A Corpus of Early Bronze Age Dagger Pommels from Great Britain and Ireland 9780904531022, 9781407320502

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
List of Plates
Acknowledgements
Introduction
SECTION ONE: THE TYPOLOGICAL GROUPINGS
SECTION TWO: THE CORPUS
SECTION THREE: THE ASSOCIATIONS
SECTION FOUR: POSTULATED CHRONOLOGY
SECTION FIVE: STYLISTIC AFFINITIES WITHIN THE CORPUS
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
APPENDIX
BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCES
PLATES

Citation preview

A Corpus of Early Bronze Age Dagger Pommels from Great Britain and Ireland

Ron Hardaker

British Archaeological Reports 3 1 974

British Archaeological Reports 122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

General Editors: A.R.Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. Mrs Y.M.Hands D.R.Walker, B.A. Advisory Editors: C.B.Burgess, M.A. Neil Cossons, M.A., F.S.A., F.M.A. Professor B.W.Cunliffe, M.A., Ph.D., F.S.A. Sonia Chadwick Hawkes, B.A., M.A., F.S.A. Professor G.D.B.Jones, M.A., D.. Phil., F.S.A. Frances Lynch, M.A., F.S.A. P.A.Mellars, M.A., Ph.D. P.A.Rahtz, M.A., F.S.A.

B.A.R. 3, 1974: "Dagger Pommels"

© Ron Hardaker, 1974

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.

ISBN 9780904531022 paperback ISBN 9781407320502 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531022 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

DAGGER PO M MELS

CONTENTS Page L IST OF PLATES

L IST OF TEXT F IGURES

ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS

I NTRODUCTION

1

S ECTION ONE T he Typo log ica l Group ings

3

S ECT ION TWO T he Corpus : Descr ip t ions o f t he i nd iv idua l p o m me ls I ndex o f Po m me ls

7 3 0

S ECTION THREE T he Assoc ia t ions

3 2

S ECTION FOUR P os tu la ted C hrono logy

3 9

S ECTION F IVE fin S ty l ist ic Af i t ies w i th in t he C orpus

4 5

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

4 9

APPEND IX

5 2

B IBLIOGRAPHY

5 4

REFERENCES

5 7

L IST OF PLATES Page P la te Ia and b

Go ld p o m mel mount f ro m Topped

a f ter 6 5

Moun ta in , C o . F er managh ( Corpus n o . 2 8 ) P la te I a -d

T he g o ld p o m mel f ro m Barrow 7 , The R idgeway , Dorse t ( Corpus n o . 3 2 )

P la te I e

Amber p om mel f ro m Ha m meldon Down , D evon ( Corpus n o . 3 3 )

L IST OF TEXT F IGURES Page F ig . 1

1 . The A shgrove p o m me l ( Corpus No . 1 )

5 9

2 . TheA mesbury p o m me l ( Corpus No . 2 ) 4 . TheM i lston p o m me l ( Corpus No . 4 ) 5 . TheG ar ton S lack p o m mel ( Corpus No . 5 ) F ig . 2

7 . The Man ton p o m me l ( Corpus No . 7 ) 8 .T he G al l ey L ow p o m me l

6 0

( Corpus No . 8 )

9 .T he Narrowda le H il l p o m me l ( Corpus N o . 9 ) 1 6 . T he Win terbourne S toke p o m me l ( Corpus No . 1 6 ) F ig . 3

1 0 . The Merddyn Gwyn p o m me l ( Corpus N o . 1 0 ) 1 1 .B w lch y Rh iw p o m me l ( Corpus N o . 1 1 ) 1 2 . T he Wi l mslow p o m me l ( Corpus N o . 1 2 ) 1 3 . T he B edd B ranwen ( po t B ) p o m me l ( Corpus N o . 1 3 ) ranwen ( po t H ) p o m me l 1 4 . B edd B ( Corpus No . 1 4 ) ian Bach p o m me l ( Corpus No . 1 5 ) 1 5 . T he Mar

6 1

F ig . 4

3 . The H e lper thorpe p o mme l ( Corpus No . 3 )

6 2

6 . The G risthorpe p o m me l ( Corpus No . 6 ) 1 7 . Barrow 7 , The R idgeway p o m me l ( Corpus No . 1 7 ) 1 8 . The E ynsha m p o m me l ( Corpus N o . 1 8 ) 1 9 . The Garrowby Wo ld p om me l ( Corpus No . 1 9 ) 2 0 . The S tan ton Moor p o m me l ( Corpus No . 2 0 ) F ig . 5

2 1 . The L ock ton Warren p o m me l ( Corpus No . 2 1 )

6 3

2 . The S ca mr idge p o m me l ( Corpus No . 2 2 ) 2 2 3 . The Win terbourne S toke p o m me l ( Corpus N o . 2 3 ) 2 4 . The L eicester p o m me l ( Corpus N o . 2 4 ) F ig . 6

2 5 . The S ka teraw p o m me l ( Corpus N o . 2 5 )

6 4

2 6 . The B lackwa terfoo t p o m me l ( Corpus No . 2 6 ) 2 7 . The C ol o m me l ( Corpus N o . 2 7 ) l essie p 2 8 . The T opped Mt . p o m me l ( Corpus No . 2 8 ) F ig . 7

2 9 . The S hrewton p o m me l ( Corpus N o . 2 9 ) 3 1 . The Bush Barrow p o m me l ( Corpus No . 3 1 ) 3 2 . The R idgeway Go ld p o m me l ( Corpus No . 3 2 ) 3 . The Ha m me ldon Down p o m me l(Corpus N o . 3 3 ) 3 3 4 . The Grange p o m me l ( Corpus N o . 3 4 )

6 5

ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS

Iam a bove a l l i ndeb ted t o Mrs . F . M . L lewel l yn who h as a t a l l t imes b een a c onstan t s ource o f e ncourage men t , a dv ice a nd c r i t icis m .

Iwou ld l ike t o

g ive h er my t hanks f or k ind ly r ead ing a n e ar l ier d raf t o f t he work a nd f or a lowing me t o u se h er u npub l ished d rawing o f t he G range p o m me l . l Iw ou ld l ike t o e xpress my g ra t i tude t o M iss A . S . H enshal or a lowing l f l me t o make u se o f h er d raw ings o f t he S cot o m me ls a nd t he ir d aggers , tish p a nd f or h er n o tes r egard ing t he L e ices ter p iece .

A lso t o D r . J . J . Tay lor

who k ind ly a lowed me t o p ub l ish h er p ho tographs o f t he R idgeway g o ld l p o m me l . Iam g ra tefu l t o t he Na t iona l Museum o f I re land f or p er m ission t o p ub l ish P lates I a a nd b , a nd t o t he B r i t ish Museu m f or p er m iss ion t o p ub l ish P la te I I . Iam g ra tefu l t o t he A rchaeo log ica l Depar t men t o f t he Un iversi ty C ol l ege o f Nor th Wa les f or a ford ing me e very f ac i l i ty p ossib le i n t he p roduc t ion o f f t h is work , t o Mr . R . G . L ivens f or p rov id ing mora l s uppor t a nd t o my f r iend a nd c ol . R . B . Wh i te f or many i n teres t ing a nd s t i mu la t ing d iscusl eague Mr s ions . F ina ly my many t hanks t o t he c ura tors a nd s taf f t he v ar ious museums l f o v isi ted f or t heir g enerous a ss istance i n a low ing me t o s tudy t he i nd iv idua l l p ieces , E ng l ish .

a nd t o Mr . P . B rabner a nd Mr .

J . F isher f or c orrect ing my

I NTRODUCT ION

G eneral ly s peak ing p omme ls h ad a t hreefo ld p urpose .

F irs t ly t o

s treng then a nd c ap t he d agger h i lt , s upp lemen t ing t he h i lt r ive ts b y p rov idi ng a n e nd-p iece a t t he h ee l o f t he h and le wh ich u n i ted t oge ther t he o f ten c o mp lex h i lt c o mponen ts .

S econd ly t o b a lance t he d agger , b y p rov id ing

b eh ind t he h and p os i t ion aw e igh t t o c oun ter-ba lance t ha t o f t he b lade a nd p oss ib ly c rea te a co mfor tab le a nd p ro tected g r ip .

Las t ly , i n a dd i t ion t o

t hese f unct iona l p urposes t he p omme l o f ten a l lowed s cope f or t he c ra f ts man t o s how h is a b i l i ty i n p roduc ing s k i lfu l d ecora t ion o r s imp le d ecora t ive c ont rast b y p rov id ing a decora ted e nd-cap t o t he h i l t , u l t ima te ly a dd ing t o t he a esthe t ic q ua l i t ies o f t he d agger . S evera l o f t he p o mme ls , p ar t icu lar ly t hose wh ich a re b et nown , t er k h ave b een d iscussed b y o ther wr i ters , o ccas iona ly i n s o me d e ta i l . H owever , l a l t he p om me ls i n G rea t B r i ta in a nd I re land h ave n ever b een d iscussed l e i ther a s i nd iv idua l t ypes o r t aken a s awho le , n or v iewed i n r e la t ion t o o ne a nother .

T h is monograph i s a n a te mp t a s f ar a s i s a t p resen t p oss ib le t o t

c lass i fy a nd c ol te a C orpus o f E ar ly B ronze Age d agger p omme ls i n la G rea t B r i ta in a nd I re land ,

a nd t o d iscuss t he ir t ypo logy ,

c hrono log ica l

r e la t ionsh ip a nd c u ltura l b ackground . T he n u mber o f p omme ls k nown , e x tan t , i s3 4 ,

1

o r r ecorded a s b e ing a t o ne t ime

o f wh ich s ome h ave n ow b een l os t o r d estroyed , b u t r ecords

a nd d raw ings s urv ive .

T h is f i gure d oes n o t i nc lude a bone p omme l n o ted b y

E vans 2 i nt he Kenda l c ol t ion ( now p assed i n to t he h ands o f Y ork Museum ) l ec wh ich h as b een l ost , w ithou t r ecord , n or t he amber p omme l d estroyed d uring C unn ing ton 's n ine teen th c en tury e xcava t ions a t W in terbourne S toke .3 Ih ave n o t i nc luded t he R oke D own D irk4 w i th h orn h i lt a nd p o mme l , n or t he p oss ib le b ronze p o m me l ( ? ) f ro m R each F en , C ambr idge ,5 s ince t hese p ieces f a l o u ts ide t he c hrono log ica l l im i ts o f t he c orpus . l I n t h e t er m p o m me l , Ih ave i nc luded t he t hree S cot o ld p om me l tish g

1

moun ts a nd t he g o ld moun t f ro m T opped Moun ta in C a irn i n I re land . Though n o t s tr ict ly s peak ing a ctua l p om me ls , t hey n ever the less c ons t i tu te a p ar t o f t he h i lt-end p iece a nd p rov ide a n i ns igh t i n to p omme l p arts wh ich h ave n o t s urv ived .

2

SECTION ONE : THE TYPOLOG ICAL GROUPINGS

B e ing c lose ly r e la ted t o t he p erson t he d aggers a nd t he ir p o m me ls , l ike c lothes , were s ub ject t o r ap id c hanges i n f ash ion a nd s howed a var ie ty o f s ty le , d epend ing u pon wha t was i n v ogue a t t he t ime o f manu facture a nd o n t he t as te a nd r esources o f t he i nd iv idua l maker o r o wner . C onsequen t ly , i n v iew o f t h is f act a nd t he smal l n u mber o f p o m me ls k nown , v ery f ew o f t he p ieces a re e xact ly a l ike i n s ty le a nd d i mens ions o r a re a ssoc ia ted w i th l y makes t s im i lar b lades , wh ich o ccas ional he t ypo log ica l c lass i f ica t ion o f ficu t er c erta in o f t he p o m me ls a dif lt mat . T he p o mme ls h ave b een d iv ided i n to t ypo log ica l g roups a ccord ing t o c o m mon o bserved c harac ter is t ics s uch a s s hape , s ize , a nd me thod o fa tachmen ta nd , i nt he c ase o f t he p o m me ls o f t G roup V I , t he r a ther o u ts tand ing e xot ic o r c o mp lex n a ture o f t he p ieces h as b een c ons idered r eason e nough f or p lac ing t he m i n as epara te m iscel l aneous c a tegory , e ven t hough t hey m igh t p ossess c er ta in c harac ter is t ics f ound i n t he o ther g roups .

G roup I I ti sp oss ib le t o d iv ide p o m me ls made o n t he t rough p r inc ip le i n to t wo r e la ted , t hough d is t inc t , v ar ie t ies .

T h is f i rst g roup c ons ists o f p o m me ls

f ro m A shgrove ( F ife ), Amesbury a nd M i ls ton ( W i ltsh ire ) , Gar ton S lack , H e lper thorpe a nd G r isthorpe ( Yorksh ire ), a nd i s c haracter ized b y t he ir r e la t ive ly s tra igh t s ides , c on t inu ing t he s tra igh t o r s l ight ly c urv ing p ro f i le o f t he ir r espec t ive h i lts , w i thou t t he p ro trud ing u pper l i p o f t he p o m me ls o f G roup I , wh ich e x tends marked ly b eyond t he h i lt e dge .

G roup Ip o m me ls

a re l arger ( see t ab le , Append ix p . 5 2) a nd o f more s o l id c ons truct ion t han t he G roup I p o m me ls , a nd o f ten a ppear o b long w hen v iewed f ro m a bove . T hey a re i n e very c ase made f ro m a s ing le p iece o f ma ter ia l s uch a s b one o r h orn , w ith a s o l id t op a nd a n o pen ing o r s ocke t t o a cco m moda te a h i lte nd t ang c u t i n to t he ir l ower e dge . T hey a re s ecured t o t he h i l t-end b y p ins o r r ive ts , t he h eads o f wh ich r e ma in v is ib le , d r iven t hrough g eneral ly

3

s tra igh t forward p er fora t ions a t t he f ron t a nd b ack o f t he p o mme l .

Group I Th is s econd g roup i s made u p a lso o f t rough p o m me ls w i th mor t ised h i lt -end r ecep tac les a nd s ide p in p erfora t ions , a nd l ike t he Group Ip o mme ls t hey a re made f ro m a s ing le p iece o f ma ter ia l a nd h ave a s o l id t op .

T he

l ey L l g roup c o mpr ises p o m me ls f ro m G al ow ( Derbysh ire ) , Narrowda le H il f ordsh ( S taf ire ) , Merddyn Gwyn ( Ang lesey ) , Bw lch y Rh iw ( Caernarvonsh ire ) , Wi l ms low ( Chesh ire ) a nd o ne p o m me l f rom t he b ur ia l a t B edd B ranwen ( Ang lesey ). They a re more r ounded i n p rof i le a nd c ons t i tu te a less marked c on t inua t ion o f t he h i l t e dge , d isp lay ing a pronounced o verhang ing u pper l i p . l er a They a re much smal nd more f rag i le , b e ing i n e very c ase u nder 3 5 mm . l er a i n l eng th w i th c orrespond ing ly smal nd l ess r egu lar ly c u t h i l t-end r ecep tac les .

G roup f l a C onnected w i th t he p o m me ls o f G roup I a re t hree p o m me ls , wh ich i nc lude a s econd p iece f ro m t he B edd B ranwen b ur ia l ,

o ne f ro m Cwm

( F l in tsh ire ) a nd a po m me l f ro m Win terbourne S toke ( W i l tsh ire ) . T hey a re c lose ly a l ied t o t he G roup I p ieces i n s hape , s ize a nd h i lt-end r ecep tac le l b u t d i fer i n h av ing i n a dd i t ion t o t he u sua l f

s ide p in p erfora t ions p rov is ion

f or p in a tach men t t hrough t he p o m me l t op . T hese u pper p erfora t ions m igh t t a lso b e c ons idered a s t ransi t iona l e le men ts b e tween p o m me ls o f G roup I a nd G roup I I .

G roup I I T h is g roup c ons is ts o f f our p o m me ls , f ro m t he R idgeway ( Dorse t ) , E ynsha m ( Ox fordsh ire ) , S tan ton Moor ( Derbysh ire ) a nd Garrowby Wo ld ( Yorksh ire ) , t he f i rst t hree d isp lay ing t he p ro trud ing l i p c harac ter ist ic o f G roup I p o m me ls , wh i le t he Garrowby Wo ld p iece a ppears t o ma in ta in i n i t s p ro f i le t he e dge o f t he h i lt a s e v idenced b y p o m me ls o f G roup I . T he p omme ls a re c haracter ized a nd d i fer f ro m t he t rough t ypes i n t ha t t heir t ops f a re n o t s o l id b u t h ave a n o pen ing c orrespond ing t o t ha t c rea ted b y t he

4

e x tens ion o f t he mor t ised h i l t -end r ecep tac le t hrough t he p o m me l , p robab ly f or a d ecora t ive f unc t ion .

G roup I V T h is g roup c ons ists o f f our p o m me ls wh ich may b e t er med c o mposi te , s ince i n e ach c ase t he a c tua l p o m me l i s c ons tructed f ro m a t l east t wo c o mp onen ts . T he L ock ton Warren a nd S camr idge

( Yorksh ire ) p o m me ls a re made

o f t hree p ar ts a nd a ppear t o p aral l c er ta in f ea tures o f t he p o m me ls o f le G roup I ,i n p ar t icu lar t he s tra igh t p o m me l s ides a ppear ing t o c on t inue t he l ine o f t he h i lt e dge , a nd e xh ib i t mor t ised r ecep tac les , r epresen t ing a n a l terna t ive me thod o f manufac tur ing a trough p o m me l . T he Win terbourne S toke ( W i l tsh ire ) a nd L e icester c o mpos i te p ieces a ppear more i nd iv idua la nd d isp lay t he s tra igh t s ides o f G roup I . T hese c o mpos i te p o m me ls a re r e lat i ve ly l arge i n s ize a s c o mpared w i th most o ther p o m me ls , f or e xamp le t he Win terbourne S toke p iece , when c o mp le te , must h ave b een t he l argest p o mmel f ound i n Br i ta in .

G roup V G roup V c o mpr ises t he t hree s im i lar g o ld p o m me l moun ts f ro m S co t land a nd a close ly r e la ted moun t f ro m I re land . T hese d ist inc t ive moun ts were p robab ly e n t ire ly d ecora t ive i n f unc t ion , c ons ist ing o f t h in s tr ips o r b ands o f g o ld . T he ir me thod o f a tachmen t t

a nd o r ig ina l p os i t ion o n t he p o mme l o r

h i lt i s n o t k nown , a nd i ti s n o t c lear wha t t ype o f p o m me l was d ecora tedw i th t hese moun ts . The g enera l s ize o f t he moun ts a nd t he o r ig ina l s hape o f t he C ol ie p iece migh t s ugges t t ha t t hey were a tached t o t he n ecks o f p o ml ess t me ls a f i l ia ted t o G roup I . f

G roup V I T he f i na l g roup i s o f a m ore miscel a ture , b e ing made u p o f f i ve l aneous n d ispara te a nd f or t he mos t p ar t u nre la ted p o m me ls . T h is g roup i n n o way p rov ides h ard a nd f ast t ypo log ica l l im i ts , b u t i s j ust if ied r a ther o n t he g rounds o f c onven ience a nd b y t he f ac t t ha t t he p o m me ls a re more c o mp lex , b o th i n me thod o f a tach men t where k nown , a nd i n d ecora t ion where p resen t . t

5

T h is p rov ides t he c r i ter ia f or t he ir i nc lus ion t oge ther a s a m iscel l aneous g roup . A l though r easonab ly c o mparab le i n s hape , s ize , a nd s truc ture t o t he p o m me ls o f G roup I , t he r e la ted p o mme ls f rom H amme ldon D own ( Devon ) a nd G range ( Co . Roscom mon ) c an b e s e t a par t f rom t hese t ypes b y t he ir t more c omp lex me thod o f h i l t a tachmen t a nd b y t he e xo t ic n a ture o f t he Hamme ldon Down p iece . T he R idgeway g o ld p om me l a nd t he B ush B arrow ( W i l tsh ire ) p o mme l c an a lso b e s een t o b e o f c omparab le d i mens ions t o c er ta in o ther p o m me ls . H owever , b ecause t he n a ture o f t he p omme ls a nd t he ir me thods o f h i l t a t tachmen t a re u nknown , i ti s c once ivab le t ha t t hey c ou ld b e a s c lose t o t he H am me ldon Down o r G range p ieces a s t o t he o ther t ypes i n r espec t o f h i lt a t tachmen t . I n a dd i t ion , t heir u n ique ly e xo t ic q ua li t ies p resen t as trong c ase f or t heir b e ing c ons idered i n t h is m iscel l aneous g roup o f c o mp lex p o m me ls . T he r a ther c omp lex p o mme l f ro m S hrewton l ( W i ltsh ire ) a ppears t o b e u n ique a nd w i thou t p ara le l among B r i t ish p o mme ls a nd h as a lso b een a ssigned t o t h is g roup . T hese t ypo log ica l g roup ings h ave b een made o n a n emp ir ica l b as is , d ependen t u pon o rd inar i ly o bservab le f ea tures , w i thou t r eference t o o ther f ac tors s uch a s a ssoc ia t ions , c ircums tances a nd p lace o f f ind ,e t c . A t t he mo men t t oo f ew p o m me ls

a re k nown f rom

B r i t ish

s i tes

t o make

p o m me l t ypo log ies b ased o n g rea ter s ta t ist ica l a na lysis wor thwh i le . Un less more d a ta b eco mes a va i lab le i ti s u n l ike ly t ha t a m ore s cien t i f ica l ly o r ient a ted a ssess men t o f t he t ypo log ica l g roups w ou ld b e p ossib le .

6

S ECT ION TWO: THE CORPUS GROUP I l, F 1 . Bone p o m me l f ro m A shgrove , Me th i lh il ife l ery ( now i n t he K irkca ldy Museu m a nd A r t Gal ) r e fs : P roceed ings o f t he S oc ie ty o f An t iquar ies o f S co t land , I ( XCVI 1963-4 ) , 1 66-79 . l 1 H enshal 968 , 1 82 , f ig . 4 1 , 1 84 l y made c T h is p omme l was f ound i n ac are ful is t , s i tua ted n ear t he s ea , a cco mpany ing a c rouched s ke le ton , p robab ly o f a n a du l t ma le ,

al a te

c oarse ly made b eaker s how ing r ough ly i nc ised d ecora t ion , a nd a fla t d agger b lade

w i th i ts t hree r ive ts s t il l i n p lace a nd s how ing t races o f as hea th o f

a n i ma l s k in . The p o m me l i s o ne o f t he f ew k nown t o h ave t he r e ma ins o f i t s o r ig ina l h i lt s urv iv ing , i tb e ing c onstructed o f t wo h orn p la tes b etween wh ich was p robab ly a t anged t h ird p la te , n ow t o tal ecayed , ly d

o n t o wh ich t he

p o m me l w as f i ted . t T he p o m me l ( F ig . 1 ) i s made f ro m a s ing le p iece o f i vory ,

a l most

c erta in ly f ro m t he t oo th o f a sper m wha le , wh ich s t il e ta ins i n p ar ts i t s l r o r ig ina l h igh g loss , t hough t he l ower e dge h as d ecayed a way .

I ti s 4 4 mm .

i n l eng th b y 1 6 mm . i n d ep th , a nd h as a rectangu lar , wel t ised s ocke t , l mor a nd t hree p in-ho les e i ther s ide o f t he s ocket t o a cco m moda te t he a tach men t t p ins , wh ich h ave n ow d isappeared s ugges t ing t hey were o f wood .

