 24.263 f. Boh. kvapili, Po!. kwapi6 Iif, prob. (through notion of hasty, unsteady motion) : ChS!. kyplli 'boil up, run over', Boh. kyplti 'boil up', etc. (general Slavic in this sense), Skt. /cup- 'be excited, heave, boil (with rage), etc.'. Walde-Po 1.380. Bemeker 655, 677 f. Russ. loropil'sjB, refI. of toropil' 'haeten' (trans.), beside wrop 'haste': Ukr. tor6pyty 'incite, frighten, torment', Boh. trdpiti 'torment', Slavic ·Iorpili, perh. caus. to ChS!. I.nlpeli 'suffer', Lat. torplre 'be stiff, numb', Walde-Po 2.631. 7. Skt. ttlOT- (in mid.) : OHG dweran 'tum swiftly, stir', OE frweran 'twirl, stir', Grk. (Hom., poet.) 6-rpO... 'rouse, stir up, egg on', mid. 'hasten'. WaIde-Po 1.749. Skt. j17- (in mid. ; act. 'drive on, incite, etc.'), Av. jav- (Barth. 504), cf. Skt. java- 'swift' (14.21).

","Aw, XPOI'll'w, ~pd;'"

Goth.

lotjtm, .ainjaft

ON

dw&ja(.k), Mt'UJ

cal or mental confusion, more precise Lith. Lett.

NG

~pdlww

Da.n.

..;z., t;w

CbS!.

Lat.

cunct4rJ, morcJri

Sw.

BOr.

It. Fr. Bp.

tardart, indugiare

drOjG ildtm

delay drakn,_tGl..... twoIkn, I1DIJl6n, Ioz6n

Pol.

ll.um. Ir. NIr.

w. Dr.

w,w wd4r, dornoran
Romance words. etc.), ong. 'make hard', then 'make ready, inure' and intr. 'endure, hold out, laot·. fro da..... 'hard' (15.74). also 'hardy'. Emout-M. 291 (but with needle.. B88umption of two orig. different vho.). Walde-H. 1.386. REW 2805. 3. Ir. maraim 'remain' (12.16). also 'live. survive' and 'hold out. IBOt'. likewise NIr. mairim. W. parkau 'continue' and 'last', prob.• like paru 'suit. mateh'. deriv. of

5. Lith. IfBU.. rell. of IfBli 'extend. continue'. fro IE 0tens- (Skt. tan.. ·shake·. ete.). extension of .ten- in Skt.

979

TIME

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

al. cpd. of gam. : Lat. gradi 'steP. go'. ete. cr. Lat. ingrodi 'enter upon' and freq. 'begin'. esp. a speech. Barth. 514 f. Walde-Po 1.651 f. Av. sb. jratauruna-. prob. as 'en-

977

TIME

Russ. medlit' : mdlermyj 'slow' (14.22). 7. Skt. oi-l4mb-. cpd. of lamb- 'hang down', also sometimes 'remain behind, delay'.

ta",. Grk. TEe.... ete. 'stretch' (9.32). Walde-Po 1.727. Lith. trukti (pres. trunku): lrakti (pres. lrIlk.tu) 'tear. break' intr.. traukti 'draw. pull' (9.33). Walde-Po 1.731. Leskien. Ablaut 312. Semantic development through some such u.. ao that of NHG trick hintiehen 'drag on. be prolonged'. Lett. ilgl (Muhl.-Endz. 1.706). fro ilg. 'long' (12.51). Or commonly phraoes with adv. ilgi 'long' and InU 'be' (ilgi nebija 'it was Dot long'), palikt 'remain', etc.

6. ChS!.. SCr. lrajali. Boh. tnJati (OBoh. trdti). Po!. Irwat. prob.: Ir.

trtUh 'time, hour' J Skt. tr- 'cross over', I ...... 'rescue' (..condary ..nse. 11.25).

Lat. tr4n8 'across', etc. Tmutmann 325 f. BrUckner 578. Pedersen 1.52. RUBS. dlit's;ja., reft. of dlit' 'prolong' : ChS!. pro-dUili 'prolong'. fro the root seen in ChSI. d1tlgU 'long'. etc. W&ldeP. 1.812. Bemeker 252. 7. Skt. 8tka,. 'stand'. &Iso 'remain. hold out'. and prob. the nearest approach to a verb for 'Iaot·.

14.26 END (sb.• temporal) Grk.

dAor,

NG La.t. It.

/1m.

Sp.

fin

Fr.

Rum.

"fAf~

.....

fiM fin, bout

aJIr#l

Ir. NIr.

cmd, der«l, dead deiTeadh. crfoeh

W.

di...Jd diwa

Br.

Goth.

ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE

andeis rndi. /ok

mae, alutmng tinGe, alut ...u ...u end

Du...... IIot OHG ..... MHG ...u NHG

Lith.

Lett. ChS!.

SCr.

Boh.

Pol. RIIIIII. Bkt. Av.

gaIaa, (po)baiga

--

goU, IHoigoI

i:onUi.... i:onfl:l l:onae, avr8etak

_ont...,~ •..........u... kanmf>.

mae, achl1l8l

Nouns for 'end' in the temporal sense. the oppoeite of 'beginning'. are in large meaoure the same B8 tho.. used for 'end' in a spatialoense. for which see 12.35. But some are different. though also connected with words for spatial application. Only those are discussed here.

Emout-M. 363. Walde-P. 1.832. Walde-H. 1.503. Rum. sfirfil: vb. sfirfi 'finish' (14.27). 3. NIr. C1ioch. also and orig. 'limit. boundary. furrow'. ao Ir. erich. fro the root in Grk. cpt... ·decide. distinguish'.

1. Grk.•iMs with centr&l notion of

ete. Walde-P.2.584. Ir. deod. W. diwedd. Br. diwfZ. perh. cpd. of °di_ 'from' and root °wedh- 'lead' in Ir. fedim. W. ar-weddu. cy-weddu. Lith . ...ti 'lead'. etc. Morris Jones 251. 4. ON /ok (pl. or sg.• also cpd. enda10k. endilok). &Iso 'lid. cover' : ON laka 'shut. finish' (14.27). Dan. 81utning. fro .Iutti 'clo... conclude' (Sw. aluta) fro MLG .luten 'close. finish'. beside sb. 81ut 'end, close' (> Dan. 81ut in cpels .• Sw. 81ut). Du . • lot = NHG (MHG .Iuz. rare) :

'fulfilment, completion', hence 'end' and

in latter sen.. esp ...}.a.m,. prob. ao orig. 'turning-point' : 'l"iXo,,1U 'be in motion'

(Aeo!. ..). ,roMs 'pivot, axis', Lat. colere 'cultivate', Skt. car~ 'move, wander, go', etc .• IE Ok-e/-. Walde-Po 1.514. Boi-

SBCq 952. Walde-H. 1.246. 2. Lat. /ini. (> It. fine. Fr.• Sp. fin), in earliest and most common use 'limit,

boundary' (of field. territory. etc.). prob. B8 'fixed mark' : flg.... 'fix. fBOten·.

BChl....

OHG sliozan,

NHG

schlieBsen, etc.

'close, shut' (12.25). ct. NE clo.. in c/ose of the day, etc. Falk-Torp 1070. 5. Lith. baiga (more usus.lly pabaiga), Lett. beigas, beside vbs. Lith. baigti, Lett. beigt 'finish', etym.? Walde-P. 2.150. Miih!.-Endz. 1.277. 6. ChS!. konfcl, etc. (12.35), also temporal, but deriv. ChS!. konlnna more common for '!M< in the Goepels.

Ber. tnlTlei.ak : tnlTliti 'finish' (14.27). 7. Av. Braolti- : Brao1- 'come or bring to maturity or completion', 9ru-- 'rear, support', OHG tTowwen 'grow, mature', etc. Walde-Po 1.754. Barth. 801. Av. 8waro8ilk-, lit. 'the point at which something is cut off', fr. Bwaros- 'cut off'. Barth. 796. Temporal use of Av. kaTana- (12.35) attested only in cpds. Barth. 451.

14.27 FINISH (vb.) Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

Tf).ta!, n).wrw 'TEMulww

per-(con-)ftcere, /lnJre

finire finir

acabar iBpr/1»i, Bjlr,;

Jorcennim criochnuighim, cuirim deireadh Ie diwetidu, gorflen

peurober

""luIIan, ~ull;""

juU-

Lith. Lett. CbSl. SCr. Boh.

(Jull)mde, Imyo, luUIr.... finish., end

R""". Skt. Av.

eoda, 1_(ollS) mde, (aJ)81uUe (af)BluI4, 4nc/G

go-(JuU-)endioo,

jremman

Rum.

Ir. Nlr. W. Br.

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG

/remen

.....

g"""

..u....Jm, bund(ig)...

The majority of the vbs. for 'finish' are derived from the sba. for 'end' (14.26). hence lit. 'make an end of, bring to an end', and so also 'complete, accomplish, etc.'. But in some the latter is the primary notion and the temporal secondary. Cf. NE complete. fulfil. etc. 1. Grk. TE~Ec.", TEMVTa.W, NG Tt:M'WIIW, fro .!>.o., TE)..OUN, 'end' (14.26). 2. Lat. perficere. conficere, perfect. cpds. of Jacere 'do, make'. Lat. finlre (> It. finire. Fr. finir). fro finis 'end' (14.26). Sp. acabar. fro cabo 'end' (12.35). Rum. isprlWi. fro Slavic. cf. ChS!. isprafJiti 'make straight', etc. Tiktin 857f. Rum. sflr¥-. fro Slavic. cf. SCr. svrSiti, etc. (below. 6). Tiktin 1418. 3. Ir. forcennim. W. gorifen. Corn. gorJenne. fro Ir. forcend. W. (old) gorifen,

982

(.... )konlCati a-,do-t!riiti (do-, B-, u-) komili (do-, B-, wy-) kon'eJlyl (o-)konili!',doHrlit' aGm4paya.-, 0lI084-

West Gmc. chiefly in cpde. with 'full-' or other perfect. prefix (NHG (be)endigen fr. late MHG endec 'coming to an end'), fro the words for 'end', ON endi, etc. (12.35). ON IUka (often also with prep . ..(11). lit. 'shut. close' (12.25). Dan. (af)slutte, Sw. (aJ)sluta, fro MLG slu!en 'cloee, finish', cf. Dan., Sw. slut 'end' (14.26). OEfullfremman. gefremman. ME fullfrerne. OHG gifremen, duruhjremen, MHG gevr"""",. perfect. cpds. of OE fremman. OHG fremen, etc. 'perform, effect' (fr. OE fram 'stout, firm', etc.) ME fenys. finisck, NE finish. fro OFr. fenir, stemfenise- (Fr.finir, above, 2). 5. Lith. baigti. Lett. beigt (and per-

(ool)eindigen (gi)ontOn, g>-(duruh-)

MHG tIO!-(g&-)endon, NHG

Pol.

(po-)boig OFr. desister > NE desi8t), cpd. of de 'from, down' and sistere 'make stand, stop'. Lat. cessar6 'be slow, inactive, remiss', hence also 'cease' (> It. eessare, Fr. cesser, Sp. Ce8aT), frequent. of cedere 'go, go away, withdraw, yield'. Ernout-M. 169. Walde-H. 1.193. Rum. tnata 'be still, quiet'. and

TIME prob. semantic borrowing), or less commonly ChS!.. Boh. uslati, Po!. ustat. perfect. cpds. of 8tati, etc. 'take a stand', hence 'come to a standstill'. Cf. NE 8top in sense of 'cease'.

Grk. NG Lat.

..........

........

pardtua, praeaw

(adv.) It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W. Br.

pronlo

prit pronlo

gat. oirlam ullamh parod

983

7. Skt. upa-ram- and ni-ram- lit. 'come to rest', cpds. of ram- 'rest'. Skt. ni-vrt-, cpd. of ni- 'down, back' and vrt- 'turn', hence 'turn back, abstain from, cease'.

14.29 READY Goth. man_ ON b'flinn Dan. Jardig Sw. Jardig OE gur. radi(g), yare ME NE ready Du. bereld, gereed OHG gar MHG gare, bereite, gereiu NHG berelt. /ertig

Lith . Lett. ChSl. SCr. Boh. Pol.

Russ. Skt. Av.

-

go/avGB

gotovl!. gotov, apreman

IwI Fr. pret 'ready', It., Sp. pre8to 'quick, soon, at once'), fro prae 'in front of, before', second part prob. : 8Uire 'stand' or sinere 'place, put' (Le. ·prae-sito, cf. po-aitus). Ernout-M. 805 f. Lat. prilmptus 'at hand. ready. prompt' (> It.• Sp. pronto). pple. of pramere 'produce'. Rum. gala. fro Slavic, ChS!. goto.il. etc. (below.6). 3. Jr. airlam (aurlam, irlam, erlam), NIr. urlamh. ullamh. fro °ar-ro-lam. lit. 'at hand' : lam 'hand'. W. parod. fro Lat. pariitu, (above. 2). Loth. Mots lat. 193. Br. dare, older darev (also 'done' = 'cooked', as now), orig. 3sg. (= MW deryw 'happens') of darbout 'be on the point of (doing something)'. now dar-

.(ez)out 'happen', cpd. of bout 'be'. Henry 89. Pedersen 2.442. 4. Goth. manwus, etym. disputed but prob. as orig. 'at hand' : Lat. manus 'hand'. Walde-Po 2.272. Feist 345. ON btZinn, pple. of bila 'prepare', hence 'prepared. ready'. like Lat. pariltUB.

Dan. frerdig. Sw. fdrdig, fro MLG verdich = NHG fertig (below). Falk-Torp 289. OE gearo. ME yare (NE yare now obs. or dia!.), OHG garo. MHG gare. NHG gar (now mostly of finished products, as cooked food, dressed skins, etc.), prob. cpd. of Gmc. gao. ge_. with forms like OE earu, OS aTU, ON p7T 'swift, ready' : Skt. aram 'suitably', Grk. apapia.", 'join. fit'. etc. Walde-P. 1.69 ff.• 6SS. Weigand-H. 1.620. NED S.V. yare. adj. OE gerl!de ('arranged, skilled'), ME rtMi(g). NE ready, OHG mreiti. MHG bereite, gereite, NHG bereit, Du. bereid, gereed : Goth. garaips 'arranged, appointed', garaidjan 'order', ON grei.'lJr 'straight. clear. free' (> ME gr4ith 'ready'), greitia 'arrange'. OE (ge)rmdan

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

984

er ist mit seinem gelde fertig, is here, in

The development is clearly fro

There is no direct formal or semantic connection with OE ridan, OHa Titan 'ride' (88 Falk-Torp, Weigand-H., K1uge-G.), even if the two groups are ultimately related. NHG fertig, fro MHG vertic, vertec

- 'heat, summer', fr. the root .clheg"h- in Skt. dah-, Lith. dogti, etc., 'burn', and also (with init. doublets, ... Skt. ",""" Lith. a8ara: Grk. 8&.pv Goth. IagT 'tear', etc.), Skt. ahan-, Av. azan 'day'. Walde-Po 1.849 f. WaldeH. 1.467. Falk-Torp 133, 176. Feist 113. 5. Skt. ahan- (nom.-&Cc. ag. ahar, instr. sg. ahncl, etc.), Av. azan- (loc. sg. aoni, etc.), see above, 4, with refs. Av. ayan- (nom. sg. aya,.., gen. ag. allqn, etc., neut. r/n stem like Skt. ahan-, above), prob. : Grk. ~p, 'in the morning', Goth. air, ON 4r, etc., 'early', Goth.j"', Av. ya,.. 'year', etc. Walde-Po 1.3. OPers. Mula (zlapa!1cl roulapatiua 'either by night or by day', 1 Tauta 'one day', etc.) : Av. Taolah- 'light', Skt. TUC'shine', Grk. Xewcin 'bright', Lat. I"", 'light', etc. Walde-Po 2.308 If.

992

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

-

TIME

14.42 NIGHT Grlt.

NO Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum.

Ir. Nir. W. Br.

>bE

..bxr.

Got.h. ON

"""

Dan. Sw.

fIs; Lat. aurlira (mostly poet.. as also the lit. It .• Sp. aurora. Fr. aurore. Rum. auror4); Ir. Iflir ('sunrise'). W. gwawr (Br. gwere-laoU61l 'morning star'); Lith. aulra. Lett. a........ (new formation fr. aUllt. above); Bkt. UfGB-. Av. ulah- (also Skt. Uf-. UfO-. Av. ul-. but secondary).

2. Grk. 6p8"",. prob. 'dawn' fro 'sunrise' : Iop8/JS 'upright. straight'. Skt. vrdh- 'grow'. ChS!. rana 'early in the morning'. etc. (14.16). Walde-P. 1.289 f. Grk. «Vy.j 'light'. esp. 'daylight'. hence late (NT. pap.). NG 'dawn' : Alb. aglJroi:h i mbt'iveach, 111"'11 "",'/waz

Du.

....wh-

sera, above). Pedersen l.208. Loth, Mots lat. 178. W. ucher (obs.), Corn. gurtlrruker, etym. dub. Pokorny Z. celt. Ph. 15.377 (VB. Pedersen l.75, etc.). Br. abardasz, etym.? Henry 2. Ernault, Diet. ~tym. 193. 5. Goth. andanahti, lit. 'the period extending toward the night' (and, anda'on, to' and nahts 'night'). Feist 47. ON kveld (Dan. krnoId poet. and arch.), Sw. kv ME, NE evening), prob. fro the root in Goth. iftuma 'following, I&ter', afar 'after', Skt. apara- 'later, western', Grk. i"lrL 'to, on', bI/IE 'late', etc. WaldeP. 1.123. Falk-Torp 15. NED S.VV. even, sh.l, evening, sh. 1• 6. Skt. dofii- (RV etc., AV also

999

d... 001 Begod.nja

«dud

cpd•. of Ir. article i,,(d) and Britannic pron. stem he- (IE • .".) with old dat. (orig. instr.) sg. of the word for 'day', Ir. dia, etc. Pedersen 2. 92, 190. Thurneysen, Gram. 217. 4. Goth. himma daga dat. sg. (once alBo hina dag acC. sg.), lit. 'this day' (pron. stem hi- fro IE ~-). ON. dag, Dan., Sw. i dag (also idag), phrase with prep. i 'in' j similarly OE to dreg, ME to day, NE today with to, and Du. vandaag with van 'from, of'. Du. heden, MDu. heden, beside hilde(n), OS hiud", OHG hiutu, MHG hiute, NHG heme, fro *hiu-tagu 'on this day', cpd. with pron. stem in Goth. himma, etc. (above). Weigand-H. 1.860. Franck-V. W. 237. 5. Lith. Biandien, Lett. suodien, fro forms of BiB 'this' and diena 'day'. 6. ChS!. dlnlsl, etc., general Slavic fro dlnl and pron. sI 'this' (reformed Russ. 8ego-dnja adv. gen.). Berneker 253. Bruckner 113. 7. Skt. adya, adya, cpd. of pron. stem a- (in a-sliu 'that') and dy4 : dyaus, Lat. die., etc. 'day'. Walde-P. 1.98.

du maurgina (giaCradagio) 4 morgin

imorgen. imtlT"flon UJmorgen(.) to ........(n)

torrwrraw ....gen

Most of the expressions for 'tomorrow' are derived from words for 'morning' (14.44), the semantic development being 'in the morning' = 'on the following morning', whence with extension to the entire day 'tomorrow'. 1. Grk.

a~pu>.,

ryto01

Lith. Lett. CbSl. SOr. Boh. Pol.

juba

RUl!8.

ZOIItra

Bkt. Av.

PIG
Sp. reloj; Rum. orolo",u modern lit. word). REW4183. 2. It. ariolo fr. VLat. "hOrariolurn, deriv. of the late Mrarium 'dial, clock' (: hOra 'hour'). REW 4177a. It. pendolo, Fl'. pendule (> Du. pendule), properly 'pendulum', but by extension esp. a clock of which the movement is regulated by means of the pendulum. Fr. montre, back-formation fro mantrer 'show' J used for

IS

showing' J hence

also 'face of a clock' (ohe.) and later 'watch'. Rum. ceas, ceasornic, formerly the genera] word for 'timepiece', but now

1001

'time' (often also 'period of time, fixed time', but NIcel. also 'hour'), see 14.11. 4. Lith. valando, formerly 'a period of time, a while' (Kurschat), but now the standard word for 'hour' (cf. NSB. sV. adyna) : Lat. IIOWend... 'rolling on' (of years, months), ..lIIere 'turn, roll', ChSI. lIBliti 'roll', etc. Semantic development throngh the notion of 'time' as a turning cycle (cf. Slavic VT~, 14.11). Walde-P. 1.303. Lith. adyna (formerly the usual word), heside gadym 'age, epoch, period', fro WhRuss. hodzina 'hour, time', CC. ChSI. godina, etc. (heIow). Bruckner, SI. Fremdworter 83. Lett. slundo (a1BO Lith. 8lundas, Kurschat, etc.), fro MLG stundo 'hour'. Miihl.-Endz. 3.1106 f. 5. CbSI. godina (reg. rendering of &po in this sense in Gospels), Boh. Iwdina, Pol. godzina, fr. ChSI. goda period of 'time' (14.11). Berneker 316 If. ChSI. Cas1l (renders &pa, but in GospelB only in Bense 'period of time'), RUBB. Cas : Boh. cas, Pol. czas general 'time' (14.11). SCr. IJtit and sahat 'hour' and 'clock', fro Turk. 8M! id. SCr. ura likewise 'hour' and 'clock', fro NHG ukr. 6. The Sanskrit division of the day does not, of course, agree with the European, and the systems of division mentioned by the Hindus themselves vary according to period and type of literature. The later division consists of the ghajaka- (ghalikll-, ghala-, etc.), pala-, vipala-, prativipala-, the relation heing 60 ghajikas to the day, 60 palas to the ghajaka, etc. (cf. Sewell-Diksit, Indian Calendar, p. 2). The first term is prob. identical with ghaja-, ghafakll- 'jar, pitcher' through use &8 a measure. The origin of pala-, used also of a certain weight (4 karfaB) and a liquid measure

TIME

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

1002

Sp. Rum.

The Greeks borrowed the division of the day into hours from the Babylonians (cf. Hdt. 2.109). However, the hour of the Babylonians was actually a double hour, i.e., n the entire day, whereas the Greeks divided ouly the period of light (day VB. night) into twelve partB. This 8ystem was adopted likewise by the R0mans. Much later the night was divided in similar fashion. Consequently, the period of time covered by an hour was variable according to the length of the day, dspending upon the seasons. This state of alfaire lasted well up into the Middle Ages. Cf. Sehrader, ReaIlex. B.V. stundo; Kubitsehek, Grd. d. antik. Zeitrechnung 178. The 'hour' was designated by wordo which were originally, and often continued to he, used as more general terms for 'time' or for various periods of time. But Grk. &p«, through Lat. Mm, in its specialised sense, eventually spread over western Europe, either as 'hour' or as 'clock' (14.53). 1. Grk. dJpo., 'period of time, season' J etc. (14.11), specialised to 'hour'. Hence Lat. Mm, whence It. ora, Sp. Mra, (Rum. oara only dial. 'hour', or pI. ori in phrases for 'what time' or 'so many times'), Fr. Mure, OFr. (h)ure, (h)ore > ME (h)UTe, (h)oure, NE hour; alBo Ir. Dr, dar, NIr. uair, W. aun", Br. eUT, Du. UUT, MDu., MLG are > MHG ar(e), NHG ukr. REW 4176. Lotb, Mots lat. 135.

1003

(since the introduction of orologiu for 'clock') 'watch', fro Slavic, cf. ORuss. Casovlnik1l, deriv. of ca8tl 'time'. Tiktin 329. Dic~. enc. B.V. 3. Ir. uairle ('clock'? NIr. uairledn 'Bun-dial', Dinneen), prob. fro Lat. Iwrologium, Loth, RC 32.305. NIr. clog, fro Ir. c!oc(c) 'hell' = W. clock 'bell' : Grk. 1C),a.m 'noise, clamor', Lat. clangere 'sound, cry', etc. From the Celtic, through MLat. c!oc(c)a 'hell', come MLG klocke 'hell, striking clock' (> Dan. klokke 'hell', dial. 'clock', Sw. k!ocka 'clock, hell'), Du. klok (> ME clocke, NE clock> W. cloc), but OE cluege, OHG g!ocka, NHG gloclre 'hell'. Walde-P.1.496. FaIk-Torp 535. WaldeH. 1.227. NED 8.V. clock, sb. l • NIr. uaireadoir 'watch', deriv. of uair 'hour'. VendryeB, De hib. vOC. 184. W. awrlais, older orlais and orlayds, fro ME orloge (with pop. transformation &8 cpd. of awr 'hour' and llais 'voice, sound'?). Parry-Williams 212 f. Br. Iwrolaj, fro Fr. Mrloge. 4. OE da!gml!1 (reg. gi. to iwrologium), cpd. of dreg 'day' and ml!1 'measure, mark'. ME clock Dan. sind, Sw. sinne), all with indriya- TattvB8. 48.3.74). Skt. intlriya-- 'sense' or 'sense-organ', also 'mind, understanding, meaning, etc.' : Lat. sentire, Ben8'U8, etc. (above, lit. 'vigor, energy', sb. fro adj. indrilla2). Falk-Torp 967 f. Hellquist 911 f. 'belonging to Indra'. Av. bud- (= Skt. budh-, above) 'be5. Lith. ja...ti, Lett. ja...t (beside juati, j ...t 'feel, notice'), with sbs. Lith. come aware of', 'feel' (hunger and jausmas. Lett. jauklu., prob. : Skt. api- thirst). 'smell'. Barth. 918.

1020

1022

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS 15.21-24 SMELL 15.22 15.23 vb.obj. sb. subj.

15.21 vb. subj.

Grk .

NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Jr. NJr. W. Br. Goth.

ON

Dan. Sw.

.....-

...,zr..,...,... _01,1....... ... odorars -

oUr" JraqrIJro amIir

miron

SENSE PERCEPTION

15.24 sh. obj.

.

(66••)

amtir, jf4irer olsr

""pwB.,' _

"""""'&4

odorat, flair oI,Ioto

odour

odordt...

odorars

olsr miroai boIad, boItuntul with vb. boIadA with vb.

mirOB

odoro odor

aim miroa bolad, boItuntul boIadA IJI'OgI dl&oua _

lJI'OgIi

lJI'OgIi

c'1Iouua

c'1Ioua with vb.

boIIela, pefja (c!. also Norw. /£rI, vb. !eva'smell') : OE J>ejian 'pant, be heated', Lat. /£por 'warmth', Skt. tapas- 'heat', ate. Development of 'smell' (and 'taste') through the steaming of cooking food. Wald...P.1.719. Falk-Torp 1251. ON ilmr, mostly 'good smell' (vs. dau.... 'bad smell'). but &leo 'smell', ilming or ilmingaT llit 'sense of smell', with vb. ilma, etyro.? Dan.lug~ Sw. lukt, whence vbs.lugte, lukta, fro MHG lucht 'air, hreath, smell' (as Du. lucht also sometimes 'smell') NHG Iult 'air', etc. (1.71). Falk-Torp 661. Hellquist 593. OE .tincan (ohj.), geatincan (subj.), with sh . • tenc, OHG .tincan, sh . • tank, all used for 'smell' in general (the restricted application to bad smells as in NE .tink, .tench. NHG .tinken, geatank, being later), prob. : Goth. Btigqan 'hit. collide with', ON .~kkua 'spring, leap'. through the notion of something that hits one, strikes one forcibly (cf. lcel. hnies 'un-

1024

.....u.,

cr.

6. Lith. oom, ....tyli, Lett. ....t, see above, l. Hence sbs. Lith. ""sl4..., Pol. wqc1uu!, wcch, tDOIi,

1026

RUBB. njucluU', obonjanie (vonjat' 'stink', rxm' 'stench'), all fro .on-, *on-s, with or without the development of initial. (cf. Vondrllk l.214): Skt. a... 'breathe', Grk. AIfEPOI 'wind' J Lat. animus 'mind', haldro 'breathe', etc. Walde-Po 1.56 ff. Miklosich 222. Otherwise, separating into three groups, Bruckner 364, 604, 630f. Boh. pdchnouti, Pol. padinqt, Russ. padinUf, Boh., Pol., RUBB. zapadi: ChSI. podwti 'tOBB, fan', RUBB. pdchnut' 'blow', prob. fro a root .pIr- 'blow', perh. seen in some Gmc. words, as OE 1m. 'fringe'. Walde-Po 2.67. Bruckner 389. Boh. lichati, sb. cw. : i!ili 'perceive, feel' (15.11), also with specialization to 'smell' (so freq. also Pol. ceue), as in Fr. aentir. Berneker 162. 8. Skt. ghr6.-, with sb. ghriJ.fJO- (mostly obj., hut also subj.; cf. Bohtlingk, Wtb. s.v.), see Grk. 004>PA'''''I"''' above, 1. Skt. (Idan 'smell') : Skt. budh'be awake', 'become aware of'. WaldeP. 2.147. Barth. 917 r.

term8-iUld this i8 linguistically more important than any similar distinction, that is, of good and bad, in the case of the other senses. Otherwise, we have recourse to terms belonging primarily to other senses, especially taste (the actual confusion of smell and taste, the fact that certain 'tastes' really depend upon smell, is hardly a factor in this, it is too little known), as sweet, acrid, pungent (orig. of touch, 'pricking'), etc. Or else we describs the smeU by naming the ohject which emits it, as the smell of a rose. Similar expressions are, of course, used of other senses, the taste of an apple, the sound of a bell, etc., but we are leBB dependent upon them, 8ince there are at least 80me generic terms. The Hindus enumerated nine kinds of smell, the Skt. terms (quoted in BR, S.V.

15.25, 26. Aristotle (De animo 2.9) romarked on the lack of any independent classification of smells analogous to that of tasta. (as 'sweet, bitter', etc.), and the situation is the same today. There is still neither an accepted scientific classification nor a popular classification reflected in common speech, that is truly distinctive of the sense of smell. The ouly widespread popular distinction is that of pleasant and unpleasant smells-good and bad smells, to use the briefest

The majority of the words for 'fragrant' are derived from words for 'smell' (15.21-24), either with an adv. prefix 'well', 'sweet', or more often lestingon a specialization of 'smell' to 'good smell'. 1. Grk. '~" cpd. of .1>- 'well' and the root of ai.. 'smell'. NG ,.."..,&.... , deriv. of 'smeD' and 'good smell'. 2. Lat. fragriJns (> It. f1'O(J7'Onl£, OFr., NE frogront, Sp. fragantel; pple. of fragriire 'emit a (good) smell'.

doflande), pple. of duflen 'emit fragrance', deriv. of dult 'fragrance' (in this sense > Dan. dult, Sw. doft), also 'fine mist', fro MHG tuft, OHG dult 'mist, hoarfrost' : ON dupt 'dust, pollen', Skt. dhapa- 'vapor, incense', dhuma'smoke, vapor', Lat. !fi.mWl 'smoke', Goth. dauns 'smell', etc. Falk-Torp 163. Weigand-H. 1.387. (Otherwise, fro ·dum/t : dampf 'steam', etc., Kluge-G. U6).

5. Lith. krJapus, levapingas, orig. merely 'smelling', then esp. 'fragrant': ktxJpa8 'smell', Lett. smarlains, smar8rg8, fro smarsa '(good) smell' (OLith. smar8tas); also smardig., fr.1I1TIllJ'ds '(good) smell' (Lith. smardos, ChSI. smrad4, etc. 'stench'), all : Lett. smirdl!t 'stink', smirdfg. 'stinking', etc. (15.26). Miihl.-Entlz. 3.954. 6. ChSI. blagovonln4 (Supr.), Russ. b/.agovonnyj, Cpds. of blag/l 'good' and deriv. of CbBl. wmja 'smell', Boh. 1>4..., Pol. tDOIi, etc. (15.23), whence Boh. f1011.ny, Pol. 'f.DOn.nll, orig. 'smelling', then 'fragrant'.

sCr. mirisaD or mirisan (also miomirisan, with mio 'dear'), fro mirisati'smel1'. Russ. du.8i.tyj, fro duBit' 'choke, stille', rell. 'perfume oneself': duch 'breath, spirit', etc. (4.51).

7. Skt. sugandhi-, fro su,-gandha- 'fragrance', cpd. of 811'smell'. Av. hubaoli-, also sb. 'fragrance', cpd. of hu- (= Skt. 811apingIIJI'dIgt ON CbSI. "",-"'II po/g6IJr fragr&u, odmif.,.

It.

~fraIJronIo,

Gr! It. guswre, Fr. gOOter, Sp. guswr, Rum. gusw) sb. gU8tU8 (> It., Sp. gU8W, Fr. gOOt, Rum. gust) and guslalus; Goth. kiusan 'make trial of, prove' (renders iJOIIW«tW), OE coosan 'choose', Goth. kausjan 'taste of' (renders 'YEUOP.o.t, in lit. sense Lk. 14.24, elsewhere as in 'taste of death'; sb. kustus quotable only as 'trial, proof'), OE coslian 'try, prove, tempt', OHG kosron 'try', MHO, NHG kosten 'taste of'; Skt. jUfJ- 'enjoy. be pleased', Av. zaosa- 'pleasure'. 2. Grk. Xiip.6S', orig. 'juice' (: XEw 'pour'), hence 'taste' obj. in contrast to 'YEua'~S' 'taste' subj. (eL esp. Aristot., De animo 2.1O), which in NG has both values. Grk. OOl,~po.tW 'make trial of, approve' (9.98), in NG 'make tria] of' and 'taste', but only in sense of NHG kosten. For 'taste' = 'perceive by taste' NG 'YEVoIJ.a.t lit., with no pop. substitute. 3. Lat. sapere, 'taste' obj. and 'be wise, know' (VLat. *sapere > It. sapere, Sp. saber still 'taste' obj. beside 'know', Fr. savoir 'know'), sb. sapor (> It. sapore, Fr. saveur, Sp. sabor; NE savor fro OFr. savur) : OE sefa 'under-

_to

bla8

Du.

standing, mind, sense', OHG inseffan 'perceive', MHG enlseben 'perceive' and esp. 'taste'. Walde-Po 2.450 f. ErnoutM.894.

XUJoIbs

'rEi/cns

goUter

OHG MHG NHG

=

.a_

.,..tar.

OE ME NE

phrases like 'be sweet', 'seem sweet' 'taste sweet', etc.

15.34 sb.obj.

It.

ON

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

15.33 sb .•ubj.

F,. Sp. Rum. h.

Dan. Sw.

