A Corpus of Small Cult-Objects from the Military Areas of Roman Britain 9781407322018, 9780860540328

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
Dedication
List of Plates
Acknowledgements
Preface
Chapter 1: Roman and Celtic Cult-Objects: Deities
Chapter 2: Pagan Oriental Cults and Christianity
Chapter 3: Ritual Objects
Chapter 4: A Note on Frequency and Distribution
Chapter 5: Conclusion
Bibliography
Gazetteer
References to Gazetteer
Index of Objects and Sites
Plates

Citation preview

A Corpus of Small Cult-Objects from the Military Areas of Roman Britain

Miranda J. Green

BAR British Series s2 1978

B.A.R. 122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R. 52, 1978, "A Corpus of Small Cult-Objects from the Military Areas of Roman Britain" © Miranda Green, 1978

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860540328 paperback ISBN 9781407322018 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540328 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

P age

L ist o f P lates Acknow ledge men ts

8

D ISC U SS ION

9

P reface

9

Chap ter 1 Ro man a nd Celt ic Cu lt-Ob jects : Chap ter 2

De it ies

P agan O r ien ta l Cu l ts a nd Chr ist ian ity

1 0 2 8

Chapter 3 R itua l O b jects

3 1

Chap ter 4 A N ote o n Frequency a nd D istr ibu t ion

3 6

Chapter 5 Conclus ion

3 9

B ib l iography t o D iscussion

4 0

GAZETTEER

4 5

Gazet teer o f S ites a nd F inds

4 5

B ibl iography t o Gazet teer

7 7

I ndex o f O b jects a nd S ites

8 6

PLATES

9 if f .

i n me mor ia m C . E . S tevens

L IST OF PLATES

Page 9 1 f.

P la te 1

Bronze Mercury ;

2

Bronze h ead o f Mercury ;

3

L ead p laque d ep ic t ing Mercury ;

4

Bronze Mercury ;

5

Bronze b us t o f Mercury ;

Car lis le .

6

Bronze b us t o f Mercury;

York .

7

P ipe-c lay Mercury ;

8

Bronze Mercury ;

9

Bronze J upi ter ;

S ou th S h ie lds .

1 0

Bronze J upi ter ;

P iercebr idge.

1 1

Bronze J upi ter ;

York .

1 2

Bronze J uno ;

York .

1 3

Bronze J uno ;

Ches ter .

1 4

Bronze h ead o f M inerva ;

1 5

Bronze Mars ;

Ches ter .

1 6

Bronze Mars ;

Burgh-by-Sands .

1 7

Bronze H ercu les ;

1 8

C orbr idge . B enwel l . Ches ters .

Y ork .

C orbr idge .

S t . D onat 's .

S ou th S hields .

S ou th S h ie lds .

G i l t Bronze Hercu les ;

Hadr ian 's Wa ll , p robably

B irdoswa ld . 1 9

Bronze H ercu les ;

C hes ter .

2 0

Bronze b aby Hercu les o r Cupid ;

2 1

Bronze L ar ;

2 2

Bronze G en ius ;

2 3

Bronze i ncense-con tainer i n f or m o f b us t o f B acchus ;

R ecu lver .

B ewcas t le. C arrawburgh .

C ar lis le. 2 4

Terracot ta h ead o f ?Bacchus ;

2 5

Bronze V ictory ;

C orbr idge .

1

Ches ter .

P la te 2 6

Bronze h ead o f Luna ;

S ou th S h ie lds .

2 7

B ronze F or tuna ,

2 8

Bronze C eres ;

2 9

Bronze C up id ;

Moresby .

3 0

B ronze C up id ;

u nprovenanced , p oss ibly C ar l is te a rea .

3 1

B ronze C up id ;

K irkby T ho r e.

3 2

Bronze C up id ;

C orbr idge .

3 3

B ronze C up id ;

York .

3 4

B ronze C up id ;

C hes ter .

3 5

B ronze V enus ;

Ma l ton .

3 6

P ipe-c lay V enus ;

C ar l is le .

3 7

P ipe-c lay V enus ;

C ar l is le .

3 8

P ipe-c lay V enus ;

C ar l is le .

3 9

H ead o f p ipe-c lay V enus ;

4 0

P ipe-c lay V enus ;

S ou th S h ie lds .

4 1

P ipe-c lay V enus ;

Ches terho lm .

4 2

P ipe-c lay V enus ;

Ches ter .

4 3

B ase o f p ipe-c lay Dea Nu tr ix ;

4 4

Bus t o f p ipe-c lay Mo ther-Goddess ;

4 5

G o ld whee l-pendan t ;

4 6

B ronze , e na me l led whee l-brooch ;

4 7

B ronze whee l-brooch ;

4 8

B ronze , e na me l led whee l-brooch ;

o r C eres ;

B rough-under-S ta in more .

G rewe l thorpe .

C hes terho lm .

C orbr idge . C orbr idge .

Do lauco th i . C orbr idge .

H ouses teads . T urret 1 8B ,

H adr ian 's Wa l l . 4 9

S tone mou ld f or min ia ture whee ls o r whee l-brooches ; G a teshead .

5 0

P o tsherds w i th a pp l ied whee ls ;

5 1

P o tsherd w i th a pp l ied whee l ;

5 2

The Whee l-God , T aran is ;

5 3

B ronze f igure o f a Sm i th-God ;

5 4

P o tsherd w i th a ppl ied Sm i th-God ;

5 5

Ma l ton .

H ouses teads .

C orbr idge . S under land . C orbr idge .

Two p o tsherds b ear ing a ppl ied Sm i th-God , a nd a p a ir o f t ongs ;

C orbr idge .

P la te 5 6

App l ied p ot tery Sm i th 's t oo ls ( ha m mers a nd t ongs ) ; Mahon .

5 7 5 8

C lay f igure o f G en ius C ucu l la tus ;

C orbr idge .

Three h eads o f ?Gen i i C ucu l la t i , a pp l ied t o r im o f p o t ;

C ar l is le .

5 9

S i lver p laque d ed ica ted t o Maponus ;

6 0

S i lver p laque w i th f igure o f C ocid ius ;

B ewcas t le .

6 1

S i lver p laque w i th f igure o f C oc id ius ;

B ewcas t le .

6 2

Bronze e ag le ;

6 3

Bronze e ag le-brooch ;

6 4

T erracot ta " eag le" ;

6 5

Bronze o wl ;

6 6

B ronze c ockere l ;

6 7

Bronze c ockere l-brooch ;

C hes ters .

6 8

B ronze c ockere l-brooch ;

Y ork .

6 9

T op :

C hes ters . York . C hes ter .

C hes ter . C hes terho lm .

B ronze p eacock ;

B o t to m :

C hes terho lm .

C orbr idge .

Bronze h ead o f c ockere l ;

7 0

Bronze r aven o r c row ;

7 1

B ronze p igeon o r p eacock ;

7 2

B ronze p eacock ;

7 3

Bronze h ead o f d uck ;

7 4

Bronze s nake ;

7 5

B ronze l i on ;

7 6

B ronze d o lph in ;

7 7

Bronze h ead o f b u l l ;

7 8

B ronze b u l l- moun t ;

York .

7 9

B ronze b u l l- moun t ;

C hes ter .

8 0

B ronze b u l l- moun t ;

Y ork .

8 1

B ronze b u l l ;

8 2

App l ied p o t tery b u l l o r h orse-heads ;

8 3

B ronze h orse ;

8 4

Bronze h orse-brooch ;

8 5

B ronze b oar-brooch ;

C orbr idge .

York . York .

York . B rough-under-S ta in more .

C orbr idge . Y ork . Y ork . C orbr idge .

York . C orbr idge .

C oven t ina 's We l l , C arrawburgh . York . C hes ters .

P la te 8 6

Bronze b oar 's h ead moun t ;

8 7

B ronze d og ;

8 8

B ronze r am ;

8 9

H o l low b ronze f ragmen t o f ar am ;

9 0

B ronze g oa t ;

9 1

S ardonyx b ear-ca meo ;

9 2

P o t tery r a m-horned s nake ;

9 3

B ronze H arpocra tes ;

9 4

B ronze A pis-bu l l ;

9 5

C hes ters .

K irkby Thore . York . Y ork .

C aer leon . S ou th S h ie lds . C ar l is le .

C hes ter .

York .

B ronze s tee lyard-we igh t i n f or m o f b us t o f I s is o r C ybe le ;

York .

9 6

P ipe-c lay C ybe le ;

Corbridge .

9 7

B ronze h ead , p oss ib ly o f A tys ;

C oven t ina 's We l l ,

C arrawburgh . 9 8

Aga l ma t i te Mi thra ic e gg-a mu le t ;

H ouses teads .

9 9

F ace-urn ;

York .

1 00

F ace-urn ;

York .

1 01

F ace-urn ;

Y ork .

1 02

F ace a pp l ied t o l arge j ar ;

1 03

B earded h ead a pp l ied t o p o t ;

1 04

F rag men t o f f ace-urn ;

1 05

F rag men t o f f ace-urn ; i n c o lour-coa ted ware ;

C orbr idge . C ar l is le .

C hes ters .

C hes terho lm . 1 06

Fragmen t o f f ace-urn ;

C hes ters .

1 07

F rag men ts o f f ace-urns ;

Ma l ton .

1 08

F rag men ts o f f ace-urns ;

Ma l ton .

1 09

F ace-urn f rag men t ;

C hes ters .

1 10

F ace-urn f rag men t ;

York .

1 11

F ace-urn f ragmen ts ;

1 12

Tr iple v ase ;

C ar l is le .

1 13

Tr iple v ase ;

York .

1 14

Tr ip le v ase ;

B o tcherga te , C ar l is le .

1 15

Tr ip le v ase ;

C hes ter .

C orbr idge .

P la te 1 16

Tr iple v ase ;

C hes ter .

1 17

Tr ip le v ase ;

C hes ter .

1 18

Tr ip le v ase ;

C orbr idge .

1 19

M in ia ture ' t hu mb-po t ';

1 20

Min ia ture amphorae ;

1 21

M in ia ture p o t ;

1 22

L e f t : R igh t :

C hes ter . N or ton .

C orbr idge .

Mode l a nv i l ; Mode l a xe ;

B rougi h -on-Hu mber . S ou th F err iby .

1 23

B ase-s i lver a xe- ma t tock p in ;

1 24

Mode l a l tar ;

1 25

Min ia ture b ronze s word ;

1 26

M in ia ture b ronze e na me l led s tand ;

1 27

M in ia ture b ronze s tand ;

1 28

M in ia ture b ronze e na me l led s tand ;

1 29

Two-t ier mina ture b ronze s tand ;

1 30

U pper t i er o f min ia ture s tand ;

S ou th S h ie lds .

1 31

L ower t i er o f min ia ture s tand ;

S ou th S h ie lds .

1 32

B ronze p r ies tess ;

S ou th S h ie lds .

1 33

B ronze p r ies tess ;

S tanw ix .

1 34

B ronze p r ies t o r p r ies tess ;

1 35

B ronze p r ies t ;

1 36

Vo t ive b ronze p laque d ed ica ted t o Ocean a nd Te thys ; York .

1 37

Vo t ive b ronze p laque d ed ica ted t o t he G ods o f t he

P iercebr idge . C hes ters . C hes ters .

S ou th S h ie lds . S ou th S h ie lds . S ou th S h ields .

P apcas t le .

York .

G overnor 's R es idence ; 1 38

C orbr idge .

York .

B ronze amu le t i n f or m o f c ap t ive o r h u man s acr i f ice ; B rough-under-S ta inmore .

1 39

An t ler p ha l l ic r ounde l ;

C orbr idge .

1 40

An t ler p ha l l ic r ounde l ;

Ma l ton .

1 41

B ronze p ha l l ic p endan t ;

C hes ter .

1 42

B ronze p ha l l ic amu let ;

C orbr idge .

1 43

B ronze p ha l l ic amu le t ;

C hes ter .

1 44

Bronze p ha lera/pendan t w i th p ha l l ic d ecora t ion ; C hes ter .

P la te 1 45

Terracot ta p ha l lus ;

C hes ter .

1 46

Bronze d oub le p ha l lus ;

1 47

B ronze h ead ;

1 48

Bronze mask ;

1 49

B ronze s tee lyard-we igh t i n f or m o f h u mano id mask ;

C hes ter .

C oven t ina 's We l l , C arrawburgh . C hes ter .

C ar lis le . 1 50

Bronze h ead ;

C oven t ina 's We l l ; C arrawburgh .

1 51

B ronze mask f ro m ? jug ;

1 52

P ebble h ead ;

Dr igg .

C hes ters .

F IGURE

F igure 1 .

D is tr ibu t ion o f S i tes i n t he G aze t teer

7

3 8

ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS

Is hou ld l ike t o e xpress my g ra t i tude t o t he f o l low ing i ns t i tu t ions a nd i nd iv idua ls who made t h is s tudy p oss ible .

F irs t a nd f ore mos t , Iw ish t o

t hank t he B r i t ish A cade my whose g enerous r esearch g ran t made i n 1 977 e nabled me t o u nder take a s tudy t our o f m i 4seu ms i n n or thern B r i ta in . S econd , Iam mos t g ra te fu l t o t he c ura tors o f t he f ol low ing museums f or t he ir e ncouragmen t , c o-opera t ion a nd p er m iss ion t o p ubl ish t he ir c o l lect ions :

Ash mo lean Museu m , Ox ford ;

B r i t ish Museum ;

Un ivers i ty Museum o f Archaeo logy a nd E thno logy ; G rosvenor Museum , C hes ter ; Museu m ;

L ancas ter C i ty Museu m ;

Arbe ia Museu m , S ou th S h ie lds ;

v ers i ty o f N ewcas t le-upon-Tyne ; Museu m ;

C hes ters Museum ;

C a mbr idge

R ichborough Museu m ; D erby C i ty

Museu m o f An t iqu i t ies , Un i-

C ors topi tu m Museu m ;

V indo landa Museum ;

H ouses teads

Tu l l ie H ouse Museu m ,

C ar l is le ; The Yorksh ire Museu m ; Hu l l Museu m ; R o man Ma l ton Museu m ; The N a t iona l Museum o f Wa les ; C an terbury C i ty Museu m ; R yda le F olk Museu m ;

B owes Museu m ;

N orw ich C as t le Museu m ;

N a t iona l Museu m o f

An t iqu i t ies , E d inburgh ; C ar mar then Museum ; C o lches ter Museum ; G rea t Dr i f f ield P r iva te Museum ; Manor H ouse Museu m , I lk ley ; Manches ter Un ivers i ty Museu m ;

B r is to l C i ty Museum ;

S he f f ie ld Museu m .

Iam i n-

d eb ted t o P rofessor J ohn F erguson who r ead t he manuscr ipt a nd made s evera l h e lp fu l c o m men ts a nd s ugges t ions .

8

A CORPUS OF SMALL CULT-OBJECTS FRO M THE ( PREDO M INANTLY ) M IL ITARY AREAS OF RO MAN BR ITA IN

P reface I ti s n ecessary f irs t t o d e f ine t he p rec ise n a ture o f t he e nqu iry .

The s i tes

c ons idered c o mpr ise t hose n ot s urveyed i n t he wr i ter 's C orpus o f R e l ig ious Ma ter ia l f ro m t he C iv i l ian Areas o f R o man B r i ta in ( B. A . R. N o . 2 4 ) , wh ich s he d e f ined a s b eing t he r eg ion s ou th o f t he Humber a nd D ee a nd e xc luding Wa les a par t f ro m C aerwen t a nd t he f ew S ou th Wa les v i l las .

The p resen t s tudy

i nc ludes a l l mi l i tary s i tes -p redo m inan t ly i n t he N or th a nd Wes t o f B r i ta in , b u t i nc lud ing a lso s i tes i n t he S ou th wh ich r e ma ined o f ab as ica l ly mi l i tary n a ture v iz . t he S axon S hore F or ts a nd t he r ecogn isab ly mi l i tary r e mains f ro m t he c o lon iae o f C o lches ter a nd G louces ter .

I n t he N or th t here a re c iv i l ian

a no ma l ies s uch a s A ldborough , t he c iv i tas c api ta l o f t he B r igan tes , a nd t he v i l las o f E as t Y orksh ire s uch a s L ang ton ;

t he ir c iv i l ian n a ture i s f u l ly a ppre-

c ia ted b u t t hey a re i nc luded i n t he p resen t s urvey f or t he s ake o f c o mp le teness . Ad ef in i t ion o f t he t ypes o f r e l ig ious e v idence d iscussed h ere s hou ld a lso b e a t te mp ted a t t h is s tage .

The a im h as b een t o c o l lec t d ata i n t he f or m o f

c u l t o b jec ts wh ich may h ave b e longed t o i nd iv idua ls a nd were p ersona l p oss ess ions , a lbe i t o ccas iona l ly t he p ersona lia o f p r ies ts .

T e mp les , s tone e pi-

g raphy a nd f igure-carvings a re om i t ted a s b eing b eyond t he s cope o f t he e nqu iry . The v as t n umber o f r el ig ious i nscr ip t ions a nd c arv ings f ro m , f or e xa mp le , H adr ian 's Wa l l a nd i t s e nv irons , a re c overed i n R .I .B . ( Col lingwood a nd Wr igh t , 1 965 ) i n R ich mond , 1 943 ; B ruce , 1 920 ; B a i ley , 1 915 . T e mp les a re t he s ub jec t o f a n e xhaus t ive d iscuss ion b y L ewis ( 1965 ). The impor tan t ma ter ia l f ro m t he l eg ionary f or tress a nd c o lon ia a t York i s c overed i n R .C. H . M. Y ork , 1 962 , a nd f ro m C hes ter i n Wr igh t a nd R ich mond , 1 955 . The e v idence f ro m C ar l is le i s p ubl ished i n Wr igh t a nd P h i l l ips , 1 975 . I nev i tab ly , wha t o ne c ons iders a p or tab le c u l t-ob jec t i s g oing t o b e s o mewha t a rbi trary .

S o me s tone a l tars i n t he N or th o f Eng land a re e x tre me ly

sma l l , f or e xa mp le t ha t d ed ica ted t o L a t is f ro m K irkha mp ton , i n Tu l l ie H ouse Museum , C ar l is le .

Ih ave om i t ted a l l s tone a l tars ( wi th t he e xcep t ion o f t he

t ru ly min ia ture e xa mple c . 7 cm h igh f ro m P iercebr idge ( P la te 1 24 ) f or t he s ake o f c ons is tency . O ther om iss ions i nc lude i t e ms wh ich a re c ons idered t o h ave f unc t ions more p rac t ica l t han r i tua l .

I n t h is c a tegory c o me v ir tua l ly a l l g e ms tones ,

a n te f ixes , a nd mos t f i t t ings a nd a t tach men ts . The L ayou t o f t he G aze t teer S i tes i n t he c a ta logue a re a rranged a lphabe t ica l ly .

The u sua l n a me f or

as i te i s f o l lowed b y t he n a me o f t he n ew c oun ty a nd t he N a t iona l G r id R eference . The g aze t teer h as i t s own s epara te b ib l iography .

9

CHAPTER 1 RO MAN AND CELTIC CULT-OBJECTS :

DEITIES

There a re r e la t ively s parse n umbers o f r epresen ta t ions o f d ei t ies a s sma l l c u l t-ob jec ts .

Wha t d oes s urv ive i nd ica tes a b ias t owards d e i t ies wh ich

a ppear t o b e c lass ica l i n f or m .

Th is i s u nders tandab le a t f irs t g lance i fo ne

b ears i n mind t he p redo m inan t ly mi l i tary n a ture o f t he e v idence . " For a l l wi l ts o f t he a r my , g rea t o r sma l l , as tandard c a lendar o f r e l ig ious o ccas ions was t o b e o bserved L oya l ty t o t he I mper ia l H ouse

worsh ip o f t he p an theon

w i th s peci f ica l ly mi l i tary c e lebra t ions

were c o mbined

i n af or ma l ized

t rad i t ion wh ich was t o b eco me u n iversa l ." ( Nor man , 1 971 , p . 1 45 ) C er ta in ly t here i s p len ty o f e v idence t o s uppose t ha t a r my u n i ts were much c oncerned w i th o f f ic ia l c u l ts wh ich o f c ourse h ad t he a dded d ign i ty o f b e ing c lose ly c onnec ted w i th l oya l ty a nd d eference t o t he r eign ing emperor a nd t o R o me ( R ich mond , 1 962 , p . 1 85 f f .) .

H owever , t here i s a lso a bundan t i nd i-

c a t ion ( Ross , 1 967 ) t ha t mi l i tary u n i ts were a t tracted b yl oca l g ods a nd b y d iv in i t ies b rough t t o B r i ta in b y f oreign s o ld iers . I ti s impor tan t i n ad iscuss ion o f t h is n a ture t o v iew t he e v idence o f sma l l , p resu mably p ersona l , c u l t-ob jec ts a ga ins t t he b ackdrop o f t he much more s igni f ican t d a ta i n t he f or m o f e p igraphy a nd f igure-carv ing o n s tone wh ich i s s o r e la t ive ly p ro l i f ic i n t he H adr ian 's Wa l l a rea o f R o man B r i ta in .

The

e v idence o f amu le ts a nd f igur ines b e long ing t o i nd iv idua ls t aken i n i so la t ion , c an i n n o way b e ar ecord o f t he r e lig ion o f s o ld iers a nd j ux taposed c iv i l ians . Mercury i s o ne o f t he mos t c o m mon r epresen ta t ions o f t he d ei t ies wh ich h ave a c lass ica l a r t-for m , a l though a s t he wr i ter h as p oin ted o u t e lsewhere ( Green , 1 976 , p . 7 ) , i ti s n ecessary a lways t o b e aware t ha t ac lass ica l a r tf or m , may h ide a R o mano-Ce l t ic i n terpre ta t ion .

Wi th h is main f unc t ion a s

at rader 's g od i t may b e t ha t mos t o f t he sma l l e f f ig ies we h ave may h ave b e longed t o c iv i l ians a t tached t o mi l i tary e s tabl ish men ts r a ther t han t o t he s o ld iers t he mse lves .

I n t he c iv i l ian a reas o f s ou th-eas t B r i ta in c er ta in ly

Mercury was t he mos t p opu lar d e i ty , e spec ia l ly i n t he l arge t owns ( Green , 1 976 , p . 3 1 ). Mercury A t t he Wa l l f or t a t B enwe l l ab ronze h ead o f t he g od i s k nown ( P la te 2 ) ; o ther h eads e x is t a t C ar l is le ( P la te 5 ) a nd L anches ter . A t C aer leon a f ine , s i lver-p la ted b ronze f igur ine o f t he g od was d iscovered i n t he amph i thea tre o f t he l eg ionary f or tress .

The d e i ty a ppears n aked , w i th w inged h a t a nd t r i-

l obed p urse , a nd h e h as i n a dd i t ion w inged a nk les .

1 0

A t C hes ters ( P la te 3 ) a

s trange r epresen ta t ion o f t he d e i ty c o mpr ises a h eavy l ead p laque d ep ic t ing ac rudely f ash ioned f igure w i th w ings o n h is h ead . i n teres t s ince t he l ead c on ta ins 1 0% z inc .

The p laque i s o f p ar t icu lar

L ike mos t me ta l v o t ive p laques

t h is may h ave b een d es igned t o h ang f ro m t he wa l l o r d oor o f as hr ine .

The

u se o f l ead i s p ecu l iar s ince i ti s t he me ta l c o mmon ly u sed f or c urses r a ther t han v o t ive t ab lets ;

i t may b e t ha t Mercury h ere h as a n u nderwor ld r o le —

i n c lass ica l my tho logy h e l ed s ou ls i n t he n e ther wor ld — s y mbol ised b y t he u se o f l ead i ns tead o f t he more u sua l b ronze .

B oon ( 1954-63 ) men t ions a

ma levo len t , C e l t ic-look ing g oddess i n l ead f ro m C aer leon a nd s ugges ts t ha t s he migh t h ave a n u nderwor ld c harac ter .

S ieburg ( 1898 ) d iscusses t he u ses

o f d i f feren t me ta ls f or d i fferen t v o t ive p urposes .

O f t he r epresen ta t ions o f

Mercury f ro m C orbr idge , t he p ipe-c lay e xa mp le ( P la te 7 ) i s o f t he mos t i n teres t .

A l though f igur ines o f Venus a nd t he D ea Nu tr ix a re n o t u nco m mon

i n B r i ta in , ap ipe-c lay d ep ic t ion o f Mercury i s e x tre me ly r are . h e o ccurs o n ly a t C orbr idge a nd a t Y ork . emb le ms o f t he g od , a re more f requen t . o f B r i ta in ( Green , 1 976 , p . 3 1 ) .

I n o ur a rea

P ipe-c lay c ockere ls , o ne o f t he S evera l o ccur i n t he c iv i l ian p ar ts

One i s r ecorded f ro m o ur a rea — f ro m n ear

Ta lgar th i n M id Wa les ( see b e low ).

I ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he u se o f p ipe-c lay

a s a med ium may b e tray a C e l t ic r a ther t han a p ure ly c lass ica l i n teres t i n t he g od .

I ti s a n e s tabl ished a nd v iab le a rgu men t t ha t t he d is tr ibu t ion o f t hese

G au l ish- made f igur ines d eno tes a R o mano-Ce l t ic c l ien te le ( Jenk ins , 1 958 ; G reen , 1 976 , p . 1 5 ) .

Bronze f igur ines a re k nown e .g . f ro m C orbr idge

( P la te 1 ) , f ro m G rea t C hes ters , York ( P la te 4 ) a nd f ro m P iercebr idge . I so la ted f igur ines a re r ecorded a s s tray f inds f ro m S co t t ish s i tes s uch a s Monre i th , P er th , S t . N in ians , Throsk a nd S te l loch .

The P er th e xa mp le i s

o f e specia l n o te s ince i ti s o f e xac t ly t he s a me t ype o f sma l l , l ive ly , d anc ing f igure a s s evera l o ccurr ing i n s ou thern B r i ta in , f or e xa mp le H or f ie ld C o m mon , B r is to l ( Green ,

( 1 976 , p . 1 84 ) a nd H ooe i n Devon ( op .c i t ., p . 1 98 ) .

S t . D ona t 's f igure ,Sou th G la morgan ,

The

( P la te 8 ) s hows a n ude , s o mewha t i l l-

p ropor t ioned Mercury , w i th c loak , w inged c ap a nd p urse , r em in iscen t o f t he r ecen t ly l os t Veru la m iu m Mercury ( Green , 1 977 , P l . 1 2 :l la ). b orough g roup o f e xa mp les f or m a n i n teres t ing c o l lec t ion .

The R ich-

There a re t wo

b ronze f igur ines , b u t a lso s evera l i so la ted c aduce i , n orma l ly i nb ronze b u t o nce i nt he f or m o f ab one p in . C a t . n o . 1 8 c ons is ts o f aw inged c aduceus , t er m ina t ing i n k no t ted s nakes ; i n n o . 3 2 t he s nakes a c tua l ly f or m t he c aduceus . I ti s p robab le t ha t t h is e xa mp le c a me o r ig ina l ly f ro m a s ta tue t te .

One b ronze

f igure o f t he g od f ro m t h is s i te h as a s epara te c aduceus o f s i lver . H owever t he b one p in a nd a s im i lar e xa mp le i nb ronze , mus t h ave b een s o me k ind o f g oodluck c har m . C on t inen t .

S epara te c aducei i nb ronze a nd b one a re k nown o n t he

There a re s evera l e xa mp les , f or i ns tance , a t t he Museu m a t

S t . G er ma in n ear P ar is .

One o f t he York f igures o f Mercury i n f ac t h as a

h o le f or t he i nser t ion o f as epara te ly c as t c aduceus .

The p ipe-c lay f igure

f ro m h ere i s d i f feren t f ro m t he C orbr idge e xa mp le i n t ha t i ti s i n r e l ie f i n a s hr ine .

A s l igh t ly s im i lar p heno menon o ccurs i n t he s ou th-eas t a t S i lches ter ,

where a c ha lk t aper-ho lder d ep ic ts Mercury w i th h is c ockere l ( Green , 1 976 , p . 1 96 ) . C ockere ls , emble ms o f Mercury , a re d iscussed b e low ( see s ec t ion o n d iv ine b eas ts ).

1 1

The C api to l ine Tr iad a nd t he I mper ia l C u l t There i s n o s peci f ic e v idence f or t he I mper ia l C u l t i n t he f or m o f sma l l v ot ive i t e ms ;

t h is i s o f c ourse o n ly t o b e e xpec ted s ince r u ler-worsh ip was

f unda men ta l ly a c oncept o f l oya l ty r a ther t han a r e l ig ion i n t he a ccep ted s ense . Ded ica t ions t o t he emperor a re c o m mon a s c orpora te e xpress ions o f f ea l ty , o n e pigraphy .

The o n ly t wo i t e ms wh ich b ear a ny r ese mb lance t o t he c u l t o f

R o me ( and t here fore t he emperor ) a re t he b ronze t able t f ro m Y ork ( P la te 1 37 ) a nd a h ead p oss ib ly o f R o ma f ro m Manches ter .

The v o t ive p laque w as d ed i-

c a ted b y t he s cr ibe De metr ius t o t he g ods o f t he g overnor 's r es idence , wh ich , a s N or man s ugges ts ( 1971 , p . 1 44 ) w ou ld s ee m t o c o mbine c oncep ts o f r u lerworsh ip w i th t ha t o f ag en ius l oc i .

T he o ther o b jec t i s al ead i t em , p robab ly

as tee lyard-weigh t i n t he f or m o f af e ma le b us t w i th d raped h ead .

I t was

s ugges ted i n t he o r ig ina l p ub l ica t ion o f R o man Manches ter ( Bru ton , 1 909 , p . 1 69 ) t ha t t he wo man may r epresen t R o ma — t he g en ius o f t he S p ir i t o f R o me . There i s l i t t le e v idence t o e ndorse o r d ispu te t h is v iew . O f t he C api to l ine Tr iad , J up i ter i s t he b es t-represen ted , a s b e f i ts a d ei ty v ery c losely c onnec ted w i th t he a r my who a nnua l ly r enewed t he ir a l leg iance t o J up i ter O p t i mus Max i mus ( Wenha m , 1 939 ) .

There a re more t han t wen ty

a l tars d ed ica ted t o t he g od a t t he f or t o f B irdoswa ld a lone ( Howe l l , 1 969 , p . 1 ) . H owever we h ave n o means o f k now ing whe ther t he sma l l f igur ines o f J upi ter we p ossess f ro m t he mi l i tary r eg ions b e long t o s o ld ier o r c iv i l ian , a l though p erhaps t he f or mer migh t b e more l i ke ly .

A sma l l b ronze b us t o f

J up i ter w i th l ea f-crown c o mes f ro m C aer leon . I t was a n a t tachmen t o f s o me k ind , p robab ly f ro m a p iece o f f urn i ture . B ronze f igur ines o f t he g od c o me f ro m I lk ley , K irkby Thore , Manches ter , t he f or t o f S ea M i l ls n ear B r is to l , S ou th S h ie lds ( P la te 9 ) a nd York ( P la te 1 1) , a nd a f igure wh ich may b e J up i ter c o mes f ro m P iecebr idge ( P la te 1 0 ) . I ti s i n teres t ing t ha t t he o n ly o ther r e l ig ious f ind f ro m S ea Mi l ls was a l arge a l tar p robably t o J up i ter , w i th a f igure o f ab u l l 's h ead c arved o n o ne s ide ( Green , 1 976 , p . 1 84 ) .

The Manches ter

e xa mp le i s a magn i f icen t c lass ica l s pec i men , v ery s im i lar t o al arge f igur ine f ro m P ar is , i n t he Mus6e C arnava le t .

I td ep ic ts J up i ter S ta tor s tand ing o n

ap edes ta l ( n ow l os t ) , b rand ish ing a t hunderbo l t a nd c lasp ing a s cep tre . York s ta tue t te ( P la te 1 1) i s n o t c er ta in ly J up i ter ;

The

t he f igure i s t ha t o f an ude

d e i ty , b earded , t he l e f t h and o f who m migh t h ave h e ld a s pear o r s cep tre . The e ag le o f J upi ter i s more c o m mon t han h is h umanoid r epresen ta t ion . Th is p heno menon h as b een n o ted a lso i n c iv i l ian Br i ta in ( Green , 1 976 , p , 1 9 ) ; t h ir teen e xa mples o f e ag les h ave b een r ecorded . 6 4 ) i s a no ma lous , b eing made i n t erraco t ta .

The C hes ter e xa mp le ( P la te

The R ibble r epresen ta t ion i s

c er ta in ly more C e l t ic t han c lass ica l ( H i ldyard , 1 954 ) c o mpr is ing t hree c o mb ined h eads — t ha t o f a n e ag le , ab u l l a nd a h uman b e ing . The o b jec t i s p robab ly a b ucke t- moun t a nd i s o f s im i lar t ype t o t wo moun ts ( w i thou t t he h u man e le men t ) f ro m Thea lby ( Linco lnsh ire ) ( Green , 1 976 , p . 1 9 ) .

E ag les

s uch a s t hose f ro m C arvoran , I lk ley , K e igh ley a nd C orbr idge , were made a s a t tach men ts a nd may h ave b een f i t t ings f or mi l i tary e qu ip men t .

T he Y ork

e xa mp le ( P la te 6 3 ) i s ab rooch wh ich may o r may n o t p ossess a ny r i tua l s ign if icance . Yorksh ire

I ti s wor th n o t ing t ha t t he b one e ag le-p laque f ro m L ang ton i n E as t L ydney P ark )

i s f rom a p ure ly c iv il ian c on tex t , a Ro man v i l la.

The Chesterho lm e xa mp le w ith i t s f ood-pe l le t ,r ecal ls t he b ronze r avens f ro m Fel m ingha m Ha l l ( Green , 1 977 , P l. 1 2.D ( ). 1 2

J uno o ccurs o n ly t w ice , a t t he l eg ionary f or tresses o f Ches ter ( P la te 1 3 a nd York ( P la te 1 2 ) . Minerva o ccurs a t t he f or ts o f Benwe l l , R ibches ter , R ichborough a nd S ou th S h ie lds ( P la te 1 4 ) .

The B enwe l l f igure i s n ow l os t ,

b u t s he was r epresen ted f u l ly a r med , w i th r igh t a rm r a ised a s i f s he o nce h e ld a l ance , a nd w i th g orgon-sh ie ld ;

t he R ibches ter e xa mple i s ab ronze

b us t o f t he g oddess w i th t he g orgon 's h ead o n h er b reas t . f as tened t o ab ronze d isc .

The f igure i s

One o f t he t wo R ichborough e xa mp les c o mpr ises

t he u pper h a l f o f af igurine wear ing h e l me t , t un ic a nd man t le , o r ig ina l ly h o ld ing a s pear a nd s h ie ld . d an t ;

A t s o me t ime t he o b jec t was c onver ted t o ap en-

ah o le h as b een d r i l led t hrough t he c res t o f h er h e l me t .

The o ther

d ep ic t ion i s i n t he f or m o f a moun t o r a t tach men t d epic t ing t he h ead a nd s hou lders o f t he g oddess .

The S ou th S h ie lds b us t ( P la te 1 4 ) i s s im i lar t o

s o me c iv i l ian e xa mp les , f or i ns tance t he i t e ms f ro m Wi l lingha m F en , C a mb r idgesh ire ( Green , 1 976 , p . 2 10 ) a nd Woodea ton , Ox fordsh ire (.ci t ., p . 1 78 ) .