2 . Bone p o m me l f ro m B arrow 8 5 , B osco mbe D own , Amesbury , Wi l tsh ire ( now i n S a lisbury Museum ) r efs : W i ltsh ire Archaeo log ica l Magazine , LV I , 2 37-40 . Moore & R ow lands 1 972 , 8 , A ppend ix 3 8 . A shbee 1 960 , 1 00-102 . T he p omme l was f ound w i th a n i nhuma t ion b ur ia l o f a n a du l t ma le wh ich was p r i mary t o t he b arrow , a cco mpan ied b y i t s f la t d agger b lade a nd a fl in t s craper . A s econdary c re ma t ion b ur ia l f ro m t he s a me b arrow p roduced a B ush B arrow t ype d agger a nd a smal n i fe-dagger , n e ither o f wh ich h ave l k p o m me ls s urv iv ing .

7

T he p o m me l ( F ig . 1 ) i s made f ro m a s ing le p iece o f b one , a nd a s i tnow e x is ts i s j ust u nder 4 0 mm . i n l eng th , a nd i s b ad ly d ecayed a nd o u t o fs hape . t T he me thod o f a tach men t i s n o t c o mp le te ly c lear b ecause o f t he l am ina t ion , b u t o ne c an o bserve t he i n terna l h i l t-end r ecep tac le , t hough t he l ower s ides o f t he p o m me l h ave d ecayed a way a nd i ti s n ot p oss ib le t o o bserve t he s ide p in p er fora t ions .

l me T hree smal ta l p ins s urv ive wh ich were p robab ly u sed

t t o a tach t he p o m me l t o i t s y ew h and le , o f wh ich f rag men ts r ema in , i n t he n or ma l s ide p in manner . H owever , i tm igh t , b y c o inc idence , b e p oss ib le t o o bserve t hree p in-ho les i n t he p o m me l t op , t hough t h is c ou ld n o t b e p roper ly a scer ta ined b ecause o f t he l am ina t ion , a nd i n f ac t i s mos t u n l ike ly .

3 . B one p o m me l f ro m H e lper thorpe , E as t R id ing o f Yorksh ire ( now i n t he B r i t ish Museu m ) l a l eston 1 r e fs : G reenwel nd R ol 877 , 2 05-8 . E vans 1 881 , 2 27 , f igs . 2 80-1 . B r it ish Museu m 1 920 , 8 3 ,

f ig . 7 7 .

T he p o m me l was f ound w i th i t s f l a t d agger b lade n ear t he c en tre o f ab arrow , a cco mpany ing a c on trac ted i nhu ma t ion b ur ia l o f a n a du lt ma le . T he d agger a ppears t o h ave b een p laced i n t he r igh t h and o f t he d eceased w i th t he p o in t o f t he b lade t ouch ing t he c h in o f t he s ke le ton . I ti s r ecorded t ha t t he h i l t w as o f o x h orn , t hough l i t le n ow r e ma ins , a nd was p oss ib ly c o mpos i te i n c ont s truct ion .6 T h is p o m me l ( F ig . 4 ) i s made f ro m a s ing le p iece o f h orn , a nd a ppears t o b e i n g ood c ond i t ion , w i th a fa ir ly wel o l ished s urface . I ti s4 8 mm . i n l p l eng th , w i th a dep th o f 1 4 mm . a nd h as aw el t ised h i lt-end r ecep tac le , l mor wh ich s uggests a s turdy d agger h and le , t he p o m me l b e ing a tached t o t he t h i lt b y t wo s ide p erfora t ions .

4 . B one p o m me l f ro m M i ls ton G rave 5 1 , W i ltsh ire ( now i n D ev izes Museu m ) r efs : Hoare 1 810 , 1 95 . E vans 1 881 , 2 30-231 , f i g . 2 87 . A shbee 1 960 , 1 00-102 . Annab le a nd S i mpson 1 964 , 4 1 . T he p o m me l was f ound a ssoc ia ted w i th a fl a t d agger o f t he mu l t i-r ive t t ype , a cco mpany ing a pr i mary i nhuma t ion u nder ab ow l b arrow . T he d agger h i l t ,

8

j udg ing b y t he p resen t i m i ta t ion , wou ld h ave c ons is ted o f t wo s epara te wooden o r b one p la tes , s ecured t oge ther b y t h ir ty smal l r ive ts wh ich a lso h ad a d ecora t ive f unc t ion .

I n a dd i t ion t o t he r ive ts t here i s f ur ther h i lt

d ecora t ion i n t he f or m o f d o ts i nc ised i n to t he h i lt s urface , f or m ing f i rst ly a b order o f d oub le l ines , b u t w i th o n ly a s ing le l i ne a round t he h ee l o f t he l c b lade , a nd s econd ly smal irc les b etween t he r ive ts . T h is b lade , a long w i th t ha t f rom Gar ton S lack a nd p oss ib ly t ha t f ro m L e ices ter a re t he o n ly d aggers w ith mu l t i-r ive t h i lts wh ich h ave p o m me ls e x tan t . T he p o m me l ( F ig . 1 ) i s c onstruc ted f ro m a s ing le p iece o f b one , n ow s l ight ly r estored , a nd i s 4 4 mm . i n l eng th a nd 1 4 mm . i n d ep th , t hough i ti s r a ther t h inner t han t he o ther p o m me ls o f G roup I . I th as t wo s ide p in p erf ora t ions , b u t i ti s n ot p oss ib le t o o bserve t he v ery p robab le h i lt-end s ocke t , s ince t he n ine teen th c en tury i m i ta t ion o f t he o r ig ina l h and le h as b een t p er manen t ly a tached .

5 . Bone p o m me l f ro m G arton S lack , B arrow 1 07 , E ast R id ing o f Y orksh ire l Museu m ( now i n Hul ) r efs : Mor t i mer 1 905 , 2 31-2 . E vans 1 881 , 2 28 . T he p omme l was f ound a cco mpany ing a n i nhu ma t ion b ur ia l o f a n a du lt ma le , wh ich w i th s evera l o ther b ur ia ls was s econdary t o t he b arrow . T he p o m me l t was a tached t o af l a td agger w i th a m u lt i-r ive t h i l t a nd was d irec t ly a ssoc iat ed w i th a n a rm le t . A lso t here a ppears t o h ave b een a food v esse l

a ssoc ia ted

w i th t he g roup o f s econdary b ur ia ls . Th is i s av ery wel reserved b one p o m me l ( F ig . 1 ) s l igh t ly l onger a nd l p w ider a nd w ith a s l igh t ly more r ounded p ro f i le t han i t s M i lston r e la t ion . I ti s made f rom a s ing le p iece o f b one 4 9 mm . i n l eng th , w i th a d ep th o f 1 4 mm ., h av ing aw el t ised h i l t-end r ecep tac le , a nd t wo s ide p in p erfora t ions l mor wh ich a re n ot p laced o n ah or izon ta l l i ne , o ne b e ing l ower t han t he o ther . T he t wo p ins s urv ive a nd a ppear t o b e o f b ronze . T he h i lt , wh ich d oes n o t s urv ive , w as p robab ly o f wood , a nd t he p at f t he r ive ts s ugges ts t ha t i t t ern o was v ery s im i lar i n d es ign a nd a ppearance t o t he M i lston h i lt , d if fer ing o n ly i n t he l arger n u mber o f r ive ts ( 34 p lus 4 f or s ecuring t he h i lt t o t he b lade ) a nd i n t he o rna men ta l b ronze s tr ips d e l inea t ing t he c urved p ro f i les o f t he

9

h i l t a nd t ak ing t he p lace o f t he i nc ised d ecora t ion i n t he M i ls ton h i lt .

6 . B one p o m me l f ro m G r isthorpe , n ear S carborough , E ast R id ing o f Y orks h ire ( now i n S carborough Museu m ) r efs : Wil 872 . liamson 1 T hurnham a nd D av is 1 856 , 1 52 . E vans 1 881 , 2 28 A shbee 1 960 , 8 8-89 . T he p o mme l was f ound w i th a c on tracted ma le s ke le ton b ur ied i n al arge o ak c of laced a t t he f oo t o f a grave p i t b enea th a barrow s i tua ted o n ac l if fin p f o ver look ing t he s ea . T he s ke le ton was o r ig inal n a n a n i ma l s k in l y wrapped i f as tened a t t he b reast b y a bone p in , a nd b y i t s s ide was f ound a un ique f l a tb ot ish made f ro m p ieces o f b ark s t i tched t oge ther a nd p resu mab ly t o med d c on ta in ing af ood o fer ing . f

I n a dd i t ion t he p om me l was a ssoc ia ted w i th a

smal l a t d agger b lade , a nd a smal l in t k n ife a nd f l in t s crapers were a lso l f l f p resen t i n t he c of . fin L ike t he A shgrove p o m me l ( Corpus n o . 1 ) wh ich was s im i lar ly s i tua ted n ear t he s ea , t he G r isthorpe p iece i s made f ro m a s ing le p iece o f wha le b one a nd a ppears t o b e i n a l most p erfec t c ond i t ion , s t il nd p o l ishedw i th l smooth a ah igh g loss . I ti s v ery wel onstruc ted , w i th a very r egu lar ly c u t h i l t-end l c s ocke t , a nd t hree s ide p in p erfora t ions , t he p ins f or wh ich n o l onger e x is t . I ti s t he l arges t o f t h is g roup o f p o m me ls , b e ing 5 2 mm . i n l eng th w i th a n eck d ep th o f 2 0 mm ., a nd i n c o mpar ison w i th i t s a cco mpany ing smal l a t l f b lade ( Piggot roup I ) , a ppears i nord ina te ly l arge ( F ig . 4 ) . I nf act t he l ong t G s urv iva l t endency o f t he b lade t ype , a nd i t s wel sed whet ppearance , l u t ed a c o mpared w i th t he a l mos t p er fect c ond i t ion o f t he p o m me l , l ead o ne t o s uggest t ha t t he p o m me l m igh t n o t h ave b een o r ig inal es igned f or t he ly d b lade , b u t i s a la ter s ubst i tu t ion .

GROUP I 7 . Amber p o m me l f ro m ' The Man ton B arrow ' , P reshu te Grave I a , Wi l tsh ire ( now i n D ev izes Museum ) r efs : P iggot 938 , 7 1 t 1 A shbee 1 960 , 7 5-6 . Annab le a nd S i mpson 1 964 , 2 3-4 , 4 7 , 2 01 . Th is amber p o m me l was f ound w i th i t s smal la t k n i fe-dagger b enea th a l, f 1 0

b ow l b arrow , a cco mpany ing a p r imary i nhuma t ion b ur ia l o f a n a du l t f e ma le , t he s ke le ton b eing wrapped i n c lo th b e fore c ons ignmen t t o t he g rave .

A lso

a ssoc ia ted w i th t he b ur ia l were a grape c up , ap o in t il 'd ecora ted i ncense le b ow l , t hree b ronze a w ls , ag o ld b ound amber d isc , a ha lberd p endan t w i th i t s b ronze b lade s e t i n a ha f t o f s hee t g o ld , a nd a n a ssor t men t o f b eads a nd b ut , wh i le n ine f ee t a way f ro m t he s ke le ton was a smal inerary u rn t ons l c a pparen t ly u sed a s a food v esse l .

The v a lue o f t he amber p o mme l a nd t he

r ichness a nd v ar ie ty o f t hese g rave g oods s ugges t t ha t t he o wner was a wo man o f wea l th a nd r ank . Th is i s av ery smal o m me l ( F ig . 2 ) made f ro m a s ing le p iece o f l p amber , 2 2 mm . i n l eng th w i th a dep th o f 1 0 mm .

T he amber a ppears

c racked a nd f rag i le a nd s l igh t ly d ecayed a t t he t op . I th as a smal t ised l mor s ocke t a nd t wo p in-ho le p er fora t ions e i ther s ide , t he p ins f or wh ich d o n o t a ppear t o e x ist .

U n like t he G r is thorpe p om me l i ta ppears t o b e c orrect ly

p ropor t ioned i n s ize t o I t s smal lade , s ugges ting t ha t t he p o m me l was l b o r ig ina ly d esigned f or t he b lade . l

8 . Bone p o m me l f ro m G al ow , B rassing ton Moor , D erbysh ire l ey L ( now i n S hef ld Museum ) fie r efs : H owar th 1 899 , 5 4 , 1 15-16 . B a te man 1 848 , 3 9 . The p omme l was f ound i n a barrow c on ta in ing s evera l i nhuma t ions , a nd was p robab ly i n terred w i th a n a du l t s ke le ton .

A smal ol rn , a smal l c l ared u l

f l in t a rrowhead a nd a bone p in w i th a large p er fora ted e ye were a lso i n p roba b le a ssoc ia tion w i th t he b ur ia l . T he e xcava t ion r evea led n o e v idence o f e i ther a d agger b lade o r a hi l t . T he p o m me l ( F ig . 2 ) i s made f ro m a s ing le p iece o f b one , 3 2 .5 m m . i n l eng th , a nd w i th a d ep th o f l ess t han 1 0 mm .

I ta ppears , l i ke most o f t h is

g roup , f rag i le , a nd i s s l igh t ly c h ipped a nd p i ted o n o ne s ide , b u t e lsewhere t a ppears smoo th a nd p o l ished .

T he p o m me l h as a smal t ised h i l t r ecepl mor

t ac le , wh ich i s r a ther i rregu lar , v ary ing i n t h ickness f ro m o ne e nd o f t he p o m me l t o t he o ther .

T hree r ibs h ave b een l e f t a long t he b ase o f t he r ecep t-

a c le , a s t hough t he maker b e lieved t he h ol ing o u t t o b e t oo d i f icu lt f or l ow f t he f rag i le p o m me l , o r t ha t t here was n o n ecess i ty f or p rec is ion t oo ling .

1 1

There a re t hree s ide p in-ho le p erfora t ions , t hough n o p ins a ppear t o h ave s urv ived .

9 . B one p o m me l f ro m N arrowda le H il ls ton f ie ld , S taf ire l, A f ordsh ( now i n S hef ld Museum ) fie r efs : B a te man 1 848 , 9 7-8 . Howar th 1 899 , 9 4-5 , 1 81 . T he p o m me l was f ound i n a smal ist p laced a li t le t o o ne s ide o f t he c enl c t t ra l c is t u nder a smal ow b arrow . T he c is t c on ta ined a c re ma t ion b ur ia l , l l o r ig inal ly p ro tec ted b y al arge u rn , b u t t h is h as n o t s urvived .

A lso f ound

w i th t he p o m me l , amongs t t he c re ma ted r e ma ins were a f l in t a rrow h ead a nd a piece o f s tag 's h orn . T h is p o m me l ( F ig . 2 ) i s more r ounded i n s hape , a ppear ing a l mos t l i ke a b ut t on o r as tud ( wh ich i s wha t t he e xcava tor o r ig inal ly b e l ieved i tt o b e ) . I ti s made f ro m a s ing le p iece o f b one 1 9 .5 m m . i n l eng th a nd w i th a n eck o f 1 2 mm ., a nd h as t he smal ronounced o verhang ing l i p f ound i n t he o ther l, p p o m me ls o f t h is g roup , t hough i ti s smal han t he m . l er t

I ta ppears t o b e

r e markab ly wel reserved , w i th a smoo th wel l ished s urface , a nd h as a l p l -po smal ined , a l mos t c ircu lar , h i l t-end r ecep tac le . l, wel l-def

T he t hree s ide

p in-ho le p erfora t ions a re s o mewha t u nusual laced , t wo b eing p laced c lose ly p t oge ther i n t he c en tre o f t he p o m me l s ide n ear t he b ase o f t he n eck , wh i le t he t h ird i s h igh u p t o o ne s ide .

T he t hree c orrespond ing h o les o n t he o ther s ide

a re n o t e xact ly a na logous a s t he midd le t wo h o les r un i n to e ach o ther , wh i le t he c orrespond ing s ide h o le i s l ower . T h is s ugges ts t ha t t he h o les were b ored f ro m t he o ne s ide , a nd a f ter c ross ing t he s ocke t t he b or ing p rocess was n o t k ep t i n p erfect a l ignmen t .

1 0 .B one p o m me l f ro m Merddyn Gwyn , P en trae th , A ng lesey ( now l ost ) r e fs : Hughes 1 908 , 2 11-20 . L ynch 1 970 , 1 50 , f i g . 5 2 , 1 51 . T he p o m me l , w i thou t h i lt o r b lade , was f ound amongs t t he c re ma ted b ones o f awo man , i nside a n e n larged f ood v esse l .

T h is was o ne o f f our l a ter b ur ia ls

s econdary t o a beaker i nhuma t ion i n t he b arrow wh ich h ad b een e n larged t o a cco m moda te t hese s ubsequen t b ur ia ls .

1 2

The p o m me l ( F ig . 3 ) i s made f ro m a s ing le p iece o f b one o f wh ich o n ly o ne h a l f r e ma ins , t he b reak o ccurring a long t he l eng th o f t he p o m me l , g iv ing i tas im i lar b roken s hape t o t ha t o f t he p o m me l f ro m Bw lch y R h iw ( Corpus n o . 1 1 ) . n eck .

I ti s 3 3 mm . i n l eng th w i th a d ep th o f 1 0 mm . t o t he b ase o f t he

I th as t wo s ide p in p er fora t ions a nd a probab le o va l h i l t -end s ocke t .

The d amage t o t he p o m me l s uggests t ha t i t migh t h ave b een b urn t , b u t t h is i s n o t s ta ted i n t he e xcava t ion r epor t .

1 1 . Bone p o m me l f ro m Bw lch y Rh iw , Caernarvonsh ire f) ( now i n t he N a t iona l Museum o f Wa les , C ard if I I r e f : R .C .A .M . ( Caerns ) 1 964 , XXXV I , f i g . 1 0 , XXXD ‹ . The p omme l i s l i sted i n t he i nven tory o f t he R oya l C omm ission w i thou t ment t ion o f e i ther h i l t , b lade o r a tachmen t p ins , s i mp ly n o ting t ha t t he p o m me l was f ound w i th a cre ma t ion i n a n u rn t oge ther w i th a bronze a w l , t he b ur ia l b eing p ro tected b y as tone c ist . T h is i s af rag i le p o m me l ( F ig . 3 ) made f ro m a s ing le p iece o f b one o f wh ich o n ly o ne h a lf s urv ives s im i lar t o t he p iece f ro m Merddyn Gwyn p us n o . 1 0 ) , p robab ly a s a resu l t o f b urn ing .

( Cor-

I ti s 2 7 mm . i n l eng th w i th a

l p d ep th o f 9m m ., a nd h as a ti ny h i l t-end s ocke t a nd t wo smal in-ho le p erf ora t ions .

1 2 . Bone p o m me l f ro m Wi l ms low , C hesh ire ( now l ost ) r e f : E vans 1 881 , 2 28 , f i g . 2 83 . The p omme l was f ound w i thou t e v idence o f b lade o r h i l t , a ccompany ing a c re ma t ion b ur ia l c on ta ined i n a n u rn . T he p o m me l ( F ig . 3 ) i s made o f as ing le p iece o f b one 3 5 mm . i nl eng th b y 1mm . i n d ep th , w i th amore p ronounced o verhang ing l i p a nd p ropor t iona te ly l onger n eck t han t he o thers o f t he g roup .

T he smal l mor t ised r ecep t-

ling t a c le h as b een made b y d r il hree h o les s ide b y s ide i n t he u nders ide o f t he n eck , s l igh t ly o ver lapp ing t he m t o f or m a c on t inuous c av i ty . T h is wou ld t f s ugges t t ha t a tach men t t o t he h i l t-end t ang was e i ther d i f icu l t o r i nexact . l Two sma l s ide p in p er fora t ions a re p resen t , b u t n o p ins s urv ive .

1 3

1 3 . B one p o m me l f ro m B edd B ranwen , L lanbabo , Ang lesey ( now i n B angor Museum ) r efs : L ynch 1 970 , 1 33 , f i g . 4 4 . L ynch 1 971 , 3 1 , 3 2 , 6 1-3 . T he p o m me l was f ound w i thou t e v idence o f d agger b lade , p ins o r h i lt i nside a large c ol l ared u rn wh ich c on ta ined t he c re ma ted b ones o f a n a du l t ma le . T he mou th o f t he u rn h ad b een b locked b y a piece o f e ar th a nd a sandstone h one o n wh ich t he n on-ex isten t b lade c ou ld b e s harpened . Th is p om me lf rom p o t B was among t he s econdary s er ies o f c re ma t ion b ur ia ls , t he p r i mary s er ies p roducing a po m me l o f g roup H a ( Corpus n o . 1 4 ) . T he p om me l ( F ig . 3 ) i s c onstructed f rom a s ing le p iece o f b one , i s 3 5 mm . i n l eng th a nd w i th a neck d ep th o f 1 0 mm .

I te x ists i n i t s c o mp le te

f or m , t hough s l igh t ly c racked a nd c h ipped a s a resu l t o f t he c re ma t ion .

I t

h as af a ir ly n arrow , wel l d ef ined , mor t ised r ecep tac le a nd t wo p ropor t iona te ly l arge s ide p in-ho le p er fora t ions .

GROUP H a 1 4 . B one p o m me l f ro m B edd B ranwen , L lanbabo , Ang lesey ( now i n B angor Museum ) r efs : L ynch 1 970 , 1 28 , f i g . 4 2 . L ynch 1 971 , 3 1 , 3 2 , 6 1-3 . T he p o m me l f ro m t he p r i mary s er ies o f b ur ia ls i n t he b arrow , was f ound amongst t he c re ma ted b ones o f a n a du l t ma le , wh ich were p laced u nder a n i nver ted u rn ( po t H ) a nd p ro tected b y as tone c is t . A ssocia ted w i th t he p omme l were a s i mp le p o l ished b one b ead , s ix amber b eads , a nd f our c arved j e t b eads . T he p o m me l ( F ig . 3 ) i s made f ro m a s ing le p iece o f b one , s l igh t ly smal han t he o ther r e la ted G roup I p o mme l ( Corpus n o . 1 3 ) i nt he b ur ia l l er t mound , b e ing 3 0 mm . i n l eng th a nd 5 m m . i n d ep th .

L ike o ther p o m me ls

f ro m Merddyn Gwyn a nd R h iw ( Corpus n os . 1 0 a nd 1 1 ) , o n ly h a l f o f t he p iece n ow e x is ts , b eing s p l i t l ong i tud inal robab ly a s ar esu l t o f t he c rely p ma t ion

a nd o f t he weaken ing o f t he p o m me l b y t he h i l t -end s ocke t .

Th is

s ocke t a ppears t o b e smal nd i n a dd i t ion t o o ne s ide p in p er fora t ion t he l, a p o m me l e xh ib i ts i n i t s f la t t op o ne d ef in i te p in-ho le n ear t he o u ter e dge , a nd

1 4

wha t a ppear t o b e t wo p in-ho les p laced o n t he c en tre l i ne . T he o ther h a l f o f t he p omme l i s missing , b u t t here was p resumab ly a four th h o le n ear t he o ppos i te e dge . T he f our t op p ins wou ld h ave b een v er t ica ly a tached t o t he l t h i lt-end t ang , s upp le men t ing t he o ne h or izon tal tached s ide p in . ly a t

1 5 . B one p o m me l f ro m Mar ian B ach , Cw m , F l in tsh ire ( n ow i n t he N a t iona l Museum o f Wa les ) r e f : u npub l ished . The p om me l was f ound u nder a r ound c a irn , a cco mpany ing a s econdary l ared u c re ma t ion b ur ia l c on ta ined i n al arge c ol rn .

