Weklice: A Cemetery of the Wielbark Culture in Eastern Margin of Vistula Delta (Excavations 1984-2004) 8392758528, 9788392758525, 9788389499844

Table of contents :
I. Introduction 7
I.1. Opening remarks 7
I.2. On the history of Weklice 9
I.3. Location of the cemetery and trial reconstruction of the local geographic environment of the first centuries AD 11
I.4. Geological and stratigraphic description of the cemetery. Status of preservation of archaeological features 13
I.5. Overview of research 15
II. The catalogue 23
II.1. Foreword 23
II.2. Graves and other features 25
II.3. Stray finds from the time before 1923 121
II.3.1. Foreword 121
II.3.2. The catalogue 121
II.4. Stray finds from excavations of W. Klink and F. Jakobson 121
II.4.1. Foreword 121
II.4.2. The catalogue 122
III. Chronology and phasing of the cemetery 123
III.1. Foreword 123
III.2. Chronological stadia – a description 125
III.3. Remarks on horizontal stratigraphy of the cemetery 134
IV. Selected questions issues of funerary rite – forms of burial and distinctive elements of their furnishing 137
IV.1. General remarks on the grave forms 137
IV.2. Log coffins 138
IV.3. Expanded log boat coffins 138
IV.4. Wooden caskets and other containers from wood and outer bark 140
IV.5. Pouches, containers with amulets and characteristic concentrations of amulets 143
V. References 145
VI. Appendices 151
VI.1. Iwona Teul / Results of osteology analysis of evidence from biritual cemetery of Wielbark culture at Weklice, site 7, comm. Elbląg, voiv. Warmińsko-Mazurskie 151
VI.2. Jerzy Maik / Textile remains from the cemetery at Weklice, site 7, comm. Elbląg, voiv. Warmińsko-Mazurskie 173
VI.3. Maria Michniewicz / Results of botanic expert analysis of organic samples from the Wielbark culture cemetery at Weklice, site 7, comm. Elbląg, voiv. Warmińsko-Mazurskie, from excavation made until 2004 181
VII. Plates (I – CCXLV) 185

Citation preview

FUNDACJA MONUMENTA ARCHAEOLOGICA BARBARICA INSTYTUT ARCHEOLOGII I ETNOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK PAŃSTWOWE MUZEUM ARCHEOLOGICZNE W WARSZAWIE

Tomus II Tomus III Tomus IV Tomus V Tomus VI Tomus VII Tomus VIII Tomus IX Tomus X Tomus XI Tomus XII Tomus XIII Tomus XIV

Tomus XV/2 Tomus XVII

MAGDALENA NATUNIEWICZ-SEKUŁA JERZY OKULICZ-KOZARYN

WEKLICE

A Cemetery of the Wielbark Culture on the Eastern Margin of Vistula Delta (Excavations 1984–2004)

* WEKLICE

Tomus XV/1

Ryszard W o ł ą g i e w i c z, LUBOWIDZ. Ein birituelles Gräberfeld der Wielbark-Kultur aus der Zeit vom Ende des 1. Jhs. v.Chr. bis zum Anfang des 3. Jhs. n.Chr. (1995) Jan J a s k a n i s, CECELE. Ein Gräberfeld der Wielbark-Kultur in Ostpolen (1996) Teresa D ą b r o w s k a, KAMIEŃCZYK. Ein Gräberfeld der Przeworsk-Kultur in Ostmasowien (1997) Mirosław P i e t r z a k, PRUSZCZ GDAŃSKI, Fundstelle 10. Ein Gräberfeld der Oksywie- und Wielbark- Kultur in Ostpommern (1997) Jacek A n d r z e j o w s k i, NADKOLE 2. A Cemetery of the Przeworsk Culture in Eastern Poland (1998) Kazimierz G o d ł o w s k i, Tomasz W i c h m a n, CHMIELÓW PIASKOWY. Ein Gräberfeld der Przeworsk-Kultur im Świętokrzyskie-Gebirge (1998) Włodzimiera Z i e m l i ń s k a - O d o j o w a, NIEDANOWO. Ein Gräberfeld der Przeworskund Wielbark-Kultur in Nordmasowien (1999) Krystyna H a h u ł a, Ryszard W o ł ą g i e w i c z, GRZYBNICA. Ein Gräberfeld mit Steinkreisen der Wielbark-Kultur in Pommern (2001) Henryk M a c h a j e w s k i, WYGODA. Ein Gräberfeld der Oksywie-Kultur in Westpommern (2001) Jan J a s k a n i s, KRUPICE. Ein Gräberfeld der Przeworsk- und Wielbark-Kultur in Ostpolen (2005) Ewa B o k i n i e c, PODWIESK. Fundstelle 2. Ein Gräberfeld der Oksywie-Kultur im Kulmer Land (2005) Anna B i t n e r - W r ó b l e w s k a, NETTA. A Balt Cemetery in Northeastern Poland (2007) Katarzyna C z a r n e c k a, OBLIN. Ein Gräberfeld der Przeworsk-Kultur in Südmasowien (2007) Magdalena D z i ę g i e l e w s k a, Magdalena K u l c z y ń s k a, CIEBŁOWICE DUŻE. Ein Gräberfeld der Przeworsk-Kultur in südwestlichen Masowien (2008) Renata M a d y d a - L e g u t k o, Judyta R o d z i ń s k a - N o w a k, Joanna Z a g ó r s k a - Te l e g a, OPATÓW, Fpl. 1. Ein Gräberfeld der Przeworsk-Kultur im nordwestlichen Kleinpolen. Katalog (2011) Renata M a d y d a - L e g u t k o, Judyta R o d z i ń s k a - N o w a k, Joanna Z a g ó r s k a - Te l e g a, OPATÓW, Fpl. 1. Ein Gräberfeld der Przeworsk-Kultur im nordwestlichen Kleinpolen. Tafeln (2011) Magdalena N a t u n i e w i c z - S e k u ł a, Jerzy O k u l i c z - K o z a r y n, WEKLICE. A Cemetery of the Wielbark Culture on the Eastern Margin of Vistula Delta (Excavations 1984–2004) (2011)

MAGDALENA NATUNIEWICZ-SEKUŁA, JERZY OKULICZ-KOZARYN

Tomus I

Forthcoming: Tomus XVI Paweł S z y m a ń s k i, WYSZEMBORK, Fpl. IV. Ein Gräberfeld aus der römischen Kaiserzeit und der Völkerwanderungszeit in Masuren Tomus XVIII Henryk M a c h a j e w s k i, GRONOWO. Ein Gräberfeld der Wielbark-Kultur in Westpommern

ISSN 1426-3998 ISBN 978-83-927585-2-5 (FMAB) ISBN 978-83-89499-84-4 (IAE PAN)

Warszawa 2011

WEKLICE A Cemetery of the Wielbark Culture on the Eastern Margin of Vistula Delta (Excavations 1984–2004)

Łucja Okulicz-Kozaryn in memoriam

monumenta archaeologica barbarica tomus xvii

collegium editorum Zenon Woźniak – Praeses (instytut Archeologii i etnologii PAN) Jacek Andrzejowski, teresa dąbrowska (Państwowe muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie) Andrzej Kokowski (instytut Archeologii uniwersytetu marii curie-Skłodowskiej w lublinie) magdalena mączyńska, Jan Schuster (instytut Archeologii uniwersytetu Łódzkiego) Wojciech Nowakowski, Jerzy okulicz-Kozaryn (instytut Archeologii uniwersytetu Warszawskiego) Piotr Kaczanowski, renata madyda-legutko (instytut Archeologii uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego)

A germanic head with a Suebian hair-knot on a bronze kettle mount from czarnówko, distr. lębork, Northern Poland

FuNdAcJA moNumeNtA ArcHAeologicA BArBAricA iNStYtut ArcHeologii i etNologii PolSKieJ AKAdemii NAuK PAŃStWoWe muZeum ArcHeologicZNe W WArSZAWie

mAgdAleNA NAtuNieWicZ-SeKuŁA JerZY oKulicZ-KoZArYN

WEKLICE

A Cemetery of the Wielbark Culture on the Eastern Margin of Vistula Delta (Excavations 1984–2004)

Warszawa 2011

Książka powstała w ramach projektu Komitetu Badań Naukowych nr N109 020 32/1176 zrealizowanego w Instytucie Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, Oddział w Krakowie

Volume XVII, with contributions by Editor: Anna Bitner-Wróblewska Technical editing: Jacek Andrzejowski, Łukasz Andrzejowski Translation: Anna Kinecka Plates and figures: Magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła, Michał Sekuła, Jacek Andrzejowski, Iwona Teul, Emilia Wrotkiewicz-Marosik, Marek Wróbel Photos: Michał Dąbski, Anna Grzelak, Paweł Kobek, Bartosz Kontny, Robert Korsak, Dariusz Krasnodębski, Jerzy Maik, Magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła, Lech Okoński, Jerzy Okulicz-Kozaryn, Michał Sekuła, Jarosław Strobin, Marek Szymczyk, Iwona Teul, Przemysław Wielowiejski Drawings: Magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła, Jerzy Okulicz-Kozaryn, Ewa Pazyna, Andrzej Szwemiński Cover: detail of Rosettenfibel foot from Grave 150 Photo: Magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła Layout: Tomasz Szmit, Jacek Andrzejowski © Fundacja Monumenta Archaeologica Barbarica 2011 © Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk 2011 © Magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła, Jerzy Okulicz-Kozaryn 2011

Collegium Editorum: e-mail: [email protected] http://www.monumenta.org.pl

ISSN 1426-3998 ISBN 978-83-927585-2-5 (FMAB) ISBN 978-83-89499-84-4 (IAE PAN)

Dofinansowano ze środków Ministra Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego

Printing: drukarnia Janusz Bieszczad, ul. Moszczenicka 2, 03-660 Warszawa Font: Minion Pro Paper: Sinar, 115g

Contents I.