On ly o ne e xa mp le o f Minerva 's o w l i s k nown f ro m a mi l i tary s i te ,

af ine ly- made l i t t le b ronze f ro m C hes ter ( P la te 6 5 ) . Mars S trangely e nough Mars i s n o t c o mmon ly t he s ub jec t o f sma l l v o t ive o b jec ts . H e i s k nown f ro m o n ly s ix s i tes , o ne o f wh ich , B rough , was a c iv i tas c api ta l a s we l l a s a mi l i tary e s tab l ishmen t , a l though Wacher h as a rgued ( 1 971 , p p . 1 66-167 ) f or more mi l i tary emphas is t han h as h ere to fore b een g ran ted t o t he s i te .

The t wo b ronze h e l me ted b us ts s ur moun t ing i ron s cep tres , h owever ,

a re f ro m a c iv i l ian c on tex t , ap resumed p r ies t 's b ur ia l . d iscovered c overed b y al ayer o f t h in l imes tone s labs .

Two s ke le tons were The h e l me ted b us ts

l ook v ery much a s i ft hey s hou ld b e long t o ac ava lry man , a nd a re n o t d iss im i lar t o t he h eads b e long ing t o t he f i gure o f ah orse man f ro m C an terbury ( Green , 1 976, 0 . 2 67, p l . I L I c ) .

The o n ly o ther sma l l d ep ic t ion o f a moun ted war-

r ior f ro m n or thern B r i ta in i s f ro m S ou th S h ie lds , wh ich i s i n t he f or m o f a b one p laque .

Th is d ear th o f Mars r epresen ta t ions i s i n c on tras t t o c iv i l ian

s ou thern B r i ta in where s evera l v o t ive s ta tue t tes o f h orse men a re r ecorded ( Green , 1 976 , p . 3 0 ).

C onven t iona l s tand ing f igures o f Mars i nb ronze a re

k nown f ro m R ichborough , C hes ter ( P la te 1 5 ) a nd Burghby-Sands ( P la te 1 6 ). On t he l a t ter p or traya l h e i s h e l me ted b u t t he i t em i s v ery worn a nd i ti s imposs ib le t o make o u t ag rea t d ea l o f d e ta i l .

F ro m Burgh-by-Sands ( P la te 1 6) .

b ronze p laque d ep ic t ing t he g od , r em in iscen t o f t hose f ro m B arkway ( Her ts ) a nd S tony S tra t ford ( Bucks ) i n s i lver ( Br i t ish Museu m , 1 921, p . 5 9f f ). t iny b ronze h ead o f Mars c o mes f ro m C orbr idge ; a n amu le t .

A

i t was p robab ly worn a s

More e n igma t ic , f ro m t he s a me s i te c o mes a f ragmen t o f a

t erraco t ta r e l ie f , a weak impress ion f ro m a mou ld , d ep ic t ing a warr ior w i th s pear a nd wha t a ppears t o b e ac ockere l , Mercury 's emble m .

F ro m S ou th

S h ie lds c o mes a s word d ecora ted w i th a n i ncised f igure o f t he R o man warg od . O ther warr iors a re k nown f ro m n or thern B r i ta in .

These a re t he s trange ,

s tyl ized c ha lk f igur ines f ro m Yorksh ire , H arpha m V i l la , a nd We twang S lack ( f or mer ly k nown a s G ar ton S lack ) . I ft hey h ave a ny a t tr ibu tes a t a l l t hese t wo-d i mens iona l t r iangu lar f igures a re a r med w i th s words a nd s ub-ova l s h ie lds . One f igure , f ro m We twang S lack , b ears a h o le o n i ts s ide , p erhaps f or t he i nsert ion o f a meta l s pear . 1 3

F or n a med C el t ic v ers ions o f Mars s ee b e low u nder ' Ce l t ic De i t ies '. H ercu les The d em i-god h ero , b e loved o f s o ld iers o n a ccoun t o f h is s treng th , b ravery a nd d ar ing , i s k nown f ro m e igh t n or thern Br i t ish s i tes .

T he s p len-

d id e xa mp le f ro m H adr ian 's Wa l l , p robab ly B irdoswa ld ( P la te 1 8 ) , i s r ea l ly t oo l arge f or a p ersona l v o t ive o b jec t . h igh a nd i s g i l t b ronze .

T he s ta tue t te s tands a bou t 4 5 cm

O ther , l ess o rna te , b ronzes a re k nown f ro m C ar l is le ,

C hes ter ( P la te 1 9 ) , Ma l ton ( av ery c lass ica l ly-s ty led e xa mp le ) , P iercebr idge a nd S ou th S h ie lds .

The s ta tue t te f ro m York i s i n teres t ing s ince t he f igure

i s a cco mpan ied n o t o n ly b y h is c lub , b u t a lso b y o ther r e ferences t o h is t we lve L abours - a s la in s erpen t a nd t he A pp le o f t he H esper ides . F ur ther more t he o b jec t was f ound w i th a s ke le ton ; t h is o ccurrence r eca l ls t he c h i ld 's g rave a t C o lches ter where s evera l p ipe-c lay f i gur ines , i nc lud ing t hose o f a t hree-horned b u l l a nd a s ta tue t te o f H ercu les , w ere f ound . G en ius G en i i a nd L ares o ccur a t an u mber o f mi l i tary s i tes .

Ab ronze , t un iced

l ar w i th a c ornucopiae c o mes f ro m a n u ns tra ti f ied c on tex t a t B ewcas t le ( P la te 2 1 ). Another , n o t c er ta in ly R o mano-Br i t ish , c o mes f ro m C ar ley H i l l a t t he Mou th o f t he Wear .

A s trange s o l id-cas t b ronze f igure , wh ich may b e

ag en ius o f s o me d escr ip t ion , c o mes f ro m C aer leon .

I th o lds i t s h and i n

f ron t o f i t s mou th i n t he manner o f t he c lass ica l/tgyp t ian g od l ing H arpocra tes , b u t i ts g enera l mien i s n o t t ha t o f I s is ' s on .

Ano ther f igur ine , wh ich may

b e ac rude v ers ion o f af e ma le g en ius , i s f ro m t he s a me s i te ;

made f ro m

l ead i th as v ery C e l t ic f ea tures a nd a p ecu l iar ly ma levo len t e xpress ion .

I t

h o lds wha t a ppears t o b e ac ornucopiae o r ab ranch i n i t s l e f t h and , u p a ga ins t t he s hou lder . The c ho ice o f l ead a nd t he s hu t tered f ea tures may s ugges t a n u nderwor ld d ei ty o f s o me k ind r a ther t han a c onven t iona l g en ius o r l ar .

Al ar o f p a ter fa m i l ias t ype , d raped a nd w i th p a tera , was f ound i n

t he t opsoi l o f t he a ps ida l s hr ine a t C arrawburgh ( P la te 2 2 ) . b een r ecorded f ro m P apcas t le a nd f ro m R ichborough .

O thers h ave

F ro m C orbr idge

c o mes a f ragmen t o f ar im o f ac oarse g rey-ware p o t d ep ic t ing a h a l f-draped a pp l iqué f igure w i th a mura l c rown . t urre t-crowned g en ius o f C orbr idge .

I ti s p oss ib le t ha t s he r epresen ts t he E xa mp les o f v ases t opped b y a mura l-

c rowned h ead o ccur f our t imes i n s ou thern Br i ta in ( Green , 1 976 , p . 2 8 ). Fro m t he s a me s i te c o mes a B onus E ven tus f igure , v ery s im i lar , t hough i n b ronze , t o a marb le c arv ing f ro m L ondon ( Toynbee , 1 962 , p l . 2 5 ) . s ta tuet te i s o f ay oung man w i th a p a tera a nd c ornucopiae . wrapped r ound h is wa is t a nd d raped o ver h is l e f t s hou lder .

The

A c loak i s

B acchus a nd S i lenus O f t hese d e i t ies S i lenus a ppears o n ly o nce i n o ur a rea , a t R ichborough , i n t he f or m o f as tee lyard we igh t . Ab ronze f igure wh ich s hou ld p oss ibly b e i n terpre ted a s B acchus i s f ro m t he s a me s i te , a nd a no ther c o mes f ro m P apcas t le .

A t C ar l is le a h o l low B acch ic b us t p robably s erved a s a n i ncense-

c on ta iner ( P late 2 3 ) , wh i ls t a t C arzie ld , a n An ton ine f or t i n Du m fr iessh ire , af igur ine o f B acchus , t oge ther w i th o ne o f C up id , was f ound i nthe b ow l o f a f urnace r eady t o b e me l ted d own .

The C hes ter i t em ( P la te 2 4 ) i s i n t he f or m 1 4

o f at erraco t ta h ead a nd d oes n ot c er ta in ly r epresen t t he g od .

The o b jec t i s

o f l oca l manu fac ture a nd i s n o tewor thy i n h av ing d is t inc t ive a pp l ied k nobs f or e ars , r a ther i nt he manner o f t he e yes o f t he a pp l ied p o t tery f aces f ro m S h ip ton thorpe a nd B rough-on-Humber . i s n o t ap ar t icu lar ly l og ica l o ne ;

The C hes ter method o f d ep ic t ing e ars

i t wou ld h ave b een e as ier mere ly t o p inch

t he m o u t o f t he ma l leab le c lay i n t he s a me way t ha t o ther f ea tures o f t he h ead , s uch a s t he n ose , a re r endered . i n-Cu mber land .

P ipe-c lay B acch i o ccur a t Y ork a nd B oo t le-

S im i lar e xa mp les a re k nown i n s ou thern c on tex ts , e .g .

Che l ms ford ( Green , 1 976 , p . 2 12 ) , a nd , l i ke Mercury , t hese p ar t icu lar B acch ic f igures may h ave a ppea led s peci f ica l ly t o R o mano-Ce l t ic t as te , i f n o t t o as o ld ier 's p urse . Apo l lo a nd D iana R are a s t hese d e i t ies a re i n s ou thern , c iv i l ian B r i ta in , t hey o ccur e ven more i n frequen t ly a s sma l l v o t ive i t e ms i n mi l i tary c on tex ts . sma l l r epresen ta t ions o f A po l lo i n n or thern B r i ta in ;

There a re n o

t he o n ly f igur ine l i s ted

i n t h is s urvey i s f ro m R ichborough , i n f ine , t o ta l ly c lass ica l s ty le , p robab ly a t I ta l ian impor t .

A po l lo d oes o ccur o n a n i nscr ip t ion l inked w i th a C e l t ic

d ei ty ( see b e low ). D iana a lso o ccurs o n ly o nce , a t C ynwy l E lved i n D yfed ( f or mer ly C ar mar thensh ire ). The f igur ine o f t he d iv ine Hun tress i s n ow l os t b u t i s s a id t o h ave b een made o f g o ld , i n wh ich c ase i t wou ld b e av ery r are t ype o f o b jec t i n B r i ta in a s a who le . G o ld r i tua l i t e ms o ccur w i th e x tre me i n frequence . A h o l low s hee t-go ld h u man h ead , p oss ibly t he t er m ina l o f a s cep tre , c o mes f ro m c iv i l ian G louces ter ( Green , 1 976 , p . 1 71 ) a nd a v ery sma l l e xa mp le o f s im i lar t ype a ppeared a t R ichborough .

O therwise g old

amu le ts a re o ccas iona l ly r ecorded , a s a t C aernarvon a nd a t York ( see b e low ) . C eres , F or tune , V ic tory a nd Luna C eres o ccurs o nce o n ly , a t C rewe l thorpe o r , G rewe l thorpe , i n Yorksh ire ( P la te 2 8 ) .

The g oddess a ppears a s al arge c lass ica l h o l low b ronze f igure

wear ing a man t le , a nd w i th a c orn- mod ius o n h er h ead . One w ou ld h ave e xpec ted F or tune a nd V ic tor y t o b e p opu lar i n mi l i tary r eg ions , a nd i ndeed t hey a re b o th we l l-represen ted i n e p igraphy .

F or tuna,

among a ux i l iary u n i ts o n H adr ian 's Wa l l , h ad d ed ica t ions u sua l ly p laced i n b a th-houses a t tached t o t he f or ts ; s he was i nvoked h ere e spec ia l ly a ga ins t t he p owers o f e v i l , wh ich were p ar t icu lar ly s trong when men were n aked a nd a t t he ir mos t v u lnerab le ( R ich mond , 1 963 , p . 2 05 ) .

F or tuna o ccurs

t w ice , o nce a t B rough-under-S ta inmore i n C u mbr ia ( P la te 2 7 ) a nd o nce a t L anches ter i n Durha m .

The B rough e xa mp le i s n o t d e f in i te ly F or tuna b u t

i s p oss ib ly C eres . T he L anches ter r epresen ta t ion i s more c onv incing a nd t he l i t t le f igure i s a c tua l ly d ep ic ted w i th h er whee l . V ic tory h as f ew d ed ica t ions f ro m t he a rea o f H adr ian 's Wa l l , e ven i n e p igraphy.

There i s ac orrespond ing l ack i n t he way o f sma l l o b jec ts .

The

l a t ter d ear th i s c o mprehens ib le s ince , l ike t ha t o f D isc ipu l ina , h er worsh ip was t ha t o f ap erson i f ica t ion o f l oya l ty a nd s uccess , a n e ssen t ia l ly c orpora te a nd o f f ic ia l s ub jec t f or d evo t ion .

V ic tory was impor tan t i n t ha t o f f ic ia l v ows

were a nnua l ly p a id t o h er f or t he emperor 's wel fare ( Howe l l , 1 969 , p . 6 ) . I n teres t ing ly , o ne o f t he f ew Wa l l d ed ica t ions t o V ic tory c o mes f ro m B enwe l l ,

1 5

a nd i ti s h ere t ha t a sma l l b ronze o f t he g oddess a lso s urv ives .

The o ther

sma l l r epresen ta t ion d ep icts V ic tory o n ag lobe a t C orbr idge ( P la te 2 5 ) , a nd o nce a ga in t here i s a lso a f rag men tary s tone s ta tue f ro m t he s i te .

Luna

o ccurs o nce , a t S ou th S h ie lds ( P la te 2 6 ) . N e mes is , Ocean a nd T e thys O f s peci f ica l ly c lass ica l c oncep ts , p erson i f ica t ions r a ther t han d e i t ies , i ti s wor thwh i le men t ion ing N e mes is , n a med o n t he l ead c urse f ro m C aer leon , a nd Ocean a nd T e thys , i nvoked o n ab ronze p laque a t Y ork ( P la te 1 36 ). l a t ter i s o f p ar t icu lar i n teres t .

The

A s cr ibe , D e me tr ius , d ed ica ted t wo v o t ive

p laques a t York - o ne t o t he g ods o f t he g overnor 's h ouse , a no ther t o t he g ods o f t he s ea . As N or man p u ts i t ( 1971 , p . 1 44 ) D e me tr ius h ere b e trays h is s cho larsh ip a nd b ackground a s aG reek , a pp lying t o R o man c on tex ts , i n t he ir f ur ther mos t wes tern p rov ince , t he e xac t t er m ino logy employed b y A lexander t he G rea t i n mark ing h is p o in t o f f ur thes t p ene tra t ion o f t he e as t . V enus a nd C up id F igur ines o f V enus were p opu lar i n mi l i tary e s tab l ishmen ts i n B r i ta in , p ar t icu lar ly p ipe-c lay e xa mp les .

Ab ronze s ta tue t te o f t he g oddess i s k nown

a t Ma l ton ( P la te 3 5 ) ( i n v ery c lass ica l g u ise ) a nd t here i s o ther n on p ipe-c lay e v idence a t R ichborough , S ou th S h ie lds a nd p erhaps a t York .

S everal b ronze

r epresen ta t ions o f V enus ' s acred b ird , t he d ove , a re a lso r ecorded .

H er

s on C upid i s more p opu lar a s ab ronze f igure , a nd t h is s ta te o f a f fa irs mirrors c iv i l ian Br i ta in .

H e o ccurs a s s uch o n s evera l s i tes i n mi l i tary o r n or thern

c on tex ts ( see l i s t ) , o nce a s as tee lyard-we igh t , a t O ld P enr i th ; a s ac onven t iona l , c herubic w inged f igure . d ove a nd p oss ib ly a lso a b unch o f g rapes .

o therw ise

A t Y ork ( P la te 3 3 ) h e c lasps a C up id o n ly o ccurs t w ice i np ipe-

c lay , a s p ar t o f V enus g roups f ro m C aer leon a nd York . P ipe-c lay V enus f igures a ppear a t n ine teen s i tes i nc lud ing t he l eg ionary f or tresses o f C aer leon , C hes ter ( P la te 4 2 ) a nd Y ork , t he s ou thern f or t a t R ichborough , a nd a t C ar l is le ( P la tes 3 6-38 ). I ti s s ign i f ican t t ha t p eople i n mi l i tary a reas c hose t h is t ype o f r epresen ta t ion .

P ipe-c lay was c heap , much

l ess c os t ly t han b ronze , a nd i ti s p robab le t ha t t hese f igures d id n o t h ave t he s a me f unc t ion a s c onven t iona l b ronze s ta tue t tes o f t he g oddess o f L ove .

I t

wou ld s ee m more l ike ly t ha t t hese were e x-vo tos b e long ing t o wo men , p erhaps a s f er t i l i ty s y mbo ls , o r t o b r ing t he m g ood-luck i n c h i ldbir th .

Where r ecor-

d ed , a s a t Y ork , many e xa mp les a re f ro m g raves , p erhaps a s ad r em inder t ha t t he c har ms d id n o t a lways work . I ti s n ecessary t o b e c au t ious i n a scr ib ing c er ta in c u l ts t o wo men , h owever .

I ti s we l l-known t ha t t he D eae Ma tres

h ad many d evo tees among t he s o ld iery i n t he Wa l l a rea ( Howe l l , 1 969 , p p . 3 1-35 ). As s ta ted e ar l ier , i t s hou ld b e r e me mbered t ha t t he c lay f igur ines were mass-produced i n c en tra l G au l a nd i n C o logne i n t he i s t a nd 2 nd c en tur ies , a nd a ppear t o h ave b een e n t ire ly f or a R o mano-Ce l t ic marke t ( Jenk ins , 1 958 ). I n f ac t t he f unc t ion b o th o f t he Venus a nd t he D ea N u tr ix t ype d iscussed b e low , may we l l b e c heap ,

p r iva te r epresen ta t ions o f t he w idespread R o mano-Ce l t ic

mother-goddess c u l t ( Green , 1 976 , p . 1 5 ). I n s ou thern B r i ta in f ew e xa mp les h ave b een r ecorded f ro m b ur ia l-con tex ts ( Green , 1 976 , p . 2 0 ) a l though , a s s ta ted a bove , Y ork f igur ines h ave b een f ound i n g raves .

1 6

Dea N u tr ix The p ipe-c lay D ea N u tr ix f igure a ppears t o b e r epresen ta t ive o f ai dea s im i lar t o t ha t o f t he Venus t ype . I ns tead o f u s ing t he a r t-for m o f t he c lass ica l V enus , t ha t o f J uno Luc ina , t he R o man g oddess o f c h i ldbir th , h as b een employed ( Jenk ins , 1 957 ).

Once a ga in t hese f igures a re c heap , mass-

p roduced v ers ions o f t he mother-goddess o f t he C e l ts , a nd may v ery p oss ib ly h ave b een b ough t b y w o men a s p ro tec t ion i n c h i ldbir th .

One p ar t icu lar

r epresen ta t ion , t ha t f ro m R ichborough , i s n otewor thy i n t ha t i ti s marked w i th a S t . Andrew 's C ross o n t he b ase .

The o n ly o ther v o t ive o b jec ts w i th

t h is s ign , i n o ur a rea , a re a lso f ro m R ichborough a nd t ake t he f or m o f a mode l b ronze a xe w i th a S t . Andrew 's C ross o n t he b lade , a nd o f aB onus E ven tus f igure .

I th as l ong b een a rgued t ha t t h is d iagona l c ross was a f un-

e rary o r u nderwor ld s y mbo l f or t he C e l ts ( L inkenhe ld , 1 927 ). b ronze f igure may h ere h ave u ndergone C e l t ic iza t ion .

The c lass ica l

S evera l p ipe-c lay

f igur ines o n t he C on t inen t , p ar t icu lar ly t he Venus t ype , h ave t h is f unerary mo ti f ( e .g . B lanche t , 1 890 , p l . 1 , 1 ) , a nd o ne e x is ts i n B r i ta in , f ro m L ondon ( Green , 1 976 ,

P .

2 0 ) .

The D ea Nu tr ix t ype o f p ipe-clay f igur ine i s k nown

f ro m a bou t t h ir teen s i tes i n t he mi l i tary a reas o f B r i ta in . O ther Mo ther-Goddesses Apar t f ro m t he p ipe-clay V enus a nd t he Dea N u tr ix wh ich , a s we h ave s een , a re p robab ly t o b e i n terpre ted a s t ypes o f mo ther-goddess , t here a re o ther r e ferences t o s uch a c u l t .

The b one c arv ing o f t he h ead a nd s hou lders

o f ad ei ty b ur ied w i th a c h i ld i n B o tcherga te , C ar l is le , i s p erhaps a t ype o f mo ther-goddess .

H er p hys iogno my i s d ec ided ly C e l t ic a nd s he wears t he

h uge c ircu lar h eaddress k nown o n s tone c arv ings o f t he Mo thers ( Haver f ield , 1 892 ) . Another b one e f f igy o f as ing le mo ther c o mes f ro m C orbr idge a s d oes ap ipe-c lay f ragmen t a lso w i th c ircu lar h eaddress ( P la te 4 4 ) . S ing le d ep ict i ons o f mo ther-goddesses a re r are i n B r i ta in a l though n o t o n t he C on t inen t ( 92 .c i t . ) .

H owever a sma l l b ronze i s k nown , f or i ns tance , f ro m C u lverho le

C ave , G ower , a nd t here i s t he s tone c arv ing f ro m C aerwen t ( Newpor t Museu m ). S urpr ising ly t here a re a f ew e pigraph ic a l lus ions t o t he c u l t o f t he D eae Ma tres , i n t he f or m o f sma l l o b jec ts . A s i lver r ing d ed ica ted t o t he Three Mo thers was t hrown a s a n o ffer ing i n to C oven t ina 's We l l o u ts ide C arrawburgh R o man f or t .

More i n teres t ing a re t he f inds f ro m Backwor th i n Durha m .

H ere a g o ld r ing d ed ica ted t o t he Ma tres C occae was d iscovered i n as i lver p a tera t he h and le o f wh ich was a lso i nscr ibed w i th a d ed ica t ion t o t he mo therg oddesses .

Th is v esse l , i n a dd i t ion , c on ta ined a no ther g o ld r ing , t wo g o ld

c ha ins w i th whee l-shaped p endan ts , and s evera l h undred c oins i nc lud ing t wo b rasses o f An ton inus P ius . T he a ssocia t ion o f t he mother-goddess c u l t w i th t ha t o f t he whee l- mo t i f - wh ich i s p robab ly t o b e a scr ibed t o t he worsh ip o f t he G au l ish v ers ion o f t he R o man S ky-God , J upi ter T aran is ( Green , 1 975 ; G reen , 1 976 , p p . 1 7-19 ; G reen , 1 978 ) i s o f e spec ia l i n teres t a nd s ign i f icance . There i s o ther e v idence o f t he a ssoc ia t ion o f t hese t wo c u l ts wh ich a t f irs t g lance wou ld n o t a ppear o ver t ly c o mpa t ib le .

The G undes trup C au ldron d e-

p ic ts wha t a re p robab ly t o b e i n terpre ted a s C e l t ic my tho log ica l s cenes ; t he c harac ters r epresen ted i nc lude a g od a ssoc ia ted w i th a whee l-sy mbo l , a nd a f e ma le f igure who may wel l b e t he g rea t Mo ther-Goddess o f t he C el t ic p eop les ( O l ms ted , 1 976 ) .

I n B r i ta in t here i s f ur ther s uppor t ive e v idence .

1 7

Two

mo ther-goddess c arv ings f ro m t he C o tswo ld r eg ion o f wes tern B r i ta in ( Green , 1 976 ,

1 8 ) h ave p robab le whee l-sy mbo ls .

P .

Taran is , t he R o mano-Ce l t ic J up i ter Reasons f or g iv ing t he G au l ish Whee l-God t he n a me o f T aran is ( Lucan Pharsa l ia , 1 , 4 45-458 ) h ave b een o u t l ined e lsewhere ( Green , 1 974 ; 1 975a ). Ev idence f or t he Whee l-God i s w idespread i n B r i ta in , a l though e v idence i s s parse i ndeed c o mpared t o e xpress ions o f t he c u l t i np ar ts o f G au l ( Green , 1 978 ) .

I n teres t ing ly t he g od i s r epresen ted b y sma l l v o t ive o b jec ts f ar more

f requen t ly t han b y c o l lec t ive e xpress ions o f worsh ip s uch a s a l tars o r f igurec arv ings .

The mos t c o m mon c u l t-ob jec t i s t he sma l l b ronze whee l , wh ich

may o ccur a s as pec i f ic mode l o r a s ab rooch o r n eck lace . The o n ly i ndiv id u a l i t em f ro m o ur a rea wh ich r epresen ts t he d ei ty h i mse lf i s t he b aked-clay mou ld f ro m C orbr idge ( P la te 5 2 ) , wh ich was f or a n a pp l iqué f igure t o b e a t tached t o ap o t tery v esse l , p erhaps t o b e u t i l ized i n ar e l ig ious c ere mony f or t he g od .

The mou ld s hows a b earded , C e l t ic-look ing , b are-foo t d e i ty

w i th a n e igh t-spoked whee l b y h is l ower l e f t l eg , a nd w i th a c rooked c lub a nd ar ec tangu lar s h ie ld b ear ing r ing-and-do t s y mbo ls . k nobbed h e l me t .

T he d e i ty wears a c ur ious

The p resence o f t he c lub s tr ikes a n e n igna t ic n o te f or a ny

e f f igy o f J up i ter o r h is C e l t ic c oun terpar t , b u t i t may i nd ica te c onnec t ions w i th t he c lass ica l d em i-god H ercu les .

I n G reek a nd R o man my tho logy

J up i ter a nd H ercu les were c lose ly r e la ted , a nd t here i s f requen t a ssocia t ion b e tween t he l a t ter a nd t he C e l t ic a spec t o f t he S ky-God , o n t he ' v iergo t ters te iner ' o f t he C on t inen t ( o f ten p ar t o f J uppi terg igan tensäu len ( Her t le in , 1 910 ) ) . Ano ther p oss ib le r epresen ta t ion o f T aran is a ppears o n af ragmen t o f g rey ware p o t tery d ep ic t ing t he h ead a nd b ody o f ad e i ty who r ese mbles t he f igure o n t he mou ld ( Leach , 1 962 ) .

Fro m t he s a me s i te i s af ine b ronze e na mel led

whee l-shaped b rooch ( P la te 4 6 ).

O ther whee l b rooches f ro m t he N or th a nd

Wes t o f Br i ta in i nc lude e xa mp les f ro m H ouses teads ( P la te 4 7) ( a v ery l arge , p la in , s hee t-bronze whee l w i th c onvex-s ided s pokes ) ;

Marga m B each , W . G la m .;

S ew ingsh ie lds , a nd a no ther H adr ian 's Wa l l t urre t ( P la te 4 8 ).

I ti s u nwise t o

b e d ogma t ic a bou t a ny p resu med c u l t-sy mbo l when i ti s i n t he f or m o f ab rooch . The p ieces may h ave b een manu fac tured e n t ire ly f or d ecora t ive p urposes , b u t i ti s a rguab le t ha t t hey c o mbine f unc t iona l w i th r i tua l f ea tures , a nd t ha t t he ir owners c ons idered i tl ucky t o wear a n amu le t o f t he C e l t ic S ky-God , e ven t hough t he o r ig ina l s ign i f icance may h ave b een c o mp le te ly f orgo t ten . The s a me may b e t rue o f t he s was t ika- mo ti f b rooch f ro m B enwe l l .

S cholars

h ave l ong a ccep ted t ha t t he s was t ika- mo ti f was p robab ly a s im i lar S un a nd l a ter g ood-luck s y mbo l t o t ha t o f t he whee l a s l ong a go a s t he Bronze Age i n Europe ( Cook , 1 914 ; L a mbrech ts , 1 942 , p . 6 6f f ) . Whee l a nd s was t ikab rooches a re n o t u nco m mon o n t he C on t inen t a nd may b e i ns tanced i n t he c o l lec t ions o f t he Mus e d es An t iqu i t6s N a t iona les , S t . G er ma in-en-Laye , a nd B russe ls Museu m ( Loe , 1 937 , n os . 7 , 1 0 , f ig . 1 04 ) .

They o ccur s o me-

t imes i n s peci f ic mi l i tary c on tex ts , f or e xa mple a t P fünz ( 0. R . L. X I I I , 2 6 ) a nd a t Z ugman tel ( 0. R .L . XXX I I I , p . 1 7 , p l . . X ). The n eck laces w i th whee l-pendan ts f ro m o ur a rea f or m a h o mogeneous g roup . Two g o ld e xa mp les c o me f ro m B ackwor th i n Durha m , f ound , a s s ta ted a bove , w i th t wo g o ld r ings , o ne d ed ica ted t o t he Mo ther-Goddesses , i n as i lver p a tera a lso d ed ica ted t o t he g oddesses .

1 8

A g o ld n eck lace w i th

whee l-pendan t was d iscovered o n t he s i te o f t he R o man g o ld- m ines a t D o lauco th i i n D y fed , Wes t Wa les ( P la te 4 5 ) , a nd a no ther e xa mp le , t h is t ime made o f s i lver , i s r ecorded f ro m t he f ron t ier f or t o f N ews tead i n R oxburghs h ire .

C ha ins w i th whee l-pendan ts a re r ecorded f ro m t he C on t inen t , e .g .

Therouanne a nd Arras ( de V i l le fosse , 1 881, p . 1 2 ). I t may we l l b e t ha t t hese n eck laces were worn mere ly a s j ewe l lery , b u t i ti s e qua l ly f eas ib le t ha t t hey were worn a s c ere mon ia l r ega l ia r a ther i n t he way o f p r ies ts ' c rowns f ound , f or i ns tance , a t H ockwo ld i n N or fo lk a nd a t C avenha m i n S uf fo lk ( Layard , 1 925 ) .

I ti s n o tewor thy t ha t whereas t he n eck laces o f t h is t ype h ave n o t b een

r ecorded f ro m c iv i l ian B r i ta in , mode l whee ls n ot made a s b rooches o r o ther j ewel lery a re n o t f ound i n mi l i tary r eg ions a l though t hey a re n o t u nco m mon i n c iv i l ian a reas .

An i n teres t ing f ind f ro m G a teshead n ear N ewcas t le i s a

s tone mou ld f or mak ing whee ls o r whee l-brooches ( P la te 4 9 ) .

Th is o b jec t

r eca l ls a s tone mou ld f ound a t t he l a te C e l t ic o ppidu m o f B ibrac te i n France , wh ich was f or t he manu fac ture o f mode l whee ls o f f our s pokes a t r igh t-ang les t o e ach o ther . The f ina l g roup o f whee l- mo ti fs t i es i n w i th t he C orbr idge mou ld a lready men t ioned .

I tc o mpr ises p o tsherds b ear ing a pp l ied whee l-sy mbols , a nd i n

o ne i ns tance - t he v esse l f ro m Manches ter -p a in ted mo t i fs .

The a ppl ied

wheels c o me f ro m Ma l ton i n Y orksh ire(P la te 5 0 ) , a nd f ro m H ouses teads o n Hadr ian 's Wa l l ( P la te 5 1 ).

P o ts w i th whee l-sy mbo ls , wh ich may h ave h ad a

c ere mon ia l r o le i n t he worsh ip o f t he Whee l-God , h ave t he ir c oun terpar ts i n s ou thern B r i ta in .

N o a ppl ied whee l- mo ti fs a re k nown h ere b u t t hree l i t t le

p o ts b ear ing whee l-decora t ion a re r ecorded f ro m C a is tor , N or fo lk ; Ha mpsh ire ;

a nd f ro m L i t t leha mp ton , S ussex ( Johns ton , 1 903 ) .

S i lches ter ,

The S i lches ter

p o t i s o f e spec ia l i n teres t s ince t he whee l-sy mbo ls a re i n terspersed w i th s haped mo t i fs .

These ' S ' s y mbo ls a lso e x is t o n af ine l i t t le b ronze f igur ine

o f t he C e l t ic Whee l-God f ound a t L e C ha te le t n ear S t . D izier ( Re inach , 1 894 , a ce , n o . 3 2947 ) . l e f t h and .

The n aked , b earded g od g rasps a s ix-spoked whee l i n h is

F ro m h is r igh t s hou lder i s s lung a r ing s uspended f ro m wh ich

a no ther r ing s uppor ts n ine f ree- mov ing ' S ' s haped s y mbo ls . o f g lass f ro m v essels may a lso b ear w i tness t o t he c u l t .

Two f ragmen ts

Ap iece f ro m L i t t le

H ough ton i n N or tha mp tonsh ire b ears a whee l- mo t i f i n r e l ie f ( Green , 1 974 ) . A s was t ika i s r ecorded o n ag lass s herd f ro m t he S pr inghead R o mano-Ce l t ic t e mple c o mp lex i n K en t , whence wha t may b e p ar t o f aJ up i ter c o lu mn may a lso c o me ( Penn , 1 968 , p . 1 74f f ). The Sm i th-God a nd S uce l lus I ti s a ppropr ia te t o d iscuss h ere t he p resence o f Vu lcan o r h is R o manoC e l t ic c oun terpar t , s ince e v idence f or h is c u l t c ons is ts a l mos t e xclus ively o f c oarse ware p o tsherds d ep ic t ing e i ther t he Sm i th h i msel f o r t he t ools o f h is t rade i n a ppl iqué . The o n ly e xcep t ion i s ab ronze f igur ine o f t he d iv in i ty f ro m S under land ( P la te 5 3 ) . The worsh ip o f t he Sm i th-God i n B r i ta in h as b een t he s ub jec t o f ap aper b y L each ( 1 962 ) , s o i tw i l l h ere s u f f ice b r ie f ly t o e xa m ine t he a va i lable e v idence . The mos t i n for ma t ive ma ter ia l i s t ha t f ro m C orbr idge , t he s i te wh ich p roduced t he mou ld d ep ic t ing t he C e l t ic Whee l-God .

One o f t he

C orbr idge s herds p or trays a n a pp l iqué f igure o f ag od , b earded a nd mous tached , wear ing t he c on ica l c ap o f t he sm i th ( P la te 5 4 ) .

H e g rasps a h a m mer a nd a

p a ir o f t ongs wh ich g r ip a n i ron i ngo t h e ld o ver a n a nv i l .

1 9

O ther s herds f ro m

t he s i te b ear p ar ts o f s im i lar f igures a nd t he h a m mer a nd t ongs ( P la te 5 5 ). E l mswel l , N or ton , Ma l ton ( P la te 5 6 ) a nd C hes ter-le-S tree t h ave a l l p roduced s herds w i th a pp l ied h a m mers a nd t ongs , a nd t he t wo l a t ter a nv i ls a s we l l . The p o ts f ro m wh ich t hese f igures c o me may h ave b een u sed f or r i tua l p urp oses , a nd i n t h is c onnec t ion i ti s wor th r eca l l ing t he me ta l v esse l f ro m Three Nuns ' B r idge i n C a mbr idgesh ire ( f or mer ly Hun tingdonsh ire ) , wh ich b ears sm i ths ' t oo ls i n r e l ie f ( Ca mbr idge Un ivers i ty Museu m ) .