T here were n o o ther

a ssoc ia t ions . T he p o m me l ( F ig . 3 ) i s made f ro m a s ing le p iece o f b one o f t iny p roport ions , b eing 2 8 .5 m m . i n l eng th w i th a d ep th o f 5 m m .

I th as a smal i l tl h

e nd s ocke t a nd t wo s ide p in-ho le p erfora t ions p laced c lose t oge ther .

T he

p o m me l t op i s n o t s o l id , a propor t iona te ly l arge e longa ted h o le b e ing p resen t , p erhaps a s ar esu l t o f a pin-ho le p er fora t ion i n t he c en tre o f t he p o m me lt op wh ich e n larged i t se lf a long t he p o in t o f g rea tes t weakness .

I ti s a lso p oss-

i b le t ha t a hi lt-end t ang was i n tended t o e x tend t hrough t he p o m me l a s h as b een s uggested f or t he o pen-ended p o m me ls o f G roup I I , t hough t he v ery smal i ze a nd t he v ary ing a l ignmen t o f t he u pper h o le w i th t he l ower p ar t l s o f t he h i l t-end s ocke t i nd ica te t ha t t h is i s u n l ike ly .

T he h o le migh t e ven

h ave b een c aused b y a n e rror o f workmansh ip i n t he c onstruc t ion o f t he s ock et , o r a l terna t ive ly i tm igh t b e d ue t o d a mage d ur ing t he c re ma t ion .

1 6 . B one p o m me l f ro m Win terbourne S toke , G rave 6 6 , Wi l tsh ire ( now i n Dev izes Museum ) r e fs : Hoare 1 810 , 1 14 , p l .X I . I I Annab le a nd S i mpson 1 964 , 6 5 , 1 21 . The p omme l was f ound a ssoc ia ted w i th a bronze k n i fe-dagger , a cco mpany ing ap rimary c re ma t ion p laced i n a col l ared u rn , a nd b ur ied b enea th ab ow l b arrow . A lso f ound i n t he u rn were s o me ' b lack b eads ' wh ich a re n ow l os t . T he p o m me l ( F ig . 2 ) i s made f ro m a s ing le p iece o f b one 3 4 mm . i n l eng th w i th a d ep th o f 1 0 mm . a nd i s c o mparab le w i th G roup I p o m me ls i n s hape a nd s ize .

T he p o m me l i s wel reserved a nd h as awel i l tl p l made h

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e nd s ocke t .

I ti s u nusua l i n i t s me thod o f p in a tachmen t , h av ing f ive s ide t

p in p erfora t ions o n o ne s ide , t he o ther i ncorpora t ing s ix h o les , a s t wo h o les a t t he u pper l ef t e nd o f t he p o m me l r un i n to e ach o ther -sugges t ing o ne h o le h ad b een d r il oo h igh a nd a l ower , c orrect ing h o le was d r i led i n to i t . l ed t l T he p o m me l t op h as i n a dd i t ion t wo p er fora t ions p robab ly f or p ins s et v ert i cal n to t he h i l t-end t ang . ly i

GROUP I I 1 7 . B one p o m me l f ro m Barrow 7 , T he R idgeway , D orchester , D orset ( now i n D orches ter Museum ) r e fs : P roceed ings o ft he D orse t N a tura l H is tory a nd Archaeo logy S oc ie ty , 1 936 , LV I , 2 0 . I I T ho mas 1 965-66 , 4 . ccompany ing a T he p o m me l was f ound w i th a three-r iveted d agger b lade ,7 a s econdary i nhu ma t ion b ur ia l i n ab arrow c on ta in ing t hree o ther b uria ls , t he l a test o f wh ich p roduced t he w e lk nown g o ld p o m me l ( Corpus n o . 2 8 ) . A s tone l mace h ead a nd a fl in t a xe were a lso f ound i n a ssocia t ion w i th t he p o mme l . T he p o m me l ( Fig . 4 ) i s wel reserved , a ppear ing f a ir ly smoo th ly p o ll p i shed , o n ly s l igh t ly c h ipped a nd r a ther f i ne ly c ons tructed f rom a s ing le p iece o f b one .

I ti s 3 2 .5 m m . i n l eng th w i th a d ep th o f 1 3 .5 m m . a nd i s v ery

s im i lar i n s hape t o t he p o m me ls o f G roup I , w i th a pronounced o verhang ing l ip .

T he p o m me l h as t wo f a ir ly l arge s ide p in-ho le p er fora t ions a nd aw el l

d e f ined mor t ised h i l t-end r ecep tac le , wh ich e x tends t hrough t he p o mme l , c rea t ing i n t he c en tre o f t he p o m me l t op a rectangu lar o pen ing 1 6 mm . b y 6 m m . i n s ize .

T h is o pen ing wou ld h ave b een f i led b y t he p ro jecting t op o f l

t he h i l t-end t ang , wh ich migh t h ave b een i n t he f or m o f ak nob o r o ther d ecora t ive s hape e x tend ing b eyond t he p om mel e nd .

More p robab ly i t was

f in ished f l ush w i th t he p o m me l , c rea t ing a n a tract ive c on tras t o f wh i te b one t p om me l s urround ing t he p robab ly d arker wooden i n lay o f t he h i lt-end t ang . T he p o m me l s hows s l igh t t races o f b urn ing , wh ich i s p uzz ling a s i t i s a ssoc ia ted w i th a n i nhu ma t ion b ur ia l .

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1 8 . B one p o m me l f ro m F ox ley F ar m , E ynsham , O x ford ( n ow i n t he A sh mo lean Museu m , Ox ford ) r e fs : Tho mas 1 965-66 , p .4 . I nven tar ia 1 956 , G .B . 1 4 . The p om me l was f ound w i th i t s d agger b lade a cco mpany ing a ti gh t ly c on tracte d s ke le ton o f a n a du l t ma le b ur ied i n a grave , o ne o f ac e me tery o f e igh teen l b g rave p i ts . The smal ronze d agger b lade was f la t a nd p ossessed t hree r ivets .8 A lso p resen t w i th t he b ur ia l was a beaker , c lass if ied b y C larke a s b e long ing t o h is F .P . t ype . T he p o m me l ( F ig . 4 ) i s made f ro m a s ing le p iece o f b one a nd a ppears l p f a ir ly w el reserved .

I t measures 3 5 mm . i n l eng th b y 1 4 mm . i n d ep th ,

a nd a ppears t o b e a l most e xact ly s im i lar t o t he Dorches ter p o m me l ( Corpus n o . 1 7 ) . The E ynsham p iece h as t wo s ide p in p erfora t ions a nd ah i l t-end s ocke t w h ich e x tends t hrough t he b ody o f t he p o m me l t o f or m a rectangu lar o pen ing i n t he c en tre o f t he p o m me l t op .

T he e nd p iece o f t he h i l t n o d oub t

c rea ted a decora t ive i n lay i n t he u pper s urface o f t he p o m me l , i n as im i lar manner t o t ha t o f t he D orchester p iece .

1 9 . B one p o m me l f ro m G arrowby Wo ld , B arrow 3 2 , E ast R id ing o f Y orksh ire l Museum ( n ow i n Hul ) r e fs : E vans 1 881 , 2 28 . Mort i mer 1 905 , 1 46 , f i g . 3 91 . The p omme l was f ound w i th i t s d agger b lade a cco mpany ing t he c on tracted s ke le ton o f a n a du l t ma le , b ur ied u nder a b arrow .

T he b ronze d agger b lade

t ed i s f la t , p ossesses t hree r ive ts a nd a ppears h eav i ly whet . T he e xcava tor r ecorded t ha t t he a l most c o mp le te ly d ecayed r e ma ins o f a horn h and le were a lso f ound . T he p o m me l ( F ig . 4 ) i s made f ro m a s ing le p iece o f b one , 4 4 mm . i n l eng th w i th a n eck 1 2 mm . i n d ep th , a nd i s f a ir ly wel l p reserved .

U n l ike t he

Dorches ter a nd E ynsham p o m me ls , i td oes n o t h ave a pronounced l i p , i s l ess r ounded , a nd h as a top i n t he s hape o f a n e longa ted o va l . T he p iece h as t wo s ide p in-ho le p erfora t ions , wh i le t he h i lt-end s ocke t i s e x tended u n i for m ly t hrough t he p o m me l , c rea t ing a large o va l o pen ing 3 8 mm . i n l eng th b y 5m m . w ide wh ich i s p rac t ical he s ame s ize a s t he s ocket o pen ing i n t he ly t

1 7

l ower s ide o f t he p o m me l . T he o pen ing wou ld h ave b een f i l led b y t he t op o f t he h i lt-end t ang , p robab ly f i n ished f l ush w i th t he p omme l t op .

2 0 . B one p o m me l f ro m S tan ton Moor , B irchover , D erbysh ire ( n ow i s S hef fie ld Museum ) r e f : D erbysh ire A rchaeo log ica l J ourna l , 1 936 , 2 1 42 . T he p o mme l was f ound i n a sma l l s tone b ox-cist , a pparen t ly w i thou t a c overing b arrow , a cco mpany ing t he c re ma ted b ones o f ay oung w o man . A ssocia ted w i th t he p o m me l were ar ive ted b ronze d agger b lade n ow v ery i nco mp le te a nd d istor ted , e xh ib i t ing wha t a ppears t o b e a decora ted c en tra l l r ib , a perfora ted b one p in , ab ronze p in a nd t hree f l in t s crapers , a l c ont a ined w i th t he c re ma ted r e ma ins i n an ow f ragmen tary c inerary u rn . T h is p o m me l ( F ig . 4 ) , made f ro m a sing le p iece o f b one , a ppears t o b e i n a lmos t p er fect c ond i t ion a nd i s t he most c o mp lex a nd u nusua l o f t he p om me ls o f t h is g roup .

f I n p rof i le i th as a f in i t ies w i th G roup I p o m me ls

i n h aving a n o verhang ing l i p . When v iewed f rom a bove t he p omme l t op a ppears a l most c ircu lar , 3 4 mm . i n d iame ter , w i th a correspond ing c irc u lar h i l t-end s ocke t c on t inu ing t hrough t he p omme l , w idening t o 2 0 mm . i n d ia me ter a t t he t op , g iv ing t he p o mme l t he a ppearance o f ab one r ing . l n T he p o mme l h as a smal eck , l ess t han 1 0 mm . i n d ep th , a nd h as a n ly c t u nusual o mp lex p in a rrange men t , w i th ao ta l o f f our p in-ho les , p laced a t a n e qua l i n terva l a round t he p om me l r ing . When v iewed f rom t he t op t he f i rst a nd s econd q uadran t p in-ho les a re n orma l s ide p erfora t ions , r unn ing ly t h or izon tal hrough i n to t he h i l t-end s ocke t , wh i le t he t h ird a nd f ourth h o les a re p laced i n t he u nderpar t o f t he o verhang ing l i p a nd r un u pwards a t a n a ng le i n to t he i nner e dge o f t he p o mme l t op . T h is a ng le o f a l ign men t t migh t s uggest t ha t t he h i l t-end t ang e x tended al i t le way o u t f rom t he p omme l t op , o r t ha t t here was a s epara te e nd-p lug p robab ly i n t he s hape o f a d o med c ap , s l igh t ly w ider t han t he p omme l o pen ing t o e nab le t he p ins t o p ene tra te i n to t he t ang .

H owever , b o th t hese p ossib i l i t ies s eem u n like ly

a s t he a ng led p in-ho les a re n o t d iame tr ica l ly o pposi te o ne a no ther a nd a l l e x ist ing p o m me ls a ppear t o h ave h ad f l a t t ops w i thou t s uch e x tensions .

1 8

GROUP I V 2 1 . B one p o m me l f ro m L ock ton Warren , Wa lk ingdon , n ear P icker ing , Y orks h ire ( now i n Y ork Museum ) r e f : u npub lished . The p omme l a nd d agger were o r ig inal n t he M i tche lson p r iva te museu m ly i a t P icker ing , a nd were p oss ib ly f ound b y Tho mas K endal ur ing h is l d e xp lora t ions o f many o f t he b arrows a round P icker ing . S ince K endal l r egret ly k ep t n o n o tes o f h is d igg ings , a nd t he manuscr ip t c a ta logue o f t ab t he M i tche lson c ol ion h as l ong b een l ost , n o th ing i s n ow k nown o f t he l ect f ind ing o f t he p iece o r o f i t s a ssocia t ions o ther t han t he d agger b lade . The f la t , t r iangu lar s haped d agger b lade i s p robab ly made o f b ronze a nd i s a tached t o t he h i l t b y means o f t hree r ive ts . t T he c o mpos i te p o m me l ( F ig . 5 ) i s made o f t hree s epara te b one p arts , a nd h as a leng th o f 5 0 mm . a nd a d ep th o f 2 1 mm .

T he p o m me l i s i n ab ad

s ta te o f p reserva t ion , t he m idd le a nd o ne o f t he o u ter p ieces h ard ly s urv ivi ng , a nd a s ar esu l t o f t h is d ecay , c oup led w i th t he n ine teen th c en tury h i l t r estora t ion , i ti s i mposs ib le t o a scer ta in p roper ly t he i nner c o mposi t ion o f t he p omme l .

I ta ppears t o r ese mb le t he S camr idge p o m me l ( Corpus n o . 2 2 )

w i th i t s m idd le c o mponen t p rov id ing t he r ecep tac le b y a rec tangu lar c u t i n i t s l ower e dge , t he t wo o u ter p ieces a ct ing a s s ides t o t he s ocke t .

T he

p o m me l h as a r a ther s tra igh t p rof i le , s im i lar t o t ha t o f p o m me ls i nG roup I . T he p o m me l h as t hree s ide p in p erfora t ions , t he u pper t wo s t il onl c t a in ing wha t a ppear t o b e t he o r ig ina l b ronze p ins , wh i le t he c en tral ly p laced l ower o ne h as n o p in s urv iv ing . T he u pper t wo p ins d o n o t p ass t hrough t he s ocke t a nd i t s t ang , b u t s i mp ly h o ld t he p la tes t oge ther , o n ly t he c en tre p in s erv ing t o a tach t he p o m me l t o t he h i l t-end t ang . t

2 . B one p o m me l f ro m S camr idge , n ear P icker ing , Y orksh ire 2 ( now i n S hef ld Museum ) fie r e fs : B a te man 1 861 , 2 25-6 E vans 1 881 , 2 28 H owar th 1 899 , 7 5 The p o mme l was a ssoc ia ted w i th a s ing le e x tended i nhuma t ion b ur ia l u nder ab arrow . I t was a cco mpan ied b y i t s n ow f ragmen tary f la t b ronze d agger

1 9

t b lade , wh ich a ppears t ongue s haped a nd p robab ly p ossessed t hree h i lt a tachmen t r ive ts , a nd a lso b y s evera l b one a nd f l in t s crapers . l T h is i s a par t icu lar ly f ine b one p o m me l ( F ig . 5 ) a nd a par t f ro m a sma l l r b reak i s a l mos t p erfec t ly p reserved , s t il e ta in ing i t s o r ig ina l smoo th , p o l ished s ur face .

I ti s 5 2 mm . i n l eng th , w ith a d ep th o f 1 8 mm . a nd i s v ery

s im i lar i n p ro f i le t o t he p o m me ls o f G roup I . T he p o m me l c ons is ts o f t hree ly p p ar ts : i t s c en tre p iece , h av ing a c en tral laced r ecep tac le c u t f ro m i t s l ower s ide , f or ms t he h i l t-end s ocke t w i th t he t wo o u ter p ieces . I t h as f our s ide p in p erfora t ions , t he u pper t wo s t il e ta in ing t he ir o r ig ina l p ins wh ich l r s erve t o r ive t t he p om me l c o mponen ts t oge ther , wh i le t he t wo c en tral ly p laced p erfora t ions ( w i thou t p ins s urv iv ing ) a tached t he p o mme l t o t he h i l tt e nd t ang . T he m iss ing p ins m igh t p oss ib ly h ave b een made o f w ood o r o ther p er ishab le s ubs tance .

2 3 . B one p o m me l f ro m G rave 4 , W in terbourne S toke , W i ltsh ire ( now i n D ev izes Museu m ) r efs : H oare 1 810 , 1 22 , p l . X IV . Annab le a nd S i mpson 1 964 , 4 8 , 1 02 . T ho mas 1 965-66 , 4 -6 . l t T he p o m me l was f ound w i th a C a mer ton -Snowsh il ype d agger ,9 a cco mpanyfin u l b i ng a pr i mary c re ma t ion p laced i n awooden c of nder a large b el arrow w i th a pond b arrow i mp ing ing u pon i t s d i tch o n t he s ou th s ide . T he s urface o f l b l orna ment c t he d agger s t il ears t races o f al ea ther s hea th a nd p o int ild an b e s een o n t he u pper p ar t o f t he m id-r ib . T he p o m me l was a lso a ssoc ia ted w i th a l b smal ronze k n i fe-dagger w i th i t s p o m me l m iss ing , a pa ir o f b one t weezers a nd t wo f ragmen ts o f s hee t b ronze . T h is p o m me l ( F ig . 4 ) n ow e x ists a s t wo a l mos t p erfect ly p reserved p ieces o f h igh ly p o l ished b one , 3 4 mm . i n l eng th b y 1 3 mm . i n d ep th , e ach e xh ib i t ing a n o verhang ing l ip . T he t wo a re d iagonal ppos i te q uadran ts a nd ly o e ach i s p erfora ted b y t wo s ide p in-ho les wh ich s t il on ta in t he o r ig ina lb ronze l c p ins . I ts ee ms l ike ly t ha t t he ir i nner c orners w ou ld h ave t ouched , d iv id ing t he p o m me l i n to f our e qua l q uadran ts . T he t wo a l terna te q uadran ts o f t he p omme l , s ince t hey d o n o t s urv ive , c ou ld wel ave b een made o f wood w h ich n o d oub t l h b ecame d ark t hrough u se , a fford ing a n a trac t ive c on trast w ith t he a lterna te t

2 0

t ern b one p ieces , p rov id ing a cruc i for m p at . Whe ther t he w ooden i n lays were t p ar t o f t he h and le a s h as b een s ugges ted o r were a tached w i th t he b one moun ts t o ac en tra l h i lt p la te c anno t b e a scerta ined , a s n oth ing r e ma ins o f t he h i l t .

1 0

2 4 . I vory p o m me l f ro m L e icester ( now i n Le icester Museum ) r e f : E vans 1 881 , 2 30-1 . Th is p om me l was f ound w i th a n i nhu ma t ion b ur ia l i n a grave n ear L e icester c ity c en tre .

T here was n o e v idence o f a cover ing mound . T he p o m me l was

a ssoc ia ted w i th a dagger b lade o f t he mu lt i-r ive t h i lt t ype , e v idenced b y t he t achmen t o n ine h i l t-at t r ive ts a t t he b ut f t he f l a t b lade , t he r ive ts f or wh ich d o n o t a ppear t o h ave b een f ound . T h is c o mpos ite p omme l ( F ig . 4 ) c ons ists o f t wo p ieces o f i vory , e ach w ith as l ight ly o verhang ing l i p . I t s o u ter s ide i s 4 5 mm . i n l eng th a nd14 mm . i n d ep th . T hey a re s epara ted b y a bronze p la te o f s im i lar s hape t o t he p o mme l w h ich a ppears t o e x tend t hrough f ro m t he t op o f t he p o m me l , f ro m wh ich i t emerges a s a bronze t ang 2 7 mm . w ide , e x tend ing n ow t o a leng th o f j us t o ver 2 0 mm .

B ored t hrough t h is b ronze p la te a re t hree r ows o f r ive t h o les ,

t he u pper t wo c on ta in ing t hree r ive t h o les , t he l ower a s a resu lt o f d amage c on ta in ing o n ly t wo ( t he r ive ts f or t hese s t il urv iv ing ) . l s

I ts ee ms l ike ly t ha t

t h is b ronze p la te a cted a s ac en tre p la te , e x tend ing t hrough t he h i l t f ro m t he p o mme l t o t he b lade .1 1

I n a dd i t ion t o i t s f unc t iona l u se , t he p la te wou ld h ave

p rov ided a n a tract ive b ronze i n lay v is ib le f ro m t he t op a nd s ides o f t he t p o m me l a nd a lso t he s ides o f t he h i lt .

T here a lso a ppears t o b e s o me d ecor-

a t ive m il long t he u pper e dge o f t he p la te i n t he p o m me l t op . ling a

T he t wo

i vory p ieces a re p inned t o t he b ronze p la te b y t wo smal ide ly s paced l, w b ronze p ins .

GROUP V 2 5 . G o ld p o m me l moun t f rom S ka teraw ,

E as t L o th ian , S co t land

( now i n t he N a t iona l Museu m o f An t iqu i t ies o f S co t land ) r e fs : C h i lde 1 946 , 1 19 , 1 21 . Henshal 968 , 1 83 , 1 85 , f i g . 4 2 . l 1 T he p omme l was f ound p laced w i th i t s d agger a t t he s ide o f a n i nhu med 2 1

s ke le ton , b ur ied i ns ide a s tone c is t u nder a n ' im mense c a irn ' c onstructed n ear t he s ea . T he f la t b ronze d agger b lade w i th t wo r ive ts s hows a n u nusua l t ang a t i t s h ee l a nd i ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he u n i for m l ayer o f c orros ion c overi ng t he b lade m igh t s uggest t ha t i t was i ncorpora ted i n to a s hea th . T h is i s t he b est p reserved o f t he f our p o m me l moun ts o f t h is g roup ( F ig . 6 )a nd i s made o f as hee t o fg o ld d ecora ted b y f our r ibs d iv ided b y t hree g rooves .

T h is g o ld s tr ip h as b een c u t i n to t wo p ieces a nd a s ar esu lt i s

s l igh t ly d istorted , n ow a ppear ing p erhaps more c ircu lar t han i n i t s o r ig ina l f or m , wh ich m igh t h ave b een a s o mewha t p o in ted o va l a bou t 3 8 mm . i n l eng th , p robab ly s im i lar i n s ize t o t he c orrespond ing c ol iece o f t he R idgeway l ar-p g o ld p o m me l .

I t i s s l igh t ly t aper ing i n p ro f i le w i th i t s o u ter s ur face

a pparen t ly worn smoo th , wh i le a long t he t op a nd b ot dges t he g o ld s tr ip to m e i s t urned i n a s f langes wh ich a ppear u nworn w i th r ough ly c u t i nner e dges .

2 6 . Go ld p o m me l f ro m B lackwa terfoo t , A rran , S co t land ( now i n t he Na t iona l Museu m o f An t iqu it ies o f S co t land ) r e fs : P roceed ings o f t he S oc ie ty o f An t iquar ies o f S co t land 1 901-2 , XXXV I , 1 20 . Proceed ings o f t he S oc ie ty o f An t iquar ies o f S co t land 1 922-3 , LVI I, 1 29 ,131 . H enshal 968 , 1 83 , 1 85 , f ig . 4 2 . l 1 T he r obb ing o f av ery l arge c a irn e xposed a wel ist w h ich was l made c c o mp le te ly emp ty e xcep t f or t he p o m me l a nd i t s d agger b lade . T he a cco mp any ing b ronze b lade i s f la t e xcep t f or t hree d e l ica te r ibs o r l ines o f p unched d o ts , a nd s hows t wo r ive ts w ith a n u nusua l a ngu lar t ang a t t he h ee l o f t he b lade . T h is p o m me l moun t ( F ig . 6 ) i s s im i lar t o t ha t f rom S ka teraw ( Corpus n o . 2 5 ) , a ppear ing a s a n arrow s tr ip o f s hee t g o ld wh ich i s n ow i nt wo p ieces a nd g rea t ly d istor ted , measur ing 5 m m . i n w id th w ith a probab le l eng th o f a bou t 4 1 mm . t hough i ti s d i f icu lt t o e st i ma te t he o r ig ina l s hape a nd s ize . f T he s ides o f t he moun t a re d ecora ted w i th

s ix r ibs d iv ided b y f ive

g rooves , a nd i t h as r ough e dged f langes s im i lar t o t hose o f t he S ka teraw p iece .