Introduction

7

i.1. opening remarks

7

i.2. on the history of Weklice

9

i.3. location of the cemetery and trial reconstruction of the local geographic environment of the first centuries Ad

11

i.4. geological and stratigraphic description of the cemetery. Status of preservation of archaeological features i.5. overview of research

13 15

II. The Catalogue

23

ii.1. Foreword

23

ii.2. graves and other features

25

ii.3. Stray finds from the time before 1923

121

ii.3.1. Foreword

121

ii.3.2. The catalogue

121

ii.4. Stray finds from excavations of W. Klink and F. Jakobson

121

ii.4.1. Foreword

121

ii.4.2. The catalogue

122

III. Chronology and phasing of the cemetery

123

iii.1. Foreword

123

iii.2. chronological stadia – a description

125

iii.3. remarks on horizontal stratigraphy of the cemetery

134

IV. Selected questions issues of funerary rite – forms of burial and distinctive elements of their furnishing

137

V.

iV.1. general remarks on the grave forms

137

iV.2. log coffins

138

iV.3. expanded log boat coffins

138

iV.4. Wooden caskets and other containers from wood and outer bark

140

iV.5. Pouches, containers with amulets and characteristic concentrations of amulets

143

References

145

VI. Appendices

151

Vi.1. iwona teul, results of osteology analysis of evidence from biritual cemetery of Wielbark culture at Weklice, site 7, comm. elbląg, voiv. Warmińsko-mazurskie

151

Vi.2. Jerzy maik, textile remains from the cemetery at Weklice, site 7, comm. elbląg, voiv. Warmińsko-mazurskie

173

Vi.3. maria michniewicz, results of botanic expert analysis of organic samples from the Wielbark culture cemetery at Weklice, site 7, comm. elbląg, voiv. Warmińsko-mazurskie, from excavation made until 2004

181

VII. Plates (I – CCXLV)

185

I. Introduction I.1. Opening remarks The cemetery of Wielbark culture at Weklice, site 7, in elbląg commune and district, Warmińsko-mazurskie voivodship, situated in the elbląg Heights, at 54˚06΄55˝ longitude N and 19˚34΄23˝ latitude e, is entered into the AZP (National Archaeological record) under no. 1 within the  AZP area 17-53 (Fig. 1). Substantial damage of  the  cemetery from excavation by robbers already during the  antique period as well as later early medieval occupation (documented by relics interpreted as the  periphery of  a  settlement and probably cemetery), extraction of gravel and sand, and finally, deep ploughing, had by the time of the 1984 investigation resulted in the destruction or disturbance of a large percentage of the graves. even so, excavation

and documentation of several hundred graves which had escaped disturbance or had suffered only partial damage, together with the  recovery from the  area of  the  gravefield investigated to date of more than 2500 non-pottery finds, generated an archaeological set of evidence having an exceptional cognitive value. of special value are observations, carefully documented during investigation, of  grave forms, ways of  treating the  buried body, and evidence of practices associated with magic, and of special ceremonial burial clothing. These and many other peculiarities, as e.g. the custom of boat burial borrowed from the inhabitants of Bornholm, or introduction of numerous of amulets – a Sarmatian influence, are the main object of  description and study in the  presented monograph,

Fig. 1. location of the cemetery at Weklice and the neighbouring roman Period sites on the south western edge of elbląg Heights. 1 – the Weklice cemetery, site 7 (AZP 17-53/1); 2 – Wielbark culture (?) settlement at Weklice, site 10 (AZP 17-53/71); 3 – Wielbark culture settlement (?) at Weklice, site 11 (AZP 17-52/38); 4 – Wielbark culture cemetery at myślęcin (AZP 17-52/27); 5 – Wielbark culture settlement at myślęcin (AZP 17-52/14); 6 – Wielbark culture cemetery at Aniołowo (AZP 17-53/7)

8 bringing information about the unexpectedly interesting colour of the local culture and contacts with neighbours and possible areas of origin of the immigrant people who by their advent contributed to the demographic potential of this attractive land. A special challenge was to represent the  stratigraphy of the graves which on many occasions cut into one another to an extent not seen in any other cemetery known from this region of europe. For similar reasons problems were encountered when making the  analysis of  horizontal stratigraphy of the graves. This is because legibility of outlines of the graves, of cut features intruding on them, and of other features associated with economic activity in the area of the burial ground, was rendered difficult by the circumstances of deposition of natural layers and various destructive features. due to the structure of the underlying deposit, characteristic for eskers, with a mosaic of alternating layers of sand, gravel and clay, infused with iron oxides, areas left by ancient tree roots, assorted animal burrows and destructive cut features, had developed smudges of ferruginous hardpan precipitates. But it was exactly these numerous rust-coloured patches, which also frequently formed on the  boundary of  the  grave pits, which upon careful inspection turned out extremely helpful for disentangling the  complicated stratigraphic layout of  the  grave pits (see more detail in chapter i.4). All these aspects had to be taken into account in describing the graves in our catalogue (chapter ii) which made it necessary to work out a new standard of presentation, especially its descriptive aspect side. The catalogue takes in assemblages investigated during excavation seasons 1984–2004. Also included are graves and finds unearthed before the World War ii. on the other hand stray finds recovered in the cemetery during excavation and prospecting made with the help of metal detectors we have left to be published together with the analysis of more recent research results, starting from 2005. The catalogue is a joint project of its two authors both of whom consulted the execution of graphic images with illustrators and photographers. drawings of the grave plans of  the  inhumation burials were made for this publication by Professor Jerzy okulicz-Kozaryn and magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła mA, while documentation of cremation graves was taken care of by magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła. She also together with michał Sekuła mA, undertook to scan the illustrations and arrange the plates showing all the grave assemblages. drawing of most of the non-pottery finds are by ewa Pazyna mA, who took care of the heaviest work in this regard; drawings had been supervised by Professor Jerzy okulicz-Kozaryn. reconstruction and reassembling of most vessels were taken care of by marta dec mA and magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła, the  ceramics were drawn by ewa Pazyna and magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła, as well as by Andrzej Szwemiński. The photographs of finds are by michał dąbski mA, Anna grzelak, Paweł Kobek mA, robert Korsak,

magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła, lech okoński, michał Sekuła, Jarosław Strobin mA, whereas photographic field documentation over the  entire period of  research was made by the authors, trainee students and other members of the excavation team. The labour-consuming conservation of the finds was taken care of by Jarosław Strobin and dariusz czerniakowski mA. Specialist analyses of organic samples were entrusted to chosen specialists; their expert reports are included in the present volume as appendices. in the catalogue, only brief references to the results of these analyses are provided in descriptions of individual graves. And so, the most essential description of osteological material and its analysis is the work of iwona teul Phd from the medical Academy in Szczecin. determination of textile samples was made by Jerzy maik Ass. Professor from the institute of Archaeology and ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences (subsequently iAie PAN), Łódź, and wood samples were identified by maria michniewicz mA, also from iAie PAN, Warsaw. We tried to practice moderation in our analysis of sources, limiting ourselves only to providing an outline of  specific aspects of  local chronology of  the  cemetery at Weklice, in many points different from the  chronology in the interregional chronological system of Wielbark culture (J.  okulicz-Kozaryn 1992a; K. godłowski 1970; r. Wołągiewicz 1968; 1981; 1993; m. Natuniewicz-Sekuła, J. okulicz-Kozaryn 2007; 2008). And so, we included a brief discussion of the chronological basis of consecutive phases of the cemetery at Weklice and aspects of the funerary rite characteristic for these stadia. The whole has been represented in a correlation diagram of co-occurrence of artefact forms characteristic for individual phases of the cemetery and forms of burial practices peculiar to them. consequently, in this respect we have departed from the principle of formal analysis of all categories of finds followed in earlier monographs from the series Monumenta Archaeologica Barbarica this was dictated by the need to reduce the volume of the analytical section, and also by the  fact that the  investigation of the cemetery has not been completed yet. Nevertheless we have included the necessary brief discussion (see chapter iV) of traces documenting burial practices unknown previously from other cemeteries of Wielbark culture or not observed in them: forms of log and expanded log boat coffins, as well as plank platforms, plank and box coffins, magical practices attending deposition of the burials, traces of caskets, wooden containers (boxes and baskets) used as furnishings, mainly in female graves. given the abundance of historical written sources most of which relate to the medieval Period, which we believe are of interest also to the readers, we present an extensive review of the history of the locality (mentioning archaeological sites in its region, also ones from other chronological periods), and in consideration of the rich pre-war archaeological archival record we have included a detailed