C iv i l ian B r i t ish e v i-

d ence f or a Sm i th-God i s s parse b u t s o me t i mes i n for ma t ive .

Two s i lver

p laques f ro m B arkway ( Green , 1 976 , p . 2 09 ) d ep ic t Vu lcan a nd o ne men t ions h is n a me .

The s hee t-bronze s cep tre-bind ing f ro m F ar ley H ea th , A lbury

i n S urrey ( Goodch i ld , 1 938 ) d ep ic ts sm i ths ' t oo ls among o ther r epresen ta t ions . P o tsherds , f or e xa mp le f ro m C o lches ter a nd Wroxe ter ( Green , 1 976 , p . 2 5 ) b ear a pp l iqué t oo ls s im i lar t o n or thern e xa mp les c i ted . One i n teres t ing p oin t emerges f ro m a s urvey o f sma l l o b jec ts p er ta in ing t o t he worsh ip o f t he C e l t ic Vu lcan , a nd t ha t i s h is s ee m ing a ssoc ia t ion w i th t he C e l t ic G od-ofthe- Whee l . The b ind ing f ro m t he c iv i l ian R o mano-Ce l t ic t e mple-s i te a t Far ley H ea th b ears as ty l ized whee l-sy mbo l i n a dd i t ion t o t he h a mmer a nd t ongs o f a sm i th ; C orbr idge p roduced s herds d ep ic t ing a sm i th a nd a mou ld p or traying t he Whee lG od ;

f ina l ly t he R o man f or t a t Mahon p roduced g rey ware s herds b ear ing

whee ls , a nd i den t ica l o nes w i th h a m mers , t ongs a nd a nv i ls .

I ft here i s ar ea l

a nd v a l id a ssoc ia t ion b e tween t he t wo d e i t ies , a n e xp lana t ion i s p erhaps t o b e s ough t i n c ons idera t ion o f t he G au l ish H a m mer-God , c a l led a t S aarbrücken , S ucel lus ( Esp6rand ieu , 4 566, C IL X I I I , 4 552 ). The g od h ere b ears a l ongh and led h a m mer , a nd n umerous s tone a nd b ronze images o f ad e i ty w i th s uch a n a t tr ibu te a re f ound t hroughou t G au l .

I n a dd i t ion t he g od h as C on t inen ta l

c onnec t ions w i th a Sm i th-God ( La mbrech ts , 1 942 , p p . 1 00-116) .

The s ou thern

B r i t ish F ar ley H ea th s cep tre-bind ing b ears n o t o n ly a whee l , h a m mer a nd t ongs b u t a lso t he i mage o f ad e i ty w i th a l ong-hand led o b jec t , p robably a h a m mer . The g enera l a ppearance o f t he G au l ish d iv in i ty ( who m p erhaps we may b e p ermi t ted t o n a me S ucel lus ) f avours t ha t o f t he c lass ica l J up i ter - a v enerable , b earded v isage . Two i t e ms o f G au l ish e v idence a re p ar t icu lar ly r e levan t i n a t te mp t ing t o e s tab l ish a r e l ig ious ( or a r t is t ic ) l ink b e tween t hese c oncepts . An a l tar f ro m V en f tues ( Esperand ieu , 1 691) d epic ts a t ree , a whee l a nd a h a m mer .

E ven more s a t is fac tory i s t he d edica t ion f ro m Mainz - t o J up i ter

S ucae lus ( C .I .L . X I I I , 6 730 ) . I n c onnec t ion w i th t he a bove d iscuss ion , t he o n ly n a med e v idence f or S ucel lus f ro m B r i ta in s hou ld h ere b e n o ted . Y ork h as p roduced a n o c tagona l s i lver r ing d ed ica ted t o ' Deo S uce lo '. F ew r ings n am ing R o man o r C el t ic d iv in i t ies a re k nown i n B r i ta in .

The ' Matres ' d ed ica t ion h as a lready b een

men t ioned . C hr is t ian i ty i s more f requen t ly r epresen ted b y t h is k ind o f i t em ( see b e low ) . G en i i C ucu l la t i The e n igma t ic h ooded g od l ings f ound i n many p ar ts o f G au l ( and o ccas iona l ly n a med a s a t Wabersdor f i n C ar in th ia ( Egger , 1 932 ) ) , a re a lso p resen t i n t wo ma in a reas o f B r i ta in - t he C o tswo lds a nd t he r eg ion o f H adr ian 's Wa l l -p rec ise ly t he s a me d is tr ibu t ion a s t ha t o f t he D eae Ma tres ; a nd b o th d ei ty-groups a re g enera l ly d ep ic ted i n s tone . I n B r i ta in , u n l ike G au l ish images , t he g odl ings a re n or ma l ly p or trayed i n t r ip l ica te ( He iehe lhe im , 1 935 ) , b u t o f t he t hree

2 0

sma l l v o t ive o b jec ts d ep ict ing t he m i n o ur a rea , t wo s how a s ing le g en ius c ucu l la tus - t ha t f ro m C orbr idge ( P la te 5 7) a nd t he e xa mp le f ro m t he S axon S hore F or t o f R ecu lver i n K en t . The R ecu lver c ucu l la tus i s made i n t errac o tta , a nd t he f igure b ears a r o l l o f p arch men t . T h is p ar t icu lar a t tr ibu te a ppears t o o r ig ina te f ro m t he a dop t ion o f t he c lass ica l a r t-for m o f T e lesphorus , aG reek g od o f Wisdo m a nd o f t he a r t o f wr i t ing ( Jenk ins , 1 953 , p p . 8 6-91) . Many s uch v o t ive s ta tuet tes a re r ecorded f ro m t he Rh ine - Mose l le r eg ion , s o met i mes i n t e mp les o r a s g rave-goods ( He iche lhe im , 1 935 ).

The C orbr idge

g en ius c ucu l la tus a ppears i n t he f ör m o f a n a pp l ique f igure , c rea m-pa in ted . I t was a pparen t ly s haped b y h and , a nd a pp l ied t o ap o t ( Leach , 1 962a ).

The

C ar l is le e v idence ( P la te 5 8 ) i s o nce a ga in i n t he f or m o f ap o t-frag men t , o n t h is o ccas ion t he n eck o f av esse l d ecora ted w i th t hree h ooded h eads , p robab ly r epresen t ing t he d iv ine t r io .

T he f unc t ion o f t hese g od l ings i n G au l a nd

B r i ta in a s g en i i o f f er t i l i ty a nd p rosper i ty , t he ir f ea tures c o mmon t o b o th t he mse lves a nd t he D eae Matres , i s we l l-documen ted ( He ichelhe im , 1 935 ; G reen , 1 976 , p . 2 7 ) a nd n eed n o t b e r epea ted h ere . D e i t ies w i th C e l t ic N a mes S ucel lus , t he G au l ish Ha m mer-God h as a lready b een men t ioned i n d iscuss ing t he C e l t ic Sm i th-God . I th as b een s ugges ted t ha t S uce l lus , w i th Ve ter is . c a me f ro m t he G er man r eg ions t o b e worsh ipped b y c iv i l ians a t York ( Nor man , 1 971 , p . 1 48 ) , b u t a s we h ave s een , t he H a m mer-God was w idespread t hroughou t G au l , a nd b oth t he s i lver r ing a nd t he s tone c arv ing o f ?S uce l lus a nd N an tos uel ta a t Thorpe i n N ot t ingha msh ire ( Co l lingwood e t at, 1 932 , p . 2 06 ) may h ave b een d ed ica ted b y C el ts r a ther t han b y G er mans . O ther d e i t ies w i th C e l t ic n a mes i nc lude Anex t io marus a t S ou th S h ie lds ; A la tor f ro m t he s a me s i te ;

C oc id ius f ro m B ewcas t le ( P la tes 6 0 , 6 1) ;

f ro m C hes terho lm ( P la te 5 9 ) ; C ockersand Moss .

Maponus

Ogmia a t R ichborough , a nd Mars N odons a t

A l l s ave Anex t io marus a re k nown e lsewhere i n t he p rov ince .

Anex t io marus , t o who m a b ronze p a tera i s d ed ica ted , was h ere e qua ted w i th t he G raeco-Ro man d e i ty Apo l lo .

Ano ther C e l t ic n a me a ssocia ted w i th Apo l lo

i n N or th B r i tain i s Maponus , b u t o n t he sma l l s i lver c rescen t f ro m C hes terho lm ( P la te 5 9 ) , t he n a me a ppears a lone .

On a s tone f ro m R ibches ter i s ad ed ica-

t ion t o Maponus , a nd o ne d e i ty d ep ic ted o n t he s tone i s Apo l lo ( Ross , 1 967 , p . 2 15 ) .

On f our s tone i nscr ipt ions t o Maponus h e i s i den ti f ied w i th Apo l lo

( Ross , 1 967 , p . 3 68 ) .

The g od Og m ia , whose n a me a ppears o n ap iece o f

p o t tery f ro m R ichborough i n K en t , s ee ms t o b e r epresen ted o n t he s a me s herd b y t he f igure o f ap ersonage who h as t he a ppearance o f S o l , w i th r ad ia te h ead a nd wh ip .

Og m ios i s men tioned b y a2 nd C en tury A .D. G reek wr i ter Luc ian .

H e t e l ls t ha t t he C el ts i nvoked a g od l ike H ercu les u nder t he n a me o f Og m ios . H e men t ions a p a in t ing wh ich h e s aw i n s ou thern G au l , wh ich p or trayed Ogm ios , r epresen ted a s a n o ld man w i th a c lub , b ow a nd l i onsk in . Th is f igure l ed a f ter h im a c rowd o f men l inked t o h im b y g o ld c hains f ixed t o t he t ongue o f Og m ios a nd t o t he e ars o f t he f o l lowers who g o h app i ly a f ter h im . Lucian e xp la ins t ha t t he g od c arr ied t he a r ms o f H ercu les a s aH ero , s on o f J upi ter , w i th g rea t p ower , b u t t he s cene a lso s hows t he t r iu mph o f e loquence ( Theveno t , 1 968 , p .122 ).

I t may b e t ha t Lucian 's g od a nd t he Og m ia a t R ichborough may b e

c onnec ted i nt ha t t he c lass ica l S un-God A po l lo was a lso a g od o f Mus ic a nd o f P rophecy ( Rose , 1 928 , p . 1 37f ) .

C er ta in ly Og m ios d oes h ave s un-assoc ia t ions .

2 1

I n I r ish my tho logy Og ma h ad a s un-ro le ( Ross, 1 967 , P . 3 81).

I n c lass ica l

my tho logy t oo t here a re n u merous l inks b e tween H ercu les a nd Apo l lo ( Perowne, 1 969 , p . 5 0 ;

Gran t , 1 962, p . 2 53f f ., 4 41;

Rose, 1 928 , p . 2 13 ).

Three d iv in i t ies w ith k nown Celt ic e p ithets h ave a ssoc iat ions w i th t he R o man War-God Mars ;

t hese a re A la tor , Coc id ius a nd N odons , t he l a t ter

a ctual ly i nvoked a s Mars Nodons. t i sh d e ity ;

Cocid ius i s as pec if ica l ly n orthern Br i-

t he o ther h ave d evo tees i n s ou thern B r ita in .

Ab ronze p atera

f ound a t S ou th S h ields i s i nscr ibed w i th t he n a me ' Alator '. I n s ou thern Br ita in a t Barkway i n Hert fordsh ire , where a c ache o f s even s i lver v o t ive p laques was d iscovered , o ne d ep icts Mars i n ap ed i men ted s hr ine. p laque i s i nscr ibed ' Mars A lator '

The

( Br it ish Museu m , 1 921, p . 5 9ff ).

I ti s

u nw ise t o a ssu me t ha t t he S outh S h ields p atera w as d ed icated t o Mars.

Two

d if feren t Ro man d e it ies h ave b een k nown t o s hare a c o m mon Cel t ic n a me , e .g. L enus Mars a nd L enus Mercur ius ( W igh t man , 1 970 , p . 2 1if f ;

C IL ,

X I I I , 4 153 )and Nodons ( see b elow ), b u t i ti s a t l east p oss ib le t ha t Mars was c onnected w ith t he S ou th S h ields A lator.

I n 1 718 t wo b ronze s tatue ttes o f

Mars w ere d iscovered a t Cockersand Moss i n L ancash ire. Bo th w ere d ed ic ated t o Mars N odons ( R.I .B., n os. 6 16 , 6 17 ). N odons i s k nown e lsewhere i n Br i ta in , a t t he importan t l ate r el ig ious c o mp lex a t Lydney Park , G loucestersh ire.

Four i nscr ip t ions men t ion ing t he g od a re r ecorded f ro m

h ere , o ne t o N odons a lone , o ne t o Nodons S i lvanus , a nd t wo t o Mars N odons ( Whee ler , 1 932, p assi m ). A t L ydney t he g od a ppears t o c o mb ine t he a t tr ib u tes o fh un t ing a nd h eal ing.

I n t h is c onnect ion i ti s worth r e me mber ing

t he c u l t o f Mars L enus t he Healer a t T r ier ( W igh t man , 1 970 , p . 2 11f f ). The c u l t o f Mars a s ad o mest ic d e ity o f p rosper ity a nd we l l-be ing i s we l la t tested i n Br ita in , e spec ial ly i n t he t err itory o f t he Dobunn i ( Green , 1 976 , p p. 2 9-31).

Coc id ius i s i nvoked o n t wo s i lver v o t ive p laques f ro m Bewcast le

i n Cu mbr ia ( Plates 6 0 , 6 1). g od l irg b ear ing w eapons.

T hey e ach d ep ict a c rudely-portrayed n a t ive

The c u l t o f Coc id ius i n t he n or th-west f ron t ier

o f Brita in i s w el l-docu men ted , a l though n o s hr ine t o h im h as a s y e t b een l oca ted ( Ross , 1 967, p . 5 1). A t f anu m Coc id i i ' i s men t ioned i n t he Br it ish s ec t ion o f t he Ravenna Cos mography ( Rich mond & C raw ford , 1 949 , p . 3 4 ). Numerous d ed icat ion s t o Mars Coc id ius e x ist a nd f ro m t he m t he impress ion i s g a ined t hat t he c u l t was o ne o f l eg ionar ies o r a ux i l iary c o m manders r ather t han a ux il iary s o ld iers ( Howel l , 1 969 , p . 2 1).

I ti s a lso i n terest ing t hat ,

f or i ns tance a t Housesteads ( R.I .B. 1 578 ) a nd e lsewhere t owards t he e astern s ec tor o f t he Wal l , Coc id ius i s e quated w i th S ilvanus, p art icu larly s o s ince N odons a s a Celt ic e p ithet was a lso c o m mon t o b oth Mars a nd t he Ro man wood land/hun ter.

Warr ior a nd Hun ter , n atura l ly , a re c lose ly a ssociated

i n Ro mano-Celt ic r el ig ious i deas. T he f ina l d iv in it ies t o b e c ons idered i n t h is s ect ion a re sma l l v o t ive d ep ict ions o f C elt ic h orned d e i t ies.

These a re f ew i ndeed c o mpared t o t he

s trong emphas is o n h orned b e ings d ep icted o n s tone c arv ings ( Ro , 1 961 ; 1 967 , p p. 1 27-168 ).

On ly f ive sma l l c u l tite ms i n t he f or m o f h orned h u man-

o id i mages a re k nown f ro m t he mi l itary r eg ion s o f Br ita in , a nd o ne o ft hese i s f ro m a p urely c iv il ian c on tex t , t he Brigan t ian c ap i tal a tA ldborough , • West Yorksh ire.

The o b ject i n q uest ion i s ab ronze t erret p ortray ing a male

b ust w i th h orns o n h is h ead. Celt ic.

The d e meanour o ft he f ace a nd h ead i s e n t irely

A t Bar H il l o n t he An ton ine Wal l , a nd a t B irrens much f urther s ou th

2 2

i n Dum fr iessh ire , b o th l ongter m f or ts ( Sa lway , 1 965 , f ig . „ 1 ) b ronze mount ings d epic t ing h u man h eads w i th h orns a re k nown . a re v es t ig ia l , mere ly k nobs ;

A t B ar H i l l t he h orns

t he b earded f ace h as b een t en ta t ive ly i den ti f ied

a s J upi ter Am mon ( Rober tson , 1 975 , p . 9 2 ) , b u t t h is i s b y n o means c er ta in . A t B irrens , t he h orned d e i ty 's h ead i s s ur moun ted b y ac rescen t a nd h e i s a cco mpan ied b y ag oa t -t he n or ma l s y mbo l o f Mercury , a l though t he b eas ts were s acr i f iced t o r us t ic d iv in i t ies s uch a s F aunus a nd S i lvanus ( Toynbee , 1 973 , p . 1 66 ).

I n t h is c on tex t i ti s mos t l i ke ly t ha t t he h orns o f t he g od r ep-

r esen ted a re t hose o f ag oa t , a nd t ha t t hese h orns p lus t he f igure o f t he a n ima l i t se l f were l inked i n o rder t o p rov ide a s trong a nd p ower fu l f er t i l i ty s y mbo l is m .

O f t he t wo R ichborough i t e ms , o ne i s i n t he f or m o f af rag men t

o f c oarse ware d ep ic t ing a h orned , p os ib ly a n t lered , g oddess i n l ow r e l ie f . The e yes a nd b reas ts a re d e marca ted b y k nobs o f c lay , a s o n t he c lay B acchus h ead f ro m C hes ter a nd t he p o t tery f aces f ro m B rough , Hu mbers ide a nd S h ip tont horpe , E as t Yorksh ire .

I ft he g oddess d oes b ear s tag-an t lers t hen s he i s

p erhaps t o b e i den t i f ied w i th C ernunnos , t he g rea t s tag-god o f t he G au ls ( Bober , 1 951 ) , H owever , i t s hou ld b e r e me mbered t ha t i n t he r es t o f Br i ta in , C ernunnos i s e x tre me ly r are ( Green , 1 976 , p . 2 4 ).

The o ther R ichborough

p iece c ons is ts o f a ma le h uman h ead b ear ing k nobbed b u l l-horns , p robably ab ucke t- moun t .

Bu l l- moun ts a re n o t u nco m mon i n Br i ta in ( Hawkes , 1 951)

a nd t hey a re d iscussed b r ie f ly b e low .

I ti s p oss ible t ha t t he moun t g ave t he

v esse l t o wh ich i t was a t tached a s acred s ign i f icance .

The b ronze h ead

p robably s y mbo lizes t he s treng th a nd f eroc i ty o f t he b u l l , i t sel f af am i l iar R o mano-Ce l t ic c u l t f igure ( Green , 1 976 , p p . 1 2-13 , 3 2 ) . D iv ine An i ma ls Images o f b eas ts a s sma l l c u l t o b jec ts a re n o t u nco m mon i n t he mi l i tary r eg ions o f B r i ta in . B irds The c row o r r aven , e ag le , h awk , c ockere l , p eacock , d ove o r p igeon , ow l a nd d uck a re r ecorded . d e i t ies .

Mos t o f t hese may b e s een a s s y mbo ls o f c lass ica l

The E ag le h as a lready b een c ons idered i n c onnec t ion w i th t he S ky-

G od J up i ter , a bove .

The b ronze p eacocks a t C orbr idge ( P la te 6 9 ) a nd York

( P la te 7 2 ) a re p robab ly t he c u l t-e mb le ms o f J uno , t he g lor ious s pread o f t he t a i l b eing r egarded a s a n a na logy o f t he o rb o f t he s ky ( Green , 1 977 , p . 3 02 ) . The Ow l o f M inerva i s r epresen ted o n ly o nce , o n al i t t le b ronze f ro m C hes ter ( P la te 6 5 ) , a s i s t he h awk , f ro m R ichborough , wh ich may we l l b e a ssoc ia ted w i th t he E gyp t ian c u l t o f Horus ( 22.. c i t ., p p . 2 98 , 3 01 ) . o n ly o nce , a t Y ork ( P la te 7 0 ) .

The C row t oo a ppears

Th is i s p o ten t ia l ly s ign i f ican t i n t ha t i n G au l

t he C row o r R aven was t he s acred c o mpan ion o f s evera l C e l t ic d ei t ies ( Duva l , 1 957 , p . 5 1 ; Krappe , 1 936 ) , i nclud ing t he C e l t ic d iv ine c oup le S uce l lus a nd N an tosue l ta , e .g . a t S aarbrücken ( Es Orand ieu 4 566 , 4 568 ) a nd i ti s c ons idered t ha t t hey may h ave a n u nderwor ld s ign i f icance i n t h is c on tex t .

B irds wh ich

may b e c rows a re a lso p or trayed t oge ther w i th a g od b ear ing a l ong-hand led h a m mer ( poss ib ly S ucel lus ) o n t he F ar ley H ea th b ind ing . S uce l lus i s k nown b y n a me a t Y ork ( see a bove ) a nd i ti s t e mp t ing t o s ee a d evo tee o f t he g od d ed ica t ing t he b ronze f igur ine o f ac row t o t h is p ar t icu lar d iv in i ty . I n m i l it ary Br i ta in b y f ar t he mos t c o m mon b irds , a par t f ro m e ag les , a re t he D ove

2 3

o r P igeon o f Venus a nd t he C ockere l o f Mercury .

The p ipe-c lay e xa mple o f

ap igeon f ro m R ichborough , t o b e c o mpared w i th o thers f ro m e .g . L ondon a nd C o lches ter ( Green , 1 976 , p p . 2 16 , 2 25 ) , i s p ar t o f t he s a me s er ies o f o b jec ts a s t he u biqu i tous p ipe-c lay f igur ines o f V enus , whose emble m i t was . The C ockere l i s f ar more n umerous , t here b e ing a bou t ad ozen e xa mples . F igur ines o f c ockerels a re p robably a l l t o b e a ssocia ted w i th t he e di t o f Mercury ( Mercury was a H era ld a nd t he c ockere l i s t he h era ld o f t he d awn ) , b u t t he b ird may a lso h ave h ad s epara te s y mbo l is m a s g ree ter o f t he s unr ise . The a r med warr ior f ro m C orbr idge , a cco mpan ied b y ac ockere l , i s c er ta in ly n o t o ver t ly c onnec ted w i th Mercury 's c u l t , b u t h ere t he s y mbo l is m c ou ld b e t ha t o f c a l l ing a s o ld ier t o a c tion ( Ferguson , 1 978 ) . The f rag men tary p ipe-c lay c ockere l f ro m T a lgar th i n P owys may o nce a ga in h ave b e longed w i th p ipe-c lay d ep ic t ions o f Mercury , s uch a s t hose k nown a t C orbr idge a nd York .

A t a

n umber o f s i tes , s uch a s C orbr idge ( P la te 6 9 ) , G rea t C hes ters a nd York ( P la te 6 8 ) , f igur ines o f b o th Mercury a nd c ockere ls a re k nown . D ep ic t ions o f d ucks a re r ecorded f ro m t hree s i tes , t he mos t i n tr igu ing b e ing t he c rude t erracot ta e xa mp le f ro m t he H aze lwood p o t tery k i lns i n D erbysh ire .

Wa ter-

b irds a re r easonab ly f requen t o ccurrences i n t he c iv i l ian a reas o f R o man B r i tain a nd p erhaps b elong t o aC e l t ic wa ter-cu l t wh ich a lso a ppears t o h ave h ad a ssocia t ions w i th t he s un a nd w i th h ea ling ( Green , 1 976 , p p . 1 2 , 3 3 ; 1 977 , p p . 3 14-5 ) . C er ta in d iv ine b eas ts o ccurr ing i n o ur a rea may h ave apr i mar i ly f unerary s ign if icance .

I n t h is c a tegory c o me l i ons , g r i f f ins , d o lph ins , s nakes a nd

p an thers , a l though t he l as t a lso h ave a ssoc ia t ions w i th t he o r ien ta l c u l t o f C ybe le ( Gra i l lo t , 1 912 ) . D evour ing a n i ma ls i n t he c lass ica l wor ld s y mbo l ize t he t r iu mph o f d ea th o ver l i fe ( Beno i t , 1 970) .

The t iny s tone l i on f ro m

C ar l is le r epresen ts i n min ia ture t he l arge t o mb- monumen ts l ike t ha t f ro m C orbr idge a nd L ondon ( Green , 1 977 , p . 3 02 ) . The S nake , a par t f ro m i t s s ign i f icance i n mys tery c u l ts ( sy mbo l izing i n i t s s k in- s lough e terna l d ea th a nd r ebir th ) , h as a c h thon ic a nd h ea l ing s y mbo l is m i n t he G raeco-Ro man wor ld ( Kus ter , 1 913 ) , a nd t h is may b e t he s ign i f icance o f t he l i t t le b ronze f ro m C orbr idge ( P la te 7 4 ) .

The b ronze d o lph in f ro m York ( P la te 7 6 ) may a lso

h ave a c h thon ic r o le s ince , i n R o man f unerary a r t , d o lph ins r e f lec t t he J ourney o f t he s ou l a cross Ocean t o t he B lessed I s les . The mos t c o m mon b eas t i n o ur a rea i s t he Bu l l i n i t s v ar ious f or ms ( P la tes 7 7-82 ).

As a n i so la ted f igur ine i to ccurs o n o n ly f our s i tes , b u t a s ab u l l-

h ead b ucke t- moun t i ti s more w idespread .

As Professor H awkes p o in ts o u t

( 1 951) o x-heads a re c o m mon i n s y mbo l ic o rna men t i n t he l a ter I ron Age a nd t he R o man p er iod i n Br i ta in .

A par t f ro m t he A p is-bu l l a t York , t o wh ich we

s ha l l r e turn i n c ons idering o r ien ta l c u l ts , t he b u l ls p robab ly r epresen t a C e l t ic c u l t-express ion wh ich o r ig ina ted d eep i n t he p re-Ro man p as t .

The

p o t tery f ragmen ts f ro m C orbr idge b ear ing a pp l ied h orse o r b u l l-heads ( P la te 8 2 ) a re r epresen ted i n ap ar t icu lar ly u nusua l manner . I ti s t e mp t ing t o t h ink o f t he m a s p o t tery s keuo morphs o f b ronze moun ts o n me ta l v esse ls .

O f t he

b u l l- moun ts , t he mos t n o tewor thy a re t hose f ro m S ou th F err iby , a nd f ro m t he R iver R ibb le .

The f or mer h as a p ha l lus i n i t s mou th , a nd b y t h is p heno menon

i t may b e d irec t ly c o mpared t o e xa mp les i n s ou thern B r i ta in , f or e xa mp le t ha t f ro m S i lches ter ( Green , 1 976 , p . 1 95 ) , a nd o ne f ro m I ck l ingha m i n S u f folk ( 22 .c i t . ,p . 2 13 ).

C er tain ly t he Bu l l h ad a s pec ia l s ign i f icance f or R o mano-

2 4

C e l t ic p eoples , a l though s o me p or traya ls may s i mp ly r epresen t R o man s acr i f icia l b eas ts .

I n C e l t ic c on tex ts t he B u l l may b e mere ly a n emble m o f

s treng th a nd f er t i l i ty - a ' goodluck ' mo ti f , n o t n ecessar i ly l inked w i th a ny p ar t icu lar d e i ty , o r i t may b e t he image o f an a me less C e l t ic d iv in i ty .

The

h orns o n t he Br igan t ian a nd o ther h orned b e ings a re f requen t ly t hose o f a b u l l , H owever , i ti s a rguable t ha t t he Bu l l i s a ssoc ia ted w i th t he c u l t o f t he R o mano-Ce l t ic Whee l-God .

T he b ron ze moun t f ro m t he R iver R ibb le b ears

t he h eads o f b u l l , e ag le , a nd man .

A t Wi l l ingha m F en , i n C a mbr idgesh ire

as cep tre p or trays t he Whee l-God a cco mpan ied b y a whee l , a n e ag le a nd a b u l l 's h ead ( Green , 1 977 , p . 3 11) . The H orse o ccurs a l mos t a s f requen t ly a s t he Bu l l i n t he i conography o f o ur a rea .

The L a l ine-s ty le e xa mp le f ro m Abercarn , Gwen t , i s n o t d e f in i-

t e ly a R o mano-Br i t ish f ind , b u t i fi ti s a u then t ic i tc o mpares w i th t he b ronze h orse-brooch f ro m S i lches ter ( Green , 1 976 , p . 1 95 ).

O ther , more n a tura l-

i s t ic b ronze h orses o ccur a t C arrawburgh ( P la te 8 3 ) ( t hrown a s a n o f fer ing i n to C oven t ina 's We l l ) , Ches ters , C rossk irk i n S he t land a nd Gwaunysgor n ear S t . Asaph i n C lwyd .

The C orbr idge p o tsherds ( P la te 8 2 )

h orses o r b u l ls ( see a bove ) .

may r epresen t

T he C ar l is le h orse i s i n t he f or m o f ab eas t

i ncised o n a n amphora-frag men t ;

t he Me landra C as t le h orse i s al i t t le t erra-

c o t ta f igure p erhaps o nce h av ing b orne a s epara te ly- made s add le . H orses o ccur c o m mon ly i n R o mano-Ce l tic r el ig ion , a ssocia ted w i th a n umber o f d e i t ies i n G au l ( Theveno t , 1 951 ) , t he mos t impor tan t o f who m was t he h orseg oddess E pona ( Magnen & Theveno t , 1 953 ) . c o m mon b o th i n G au l a nd i n B r i ta in .

Sma l l f igur ines o f h orses a re

I n c iv i l ian a reas a bou t ad ozen sma l l

s ta tue t tes o f t he b eas ts a re r ecorded ( Green , 1 976 , p . 3 3 ) .

I t s hou ld b e

b orne i n mind t ha t E pona h erse l f i s e x tre me ly r are i n B r i ta in a nd i t may b e t oo f ar-fe tched t o l i nk t he l i t t le e x-vo tos w i th h er c u l t . As t he wr i ter h as d e mons tra ted e lsewhere ( 1977 , p . 3 06 ) t here a re s evera l c u l ts wh ich t hese t iny r epresen ta t ions c ou ld r e f lec t i n B r i ta in . Bo th t he B oar a nd t he S tag o ccur a s sma l l c u l ti te ms much l ess f requen t ly t han i n c iv i l ian a reas .

The B oar i s r ecorded f ro m o n ly f our s i tes - A ldborough ,

t he G ower , C hes ters ( P la tes 8 5 , 8 6 ) a nd We lshpool , P owys .

Th is b eas t was ,

f or i ns tance , t he emble m o f L eg ion XX , a nd i ti s d i f f icu l t t o d is t ingu ish b e tween wha t may b e ap ure ly mi l i tary mo ti f a nd a C e l t ic c u l t-sy mbo l .

Two e xa mples

o f sma l l b oar-f igurines a re r ecorded a t C hes ters ( P la tes 8 5 , 8 6 ) , a nd o ther r epresen ta t ions o f t he b eas t a re k nown f ro m t he s i te .

The We lshpoo l b oar

c o mes f ro m t he s i te o f a n I ron Age h i ll for t , b u t may b e mi l i tary . c as t s lot i nd ica t ing t ha t i t was mean t t o b e moun ted ; c lass ica l d es ign .

I th as a

i ti s a lso o f f a ir ly

As F os ter p u ts i t ( 1977 ) i ti s h ard t o b e s ure o f ac u l t

s ign i ficance f or many R o mano-Br i t ish b oar f igures .

I ft hey d o h ave a r i tua l

p urpose t hen t here i s p len ty o f C e l t ic b oar-cu l t t rad i t ion t o j us t i fy t heir e x ist ence ( Ross , 1 967 , p . 3 08 f f ).

I t mus t b e s tressed t ha t t here i s n o r ecorded

r e l ig ious c on tex t i n mi l i tary R o man B r i ta in , u n l ike , f or i ns tance , t ha t o f t he Mun tha m C our t ( Sussex ) t e mp le f igur ine o f ab oar . S tags , a t tr ibu tes o f t he R o man S i lvanus a nd t he C e l t ic C ernunnos , among o ther d ei t ies , o ccur o n t wo s i tes a s sma l l s ta tue t tes , a nd a p a ir o f min ia ture a n t lers i s k nown f ro m T rapra in L aw . B o th t he C hes ters a nd t he R ichborough e xa mp les a re r a ther s ty l ized c rea tures .

The l a t ter i s o f s pecia l n ote s ince

i ti s n o t c as t a s as ing le p iece b u t h as s ocke ts f or s epara te a n t lers b eh ind t he

2 5

e ars . I ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he p a ir o f a n t lers f ro m Trapra in L aw c o mes f ro m s uch a f igure . I n a dd i t ion t he p oss ib ly a n t lered g oddess o n ap o tsherd f ro m R ichborough l ends c redence t o aC e l t ic s tag-cu l t a t t he s i te , p erhaps a v eget a t ion a nd f er t i l i ty r i tua l , wh ich wou ld b lend h app i ly w i th t he wood land a nd r ura l h un t ing a spec ts o f S i lvanus ' c u l t .

S tags a re n o t c o m mon a s sma l l o b jec ts

a nywhere i n B r i ta in , b u t t hey a re r ecorded i n c iv i l ian c on tex ts , f or i ns tance a t C o lches ter where a g od n a med S i lvanus C a l l ir ius h ad a sma l l f igur ine o f as tag d ed ica ted t o h im , a nd a t M i lber D own i n D evon ( Green , 1 977 , p . 3 11). Vo t ive d ep ic t ions o f d ogs a re i n frequen t f inds i n mi l i tary c on tex ts . a re k nown a t t he l eg ionary f or tress o f C aer leon ; We l l ) ;

C arrawburgh ( i n C oven t ina 's

t he f or tress o f G louces ter , a t K ingsho lm ;

8 7) where t wo e xa mp les a re r ecorded .

They

a nd a t K irkby Thore ( P la te

L ike h orses , d ogs a re a ssocia ted

w i th many d e i t ies i n t he R o mano-Ce l t ic wor ld .

T hey may a lso h ave a p ure ly

c lass ica l s ign i f icance a s h ea ling a t tr ibu tes o f A escu lapius .

D ogs were impor-

t an t emb le ms o f t he C e l t ic h ea l ing d iv in i ty N odons i n B r i ta in , a t L ydney , a nd o f t he C e l t ic g oddes N eha lenn ia o n t he C on t inen t ( Hond ius C rone , 1 955 ) . Dog a ppears w i th mo ther-goddesses , w i th S uce l lus a nd w i th E pona .

The

I n t he

C e l t ic , a s i n t he c lass ica l wor ld , t he d og a ppears t o h ave b een a c u l t-sy mbo l o f h ea l ing a nd d ea th , n o t s peci f ic o r e xc lus ive t o a ny o ne d e i ty ( J enk ins , 1 957a ; G reen , 1 976 , p . 3 3 ) . B o th t he R am a nd t he G oa t ( l ike t he C ockere l ) a re c u l t-e mble ms o f Mercury a nd a ppear i n terchangeable o ne w i th t he o ther when a cco mpanying t he g od . The G oa t may wel l h ave h ad i n a dd i t ion a n i ndependen t f er t i l i ty s y mbo l is m . A g oa t a cco mpan ies a h orned h u mano id d iv in i ty a t B irrens , a nd a ppears a s a sma l l c as t b ronze - r a ther s im i lar t o aL ondon e xa mp le ( Green , 1 977 , p l . 1 2 ;

Ic ) a t C aer leon ( P la te 9 0 ) .