2 2

2 7 . G o ld p o m me l moun t f ro m Gask H il ol ie , F ife l, C l ess ( now i n t he N a t iona l Museum o f An t iqu i t ies o f S co t land ) r e fs : Proceed ings o f t he S oc ie ty o f An t iquar ies o f S cot land , X I(1876-8 ), I 4 51-3 . Proceed ings o f t he S oc ie ty o f An t iquar ies o fS cot land , LVI I ( 1922-3 ), 1 29 ,131 .

Henshal l 1 968 , 1 86 . The p omme l was f ound b enea th al arge c a irn a cco mpany ing a c rema t ion b ur ia l i n a cist , wh ich was s econdary t o a n i nhuma t ion a ssoc ia ted w i th a b eaker .

A lso p resen t among t he c re ma ted b ones was af l a t ,

t hree-r ive ted

b ronze d agger b lade s how ing t he r e ma ins o f as hea th o f wood a nd a n ima l h a ir . T h is p o mme l moun t ( F ig . 6 ) i s made o f as tr ip o f s hee t g o ld a lmos t i den t ica l t o t ha t f ro m B lackwa terfoo t ( Corpus n o . 2 6 ) , a nd i s n ow g rea t ly d is tor ted a nd b roken i n to t wo . A t t he t ime o f i t s d iscovery i t was i n tac t a nd o b long i np lan , w i th r ounded e nds , measur ing a pprox ima te ly 3 0 mm . i t s l eng th .

a long

I th as a dep th o f 7 m m . a nd i s d ecora ted i n e xact ly t he s ame

manner a s t he B lackwa ter foo t moun t , d isp lay ing s ix r idges s epara ted b yf i ve g rooves , a nd w i th s im i lar f l anged e dges .

2 8 . G o ld p o m me l moun t f rom T opped Moun ta in , C o . F er managh , I re land ( now i n t he Na t iona l Museum o f I re land ) r e fs : Harb ison 1 968 , 5 1 . H arb ison 1 969 , 3 7 . The p omme l was f ou nd w i th i t s d agger b lade , a cco mpany ing ap r imary i nhuma t ion b ur ia l i n a cist .

A lso p resen t i n t he c is t were a f ood v esse l a nd a

s econdary c re ma t ion b ur ia l . T he a ssoc ia ted b ronze d agger b lade i s d ecora ted b y t hree g rooves o n e ach f ace , wh ich f o l low t he o u t l ine o f t he b lade , wh ich a ppears t oh ave b een a t tached t o t he h i l t b y t hree r ive ts .1 4 T he g o ld p om me l moun t( P la te l a , b ; f i g . 6 )i s i n t he s hape o f as tr ip c onstruc ted f ro m a s ing le p iece o f g o ld f o i l , t he s urv iv ing p or t ion measur ing a pprox ima te ly 3 1 .5 m m . i nl eng th b y 6 m m . i n w id th .

I ta ppears s l igh t ly

d istor ted a nd c orroded , a nd i s d ecora ted b y f our c en tra l r a ised r ibs s epara ted b y t hree g rooves , wh i le t he e dges o f t he moun t a re marked b y ar egu lar tish moun n o tched d ecora t ion . T he h i l t a nd p o m me l , l ike t hose o f t he S cot ts , d o n o t s urv ive . T h is s ugges ts t ha t t hey m igh t h ave b een o f s ome p er ishab le ma ter ia l s uch a s wood .

2 3 4

2 9 . B one p o m me l f rom B arrow 5 K , N et t D own , S hrewton , Wi l tsh ire ( now i n S a l isbury Museum ) r e fs : C ase 1 966 , 1 57 . Moore a nd Row lands 1 972 , 8 , 1 0 , f i g . 1 . T he p om me l was f ound w i th i t s f l a t b ronze d agger b lade a ccompany ing a c rouched i nhuma t ion b ur ia l a t t he f oo t o f a n o va l s ha f t h ewn i n to s o l id c ha lk . T he c rouched s ke le ton was g rasp ing ab eaker o f C larke 's Deve loped Nor the rn G roup , wh i le a t t he e n trance t o t he s ha f t t here was a no ther i nhu ma t ion b ur ia l w i th a la ter b eaker t ype . T he b lade p ossesses af langed t ang c on ta ini ng t wo v er t ical ly p laced h i lt a t tachmen t r ivets , a nd a ppears t oh ave b een wrapped i n moss a nd p laced i ns ide a bag o fw oven f abr ic b efore c onsignmen t t o t he g rave . T h is u n ique a nd c o mp lex p o m me l ( F ig . 7 ) i s c onstructed f ro m a s ing le p iece o f b one a nd d isp lays a curv ing t op 4 0 mm . i n l eng th , wh ich p ro trudes a s a n o verhang ing l i p f ro m an arrow n eck , t he n eck e x tend ing i n to a pro jec ti ng t enon o ver 2 0 mm . i n l eng th . T h is p ro ject ing n eck , wh ich c on ta ins i n e ach s ide f our p in -ho le p erfora t ions , t hree u pper a nd o ne l ower , i s h ol l ow a nd a cts a s a recep tac le f or t he h i l t-end t ang .

I ti s l i ke ly t ha t t he h i lt , o f

wh ich n o th ing r e ma ins , was c o mpos ite , i t s h i lt p la tes p robab ly h av ing b een a t tached t o t he .o u ts ide o f t he p o m me l t enon , wh i le t he c entre p la te e n tered t he h ol l ow t enon i n t he f or m o f a tang w i th f i na l s ecur ing a t tachmen t p rov ided b y t he p ins . T he p iece was p robab ly a m os t d i f f icu lt a r t ic le t o manufac ture a nd f i t o n t o t he h i lt .

3 0 . B one p om me l f rom S tand low , D erbysh ire ( f ormer ly i n B r it ish Museum , n ow l os t ) r e f : u npub l ished T h is b one p o m me l was i n t he B r i t ish Museum b u t i s a t p resen t l os t , a nd n o r ecords a ppear t o b e a va i lab le e xcep t f or a shor t n o te i n t he B r i t ish Museum 's a ccess ions r eg is ter , wh ich r eads : " bronze d agger b lade , w i th o ne r ive t r e ma in ing a nd ab one ( pom me l ) e nd o f t he h and le . Leng th o fb one 1i n ch" . I ta ppears t o h ave b een a tanged a nd r ive ted d agger f ound w i th as t one b at tlea xe . T he t i ny s ke tch i n t he r eg is ter s hows t he p o mme l a pparen t ly a s s im i lar t o t he S hrewton p iece ( Corpus n o . 2 9 )a nd t o t ha t f ro m L e ices ter ( Corpus n o . l 2 4 ) , b u t t he d raw ing d oes n o t a low f ur ther d is t inct ion t o b e made . 2 4

3 1 . P omme l f ro m B ush B arrow G rave 5 , N orman ton , W i l tsh ire ( f ragmen ts n ow i n D ev izes Museum ) r e fs : Thurnham 1 870 , 4 54 . Evans 1 881 , 2 32 . P iggot t 1 938 , 6 2 Ashbee 1 960 , 7 6-8 . Annab le a nd S impson 1 964 , 2 2-3 , 9 9 . Moore a nd R ow lands 1 972 , 1 0 . The f ragmen tary r e ma ins o f t he p o m me l were f ound w i th t he p robab ly e x tended i nhu ma t ion o f a n a du lt ma le u nder ah uge b ow l b arrow . T he v a lue o f t he p om me l p ieces i s e qual l ed b y t he r ichness o f t he a cco mpany ing g rave g oods , w h ich i nc lude a grooved , s ix-r ive ted d agger b lade manu factured f ro m a lmost p ure c opper ( f or wh ich i ti s l ike ly t he p o mme l p ieces f or med t he h i l t-end ), a s l igh t ly l arger g rooved s ix-r ive ted b lade o f b ronze ,1 3

a

sma l b ronze k n ife-dagger ( ne i ther o f t he l a ter b lades a ppear ing t o h ave l t p o mme l o r h i l t s urv iv ing ), a go ld b e lt h ook , t wo l ozenge-shaped s hee ts o f g o ld w i th i ncised d ecora t ion , ap o l ished s tone mace h ead , b one moun ts a nd a flanged c opper a xe , a l o f wh ich s ugges t a high d egree o f wea lth a nd s oc ia l l s tand ing i n t he o wner . C lo th i mpress ions were v is ib le o n t he f ace o f t he a xe , wh i le a dher ing t o t he c opper b lade b e long ing t o t he p om me l were t he wooden a nd l ea ther f ragmen ts o f as hea th . U n for tuna te ly l i t le r ema ins o f e i ther t he h a f t o r t he p om me l b u t n ine t sma l l f rag men ts wh ich s urv ive i nd ica te t ha t t hey were b oth made o f wood d ecora ted w ith a n i n lay o f m inu te g o ld p ins 1 0 .6 m m . i n l eng th , wh ich were d r iven i nf lush w ith t he s ur face o f t he wood . T hese s evera l t housand g o ld p ins w ere i n n o way f unct iona l b u t a ppear t o h ave b een s tr ict ly d ecora t ive . J udg ing b y t he s urv iv ing f ragmen ts a nd a draw ing made a t t he t ime o f i t s d iscovery a nd p ub l ished b y T hurnham , t he p omme l a ppears t o h ave b een c o mp le te ly d ecora ted w i th g o ld p ins , t he l ower p ar t h av ing t he p ins a rranged i n ac hevron p at t ern a bove wh ich was a n a dd i t iona l a rrow p at t erned i n lay c rea ted b y t he s ame k ind o f f i ne g o ld work . ( F ig . 7 ) . T he h ee l o f t he h a f t w as s im i lar ly d ecora ted w ith t he g o ld p ins , b u t w ithou t t he p at t ern a rrangements , wh i le t he c en tra l p or t ion o f t he w ooden h i lt r e ma ined u ndeco ra ted , a f ford ing a n a t tract ive c on tras t o f p la in wood b e tween t he d ecora t ion o f t he h i l t b ase a nd t he p o mme l . I ti s d i f f icu lt t o a scer ta in whe ther t here

2 5

was a s epara te p o mme l , a nd i ft here was , whe ther i t was c ompos i te o r o f o ne p iece , s ince n o p om me l a t tachmen t p ins were f ound a nd t he r e ma in ing f ragmen ts d o n ot i nd ica te e i ther p in-ho les o r s epara te p o m me l c o mponen ts , o r ah i lt-end r ecep tac le .

I ti s a lso d i f f icu l t t o a scer ta in t he e xac t s ize o f

t he p om me l , t hough i ti s l ike ly t ha t i t was l arge , b e ing p robab ly o ver 6 0 mm . i n l eng th , w ith a dep th o f a bou t 2 0 mm ., c rea t ing w ith i t s l arge c opper b lade a very i mpress ive weapon .

3 2 . T he G o ld P o m me l f ro m B arrow 7 , T he R idgeway , D orse t ( now i n D orchester Museum ) t 1 r e fs : D rew a nd P iggot 936 l 1 G r insel 959 , 1 41 A shbee 1 960 , 1 01-2 , f i g . 3 0 T ay lor 1 970 , 2 16-221 T he p o m me l was f ound w i th a cre ma t ion b ur ia l l y ing e igh teen i n ches b e low t he t op o f t he mound o f a large b ow l b arrow , wh ich c on ta ined i na dd it ion a p r i mary i nhuma t ion w i thou t g rave g oods , a secondary i nhu ma t ion wh ich p roduced p om me l C orpus n o . 1 7 , o ne o ther s econdary c re ma t ion , a nd s evt ered f e ra l s cat i nds . T he p o m me l was d irect ly a ssoc ia ted w i th t wo b ronze d agger b lades o f B ush B arrow t ype ,1 2 p rov ided t he b lade f or t he p o m me l .

o ne o f wh ich i s a ssumed t oh ave

A lso f ound i n d irec t a ssoc ia t ion was a

l k smal n i fe-dagger ( w ithou t a po m me l ) a nd a s l igh t ly f l anged b ronze a xe . T h is p o m me l ( P la te I a d ;

f i g . 7 ) i s l arge , 5 5 mm . i n l eng th w ith a

d ep th o f 1 9 mm . , a nd d isp lays af la t , o va l s haped t op a nd a s l ight ly o verh ang ing l i p . I ti s made o f s hee t g o ld p rov id ing a n e nd-cap f or ah i l t made p robab ly o f wood wh ich h as n ot s urv ived , a nd wh ich may h ave b een o n ly r ough ly f i n ished i n t he a rea t o b e c overed b y t he p omme l . T o c ons truct t he p o m me l t he sm ith p robab ly p refor med t he c ap f rom a s ing le p iece o f g o ld , a nd h am mered a s ing le s tr ip o f g o ld i n to ab and f or t he l ar c ol . T he h i l t-end was a pparen t ly c oa ted w i th p i tch , t races o f wh ich l ar r e ma in i ns ide t he p o m me l c ol , t he c o mb ina t ion o f p i tch a nd p ins p rov idi ng t he max i mu m a dhes ive s treng th a nd t he g rea test f i n ish . T he d ecora t ion l ar a c ons ists o f c oncen tr ic g rooves a round t he l ower e dge o f . h e c ol nd t he u pper f ace o f t he c ap i n a dd i t ion t o a n i nner o va l o f f i ve g rooves wh ich c onf or m t o t he s hape o f t he p o m me l , wh i le l a tera l c hevrons a re f ound e ven ly

2 6

s paced a round t he e dge o f t he c ap . T he d ecora t ion was p robab ly l e f t u n t i l t he p i tch h ad h ardened s l igh t ly a nd was p robab ly made w i th a bone o r wooden s ty lus w h ich l e f t a taper ing r ounded g roove . T he p i tch wou ld h ave p rov ided a g ood w ork ing s ur face p erm it ting a clean , d eep d ecora t ive i mpress ion a s c an b e s een b y t he s harpness o f t he g rooved l i nes o n t he i ns ide . T he p omme l o r ig inal ly h e ld t h ir ty two p ins , o f wh ich s even s urv ive , t hree o f wh ich l h a re s t il e ld p rec ise ly i n p lace b y t he p i tch . T hese p ins , wh ich were e n t ire ly f unct iona l , a re a pprox i ma te ly 1 .2 m m . i n l eng th b y 0 .47 m m .

i n

d ia me ter a nd were h am mered i nf l ush w i th t he g o ld f o i l a bou t 1 m m . b e low l ar t he u pper e dge o f t he p om me l c ol .

3 3 . Amber p o mme l f ro m H amme ldon D own , D evon ( no l onger e x tan t ) r e fs : E vans 1 881 , 2 28-9 , f i g . 2 84 K endr ick 1 937 , 3 13 A shbee 1 960 , 1 01 T he p omme l was f ound a cco mpany ing a c rema t ion , t he o n ly b ur ia l u nder a r ound b arrow . T he p iece was a lso a ssoc ia ted w i th ab ad ly p reserved b ronze d agger b lade , wh ich a ppears t o p ossess a s l igh t m id-r ib a nd g rooved l i nes 5 o n e ach f ace c orrespond ing t o t he o u t l ine o f t he b lade .1

T h is r e markab ly b eau t i fu l p o m me l , u n for tuna te ly d estroyed d ur ing a S econd Wor ld War a ir r a id o n P ly mou th , was c ons tructed f rom a s ing le b lock o f r ed amber , b e ing a pprox i ma te ly 6 0 mm . a cross t he t op b y 4 3 mm . w ide , w i th a n eck o f 1 4 mm ., t he p o m me l s eem ing s l igh t ly l arge i n p roport i on t o i t s n ow f ragmen tary b lade . T he p o m me l ( P la te H e , f ig . 7 ) , h as af la t , h igh ly p o l ished t op , w ith a s l igh t ly o verhang ing l i p a nd a r ounded c ol e low wh ich t he moun t t apers l ar b t o a sma l l o va l p la t form . I ti s d ecora ted w i th sma l l i n la id g o ld p ins f ormed b y d r il iny h o les a bou t 2 m m . d eep i n to t he amber a nd t app ing d own i n to ling t e ach as hor tl eng th o f g o ld w ire , wh ich was t hen c u t o f f f l ush w ith t he s ur face . T hese d ecora t ive g o ld p ins a re f ound a round t he l i p o f t he p omme l t op , t he l ower e dge o f t he p o m me l c ol l ar , a nd o n t he t op s ur face , t he l a t ter i n a c ruc iform p at . C orrespond ing w ith t he e nds o f t h is c ruc iform s hape , t ern f our d ecora t ive b ands o f p ins d escend t o t he l i p o f t he l ower p la t form , a round wh ich i s a sing le r ow o f p ins , wh i le t he l i p , c ruc iform a nd u nders ide l i nes 2 7

a re d e l inea ted b y t hree r ows o f p ins . C erta in o f t hese a dd it iona l r ows o f g o ld p ins e i ther a ppear t o b e a f ter though ts o r were n o t h a mmered w i th t he s ame c are o r p rec is ion . O n t he p o m me l l i p i n p ar t icu lar

t he m idd le p ins

o f ten a ppear t o b e i rregu lar ly p laced a nd o ccas ional ncroach o n t o o ne ly e a no ther . T he me thod o f a tachmen t i s c o mp lex : ac en tra l t enon p ro jec ts t f ro m t he p o m me l b ase , r e ta in ing a long i t s t wo l a tera l s ides a s mal tl mor i sed r ecep tac le . T he p o m me l t enon wou ld h ave e n tered a s ocke t i n t he d agger h i l t ,a nd w ou ld h ave b een a tached t oi tb y means o fo n ly t wo p ins e v idenced t b y t he t wo smal in-ho les d r il hrough t he t enon , l p l ed t

wh i le t he mor t ised

r ecep tac les i n t he p om me l wou ld h ave a ccommoda ted p oss ib ly h i lt p la tes o r more l i ke ly h i l t-end p ro ject ions . I n a dd i t ion t o t he ir f unct iona l e fect iveness f t he p o m me l t enon a nd r ecep tac les were d es igned s o t ha t n o a tach men t p ins t wou ld b e v is ib le o n t he e x ter ior s ur face o f t he p o mme l , a s t he h i lt p la tes wou ld h ide t he t wo t enon p ins . S uch was t he v a lue o f t he p omme l t ha t a smal iece o f amber wh ich h ad b roken o f was r ep laced , p oss ib ly b y t he l p f o r ig ina l c ra f ts man , a nd a tached b y means o f h or izon ta l p egg ing , t

a nd

s ecured f i rm ly i n p lace b y s even a dd i t iona l g o ld p ins , e xact ly s im ilar i n s ty le a nd f or m t o t hose u sed i n t he o r ig ina l i n la id d ecora t ion . T hough t he amber p iece h as a ga in b een s evered a long t he o r ig ina l weakness , t he r epa ir p ins s t il e ma in a round t he f racture . l r

3 4 . B one p o m me l f ro m G range , C o . R oscommon , I re land ( now i n t he Na t iona l Museum o f I re land ) r e fs : Harb ison 1 968 , 5 1 H arb ison 1 969 , 1 0 T he p o m me l was f ound u nder al arge b arrow w i th a s econdary c re ma t ion b ur ia l ( grave 1 0 ) , wh ich was p ro tected b y a n i nverted c ordoned u rn , w h i le t he b ur ia l p r i mary t o t he mound c on ta ined a globu lar p yg my c up a nd t wo f ood v esse ls . A lso a ssoc ia ted w i th t he p om me l was a rol l ed-up , g rooved s ix -r ive ted d agger .1 6 T h is p o m me l ( F ig . 7 ) i s made f rom a sing le p iece o f b one , n ow s l igh t ly d ecayed a nd c h ipped p robab ly a s a resu l t o f t he c rema t ion b ur ia l . I t is45 m m . i n l eng th a nd w i th a dep th o f 1 5 mm ., h av ing af l a t o va l t op , a sl ight l i p a nd g en t ly c urv ing s ides . T he me thod o f a t tachmen t a ppears t o r epresen t amore

2 8

c o mp lex v ers ion o f t he t rough p r inc ip le , a s an arrow t enon p ro jec ts f rom t he f l oor o f t he p o m me l t rough t o t he b ase o f t he p o mme l , c rea t ing t wo mort ised r ecep tac les , wh ich wou ld p robab ly h ave a cco mmoda ted a doub le h i lt-end t ang . T he p o mme l t enon wou ld h ave e n tered a correspond ing s ocke t i n t he h i l t-end , wh i le t he p in a t tachmen t i s b y means o f t wo a l terna te l ed t d iagona l p erfora t ions d r il hrough t he t enon , t he p ins p resumab ly b e ing d r iven t hrough t he h i lt-end t angs b e fore t he h i lt p la tes were a dded .

T he

p inn ing must h ave b een a dif ficu lt a f fa ir , a s t he t enon p er fora t ions wou ld l i h ave b een o bscured b y t he h i l t-end t angs . Two smal nden ta t ions a re v isi b le ,

o ne i n t he u pper c orners o f e ach o f t he p omme l r ecep tac les , c aused

p robab ly b y t he o r ig ina l d r il ling o f t he d iagona l p in-ho les o r l ess p robab ly b y t he a c tua l p inn ing p rocess . T h is me thod o f a t tachmen t , l ike t ha t o f t he t Ha mme ldon D own p o mme l , i s d es igned s o t ha t n o a tachmen t p ins wou ld b e v is ib le o n t he o u ter s urface o f t he p om me l .

2 9

I NDEX OF PO MMELS T he p o m me ls a nd t he ir l oca t ions

Corpus N o .

fs l A lstonf ie ld , S taf see Narrowda le H il

•••

Amesbury , Wi lts see B osco mbe D own

.••

l, F Ashgrove , Me th i lh il ife

•.•

..

•••

Bedd B ranwen , L lanbabo , Ang lesey

..

B irchover , D erbysh ire-see S tan ton Moor B lackwa terfoo t , Arran

•

•

•

•

•

•

Bosco mbe D own , B arrow 8 5 , Amesbury , W i l ts

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P age

7

1 3 &1 4

1 4

2 6

2 2

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7

Brass ing ton Moor , Derbysh ire see Gal l ey Low Br ig m i lston , Wi lts see M i lston Bush Barrow , Grave 5 , Nor man ton , Wi lts Bw lch y Rh iw , Caerns

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Col ie , F ife see Gask H il l ess l

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Cw m , F lin ts see Mar ian Bach

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Dunbar , E ast Lo th ian see S ka teraw

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F ox ley F ar m , E ynsham , Ox ford

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Garrowby Wo ld , Barrow 3 2 , Yorks

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07 , Y orks Gar ton S lack , Barrow 1

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Gask H il ol , F ife l, C l essie

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Grange , C o . Rosco m mon

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Gr isthorpe , n ear S carborough , Y orks .••

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Ham me ldon Down

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Le icester

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1

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2 5 1 3

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Gal , Brass ing ton Moor , Derbysh ire l ey Low

He lper thorpe , Y orks

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1 8 8 1 9 5

1 7 1 1 1 7 9

2 7

2 3

3 4

2 8

6 3 3 3

1 0 2 7 8

2 4

2 1 1 9

L lanbabo , Ang lesey see Bedd B ranwen

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Lock ton Warren , Y orks

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2 1

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1 5

1 5

1 0

1 2

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Man ton Barrow t he , Preshu te , Grave l a , Wi lts Mar ian Bach , Cw m , F l in ts

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Merddyn Gwyn , P en traeth , Ang lesey

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Me th i lh il ife see A shgrove l, F

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Mi ls ton , Grave 5 1 , Wi l ts

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Narrowda le H il lston f ie ld , S taf l, A fs

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Net own , Barrow 5 k , S hrewton , W i lts t D

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Nor man ton , W i lts see Bush Barrow ..