9 account of the history of investigation at the site. We also undertook quite an extensive, reliable as far as possible, trial reconstruction of the geographic environment from the time when the cemetery was in function and presented a geological and stratigraphic analysis of the site essential for understanding the processes of stratification at work in the cemetery. The fieldwork at Weklice had been undertaken not only to secure archaeological evidence but, first and foremost, for rescue purposes. it was financed from all sources which could be mustered over the period of a dozen-odd years. The largest contribution to the first seasons of investigation was from the institute of Archaeology university of Warsaw which institution settled the  cost of  the  student training in archaeological excavation from its teaching fund. during the early years a substantial subsidy towards the costs of  research had been obtained from the  State regional Heritage office in elbląg, whereas season 1998 was financed by the general monuments conservation office. The field investigation in the period 1984–1998 was directed by Jerzy okulicz-Kozaryn. The costs of research of the materials from Weklice, ia conservation of finds, photographs and drawings, had been covered from the resort Theme: Vistula, and then, in the period 1991–1996, from grants of  the  State committee for Scientific research, nos 1 H016 057 08 and 1 H0195 579 08, and finally, in the period 2000–2003, from grant of the State committee for Scientific research, no. H01H 013 18. Throughout the entire duration of the archaeological fieldwork its regular participant was late Łucja okulicz-Kozaryn Professor of iAie PAN who took care of the majority of tasks associated with organising the research, first and foremost, its training agenda. She did not take part in developing the present monograph but her contribution to the work on investigating the cemetery cannot be exaggerated…

in 2003 fieldwork was resumed under supervision of  magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła. Seasons 2003–2004, included in the present publication, were financed in part by the State Voivodship Heritage office in olsztyn and the iAie PAN, with a free-of-charge support from the elbląg commune, and especially, with great personal assistance of Jan Puzio, the then deputy Head of  the  commune, and late marek rękas resident of Weklice, owner of some of the land on which the cemetery lies, and members of his family. We also wish to express our gratitude here to all those who over the years have assisted us in running the fieldwork, offered advice during site visits at Weklice and when inspecting the archaeological material and documentation off-site. And so, first and foremost: Professor Kazimierz godłowski, Professor Jerzy Kolendo, ryszard Wołągiewicz Phd, also: marek Jagodziński Phd, maria Kasprzycka Phd, Bartosz Kontny Phd, Waldemar ossowski Phd, rafał Panfil mA, mirosław Pietrzak mA, christina rein Seehusen mA, michał Sekuła, grzegorz Stasiełowicz mA, Przemysław Wielowiejski Phd, and, for their hard work in preparing the present study for publication – Jacek Andrzejowski Phd and Anna Bitner-Wróblewska Phd. We need also to make note of the long and significant discussions with Professor Volker Bierbrauer and Professor ulla lund Hansen. running the investigation of the cemetery in Weklice would not have been possible without the  participation of students of archaeology from a dozen-odd years who always with great commitment took care of  the  heavy physical labour, not infrequently, in unforgiving weather and living conditions. our special thanks go to them also. The present publication was prepared under the project of  the  State committee for Scientific research: Studies on Cemeteries from the Central European Barbaricum III (no. N109 020 32/1176), performed under the direction of Professor Zenon Woźniak and Jacek Andrzejowski Phd.

I.2. On the history of Weklice1 The oldest source which mentions the name of the locality is a document dated 17 January 1294 issued by Heinrich, Bishop of ermeland, concerning a mill for Heinrich Wekelitz located on the outskirts of Köslin in Braunsberg (now part of Braniewo) (cdW 1, no. 112, 195). in notes made on the margin of this document the name is given as Wekelicz and Wekelitcz. Presumably, the  miller had been a  native of Weklice hence the name of his later mill. Sometime later, and for the first time in context of the locality itself, the name Weklice is recorded, as villa Weklize, in a document issued At this point we wish to thank warmly rafał Panfil (State regional Heritage office in elbląg) for his assistance in accessing historical sources named in this chapter and for all his comments and useful suggestions as to their possible interpretation (cf. also r. Panfil 2009).

1

by Heinrich von isenberg, Komtur of elbing, on 25 August 1320, to endorse the transaction of purchase of an inn in villa Weklize by one eghardus (cdW 1, no. 199, 343). moreover, the  name of  the  village appears in other 14th century documents, from 1361, 1377, 1378, 1384, in the form: Wekelitcze, Wekelitz, Wekelitcz2 (cdW 2, no. 309, 325–326; cdW 3, no. 36, 26; no. 39, 27–28; no. 40, 28; no. 55, 2

Sources in which the name Weklice is mentioned: 17 February 1361 – document of Winrych von Kniprode makes a reference to the village Wekelitcze; four documents issued by ulrich Fricke, Komtur of elbing make mention of the name Wekelitz: 31 may 1377, 2 August 1377 – a reference to Jacob von Wekelitcz (presumably, the same bailiff as was mentioned in the document of 14 June 1378) discussed in this chapter; 7 August 1377 – the village Wekelitcz is mentioned; 13 march 1384 reference to the innkeeper Hans von Wekelitcz.

10 38; no. 168, 129). From the same period we have another (older?) name – Kemmeramt Pomen, Pomenen – suggesting that the village was the district centre where taxes and dues were collected by the teutonic knights. in a document issued 14 June 1378 by ulrich Fricke, Komtur of elbing, regarding a field at Wekelitcz mention is made of Jacob unser kemmerer von Pomenen (who signed the document as a witness) – that is, the bailiff (Kemmerer)3 at Pomenen (cdW 3, no. 55, 38). Next, there is a document issued 18 June 1385 by Siegfried Waplot von Bassenheim for the village Bartkamm (now Pasieki) which names the manor house at Pomenen, or the residence of the bailiff (cdW 3, no. 185, 150–151). Finally, a document issued 17 march by the same, relates to the endowment of a field at Pomenen. According to note no. 4 of the publisher of the named document (cf. cdW 3, no. 194, 156): “the name Pomenen does not occur anywhere as a name of a locality, but one of the entries in an old written copybook [Kopialbuch] contains the phrase: Kemmeramt Weklitz oder Pomen”. The last source issued at Pomenen is another document issued by Siegfried Waplot von Bassenheim on 22 July 1393. But, first and foremost, the  name Weklice was mentioned by Peter of dusburg (P. dusburg 1679, 255–256), 14th century chronicler of  the  teutonic order, which describes the  struggles of  the  teutonic Knights against the  old Prussians during the  Second Prussian uprising of  1260–1274. even though Peter of  dusburg was writing his account in 14th century, around 1326, he drew his information from sources of the teutonic Knights contemporary to the events being described (m. Pollakówna 1968, 11–12). Therefore, the name is certain to have been in use during the second half of the 13th century. W. długokęcki (1992, 169) claims that the name is the oldest in the area on the southern edge of the elbląg Heights, consequently, may be of 13th century date, since all other names are considered to be from the 14th century. At first it did not apply to the vil3

The bailiff (Kemmerer  –  spelling from 14th century german dialect; nowadays german spelling – Kämmerer) was an officer of  the teutonic order, usually, a  well-off Prussian, whose task was to collect all payments and dues from the Prussian population. The bailiff ’s office in Pomenen extended its authority only over Prussian villages (i.e. with an old Prussian population): Weklitz (now Weklice), Bartkamm (now Pasieki), Meislatein (now myślęcin), Phlonen (now Pilona), Kämmersdorf (now Komorowo Żuławskie) Preussmark (now Przezmark) and estates Hansdorf (now Janów) and Serpin (now Sierpin), as well as some of the land belonging to Wolfsdorf (now Wilkowo), known as Limburg. The office was under the authority of the Spitler, office traditionally held by the Komtur of  elbing (e. g. Kerstan 1925, 408). We cannot exclude that the Kämmerer resided in a small hillfort Schloßberg situated just above the village; investigation of this site by A. Pawłowski made in 1982–1983 identified a culture deposit, traces of defense works, and buildings from the early teutonic Period (more details in A. Pawłowski 1987, 387–408).

lage but to the well-fortified castrum Weclize situm supra Rogovv fluvium which the  Prussians had captured after some heavy fighting from the teutonic Knights (P. dusburg 1679, 256). during the events described the hillfort was said to have been manned by a teutonic garrison which did not withstand the Prussian attack (W. długokęcki 1992, 161). The remains of this fortress have been connected to the  imposing complex of  earthworks known as Schweden Schanze, situated deep in the  ravines where today’s rogowa Struga stream (Rogovv fluvium) joins Pasiecka młynówka (Bartkammen Mühlenfließ). The area was investigated archaeologically in 1925 by Bruno ehrlich and max ebert (m. ebert 1926, 40–70), and during the 1980s, by A. Pawłowski (1987, 387). in the 14th century written sources invoked at the introduction to this chapter the name Weklice clearly already referred to the present-day village of  that name which is found almost 1600 metres south of  Schweden Schanze. At this time the  buildings of  this locality had been established at the steep foot of the elbląg Heights, several score meters below the hillfort (between ca 86 m and ca 18 m a.s.l.), at the outlet of an extensive system of ravines drained by several rapidly flowing streams which join into a single small river. After the defeat of the teutonic Knights in the Thirteen Years’ War, under the provisions of the Second Peace of Thorn (1466) the region in which Weklice lies became a part of royal Prussia and, after the first partition of Poland in 1772, part of the province of West Prussia. in Prussia the  locality lay in the  administrative district of  elbing (Landkreis Elbing), after 1818, in Province of  danzig (Regierungsbezirk Danzig) when it was known as Wöklitz/ Woeklitz. This situation, with a  few changes, continued until the World War ii. After the war the desolate village was settled by Polish immigrant population, mostly from the region of radom and SW part of Poland (lublin and Zamość regions), as well as ukraine, as part of the operation “Vistula” (cf. also m. Paradowska, A. urbańska 1998). Within the village to this day survives a small number of  historic manor buildings from the  19th century built in distinctive Prussian red brick (some with the  mark of the 19th century brickyard at Hansdorf) and the remains of arcaded half-timbered buildings typical for the fenland region of  Żuławy4. the locality’s attraction is emphasised by the  presence of  tourist trails which run north into the Heights and fine scenery looking south, towards the flood terrace of lake drużno. 4

Żuławy (germ. Werder) area in northern Poland – a forestless plain, partly below sea level, threaded by the Vistula river and its branches, together with a great number of canals and drainage ditches. Some of the local embankments and dikes date to the 13th century. The region of Żuławy is divided for three geographical units: elbląg Żuławy, gdańsk Żuławy and Vistula Żuławy. This area is characterized by very fertile soils.