Two r epresen ta t ions o f s heep a re r ecorded

f ro m N ew ton N o t tage i n S ou th Wa les , a nd t wo f ro m Y ork ( P la tes 8 8 , 8 9 ) . Three j e t b ear f igur ines a nd o ne b ear-ca meo a re r ecorded f ro m n or thern Br i ta in , f ro m S he f f ie ld , Ma l ton , York a nd S ou th S h ie lds ( P la te 9 1) r espec t ively . The Ma l ton a nd York f igur ines a re f ro m g raves , t he Ma l ton b ear f ro m t ha t o f ac h i ld .

The b ear-pendan t f ro m Y ork , p ierced b e tween t he l egs f or s uspens ion

was f ound w i th a 4 th C en tury b ur ia l .

I ti s p er fec t ly r easonab le t o t h ink i n t er ms

o f ac h i ld 's t oy , b u t t he f igures a re v ery sma l l f or s uch a p urpose , a nd i ti s p oss ible t ha t aB ear-Goddess - l i ke t he H e lve t ian Ar t io ( de Vr ies , 1 963 , p . 1 22 ) - was h ere b e ing i nvoked a s ac h thon ic p ro tectress . The f ina l g roup o f b eas ts t o b e men t ioned a re t her io morph ic mons ters t he Three-horned Bu l l a nd t he R a m-headed S nake . B o th a re c o m mon i n G au l ish c on tex ts e specia l ly i n t he e as tern p ar ts o f t he p rov ince , a nd b o th a re v ery r are i n B r i ta in .

L ike h orned r epresen ta t ions o f h u man b e ings o r g ods

i n h u man f or m , t hese b e ings a re mu ta t ions o f t he n a tura l is t ic , p resu mably d es igned t o e nhance p ower . E ach t ype o f d epic t ion o ccurs o n ly o nce i n mi l i tary c on tex ts .

The Three-horned Bu l l i n B r i tain h as a n e n t ire ly s ou th-eas ter ly

d is tr ibu t ion , a nd t he o n ly mi l i tary s i te o n wh ich i to ccurs , S toke Abbot , i s i n D orse t .

The p resence o f t he e x tra h orn may b e t o e nhance t he f er t i l i ty a nd

s treng th a t tr ibu te o f h orns , a nd t here a ppears a lso t o b e ap ar t icu lar ly mag ic a l s ign i f icance t o t he n umber ' 3 '.

Tr ip l ica t ion i s ac o m mon p heno menon

i n G au l ish i conography ( Green , 1 977 , p . 3 15 ) . t o c o mbine a c h thon ic a nd a f er t i l i ty f unc t ion .

2 6

The R a m-horned S nake a ppears The r ep t i le h ad a n u nderwor ld

s y mbo l is m e ar ly i n t he G reek w or ld , a nd t he r am h as a f er t i l i ty a spec t a s a c o mpan ion o f Mercury ( Toynbee , 1 962 , p . 1 32 ) .

I n G au l t he mons ter i s

a ssoc ia ted w i th C ernunnos ( La mbrech ts , 1 942 , C h . 1 ) , w i th Mercury (sperand ieu , 3 919 )

a nd w i th Mars ( i bid . 2 067) .

The o n ly sma l l v ot ive

r a m-horned s nake f ro m mi l i tary Br i ta in c o mes f ro m C ar l is le ( P la te 9 2 ) . The s nake i s made o f c lay a nd was o nce a pp l ied t o t he r im o f ap o t .

A t f irs t

g lance t he o b jec t l ooks n o t d iss im i lar t o t he s nakes o n M i thra ic p o ts , f or e xa mp le t ha t f ro m C irences ter ( Green , 1 976 , p . 1 74 ) , b u t t he p resence o f we l l-de f ined r a m-horns makes i t more l ike ly t ha t aC e l t ic i n terpre ta tion i s t o b e s ough t h ere .

E xa mp les o f t h is mons ter f ro m c iv i l ian s i tes i nc lude a

sma l l s tone c arv ing o f C ernunnos g rasp ing t wo s erpen ts , a t C irences ter ( Green , 1 976 , p . 1 73 ) a nd t he b ronze f igure o f Mars f ro m S ou thbroo m i n Wi l tsh ire (. c i t ., p . 1 91 ).

2 7

CHAPTER 2 PAGAN OR IENTAL CULTS AND CHR ISTIAN ITY

N o o r ien ta l c u l t i s we l l-expressed i n t he f or m o f p ersona l i t e ms , a l though t here i s p len ty o f c orpora te e v idence f or o r ien ta l r e l ig ious p rac t ices i n , f or e xa mp le , t he H adr ian 's Wa l l a rea ( R ichmond , 1 943 ;

L ew is , 1 965 , p . 9 9f f .) ,

a nd a t York ( Nor man , 1 971 ) . E gypt ian C u l ts O f t he Egyp t ian p an theon I s is , H arpocra tes , J up i ter Am mon a nd t he Ap is b u l l a re r epresen ted . Af igur ine p or traying a g oddess who i s p robably I s is o ccurs a t Y ork , a s ab ronze s tee lyard-weigh t ( P la te 9 5 ) . S he wears a t a l l d iade m a nd t here i s ar ing b eh ind f or s uspens ion . The u se o f I s is a s a mo t i f f or a s tee lyard we igh t i s k nown i n L ondon , a nd i s c ons is ten t w i th t he r o le o f t he g oddess a s a n Egypt ian f er t i l i ty d e i ty ( W i t t , 1 971 ) t o who m p erhaps c orn may h ave h ad s pec ia l s ign i f icance .

Ab ronze h awk who may r epresen t I s is '

s on Horus , c o mes f ro m R ichborough .

The G raeco-Ro man v ers ion o f H orus

— H arpocra tes — a g en ius o f wa tch fu lness a nd t aci turn i ty , o ccurs t wice , a t C hes ter ( P la te 9 3 ) a nd , o nce a ga in , a t R ichborough . l eg ionary f or tress was f ound i n t he amph i thea tre .

The b ronze f ro m t he

The h ead o f t he d e i ty f ro m

t he f or t a t R ichborough was p robab ly s o me k ind o f f i t t ing .

J up i ter Am mon ,

t he S un-God o f Thebes , e qua ted w i th t he R o man S ky-God ( Ferguson , 1 970 , p . 3 4 ;

B r i t ish Museu m , 1 969 , p . 1 35 ) o ccurs p oss ib ly a t B ar H i l l , a t I lk ley

a nd a t York .

The l as t e xa mp le i s af ine ly- mode l led h ead o f t he b earded ,

r a m-horned g od , f ro m t he r im o f al arge p o t . C lay r epresen ta t ions o f t he g od f ro m v esse ls a re k nown i n c iv i l ian a reas , a t C an terbury a nd a t B orough G reen i n K en t ( Green , 1 976 , p . 2 31 , 2 27 ).

T he r am h orns a re a n e xa mp le

o f t he e ssen t ia l t her io morph is m i n Eg yp t ian c u l t-express ion , e ven when t e mp ered b y t he c lass ica l a vers ion t o t he p or traya l o f g ods i n a n i ma l f or m .

The

Ap is b u l l o f Me mph is i s r epresen ted b y af ine b ronze f ro m Y ork ( P la te 9 4 ) . I ft he f igur ine i s a n a u then t ic R o mano-Br i t ish d iscovery t hen i ti s u n ique i n Br i ta in .

The A p is b u l l was a ssocia ted w i th t he Eg yp t ian Os ir is , o r ig ina l ly

g od o f t he u nderwor ld .

I n t he P to le ma ic p er iod , an ew g od , S erap is , was

i n troduced , i n who m were c on f la ted t he c harac ter is t ics o f O s ir is a nd Z eus . Our Y ork e xa mp le c o mpares n o t u n favourab ly w i th a s uperb f igur ine o f a n Ap is b u l l , d a t ing f ro m t he L a te P er iod ( a f ter 1 , 0 00 B . C .) ( Br i t ish Museu m , 1 969 , p . 1 16 , f ig . 4 0 ) . C ybe le a nd A tys C ybele a nd h er y oung l over A tys a re p oor ly a t tes ted a s r el ig ious p ersona l ia i n mi l i tary r eg ions c o mpared t o c iv i l ian a reas ( Green , 1 976 , p . 5 6 ).

The

b ronze g oddess f ro m York ( P la te 9 5 may r epresen t C ybe le r a ther t han I s is ; t he t wo f requen t ly d i f f icu l t t o d is t ingu ish when p or trayed o n ly a s ab us t . The r epresen ta t ion f ro m C orbr idge ( P la te 9 6 ) i s o f e x tre me i n teres t ,

2 8

e spec ia l ly a s af ine a l tar t o t he g oddess i s a lso r ecorded f ro m h ere .

The

sma l l i t em i s made i np ipe-c lay , a ma ter ia l wh ich , a s h as b een s ugges ted a bove , was made e n t ire ly i n R o mano-Ce l t ic workshops f or R o mano-Ce l t ic marke ts .

There s ee ms t o b e as ign i f ican t e qua t ion h ere b e tween C e l t ic a nd

e as tern r i tua l .

C ybe le was t he Magna Ma ter o f Moun t I da i n Ana to lia , a nd

i t may we l l b e t ha t h er a r t-for m was employed t o r epresen t al oca l mo therg oddess , i n much t he s a me way a s p ipe-clay f igur ines o f V enus a nd t he D ea N u tr ix .

C ybe le , o n t he C on t inen t , i s k nown t o h ave c onnec t ions w i th t he

Deae Ma tres ( Ferguson , 1 970 , p . 2 14 ) .

P ipe- c lay f igures o f C ybe le a re

t he mse lves r ecorded f ro m c on t inen ta l c on tex ts , t here b e ing s ta tue t tes , f or i ns tance , i n t he Mus e d es An t iqu i t6s a t S t . G er main ( Rouv ier-Jean l in , 1 972 ). C ybe le 's l over , A tys , ad ei ty o f d ea th a nd r ebir th a nd t here fore o f t he y ear ly c yc le o f f er t i l i ty , i s k nown a s ac u l t-ob jec t f ro m t wo s i tes .

The g od i s p ro-

b ab ly r epresen ted a s a sma l l mask , w ear ing a P hryg ian c ap , a t R ichborough ; a nd a b ronze h o l low h ead f ro m Y ork p erhaps d ep ic ts t he s a me d iv in i ty .

The

C arrawburgh e xa mp le may r epresen t e i ther A tys o r Mi thras ( P la te 9 7) . J up i ter H e l iopo l i tanus i s p or trayed a s af igure o n as ardonyx i n tag l io a t C orb r idge .

The d e i ty wears l ong f l ow ing r obes , a nd b ears a wh ip , e ars o f c orn

a nd a c a la thus , a nd i s f lanked b y ab u l l o n e i ther s ide ( Hen ig , 1 973 , p . 2 41 ). J up i ter H e l iopo l i tanus was t he r o man ised S yr ian B aa l o f H e l iopo l is o r B aa lbek , who made h is a ppearance i n wes tern p rov inces ma in ly i n t he 3 rd C en tury A .D ., b e ing p ar t icu lar ly p opu lar i n s ou thern G au l a nd U pper G er many a nd a ppear ing a s a wea ther a nd v ege ta t ion d e i ty . Gnos t ic is m G nos t ic amu le ts a re r ecorded f ro m t hree s i tes , G rea t C hes ters , C aern arvon a nd Y ork .

The t wo l as t- men t ioned c har ms c ons is t o f s hee t-go ld

' phy lac ter ies ' wh ich were d es igned t o b e r o l led o r f o lded i n to a l ocke t a nd h ung r ound t he n eck .

The g o ld i s i nscr ibed w i th mag ica l s igns a nd t he n a mes

o f o r ien ta l d iv in i t ies ;

t he C aernarvon e xa mp le e nds i n ap lea f or p ro tec t ion

i n G reek .

I ti s i n teres t ing t ha t g o ld was c o m mon ly u sed f or t h is k ind o f b en i-

f icen t c har m whereas l ead was emp loyed f or ma le f icen t p urposes s uch a s c urses .

The G rea t C hes ters amu le t i s ab loods tone s e t i n as i lver r ing , a nd

d ep ic ts A braxas w i th h is c o mpos i te c ockere l/snake/so ld ier b ody , b ear ing a s h ie ld a nd wh ip .

The c ockerel a nd wh ip may r efer t o t he s un a nd l igh t ;

t he

s nake may b e ah ea l ing e le men t a nd t he weapons p resumably r e f lec t t he p rot ec t ion a spec t o f t he c har m . H en ig s ugges ts ( 1972 ) t ha t t he amu le t may h ave b een worn b y aJ ew o r aM i thra is t , a nd t ha t t he r ing mus t c er ta in ly h ave b een worn i n o rder t o c o mba t e v i l f orces .

A s im i lar b loods tone g nos t ic g em i s

k nown f ro m S i lches ter ( Boon , 1 974 , p . 1 63 ) . M i thras The p opu lar i ty o f M i thras i n t he H adr ian 's Wa l l r eg ion i s o f c ourse we l ld ocumen ted , b u t r ela t ive ly f ew p ersona l v o t ive i t e ms p er ta in ing t o t he c u l t s urv ive a nywhere i n mi l i tary a reas .

A t C arrawburgh , i n t he v icus o f wh ich

t here was a Mi thraeu m , ap robab le b ronze M i thras-head h as b een d iscovered ( P la te 9 7 ) , b u t i ti s o f i n teres t t ha t i t was t hrown a s a n o f fer ing i n to t he we l ls hr ine o f aC el t ic g oddess ( M i thra is m was a s pec i f ica l ly mascu l ine r el ig ion ) . I n t he e ar ly 4 th c en tury t he Mi thraeu m was d es troyed b u t t he n earby s anc tury o f C oven t ina was s pared ( Lew is , 1 965 , p . 8 8 ). H ouses teads , whose v icus

2 9

o nce a ga in h ad a M i thraeu m , h as p roduced o ne sma l l c u l t-ob jec t , a n amu le t i n t he f or m o f a n e gg made o f a ga l ma t i te ( P la te 9 8 ) .

The s ign i f icance o f t h is

p iece i s a l mos t c er ta in ly t o b e r egarded a s M i thraic . h is c u l t t he e gg-bir th o f M i thras i s w e l l-known .

I n t he my tho logy o f

H ouses teads i t se l f h as p ro-

d uced a s cu lp ture d ep ic t ing t h is b ir th ( Lewis , 1 965 ,

P .

1 04 ) .

I ti s wor th

n o t ing t ha t i ft he C arrawburgh M i thras was a ssoc ia ted w i th C oven t ina , t hen t here i s ap ara l le l w i th H ouses teads where a l tars n o t o n ly t o J up i ter a nd o ther c lass ica l d e i t ies , b u t a lso t o C oc id ius , a re r ecorded . The M i thraeu m a t L ondon w i th i t s c os mopo l i tan r e l ig ious i conography i s im med ia te ly c a l led t o mind . C hr is t ian i ty Sma l l o b jec ts p er tain ing t o t he C hr is tian f a i th o f t he ir owners , a re more c o mmon i n B r i ta in t han t hose o f a ny o ther o r ien ta l c u l t . Th is i s t rue b o th o f c iv i l a nd m i l i tary r eg ions ( Green , 1 976 , p . 6 7 ) . The C hr is t ian r e l ig ion b eca me t he o f f ic ia l S ta te C u l t i n t he 4 th c en tury , a nd mos t c u l t-ob jec ts d a te f ro m t h is t ime .

E ven s o t he d is tr ibu t ion i n B r i ta in a s a who le s hows a t h in

s ca t ter , whereas o ther p rov inces , s uch a s A fr ica , h ave a bundan t ma ter ia l e v idence f or Chr is t ian i ty ( Frend , 1 955 ).

Sma l l C hr is t ian i t e ms o ccur a t

n ear ly a d ozen s i tes , o f wh ich R ichborough i nt he s ou th-eas t i s b y f ar t he mos t p ro l i f ic .

S i lver-ware , wh ich t hough p or table , may n o t h ave b een a n

i nd iv idua l 's p ersona l p roper ty , o ccurs a t C orbr idge a nd a t Trapra in L aw . Ob jec ts l ike t hese may i n f ac t h ave b e longed t o f am i l ies r a ther t han c hurches s ince t hey a re o f ten f ound o n v i l la-s i tes , b u t t hen a ga in i ti s a rguable t ha t t he v i l las were t he f ocus o f c orpora te worsh ip ( Pa in ter , 1 971 , p p . 1 56-175 ). N ear C orbr idge were d iscovered a s i lver b ow l a nd a s i lver b eaker b o th w i th C hr is t ian i nscr ip t ions ( Haver f ie ld , 1 914 ).

A t Trapra in , where a l arge s i lver

h oard was f ound ( Cur ie , 1 923 ) , o ver t ly C hr is t ian o b jec ts , w i th c h i-rho monog ra ms , f ish- mo t i fs o r C hr is t ian d ed ica t ions , i nc lude v esse ls a nd s poons . C hr is t ian f inger-r ings o ccur a t an umber o f s i tes . f ro m Brancas ter ;

i ta ppears t o h ave b een a dap ted f or C hr is t ian u se , l i ke

t he e xa mp le f ro m S i lches ter ( Toynbee , 1 953 ). C hes ters .

A g o ld r ing i s r ecorded

Aj e t r ing i s k nown f ro m

B ronze e xa mples c o me f ro m B rough-under-S ta inmore a nd R ich-

b orough , u n for tuna te ly b o th n ow l os t .

P o t tery i nscr ibed w i th c h i-rho mono-

g ra ms c o mes f ro m B inches ter , Lancas ter ( a c lay l a mp ) a nd R ichborough . C a t ter ick h as p roduced p ar t o f ag lass b o t t le-base w i th a c h i-rho t ha t was mean t t o b e r ead f ro m a bove . s haped b rooch i s r ecorded .

F ro m Maes H afn n ear Mo ld i n C lwyd a f ishTh is may i n f ac t h ave b een p ure ly o rna men ta l

b u t aC hr is t ian s ign i f icance i s n o t imposs ib le .

Fro m R ichborough c o mes a

t h in b ronze meda l l ion d ep ic t ing a b eard less c loaked man f ir m ly c lasping a c h i-rho monogra m i n h is h and .

The s a me s i te p roduced p ar t o f at h in b one

p anel i nscr ibed w i th wha t may b e t he e nd o f aC hr is t ian d ed ica t ion .

A s im i lar ,

more c o mp le te o b jec t i s k nown a t Y ork , i n t he f or m o f ab one o penwork p laque w i th a C hr is t ian i nscr ip t ion .

Th is f ind i s n o tewor thy i n i t s c on tex t o f ab ur ia l

i n as tone c of f in a long w i th p agan g rave-goods . were b e ing c overed !

3 0

Obv ious ly a l l e ven tua l i t ies

CHAPTER 3 R ITUAL OBJECTS

P o t tery 1 .

F ace-Urns The s trange p o t tery v esse ls d ecora ted w i th a ppl ied o r p inched-up h u man

f ea tures t urn u p i n e xcava t ions t hroughou t B r i ta in , i nb o th c iv i l ian a nd mi l it ary c on tex ts .

A bou t f or ty c o mp le te e xa mp les a re r ecorded i n t he s ou th-

e as t a nd t here a re more t han t wen ty f ro m n or thern B r i ta in , i n a dd i t ion t o n u merous f ragmen ts . p o ts h ad .

I ti s n o t p rec isely c er ta in wha t r i tua l f unc t ion t hese

They a re f requen t ly f ound w i th b ur ia ls , f or e xa mp le a t York where

s even a re r ecorded ( P la tes 9 9-101 , 1 10 ).

The v esse ls g enera l ly d ep ic t

f e ma le f aces , t hough ma le , b earded f ace-po ts d o e x is t , e .g . a t L ancas ter , a nd i n t he c o lon ia a t C o lches ter ( Green , 1 976 , p . 4 7).

The f aces u sua l ly

b ear a l ewd o r i nso len t e xpress ion a nd t he p resence o f g oa thorns a nd a p ha l lus o n o ne C o lches ter e xa mp le s ugges ts s o me k ind o f f er t i l i ty c u l t-sy mbo l is m . The mi l i tary e xa mp les d o n o t i n t he mse lves g ive v ery much i nd ica t ion a s t o t he ir p urpose , whereas , f or i ns tance , i n a dd i t ion t o t hose a lready q uo ted , f ace-urns f ro m c iv i l ian Br i ta in o ccas iona l ly b ear f unerary o r o ther s y mbo ls ( op .c i t . ,p p . 1 67, 2 07) , a nd a f ace-vase f ro m L inco ln b ears a d ed ica t ion t o Mercury .

F ace-urns a re c o m mon f inds o n mi l i tary s i tes o n t he C on t inen t ,

e spec ia l ly i n t he R h ine land , where a n An ton ine d a te i s s ugges ted f ro m t he f or m o f many o f t he v esse ls .

H owever t hese p o ts were manu fac tured f ro m

t he i s t t o t he 4 th c en tury ( O ise , 1 950 ).

The p o ts a lso o ccur i n c on t inen ta l

c iv i l ian c on tex ts , f or e xa mp le t he R o mano-Ce l t ic s hr ines o f N ormandy ( de Ves ly , 1 909 ).

I n Br i ta in o n ly o ne f ace-urn c o mes d e f in i tely f ro m a n on-

s epu lchra l r el ig ious c on tex t — a n e xa mp le f ro m S pr inghead i n K en t .

F ace-

u rns i nt he N or th o ccur o n t hree s i tes where a pp l ied p o t tery sm i ths ' t oo ls o r whee ls h ave a lso b een r ecorded — C hes ter-le-S tree t , C orbr idge ( P la tes 1 02 , 1 11 ) a nd Mahon ( P la tes 1 07 , 1 08 ).

A t C o lches ter i n t he S ou th t oo a p o t w i th

sm i ths ' e qu ip men t a nd s evera l f ace-urns a re k nown .

I ti s b y n o means im-

p oss ib le t ha t t he d ei t ies r epresen ted b y f ace-urns were i n f ac t t he s a me a s t hose whose s y mbo ls a ppear i n t he f or m o f h a m mers o r whee ls . The l ink s ugges ted i s o f c ourse u nver i fiable a nd may b e d ue p ure ly t o a rchaeo log ica l c hance , b u t i ti s p erhaps a t hough t wor th b ear ing i n mind i n t he e ven t o f f u ture a ssoc ia t ions .

N ega t ive e v idence f or f ace-urns may b e i mpor tan t ;

i t

i s s urpr is ing t ha t t he p ro li f ic s i te a t R ichborough h as p roduced n o e xa mp les . 2 .

Tr ip le V ases The o ther ma in c a tegory o f r i tua l p o t tery i n B r i ta in i s t ha t o f t r iple v ases ,

o f wh ich a bou t t h ir ty h ave b een r ecorded i n n or thern B r i ta in , a l mos t t wice t he n u mber r ecorded f ro m c iv i l ian r eg ions ( Green , 1 976 , p . 4 7 ). t ion o f t hese p o ts i s o nce a ga in u ncer ta in .

3 1

The f unc-

They c ons is t o f sma l l v essels ,

g enera l ly t hree i n n umber , j oined t oge ther f requen t ly b y means o f ah o l low r ing . I ti s i n teres t ing t ha t e .g . t he C ar l is le p o ts a re ma in ly f rees tand ing , whereas C hes ter v esse ls g enera l ly s tand o n r ings ( P la tes 1 15-117) . S o me e xa mp les — t hose f ro m C ar l is le f or i ns tance ( P la tes 1 12 , 1 14 ) — h ave i n tern a l c onnec t ions b e tween t he p o ts i n t he f or m o f sma l l h o les .

They h ave i n

t he p as t b een k nown a s ' f lower v ases ' . Where t here i s a n i n terna l l ink t hey c ou ld n o t h ave b een u sed f or t hree s epara te l i qu id o r g ranu lar s ubs tances f or t he d ead , a s i s o therwise a p oss ibi l i ty .

One e xp lana t ion i s t ha t t hey c ou ld

h ave b een u sed t o i nvoke o r a ppease t r iads o f d e i t ies s uch a s t he D eae Ma tres . A l terna t ively , where f ound i n g raves — a s a t Y ork a nd C o lches ter — i ti s p erhaps p oss ible t o t h ink i n t er ms o f t he d iv in i t ies o f S ky , E ar th a nd Underwor ld t o b e p ropi t ia ted . T r ip le v ases d o o ccur i n c e me ter ies ; a t York o ne e xa mp le was f ound w i th a f ace-urn . The o n ly whol ly c iv i l ian s i te o n wh ich o ne o ccurs i n o ur a rea i s a t A ldborough . , The v ase f ro m n ear B irdoswa ld i s i n teres t ing i n t ha t o n ly t wo c ups were made , a nd i n t he p resence o f as pou t . One C hes ter e xa mple a lso c o mpr ised t wo v esse ls .

The s i te wh ich h as p ro-

d uced b y f ar t he l arges t n umber i s C ar l is le ( P la tes 1 12 , 1 14 ) where s even h ave b een f ound . F ace-urns a nd t r ip le v ases may h ave s o me c u l t-associa t ion . The ir j ux tapos i t ion a t York h as a lready b een n oted .

B o th t ypes a re c o mp le te ly

a bsen t f ro m t he we l l-excava ted s i te a t R ichborough ;

b o th a re f ound i n g raves

a nd b o th o ccur f requen t ly a t t he s a me s i tes — e .g . C olches ter , L ondon a nd V eru la m iu m i n t he S ou th a nd C ar l is le ( P la tes 1 12 , 1 14 ) , C hes ter ( P la tes 1 151 17 ) , C orbr idge ( P la te 1 18 ) a nd York ( P la te 1 13 ) i n t he N or th .

As K aye h as

p oin ted o u t ( 1914 ) , t r iple v ases a re n o t c on f ined t o B r i tain , n or e ven t o t he R o man w or ld o r e ra , b u t t hey d o , a t a ny r a te i n B r i ta in , a ppear t o h ave a r i tua l s ign i f icance o f s o me d escr ip t ion . Mode l O b jec ts P erhaps t he mos t w idespread a nd c o m mon r i tua l o b jec t i n mi l i tary a reas o f B r i ta in i s t he g roup o f mode l i t e ms ( P la tes 1 22-131 ) , wh ich a re e qua l ly f requen t f inds h ere a nd i n c iv i l ian a reas .

Numerous d i f feren t t ypes a re r e-

c orded b o th f ro m n or thern B r i ta in a nd f ro m R ichborough . i n min ia ture i nc lude a xe-ha m mers ;

a xes ;

h am mer ;

as word ;

a nv i ls ;

ak n ife ;

s tands ;

s pears ;

whee ls ;

al a mp ;

min ia ture a l tar ( 7 .8 cm h igh ) , a nd a min ia ture b e l l .

Ob jects r epresen ted p o ts ;

a n a dze-

ap a ir o f t ongs ;

a

The wr i ter h as a t te mp ted

e lsewhere ( Green , 1 975 ) t o s how t ha t , a par t f ro m min ia ture whee ls wh ich a re p robab ly b es t i n terpre ted a s c u l t-e mble ms o f t he C e l t ic Whee l-God , mode l o b jec ts h ave n o n ecessary c onnec t ion w i th s pec i f ic d ei t ies , a l though s o me l end t he mse lves t o p oss ible a ssoc ia t ions w i th i den ti f iable d iv in i t ies .

T he

f ac t t ha t t hey o ccur i n s hr ines a nd g raves , a nd t ha t o n t he C on t inen t t hey a re o ccas iona l ly i nscr ibed w i th t he n a mes o f d e i t ies ( i n for ma t ion f ro m P ro fessor J . M . C . T oynbee ) makes t heir r i tua l n a ture v ir tua l ly i nd ispu tab le . Mode l a xes f or m t he l arges t g roup o f m in ia ture t ools .

They may b e

r epresen ted a s s i mp le a xes , a s a t S ou th F err iby ( P la te 1 22 ) , o r t hey may b e i n t he f or m o f d ecora t ion f or a b ronze o r b one p in .

A t H ouses teads a b ronze

a xe a ppears t o h ave b een u sed a s ab rooch , a nd t h is s ee ms a lso t o h ave b een t he c ase a t S ou th S h ie lds , a l though o n t h is a xe t here i s ar ing f or s uspens ion , p oss ibly a s a n amu le t . b orough .

An i n teres t ing g roup o f a xe- mode ls c o mes f ro m R ich-

A l toge ther t here a re s ix a xe-represen ta t ions r ecorded , t wice i n

t he f or m o f b ronze p ins , t w ice a s b one p ins a nd t wice a s s i mp le t oo ls w i th 3 2

i nc ised s keuo morph ic l ines r epresen t ing t he b ind ing o n ar ea l me ta l a nd wooden a xe , a s a t H ockwo ld i n N or fo lk ( Green , 1 975 , p . 6 7, f ig . 2 , 1 7) . On t he b lade o f o ne o f t he R ichborough a xes i s a n i nc ised S t . Andrew 's C ross , wh ich may p erhaps b e af unerary s y mbo l ( Green , 1 976 , p . 4 8 ).

An a xe-

h a mmer i s a lso r ecorded f ro m t h is s i te a nd a r a ther s im i lar c o mpos i te t oo l h as b een f ound a t C orbr idge i n t he f or m o f ab ase-s i lver p in w i th a n a xeh a m mer h ead ( P la te 1 23 ) .

I n t he a bsence o f a ny f ir mer i den t i f ica t ion w i th

p ar t icu lar c u l ts , misce l laneous mode l a xes may f or t he mos t p ar t h ave b een c arr ied a s g ood-luck c har ms . O ther mode l t oo ls f ro m o ur a rea may h ave c onnec t ions w i th c er ta in g ods . The a dze-ha m mer wh ich f i ts a mode l a nv i l , b o th i n l ead , f ro m C hes ter , may b e long t o a Sm i th-God c u l t .

Ano ther a nv i l , i nb ronze , i s r ecorded f ro m

B rough-on-Humber ( P la te 1 22 ) , a nd a ,pa ir o f t ongs c o mes f ro m G rea t C hes ters ( reca l l ing t he m in ia ture p incers f ro m R o man L ondon ( Green , 1 975 ) ) .

The

mode l l ead s pears f ro m C hes ter a nd t he s word f ro m C hes ters ( P la te 1 25 ) may h ave a n a ssoc ia t ion w i th a warr ior-cu l t , p erhaps e ven t ha t o f Mars h i mse lf , a nd/or h ave b een d ed ica ted b y s o ld iers .

The t erraco t ta mode l b a le

o f h ides o r f l eeces f ro m S kye c ou ld h ave b een t he p roper ty o f af ar mer o r merchan t .

O thers p oss ibly r epresen t r i tua l f urn i ture .

The s ix , b eau t i fu l ly-

e na me l led , t i ered mode l s tands f ro m C hes ters ( P la te 1 26 ) , C orbr idge a nd S ou th S h ie lds ( P la tes 1 27-131 ) ;

t he mode l s acr i f icia l k n i fe f ro m C hes ter ;t he

b ronze minia ture l a mp f ro m C orbr idge ;

t he t iny a l tar f ro m P iercebr idge

( P la te 1 24 ) a nd t he b e l l f ro m L ang ton , a l l c o me i n to t h is c a tegory . i a ture p ots f ro m C hes ter ( P la te 1 19 ) a nd C orbr idge ( P la te 1 21 ) ;

The min—

t he j ug f ound

a t Wi lderspoo l a nd t he t wo s uperb ly made l i t t le amphorae f ro m N or ton i n Yorksh ire ( P la te 1 20 ) , were p erhaps b ur ied w i th t he d ead i np lace o f r ea l , f u l l-s ize p o ts .

Th is c era m ic g roup r eca l ls t he min ia ture v esse ls d iscovered

i n ap o t ter 's h u t i n t he N ew F ores t ( Green , 1 975 , p . 5 9 ) , p erhaps d edica ted t o ap o t ter 's g od . Mode l o b jec ts were made a nd p laced i n g raves a s e ar ly a s 2 000 B . C. i n Egyp t ( Br i t ish Museum , 1 969 , p p . 1 59-60 ) i n o rder t o b e u se fu l t o t he d ead p erson 's ' ushab t i ' i n t he a f ter li fe .

I n t radi t iona l C h inese s oc ie ty , wh ich i s

s t i l l o f r e levance t o l i fe i n t he H ong K ong N ew T err i tor ies , p aper models o f e veryday o b jec ts a re made a nd b urn t w i th t he d ead .

I ti s b e l ieved t ha t t hey

w i l l t hus b e t rans for med i n to ma ter ia l p ossess ions i n t he u nderwor ld, t o b e u t i l ised i n t he a f ter l i fe , wh ich i s c onceived o f a s al i fe v ery s im i lar t o t ha t o f l iv ing b e ings o n e ar th ( Barker , 1 978 ) .

I t may b e t ha t mode ls i n R o man B r i ta in

a nd i n European p reh is tory s erved a l i ke f unc t ion .

I ti s a n a t trac t ive i dea

t ha t t he mode l l ead mirrors f ound o n t he C on t inen t , f ro m e .g . Ma inz a nd C arnun tu m

( i n for ma t ion f ro m G lenys L loyd- Morgan , G rosvenor Museum ,

C hes ter ) a nd t he sma l l s hee t-bronze e xa mp les f ro m G reece ( Ober länder , 1 967 ) were o b jec ts t o b e u sed b y b eau ty-consc ious wo men i n t he a f ter li fe , b u t , o f c ourse , t hey c ou ld e qua l ly h ave b een d evo ted t o V enus . C ere mon ia l I t e ms C er ta in r i tua l o b jec ts may b e g rouped t oge ther a s b eing i n s o me manner c oncerned w i th p r ies ts a nd c ere mon ia l .

F igur ines o f p r ies ts o r p r ies tesses

t he mse lves a re k nown f ro m P apcas t le ( P la te 1 34 ) , S ou th S h ie lds ( P la te 1 32 ) , S tanwix ( P la te 1 33 ) , a nd f ro m York ( P la te 1 35 ). 3 3

Me ta l p laques , p robably o nce

a t tached t o t he wa l ls o f s hr ines , a ppear a t f ive s i tes a nd a re d ed ica ted t o C oc id ius ( P la tes 6 0 , 6 1 ) , Mars , Maponus ( P la te 5 9 ) a nd Mercury ( P la te 3 ) . The t wo e xa mp les f ro m York ( P la tes 1 36 , 1 37 ) were d ed ica ted t o t he g ods o f t he g overnor 's r es idence , a nd t o Ocean a nd T e thys r espec t ive ly b y o ne man , t he G reek ' scr iba ' D e me tr ius .

Ob jec ts wh ich a re p erhaps b es t d escr ibed a s

s cep tres c o me f ro m B rough-on-Humber a nd f ro m D inorben , b oth o f wh ich a re p robab ly e n t ire ly c iv i l ian .

The t wo B rough s cep tres a re made o f i ron a nd

were f ound w i th t he r e ma ins o f a sma l l i ron-bound b ucke t . The s cep tret er m ina ls c ompr ise b ronze h e l me ted h eads , a nd t he f inds a cco mpan ied t he b ur ia l o f ap robab le p r ies t ( Corder & R ich mond , 1 938 ) .