1030

1029

garro tI1i.kU8il ok..

chut' smal< ,k.. Ttl8endriya- (1)

omook

.....

geschmack

skonis garsa viiktL.t1l ok.. chut' (okus)

"""" ,klU

ized) still used also for, the notion of 'try, make trial of' (9.98). Besides those listed, other vbs. for 'try' may, of course, be used with reference to taste, as NE try (this wine), NHG promer"", etc. Of all the five senses, 'taste' is the one most closely associated with fine discrimination, hence the familiar secondary uses of words for 'taste, good taste' with reference to aesthetic appreciation. The obj. notion is the earlier and more important for the ab. use and also underlies many of the vbs. But in several languages there is no vb. for the obj. notion (NE it wstes of, wstes good), which is expressed by 'have a taste', or other

SENSE PERCEPTION 'vapor', fro root *dhem- in Skt. dham'blow', etc. Falk-Torp 131. OE smrecc, smreccan (NE smack, smatch), OHG 8maC, -smahhen, smecchen, MHG smecken, &macken, smac (also 'smell', cf. 15.21-24), NHG geschmack, schmecken, Du. smaken, smook (Dan., Sw. forms fro LG), all most commonly in the obj. sense: Lith. smaguriai'dainties', smagus 'pleasing' and prob. (init. sm/m) Lith. megti 'be pleasing', mtginti 'try'. Walde-Po 2.689. Falk-Torp 1075 f. Weigand-H. 2.745. ME wst, taste, vb. taste(n}, used both of 'touch' and 'taste', NE taste, fro OFr. tast, vb. wster (Fr. tdter) 'feel of' (15.72). 6. Lith. ragauti, sb. ragavimas (act of tasting and sense of taste), etym.? Walde-P.2.366. Lith. skonis, orig. 'good taste' (not in Kurschat, where only vb. skoneli 'have a good taste', and brwkas for 'taste') : skanus 'good tasting', outside connections? Leskien, Ablaut 373. Lett. baudit 'try, taste', prob. : Lith. budeli 'be awake', Skt. budh- 'be awake, be conscious of, perceive', Av. bud- 'perceive, smell', Grk. 1fEfJ8op.o.~ 'learn of', etc. Leskien, Ablaut 294. Miihl.-Endz. 1.266 f. Lett. garsa (whence vb. garsuot): gards, Lith. gardus 'good tasting', perh. Skt. grdh- 'be greedy', gardha- 'greed'. Muhl.-Endz. 1.602, 604. Adversely, Walde-Po 1.633. 7. ChSl. vukusiti, sb. vukusu, SCr. okusiti, okus, ukus, Bah. okusiti, okouseti, okus, Russ. vkusit' (archaic), vkus, cpds. (SCr. also kuSati) of kus- loanword fro Goth. kausjan 'taste' (above, 1). Berneker 625 f. Stender-Petersen 372 f. Otherwise (as native Slavic: ChS!. kqsati 'bite'), Bruckner 284 f., KZ 42.351.

geschmack

ragcunmaa

"""" """"'" ..... """", .....

1031

Boh. chutnati, sb. chut' (also 'desire') : Pol. ch{c 'desire', etc., fro a nasalized form of the root in ChSI. choteti 'wish', etc. Berneker 399. Pol. koszwwaC, fro NHG kosten (above, 1). Bruckner 260. Pol. IflfIak, vb. smakowaC, fro MHG smac, smacken (above, 5). Bruckner 503. RUSB. otvedat', cpd. of vedal' 'know'. 8. Skt. ..ad- 'make palatable', also 'taste well' and subj. 'taste, enjoy' : svadu- 'sweet', Grk. ~ovS' 'pleasant', etc. (15.35). Skt. rasa- 'juice, sap, fluid' and esp. 'taste' (obj.), whence vb. ras- 'taste' : Lith. rasa, ChSl. rosa, Lat. ros 'dew'. Walde-Po 1.149. Skt. word for 'sense of taste', rasendriya-(?}, cpd. of rasa- and indriya'sense' (15.11). So Monier-Williams, Eng.-Skt. Dict., but not in BR and perh. fictitious. No Av. words for 'taste' quotable.

15.35-39. The Hindus recognized six principal varieties of taste with sixtythree possible mixtures (cf. BR s.v. rasa), the Greeks eight (Aristot., De anima 422b 11 f., Pluto 913 B, etc.). These included the four that are now regarded as fundamental, namely 'sweet', 'bitter', 'acid', 'salt', the words for which are discussed in the following. The others were Ipungent' (Ork. 6ptp.vs, Skt. katuka-), 'astringent' (Grk. a'TPV'~1. (oal.)

NO Lst.

')'XIIKOJ dulcis (......)

It. Fr.

dal..

Sp. Rum.

Ir.

It. amaro, Fr. amer, Rum. amar; Sp. amargo deny. of amargar'make bitter', fro VLat. amllri~

kwaAny

oUr

earlier NHG ,alz, now salzig; Lett. siilits (pple. of salit 'to salt'), siJ.I:'fI8; ChS!. slanii, etc., general Slavic. 2. An exception to the usual Gmc., to which Professor Wartburg called my attention, is the common Swiss use of rass 'sharp, biting' (OHG rdzi, MHG r"",e 'wild, sharp, biting') instead of salzig . CI. Schweizerisches Idiotikon 6.1271. 3. Ir. goirt 'bitter' (15.37), also 'salt' .

15.37 BITTER Goth.

~

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Slavic goreti 'burn', etc., IE *(f"her-. Walde-Po 1.688. Pedersen 1.33. Berneker 332 I.

Grk.

Skt.

1033

SENSE PERCEPTION

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

1032

"'"

80nida

aw

.unet

eisteacht

jogur, jflaim, gllw /ooi"" gllir,joghar

hIlre/a. hIlr.el

.,,,.

hlj;;3 lyd ljud

hlyst

sweg, hleoPor, hlyn(n)

bering hearing

Bound

g ,lud> ~uti-,

lilt

cvuk

dzvi(lPOV), mostly 'look', sometimes intr. 'see, have power of sight', later also trans. 'look at' and 'see' (all these uses in NT), now the reg. pres. for 'see' in NG, etym.? Boisacq 122 f. For detailed discussion of the preceding Grk. words (also those for 'eye'), cf. A. Prevot, Rev. de phil. 61.133 II., 233 II. NG ws TOV 'lost his sight'. 7. Lat. videre, etc., above, 1; aspicere, etc., above, 3. It. guardare, Fr. regarder 'look', through 'watch', fro Gmc. word for 'guard, watch', OHG warten, OE weardian, etc. REW 9502. It. mirare, Sp. mirar (Fr. mirer arch. in this sense) 'look', through 'gaze with wonder', fro Lat. miraN, mirare 'wonder at'. REW 5603. Rum. se uita 'look', orig. 'forget oneself' (uita 'forget', 17.32), then 'forget oneself, be lost in gazing at something, stare, look'. Cf. Bulg. zabravyam se 'forget oneself, gape at', and Sp. mirar (above), NE gape orig. 'yawn'in gape at 'stare at', etc. REW 6015. Tiktin 1673. Sandfeld, Idg. Anz. 20.182, Ling. balle 87. 8. Ir. ad-ciu, NIr. (do-)ehim 'see', Ir. deccu, 3sg. do-ecai 'see' and esp. 'look' (cl. ni diiceu darmmesi 'I look not behind me' Thes. 1.650, decce lat corintiu 'look at the Corinthians', Thes. 1.562), here also imc(c)aisiu 'sight' vbl. n. of imm-accai 'considerat', all fr. *k'"'eis-, prob. an extension of *k"'ei- in Skt. ci'notice, observe', Grk. Tlw 'honor', etc. PederBen 2.487 II. Walde-P. 1.509. Ir.Jechaim, Nlr.jeachaim 'look', with vbl. n. jeachain, etym. dub. Pedersen 2.490. NIr. dearcaim, W. edrych 'look', with sbs., above, 2. W. gweled, Corn. gwelfJ8, Br. gwelet 'see', with sb. Br. gwel(ed) 'sight' (subj., obj.) : Ir. fili (gen. filed) 'poet' (orig. 'seer'), OE wlitan, ON lita 'look', etc. Walde-P. 1.293. Ir. sellaim, sillim, W. syllu, Corn.

1041

lO43

sylly, Br. scUtt 'look', with sbs. Ir. sell 'eye, pupil', Br. sell 'look' : Grk. uTi)..{3w 'glitter'? Walde-P. 2.646. Pedersen 1. 78 f. Stokes 313 f. NIr. amhare 'sight' (subj.), perh. : Lith. merkti 'blink'. Zupitza KZ 36.235. Rejected by Walde-Po 2.274. W. golwg 'sight' (subj., obj.), above, 5. Ir. ecosc 'sight' (obj.), abstract of *ind-com-sech- (3sg. inchosig) 'point out' : Goth. saihwan 'see', etc. Walde-Po 2.477 II. Pedersen 2.619 II. 9. Goth. saihwan, ON sja, OE seon, etc., general Gmc. (with cpds. Du. aanzien, NHG ansehen 'look at'), with sbs. for 'sight', Goth. siun.~, OE gesiht, syn, etc. : Ir. sech- in words for 'point out' and 'sight' (above, 8), IE *sek w-, prob. the same ultimately as *sek'"'- in words for 'say', Grk. ~V~1I"W, Lat. inseque, inquam, etc., and also *sek"'- in words for 'follow', Grk. bop,a" Lat. 8equor, etc., though opinions dilIer in regard to the semantic starting-point and sequences. Walde-Po 2.476 II., eBp. 480. Feist 404 f. Buck, AJPh. 36.128 f. ON llta, OE wlitan 'look' (Goth. wlairon 'look around', once; wlits 'face') : W. gweled 'see', etc. (above, 8), perh. also Goth. WUlftU8 'glory', Lat. vultus 'countenance'. Walde-P.1.293. Feist 571, 577. OE 1000an, ME loke, NE look, with sb. ME 10k, NE look (obj., now more commonly pI. looks) : OHG luogen 'spy on', outside connections dub. Walde-Po 2.381. OE sceawian 'look at' (ME shewe, NE show with shift to cauS. meaning, cf. NED s.v.), OHG seQUwlin, MHG Beouwen, NHG schauen, etc. : Grk. (JVOUKOo'S 'one who inspects the sacrifices, priest', KoEW 'perceive', Lat. cavere 'beware', etc. Walde-P. 1.370. Walde-H. 1.186 I. NE vision 'sight' (subj.), in earliest ME use only for the obj. mystical 'vision' (cf. NED a.v.), fro OFr. vision, Lat.

1044

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

visio'sight' (subj.) and esp. obj. 'vision, apparition' . ME appara11,Ce, NE appearance, fro OFr. aparance, late Lat. apptlrentia 'becoming visible', deriv. of apparere 'become visible, appear'. Cf. NED s.v., esp. 11. Duo kijken 'peep, stare', but also commonly 'look' : ME kike 'peep', NE dial. kook (cf. NED s.v.), etc., doubtless fro an exclamatory syllable, as are also the similar, but not identical, NE peep, Dan. title, Sw. titta, NHG gucken 'peep' and colloquial for 'look' (guck mal hin!). Hellquist 1192. NHG blicken (NHG or LG > Sw. blicka; Hellquist 78) 'look' (also 'gleam, shine'), fro MHG blicken, OHG blicchen 'gleam, shine', beside ab. OHG blicch, MHG blic 'gleam, lightning', whence NHG blick 'glance, look', and through this the use of the vb. in sense of 'look'. Weigand-H. 1.253. 10. Lith. matyti 'see': Lett. matU 'feel, perceive, notice', ChSl. si1.-motriti, Russ. smotret' 'look at, regard, consider', perh. Grk. /J-o.TEUW 'seek', etc. Walde-Po 2.239. Trautmann 171. Muhl.-Endz. 2.566. Lith. regeti, Lett. redzet 'see', with sbs. Lith. regejimas, Lett. redze 'sight' (subj.), etym.? Walde-Po 2.366. Muhl.-Endz. 3.503. Lith. u'ilreli 'look' : Lett. zvers 'flashing', zveruot 'gleam, glow', etc. Cf. on NHG blicken, above. Walde-P.1.643. Lith. veizdeti 'look' (common in the Trowitsch NT, where Kurschat has iiureti, but now obs.), Lett. veids 'appearance', above, 1. Hence (like NHG aussehen) iSvaizda 'look, appearance' (NSB, etc.). Lith. iirodyti 'point out', also 'have the appearance' (sb. iSroda 'appearance' (in NSB; "unsuccessful neolog." Senn),

1046

cpd. of rodyti 'point out' - Lett. radit id., etym.? Muhl.-Endz.3.49I'. Lett. lilkuot 'look at, observe', refl. lUkuoties 'look', above, 5. Lett. skatu 'look, look at, observe', with sb. izskats 'appearance': Lith. skatytis 'cast one's eyes around', etym.? Muhl.-Endz. 3.874 f. 11. ChS!. videti 'see', etc., above, 1. ChSI. zlreti 'look, see' (renders Grk. (1Xbrw in both senses; perfect. uzf,reti usual for aor. 'and fut. of opaw; much in~ terchange with vidlti, Jagic, Entste· hungsgesch. 329, 409), Boh. zfiti, Pol. Zrzec, Russ. zret' (all these now mostly obs., but cpd. Pol. spojrzec 'look'), with nUmerous derivs. including some for 'sight', as ChSI. zlrenlje (cf. prozlrenlje 'recovery of sight', Lk. 4.19), Russ. zrenie (subj.), ChSI. zrakii (obj. 'appearance, form', in Gospels), Boh. zrak (subj.), Pol. wzrok (subj.), all : Lith. iereti 'gleam, shine'. Walde-Po 1.602. Miklosich 401 f. Bruckner 651, 656. ChSI. gl~ti, BCr. gledati, Boh. hledNi, Russ. gljadet' 'look', Pol. wyglqdac 'look (obj.), appear', sb. wyglqd 'look, appearance' : OHG glanz 'gleaming', etc. Walde-Po 1.625. Berneker 302f. Boh. divati se 'look' : div, ChSI. divo 'wonder', with development as in It. mirare, Sp. mirar 'look' (above, 7), much less probably with retention of an early relation to the notion 'shine', as assumed by Berneker203 and Walde-Po 1.774. Boh. patfiti, Pol. patrzec 'look', also 'belong to' as SCr. patriti, etym.? Bruckner 399. ChBI. sUmotriti, Russ. smotret' : Lith. 'IOOtyti 'see' (above, 10). 12. Skt. dr~-, etc., above, 2. Bkt. Plll;-, above, 3. Av. vain-, OPers. vain- 'see' (most widespread Iran. word, represented in

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

onG ufisan, MHG wisen, NHG weisen, Du. wijzen 'show the way, direct, point', etc.), fro adj. ON viss, OE, OHG wis 'wise' (17.21), hence orig. 'make one wise, knowing' (put one wise in U.S. slang). Falk-Torp 1387. ON sgna (but most common in refl. for 'show itself, appear, seem'), fro synn 'visible', syn 'sight, appearance' : Goth. siuns 'sight', etc., all derivs. of vb. for 'see', Goth. saihvan, etc. (15.51). FalkTorp 1227. ME shew, NE show, fr. OE sceawian 'look at' (15.52), with shift to caus. sense. NED S.v. show, vb. 6. Lith. (pa)rodyti, Lett. radit, perh. : ChSl. raditi 'care, be anxious', Goth.

garedan 'be mindful of', rOdjan 'speak', etc. (18.21). Mtihl.-Endz. 3.495. Trautmann 235. 7. ChSl. kazati, mostly pokazati, etc., this or other cpds. of kazati general Slavic: Skt. k~- 'appear, shine', Av. kas- 'look at, see' (Barth. 459), with variant finals (ii, Ii) of root. Walde-Po 1.511. Berneker 497. ChSI. aviti, jamti (freq. in Gospels, etc.) beside adv. ave, jave 'openly' : Skt. avis, Av. avis 'openly', Grk. aluOallop.a, 'perceive', Lat. audire 'hear', etc. WaldeP.1.17. Berneker 34. 8. Skt. di~·, Av. dis-, above, 1. Skt. dar~ayOr, caus. of dr~- 'see' (15.51).

15.56 SHINE Grk.

}..a.J,.urw, Dan. farve, Sw. Briickner 246. Russ. evet (pI. evota) = evet (pI. evely) fll.19), beside adj. OHG faro 'colored', etc., this prob. ("porl Rum. alb), Umbr. alJu 'alba' : Grk. AlvI>I>. 'dull-white leprosy', AN/>ou,' A•...,., (Hesych.), OHG albiz, ON elptr 'swan' J etc., IE *albho-. Walde-P. 1.93. Emout-M. 31 f. WaldeH.1.26f. Lat. candidus 'bright' (15.57), also 'white'. It. 11ia1lJJO, Fr. blanc, Sp. blanco, fro Gmc., cf. OHO blanc 'shining white', MLG blanc, etc. (15.57). REW 1152. 3. Ir. find, NIr. jiunn, W. f1W1/1I, Br. gwenn, Gall. Vindo-magm, Vindo-bona, prob. as 'white' fro 'visible' : Grk. WA..,.. 'burn, blaze', etc., with development of 'black' fro 'burnt' or 'shining black'(?). Walde-Po 2.215. Falk-Torp 87. NED •.v. 5. Lith. juodas: Lett. juods 'evil spirit, wood or field demon'; but further connection? Muhl.-End•. 2.125. Lett. melns : Ork. ~!A4S (above, 1). 6. ChSI. CriJ.nu, etc., general Slavic: OPruss. kiTtf1Ib.n, Skt. krf7J.., 'black' (15.65). Walde-Po 2.294.

Bp. Rum.

Ir. NIT. W.

Br.

Otk.

NG Lat.

It. Fr. Bp. Rum.

IT. NIT. W.

Br.

...-.

'YaAlUI6r,'YaMl'&Of,

.all'' ......z.u. blu,

O2lZUfTO

bl,. azul aiba'«.0" etym. disputed. The old deriv. fro a Doric form of 'Y.x~... 'calm' (esp. of the sea) is unconvincing. Perh. as orig. 'bluish-white' (on some of the islands '10>..... = 4....pos 'white') fro '1';>'« 'milk'. with suffix often the analogy of 1'.>'«.0, (really ,..>'«11-0,) 'blue-black, livid'. From the same source ('1.;>.. or otherwise) By•. , NG 'Y«X.r... with different suffix. NG l'afJlJ It. blu, NG ",,>' It. 10'80; Fr. row: of hair). whence TU880U8 'reddish' (> Sp. rojo, Port. rou) i Ir. raad, NIr. nMJdk, W. rkudd. Br. rue; Goth. raup.. ON rau3r, OE read, etc., general Gmc" alsQ with different grade ON rjbtJr. OE rlad; Lith. raudas. now usua.JJy raudonas. alao rudas 'red-brown' J Lett. rud& 'reddish' ; late ChSI. riJdTll (rldTll. radTll). ryidf.. rumBn'll (Ser. rumen. Boh. rumBnll. Pol.

1057

kurti 'to heat'. etc. Bemaker 607 f. Walde-Po 1.418 f. 7. Skt. rakta-. lit. 'colored'. pple. of raj- 'be colored' (esp. red). be excited·. etc. : raflga-. raga.. 'color'. etc. (15.61).

lonim~

Pol. Russ. Av.

The majority of the words for 'red' belong to an inherited group pointing to an IE word for 'red'. Several of the others are derived from names of vegetable or animal sources of red dye; some from 'rosy' or 'glowing'.

rumiany,

SENSE PERCEPTION ChSl. krasa 'beauty'. Russ. krasa 'beauty, adornment', etc. (Pol. kras 'color', esp. 'red color' also lbeauty', etc.), prob. as 'glow, splendor' (whence both 'red' and 'beautiful'): Lith. karilas 'hot'.

2. Byz., NG 'JI"pa.owor, also rare class. Grk. (Aristot.• Meteor. passim). orig. 'leck-green', fro rpll.flOl1 'leek'.

3. Lat. viridis (VLat. °virdis > Romance words, also W. gwyrdd, Br. gwer), fro virlre 'be green'. prob. : Lith. veisti 'propagate', ON visiT 'bud, sprout', OE Walde-Po 1.242. Ernout-M.1113. Loth. Mots lat. 177.

Wise 'sprout. stalk·. etc.

Grk. NG Lat.

~

.....

ICLTp'POf

It.

ft4vus (lIelvua) giallo

Fr. Sp.

jaune amariUo

Rum.

galben

Ir.

buide buidhe

"'11"

4. Ir . ..aine (uaithne). etym.? Macbain 384. 5. ON gramn. OE grlne. etc .• general Gmc. : ON grOO. OE grbuan. OHG gruoan 'grow, become green' (in the older period used esp. of plant life. in contrast to ON vaxa 'grow, increase', etc.). with 8- suffix Goth.• ON gras. etc. 'grass'. Lat. gramen (*ghras-men) id. Walde-Po 1.646. Falk-Torp 357.

15.69 YELLOW Goth. ON gulr

Lett.

Dan.

ChBl.

Sw. OE ME NE Du.

gul gul g«>lo yel...

yellow gal g Rum. atinge 'touch'), sb. tliCtu8 (> It. tatto, Fr. tact, Sp. tacto; Rum. atingeTe old info of atinge) : Grk. TETa.'}'WJ1 'having seized', DE paccian 'stroke', further connections dub. Walde-P. l.703. Ernout-M. 1017. Lat. tempUire (tenUiTe) 'fecI of', also

4. Goth. tekan, attekan 'touch' : ON taka 'seize, take', etc. (11.13). ON snerta 'touch' : Da.n. snerte, Sw. sntirta 'lash, jibe', Norw. snerta 'set in rapid motion, lash', all prob. fro an imi-

tative syllable seen in ME &naT, NE &naTI, etc. Falk-Torp 1094. Hellquist 1021. ON kama vi'6 'touch', lit. 'come against', hence vi'Jkvama 'contact, touch', also vi1fkoma (so NIce!.). ON preiJa 'grasp', also 'feel of', Sw. treva 'feel, grope', treva pa 'feel of', prob. : Lith. trypti 'trample'. Fall Dan. f¢le), NHG fuhlen (lost in South German; Kretschmer, Wortgeogr. 210 f.), the general WGmc. word for 'feel of' and for 'feel' as 'perceive by touch', and hence also with

wider application to perceptions and emotions, even in the earliest periods

(ME fele, Du. gevoelen the most general words for 'perceive by the senses', ef. 15.11), prob. : Lat. palpare 'stroke', late 'feel' (above, 2), and perh. Grk. #X.", 'pluck', "."pbS, orig. 'dry': adX"'" 'dry up, parch', etc. Walde-Po 2.597. Boisacq 872. 2. Lat. dil7"lUJ (> It., Sp. duro, Fr. dur; also the rare Ir. daT, and W. dur, Br. dir 'steer), prob. fro *draT08 : Grk. 8p06.· luxupl,. (Hesych.), Ir. dr... 'solid', Lith. dril/as 'strong, solid', Skt. darn"a'rough, strong, hard' J etc., and in the names of the 'oak tree', Grk. 8po., Ir. daur, etc. The root perh. orig. designated the '(hard) oak wood', whence the general 'hard'. Walde-Po 1.805. Ernaut-M. 291. Walde-H. 1.384 f. Rum. tar. (also 'strong'), fro Lat. tali. 'such a', with meliorative develop-

1066

Lith. Lett. ChSl. SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ. Skt. Av.

ment = 'such an excellent'. REW8431. Tiktin 1562 f. 3. Ir. criiaid, NIr. cruaidh : Lat. crV,dUB 'raw, crude, cruel', Av. xraoldf}a-, zn2idrar 'hard', Skt. kril4- 'thicken, make firm', fro the root in Skt. kravi8'raw flesh', Grk. A:pEClS' 'flesh', Lat. CTUOT, Ir. cro 'blood, gore', etc. Walde-P.1.479. Ir. colad, W. coZed, Br. kalet, cf. Gall. Caletes, CaZ.ti, perh. : ChSI. kalili 'become cold, harden' (of iron), Lett. kalet 'dry out', and also Lat. callum, callus 'hard, thick skin'. Walde-Po 1.357. Walde-H. 1.141. 4. Goth. hardu8, ON hartJr, OE heard, etc., general Gmc. : Grk. «paTvs 'strong', ICparos, "apTOS 'strength', etc., with tsuffix fro the root ·kar- in Skt. karkarar 'rough, hard' (cf. d.plC4PO£· TpaXE's Hesych.), etc. WaIde-Po 1.354. FalkTorp 370. Feist 246. 5. Lith. kiela8, Lett. cim (OPruss.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

'eat on the sly, pilfer' (= 'pick off'), prob. : Skt. kiknosa- 'particle of bruised grain', Lett. knUOBit 'pick, tear to pieces with the beak'. 'Soft' fro 'torn', or 'rubbed to pieces'. Walde-Po 1.394. Feist 265. ON mjilkr, Sw. mjuk: Du. muik 'mellow', Goth. m1Ika- in makamodei 'gentleness', beside forms with Gmc. -g(IE -k-') in ON mU4fJa 'fine rain', etc. : Lat. mUcus 'mucus, snot', etc. 'Soft' fro 'wet'. Walde-Po 2.253. Falk-Torp 744. ON blautr, Dan. bl;d (Sw. blOt now esp. 'soggy, watery') : Grk. q,Xu8ci.. 'become soft, flabby, overflow', tfiA.ooapOs 'flabby', q,M.. 'bubble up', etc. Walde-Po 2.213. Falk-Torp 85, 88. Hellquist 85. ME Bofle, NE soft, Du. zacht: OE sijft(e), beside more usual sefle 'agreeable, pleasant', OHG semJli, MHG serifte, sanft 'agreeable, comfortable, easy', NHG sanft 'gentle, smooth, soft' (but hardly 'soft' to the touch), prob. fro the root in ON sama, sam"IJa 'hAppen', Goth.

samjan 'please', and eventually Grk. "pin 'common, like', Goth. sama, ON samr 'same'. Walde-Po 2.491. Weigand-H. 2.647. NED s.v. • oft, adj. OHG-NHG weich, Du. week: ON veikr (> NE weak), OE wac 'weak, yielding', fro the root of ON IJikja 'turn, veer', OE 1Dican, OHG 1Dihhan 'yield, give way', etc. Walde-Po 1.235. FalkTorp 1360. o. Lith. minkltas, Lett. miksts, with different suffix, ChSI. m~kilk1l, etc., general Slavic : Lith. minkyti, Lett. mieit 'knead', ChSl. o-m¢iti 'soften', etc., Grk. l'aUdCAl 'press, knead, stroke', OE mengan, etc. 'mix'. Walde-Po 2.268. Berneker 2.42 f. MUhl.-Endz. 2.640, 643. 6. Skt. mrdu- : Lat. mollis (above, 2). Av. varadva-, cf. Skt. avradanla 'they became soft' (RV), perh. : OE WTotan, ON rota 'root up', ChSI. vrMil, etc. 'abcess, wound'. Walde-P.1.287. Barth. 1370.

10.76 ROUGH Grk.

f"pixbr

NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr.

f"PfJ.xbr

w.

Br.

asper

ruvido, 48prO, rude rude, dpre, rugueux dapero, tmu:o, rudo a8pru garb garbh garw garo.

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME

NE

(uadr ..... )

1l3liUr, hrjilfr IUrelifl., ru ojlimn, skrovlig urunnipe, rilh rughe, Unel1fm Tough, Un6ll6'n ruw, oneJfen

Du. OHG uneOOn MHG nkh, u1'H!ben NHG rauA, uneben

Words for 'rough' were doubtless all orig. used with some more specmc application, as to the sea, the hair, the skin, etc. In some cases this is apparent from the etymology. 'Rough' may always be expressed as 'uneven' or 'not smooth' 1 and for some languages or periods such terms are more common than any others. 1. Grk. Tpaxus : 8p4#uw, TapQ.(f(fW 'stir,

Lith. Lett. ChSl. SCr. Bah. Pol. Russ. Skt. Av.

grubluotaB, Siurkitus nelidzem, grubulaim (sr1lchilkil)

hrapav drsny sZOTst1ci, chropawy !erochovatyj vifama-

disturb, trouble', this prob. : ON dreggjar 'dregs', OLith. dragia 'dregs', etc. Walde-Po 1.854 f. Boisacq 981. 'Rough' prob. first of the sea that is 'stirred up, made rongh'. Cf. iTcip$ aE 0:6m,. (Hom.), K.vl'auw T4paddET4t 1roYTor (Archil.), etc. 2. Lat. asper (> It. aspro, Fr. apre, Sp. It. molle, Fr. mou, Sp. muelle, Rum. moale), fro ·moldwi. : Skt. mrdu- 'soft, tender', Grk. ap.aMOvc., 'weaken, destroy', W·. blydd 'sappy, soft, tender', ChSI. mladil 'young, tender', etc., fro an extension of the root *mel- in Lat. molere, etc. 'grind' (orig. 'crush'). Walde-Po 2.288. Ernout-M. 626. It. morbido, fro Lat. morbidus 'sickly, diseased' (: morbus 'sickness'). REW 5677.

Lith. Lett. ChS!. Ber. Boh. Pol. Russ. Skt. Av.

minkBtas miksts

m riv. of Lat. ri4/a 'wrinkle'. REW 7427. Dan. ru), MHG rrlch, NHG rauh, in the older languages also largely 'hairy, Gamillscheg 776. Emout-M.874. It., Fr. rude, Sp. rudo, fro Lat. rudu bushy, etc.' and in this sense only OHG 'raw, crude, coarse (of cloth), green (of rilh (NHG rauch, now differentiated fruit)'. REW 7420. from rauh), orig. 'plucked out (of Sp., Port. Iosca, Cat. lose, beside Cat. hair), shaggy, rough-haired' : Skt. luncUJsca 'crust formed by a liquid in a ves- 'pluck, pull out', Lat. runcare 'root out, weed out', Grk. OpbUUCAl 'dig, scrape', etc. sel',orig.? REW9013. 3. Ir. garb, NIr. garbh, W. garw, Br. Walde-P.2.353. Falk-Torp 915. garo, prob. deriv. of the root ·Uher- be5. Lith. grubluotas, grublus, Lett. side Bhers- in Lat. hOTrere 'stand on end, grubulainB : Lith. grubus 'stiff' and bristle, be rough', Skt. hrf- 'bristle, stand 'rough', grubti 'grow stiff or rough', erect', etc. Walde-Po 1.610. Stokes prob. (grub- for *grumb-) : ChSI. grqlri!. 'simple, foolish, ignorant', Russ. grubyj 107. 4. Goth. usdrusts, only in nom. pI. 'coarse, rough, rude', etc. (general SlavUsd1'U8tei8 = 'TpaXE,a£ (sc. MoO, Lk. 3.5, fro ic for some uses of NE rough); ChSI. us-driuaan 'fall out', hence perh. 'fallen griJbiI. 'back; convulsion', Ir. gerboch to pieces' of 'rough' roads, but no evi- 'wrinkly', OHG /crimpfan 'draw todence whether the word was used for gether, wrinkle', etc. The earlier mean'rough' in general. Feist 530. ing of these Balto-Siavic words for ON ilsleUr, lit. 'unsmooth' (15.77). 'rough', 'stiff', 'coarse' was prob. ON hrjilfr 'rough', but esp. of the 'wrinkled' (cf. Lat. rUgidU8 > It. ruvida, body 'scabby' (sometimes with likjJriJ.r etc., above, 2). Walde-Po 1.596. Ber'leprous'), Norw. ry 'rough', OE hreof neker 355, 368. 'rough (of stone), scabby (of body), lepLith. Siurkotus, fro Slavic (cf. Pol. rous', OHG hnob 'leprous' : ON hruJa szorstki, etc., below, 6). 'crust, scab', hrufla 'scratch', OE hreoft Lett. nelidz....; also Lith. nelygus, lit. 'leprous', Lith. kraUpUB 'easily fright- 'not smooth' (15.77). ened, fearful, horrid', also 'rough', Lett. 6. Russ.-ChSI. snlelnlkil, Pol. SZlJr8tki, k'raupa 'scab, wart', etc. Walde-Po Russ. oerochouatyj fro the same root as 1.481. Falk-Torp 925. ChSI. snlst'l, Boh. srs/! 'hAir', Russ. Dan. ujawn, Sw. ojamn, ME uneven, Berat' 'wool', OHG hUTati 'tuft', etc. Du. onet!en, OHG uneban, etc., lit. 'un- Walde-Po 1.427. Trautmann 305. even', cC. Dan. jrevn 'smooth, even', etc. Bruckner 552. (15.77). ChSl. ostril 'sharp' used in pI. ostriji Sw. skroulig, cf. older Dan. skruh for lrough roads' (Lk. 3.5; no other oc'roughness', prob. : Lat. scrllpua 'sharp, currence of 'rough' in Gospels). pointed stone', and also ON hrjilfr, etc. SCr. hrapav, Pol. chropawy (Boh. (above), fro parallel extensions, with and chrapavy 'rattling, hoarse'), beside forms without s-, of IE ·sker- 'cut'. Walde-Po with k-, Ukr. koropaoyj 'rough', etc., or

1068

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

with g-, Slav. grapast 'rough', Bulg. grapav 'pock-marked', etc., perh. : Lith. karpa 'wart', OE scurf 'scurf', etc. Berneker 674 f. Briickner 184. Boh. drmy, drmaty, old drBtny, drs!naty : (old) drst 'rubbish', Slov. drsrev

SENSE PERCEPTION

'gravel, sand', Pol. dziarslwo'gravel' J etc.,

prob. fro the root in ChSI. derq, dlrati 'tear, flay'. Berneker256. 'Rough'perh. directly fro 'gritty'. 7. Skt. viqama-, lit. 'uneven' : sama'even, smooth, level' (15.77).

15.77 SMOOTH Grk. NG I.at. It.

Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. Nlr.

w.

""" levu

Goth. ON

liscio

Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

}"E',~

Dan.

li&86, uni liso

neted reid, min reidh, min llyfn kompez

Br.

slaihts slettr glat, jmvn sUit, j6.mn, glatt

Boh.

smothe, smethe. sleghte tmIOO,h glad, effen sleht, eban glat, sleht, eben glau, eben

Pol. Russ. Skt.

K.OT£pO~,

lit.

'cutting': "CxpTW

3. It. tagliente, Fr. tranchant, Sp. cortante, Rum. taios, all lit. 'cutting', fro the verbs for 'cut' It. tagliare, Fr. lrancher, Sp. cortar, Rum. tilia (9.22). Rum. ascu{it, fr. ascu(i 'sharpen, whet', Lat. *ex-cotire, fro cos 'whetstone'. Pu~cariu 140. Tiktin 106 I.

ger, NIr. gear, etym.? Ir. ailh, etym.? W. llym, Br. lemm, perh.: MIr. slemun 'slippery'. W. llyfn 'smooth', etc. (15.77). Walde-Po 2.391, 435. W. /fiarp, fro NE sharp. 4. Ir.

5. ON, Sw. hvass, OE hW!Es, OHG (h)was(s), MHG was, Goth. *hwass (cf. hwassaba adv. 'sharply', hwassei 'sharpness'), beside ON hvatr, OE hwret 'quick' : ON hvetja, OE hwettan, OHG (h)wezzen 'whet, sharpen, incite', out~

15.79 NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Hum. Ir.

al'f3>"&; o.l'liAVr

hebe8, obtil8us oUuso, smussato emOU8S€

boto, embotado loci'

Nlr.

mael maol

Br.

souc'h, dall, klugn

w.

lygm, gludus Ildum, "Iuds gladilkil gladak hladktj gladki gladkij

sama-,

,lak,n~a-

Av.