11

I.3. Location of the cemetery and trial reconstruction of the local geographic environment of the first centuries AD The cemetery at Weklice is entered in the  national archaeological recording system (AZP) on sheet 17-53, as site 7 in that locality. other features of archaeology from earlier research recorded in the same area are four hillforts in the ravines called “Wąwozy Weklickie” (i.e., Weklice ravines) NW of  the  village (m. ebert 1926; m.  Haftka 1975; A.  Pawłowski 1987; 1991), a  bronze axe (Bronze Age iii) and an early iron Age neckring, lacking closer provenance (o. Kleemann 1938, pl. Via). A number of archaeological sites, entered on AZP sheets 17-53 and 17-52, were discovered during a 1984 AZP survey made by Łucja okulicz-Kozaryn, marek Jagodziński and Jerzy okulicz-Kozaryn. eight of  them belong in the  early iron Age, twelve are early medieval, three correspond to occupation during the roman Period, or, the time when the cemetery was in use. The documentation from the 1984 survey is now held by the State regional Heritage office in elbląg. The cemetery lies some 300 m e of the village, next to dirt-track running to the village Aniołowo (former Rapendorf). it is here, between the valley of the stream rogowa Struga (now Kowalewka) and an unnamed stream which divides the fields of Weklice from those of Aniołowo, along the southern edge of the moraines of the elbląg Heights, that is found an esker along the W-e axis. The cemetery occupies its eastern section. The elevation is built of sand typical for eskers, interbedded with layers of clay and gravel. As the only source of construction aggregates in the area starting from the 19th century the hill was mined for gravel and sand. today, the work of the gravel pit has been put on hold, mainly for the sake of conservation but its legacy are two gaps of several score metres, the easternmost of which destroyed the SW area of the cemetery. in the part of the cemetery which had escaped destruction the graves occurred on the culmination of  the  esker and on its southward slope all the way down to its foot. The difference of height between the summit near to the collapsed face of  the  gravel pit (at 38.5  m a.s.l.), and near the southern edge of the cemetery (30.5 m a.s.l) is ca 8 m. The area of the cemetery has a southern and western exposure, giving onto a wide panorama of lake drużno below, and the faint outline of the Wzgórza Sztumskie (Hills of Sztum) on the horizon, and in the foreground, the edge of the elbląg Heights near myślęcin. Visible at a distance of some 2.1 km is another elevation with the remains of a settlement and cemetery – the twin of the one at Weklice (more on the subject of this site in r. dorr 1893; m. ebert 1926; W. Krause 1825). turning to the east one can see a second cemetery in the neighbourhood of Weklice, at Aniołowo, at a distance of ca 1.1 km (more on the subject of this site in r. dorr 1893; 1903; e. Hollack 1908, 129).

The location of the cemetery at Weklice, on the borderline of two different geomorphological units, is similar to the location of most Wielbark culture gravefields associated with the elbląg region. As such, the settlement had its back to the elbląg Heights which had natural resources unfavourable to human economy, at the centre of which area we find no traces of  settlement from the  roman Period. on the other hand, the village from the same age spread across the slopes of elevations and adjacent upper flood terraces and evidently looked over the  plain and tracts of depressed ground of the elbląg Żuławy5. The elbląg Heights are an imposing isolated prominence of the ground moraine and owe their final form and present-day surface area to the  Baltic glaciations; they are an area of rolling and hilly ground. in the bygone ages its many undrained hollows and stretches of  the  valleys of small streams must have been more marshy and difficult to penetrate than today. its central highest elevation at 197  m a.s.l. is milejewska góra or, alternately, góra maślana. on its N side it descends to the  sea level on the coast of the Vistula lagoon, on its W and S sides, to the depressions of the elbląg Żuławy and to what used to be the Bay of today’s lake drużno. With such a substantial difference of level in the Heights waters descending from it in a rapid current eroded deep ravines in their slopes, in places down to the depth of a few score metres. during the spring thaw and periods of rainfall the torrents draining from the elbląg Heights transported, in the past and now too, a vast mass of sand, gravel and silt, as well as brown soils and podsol washed from the slopes. Some of this alluvial material was carried all the way to the Bay of today’s lake drużno, the remainder became accumulated in the  zone of  the  coastal depression, flooded by spring meltwaters, forming the basis of the accumulating alluvial soils of the elbląg Żuławy (J. Kostrowicki 1961, 371–374). Next to the marsh soils of the Frisian coast and Holland these are the most fertile soils of north europe. The more detailed extent of the shoreline of the Bay of drużno during the first centuries of our era has not been reconstructed yet, and may be said to have roughly followed today’s 0 m a.s.l. contour line (m. Kasprzycka 1998, 44–45). Presumably, on the side of Weklice, within a curving lowland area at the southern foot of the Heights, considering that it accumulated a  substantial conical deposit of alluvium since those days, the shoreline had reached no farther than 2–3 km from the cemetery and the adjacent presumed village. Flowing into lake drużno, the river elszka and some minor streams, like the rogowa 5

See note 4.

12 Struga mentioned earlier, and others, in their deltas at their outlet may have offered a  convenient landing place for boats and ships which navigated across the bay. However, the ancient hydrographic network is now next to impossible to reconstruct owing to the drainage work done on the watercourses and the conversion of the low lying grassland into polders. What was the  vegetation and the  ratio of  arboreal to non-arboreal plant communities (potentially, grassland) in the  lowland between the  bay and the  slopes of  the  Heights? Naturally, some idea may come from pollen profiles obtained from bottom sediments of today’s lake drużno (J. Zachowicz, W. Przybyłowska-lange, J. Nagler 1982; J. Nitychoruk 1998; m. Kasprzycka 1999, 104–137). in the  level of  sediments from the  middle stadium of  the  climatic Subatlantic Period, or the  first half of the 1st millennium Ad, the AP/NAP pollen index (ratio of  arboreal to non-arboreal plants) was ca 15%. This could be the evidence of a substantial area of open space, obtained by forest clearance, but without more detailed study made in this environment of  the  large tracts of  water, reed beds and rushes, one had better not draw too far-reaching conclusions. it is only worth pointing out that, in the light of a part of the published pollen profiles (m. Kasprzycka 1999, 114, 118, 121; J. Nitychoruk 1998), during the stadium of interest there was a substantial increase in the pollen indexes of synantropic plants, mainly for species associated with fertile mowed meadows: narrow-leaved plantain (Plantago lanceolata) and common clover (Trifolium pratense), but also grass, sedges and sorrel (Rumex acetosella, Rumex acetosa) and mugworts (Artemisia) which grow on waterlogged acid soils useful only for pasture. cultivars and weeds are represented only by a small number – but nevertheless in an unbroken sequence – of pollen grains of barley, wheat, and for the first time, rye, as well as weeds typical for these crops, e.g. cornflower and brome grass (Bromus secalinus). even so, synantropic herbaceous pollen grain indexes are lower than expected if we consider the marked increase in the density of settlement in the elbląg region which is confirmed by archaeology for the roman Period and the expected intensive economic activity of communities residing in the area. one reason for this discrepancy may be that the pollen counts are made on the basis of lake bottom sediments from lake drużno, which very likely accumulated pollen blown in by wind predominantly from the W and the S, from deep in the almost unpopulated area of Vistula Żuławy, and the floodlands of the valley of old Nogat river, down which in those days the main current of the Vistula flowed. it is for these reasons that among the pollen grains of arboreal plants shows a domination of indexes indentified with alder swamps and forest mostly composed of oak and hornbeam – woodland communities typical for wet valley, lake and river margin

habitats, particularly well developed over alluvial soils, for example, fen soil (J. Kostrowicki 1961, 422–480). These communities make up a  high proportion of  the  pollen profiles from the  elbląg Żuławy but in the  level which corresponds to the middle phase of the Subatlantic Period, that is, from the roman Period, their area decreases in favour of vegetation associated with meadows mown for hay and pastureland. This plant environment was particularly favourable for livestock breeding. land use in the waterlogged grassland of elbląg Żuławy could have been similar during the 12th and 13th century given that the  documents of  the  teutonic order concerned with endowing of  the  land in the  region only list meadows and pasture and farmland is not mentioned even once. in the written sources from the 14th and the 16th century land endowed in the area was described as Ellerwald or palus silvestris, that is, wooded marshes (W. długokęcki 1992, 131). on the other hand, slopes of the elbląg Heights were under marshy meadow vegetation and, in some places, moist forest and broad-leaved forest, the  proportion of which over the discussed phase of the roman Period significantly decreased, probably due to forest clearance and conversion of  the  land into cultivated fields. it is here, as everywhere in broad-leaved forest, that brown and podsol soils built up – fertile and easy to cultivate, rapidly drained in spring which made it possible to sow the spring corn crop early. The status of research on the natural and culture environment of the Żuławy in the first centuries Ad today is still unimpressive. despite quite significant and striking results brought by interdisciplinary studies of recent years (more on this subject  –  see P. urbańczyk 1998), many questions presented here must remain tentative and have the nature of hypotheses. What is most lacking is a basic archaeological investigation of settlement sites. Nevertheless, in a general outline one can speak of a group inhabiting the micro-region of Weklice who buried their dead in the cemetery under analysis here and that, living safely off the beaten track, they at once had excellent access to the sea route which made it easier for them to contact the outside world, and also could engage in fishing. The land around was one of  a  varied landscape, excellent for economy. The people could pursue animal husbandry on one of the most valuable grazing and hay-growing land in this part of  europe6, they could also penetrate to their advantage the old growth forest in the elbląg Heights where they could hunt for game and oversee the wild bee hives.

6

in 18th and 19th century in elbląg Żuławy there were stud farms of famous horses of the Prussian imperial guard.