The h e l me ted b us ts

a re s im i lar i n a ppearance t o t he h eads o f b ronze h orse men i n s ou thern B r i ta in , f or e xa mp le t he l i t t le s ta tue t tes f ro m B r igs tock i n N or tha mp tonsh ire ( Green f ie ld , 1 963 ) a nd f ro m Wi l l ingha m F en i n C a mbr idgesh ire ( Green , 1 976 , p l . 3 f ).

Th is p r ies t ly b ur ia l

a t t he b orders o f r o man iza t ion i s u n ique i n

Br i ta in . The D inorben f ind i s a lso p erhaps a c ere mon ia l s tave o r wand . I n g enera l a ppearance i tr ese mbles t he ' po let ips ' f ro m B r igs tock ( Green , 1 976 , p . 1 81 ) , f ro m t he r i tua l h oard a t F e lm ingha m H a l l i n N or fo lk ( 2E .c i t . ,p . 2 05 ) a nd a n e xa mp le f ro m M i l ton n ear P e terborough ( Green , 1 974a ) .

The d a te

g iven f or t he D inorben i t e m wou ld f i t i n we l l w i th t he m id-3rd c en tury b eg inn ings o f t he B r igs tock s hr ine a nd w i th t he d epos i t ion o f t he F e lm ingha m H a l l h oard i n t he 2 60s . Two l ead c urses a re k nown f ro m mi l i tary s i tes ;

a n i n for ma t ive e xa mp le

c o mes f ro m C aer leon , a nd a n u n in te l l ig ible o ne f ro m Ma l ton .

The C aer leon

c urse i nvokes t he c lass ica l p erson i f ica t ion o f r evenge , N e mes is .

I n G au l ish

l ead c urses t he n a me o f t he d e i ty i s f requen t ly men t ioned , a s i s t he c ase h ere , b u t e lsewhere i n B r i ta in t he c urses i nvoke n a me less p owers .

N a i l-holes i n

t he l ead s hee ts a t tes t t o t he ir b eing h ung f ro m d oors o r wa l ls o f s hr ines ( Green , 1 976 , p p . 4 8-49 ). Amu le ts A par t f ro m amu le ts a ssoc ia ted w i th p ar t icu lar c u l ts ( e .g . M i thras a nd G nos t ic is m ) o ther ' good l uck ' c har ms a re r ecorded a l l o ver m i l i tary B r i ta in . Two r ings f ro m C orbr idge w i th G reek i nscr ip t ions a re p robab ly c har ms ( Char leswor th , 1 961 , p . 9 ) .

The t iny b ronze h e l me ted h ead o f Mars was

p erhaps a s o ld ier 's amu le t t o p ro tec t h im i nb a t t le .

Two sma l l b ronze f igures

o f c ap t ives o r h uman s acr i f ices c o me f ro m B rough ( P la te 1 38 ) i n C umbr ia a nd f ro m C orbr idge .

The B rough e xa mp le was a l mos t c er ta in ly worn a s s o me

k ind o f c har m , s ince i th as v er t ica l a nd l a tera l h o les f or s uspens ion . B o th f igures a re c rude ly made i n n a t ive r a ther t han R o man s ty le , b u t t here i s a p iquancy i n t he t rea t men t o f t he b ody a nd c o mpac tness w i th wh ich t he r ope r ound t he n eck a lso b inds t he h ands .

Presu mably t hese were worn t o k eep

away e v i l a nd d ea th , a nd p erhaps t o a void r e tr ibu t ion f or p as t a nd f u ture m isde meanours . Pha l l ic p endan ts a re c o m mon f inds o n m i l i tary s i tes , b oth i n B r i ta in a nd o n t he C on t inen t .

S evera l o ccur i n n or thern B r i ta in .

They a re o f t wo main

t ypes , b oth p erhaps made f or s uspens ion f ro m h arness o r b e l t f i t t ings .

The

f irs t g roup i s r epresen ted b y ma le g en i ta ls c as t i n t he r ound , g enera l ly i n b ronze ( P la tes 1 41-144 , 1 46 ) , a l though a n e xa mple f ro m C aer leon i s s i lver .

3 4

The s econd c ons is ts o f r ounde ls made f ro m t he b ase o f ar ed d eer a n t ler ( P la tes 1 39 , 1 40 ) .

The l a t ter a re o f g rea ter i n teres t s ince t he i dea a ppears

t o b e t he d ep ic t ion o f ap ha l l ic h u man f ace , i n t ha t t wo h o les a t t he t op f or m " eyes" a nd t he g en i ta ls f or m a " nose" .

B o th t he me ta l p endan ts a nd t he

r ounde ls o ccur w i th e qua l f requency i n mi l i tary a nd c iv i l c on tex ts ( Green , 1 976 , p . 4 7 ) .

I n t he p resen t a rea o f s tudy t he p resence o f al i fe-s ize c lay

p ha l lus f ro m C hes ter s hou ld b e n o ted ( P la te 1 45 ) ;

as im i lar e xa mp le i s i n

P e terborough Museum . AR i tua l P lough-tea m The f ina l r i tua l i t em t o b e d iscussed i s t he P iercebr idge p lough-group , as ta tue t te u n ique i n B r i tain .

The g roup p robab ly d a tes t o t he 2 nd o r 3 rd

c en tury A .D . a nd i s mos t l i ke ly t o h ave b een manu fac tured p rov inc ia l ly . Mann ing ( 1 971 ) wou ld s ee t h is f igur ine a s o f c er ta in r i tua l s ign i f icance a nd p oin ts o u t t ha t t he u se o f ab u l l a nd a c ow t oge ther s ugges ts a r e l ig ious f unc tion . I ti s p oss ible t ha t t h is f igure i s e v idence o f ac lass ica l c u l t c ere mony o f p lough ing t he b oundary-furrow mark ing o u t t he l ine t o b e f o l lowed b y t he wa l ls o f ac i ty .

Iam d oub t fu l a bou t t he l i ke l ihood o f s uch a n i n terpre ta t ion s ince ,

a s Dr . Mann ing h i msel f s ta tes , t he s ta tue t te h as a R o mano-Ce l t ic c on tex t a nd t here s ee ms l i t t le p o in t i n t ha t k ind o f c u l t a t o r n ear P iercebr idge .

The

f igur ine i s s ure ly more l ike ly t o r epresen t aC e l t ic a gr icu l tura l d e i ty , a nd t he mix ing o f t he s exes o f t he p lough-tea m may mere ly b e t o e nhance t he f er t i l i ty s y mbo l is m .

3 5

CHAPTER 4 A NOTE ON FREQUENCY AND D ISTRIBUT ION

The d istr ibu t ion o f sma l l c u l t o b jects i n t he m il itary r eg ions o f Roman Br ita in ( Fig. 1 ) i ng eneral merely m irrors t he e v idence o f m i l itary o ccupat ion whether t e mporary o r p er manen t. T hus d o ts o n ad istr ibu t ion map wou ld d e monstrate , f or t he most p art , t he p resence o f f orts o r v ic i. Th is s a id , t here a re d i f ferences i n t he f requenc ies O f e ach d e ity o r t ype o f r i tua l i t em b u t t he n umbers a re s i mp ly t oo sma l l f or s ign if ican t c onclus ion s t o b e d rawn . Certa in ly n o t r iba l d ist inct ions may b e d ef ined a s ar esu lt o f t he s urvey . One o r t wo p o ints o f i nt r ins ic i n terest may b e made , s uch a s t he d i ff erences i n f or m o f t r ip le v ases f ound a t Carl isle a s o pposed t o Chester. Those a t t he f or mer s i te a re u sua l ly f reestand ing , wh i lst a t Chester t he v essels a re s upported o n r ings. O ther p henomena i nclude t he f requency o f b u l l-represen tat ions a t Y ork , o r t he r elat ive a bundance o f e v idence f or Merc ury a tR ichborough. However t here i s n o means o f k now ing w hether t hese o ccurrences h ave a ny s ign if icance i n r el ig ious t er ms.

The n or thern c usto m

o f d ep ict ing o n p otsherds c u l t emble ms o f Wheel a nd Sm ith-de it ies i s worthy o f n ote , b u t o nce a ga in i t must b e emphas ized t hat t he a ctua l n umbers a re v ery sma l l i ndeed . O f r ecogn isab le d e it ies o n ly Mercury , J up iter , Mars, Mother-goddesses o f v ar ious t ypes, Venus a nd Cup id , Taran is a nd t he Sm ith-God h ave a ny k ind o f p opu lar ity , a nd , a s t he w r iter h as p o in ted o u t e lsewhere ( 1978 ), t h is s ort o f n umber may r epresen t t he worsh ip o f a mere h and fu l o f d evo tees.

There

i s a na l most c omp lete d earth o f t he l oca l C el t ic g od l ings s o p ro l if ic i n s tone e p igraphy a nd i conography i n t he N orth o f Br ita in ; t hey a re h ard ly e ver p ort rayed a s sma l l f i gur ines. Chr ist ian ity , a s i s t he c ase w ith c iv il ian Br ita in , i s t he b est-represen ted o r ien ta l c u lt . O thers a re v ery p oorly a t tested i ndeed , a lthough w e k now f rom l arge ofer ings t hat e astern g ods w ere f requen t ly i nv oked. I fw e t urn t o r itua l i t e ms f ace-urns a nd t r ip le v ases a re p art icu larly c o m mon , more s o t han i n t he c iv i l ian r eg ions. Mode l o b jects a ppear t o b e f a irly e qua l ly d istr ibu ted i n m il itary a nd c iv i l ian c on tex ts , N orth a nd S outh. Curses a re f ar l ess c o m mon i n t he N orth .

O ther r itua l o b jects a re t oo i n-

f requen t f or u sefu l c o m men t . I fo ne l ooks a t t he d if ferences b etween c iv i l ian a nd m i l itary Br ita in , o ne s ees a t o nce t ha t i ng eograph ica l t er ms , l i ke i s n ot b e ing c ompared w ith l ike , s ince , i n t he s ou th-east , t he s i tes a re much more s cat tered , b e ing c o mposed ma in ly o f t owns , v i l las a nd s hr ines.

I n m il itary r eg ions f inds a re i n t he

ma in c oncen trated a t t hree l eg ionary f ortresses a nd f orts i n t he e nv irons o f Hadr ian 's f ron t ier.

3 6

As f ar a s sma l l o b jects a re c oncerned , t here i s l i t t le t o d ist ingu ish m il it ary f ro m c iv il ian i n t er ms o f c on ten t .

The p resence o f t he a r my i n o ne a rea

a ppears t ob e o f fset b y t he g rea ter r oman isat ion o f t he S ou th.

The Celt ic

e le men t , whether n at ive o r G au l ish , i s man ifest ly p resen t i nb oth c on tex ts. The most i mportant r el ig ious d i f ferences l i e o u ts ide t he s cope o f t he p resen t e nqu iry . They c ompr ise t he p resence o r a bsence o f Romano-Ce lt ic s hr ines a nd o f s tone c arv ings a nd e p igraphy .

T he t e mp les a re o f p art icu lar i n terest .

A lthough a bsen t i nt he m i l i tary N orth t hey d o o ccur o n t he s ou thern m il itary s ite a tR ichborough. The d istr ibu t ion o f Romano-Celt ic s hrines wou ld t hus a ppear t o b e g overned b y g eograph ical f actors; R ichborough s ee ms t o h ave t aken i t s c ue f rom s urround ing a reas r a ther t han e schew ing a p art icu lar t ype o f t e mp le b ecause i tw as a p urely c iv il ian s ty le.

L ikew ise , n at ive s tone

i conography i s much more p revalen t i n t he N orth , b u t d oes o ccur i n t he S outh where g eo log ica l ly a dvan tageous , f or e xa mp le o n t he Cotswo lds. On ly e p ig raphy s ee ms t o h ave f l our ished t o af ar g rea ter e xten t i n t he p er manen t p resence o ft he a r my . I n d raw ing c onc lus ions a s t o t he p ro l ifera t ion o r d earth o f f inds o n d i ff eren t s i tes , i ti s e ssen t ia l t hat c are i s t aken t o a ssess t he ir v a l id ity i n t er ms o f t he amoun t o f e xcavat ion t hat h as b een c arr ied o u t .

Co mpar ison b etween

s ites i s o n ly p oss ib le where t horough e xp lora t ion h as t aken p lace.

On ly f our

s i tes h ave y ielded a r elat ively s ubstan t ia l amoun t o f e v idence — Chester, York , Corbr idge a nd R ichborough. The f i rst t wo w ere l eg ionary f ortresses o ne o f wh ich b eca me a c o lon ia a t t he e nd o f t he 2 nd C en tury . Corbr idge w as af ort a nd a s upp ly-depo t w h ich h ad a l arge c iv il p opu la t ion ; af ort a nd l ater a S axon S hore Fort .

R ichborough w as

I n t er ms o f a bso lute n umbers Chester

h as a bou t t h irty-f ive i t e ms , R ichborough f orty-f ive, Corbr idge more t han f i f ty a nd Y ork a bou t f i f ty-f ive. These s i tes a re a noma lous c o mpared t o o thers i n t he m il itary s ector. S ites s uch a s Carl isle , Caerleon , Chesterho lm a nd S ou th S h ields , h ave y ielded e nough mater ia l t o g ive s ome i dea o f t he r i tua l p ossess ions o f i nd iv idua ls i n t he c o m mun ity , b u t o thers l ike Bar H il l — a lthough e xp lored — h ave r evea led v irtual ly n o th ing. Th is s carc ity i s e choed t hroughou t S co t land ; b u t p erhaps e ven more s ign i f ican t i s t he a l most t o ta l a bsence o f o b jects f ro m Wales , a part f rom t he f ew i t e ms f ound i n e x ten s ive e xcavat ion s a t Caerleon .

I ti s d i f f icu l t t o i n terpret t h is a rchaeo log ica l s i lence.

T he r easons c ou ld b e g eograph ica l o r p ersona l.

T he Welsh t r ibes may h ave

b een more r es istan t t o r o man isat ion t han n orthern f ron t ier p eop les. F ina l ly , i ti s p erhaps worth b ear ing i n m ind a c om men t made b y D r. P eter S a lway ( 1975 , p . 4 6 ) w hen a t te mpt ing t o a ssess d i f ferences b etween "m il itary" a nd " c iv il ian" r eg ions : " Bu t p erhaps t he r ea l d i f ference w as e cono m ic — i no ther words, t he g eneral l evel o f c iv il ian p rosper ity , g o ing b ack e ssen t ia l ly t o t he b as ic d i f ferences o f s o il a nd c l i mate . . .T hus i tw as d i ff icu l t f or t he l evel o f p rosper ity t o r ise t o t he p o in t where t he p o l it ica l e ffects o f Roman is at ion c ou ld o perate."

3 7

F ig .

. D istr ibu t ion o f S ites i n t he Gazet teer

CHAPTER 5 CONC LUS ION

I ti s b eyond t he s cope o f t h is s urvey t o d raw c onclus ions r egard ing a rchaeo log ica l e v idence f or r e l ig ious p ract ices i n t he m il itary a reas o f Ro man B r ita in , s ince o nly sma l l c u l t o b jects h ave b een s tud ied.

N everthe-

l ess i ti s p oss ib le t o make s ome g enera l c o m men ts o n o b jects wh ich h ave b een i ncluded i n t he c orpus.

The most s tr ik ing p o in t i s p erhaps t he s im i-

l ar ity o f c on ten t b etween mi l itary a nd c iv il ian r eg ions.

A l l sma l l f igurines

— whe ther b ron ze o r p ipe-clay , f ace-urns, t r ip le v ases a nd model i t e ms, a re r epresen ted i n e ach a rea.

There i s c erta in ly l i t t le t o d ist ingu ish North

f ro m S ou th , c iv il f ro m mil i tary , i n t he w ay o f sma l l v ot ive p ersona l ia.

The

o n ly ma jor o dd ity i s t he a pparen t t o ta l a bsence o f t r ip le v ases a nd f ace-urns f ro m R ichborough , e ven t hough t hey a re w el l-known b o th o n n orthern m il itary a nd o n s ou thern c iv il ian s ites. The o ne r el ig ious p o in t o f impor tance t o b e made a bou t t he N orth i s t he a pparen t c onnect ions b etween t he c u l ts o f t he Celt ic Wheel-God , t he Sm ithGod a nd S ucel lus. An i nk l ing o f t h is a ssoc iat ion may b e g a ined f ro m c iv il ian i t e ms s uch a s t he s heet-bronze s cep tre-b ind ing f ro m t he S urrey s hrine o f Farley H eath , A lbury .

However, mil itary e v idence g reat ly r e in forces t he

a rgu men t . Perhaps t he most n ecessary c o m men t t o emerge f ro m t he p resen t s urvey i s t hat e v idence o f i nd iv idua l , p ortable r el ig ious p ossess ions i s most m isl ead ing a s ap icture o f t he r itua l l i fe o f t he m il itary a nd a t tendan t c iv i l ian c o m mun ity.

On most ma jor s ites where s u itable s tone i s l ocal ly a va ilable

t hat i s t he f avoured med ium f or p hys ical r el ig ious e xpress ion .

The e vocat ive

c ircu mstances o f t he d iscovery o f t he Carz ield s tatuet tes , i n af urnace r eady f or mel t ing d own , may i nd icate o ne a nswer t o t he p roble m o f t he d earth o f sma l l f igur ines i n t he m il itary North.

3 9

B IBL IOGRAPHY

Ba iley , J . B ., 1 915.

' Cata logue o f Ro man I nscr ibed a nd S cu lptured S tones ,

c o ins , e arthenware e tc. d iscovered i n a nd n ear t he Roman f ort a t Maryport a nd p reserved a t N etherhalP , T ransact ions o f t he Cu mberl and a nd Westmor land S oc ie ty , Vo l . 1 5 , p . 1 35 f f. Barker , H ., 1 978.

T rad it iona l Ch inese S oc iety .

L ecture g iven i n Reardon

Sm ith Thea tre , Card if f , May 5 , 1 978. Beno it , F ., 1 970.

Art e t D ieux d e l a Gau le.

B lanche t , A ., 1 890.

' Etude s ur l es f igur ines e n t erre-cu ite d e l a Gau le

Ro ma ine ' , M6 mo ires d e l a S oc ie te d es An t iqua ires d e F rance. Bober , P . P ., 1 951. Vernunnos : o r ig in a nd t ransfor mat ion o f a Celt ic D iv in ity ' , Amer ican J ournal o f Archaeo logy , Vo l. 5 5 , p p. 1 3-51. B oon , G . C ., 1 954-63 . Boon , G . C ., 1 974.

Unpub lished R epor t o n E xcava t ions a t C aer leon .

S i lchester :

The Roman Town o f Ca l leva.

Br it ish Museu m , 1 921.

Ca ta logue o f S ilver P late , p . 5 9f f .

Br it ish Museu m , 1 969.

I n troductory Gu ide t o t he Egyp t ian Co l lec t ions.

Bruce , Co l l ingwood , J ., 1 920. ' Cata logue o f t he I nscr ibed a nd S cu lp tured S tones o f t he Ro man E ra i n p ossess ion o f t he S oc iety o f An t iquar ies o f N ewcast le-upon-Tyne ' , Archaeo log ia Ael iana ( 3rd ) Vo l . 1 7 , p . i f f . B ru ton , F . A ., 1 909 .

The R o man F or t a t Manches ter .

Charlesworth , D ., 1 961.

' Ro man J ewel lery f ound i n N orthumberland a nd

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Corpus I nscr ip t ionu m L at inaru m , Huebner , A . ( ed.).

Co l l ingwood , R . G . e t .a l ., 1 932. S tud ies

' Ro man Br ita in i n 1 931' , J ourna l o f Ro man

Vo l. 2 2, p . 2 06.

Cook , A . B ., 1 914.

Z eus , Vo l . I , p ass i m.

Corder, P . a nd R ichmond , I . A. , 1 938.

' A Ro mano-Br it ish I n ter men t w ith

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The Treasure o f T rapra in . L es Fana o u Pet its T e mp les Ga l lo-Roma ins d e l a

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' No te s ur u n B ronze d ecouvert ä L andouzy-le-

V il le ( A isne ) ' , Revue Archäo log ique , Vo l. 4 1, p p . 1 -13. De Vr ies , J ., 1 963.

L a Rel ig ion d es C eltes.

4 0

Duva l , P . M., 1 957. Egger , R ., 1 932.

L es D ieux d e l a Gau le.

' Gen ius Cucu l latus' , Wiener Praeh istor ische Z e itschr if t ,

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Recue il G 6n6ra l d es Bas Rel iefs d e l a Gau le

Ro ma ine. Ferguson , J ., 1 970 .

The Re l ig ions o f t he Roman Emp ire.

Ferguson , J ., 1 978.

I n for mat ion i n l et ter t o t he w r iter , J une 1 978.

Foster , J ., 1 977.

Bronze Boar F igur ines i n I ron Age a nd Ro man Br ita in .

Br it ish Archaeo log ica l Reports, Vo l . 3 9. Frend , W. H . C ., 1 955. A. D.

' Rel ig ion i n Ro man B r ita in i nt he Fourth Cen tury

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' A P r iest 's S cep tre f ro m t he Ro mano-Ce lt ic T e mp le

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G e esstypen d er r öm ischen K era m ik im Rhe in land.

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L e Cu l te d e Cybble. My ths o f t he Greek s a nd Ro mans.

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' A S y mbo l o f t he Celt ic J up iter f ro m L it t le Hough ton ,

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' Romano-Br it ish n on-cera m ic Model O b jec ts i n s ou th-

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' A Ro mano-Celt ic Cu l t-symbo l f ro m I ck l ingha m ,

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A Corpus o f Rel ig ious Mater ia l f ro m t he C iv il ian Areas

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' Ther io morph is m i n Ro mano-Br it ish Cu l t Art ' , i n

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Br it ish Archaeo log ica l Reports , N o. 4 1.

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' The Ro mano-Br it ish S hr ines a t Br igstock , N ortha mpton-

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Hawkes , C . F . C ., 1 951.

' Bronze-workers , c au ldrons a nd b ucket-an i ma ls

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( ed .) , Aspec ts

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F . M ., 1 935 .

' Gen i i Cucu l la t i ' , Archaeolog ia Ael iana ( 4 ) ,

Vo l . 1 2 , p p . 1 87-195 . Hen ig , M.,

1 972.

' The Aes ica Amu let a nd i t s S ign i f icance ' , Archaeolog ia

Ael iana ( 4 ), Vo l . 5 0 , p p. 2 82-287. H en ig , M ., 1 973 .

' Baa l a t C orbr idge ' , Archaeolog ia Ael iana ( 5 ) , Vol . 1 ,

p . 2 41. H er t lein , F ., 1 910 .

D ie J uppi terg igan ten eu len .

H ildyard , E . J . W., 1 954.

' A Tr ip le-headed Bucket- moun t ' , An t iquar ies

J ournal , Vo l . 3 4, p p . 2 25-229. H ondius-Crone , A ., 1 955 . H owel l , J ., 1 969.

The Te mple o f Neha lenn ia a t Do mburg .

The Re l ig ion o f t he Aux i l iary Un i ts ...on Hadr ian 's Wa l l .

( unpubl ished B .A . D isser ta t ion , Un ivers i ty o f Wa les ). J enk ins , F ., 1 953.

' The G en ius Cucu l la tus i n K en t ' , Archaeolog ia Can tiana ,

Vol . 6 6, p p . 8 6-91. J enk ins , F ., 1 957.

' The C u l t o f t he Dea Nu tr ix i n K en t ' , Archaeo log ia C an-

t iana , Vo l . 7 1, J enk ins , F ., 1 957a .

P .

3 O f f .

' The R o le o f t he Dog i n R o mano-Gau lish R el ig ion ' ,

L a to mus , Vo l . 1 6, p p . 6 0-76. J enk ins , F ., 1 958 .

' The C u l t o f t he " Pseudo-Venus" i n K en t ' , Archaeolog ia

C an tiana , V o l . 7 2 , P . 6 O f f . J ohns ton , P . M ., 1 903.

' Ro man Vase f ound a t L i t t leha mp ton ' , S ussex

Archaeolog ica l C ol lec t ions , Vol . 4 6 , Kaye , W. J ., 1 914 .

P .

2 23.

R o man ( and o ther ) Tr ip le V ases .

Krappe , A . H ., 1 936.

' Les D ieux a u C orbeau c hez l es C el tes ' , Revue d e

l 'H is toire d es R el ig ions , Vo l . 1 14 , p p . 2 36-246. Kus ter , E ., 1 913 .

D ie S ch lange i n d er g r iech ischen Kuns t u nd R elig ion .

La mbrech ts , P ., 1 942. p p. 6 4-80 ;

C on tr ibu t ions a Pg tude d es d iv in i ts C e l t iques ,

1 00-116.

L ayard , N . F ., 1 925 .

' Bronze C rowns a nd a b ronze H eaddress f ro m a

Ro man s i te a t C avenha m H ea th , S u f fo lk ' , An t iquar ies J ournal , Vo l . 5 ,

P .

L each , J ., 1 962.

2 58 f f . ' The Sm i th-God o f R o man Br i tain ' , Archaeolog ia Ael iana

( 4 ) , Vo l . 4 0 , p p. 3 5-47. L each , J ., 1 962a .

' Note o n t he f igure o f aG en ius Cucu l la tus f ro m C orbr idge ' ,

Archaeolog ia Ael iana ( 4 ) , Vo l . 4 0 , p . 2 80. L inkenhe ld , E ., 1 927.

S te les Fun6ra ires e n f or me d e Maisons c hez l es

Med io ma tr iques . Lewis , M . J . T ., 1 965 .

T e mples i n R o man Br i tain . 4 2

L oe , L e B aron d e , 1 937.

Be lg ique Anc ienne :

C ata logue r a isonnee I I :

L a

P er iode R o maine. Magnen , R . a nd Theveno t , E ., 1 953. Mann ing , W. H ., 1 971.

E pona .

' The P iercebr idge P loughgroup ' , i n Br i t ish Museu m ,

P reh is tor ic a nd Ro man S tudies . N or man , A . F ., 1 971.

' Rel ig ion i n R o man York ', i n R . M ., Bu t ler ( ed .) ,

S o ld ier a nd C iv i l ian i n R o man Yorksh ire . Ober lähder , P ., 1 967.

Gr iech ische Handspiegel .

( Ha mburg D isser ta tion ) .

O l ms ted , G . S ., 1 976.

' The G undes trup Vers ion o f Ta inbo C uai lnge r ,

An t iqu i ty , V ol . 5 0 , p . 9 5f f . O .R .L .

D er Oberger man ische-Rae tische L i mes d es Rö merre iches .

P a in ter , K . S ., 1 971.

' Vi l las a nd C hr is t ian i ty i n Br i ta in ' , i n Br i tish Museu m ,

P reh is tor ic a nd R o man S tudies . P enn , W. S ., 1 968 .

' Springhead :

Miscel laneous Excava t ions ' , Archaeolog ia

C an tiana , Vo l . 8 3 , p . 1 74 f f . P erowne , S ., 1 969 . Re inach , S ., 1 894.

Ro man My tho logy . Bronzes f igures d e l a G au le Ro maine ( Descr iption Raisonee

Musee d e S t . G er ma in-en-Laye. R .I. B .:

C o l lingwood , R . G ., a nd Wr igh t , R . P ., 1 965 . t i ons o f Br i tain .

R ich mond , I . A ., 1 943 .

Vo l . I :

The R o man I nscr ip-

I nscr ipt ions o n S tone.

' Ro man Leg ionar ies a t C orbr idge , t heir S upp ly-base ,

Te mp les a nd Re lig ious Cu l ts ' , Archaeolog ia Ae l iana ( 4 ) , Vo l . 2 1 , p . 1 27ff . R ich mond , I . A .. 1 962.

' The R o man Ar my a nd R o man R elig ions ' , Bu l le tin

o f t he J ohn R ylands L ibrary , Vo l . 4 5 , N o . 1 , p . 1 85ff . R ich mond , I . A ., 1 963.

Ro man Br i ta in .

R ich mond , I . A . a nd Crawford , 0 . G . S ., 1 949.

' The Br i t ish S ect ions o f t he

R avenna C os mography ' , Archaeolog ia , Vol . 9 3 , p . 3 4. R ober tson , A . S ., 1 975 .

Bar H i l l :

A Ro man F or t a nd i t s F inds .

Br i tish

Archaeolog ica l Repor ts , No . 1 6. R ose , H . J ., 1 928 . R oss , A ., 1 961.

A Handbook o f G reek Mythology .

' The H orned G od o f t he B r igan tes ' , Archaeolog ia Ae l iana

( 4 ) , Vo l . 3 9 , p . 5 9f f . R oss , A ., 1 967.

P agan C e l t ic B r i tain .

R ouv ier-Jean lin , M ., 1 972.

L es F igur ines G a l lo-Ro mains e n t erre c u i te a u

Musee d es An t iqu i tes N a tiona les ( XX IV e S upple men t äG a l l ia ). S a lway , P ., 1 965 .

The Fron t ier P eople o f R o man Br i ta in .

S a lway , P ., 1 975 .

Br i ta in a nd t he Ear ly R o man Empire .

C ourse Un i t n o . 1 2 :

C ourse A291).

4 3

( Open Un ivers i ty

S avory , H . N . a nd Boon , G . C ., 1 964-66.

' Excava tions a nd D iscover ies ' ,

Bu l let in o f t he B oard o f C el t ic S tud ies , Vol . 2 1 , p p . 9 4-99 . S ieburg , M ., 1 898 .

' Ein g nos t isches G o lda mu le t a us G e l lep ' , B onner J ahr-

b ücher , Vo l . 1 03 , p p . 1 23-153. Thevenot , E ., 1 951.

' Le C heva l s acré d ans l a G au le d e l 'Es t ' , R evue d e

l 'Es t e t d u C en tre Es t , Vo l . 2 , p . 1 3O f f . Theveno t , E ., 1 968 .

D iv in i t s e t s anctua ires d e l a G au le .

Toynbee , J . M. C ., 1 953.

' Chr is t ian i ty i n R o man Br i ta in ' , J ournal o f t he

Br i t ish Archaeo log ica l Associat ion , V ol . 1 6 , p p . 1 -24 . Toynbee , J . M . C ., 1 962.

Ar t i n Ro man Br i ta in .

Toynbee , J . M. C ., 1 964.

Ar t i n Br i ta in u nder t he Ro mans .

Toynbee , J . M . C ., 1 973 .

An i ma ls i n R o man L i fe a nd Ar t .

Wacher , J . S ., 1 971.

' Yorksh ire Towns i n t he Four th C en tury ' , i n Bu t ler ,

R . M. ( ed .) , S o ld ier a nd C iv i l ian i n R o man Yorksh ire. Wenha m , L . P ., 1 939.

' No tes o n t he G arr ison ing o f Marypor t ' , Transact ions

o f t he Cu mber land a nd Wes t mor land S ociety , Vo l . 3 9 , p p . 1 9-30 . Wheeler , R . E . M., 1 932 . Wigh t man , E . M., 1 970 . Wi t t , R . E ., 1 971.

R epor t o n t he Excava t ions i n L ydney P ark . Ro man Tr ier a nd t he Trever i .

I s is i n t he G raeco-Ro man Wor ld .

Wr igh t , R . P . a nd Ph i l lips , E . J ., 1 975 .

R o man I nscr ibed a nd S cu lptured

S tones i n C ar lis le Museum . Wr igh t , R . P . a nd R ich mond , I . A ., 1 955 .

The Ro man I nscr ibed a nd S cu lp-

t ured S tones i n t he G rosvenor Museu m , C hes ter .

4 4

CULT-OBJECTS FRO M THE ( PREDO M INANTLY ) M ILITARY AREAS OF ROMAN BR ITAIN

GAZETTEER

A bercarn

( Gwen t )

S T 2 195

B ronze f igur ine o f ah orse , L a T ene t ype .

D oub ts h ave b een c as t a s t o i t s

a u then t ici ty , a nd i ti s p oss ib ly a r ecen t i mpor t t o Br i ta in .

( Savory , 1 952-4 ,

p p . 7 2-3 , P ls . 1 , 2 ) A ldborough 1 .

( W . Yorksh ire )

S E 4 065

P ar t o f p ipe-c lay D ea Nu tr ix s ta tue t te s uck l ing a n i n fan t .

( Jones , 1 971 ,

p . 7 0 ) 2 . 3 .

P ar t o f t r ip le v ase , b ase o n ly .

( Kaye , 1 914 , p . 1 5 )

Sma ll mask o n b ronze t erre t d epic t ing ma le b us t w i th h orns o n h ead . The b ack o f t he h ead i s d ecora ted w i th a L a T ene s ty le l ea f c rown . The f ace i s mous tached , w i th h uge e yes a nd h eavy b rows . B efore A .D . 7 1. ( Ross , 1 967, p p . 9 3-4 ;

F ox , 1 958 , P l . 4 3 ;

R ich mond , 1 954 , p . 5 0 ).

A ldborough Museu m . 4 .

Frag men tary b ronze b oar . F ig . 1 1 )

Ambles ide

( Cu mbr ia )

A ldborough Museu m .

( Fos ter , 1 977, p .32 ,

NY 3 704

Sma l l b ronze e ag le d iscovered among o ther f inds i n 1 889 i n O ld K eswick Museu m . There i s p oss ibly a no ther e ag le i n t he p ossess ion o f t he l a te Mr . Whea t ley-Ba l me, ( Haver f ie ld a nd C o l lingwood , 1 914 , p . 4 37) B ackwor th

1 .

( Tyne a nd Wear )

NZ 2 972

G o ld r ing i nscr ibed t o t he ' Ma tres C occae i . ( Char leswor th , 1 961 , p . 9 ; p . 3 14f f )

2 .

Br i t ish Museu m .

C .I .L. V I I , 1 299 ;

H aver f ield , 1 892 ,

S aucepan-shaped ' pa tera ' o f s i lver , t he h and le o f wh ich i s i nscr ibed w i th ad ed ica t ion t o t he Mo ther-goddesses .

The v esse l c on ta ined t wo g o ld

r ings ( i nc lud ing n o . 1a bove ) , t wo g o ld c ha ins w i th whee l-shaped p endan ts ( see b e low ) , 2 80 d enar i i a nd t wo b rasses o f An ton inus P ius . ( C .I .L . V I I 1 285 ; H aver f ie ld , 1 892 , p . 3 14f f .; R om i l ly-A l len , 1 901 , p . 3 2 ) 3 .

Two g o ld c ha in n eck laces w i th e igh t-spoked whee l-pendan ts f ixed t o e yef as ten ings . Br i t ish Museum . R o mi l ly-A l len , 1 901 , p . 3 2 )

( Char leswor th , 1 961 , p . 3 4 ;

4 5

B ar H i l l

( Dum fr ies a nd G a l loway )

NX 7 781

Bronze moun t ing d ep ic t ing f ace w i th k nobs , p oss ib ly h orns ; s ibly J up i ter Am mon . B enwe l l 1 . 2 .

( Tyne a nd Wear )

P ar t o f f ace-urn .

P os-

NZ 2 164

I n p r iva te h ands .

( Anon , 1 906 , f ron t isp iece )

Sma l l b ronze f igure o f Minerva , w i th G orgon s h ie ld , a r med , w i th r igh t a rm r a ised a s i fs he o nce c arr ied a s pear o r l ance . p . 4 36;

3 .

b earded .