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4 9 2 9

1 0

8 1 2 2 4

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Pen trae th , Ang lesey see Merddyn Gwyn

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Preshu te , Wi l ts see Man ton Barrow ..

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R idgeway t he , Barrow 7 , Dorset

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1 7

1 6

R idgeway Go ld Po m me l t he , Barrow 7 , D orse t...

3 2

2 6

S ca mr idge , n ear P icker ing , Y orks

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2 2

1 9

S hrewton , Wi lts see Net own t D

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S ka teraw , E ast Lo th ian

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2 5

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S tand low , Derbysh ire

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3 0

2 4

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1 8

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S tan ton Moor , B irchover , D erbysh ire Topped Moun ta in , C o . F er managh Wi l ms low , Chesh ire...

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2 8

2 3

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1 2

1 3

Wi lsford , Grave 5 , Wi lts see B ush Barrow

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I NDEX OF PO M MELS c on t inued T he p o m me ls a nd t he ir l oca t ions

C orpus No .

Page

c on t inued Win terbourne S toke , Grave 4 , Wi lts Win terbourne S toke , Grave 6 6 , Wi lts

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2 3

2 0

1 6

1 5

S ECT ION THREE: THE A SSOCIAT IONS

T he o b jec ts a ssoc ia ted w i th e ach p o mme l h ave a lready b een b r ie f ly men t ioned w i th t he d escr ip t ions o f t he i nd iv idua l p o m me ls i n t he C orpus , f or g rea ter e ase o f r eference . T hese n o tes a re f ur ther s upp lemen ted b y t he A ppend ix ( p . 5 2) , c ons is t ing o f t abu la ted a ssoc ia t ion l is ts wh ich make f or a f ul o mpar ison a nd h e lp t o c lar i fy t he d iscuss ions i n t h is l er c c hap ter .

G roup I T he p o m me ls o f G roup Iwere f ound i n e very c ase w ith i nhu ma t ion b ur ia ls , a l o f wh ich a ppear t o b e p r i mary t o t he ir b arrows w ith t he l e xcep t ion o f t ha t f ro m G ar ton S lack ( Corpus n o . 5 ) .

A l o f t he p o m me ls l

a re f ound w ith t he ir d agger b lades p resen t , wh ich i n e very c ase a re o f P iggot la t g roup ings 1 7 t's f

a nd a re made o f b ronze , w i thou t b lade d ecor-

a t ion o r g rooved o u t l ines . W ith t he e xcep t ion o f t he M i lston ( Corpus n o .4 ) a nd Gar ton S lack ( Corpus n o . 5 ) d aggers , wh ich h ave mu lt i-r ive t h i lts , t he b lades s how e i ther t wo

o r t hree r ive t h i lt a tach men ts a nd v ery i n s ize . t

T he b lade a cco mpany ing t he Amesbury p omme l ( Corpus n o . 2 ) h as b een a na lysed 1 8

a nd s hows a fa ir ly h igh t i n c on ten t w i th a c er ta in amoun t o f

a rsen ic . T he p iece i s f ur ther i n terest ing i n t ha t as econdary c re ma t ion b ur ia l i n t he s ame b arrow p roduced a B ush B arrow t ype d agger c lassi f ied f a f b y G er lof s t ype I c , p oss ib ly w i th i t s p om me l d e l ibera te ly b roken o f ,1 9 a nd a smal l k n i fe-dagger a lso w i thou t a pom me l . T he M i lston ( Corpus n o .4 ) a nd H e lper thorpe ( Corpus n o . 3 ) p o m me ls a ppear t o h ave n o o ther a ssoc ia t ions a par t f ro m t he b lade . T he b lade a ssoc ia ted w i th t he l at t er p iece h as l worn t ting t he a ppearance o f b e ing wel hrough u se a nd r epea ted whet , wh ich s uggests af unct iona l r a ther t han a n o rnamen ta l u se o f t he p iece . T he p omme l f rom G ar ton S lack ( Corpus n o . 5 ) was f ound i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th wha t i s mos t l ike ly a n a rm le t , c ons ist ing o f an arrow s tr ip o f s hee t c opper o r b ronze wh ich i s d ecora ted a nd f l anked b y t wo h ooked w ire s trands .

3 2

T h is

a rm le t a ppears t o b e c lose ly r e la ted t o b race le ts s uch a s t ha t f rom Kn ipt on , a nd i t s mu lt i-strand a rrange men t b r ings i ti n l ine w i th a na logous e xa mp les f ro m t he l a ter p hase o f t he R e inecke A .

T he o n ly p ot ssot ery a

c ia t ions a re a c oarse b icon ica l b eaker , f ound a cco mpany ing t he A shgrove p iece ( Corpus n o . 1 ) wh ich h as b een c lass i f ied b y C larke a s S 4 , t hus a ppear ing l a te i n h is s er ies , a nd a ques t ionab le a ssoc ia t ion o f af ood v esse l w i th t he G ar ton S lack p o m me l .

Group I O f t he s even t rough p om me ls c o mpr is ing t h is g roup , t he p o m me lf ro m t he Man ton Barrow ( Corpus n o . 7 ) i s c onsp icuous f or i t s a ssoc ia t ion w ith ar ich s er ies o f g rave g oods , i nc lud ing a smal l a t b ronze k n i fe-dagger . l, f These g rave g oods , c ons is t ing o f a pla in i ncense c up , ag rape c up w i th s ix teen p erfora t ions , a go ld-bound amber d isc , v ar ious e xot ic b eads ,

a

h a lberd p endan t w ith a bronze b lade s e t i n ah af t o f s hee t g o ld a nd t hree b ronze a w ls , t est ify t o t he wea lth a nd i mpor tance o f t he d eceased . N one o f t he o ther p o m me ls i n t he g roup p ossesses a c o mparab le a sse mb lage o f e xo t ic a ssoc ia t ions a nd i n a dd i t ion n o o ther p om me l i n t he g roup h as b een f ound w i th a b lade o r h as p roduced e v idence o f a blade s urv iv ing , wh ich i s s ign if ican t . I n f act t he o n ly me ta l f ound a ssoc ia ted w ith t he o ther p o m me ls was a smal ronze a w l o f j ust o ver o ne i nch i n l eng th f ound w ith t he p o ml b me l f rom Bw lch y Rh iw ( Corpus n o . 1 1 ). I n f unera l r i te t he g enera l t rend o f t he g roup i s t o c re ma t ion b ur ia l , o n ly t he Man ton a nd G al ow p o ml ey L me ls b e ing f ro m i nhu ma t ions . A l o f t he p o m me ls were f ound a cco mpany ing l p o ttery , a nd e xcep t ing t he p o m me l f ro m Merddyn Gwyn ( Corpus n o . 1 0 ) were a ssoc ia ted w ith c inerary u rns . T he B edd B ranwen ( Corpus n o . 1 3 ) , Gal l ey Low ( Corpus n o . 8 ) a nd Bw lch y R h iw p o m me ls , a long w ith t ha t f ro m t he ' Man ton B arrow ' were f ound w i th c ol rns , t hough t he l ast m igh t n o t l ared u h ave b een i n d irect a ssoc ia t ion w i th t he u rn . T he Narrowda le H il o m me l l p ( Corpus n o . 9 ) was f ound u nder a very l arge , u ndecora ted c oarse u rn a nd was a ssoc ia ted w i th a sma ler , n ea t ly d ecora ted c ordoned u rn . T he Merl dyn Gwyn p o m me l i s r ecorded a s a cco mpany ing a n e n larged f ood v esse l d w ith wel ef ined s hou lder s tops , b u t wh ich a ppears s im i lar t o o ther l oca l l d

3 3

c inerary u rns f ound i n Ang lesey .

Group H a T hese t hree p o m me ls , l ike t he g rea t ma jor i ty o f t hose o f g roup I , a re f rom c re ma t ion b ur ia ls c on ta ined i n ac inerary v esse l , i n e ach c ase o f t he l ared u f c ol rn t ype . T he Win terbourne S toke p o m me l ( Corpus n o . 1 6 ) d i fers i n l k t ha t , u n l ike t he We lsh p ieces , i t was f ound w i th a smal n i fe-dagger w h ich e xh ib i ts t hree r ive t h o les a nd s l igh t m id-r ib mark ings .

Group I I O f t he g roup o f o pen-ended p o m me ls , t hose f ro m t he R idgeway ( Corpus n o . 1 7 ) , E ynsham ( Corpus n o . 1 8 ) a nd Garrowby Wo ld ( Corpus n o . 1 9 ) w ere f ro m i nhuma t ion b ur ia ls , wh i le t he S tan ton Moor p iece ( Corpus n o . 2 0 ) w as l f ound i n ac re ma t ion b ur ia l . A l o f t hese p om me ls a re e ach a ssocia ted w i th ab ronze d agger b lade , t hose f ro m E ynsham a nd Garrowby Wo ld a re o f t he t i t hree r ive t f la t v ar ie ty , b o th b e ing i nc luded b y P iggot n h is f l a t d agger s er ies . T he b lade a ssoc ia ted w ith t he R idgeway p o m me l h as t hree r ive ts a nd h as b een i nc luded b y ApS i mon i n h is g roup o f b lades ' der ived f rom o r r e la ted t o B ush Barrow t ypes ' .2 0

I ti s n o tewor thy t ha t t he p omme l a nd

ly e b lade a ppear s tra t igraph ical ar l ier i n t he b arrow t han t he g o ld p o mme l ly e ( Corpus n o . 3 2 ) a ssoc ia ted w i th t wo a pparen t ly t ypo log ical ar ly Bush B arr ow t ype d aggers .2 1

T he S tan ton Moor p om me l was f ound a ssoc ia ted w i th a

r ive ted b ronze d agger b lade , wh ich p oss ib ly e xh ib its a d ecora ted c en tra lr ib ly l t ery a s uggest ing i tm igh t b e t ypo log ical a te . T he o n ly p ot ssocia ted w i th l t he g roup i s an ow f rag men tary a nd c onsequen t ly t ypo log ica ly i nd ist ingu isha b le u rn f ound w i th t he S tan ton Moor p o mme l a nd a beaker a cco mpany ing t he E ynsha m p iece .

T h is b eaker h as b een c lass if ied b y C larke a s FP ,

wh ich

p resumab ly i s e qu iva len t t o S 3 a nd t herefore l a te i n h is s er ies , C larke 's l a te c lass if ica t ion b e ing s uppor ted b y Lan t ing a nd v an d er Waa ls , who p lace t he b eaker i n t he ir f ina l s tage o f t he d eve lopmen t o f b eaker t ypes i n t he Wessex r eg ion .2 2

3 4

Group I V O f t he f our c o mpos i te p o m me ls t hose f ro m L e icester ( Corpus n o . 2 4 ) a nd S camr idge ( Corpus n o . 2 2 ) were a ssoc ia ted w i th i nhuma t ion b ur ia ls , wh i le t ha t f ro m W in terbourne S toke ( Corpus n o . 2 3 ) was f ound w ith a c re ma t ion ( t he a ssoc ia ted b ur ia l o f t he L ock ton Warren p o m me l i s n o t k nown ) , a l b e ing f ound w i th t he ir d agger b lades p resen t . T he L e icester l p o m me l i s a cco mpan ied o n ly b y i t s f la t d agger b lade , wh ich h as b een p laced b y P iggot ith h is g roup o f mu lt i-r ive t h i lt d aggers i n t he f la tb lade t w s er ies ,2 3 r e la t ing i tt o t he d aggers f ro m M i lston a nd G ar ton S lack .

T he

a l mos t t r iangu lar L ock ton Warren b lade a nd t he more t ongueshaped S camt's f r idge b lade a re a lso f la t a nd c an b e i nc luded i n P iggot la t d agger s er ies . The p omme l p ieces f ro m W in terbourne S toke were a ssoc ia ted w ith a m asl t s ive b ronze d agger o f t he C amer ton-Snowsh il ype ( ApS i mon 1 954 , a ppend ix C ), 24

s how ing s l igh t p o in t il rna men t o n t he u pper p ar t o f i t s p ronounced le o

mid-r ib .

I ti s l ike ly t ha t t he b lade a nd p o m me l c o mb ined t o f or m a m ag-

n if icen t w eapon , u ndoub ted ly a s y mbo l o f wea lth a nd p rest ige .

A lso

a ssoc ia ted w ith t he p o m me l were a smal ronze k n i fe-dagger ( w i thou t a l b p o m me l ) , b one t weezers a nd t wo f rag men ts o f s hee t b ronze .

A par t f ro m

t he ir b lades a nd t he r e la t ive ly r ich a ssoc ia t ions o f t he W in terbourne S toke p iece , t he g roup a s awho le i s o therw ise g eneral ack ing i n k nown a ssoc ily l a t ions , b e ing w i thou t a ny r ecord o f a cco mpany ing p ot . t ery

Group V T he f our g o ld p o m me l moun ts were a l f ound w i th t he ir d agger b lades l p resen t , e ach o f wh ich h as b een i nc luded b y A pS i mon i n h is g roup o fd aggers ' der ived f ro m o r r e la ted t o Wessex s ix-r ive ted d aggers ' ( ApS i mon 1 954 , a ppend ix B , 5 6 ) . H owever , t he p unched d o t d ecora t ion f or m ing t he r ibs o f t he b lade a ssocia ted w i th t he B lackwa terfoo t p o m me l ( Corpus n o . 2 6 ) a lso s ugges ts l inks w i th t he p o in t ile d ecora t ion s een o n c er ta in Wessex o g iva l l d aggers , a nd i n a dd i t ion t he b lade s hows a n u nusua l t anged h ee l f or ma t ion a nd t wo r ivets , wh ich i s a lso s een i n t he b lade a cco mpany ing t he S ka teraw moun t ( Corpus n o . 2 5 ). T he t hree-r ive ted b lade f ound w i th t he C ol ie l ess moun t ( Corpus n o . 2 7 ), a l though g rouped b y A pS i mon i n h is a ppend ix B ,

3 5

a ppears t ypo log ical ly c loser t o P iggot t's f l a t d agger s er ies . T h is p o m me l moun t w i th i t s a cco mpany ing b lade were s econdary t o ap r i mary i nhu ma t ion c on ta in ing ab eaker c lass i f ied b y C larke a s N or thern ID u tch a nd b e lieved t ery i b y h im t o b e i n trus ive a nd e ar ly . T he o n ly p ot n d irect a ssoc ia t ion w i th a ny o f t he f our p om me l moun ts c ons is ts o f a sing le v ase t ype f ood v esse l f ound w i th t he T opped Moun ta in p iece , a nd a par t f ro m t h is p o t a nd t he b lades l i t t le e lse i sf ound i n a ssoc ia t ion . T he S ka teraw a nd T opped Mounl ess t a in p ieces were f ound w i th i nhuma t ions , wh i le t ha t f rom C ol ie was f rom a cre ma t ion b ur ia l . T he B lackwa ter foo t p omme l d oes n o t a ppear t o h ave h ad a bur ia l p resen t , wh ich m igh t s uggest t he p oss ib i l ity t ha t i t was a ssocia ted w i th a n i nhuma t ion o f wh ich n o t race was f ound d ur ing t he l im i ted e xcava t ion .

G roup V I T he a ssoc ia t ions v ary c ons iderab ly w i th e ach p omme l , i n p ar t r ef lec ti ng t he o f ten e xo t ic a nd i nd iv idua l n a ture o f t he v ar ious p ieces .

A lthough

t he f unera l r i te v ar ies , t he B ush B arrow a nd S hrewton p ieces b e ing f ound w i th i nhuma t ion b ur ia ls wh i le t he R idgeway g o ld p omme l , t he H am me ldon D own a nd G range p o m me ls were f ro m c re ma t ions , e ach p o mme l was f ound w i th i t s d agger b lade p resen t . T he B ush B arrow p omme l ( Corpus n o . 3 1 ) a ppears t o h ave f ormed t he h i lt-end o f ab lade o f a l mos t p ure c opper ( c lassi f a f ied b y G er lof s t ype I a ), a cco mpany ing a sl igh t ly l arger b ronze b lade o f f a 5 t he s ame t ype ( c lass i f ied b y G er lof s t ype I b ) .2

T he r ichness o f t he p o rn-

me l a nd i t s i mpress ive b lade , c o mb ined w i th t he v a luab le a ssor tment o f g rave g oods , s uggest ah igh d egree o f wea l th a nd s oc ia l impor tance o f t he l b o wner . T he a cco mpany ing g rave g oods i nc lude a smal ronze k n ife-dagger ( wh ich l i ke t he l arger o f t he a cco mpany ing b lades d oes n ot h ave e i ther a p o m me l o r ah i l t r e ma in ing ), a go ld b e lt h ook , ap o l ished mace h ead , b one moun ts a nd af l anged c opper a xe . T he R idgeway g o ld p om me l ( Corpus n o . 3 2 ) was d irect ly a ssoc ia ted w i th t wo b ronze d agger b lades , i nc luded b y ApS imon i n h is B ush B arrow t ype ( ApS i mon 1 954 , a ppend ix A , 5 4 ), o ne o f wh ich i s a ssumed t o h ave p rov ided t he b lade f or t he p omme l . A lso f ound i n d irec t l a ssoc ia t ion was a sma l k n i fe-dagger ( a lso w i thou t a pom me l ) a nd a s l igh t ly

3 6

f langed b ronze a xe . I ti s i n terest ing t ha t t he g o ld p o mme l w i th i t s a cco mp any ing B ush B arrow t ype b lades i s s tra t igraph ical ly l a ter i n t he s ame b arrow t han t he o pen -ended p om me l ( Corpus n o . 1 7 ) , y e t t he b lade a ssoc ia ted w i th t he l at t er p omme l h as b een p laced b y ApS i mon i n a typol og ica l ly l a ter g roup o f d aggers ( append ix B ). T he Grange p om me l ( Corpus n o . 3 4 ) was f ound w i th a crema t ion wh ich was s econdary t o ab ur ia l c ont a in ing t wo b ow l f ood v esse ls a nd a globu lar p ygmy c up . T he p omme l was d irec t ly a ssoc ia ted w i th a rol l ed-up , g rooved s ix-r ive ted d agger b lade wh ich h as b een p laced b y A pS i mon i nh is g roup ' der ived f ro m o r r e la ted t o Wessex s ix-r ive ted d aggers ' ( append ix B , 5 4 ). T he o n ly a ssoc ia t ion w i th t he Ha mme ldon Down p o mme l ( Corpus n o . 3 3 ) , a par t f ro m i t s c rema t ion b ur ia l , was af ragmen tary

g rooved d agger b lade wh ich i s i nc luded b y A pS i mon i n

h is g roup o f ' a typ ica l o r d egenera te d aggers r e la ted t o t he C amer tonl S nowsh i l c lass ' ( ApS i mon 1 954 , 6 0 ) .

ly t F inal he p o mme l f ro m S hrewton

l ( Corpus n o . 2 9 ) was i n d irec t a ssoc ia t ion w i th a smal

b ronze t r iangu lar

l ow e b lade w h ich s hows c o mp lex w orkmansh ip o n i t s g round h ol dges a nd ly a p ro m inen t t ang , wh ich c on ta ins t wo r ive t h o les , o ne p laced v er t ical bove 6 t he o ther . Ashbee 2

a nd P iggot 7 t 2

c o mpare t he b lade w i th t ha t f rom S i t ingt

b ourne , d escr ib ing t he b lade a s ac o mp lex d eve lopmen t o f t he t angedor West E uropean f la t b lade , a type wh ich p recedes P iggot la t d agger g roup ings . t's f The S hrewton p iece i s t he o n ly Wes t E uropean d agger t ype i n G rea t B r i ta in w ith ap om me l s urv iv ing .

I ti s f ur ther u n ique i n t ha t t he b lade , u n l ike most

o f t he o ther West E uropean t ypes k nown i n G rea t B r i ta in , a ppears t o h ave b een w het own t hrough u se , s ugges t ing a poss ib le f unc t iona l a s wel s a t ed d l a p robab le o rna men ta l u se . O n ly t he S hrewton a nd G range p om me ls i n t h is miscel roup a re l aneous g d irec t ly a ssoc ia ted w i th p ot tery , t he G range p omme l b e ing f ound w i th a c ordoned u rn , wh i le t ha t f rom S hrew ton a cco mpan ies a beaker .

T he l a ter t

h as b een c lassif ied b y C larke a s N 2 wh ich i s e ar ly i n h is s er ies , wh i le Lan t ing a nd v an d er Waa ls2 8 p lace t he p o t i n c a tegory f our o f t he ir s even s tages o fb eaker d eve lopmen t i n t he Wessex f ocus a rea . T hey s uppor t C larke 's e ar ly c lass i f ica t ion , t hough t hey n o te t ha t t hese b eaker t ypes a re t he l a tes t t o b e a ssoc ia ted w i th t anged d aggers a nd p o in t o u t t ha t b eakers o f

3 7

t h is k ind a ppear t o b e r are i n B r i ta in . As econdary b ur ia l w as a cco mpan ied b y a no ther b eaker c lassi f ied b y C larke a s S 4 wh ich i s t here fore l a te i n h is s er ies . T he r e la t ive ly e ar ly S hrewton b eaker , c o mb ined w i th t he sma l l t r iangu lar s hape o f t he t anged b lade , c harac ter ist ic o f e ar ly c opper a nd b ronze me tal l urgy o f t he R e inecke A p hase , p rov ide a power fu l a rgumen t f or a very e ar ly p o m me l a nd d agger , p oss ib ly a s a direct c on t inen ta l 9 e xpor t ,2

a nd s uggest t ha t t he S hrew ton p iece c ou ld w el l b e t he e ar l ies t o f

t he s urv iv ing E ar ly B ronze A ge p o mme ls i n G rea t B r i ta in . H owever i tmust b e b orne i n m ind t ha t t here i s ap oss ib i l i ty o f a re la t ive ly l a ter d a te f or t he S hrewton p o m me l d ue t o t he l ike ly r e tarda t ion a nd l i nger ing o no ft rad i t ions , wh ich a ppears t o b e a fea ture o f t he a ssoc ia ted b eaker , 30 l ong s urv iva l v a lue o f t he b lade .