13

I.4. Geological and stratigraphic description of the cemetery. Status of preservation of archaeological features The esker7 on which the cemetery lies is built of heterogeneous glacial drift from the  Baltic glaciations, or alternately, known in the northern areas of central europe as Northern Polish glaciations, or Vistulanian stadium. The esker is mostly built of layers and lenses of different grades of sand and gravel, but also, in north-western and eastern area investigated by archaeologist, clays. This lack of uniformity of the underlying layer deposit is responsible for the great differences in legibility of archaeological features, survival of bones of inhumation burials and elements of the grave inventory. in inhumation graves established in friable fine-grained sand, highly permeable and well aerated, the skeletal remains differ widely in their preservation. complete skeletons are practically not in evidence and their remains have the form of a heavily decomposed osseous particles. That is why on many occasions the position of the skeleton and its size could be reconstructed only while still in situ from traces of decomposed bones and the arrangement of the grave goods. The preservation of the bones may have also been affected by burial practices, no longer materially tangible but nevertheless indicated by observation in the field (discolouration of the grave pit fill) as e.g. use of wooden coffins or other wooden structures, wrapping in cloth, covering with organic matter, etc., or by later destruction caused by ancient robber excavation, post-medieval and modern cut features or animal burrows8, causing post-depositional dislocation of bones and grave furnishings within the grave pit. exceptions include teeth, fragments of flat bones and bones resting next to metal objects which survived thanks to preservative properties of metal compounds (mostly copper and silver). Skeletons preserved practically whole are an exception and only in situations when graves were dug into a layer of hard and compacted clay and gravel which helped to keep out air and water. the clay does not occur as a geologically homogeneous

7

esker or ose (from Swedish ås) – a ridge or greatly attenuated hill usually rising to the height of a dozen-odd meters and occasionally reaching the length of several score kilometres, built up by sand and gravel deposited by streams flowing under the ice sheet or within its crevices. 8 on the cemetery at Weklice there is much evidence of  disturbance to the grave pits from animals, also during antiquity which is documented by the fact that animal burrows and burials were detected at the same level and had a fill of similar texture. in a number of cases also observed at bottom of these features were animal skeletons, mostly foxes. We would like to thank K. Śmiarowski mA of  Hunter college of  the city university of New York for zooarchaeological analysis.

deposit9 and occurs in different locations in the cemetery in the form of a few metres’ long lenses. Stratigraphic observations in the cemetery, and above all, legibility of grave pit boundaries is made difficult by the crowding of the archaeological features, many of which cut across one another or intrude on one another. observation is disturbed additionally by the presence of numerous streaks and patches of  ferruginous precipitates  –  hardpan  –  which accumulate on the  boundary of  individual layers (sand, gravel, clay) with a  different permeability. Their arrangement is usually chaotic and variable, depending on the season and level of permeability resulting mainly from the fissuring of the ground caused by frost or by springtime thaw and seasons of rainfall. Processes of hardpan formation – accretion of iron oxides – from iron particles leached from soils on higher-lying ground brought in by the rivers from, in this case, the Heights – is greatly speeded up by the presence of organic matter. one source of it are the roots of trees and shrubs, but also, the grave pits themselves (elements of construction of the graves e.g. clay lining of the walls of the grave pit, cloth or other organic material used for the same purpose, and timber structures), but also, the human remains themselves. This state of affairs causes the grave features at Weklice to be heterogeneous, their outlook different than is seen in most gravefields, that is, uniformly grey or brown patches against the background of  natural geological layers  –  mostly sand. At Weklice, grave features stand out in many different ways – both as orange-red and yellow hardpan discolorations (greatest accumulation on the boundary of the cut feature of the grave pit) or, as a rule, slightly darker shade of yellow and orange red, distinct from the surrounding natural sand and clay, and as irregular ferruginous smudges and precipitates occurring in abundance across the  investigated surface. owing to this state of affairs quite often the interpretation of an excavated outline as being that of a grave is confirmed only at the time of uncovering the remains of the skeleton, or the log coffin or others wooden structure – discernible as brown-grey traces of smudges of decomposed wood and furnishings, that is, the bottom of the feature. 9

The area of elbląg Heights is dominated first of all by a rich variety of boulder clays. of these the best known and used also in our age are red lake and marine silt clays, periglacial clays, and marine and lake loam and silt known as elbląg or Yoldia clays. in a strongly folded terrain the clays surface in many locations in the form of bulges or fill the bottom of deep erosion valleys. individual clay deposits do not form a single unbroken level and their thickness is variable, ranging from a few to a dozen-odd metres (A. makowska 1991, 38–39).

14 The status of preservation of the cremation graves is also far from satisfactory. most of these graves are urned burials; in only a small number of burials the bones were deposited within a shallow pit. They tended to be dug to a smaller depth than the inhumation graves and consequently, practically all were destroyed by ploughing or by pits cut for inhumation graves, and as a result of early medieval occupation – see discussion below. The status of preservation of the urns was also influenced by the method of firing of the pottery. The clay used in making these vessels tended to be poorly fired (at times just dried, without firing), brittle and exfoliating. The remains of cremation graves were mostly apparent in the field as clusters of sherds and burnt human bone with here and there a rare item of the original contents of the urn. completely preserved urns are an exception, when they do occur, they tended to rest within pure sand with no legible pit outline. in contrast to situations described above, the furnishing of the graves had withstood the soil conditions exceptionally well. metal finds are discovered in a good, and occasionally, very good condition. objects in copper alloy tend to be covered with noble patina, and the precious metals, mainly silver, require only minor conservation treatment, and gold behaves perfectly. iron was the metal which suffered most from the soil conditions at Weklice – iron objects are heavily corroded, their condition frequently too poor for any conservation. other artefacts, of glass and amber, bone and antler, exhibit mostly a  fine although varying state of  preservation. Not so the  organic relics. textiles and leather are discovered in the  form of  minute fragments or only an impression, usually next to metal objects; the  wood of  the  coffins, wooden structures, caskets and containers, survives in the  form of  mainly, decomposed pulp from the decayed wood, penetrated by sand. The few fragments of wood retaining the outline of the tree rings and shape could be excavated mainly in the context of metal mounts of the caskets and other wooden containers. At present, for the sake of conservation, the esker and the cemetery (site no. 72/A/85 in the monuments record) is taken out from under agriculture. Nevertheless it is a site seriously damaged both by agricultural use of the hill, unauthorised sand extraction with, additionally, in its northern area, serious depredations caused by the digging of artillery emplacements during World War ii and, in the eastern area of the archaeological site, by bulk pile storage of potatoes and carrots. moreover, it is a heavily stratified site, with layers which developed after the cemetery had gone out of use. As a result of many years’ ploughing (the esker started to be ploughed on a  regular basis during the  1960s, and subsequently, in its N area, levelled for a pine plantation10)

the earth from the upper parts of the slope, dragged down by ploughing, accumulated in layers in its lower-lying parts, building up into a  deposit of  up to 2.5  m thickness. The stratigraphic sequence grasped so far is shown in Fig. 2 (see supplement at the end of the book). The entire surface of the cemetery is covered by sod, overlying a layer of humus up to 0.1 m in thickness, built of fine-grained grey-brown sand, friable, in places compacted, heavily grown over by roots of trees and shrubs. under the sod layer is a modern layer of plough soil which has caused greatest damage in the northern area of the elevation, where it has a maximum thickness of 0.3–0.4 m and consists of fine- and mediumgrained sand mixed with humus, hard and compact in exploration, in places, desiccated, overgrown with tree roots and trunks. This layer is rich in organic remains, a small quantity of broken brick and charcoal. Also discovered at this level are isolated fragments of post-medieval and modern pottery, modern rubbish (nails, bottle caps, tins, wires, etc.) and stray finds attributable to Wielbark culture. in the northern part of the site, on the summit of the esker and parts of  its southern slope, the  layer just described overlies directly the layer of natural soil and within it, the  bottom levels of  inhumation graves destroyed by ploughing. No urned graves were discovered in this part of the site. Approximately in the middle of the southern slope, under the layer of modern arable, is another easily identifiable layer of arable composed of light to dark brown coarse-grained sand mixed with gravel and clay. in places quite compact, drying out quickly and hard to excavate. This layer contains abundant organic material, isolated fragments of charcoal, broken brick, stones, a large quantity of natural marl. moreover, it is rich in pottery finds, the latest of 19th century date, and also, a small number of  objects associated with Wielbark culture originating from destroyed features. Presence of this layer shows that until the 19th century the southern slope of the esker had been ploughed in an eW direction. The thickness of this layer is irregular, expanding southward to a  maximum depth of 0.4 m. directly under it, with a  well-defined boundary is a layer of dark brown to black, medium- and coarse-grained compact sand with an oily texture, rich in organic material and charcoal. The layer is located in a hollow which originally formed the foot of the esker, and expands, moving S, to a maximum of ca 0.5–0.6 m. The layer contains abundant archaeological finds: artefacts associated with Wielbark culture originating from destroyed graves, and material from the  early medieval Period. The earliest ceramic finds originate from around Ad 900, the youngest, from 16th and 17th century. At the  present stadium

10

Before World War ii the german benchmark of the national grid found at the highest point of the cemetery was at 39.9 m. a.s.l. The present day benchmark in the same spot has an elevation of 37.94 m. a.s.l. This suggests that levelling work carried

out on the summit of the elevation and agriculture prior to the time of starting the archaeological investigation in 1984 led to the levelling of nearly 2 m thick layer of soil on its summit.

15 of  research interpretation of  this layer is not fully clear. Presumably, it represents the remains of a culture deposit from the early medieval and later medieval Age, found on the northern outskirts of the settlement which continues to the S of the cemetery, occupying a large spur of the flood terrace of lake drużno11. directly underneath the layer just described in this part of the site is found a thick – ca 0.6–0.7 m – layer of solifluction interpreted tentatively as the  original occupation level of  the  cemetery. it consists of  dark yellow fine- and medium-grained sand mixed with grey sand, with small lenses of gravel and clay affected by hardpan formation, here and there a pebble and many streaks of hardpan precipitates.

most of the urned graves were discovered in this layer, more often as not destroyed by ploughing or other use of the layer described here. going below this layer there is the  layer of natural soil with pits of the inhumation graves. differences in the level of detection of upper outlines of the skeleton graves are substantial – from 0.4–0.5 m in the northern area, to 2.5 m from the ground level in the southern area of the site, with the graves found on the southern slope of the esker better preserved than graves in the northern area, which is demonstrated by surviving depth of the grave pit. during the age when the cemetery was in use the hill was probably higher and had steeper slopes, which is characteristic for postglacial features of relief such as eskers.