Rum. neled, fro Lat. nitidus 'bright, shining' (15.57). REW 5929. 3. Ir. reid, NIr. reidh, also 'open, clear, level, flat', prob. orig. of a way 'passable' : Ir. riadaim, OE ridan 'ride', etc. (cl. with similar development W. rhwydd 'free, easy, fluent, ready'). Walde-Po 2.349. Pedersen 1.58. Ir. min, also 'gentle, tender, fine' : W. mwyn 'kind, gentle, dear', fro an extension of the root *mei- in Lat. mitis 'mild', Ir. moith 'soft, tender' (15.75). Walde-Po 2.244. Pedersen 1.51. W. llyfn, above, 1. Br. kompez, fro MBr. compoes 'equal' : W. cymmwys 'of the same weight, proper, meet', prob. fro VLat. *com-pensum, fro com-pensare 'weigh together, equalize', or else an independent Britannic cpd. of the same elements (Br. poez, W. pwys 'weight', fro Lat. pensum). Loth, Mots lat. 156. Henry 75, 226. 4. Goth. slaihts, ON slettr, etc., above, 1. Dan. jrevn, Sw. jdmn, :ME (NE) even, Du. e.!fen, OHG eban, MHG, NHG eben, all also and orig. 'even, level, fiat' (12.71).

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

NG 'cut'.

Grk.

Ser.

BmljJe

Words for 'smooth' reflect such notions as 'slippery', 'even, level' (and so ultimately 'like, equal'), or 'bright, shin· ing', all of which are naturally associated with smooth surfaces. 1. IE *lei-, *slei- (with various forma-tions) in words for 'slimy, slippery' substances, and in vbs. for 'slip, smear, stick, etc.', d. Lat. limus 'mud, mire', OE lam, OHG leim 'clay', ON, OE slim 'slime', etc.; Grk. QAtJlW 'smear, anoint', Lat. linere 'smear', etc. Walde-Po 2.389 ff. Ernout-M. 542. Walde-H. 1.782. Falk-Torp 1061 I. Here as 'smooth', Grk. AEtOS, Lat. levis, W. llyfn (: Ir. slemun 'slick, slippery'); Goth. slaihts, ON sleUr, Sw. slat, ME sleghte, slighte (NE slight now 'slender, small in quantity', etc.), OBO, MHG sleht (NHG schlecht now 'plain, bad'); ON sllkr (rare). 2. It. liscio, Fr. lisse, 8p. liso, prob. fro Orne., cf. MHO lise, NHG Leise 'low, soft, gentle'. REW 5081. Bloch 2.19. Fr. uni, lit. 'joined', hence (as 'joined closely') also 'smooth' (so also sometimes It. unito of road, land, etc.), pple. of unir, It. unire, etc. 'join, unite'.

1070

Lith. Lett. ChSI.

pwl

side connections dub. Walde-Po 1.513. Falk-Torp 437. Feist 184. ON skarpr, OE scearp, etc., general Gme., in ON also 'shriveled, lean, barren, rough', OE and OHG also rarely 'rough', proh. in sense 'sharp': OE sceorpan 'scrape, irritate', OHG scurfen 'cut open, gut, strike fire', Ir. cerbaim 'cut', etc., fro an extension of IE *(s)ker- in ON skera, OE sceran, etc. 'cut'. Walde-Po 2.582. Falk-Torp 987. Franck-v. W. 583 I. 6. Skt. tik~a-, tigita-, tigma-, etc., Av. tae-ya- (in bi-tae'Ya- 'sharp on two sides'), ti'Yra-, OPers. ligra- 'sharp· pointcd', Av. ti!i- (in cpds. tiZi-dara'with sharp edge', etc.) : Skt. tij- 'be sharp, sharpen', Grk. urLk'w 'prick, tattoo', Lat. in-stigare 'incite, instigate', OE stician 'prick, stick', etc. WaldeP. 2.612 I. Walde-H. 1.707. Barth. 623, 651, 653 I.

BLUNT, DULL sljlYr sl;v, stump

sw

Lith. Lett. ChS!. SCr.

Goth.

ON Dan.

Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

atBi'Ms, bukas truls

nea8S,

tqpil 'up

astynt

Boh.

tupy

blunt, dul(l)

Pol.

tf!PY

blunt, dull stomp

Russ.

Skt.

tupoj atikroa-

sUo

Av.

sU, slumpf stumpf

The words listed are used both of a point and of an edge, but in several it is clear that the former application is the earlier. The most frequent connection is with words for 'cut', 'strike', 'beat', 'stamp', etc., here as 'cut off', etc. Sometimes the development is through 'shortened, mutilated', or from 'weak, inefficient'. In a few cases the application to mentality, usually secondary, is the earlier. 1. Grk. Q}l{3Ms, fro *QJ.lAVS: Q,uaAos

'weak, tender', prob. fro the root in Lat. mollis, Grk. ,uaAaKos 'soft', etc. (15.75). Walde-Po 2.285, 292). 2. Lat. hebes, beside hebiJre 'be blunt', etyro. dub. Walde 1.349. Ernout-M. 447 (suggesting borrowing). Walde-H. 1.637 f. Lat. obtasus (> It. ottuso), fro obtundere 'beat', of a weapon 'beat back the point, dull', cpd. of tundere 'beat, pound'. Ernout-M. 1064. It. smussato, pple. of Bmussare, fro Fr.

OE smi!pe, ME .methe (NE dial. smeeth), beside OE sm6p (rare), ME smothe, NE smooth, etym.? Walde-Po 2.491. NED s. vv . • meeth, smooth, adj. Du. glad, MHG glat, NHG glatt (> Dan. glat, Sw. glatt), but OHG glatmostly 'shining' = ON gla~r, OE gla:d 'shining, bright, joyous' (NE glad) : Lat. glaber 'hairless, bald', Lith. glodus, glodna8 'lying smoothly, rubbed smooth, etc.', ChSl. gladiiku 'smooth', etc., fro IE 'ghl>dh-, 'ghliUih-, prob. extension of *ghel- 'shine'. Walde-Po 1.625 f. WaldeH. 1.603. Falk-Torp 324. 5. Lith. lygu., Lett. lidzen8, older lidzs, orig. 'like, equal', whence 'fiat, level' and 'smooth' : Goth. galeiks 'like,' ON (g)likr, OE gelic 'like', etc., Goth.

1069

leik, etc. 'body, corpse'. Walde-Po 2.398 I. Miihl.-Endz. 2.479. Lith. gludus, Lett. gluds, gludens : Lith. gludoli, gludeti 'lie close, snug', Lith. glausti 'prcss close', Lett. glaust 'stroke, caress', cf. Russ. dial. gludkij 'slippery, smooth', further connections dub. Miihl.-Endz. 1.623. Walde-Po 1.618 f. Berneker 308.

6. ChSI. gladuku, etc., general Slavic: Du. glad, etc. (above, 4). 7. Skt. sama- 'even, smooth, level' : Av. hama- 'like, same', Grk. O}.LOS lthe same, common', O}.La.Aos 'even, level', etc. Walde-Po 2.489. Skt. ,lakwa- 'slippery, smooth, polished', etym.? Uhlenbeck 321.

15.78 SHARP (In part differentiated; a, of a Point; b, of an Edge) Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum.

Ir. Nlr.

w.

Br.

W. IlVTtpOt (a); pO, (h)

*hwa8a (sb. hw(Usei) hvass, skarpr skarp Sw. skarp, hvass OE scearp, hW Dan.) stump, NHG stumpf, (OHG, MHG stumpf mostly 'mutilated, stumpy, cut off') : OHG-NHG stumpf, ME stumpe sb. 'stump', fro the root in OHG stampfiJn 'stamp, beat', etc. Walde-Po 2.624. Falk-Torp 1190. 5. Lith. atM~s, pple. of at-Mpti, cpd. of Sipli 'become blunt', etym.? Lith. bukas (NSB, etc.), formerly bukus (Kursehat, Leskien, Lalis), perh. : Lett. bukat 'hit with the fist', Russ. bukat' 'beat, pound', etc., of imitative origin. Walde-Po 2.113 (146). Lett. neass, neg. cpd. of ass 'sharp' (15.78). Lett. truls, perh. as 'rubbed down', fr. the root in trunel 'crumble to dust, decay', Grk. rpVw 'rub down, wear out', etc. Miihl.-Endz. 4.245. 6. ChSl. tqpu, etc., general Slavic, prob. : ChSl. stqpali 'tread', etc., fro *(s)temp- beside *(s)remb- in NHG stumpf, etc. (above, 4). 'Blunt' fro 'battered', as also in Lat. obtusus (above, 2). Walde-Po 2.625. (Better than as orig. 'bloated, tight', hence Ithick, blunt' : Lith. tempti 'stretch'. WaldeP. 1.721, Briickner 570).

7. Skt. alikfJ1Ja-, neg. cpd. of If,kw.a'sharp' (15.78).

1072

Ork. NO I.&t. It.

Fr.

......"

15.81 HEAVY

~ ~

graN --(gnwe)

Wurd. puont

Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr. W. Br.

paado. ,.....

"....

tromm !rom tnDm "........

Goth. ON Dan.

Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHO MHO NHO

ka.,.,..

p·fIIJf".laidugr(.......) tung, 111m" tung

-

awllr, heftg Maoy

.......

8U4ri. hebIg

1. IE 0g"ru-. 0f1"'Tu-. etc. Walde-P. 1.684 Ii. Emout-M:. 434. Walde-H. 1.620 f. Ork. fj~p6s; Lat. gra0i8 (> It.. Sp. gra... but mostly 'grave'. etc.). VLat. (after leoi8 'light') °greviB (> Rum. greu); perh. the rare Ir. bair (Stokes. RC 27.85); ~oth. leau.....; Skt. guru-. Av. gouru- (in gouru-oao/lrG- 'having heavy libations'); here also Lett. grtlts 'difficult. wretched. pregnant' and locally 'heavy' (cf. Mllh!.-Endz. 1.669 f.); Lat. bnltus 'cumbersome, dull, stupid' J arch. 'heavy' (Paul. Fest.). loanword fro Oec.-Umbr. (Emout-M. 119. Walde-H. 1.ll7). 2. It. p,_. Sp. peaado. Fr. PlJ81Jnt fro It. pIJ81JT'. Sp. PIJ81Jr. Fr. "...,. 'weigh' (Lat. ph\84T.). REW 6391. Fr. /oUTd. Prov. /ord. fro OFr.• OProv. /ort 'foolieh. heavy of mind' (physical sense in Fr. from 17th. cent.). cf. Lyon. lord 'dizzy'. prob. fro Lat. ltlridue 'pale yellow. ghastly'. Semantic development from 'pale' to 'dizzy', whence 'heavy' of mind. later in physical sense. REW 5176. Bloch 2.24. Otherwise Oamillscheg 571. 3. Ir. tromm. NIr. trom. W. trunn.

..nkua

If!Ik1l triak

!lao

RUBS.

cictki tjakZ1/i

Skt.

guru-

Av.

gouru-

MBr. traum. proh. (0trud-.mw-) fro the root of Lat. tn1der. 'push. shove'. ~oth. us-priutan 'trouble. vex'. ChS!. trudtl 'toil'. etc. Walde-Po 1.755. Pedersen 1.362. Stokes 139. Br. pan...... prob. fro an oblique case of Lat. pondue. gen. pond"';' 'weight'. Loth. Mots lat. 197. 4. ~oth kaurus. above. 1. ON pungr. Dan .• Sw. tung: ChS!. ~iIk1l 'heavy'. ~08t1 'burden'. Lith. lingue 'lazy'. fr. the root in ChS!. ~qti 'pull'. Walde-Po 1.726 f. Falk-Torp 1299. Bruckner 64. ON I1114rr (poet. and here in fig. sense; ct. Sw. 8IIdr 'difficult'). OE 8Wmr (ME 8W6T'. but never in physical sense). Du. zwaar. OHO euIIri. MHO 1I1D Dan. ......) = Ooth. _ s only 'honored': Lith. sverli 'weigh'. 8VGTU8 'weighty, ponderous', 8t1GraB 'pound'. etc .• prob. fro *8W6T-. beside *w..... in Ork. 6.EL".. 'lift'. Walde-Po 1.265. Falk-Torp 1222 f. ON hpJuor. OHO hehf.g. OE hefig. ME hevi. NE heavy : ~oth. haljoo. OE hebban. OHO hejJen. heben 'lift' (10.21). Walde-Po 1.343 (but not necessarily as orig. 'capax'. The natural association between 'lift' and 'heavy' is sufficient). NEDs.v. heavy. 5. Lith. sunkus : sunkti 'grow heavy'. older Lith. sunkinga 'pregnant'. fro 0sunk- beside 0swenk- in OE zwangor 'heavy of movement, slow, sluggish',

15.83

v,p6,._ 11midw, madidw,

It.

bognoto, umido

Fr.

""",ilU. humide,

Sp.

mojado.htlmedo ud, • ....J

v,p6,.~pey_(-""')

6vid.. moite

fliudl fliudl

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHO MHO NHO

WET. DAMP _. "Or.. (notjon, vb.)

...a.Jugtig t1dt,Juktig w11t,j-aht wet, moy8l.e wet, damp, moiIt nat. vochtig na.z,j-ahJi no.J, f1iullk noaa, jeucht

Lith. Lett.

Ilopw, dr6gnos ,lap;" mikle, mitr',

ChSl. SCr. Boh.

mo!:ar. oIa.Ian

drigM mokrii

mokrri. - 0

Skt.

mokry. wilgotny mokryj, qroj, tlGinyj 1Wra-

Av.

napta-

Pol.

RUS8.

gwlyb, UaiUI glel>. leis

It is impossible to draw a sharp line between 'wet' and 'damp'. The di... tinction according to the degree of wetne88. as in the current use of NE wet and damp. holds also in the main for the Omc. and Balto-Slavic words. But elsewhere this is ignored. and where several words are in use. as in Latin and the Romance iangnages. the choice depends on the kind of object described. the ground. a rag. etc.. whether naturslly wet or made wet, etc., all too diverse and complicated to be noted here. Apart from the inherited grouP. the words are connected with others for 'water', 'bathe', 'leak', 'melt', 'vapor', 'soften'. 'mire. filth·(?). 1. IE 0weg-. Walde-Po 1.248. Ernout-M. 1123. REW 4233. 9030. Ork. Irypln; Lat. tlmidue. and (by association with humue 'earth') hUmid... (> It. umido. Rum. umed. Fr. humid Rum.1Ul); ON .pkr. 2. Ork. (Hom.) "Or.... Att. .,w.pIn. beside JIOTLs 'moisture', mas 'south wind' (= 'damp'). prob.: Arm. na1J 'wet, liquid', Lat. nat4Te 'swim' J fro an extension of the root ·(s)ntl- in Ork. --Ix... Lat. oor. (cf. Umbr. ...kla enaI.a 'vessels for liquids'). Skt. sn4- 'swim'. etc. Walde-Po 2.692 f. NO /lPE'YJU""" pple. of /l~x" 'wet. moisten', intr. 'rain', class. Grk. 'wet,

steep', pass. 'get wet, be rained on' : 'rain', Lett. m4Tga 'gentle rain', etc. Walde P. 1.280. 3. Lat. madiclus. fro madere 'be wet. 'be moist. fall oli drip with' : Orlpb.; Lat. levis (> It. Ii.... Sp. I...; Rum. UfOr. old IUfO'" with suffix -fOT. cf. l'u§cariu 1844; VLat. °levili.rius > Fr. Uger > It. /eogiero. Sp. /eoero. REW 5003-4); Ooth. leihts. OE lAoht. etc .• general Omc.; Lith. Umgvas; CbS!.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Ork. NO Lat.

Rum.

-

I Dan. Jugtig. Sw. fuktig). OHO Jtlht. Jahli. MHO tJiuhte. beside ChS!. moCiti 'moisten'. etc.: NHO JBUeht. prob. (0p7}k-to-): Skt. Lith. makon'~ 'cloud'. etc. Nynorsk 68). Walde-Po 1.131. Barth. 1039.

15.84 DRY Ork. NO Lat. It.

hp6r, ai50r

Fr.

ty6r, CM'e')'1'6I .siccua,6rid", ..........uito(arido) ... (aride)

Sp.

NCO,

Rum. Ir. NIt. W. Br.

orido

uecat, "'" Urim tirim syM .ee'lI" mn

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHO MHO NHO

p....... purr t;r

tmr drUge.

pyrre, .....

drW, .... dry droog durri, trucchon truckeR, darre troekm, dii.rr

Lith. Lett. ChSl. SCr. Boh. Pol.

Russ. Bkt.

Av.

m .... m ...

.udlii

.uk

_0

.udly .uchoj

"'fka-

huiko-, Aileu--, hiiku-

1076

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

In the principal inherited groups and in most of the other words one cannot go hehind the sense of 'dry'. A few are from the notion of 'extract the juice', and in a Gmc. group 'dry' is probably associated with 'firm' J &S sometimes 'wet' with 'soft'. 1. IE ·sa....., .BUB-. Walde-Po 2.447. Grk. (Hom.) «00" Att. «110,; OE sear, ME (NE) sere (esp. 'withered'), MLG BiIr; Litb. ,aU81J8, Lett. sa..._, ChSI. such;;', etc., general Balto-Slavic; Skt. ,,,,ka- (for *....-ka-), Av. hulka-, OPera. uSka-.

2. IE *terSw in words for 'dry' J 'be dry', (dry) 'land' (1.21), 'thirst' (5.15), etc. Walde-Po 1.737 f. Ernout-M. 1048. Falk-Torp 1318. Here as adj. 'dry'. Ir. liT (rare), usually tirim, NIr. tirim, trim; Goth. ]>aurBUB, ON ]>urr, Dan. tir, Sw. torr, OE J>yrre, OHG dum, MHG durre, NHG durr. 3. Grk. ~"o., NG pop. ~.pOs (~P > Ep reg., as in J1EpO 'water', etc.) proh. : Lat. SeTucere 'become dry', 8erenus 'fair' (of weather), OHG serawen 'become dry, wither'. Walde-P. 1.503 Ernout-M. 928. NG CTT'-YJ>bs, fro class. Grk. aTE-Y..l. 'waterproof', this fro crTE-yW 'cover'. 4. Lat. Biccus (> It. SBCCO, Fr. sec, Sp. SeeD, Rum. Bec), etym. disputed; perh. : Av. hiku-'dry',haeCah-'dryness', these: Av. Skt. sic~, hic- 'pour out', Ernout-M. 937. Barth. 1812. Otherwise, fro *sit(i)-co-s: BiU8 'thirst', Walde-P. 1.506, etc. Lat. arid... (> It., Sp. arido, OFr. are, Fr. aride), with arere 'be dry' : Skt. asa- 'ashes, dust', Tocb. A ti8ar 'dry', root *as-, with guttural extension in

SENSE PERCEPTION

Goth. azgo, OHG asca 'asbes', Arm. azazem 'I dry', dental in Grk. 4f.. 'dry up', etc. Walde-H. 1.65. Ernout-M.70. It. asciuUo, fro Lat. e x _ , pple. of e%triigere 'suck out', cpd. of triigere 'suck'. REW3074. Rum. U8C1Jt, pple. of usca 'to dry' (= It. asciugare, Fr. 68suyer 'dry, wipe dry'), fr. VLat. *ex-81lc4re 'extract the juice' (ricU8 'juice'). REW 3073. Pu,cariu 1841. 5. Ir. tirim, etc., above, 2. W. BIIch, Br. sec'h, also MIr. seec. (Cormac), fro Lat. Biccus (above, 4). Loth, Mots lat. 209. Vendryes, De hib. vOC. 176. Br. krin : W. crin 'withered, sere', Ir. erin, NIr. crWn 'worn out, withered, old', Ir. air-crinim 'disappear, perish', root connection? Pedersen 2.498. 6. Goth. J>aurBUB, OE ]>urrB, etc., above, 2. OE drgge, ME driB, NE dry, Du. droag, and with n-suffix OHG truc£han, MHG trucken, NHG !Tocken; cf. ON draugr 'dry log', prob : OPross drUktai 'firmly', Lith. dial. drUktas 'thick, strong', ON drjilgr 'lasting, strong', etc., fr. an extension of the root in Skt. dhr'hold, hear', etc. Walde-P. 860. Weigand-H.2.1074. 7. Balto-Slavic words, above, 1. 8. Skt. ,,,,ka-, Av. huSka-, above, 1. Av. hiku-, above, 4. Av. hilku- : Ir. sese 'dry, not giving milk', W. hysb, Br. he.k (heap) 'dried up (of a stream), not giving milk', etc., fro *si-sk-us, reduplicated form fro the root root °sek- in Lith. Bekti 'fall' (of watcr), n...ekti 'flow off, dry up', ChSI. i-81Jknqti 'decrease', etc. Walde-P.2.473. Barth. 1816 I.

4. NG f.aTIn, in class. Grk. 'boiled, boiling hot', fro flw 'boil' (10.31). 5. Ir. te, W. twym, Br. tomm, W. cynnes, above, 2. W. bn.vd: berwi, Ir. berbaim, etc. 'boil'. Walde-P.2.168. W. poeth = Br. paaz 'cooked, burning', Lat. coctus 'cooked', pples. of W. pam, Lat. coquere 'cook', etc. Walde-P. 2.17. 6. ON heitr, OE hat, OHG keiz, etc., general Gmc., fro *kai-d-, beside *kai-tin Lith. kaisti, Lett. kaist 'become hot',

Fr.

NJr.

W.

Br.

It.

Fr. Sp. Rum.

Jr. NJr.

...r..,..,"'"

Dan. Sw.

cold ti!

W.

t. pc NE chiU, whence adj. chiUy), with ablaut OE elil, NE cool, OHG kuoli, NHG kii.hl 'cool'. 3. Grk. >{iiJxpOs (NG 'chilly' or fig.), with sb. >/lOx.. 'cold, coolness' : >/Ibx..

'breathe, blow, refresh, cool off', >/NxII 'breath, spirit'. Boisacq 1079. NG Kplios, fro sb. .piJos 'cold' (...... Sp. frio), VLat. also frigdus (> It. freddo, Fr. froid), with sb. fr'igus 'cold' (> Rum. frig), whence late f1igOTOBUB (> Rum. friguros, etc.), vb. f1igere 'he cold, freeze' : Grk. P~-Y.' 'frost', ph... 'shiver (witb cold), shudder'. Walde-P. 2.705. Ernout-M. 390. Walde-H. 1.547. REW 3512, 3514. Rum. rece, fr. Lat. redna 'fresh, recent, young', with development fro 'fresh'through 'cool'. REW 7109. 5. Ir. uar, NIr. fuar, W. oer, OCorn. oir, cf. Gall. Ogron name of a month (·oug-ro-), beside sb. Ir. uacht (Ooug_to-) : Arm. Die 'cold', ucanam 'grow cold', all prob. fr. an extension of a root *eu- seen also in Lett. -auksla'cold', Lith. auSti 'grow cool', and in Av. aota- 'cold', sb. aoBar-, Skt. Udhar- 'cold', further root connections (as with Grk. 4~!", Skt. va,. 'blow', etc.; cf. above, Grk:1//IIix") more doubtful. Walde-P. 1.222. Persson, Beitrli.ge 10 f. Pedersen 1.103. L0wenthal, Wort. U. Sach. 11.54.

Br. yen : W. iaen 'sbeet of ice, glacier', ia, Ir. aig 'ice', ON jaki 'piece of ice', etc. Walde-Po 1.206. 6. Orne. words, above, 2. 7. Lith. §altas, Lett. ,alts, above, 1. Lett. auksla, above, 5. 8. ChSI. studen;;" SCr. studen, Boh. 8tudeny, Russ. studenyj, witb sb. stud;;, 'cold', vb. stynqti 'become cooler', fro *steu-d-, beside *steu-g- in Ork. (I'r{ryES 'chill, frost', ur{ryos 'abomina.tion' J O'TV-ylw 'abhor', etc., fro ·,teu- in Skt. gkrtastdlJll8 'drops of melted butter'. The primary meaning of the root was perh. 'congeal, hecomestiff'. Walde-P.2.620. SCr. hladan, Russ. cholodnyj (Boh. c/Uodny, Pol. chlodny 'cool'), with sbs. Russ. cholad 'cold', ChSI. chlad;;' 'coolness',etc.,etym.dub. Berneker393. Pol. zimny beside sb. zimno, fro zima 'winter' (14.74). CI. Boh. zima, used also as 'cold' sb., and so ChSI. zima in Gospels, In. 18.18; likewise Skt. himaas 'cold' sb. and adj. 9. Skt. ~ta-, ,itila-: r;ya- 'freeze, congeal', outside connections dub. Uhlenheck 318. Skt. ~ra-, Av. sarata-, above, 1. Skt. kima-, see under Pol. zimny, above, S. Av. aota-, see under Ir. uar, above, 5.

15.87 CLEAN Ork. NO

• 08.... r:aDap/J!,1I'CWl"piICOs

ON

Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum.

mundus, pW-UB

Dan. Sw.

polito, neUo propre, net limpio

Ir.

CUTtJt glan

NIr. W.

glmo glon

Br.

net

Goth.

OE ME NE

Du.

OHO MHG NHG

hraim hreinn

Lith . Lett. ChS!.

BvarUB, CY8taa tiT.!, glit8

l:isUI l:is.

ren

Be,.

eliI!ne elene

Boh.

~ty

Pol.

c'Ysty l:istyj ",ddha-

_n rein, zuiver reini, 8tlbar f'eim,Btlber

mn, sauber

R ..... Skt. Av.

1080

1. Grk. oaBapll., etym.? W&lde-P. 1.368. Boisacq 389. NG pop. raurpuWs, with durpa

'cleanliness',

fta.t1TPE~

rT7('u(I'rplJl.bs, nlul'rpa.,

dub., perh. first

'cleanse', Byz.

CI'fra.fT'1'pEUw,

tlffG,(TTpo.

etym.

fro CTTW ·'draw,

carry off'. Otherwise (fr. ....«pro. 'Spanish broom', the plant) Koraea, ..A"auA 1.288 f., Hatzidakis, M.... 1.327. 2. Lat. munt.i... (> It. mondo 'peeled, cleaned', Sp. mondo 'neat, pure'), perh. as orig. 'washed' fro "mudno.: ChS!. myti 'wash', MLG mtUen 'wash the face', OHG muzmn 'clean, adorn', Grk. p.iJ&n 'dampness', ete. Walde-P.2.25Of. Lat. pU"'" : Skt. pu- 'cleanse, purify', OHG fowen 'sift, clean grain', etc., root *peu-. Walde-Po 2.13. Emout-M.826. It. pulito, pple. of puliT. 'cleanse', fro Lat. poUr. 'smooth, polish'. It. netto, Fr. net (OFr. neit, net > ME neate, neOO 'clean, pure, bright', NE neal), fro Lat. nilia... 'bright, shining, polished' (15.57). REW 5929. Fr. proprer in sense 'clean' from perh. 16th cent., earlier 'correctly arranged'

fro 'having necessary qualities, proper', fro Lat. proprius 'own, special, proper'. Bloch 2.188. Sp. limpio, fro Lat. limpid... 'clear, transparent' &Iso late 'pure, clean' (I. pani., Cae!. Aur.). REW 5056. Rum. curat, fro Lat. co/at1J8, pple. of ciJl4r. 'filter, purify'. REW 2035&. Pu,cariu 454.

1082

3. Ir., W. glan : Ir. gel 'white', etc. (15.64). W&lde-P. 1.624. Br. net, neat, fro Fr. net. 4. Goth. hroim, ON hreinn, Dan., Sw. ren, OHG (h)reini, MHG reine, NHG, Du. rein; in Rhine Frank. and in Swiss 'finely ground or sifted'; hence perh. fro the root of Grk. opt... 'choose,

general Slavic), Lith . • ki..ti 'adulterate, thin down' (a liquid), OHG heitar 'bright, shining', OE hIldar 'brightness (of the sky)" Skt. ketu- 'light, shape, form', etc. Walde-Po 2.537 f. Bemeker 157 I.

decide, judge', ICP'iIlJlOtl 'coarse barley meal', Lat. cemere 'separate, sift, distinguish', cribrum, OE hridder 'sieve',

Grk. NG

etc. W&lde-P. 2.585. Fs.Ik-Torp 889. KJuge-G. 477. OE clI1Jne, ME elene, NE clean (OHG kleini 'shining, fine', etc., NHG klein 'small') prob.: Grk. "yX~..a 'bright things, trinkets, stars', "YX~.., 'pupil of the eye', etc. (cf. 12.56), with development of 'bright' to 'clean' as in Fr. net, etc. (above, 2). Walde-Po 1.623. OHG B1ibar, oUbiri, MHG riber, 8iiver, NHG sauber, OS BU~ar, Du . ...wer (OE .gjre 'sober, temperate, pure'), fro Lat. 8i/bri"" 'sober, moderate, temperate'. Weigand-H. 2.655. Franck-v. W. 829. 5. Lith. iva,...., and vb. ivarinti 'cleanse', etym.? W&lde 1.462. Lith. eyBlaB (formerly the usus.I word but now being discarded in favor of iva,....; NSB s.v.), fro Slavic (below, H). Lett. tiro : Lith. tyruo, tyro. 'Pllf", unmixed', further connection dub. (!>.-.[Uhl.End.. 4.204: Lith. tyraB, tyr~ 'pap, pulp', Lett. Rrelia 'swamp', etc., l:..1t semantically difficult.) Lett. gl'it8, perh. : gli18 'slippery, soft', Lith. glit... 'viscous', Lett. glilJt 'get slimy', etc. W&lde-P. 1.620. MUhI.End.. 1.627. 6. CbSl. Ci8t4, etc., general Ulavic, with vb. I!i8titi 'cleanse' : OPruss. ski&tan (acc.) 'clean', .kietint 'cleanse', Lith. 8kyBlaB 'liquid, fluid', Lett. lk'iBtB 'thin' (of liquids), &Iso 'clean, chaste', fro the root of ChSI. clditi 'strain, filter' (etc.,

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

'dark-colored, turbid, dirty' : OE oalu 'dark-colored' (cf. Ir. salach 'dirty', etc.,

below). REW 7547. Fr. molpropr. (esp. of persons 'habitually dirty'), cpd. of mal 'bad' with neg. force and propre 'clean' (15.87). Rum. murdar, fro Turk. murdar 'dirty', this fro Pers. muroor 'corpse' (: murdan 'die', Av. 1OOr-, etc.). Titkin 1022. Lokotsch 1516. Hom 973. 3. Ir. salach, fro sal 'dirt, filth' : OHG salo 'dark-colored, turbid, dirty', OE salu 'dark-colored' (NE sallow), etc. Walde-Po 2.453. W. budr, with vb. budro 'soil', MIr. buaidrim 'roil up, confuse', prob. : OE cwead, OHG quat, NHG /rot 'dung, filth', etc. (4.66). W&lde-P. 1.696. W. brwnt, etym.? Br. lam, same word as louz, MBr. I~c 'badger', fro (or conversely) Fr. dial. louse 'badger' and 'trickery', etc., hence orig. an opprobrious term. Ernault, RC 14.287, Glossaire 377. Br. loudour, cf. W. Uudedic 'muddy' : Ir. loth 'dirt', Lat. lutum 'mud', Grk. Mil'G 'washings, filth', etc. W&lde-P. 2.406. Stokes 250. 4. Goth. unhroin8, ON 1Jhreinn, Dan. uren, Sw. or..., OHG un(h)reini, MHG unreine (NHG unrein), likewise OE uncil!ne, ME " ...Iens (NE unclean), and OHG unB1lbar, unoUbiri, MHG unBUber (NHG umauber), neg. cpds. of words for 'clean' (on use see above), and common today in the physical sense only in Scandinavian. ON saurigr, saurugr, also saurligr, fro

saurr 'mud, dirt, excrements', this prob. : ON II1Zrr, OE sUr, etc. 'sour' (15.38). Walde-Po 1.469, 513. FaIk-Torp 1236. Dan. snavset, and vb. snat1se, fro .moos 'dirt, muck', Sw. disl. 81111/0, with vb. snaff8l1 'spill', perh. = snaffsa 'sna.p,

bite'. Orig. meaning of snavs 'refuse of food, waste'. FaIk-Torp 1091. OE fUl, ME foul (NE foul according to NED not now used in this sense without admixture of the notion 'putrid, stinking'), Du. vuil (the usual term for 'dirty'), orig. 'putrid, stinking' (15.26). Hence sb. OE fylp 'rottenness, filth', with adj. ME.filthi (NE .filthy, in earlier use without the present strong connotation, cf. NED s.v.). OE horig, ME hari (NE dial. howry), OHG horawig(?), MHG horwec, fro hoTu, OHG hOTO 'dirt, filth' = ON harr 'snot', root connection dub. NED s.v. hory, harry. FaIk-Torp 936. Walde-Po 1.409. NE dirty, fro dirt, older and ME drit 'filth, excrement' (4.66). Cf. ON skitinn, with Dan. skid..., and NIcel. skltugur pop. terms for 'dirty', fro the wellknown Gme. word for 'excrement'. NE BOiled, but in ME (Ancr. R. BUi-

lede) mostly 'defiled', fro vb. twil, ME suile(n) 'defile, pollute', OFr. suiUier, NFr. BOUiUer 'stain, befoul', fro VLat. *BUCU!.4re, deriv. of suculus, dim. of 81i8 'hog'. REW 8418. Bloch 2.287. NED S.v.

Du. B11IBTig, NHG ochmierig, properly 'greasy', fro Du. smeer, NHG schmiere

'grease'. Franck-v. W. 625. WeigandH.751. NHG BChmulzig, sb. BChmulz (> Dan. 1t11Iud8if/, Sw. lt11IutBig, sbs. Dan. lt11IudB, Sw. omul8), MHG om... = NE smut, etc., prob. : Ir. smuid 'smoke, steam', root connection dub. Walde-Po 2.251. FaIk-Torp 1083. 5. Lith. puroinaB, fro purvas 'mud, filth' (1.214). Lith. BUter8tas, fro (.u)ler.t; 'soil, befoul', prob. : Lat. .!ercuB 'dung, excrement', W. troeth 'lye, urine', tToethi 'urinau.', etc. Walde-P. 2.641.

1081

SENSE PERCEPTION

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Words for 'clean' and 'dirty', though these notions are by no means exclusively distinguished by the sense of touch (more often by smell or sight), are conveniently introduced here. Many of the words for 'clean' are the same that are used for 'pure, unmixed', and in several of these this is clearly the earlier notion. Others are of too diverse or doubtful origin for 1lUIXlIIl&rY.

7. Skt. r;uddlur, pple. of ~udh- 'purify, cleanse', fro o~u-dh_ beside °J 16.212 PLEASE (in polite ph.....) 16.22 JOY 16.23 JOYJ'UL, GLAD 16.24 HAPPYI BAPPlNIIss 16.25 LAUGH (vb.); SMILII (vb.) 16.26 PLAY (vb.) 16.27 LoVE (ab.; vb.) 16.28 DEAR 16.29 KI.. (vb.) 16.31 PAIN, SUl'J'ERING 16.32 GRIEF, SORROW 16.33 ANxIETY 16.34 REGRET (vb.), REPENT 16.35 PITY (sb.) 16.36 SAD 16.37 CRy, WEEP 16.38 TEAR (ab.) 16.39 GROAN (vb.) 16.41 HATE (Bb.) 16.42 ANGER

16.43 16.44 16.45 16.46 16.47 16.48 16.51 16.52 16.53 16.54 16.55 16.61 16.62 16.63 16.64 16.65 16.66 16.67 16.68 16.69 16.71 16.72 16.73 16.74 16.75 16.76 16.77 16.78 16.79 16.81 16.82

RAGII,

FuRy

ENVY, JEALOUSY

SIwIE (ab.)