3 8

a nd t he p robab le

S ECT ION FOUR : POSTULATED CHRONOLOGY

A t t he mo men t t he a ccepted me thods o f d a t ing Ear ly B ronze Age a sse mb lages p rove t o b e g eneral nsa t isfactory . ly u

I n p ar t icu lar p ot ypo log ies t ery t

a nd t o al esser e x ten t f unerary p rac t ices , a s a resu lt o f t he p resen t l ack o f k now ledge , a re g eneral nhe lp fu l g u ides t o e i ther c hrono logy o r s oc ia l ly u g roup ing . O f t he E ar ly B ronze Age p ot ypes , o n ly b eaker p ot as t ery t t ery h b een g iven a c o mprehens ive t ypo log ica l s equence a nd a usefu l g enera l c hrono logy a s a resu lt o f C larke 's monu men ta l c lass i f ica t ion , s upp le men ted b y t he l a ter work o f Lan t ing a nd v an d er Waa ls . I n a dd i t ion w ith r egard t o d agger b lades t he work o f P iggot i mon a nd G er lof as p rov ided t he t, ApS f h f ounda t ions o f a conv inc ing c hrono log ica l s uccess ion o f d agger t ypes . I ti sn o t s urpr is ing t ha t t he p rob le m o f a bso lu te d a tes f or t he E ar ly Bronze Age i n B r i ta in r e ma ins a c o mp lex a nd c on trovers ia l i ssue . ApS i mon among o thers h as p ostu la ted a bso lu te d a tes ( ApS i mon 1 954 , 4 8-51 ) f or h is Wessex p er iods , t hough i th as n ow b eco me e v iden t t ha t h is Wessex c hrono logy a ppears s l igh t ly more c o mp lex , w i th a cer ta in amoun t o f o ver lapp ing b etween h is t wo b road d iv is ions . T he a bso lu te d a tes d rawn b y ApS i mon t hrough c orre la t ion o f Wessex o b jec ts w i th Med i terranean a nd C en tra l E urop ean p aral ls m igh t h o ld g ood f or t he o b jec t c oncerned , b u t a s ar esu l t o f le f resh i n terpre ta t ion , p ar t icu lar ly w i th r egard t o t he e v idence p rov ided b y t he h a lberds , o ne i s j ust i f ied i n e x tend ing h is b eg inn ings o f t he Wessex p er iod t o c . 1 800 B . C . ( ca l ibra ted t o 2 100 B . C .) . ApS i mon 's l a ter l im it f or t he C amerton -Snowsh il hase c an b e l ef t u nchanged a t 1 200-1100 B . C . l p ( ca l ibra ted t o C . 1 400 B . C .) .

D esp ite s l igh t r eserva t ions c oncern ing a bso lu te

d a tes a nd r ig id c hrono log ica l d iv is ions , i ts ee ms r easonab le o n p resen t e v idence t o a ccep t t hese d a tes a s p rov id ing t he b road c hrono log ica l h or izons f or t he E ar ly B ronze Age i n B r i ta in , w i th in whose l im its t he c orpus o f i nd iv idua l p o m me ls c an b e v ar ious ly p laced . S ince t he p ic ture p resen ted , i n t he ma in , b y p ot nd d agger t ypes i s o f a far f ro m s i mp le t ypo log ica l t ery a c hrono logy , t he c ons truc t ion w i th in t h is c hrono log ica l f ramework o f a

3 9

r e la t ive d a ted s equence o f p o m me ls i s a dif ficu l t mat t er . Fur ther more , t he l arge t err i tory o f E ar ly B ronze A ge B r i ta in wou ld h ave p er m it t ed i n a l l p robab i l i ty a c er ta in g eograph ic i so la t ion a nd i nd iv idua l ized c on tac t b etween t he r eg ions a nd w i th t he c on t inen t . A s a consequence , t he d a t ing s equence i s made more c o mp lex , s ince b oth d agger a nd p o m me lt ypes s how ,

i n c er ta in

c ases , wha t a re b es t i n terpre ted a s r eg iona l d i f ferences r a ther t han d i f fere nces i n t ime . N o t o n ly i s t here a var ie ty o f p o m me l t ypes f ro m d iverse g eograph ic r eg ions , wh ich a re s o me t i mes d i f icu l t t o i n terre la te , b u t a lso i n s o me f c ases t hey h ave b een f ound w i thou t a ssoc ia t ions , o r w i thou t o b jec ts wh ich c an b e u sed a s c hrono log ica l p o in ters . I ti s a lso a pi ty t ha t when a n u mber o f t he p o m me ls were f ound t he r espect ive e xcava t ions o r c ircumstances o f r e mova l were n o t c onducted i n a ccordance w i th modern s tandards .

F or

e xamp le , t here a ppears t o b e o n ly o ne g roup o f c arbon-14 d a tes f ro m a f i nd o r e xcava t ion i nvo lv ing p o m me ls .3 1 t he e xcava t ion o f B edd B ranwen .

T hese d a tes were o b ta ined f rom

As a mp le was t aken f ro m c harcoa l

f ound w i th c rema ted b ones p robab ly b e long ing t o p o t B , wh ich c on ta ined a G roup I p o m me l ( Corpus n o . 1 3 ) .

T h is g ave a c a libra ted d a te o f c . 1 600

B . C ., wh ich d a tes t he p robab le i n ter ment o f t he p o m me l i n to t he b arrow . S ince i ti s a ccep ted t ha t t he b as ic i dea o f mak ing a m e ta l b lade a nd s epara te h i lt-p iece d id c o me f rom o u ts ide B r i ta in , w i th i tn o d oub t c ame t he i dea o f t he p o m me l .

A s t he p o m me l t ypes f ound o n t he c on t inen t h ave n o t

b een s tud ied ( t o t he wr i ter 's k now ledge n o c orpus o f E uropean p o m me ls a t ly a p resen t e x ists ) , i ti s h ypo the t ical ssu med t ha t t he e ar l iest E uropean p o m me ls a re p aren ta l t o t he B r i t ish p ieces .

l ow T here fore , f ol ing t he

t ery a a ccep ted p ot nd d agger morpho log ies , w h ich b eg in t he B r i t ish s er ies w i th t he i n troduc t ion o f E uropean p ro to types i n t he f orm o f e ar ly i n trus ive b eakers a nd West E uropean d agger t ypes , t here a re s trong g rounds f or s ugg est ing t ha t t he S hrewton p o m me l w ith i t s a cco mpany ing , s l igh t ly d eve loped West E uropean b lade a nd e ar ly b eaker t ype i s t he e ar l iest p omme l f ound i n B r ita in , a nd m igh t i t se lf b e ac on t inen ta l i mpor t . Wi th t he u n l ike ly e xcep t ion o f t he p o m me l a nd h i lt-p iece f ro m t he c opper b lade f ound i n B ush B arrow , t here a ppears t o b e n o o ther e v idence o f l ike ly i mpor ta t ion f rom t he c on t in en t , wh ich s uggests t he r e ma in ing b ody o f p om me ls were o f i n su lar B r i t ish manu facture , a nd a re t here fore l a ter i n d a te . 4 0

I fi ti s t hus a ccep ted a s t he e ar l ies t p o mme l i n B r i ta in w i th ap robab le d a t ing c lose t o t he o pen ing o f t he E ar ly B ronze Age , t he S hrewton p omme l c an b e a ssu med t o p rov ide a s tar t ing d a te o f a round 2 000 B . C . f or t he s er ies . I ti s p oss ib le t o s ee c er ta in o f t he p o mme l g roup ings a s h av ing a m easure o f c hrono log ica l s ign i f icance w i thou t n ecessar i ly b e l iev ing i n r ig id t ypo log ica l c hrono log ies .

T he l arge t rough t ypes o f g roup Ic ons is ten t ly a ppear t o b e

r e la t ive ly e ar ly , p oss ib ly emerg ing n o t l ong a f ter t he S hrew ton p omme l s ince a l l were a ssoc ia ted w ith f l a t d aggers a nd a cco mpany ing i nhuma t ions , a nd i nc lude a fa ir ly l a te b eaker f ound w i th t he Ashgrove p omme l ( Corpus n o . 1 ) . S im i lar ly , t wo p o mme ls f ro m G roup I I , t hose f ro m E ynsham ( Corpus n o . 1 8 ) a nd Garrowby Wo ld ( Corpus n o . 1 9 ), b o th f rom i nhuma t ions a nd a ssoc ia ted w i th f l a t d aggers , c an a lso b e c ons idered e ar ly i n r e la t ion t o t he S hrew ton p o mme l , p ar t icu lar ly a s t he E ynsham p iece i s a ccompan ied b y a fa ir ly l a te b eaker t ype . T he c lose r e la t ionsh ip o f t he o pen-ended R idgeway p omme l ( Corpus n o . 1 7 ) t o t he E ynsham p iece , c oup led w i th t he R idgeway p o m me l 's e ar ly a ssoc ia t ions , m igh t a lso , d esp i te a poss ib le l a ter b lade t ype , s uggest a s im i lar ly e ar ly d a te . T he c losest t ypo log ica l v ar ian t t o t he S hrewton p o m me l a ppears t o b e t he p om me l f ro m L e icester ( Corpus n o . 2 4 ) w h ich , w i th i t s f l a t b lade a nd i nhuma t ion b ur ia l m igh t s uggest t ha t i t i s as l igh t ly e ar l ier d a te i nr e la t ion t o t he S hrew ton p iece t han t he p omme ls o f Group I . O f t he o ther c o mpos i te p omme ls , t he c lose ly r e la ted L ock ton Warren ( Corpus n o . 2 1 ) a nd S camr idge ( Corpus n o . 2 2 ) e xamp les , b o th w i th f la t b lades , c an a lso b e p laced w i th t he a bove men t ioned p omme ls i n t he e ar ly p ar t o f t he c hrono log ica l s pectrum . T he p o m me ls o f G roups I a nd h a , w ith t he e xcep t ion o f t he t wo Wessex p ieces w h ich s how a far r icher v ar ie ty o f a ssoc ia ted o b jec ts , a re c ons is te n t ly f rom c re ma t ion b ur ia ls i n a ssoc ia t ion w ith a n u rn o f s ome k ind , f ea tures w h ich a re p oss ib ly n ot e n t ire ly i nd ica t ive o f al a ter d a te w i th in t he o vera l l c hrono log ica l s truc ture . T hese p omme ls s how a m arked r eg iona l g roup ing i n to t he h igh land a reas o f N or th Wa les a nd t he P enn ines , a nd c ou ld b e r egarded r a ther a s al oca l t rad i t ion , wh ich m igh t b e r easonab ly c on temp orary w i th t he e ar l ier g roups o f p o mme ls . H owever i ts eems more l ike ly , p art icu lar ly a s t he c arbon-14 d a te f rom B edd B ranwen i s r e la t ive ly l a te , t ha t t hese p o m me ls c an b e p laced i n t he l a ter p ar t o f t he E ar ly B ronze A ge . 4 1

T he amber p o m me l f ro m t he Man ton B arrow ( Corpus n o . 7 ) a ppears t o b e c on te mporary w i th t he e ar l ier g roups o f p omme ls , s ince i tw as f ound i n a n i nhuma t ion b ur ia l w i th a n e ar ly f la t k n ife b lade i n a ssocia t ion w i th a p endan t wh ich , i th as b een s ugges ted , i s a copy o f t he e ar ly me ta l-sha f ted h a lberds o fC en tra l E urope . H owever , ApS i mon3 2

a rgues t ha t t he Man ton b ur ia l i s

l a te o n t he b as is o f t he g o ld b ound amber d iscs , wh ich h e r egards a s a le B r i t ish p roduc t a nd p aral ls w i th a s im i lar d isc f ound i n al a te g rave a t Knossos .

He s uppor ts t h is l a ter d a t ing b y d escr ib ing t he i ncense c up a s

' degenera te ' a nd t herefore l a te , a nd s ugges ts t ha t t he p o m me l may h ave h ad a n h e ir loo m v a lue w i th t he p robab le l ong s urv iva l o f t he b lade .

H owever i t

i s d oub t fu l whe ther h e i s j ust i f ied i n u s ing a C re tan d a te t op rov ide ap rec ise E ng l ish c hrono logy , o n t he g rounds o f d is tance .

T he Win terbourne S toke

p o m me l ( Corpus n o . 1 6 ) i s a ssoc ia ted w ith a kn ife -dagger s how ing s l igh t m id-r ib mark ings , wh ich i mp l ies i ti s a la ter b lade t ype t han t he s i mp le f l a t d aggers . T h is s uggests , t herefore , t ha t t he p o m me l i s p robab ly l a ter t han l b t hose a ssoc ia ted w i th t he f l a t d agger b lades , a nd c ou ld wel e g iven a s im i lar d a t ing t o t he o ther p om me ls o f G roup I . T he g roup o f g o ld p o m me l moun ts a ppears t or epresen t ab road r eg iona l g roup ing , a nd i t i s t e mp t ing t o s uggest t ha t t he moun ts a lso c o mpr ise a f a ir ly c o mpact c hrono log ica l g roup , o n t he g rounds o f t he ir c lose s ty l is t ic l s im i lar i ty a nd t he f act t ha t t hey a re a l a ssoc ia ted w i th b lades c lass if ied b y A pS i mon a s ' Bush B arrow d er ived ' . I ti s l ike ly t ha t t hese p omme l moun ts ly c a re l a ter t han t he g eograph ical lose G roup Ip o m me l f ro m A shgrove ,w i th i t s a ssoc ia ted f la t d agger b lade a nd b eaker . H owever i ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he d i f ference i n t ime b etween t hese p o m me l moun ts a nd t he e ar l ier p o m me ls a ssoc ia ted w i th f la t b lades i s n o t g rea t , a s t he b lade a ssoc ia ted w ith t he S ka teraw moun t a ppears c lose ly r e la ted t o t he f la t d agger t ypes . I t wou ld a lso f o l low o n t he b asis o f b lade t ypo logy , t ha t t he moun ts w ou ld b e i n g enera l s l igh t ly l a ter t han t he p o m me ls a ssoc ia tedw i th t he t rue B ush B arr ow b lade t ypes i n Wessex , e spec ial ince i ti s l ike ly t ha t Wessex was ly s p robab ly t he o r ig ina t ing s ource f or s uch b lades i n B r i ta in . C onsequen t ly t he g roup m igh t b e s a fe ly p laced i n t he c hrono log ica l s pec tru m a tp o in ts l a ter t han t he e ar ly p o mme ls a ssoc ia ted w i th f la t b lades , a nd s l igh t ly l a ter t han

4 2

t he p o mme ls f ound w i th B ush B arrow b lades . I ta lso a ppears r easonab le t o s ugges t ac omparab le p os i t ion i n t ime f or t he o ther I r ish p o m me l , t ha t f ro m G range ( Corpus n o . 3 4 ), wh ich i s s im il ar ly a ssoc ia ted w i th a ' Bush B arrow d er ived ' b lade .H owever s uch a da t ing m ight p oss ib ly b e q uest ioned o n t he g rounds o f t he p o m me l 's s im i lar b as ic d es ign t o t ha t o f t he Ha m me ldon D own p o m me l , wh ich a ppears t o b e l a te i n t he s er ies . T he B ush Barrow p o mme l a nd t he R idgeway g o ld p o m me l a re p oss ib ly r easonab ly c on te mporary w i th e ach o ther , s ince b o th a re a ssocia tedw ith Bush B arrow t ype b lades , a nd s how c er ta in s ty l is t ic l inks .

I n p ar t icu lar ,

t he

R idgeway p o m me l 's i nc ised d ecora t ion c an b e c o mpared w i th t he d ecora t ion o f t he b e l t h ook c over f ound i n B ush B arrow , a nd t he c hevron mo t i f a round t he l ip o f t he R idgeway p o m me l c an b e p aral led b y t he d ecora t ive e fect o f le f t he p in a rrange men t o n t he B ush B arrow p o m me l . O n t he e v idence o f t he Amesbury p o m me l amongs t o ther e xamp les , wh ich was a ssoc ia ted w ith a f l a t b lade o f P iggot er ies a nd was p r i mary i n t he b arrow t o a la ter t's s b ur ia l

a ssoc ia ted w ith a B ush B arrow t ype b lade , i ts ee ms i n g enera l t ha t

t he Bush B arrow t ype b lades a ppear t o b e l a ter t han t he f la t v ar ie t ies . D esp i te t he p robab le o ccurrence o f ac er ta in d egree o f c hrono log ica l o verl app ing , i ts ee ms a s a fe a ssu mp t ion t ha t t he B ush Barrow a nd R idgeway g o ld p omme ls c an b e p laced s l igh t ly l a ter o n t he c hrono log ica l s ca le t han t he e ar ly p omme ls o f G roups I ,I I a nd I V , wh ich were f ound w i th f l a t b lades a cco mpany ing i nhu ma t ions ; wh i le o n t he o ther h and t hese t wo p o mme ls a re p robab ly e ar lier t han t he g o ld moun ts o f G roup V . T he S tanton Moor p o mme l ( Corpus n o . 2 0 ) w i th i t s r a ther s oph ist ica ted d es ign a nd t ypo log ical a te b lade s uggest t he p o m me l i s o f l a te d a te . ly l S im i lar ly t he Win terbourne S toke p o m me l ( Corpus n o . 2 3 ) a ppears t ob el a te , s ince i ti s t he o n ly p o m me l f ound a cco mpany ing a true C amer ton -Snowsh il l t ype b lade . The Ha m me ldon D own p o m me l ( Corpus n o . 3 3 ) a ppears a lso t ob e l a te , s ince t he p o m me l s hows a s oph ist ica ted d es ign a nd i t s b lade , t hough f rag men tary h as b een i nc luded b y ApS i mon i n h is ' a typ ica l o r d egenera te ' C a mer ton -Snowsh il roup ( ApS i mon 1 954 , 6 0 ). T hese t hree p o m me ls a ppear l g t o b e t he l a test o f t he c orpus o f k nown p o m me ls i n B r i ta in , r epresen t ing p robab ly t he l as t p hases o f p o m me l d eve lop men t i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age .

4 3

T hey c an p robab ly b e d a ted c lose t o 1 600 B . C ., a nd p rov ide t he u pper c hrono log ica l l im it t o t he p o m me l s er ies , e x tend ing b ack t o t he S hrewton p iece s i tua ted a t a chrono log ica l p o in t c lose t o t he b eg inn ings o f Br i t ish b ronze work ing . ly F inal , n o te s hou ld b e made o f t wo a pparen t c hrono log ica l a no ma l ies : f i rst ly t he b lade a ssoc ia ted w ith t he B ush B arrow p o mme l a nd h i lt-p iece i s ly b o f a lmos t p ure c opper a nd t here fore s hou ld i deal e v ery e ar ly i n a ny B r i t ish d agger s equence , whereas t he b lade t ype a nd i t s a ssoc ia t ions s uggest t ha t i ti s c on te mporary w i th o ther Wessex B ush Barrow t ypes , a nd i s p robab ly l a ter i n t he s equence t han t he b ronze f l a t d aggers .

A s econd

p oss ib le a no ma ly c oncerns t he R idgeway g o ld p o m me l , wh ich w ith i t s t rue ly l B ush B arrow t ype b lade i s s tra t igraph ical a ter t han t he o pen-ended p om me l a ssoc ia ted w i th a ' Bush B arrow d er ived ' b lade .

T h is a pparen t

l r eversa l o f t ypo log ica l s equence , c o mb ined w ith t he t ypo log ica ly l a te f l anged a xe a ssoc ia ted w ith t he g o ld p om me l , m igh t s uggest t ha t t he p omme l was a n h e ir loom wh ich h ad al ong s urv iva l v a lue b efore b e ing c ons igned t o t he g rave . 33 T he a pparen t d i f f icu lt ies i n p rov id ing ar ig id c hrono log ica l s equence f or t he v ar ious p o mme ls r ef lect p resen t i nadequac ies i n u nders tand ing t he f u l l c hrono log ica l s ign i f icance o f t he p ot t ery a nd d agger t ypo log ies , a nd emphas ise t he c on fused s i tua t ion r egard ing a bso lu te d a tes f or t he E ar ly B ronze Age . T h is c hrono log ica l u ncer ta in ty i sn ot e ased b y t he f ac t t ha t many o f t he p o m me ls a nd t he ir d aggers a ppear t o h ave h ad al ong s urv iva l v a lue , a nd i ti s v ery p robab le t ha t c er ta in o f t he t ypes wou ld h ave b een i n u se a t t he s ame t ime .

4 4

S ECTION F IVE : S TYLIST IC AFFIN IT IES WITHIN THE CORPUS

T he p o m me l t ypes g rouped emp ir ical n t he b as is o f s ty le , me thod o f ly o a tachmen t a nd ma ter ia l u sed a re , i ti s a dm it , n o t o f p ar t icu lar ly g rea t t t ed v a lue i n t er ms o f c hrono logy .