I.5. Overview of research The first reference to the  archaeological site at Weklice is from the 1820s (W. Krause 1825). Presumably in 1822 or somewhat earlier, Landrat (district commissioner) carl (Friedrich) Abramowsky, from elbing heard news from Pastor Krause of Preussmark (now Przezmark) that the inhabitants of Meislatein (now myślęcin) had been finding in a mount near their village various beads and fragments of urns (…) Korallen und Stücke von Urnen (…) However, even at an earlier date, Pastor Krause had turned his attention to what was known then as Burgberg near Weklice, where he hoped to find vessels and sacred relics used by pagan priests during their rites; here also – as he thought – would be the site of the former castle Wekliz, or, castrum Weklize, known from dusburg’s chronicle. At the request of Pastor Krause the Landrat Abramowsky gave permission to have the site excavated in may 1822 by 60 people but this work did not bring the expected results. All that was 11

The settlement was discovered during a surface survey in 2004 (Fig. 1). The site (ca 5 ha) yielded a few score uncharacteristic fragments of ancient and medieval pottery. Situated exactly on the border of AZP areas 17-52 and 17-53 the site was assigned to area 17-53 and recorded as no. 71, and is also referred to as Weklice site no. 10. it lies directly to the e of the northernmost buildings of the village of Weklice and S of the cemetery – site no. 7. Separated from the cemetery by a road running between villages of Weklice and Aniołowo the site occupies a small elevation on the upper terrace of the valley of lake drużno. At the highest point of the elevation the absolute value above the sea level is ca 25 metres. The slopes of the elevation descend gently S, Se and SW. Both from the e and the W the settlement is bounded by streams draining from the elbląg Heights. At present they are regulated and their original route is unknown. except for pre-emptive reconnaissance studies (air photography, surveys and boring as well as geophysical and electro-resistivity) until the time of the present publication the settlement had not been investigated archaeologically. We cannot exclude that the settlement is from the roman Period, perhaps possibly inhabited by the users of the cemetery but without more archaeological evidences this is uncertain.

discovered was: “(…) charcoal and fragments of old vessels of different colour and number found at the depth of a few feet (…)”. galvanised by the news the villagers from the nearby Meislatein one Sunday started an “excavation” on the sandy hill in their native village. Their efforts brought much more striking results. New was carried to Landrat Abramowsky who ordered excavations, repeated a few times, carried out by some 100 people. As a result, in just a few days a great many archaeological objects were unearthed and submitted to the Landrat visiting at the vicarage at Preussmark, and to his host, Pastor Krause. These events and findings are described by W. Krause (1825, 75–82) as follows: (…) Die in und bei Elbing befindlichen Gegenstände aus dem Alterthume sind noch nie ganz genau untersucht. An die Reste der Burg Wekliz hat, seit Dusburg (1326), niemand gedacht. Die Hügel, welche sich auf der Elbingschen Höhe, in der Gegend des Hofes und besonders bei Meislatein befinden, sind vielleicht noch völlig unberührt. Hier begruben die edlen Pogesanier einst in Urnen die Asche ihrer Todten, und schon früher hat man bei Meislatein Korallen und Stücken von Urnen gefunden. Die Hügel, wo einst die Alten die Asche ihrer Freunde begruben, sind wohl der Beobachtung nicht unwerth (…). Diese Gedanken veranlaßten, daß der Herr Landrath Abramowsky im Mai 1822, auf meine besondere Bitte, einen Versuch mit Nachgrabungen an dem Orte machen ließ, wo die alte Burg Wekliz gestanden, und wo die dreifachen Vertheidigungs-wälle und Gräben sich noch befinden. Die Burg, welche jedoch nur, der Zeit gemäß, aus Holz bestanden haben mag, wurde 1261 zerstört, und seit dieser Zeit vergessen. Vom Fuße des Berges sind 400 starke Schritte bis zum Gipfel, der obere Theil ist mit Holz bewachsen. Es waren zum Nachgraben einige 60 Männer erschienen. Obgleich es wegen der Baumwurzeln beschwerlich war: so fanden sich doch einer Tiefe von mehreren Fußen Kohlen und Stücke von alten Urnen verschiedener Farbe und Masse; sonst aber nichts mehr. Dieses Nachgraben hatte unter dem gemeinen Mann der Umgegend so vielerlei Gerede veranlaßt,

16 es sind auch in Zeitungen kurze Nachrichten erschienen (Elbingische Zeitung 1822. Nr. 67, 69, 71. Königsbergsche Zeit. Nr. 145. Aehrenleser Nr. 71. Staatszeitung Nr. 138.); darum mag folgende einfache Erzählung als richtige gelten (…). And, in a note at the bottom of the same page, after the passage just quoted: Bald nach der ersten zu Wekliz veranstalteten Nachgrabung wollten Juden dem Besitzer den Berg abkaufen, denn allgemein hieß es, da wären Schätze. Man habe, so erzählte man nachher, ein sehr altes Dokument gefunden, das kein Gelehrter zu lesen im Stande gewesen wäre. Ein Handwerksbursche habe um Ansicht desselben gebeten, erst nach vielem Bitten sey ihm verstattet, die alte Schrift zu lesen. Er habe darin sogleich seine Muttersprache erkannt, und Folgendes im Dokument gefunden. Zur Zeit eines Krieges, da der Stadt Elbing eine Belagerung bevorstand, habe man alle Kleinodien, Gold, Silber und Geld bei Seiten geschafft und in den Bergen bei Meislatein vergraben.

3.

*** Bald nach der Nachgrabung zu Wekliz machten einige Einwohner aus dem von Wekliz nur in geringer Entfernung gelegenen Dorfe Meislatein an einem Sonntage einen Versuch, weil sie schon öfters von mir gehört hatten, daß die neben dem Dorfe befindlichen Hügel, Todtenhügel der alten Preußen wären, und weil nur kurz vorher von öffentlicher Untersuchung derselben, sobald die Nachgrabungen in Weklic vollendet seyn würden, gesprochen war (…). Die Nachgrabungen der Meislateiner waren nicht ohne Erfolg. Sie fanden eine Menge Korallen aus Thon, Glas aus steinartiger Masse, mehrere Stücke von Nadeln, einen gelben beschliffenen Stein u. a. m. Hievon wurde dem Herrn Landrath sogleich Anzeige gemacht, und auf dessen Veranstaltung wurden sogleich in der ersten Tagen Nachgrabungen durch beinahe 100 Menschen bewerkstelligt, welche wiederholt wurden. Es fanden sich: 1. große und kleine Urnen von Thon, doch ließen sich nur die letzteren ganz aus der Erde hervorbringen. Eine bereits zerbrochene war gebrannt, alle andere waren ungebrannt, von verschiedener Form und Masse. In den Urnen waren Ueberreste von Knochen und Asche, nur einmal fand sich in einer Urne ein beinahe aufgelöster Gegenstand, der vielleicht ein kleiner Kamm, mit einer Scheide, gewesen sehn mag (…). Außerdem fand man neben den Urnen und, auch besonders, in der Erde: 2. Nadeln und Stücke von Nadeln, oben mit einem Querbalken und unten mit einer Scheide, die Spitze der Nadeln hinein zu stecken. Wahrscheinlich waren es Haarnadeln der Preußischen Mädchen. Sie bestanden beinahe alle aus Messing oder Composition, waren zierlich gearbeitet und die Feile könnte jetzt nicht mehr Kunst anwenden. Mehrere waren einst sicherlich vergoldet. Einige dieser sehr zierlichen Nadeln waren von 14 löthigem Silber, und

4. 5.

6.

7. 8.

nachdem sie vom Goldschmidt im Feuer gereinigt waren, sahen sie wie eben gearbeitetes Silber aus. Es wurden dergleichen einige in Elbing nachgemacht und waren in Golde für 6, in Silber für 1 Dukaten zu haben. Diese silbernen Nadeln waren ohne Zweifel das Merkwürdigste des ganzen Fundes. nicht sowohl wegen ihres Werthes, als vielmehr deshalb, weil man dergleichen noch nie gefunden hat (…). Konnten die alten Preußen sie selbst verfertigen oder erhielten sie dieselbe durch Handel? Gewiß lebten die, welche sie einst trugen, nicht frei vom Luxus; Reichthum und Schmuck war ihnen nicht fremd. Ferner wurden noch Arm- und Ohrringe, Schnallen und Korallen, Speere, zierliche Küglein von Bernstein, von Thon und von Glas gefunden; aber keine Münzen und keine Schätze (…). Die bis jetzt bei Meislatein gefundenen Sachen haben zwar keinen reellen, sonder nur historische Werth (…). Die Armringe waren spiralförmig gewunden etwa ½ Zoll breit, von Messing mit Verzierungen gearbeitet und der Knochen des Oberarms war noch in ihnen befindlich. Die Zeit hatte noch nicht Verwüstung an ihnen angerichtet, obgleich man annehmen kann, daß sie 600 Jahre in der Erbe mögen gelegen haben. Die Ohrringe waren von dem Umfange eines Thalers, vom Rost sehr beschädigt, ehedem gewiß stark vergoldet. Die Korallen waren: von Bernstein, von einer marmorartiger Masse, von Thon, aus grün- und weißen, schwarz – und weißen, auch aus ganz grünen Glasflüssen; einige schienen wie Mosaik gearbeitet zu seyn; einige waren durch die Länge der Zeit, welche sie in der Erde gelegen hatten, so erweicht, daß sie sehr bald zerbrachen; doch wurden sie, nachdem sie einige Zeit und der Luft gelegen hatten, wieder hart. Unter den Korallen waren einige von rother Farbe, aus steinartiger Masse, welche ein sehr seiner hart gebrannter Thon zu seyn schien. Auf ihnen waren sehr niedliche Verzierungen, welche jedoch wohl nicht Malereien waren. Die Korallen aus Thon waren von verschiedener Größe, oft vom Umfange eines Thalers, und zwei Finger dick, gebrannt und ungebrannt; die andern waren von verschiedener Größe, einige länglich rund, andere beinahe kugelrund. (…) die kleinen metallenen Kapsel gelten, deren mehrere, wiewohl nicht mehr ganz erhalten, gefunden wurden. Sie hatten die Größe eines halben Guldenstücks, waren beinahe rund, hatten an der einen Seite eine Verbindung durch einen Draht, und an der anderen ein kleines Schlösschen zum Zudrücken (…), darinnen lagen Haare, gewiß von Freunden und Geliebten (…). (…) Es war ein glatter gelber, 2½ Zoll langer, 1½ Zoll dicker Stein, auf beiden Enden abgerundet (…). Die eisernen Speere, fast ganz vom Rest zerfressen, sind 17 Zoll lang, 1½ Zoll breit, in der Mitte der beiden platten Seiten haben sie die Erhöhung, von dieser bis zur Schneide sind sie hohl geschliffen. Auf dem Ende haben sie eine Oeffnung, einem Stab hineinzustecken (…).