HONOR (sb.) GLORY

PROUD DARE BRAVE FmAB, FRIGHT

DANGER TIMID, COWARDLY

WIld., WI8Il (vb.) DE8llU!l (vb.) HoPE (Bb.) THANKs FAlTIII'UL TRUE

Luo (sb.) DECEIT

FORGIVE

ment adopted. Some of the items, if taken by themselves, would seem tc have no proper place in a chapter on emotions hut are most conveniently brought into a series with others of distinctly emotional value. So especially are certain situations Or objective notions which inspire emotional reactions. Thus 'danger' may lead tc 'fear'; 'what is wonderfill, a wonder' to the feeling of 'wonder, astonishment'; 'fame, renown' to the

pity', and (in BRlto-Slavic) 'anger'. Bristling of the hair may indicate 'horror' (Lat. horrur; cf. NE adj. hair-raiBing) Or pleasurable excitement, 'joy' (Skt. harfa-, 16.22). To lower or wrinkle the eyebrows, 'frown, scowl', usually shows displeasure, but also arrogance (cf. numerous Grk. phrases with 6t/>pUr, LS s.v.; NE oupercilious). Not only tears but also downcast eyes indicate 'grief, sadness' (NG It., Sp. animo), also etymologically 'air, breath' (in form = Grk. 4v ON 1141a, /IfJl), ME soule, NE saul, OS lliala (> Dan. sjr:el, Sw. sjlll), Du. ziel, OHG "'la, Blula, MaG aile, NHG . . . (in Gospel translations the usual renderings of Grk . .;ux~ or Lat. anima), etym. dub. (: Grk. .IOMs 'quick moving' or CbSI. 8ila 'power'?). FaIk-Torp 974. Feist 406. Weigand-H. 2.832. Goth. aloma (- .....,..) : aha 'mind', etc. (17.11). Feist 16 f. ON pM, andi, both lit. 'breath' (4.51), whence 'breath of life, soul, spirit', as 'soul' more frequently in early ecclo writings pM (replaced by II4Ia in this sense, and /lfJ1, not Ond is the usual

Ghost), OS gillt, Du. g...t, OHG-NHG gei.t, the usua.I rendering of Lat. 8piri1uB, but also old and general for a 'supernatural being' : OE glJ8tan 'frighten', Skt. hl4a- 'anger, wrath', Av. re6izdiita.. 'most frightful', fro IE °Dheizfl-, extension of °Dhei&- in Goth. U8-1/aisjan 'frighten', Av. mUa- 'horrible'. WaldeP. 1.554. Feist 531. NED s.v. ghost. ME, NE 8pirit, fro Anglo-Fr. 8pirit OFr . ..,,(.)rit, Fr. eaprit (above, 2). 5. Li1Jl. diJiia 'soul', fro Slavic dula (below). BrUckner, SI. Fremdworter 82. Lith. doaIIia 'spirit', dial. still 'breath', Lett. drJiaele 'soul' also 'breatb' : Lett. dsaItJ 'breath', dvaiuot, d...t 'breathe' (4.51) and the Slavic group below. Lett. gaT. 'steam' and 'spirit, soul, intellect' : Lith. gara. 'steam', CbS!. gorili 'burn', Grk. IJeppDr 'hot', etc. Walde-P. 1.688. Berneker 234. MilhI.-Endz 1.604. 6. ChSI. dula, etc., generol Slavic for 'soul' : CbSI. duchll 'breath' and 'spirit' (....0,..), but in modem Slavic usual only in the latter sense : ChSI. dychati, duchaIi 'breathe', etc. (4.51). Walde-P. 1.846. Berneker 234 f., 239. 7. Skt. alman-, orig. 'breath' : OHG dtum 'breath', etc. (4.51). Skt. prdfJ/I-, orig. 'breath', and esp. 'inhalation', fro pra,.an-, cpd. of an'breathe' (4.51). Av. urvan-, the usual term for 'soul, spirit', etym.? Barth. 1537 It.

NIceI. word), andi esp. 'spirit, spiritual being', and so in NIceI., as also Dan. aand (distinguished fro aantle 'hreath'), Sw. ande. FaIk-Torp 5. Hellquist20. OE gll8t, ME gOBt (NE ghost in Hoi"

cations, partly personified = Skt. many.. 'spirit, mood, anger': Skt., Av. man- 'think', etc. (17.13). Barth. 1136 It.

Av. mainyu- 'spirit' in various appli-

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS 16.12 EMOTION, FEELING Grk. NG Lat. It.

Fr. Sp. Rum.

Ir. NIr.

w.

Br.

'!rASor, 'fr6/1q1lA

.w...

miJtu8 anini" IlMUi

sentimenta, emDAont

IfmIimmt,1moIima smtimimCo emoci6n

Dan. Sw. NE Du.

NHG

"w..

kamlG -ion, J..!iflf/ g...,.j, ",,_Vag

(JI/tlhl

Bob.

Pol.

R_

d1buid(l), owthugud owthUIJIuJdA leimlad (tn./iad)

Skt.

1090

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

nize'.

NE emolion, in earliest use 'a moving out, migration', then 'agitation' (physicalor mental), finally (since early 18th

cent.) in current sense, prob. fro Fr. __ tion (above, 2). Otherwise (as independently coined) NED s.v. Du. aandoening, deriv. of aandoen 'touch upon, caUBe, affect', semantic

borrowing fro Lat. ad!eclu8, adficere (above, 2). Fronck-v. W. 3. 5. Lith. jauamae, Lett. jO.tas, jii.8ma : Lith. jausti, Lett. jaust 'perceive by the senses, feel' (15.11). 6. ChSI. Curil8tvo, SCr., Russ. /!tw8tVO, Pol. czucie, uczucie : ChSI. po-bJli, etc. 'feel, perceive by the senses' (15.11). Bemeker 162. Boh. cit : eCr. rut 'sense', rutjeti 'perceive by the senses', etc. (15.11). Gebauer 1.273, 384. 7. Skt. bh4fx>., lit. 'becoming, being', whence 'state' of anything, and 'state of mind or body', 'way of thinking, feeling, sentiment' : bh1l- 'become, be'.

16.13 PASSION Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Bp.

Rum. Ir. NIr.

w.

Br.

...A80s, ...u.,,,,. ".,-lurl>Iiti6

Goth. ON Dan.

d ....

,....w..

gatruni, wi'nnO

Lith.

lidmakab JHJBOi It. emozione, Sp. emociOO, Rum. emoliune), deriv. of hnouvoir

animi.

1. Grk. ..6.IJos, ..68'!,.. 'what befalls one, experience, Buffering, misfortune',

'stir, agitate, move' (orig. in physical sense); formation after motion 'move-

but also generic 'emotion' (,,68'!,.. Pla-

ment'. Gamillscheg 352. 3. Ir. cetbuid (MIr. ret!ait!), the usual word for 'sense' (15.11), but prob. also 'feeling', cf. Passions and Homilies I. 722 (in genntilecht) !ormuchoid na cetfada '(paganism) stift.. the senses' (but trans. p. 301 'opinions'), I. 6868 ho dunmait-ne ar cetjaide!ria cech n-olc 'sensibus nostris contra mala obduratis' (trans. p. 469), where the reference is certainly not to physical feelings. Ir. mothugud, NIr. mothughadh 'perception, sense' and 'feeling', see 15.11. W. reimiad, also of physical feeling,

1I"6.80r more common in Aristot.,

e.g. EN 1105b 21 It. ; NG "a.e.. 'di...... , misfortune, malice', also 'passion'), beside ...Wos 'grief, sorrow', 1r4CTXW 'sufier, experience' , prob.: Ir. c688Gim, Lith. kenCiu, ~.Ii 'suiter', etc. Walde-P. 1.513. Boisacq 766. Otherwise (ultimately : Lat. pati 'suiter') Emout-M. 74l. Grk . • I.s,,~. 'object of sensation' (: 'perceive by the senses',

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS 3. Ir. cil.Bad 'sultering' (16.31) used also for 'passion' (NIr. ceasadh 'the crucifixion'), semantic borrowing fro Lat. pa8BiIJ. Pederson 2.486. NIr. pais, in early Ir. mostly 'passio Christi', ir. Lat. pas8iiJ. Vendryes, De hib. voc. 163. W. nwyd (beside nwy 'spirit, vivacsire' (16.62). 4. Goth. gairuni (gairunja IUBlaUB ..0IIe, , ...su,.L•• , 1 Thess. 4. 5) : gairnei 'desire', vb. gaimjan, OE giernan 'desire', etc. (16.62). Goth. winn". (Jagi6. Ent.tehungsgesch. 370). word for 'care' as intended here (cintais 'thought', and Icare' = 'anxiety'). Bruckner 406. Meillet. ll:tudes 416.

16.15 WONDER, ASTONISHMENT Grk. NG

86.p,fJo!, 8a.Dp.a., LotX'IIElf IIC'I!'X'IIEK

Goth. ON

aildakik, alatau/man

Lat.

admiratiO, stupor maraviglia, atupore

Dan.

undretl, jorundring, forbcwaelse

It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. NIr.

w.

hnn_

Thyfeddod, 8yndod

Br.

nusisiebejimll8, nuste-

Lett. ChS!. Ber.

uZasil

bimas

Sw.

(j;;,-)u1I"v6,.

OE ME NE

ning wundrung wonder wonder, tJ8ttmi8hment

Du.

verbazing

paamo

mirare machdad, ingantaB iongantaB

Lith.

(und7)

Boh. Pol. Russ. Skt.

brinums ~udenje, zaprepaiernie, dwlen,je Udiv,U.ia8 uuiziwienu udivlenie

rJismaya-

OHG (wuntar) MHG wunder NHG bewunderung (wun-

der), (61')"CJunefI,

Many of the words for 'wonder' de-

astonishment' are connected with words

noted originally the obj. 'wonder' ('a

for '(be) struck, stunned, rigid, dis-

wonder' = 'something wonderful'), and

placed', etc., with extension from a phys-

only secondarily, mostly through the

ical condition to a mental attitude. In

medium of their deriv. vbs. meaning 'to wonder at', the subj. feeling of 'wonder'. These are based on such notions as 'something seen, perceived', (felt as la sight' = Isomething worth seeing'), or Isomething unknown or of unusual form', etc.

some of these there is interchange between 'astonishment' and 'fear, terror'. 'Wonder' may turn to 'admiration'. 1. Grk. 96,,.,.{jos, Ta.rpoS, beside vb. aor. harpol', perf. T~1ra 'be astonished',

On the other hand. the more distinc-

Grk. Oav,.,.a (mostly obj. 'wonder', but also subj.) : Bfa. 'sight, aspect', fro *(Jifo.,

tive words for the feeling of 'wonder,

etym. dub. 333.

Walde-P. 1.824. Boisacq

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL. MORAL. AESTHETIC NOTIONS

1095

slauj1ips 'anxious, perplexed', root connection dub. Walde-P.2.709. Feist 9 f. ON undr. OE WUndoT. OHG WUntaT. etc .• gen. Gmc. except Goth .• etym.? Fs.IkTorp 1332. Weigand-H. 2.1290. The.e words expressed orig. the obj. 'wonder', and only secondarily emotion. Thus OE wundor 'a wonder'. ME. NE wonder also of the emotion (NED s.v. 7);OHG wuntar mostly 'a wonder' (rarely Bubj., as sie the wuntar gifiang. Otfr. 3.16.5), MHG, NHG wunder also of the emotion (NHG still in phrases like wunder nimmt mich). But emotional value prevailed in the vbs., as OE fDundrian, OHG wuntarUn, etc. 'wonder at', and 80 in their denvs., as OE wundrung, Dan. undren, Jorundring, NHG .erwunderung. etc. Dan. Jorbavselse, fro vb. Jorbavse 'astonish'. fro MLG Jurba8en 'disturb' = Du. verbazen 'astonish', verbazing 'astonishment', cpds. of MLG basen 'rave, rage'. Falk-Torp 253. Franck-v. W. 37. Sw. JiiTfJ4ning. fro vb. JiJ7"I14na ·.urpri ... astonish'. through the notion of 'beyond expectation': . 'wonder at'), this prob. fro *stiJ,.. in words based on the notion of 'fixed, stiff'. Walde-Po 2.608. Falk-Torp U8H Kluge-G. 588.

Skt. 8tabh- 'support, prop'. 8tabdha'stiff. rigid'. etc. Walde-P.2.625. Lett. brinums, etym.? Miihl.-End•. 1.335. 6. ChSI. ula8!l (renders 06.1410< and acO'raCTU'), Boh. uzas 'astonishment' and 'terror' (sCr.. Russ. uias 'terror'): ChSI.",.lasnqti ~'be frigbtened·. etym.? Walde-Po 1.554. SCr. Monje. fro vb. Miti Be 'wonder' = ChS!. Miti 8~ id .• fro CbSl. Cu.do, etc. general Slavic for the obj. 'wonder' (rare or dial. for the feeling). this : luti 'perceive' (17.11). Bemeker 161. SCr. zaprepa8tenje (orzaprepascenost). fro zaprepastiti .. 'be astonished' : prepasI:i 8e 'be frightened' (Pol. przepaM 'be lost·). ChSI. pasti ·fall·. Briickner 390. SCr. diolenje, Bah. Utii•• Pol. zadziwienie, podziwienie, Russ. udivlenie, all throngh deriv. vbs. : ChSI. dilril. divo.

5. Lith. nusistebejimas. nustebimas. steb~tis 'be astonished'. as orig. 'be stiff, rigid' : Lith. stiebaB 'stake, mast',

2. NHG ilberraschung (hence by semantic borrowing Dan. overraskelse, Sw. overraskning), fro vb. uberraschen, orig.

JT.

etc., general Slavic for the obj. 'wonder',

this "" orig. 'a sight' (cf. OaVI'4. above) : Skt. di-. diu- 'shine', etc. Ws.Ide-P. 1.774. Bemeker 202. 7. Skt. vi-smaya-. above. 2. 16.16. ·Surpri..•. The feeling evoked by the unexpected is in large measure in-

cluded in the scope of word. li.ted in 16.15. So far as there are more distinctive terms, they are modern and original-

ly denoted the physical act of ·.urpri... sudden overtaking'.

1. It. SOrpTe8a. Fr. surprise (> NE surprise, Rum. surpriz4), orig. denoting the physical 'surprise, taking unawares', fro fem. pple. of It. IJOTpTendere, Fr. 8urprendTe. MLat. superprendere. cpd. of prendere •..ize· (11.14). Gamillscheg 824. NED s.v. 8urprise.

1096

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS 1097

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

military sense, lit. 'be swift over one' (cf. Uberrumpeln, Uberlaufen, etc.), fro rasch 'swift'. Kluge-G. 638. Similarly Du. veTTasoing. 3. Boh. pf'ekvapeni, fro vb. pf'ekvapiti, cpd. of kvapiti 'hasten', fro kvap 'haste,

'surprise' in

8.

hurry'. Evidently modeled on NHG 'iJherraschen, uberraschung, and likewise used for both act and emotion. There are

various other Slavic words for the physi-

tion, appellation', etc., fro cpd. of rekq,

cal 'surprise', but they seem not to be

r..ti 'aay' (18.22). Cf. Lat. flltum 'fate', fro filr'i. 'speak, aay'. Tiktin 1061. Bruckner 355.

current for the resulting feeling.

16.17 FORTUNE (Good or Bad) Grk. NG Lat. It.

Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. Nir. W.

Br.

rixor, .._ ."",

jurtana (fora, criBw)

I"""""' .....,."

!Mium, chance

fortuna, ventura aoarte, noroc Ioopb.

together', 3.sg. impers. O'uP4HPE' 'is of use', pple. CTVJMI>ffJ'IJlI 'useful', etc.

2. Lat.forl.ii.na (> It., Sp.forWna, Fr. fortune> ME, NE fortune), beside foro, forlM 'chance', fro the root of ferre 'bear, carry'. Walde-Po 2.155. Ernout-M. 382 (with doubt). Walde-H. 1.534. REW 3458. The development ha& heen

1098

eadere 'fall' (10.23), also 'befall, happen', whence OFr. cheoir and the new sb. OFr. cheance (> ME cheance, chaunce, chance, NE chance), Fr. chance, now esp. bonne chance 'good luck'. Ernout-M. 126. REW1451. Lat. 8Or8, 80rM 'lot, fate' (> Romance words, of which Rum. 8(){lrte is also the one for 'fortune'), prob. (with reference to drawing lots) fro the root of Berere 'bind together, arrange',

'fortune, circumstance', sometimes 'good fortune', but mostly 'misfortune' (as NG), fro av!"/>!pw 'bring

BerieB

series'. Walde-Po 2.500. 959. REW 8107.

'row,

Rum. Ir.

NIr.

elrruxLa. etrrUxtJIIII, flnvxLa.

lur'_

(...,.ndtI) (b .....) I .....,..

boroM"" (b ......) lortuna noroe ad, tocad

It., Sp. ventUTa 'fortune' and 'good" fortune' = OFr. aventure 'event' (>

ME aventure, NE adventure), fro deriv. of Lat. aduenire 'come to, arrive', hence 'happen' as Fr. avenir, etc. REW 216. Fr. heur, now obs. but source of bonheur 'good fortune' and malheur 'misfortune', fr. Lat. augurium 'augury'. REW 785. Wartburg 1.174 f.

/idh......

W.

Jlur'.n

Br.

.UI'1>Od

Goth. ON /wpp Dan. lykke Sw. lycka OE W!P'd gMt?) ME f(Jl'tune, hap NE Du.

Lith. Lett.

ChSl. SCr. Boh.

(good) I ........ luck

Pol. Russ.

geluk

Skt.

OHG MHO gkk

'Good fortune' is expressed by words listed or discussed in 16.17, either with words for 'good, well, favorable', or, commonly in most languages, alone. Ir.

laimi laime ore6a iteaM, azczlJlcie aeastie bhIJ.gya-

NG Lat.

~G.,&vtnbX"JIMI1

4TbxrlIIII (fUlMPopG., atrcrTUXlll

forluna adueraa, inJorI.fi.nium

B/ur/uno,

It.

Fr. Sp. Rum . ir. Nir. W. Br.

dugrazia

malheur, in/OTtune deIJ(J'MJCia, injortunio .............. dod Fr., ME inJortune, Sp. infortunio), Rum. nenorocire, W. anjJawd, ON 'iUy/Cka (late), Dan. ulykke, Sw. olycka, Du. ongeluk, NHG unglii ME happe, hap; cf. Briickner 534. OE gehrzp 'fit'; Chaucer has hap and for7. Skt. bhllgya- 'lot, fate' and esp. tune) : ChS!. kob! 'augury', Ir. cob 'vic- 'good fortune' (cf. adjs. bhlf.gyaoan/r, tory'. Walde-Po 1.457. Falk-Torp BUbhllgya- 'fortunate', durbhllgya- 'un398f. fortunate'), through bhafJa- 'part, share', OE wyrd 'what happens, fortune, fate' also 'good fortune', fro vb. bhaj- 'appor(g!. Lat. eventus, fortana, forB, c48us, tion, share'. Av. ba-ya- 'share' and 81so Boro), OHG wurt (rare), fro the root of 'good fortune'. Barth. 921.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

.,.~,

OE W60rpan, OHG werdan 'become' (9.92). NED S.V. weird sb. MHG g(e)lii late ON lukka, Dan. lykke, Sw. lycka), Du. geluk, MDu. also luk (> ME, NE luck), all used for the neu-

Ernout-M.

16.18 GOOD FORTUNE Grk. NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

Rum. 1IOTOC (partly neutral, but mostly 'good fortune'), fro Slavic, sCr. narok 'fortune' (obs.), ChS!. naroM 'declara-

(pa)tildi (pa)tikt ugodiIi

dopGati Be libiti 3S podoboC Bi< nra";'t'';a prJ.., tarpaya-t10i (inf.)

pleased, enjoy oneself' and

~60'"

'pleas-

ure' : Skt. 8fJad.. 'take pleasure in, en-

joy' and the more widespread adj. for 'sweet, pleasant' Skt. 8tIildu-, Grk. I\6b., Lat. .uaviB, etc. (15.35). Walde-Po 1.601. Ernout-M. 991. 2. Lat. placer. (> It. piacere, OFr. plaisir, Fr. plaire, Sp. placer, Rum. pU!.cea) : pliI.cdre 'reconcile, soothe', placidUB 'gentle, quiet, calm', prob. orig. 'make smooth, flatten out' : Grk ... 'flat surface', etc. cr. also Toch. A

&.

Me

llOO

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

pldkiim 'agreement', etc. (SSS 454). Walde-P.2.90. Ernout-M. 773 I. Sp. agradar (Fr. agroo.., etc. 'agree'), fro Sp. grada 'will, pleasure' (Fr. gr~, etc.), fro Lat. grittum, neut. of gr(Uuo 'agreeable, dear'. REW 3848. Sp. gustar 'taste' (15.31), hence, through obj. 'taste' (= 'have a pleasant taste'), 'please' in me gusta 'it pleases me, I like'. 3. Ir. toltanaiguT, MIr. toltanaigim, cl. toltanach gl. 'beneplacitus', also Ir. tolnuT (e.g. 3sg. reI. tolnatlw.r) , botb fro tol 'will' (cl. NIr. toilighim 'will, wisb', 16.61). Pedersen 2.47, 652. NIr. taitnim (taitnighim, taithnighim), orig. 'shine', as Ir. taitnim (15.56). W. boddhou, boddio, fro bodd 'will, pleasure' = Corn. both 'will' : Ir. buide 'thanks', ON bo'6, MHG bot 'command', etc., fro the root of Goth. ana-biullan 'command', Grk. 7rEiiJOP.a.L 'learn', Skt. budh- 'awake, perceive', etc. Walde-Po

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS 1101

Du. behagen (MLG behogen > Dan. behoge, Sw. behoga), OS bihaglJn, MHG, NHG behagen (now mostly 'suit'), of. OE onhagian 'suit, be convenient or possible', ON haga 'manage, arrange', prob. : Skt. ~ak- 'be powerful, be able', etc. Walde-P. 1.333. Falk-Torp 58, 371. Kluge-G. 46. NHG gefallen, fro MHG gevallen, OHG gifallan 'fall to one's lot', in MHG rarely 'please' and always with wal, baz, etc.; used orig. in military language when

dividing the booty by casting lots. Kluge-G. 191. Weigand-H. 1.646 I. 5. Lith. (pa)tikti, Lett. (pa)tikt (the simple vb. in Lith. mostly 'suit, fit') :

1102

Walde-Po 1.725. MUhl.-End•. 4.157, 1831. 6. ChSI. ugoditi, perfect. cpe!. of the simple vb. in Russ.-CbSl. goditi id., Russ. godit'sja 'suit, fit, be of use', SCr. goditi 'be desirable, of use', etc. : ChSI. godil '(proper) time', etc. (14.11). Berneker 317. Walde-P. 1.532. SCr. dopaBti se, dopodati Be, refl. of

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS Rum. veselie, fro Slavic (below, 6).

meaning orig. satisfaction, as NHG

orig.? Tiktin 233. Etym. Wtb. 52.

side adv. gabauTjaba~,a!w" >1a,ura) : OE gebyrian 'pertain to, happen', etc. (Feist 175.; for formation, cf. F. Metzger, Language 21.971 f.). NHG lust, orig. 'strong desire' (: Goth. lustus, OE lust, etc.) now common for the simple 'pleasure'. Lat. voluptas the most distinctive word for 'pleasure', beside neut. adj. volup 'pleasant, agreeable': Lat. velie 'wish', Grk. EArLs 'hope', etc. For 'happy', 'happiness' see 16.24. 1. Grk. xapa. : xaLpw 'rejoice' (pples. xo.lPWJl, NG Xo.poUjJ.EJlOS 'joyful'), XciPLS 'favor, grace', Osc. herest, Umbr. henest 'volet', Lat. horin, hortdri 'urge, encourage', Goth. gairnjan, OE giernan

(NE yearn) 'desire', Skt. haryati 'delights in', etc. Walde-Po 1.601. Ernout-M. 460. Walde-H. 1.658. 2. Lat. gaudium (> Sp. gozo, Fr. joie > It. gioia) : gaudere 'rejoice', Grk. 'Y1J8Ew, Dor. 'Ya8Ew 'rejoice', Hom. 'Yo.twJl

'rejoicing', etc., root *gau-.

Walde~P.

1.529. Ernout-M. 411 I. Walde-H. 1.584. REW 3705. Lat. laetitia, fro laetus 'joyful' (> It. lieto) , also (more orig.?) 'rich, fertile', etym. dUb. Walde-H. 1.750. ErnoutM.518. Sp. alegria, fro alegre 'lively, merry, joyful' ~ It. allegTo id., fro Lat. alaceT 'lively', also 'joyful, merry' Goined with laetus in Cic.), perh. : Goth. aljan {zeal', OE ellen 'strength, valor', etc. Walde-P.

1.156. Walde-H. 1.25. Otherwise (: Lat. amb-uldre) Ernout-M. 31.

G. Meyer, Alb.

3. Ir. failte (also 'welcome', and NIr. in this sense), fro failid 'joyful, glad', etym.?

Dub. connections in Pedersen

2.17, Stokes 262. Ir. sube, cpd. of BU- 'good' (cl. du-be 'grief') and -be fro some form of the vb. for 'be', as *bhwi-, bhuriy- in Ir.btu, Lat. jtO, etc. Pokorny Z. celt. Ph. 15.290. Ir. aithes, NIr. athas, perh. : Ir. aith 'sharp, keen' (Dillon). NIr. lathghaiT, MIr. lathgair (Windisch, p. 673), cf. Gael. lut.hghiJ.iT 'a great shout of joy', apparently the orig. sense, cpd. of liUh 'strength, movement' and gair 'shout', whence also NIr. gair~ dighim 'rejoice'. W. llawenydd, Br. levenez, fro W. !lawen, Br. laouen 'joyful', prob. : Grk. o.1I"oAaUw 'have the enjoyment, benefit of', Goth. launs 'reward', etc. Walde-Po

2.380. W. dywenydd, fro dywenu 'smile, be glad', dywen 'a smile, glad mien', 'intensive cpd. of gwen 'smile' (16.25). Evans, W. Dict. S.V. Br. joa, fro Fr. joie (above, 2). 4. Goth. fakeps, ON fagnal5T, OE gefea with adj. jregen, ME fayn (NE fain), OHG gifeho : Goth. foginhn, ON fagna, OE gefion, OHG gifehan 'rejoice', outside root connections dub. Walde-Po 2.16. Falk-Torp 201. Feist 135. ON glel5i, Dan. glrede, Sw. glddje, OE glrednes, etc., fro adjs. ON glal5T, OE glred 'cheerful, joyful', also 'bright, shining' ~ OHG, MHG glat 'bright' and 'smooth', NHG glatt, Du. glad 'smooth' : ChSI. gladil/r;U 'smooth', Lat. glaber 'smooth, bald'.

Whether 'smooth'

xa.pa.

NG

xap&

Lat. It. Fr.

gatuiium, laetitia gioia joie

Sp. Rum.

alegria, gozo

Ir. Nlr. W. Br.

Goth. ON Dan.

laMp,

links-

Lith.

dZiaug8ma8,

Lett. ChS!.

my be priek8, liksma rad08tt

gle3i, fagna3r

OE

Sw.

glade,lryd glMje, IrOjd ge/ea, blips, gladnea,

veselie, bucurie

ME

blisse, ioie, gladnea,

faull, 8ube, aith68 athas, liUhghiiir

NE

Boh. Pol. Russ.

joy

Skt.

radost' ananda-, harfa-,

Du. OHG

vreuqck

Av.

mdya-, 86.iti-, uTVliza-

llawenydd, dywenydd

levenez, joo

wynn

SCr.

rad.." rados'

radoM mayas-

gif.ho, I",wi, Irewida,

mendi, wunna

MHG tlrihu:le, mende NHG

i"wk

It is impossible to draw any sharp lines between the pleasurable emotions

expressed by NE pleasuTe, joy, delight, gladnes8, happiness, etc., or by adjectives like joyful, glad, merry, gay, happy, etc.; and their differentiation in usage corresponds only in small measure to that in similar groups elsewhere. The words listed here are those that seem to be the best generic terms for 'joy', the choice in some cases being diffi-

cult. Omitted are many others, as Grk. 'TEp1fLS

'delight, enjoyment' (:

'T~P1l'W 'de~

light, gladden', mid. 'enjoy', Skt. trp'be satisfied, plea.sed', Lith. tarpti 'thrive'. Walde-Po 1.737); NE delight

(ME delit fro OFr. delit ~ It. diletto, etc., through the vb. fro Lat. delectaTe 'allure, charm, delight', frequent.

>

'bright' or conversely (cf. 15.77), the

of

de-licere 'entice away', cpd. of lacere id. Ernout-M. 532 I. REW 2532. NED s.v.). The moderate 'pleasure' may be cov-

ered in part by some of the words listed here under 'joy', as NHG freude. But it is most commonly expressed by words having an underlying notion of 'satisfaction'. Thus derivs., or infins. used substantively, of vbs. for 'please' (16.21), as Grk. ,Ooyl, (: ••My., 'please', ~OUf 'pleasant', etc.), It. piacere, Fr.

plailriT (OFr. infin.; hence ME plelriT,

1103

Walde~

5. Lith. dZiaugsmaB, fro diiaugti-s 'be

P. 1.625 f. Falk-Torp 324. NED S.V. glad. OE blips, blis(s), ME bliBse (but the more restricted sense, as in NE bliss, in~ fluenced by bless; cl. NED s.v.), fro adj. blipe 'kind' and 'joyful', ME, NE blithe ~ OHG blidi, MHG blide, Du. blijde, blij 'joyful', Goth. bleips 'merciful, loving goodness', ON blJ,'Jr 'gentle, pleas-

tion fro gaudl- : Lat. gaudium (above, 2). Walde-P. 1.529. Walde-H. 1.584. Lith. linksmybe, Lett. liksma (also liksme, llksmiba), fro Lith. linksmlJ8, Lett. liklrrns 'joyful', prob. : Lith. lenkti 'bend, bow', linketi 'incline to, wish', with semantic development through

ing', root connection dub., perh. through 'bright' : OE bleo 'color, appearance',

End•. 2.486. Leskien, Ablaut 334. Lett. priek8, with adj. priecigs 'joyful', perh. fro the root of ChS!. prijati,

sense 'joyful' comes fro 'bright'.

Rum. bucurie, beside adj. bucuros, fro Alb. bukuri 'beauty', b4kur 'beautiful',

'enough', etc.), Russ. udovol'stvie (cf. udovol'stovat' 'satisfy', dovol'stvie 'sufficiency, abundance, ease' : dovol'no, ChSl. dovonno 'enough', this: vol}a 'will', etc.). So Goth. gabaurjijpus (renders ,00,,", be-

16.22 JOY Grk.

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS

etc.), Sp. placer, Rum. pldcere, NHG gefallen, Skt. pTiti-. Or other words vergnii{Jen, Du. genoegen (: NHG genug

In several la.nguages the verbs for

'please' furnish the stereotyped polite 'please' (take a seat, etc.), as NE please, shortened from (may it) please you 'satisfy, delight, cheer', mid. 'enjoy', (NED S.V. ploose 6 c), It. per piacere, TEpt/m 'joy', Lith. tarpti 'thrive', etc. Fr. 8'il VOU3 platt. But more widespread Walde-P. 1.737. is the use of the first singular of a verb Av. va; (inf.) : Skt. deva-vi- 'pleasing for 'ask, request' (18.35), as NG 1rapato the gods', devaviti~ {feast of the gods', "Aid, NHG bitte, Lith. pTaSau, SCr. molim, Boh. proBim, Pol. praSZlJ, Rum. rita- 'desired, pleasant', fro root vi- (3sg. veti) 'seek eagerly, pursue, a.ttack' : Grk. rog. Among other such phrases are Sp. fE,uCU 'hasten, be eager'. Walde-P. hoee el favoT 'do the favor' (or simply Javor), Dan. t1(ET Baa god 'be so good', 1.228. Barth. 1427 I. Russ. poialui8ta : poialovat' 'do a favor', 16.212. Note on polite phrases for Sp. lrirvase (more formal than favoT), 'please'. refl. of servir 'serve'.

Lith. teikti 'join', tiekti 'prepare', OPruss. teickut 'make', outside connections dub.

2.147. Pedersen 1.35. Br. plijout, formed fro the stem of Fr. plailriT (above, 2). Henry 225. 4. Goth. (ga)leikan, ON llka, OE (ge)lician, ME like (NE like), OHG gilihllen, dopasti, dopadati, 'fall upon, fall to one's liMen, MHG gelf.chen, fro the stem of lot', etc., cpd. of pasti, padati 'fall'. Goth. ga-leikB, ON g-likr, OE ge-lie, etc. Sense 'please' after NHG gefallen. 'equal, like' (12.91). Development 'be Rjecnik Akad. 2.645. like' > 'be suitable' > 'be pleasing'. Boh. libiti Be, refl. of libiti 'like' (: Walde-P. 2.398. NED S.V. like adj. ChSI. ljubiti 'love', etc., 16.27). and vb. Po!. podobal; ~, cf. podoba 'gratificaON hugna, fro hugr 'mind, mood, de- tion, pleasure, resemblance', ChSl. podosire' : Goth. hugs 'mind, understanding', biti 'make fitting, like', podoba 'adornetc. (17.11). ment' (podoba jestu 'it is proper'), Russ. OE (ge)cweman, ME (i)queme, fro OE podobit'sja 'resemble', etc. : Goth. gada(ge)cweme adj. 'pleasing, agreeable' ban 'happen', OE pple. gedafen 'proper', (OHG bi-qUilmi 'fitting, usefu!'), fro the etc. Berneker 203 f. stem of OE cuman, Goth. qiman 'come', Russ. nravit'sja, fro nrav 'character, etc. (cl. Goth. ga-qimip 'it is fitting', NE temper, humor', fro ChSI. nratnl (genuine beeome, Lat. con-ven!Te). NED S.V. Russ. nOTOV 'habit, custom, usage'), this queme adj. and vb. prob. : Lith. noreli 'wish, will'. WaldeME plaise, pleise, etc., NE please, fro P.2.333. OFr. plailrir (above, 2). NED S.V. 7. Skt. p1i- : ChSI. prijati 'be favor-

NE pleasure with spelling after measure,

able', Goth. frijlJn 'love', etc. (16.27). Walde-P. 2.86 f. Skt. tarpaya-, caus. of trp- 'be satisfied, satiated, partake of' : Grk. T!pr.,

etc. Walde-P.2.21O. Falk-Torp 81. OE wynn, ME wunne, winne (cf. NE winsome), OHG wunna 'great joy, bliss' (NHG wonne) : Lat. venus 'charm' (and Venus), Skt. van- 'desire, seek, gain', Goth. wens 'hope', OHG wunscan, OE wyscan 'wish', etc. Walde-P.1.258. OHG fTew'i, fTewida, MHG vT{jude, NHG fTeude, Du. ureugde (Dan. fryd, Sw. frojd, sense prob. influenced by German; ON frygtl 'bloom, magnificence'), fro adj. OHG fTO (inflected frawer, etc.), MHG VTO, NHG fTOh 'joyful, glad', in OHG also 'swift' as ON fTaT, this prob. the earlier meaning, hence perh. : Skt. pru- 'spring up', prava- 'hovering', Russ. pryt' 'swift pace', etc. Walde-Po 2.88. Weigand-H. 1.588. Somewhat otherwise formally but much the same semantically (as orig. 'forward moving' Gmc. *Jrawa- = IE 'PTo-wo-) Falk-Torp 278. OE ioie, NEjoy, fro Fr.joie (above, 2). OHG mendi, MHG mende, with vb. menden 'rejoice' : OHG munlar 'eager, zealous' (NHG munter) , Goth. mundijn Bis 'take notice of', Lith. mandras 'lively, impudent', Grk. jJ.avfJo.Jlw 'learn\ etc.