H owever , i ti s p oss ib le t o s ee c er ta in s ty-

l ist ic l i nks b etween t he p om me ls wh ich m ight r epresen t s o me c on tac t , b e i t t rade o r m igra t ion o f p eop les , w i th in t he d i feren t r eg ions o f B r i ta in . f T he t rough p o m me ls o f G roups Ia nd I r epresen t t he mos t c o m mon a nd most w ide ly d is tr ibu ted p om me l t ype i n E ar ly B ronze Age B r ita in , p erhaps a s ac onsequence o f t he p om me l t ype b e ing p robab ly t he e as iest a nd l east s oph ist ica ted way o f a dd ing a n e nd-cap t o t he h i lt . T he u n ique S hrew ton p o m me l , t hough e ar lier t han t hese t rough t ypes , a ppears s ty l ist ical l y more c o mp lex a nd r epresen ts a higher d egree o f c o mpe tence i n i t s workmansh ip . As a lready n o ted t he e ar ly d a t ing f or t he L e icester p o m me l i s p ostu la ted a l mos t s o le ly o n i t s l im i ted s ty l ist ic a f in i ty w i th t he S hrew ton p iece . f

T he

Le ices ter p o m me l a lso r epresen ts a s i mp le me thod o f p o m me l a tachmen t , t s ubst i tu t ing t he c onstruc t ion o f a po m me l h i lt-end r ecep tac le f or a s i mp le meta l b lade a tached b etween t he t wo h a lves o f t he p o m me l moun t wh ich i s t t hen r ive ted t o t he h i lt . T h is b ronze t ang p robab ly e x tended t o t he h ee l o ft he b lade , t hough E vans 34

i s o f t he o p in ion i td id n ot , c rea t ing a m u lt i-r ive th i lt

e fect s im i lar t o t ha t o f t he M i lston a nd Gar ton S lack p ieces , t hereby a dd ing f we igh t t o t he a lready p os tu la ted e ar ly d a te f or t he l at aggers ' p o m me ls t er d a nd t here fore t he o thers o f G roup I . S ty l ist ical he sma ler G roup I p o m me ls w i th t he ir c harac ter is t ic ly t l o verhang ing l ip , h ave i n t h is r espect c loser r e la t ions w i th t he S hrewton p o mme l t han d o t he g roup It ype . T he t hree p o m me ls f ro m G roup I a ( Corpus n os . 1 4 , 1 5 a nd 1 6 ) s how ing p o m me l t op p er fora t ions a re a rguab ly a m ore t ypo log ical o mp lex p om me l t han t he ir s i mp le t rough t ype r e la t ives , s ince ly c a tachmen t w i th a dded t op p ins ( i f t op p ins were u sed ) wou ld b e s l igh t ly more t d if f icu l t . I th as b een s ugges ted t ha t t he c ircu lar h o les i n t he p o m me l t op migh t h ave f i ted o ver p ro ject ions f rom t he h i lt-end t ang ,3 t 5

4 5

t hough i t i s

u n l ike ly t ha t t h is wou ld h ave o ccurred w i th t he v ery smal omme ls , s uch a s l p t ha t f ro m B edd B ranwen ( Corpus n o . 1 4 ) . T he o pen-ended p o m me ls o f G roup I I a lso r epresen t as ty l ist ic d eve lo p men t o n t he t rough t ype , a nd p oss ib ly e vo lved a s a resu lt o f a n e rror i n t he manufac ture o f t he t rough p o m me l , b y c on t inu ing t he h i lt -end r ecep tac le t oo f ar , a nd o pen ing t he p o m me l t op . T he u pper o pen ing i n t he p o m me ls f ro m B arrow 7 , t he R idgeway ( Corpus n o . 1 7 ) a nd E ynsha m ( Corpus n o . 1 8 ) wou ld h ave b een f i led b y t he t oo led t op o f t he h i lt -end t ang , f i t ing f lush w i th l t t he p o m me l t op . T h is wou ld h ave a forded a n a tract ive c on tras t o f t he f t wh i te b one o f t he p o m me l s urround ing t he p robab ly d arker c o loured i n lay o f t he h i lt t op . 36

I n t he c ase o f t he Garrowby Wo ld p o m me l ( Corpus n o . 1 9 )

a nd more p ar t icu lar ly t ha t f ro m S tan ton Moor ( Corpus n o . 2 0 ) , i t is p oss ib le t ha t a n e x tens ion f ro m t he h i lt-end t ang p ro jected s o me way o u t o f t he p o m me l , p oss ib ly i n t he s hape o f a do me o r d ecora t ive k nob . O f t he c o mpos i te p ieces o f G roup I V t he p o m me ls f ro m S ca mr idge f ( Corpus n o . 2 2 ) a nd L ock ton Warren ( Corpus n o . 2 1 ) h ave a f in i t ies i n s hape f a nd s ize w i th t he t rough t ype o f G roup I , r epresen t ing , i n e fec t , a n a l terna t ive me thod o f c onstruct ing a ' t rough ' p om me l . I th as b een s uggested t ha t ly d t he p o m me ls were o r ig inal ecora ted b y p ro ject ing t ongues o f wood f rom t he t op o f t he h i lt p iece t enon . 37

H owever , c u t o u t f ro m t he c en tra l p omme l

c o mponen t i s a m or t ised r ecep tac le d es igned t o a cco m moda te ah i lt-end t ang , a nd t here fore , i fa dd i t iona l t ongues o f wood were p resen t , c onstruc t ion ficu o f t he h i lt-end must h ave b een a dif lt p rocess . T h is c anno t b e p roper ly a scer ta ined i n t he c ase o f t he L ock ton Warren p o m me l b ecause o f t he t er l at 's b ad c ond it ion . H owever , t he S ca mr idge p iece a ppears t o b e a l mos t l s p erfect ly p reserved , w i th i t s t wo u pper me ta l p ins s t il urv iv ing a nd a ppear ing e xac t ly t o s pan t he w id th o f t he p om me l . T herefore , a ssu m ing t he p o m me l a nd p ins n o t t o h ave b een t a mpered w i th , t he p iece d oes n ot a ppear t o h ave r oo m t o a cco m moda te a dd i t iona l t ongues o f wood . The b one q uadr an ts o f t he mass ive p o m me l moun t f ro m W in terbourne S toke G .4 ( Corpus n o . 2 3 ) p robab ly e xh ib i t as im i lar p r inc ip le t o t ha t f ound i n t he R idgeway a nd E ynsham p o m me ls , o f c on trast ing i n lays , emp loyed i n a more i mpress ive a nd u n ique manner . T he c orrespond ing a l terna te q uadran ts d o n o t s urv ive ,

4 6

s ugges t ing t hey were made o f wood , a nd p oss ib ly c ons t i tu ted p ar t o f t he h and le , t he wood b e ing d arker t han t he b one moun ts c rea t ing a n a t tract ive c on tras t i n t he s hape o f a cruc i for m p at t ern , wh ich s uggests a f f in it ies w i th t he c ruc i for m p in p at t ern o n t he s im i lar ly l a te H am me ldon D own amber p o m me l ( Corpus n o . 3 3 ) . T he B ush B arrow p omme l a nd h i lt-p iece a ppear t o b e t he o n ly d irect Br it ish p aral l t o t he E uropean i n la id g o ld p in h i l ts . T he t i ny d ecora t ive le p ins , w h ich a ppear t o b e i nn o way f unct iona l , c rea t ing a n i n tr ica te a nd c o mp lex d esign , r epresen t a va luab le work o f t he h ighest c ra f ts mansh ip , u n ique among B r i t ish p omme ls , wh ich , c o mb ined w i th i t s i mpress ive b lade , made i tu ndoub ted ly a s ymbo l o f wea lth a nd p rest ige . T he R idgeway g o ld p o m me l h as c er ta in a f in i t ies w ith t he B ush B arrow p omme l a nd i t s a ssoc if a t ions , h owever i ti s w or th n o t ing t ha t t he R idgeway p omme l 's p ins a re i nno way d ecora t ive , b u t a re p ure ly f unc t iona l . T hey a re a lso much l arger t han t he more n u merous B ush B arrow p ins a nd a ppear n earer i n s ize t o t he p ins f ound o n t he La G arenne p iece . 3 8 S ty l ist ical f i l ia ted i n c erta in r espects t o t he R idgeway g o ld p omme l ly a f a re t he f our s tr ik ing ly s im i lar g o ld p om me l moun ts f ro m S co t land a nd I re land ( Corpus n os . 2 5-28 ) , a l l b e ing c ra f ted , l i ke t he R idgeway p iece , f ro m s hee t g o ld a nd b ear ing s im i lar d ecora t ion t o t he i nc ised , c oncen tr ic l ar a g rooves o f t he c ol nd t op p iece o f t he R idgeway p omme l , t he d ecora t ion p robab ly b e ing o b ta ined b y a sim i lar t echn ique . H owever , t here a re d i f fere nces , a s f i rst ly t he p omme l moun ts d i f fer i n p r inc ip le f ro m t he c o mp le te ly e nc los ing R idgeway p omme l , c ons ist ing s imp ly o f a decora t ive g o ld c ol l ar ; a nd s econd ly t he moun ts d o n o t emp loy t he c hevron mo t i f i n t he ir d ecora t ion . Miss H enshal l i n h er d escr ip t ion o f t he moun ts makes n o men t ion o f p ins , p in -ho les , n or p i tch o r o ther a dhes ive s ubstance b e ing f ound i ns ide t he l ars c ol .3 9

l ars I n f ac t t he e xac t p os i t ion o f t he c ol , t he t ype o f p omme l a nd

h i lt t o w h ich t hey were f as tened a nd t he e xact me thod o f a t tachmen t i s n o t t k nown . A tach men t was p robab ly b y means o f t he f l anged e dges , t he moun ts b e ing h am mered i n to p lace , p robab ly a round t he p om me l n eck , i n t he manl ess n er o f a spr ing-c l ip . T he o r ig ina l o b long s hape o f t he C ol ie moun t s ugges ts t ha t i tm igh t h ave h ad a po m me l s im i lar t o t hose o f G roup I , i n

4 7

p art icu lar s im i lar t o t ha t f ro m A shgrove , w h ich s eems v ery l i ke ly a s b o th l ess ly v C ol ie a nd A shgrove a re s i tua ted g eograph ical ery c lose t ogether i n t he c oun ty o f F ife . T he Ham me ldon D own amber p o mme l ( Corpus n o . 3 3 ) w i th i t s i n la id g o ld p in d ecora t ion , r epresen ts a n a dap ta t ion o f t he B ush B arrow p o mme l 's g o ld p in d ecora t ive t echn ique a pp l ied more s imp ly t o ah arder , more e xo t ic med ium . T he p ins l i ke t hose o f t he R idgeway p omme l , a re l arger a nd more s ubs tan t ia l t han t hose f ro m t he B ush B arrow p iece , b u t u n l ike t he R idgeway p ins a re p ure ly d ecora t ive i n f unct ion , w i th t he e xcep t ion o f t he s even r epa ir p ins . T he amber p omme l c an a lso b e c ompared w i th t he p omme l f ro m t G range ( Corpus n o . 3 4 ) i n me thod o f a tachmen t , e ach p o mme l e xh ib it ing a t c o mp lex a rrange men t d es igned i n p ar t t o l eave n o a tach men t p ins v is ib le o n t he o u ter s urface o f t he p o m me l . I ti s a lso wor th n o t ing t ha t t he R idgeway g o ld p om me l , t ha t f ro m Ham me ldon D own , a nd t he p iece f rom G range a re l a l r easonab ly s im i lar i n g enera l s hape a nd s ize .

4 8

GENERAL CONCLUS IONS P erhaps t he most o u ts tand ing c onc lus ion o ne c an d raw f rom t he c orpus c oncerns t he p om me ls o f G roup I , w i th t he e xcep t ion o f t he t wo Wessex p ieces . N one o f t hese p omme ls , f ro m t he h igh land r eg ions o f Nor th Wa les a nd t he P enn ines , h as b een f ound w i th ab lade i n a ssoc ia t ion , a nd i nf act i t c an b e r easonab ly d oub ted t ha t t hese e igh t p om me ls were c ons igned t o t he g rave w i th me ta l b lades s ince n o t o ne b lade s urv ives , n or i s e v idenced a s h av ing e x isted i nt he g rave . T h is makes t he m d ist inc t ive o n t wo a ccoun ts : f irs t ly i n e very o ther c ase where a p o mme l h as b een f ound ,

i t h as b een

i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th a meta l b lade . S econd ly t hey r epresen t a direct r evers a l o f t he g enera l E ar ly B ronze Age t endency t o c ons ign a b lade t o t he g rave w i thou t i t s p o m me l . 0 Bedd B ranwen4

T h is l ack o f e v idence f or a b lade c anno t b e

was e xcava ted a s r ecen t ly a s 1 967 a nd t he r esu lts s trong ly

s ugges t t ha t t he b lades were n o t i n terred a s f unerary g oods . T he sma l s ize l a nd o f ten i rregu lar n a ture o f t he h i lt-end r ecep tac le s ugges ts t ha t t he p omme ls w ou ld h ave b een s u i tab le f or o n ly t he smal n ife -dagger , s im i lar i n l est k s ize p erhaps t o a smal ab le k n i fe . I ti s d i f icu lt t o i mag ine t he l modern t f f unct ion o f t hese k n ives , u n less t hey b e longed t o women o r were c h i ldren 's t oys , w h ich j udg ing f ro m t he b ur ia ls d oes n o t s eem t o b e t he c ase .

More

p robab ly , s ince t hese p omme ls s how a dist inct r eg iona l d is tr ibu t ion , t hey r epresen t ar eg iona l t rad i t ion , p erhaps o r ig ina ted t hrough e conom ic n ecessi t y , w here t he b lade was n o t i n terred w i th t he b ody . P oss ib ly t he b lade was t oo v a luab le t o s acri f ice a nd t hese p om me ls m igh t r epresen t t he s urv iv ing p art o f a specia l f unerary mode l , t he h i l t a nd b lade p oss ib ly b e ing made o f a p er ishab le s ubstance s uch a s wood a nd n ot t herefore s urv iv ing . T he e x is te nce o f ad agger b lade made c o mp le te ly o f b one f ound a t C rug y Afon 41 migh t s uppor t t h is a rgumen t . F ur thermore a l though t he p omme ls e xh ib i t p inh o le p er fora t ions n one h as p resen t i t s h o ld ing p ins , s ugges t ing e i ther t ha t t hey t oo w ere made o f w ood a nd h ave p er ished , o r t ha t p ins were n ot u sed f or a tach men t . t

4 9

T he p om me ls o f G roups V a nd V I m igh t i n c er ta in c ases b e i n terpre ted a s r epresen t ing p oss ib le c haracter ist ics o f o ther p omme l t ypes s uch a s s ty le o r s ize , t rans la ted p erhaps i n to a m ore e xo t ic o r v a luab le ma ter ia l , o r g iven a m ore c o mp lex me thod o f a t tachmen t : c ompare t he s hape a nd s ize o f t he G r is thorpe p o m me l ( Corpus n o . 6 ) w i th t he R idgeway g o ld p om me l ( Corpus n o . 2 8 ) , o r t he c on t inua t ion o f t he h i l t l i ne i n t he p omme l e dge i n t he B ush B arrow r econstruct ion ( Corpus n o . 2 7 ) w i th t he s im i lar l ine i n t he M i ls ton h i l t a nd p o mme l ( Corpus n o . 4 ) .

C onverse ly , G roup I i n c ludes t he

Man ton amber p o mme l ( Corpus n o . 7 ) , amber b e ing p robab ly ar are a nd v a luab le t rade o b ject , a nd f ound o n ly i n o ne o ther p o mme l f rom t he s ou th o f E ng land . I ti s p referab le t o s ee t he p o m me ls more i n ar eg iona l , i f no t al oca l c on tex t , a s o veral l c o mpar isons a nd c onc lus ions may l ead t o w e igh ted v a lues . I ti s o bv ious t ha t t hough t he p omme l c orpus b y i t s l im i ted n u mber a nd n a ture r epresen ts o n ly at i ny a spect o f t he E ar ly B ronze A ge c u lture , i t r ef lects t o s o me e x ten t t he e qua l i ty o f t he c u l tures f ound i n o ther r eg ions w i th t ha t o f t he l oca l c u lture o f Wessex . T he Wessex p o m me ls i n c er ta in i nstances a re more s pectacu lar , b u t t he o veral l d is tr ibu t ion o fp o m me ls r ef lects , n o t t he d om inance o f t he Wessex c u lture , b u t t he p ara l le l c u ltura l d eve lopmen t o f t he d iverse r eg ions o f B r ita in . V ery f ew p om me ls h ave c o me t o l i gh t a s c o mpared w i th t he r e la t ive ly l arge n umber o f d aggers k nown t o e x ist , r egard ing wh ich , i n t he l igh t o f p resen t k now ledge , n o d ec is ive r easons c an b e g iven . H owever , i ti s w or th n o t ing t ha t e xamp les f ro m av ar ie ty o f r eg ions s uch a s C ors ton B eacon i n P e mbrokesh ire , t he B ush B arrow t ype d agger f rom Amesbury 8 5 , Wi l tsh ire a nd c er ta in S cot aggers s uch a s t ha t f rom Wasb ister ( Orkney ) a nd tish d Auch terhouse ( Angus ) a l a ppear t o h ave h i lts s urv iv ing , b u t a re w ithou t p oml me ls . I n t hese c ases p ar t icu lar ly , a nd p oss ib ly i n o thers where t here a re n o h i lt r e ma ins , s uch i s t he r ar i ty o f p omme ls t ha t t here i s j us i t i f ica t ion i n t he b e l ief t ha t f or s o me r eason t he p o mme ls w ere d e l ibera te ly d e tached b e fore c ons ign ing t he b lade a nd p oss ib ly t he h i lt t o t he g rave . F inal ly , i ti s a lso p oss ib le t ha t a cer ta in n umber o f E ar ly B ronze A ge d agger b lades were a f f ixed t o p er ishab le h i lts made i n o ne p iece , w ithou t a s epara te p om me l , wh ich wou ld i n p ar t a ccoun t f or s o f ew p omme ls s urv iv ing

5 0

i n r e la t ion t o t he r e la t ive ly l arge n umber o f e x tan t d agger b lades .

T h is

p oss ib i l i ty s uggests , t here fore , t ha t p o mme ls c ou ld w el l b e t he e xcep t ion r a ther t han t he r u le i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age .

5 1

APPEND IX T ab le s how ing t he p r inc ipa l a ssoc ia t ions f ound w i th B r i t ish E ar ly B ronze A ge D agger P o m me ls . C orpus

N o . 1 2

3 4 5 6 7

P omme l L oca t ion

P omme l

Grbub

A shgrove , Me th i lh il i fe l, F B arrow 8 5 , B oscombe D own , Amesbur, y W i ls t.

I

H e lper thorpe , Y orks . M t ls ton , G rave 5 1 ,

I

W i l ts . G ar ton S lack , B arrow 1 07 , Y orks . G r is thorpe , n ear S carborough , Y orks . M non Br 'at a row ' , P reshu te , G rave l a ,

I

I I I I

S ize 4 mm 4 x1 6 mm 4 0 mm ?

4 8 mm x1 4 mm 4 mm 4 x1 4 mm 4 9 mm x1 4 mm 5 2 mm x2 0 mm 2 mm 2 x1 0 mm

B lade T ype

I nhuma t ion

F la t

X

F la t

X

F la t

X

F la t

X

C rema t ion

B eaker

F ood e se Vs l

X ( 84)

F la t F la t

9

G a ley L ow , l B rass ing ton Moor , D erbysh ire . N arrowdl ae H il l, A ls ton f ie ld , S taf . fs

I

o B lade 3 2 .5 mm N x1 0 mm

I

lade 1 9 .5 r am No B x1 2 mm N o B lade 3 mm 3 x1 0 mm

1 0

Merddyn Gwyn , P en trae th , A ng lesey

I

1 1

Bw lch y Rh iw , C aern. s

I

1 2

W i lms low , C hesh ire . B edd B ranwen

I

1 3

I

1 5

L lanbabo , Ang lesey . B edd B ranwen , L lanbabo , A ng lesey . Mar ian B ach , Cwm

H a

1 6

F l in ts . W in terbourne S toke ,

I l a

1 4

h a

G rave 6 6 , W i l ts .

2 7 mm x9 m m 3 5 mm x1 0 mm 3 5 mm x1 0 mm 3 0 mm x 5 mm 2 8 .5 m m x5 m m 3 4 mm x1 0 mm

I n terred i n a large o ak t runk X ( Col ) l ared

X

X ( Secondary ) X

( Col ) l ared X

F la t

X

1 9

G arrowby Wo ld , B arrow 3 2 , Y orks . S tan ton Moor , B trchover ,

I I

F la t

X

3 4 mm x1 0 mm

L ea f S haped

2 2 2 3

I V

amer ton6 8 m m(? ) C nowsh il l x1 3 mm S F la t 4 5 mm x1 4 mm ' B u s h B arrow 3 8 mm x 4 mm d er ived , R ibbed f l a t 4 1 mm B lade -' Bush x 5m m B arrow d er ived '( ? )

e ds Ba .

X ( F .P . ) X X

X

B eaker f ound i n t he s ame b arrow . B ronze p in , b one p in , f l in t s crapers .

( ? ) F l in t s crapers .

X

K n i fe-dagger , b one t weezers , p in , a l i nb ronze b ound e lm l

X

c hes t .

2 4

L e ices ter .

I V

2 5

S ka teraw , E as t L o th ian .

V

2 6

B lackwa ter foo t , A rran .

V

2 7

G ask H il l, C ol ie , F ife . l ess

V

T opped Moun ta in , C o . F ermanagh . N et own , B arrow t D 5 K , S hrew ton , W i l ts . ' Bush B arrow ' ,

2 9

F la t

I V

G rave 4 , W i l ts .

2 8

5 0 mm x2 1 mm 5 2 mm x1 8 mm

B lade , w i th s l igh t ly d ecora ted m id-r ib F la t

Amber , j e t a nd b one b eads .

K n i fe-dagger , s tone mace h ead , f l in t a xe . ( see P omme l N o . 3 2 ) T ubu lar b eads .

X ( S econdary )

4 mm 4 x1 2 mm 4 r am 4 x1 2 mm

I V

( Col ) l ared X ( Col ) l ared

r e la ted t o C amer tonS nowsh il l t ypes ( ? )

I I

Whe ts tone .

( Col ) l ared X

X

K n ife-Dagger

F ox ley F arm , E ynsham , O x ford .

Y orks . S camr idge , n ear P icker ing , Y orks . W in terbourne S toke ,

X

X ( Secondary )

1 8

L ock ton Warren ,

B ronze a w l .

X

3 2 .5 mm ' Bush B arrow er ived ' ( ? ) x1 3 .5 mm d

2 1

X

N o B lade

I I

D erbysh ire .

r, fn l it a rrowC ordoned un h ead .

N o B lade N o B lade

a w l , b eads , h a lberd p endan t . F l in t a rrowhead .

X

( Col ) l ared X

N o B lade

c of . fin r pe c , g Ga up o ld-bound amber d iscs , p o in t il ncense c up , le i

X ( En larged )

X ( Secondary ) ( Fema le ) X

B arrow 7 , T he R idgeway , D orse t .

I I

X ( Col ) l ared

X

1 7

2 0

a dd i t iona l p o in t i le d ecora t ion . l C opper o r b ronze a rm le t .

X( ? )

X ( Fema le )

N o B lade

No tes B lade i n terred w i th i t s s hea th .

Mu l t i-r ive t h i lt c on ta in ing

X ( Secondary ) X

F la t

A dd i t iona l Associa t ions a nd

S econdary c re ma t ion i nt he b arrow c onta in ing k n i fed agger & B ush B arrow t ype d agger .

W i l ts , 8

U rn

x7 m m

3 0 mm

' Bush B arrow d er ived '

V

3 9 mm x6 m m

' Bush B arrow d er ived '

V I

4 0 mm x2 5 mm

T anged o r Wes tE uropean

V I

opper B ush 6 0 m m(? ) C arrow t ype x2 0 mm B B lade

B arrow 7 , T he R idgeway , D orse t .

V I

5 mm 5 x1 9 mm

H amme ldon D own ,

V I

X B lade i ns hea th .

X (? )

B lade i ns heath . S econdary t oa n i n hu ma t ion b ur ia l w i th N . I .D . b eaker .

X ( Secondary )

C rema t ion b ur ia l ( ? ) i n s ame c i s t . S 4 B eaker s econdary .

X ( Vase )

X X ( n .2 )

X

t ype 3 1

G rave 5 , N orman ton , W i l ts .

3 2

3 3

D evon .

3 4

G range , C o .R oscommon .

V I

6 0 mm x1 4 mm

B ush B arrow

B ronze B ush Barrow t ype b lade , mace h ead , s hee t g o ld l ozenge p la tes , g o ld b e l t h ook , c opper a xe , b ronze h ook , b one moun ts ,k -dagger . A dd i t iona l B ush B arrow t ype d agger , k n i fe-dagger , f l anged b ronze a xe . ( see P omme l N o . 1 7 )

X

t ype

A typ ica l o r

4 5 mm

d egenera te D agger r e la ted t o C amer tonS nowsh il ype l t Bush B arrow

x1 5 mm

d er ived '

x

X ( Secondary )

X

P r imary b ur ia l c on ta ined a p ygmy c up a nd t wo f ood v esse ls .

i n r e la t ion t o t he r e la t ive ly l arge n umber o f e x tan t d agger b lades .

T h is

p oss ib i l i ty s uggests , t here fore , t ha t p o mme ls c ou ld w el l b e t he e xcep t ion r a ther t han t he r u le i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age .

5 1

APPEND IX Tab le s how ing t he p r inc ipa l a ssoc ia t ions f ound w i th B r it ish E ar ly Bronze Age D agger Po m me ls . C orpus

No . 1

Po m me l Loca t ion

Po m me l

Group

Ashgrove ,

I

4 mm 4

I

4 0 mm

Barrow 8 5 ,

B lade T ype 2

I nhuma t ion

F la t

X

F la t

X

Cre ma t ion

B eaker

Food

Urn

V esse l

( 8 4 )

S econdary c re ma t ion i n t he b arrow c onta in ing k n i fe-

?

Bosco mbe D own ,

d agger & Bush Barrow t ype

Amesbury , Wi lts . 3

He lper thorpe ,

d agger . I

is rave 5 , Ml to, n G 1

I

Gar ton S lack ,

6

Gr is thorpe , n ear

I I

4 mm 4

F t la

X

Mu l t i-r ive t h i lt c on ta in ing a dd i t iona l p o in t ile d ecora t ion . l

4 9 mm 5 2 mm

C opper o r b ronze a rm le t .