( Rober tson , 1 975 , p . 9 2 , F ig . 2 9 )

L os t .

( Bruce , 1 852 ,

C owen , 1 965 , p . 4 , F ig . 1 )

Bronze h ead o f f e ma le d e i ty , p oss ib ly V ic tory .

On t op o f h ead i s ap a ir

o f l eaves c .f . R e inach , 1 894 I , p . 3 95 , P l . XX I I , 2 .

( Petch , 1 928 ,

p p . 4 6-75 ) 4 .

Bronze s was t ika-shaped b rooch . q u i t ies .

5 .

N ewcas t le Un ivers i ty Museum o f An t i-

( Pe tch , 1 927, p p . 1 35-193 )

Bronze h ead o f Mercury .

N ewcas t le Un ivers i ty Museu m o f An t iqu i t ies

( P la te 2 ) . B ewcas t le 1 .

( Cumbr ia )

NY 5 674

Two s i lver p laques w i th h a m mered o r r epouss e r epresen ta t ions o f a n a t ive d e i ty , a nd d edica ted t o C oc id ius ( P la tes 6 0 , 6 1 ) .

F ound i n d es truc-

t ion o f s anc tuary a bove c e l lar , t oge ther w i th t wo b ronze l e t ters . t he p laques was d ed ica ted b y o ne Av(en )n t inus . C ar l is le .

( R ich mond , 1 938 , p . 2 08 , F ig . 1 4 ;

One o f

Tu l l ie H ouse Museu m , Anon , 1 938 , p . 1 76 ,

P l . 3 4 , 2 ) 2 .

Bronze l ar o r g en ius w i th c ornucop iae . H ouse Museu m , C ar l is le .

B inches ter 1 .

( Durha m )

U ns tra ti f ied ( P la te 2 1 ) .

Tu l l ie

( op .c i t . ,F ig . 2 0 )

NZ 2 131

Tr ip le v ase , a l mos t c o mp le te .

( Ferguson , 1 892-3 , p p . 2 72-275 ;

Kaye , 1 914 , p . 9 ) 2 .

P o tsherd i nscr ibed w i th c h i-rho monogra m . R oger Mike t , S ou th S h ie lds Museum .

B owes Museu m .

3 .

L ower h al f o f p ipe-c lay Venus s ta tue t te .

4 .

F ee t f ro m p ipe-c lay D ea Nu tr ix s ta tue t te .

B irdoswa ld — P ike H i l l

( Hadr ian 's Wa l l )

I n for ma t ion r ece ived f ro m

B owes Museu m . B owes Museu m .

( Cumbr ia )

NY 6 166

P ar t o f t r ip le v ase , p oss ib ly o n ly w i th t wo c ups i ns tead o f t hree . s pou t . ( R ichmond e t .a l ., 1 930 , p . 1 28 , F ig . 1 7 ) B irdoswa ld 1 .

( Cumbr ia )

F i t ted w i th

NY 6 166

Tr ip le v ase i n f awn f abr ic , A .D . 1 10-150 . N o . 3 44 )

4 6

( G i l la m , 1 957 , F ig . 3 2 ,

2 .

G i l t b ronze f igure o f H ercu les , C . 4 6 cm h igh , wear ing N e maean l i ons k in o n h ead .

B eard less a nd y ou thfu l .

p robably B irdoswa ld ( P la te 1 8 ) . 3 .

P ar t o f p ipe-c lay Venus f igur ine .

B irrens 1 .

( Dum fr ies a nd G a l loway )

F ound o n H adr ian 's Wa l l ,

B r i t ish Museum . ( Jenk ins , 1 958 , p . 6 O f f .)

NY 2 175

B ronze f igur ine c o mpr is ing h ead a nd s hou lders o f h orned ? sa tyr . An ton ine .

H and le p ro jec t ing f ro m b ack o f n eck .

( Rober tson , 1 975a ,

p . 1 16 , F ig . 3 5 ) 2 .

B ron ze f e ma le h ead a nd s hou lders o n s quare p l in th . f ro m b ack o f n eck .

3 .

P oss ib ly An ton ine .

H and le p ro jec t ing

( op .c i t . ,p . 1 20 , F ig . 3 5 )

B ronze ?moun t ing i n f or m o f b us t o f h orned g od s ur moun ted b y c rescen t ; b e low i s f igure o f ag oa t .

F ro m 1 975 e xcava t ions .

( op .c i t ., p . 1 24 ,

F ig . 3 5 ) B on t D o lgad fan , L lanbryn mair

( Powys )

P ebb le d ecora ted w i th h u man f ace . B oo t le-in-Cumber land

( Cumbr ia )

S H 8 800

( Savory , 1 973 , p p . 2 8-34 ) S D 1 088

Trunk o f p ipe-c lay ma le f igure , made i n t wo-p iece mou ld .

The f igur ine h as

i t s h ands r a ised t o i t s c hes t , c lasping e ars o f c orn o r f ru i ts .

( Co l l ingwood ,

1 930 , p . 1 19 , P l . t o f ace p . 1 19 ) Brancas ter

( Nor fo lk )

TF 7 743

4 th C en tury g o ld f inger-r ing i nscr ibed ' V ivas i n Deo '. Museu m .

( Toynbee , 1 953 , p . 1 9 ).

The i nscr ip t ion i s p ar t ly i nc ised , p ar t ly

p unc tured a bove a nd b elow t wo c on fron ted b us ts ; u se , n o t a n o r ig ina l C hr is t ian o b jec t . B rough-on-Hu mber 1 . 2 .

( Humbers ide )

G rey ware t r iple v ase . P r ies t 's b ur ia l . t ons .

N orwich C as t le

i t was a dap ted f or C hr is t ian

S E 9 326 )

( Wacher , 1 969 , p p .

1 86-7 , F ig . 7 4 , N o . 6 00 ).

L ayer o f t h in l imes tone s labs f ound c over ing t wo s ke le-

Wi th s kele ton N o . 2w ere f ound t hree r i tua l o b jec ts :

a ) Wooden b ucke t w i th i ron h oops a nd w i th b ronze e scu tcheon i n t he f or m o f ah u man b us t . b ) I ron s cep tre t opped b y b ronze h e l me ted h ead , w i th C e l t ic f ea tures . c ) S im i lar i ron s cep tre w i th s im i lar b ronze h ead t o ( b ). Hu l l Museu m .

( Anon ., 1 937 , p . 2 30 , P l . XXX I I ;

1 938 , p . 6 8 f f .) 3 .

A pp lied p o t tery f ace .

Hu l l Museu m .

4 .

B ronze mode l a nv i l ( P la te 1 22 ) .

Hu l l Museu m .

4 7

C order a nd R ich mond ,

B rough-under-S ta inmore 1 .

NY 7 914

B ronze f inger-r ing i nscr ibed w i th c h i-rho monogra m . b ed b e low f or t .

F ound i n r iver-

L os t , t ogether w i th o ther o b jec ts i n s a me c o l lec t ion .

1 9 th C en tury f ind . 2 .

( Cumbr ia )

( B ir ley , 1 961 ,

P .

2 98 ;

Wa l l , 1 965 , p . 2 23 )

Sma l l b ronze f igure o f c ap t ive o r h u man s acr i f ice , w i th r ope r ound n eck . P robab ly l oca l ly- made . Very s ty l ised ; h ands .

C rude C e l t ic f ea tures , b u lg ing e yes , t rap- mou th .

f igure s qua ts , a nd t he r ope r ound h is n eck a lso b inds h is

H a ir s hown a s v er t ica l s trokes ;

a r ms a nd l egs n o t s epara ted .

The i t e m was p robab ly worn a s a n amu le t — o ne h o le r uns v er t ica l ly t hrough t he b ody f ro m t he t op o f t he h ead , a nother r uns l a tera l ly t hrough t he wa is t ( P la te 1 38 ) . 2 8 .42 . 3 .

B ough t 1 874 .

B r i t ish Museum ;

Acc . n o . 7 4.3 .

( Mann , 1 975 , p . 2 6 )

Sma l l b ronze f igur ine o f F or tuna , f ound i n r iver-bed . C ou ld p oss ibly b e C eres ( P la te 2 7) . Tu l l ie H ouse Museu m , C ar l is le . ( Ferguson , 1 876-78 , 9 ) p . 1

4 .

B ronze h ead o f d uck , n a tura l is t ic s ty le ; t a in ly b roken o f f s o me th ing ( P la te 7 3 ).

p robably a n a t tach men t , c erB r i t ish Museu m ;

A cc . n o. 7 4 .3-

2 8 .40 . Burgh-by-Sands 1 .

NY 3 259

B ronze f igure o f Mars , h e l me ted , v ery w orn . 1 875 .

2 .

( Cumbr ia )

Tu l l ie H ouse Museu m , C ar l is le ;

P o t tery f e ma le f acejug , g rey ware ;

F ound i n c hurchyard i n

A cc . n o . 6 .09 .2 ( P la te 1 6 ).

V icarage .

Tu l l ie H ouse Museu m ,

C ar l is le . Burgh C as t le

( Nor fo lk )

TG 4 805

1 .

B ronze e ag le .

N orwich C as t le Museu m .

2 .

B ronze b ird , p oss ib ly p igeon .

3 .

B ronze p laque d ep ic t ing Mars .

Burrow-in-Lonsda le

( Cumbr ia )

N orwich C as t le Museu m . N orwich C as t le Museum .

S D 6 179

P oss ib ly a ssoc ia ted w i th f or t , b ronze b u l l 's h ead , p erhaps b ucke t- moun t . I np r iva te h ands . There i s ap oss ib i l i ty t ha t i t was d ug u p i n a sma ll h u t s e t t le men t a mi le o r s o t o t he wes t-nor th-wes t o f K irkby L onsda le . ( B ir ley , 1 946 , p . 1 43 ) C aer leon

1 . 2 .

( Gwen t )

S T 3 390

Two b ronze p an thers ( Lee , 1 849 , p . 7 9 , P l . I V , F igs . 2a nd 3 ) . S o l id-cas t b ronze b us t o f J up i ter , w i th s quare i ron s hank c as t i n to t he b ack .

J up i ter 's h ead b ears a n o ak-crown a nd t he b us t s pr ings f ro m a can-

t hus mou ld ing . P robab ly G au l ish work . C aer leon Museu m , N a t iona l Museu m o f Wa les . ( Boon , 1 962 , P l . 1 0 )

4 8

3 .

S i lver-p la ted b ronze f igur ine o f Mercury f ro m amph i thea tre . 1 962 , P l . 1 0 ).

( B ir ley e t a l ., 1 933 , P l . I V , F ig . 2 ) . s eu m o f Wa les . 4 .

( Boon ,

S im i lar t o s tone r el ief o f Mercury f ro m H ouses teads

B ronze g r i f f in .

C aer leon Museu m , N a t iona l Mu-

C aer leon Museu m , N a t iona l Museu m o f Wa les .

( Anon .,

1 937 , p . 2 24 , P l . XXVI , 2 ) 5 .

L ead c urse f ound i n a rena o f amph i thea tre .

I nscr ibed ' Lady Vengeance ,

Ig ive t hee c loak a nd b oo ts ; l e t ( t he man ) who wore t he m n o t g e t t he m b ack u n less h is r ed C hes tnu t p erishes.' A g a mes c o mpet i tor s to le t he g ar men ts o f ar iva l a nd d evoted t he m t o N e mes is .

( Boon , 1 964 , p . 1 28 ;

B oon , 1 972 , p . 1 00 , P l . 6 6 ) 6 .

C as t b ronze g oa t , d ug u p a l leged ly i n 1 880 ( P la te 9 0 ) . N a t iona l Museu m o f Wa les ;

7 .

Two t r ip le v ases .

C aer leon Museu m ,

A cc . n o . 3 3-408-4 .

N a t iona l Museu m o f Wa les ( I n for ma t ion f ro m G . C .

B oon ) . 8 .

B ronze d og .

C aer leon Museu m , N a t iona l Museu m o f Wa les .

9 .

S i lver p ha l l ic p endan t . s haped amu le ts .

P endan ts l i ke t h is o f ten h ung f ro m c rescen t-

C aer leon Museu m , N a t iona l Museum o f Wa les ( Boon ,

u npubl ished MS 1 956-63 ). 1 . 0 .

S evera l b ronze p ha l l ic p endan ts ( I n for ma t ion f ro m G . C . B oon ) .

1 . .

Sma l l b ronze c as t s o l id f igur ine , w i th p ar t o f t h in , r ec tangu lar-sec t ioned s hank c as t a t o ne w i th t he f igure . Ma le ? dei ty w i th h and u p t o mou th i n

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

[ 5 .

manner o f H arpocra tes .

Poss ib ly a sma l l g en ius ( c f . P ar is , 1 904 , p . 1 25 )

( Boon , u npub l ished MS 1 956-63 ). C rude l ead f e ma le f igur ine , l ower p ar t h o l low ;

b a t tered .

b ranch o r c ornucopiae .

L ead s ta tue t tes v ery r are

i n Br i ta in o r i n G au l . d ess .

Very C e l t ic f ea tures .

L ef t h and h olds

The u se o f l ead may i nd ica te a n u nderwor ld g od-

c . A .D . 1 30-230

( Boon , u npubl ished MS 1 956-63 ) .

Two a n t ler p ha l l ic r ounde ls c u t o n d isc s awn f ro m b ase o f l arge r ed d eer a n t ler , p oss ib ly a t tached t o h arness b y f our h o les . f ro m N ew s tead , S taines , L ondon e tc .

S im i lar t o e xa mp les

( Boon , u npub l ished MS 1 956-63 )

L ower p ar t o f p ipe-c lay f igur ine o f Venus .

N ot l a ter t han c . 1 30 .

( Boon , o p .c i t .) Face o f p ipe-c lay Venus , p robab ly An ton ine , p oss ibly f ro m s a me mou ld a s t ha t i n Gu i ldha l l Museu m C a ta logue , 1 908 , P l . 1 6 , 5 .

( Op .c i t . )

U pper p ar t o f c h i ld 's f igure , p robab ly f ro m p ipe-c lay f igur ine o f V enus w i th C up id , C . A .D . 1 30-230 .

( Op .c i t .)

1 _ 6 .

L ower p ar t o f Dea N u tr ix p ipe-c lay s ta tue t te , c . A .D . 1 30-230 .

1 7 .

U pper p ar t o f Dea N u tr ix p ipe-c lay s ta tuet te .

1 8 .

B ase-p la te f ro m p ipe-c lay D ea N u tr ix .

1 9 .

P ar t o f b aske t-cha ir o f D ea N u tr ix , f ro m o u ts ide t he f or tress .

4 9

( Op .c i t . )

( Op .c i t .)

( Op .c i t . ) ( gp .c i t .)

C aernarvon

( Gwynedd )

S H 4 862

NB The l ead C up id f ro m t h is s i te i s n o t R o mano-Br i t ish .

( Whee ler , 1 924 ,

p . 1 44 , F ig . 6 8 ) 1 .

B ronze C up id r epresen ted a s f a t b aby , w inged , w i th r igh t a rm s tretched v er t ica l ly u pward . A t E l les mere Museu m when p ub l ished f irs t . ( Peake , 1 894 , p . 7 7 ;

2 .

Whee ler , 1 924 , p . 1 44 , F ig . 6 7 )

G o ld p hy lac tery ; g nos t ic c har m . I nvoca t ion c on ta ins n a mes A dona i , E lo i , S abao th , a nd t he f our fo ld I ao . I n a dd i t ion t here a re S em i t ic e xpress ions ;

t hen mag ica l s igns .

The i nscr ip t ion e nds i n G reek ' pro tec t me ,

A lph ianus ' ( t he p erson f or who m t he p hylac tery was p repared . a nd B oon , 1 964-66 , p p . 9 4-99 ;

( Savory

Whee ler , 1 924 , p p . 1 29-130 , F ig . 5 2 ) .

S ieburg ( 1898 , p p . 1 -23 ) d iscusses a s im i lar Rh ine amu let a nd r e marks o n t he u ses o f g o ld f or g ood p urposes a nd l ead f or e v i l , e .g . c urses . C ar ley H i l l Quarry

( a t mou th o f Wear , b e tween Fu lwe l l a nd S ou thw ick ) ( Tyne a nd Wear )

NZ 3 858

Bronze f igure o f al ar , p robab ly b u t n o t c er ta in ly R o mano-Br i t ish . F la t t ish i n s ec t ion , t he f igur ine i s d ep ic ted wear ing b oo ts , k i l t , a nd c loak o ver s hou lder . The h ands a re p ierced a s i fe ach h ad h e ld a s ta f f . a t t ime o f p ubl ica t ion . C ar l is le 1 .

( Cu mbr ia )

I n B lackga te , N ewcas t le

( Pe tch , 1 925 , p . 2 8 ) NY 3 955

C oarse ware p ot d ecora ted w i th ma le , b earded H ouse Museu m , C ar l is le .

h ead ( P la te 1 03 ).

Tu l l ie

( May a nd H ope , 1 916-17 , p p . 1 14-198 , N o .

1 82 , P l . X IV ) 2 .

C oarse ware p o t d ecora ted w i th f e ma le h ead ( op .c i t ., N o . 1 83 , P l . X IV ) Tu l lie H ouse Museum , C ar lis le .

3 .

N eck o f p o t w i th t hree h ooded h eads ( ? g en i i c ucu l la t i ) ( P la te 5 8 ). Tu l l ie H ouse Museu m , C ar l is le ( op .c i t ., N o . 1 84 , P l . X IV )

4 .

A l mos t p er fec t t r ip le v ase , B o tcherga te ( P la te 1 14 ). H ard , l igh t-red ware w i th p o lished s ur face . The t hree v esse ls i n terco m mun ica te w i th sma l l h o les , a s d o a l l C ar l is le e xa mp les . l i s le .

5 .

Tu l l ie H ouse Museum , C ar-

( Hogg , 1 962 , p p . 3 25-6 , P l . f ac ing p . 3 25 )

S ix e xa mp les o f t r ip le v ases , o ne n ear ly who le , t hree f ragmen tary , a nd t wo r ings f or s uppor t o f v esse ls ( P la te 1 12 ) . C ar l is le . 1 90 ;

6 .

( Hogg , 1 962 , p p . 3 25-6 ;

Tu l l ie H ouse Museu m ,

May a nd H ope , 1 916-17 , N os . 1 85-

F erguson , 1 892-3 , p p . 2 72-275 )

P ipe-c lay f igur ine o f V enus , B otcherga te . f ee t ( P la te 3 8 ) .

P er fec t e xcept f or miss ing

Tu l l ie H ouse Museu m , C ar l is le .

( Haver f ie ld , 1 898-

1 899 , p p . 5 04-505 , P l . 1 ) 7 .

B ronze p ha l lus , p robab ly H adr ian ic , w i th l oop f or a t tach men t a s amu le t . Tu l l ie H ouse Museu m , C ar l is le .

8 .

( Hogg , 1 964 , p . 2 8 , F ig . 4 , 2 , p . 2 7)

B ronze i ncense c on ta iner i n t he f or m o f B acchus ( P la te 2 3 ) , f ro m R iver E den .

R ings f or s uspens ion ( c f . l arger e xa mple f ro m g rave a t E sch

5 0

( Ne ther lands ) ( Zadocks-Josephus J i t ta e t .a l ., 1 969 , p p . 3 0-35 , N o . 1 4 ) ( Webs ter , 1 973 , p p . 9 0-93 ) Tu l l ie H ouse Museu m , C ar l is le . 9 .

B ronze H ercu les , f ound o n s i te o f N ewsroo m . C ar lis le .

1 0 .

Tu l l ie H ouse Museu m ,

( Ferguson , 1 889-91 , p . 2 64 )

B ronze h ead o f Mercury , B lack fr iars S tree t .

F ound 1 877.

Tu l l ie H ouse

Museu m , C ar l is le ( P la te 5 ) . 1 1.

Sma l l p ipe-c lay f igur ine o f V enus , ?Car l is le ( P la te 3 6 ).

Tu l l ie H ouse

Museu m , C ar l is le . 1 2.

H ead less p ipe-c lay Venus , R iver E den ( P la te 3 7) .

Tu l l ie H ouse Museu m ,

C ar l is le . 1 3 .

P o t tery r a m-horned s nake , o nce a pp l ied t o r im o f p o t ( P la te 9 2 ). marke t .

1 4 .

Bu t ter-

Tu l l ie H ouse Museu m , C ar l is le .

Amphora-fragmen t w i th i nc ised f igure o f h orse i n la id w i th g rey c lay s l ip . Tu l lie H ouse Museu m , C ar l is le .

1 5 .

Min ia ture s tone f unerary l i on , C . 1 5 cm l ong , ? ea t ing h uman o r a n i ma l h ead wh ich d oes n o t s urv ive .

1 6.

Tu l l ie H ouse Museu m , C ar l is le .

B one c arv ing , c . 5 cm h igh , o f h ead a nd s hou lders o f d e i ty wear ing a h uge h eaddress a nd w i th marked ly C e l t ic f ea tures . w i th a c h i ld i n B o tcherga te . 1 898-99 ,

1 7.

P .

Th is i t e m was b ur ied

Tu l l ie H ouse Museu m , C ar l is le .

( Ferguson ,

4 3 , P l . f ac ing )

Bronze s tee lyard-weigh t i n f or m o f mask ( P la te 1 49 ) .

Tu l l ie H ouse

Museu m , C ar l is le . C ar mar then

( Powys )

S N 4 120

P ipe-c lay f igur ine o f V enus . C arrawburgh 1 .

C ar mar then Museu m .

( Nor thumber land )

( Boon , 1 971 , p p . 1 37-8 )

NY 8 571

S i lver r ing , p robably o f l a te d a te , d ed ica ted t o t he Three Mo thers , t hrown a s o f fer ing i n to C oven t ina 's Wel l . C hes ters Museu m . 1 961, p . 9 ; E phe m . E pig . I l , p . 1 46 )

2 .

Bronze f igur ine o f ag en ius , d raped , w i th p a tera .

( Char leswor th ,

F ound i n t opsoi l o f

a ps idal b u i lding . H ead wrea thed . N eck a nd a nk les r a ther t h ick , b u t p ose c lass ica l . 3 rd C en tury ( P la te 2 2 ) . N ewcas t le Un ivers i ty Museu m o f An t iqu i t ies .

( Sm i th , 1 962 , p . 8 0 , P l . X I )

3 .

I n C oven t ina 's We l l f ound b ronze n a tura l is t ic h orse ( P la te 8 3 ) , a nd b ronze d og . C hes ters Museu m .

4 .

B ronze moun t i n t he f or m o f ad og .

5 .

B one p in d ecora ted w i th h uman h ead a s t er m ina l .

C oven t ina 's We l l .

C hes ters Museu m .

C oven t ina 's Wel l .

C hes ters Museu m . 6 .

Two b ronze h uman h eads ( P la tes 9 7 , 1 50 ) , o ne w i th P hryg ian c ap — p oss ibly r epresen t ing A tys o r M i thras ( P la te 9 7 ). C hes ters Museum .

5 1

C oven t ina 's We l l .

7 .

Bronze C e l tic-s tyle h ead . Museu m .

8 .

C oven t ina 's We l l ( P la te 1 47).

( C layton , 1 880 ,

P .

4a nd P l . o pp .)

F ace-urn a l leged ly f ro m h ere .

C ar vo r an

( Nor thumber land )

( Wa tk ins , 1 883 , p . 1 86 )

NY 6 665

Bronze e ag le , made a s a t tach men t . q u i t ies ; C arzield

C hes ters

N ewcas t le Un ivers i ty Museu m o f An ti-

Ace . n o . 1 956.142 .A ) ( Du m fr ies a nd G a lloway )

NX 9 681

I n An ton ine f or t , b ow l o f f urnace i nb arracks c on tained t wo b ronze s tatuet tes r eady f or f us ing i n to a n a l loy o f ? iron a nd b ronze .

a ) D ionysus b ) Cupid .

( Anon , 1 940 , p . 1 62 ) C a t ter ick

( Nor th Yorksh ire )

S E 1 897

Par t o f r ectangu lar b ase o f g lass b ot t le w i th c h i-rho monogra m i ncised r etrog rade , t o b e r ead f ro m a bove .

( Anon , 1 960 , p . 2 39 ;

Wal l , 1 966 , p p. 1 47-

1 65 ) Ches ter 1 .

S J 4 066

Sma l l b ronze Hercu les , f ound i n B r idge S tree t , 1 863 ( P la te 1 9 ). v enor Museu m .

2 .

Sma l l b ronze Mars . 1 5 ).

3 .

( Wa tk in , 1 886 , p . 2 04 ).

G ros-

Ace, n o. 3 93. R .1976.

G rosvenor Museu m ;

Ace. n o . 4 39. R .1930 ( Plate

( Wa tk in , 1 886 , p . 2 04 )

Par t o f p ipe-c lay Venus s ta tuet te , S t . Mary 's H i ll .

G rosvenor Museu m .

( Op .c i t . ,p . 2 20 ) 4 .

Bronze owl ( P la te 6 5a-b ) ( c f . e xa mple f ro m N aix f ound i n l arar iu m ( Bret agne , 1 883 ) a nd a no ther f ro m a c e metery i n t he N e ther lands ( P ir ling a nd P aar , 1 974 , C at . n o . 6 3 ).

The C hes ter e xa mple h as d el ica te ly e ngraved

f eathers a nd e na mel-in la id e yes . 1 970 . 5 .

G rosvenor Museum ;

( Pe tch a nd Tho mpson , 1 959 , p . 5 6 , P l . Xa ;

Par t o f f ace-urn , Heronbr idge .

Ace . n o . 4 .R .

L loyd- Morgan , 1 977)

G rosvenor Museu m .

( Pe tch , 1 933 ,

p p. 5 -45 ) 6 . 7 .

Bronze c ockerel .

G rosvenor Museu m .

( News tead , 1 946-48 , p . 1 33 )

P oss ible l ead mode l s pear f ound i n g roup o f l ead o b jec ts . o nce p oin ted , b u t n ow h as s ub-tr iangu lar t i p ; Los t a long w i th o ther p oss ible mode ls .

The i te m was

v ery r ough ly model led .

( Har t ley a nd Ke i me , 1 954 , p p .

3 5-6, F ig . 1 2 , N os . 2 -5 ) 8 .

Bronze w inged f igur ine o f Cupid . v enor Museu m .

9 .

Un ion S tree t , 1 899 ( P la te 3 4 ).

G ros-

( News tead , 1 902 , p . 9 4 )

Bronze f igur ine o f J uno .

G rosvenor Museu m ;

Ace, n o . 3 90 .R .1976

( P la te 1 3 ). 1 0 .

Bronze f igur ine o f Harpocra tes ; v enor Museu m ;

amph i thea tre 1 965 ( P la te 9 3 ).

Ace, n o . 2 68 .R .1976.

5 2

G ros-

( c f . Z adocks e t a l ., 1 973 ,

p . 4 9 , N os . 6 8 , 6 9 ). 1 1.

( Tho mpson , 1 976 , N o . 4 1, p . 1 95 , F ig . 2 8 )

Bronze b u l l- moun t ( P late 7 9 ). s ibly 2 nd C en tury .

N ewga te/Pepper S treet Excava t ions ,pos-

G rosvenor Museu m ;

Ace, n o . 4 07. R .1976.

( Lloyd- Morgan , 1 977) 1 2 .

Bronze p ha ll ic amu let c o mpr is ing t wo c on joined p en ises ( P la te 1 46 ). 4 6-50 F orega te S tree t .

1 3.

G rosvenor Museu m ;

Ace, n o . 1 40 .R .1976.

Two b ronze f ragmen tary p ha l l ic amu let ( P la tes 1 41, 1 42 ). G rosvenor Museu m ;

Ace , n o . 4 11. R .1976.

Deanery F ield .

( Droop a nd N ews tead , 1 931,

p . 1 33 , P l . XLVI , N o . 3 8 ) 1 4.

Bronze p ha ll ic amu le t , w i th t wo s tuds ( P la te 1 43 ). 1 956.

1 5 .

G rosvenor Museu m ;

Bronze p ha lera/pendan t w i th p ha l l ic d ecorat ion ( P la te 1 44 ). h ead , S e l ler S tree t , o ff F orega te S tree t 1 970 . G rosvenor Museu m ;

1 6 .

Queen 's

N eron ian Nespas ian ic.

Ace. n o . 7 7. R .1970 .

Bronze h umanoid mask . Ace . n o . 7 .R . 6 8 .

1 7.

C o m monha l l S tree t ,

Ace . n o . 4 12 .R .1976.

P ierpoin t L ane ( P la te 1 48 ).

G rosvenor Museu m ;

( Wa tk in , 1 886 , p . 2 05 , w i th F ig .)

P ipe-clay f igur ine o f Dea Nu trix , p urchased 1 906.

G rosvenor Museu m .

( News tead , 1 908 , p . 2 51) 1 8 .

P ipe-clay f igur ine o f Venus ( two p ieces , i nco mple te ) ( P la te 4 2 ). S tree t 1 899.

G rosvenor Museum ;

Ace . n o . 1 54. R .1900.

Un ion

( News tead ,

1 902 , p p . 9 8-99 ) 1 9 .

Fragmen tary p ipe-c lay f igur ine o f Venus . S tree t .

2 0 .

G rosvenor Museu m ;

P ar t o f p ipe-c lay f igur ine o f Venus ( f ron t o n ly , wa is t t o k nees ). b r idge 1 966.

2 1.

Tat ler C ine ma , Forega te

Ace. n o . 4 16. R .1977.

G rosvenor Museu m ;

Terracot ta g ar landed h ead , ( c f . S h ip ton thorpe , b e low ).

H eron-

Ace. n o . 4 17. R .1977.

?Dionysus .

S trange a pplied k nobs f or e ars

Un ion S tree t ( P late 2 4 ).

G rosvenor Museu m ;

Ace , n o . 1 72 .R .1900. 2 2 .

Terraco tta ' eag le ' , Wh i te Horse Yard , F orega te S tree t Excava tions ( P la te 6 4a-b ).

G rosvenor Museu m .

2 3 .

Terraco t ta p ha l lus , t ip miss ing ( P la te 1 45 ). n o . 4 18 .R .1977.

2 4 .

B ase o n ly o f t r iple v ase , Fores t House , F orega te S tree t ( P la te 1 16 ). G rosvenor Museu m ;

2 5 .

Ace .

Ace. n o . 2 14/1904.

Tr iple v ase ( s ing le v ase f rag men t o n ly ). F orega te S treet .

G rosvenor Museu m ;

G rosvenor Museu m ;

O ld Queen 's Head Ho te l , Ace. n o . 1 32. R .1968 .

( New-

s tead 1 948 , p p. 9 0-91, F ig . 1 1, N o . 2 ) 2 6.

Tr ip le v ase ( two v ases o n ly , r econs tructed ). G rosvenor Museu m ;

2 7.

S aine l oca tion a s ( 25 ) .

Ace . n o . 4 99. R .1967.

F ragmen tary t rip le v ase , Love S treet , 1 936-7 ( P la te 1 15 ). Museu m ; Ace . n o. 5 94. R .1977.

5 3

G rosvenor

2 8 . 2 9.

Tr iple v ase , Eas tga te S tree t , 1 913-16 ( P la te 1 17 ) G rosvenor Museum . M inia ture t humb-po t , E as tga te S tree t , 1 914 ( P la te 1 19 ). Museu m ;

3 0 .

G rosvenor

Ace . n o . 5 92 .R .1977 .

L ead mode l a dze-ha m mer ; o f imp le men t .

s ocke t f or a t tachmen t e x tends t hrough h ead

8 .8 cm l ong .

G rosvenor Museu m ;

Ace . n o . 5 98 .R .

1 977. 3 1.

L ead mode l a nv i l ; s quare h o l low o n t op wh ich ma tches h a m mer h ead ( No . 3 0 ) . H t . 7 .9 cm . G rosvenor Museu m ; Ace . n o . 5 99 .R .1977. N ews tead , 1 928 , p . 2 2 , P l . X I , N os . 1a nd 2 .

3 2 .

L ead mode l s pear-head , t i p b en t a nd d a maged . ?Ches ter a rea .

3 3 .

G rosvenor Museu m ;

P resen t l eng th 4 .0 cm .

Acc. n o . 6 00 .R .1977.

B ronze p oss ibly v o t ive o b jec t , r epresen t ing min ia ture s acr i f ic ia l k n i fe . ( Pe tch , 1 975 , p . 3 5 , F ig . 8 , N o . 2 )

C hes terho lm 1 .

( Nor thu mber land )

NY 7 766

C rescen t-shaped s i lver p laque i nscr ibed ' Deo Mapono ' ( P la te 5 9 ). ( B ir ley , 1 973 , p . 1 13 , F ig . 1 ) .

R el ie fs a nd o ther d ed ica t ions t o Maponus

h ave a lso b een f ound o n t h is s i te . 2 .

3 .

V indo landa Museum .

P ipe-clay s ta tuet te o f Venus , h ead less ( P la te 4 1). 1 16-117 , P l . XV I I ; 1 977. V indo landa Museu m . P ipe-c lay Dea N u tr ix , h ead less .

( B ir ley , 1 977 )

( B ir ley , 1 973 , p p .

V indo landa Museum .

( B ir ley , 1 973 ,

p . 1 17 , P l . XVI I ) 4 .

B ronze c ockere l , 2 .5 cm h igh ( P la te 6 6 ) .

V indo landa Museum .

( B ir ley ,

1 973 , p . 1 17 , P l . XXX ) 5 .

R ear h a l f o f p ipe-c lay f igur ine , p oss ib ly ' Venus ' t ype . y ard o f mans io .

F ound i n c our t-

V indo landa Museum ( B ir ley , 1 970 , p . 1 44 , F ig . 5 , N o .

6 ) 6 .

R ed c o lour-coa ted j ar , made i n to f ace-urn ( P la te 1 05 ) . d ra in t o e as t o f a pse i n mans io , r oo m I I .

F ound a bove

V indo landa Museu m .

( B ir ley ,

1 970 , p . 1 42 , F ig . 5 , N o . 2 ) 7 .

Th ir ty — f or ty f ragmen ts o f f ace-urns e s t i ma ted b y e xcava tor . ma t ion R . B ir ley O c tober 1 977 ).

8 .

P ipe-c lay b us t o f ? ch i ld .

( I n for-

V indo landa Museu m .

V indo landa Museu m .

( B ir ley , 1 977 , P l . o pp .,

p .9 8 ) 9 .

Two f ur ther f ragmen ts o f p ipe-c lay V enus s ta tue t te ( P la te 3 9 ).

V indo-

l anda Museu m . 1 0 .

F ive f ragmen ts o f f e ma le p ipe-c lay f igur ines , i nde ter m ina te . Museum .

1 1.

F ragmen tary b ronze e ag le w i th p e l le t i n i t s b eak .

5 4

V indolanda

C hes ter-le-S tree t I .

( Durha m )

NZ 2 751

Po tsherd o f g rey , s andy , g r i t ty c lay w i th b u f f s ur faces ,wi th a ppl ied a xe a nd t ongs .

B ri t ish Museum .

( Leach , 1 962 , p p . 3 5-47 )

The p resen t

wr i ter i s o f t he o p in ion t ha t a n a nv i l i s a lso r epresen ted . 2 .

F ace-urn .