Walde-P. 2.271. Feist 367. Words of the group OE lusi, etc. 'desire' (16.62) are also used for 'pleasure, joy', e.g. sometimes in OE (cf. NED

s.v.), and esp. in MHG, NHG (Dan. lyst, Sw. lust prob. fro LG).

glad, rejoice', prob. with cons. transposi-

'inclined to, agreeable, pleasant'. Miihl.-

Goth.lrijOn 'love', Skt. priya- 'dear', etc.

(Walde-P. 2.86 I., without the Lett. forms). MUhl.-Endz. 3.393. 6. ChS!. Tadostt (reg. for xapo. in Gospels), etc., general Slavic, fro adj. ChSl. radu, etc. general Slavic for 'joyful, glad' or in part 'willing, ready' (so mostly SCr., Pol. rad) : Lith. TOOS 'willing', OE rot 'cheerful' more often 'noble, excellent', vb. a-retan 'comfort, delight',

etc. Walde-Po 2.369. Trautmann 235. Otherwise (Tad- fro ani- on account of A rdogaBtes ~ Rodogost) BrUckner 452, Liewehr, Einfiihrung in die hist. Gram.

d. tschechischen Sprache 190 I. ChSl. veseltje = o.'Ya}'}'Lao-ts 'great joy, exultation' (cl. Lk. 1.24 radostl i vesellje

= Xa.pa. Kat a:yaX}.LauLf), and in modem Slavic esp. 'boisterous joy, merrymaking' (Pol. wesele 'wedding feast, wedding'), deriv., through the vb., fro adj. ChS!. ve8elu, etc., general Slavic (> Rum. vesel), mostly 'merry' but not always sharply distinguished from the previous group (ChSl. radu, etc.); prob. as orig. 'feasting': Goth. wisan (esp. waila wisan) 'be merry', wailawizn8 'food', OE wist 'food', Ir. leis 'mea],

feast', etc. Walde-P. 1.308. Feist 569. Or/and (?) : Skt. vasu- 'good'. Fraenkel, Melanges Pedersen 453. 7. Skt. ananda-, nanda-, fro c'i-na.nd~, nand- 'rejoice', etym. dub., but perh. :

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL. MORAL. AESTHETIC NOTIONS

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

1104

nail- 'sound, cry' (sc Whitney. Roots). Cf. Ir. liJlhgh4ir (above. 3). Skt. llarfG- : hrt- 'brietle. be excited. rejoice'. Lat. IIorr-froe 'briatle. shudder'. Ir. Verb 'rough'. Walde-Po 1.610. Skt. priti : ~ 'plesee·. priya- 'dear'. etc. (16.21). Skt. mall"'". Av. mar the Romance words for 'smile'). etyro. dub. Walde-Po 1.277 (*wriz..d- : Skt. vri4- 'be emberraseed. ashamed'. etc.). Ernout-M. 865 (: Bkt. kr'i4- 'play. jest'). Rum. rimbi 'smile'. fro a Slavic form corresponding to Bulg.lI¥>ja .. 'show the teeth'. Boh. ,ubiti .. 'show the teeth. smirk'. deriv. of Slavic zqbtl 'tooth'. Tiktin 1820 f. 4. Ir. tibiu 'laugh', also 'strike, hit', with development of 'laugh' through 'make a noise' (cf. Grk. LAEW 'love' (have affection for), cpt)..La 'friendly love, friendship', fro q,LXos 'dear', sb. 'friend', in Hom. also 'one's own', this perh. the earliest sense and so fro an Anatolian word represented by Lyd. bilis 'one's own'. Kretschmer, IF 45.267 fl. Grk. ti'Ya1l"aw, 'love' as 'have regard or affection for', 'be fond or contented with', etc., rarely of sexual love. Hence the late back-formation o:Y""~ (first in

LXX), in NG the common word for 'love' as also the vb. ti-ya1l'"w, adj. tij'a1Tf]T6, 'beloved, dear' (Hom. +). Etym. dub. Walde-P.2.257. Boisacq 6. Grk. G''TEP'YW, esp. of the love of parents and children, of a ruler and his subjects, etc., rarely of sexual love (another sense 'be contented with', hence NG 'consent, agree with') with sb. (fTOfYY~, 'affection', perh. : ChSI. stTegq, stTesti 'guard, keep', strazt, Russ. stoTOZ' 'watchman, guard', etc., general Slavic. Walde-Po 2.642. Boisacq 910. 3. Lat. amor (> It. amoTe, Fr. amour, Sp., Rum. amor, mostly of learned orig.), vb. amaTe (> It. amaTe, Fr. aimer, Sp. amar), prob. fro an infantile syllable seen in pet names like Grk. "~~'" OHG amma 'mother, nurse', Lat. amita 'aunt', etc. (above, p. 94). Walde-Po 1.53. Ernout-M. 45 I. Walde-R. 1.40 f. REW 399. Wartburg 1.46, 82. Instead of the vbs. of this group the Romance languages or dials. show other more popular expressions for 'love', as Fr. avoir mer lit. 'hold dear' (cf. Swiss gem haben), It. bene valer, lit. 'wish well', (Lat. bene velie alicui Plaut., etc. already colloq. 'be fond of', but hardly yet quite = amare; Bonfante Riv.IGI 19.), Sp. quedar 'wish' (16.61), Cat. eslimar orig. 'value, esteem' (Lat. aestimare). See refs. above (REW, Wartburg) and Spitzer, Liebessprache 5. Lat. dl,ligere (weaker than amiiTe, according to Cicero, and rarely of sexual love), fro *dis-legere, cpd. of leg ere 'pick up, choose'. Emout-M. 536. Walde-H. 1.351 f. Lat. venus 'love, chann' (but common only in the personified Venus) : Skt. van- 'seek, desire, gain', Goth. wens 'hope', OE wyn, OHO wunna 'great joy, bliBB', ORG wun8can, OE wyscan, etc. 'wish' (16.61). Walde-Po 1.258 fl. Ernout-M. 1037.

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS fight', MHO leichen 'hop, deceive', etc. ; Grk. !M~lt., 'cause to tremble', Skt. Tej- 'make tremble, quiver', etc. WaldeP. 2.399. Falk-Torp 630 f. OE plegian, plegan, ME pieie, NE play, in the older language also, and doubtless more orig., 'move about swiftly, spring, dance', etc., now generally separated from OHG pjlegan 'care for, attend to, be wont', but in any case outside connections dub. Falk-Torp 836 I. NED S.V. play, vb. OE Bpilian, ME spile, OHG spilOn, MHG Bpil(e)n, NHG Bpielen, Du. spelen, in the older languages esp. 'be in quick motion, move about', etym.? Hence the loanwords (fr. MLG) Dan. Bpille, Sw. spew, which have mostly replaced the native ones with reference to games, cards, music, etc. Falk-Torp 1120 f. Weigand-H. 2.915. 5. Lith. iaisti, perh. as orig. 'jump' : Lat. haedus 'young goat', Goth. gaits, etc. 'goat', ChS!. zaj~c! 'hare', and Skt. jihUe 'bounds up, leaps up, runs off'. Walde-Po 1.527, 544.

Grk.

Ipws, q",AiI1, lTTOp-yt,; ipclw, a.-Y111niw,

il,A«'>,

NG

4"1&.11'17, IPWTl1t; a.-yu·w

NIr.

amor, ctiritti8; amtire, diligere amore; amare amour; aimer amor; amar, quedar iubire, drag08te, amor; iubi grlid, sere, ca.is; COr raim griidh, seare; ",lidhr

W. Br.

cariad, sereh; earu karantez; karout

It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir.

aim

7. Skt. krf4-, prob. as *kriz-d- : Goth. -hrisjan, OE hrissan 'shake', Ir. cressaim 'shake, swing', fro an extension of the root *(s)ker- in Grk. (Ttcaipw 'dance, hop, spring', etc. Or as *kliz-d: Ir. cless 'feat, trick'? Walde-Po 2.572.

16.27

LOVE (sb.; vb.) Jrijapwa; Injon 48t, elska; e18ka, un00, frjti Tca!rlighed, elskov; ,I-

(fffP-YW

Lat.

6. ChSI. igrati 'spring, dance', later also play and so general modern Slavic (in part refl. in sense 'play' as a child), cl. ChS!. igri sb. 'play' (Supr.) : Skt. ej- 'stir, move, quake, tremble', i1llJ'stir, move', ON eikenn 'wild, raging'. Walde-Po 1.11. Berneker 422. Briickner 154.

Goth.

ON

Dan.

,Ice

kiirlek, alskog; auka OE lulu, Jrood; lufian, freon ME love; louie NE love; love Du. lie/de,' beminnen OHG minna, liubf.,· minnOn,liuOOn MHG liebe, minne; luben, minnen NHG lube; lieben Sw.

The sbs. and vbs. for 'love' are gen-I erally parallel forms of the same root, but in some languages there is disparity; hence both are listed. Many of

Lith. Lett. ChS!. SCr. Boh. Pol. Russ. Skt.

meiU; myUti mfle8tiba, mUiba; mflet, mil'w;t ljuby; ljubiti ljubav; Ijubiti ldska; milovati miloU; Jrochac ljubo!J'; ljubit' kama-. preman-, 8neha-; prJ-, kam-, tmih-

Av.

o

•••

;

lean-, zaos-

the adjs. for 'dear' are also cognate with the words for 'love' and so are included in the discussion here, though listed separately (16.28).

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS Lat. cariUis 'love, affection', fro carus 'dear' (> It., Sp. caTO, Fr. cher) : Ir. earaim, W. caTU, Br. karout 'love', OE

hare, OHG huora, etc. 'whore', Lett. kars 'lewd, greedy' ; prob. also Skt. kama- sb. 'love' with vb. root kam-, etc. (below,8). Walde-Po 1.325. Walde-H. 1.175. Ernout-M. 158 (rejecting the Indo-Iranian connection). Rum. iubire, old infin. as ab., fro the vb. iubi, fro the Slavic, cl. ChS!. ljubiti, etc. (above, 1). Rum. dragoste 'love' with drag 'dear', fro the Slavic, cf. late ChS!. drQ{}ost! 'preciousness', ChSl. dragu 'precious', modem Slavic also 'dear' (16.28). Tiktin 569 f., 571. 4. Ir. grad, Nlr. gradh, whence the vb. gradhaim, orig. dub., perh. loanword fro Lat. griUum 'favor' (gratus 'acceptable, agreeable') in phrases like gratum facere alicui. Walde-Po 1.601. WaldeH. 1.620. Otherwise (as cognate) Pedersen 1.133. Ir. seTC, Nlr. seare (now mostly poet.), W. serch (Br. serc'h 'concubine, whore'), etym. dub., perh. (*ser-k- beside *ser-t-) : W. serth 'obscene', ON ser'6a'stuprare'. Or : Grk. orEP'Y"? Walde-Po 2.500, 642. Pedersen 1.78. Stokes 301. Ir. eais, prob. same word as cais 'hate' (16.41), both senses fro orig. 'care' developing as 'loving care' or 'anxiety, trouble, hate'. Pedersen 2.10. WaldeP. 1.340. Ir. ooTaim, W. caru, sb. cariad, Br. karom, sb. karantez : Lat. edrus 'dear' (above,3). Ir. cin, NIr. cion (esp. 'fondness, esteem') : Skt. canas- 'delight', Av. Cinman- 'desire'. Walde-Po 1.325. Stokes KZ 40.246 I. Marstrander, Z. celt. Ph. 7.412. 5. Goth.frijapwa, OEfreod, with vbs. Goth. frijOn, ON frja, OE freon (NHG freien 'woo') : Skt. priya- 'dear', pTiyate

1109

Lith. losti (esp. 'play' cards; cf. NSB and Hermann, Lit. -Deutsche. Gesprachsb. pp. 76 fl.), orig. 'turn up' (the cards). Cf. -losti in at-si-losli 'lean, incline', etym.? Skardtius, Lietuvi,! kalbos !od!ilj daryba 483 I. Lett. spelet, fro MLG spelen. Lett. ruotalat : ruotat 'be dexterous, turn, hop', also 'loaf about', refl. 'tumble about, play' : rats 'wheel', etc. MUhl.Endz. 583, 584.

1111

'is satisfied with, loves', ChSl. prijati 'be favorable, care for', etc. Walde-Po 2.86. Feist 168. Goth. liufs 'dear', OE lufu 'love', etc., above, 1. ON ast = Goth. an.ls, OHG anst, OE est 'favor, grace', with vbs. ON unna 'love, grant' = OE, OS, OHG unmin 'grant, wish' (OHG gi-unnan, NHG g6nnen), perh. : Grk. 1rPOO'-1'}vqs 'friendly', a.1r-1'}V~S 'unfriendly, harsh'. Walde· P. 1.68. Feist 53. ON elska, and elsk-hugi, Dan. elskov, Sw. iilskay (with last member: ON hugr 'mind'), vbs. ON elska, Dan. elske, Sw. IJlska, fro ON elskr adj. 'fond of, attached to', Gmc. *aliska-: ON ala 'nourish, bear', Lat. alere 'nourish, rear', etc. Cf. Dan. op-elske 'raise, nurse', and similar use of the simple vb. in ODan. FalkTorp 188. Hellquist 1433. ON krerr, Dan. krer, Sw. kar 'dear', early borrowing fro an old form of Fr. cher (above, 3). Hence ON (late) kfETleikr, Sw. kfETlek, ODan. krerleg; Dan. kfETlighed (fr. kfETlig 'kind', old 'dear'). Falk-Torp 519. Hellquist 547. For 'dear' as an affectionate term of address the more usual word is Dan. elsket, Sw. dlskad, and similarly Nlcel. eI8ka~ur. OHG minna, MHG minne, esp. of sexual love, and by 1500 no longer decent and hence taboo, but revived again in poetic language in the late 18th century, NHG minne, Du. minne (only poet.), hence OHG minnon, minnron, MHG, NHG minnen, Du. beminnen; orig. 'thought, remembrance': ON minni, Goth. ga-minjJi 'memory', Goth. munan 'think, mean', Lat. meminl, 'remember', etc. Walde-Po 2.265. Weigand-R. 2.188. 6. Lith. meil" Lett. milesllba, milUm, vbs. Lith. myleti, Lett. milet, ml,l'uot, with adjs. Lith. mielasJ Lett. ml,l'i 'dear' : ChSl. mili1. 'pitiful', in modern Slavic

1112

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

also 'dear', SCr. mia, Boh. mily, Pol. mily, RUBB. mil, whence vb. Boh. milooati, sb. Pol. miloM, etc., prob. fro the root *mei- in Skt. mayaa- 'delight, joy'. Lat. mitis 'mild. gentle', Ir. nWith 'tender'. ete. Walde-Po 2.244. Bemeker 2.57f. 7. ChSI. ljuby. vb. Ijubiti. adj. ljubil 'dear' (the last not in Gospels; instead rnlzljubltmtl pret. paSB. pple. '4-y4..",...·). above, 1. Once general Slavic. but partly replaced. Boh. libiti .. impers. 'be pleasing'. Pol. lubit 'be fond of, like'. Bemeker 756 f. Bob. IdBka. with vb. la8kati 'caress' ; Russ. laska 'caress. kindness'. laakat' 'caress. wheedle'. CbSl. laBkati 'Batter'. ete.. general Slavic in related seDSe8. perh. fro the root in RUBB. /asit' 'Batter'. /asyj 'fond of dainties'. Pol. laBfl 'hImkering, greedy', ete.• and Goth. 1U8tU8 'desire. lust'. OE I...t. etc. 'lust. joy'. Walde-Po 2.387. Otherwise Berneker 692.

Pol. koc1&at = Boh. kochati 'fondle'. refl. 'delight in' ; CbSl. lrosnqti, RUBB. k081l~Bja 'touch'. etc. (15.71). Semantic development fro 'touch' through 'caress' to 'love'. Berneker 538, 581 f. 8. Skt. pri- in p7iyak (Av. jri- 'satisfy'). sb. prem4n-. adjs. priya-. Av. jrya-. j~ 'dear' ; Goth. jrijOn 'love'. etc. (above. 5). Skt. kama- sb. 'desire. wish' (as Av.• OPen. kama-) and 'love', learn- 'desire, love'. beside kan- 'be pleased with. enjoy'. Av. k/j... kan- 'desire'. prob. (with secondary kam-. ete.) ; Lat. c4rU8 'dear'. etc. (cf. above. 3). Skt. tmeha-. lit. 'stickiness'. whence 'attachment. love'; mik- 'be sticky'. whence 'become attached to, feel afiection for'. Av. zooi- 'find pleasure in. love' (cf. OPe,... daulla 'friend') ; Skt. jUf- 'taste, enjoy' (caus. mid. also 'love, caress'), Grk. -y.!Io,,4' 'taste. enjoy', etc. (15.31). Walde-P. 1.568 f.

.7....... ....... 91"'"

NG

Lat.

It.

-

Goth.

(91""')

caro

Fr. Sp. Rum.

Ir. NIr. W.

Br.

ljUfr. kmrr

Dan.

kB.el8ka .birr alskad

OE ME

caro

dil,cilim,inmain dU.., iomnI&ain

k It. baciare. Fr. baiser, Sp. besar). fro basium (Catull. +) orig. used like 8atJium. but eventually displacing it and osculum, source dub. (loanword fro Celtic?). Emout-M. 105. Walde-H. 1.97 f. REW 971. Wartburg 2.268 ff. Fr. embrass6T, fro bras 'arm', orig. 'take in the anns, embrace', but also 'kiss' since 17th cent., and DOW replacing bai.er in this sense (except with added lewes or the like, or as a noun; donW!T un bai8er, etc.) owing to the obscene connotation which baiser has taken. REW 1256. Wartburg 2.268 ff. Bloch 1.61. 99. Rum. sdruta, fro Lat. salutare 'greet'. Perh. semantic borrowing fro Slavic (cf. ChSI. cllovati. etc .• below. 8). but not nece888rily. Cf. OSp. saludar also 'kiss'. and so formerly sometimes NE salule (NED S.V. 2. e). REW 7556. Tiktin 1369. 5. Ir. pooaim, Nlr. pagaim, Br. pokat, fro Ir. pIic. Br. pok 'a ki..•• fro Lat. piix 'peace' in church uses like piicis osculum dIlrs. ete. Vendryes. De hib. vOC. 167. Loth. Mots lat. 197. Pedersen 1.24. 202. W. cusanu, above, 1. 6. Gmc. words, above, 1. 7. Lith. bul!iuoti. Lett. buCuot. above, 2. 8. ChSI. lolnlzati (reg. for 'kiss' in Gospels). Russ. lobtat' (obs. or archaic). SCr. dial. lobtat. lotbat. prob.; Lat. lamb",... OHG laffan 'lick'. OE lapian 'lap up' etc. Walde-P. 2.384. Berneker726 f.

ser.

kyeyoa""

Boh. Pol. RIl8II. Skt. Av.

IcieH

kin

r.......

""'"" ""'....

Kissing. as an expression of afiection or love, is unknown among many races,

and in the history of mankind seems to be a later substitute for the more primitive rubbing of noses. sniffing. and licking. The partial a.greement among words

for 'kiss' in some of the IE languages

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

or k... (cf. the more obviously imitative bu. b.... below. 2). Gmc. forms resisting the consonant shift by reason of the expressive character. or influenced by the group Goth. kiUBan. Grk. -y.1Jw etc. 'try. taste'. or fro a parallel guo WaldeP. 1.465. Feist 315. Grk .•",,!co (aor. Hom. I""uuo. mostly poet.• in prose replaced early by .w.!co); Goth. kukjan. OFrls. kUkken; ON ky••a. OE cys.an l> W. sb. c...an. vb. cusanu). OHG k......., etc. with sbs. ON koss. OE OHG kus. etc.; Skt. cumb(late. cf. below. 9); Hitt. kUUJ088(Benveniste. MSL 33.139).

·mind·. etc. Macbain 218. Nlr. dilis, also 'faithful', orig. 'one's own'. in this sense OIr. diles. (cf. W. dilys 'certain'). cpd. of neg. di- and -les. as in less-macc. W. Uys-jab 'stepson' ; Ir. leth, 'side'. Pedersen 2.8. W. hoff 'dear. desirable'. etym.? W. annwyl. etym.? Morris Jones 160 (but??). Br. ker. MBr.l[U£T. fro a Norman fonn of Fr. cher. Henry 63. Br. kaez (MBr. quaeo ·captive. un-

W.

Lith. Lett.

whence by afiectionate commiseration 'dear' ; W. caeth. Ir. eacht 'slave'. Lat. captus 'captive'. etc. Henry 57. OE tliore. ME dtre. NE dear. also 'precious. expensive' (cf. 11.88) in OE and ME often ·g1orious. noble' ; ON dyrr 'precious, noble', OHG tiUTe 'glorious. exceDent. valuable'. NHG leuer 'dear' (in both senses). outside connection dub. Falk-Torp 172. Weigand-H. 2.1040 ff. ser.• Bulg. drag (> Rum. drag). Boh. draM. Russ. dorog. also 'precious. valuable'. Pol. drogi. CbS!. dragiJ, only in the latter sense (cf. also Lett. tlIJTg. id. prob.loanword). etym.? Bemeker 213.

Ir. inmain, Nlr. ionmhain, perh. as *eni-moni- fr. the root of menme

Ir. NIr.

16.28 DEAR O.k.

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL. MORAL. AESTIIETIC NOTIONS 1113

rests only on some common expressive syllables, and is DO conclusive evidence

that kissing was knowo in IE times. It was late in India. and a Slavic group probably reflects the 'lick' kiss. Schrader. Reallex. S.V. Kuss. Hopkins. The Sniff-Kiss in Ancient India. JAOS 28.120 ff. MeiBBner. Der Kuss im alten Orient. Ber. Preuss. Akad. 1934. 914 ff.

r..a1Ulli

~, ..k11patu k>bIIzaIi. cllooali /jubKl.c;.lioali llboIi(_J

-'

caIowot (....,.".)

A distinction between the kiBB of afiection and that of erotic love is sometimes made as in Latin (cf. Sciendum osculum religionis, sarnum 1I01uptatia; quamvis quidam osculum filii. dari. w:ori basium. 8C01'to sa.num dicant, Servo ad Verg.), but even here is not maintained and in general is igoored. Several of the worde for 'kiss'. as already stated. are of imitative origin. One is from a 'little mouth'. Some come. through church influence. from the kiBB of 'peace' or 'greeting'. In some the feeling of 'love' is the antecedent of its expression as 'kiss'. 1. Derivs. of an expressive syllable ku

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL. MORAL, AESTIIETIC NOTIONS ChSI. cllorJati 'greet' (cf. clltl 'sound. well'. like Lat. salut4re fro salus 'health'). hence also 'kiss' (Supr. once. and later) as SCr. cjelifHlti. Boh. celovati. Pol. calowat. RUBB. c£lovat'. Bemeker 123 f. SCr. ljubiti 'love' and 'kiss' (like Grk. q,.>.!.,).Boh.llbati'kiss· (polibek'akiss'); ChS\. ljubiti 'love' (16.27). Berneker 756 ff. 9. Skt. cumb- (above. 1) is of relatively late occurrence.

1115

In Vedic. afiection is expressed by ghrl>- 'smell. sniff' (15.21). lik- 'lick' (4.59). and nin.- 'approach. touch. embrace. greet' (ni-ns-. redupl. fonn of naB'approach, join', esp. in love: Grk. llEopa, 'come back, return', Goth. ganiBan 'be saved'. etc.; Walde-Po 2.334 f.). These are often translated 'kiss'. but only loosely. The true 'kiss' is sometimes expressed. earlier than by cumb-. as 'set mouth to mouth'. Cf. Hopkins, I.e.

16.31 PAIN. SUFFERING

Grk. NG

4)'-yof,

6MwI"

-rUr,1A4,

etc. riPos, (JIurGJIG.

Goth.

ON

D&ll. Sw.

Lat.

dolor

It.

dolore, aoJJ8f'e1&'lO

OE

doulBW", tKJuifrome dolor. padre. class. pat> 4. Goth. IllJir, OE 8Ii.r, ME ear (NE 'suffer, endure, bear' : Grk. 1I";J.u4 'evil, eore). OHG. MHG 8lr (NHG' ukr injury, harm', 'TuAo.L-wwpos 'miserable', 'very'), all used of both physical and etc. Walde-Po 2.8. Ernout-M. 741 mental pain. ON ror 'wound' (whence (placing here also Grk. ·dD",. 1..080•• sdrs-auki and .iJ.rs-leikr 'pain. SOleetc .• 16.12). REW 6294. ness') : Ir. 84eth 'afHiction, sickness', Lat. poena 'penalty. punishment' (fr. aaethar 'afRiction. toil', perh. Lat ......... Grk. ....'"' 'penalty'), late Lat. also 'fierce'. Walde-P.2.445. Feist 405. 'hardship. torment. suffering'. has furGoth. tDinflij (renders ..M.,),4, ..6.80 ME peine mostly 'penalty. punish- 'work, labor, suffer', OHG toinnan ment', NE pain). Sp. pena (the Romance 'fight' : Skt. mn- 'desire, gain', etc. words now mostly of mental afRiction Walde-Po 1.260. Feist 566. 'grief'); NIr. pian (MIr. mostly 'penalGoth. balweins (renders (j6.a""", 'torty'), W. porn, Br. poon; Du. pijn (MDu. ment', Lk. 16.23, also "'JAM" 'punishpine also 'penalty'), OHG plna, MHG ment'. Mt. 25.(6). beside balwjan 'torpin, pine. NHG pein. Ernout-M. 784. ture' : OE healu 'evil. harm', ON b9l REW 6628. Pedersen 1.213. Franck-v. 'misfortune', OHG balo 'ruin', prob. W. 500. Weigand-H. 2.391. also. with different suffix, ChSl. bol't 'sick 3. Ir. imned, perh. a cpd. of imb- and person'. SCr. bol 'pain'. etc. (below. 6). root neth- in air-neth- (lsg. ar-neul-8a) Walde-Po 2.1S9. Feist 79. gl. expeetare, sustinere. etc. Pedersen ON .erkr (Dan. OIETk. Sw. II suffer'. cf. above ChSl. stras4. etc. WaldeP.2.631. 7. Skt. dW,i-kha- 'pain. suffering', also adj. 'unpleasant' deriv. of dua- 'ill'. opp. to .....kha- 'pleasant'. Skt. pit/ii- : pI4- 'press, squeeze. pain. distress', Grk....,if", 'press', etc., fro *pi-.

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL. MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS

16.32 GRIEF, SORROW Grk.

jury, wrong', NFrie. akelig. aek&ig 'horrid. miserable'. perh. fro the same root as Skt. agae- 'offense. crime'. Grk. 1"Y0< 'curse. guilt. pollution'. Walde-Po 1.38. Falk-Torp 459 f. NED BY. Q£he. vb. OE jJrli1JnJ.ng, fro ~n 'suffer': OHG druoen 'suffer'. ON pro. 'long. yearn'. ChSI. truti ·consume·. Lith. lrumti 'rot'. beside CbSI. Ir1Jti 'rub'. Grk. 1'piJw 'rub down, wear out', fro an extended form of the root in Grk. TtL".. 'rub'. etc. Walde-Po 1.731. FaJk-Torp 1276 f .• 1288 f. ME peine. NE pain. Du. pijn. NHG pein, above, 2. ME BUjfryngo (but mostly 'bearing of pain. tribulation'). NE ou.jJering. fro ME ..jJro. BUjJre 'undergo (pain. grief. penalty. etc.). bear. endure'. etc .• NE ou.jJer. fro Fr. ooujJrir (above, 2). OHG ........... MHG tmaerze. NHG sell........ Du. amart (MLG amorto > Dan. amerte. Sw. amdrta), also ME am(i)erto 'sharp paiIi.. grief. sorrow' (NE amart). perh. : Grk. a",p81!6r. a,up8o.M.n 'frightful. fearful'. and fro a root .smerd- beside *merd- in Lat. mordIr. 'bite'. Skt. mrd'squeeze, crush, bruise', etc. Walde-Po 2.279. Falk-Torp 1080 f. Du. lijdon. MHG /{den, NHG Isiden. sbs. fro infms. Du. lijden. 'to suffer' (MLG /{den> Dan. lido, Sw. lido, whence sbe. Dan. lidelse. Sw. lidande). NHG Isiden, but OHG ir-t"1dan 'endure. pass through'. then 'experience (go through) pain' (cf. phrases like NE what ahe went throughl). the simple lidan orig. 'go' - Goth. -l.eipan 'go'. OE lipan 'go, voyage', ON 113a 'go, pass away, die' (cf. pple. li"liinn 'dead'). Walde-Po 2.4Olf. Kluge-G. 352 f. Weigand-H. 2.47. OHG quiJ.la. MHG qual(e). NHG qual. mostly 'violent pain. torment' (OHG also 'violent death'): OE C1D6lu 'violent

It .• Sp. pena, Fr. peine. fro Lat. poena 'penalty'. see 16.31. It. ajJan'M. also 'heavy breathing. severe exertion, exhaustion', with the vb. affannarai 'grieve, tire oneself, overwork'. fro Provo a,fanar = OFr. ahaner 'work in the field' (Fr. dial. 'work hard. suffer', etc.), etym. dub. REW 252. Gamillscheg 19. Wartburg l.4S. Fr. chagrin, back-formation to Fr. dial. chagraigner 'sadden'. deriv. of OFr. graignier 'sadden', fro OFr. graim 'sad', this prob. fro OHG gram 'angry. fierce' (16.42). Gamillscheg 201. REW 7513. Sp. peeor. fro pesar 'weigh. weigh upon, cause sorrow', fro Lat. pinBtIre 'weigh. pay'. REW 6391. Rum. mthnire, fro mthni 'grieve' (trans.). perh. fro the Slavic. cf. CbSI. m1lknqti, sCr. maknuti 'move' (10.11). Semantic development through 'move' emotionally. Tiktin 977 f.

Rum. BUparar•• fro BUpara 'oppress. a.fflict', fro Lat. 8uperare 'overcowa, conquer'. REW 8458. Tiktin 1534. 3. Ir. brOn. W. (arch.) brwyn, perh. (n fro gn) : Grk. (jp/Jx.. 'grind the teeth. bite'. Lith. grauiti. ChS!. gryBti 'gnaw'. WaJdeP. 1.698. Pedersen 1.103. Ir. cuma, NIr. cumha, Com. cavow, MBr. oajJou (NBr. ka1!. 'mourning') : Grk .•6.),,,, 'tire'. Skt. fllm- 'toil. labor'. etc. Walde-Po 1.387. Pedersen 1.47. Henry 53. Ir. dube. opp. to sube 'joy'. see 16.22. NIr. doilgheaz. also doilghe. fro Ir. doilge 'difficulty'. deriv. of dolig 'difficult' (9.92). W. gojid, MW gowt. Com. gollid. apparently based on an interjectional phrase like Com. gooy. W. gwae "" 'woe is me'. Stokes 259 (butwithoutgojid). W. galar. Br. glm:!har. cf. Ir. galor 'sickness'. perh. : Grk. xoA/pcl 'cholera'. x6Aos 'gall'. etc. Pedersen 2.25. WaldeP.1.54O. Br. doan. perh. as 'what one has to bear' : MBr. dam 'carry, bear'. Ernault. Dict. 6tym. 275. Br. ree·h. etym. dub. Henry 232. Br. anken : W. angen, Ir. ken 'necessity' (9.93). Henry 11. 4. Goth. sair. OE .ar. OHG ..... etc .• see 16.31. Goth. BtJurga (renders ,u.",#vG. 'care' and l\Inni 'grief'). ON eorg, OE eorh. NE eorrow. etc .• see under 'care' (16.14). Goth. gauripa. gaurei (each once for AIm!). OE gym. beside Goth. gaUTB 'sad'. gaurjan 'grieve' (act. == "'WEi., pass. =A.....,aIi.,), OHG gOrag 'pitiful. miserable'. etc.. etym. dub., perh.: Skt. ghara- 'awful. dreadful'. Walde-Po 1.636. Feist 20S. Goth. trigD (once for Aim!. but rather 'reluctance', in phrase I.e Aim!. 'grudgingly'), ON treg; 'reluctance' and 'grief'.

1119

OE trega. ME /rei. 'pain, grief. trouble' : OHG tragi 'slow. lazy' (14.22). ON harmr 'grief', rarely 'hurt, harm', OE hearm 'hurt, injury'. rarely and ME 'grief', OHG ha.rm 'disgrace, calumny', rarely and MHG 'grief' (NHG harm taken up again in poet. language. cf. Paul, Deutsches Wtb. s.v.) : ChSI. Bramol 'shame'. Walde-Po 1.463. FalkTorp 3S1. ON kryglJ, fro hryggr 'grieved, sad' (16.36). Sw. grlJ,melBe, fro grtlma 'grieve' : Dan. grmmme eig 'become angry'. ON gremja 'make angry'. gremi 'anger' (16.42). Falk-Torp 340. ME gref. grief. NE grief. in ME also 'hardship. hurt. harm'. fro OFr. gri'f, gr'f. back-formation to gr..er (> ME gr.... NE griev.), VLat. • greodr'. for grarJiJre 'weigh down, burden, oppress', fro gravi. 'heavy' (VLat. .greui8 after opp. levis 'light'). NED S.V. ME d..tr..... NE di.tr.... fro OFr. destr..... VLat. diatrictia. deriv. of Lat. diatrict..., pple. of di-stringere 'detain. hinder'. NED S. V. di.tr.... sb. Du. kommer. NHG (> Dan.) ku..... mer, fro MLG kummer. MHG kumber 'rubbish, heap of ruins', also 'hindrance', whence 'harm, injury, distress' and finally 'grief'. Cf. also MLat. (Merov.) cumbr... 'barrier of felled trees'. OFr. combr. id. Etym. disputed. but prob. a Gmc. word fro the root seen in Grk. "Y~!"" 'be full'. etc. Falk-Torp 593 f. Franck-v. W. 334. Otherwise (as a Gallo-Lat. ·com-boroa 'brought together') Kluge-G. 336, REW 2075. NHG betriJlmi•• late MHG belrilebnia.., fro b.tnlben. MHG b.tMleben 'grieve, afflict', Olig. 'make turbid', fro triJh(e) 'turbid. troubled, muddy'. Weigand-H. 1.223. 5. Lith. tuiba. with vb. tutytis (refl.) 'be afflicted, grieved'. fro the Slavic. cf.