X( ? )

X

F la t

( Secondary ) F la t

I n terred i n al arge o ak t runk

X

x2 0 mm

S carborough , Yorks . ' Man ton B arrow ' ,

X

x1 4 mm

Barrow 1 07 , Yorks .

7

F la t

x1 4 mm

Wi l ts . 5

4 8 mm x1 4 mm

Yorks . 4

I

Preshu te , Grave l a ,

2 mm 2 x1 0 mm

F la t

X ( Fe ma le )

° I ll

X ( Col ) l ared

, Gal l ey Low

I

lade 3 .5 m m No B 2

X

X

Derbysh ire .

1 0

I

lade 1 .5 m m No B 9 x1 2 mm

X

Merddyn Gwyn ,

I

3 mm 3 x1 0 mm

No B lade

X

X

( Secondary )

( En larged )

I

2 7 mm

No B lade

Bw lch y Rh iw ,

1 2

Wi l ms low ,

1 3

ranwen Bedd B

H O 3 5 mm I h a H a

F l in ts . 1 6

Win terbourne S toke ,

X

B ronze a w l .

( Col ) l ared

3 5 mm

No B lade

X

l de No Ba

X

X

3 0 mm

X X

X

No B lade

h a

Grave 6 6 , Wi lts .

Amber , j e t a nd b one b eads .

( Col ) l ared

x5m m

X ( Secondary )

3 4 mm

Kn ife-Dagger

X

x1 0 mm

r e la ted t o

2 8 .5 m m

Whe tt s on. e

( Col ) l ared

( Secondary )

x5m m

L lanbabo , Ang lesey . Mar ian Bach , Cw m

C ordoned u rn l in t a rrow, f h ead .

( Fe ma le ) X

x1 0 mm

L lanbabo , Ang lesey .

1 5

l t ar F in r owhead .

x1 0 mm

Chesh ire .

Bedd Branwen ,

.

x9 m m

C aerns .

l e f

X

Narrowdl ae H il l, A ls ton f ie ld , S taf . fs Pen trae th , Ang lesey

1 1

d iscs , p o int il ncense c up , le i

( Col ) l ared

x1 0 mm

Brass ing ton Moor , 9

c of . fin G rape c up , g o ld-bound amber a w l , b eads , h a lberd p endan t .

Wi l ts , 8

Add i t iona l Assoc ia t ions a nd No tes B lade i n terred w i th i t s s hea th .

X

x1 6 mm

Me th i lh il ife l, F 2

S ize l

No B lade

X ( Col ) l ared X

B eads .

( Col ) l ared

C a mer tonS nowsh il l t ypes ( ? ) 1 7

Barrow 7 , The

I I

3 2 .5 m m

' Bush Barrow

er ived ' ( ? ) x1 3 .5 t i ar a d

R idgeway , Dorse t .

Kn i fe-dagger , s tone mace

X ( Secondary )

h ead , f l in t a xe . ( see P om me l N o . 3 2 )

1 8

F ox ley F ar m ,

I' I

E ynsha m , Ox ford . 1 9

Garrowby Wo ld ,

2 0

S tan ton Moor ,

I I

4 mm 4 x1 2 mm 4 mm 4

F la t

T ubu lar b eads .

X

X

( F .P . ) F la t

X

B eaker f ound i n t he s ame

X

b arrow .

x1 2 mm

Barrow 3 2 , Yorks . I I

B irchover ,

3 4 mm

L ea f S haped

x1 0 mm

B lade , w i th

X

X

B ronze p in , b one p in , f l in t s crapers .

s l igh t ly d ecor-

Derbysh ire .

a ted mid-r ib 2 1

Lock ton Warren ,

I V

S ca mr idge , n ear

I V

Win terbourne S toke ,

5 2 mm

F la t

(7 )

F la t

X

F l in t s crapers .

x1 8 mm

P icker ing , Yorks . 2 3

5 0 mm x2 1 mm

Yorks . 2 2

I V

Grave 4 , Wi lts .

Kn i fe-dagger , b one t weezers ,

X

6 8 m m(? ) C amer ton-

p in , a l i n b ronze b ound e lm l

x1 3 mm

S nowsh il l

4 5 mm

F la t

X

3 8 mm

' Bush Barrow

X

x4m m

d er ived '

4 1 mm

R ibbed f la t B lade -' Bush

c hes t . 2 4

Le ices ter .

I V

S ka teraw , E as t

V

x1 4 mm 2 5

Lo th ian . 2 6

B lack t va ter foo t ,

V

x5mm

Arran .

B lade i ns hea th .

( ? )

B arrow d er ived '( ? ) 2 7

Gask H il l,

V

C ol ie , F ife . l ess V

2 8

Topped Moun ta in ,

2 9

Net own , Barrow t D 5K , S hrew ton , Wi l ts .

V I

' Bush Barrow ' ,

V I

C o . F er managh .

3 1

3 0 mm

' Bush B arrow

x7 m m

d er ived '

3 9 mm x6 m m

' Bush Barrow d er ived '

4 0 mm x2 5 mm

T anged o r Wes t E uropean

t o a n i nhu ma t ion b ur ia l w i th N . I .D . b eaker . C rema t ion b ur ia l ( ? ) i n

X ( Vase )

X

s ame c is t .

X

X

S 4 B eaker s econdary .

t ype 6 0 mm ( ? ) Copper Bush x2 0 mm

Grave 5 ,

B lade i ns hea th . S econdary

X ( Secondary )

B ronze B ush Barrow t ype b lade , mace h ead , s hee t

Barrow t ype

g o ld l ozenge p la tes , g o ld

B lade

Nor man to, n Wi l t. s

b e l t h ook , c opper a xe , b ronze h ook , b one moun ts, k -dagger , 3 2

Barrow 7 , The

V I

R idgeway ,

5 mm 5 x1 9 mm

B ush B arrow

A dd i t iona l Bush Barrow t ype

X

d agger , k ni fe-dagger , f l anged

t ype

b ronze a xe . ( see Pom me l

D orse t .

N o . 1 7 ) 3 3

Ha m me ldon Down ,

V I

D evon .

6 0 mm

A typ ica l o r

x1 4 mm

d egenera te

X

D agger r e la ted t o Camer ton3 4

Grange , C o . Rosco m mon .

V I

4 5 mm

S nowsh il ype l t ' Bush B arrow

x1 5 mm

d er ived '

X ( Secondary )

X

P r imary b ur ia l c on ta ined a p ygmy c up a nd t wo f ood v esse ls .

No tes : 1 . The u pper f i gure r efers t o t he l eng th a cross t he p o m me l t op , a nd t he l ower t o t he v er t ica l d ep th o f t he p o m me l measured f ro m t he t op t o t he b ase o f t he h i lt-end s ocke t . 2 . Dagger B lade T ypes : a .

t i F la t b lade t ypes : t he d agger b lades i nc luded b y P iggot n h is

t ypo log ica l g roup ings o f f la t b lades , w i thou t m id-r ib o r b lade mark ings . b .

t 1 P iggot 963 , 8 2 88 .

B ush B arrow T ype : a s c lass if ied i n ApS i mon 1 954 , Append ix

A , 5 4 . c . ' Bush B arrow D er ived ' : c lass if ied a s ' Der ived f ro m o r r e la ted t o Wessex s ix-r ive ted d aggers ' i n A pS i mon 1 954 , Append ix B ,5 6 . d .

l: c C amer ton-Snowsh il lass if ied a s ' og iva l t ype ' i n ApS i mon

1 954 , Append ix C , 5 9 .

5 3

B IBLIOGRAPHY Annab le a nd S i mpson 1 964

F .K . Annab le a nd D . D . A . S i mpson , Gu ide C a tal ec l ogue o f t he n eo li th ic a nd B ronze A ge C ol t ions i n D ev izes Museu m ( 1964 ).

ApS i mon 1 954

A . M . ApS i mon , " Dagger Graves i n t he ' Wessex ' Bronze Age" , T en th Annua l Repor t , I nst i tu te o f Archaeo logy , L ondon ( 1954 ), 3 7-61 .

Ashbee 1 957

P . Ashbee , "The Grea t Barrow a t B ishop 's Wa ltha m" , Proceed ings o f t he P reh istor ic I I S oc ie ty , XXX I ( 1957 ), 1 64-5 .

Ashbee 1 960

P . Ashbee , The B ronze Age Round Barrow i n B r i ta in ( 1960 ).

Ba te man 1 848

T .W . Ba te man , V est iges o f t he A n t iqu it ies o f Derbysh ire ( 1848 ).

Ba te man 1 861

T .W . Ba te man , T en Years D igg ings i n Ce l t ic ls i a nd S axon Grave H il n t he c oun t ies o f D erby , f ord a S taf nd York f ro m 1 848-58 , ( 1861 ).

B r it ish Museu m 1 920

A Gu ide t o t he An t iqu i t ies o f t he B ronze Age i n t he Depar t men t o f B r i t ish a nd Med ieva l An t iqu iti es . Br i t ish Museum ( 1920 ).

Burgess 1 962-4

C . B . Burgess , "Two g rooved o g iva l d aggers o f t he E ar ly B ronze Age f ro m S ou th Wa les" , le Bul t in o f t he B oard o f C e lt ic S tud ies , ) 0 C (1962 4 ), 7 8-82 .

Case 1 966

H .J . Case , "Were B eaker-Peop le t he F irs t l urg I Me tal ists i n I re land?" , Pa leoh istor ia , X I , 1 41-177 ( 1966 ) .

Ch i lde 1 946

V . G . Ch i lde , S co t land b efore t he S co ts ( 1946 ), 1 19 , 1 21 .

C larke 1 970

t ery o D . L . C larke , B eaker Pot f G reat Br i ta in a nd I re land ( 1970 ).

C o les a nd T ay lor 1 971

J . C o les a nd J .J .T ay lor , "The Wessex Cu l ture : a m in i ma l v iew" , An t iqu i ty , X IV ( 1971 ), 6 -14 .

t 1 Drew a nd P iggot 936

t, "Two B C . D . Drew a nd S .P iggot ronze Age Barrows e xcava ted b y Mr Edward C unn ing ton . Proceed ings o f t he Dorse t Natura l H istory a nd I ( Archaeo log ica l S oc ie ty , LVI 1936 ) , 2 0-1 , 2 4-5 .

E vans 1 881

S ir J . E vans , T he a ncien t b ronze i mp le men ts , weapons a nd o rna men ts o f Grea t B r i ta in a nd I re land ( 1881 ).

5 4

Ger lof 972 f 1

S . Ger lof lassif ica t ion o f "Wessex Cu lture" f, C Daggers i n Bronze Age Meta lwork i nS a l isbury Museu m , e d . Moore a nd Row lands ( 1972 ), 1 0-11 .

Greenwel nd Rol 877 l a l eston 1

Br it ish Barrows ( 1877 ).

Gr insel 959 l 1

L . V . Gr insel orset B arrows ( 1959 ) l, D

Harb ison 1 968

P . Harb ison , " Ca ta logue o fI r ish E ar ly Bronze Age Associa ted F inds c on ta in ing c opper o r b ronze" , Proceed ings o f t he Roya l I r ish Acade my , 6 7 ( 1968 ), 5 1 .

Harb ison 1 969

P . Harb ison , "Daggers a nd Ha lberds o f t he E ar ly Bronze Age i n I re land" , Präh istor ische Bronzefunde , V I ( 1969 ).

Henshal 963-4 l 1

A . S . Henshal A d agger g rave a nd o ther c ist l, " b ur ia ls a t Ashgrove , Me th i lh il ife" , l, F Proceed ings o f t he S oc ie ty o f An t iquar ies o f S cot land , 1 963-4 .

Henshal 968 l 1

l, " tish Dagger Graves" A . S .H enshal Scot ,

i n

S tud ies i n Ancient Europe , E ssays p resen ted t, e t o S tuar t P iggot d . J .M . C o les a nd D . D .A . S i mpson ( 1968 ) . Hoare 1 810

R . C . Hoare , Ancien t Wi ltsh ire , v o l . I( 1810 ).

Howarth 1 899

e d . E . Howarth , Cata logue o f t he Ba te man l ect fie C ol ion o f Ant iqu it ies i n t he S hef ld Pub l ic Museu m ( 1899 ).

Hughes 1 908

H . Hughes , "Merddyn Gwyn , Ang lesey" , Archa eo log ia Ca mbrensis , ( 1908 ), 2 11-20 .

I nven tar ia 1 956

I nven tar ia Archaeo log ica , 1 956 , n o . GB 1 4 : Grave Groups a nd Hoards o f t he B r it ish Bronze Age ( 2 ), e d . M . A . Sm ith .

Kendr ick 1 937

T . D . Kendr ick , "The Ha m me ldon D own I ( Po m me l" , An t iquar ies J ourna l , XVI 1937 ), 3 13-4 .

Lan t ing a nd v an d er Waa ls 1 972 J .N . Lant ing a nd J .D . v an d er Waa ls , "Br i t ish Beakers a s s een f ro m t he c ont inen t" , He lin iu m 1 2 ( 1972 ), 2 0-46 . Lynch 1 970 Lynch 1 971

F . M . Lynch , Preh istor ic Ang lesey ( 1970 ). F . M . Lynch , "Repor t o n t he Re-excava t ion o f t wo B ronze Age C a irns i n Ang lesey : Bedd B ranwen a nd T re iorwerth" , Archaeo log ia C a mb rensis , 1 20 ( 1971 ), 1 1-83 .

Moore a nd Row lands 1 972

C . N . Moore a nd M . Row lands , B ronze Age Meta l Work i n S a l isbury Museu m ( 1972 ).

5 5

Mort i mer 1 905

J .R . Mort i mer , F or ty Years Researches i n Br it ish a nd S axon Bur ia l Mounds o f E ast Yorksh ire ( 1905 ).

t 1 P iggot 938

t, "The E S .P iggot ar ly B ronze Age i n Wessex" , Proceed ings o f t he Preh istor ic S ociety , I V , p ar t I( 1938 ), 5 2-106 .

t 1 P iggot 963

t, " S .P iggot Abercro mby a nd A f ter .

The

B eaker Cu ltures o f Br i ta in Re-exam ined" i n Cu lture a nd E nv iron men t , e d . F os ter a nd A lcock ( 1963 ) . R . C . A . M . ( Caerns ) 1 964

Roya l C omm iss ion f or Ancien t Monu men ts , Caernarvonsh ire , I I ( 1964 )

S tone 1 958

J . F . S .S tone , Wessex b efore t he C e lts ( 1958 )

Tay lor 1 970

J .J . Tay lor , " The r ecen t d iscovery o f g o ld p ins i n t he R idgeway g o ld p o m me l" , An t iquar ies J ourna l , L , p art I ( 1970 ), 2 162 21 .

Tho mas 1 965-66

N . T ho mas , " No tes o n s o me Ear ly B ronze Age o b jects i n Dev izes Museu m" , Wi l tsh ire Archaeo log ica l Magaz ine , 6 1 ( 1965-66 ), 1 -8 .

Thurnha m 1 870

J . T hurnha m , "On Anc ien t Br it ish B arrows" , Archaeo log ia XLII I ( 1870 ), 2 80-5 .

Thurnha m a nd Dav is 1 856

J . T hurnha m a nd J . Dav is , Cran ia B ri tann ica ( 1856 ).

lia mson 1 Wil 872

lia mson W . C . Wil , Tu mu lus o pened a t Grist horpe , S carborough ( 1872 ).

5 6

REFERENCES 1 .

T h is i s t he n u mber o f p o m me ls k nown i n B r i ta in u p t o D ece mber 1 973 .

2 .

E vans 1 881 , 2 32 .

3 .

H oare 1 810 , 1 24 ; a nd n o ted b y E vans 1 881 , 2 31 .

4 .

T h is p iece i s n owno l onger e x tan t . I ti s d escr ibed b y E vans 1 881 , 2 31 , a nd f ig . 2 90 .

5 .

E vans 1 881 , 2 32 , f i g . 2 85 .

6 .

T h is i s s uggested b y E vans 1 881 , 2 30 .

7 .

T he b lade h as b een c lass i f ied b y ApS i mon 1 954 , a ppend ix B , 5 6 , a s b e long ing t o a group ' der ived f ro m o r r e la ted t o B ush B arrow t ypes ' .

8 .

t 1 I nc luded b y P iggot 963 i n g roup I o f h is f la t b lade s er ies .

9 .

A pS i mon 1 954 , a ppend ix C , 5 7 .

1 0 .

T h is s uggest ion h asbeen p ersuas ive ly p u t f orward b y N . T ho mas 1 965-66 , 6 .

1 1 .

E vans 1 881 , 2 31 , a ppears t o b e o f t he o p in ion t ha t t he b ronze p o m me l t ang d id n o t e x tend t o t he b ut t o f t he b lade , n or s erved a s ac en tre p la te f or t he h i lt .

1 2 .

B o th o f t he s ix-r ive t b lades a ssoc ia ted w ith t he R idgeway g o ld p o m me l h ave b een c lass i f ied a s B ush B arrow t ype b y ApS i mon 1 954 , a ppend ix f ( A , 5 4 , a nd b y G er lof i n Moore a nd R ow lands 1 972 , 1 0 ) who p laces t he b lades w ith h er t ype I a .

1 3 .

T he t wo s ix -r ivet b lades h ave b een c lass if ied b y ApS i mon 1 954 , f ( a ppend ix A , 5 4 , a nd e xe mp l ify h is B ush B arrow t ype . G er lof i n Moore a nd Row lands 1 972 , 1 0 ) c lass if ies t he c opper b lade a s t ype I a o fh er Ar mor ico-Br i t ish d aggers , a nd t he l arger b ronze b lade a s t ype l b .

1 4 .

T he b lade h as b een c lass if ied b y ApS i mon1954 , a ppend ix B , 5 6 , a s ' Bush Barrow d er ived ' .

1 5.

T he b lade a cco mpany ing t he Ham me ldon D own p o m me l h as b een i nc lud ed b y ApS i mon 1 954 , 6 0 , i n h is g roup o f ' A typ ica l o r d egenera te l t d aggers r e la ted t o C a mer ton-Snowsh il ype d aggers ' .

1 6 .

T he Grange d agger i s d escr ibed b y H arb ison 1 968 , 5 1 , a s b e ing o f h is T opped Mt . t ype . A pS i mon 1 954 , a ppend ix B , 5 6 , p laces t he b lade w i th h is g roup ' der ived f ro m o r r e la ted t o Wessex s ix-r ive t d aggers ' .

1 7 .

P iggo tt 1 963 , 8 2-85 , p rov ides a c lass i f ica t ion f or f la t d aggers .

1 8 .

Moore a nd Row lands 1 972 , 3 8 .

1 9 .

T h is i s s uggested b y Ashbee 1 960 , 1 02 .

2 0 .

I b id ., a ppend ix B , 5 6 .

2 1 .

I b id ., a ppend ix A , 5 4 . 5 7

2 2 .

Lan t ing a nd v an d er Waa ls , 1 972 , 3 7 , f ig . I .

2 3 .

I b id ., 8 4 .

2 4 .

I b id ., 5 4 .

2 5 .

Ger lof f's c lass if ica t ion i sn ow p ub l ished i n Moore a nd R ow lands 1 972 , 1 0 .

2 6 .

Ashbee 1 960 , 9 8 .

2 7 .

P iggot t 1 963 , 8 2 .

2 8 .

Lan t ing a nd v an d er Waa ls 1 972 , 3 6 , 3 7 a nd f ig . I .

2 9 .

Case 1 966 , 1 57 h as s uggested t ha t t he S hrewton b lade m igh t b e a n i mport f ro m Cen tra l E urope , b as ing h is a rgu men t i n p ar t o n t he b lade 's h igh a rsen ic c on ten t ( see a lso Moore a nd Row lands 1 972 , a ppend ix B , 3 8 ).

3 0 .

Th is i s s uggested b y Lan t ing a nd v an d er Waa ls 1 972 , 4 3 .

3 1 .

I I Lynch 1 971 , a ppend ix V I , 8 2 . T he e xcava tor p ub l ished f our c arbon1 4 s a mp les f ro m B edd B ranwen . S a mp le B : t aken f ro m c lose t o t he s tand ing s tone a t t he c entre o f t he mound , wh ich g ave 4 923 ± 7 5 B . P . ( c . 2 973 B . C .) . S a mp le Q : t aken f ro m u nder a s tone o n t he o ld g round s urface , wh ich g ave 3 353 1 6 0 B . P . ( c . 1 403 B . C .). S a mp le L : t aken f ro m c re ma ted b ones , wh ich p robab ly b e long t o p o t Ba nd a re c onsequen t ly a ssocia ted w ith a po m me l ( Corpus n o . 1 3 ), g iv ing 3 257 t80 B . P . ( c . 1 307 B . C .). S a mp le D : t aken f ro m p o t L Wh ich g ave 3 224 + 8 1 B . P . ( 1274 B . C .) ( B . M . 4 52 ).

3 2 ,

ApS i mon 1 954 , 5 0 .

3 3 .

Th is h as b een s uggested b y Tay lor 1 970 , 2 19 . S he a lso s uggests t ha t t he b lade a ssoc ia ted w i th t he o pen-ended p o m me l ( Corpus n o . 1 7 ) l g a ppears s im i lar t o ApS i mon 's C a mer ton S nowsh il roup , p o int ing o u t t ha t ' one c anno t r ead i ly d if feren t ia te b e tween t h is ( the b lade a ssoc ia ted w i th t he o pen-ended p o m me l ) a nd t he E dg ing ton G rave 2 , W i lts ., d agg er ' , i nc luded b y ApS i mon i n h is C a mer ton S nowsh i ll g roup , a ppend ix C , 5 8 .

3 4 .

E vans 1 881 , 2 31 ( see r ef . 1 1 ).

3 5 .

T ho mas 1 965-6 , 4 .

3 6 .

I b id ., 4 -6 .

3 7 .

I b id ., 5 .

3 8 .

T ay lor , 1 972 , 2 18 .

3 9 .

l 1 Henshal 968 , 1 83-6 .

4 0 .

ly p T he e xcava t ion r epor t i s f ul ub l ished i n Archaeo log ia C a mbrens is 1 26 , ( 1971 ).

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L e f t : e x ter ior v iew R igh t : i n ter ior v iew

( Leng th a pprox ima te ly 3 1 .5 m m . )

( Reproduced b y c our tesy o f t he N a t iona l Museu m o f I re land )

1. 1

PLATES I l a -H e

L ef t :

G o ld p o m mel f ro m Barrow 7 , T he R idgeway , D orset : C orpus n o .3 2 . Ha:

L a tera l c hevron d ecora t ion o n t he s ide o f t he p omme l c ap

H b:

N eck a nd u nders ide o f t he p omme l

H e : I ncised l i near d ecora t ion o n t he s urface o f t he p omme l c ap ( sca le 1: 1 ) H d :

L a tera l v iew o f t he c ol l ar , s how ing g o ld p ins i n t he u pper e dge .

( Pho tographs t aken b y D r . J .J .T ay lor a nd r eproduced w i th h er k ind p er m iss ion ) .

R igh t :

Amber p ommel f rom Ham meldon D own , D evon : Corpus n o .3 3 . h I e : L a tera l v iew , s how ing p o mme l t ang a nd p in d ecora t ion a long t he l ower s urface a nd u pper l i p ( s ca le 1:

( Reproduced b y c our tesy o f t he B r i t ish Museu m )