C hes ters 1 . 2 .

N ewcas t le Museum o f An t iqu i t ies .

( Nor thu mber land )

Bronze ? s tag .

NY 9 170

C hes ters Museu m .

( Ross , 1 967, p . 3 34 , F ig . 1 91)

J e t r ing w i th C hr is t ian i nscr ip t ion a nd c h i-rho monogra m ; 4 th C en tury b e tro tha l r ing .

( Char leswor th , 1 961 , p . 9 ;

p oss ib ly a

Wa l l , 1 965 ,

p p . 2 01-227) 3 .

P ar t o f g lass v esse l e ngraved w i th a f ish .

C hes ters Museu m .

( Bu l mer ,

1 955 , p . 1 30 ) 4 .

B ronze b rooch i n t he f or m o f ab oar ( P la te 8 5 ).

N ewcas t le Museum o f

An t iqu i t ies . 5 .

B ronze b rooch i n t he f or m o f ac ockere l ( P la te 6 7 ).

N ewcas t le Museu m

o f An t iqu i t ies . 6 .

S evera l b ronze p ha l l ic p endan ts ( a t l eas t t en ). An t iqu i t ies ;

N ewcas t le Museu m o f

C hes ters Museu m .

7 .

Two h eads o f p ipe-clay V enus f igur ines .

8 .

H ead o f p ipe-c lay D ea Nu tr ix .

9 .

P o t tery mask o f f e ma le .

C hes ters Museu m .

C hes ters Museu m .

C hes ters Museum .

1 0 .

Three f rag men ts o f f ace-urns ( P la tes 1 04 , 1 06 , 1 09 ).

1 1.

B ronze e ag le ( P la te 6 2 ).

1 2 .

B ronze min ia ture s tand , b lue e na mel led ;

C hes ters Museum .

C hes ters Museu m . f our h o les a t c orners o f t op

f or t opt ier s tand ( P la te 1 26a-b ). T op measures C . 2 7 mm x3 0 mm . H e igh t 3 5 mm . C hes ters Museu m . 1 3 .

Bronze m in ia ture s word ( P la te 1 25 ) .

U.

B ronze b oar 's h ead moun t ( P la te 8 6) .

1 5 .

B ronze h orse-head moun t .

1 6.

C hes ters Museu m . The l ead c on ta ins 1 0%

C hes ters Museu m ( P la te 3 ) .

B ronze h u manoid mask , p robab ly f ro m j ug ( P la te 1 51 ). s eu m .

C ockersand Moss 1 .

C hes ters Museu m .

L ead p laque o f Mercury , p robab ly f ro m s hr ine . z inc .

1 7 .

C hes ters Museu m .

( Lancash ire )

Ches ters Mu-

S D 4 353

Bronze s ta tue t te o f Mars , f ound i n 1 718 .

I nscr ibed ' Deo Mar t i N odon t i

Aure l ius ... c inus 2 .

Wi th ( 1 ) was f ound a c ruder s ta tuet te w i th a no ther d ed ica t ion t o Mars N odons . 5 5

P resen t l oca t ion o f b o th o b jec ts u nknown . 1 957 ,

2 27 ;

P .

R oss , 1 967 , p p . 1 78-9 ;

( R .I .B . n os . 6 16 , 6 17;

i n for ma t ion i n l i t t .

Anon ,

S tephen H .

P enney , K eeper o f Archaeology , L ancas ter C i ty Museu m , 5 th S ep t ., 1 977). C o lches ter , t he f or tress 1 .

( Essex )

TM 0 025

B ronze p ha l l ic amu le t , o ver P i t D 4 ( Hawkes a nd H u l l , 1 947, p . 3 33 , N o . 2 0 .

2 .

B ronze c ockere l s ur moun t ing s quare s ha f t ( op. c i t ., N o . 2 1, P l . C ) .

C orbr idge 1 .

( Nor thumber land )

NY 9 964

T erraco t ta r e l ie f f ragmen t , a weak impress ion f ro m a mou ld .

S hows

s o ld ier wear ing b oo ts , t un ic a nd c loak , c arrying s ta f f o r s pear . s ide i s ac ockere l . 2 .

3 .

B y h is

( Woo l ley , 1 907 , p p . 1 61-186 )

B one f igurine o f mo ther-goddess .

C ors topi tu m Museu m .

Know les , 1 913 ) , p . 2 75 , F ig . 2 2 ;

R oss , 1 967 , p . 3 87, F ig . 2 12 )

( Fors ter a nd

B ronze n ude f igurine o f Mercury w i th p urse , w inged h ead ;

f ound i n s poi l

h eap s ou th o f S i te X E ( P la te 1 ) . ( Fors ter a nd Know les , 1 914 , p p . 2 093 00 ) . C ors topi tum Museu m ; A ce . n o . 7 5 .1610 . 4 .

Par t o f t r ip le v ase .

C ors top i tu m Museu m ( P la te 1 18 ).

Know les , 1 912 , F ig . 9 , N o . 1 14 ; 3 43 ). 5 .

A .D . 8 0 — 1 20 .

( Fors ter a nd

G i l la m , 1 957 , p . 2 13 , F ig . 3 2 , N o .

Acc . n o . 7 5 .116.

T iny b ronze f igur ine o f ac ap t ive , h ands t i ed ( c f . B rough ( Cumbr ia ) a bove ). ( Op .c i t ., p . 2 05 ) C ors top i tu m Museum .

6 .

M in ia ture b ronze l a mp w i th l eaf c oncea l ing h and le .

C ors topi tum Museu m .

( Fors ter a nd Know les , 1 911 , F ig . 3 2 ) 7 .

T iny b ronze h el meted h ead o f Mars ( op .c i t ., p p . 1 43-268 ).

8 .

G rey ware p o tsherd w i th a pp l ied f igure o f a sm i th-god ( P la te 5 4 ).

A

b earded a nd mous tached d e i ty wear ing a c on ica l c ap , k i l ted t un ic w i th b are l e f t s hou lder , g rasps h a m mer i n r igh t h and t o s tr ike i ngo t h e ld w i th t ongs i n l ef t h and , o ver a nv i l t o h is r igh t .

H e wears o pentoed c al f-

l eng th b oo ts . C ors topi tu m Museu m ; A ce . n o . 7 5 .38 . ( Anon , 1 959 , p . 1 06; L each , 1 962 , p p . 3 5-47 , P l . I V ) . D es truct ion l eve l o f An ton ine Ip er iod . 9 .

O ther g rey ware s herds d ep ic t ing f ragmen tary a pp l ied f igures o f sm i th o r h is t ools ( P la te 5 5 ). f igure t o ( 8 ).

1 0 .

C ors topi tu m Museu m .

I nc ludes p ar t o f s im i lar

( Op .c i t .)

B aked c lay mou ld o f g od w i th c oncave-s ided r ec tangu lar s h ie ld , a whee l b y h is f ee t , c rooked c lub i n h is h and .

H e i s b earded a nd h as b are f ee t .

H is h a t o r h e l me t b ears a k nob o n t he t op .

H is s h ie ld h as i nc ised o rna-

men t o f c irc les w i th in a s em i-c irc le o n v er t ica l a x is marked o n s h ie ld ( P la te 5 2a-b ).

C ors topi tu m Museu m ;

Know les , 1 910 , p . 2 24 , F ig . 6 )

5 6

A ce . n o . 7 5 .42 .

( Fors ter a nd

L l .

P ipe-c lay f igur ine o f Mercury w i th c aduceus , p urse a nd c loak . h ead i s miss ing a nd h as b een r econs tructed . ( P la te 7 ) .

1 2 .

( Op. c i t . ,p . 2 71 a nd F ig . 1 2 ) Ace , n o . 7 5 .54 .

Par t o f p ipe-c lay f igur ine o f C ybe le w i th mura l c rown ( P la te 9 6 ). s topi tu m Museu m ;

L 3 .

The

C ors top i tu m Museu m

C or-

Ace, n o . 7 5 .1616.

B ronze c ockere l- moun t , h ead o n ly ; C ors top i tu m Museu m ;

e na me l led r ed c res t ( P la te 6 9 ).

Ace , n o . 7 5 .487.

( Fors ter a nd Know les , 1 909 ,

p . 4 09 , F ig . 3 1) 1 4 .

B ronze s i lvered o r b ase s i lver a xe- ma t tock h eaded p in ( P la te 1 23 ) . C ors top i tu m Museu m ;

1 5 .

A ce . n o . 7 5 .342 .

Sma l l b ronze e ag le , p oss ib ly f ro m t op o f h el me t ; C ors top i tu m Museu m .

1 6.

A lnwick C as t le .

( Haver f ie ld , 1 914 , p p . 5 -16 )

S i lver b eaker f ound n ear C orbr idge , i nscr ibed ' Des ider i V ivas ' . w ick C as t le .

1 8 .

h ead a nd l egs miss ing .

( Fors ter , 1 908 , p . 2 98 )

S i lver b ow l f ound n ear C orbr idge , w i th t he c h i-rho monogra m i nscr ibed s ix t imes o n t he f lange .

1 7.

( Op .c i t . ,F ig . 3 3 )

A ln-

( Op .c i t .)

O penwork b ronze r ing , i nscr ibed , p oss ib ly C hr is tian .

Br i t ish Museu m .

( Char leswor th , 1 961 , p . 9 ) 1 9 .

Two r ings , o ne g o ld , o ne b ronze o penwork , e ach w i th G reek i nscr ip t ion ; p oss ib ly c har ms .

( Op .c i t .)

2 0 .

F ragmen t o f p o t tery d epic t ing h ead a nd b ody o f ?Taran is ( no t s truck f ro m t he mou ld ( No . 1 0 ) ) . ( Leach , 1 962 , p p . 3 5-47 )

2 1.

F acejar f rag men t , f ound c lose t o u n f in ished S everan p ar t i tion-wa l l . G rey ware f umed a nd p o l ished f abr ic , w i th p ar t o f l arge l i fel ike f ace j us t b e low r im o f j ar ( P la te 1 02 ).

C ors topi tum Museum .

( B ir ley , 1 959 ,

p p . 3 0-31 , F ig . 6 ) 2 2 .

Two f rag men ts o f g lass c up e ngraved w i th p ar t o f af ish . Museu m .

2 3 .

C ors top i tum

( Bu l mer , 1 955 , p p . 1 30-1, F ig . 1 7 )

S ardonyx i n tag l io d epic ting J up i ter H e l iopol i tanus , wear ing l ong o r ien ta l c lo thes , b ear ing wh ip , e ars o f c orn , c a la thus , a nd w i th a b u l l i n e ach s ide .

2 4 .

C ors topi tu m Museum ( Hen ig , 1 973 , p . 2 41 , P l . XXX IV ).

A ppl ique f igure o f g en ius c ucu l la tus f rag men t , w i th c loak ;

c rea m-

p a in ted w i th t wo o range s tr ipes d own f ron t , a nd t h inner o range s tr ipe r ound b order . Museu m ;

S haped b y h and a nd a pp l ied t o p o t ( P la te 5 7) .

C ors topi tu m

Ace . n o . 7 5 .1617 ( Leach , 1 962a ) , p . 2 80 ).

2 5 .

F ive f ace-urn f rag men ts , g rey ware ( P la te 1 11). A ce . n os . 7 5 .31 e tc .

2 6 .

H a l f-draped a pp l ied f igure o f mura l-crowned g en ius o n r im o f g rey ware p o t .

2 7 .

C ors top i tu m Museum ;

C ors topi tu m Museu m ;

A cc . n o . 7 5-36.

B ronze e na me l led whee l-brooch ( P la te 4 6 ) . Ace. n o . 7 5 .472.

5 7

C ors topi tu m Museu m ;

2 8 .

B ronze b u l l-head ( P la te 7 7 ) , s ty l ised h a ir b e tween h orns , a nd b u lbous e yes .

2 9 .

C ors topi tu m Museu m ;

Two min ia ture e na me l led b ronze s tands i den t ica l ly d ecora ted . Museu m ;

3 0 .

Acc. n o . 7 5 .486. C ors topi tum

Ace . n o . 7 5 .605 , 4 88 .

B ronze p eacock w i th l egs b roken o f f ( P la te 6 9 ).

C ors topi tu m Museu m ;

A cc . n o . 7 5 .485 . 3 1.

B ronze p ha l l ic amu le t w i th r ing f or s uspens ion .

C ors topi tu m Museu m ;

A cc . n o . 7 5 .515 . 3 2 .

Pha l l ic amu le t made f ro m r ed d eer a n t ler r ounde l ( P la te 1 39 ) .

C ors topi-

t u rn Museum . 3 3 .

3 4.

P ipe-c lay f e ma le h ead w i th c ircu lar h a irs ty le ( P la te 4 4 ). Museu m ; Acc . n o . 7 5 .1618 . B ase o f p ipe-c lay f igur ine o f D ea Nu tr ix ( P la te 4 3 ) .

C ors topi tu m

C ors topi tum Museu m ;

A ce . n o . 7 5 .1614 . 3 5 .

F igur ine o f d raped b ody i n p ipe-c lay .

S i te X IE .

C ors topi tu m Museu m ;

Ace . n o . 7 5 .1613 . 3 6.

S im i lar d raped p ipe-clay b ody .

3 7.

B ronze f igur ine o f ad ancing Cup id ; p i tu m Museu m ; Acc . n o . 7 5 .1608 .

3 8 .

B ronze f igur ine o f V ic tory w i th w ings , h o ld ing ?wrea th a nd ? corn-shea f . S tands o n g lobe ( P la te 2 5 ).

3 9.

C ors topi tum Museu m ;

Acc . n o . 7 5 .1615 .

w ings a t b ack ( P la te 3 2 ).

C ors top i tu m Museu m ;

B ronze f rag men tary s nake ( P la te 7 4 ).

C ors to-

Ace . n o . 7 5 .1609.

C ors topi tu m Museu m ;

A ce . n o .

7 5 .1611. 4 0 .

4 1.

Min ia ture p ink c lay p o t ( P la te 1 21 ). 7 5 .1620 .

C ors topi tu m Museu m ;

A ce . n o .

Two f ragmen ts o f g rey-ware w i th a pp l ied h orse o r b u l l h eads ; d ep ic ted b y c ircu lar c lay k nobs ( P la te 8 2 ) . n o . 7 5 .43 , 4 4 .

C rewe l thorpe

( Nor th Y orksh ire )

L arge f or a f igur ine o f t h is k ind ( 16.5 cm h igh ) ( P la te 2 8 ). Acc . n o . 7 5 .3-6.4 .

Bronze f igur ine o f ah orse .

Ace .

S E 2 475

Bronze h o l low f igure o f C eres , wear ing mod ius o n h ead .

C rossk irk , N or thmav ine , S he t land

e yes

C ors topi tu m Museu m ;

Purchased 1 875 . B r i t ish Museum ;

ND 0 370

E dinburgh Na t ional Museu m o f An t iqu i t ies .

( Macdona ld , 1 936-7 , p . 9 3 ). Cu lverho le C ave , G ower

( Wes t G la morgan )

Bronze mo ther-goddess .

Ash molean Museu m , Ox ford .

5 8

S S 4 684

C urr ie

( Lo th ian R eg ion )

B ronze e ag le .

NT 1 867

E d inburgh N a t iona l Museu m o f An t iqu i t ies .

( Rober tson , 1 970 ,

p . 1 98 ff .) C ynwy l E lfed

( Dyfed ) S N 3 727

G o ld f igur ine o f D iana , n ow l os t .

( R .C .H . M . C ar mar then , 1 917 , p p . 2 3 -

2 4 , F ig . 7o n I D . x x ) D inorben 1 .

( C lwyd )

S H 9 675

B ronze b u l l 's h ead , p robably a moun t ;

l a te C e l t ic I ron Age t ype .

( Gr i f f i ths , 1 946-48 , p . 1 16 ) 2 .

P robably R o mano-Br i t ish b ronze s haf t , 2 4 .2 cm i n l eng th , c y l indr ica l s ec t ion , d ia me ter 3 m m . c one l ike f in ia l .

One e nd t er m ina tes i n ad eep ly-engraved p ine-

There a re t races o f wooden s ha f t i n s ocke t .

F ound i n

1 958 a t b ase o f s tony l ayer wh ich i s r ich i n R o mano-Br i t ish ma ter ia l , n ear r e mains o f l arge c ircu lar h ouse .

The o b jec t i s p oss ibly a c ere-

mon ia l wand o r s cep tre-head , a nd i s p robably l a te 3 rd — e ar ly 4 th c ent ury .

( Gardner a nd S avory , 1 964 , p p . 1 38-40 , F ig . 1 9 , 8 , p . 1 41,

P l . XXX IV ( b ) 1 ) . D o lauco th i

( Dyfed )

S N 6 640

G o ld c ha in n eck lace w i th e igh t-spoked whee l-pendan t f ixed t o e ye-fas ten ing ; f ound i n h oard o f g o ldwork .

One s poke o f wheel miss ing , d ia me ter 2 .1 cm .

R e ma ins o f r od w i th l ooped e nds s o ldered b eh ind whee l ( ?or ig ina l a t tachmen t o f c ha in ) ( P la te 4 5a-b ).

C ar mar then Museu m .

( Nash- W i l l ia ms , 1 950-52 ,

p p . 7 9-84 ) . D o lph in ton , B ank F ar m B ronze b u l l . p . 1 98 f f ; Dr igg

( S tra thc lyde R eg ion )

NT 1 046

E d inburgh N a t iona l Muse = o f An t iqu i t ies .

( Rober tson , 1 970 ,

C ur le , 1 931-2 , p . 2 77f f )

( Cumbr ia )

S D 0 698

Sma l l p ebb le marked w i th h uman f ea tures , a u then t ic i ty n o t e n t ire ly c er ta in ( P la te 1 52 ).

Tu l l ie H ouse Museu m , C ar l is le ;

Acc . n o . R 6.1948 .5 .

Dun a n I ardha id ( or F iadha ir t ) , S kye , B roch o f ...

NG 2 350

C lay mode l o b jec t i n t he f or m o f ab a le o f h ides o r f l eeces . o n r ock a t l owes t e xcava t ion l eve l . ( Rober tson , 1 970 , p . 1 98 f f ; E d inburgh

F ound a l mos t

E d inburgh N a t iona l Museu m o f An t iqu i t ies .

Cur ie , 1 931-2 ,

P .

2 77f f ;

Mann , 1 975 , p . 3 1)

NT 2 7

B ronze s ta tue t te o f C up id f ound i n ag arden . Macdona ld , 1 936-7 , p . 9 3 )

5 9

( Taylor , 1 934 , P l . XLI I I , 2 , 3 ;

E l mswe l l

( Nor th Y orksh ire )

78 71

S herd o f c oarse g rey ware b ear ing a ppl iqué sm i th 's t oo ls . Museu m .

Ma l ton R o man

( Leach , 1 962 , p p. 3 5-47 )

G ar ton S lack

( Hu mbers ide )

S E 9 45602

( See a lso We twang S lack — n ew n a me o f s i te )

C irca f our teen c ha lk f igures a nd f rag men ts ;

t r iangu lar s ty l ised f igures o f

warr iors , s o me w i th s word , 1s h ie ld o f s ub-rec tangu lar n a t ive t ype . ma t ion Hu l l Museu m .

I n for-

Mos t o f t he f igures a re i n t he p ossess ion o f t he e xca-

v a tor T . C . M . B rews ter .

The p r iva te Museu m a t G rea t Dr i f f ie ld h as t he

f o l low ing : a ) c ha lk i ron-age t ype s h ie ld b ) h ead less f igure w i th a rm a nd s word c ) h ead less f igure w i th s word d ) f igure c o mp le te w i th h ead f ro m d i tch e ) h ead less f igure w i th l a tera l h o le ? for s pear G a teshead , n r . N ewcas t le ( Tyne a nd Wear )

NZ 2 562

S tone whee l o r whee l-brooch mou ld ( P la te 4 9 ) .

N ewcas t le Un ivers i ty Museu m

o f An t iqu i t ies . G igg lesw ick

( Wes t Y orksh ire )

S D 8 163

F e ma le l ead f igure i n " cr ino l ine" t ype l ong s k ir t . Museum . " Gower"

( Wes t G la morgan )

G rea t C hes ters

S S 4 8-49

Ash mo lean Museu m ( Fos ter , 1 977 , p . 3 1 ). ( Nor thumber land )

B ronze f igur ine o f Mercury . q u i t ies .

2 .

S e t t le

( K ing , 1 967-70 , p p . 4 10 -418 , P l . I ) .

Bronze b oar .

1 .

H eigh t 7 .6 cm .

NY 7 066 N ewcas t le Un ivers i ty Museum o f An t i-

( G ibson , 1 902 , p . 4 3 )

B loods tone G nos t ic amu le t , o va l , s e t i n s i lver r ing . S ur face s hows f igure w i th h ead o f c ockere l , l egs c o mposed o f t wo s nakes , b ody o f R o man s o ld ier .

I n l e f t h and c ircu lar s h ie ld a nd i n r igh t wh ip .

g ous g e ms b ear i nscr ip t ion ' Tao ' — aH ebrew d e i ty .

Ana la-

There i s as o lar

s ign i f icance i n t ha t t he c ock i s ab ird o f l igh t a nd t he wh ip i s r em in isc en t o f t he wh ip o f H e l ios .

The s nake-i mage may r epresen t h ea l ing .

The amu le t was p oss ibly worn b y aJ ew o r e ven a Mi thra is t ; p ose was c er ta in ly t o c o mba t ma l ignan t f orces . 2 87 ) . 3 .

Min ia ture b ronze t ongs .

4 .

Bronze c ockere l .

G rewe l thorpe

C hes ters Museum .

C hes ters Museu m .

( see C rewe l thorpe )

6 0

i t s p ur-

( Hen ig , 1 972 , p p . 2 82-

Gwaunysgor

( C lwyd )

S J 0 78 0

Sma l l b ronze ?Ro man h orse .

S t . Asaph C a thedra l .

( Gr i f f i ths , 1 946-4 8 ,

p p . 1 09-123 ) . H arpha m V i l la

( Humbers ide )

TA 0 863

C ha lk f igur ine c f . G ar ton S lack .

G rea t Dr i f f ie ld P r iva te Museu m .

H aver fordwes t

( Dyfed )

C lay s ta tue t te .

N a t iona l Museum o f Wa les ;

H aze lwood

( Derbysh ire )

SM 9 515

SK 3 245

P o t tery f igur ine o f ab ird , p robab ly a d uck ; Derby Museum . H igh R oches ter

( Nor thu mber land )

Two p ipe-c lay f igur ines o f Venus . H od H i l l

( Dorse t )

A cc . n o . 4 1.113 .40 .

f ro m R o man mi li tary k i ln-s i te .

NY 8 398 A lnw ick C as t le .

( i n for ma t ion R . Mike t ).

S T 8 510

B ronze amu le t i n f or m o f b oar 's t usk w i th l i on 's h ead t er m ina l , t inned o r s i lvered ( c f . Merck l in , 1 933 , J ahrb . d es Deu tsch Arch . I ns t . Vo l . 4 8 , p . 1 25 f f ). ( Bra i ls ford , 1 962 , p . 1 6 , N o . 1 8 , F ig . 1 5 , P l . X ) . H o l t

( C lwyd )

S J 40 53

Bronze p ha l l ic amu le t/pendan t .

( Gr i mes , 1 930 , p . 1 27 , N o . 1 3 , F ig . 5 5 ).

H ouses teads

NY 7 968

1 .

B ronze whee l-brooch , e igh t-spoked , 4 th C en tury ( P la te 4 7). Museu m .

2 .

( Nor thu mber land )

( B ir ley e t .a l ., 1 934 , p . 1 97 )

Whee l a pp l ied t o g rey ware p o tsherd , p ar t o f l arge j ar ( P la te 5 1). s teads Museu m .

3 .

Houses teads

H ouse-

( Op .c i t ., p . 1 97 , P l . XX IX , C , N o . 1 ) .

B ronze a xe-brooch ( c f . S tocks tad t — O .R .L . S tocks tad t V I I , 1 8 ; — N ovaes iu m , P l . 2 4 , 4 7 ).

N euss

The G er man e xa mp les a re 3 rd C en tury .

( Op . c i t ., p . 1 97 , P l . ) (X IX , D , N o . 2 ) 4 .

Aga l ma t i te amu le t i n t he f or m o f a n e gg , M i thra ic ( P la te 9 8 ). Un ivers i ty Museum .

5 .

P ipe-e lay f igur ine o f V enus .

I lk ley 1 .

( Wes t Y orksh ire )

2 .

H ouses teads Museu m .

S E 1 147

Tr ip le v ase , t wo p o ts b roken . 1 914 , p . 8 ) .

N ewcas t le

( Ferguson , 18 92-3 , p p . 2 72-27 5 ;

K aye ,

( F le tcher , 1 965 , p . 2 1 ) Manor H ouse Museu m .

Sma l l b ronze f igur ine o f J up i ter f ound i n 1 9th C en tury . Museum a nd Ar t G a l lery , I lk ley .

Manor H ouse

( I n for ma t ion i n l i t t . S tephen Kerry ,

Keeper o f Archaeo logy , S ep t . 9 , 1 977 ) ( F le tcher , 1 965 ) , p . 1 6) .

6 1

3 .

B ronze e ag le .

4 .

B ronze r a m-horned h u man h ead moun t , f ound n ear I l k ley . s eu m ;

Manor H ouse Museu m , I lk ley .

A cc . n o . 1 921.12-5 .1.

( F le tcher , 1 965 , p . 1 7 )

( Woodward , 1 925 ,

P .

B r i t ish Mu-

2 80 , P l . 3 5 ;

F le tcher , 1 965 , p . 1 6 ) K e igh ley

( Wes t Y orksh ire )

S E 0 641

Bronze e ag le w i th c y l indr ica l p eg b e tween l egs ; wou ld f i t o n to a s ta f f . F ar m , 1 917.

f ee t t runca ted s o t ha t f igure

F ound i np loughed f ie ld a t N or th e nd o f P arkwood T op

( c f . Woodea ton , K irk , 1 949 , p . l f f . ) .

K e igh ley Museu m .

( Bu t ter f ie ld , 1 920-2 , p . 3 85f f .) K ingsho lm

( G louces tersh ire )

S O 8 319

1 .

B ronze c rouch ing c o l lared d og .

2 .

Bronze p in-head i nf or m o f p igeon .

K irkby Thore 1 .

( Cumbr ia )

Ash mo lean Museu m , Ox ford .

NY 6 325

B ronze d og ( P la te 8 7 ). P l . 6 4 ;

Ash mo lean Museum , Ox ford .

Tu l l ie H ouse Museu m , C ar l is le ( Toynbee , 1 962 ,

R oss , 1 967 , p . 3 40 )

2 .

B ronze d og . Tu l l ie H ouse Museu m , C ar l is le .

3 .

B ronze f igur ine o f C up id , w inged , w i th p oss ible d ove i n l e f t h and ; h ead miss ing ( P la te 3 1 ) .

4 .

1 .

B r i t ish Museu m .

B ronze f igur ine o f J up i ter .

L ancas ter

d ove 's

C hes ters Museu m .

S D 4 761

P o t tery l a mp i nscr ibed w i th c h i-rho monogra m .

( Wa l l , 1 966 , p p . 1 47-

1 65 ). 2 .

P ar t o f b ase o f ?Dea N u tr ix p ipe-c lay f igur ine , w i th i nscr ip t ion o f a maker o f p ipe-c lay f igur ines , S ervandus o f C o logne . S tree t .

3 .

L oca t ion u nknown .

F ound i n C hurch

( Edwards , 1 971 , p . 2 7 , P l . I , b ) .

F ound i n V icarage F ie ld i n 1 950 , p ar t o f p ipe-c lay f igur ine , p ar t o f p rob ab ly ma le t orso , r ecovered f ro m p i t c on ta in ing 3 rd C en tury p o t tery . L ancas ter Museu m .

4 .

( R ichmond , 1 953 , p . 1 7 )

F ace-urn , f ound i n mak ing r a i lway s ta t ion i n 1 849-50 . d iscovered a t t he t ime .

C oarse r ed ware ;

n ose , e yes i n la id — wh i te-pa in ted p up i ls . i ncised l ines .

H a ir o n f ace d e l inea ted b y

A t t he b ack o f t he v esse l i s ah and le ( c f . C oa l E xchange ,

L ondon a nd B i l ler icay , E ssex ) ( Anon , 1 848 , p . 2 50 ). p . 1 86;

Much p o t tery

b earded f ace , p ro m inen t

( Wa tk ins , 1 883 ,

i n for ma t ion i n l i t t . G i l l C h i t ty , Merseys ide C oun ty Museums ,

3 5 N ove mber , 1 977 ) . L anches ter

( Durha m )

NZ 1 647

1 .

B ronze f igur ine o f F or tuna w i th whee l ( Pe tch , 1 925 , p . 1 3 ) .

2 .

Bronze h ead o f Mercury ( op .c i t .) .

6 2

L ang ton

( Nor th Yorksh ire )

S E 7 967

R o man v i l la 1 .

Min ia ture b ronze b e l l C . 1 cm h igh , r ing f or s uspens ion . Museu m .

2 .

( Corder a nd K irk , 1 932 ,

P ar t o f sma l l h ear t-shaped b one o b jec t c arved f ro m e nd o f b one , d epic t ing sma l l e ag le , h ead l os t .

L i t t leches ter 1 .

( Op .c i t . ,p . 7 2 , F ig . 1 9 )

( Derbysh ire )

S K 3 537

P ew ter f igure .o f N ere id r ec l in ing o n s ea-horse .

L lany mynech 1 .

Ma l ton R o man

7 0 , F ig . 1 8 )

P .

( Powys )

S J 2 620

D erby Museu m .

( See a lso u nder We lshpoo l )

B ronze b oar f ound i n h i l lfor t ;

f a ir ly c lass ica l a nd p oss ibly o f mi l i tary

o r ig in ( Leg ion ) 0 C Va ler ia V ic trix was i n t he a rea a nd h ad t he b oar a s t he ir emble m ) ( Barnwel l , 1 89 1, p . 1 63 ) . L ochar Moss , n ear L ochmaben

( Dum fr ies a nd G a l loway )

Sma l l whe ts tone t er m ina ting i n C e l t ic h ead . Lun t , t he , B ag in ton

( Warwicksh ire )

NY 0 371

( Ross , 1 967 , p . 3 69 , P l . 8 7a ).

S P 3 44752

B ronze p ha l l ic p endan t w i th c lenched f is t a t o ne e nd .

( Hobley , 1 966 , p . 1 12 ,

F ig . 2 0 , 6 ) . Maes Ha fn

( C lwyd )

S J 2 061

I n c ave t hree mi les s ou th o f Mo ld , f ish-shaped b rooch e na me l led i nb lue . ( Anon , 1 950 , p . 1 20 ). Mahon 1 .

( Nor th Y orksh ire )

Quadrangu lar l ead s hee t , u n trans la tab le l e t ter ing ; 1 971 ,

2 .

P .

p oss ibly c urse ( Wr igh t ,

3 02 ).

Min ia ture f igure o f j e t b ear , f ound w i th c h i ld 's s kele ton ( c f . e xa mple a t York , s ee b e low ).

3 .

S E 7 871

Ma l ton R o man Museu m ( Corder , 1 948 , p . 1 73f f .).

Pha l l ic a n t ler amu le t c u t f ro m r ed d eer t ine ( c f . C orbr idge e tc .).

On

f ron t p ha l lus c arved i n r e l ie f a s n ose , t wo r ings f or s uspens ion g ive t he a ppearance o f e yes ( P la te 1 40 ) .

Ma l ton R o man Museu m .

4 .

B ronze f igur ine o f H ercu les .

Hu l l Museu m .

5 .

Bronze f igur ine o f V enus ( P la te 3 5 ) .

6 .

S ix f ace-urn f ragmen ts i n c oarse g rey ware ( P la te 1 07 , 1 08 ). R o man Museu m .

7 .

P ar t o f p ipe-c lay f igur ine o f D ea Nu tr ix .

8 .

P ar t o f p ipe-c lay V enus f igur ine .

9 .

Two s herds o f c oarse d ark-grey ware w i th a pp l ied whee ls ( P la te 5 0 ). Ma l ton R o man Museu m . 6 3

( Sheppard , 1 909 ,

P .

2 72 f f .).

Hu l l Museum ( op .c i t .) . Ma l ton

Ma l ton R o man Museu m .

Ma l ton R o man Museu m .

1 0 .

Two s herds o f g rey ware w i th a pp l ied a rms .

Mahon R o man Museum .

1 1.

Three s herds o f g rey ware w i th a pp l ied h a m mers ( P la te 5 6 ).

Mahon

Ro man Museum . 1 2 . 1 3 .

Two s herds o f g rey ware w i th a pp l ied a nv i ls .

Ma l ton Ro man Museu m .

S ix s herds o f g rey ware w i th a pp l ied t ongs ( P la te 5 6 ) .

Ma l ton R o man

Museu m ( Leach , 1 962 , p p . 3 5-47 ). Manches ter 1 .

( Lancash ire )

S J 8 397

B ronze s ta tue t te o f J up i ter S ta tor , f ound i n 1 839 i n T on man S tree t . When f ound o ne h and h e ld a t hunderbol t a nd i n t he o ther was a r od o r s cep tre . These a nd o r ig ina l b ronze p edes ta l l os t . C i ty Ar t G a l lery . ( Bru ton, 1 909 , f ron t isp iece a nd p . 1 87 )

2 .

L ead ? s tee lyard we igh t i n f or m o f b us t o f f e ma le w i th d raped h ead , p oss ibly d ep ic t ing R o ma ( op .c i t . ,p . 1 69 , P l . 9 6 ).

3 .

B ow l i np ink f abr ic w i th wh i te-pa in ted d ecora t ion i n t he f or m o f a whee l , p ara l le l s hape t o s am ian f or m 3 0 .

( Jones a nd G rea ley , 1 974 , p . 1 15 ,

F ig . 4 1 , N o . 2 43 ) 4 .

Bronze b u l l-head , p erhaps f ro m k n i fe-hand le .

C i ty Ar t G a l lery .

( Hawkes , 1 951 , p . 1 94 , F ig . 5 0a ) 5 .

Chr ist ian c ryp togra m s cra tched o n 2 nd C en tury amphora-frag men t. ( Jones ,

1 978 ) Marga m B each

( Wes t G la morgan )

S S 7 787

B ronze whee l-brooch w i th f our s pokes a t r igh t-ang les t o e ach o ther .

N a t iona l

Museu m o f Wa les . Marypor t I .

( Cu mbr ia )

NY 0 336

H ead o f " pipe-c lay" Venus , i nb u f f c lay .

H a ir s ecured o n c rown b y b ow-

l ike k not , a l mos t g iv ing t he a ppearance o f h orns .

N o t g enu ine p ipe-c lay

s o p erhaps made a t S t . R 6 my-en-Ro l la t , o r C o logne .

I n p ossess ion o f

t he e xcava tor ( Jarre t t , 1 976 , p p . 6 8-9 ) 2 .

Sma l l f ragmen t o f p ipe-c lay , p robab ly p ar t o f aV enus o r D ea N u trix f igur ine .

( Op .c i t ., p . 6 9 )

Me landra C as t le

( Derbysh ire )

S K 0 095

M in ia ture c lay f igur ine o f ah orse i n t he s a me r ed c lay a s p o t tery v esse ls f ound o n t he s i te .