1120

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

WhRu... Iulba. 1vIit. Ru... tuiif! 'be alBicted' : ChSI. Iqg4 ·diet...... anxiety'. SCr. IugtJ ·sorrow. aflliction'. etc. (below, 6). Walde-Po 2.616. BrUckner, SI. Fremdworter 148. Lith. ",pesn.. Lett. pI. "'pes, see under 'care' (16.14). Lett. blda (Lith. bMa 'misfortune, misery'), fro Slavic, cf. CbSl. blda 'necessity. distre..• (9.93). BrUckner. Sl Fremdworter 71. Walde-P. 2.185 (without the Baltic worde). Miihl.-Endz. 1.288 (as cognate. not loanworde). Lett. raiu. usually pl. raiz& : Lith. rtzti ·cut. scratch. tear', iter. railyli, etc. Mllhl.-Endz. 3.472. Walde-Po 2.344. Lett. okumjao (pl.). ct. skumJl ·sad. distressed'. skumt 'be sad, distressed'. perh. as 'become c;1ark': ON sk1ImO ·shade. dusk', etc.. fro the root in Skt. sk.... 'cover'. Walde-Po 2.548. Mllhl.End•. 3.904. 6. CbSl. pdall. SCr. peI!al, Ru... pelal', see under 'care' (16.14).· CbSl. slcnlbl: (usually 'a1IIiction·. but also A/n-tJ In. 16.6), Ru... • korb· (SCr. akrb moetly 'care'), beside CbSI. skrublti ·grieve·. etc.• perh. : Russ. skorblyj ·shrunk. shriveled'. Lett. likurbl 'become dizzy'. akurbinat 'make dizzy by whirling'. ON .korpna 'shrivel up'. etc. (Walde-P. 2.588 f.). Mik10sich 306. Mllhl-Endz. 3.906. SCr. briga. fro It. briga ·burden. care' (orig. dub., REW 1299). Bemeker 86. BCr. tuga = CbSI. tqga ·dist...... anx-

6).""""

1122

""'0-.

7. Skt. ~. both lit. 'llame. heat' : ~ 'flame, glow, gleam', by ex...

tension 'suft'er pain, grieve'. Skt. du/&-kka-. see 16.31.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

anguish', whence Dan. CBTIf/8tel8e, Sw. dngslan). OHG angUIII. MHG angest. NHG ang.1 : OE ange, OHG angi. engi. NHG eng ·narrow·. Cf. Lat. anzietd8. etc. (above,2). Falk-Torp 29. Weigand-H. 1.61. Goth. aorga. OE aorh. sorg (usual gl. for anxietas), ME 8lJTtDe also 'sorrow, grief', OHO 807'ga, etc., see under 'care' (16.14). NEanxiety, fro Lat. anxiel4B (above. 2). NE worry. fro vb. worry, fro OE wyrgan ·strangle'. NED s.v. MHG bange. and benge (adv. and sb.). NHG bange (usually adj. or adv .• also sb.). fro a cpd. be-ange : OHG angi. engi. etc. 'narrow' (cf. above). Hence NHG bangigkeil. Weigand-H. 1.149. 5. Lith. "'peslis, Lett. also 'sorrow', see under 'care' (16.14).

"'P It. anai£td, Fr. anxiOtI, Bp. anaiedad). fro anxiUII 'anxious' and 'cansing anxiety' (late sb. anxia > Sp. ansia) : angere ·pre.. tight. throttle' and of the mind ·distress. torment, vex', angusttuJ, etc. 'narrow' (12.62). Emout-M. 51. Walde-H. 1.47. 55. It. inqui£tudine. Fr. inqui&utie, Bp. inquietud, fro Lat. inquiAtado (-inia) 'rest1essness, disquietude', fro inqui&u& 'restless, not quiet', neg. of quutuB 'quiet' (12.19). Rum. tngrijorare. tngrijare. fro tngriji 'care for, attend', red. 'be grieved, anxious', fro grija 'care' (16.14). =:

Rum. nelinifle, lit. 'unrest'. neg. of liniftB 'quiet, rest', fro lin 'stiII, quiet', this fro Lat. lBnia 'smooth, mild'. Tiktin 912.915. 3. Ir. dBlhitkn 'care, anxiety'. neg. to a-1dnad ·comfort·. vbl. n. of dodonaim 'comfort' : W. diddanu 'amuse', diddan 'pleasant. a joke'. outside root connection? Pedersen 2.56 f .• 508. Ir. mim. and cpd. immmim (also 'sorrow'). NIr. imohniomh = mim 'spinning'. NIr. miomh 'act of twisting, winding, spinning', etc., also 'wrench, struggle. anxiety. aflliction' (ct. Dinneen s.v.) : W. nyddu. Br. neza. Grk. l'ijlh.>. Lat. mre ·spin'. etc. Pedersen 2.633. Walde-P. 2.694. NIr. imnidke. imneadh. fro Ir. imned 'pain, suffering' (16.31). W. 'P'7Ider. see under 'care' (16.14). Br. ....'k - W. nych 'languishing, pining, consumption'. cf. W. nychWd ·phthisis'. etym. dub. Btokes 190. Walde-P. 2.85. 4. ON kr1il7a (Dan. /wide 'agony') : ON kr1il7a 'feel apprehension'. OE r:wIpan 'mourn, lament', OS quUkian 'lament', and. with different suffix. Goth. qainlln 'weep, mourn', ON lweino 'wail, lament', outside connections dub. Walde-P. 1.665 f. Falk-Torp 606. Feist 385 f. OE angnes. angaumnu. ME anzumnu.. Du. ang.1 (MLG angeat > Dan. angest 'fear, dread', Sw. dngest 'agony,

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS

Lith. bai16. bairn•• Lett. baile. also and orig. 'fear' (16.53).

Grk.

Lat. It. Fr.

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL. MORAL. AESTHETIC NOTIONS

iety', etc. : lfit'J.kU 'heavy', WOlti 'burden'. etc.• fro the root of tcgnqti ·pull. draw'. Walde-P.1.726. Miklosich 359. Ber. lalo8t, Boh. ial, laloot, Pol. .aI, iaIoIt (CbSl. laII in Gospels only - 1'11"1)pew. Mt. 8.28. Mar. VB. nsual grebl!. grab/!; laIoa« - tiiMs) : Lith. gBla '(violent) pain'. ON krlpl 'torment'. OHG qud/a ·torment. violent death'. Ir. at-OOiU ·dies·. etc. Walde-Po 1.690. Meillet, l!:tudes 265. 284. Bob. ~utek and zamutek (cf. Gebauer 1.47). Boh. Pol. amutek : ChSI. mqt1l 'trouble, confusion', m@tq, 1IIfati, iter. mqtiti ·stir uP. trouble'. etc. Semantic development as in NHG beIrIlbnia. above. 4. Walde-Po 2.269. Bruckner 329. Pol. I>aleU 'pain' (16.31) and ·grief'. Pol. 8lTapiani£. fro .trapit 'alBict. torment'. fro the same root as oierpiet 'suffer. endure' - ChSI. Hplli id., etc. See 16.31 under Boh. u-trpeni, etc. Pol. /raounak. fro /~. old Jr"esowat ·disturb. grieve' (trans.), fro NHG /ruBln 'eat, devour'. older NHG trick /ruBln 'torment oneself'. Bemeker 285. BrUckner 127. Ru... gortl (ChSI. gore ·woel'. Boh. Iwh ·misery·. etc.) : Slav. gorlti ·bum·. Bemeker 333.

entered in second place in the list; and since Grk. "ETA..... has this application in the NT, so the Goth. and ChSI. words which render it. But. in general. such differentiation between 'regret' and 'repent' is eecondary and does not hold for the older periods. 1. Grk. (impers. with dat. of person; also pera. I'fTa.,dMI'G.'), cpd. of " .... , in cpds. denoting esp. change, and I'IA.. 'is a care' (cf. 16.14). Grk. I'ET'1111Ofw 'perceive afterward', 'change one's mind', and esp. 'repent' (in LXX and NT), NG per""';;' (also ~T'I1J'O'&ww, fr.peT«"'CI 'repentance'), cpd. of /UT. (ct. above) and ..... 'perceive'. NG pop. ~vroii"", 'grieve' (16.32), also 'be sorry, regret'. 2. Lat. paenitet, impers.• later spelled poenitet under in1luence of poena 'punishment' and used also personally (VLat. "poenitere > OFr. peneir. pentir. It. pentirai; cpds. Fr... repentir. Sp. orr... pontir..). orig. (Plautus) 'is not enough. is unsatisfactory', prob. : paene 'nearly, almost'. Emout-M.722. REW 6630. 7224. It. rincreBCere (impers. m. ...ncreace 'I regret'), fro increscere 'be wearisome, pity', VLat. *in-crescere lit. 'grow in', whence 'vex, grieve, etc.'. REW 4363. Fr. regre/Jer (> Rum. regreta), in this sense 16tb cent.• earlier only 'lament someone's death', OFr. also regrater, prob. fro the Gmc., ct. ON griIta. Goth. gretan 'weep' (16.37). Gamillscheg 751Bloch 2.219. Otherwise (fr. VLat. "regremldre) REW 7176&. Sp. oenIir.lit. ·feel. perceive by senses' (15.11). whence in pregnant sense 'feel grief, regret'. Rum ... cdi. fro Blavic, cf. SCr. ktJyati ... etc. (below. 6). 3. Ir. od-e(i)rrig (Ssg.), lit. ·repeat. better', and 'bring to repentance', but also Wh. 30'30 dam iJWl-aithir..t 'if per-

"ETa,..A..

1123

chance they repent it'. vbl.n. aithrige 'repentance' and 'penance' (MIr. also with dognim 'do, make', 'do penance' and 'repent', cf. aithrige 1Hf"u:hra do diinam iar-ain 'to repent earnestly thereafter'. Passions and Homilies L 6457); also Ir. aithrech 'repentant' (in phrase 'regret, repent', e.g. ni-pa aidrech lib a Julang 'ye will not regret supporting them', Wh. 25d9). hence NIr. aithreachao ·repentance. regret' (phrase td ~ i n-aithreachao orm 'I regret it'). The finite verb fonns at least are from aith-air-rig: rigim 'stretch out'. Lat. regere ·Iead. direct. govern'. etc. (Walde-P. 2.362 ff.). The adj. aithrech and perh. also the vbL n. aithrige may be of independent origin. cf. MBr. ""ree, Corn. eddre/o ·regret. repentance'. etym. dub.; possibly: Goth. idreiglJn ·repent'. etc. (below. 4). Pedersen 1.177. 2.594. Anm. W. edifarhau. with adj. edifar 'penitent, sorry', etym.? Morris Jones 132. Br. keuz 'regret' sb. = Com. ""eth 'sorrow', etym.? Pedersen 1.121 groups with Ir. cai8, W. caB, Br. kas 'hate' (16.41). but phonetic relation? Hence for vb. ·regret·. kaIIOut k .... or keuzedikaat. 4. Gotb. idreiglJn (Bik). ON i:8rask (refl. with gen. of thing, later also impers. mik i'l1rar), sbe. Goth. idreiga. ON ,limn 'rue, repentance', etym. dub. Feist 289. Falk-Torp 458. Dan. bak/age, Sw. be"Iaga'lament, deplore, complain' (fr. NHG bak/agen id.). but esp. ·regret·. Dan. angre (pers. and impers.), Sw. dngra (pers., impers. and refl.): ON angra 'anger, vex', impers. 'be grieved', fro angr ·trouble. aflliction' (hence NE anger. cf. 16.42). OE hrlowan (impers. strong vb.• pret. hreaw), ME reowe. rewe. etc. (pers. and impers.). NE rue. OHG hriuwan (pers. and impers., ,trong vb. pret. hrau).

1124

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL. AESTHETIC NOTIONS

1125

MHG riuwen (impers. and reB.). OHG hriuwan, -en, MHG riuwen (pers. and reB .• weak vb.). NHG (be)reuen. Du. berouwen, also OE hreowsian, ORG riuwislin (pers.) : ON hryggja 'grieve'. hryggr 'grieved, sad', root connection dub. Walde-P. 1.180. Falk-Torp 917. OE ofpynca,n (impers. me ofPinep 'penetet', Aelfric), ME ofthinke, cpd. of

5. Lith. apgailauti, gaileti-s (gailauti, gaileti mostly 'mourn, pity') : adv. gaila '(it is) a pity', adj. gail". 'pitiful, dole-

Some of the words for 'pity' are specializations of 'affection, kindness, kindheartedness, love' or the like, and some,

ful' also 'biting, sharp', these perh. :

like the closely allied 'sympathy' and

1.513. Pedersen 2.486. NIr. truagh, W. trugaredd, Br. truez, trugarez, fro Ir. trog, truag, W., MBr. tru

OHG geil, OE gal 'wanton'. Walde-Po 1.634. Lett. nuoieluot, cpd. of lelwt 'pity' (16.35).

'compassion', are from the notion of 'suffer with'.

'miserable', perh. : Grk. TPVx.W 'wear out, waste, distress', TPVXOS 'shred'. Peder-

Others are connected with words for

sen 1.101. Walde-P. 1.732. Or: Grk. (npElryOjlaL 'be exhausted, worn out, suf-

01-

6. ChS!. (ras)kajati ~, SCr. kaja.'i ae, Boh. kati ae, Po!. (roz)kajat si" Russ. (ras)kajat'sja, with nonreB. forms ChS!. o-kajati 'lament', ser. kajati 'avenge', Russ. kajat' 'admonish' : Skt. 0- 'avenge, punish', Av. Ci- 'repay, atone', Grk. 1'tPW 'pay, atone', rou·,f 'punishment', etc. Bemeker 469. Walde-Po 1.508 f. SCr. laliti, Boh. ieleti (Gebauer 1.197), Po!. ialowae, Russ. talet', but ChS!. laliti 'mourn, lament' : ser. £alo8t, etc. 'grief, sorrow' (16.32). Boh. litovati, fro lily 'furions, fierce, cruel' (je mi lito 'I am sorry'), see under litoat 'pity' (16.35).

orig. 'off, awa.y', but often as here

denoting opposition, and OE j;yncan 'seem, seem fit' (NE methinks). NED s.v.

ME, NE repent (ME and older NE also retl. and impers.), fro Fr. repentir (above, 2). NE regret (this sense since middle of 15th cent.), ME regrete, regrate 'lament, feel Borrow' (at loss, death, etc.), fro OFr. regreter, regrater 'lament Bomeone's death', Fr. regretter (above, 2). Du. betreuren, also 'mourn', cpd. of treuren 'mourn for, grieve over' : treurig, NHG traurig 'sad', etc. (16.36). NHG bedauern, fro MHG (be)tiiren, tiuTen (impers.) tbe expensive, cost too much' (: t£ure 'dear, expensive', 11.91), whence mich bedauert 'it pains me', later pers. ich bedauere 'lament, deplore, am sorry'. Kluge-G. 97. Weigand-H. 1.174.

7. Skt. anu-tap-, cpd. of tap-, lit. 'be hot, bum', but also in fig. sense 'suffer pain'. Similarly anu-cue-, cpd. of cue'flame, glow', fig. 'suffer violent pain, feel sorrow', etc.

NG Lat. It. F,. Sp. Rum. I,. NIr.

w.

B,.

1126

IXms, otKT"Oi v..fOt, OlltTOS (both lit.) misericordia pieta piti
ME, NE ire, all now only lit. Grk. 6P"1~ 'mood, temperament', but words), Plaut. ME coler, NE choler), fr. Lat. cholera

Nir.

W. Br.

lorg, baran I""",

Goth. ftja]>wa (reg. for lx8",,), with vb. jiJan (more common than hatan, Walde-Po 1.116 (with references). 2. Lat. odium (> It., Sp. odio), be- halian for ,...."") - ON Ijl!., OE lion, side vb. IJdi : Arm. ateam 'hate', aleli }logan, OHG filn 'hate' (hence pples. 'hated, hostile', OE atol 'terrible, hor- Goth. jiJanda, OHG jitJnt 'enemy', ON rible', ON ataU 'fierce', fro a root Ijllndi, OE 'enemy, devil', NE perh. ultimately the same as ·oli- 'smell' fiend) : Skt. ply- 'abuse, revile' and in Grk. 6r." Lat. odor, etc. (15.21) Goth. laian 'blame'. Walde-Po 2.9. through notion of 'disgust' (Lat. odium Falk-Torp 214 f. Feist 150. is also and in Plautus most frequently 5. Lith. neapykanta, fro vb. neapkt.1i obj., an object of disgust, repulsion; cf. 'hate' J neg. of apqati 'endure, tolerate't esp. Skutech, Glotta 2.230 f1'.; cf. also SCr. mrinja, below, 6). Walde-P.l.174. cpd. of kfali 'sufl'er, bear' (cf. kenUjimaa Ernout-M. 698 (not accepting connec- 'suffering' 16.31). Lett. (i.)naida: Lith. po-nisdetaa tion with odor, etc.). Fr. hoi,.., for ha!.,.., fr. vb. hair, loan- 'despised', Goth. gG-naitjan 'treat shameword, fro Gmc., cf. Goth. hatjan 'hate', fully', Skt. nindo 'blame, abuse, despiee', etc. Walde-Po 2.322 f. Mtibl.-Endz. etc. (below, 4). REW 4075. Rum .....4, back-formation fro vb. uri 2.689. 'hate', this fro Lat. horrer., horrueere 6. CbSI. nenavisti (Supr.), fro vb. 'shudder'. cr. Alb. UTTetje 'hate' fro the nenavidlli 'hate' (reg. in Gospels for same Bource. REW 4185. Tiktin 1688, I/o...... ), both with corresponding Boh., 1692. G. Meyer, Alb. Etyro. Wth. 459. Pol., Russ. forms, neg. of 0na-vid6ti 3. Ir. cais and miscais (cpd. with 'look upon', cpd. of fJid6ti 'see'. 'Hate' fro pejorative mi8~), W. caB, Br. kos, derivs. 'not look upon' (with favor). Miklosich W. caBineb, Br. kaooni : Goth. halis, etc. 390. Bruckner 361. (the Gmc. group, below, 4), Grk . • ~60s SCr. mrinja (also SCr., Siov., Bulg. 'care, anxiety, grief, mourning', Av. o-mraza), fro vb. mraili 'hate' : mnak BtIdra- 'hurt, harm'. The orig. meaning 'disgusting', ChS\. mnl.mqti 'loathe', was perh. 'care', whence both 'hate' and and perh. ON morkna 'rot', W. merydd 'love' in Ir. eais (cf. 16. 27). Walde-P. 'moist, damp, sluggish, lazy', etc., IE 1.340. Pedersen 1.121, 2.10. Falk- "mBTD- beside °merk- in Lat. marcBr. Torp 370f. 'wither', etc. Walde-Po 2.282. BerneNIr.luath, same word &8/ooth 'form, ker 2.80. figure' and 'spectcr', with development 7. Skt. dvif-, Av. ~lah-, of 'hate' through 'horror' (of. Rum. urd. above, 2). /,baMak-, with vbs. Skt. dvif-, Av. dvii-, 4. Goth. hali. (only for 8.,.6., 6m f,bis-, fr. *dweis- beside °dwei- in Av. 'anger', but vbs. hatan, halian for ~"''''')' dlHJilid- 'threat', Grk. 6b 'fear', etc. ON hatr, OE hele, OHG haz, etc., general (16.53), either with 'fear' resulting in Gmc., with corresponding vbs. Goth. 'hate', or both groups through a comhalian, OE halian, etc. (influence of vow- mon notion of 'discord' fro IE ·dri·, el of vb. on sb. in ME, NE hate; OE ·dwi8- 'apart, asunder' in Goth. twishatung, fro vb.; ME hatereden, hatred., 8tandan 'separate', NHG %Wi8t 'discord, etc., NE hatred, cpd. with OE r!!den 'con- quarrel', etc. Wa.lde-P. 1.817, 821. dition') : Ir. cai. 'hate', etc. (above, 3). Uhlenbeck 134.

.ad-,

remod

do..,.,..,

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS 1135

16.42 ANGER Grk.

'out' through notion of 'alien' or 'exile'.

dig, Uid buamges. droug

"'_a

'a bilious disorder' (fr. Grk. xoM"" id., table', this apparently fro buan 'swift', prob. : xoA~, above), but in late Lat. as orig. 'quick to anger' (cf. NE hasty, also (like Grk. xoA~) 'bile' and 'anger'. NEDs.v.4). REW 1879. Gnmillscbeg 236. Br. droug, properly 'an evil, hann', It. rabbia 'rage' (16.43) is now, I am etc. : W. drwg id. and adj. 'had' (16.72). told, also the pop. word for 'anger'. 4. Goth. ]>wairhei, fr. ]>wair'" 'angry' Fr. COUTTOUX, OFr. COTTO_, prob. hack- : OE frweorh 'crooked' (12.74), esp. 'performation to COUTToucm' 'make angry', fro verse' (cf. NE thwart, adj., adv., vb. VLat. °corrupticir., this fr. corruptum, and NE CTO.S colloq. for 'ill-tempered'). pple. of COTTumpere 'destroy, ruin'. Walde-Po 1.736. Feist 507. REW 2261 f. Bloch 1.185. GamillGoth. mops (hence mlldags 'angry'; scheg 266. Wartburg 2.1235 f. both rare VS. preceding), ON mo-rIr Sp. adj. enladodo 'angry' (in common OE miJd 'spirit, mind, mood, courage', use in contrast to sb. e6lera), pple. of ME moode aJso 'anger' (NED S.V. mood enfadar 'vex', deriv. of Fr.ladefr. VLat. 2b), OHG muot 'mind, spirit, courage', °latid1J8 beside latu1J8 'stupid'. REW etc., also 'anger' (NHG mut 'mood', but 3223. Ernout-M. 337. mostly 'courage'), outside connections Rum. mtnie, fro Grk. p.a.,,£a. 'rage' (as: Grk. I/oalol'''' 'seek', ChS\. 81l-milti (above, 1). Tiktin 987 f. 'dare', etc.) dub. Walde-P. 2.239. 3. Ir.ferg, NIr.lea., : Grk. 6m, etc. Falk-Torp 726. Feist 365 f. Goth. hati. (freq. for 6m), see under (above,I). Ir. bare, baran, MW bar, baran : Lat. 'hate' (16.41). ON rei'iIi, Dan., Sw. ",.ode, OE 1000re 'strike', Lith. barti 'scold', ChSI. brati 'fight', etc. Walde-P.2.160. Stokes wrm/>/>u, ME wraths, NE wrath, beside adjs. ON reil5r, Dan., Sw. ",.ed, OE wrl!.p, 161. Loth, RC 38.152. W. dig (also adj. 'angry'), cf. ystig. NE wroth, orig. 'twisted' : ON ,..-rIa, OE (·ex..tfic) 'assiduous', MBr. dig 'zealous, wripan 'twist, bind', etc. Walde-P. diligent' (Loth, RC 42.85), perh. : Russ. 1.279. Falk-Torp 1396. dikij, Pol. daiki, etc. 'wild' (Berneker ON gremi, OE grama, etc., fro adjs. 199 f.), used also of 'savage' temper. So ON flTamr, OE, OHG gram (also OE, brieHy E. Lewy, Z. sl. Ph. 1.415 (quoted NE grim, etc.) 'angry, fierce' (whence with approval hy Pokorny, Z. celt. Ph. also the vb•. Goth. gramjan, OE gremian 20.513) and independently by G. S. 'make angry') : Grk. xp Fr. rage; It. rabbia, Sp. rabia in part, as also Lat. rolriU, spec. 'hydrophobia, rabies'), heside vh. raber. 'be enraged', proh. : Skt. rabhas'vehemence, violence', rabhaBa- 'fierce, impetuous', etc. (IE *rabh- heside °labh'seize'?) Walde-Po 2.341. Emout-M. 848. Lat. Juror (> It. Jurore, Fr. Jureur, Sp. Juror), and Juria (> It., Sp. Juria,

rave, he out of one's mind', etym. dub. (fr. °dhus-: Grk. 6fJ.. 'rage', etc.?). Walde-Po 1.844. Emout-M. 404. Walde-H. 1.571. 3. Jr. ddsaehl (gl. amentia MI. 2Ob7, Juror MI. 34&21), cf. vb. d4.aid immum (impers.) 'I rage' (K. Meyer, Contrib. 591): OE dWI!8 'foolish, etupid', OHG getw1J.8 'ghost', Lith. dooBia 'spirit', Lett. d _ 'anger', Grk. 6fJ.. 'rage', fro an extension of the same root as in Grk. 60p6t 'spirit, anger, rage'. Walde-Po 1.845. Pedersen 2.32. Ir. OOile 'madness, frenzy' (K. Meyer, Contrib. 166 f.), NIr. /mile, Gael. boile, etym.? W. cynddaredd (cf. old cynddar 'raging'), Br. kounnar (cf. OBr. cunnarel gl. rabieB), orig. ouly 'hydrophobia', cpd. of W. ci (pI. cwn), Br. ki 'dog' (second part?). Pedersen 1.422. Morris Jones 261.

4. Goth., see under 'anger'. ON I1ItJi, OE wild (rare except in cpds.), wMnes., ME wodnes, Du. woede, OHGwuol,wuoti,MHGwuol,NHGwul, with adjs. ON DtJr 'furious, mad', OE

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS

1139

Ernout-M.

3. Ir. Jormal, NIr. Jormad, Br. gour_n, arch. W. gor/yn, fro a cpd. of Ir. lor-, W. gOT-, etc. 'over' and menlo(with influence of W. mynnu, etc. 'wish') fro the root omen- 'think'. Cf. Hom. w.p-p••iw. 'arrogant'. Pedersen 1.168. Ir. tn1Jth (N!r. also 'Iongiug for, desiring'), perh. (as 'tension' with complete transfer fro physical to mental) : Skt. tan-, Lat. tendere 'stretch', IE .ten'-. Pedersen 1.132. Ir. iii, NIr. Bad, W. -iant in arch. addianl 'Iongiug', Gall. I antu-milrUB (= Ir. etmar) : Skt. yat- 'seek, etrive', Av. gat- 'move (oneself), be active, zealous'. Walde-Po 1.197. Pedersen 1.64 f. W. _Men, older cynM6n, orig. ? Cf. Evans S.V. W. eiddigedd, fro eiddig 'jealous', this fro aidd 'zeal, ardor', Br. oaz 'zeal' and 'jealousy' in love: Ir. aed 'fire', Lat.

493 f. Walde-H. 1.713. Lat. lwor, properly 'lead-color, blueblack spot' like the vb ....... 'he leadcolored, blue-black' and 'he envious' : Ir. Ii, W. lliw 'color', etc. (15.61). Cf. NE be green with 61Ivy. Emout-M. 558. Walde-H. 1.816. Lat. aemv.liUiI!, also in good sense 'emulation', beside vb. aemtddri 'emulate, rival, be envioUB of' I fro aemulus 'striving after, emulating, envious', perh. : imiUiTi 'represent, copy, imitate', imiigo

etc. Walde-Po 1.5. Br. gwarizi, etym.? Henry 147. 4. Goth. neip, OE nip, ME nith(e), Du. nijd, OHG, MHG nid, NHG neid, but ON niIJ 'contumely, lihel' : Ir. nith 'battle, distress', root connection dub. Walde-P.2.336. Falk-T >rp 765. Feiet 374. Perh. fro *n..:f,. heside "mid- in Goth. ga-nailjan 'to dishonor', Grk. 5...60s 'reproach, blame', etc. (16.78). Goth. alJan (renders jijllDs as 'jeal-

those which hecame dietinctive terms for 'jealousy' were originally used also in a good sense, 'zeal, emulation'. 1. Grk. ¢86..., orig. 'diminution' (cf. It/lOoJlOf 'abundant', G4JhwLa. 'abundance' I ¢O*' often 'begrudge, he reluctant') : Av. a--yliinvamna.- 'not diminishing'. Cf.

NE belittling, NHG ....kleinerung in the sense of 'disparagement'. Walde-P. 1.699. Boiaacq 1026 f. Barth. 50 f. Grk. f~}.oTll1l"'., with f~}.orvriw 'he jealous', fro tijllDs (Dor. filMs) sometimes 'jealousy', but more often in a good sense, 'emulation, rivalry, zeal' (-TII'I'La : Tlnren 'form'), whence NG t.qMLG.; etym..

dub. Walde-P. 1.775. Boisacq 309. 2. Lat. invidia (> It. invidia, Fr. enlfie, Sp. envidia, Rum. lnvidiB), with invidU8 'envious' J fro invit:UTB 'envy', earlier 'look at with malice, cast an evil eye upon', cpd. of flidBTe 'see'.

aestuB 'heat', Grk. oJJJw 'kindle, burn',

'copy, image, likeneBB', etc., but root

ousy', Rom. 13.13, otherwise 'zeal') ==

connection dub. Walde-Po 1.102. Ernout-M. 16,476. Walde-H. 1.17. It. gelosia, Fr. jalouoie, Rum. gelo"e, fro the adjs. It. gelo8o, Fr. jalow:, Rum. gelos, fro VLat. °ziilOBUB deriv. of late Lat. aluo 'zeal' (fr. Grk. fij}.o" above, 1), whence Sp. cdo 'zeal', pI. 'jealousy, suspicion'. Important in the history was the bihlical 'jealous god' in the Vulgate ziilOtes, fro Grk. f~N"riJ,. REW 9613, 9614. M. Grzywacz, "Eifersucht" in den rom. Sprachen.

ON .!jan 'energy, endurance', OE ellen 'etrength, vigor, courage', OH G eu.n '..ai, strength', etc., etym. dub., perh. : Lat. alaur 'lively, eager, glad'. WaldeP. 1.156. Falk-Torp 188. Feiet 38. Walde-H. 1.25. ON pJund, Dan. avind (replaced by new formation miB-undelBe)J Sw. avuM, OE oifeBt, ME ....1, OHG abunot, MHG abeg-anste (11Un.I), Du. algunsl, NHG abguml (now moetly replaced by missgunst), cpds. of neg. pref. • aha- (miB... )

1140

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

and derive. of root in ON unna 'to love', IlBI 'love', etc. (16.27). Falk-Torp 37. Hence cpels. with adjs. for 'sick' ON pJund8J1lkr, Sw. awnd8juk 'envious', whence sho. ON pJU1Id8fIki, Sw. twundlSjuka 'envy'. Dan. jalousi, ME jaloUBie, NE jealousy, fro Fr. jalo"';" (above, 2). Dan . • kifl81Jge, fro .kifl81Jg 'jealous', fro earlier .kimHyg, cpd. of ,kind 'hide, skin' and II/g 'sick'. Explained by the Sw. dial. expression JIJ skinn 'receive a refusal in courtship.' Falk-Torp 998. Sw. &VarlBjuko, fro adj. BVaTlBjuk 'jealous', cpd. of &Varl 'black' and ojuk 'sick', fro the phmse bara &Varia .lrumpor lit. 'wear black stockings' = 'be jealous'. Hellquist 914. OE anda 'zeal, hate, anger' and esp. 'envy' with vb. andi(g Jan 'envy' and 'be zealous', ME onde 'envy', OHG a7llo 'zeal, envy', OS ando 'anger' : ON andi 'breath, spirit', Goth. u.t-anan. 'breathe out', etc., with application to various emotions. FaIk-Torp 5. Weigand-H. 1.29 f. NED s.v. onde, sb. ME enuie, NE envy, fro Fr. envie (above, 2). Du. jaloersckheid, fro jaloersck 'jealous', MDu. jaloes, fro Fr. jaloux (above, 2). Franck-v. W. 278. MHG (late) yJer 'jealousy', NHG oiJer in Luther mostly 'passion, anger', now 'zeal' in good sense, and for 'jealousy' eifersucJot, cpd. with suchl 'illness'; perh. : OHG eivar, eibar 'harsh, severe', OE /ifor 'vehement, dire'. Kluge-G. 124. Weigand-H. 1.412. Walde-P. 1.6. 5. Lith. pauydas, beside paoydus 'envious', pavydeli 'envy', cpd. with perfect. pa- : veizdtli 'see, look', ChSI. oidl.ti, Lat. eidere 'see', etc. (cf. Lat. inoidere, above, 2). Walde-P. 1.238. Lith. ,kauge : Lett. skaug'is 'an envious person, enemy', perh. Ukr. Bkuh--

n1J 'miserable' J Boh. sktih.rati 'whine'J root connection? (From a parallel ex-

1142

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

'blame, find fault with'?). Walde-P. 2.261. Pedersen 1.117, 119. Stokes 2OS. Ir. rucce, subj. and obj. (cf. RIA Contrib. s.v.), prob. (*rud-k-) : rood 'red'. Pedersen 1.126. Ir. Mire, subj. and obj. (d. RIA Contrib. s.v.), NIr. now reg. for subj. 'shame', d. Ir. naT 'modest, noble' and 'shameful', etym. dub. Walde-P.2.317. Pedersen 1.109. W. cywilydd, cpd. CY"1/wilydd, fro gwyl 'modest, bashful': Ir. Jud 'generous, modest', etym. dub. Walde-Po 1.214. Pedersen 1.181. W. gwaradwydd, cpd. gwar = gor- intensive, ad- = Ir. ad giving reverse sense, and -wydd: Ir. ftad 'honor' (16.46). Loth, RC 47.171. Br. mez (Vann. meh) : W. moth.. 'fail, miss, perish', Ir. metacht 'cowardice', outside connections dub. Stokes 206. Henry 201 (Grk. Jlarqll 'in vain', in different but also dub. grouping Walde-P. 2.220). 4. Goth. gariudei (al&:o. I Tim. 2.9) beside gariups 'reverend' : Tau"8 'red', etc. Feist 199. ON kinnrotJi, orig. 'blush (of shame)', cpd. of kinn 'cheek' and ro'lJi 'redness' : Tau~r 'red'. Goth. ,kanda (.ltTxv.~ Phil. 3.19), OE sceamu, ME, NE shame, Dan., Sw. skam, OHG 8ooma, MHG scham(e), NHG scham,all (NHG now only dial., cf. Grimm s.v. 2) alse obj., and only so ON Bkpmm 'dishonor', with vbs. OE sceamian 'be ashamed', OHG seamen (-On), Goth. 8kaman, rell. 'be ashamed', etc., with deriv. sbs. OE sconde, ME shonde (mostly obj. 'disgrace'), Du. schaamte, MLG schemede, MHG scham(e)de (NHG schand. now only obj.), outside connec-

1"1"1>01'«'

tension of the root seen in Lett. • kaud"".ba, etc., below?) Miihl.-Endz. 3.876. Zubaty, Arch. sJ. Ph. 16.413. Lett. .kaudiba, with .kaudig. 'envious, fro skaudu, &kaust, &kaudel'envy' : Lith. skaudtli 'hurt, ache', Grk. ,,""toI'a. 'be angry', etc. Walde-Po 2.554. Miihl.-Ende. 3.875, 876. Lett. greizBiro-.ba, with greizBirdig. 'jealous', .pels. of greiz. 'slanting, oblique' and Birdiba 'zeal, courage't sirdig8 'zealous, courageous', fro sird8 'heart, courage'. Miihl.-Endz. 1.648, 3.843. 6. ChSI. zaoiBlt (in Gospels reg. f/o8Iol'OS, later also = t;p..,; also ZIlfJida; of. Jagi.6, EntstehuDgSgesch. 287, 343 f.), sCr. zaviBI, etc., general Slavic, fro ZIlIJideti 'to envy', cpd. of za.- 'after' and oidlIi 'see' (of. Lith. paoydas, above, 5, Lat. inoidia, above, 2). ChSI. Mntje (= r;p.." cf. Jagi6, Entstehungsgesch. 343 f.), and Mnoslt (Supr.), Russ. reunosl', fro ChSI. Mn" 'emulating, zealous', Mnovati 'emulate', etc., prob. : Russ. eril' 'be busy, zealous', and CbBl. rejq, rijati 'flow', modem Slavic also 'press, shove', etc., Grk. 6ptvw 'stir, raise, rouse', etc. Walde-Po 1.141. Meillet, :Etudes 283, 386. SCr.ljubomornosl, fr.ljubomoran 'jealous', cpd. of derivs. of the stems of ljubili 'love' and mor 'death'. Boh. ldrllvo,I, fro ldrlivy 'envious' = Pol. iarliwy 'fiery, zealous', etc., fro Boh. ldr 'heat, glow, ardor, passion', Pol. iar 'glow, embers', etc. Miklosich 409 f. Pol. zazdroflt, earlier ZIlIf"oflt : zajrzU, zairzU 'look at', and 'envy' (wjrzU kamu czego), cpd. of me. 'see, look' (15.52). New formation parallel to and replacing the older zawiAt. Bruckner 646,656. 7. Skt. ir'l1l4-, Av. >TO§;-, araBka-: Skt. iTf- 'be jealous, envy', Av. aralyant'envious', 08 irri, OE irre 'angry', etc. (16.42). Walde-Po 1.150.

tionB dub. Falk-Torp 983. Feist 428 f. Weigand-H. 2.672 f. ME vergoyne (not common) fro Fr. vergogne (above, 2). 5. Lith. geda, with gedinti 'to shame', lJlJ-8i;Jeati 'be ashamed', OPruss. acc. gidan 'shame': CbSI. gaditi 'detest, blame', Boh. haditi 'abuse, blame', Pol. iadziC ai, 'abominate', OHG qutU, NHG koI 'dung, filth', etc. Walde-P. 1.695. Berneker 289. Lett. kau... : Grk. ..v..6 It. vergogna, Sp. verguenza; Fr. vergogne obs.), beside verecundua 'ashamed, bashful, modest', fro fJe7'm 'feel awe of, be afraid (religious sense)' : DE totEr 'careful', wanan 'preserve, pr" teet', etc. Walde-P. 1.284. Ernout-M. 1089. Fr. home, fro the Gmc., Frank. *hal>ni]>a fro vb. *haunjan (> Fr. honnir) : OHG hOnen 'despise, dishonor', Goth. haunjan 'debase', hauns 'humble', etc. REW 4080. Feist 249. Weigand-H. I.S81. Rum. rUfine, fro rUfi, rofi (now in-rofi) 'redden, make red', refl. 'blush'. Tiktin 1348. 3. Ir. mebul, also obj. 'a shame', but reg. subj. in phrase i. mebullemm 'I am ashamed', NIr. meobhal, W. meft obj. 'a shame, disgrace'. etym. dub. (: Grk.