17 9. Unter den gefundenen Sachen waren auch messingene Schnallen, woran noch Stücke von Juchtenleder befindlich waren (…).11 10. Unter andern fand man auch eine glasartige, gelbliche Masse von der Größe einer Wallnuß, kreuzweise in dünnem Messingblech eingefasst, welches oben an einem gedrehten Stiele eine Oese hatte, vielleicht war das Ganze ein Zierrath (...)12. At this time the  two gentlemen were told by one of  the  diggers that similarly impressive finds had been surfacing in Schiefen Berg, so a dozen-odd men with spades were sent to that area also. According to a report published by Pastor Krause in 1825, nothing was discovered there. in the summer of 1823, after harvest time, Theodor von Schön, governor of  West Prussia, gave orders to have the excavation at the cemetery at Meislatein and allocated a certain funds for this purpose, the result of this project was discovery of beads and pottery fragments (W. Krause 1825, 88). At first the entire set of archaeological objects recovered at this time passed to private collector and to the  collections of the royal State Archive in Königsberg (Sammlung vaterländischer Altertümer beim königlichen Staatsarchiv, subsequently, KAS), in 1888 it was handed over officially to Prussia-Museum. When the collections of Prussia-Museum were lost sight of after 194513 the only source of information on the finds from Weklice are in the studies of erich Blume (1912; 1915), robert dorr (1893) and in articles published by Feliks Jakobson14 (1927, 123–135) and otto Kleemann (1938, 23–33). At the same time there is justified misgiving, which was expressed by e.g. r. dorr and F. Jakobson, as to whether individual specimens attributed in the inventory lists of Prussia-Museum to the site at Weklice had been recorded correctly. They argued that according to the report given by Pastor Krause no important discoveries had been made in Weklice and consequently the objects of interest must have originated from Meislatein, differently than was written by e. Blume. in doing this r. dorr (1893, 43), invoking the catalogue of Prussia-Museum published by georg Bujack (1885, 47), quotes after him a list of archaeological objects in keeping of the museum and compares it with the list of Pastor Krause, pointing out analogies but without questioning the fact that 12

The description of  this item corresponds fully to banded pendant, no. 6 in the stray finds catalogue (see chapter ii.3.2.) 13 more extensively on the subject of the fate of this collections see: ch. reich 2003, 109–114; 2005; ch. reich, W. menghin 2008, 68–97. 14 in archaeological literature the name of F. Jakobson, outstanding latvian archaeologist, is usually spelled with the letter “k”, the only exception from this rule is the 1927 article, quoted here on several occasions, where the name of  the same author was spelled “Jacobson”, in quoting this publications we decided to keep this idiosyncratic spelling.

they originated from Meislatein (cf. also F. Jacobson 1927, 134, note 19). Worth noting is the fact that at this time the Städtische Museum zu Elbing had in its keeping a fragment of a silver Schlangenkopf bracelet provenanced to Weklice (at more length on this subject see discussion below). in the museum catalogue this item was recorded as no. 229, with an annotation: Urnenfeld auf dem Schiefen Berge. According to F. Jakobson (1927, 123) Schiefen Berg was the name of the hill on which lies the cemetery under investigation today. However, we need to note that in 1822 the “excavations” at Weklice were made on a hill referred to as Burgberg and definitely had to do with one of the hillforts identified in the area, whereas on Schiefen Berg nothing – reportedly – had been discovered. e. Blume (1912, 160) was less consistent – in his list of cemeteries located at the mouth of the Vistula by Weklice he noted that: (…) von dem nur Einzelfunde bekannt sind, die aber wohl auf ein gleiches Gräberfeld schliessen lassem (…), but in other chapters of the same study he discussed the finds held by KAS unreservedly as originating from Weklice (e. Blume 1912, 90, 91, 97, 116, 122; 1915, 44, 55, 81, 85, 93, 97, 106–109). Also worth noting is a minor but nevertheless important detail in e. Blume’s publication – in giving the culture attribution of e.g. the cemetery at Weklice he uses the words: (…) Skelettergräberkultur abgeschnitten ist! (e. Blume 1912, 160), whereas Pastor Krause writes mainly of urns discovered at Meislatein, and only while describing the Schlangenkopf bracelets, bones (from inhumation burial) are mentioned by him as discovered next to the ornaments (W. Krause 1825, 80). This might be considered as evidence of discoveries in the cemetery at Weklice, or of “excavations” made at a time unknown to us, but definitely before 188015. The archival records of  the  Prussia-Museum related to Weklice and myślęcin were analysed thoroughly by F. Jakobson in his article (1927, 133–134) and the  views expressed by r. dorr upheld. And so this quite important set of artefacts, gone missing during World War ii, ought to be treated today. We can assume at most that unknown to Landrat Abramowsky, Pastor Krause had held onto some objects discovered at Weklice and made it known in his report that nothing was discovered there. on the other hand he labelled them truthfully in the set he submitted to Königsberg. At the same time we cannot know for certain whether between the date of publication in 1825 of Pastor Krause’s report until the first strictly archaeological findings made in the  cemetery of  interest known from later literature random finds were recovered at the site which in unknown circumstances passed to Prussia-Museum. to fully present the archaeological objects from Pastor Krause’s collection we list them in chapters ii.3. and ii.4. with the above reservations as to their uncertain provenance from one or both 15

At this time the finds from the cemetery at Weklice are mentioned in publications of councillor F. marschall (1882), Siegfried Anger (1880) and Abraham lissauer (1887).

18 of the described cemeteries, the list of these objects and description follows the determinations made by e. Blume, F. Jakobson and o. Kleemann. At a  later time in connection with gravel extraction further graves presumably were destroyed but the Städtische Museum zu Elbing added to its collections (by chance?)16 a find reliably provenanced to Weklice – fragment of Schlangenkopf bracelet which is mentioned by e. Blume (1915, 66) in a list of pieces described as Schlangenkopfarmspiralen (type iii). A more detailed description of this piece is in r. dorr (1893, 43): Wöcklitz  (…). Das Städt. Museum besitzt von hier das Fragment eines platten silbernen Armbandes mit Endschild. Das letztere Stück trägt im M.-Katalog die No. 229 und es befindet sich dabei Notiz «Urnenfeld auf dem Schiefen Berge» and in another of his publications (1903, 36): Wöklitz, Kr. Elbing. Nr. 12. Tafel. Fragment eines grossen silbernen Armbandes mit Endschild. dorr’s description may correspond to a fragment of a similar bracelet made in silver, at present held by the Archaeology and History museum in elbląg, recorded as no. me/A/124/336 (m. Natuniewicz 2000, 158 no. 409, pl. XXVi:15), recorded after World War ii in the inventory lists of the museum as supposedly originating from elbląg, but without more specific information as to its findspot. it is notable that this fragment is visibly melted which would tally with the reference made in the pre-war museum catalogue which stated the  origin of  the  piece as “an urned grave” (Urnenfeld). recorded under the same number in our period is another partly melted fragment (hoop) of a silver bracelet which nevertheless, considering the substantial differences of  the  ornament seen on the  surviving parts of  the  hoop comes from a different specimen (probably of the same type) and perhaps from the same inventory since such bracelets tend to occur in pairs (m. Natuniewicz 2000, 158 no. 410, pl. XXVi:16). We do not known whether the pieces in question (stray finds, no. 2 and 3 in the catalogue – see chapter ii.3.2) definitely originate from Weklice but given the data cited here cannot be discounted. We also need to dedicate a few words to the publication of o. Kleemann cited here several times (1938, 23–33) in which the author discusses older finds from district of elbing in keeping of Prussia-Museum, also those from the collection KAS, together with illustrations of some of them. in this publication he gives a list of artefacts recorded in the inventory books of that institution saying also that it has in its keeping finds from Weklice but agrees with the views of F. Jakobson and recognises the objects named in his list as originating from myślęcin17 (o. Kleemann 1938, 29–30, pl. Vc.f.h–p, Vic–k). 16

The way in which this piece was obtained by the museum is not described in detail in literature, the first reference to it was published by S. Anger in “Zeitschrift für ethnologie” (1880, 116), or a few decades after the report of Pastor Krause. 17 A review made by m. Natuniewicz-Sekuła in the storage rooms and records office of museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Berlin