P ar t o f s ur face o f i t s b ack i s b e t ter-preserved t han t he

r es t , s o p erhaps o nce u nder a s add le .

Much-da maged r ed c lay o b jec t f ound

n ear h orse , wh ich may b e r e ma ins o f s add le — i tf i ts t he b ack o f t he h orse . S ize o f f igure u nrecorded . Monrei th , n ear

( Conway , 1 906 , p . 9 1 , P l . f acing )

( Dum fr ies a nd G a l loway )

Bronze f igur ine o f Mercury . ( Rober tson , 1 970 , p . 1 98 f f .)

NX 3 641

E d inburgh N a t iona l Museu m o f An t iqu i t ies .

6 4

Moresby

( Cu mbr ia )

NX 9 821

B ronze f igur ine o f w inged i n fan t C upid ; 1 878 ( P la te 2 9 ).

N ewcas t le-upon-Tyne

( Tyne a nd Wear )

T r ip le v ase d ug u p i n g arden . N ew E arswick

f ound o n s i te o f r a i lway s ta t ion i n

Tu l l ie H ouse Museu m , C ar lis le ;

A cc . n o . 1 4.99.1.

NZ 2 464

( Kaye , 1 914 , p . 1 6 )

( Nor th Y orksh ire )

S E 6 155

" S ma l l t erraco t ta f igure" , f ound w i th o ther ma ter ia l i n V -shaped d i tch . The i t em c o mpr ises t he t runk o f a sma l l d raped f e ma le f igure . 1 929 , p . 1 88 ; N ews tead 1 .

( Tay lor e t a l .,

K i tson C lark , 1 935 ) .

( Borders R eg ion )

NT 5 634

L inks o f s i lver c ha in a nd min ia ture s i lver f i l igree n ine-spoked wheel w i th s o lid b ar a cross b ack e nd ing o n e i ther s ide w i th l oop f or s uspens ion ( c f . D o lauco th i , a bove ) .

2 .

( Cur ie , 1 911 , P l . LXXXVI I , N o . 3 4 )

P ha l l ic a n t ler amu le t made f ro m r ed d eer t ine , w i th p ha l lus i n r el ie f f or m ing a ' nose ' a nd t wo h o les f or s uspens ion a s ' eyes '.

( Cur ie , 1 911 ,

P l . LX )0 ( IV , p . 3 14 , p i t L IX ) N ew ton N o t tage

( M id G la morgan )

S S 8 278

1 .

Bronze p laque d ep ic ting Medusa .

( Kn igh t , 1 853 , p . 9 6, F ig . 2 )

2 .

Sma l l f igur ine o f s heep i nb aked c lay , f ound w i th o ther R o man r e ma ins , ( op .c i t . ,F ig . 3 ) .

N or ton , n ear Ma l ton 1 .

( Nor th Y orksh ire )

S E 7 971

Two min ia ture amphorae i nb u f f c lay f abr ic ( P la te 1 20 ).

Ma l ton Ro man

Museu m . 2 .

G rey ware p o tsherd w i th l arge a ppl ied p a ir o f t ongs .

Ma l ton R o man

Museum . O ld C ar l is le

( Cu mbr ia )

NY 2 646

1 .

Sma l l f e ma le p ipe-c lay f igure , p erhaps Venus-type ( B ir ley , 1 951, p . 2 6 ).

2 .

B ronze h o l low-cas t , l eadf i l led s tee lyard we igh t d epic t ing a b earded a nd mous tached ma le h ead ; l oop f or s uspens ion ; v ery worn . N a t ive-s ty le mode ll ing — h a ir i n s y m me tr ica l f o lds r ound f ace , l en toid e yes . 1 959 , p . 3 0 , F ig . f acing )

O ld P enr i th 1 .

( Cu mbr ia )

( Hogg ,

NY 4 938

B ronze p igeon o r d ove w i th h o le a nd f unne l i n t op — p oss ibly a c and les t ick ( B ir ley , 1 950 , p . 2 04 , F ig . 2 ) .

2 .

Bronze b us t o f C up id , s tee lyard we igh t . P l ., F ig . 1f ac ing , p . 1 35 ).

6 5

( Nor th , 1 936 , p p . 1 32-141,

Papcas t le 1 .

( Cu mbr ia )

NY 1 131

Sma l l b ronze s ta tuet te ' represen t ing s o me d ei ty a k in t o Bacchus '. ( B ir ley , 1 963 , p p . 1 15-116;

2 .

F erguson , 1 876-8 , p . 2 63 )

Bronze d raped f igure o f ag en ius o r p r ies t , w i th c ornucopiae i n l e f t h and ; r igh t h and p robab ly o nce h eld p a tera ( P late 1 34 ). C ar lis le ;

Ace . n o. 1 962 .65.1904.

Tu l lie H ouse Museum ,

( Char leswor th , 1 965 , p . 1 14, F ig .

4 , 9 ) . P enydarren P ark , Mer thyr T yd f i l

( M id G la morgan )

S O 0 506

Upper h al f o f p ipe-clay Venus ( e i ther t he o b jec t i t sel f o r t he d raw ing i s v ery o dd f or a Venus b u t d i f ficu l t t o s ee wha t e lse i tc ou ld b e ) .

C as t le Museu m ,

Mer thyr Tyd f i l ( Ja mes , 1 906, p p . 1 93 , 2 06) . P er th , Orchardbank , Barnh i l l

( Tays ide R eg ion )

Bronze s ta tuet te o f y oung d ancing Mercury. An t iqu i t ies . P iercebridge 1 .

E dinburgh N a tiona l Museu m o f

( Tay lor , 1 934 , P l . XL I I I , 2 , 3 ; ( Durha m )

NO 1 123

Macdona ld , 1 936-7 , p . 9 3 ).

NZ 2 115

Bronze mode l o f p lough man w i th p lough t ea m o f b u l l a nd c ow 7 .1 cm l ong . Poss ibly t o b e i n terpre ted a s r i tua l , p erhaps c onnec ted w i th t he f oundat ion o f aR o man c i ty o r w i th l oca l a gr icu l tura l c u l t .

Br i t ish Museu m ;

Ace, n o . 7 9.7-10 .1.

Mann , 1 975 , p . 2 3 ,

( Mann ing , 1 971, p p . 1 25-36;

N o . 2 0 ) 2 .

Bronze f igure o f J upi ter o r H ercu les . An t iqu i t ies ( P la te 1 0 ).

N ewcas t le Un ivers i ty Museu m o f

( Toynbee , 1 964 , p . 7 4 )

3 .

Bronze f e male h ead .

4 .

Fragmen t o f p ipe-clay Dea Nu tr ix f igur ine .

5 .

Top h al f o f p ipe-clay f igur ine o f Venus .

6 .

Bowes Museu m .

B owes Museu m .

Min ia ture s tone a l tar 7 .5 cm h igh ( P late 1 24 ). ma t ion i n l i t t .

7 .

B owes Museu m .

B owes Museu m ( i nfor-

R ichard J ones , K eeper o f Archaeology , 7 th S ep t ., 1 977 ).

Bronze f igur ine o f Mercury ( Pe tch , 1 925 , p . 5 ) .

P or tches ter C as t le

( Ha mpsh ire )

Bronze b u l l-head b ucke t- moun t ;

SU 6 105 s tyl ised u nknobbed h orns ( c f . S hakenoak

e xa mple ( Shakenoak I , p . 8 3 , F ig . 2 7 , 1 ) .

P robably l a te 4 th C en tury.

( Cun li f fe , 1 975 , p . 2 12 , F ig . 1 14 , N o . 6 1) Recu lver

( Ken t )

TR 2 269

1 .

Head o f p ipe-c lay f igur ine o f Dea Nu tr ix .

2 .

P ar t o f t erracot ta f igure o f ag en ius c ucu l la tus .

3 .

C an terbury Museum . C an terbury Museum .

Probab ly b aby C upid o r H ercu les , h ands o u ts tre tched ( P la te 2 0 ). t ish Museu m .

6 6

Br i-

R ibb le , R iver , p robably n ear R ibches ter

( Lancash ire )

S D 6 435

Tr ip le-headed b ronze b ucke t- moun t c o mpr is ing t hree f la t-backed h eads , t wo o f t he m c onnec ted b y ar ive t f ro m wh ich h angs a l oop . moun ts t he h ead o f ab u l l w i th k nobbed h orns .

An e ag le 's h ead s ur-

F ro m t he b ird 's h ead a r ive t

c onnec ts w i th a h uman h ead . The b ucke t f ro m wh ich t he moun t c o mes may h ave b een u sed f or s y mbol ic p urposes . ( c f . Thea lby moun ts , G reen , 1 977, P l . 1 2 , V I I I , a , b ).

R yda le F o lk Museum .

( H i ldyard , 1 954 , p p . 2 25-229 ;

R oss , 1 967 , p . 9 4 , F ig . 6 0 ) R ibches ter

( Lancash ire )

S D 6 435

' Rude ' b ronze b us t o f Minerva w i th G orgon 's h ead o n b reas t , f as tened t o c irc u lar d isc .

( Sm i th a nd S hor t t , 1 890 , p . 3 2 )

R ichborough ( Ken t ) 1 .

TR 3 260

B ronze f igur ine o f B acch ic f igure p robab ly f ro m R ichborough .

C a mbr idge

Un ivers i ty Museum o f Archaeo logy a nd E thno log y . 2 .

R ed c olour-coa ted b ow l w i th t wo b ands o f r ou le t t ing b e low g ir th . c h i-rho fP .

3 .

1 931 f ind .

On f ragmen t o f l oca l ly- made p o t tery d ep ic t ion o f h orned , p oss ib ly a n t lered , g oddess i n l ow r e l ie f . R ichborough Museu m .

4 .

E yes a nd b reas ts d e marca ted b y k nobs o f c lay . ( Ross , 1 967 , p . 1 44 , F ig . 1 03 )

Bu l l-horned ( knobbed ) ma le h u man h ead , p robab ly b ucke t o r b as in- moun t . I n d epos i t o f c . 5 5-75 A .D . R oss , 1 967 ,

5 .

I ncised

( Hassel l a nd T om l in , 1 977 , p p . 4 42-3 ).

p p.

B ronze s tag

( Bushe-Fox , 1 932 , p . 7 9 , N o . 1 7 , P l . X ;

7 1-2 , F ig . 3 6 )

w i th s ocke ts f or h orns b eh ind e ars .

F ound i n f i l ling o f

S axon S hore f or t d i tch ( Bushe-Fox , 1 932 , p . 8 0 , N o . 3 0 , P l . X I I ;

R oss ,

1 967 , p . 3 34 , F ig . 1 92 ). 6 .

F igures mou lded i n p iece o f c oarse p o t tery.

D e i ty w i th l ong c ur l ing

h a ir a nd r ays f ro m h ead , h o ld ing t he wh ip o f S o l I nv ic ta , a nd a cco mpan ied b y t he n a me ' Ogm ia ' . C en tury . 7 .

The p ot tery i s p ar t o f a n i nden ted b eaker , 3 rd

( Bushe-Fox , 1 932 , p . 1 85 , P l . XL I I I ;

R oss , 1 967 , p . 3 81)

P ar t o f t h in b one p ane l i nscr ibed ' . ... V IVAS ' , o bv ious ly t he e nd o f a n i nscr ip t ion .

E dges o f p ane l n o tched ;

l e t ters e nclosed w i th in r ough ly

i nc ised l ines , p erhaps Chr is t ian ( Bushe-Fox , 1 926 , p . 4 5 , P l . X I I I , N o . 1 2 ; 8 .

T oynbee , 1 953 , p . 1 7 )

B ronze meda l l ion , v ery t h in me ta l .

S hows b areheaded , b eard less man

w i th c loak , a nd c lasping c h i-rho monogra m i n h is h and ; p endan t . Uns tra ti fied . T oynbee , 1 953 , p . 7 )

p oss ib ly a

( Bushe-Fox , 1 949 , p . 1 40 f ., N o . 1 71 , P l . XLI I ;

Sma l l b ronze s ta tue t te , p robab ly 2 nd C en tury A .D ., f ound i n b o t to m o f midd le d i tch .

P robab ly p a ter fa m i l ias o r 1 ar .

B ad ly c orroded s ur face .

R igh t h and , l e f t h and a t tr ibu te a nd a l l t oes b roken a way , a pparen t ly d el i bera te ly . The f igure i s t ha t o f aR o man i n at oga , r igh t a rm e x tended , p our ing l i ba t ion f ro m p a tera .

The man i s b eard less , w i th f r inged h a ir .

6 7

Pure ly c lass ical ; a t l a tes t .

p robably I t a l ian make , n ot much l a ter t han A .D . 2 00

( Bushe-Fox , 1 928 , p p . 2 2 , 5 0 , P l . ) 0 ( II I , N o . 6 5 ).

R ichborough

Museu m . 1 0 .

F e ma le h ead made o f t h in g o ld w i th c o mpos i t ion c ore . b ab ly l a te d ate .

C el t ic f ea tures ;

1 .6 cm h igh .

Top s oi l .

Pro-

( Bushe-Fox , 1 928 ,

p . 5 3 , N o . 8 0 ) 1 1.

Bronze p in ; f inger .

h ead i n f or m o f h and h o lding a pp le b e tween t hu mb a nd f ore-

P i t 4 5 , N ero/Vespas ian ic d a te .

( Bushe-Fox , 1 932 , p . 8 0 ,

N o . 2 3 ) 1 2.

P ipe-clay f igur ine o f Venus .

Uns tra ti f ied .

R ichborough Museu m .

( Bushe-Fox , 1 932 , p . 8 2 , N o . 4 3 , P l . X II I ) 1 3 .

Bronze s teelyard weigh t i n f or m o f f e ma le b us t , C . A . D. 1 60-170 ( Bushe-Fox , 1 932 , p . 8 6 , P l . XVI II , F ig . 1 ) .

1 4 .

Bronze f igur ine o f Apol lo ; v ery c lass ical s ty le ; 2 nd C en tury A .D .

1 5 .

R ichborough Museu m .

b o th h ands b roken o ff a t wr is t ;

p robab ly I t a l ian impor t .

worn f ea tures ;

P robably n o l a ter t han

R ichborough Museu m ( Bushe-Fox , 1 932 , p . 8 8 ).

B one p in i n f or m o f ? caduceus ;

b roken .

Uns tra t i f ied .

( Bushe-Fox ,

1 949 , p . 1 32 , N o . 1 37 , P l . XXX IX ) 1 6.

Bronze p in i n f or m o f model a xe .

Top s o i l .

( Bushe-Fox , 1 949 , p . 1 32 ,

No . 1 38 , P l . XXX IX ) 1 7.

Bronze p in w i th f igure o f h awk o n t op.

S urface .

( Bushe-Fox , 1 949 ,

p . 1 32 , N o . 1 40 , P l . XXX IX ) 1 8 .

Bronze w inged c aduceus e nding i n k no t ted s nakes ; s tone f or t d i tch .

1 9 .

? na t ive work .

Ou ter

( Bushe-Fox , 1 949 , p . 1 32 , N o . 1 46, P l . XXX IX )

Bronze p in w i th h ead i n f or m o f c aduceus .

F i l ling o f e ar th f or t d i tches .

( Bushe-Fox , 1 949 , p . 1 32 , N o . 1 47 , P l . XXX IX ) 2 0 .

Bronze f igur ine o f B onus Even tus w i th h ol low , s quare b ase , d iagona l c ross i ncised o n f ron t .

Topsoi l o u tside S ou th wa l l .

The f igure i s o f a

y oung man w i th p atera i n r igh t h and , i n l e f t c ornucop iae .

C loak wrapped

r ound wais t a nd d raped o ver l e f t s hou lder .

Hair f a l ls i n r ows o f c ur ls .

C lass ica l s ty le , i s t - e ar ly 2 nd C en tury ;

s im i lar t ype t o London s ta tue

o f Bonus E ven tus ( Toynbee , 1 962 , P l . 2 5 , N o . 3 2 , p . 1 39 ) ( Bushe-Fox , 1 949 , p p . 1 33-4 , N o . 1 58 , P l . XLI ; P l . 2 8 ). 2 1.

R ichborough Museu m .

Bronze f igur ine o f Mercury ; f orear m .

C ol l ingwood e t a l ., 1 931 , p . 2 47,

c loak r ound n eck w i th i t s e nd o ver l e f t

C aduceus i n l e f t h and ;

2 nd C en tury .

Uns trat i f ied .

r igh t b roken .

G ood work , p robab ly

R ichborough Museu m .

( Bushe-Fox , 1 949 ,

p . 1 37 , No . 1 60 , P l . XLII I ) 2 2.

Bronze h ead o f H arpocra tes , p robab ly a n a t tach men t f or s o meth ing ; p rov incia l work , p robab ly mid 2 nd C en tury. 1 949 , p . 1 37, N o . 1 61, P l . XLI I I ).

2 3.

Bronze r eclin ing r iver-god ;

Uns tra ti fied .

v ery f la t bu t i n t he r ound .

e .g . o n c hes t , f ace a nd s hou lders .

6 8

( Bushe-Fox ,

R ichborough Museu m . I nc ised d etai ls

F acia l f eatures r ough ly i ncised .

2 4 .

2 5 .

2 6 .

2 7 .

2 8 .

2 9 .

3 0 .

3 1.

3 2 .

3 3 .

3 4 .

3 5 .

P oss ibly wears t wo-horned c ap . f or t c . 4 th C en tury A .D .;

F ound a t b o t to m o f i nner d i tch o f s tone

h as c ornucopiae .

R ichborough Museu m

( Bushe-Fox , 1 949 , p . 1 38 , N o . 1 62 , PI . XL IV ) Upper h al f o f b ronze f igur ine o f M inerva ; o r ig ina l ly h o ld ing s pear a nd s h ie ld . d an t - h o le t hrough h e l me t-cres t . C en tury .

wears h el met , t un ic a nd man t le ,

L ooks a s t hough c onver ted t o p enP oor w ork , p oss ibly l a te 2 nd - 3 rd

R ichborough Museu m ( Bushe-Fox , 1 949 , p . 1 38 , N o . 1 63 ,

P l . XLIV ) B ronze f igure o f Mercury , w inged c ap , c loak d raped o ver l e f t s hou lder ; i n l e f t h and s i lver c aduceus ;

r igh t a rm h ang ing a t s ide h e ld p urse .

R ound n eck i s t w is ted g o ld w ire t orc .

G ood c lass ica l s ty le , i s t - e ar ly

2 nd C en tury .

( Bushe-Fox , 1 949 , p p . 1 38-9 ,

R ichborough Museu m .

N o . 1 65 , P l . XL IV ) P ar t o f b ronze c ockere l , p robab ly a n a t tach men t .

Ou ter s tone f or t d i tch .

R ichborough Museu m ( Bushe-Fox , 1 949 , p . 1 39 , N o . 1 66 ) Bronze b us t o f f e ma le w i th t w is ted n eck lace . t ures .

C rude a nd h eavy , f la t f ea-

G au l ish , l a te 2 nd - 3 rd C en tury , b e fore A .D . 2 75-300 .

o f e ar th f or t d i tches .

F i l ling

R ichborough Museu m ( Bushe-Fox , 1 949 , p . 1 39 ,

N o . 1 67 , P l . XLIV ) B ronze mask o f f igure w i th P hryg ian c ap , p oss ib ly A tys . Uns tra t i f ied .

A t tach men t .

R ichborough Museu m ( Bushe-Fox , 1 949 , p . 1 39 , N o . 1 69 ,

P l . XLIV ) . Two b ronze m in ia ture a xes w i th i nc ised s keuo morph ic b ind ing l i nes . On b lade o f o ne i s S t . Andrew 's C ross a s we l l a s o ne where b lade mee ts h a ft - a s i fr epresen t ing b ind ing ( c f . T ou ta in i i , 1 920 , p . 3 66f f .). B e low s tone f or t r oad ( No . 1 89 ). s eu m .

T opso i l ( No . 1 90 ).

R ichborough Mu-

( Bushe-Fox , 1 949 , p . 1 45 , N os . 1 89-190 , P l . L I I )

Two b one p ins w i th a xe-heads . R ichborough Museu m .

One h as X l ike b ind ing p a t tern ( c f . L ydney ) .

( Bushe-Fox , 1 949 , p . 1 46 , N os . 1 95-6 , P l . L IL I )

Min ia ture b ronze a xe-ha mmer .

I nner s tone f or t d i tch .

R ichborough

Museum ( Bushe-Fox , 1 949 , p . 1 46 , N o . 2 08 ) B ronze w inged c aduceus , p robab ly f ro m Mercury f igurine . a c tua l ly f or m t he c aduceus ; p oss ib ly l a te R o man . ( Cun l i f fe e d ., 1 968 , p . 9 8 , N o . 1 51, P l . XL )

S nakes

R ichborough Museu m

S o lid c as t b ronze c ockere l , p oss ib ly a t tached t o s ha f t ( c f . C a mu lodunu m •P l . C , 2 1 a nd We issenburg 0 .R .L . p . 3 3 , 7 ) . Uns tra ti f ied . N o . 1 49 , P l . XL )

A br B , B d V I I I , Ta f V I I I , 4 , a nd

R ichborough Museu m ( Cun li ffe , 1 968 , p . 9 7 ,

L os t i nscr ibed b ronze r ing , C hr is t ian , 4 th C en tury . c h i-rho f l anked b y a lpha a nd omega .

B eze l marked w i th

E igh t p ane ls o n h oop b ore i nscr ip-

t ion ' IVSTINEV IVAS I N DEO ' ( c f . B rancas ter , a bove ).

( Cun li f fe , 1 968 ,

p . 9 8 , N o . 1 60 , P l . XL1 I ) Bronze p in w i th h ead o f d uck .

S ur face f ind .

( Cun l i f fe , 1 968 , p . 1 00 , N o . 1 68 , P l . XL I I )

6 9

R ichborough Museu m .

3 6.

Bronze p in w i th b ird-head .

Uns trat i f ied .

R ichborough Museu m .

( Cun li ffe , 1 968 , p . 1 00 , N o . 1 69 , P l . XL II ) 3 7.

Bronze p in w i th h ead i n f or m o f model a xe . c orner o f f or t .

S ur face f ind i n s ou th-wes t

R ing-and-dot d ecora t ion o n b lade.

R ichborough Museu m .

( Cun li ffe , 1 968 , p . 1 00 , N o . 1 70 , P l. XLI I ) 3 8 . 3 9.

Bronze s tee lyard we igh t i nf or m o f S i lenus .

R ichborough Museu m .

P ipe-clay f rag men t o f Dea Nu tr ix f igur ine , w i th S t . Andrew 's C ross o n b ase.

R ichborough Museu m .

4 0 .

P ipe-clay f igurine o f ap igeon .

4 1.

Bronze f igur ine o f ab u l l .

4 2 .

Bronze moun t i n f or m o f b us t o f Minerva .

4 3 .

Fragmen tary b ronze s ta tuet te o f Mars .

Rudches ter

R ichborough Museu m .

R ichborough Museu m .

( Nor thu mber land )

R ichborough Museu m .

R ichborough Museu m .

NZ 1 167

Two l inks o f b ronze c hain , p oss ib ly v ot ive c ha in- ma i l , e ach p iece c . 2 .1 cm l ong , f ound a t f l oor l eve l i n s anctuary , i n f ron t o f d ais .

( G i l la m e t .a l ., 1 954 ,

p . 2 16) Ru th in

( C lwyd )

S J 1 257

Bronze f igur ine , i nde ter m ina te .

N a t iona l Museu m o f Wa les ;

Acc. n o .

4 1.113 .39. S t . Dona ts

( Sou th G la morgan )

Bronze f igur ine o f Mercury .

S S 9 368 N a t iona l Museu m o f Wa les ;

Ace, n o . 8 3.3

( P la te 8 a-c ). S t . N in ian 's , Throsk

( Cen tra l R eg ion )

Bronze f igur ine o f Mercury .

NS 8 591

E dinburgh Na t iona l Museu m o f An tiqu i t ies

( Rober tson , 1 970 , p . 1 98f f .) S ea Mi l ls

( Avon )

S T 5 575

Bronze f igur ine o f J upi ter .

Br is to l C i ty Museu m .

( A l tar d edica ted t o t he

g od a lso f ro m h ere ). S ew ingsh ields , Hadr ian 's Wa l l , Turre t 3 5a Wheel-shaped b rooch w i th s ix s pokes . S he f f ie ld

( Wes t Yorksh ire )

J e t f igur ine o f ab ear .

( Nor thu mber land )

NY 8 068

( Wood f ie ld , 1 965 , p . 1 55 )

SK 3 587

S he f f ie ld Museu m .

S h ip ton thorpe , S kelfrey P ark

( Hu mbers ide )

S E 8 543

P o t tery f ace w i th a ppl ied f ea tures , i nclud ing r ound c lay k nobs f or e yes . ( c f . Brough-on-Hu mber , a bove ). Hu l l Museu m .

7 0

S ou th Ferriby

( Hu mberside )

S E 9 820

1 .

Bronze mode l a xe ( P la te 1 22 ).

Hu l l Museu m .

2 .

Bronze h o l low b u l l moun t w i th p ha l lus i n mou th ; h or izon ta l b and f or a t tach men t a t b ack .

S ou th S h ie lds 1 .

( Tyne a nd Wear )

r ing f or s uspension a nd

Hu l l Museu m .

NZ 3 667

Bronze p a tera d edicated t o ' A la tor y ( Ephe m . E pig . V I I , p . 3 16, N o. 3 99 ; Ross , 1 967, p . 3 77 ).

2 .

Bronze f igur ine o f J upi ter w i th t hunderbo l t i n r igh t h and . Un ivers i ty Museu m o f An t iqu i t ies. (P la te 9 ) .

N ewcas t le

( Petch , 1 925 , p . 2 0 ;

Toynbee , 1 964 , p . 7 4 ) 3 .

Bronze f igur ine o f H ercu les . Museu m o f An t iqu i t ies ;

4 .

2 nd-3rd C en tury .

N ewcas t le Un ivers i ty

Acc . n o . 1 929.113 ) ( P la te 1 7).

F ro m P res twick C arr i n T yne , S ou th S h ields :

( Petch o p. c i t . )

s aucer-shaped b ronze

v otive p atera .

R ound c en tra l b oss i ns ide i s i nscr ipt ion ' Apol lin i Anex t io

Mar io

I n p r ivate h ands .

( B la ir , 1 901-3 , p . 4 3 ;

H odgk in , 1 892 ,

p . 1 59 f f .) 5 .

Bronze f igur ine o f p r ies tess h old ing p a tera a nd ? cake . t ury .

6 .

N ewcas t le Un ivers i ty Museu m o f An t iqu i ties ;

Bronze h ead o f Minerva , 2 nd - 3 rd C en tury. s uspens ion .

2 nd - 3 rd C en-

Acc . n o . 1 929.114.

H el meted b us t , r ing f or

N ewcas t le Un ivers i ty Museu m o f An t iqu i t ies ;

Acc. n o .

1 956.128-79A 5 2A ( P la te 1 4 ). 7 .

Bronze h ead o f Luna w i th c rescen t , 2 nd - 3 rd C en tury ( P la te 2 6). N ewcas t le Un iversi ty Museu m o f An tiqu i t ies .

8 .

S ardonyx b ear c a meo ( P la te 9 1).

N ewcas t le Un ivers i ty Museum o f An t i-

q u i t ies . 9 .

1 0 .

1.

Bronze p ha l l ic amu lets ( a t l eas t ad ozen ).

N ewcas t le Museu m o f An t i-

q u i t ies a nd S ou th S h ields Arbeia Museu m . Bronze f igur ine , i ndeter m ina te . q u i t ies ;

N ewcas t le Un ivers ity Museu m o f An ti-

Acc . n o . 1 929.115 .

Two f rag men ts o f p ipe-clay f igur ine o f Venus ( P la te 4 0 ) . Un ivers i ty Museum o f An t iqu i ties ;

N ewcas t le

Acc . n o . 1 956.128 .52A ( 483 ).

1 2.

H al f o f j e t f igur ine o f Venus .

Arbeia Museu m , S ou th S h ields .

1 3 .

F igure o f Mars i nc ised o n s word .

1 4 .

Bronze f igur ine o f H ercu les .

1 5 .

Bronze v e i led f igur ine o f p r ies tess s acri f icing ( P la te 1 32 ).

Arbeia Museu m , S ou th S h ie lds .

Arbeia Museu m , S ou th S h ields . Arbeia Mu-

s eu m , S ou th S h ields . 1 6.

Base o f p ipe-c lay f igur ine o f Dea Nu tr i .x .

1 7.

Bronze a xe-shaped b rooch , w i th r ing f or s uspens ion . S ou th S h ie lds .

7 1

Arbeia Museu m , S ou th S h ie lds . Arbeia Museu m ,

1 8 .

B one p laque d ep ict ing h orse man .

1 9.

J et h ead o f ? dei ty.

2 0 .

J e t h ead o f f ox w i th f la t b ase .

2 1.

Min ia ture b ronze s tand w i th e labora te b lue c ha mplevé e na mel a round t he s ides .

Arbeia Museu m , S ou th S h ie lds .

Arbeia Museu m , S ou th S h ields .

H eigh t 4 7 mm ;

Arbeia Museum , S ou th S h ie lds .

t op 2 8 mm s quare .

a nd sma l l h ole a t e ach c orner .

L arge c en tra l h o le i n t op

A lso sma l l p ro jec tion i n e ach c orner f or

a t tach men t o f u pper t ier ( P la te 1 28 ).

N ewcas t le Un ivers i ty Museu m o f

An t iqu i ties . 2 2.

Two t ier min ia ture b ronze s tand , b o th o f wh ich a re d ecora ted a t t he s ides w i th b lue e na me l .

Top o f l arger s tand 2 5 mm s quare .

s tand f i t i n to c orner h o les o f l arger ( P lates 1 29-131) .

L egs o f smal ler Newcas t le Un iver-

s i ty Museu m o f An t iqu i ties . 2 3 .

Frag men t o f b ronze min ia ture s tand d ecorated w i th b lue e na mel . 1 8 mm ;

t op 2 3 mm s quare ( P late 1 27).

H eigh t

N ewcas t le Un ivers i ty Museu m

o f An t iqu i t ies . 2 4 .

Broken t r ip le v ase , n ow l os t .

S tanwix

( Cumbr ia )

( Kaye , 1 914 , p . 1 6)

NY 3 955

Bronze f igur ine o f a? pr ies tess w i th f i l le t r ound h air a nd h o lding p a tera . Hands i n a t ti tude o f p rayer ( P la te 1 33 ).

Tu llie H ouse Museu m , C ar l is le ;

Acc . n o . 9 3 .1949 . S teHoch

( Du m fr ies a nd G a l loway )

Bronze f igur ine o f Mercury.

NX 3 641

E d inburgh N a tiona l Museu m o f An t iqu i ties .

( Cur le , 1 931-2 , p . 2 77f f .) S under land

( Tyne a nd Wear )

NZ 3 957

Bronze f igur ine o f C e l t ic Sm i th-god , 2 nd — 3 rd C en tury ( P la te 5 3 ). c as t le Un ivers i ty Museu m o f An t iqu i ties ; B oucher , 1 973 , Ta lgar th ? n ear

P .

Acc . n o . 1 956.235 .A .

New( c f . L yon ,

1 17)

( Powys )

S O 1 534

Frag men tary p ipe-c lay f igure o f c ockerel .

N a t iona l Museu m o f Wa les .

( I nfor ma t ion f ro m G . C . B oon ) Trapra in Law

1 .

( Lo th ian R eg ion )

Sma l l p a ir o f me ta l a n t lers , p erhaps t o f i t o n t he h ead o f ar i tual image ( B ir ley , 1 956, p . 1 86;

2 .

NT 5 874

R oss , 1 967 , p . 1 42 )

H oard o f s i lver o b jects , e ar ly 5 th c en tury , b u t mos t o b jec ts p robably made i n 4 th C en tury .

S evera l o ver t ly Chr is t ian o b jec ts :

a ) F lagon w i th b ibl ica l s cenes b ) Sma l l f lask w i th c h i-rho , a lpha a nd omega c ) S i lver s poon w i th e ngrav ing o f f ish d ) Two s poons marked w i th c h i-rho monogra m 7 2

e ) Wine s trainer w i th c h i-rho a nd i nscr ibed d ed ica tion ' IESVS CHR ISTVS ' r ound c ircumference. ( Cur ie , 1 923 p ass im ;

Wa l l , 1 966 , p p. 1 47-165 )

Turre t 1 8B , H adr ian 's Wa l l 1 .

( Nor thu mber land )

Bronze e na melled whee l-brooch ( P la te 4 8 ).

NZ 0 168 Newcas t le Un ivers i ty Museu m

o f An t iqu i t ies . Usk

( Gwen t )

S O 3 700

F rag men t o f p ipe c lay s ta tuet te . Waddon H i l l , S toke Abbot

( Dorse t )

S T 4 401

Bronze f igur ine o f t hree-horned b u l l f ro m Ro man f or t .

( Anon , 1 937 , p . 2 35 ;

Ross , 1 967 , p . 3 03 ) Warr ing ton

( Lancash ire )

F rag men t o f t r iple v ase . i n l i t t .

S J 6 088 Manches ter Un ivers i ty Museu m .

( I n for ma tion

Deborah C laase , Manches ter Museu m , u nda ted , 1 977 ).

Wa tercrook

( Lancash ire )

S D 5 190

L ower p ar t o f p ipe-clay f igur ine o f Venus .

Uns trati f ied f ind f ro m e as tern

a ng le o f f or t ( Pot ter , 1 976, p p . 3 8-9 ) We lshpoo l 1 .

( Powys )

S J 2 207

I n e ar thwork n a med ' Gaer-Fawr ' , b ronze b oar f ound , n a tural is t ic ;

c as t

s lot u ndernea th i nd ica tes t ha t i t was mean t t o b e moun ted o n ap ro jecting p iece o f me ta l o r c res t .

N a t iona l Museu m o f Wa les ;

Acc . n o . 7 0.354.

( Barnwe l l , 1 891, p p. 1 63-167 ) 2 .

Bu l l 's h ead b ucke t- moun t . p . 3 04 )

We twang S lack

( Hu mbers ide )

( Toynbee , 1 962 , P l . 5 9 , p . 1 50 ;

S E 9 45602

Ross , 1 967,

( See a lso G ar ton S lack — o ld n a me f or s i te )

Far ms tead y ie lded f our c ha lk f igures ( c f . G ar ton S lack , a bove ) . 1 977 , p . 3 84 ) Wig ton , n ear

( Cu mbr ia )

NY 2 548

Bronze s tee lyard we igh t i n f or m o f mask , f ro m Ro man s i te . Museu m , C ar l is le . Wi lderspoo l

( Lancash ire )

Tu l lie H ouse

S J 6 186

1 .

Two t r ip le v ases .

2 .

Min ia ture p ot tery f la t-bo tto med j ug , 5 .4 cm h igh . C hes ter ;

( Frere ,

Warr ing ton Museu m .

Acc . n o . 5 93. R .1977.

7 3

( Kaye , 1 914 , p . 1 4 ) G rosvenor Museu m ,

York 1 .

S E 6 052

S i lver o ctagona l f inger-r ing d edica ted t o S ucel lus ' Deo S ucelo l , f ound i n 1 875 a t C i ty Moa t , S t . Maincer 's R oad .

( R. H .C. M., 1 962 , p p .

'