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS

Grk. f'ilAlI NG r",' honor Lat. It. Iwm""", Fr. honor, honra Sp. Rum . Ir. 0MCh, mlaa, fro .",.,., 'respected, honored', sweran 'honor, respect' : ON BtJIjrr, OE BWI!r, OHG swar(i) 'heavy', etc. Walde-P 1.265. Feist 466. ON sOmi, sremd: sremr tbecoming, fit', sOma 'be becoming, fit', OE 80m 'agreement, concord', gesOm 'unanimous, peaceable', MHG 800me 'pleasant', etc. (these further: Skt. ,ama-, Goth. sama-, etc. 'same'). Walde-P. 2.492. FalkTorp 1234. ON heitJr, Dan. hreder, Sw. heder : htn"3r 'clear, bright', OE hiiIlor 'clear, serene', OHG heitar 'clear, shining', etc., Skt. ketlt- 'light, shape, form', etc. Walde-P.2.537. Falk-Torp 446. OE aT, Du. eer (MLG ere > late ON (ETa, Dan. cere, Sw. ara), OHG era, MHG ere, NHG ehre : Goth. aistan 'stand in awe of, esteem', Grk. aLaws 'shame. Walde-P. 1.13. Falk-Torp 1413. OE weor]>scipe, ME worshipe (NE worship), deriv. of OE WOOT]> 'worth, worthy'. NED s. v. worship, sb.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

1144

ME (h)07I01", NE honor, fro OFr. 07101" (above, 2). NED S.V. 5. Lith. ~, beside vb. gerbti: OPruss. gerbl 'speak', fro an extension of the root in Lith. gin; 'prsise', Skt. gr'invoke, praise, sing, recite', etc. WaIdeP.1.686. Lett. goods, Lith. dial. gada : CbS\. godmii 'pleasing', "'1/Orliti 'please', Goth. gop., etc. 'good'. MIlhl.-Endz. 1.690 f. Walde-Po 1.532. Lett. cieno, either cognate with or more prob. borrowed fro Russ. cena 'price, value, worth' = ChS\. dna id., fro the same root as Grk. Til'~ (above, 1) and in form - Ork. ......, 'penalty'. . Miih\.-Endz. 1.394 f.

6. ChS\. aoti, etc., general Slavic, with vb. Cisti, t!ltq 'honor', also 'count, reckon' : Skt. s, Lat. inciutus, Skt. ~ 'renowned, famous'r etc . Walde-Po 1.494 f. Ernout-M. 199 f. Walde-H. 1.237 ff. Ork . • A!(f),,; Lat. cluor (only in a gloss); Lith. 8lor!e, Lett. .Iaoa; ChSl. .Iaoa, etc. general Slavic (slovo 'word' in form = Ork. •Mas); Skt. """"'"" (Av. /l1'aI1ah-'word').

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

8. Skt. ",avaB-, above, 1. Skt. y",as- 'splendor, beauty' and 'glory, fame', etym.? Uhlenbeck 236. Av. z"armak- (OPers.famah-in proper names) 'glory' of divine beings, of the

Grk.

--

ME NE

Lith. Lett.

w-...

.... •u"..-lnu

( 0 ) _ (ct. sh. .".)

orgogl.i08o ji.er,argueilkw: argull... ml..tn.

tiallach, diummueach _(ch),uaib/t,. r84ch balch bak'h

Iranian people, etc., sometime. a physical 'glory' or 'halo' (Barth. 1870 f.) orig. 'brightness, splendor' : Av. "var.. 'sun', Skt. BtnlT- 'light, sun', Grk. ijA&OI 'sun', etc. Walde-Po 2.446 f.

16.48 PROUD Goth.

ON Dan. Sw.

OE

ME NE Du.

/WZuk-loairlo, -PUhtB,

_ , dramb/4tr mikil-piIA ..

.toII aIoIt oj8Mlll>d(ig), -mOd/>«_ from the large group of cpds. in ->/>4"'. NG (beside adj. (b)".,,1,>/>« ...,sb. lit. (b) ...P'7>/>b,,4) pop. sb. K4P.6.PL 'pride', back-formation to l(uJ.'upWJI61 'be proud', this fro Ork. '41'4plx. 'furnish with .. vault', pass. 'be vaulted' (fr. ••p.6.pa 'anything with an arched cover, vaulted chamber'), with development through 'make an arch, puff out the chest, be puffed up'. For semantic parallels, cf. ON dramblatr (below, 4), Boh. pymy, etc. (below, 6), and NE puffed up, U.S. slang ckesty. Koukoules,' A>/>LI""'I'4 Hatzidakis 39 ff., derives the use more specifically from Byzantine marriage customs, in which the bride makes a bow (and is proud of the event). But this seems bardly necessary.

2. Lat. superbus, fro .uper 'over' with suffix as in probus 'upright', either *-bhwo- (: *bheu- 'become', cf. Ork.

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS 1145 2. Ork. 361;4 'expectation' (Hom.), 'opinion', and 'fame, glory' and eventually the most usual word for 'glory' : 6oKa" 'expect, think, seem', 6hc0J.'u, (Att. 6!)(0l'4L) 'receive, expect', ChS!. deBiti 'find', etc. Walde-Po 1.783. Boisacq 172f. Ork. Kii60t (poet.), prob. : ChS!. ludo 'wonder' (obj.), both fr. the root of Ork. 1(00., 'perceive', ChSI. Cuti 'perceive, feel'. Walde-Po 1.369. Boisacq 529. 3. Lat. gl.Ori.a (> It., Sp. gloria, OFr. glorie, Fr. gmr.; Rum. glorie recent borrowing), etym.? Walde-Po 1.538. Ernout-M. 426. Walde-H. 1.609 f. Rum. slaud, fro Slavic (above, 1). Rum. miJrire, fro mdri 'enlarge, praise, glorify', fro mare 'large'. 4. Ir. glOir, fro Lat. gl.Ori.a. Br. gloar, fro Fr. gloire. W. gogoniantand gogonedrl (obs.), cpd. of go- and conedrl 'pride, glory' (obs.), root connection? Br. harw kaer, lit. 'good name, reputation' (hano 'name, reputation': Lat . nOmen 'name', etc., and kaer 'good') .

5. Ooth. wulpus, OE wuldor (ON UUr name of a god), prob., as first 'glory' in the sense of 'splendor' (a8 Lk. 2.9, 9.31, 32, etc.) : Lat. vultus 'facial expression, face', Goth. wlits 'face, form', OE wlite 'aspect, form, splendor, glory' (often used in connection with wuUior, as Pine8 wulrlTeJI wlite 'gloria tua', to wlite and wu/dre, etc.), etc. Walde-Po 1.293. Feist 577. ON dyr1J, OHO tiurida, diurida (reg. for Lat. gll»-ia in Tat., Otfr., etc.), through 'value', fro 'costliness, dearness' (so MHG tiurde, cf. ME rlerth, NE rlearth now 'scarcity') : ON dfjrr, OHO tiuri, etc. 'dear, expensive' (11.88). ON lirr, OE lir : OHO zia,.. 'adornment' (NHO zier, zierrle), fro an extension of IE "dei- in wordz for 'shine' (Skt.

di-, etc. 15.56). Walde-Po 1.774. FalkTorp 970. Dan. a:re, Sw. .p;;, oud6re

.....

-....

tndr4mi, cuttlza

Goth.

p..... dirJ..k

Dan. Sw.

POlIe,

ooIga.-

OE ME NE

l4mhoim. d4nuighim beiddio krsdi

ChSl.

turck

d.,.,..n

SCr. Boh.

durre, dort

Pol .

dar.

Russ.

--

Du.

r It. osare, Fr. os.,., Sp. 0_), deriv. of avidus 'eager': avire 'desire eagerly'. Earliest sense 'desire', preserved in st: audls, sIIdl. 'if you like, if you please'. Development of 'dare' prob. first in neg. phrase. like hand ausim dare, """ ausit crMere (Plaut.) 'wouldn't like to' = 'wouldn't risk, dare'. WaldeP. 1.19. Ernout-M. 86, 87 f. Walde-H. 1.880, 1. REW SOL Rum. tndr4zni, fro Slavic, cf. ChS!. drlJznqti, Bulg. drlJzniJ (below,. 7). Tiktin 802. Rum. cuteza, fro late Grk. ..TTtt.. 'play at dice' (fr. • 6rros 'die'), through the metaphorical sense 'risk, venture' (like Grk. ..fhv.. 'play dice, risk'). REW2287. 4. Ir. ro-l4mur 'dare', l4maim 'take in band, undertake', NIr. I4mhaim 'dare'

and 'handle', beside W. (old) Ua,ffJIJU 'venture, attempt', Corn. lauaaoa 'dare, be permitted', W. /latoio 'take in hand, undertake', fro Ir. 14m, W. /law 'hand'. Pedersen 2.560 f. K. Meyer, Zur kelt. Wortkunde 179. NIr. M.nuighim, d4nuim, fro dana 'bold' (16.52). W. beiddio, also 'challenge, defy' (of. NE dare in tbis sense), perh. : Ir. bidcai. 'sprang' (pret.), bedc 'start, leap', NIr. biodhgaim 'start, rouse, startle', outside connections dub. Pedersen 1.88, 2.476. Br. kredi 'believe' (17.15) is also 'dare', through 'have confidence'. 5. Goth. gadaursan, OE durran, OHG giturran, etc., above, 1. ON jJora, Dan. turde (secondary form; ODan. thurm, thoraI), Sw. (refl.) t/jrtU (also in Dan. and Sw. as auxiliary 'may, will'), beside ON jJoran 'daring, courage', root connection dub. Walde-P. 1.710, 728. Falk-Torp 1299. Hellquist 1269 f. ON dirftUk (refl.): djarfr 'bold, brave' (16.52). NHG, Du. wag"", fro MHG, MLG WfJgen 'wager, put up as a stake, risk' (MLG > Dan. vot1B, Sw. vdga, late ON lIdga), this fro wllge, NHG wage 'balance, scales' (MHG also 'bazard, risk'), hence lit. 'put in the balance, weigh'. Falk-Torp 1394. Paul, Deutsch.. Wtb. 623. Du. durven, NHG dUrfen'may' (9.95), used also for a mild 'dare' (much a. in NE I dare .ay). 6. Lith. drjsti, Lett. dr'lksllt, above, 1. 7. ChS!. BiJ-.mlti (usual for roXpa .. in Gospels, Supr., etc.), SCr. 87njeti, Boh. ....U (now 'may', old 'dare'), Pol. ImieC, Ruse. B11IBt', with adj. ChS!. IriImlliJ, Russ. Bmelyj 'brave' (hence Russ. osmelirJat'8ja 'dare'), etc., prob. : Goth.

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

1150

Apart from an inherited group, verbs for 'dare' are based on such varied notions as 'endure, undertake, be firm, be strong, be eager, bave .pirit, believe (have confidence), have need'. A few come through 'risk' from words for 'play with dice' or 'wager'. 1. IE *d/aers-. Walde-P. 1.864. Feist 177. Grk. 84pove). Tiktin 1463. 4. Ir. 11m...., Oman, NIr. uamhan. W.

o/n, Br. aon, Oall. 000"', omn... (in proper names, Ex-obnus, -omn'U8 'fearless'), etym. dub. Walde-Po 1.177 f. (Pedersen 1.49, Stokes 50: Ir. obar 'arrogance', W. o/er 'vain', Goth. abrs 'strong. violent'). Ir. ecla, NIr. eagla. deriv. of Ir. ecol 'afraid', fro 'elrrgal, neg. cpd. of gal 'bravery'. Pedersen 1.477.

NIr.loitcJo608, fro Ir.laitcJo .. 'caution', deriv. of laitech 'cautious' (NIr. 'fearful, timid'), cpd., prob. : lechim 'flee'. Pedersen 2.639. W. dychryn, as vb. (also dychrynu) 'frighten, scare', orig. 'shiver, tremble' J cpd. of dy- intensive and cryn 'a shake, quake'. Br. 'Iroio, fro OFr. ~rei, Fr. ejJrui (above, 3). Henry 110. 5. Ooth. agi. (ON agi 'terror'), OE eg', eg68a, ME eye (NE awe). OHO egi. egi8o, egisa, etc., MHG ege, ei8, ON DUi, Ogn, with vhs. Ooth. Og (pret. pres.) 'be afraid'. Ogjan and 'U8-O!/jan 'frightcn·. etc. : Ork. Axo. 'pain, distress', Ir. -«gur 'I fear', vb!. n. dighthiu 'fear'. Walde-Po 1.40. Falk-Torp 37. Feist 14, 380. Goth. laurhtei, OE IIPhto, ME Iri"l, NE lright, MLG vruchle (> Dan.lrygl, Sw,frukl4n). OHOlorhl4, MHO IIOI'hl(.). NHO lurchl, beside adj. Ooth. jaurhu., OE forh!, etc. 'afraid'. etym. dub. Walde-Po 2.48 f. Feist 146. ON hrr.ezla (hrm/Jsla), fro hrm/Ja 'frighten'. pple. hrmddr 'afraid' : Lith. Jere.ti 'shake, scatter' J kreteti 'move to aztd fro, shake', Ir. crotkaim 'shake', etc. WaldeP.1.484. Falk-Torp 928. Hellquist 866. ON sk.lkT. prob. fro '''''el- 'spring' in MHO 8Chellec 'springing up. timid', etc. Walde-Po 2.600. Falk-Torp 981, 1436. ME lere, NE lear, in ME mostly 'alann, dread, apprehension', fro OE jmr 'a sudden and terrible event, danger' (see 16.54). ME dTad., NE dread ('extreme rear or anxiety'). fro vb. ME dreden. fro OE ondrrMan 'fear. dread' = OHO intrii.!an id., perh.: Grk. 8pW(fuf.t: t/Jof3f.'TG.L (Hesych.). NEDs.v.dread, vb. WaldeP. 1.484 (after Wood). Otherwise FaIk-Torp 928. Du. or..., MDu. or... also 'danger', eee 16.54.

O.k. NG Lat.

''''.fK4Jos,,,p6p.o! timor,

It.

"",w,

terror

-.

Fr.

...,.. timore, """"' effroi

Sp.

mi«lo, lemar,

Rum.

jrldJ. Isomd. apaimd w..... eda

Ir. NIr. W. Br.

.-

'P-

peur, craintt,

pGhTG,

• • loikIt«u.

"""""""

oln. dycIaryn

16.53 FEAR. FRIGHT Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG

Lith. Lett. ChSl. SCr. Boh. Pol. RIl8II. Skt.

-.bduIL -.btU ....' bMti-.

/orhi4, evi, egiao

Av.

.....a.II-.

Jer8, eye,frY' /e4f', /right, tlnTor wua, adwik

aIraIo,btU.....

btUoU, -.,.....".. bhm.. bh...

tTdaa-

IIOrht('),8fI8,_,

bJIaA-.

""iii-

achr&I:
It. lemere, Sp. temm', Rum. tem Sp. miedc), hence meI.uer. 'fear', etym. dub., possibly: CbSl. mo!ati ~ 'be disturbed, moved', Ork. pJiIor 'battle-din', etc. Walde-Po 2.269. Wood, CI. PI. 5.306. Lat. pooor, orig. 'a shaking, quaking' with emotion, esp. with fear, hence 'alarm. dread, fear' (> OFr. poor, Fr. pouT; with change of suffix It. pouro, Sp. povura), with vb. povir. 'be struck with fear, tremble. quake with fear', prob.

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL. MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS Du. 8chrik, MHO echreke, NHO 8chreck (> Dan. skrmk, Sw. • krdck), now usually echreci NE pollroon), deriv. of OIt. poUro, not in the sense 'bed' (as NED S.V. pollroon), but in its orig. sense of 'Coal, colt' (3.45), with reCerence to the timidity of the young animal. Bloch 2.168 ("qui s'eC-

6. ChSI. beda (in Gospels once = ava.'Y«1I 'distress'; in Supr. 'necessity, distress, foree', and 'danger', also bezbl~ntl = 4,,4' in phrases with !.I /Iu!Ut, ..I .pp",l, EI, ...w., etc.). But details of the formal evolution (through aor. subj. ·pbAuo"a.?) still uncertain. Kretschmer, Glotta 3.160 fr. Schwyzer, Gr. Gram. 284. Grk. dial. MLw, Mo (in several Dor. dialects and Elean) : }.ij"a 'will', prob. MAL"I"'" 'desire eagerly' J outside root connections dub. Walde-P. 2.392.

3. Lat. velle, etc. above, l. Osc.-Umbr. has rather her- (e.g. fut. Osc. hereBt, Umbr. herieat 'volet'; oel- in Umbr. veltu 'diligito', etc., above, 1) : Lat. hori, hortllri 'urge, encourage' J Grk. xalpw 'rejoice', Goth. gairnjan 'desire' J etc. (16.22, 16.62). Sp. querer, fro Lat. qu.aerere 'seek'. REW6923. Rum. ooi (beside vrea, above, 1), fro ooe, fro Slavic, ChSI. ..lja 'will' (above, 1). Tiktin 1779.

than others, 'desire eagerly, long for'.

Most of them are used in both the good and the bad sense, but the latter may become dominant (as definitely in NE covet, lust). In some, 'desire' is used also for a polite 'request, demand' (the latter now dominant in NHG verlangero). Sev-

Walde-P. l.260. Falk-Torp 1420.

It.

u&8U~,'Ir"06~

uJlupiiJ, ro8li1

cupere, derider4re desiderare, braman

Fr. Sp. Rum.

'press, crowd', OHG dringan 'press, push,

w.

squeeze', etc. (cf. NHG e, drllngt mieh

NE want, orig. 'be lacking, lack', hence 'need' and now a common colloq. equivalent of ..mh. NED B.V. want, vb.5. 6. Lith. nortlti : ChS\. nraIIfl 'virtue, custom', Russ. noror1 'habit', Grk. JlWPEi' E.'P'Y'Z (HeBych.). Walde-P.2.333. Lith. linktti (mostly in phrase. like 'wish you joy', cf. NSB s.v.) : linkti 'bow', lenkti 'bend',. ChSI. 8"Il-/fkq, -~ti 'bend together', etc. Walde-P. 2.435. 'Wish' fro 'incline toward'. Lett. grihet, beside Bb. gribe 'will, wish', orig. 'grasp after' : greibt, Lith. griebti 'grasp after, seize', Goth. greipan, OE gripan, etc. 'seize, grasp'. Walde-P. l.647. Milhl.-Endz. 1.653 f.

7. ChSI. c/Wllti, Russ. ehotet', beside ChSI. ehiJ.W:i, Russ. dial. ehtlt', SCr. htjeti, Boh. ehtUi, Pol. chciet, etym. much disputed and still dub. Berneker 398f. BruCKner 177. 8. Skt. VGf;-, Av. vas-: Grk. "'... 'willing', ete. Walde-P. 1.224 f. Barth. 1381 f. Skt. if- (3eg. icchati), Av. is- 'seek, strive for, desire, wish': OE dscian, axian 'ask, ask for, demand', OHO eiBC6n 'seek out, ask, demand', etc. (18.31, 18.35). Walde-P. 1.12.

16.62 DESIRE (vb.) Grk. NG Lat.

Ir. NIr.

Br.

dUirer, aouhGiler de8ear dbri

adeobra (&g.) mianuighim, dflilighim dvm-uno, chwantu

Goth. ON Dan. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

wilnian, gieman toilmn, yeme, deaire desire, Ztmg/or (y.......) begeer", (.....lang"1Jn

Av.

gaimjan ginr, lit. 'set one's heart lust' (so prob. Plautus, Bacch. 1083, on', fro eo,,'" 'spirit, etc.' (16.11). Trin. 650; cf. gl. libido amor desidens; Grk. r08EctJ, E'I'nroOiw, fro 7I'6IJos 'longing, yearning', also 'regret' (for some- see also Thes. s.v. p. 711, II. 39 fr.); thing lost or absent) : 8fouaufla. 'beseech, sense development 'indolence' > 'lust' pray for', Ir. guidim 'pray, ask', Lith. > 'desire'. REW 2590. J. Corominas, gedauti 'long for, desire', ChSI. i¢ati Anales del instituto de Linguistica 2.128 ff. 'thirst, desire', etc. (below, 6), Av., Rum. dori, deriv. of dtfr '(mental) OPera. fad- 'beseedh, pray for or to'. pain, suffering, longing', fro VLat. *dolus, Walde-P. l.673. for dolor (16.31). Tiktin 565. lI. Lat. cupere and cuPire, log. cupW, 3. Ir. 3sg. adcabra (with sb. accobor prob. throngh 'be agitated' : Skt. kup- 'desire'), perh. (fr. 'ad-com-bher-) : to'become agitated, grow angry', ChSI. pur (*to-a.d-bher-) 'spring', Skt. bhurkypeti 'boil', Lett. kii.piit 'smoke, steam', 'move convulsively, quiver', Grk. roperal are more or less literary, and nearly everywhere in common speech one

above,l. ON wakja, Dan. ~k., Sw. IJn8ka, OE Wij8JJan, ME wisehe, NE ..mh, Du. wenschen, OHG ,"unseen, MaG, NHG wiinsehen, fro the sbs. ON o,k, OE WijBC, OHG WunBC, ete. : Skt. v4&h- 'desire, wish', ab. vanchi!.-, all fro an extension of IE *wen- in Skt. van- 'seek, desire, gain', Lat. venus 'charm' (and Verous), OHG wunna 'joy, bliss', Goth. Wen8 'hope', etc.

4. Ir. diiihrauar, fro 'di-Io-traoo-, etym. dub., perh. as 'be pressed' : OE pringan

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Words expressing some degree of 'desire' are so numerous that in the case of some languages the choice of the most important is difficult. Even among those listed (the vbe.; most of the sbs. for 'desire, longing', etc. are derived from them, or conversely) there is considerable difference in feeling. Some are stronger

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS 1161 '1 am eager'). Walde-P. l.758 f. Pedersen 2.653 f. Thurneysen, Gram. 504. Ir. tol, NIr. Wil 'will' (Bb.), perh. : Goth. jJulan, ON jJola, OE jJolian 'bear, endure', Lat. toller. 'lift', ete., but semantic relation not clear. Walde-P. l.739. Hence the NIr. usual expression by Wil in phrases e.g. i. Williom 'it is my will' = 'I will, wish'. W. ewyllyBio, Br. youli, fro sbe. W. ewyUy8 'will, volition' J Br. youl 'desire' : Lat. awe 'desire eagerly', Skt. av- 'favor', etc. Walde-P. 1.19. Pedersen 1.314. W. mynnu, Br. mennout (beside menna 'propose, think, intend'), also W. dymuno 'desire' : Ir. do-muinur 'believe' J Lat. memini 'remember', moniTe 'warn', Skt. man- 'think', IE 'men-. Walde-P. 2.264 f. Pedersen 2.451, 581 f. 5. Goth. wil,jan, ete., general Gmc.,

prob. fro the root in OHG meinen, OE ml!nan 'have in mind, intend', Ir. domoiniur 'believe', etc. Walde-P. 2.302. Loth, RC 4l.398. Ir. dii.uighim, fro sb. dii.u 'desire' (used also in phrases like 'it is my desire' = 'I desire'), through the notion of 'agitation' fro the same root as Skt. d,huli'dust', Grk. 9up.os 'spirit', etc. (16.11).

harw:ri 'urge, encourage', Skt. haryati

'delights in', etc. Walde-P. l.60l. Walde-H. l.658. Feist 186. Gmc. sb. Goth. lustus (usual word for kn9vl'£aj vb. lusWn only once), OE, OHa lust 'desire' and 'joy, pleasure' (NE lust mostly of sexual desire), perh. fro a weak grade of 'las- in Lat. /ascivus 'playful, licentious' J Grk. XO;O"Ta£' roppa£ (Hesych.), Skt. ~- ('la-ls-) 'desire', etc. Walde-P. 2.386. Walde-H. 1.766fr. Falk-Torp 76l. Sw. tlslunda, cpd. of .tunda 'expect' (cf. ON stunda II 'strive for', Dan. stunde til, Sw. slunda til 'aspire to, long for'),

OE wilnian, ME wilnero : OE willan 'will, wish' (16.61). ME, NE desire, fro OFr. d',irer (above, 2). OE langian (impers.), ME longe, NE long (long to, long lor, with sb. longing), OHG langen (impers.), MHG verlangen (impers.), Du., NHG verlangen (now mostly 'request, demand', but ab. verlangen still 'longing'), similarly also Dan. lamges, Sw. liingla, all fro adjs. for 'long' (spatial and temporal) through impers. 'it seems long' (to wait). NED s.v.long, vb. Weigand-H. 2.1153. 5. Lith. gei,ti (leg. geidZiu): Lett. gaidit 'wait', OPruss. geide 'they wait', ChSI. iidati 'wait', OHG gil 'greediness', etc. Walde-P. l.553. Trautmann 82. Lett. gri-bet, see under 'will, wish' (16.61). 6. ChSI. ieZiti (for .".6",,1, ."...081, and rarely 8.N,,; sb. lelhilje = "r.8""la), SCr. ieljeti, Russ. ielat': Grk. 8.N" 'wish' (16.61). ChSI. Z¢ati (in Gospels for ~.",.... 'thirst' in both lit. and 'g. sense, later

also for roll... ), Boh. iddati, Pol. iqdat, Russ. laMat' (SCr. iednjeti 'thirst' in lit. sense) : Grk. 6fouaufla. 'beseech, pray for', ..6/10, 'longing', etc. (above, 1). SCr.-ChSI. iliJdlti, SCr. Mjeti: ChSI. glodii. 'hunger', Skt. grdh- 'desire eagerly', etc. Walde-P. l.633. Berneker 320. Slavic sbe. mostly fro the preceding vbs., but cf. also Boh. touita 'desire, longing' : ChSl. tqga 'distress, anxiety', SCr. tuga 'grief, sorrow', etc. (16.32). 7. Skt. if-, Av. is-, see under 'wish' (16.61). Skt. ~- ('la-ls-), see under Goth. lustus, above, 4. Skt. v4iich-: OHG I/IUnscen 'wish', etc. (16.61).

1164

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS 16.63 HOPE (sb.)

Grk.

NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. Nlr.

W. Br.

......

D..1I'"Lf D..1I'"Uia.

Goth. ON

van

• po.

Dan.

haM

Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG

happ tilhopa, win hope, won, wene hap. hoop

sp Pol. m,ieka > Ukr. djaka, Lith. deka; Pol. now usually dzi~ki pl.), fro OHG, MHG done (above, 4). Berneker 193 I. Briickner 112. 7. Skt. krtajnatii-, beside adj. krtajfia,. 4thankful', lit. 4recognizing the deed', cpd. of krta- 'done' and jii{i- 'know'.

Sw. hopp), Du. hoop, central MHG (fr. LG) hoffe and hoffenv.nge, NHG hoffnung, a group evidently starting fro OE, OLG tfJ-hopa; etym. much disputed, but perh. as orig. 'refuge' fro 'place one springs to' : OE hoppian 'spring, hop'. Jespersen, Nord. Tidsskrift 8 (1919), 151 f. Weigand-H. 1.877 f. Otherwise Falk-Torp 365 f. OHG geaingi, MHG geainge (both also 'agreement') with vbs. OHG (ge)dingen, MHG (ge)dingen, not to be separated (as Walde-Po 1.705) fro OHG dingon 'negotiate, come to terms', etc. (NHG dingen 'bargain') : OE Pingian 'plead, make terms', etc. (Walde-P. 1.725). Development through 'agreement, promise' (attested for OHG, MHG forms) to 'expectation' and 'hope'. 5. Lith. viltis, beside vb. villi-s : pavelti 'wish, permit', Lat. velle 'will', etc. (16.61). Walde-Po 1.294. Trautmann 348. Lett. ceriba fro CeTet 'guess, suppose,

1165

hope, think about, love', prob. deriv. of ceTaa 'devotion, reverence, ardor', also coli. 'hopes', perh. : MHG, NHG harren 'wait, award, tarry'. Walde-Po 1.411. Otherwise Miihl.-Endz. 1.374. 6. ChSI. upUvanije (with modem Slavic words for 'expectation, hope, trust', etc., as SOr. uJanje, Boh. UJdnf., dou/dn!, Pol. u/rwM, etc., but not reg. for 'hope'), fro vb. upilvati 'hope', SCr. ufali se, etc., etym.? Miklosich 269. Bruckner 403, 449. For this group v •. following in ChSI., cf. Jagi6, Entstehungsgesch. 410. ChSI., Russ. nadelda, SCr. nada, Boh. nadlje, Pol. nadzieja, fro ChSI. na-dljati ~ 'rely, hope', Russ. na-dejat'sja 'hope', etc., lit. 'place oneself on', cpd. of dljq, deti 'place, put'. Bemeker 182, 193. 7. Skt. iU;ii-, iU;as-, fro il-fas- 'ask, supplicate, wish, hope for, expect', cpd. of ~fis- 'correct, instruct, rule'. Uhlenbeck 22. Av. vyaRra-, etym.? Barth. 1475 f.

16.64 THANKS Grk.

NG La.t. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. Nlr. W. Br.

xap~f

d'XI1,O~CTTW

(vb.)

gratiae grazie remercimenta, grdc68 gracia8

mulJumire buide buidheachaa diolch trugarez

Goth. ON Da.n. Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

awiliup, pank pQkk t.k •elOk p.ne thanke(s) thanlu d.nk dane d.ne dank

Words that express the feeling of 'thankfulness, gratitude' are either the same as, or more often derived from, those for 'thanks' (e.g. through the adjs., NE thank-ful-ness, NHG donk-i>ar-keit, etc.), which are therefore preferred in the list and discussion. This heading is intended as = NE thanks in give thanks, etc. (sg. thank obs., and in several of the other languages the pI. obligatory or

Lith. Lett. ChSI. SCr . Boh. Pol. Russ.

Skt.

padika pateikSana blagodltf., chvala hool. dlky dzi~ki

blagodarMst' krtajfulta,.

usual in this sense); not as = thanks! and similar polite expressions, which, though of the same group, with some exceptions (e.g. Lith. aciu, fro the sound of a sneeze = 'good luck, God bless you'; Russ. spasibo : spasat' 'save, spare'), are not always identical with the forms listed (e.g. Fr. merei). The words are cognate with others for 'joy, pleasure, praise, fa.vor, recognition',

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS

1167

16.65 FAITHFUL Grk.

NG Lat. It. Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir. Nlr. W. Br.

r~CTTOt

Goth.

triggW8

Lit,h.

r~CTTOt

ON

fidus, fidelis fedele, leak [uWe, loyal fiol,leal crediT/doa, atatornic iressach

Dan.

tryggr, trur t,.

Lett. ChS!.

dUi8 ffyddlm leal, leal

Sw. OE ME NE Du. OHG MHG NHG

trogen getriewe, 'rrowe trewe, faithful faithful, loyal (true) trouw gitriuwi getriuwe, triuwe treu, getreu

Words for 'faithful' are most commonly connected with vhs. for 'trust' or 'believe', or with adjs. for 'true' (in the current sense of NE true, 16.66). The Gme. group rests ultimately on the notion of 'sound, steadfast', or the like. Certain words for 'loyal', orig. 'conforming to the law', have come to be equivalent to 4faithful' in many phrases (cf. NE loyal friend = faithful frierui).

1. Grk. 'K'tUTOr, beside 'll"Lunr 'faith, belief' : 1rd8", 'persuade', mid. 'trust, obey, believe', Lat. rulere 'trust', fidus, fidelis 4faithful', fides 'faith, belief', further connections dub. Walde-Po 2.139. Ernout-M. 356 ff. Walde-H. 1.493 ff.

2. Lat. jldus, fidelis (> It. fedele, OFr. feoil, and feel, feal, Fr. }idele, Sp. fiel. REW 3283), above, 1. Fr. loyal (OFr. leel > It. leale), Sp. leal, orig. 'according to law', fro Lat. liigalis, deriv. of lex 'law'. REW 4968. Rum. credincios, fro credin(4 'faith, honor, uprightness', VLat. ·credentia (cf. It. credenza, Fr. croyance, etc.), fro Lat. credere 'believe'. REW 2307. Tiktin 433 f. Rum. statornic, lit. 'constant, firm, steady', late fonnation fro sm 'stand, sit, lie', in imitation of Slavic stalan 'stable, firm'. Tiktin 1486 f. 3. Ir. iressach (mostly in religious sense), fro iress 'faith, belief' (22.11). NIr. dilis (dileas) , also 'dear', orig. 'one's own' (16.28).

ser. Boh. Pol. Russ.

Skt.

Av.

iBtikima8 UZticlg8 vlT{nu vjeran vlrny

wUrny vernyj bhaktaar8dra-

W. ffyddlon, cpd. of ffydd 'faith' (fr. Lat. fides) and llawn 'full', prob. semantic borrowing fro NE faithful. Br. feal, fro OFr. feal (above, 2). Henry 120. Br. leal, fro OFr. leel (above, 2). Henry 181. 4. Goth. triggws, ON trygyr (Dan. tryg, Sw. trygg 'safe'), OE getriewe, treowe, ME trewe, NE true (now mostly arch. in this sense), OS triuwi, Du. lrouw, OHG gitriuwi, MHG getriuwe, late triu(we), NHG treu, getreu, Gmc. *trewwi- beside *t:rUwia- in ON tTilr, Dan., Sw. tro (Sw. now only religious 'believing'; for general sense trogen, deriv. of vb. tro 'believe', cf. Hellquist 1008) : OPruss. druwis 'belief, faith', druwU 4believe', Lith. driutas 'strong, firm', ChSl. su-dravii. 'well, sound', Skt. dhruvaAv. drva-, OPera. duruva- 'finn, sound, secure', Ir. derb 4certain', dron 4:firm', all ultimately, with notion of 'finn', connected with words for 'oak' and 'tree'. Walde-Po 1.804 If. FaIk-Torp 1284 I., 1290. ME, NEfaithful, fro sb.faith, fro OFr. feid, feit, fro Lat. fides (above, 1). NED S.V. NE loyal, fro Fr. loyal (above, 2). NED S.V. 5. Lith. istikimas, Lett. uzticigs, fro Lith. istiketi, Lett. uzticet 'trust', perfect. forms of Lith. tiketi, Lett. tieet 'believe' (17.15). 6. ChS!. vlnnu, etc., general Slavic,

1168

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

fro vera 'belief, faith' : Lat. VeTu8 'true', etc. (16.66). Walde-P. 1.286. 7. Skt. bhakt.a-, also 'devoted to', lit. 'allotted to, granted' (cf. NHG ergro.,.), pple. of bhaj- 'deal out, distribute, divide'. Walde-P. 2.127 f.

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS 1169

Av. andra-, perh. : and-, 'arod- 'promote, advance, make thrive', Skt. rdh'thrive, prosper', radh- 'be successful, prosper, be happy'. Walde-P. 1.74. Barth. 195.

16.66 TRUE (Or in part sb. Truth) Grk.

NO

Goth.

i'>fJ/7
, NE 11.1>-true, NHG un-wahr, Ir. nelrfir, Lith. nl}-teioinglJ8, Skt. 1l-8atya-; by Lat. falom (pple. of faUere 'deceive') and its Romance and Gmc. derivs. (alao opp. to 'faithful'); by OE leas, also and more orig. 'destitute of, void' (: Goth.-laus 'empty, vain',!raliusan 'lose', etc., 11.33). Similarly, the opposite of 'truth' may be expressed as 'untruth' or 'falsehood'. But in nearly all the IE languages there are distinctive downright terms for a 'lie', with corresponding verbs. There is a notable agreement between Grnc. and Slavic in the words for 'lie', an inherited group for which it is impossible to detennine any remoter underlying notion. 'Lie' and 'deceit' are sometimes expressed by the same or cognate terms. 'Lie' may evolve from milder notions, such as 'defect, error', or 'hann'. Several of the words are of obscure origin. 1. Grk. ",.,,60., alao "',,,upo (rare), By•. , """po, NG pop. ""pa, beside ""vOw 'deceive', mid. 'lie', I/IE{)(TT'IS 'liar', I/IEvO~S 'falae', etc., etym. dub. Walde-P. 1.502. Boisacq 1075 f. 2. Lat. mendacium, with menMx 'lying, false, liar', fro mendum, menda '(physical) defect, error (in writing)', perh. : Ir. mennar 'spot', mind 'sign, mark', W. man 'place, spot, mark'. Walde-P.2.270, Ernout-M.605. WaldeH.2.68f. Lat. vb. mentiri 'lie' : mens, mentis 'mind, intelligence, thought' (17.11), with semantic development perh. through 'say something thought up, invented' (cf. also the cognate OPruss. mmtimai 'we lie'). Walde-P. 2.270. Emout-M. 606. Hence the sbs., Sp. mentira (fr. vb. mentir) and, through VLat. derivs. (*mentionia, *mentio) I It.

menzogna, OFr. mensogne, Fr. mensonge (influence of sange 'dream'), Rum. minciund. Walde-P. 2.270. Emout-M. 606. Walde-H. 2.68. REW 5508-10. It. bugia, fro Provo bauzia 'knavery, deceit', fro bauza 'deceit', beside OFr. boise id., fro the Gmc., cf. OHG booi, etc. 'bad, evil' (16.72). REW 1006. 3. Ir. brec, NIr. breag, etym. dub.; perh. : Skt. bra1i~a- 'fall, destruction'. Walde-P.2.204. Stokes 183. Ir. gau (also prefix gu- 'false-', of. Laws, Gloss. 456), Br. gaou, Com. gow (both alao adj. 'falae', as W. gaul, etym. dUb. Walde-P. 1.530. Thumeysen IF 21.179. Stokes 108. W. celwydd,cpd. of eel 'hidden' and gwydd (arch.) 'knowledge'. 4. Goth. liugn, ON Iygi, lyg"l1, OE lyge, etc., general Gmc., with vbs. Goth. liugan, ON Ijilga, OE !eogan, etc. : ChSI. lUia 'lie', vh.l11gati, adj. lilZl 'lying', etc., perh. also MIr. logaisse 'lie' (only 10gaisoi. i. bregi, gl.; cf. BB 16.244). Walde-P. 2.415. Here also OLith. vb. luginti 'lie'. Specht, KZ 68.36. 5. Lith. melas, Lett. meli (pl.), with vbs. Lith. melwti, Lett. melwt: Lett. melsi 'gossip, talk nonsense', maldit 'err, make a mistake', maids 'mistake, error', etc. (16.77). Miihl-Endz. 2.595. WaldeP.2.291. 6. ChSI. lMa, etc., general Slavic (but Pol.iga, vb. igat obs.) : Goth. liugn, etc. (above, 4). Pol. klamstwo, fro Ham (obs.) : Boh. klam 'deceit' (16.68). 7. Skt. asalya-, neg. of satya- 'true, truth'. Skt. mithya-vakya-, -vada- and mr~ii­ viida-, etc., cpds. of advs. mithya and mr~a 'wrongly' with words for 'speaking'. Skt. aJ:'ltka- 'untrue', also neut. sb., prob. orig. 'crooked' : Grk. wAf"'I, Lat.

Grk. lrEOs (poet.) : Skt. 8atya- 'true', Goth. 8unja 'truth', etc. (below, 5). 3. Lat. viirus (> It. vero, OFr. voir, OSp. vero), above, 1. Fr. vrai, prob. fro veratius (Merov.), Le. veriicius compo of verax 'truthful'. REW 9216&. Otherwize ("verai"" fro verarius, like prim4rius for primus) Gamillscheg 898. Sp. verdad (sb., usual expression), fro Lat. veritas (above, 1). Rum. adevdr (sb., formerly also adj., orig. adv.), fro adv. phrase ad-ad-verum (cf. It. davvero 'truly'). Hence, through vb., adevdrat 'true'. REW 9262. Pus~ariu 24. 4. Celtic words, above, 1. 5. Goth. sunja sb. (for a.'~0,,0, and prob. also sb. not fem. adj. when used for Q)o.~/Hi. In. 8.14, 17, In. 10.41; also adj. 8unjeins), adj. (in part also sb.) ON sannr, Dan. sand, Sw. sann, OE 80'D, deriv. 80"l1lie, ME (NE arch.) sooth: Skt. satya-, Grk. E'TEOS 'true', all orig. 'existing, actual', fro pple. fonns of IE *es'be, exist'. Walde-P. 1.160 f. Feist 459. Falk-Torp 950. ME trewe, NE true, fro OE triiawe 'faithful' (16.65). OHG war, etc., above, 1. 6. Lith. teisingas (also 'right, just'; with soo. teisa, teivybe 'truth'), Lett. patiess : Lith. teisus 'right, just', tiesus

'straight', Lett. taians 'straight, just' (12.73, 16.73). Lith. tikras is 'true' rather in the sense of 'real, sure, certain' (17.37). 7. ChSI., SCr. sb. i.tina (Ruas. less common than pravda; Boh. jiBiina through 'reality' to 'capital'), whence adjs. ChSI. i8tin,nll (usual form in GOBpels), i8tovll, SCr. istinit (Russ. istinnyj in NT, but in current use 'true' = 'real, genuine'), fro ChSl. isiu, Russ. istyj, etc. 'real, actual', prob. fro *iz-&to-, cpd. of iz (ChSI. izU) 'out' and -810-: IE *8tii'stand', like pro-stil 'straight, simple', etc. (WaIde-P. 2.604). Berneker 435 f. Otherwise (fr. *es-'be',Slav.jes-) Mildosich 185, Bruckner 436. ChSI. rBsnot.a sb. (later than i8tina; cf. Jagi~, Entstehungsgesch. 352), with adj. rBsnotitnl : Lith. reikSti, pres. reilki11. 'reveal, mean', raiskus 'evident'. Trautmann 242. Boh., Ruas. pravda, Pol. prawda, sbs. = ChSI. pratMa 'right, justice', fro pravii. 'straight' (12.73). Hence adjs. Boh. pr It. frode, Fr., Sp. fraude 'fraud' mostly in legal sense; OFr. > ME fraude, NE fraud in less restricted use but also omitted in the list): Skt. dhvr- 'injure', dhruti- 'deception', and ultimately ("dhreu-gh-) Skt. druh- 'injure', Av. druJ- 'lie, deceit', OHG triogan 'deceive',

etc. (below, 4). Walde-P. 1.869 f., 874. Walde-H. 1.543. It. inganTW, Sp. engaiio, fro It. ingannare, Sp. engaiiar 'deceive' = Rum. tngtna 'imitate, mock' J fro VLat. *ingannare, ganniire attested in glosses in sense of 'laugh at, mock', fr. Lat. ganntre 'bark, growl' (of animals and persons), late 'chatter', etc. 'Deceive' fro 'laugh at, mock' as in NG (above, 1). REW 4406. Densusianu 191 f. Fr. deception, fro late Lat. d 'bend', Lith. kumpti 'bow'. Uhlenbeck 42. Walde-P.1.350. Skt. chala-, hence chalaya- 'deceive', etym. dub., perh. : chada- 'cover, covering', chadaya- 'cover, hide', chadman-

rpoij>JJov G.frroVt 'outwent them' in

'disguise, pretext, fraud'. Wackemagel,

Altind. Gram. 1.222. Otherwise ( : aklwl- 'stumble') Uhlenbeck 94 (cf. Wackernagel, Altind. Gram. 1.154). Skt. maya,.: Russ. obman, etc. (above,6). Av. druJ- 'lie, deceit', see 16.67. Av. diwia-: diwiadyai (infin.) 'deceive', fro diwi- orig. desid. to dab- 'deceive', Skt. dabh- 'injure, hurt, deceive'. Walde-P. 1.850 f. Barth. 747.

= Pol. klam, klamstwo 'lie', vb. k/amai 'lie', SCr. dial. k/arn., Lat. cac4re, ete. Walde-P.1.336. Boisacq 395 f. 3. Lat. malus (> It. malo, Sp. mal, malo; Fr. mat mostly sb. or adv.), etym. dub., perh. fro the root in Jr. meUaim 'deceive', mea 'sin, fault', Lith. mela.s 'lie', Av. mairya- 'deceitful', etc.; or: OE ..,.,..1, OHG smal, etc. 'small'? EmoutM.583. WaIde-H. 2.19 f. It. catlioo, fro Lat. captiws 'prisoner, captive' through its moral application (cf. irae mpli...., Sene...) in eccl. lan-

1179

lpata 'ugliness' J this, with generalization

through 'physical defect', fro §Pat 'sp.... vin', fro NHG spat id. Bruckner 553. Russ. p/ochoj (now perh. the most common word) : Pol. plochy 'negligent, careless', ChSl. plachu 'wavering, timid', etc., perh. fro the root in Grk. dAN.> 'sway, swing, shake'. Walde-P.2.52.

Russ. chudoj (also 'lean, worn out') : ChSI. chudtl 'little, needy, paltry' (12.56), Boh. chudy 'poor' (11.52), etc. Walde-P. 1.502. Bemeker 405. Russ. durnoj (also 'ngly') : dur' 'foolishness, caprice', Pol. dUT 'swoon, senselessness', etc., Grk. 8ovpot 'rushing, raging, furious'. WaIde-Po 1.842. Berneker 239. 8. Skt. papa-, prob. redupl. nursery word (like Grk. ra.w-ai, rbro, 'alas') fro the root in Grk. 'l"ij",a. 'evil, misfortune,

hurt', etc. Walde-P. 2.8. Skt. asiidh..., abhodra-, AV. IJAJ(JtIhu-, neg. cpde. of the words for 'good' (16.71) AV. alea- (NPers. ale 'insult, misfortune'), etym.? Barth. 44 f. Av. aya- : Skt. agluJ... 'mischief, guilt, wickedness', and perh. Goth. agls 'shameful', Ir. ail 'insult', etc. Walde-

P. 1.41. Barth. 47 f. Av. a.ra-, mostly in a.ra. mainy'Ut'evil spirit, Ahriman' : Av. qsta- 'hate,

enmity', root connection? WaIde 1.134. Barth, 103 f. OPers. gasu>- ('repugnant' or already 'bad', as NPers. gast), pple. of root in Skt. gandha- 'smell' (obj.), Av. gantiNPers. gand 'stench' (15.23).

1180

Grk. NG Let. It. Fr. Bp. Rum.

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

....... .......

TIl"

dnpI, i""

NE Du.

ceorl, cIlir

OHG MHG reh~ gereht NHG recIot,gerecIot

Ir. NIr.

em, eDiT

W.

icJlDft,cuflt!.um,CflU'iT

Br.

qwirion,

flRn

rigllt reclot rehl

'Right' is understood here in its moral sell8e and in the adj. form. Many of the words are used alike of things and persons, but in the latter context different forms (mostly not included in the list) may be preferred, e.g. NE upright or j",t (NE right formerly of persons in moral sense, but now oba.),

NHG gerecht VB. recht, and so generally in Slavic. Many mean also, some primarily, 'right' in the 1egal sell8e. Several are also the usual terms for 'right' = 'correct'; but this notion is often expressed by differentiated forms (e.g. NHG ricktig) or quite unrelated words (e.g. Grk. &)."8{,, 'true' or 6p8/n 'straight', NO (f6HITOs 'certain, correct', orig. 'safe'). Again, several have come to be used for the directional 'right' ('right hand', etc.), but the older terms for this were quite different (12.41). The most common semantic source is 'straight'.

Some meant originally 'in

accordance with custom or law', or 'certain, true'. 1. Grk. ~L It. ..Uo) 'straight' (12.73) also 'right', esp. sb. rectum.

1182

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS 1181

16.73 RIGHT (adj., in moral sense, va. Wrong) Goth. garai/lla Lith. 16.)'I'U, lit. 'a fall, misstep' : (T~IJ.XN4 'cause to fall, overthrow', etym.

Lith. kolt6 Lett. 1Hli... ChSI. ,,;na SCr. krivicG, Boh. ,,;na wi... Pol.

mvnja

Skt.

t>ina apar4dha-, roG-, tL.'fO-

Av.

pam-

Russ.

dub. Walde-Po 2.599, 678. Boisacq 927. Grk. alTlo. 'responsibility, guilt, cause', covering 'fault' in sense h, beside adj. atnos 'responsible, culpable', etym. dub., perh. : a1uo. ("'o.LTlU) 'lot,

destiny', 0 ... aeleis 'partis'. Walde-Po 1.2. Boisacq 30 f. NG 4>.. ~''''', fro the vb. 4>..'" 'be at fault' (e.g. >/>TU'" I-y&. 'it's my fault, I am to blame'), fro cl..... Grk ...TU'" 'stumble, make a mistake', etyro. dub. Walde-Po 2.21. Boisacq 820. NG boX'!, in late Grk. (pop.) 'liability', cf. box.. 'guilty' (21.35). 2. Lat. culpa (> It. colpa, OFr. coupe, Sp. culpa), OLat. colpa, 0 ... leulupu 'culpa', etyro. dub. Walde-Po 1.440. Emout-M.240. Walde-H. 1.304. Lat. noxa, noxia 'hann, injury', hence also 'fault, offense, guilt' (noxa also 'punishment') : nocere 'harm, injure' (11.28). Emout-M. 669. For Lat. delictum, It. delitto, etc., see under 'crime' (21.41). Fr. jaute, Sp. jalta, also and orig. 'lack', fro ¥Lat. *jallila, fro jaUere 'deceive, fail'. REW 3169. Rum. vind, fro the Slavic (below, 6). 3. Ir. cin, NIr. cion (also cionnla) : Grk. TiJ'W 'pay, atone', mid. 'punish', roul.q 'penalty', Skt. ci- 'revenge, punish', Av. Ci- 'pay a penalty, atone' J etc.

Wald....P. 1.509. Pedersen 1.365. Ir. locht, also (and in OIr. chiefly) 'a defect', perh. : ON l{l8tr 'defect, fault,

1184

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS 1185

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

vice', OHG, OS laslar 'blame, reproach, insult', vba. OHG lahan, OE lean 'blame, reproach, scorn, etc.'. Walde-P. 2.436 f. Ir. col, W. (oba., Spurrell) owl 'fault, sin', fro °ku.lo-: OHG BCUld, etc. (below, 4). Loth, Z. celt. Ph. 17.147 f. Walde-H. 1.304. W. bai (cf. vb. beio 'blame, censure') : Ir. bdg 'battle', bdgaim 'fight', OHG bdgan, bdgm 'quarrel, fight', etc. WaldeP. 2.130. Pedersen 1.101. Br.fati, fro MBr.fatia./T'bemistaken', fro Fr. faiUir 'fail, err' (Lat. fallere, cf. above Fr. fa..u). Henry 120. 4. Goth. fairina (reg. for Alrla, once for "",,4>0 'blame') : ON fim 'an abomination', OE firen, OHG firina 'wicked deed, crime', etc., prob., as orig. 'transgression', deny. of IE ·per-in Skt. paras, Grk. ,.~piiP 'beyond', and the Gmc. prefix Goth. fair-, OE fer-, OHG fir-, etc. 'away, past, out', Walde-P. 2.31. Feist 139f. ON 'pIc, properly 'charge, accusation' : OE 80CU 'strife, contention, crime, guilt', OHO Bacha 'strife, affair, cause', etc., vbs. Goth. sakan 'quarrel, contend', OE sacan 'fight, contend, charge, blame', etc. Falk-Torp 942 f. WaldeP.2.449. OE ""!lId, OHG sculd, MHG .ckull, also 'guilt, due, debt, crime, sin', Du., NHG schuld alao 'guilt, debt', Dan. • kyld, Sw. • kuld id., prob. influenced in meaning by German, cf. ON .kyld 'tax, due, oake', .kuJd 'debt, bondage' : OE sculan, etc. 'owe, be obliged' (11.63). Walde-P. 2.596. Falk-Torp 1045.

OE gyl4 ME gill, NE guill, etyro. dub., perh. as orig. 'debt' (cf. OE ""!lid, etc., above), in form Gmc. 0guJti-, IE 0ghjdifro °gh8ld-, beside °ghelt- in Goth. fragildan 'pay, compensate', etc. Doubted inNEDs.v. ME fa,,/$, NE fauJ.t, fro Fr. fa..u (above, 2). 5. Lith. kait.! (kalCia), beside kaltaa 'guilty, faulty', perh. fro a form without initial II- of root in OE ""!lId etc. (above, 4). Walde-Po 2.596. Lett. IlGina : ChS!. vina, etc. (below). MiIh!.-Endz. 4.437 f. 6. CbS!. vina, Boh., RU88. vina, Po!. wiM, Lett. Mina, perh. as 'consequence' (of evil) : Lett. Mijal 'pursue', Lith. ll/lli 'hunt, pursue', ChSI. po-oinqli 'subdue, overcome', etc. Walde-Po 1.230. Trautmann 344 f. Bruckner 622. SCr. krivica, krirmja, fro kri. 'crooked' (12.74) alao 6g. 'false, wrong, guilty' (cf. also nisam ja kri. 'it's not my fault'). Bemeker 618. 7. Bkt. aparadha-, fro apa.-radh- 'miss the mark, be guilty', cpd. of radh- 'be successful, prosper' with apa- 'off, away'. Ublenbeck 9. Skt. roo.- 'debt' (11.64), also 'fault, guilt'. Bkt. data- 'fault, barm, guilt, sin', fr. d..... 'ill' (16.72). Av. para-: par- 'condemn' (21.32) . Barth. 849 f., 889. Here, perh. as loanword fr. Iran., Toch. A pare, B pere 'fault, guilt'. Meillet, MSL 19.159. Otherwise (: Goth. fairina, above, 4) K. Schneider, KZ 66.253.

placing older f6h1 'lack, defect, mistake, oversight, etc.', early also foil, fro MHG 11IIIl, .rele 'lack, mi88ing', MLG fsil, fel. (> Dan. fejl, Sw. fell, fro OFr. faiUe, OIt. faglia 'lack' (fr. Lat. fallere 'deceive, etc.', cf. Fr. !auJ,e Ifault, mistake, lack' 16.76). Falk-Torp 211. Weigand-H. 1.511 f. 5. Lith., Lett. klaida: Lett. klaidU 'wander about' (prob. = klaidU 'scatter, waste'), kllsl 'wander about, go to pieces', Lith. kl,lBti 'err, be mistaken', etc. Walde-P. 2.596. Milhl.-Endz. 2.208,231. Lith. apsirikimas, fro apsirikti 'err, mistake', ref!. cpd. of rikli id. ('sich versprechen', Kurschat), same word &8 rileli 'cry out, shout', with development

through 'misspeak' (cf. NHG veracken 'oversight, mistake'). Lett. kl'Uda (Lith. kliuda 'defect, lack, flaw') : kl'at 'come upon, reach', kl'QdU 'cause to come upon, wander,

stray, etc.', Lith. kliuli 'remain hanging, catch on, run against, hinder, hold back'. Walde-P.1.493. Milhl.-Endz. 2.240 f. Lett. malds, maldIba, fro maldU 'err, lead into error, deceive' J perh. : meli,

Lith. melas 'lie' (16.67), etc. Walde-Po 2.291. Miihl.-Endz. 2.557, 595. 6. ChS!. l18a, 'deceit' (16.68), once al80 for rM"'1 (Mt. 27.64).

SCr. zabluda, Boh. blud, Pol. blqd (RUBB. blud 'fornication', but zablydie'sja 'go astray, err', labluidenie 'error, mistake') : ChSI. blqd" 'fornication', bl¢q, blpli 'err, talk nonsense' (cf. bl¢" 'idle talk, nonsense') and 'fornicate' (lstter sense in this group widespread but secondary), prob.: Goth. blind. 'blind', NE blunder, etc. Walde-Po 2.216. Berncker 60, 62. SCr. pogrjeika : pogrijemli 'err', perfect. cpd. of grijeiiti 'sin, err', fro grijeh 'sin' (16.75). Boh. ckyba (Pol. chyba 'failure, miscarriage, lack') : Boh. ckybali 'doubt', Pol. cky~ 'move to and fro, swing', etc., Skt. """,II- 'sway, tremble' . WaldeP. 1.502 f. Bemcker 412 f. Boh. omyl, Pol. omy/ka : Boh. amyliti 'deceive' J myliti 'mislead, puzzle', Pol. (o)mylOC, m'Yli~ 'cause to err', etc., outside connections? Bruckner 350. Miklosich 207. Russ. olibka, Ir. oiibat'sja 'mistake, err', prob. : o-Bibal' 'beat down', mbat' 'throw', mbkij 'quick', Skt. kfip- 'throw'. Walde-P. 1.501. 7. Bkt. bhrama-, bhranti-: bhram'wander a.bout', also 'be confused, mistaken' J bhrmi- 'quick, active', further connections dub. Walde-P. 2.202.

16.78 BLAME (sb.) Grk.

1JO,MM,~,t/Kryoft

,,;;.-

NG

I[I1TVYOPlll

Lat.

rqreh6MW, vitvpera-

II. Fr. Sp. Rum.

biorimo bl4me. reproche

CpIU/Jlt,

>/#r.. ) tiD

cen.tura, reproche

bltJm

Ir.

(;Giro

NIr.

W.

milUdn boi

Br.

lamall

,..,

Golh. lGirl"" (vb. laian) ON Dan. dade! Sw. tadoI OE UJl ME bltJ... blmu, rcproam NE Du. bloom OHG /tJaIa, MHG lGBW (ladeI) NHG Iadel, vorwurJ

'''4

Lilh. Letl. CbS1. SCr. Boh. Pol. RUBS. Ski.

(pa)peiki....

pal'.

(_ai,vb.)

-

prijelwr hana

chula, poricon"

niflda.., garhJj,.,

pariv4da-

Av.

ApIlPTla.,f1"~ M90s-,f1~A

error, erratum

II.

Iboglio,

Fr. Sp. Rum. Ir.

""01" g>"8f Rum. blam), fro bldmer, OFr. blasmsr (> It. biasimare, whence sb. biasima), fro VLat. "blastemare for Lat. blasphemD.re 'blaspheme, revile', fro Grk. fJ>,'''7I,,1,AITTT/,,;;'). REW 1155. Wartburg 1.403. Fr. reproche (> NE reproach), Sp. reproche, all covering verbal 'blame' (but in part mild), fro VLat. *reproprilire, denv. of Lat. prope 'near' (cf. approach 10.56). REW 7229. NED S.V. reproach, sh. and vb.

_a

Sp. cen.mra 'criticism' andesp. 'blame',

as commonly NE censure (NED s.v., 4), fro Lat. 'judgment', deriv. of ems"'e 'think" (17.14). Sp. culpa 'fault' (16.76) and so 'blame' in secondary sense of NE blame (cf. above), hence for verbal 'blame' culpar, or echar la culpa, lit. 'lay the fault (blame) on'. 3. Ir.caire = MBr.carez'blame',OW cared, arch. W. caredd 'Bin, crime, fault' : Lat. cari1l4.re 'abuse, revile', OE kierwan 'speak ill, blaspheme, despise', OHG harawn 'mock', Lett. karinat 'tease', ChS!. ukorili 'insult', etc. Walde-Po 1.353. Walde-H. 1.169. NIr. milleD.n, prob., like miUeadh 'spoiling, injury', fro millim 'spoil, injure'. W. bai 'fault' (16.76), also 'blame'. Br. lamalI: Ir.liimailt 'infamy, shame', etyro.? Walde-P. 2.624. Stokes 122. Henry 259. 4. Goth. fairina, mostly '.!rla' (see 16.76), but once for J'O~, with vh. fairinIJn '1I"I'a.eA', blame', adj. fairina '4}JEJl'lM'Of, blameless'.

"n-

1188

SELECTED INDO-EUROPEAN SYNONYMS

Goth. faian, vb. 'blame' : Goth. jiJan, etc. 'hate' (16.41), Skt. ply- 'abuse, revile'. Walde-Po 2.9. Feist 135. ON last, also cpds. lastmtl, laotrruBli (orl1 'word', mtBli 'speech'), OHG, OS lastar, MHG laster also 'reproach, insult, fault', etc., beside ON 19s1r 'defect, fault, vice', OE leahter 'moral defect, crime, fault', etc. : vbe. OHG lahan. OE lean 'blame, reproach, scorn', etc., and perh. Ir. loch! 'fault, defect' (16.76). Walde-Po 2.436 f. Falk-Torp 626. Torp, Nynorsk 365. OE U!l, 141 (mostly 'slander' but also best word for 'blame', cf. e.g. Aelfric, Gram. p. 12, !til as opp. of /wrung. 'praise'), ME (rare) Iele, lole = ON 141 'deceit', etc. (16.68). ME, NE blame, Du. blaam, fro Fr. blltme (above, 2). NHG ladel (> Dan. dadel, Sw. !adel), fr. MHG !adel 'defect' (moral, or physicalas 'spot on the skin'; cf. NHG ladellos 'faultless'; shift to 'blame' first in vb. tadeln 'find a defect in, find fault with', hence 'blame'), prob. orig. a LG fonn corresponding to MHG zadel, OHG ,adal 'lack, sulJering from hunger', etym. dub. Falk-Torp 133. Weigand-H. 2.1018. NHG IIOrwurf, fro IIOrweTfen 'throw before', hence, like NE throw in one's teeth, 'reproach, blame'. 5. Lith. (pa)peilcimas, fro (pa)peikti 'blame' : piklas 'angry' (16.42). Lett. pal'a (also 'defect, fault') : pelt 'abuse, calumniate' J this perh.: Grk. ~.."X~ 'threat' and (with s-) Goth. &pill

1190

'story, tale', ete. Walde-Po 2.677. Miih!.-Endz. 3.64, 198. 6. ChS!. vb. zaz1lrlti (renders .ul'4>eigB Grk .•XIo., ete. 'fame, glory' (16.47). Lett. IeikilaM, fr. teikt 'say' (18.22) 'famous', OHG hruom 'fame' (NHG ruhm), whence vbs. OHG hruomen, and 'praise'. Milh!.-Endz. 4.156 f. NHG riihmen 'praise' (MLG berlimen > 6. ChS!. chvala, ete. with vb. chvaliti, Dan. ber;mme, Sw. beriimma, whence etc., general Slavic, etym. dub. BerneSw. sb. berom, now the common word), ker 406. Bruckner 186 f. K. Meyer, all fro the same root as Goth. hrOps 'cry', Donum nat. Schrijnen 413 (fr. ·svala by Grk. lri,p.£ 'herald', etc. Walde-Po metathesis fro slaM 'fame, glory'). 7. Skt. stuti-, fro .tu- 'praise' (also 1.353. Falk-Torp 61, 91l. ME preyse, prayse, NE praise, fro vb. Av.), beside stuhh- 'shout, praise in exME preise 'appraise' and 'praise', fro clamations', prob. : Grk. O''TEv.ucu 'promOFr. preisier, fro late Lat. preciare, pre- ise, threaten. boast' (what one will do). tidre, deriv. of Lat. pretium 'price'. Walde-Po 2.620. From the same source likewise MHG Skt. gir-, gUrti-, Av. gar-, garahpri8Jm, NHG prei8en, Du. prijzen (MLG 'pra.ise',esp. 'song of praise',fr. Skt. gr-, prisen > Dan. prise, Sw. prise). all now Av. gar- 'praise' (Av. only in cpds.) : vbs. for 'praise' (in part more formal, Lith. girti 'praise', etc. (above. 5). Skt. ,ansa-, pra-~nsa-, fro ,ari.8- 're'praise highly, laud'), whence sbs. NHG preis, Dan., Sw. pris 'praise', but more cite (hymns or invooa.tions), pra.ise', also commonly 'price'. Only in English is 'declare, teU': Av. 84.h-, OPers. 9ahthe word in this sense differentiated in 'announce, declare, say', Lat. cenBere form. NED S.V. Falk-Torp 850. Wei- 'declare solemnly, resolve, judge', etc. gand-H. 2.468. Walde-Po 1.403. Walde-H. 1.199.

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS

1189

16.79 PRAISE (sb.) Grk.

Goth.

''II''cu..or.«Wos

NG

h-......

ON

Lat. It. Fr. Sp.

Ia..

Dan.

/ode

Sw.

louange

OE ME

o/abanza

Rwn.

laudd

Ir. NIr.

moIad

NE

mQ/adh

Du.

W.

"",wi

Br.

...uIeodi

/uueim

101

(prio, /00) beri>m (prio. /00.....)

TOIl

/of, herung 'PNIY'e, Iole, heriynge, laude praiBe

101

Russ.

gar'"

.ltwa, tMk80M cIwaIa (po)1waIa chvdla (po)chwola (po)chlNJla

Skt.

pr~J\ItJ..,

Av.

gM-.

atuti-, gir-,

gUrh-

OHG lob MHG lop. pM. NHG lob, preiB

Some of the important words for 'praise' are of doubtful etymology. But the commonest source, mostly through the verbs, is the notion of 'recite formally, sing. shout' (in honor of the gode), the terms belonging primarily to religious tenninology. Some of the verbs mean also, or are cognate with others meaning, 'boast', owing to similar origin from 'cry, shout', etc. Some are derivs. of words for 'fame' or 'glory' (16.47). meaning first 'attribute fame, give glory to', then simply 'praise', this sense reacting sometimes on the sbs. Besides those included in the list there are many other such derivs. meaning 'glorify, praise highly, laud', e.g. Grk. ~"t'" in NT rendered by Goth. hauhjan (fr. hauhs 'high'). ChS!. slaviti (fr. slatJO 'glory'). Development from 'put a value on, appraise' is seen in NE praise, etc. The sb. forms are given in the list, but the verbs are parallel and often the source, especially in the semantic development (e.g. in NE praise). There is sometimes, however, a difference in relative frequency, e.g. OE lof the usual sb .• but herian the usual vb. (more common than lojian), or NHG vb. preieen more common than sb. preis in sense of 'praise'. 1. Grk. a.lJlOs (also 'tale, story' and dial. 'decree'), more commonly ErG.LJIOS, with vb. bra.LJ'W, d. also abL'Y.ua 'riddle',

Lith. Lett. CbS!. SCr. Boh. Pol.

garllA-

all baaed on the notion of 'a saying', but root connection dub. Walde-Po 1.2. Boisacq 26. 2. Lat. la1J8, laudi. (> It. lode), with vb. laudllre (> It. Iodare, Fr. louer, etc., whence also sbs. Fr. louange, Rum. laudll; Sp. loaT, sb. loa now arch.), earliest sense perh. 'mention', the use of lauddre as 'name, cite' being quoted as early; etym. dub., but perh. as ·lau-dbeside .leu-t- (baaed on an imitative syllable) : Goth. liupon 'sing praises', OE leofrian 'sing', etc. Walde-Po 2.406. Walde-H. 1.776. Sp. alabama, fro vb. alabar 'praise', fro VLat. alapari 'boast' (cf. Lindsay, C!. Q. 23.112), this in form as if fro Lat. alapa 'blow, slap', but semantic relation difficult. and so perh. fro or influenced by Grk. x...£,,,, 'swagger' (used by Cicero). REW 311. Ronsch, Z. rom. Ph. 3.103 f. Walde-H. 1.26. 3. Ir. malad, NIr. moladh, W. mawl, Br. meuleudi, with vbs. Ir. molur, etc., general Celtic group, etym. dub., but perh. : Grk. ~x...w 'sing', p.oArI, 'song'. Walde-Po 2.292 (adversely). Stokes, IF 12.191. 4. Goth. hazeins, OE /wrung, hering, ME heriynge. fro vbs. Goth. hazjan, OE herian. ME herie 'praise' : OHG haren, OS harfm 'cry, shout', outside connections dub. Walde-Po 1.338. Feist 252 f. NED S.V. hery.

EMOTION; TEMPERAMENTAL, MORAL, AESTHETIC NOTIONS

1191

16.81 BEAUTIFUL (also Pretty) (.~. eGpp-

Grk.

KctNX

NG

6JwI'fllos, WpG.Wr pulcloer.IOnnOaus. bell.. bello beau, jolt Ioennoao. bello, ""'"'"

4-,~a.Ws)

Lat. It. Fr.

Sp. Rum.

Irt¥I1lO8

Ir. NIr.

8OChnul, "lind 4luinn, deas glan, teg, tlwa koer, brao

W.

Br.

Goth. WI ....

ON Dan. Sw.

Lett.

8k~, k~.

amuk akOti., lager, tHJCker

OE ME

wlitig,lCB(JtIT, adem' laire, ahem

NE

""'utiJul,

Du.

OHG MHG NHG

ChS!. SOr. Boh. Pol.

........ dail .. aka",ta, jauks,

grelM

kraatn4

lijep, krG80n

aMoon, mODi, fraai

Russ. Skt.

krdn