Further discoveries in the cemetery, recorded thanks to antiquarian interests of local schoolteacher at myślęcin, Wilhelm Klink, member of Elbinger Altertumsgesellschaft (subsequently eAg), came only in the 1920s. At this time the  cemetery came under deeper ploughing and possibly one more gravel pit was put into operation. in 1923 W. Klink collected the finds which had surfaced and, observing a skeleton grave disturbed by ploughing (grave i in the catalogue – see chapter ii.2), informed B. ehrlich director of the Städtische Museum zu Elbing, conservator and delegate for the province of Ostpreussen. information about this find was published by B. ehrlich (1925, 164) as follows: Herr Lehrer Klink in Meislatein berichtete mir gleichfalls am 6. Januar 1923, dass in einer Kiesgrube östlich von Wöklitz ein Tongefäss gefunden sei. Prof. Dr. Müller18 untersuchte die Fundstelle am 9. Januar. Er Stelle Skelettbestattungen fest und fand auch noch Reste von menschlichen Skeletten. Das Gefäss gelangte später durch Herrn Klink ins Städtische Museum. Es ist ein kleines, freihändig gearbeitetes, henkelloses Beigefäss von 7 cm Höhe. 2 cm unterhalb des Randes knickt die Bauchwand um. Der obere Teil ist leicht geschweift. Es handelt sich jedenfalls um ein Beigefäss einer gepidischen Skelettbestattung aus der jüngeren römischen Kaiserzeit. The same facts are given by F. Jakobson, in whose publication is found also a detailed description and size of the vessel. No other finds were recorded at this time (F. Jacobson, 1927, 124). The schoolteacher W. Klink, presumably in 1925, after being told by the local people that an upper part of a roman vessel had been ploughed up in the cemetery and possibly discouraged by the lack of interest shown by B. ehrlich who had not come to visit the site, communicated this fact to professor max ebert, then at the  head of  the  chair of  Archaeology of  the  Albertina, university of Königsberg. At the same time he undertook single-handed rescue investigation. over a  few days he explored graves marked as ii, iii, Vi (the same numbers are used in the catalogue – see chapter ii.2) and recorded their location on a rough layout plan. in August, while “digging up” grave Vi, W. Klink was visited on site by F. Jakobson, m. ebert’s doctorate student sent by him, then engaged in excavating the settlement at Meislatein. This latter regular investigation was carried out between 27 August – 12 Sepwhich institution has in its keeping a part of the documentation and archaeological objects of the former Prussia-Museum led to the rediscovery of two finds from the collection of interest. There are two finds published by o. Kleemann (1938, pl. Vi.h) and provenanced by him to Meislatein: bronze pendant and a banded pendant which matches the description given by W. Krause (cf. note 12). For letting us inspect the collections of the former Prussia-Museum we address our warmest thanks to Professor Wilfried menhgin, the then director of  museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, and to Horst Junker and Horst Wieder from the archive of the museum. 18 Professor dr traugott müller – geologist and botanist, member of the eAg board.

19 tember 1925 by a team headed by m. ebert and B. ehrlich and other participants: Voldemars Ģinters, eduard Šturms (r. Panfil in print) and F. Jakobson, who described the proceedings as follows (1927, 123–124, 126): Im Monat August 1925 waren bei dem Dorfe Wöklitz vorgeschichtliche Funde gemacht. Davon hatte der eifrige Altertumsfreund Herr Lehrer Klink zu Meislatein Kunde erhalten und einige Nachgrabungen gemacht. Die Funde veranlassten die Herren Professor Dr. Ebert und Dr. Ehrlich, die Stelle zu untersuchen (…). Im August 1925 wurde etwa in der Gegend des Grabes VI (…) der Halsteil einer römischen Bronzekanne ausgepflügt. Darauf hat Herr Lehrer Klink an verschiedenen Stellen nachgegraben und stiess auf fünf Bestattungen. Vier von diesen wurden aufgedeckt, von der fünften einige Gegenstände gehoben und die Stelle vermerkt, um sie einer eventuellen fachmännischen Untersuchung zu überlassen (…). Am 27. August wurde an der von Herrn Klink bezeichneten Stelle mit der systematischen Untersuchung begonnen. Beim Abdecken der Ackerkrume zeigten sich zuerst in der Nähe des Grabes dunkelbraun gefärbte Streifen, in der Richtung der Ackerfurchen von NW nach SO gehend. it appears from the above publication that F. Jakobson completed excavating the  grave. over the  next two days 6 trenches were laid: four test trenches having a width of 1 m and length of, respectively: 5, 7, 8 and 14 m, the fifth – 5×4 m, and the  sixth  –  12×5  m. identified at this time were two further graves no. Vii and Viii, and a few stray finds. using the  information from W. Klink and his own discoveries F. Jakobson also drew up a general plan (Fig. 3a, 3b) of the investigated area of the cemetery marking on it the unearthed graves and stray finds19, unfortunately, without providing a fixed point of reference in the field. The accuracy of this map which, as regards the stray finds based on the recollections of schoolteacher W. Klink, is not certain. Jakobson only noted that the area inspected by W. Klink and himself lay near the collapsed face of the gravel pit, S of the 39.9 m a.s.l. benchmark marked as Messtischblatt 1883 Pomehrendorf. F. Jakobson described the site as follows (1927, 123–124): (…) Der «schiefe Berg» ist ein s.ö – n.w. gestreckter Hügel, dessen spitz auslaufendes s.ö. Ende sich in die Niederung verliert, während das breite Ende im NW in das nördliche Hügelland übergeht. Der Hügel steht unter dem Pflug, wird aber auch zum Sandabfahren benutzt. Eine alte, zugewachsene Grube liegt etwa in der Mitte des südwestlichen Abhanges, eine neue nahe 19

on the plan published by F. Jakobson (Fig. 3a) grave no. Vi is marked twice, the first time within test trench i, and again, next to graves ii and iii. The resulting error is presumably a printer’s error because it follows clearly from the description that the burial marked on the plan next to graves ii and iii is grave iV. graves marked on the plan with a broken line were investigated by W. Klink, the remainder, within the test trenches, by F. Jakobson.

am Südostende desselben Abhanges; am Südostende ist eine dritte angeschnitten, wird aber zurzeit zugepflügt. Zwischen den zwei letzten Gruben, südöstlich von dem Punkte 39,9 des Messtischblatts (…), befinden sich die Gräberfeldreste. Sie liegen da, wo der Abhang des Südostendes beginnt, zum Teil auf dem Abhang selbst. Auch ist noch die Lage der Gräber auf dem Rücken und dem südwestlichen Abhange des Hügelendes hervorzuheben. Von hier öffnet sich ein weiter Blick auf die südwestlich und südlich liegende Ebene. today this benchmark is no longer in place but was located presumably at the highest point of the esker and removed when the gravel extraction activity was expanded. At present the highest point of the elevation is also next to the  caved in face of  the  same gravel pit and marks the altitude of 38.5 m a.s.l., whereas the modern benchmark of the national grid, a few metres farther S, marks 37.94 m a.s.l. – on the plan of the cemetery – “benchmark i” (Fig. 4, 5). From the surviving contour lines it would appear therefore that the area of F. Jakobson’s investigation must have been in north-eastern part of the site, on the summit of the esker now levelled by deep ploughing, and partly on its south-eastern slope, that is, in the modern 10×10 m grid, within squares no. 13-20, 13-21, 14-20, 14-2120. Narrowing down the location of the area of the german investigation is at present unfeasible and very likely, will never be possible, due to the changes of the esker’s summit after World War ii (cf. note 10), but even such as it is can be partly used in the analysis of the cemetery.

20

This location apparently is confirmed by findings from the most recent seasons of fieldwork 2003–2008, which was carried out on the summit of the esker in the Ne part of the site and partly on its slope. unearthed at this time were at least three pits left from sand extraction of several metres with a maximum depth of 1.8 m. Their fill was, without exception, plough soil mixed at a lower level with yellow natural sand which agrees with Jakobson’s report that the gravel pits were ploughed over. When the 2003–2004 fieldwork started the remains of these sand workings were not visible on the surface not even in the form of a small depression. it is also known that after World War ii the area of the cemetery was ploughed intensively (until late 1960s), and the top of the esker was levelled and planted with pine. Within pits remaining from sand extraction and next to the northern margin of one of them, were discovered a few dozen stray finds as well as small objects, clothes buttons and coins from early 20th century. Also identified here at a quite small depth underneath the turf were features, irregular in outline (no. 498, 498A, 519, 520, 523). Their fill consisted of heavily disturbed yellow-orange and red sand with the sub-sod humus and arable, isolated small fragments of metal objects (brooch pins, small beads, fragments of spindlewhorls) and above all else, human bones dumped in the pit at random. Presumably, the features in question are the remains of inhumation graves investigated by W. Klink (?), and that the finds they contain had escaped his attention, whereas the bones, for an unknown reason, were not collected (more on this subject, m. Natuniewicz-Sekuła 2010).

20

Fig. 3a. Weklice. Plan of the part of the cemetery investigated before World War ii. Acc. to F. Jakobson 1927

Fig. 3b. Weklice. Plan of the part of the cemetery investigated before World War ii. Acc. to F. Jakobson (personal files, 3:4 of original size)

Fig. 4. Weklice. Plan of the investigated area of the cemetery. a – extent of occurrence of graves and features presented in this publication (excavations 1984–2004); b – area explored down only to the level of the cremation graves; c – inhumation graves (broken lines indicate intersecting graves); d – inhumation graves with wooden coffins and structures; e – pit and urned cremation graves; f – Early Medieval and Medieval features; g – ancient robber trenches; h – post-medieval and modern destruction: gravel pits, carrot bulk storage pits, trash pits and undetermined trenches. For other features, see description in the Catalogue

21 The material evidence from this investigation passed to the Städtische Museum zu Elbing because the cemetery lay in the area under jurisdiction of that museum, of eAg, and B. ehrlich, one of the directors of the investigation and delegate; the research was co-financed from the resources of this organisation, whereas they were given for follow-up analysis, presumably with permission of his tutor, m. ebert, to F. Jakobson, who published them (1927), complete with drawings of a part of the finds. Special interest of archaeologists was sparked by the discovery N of  the  roman limes of the upper body of a bronze pitcher, a specimen which came to be mentioned in a good many studies (cf. e.g. H. J. eggers 1951, 105 no. 656; J. Kunow 1983, 152 no. 656; H. u. Nuber 1973, 62 note 341; A. radnóti 1960, 116; J. Śliwa 1989, 111–113; J. Wielowiejski 1986, 228, 305 no. 309). After this investigation we have at our disposal just one information concerning further finds from Weklice. This is a note made in 1934 by carl engel, now in the archive of the Berlin museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte (see note 17). The note, marked with the signature Pm-A 2109/1 provides the following information: Dr. E/L W ö c k l i t z , Kr. E[…]ing Bei der Untersuchung der Fundstellen Rapendorf, Kr. Pr. Holland, kam ich durch das Nachbardorf Wöcklit[…] und erfuhr dort durch den Arbeiter Hoffmann, daß an der Stelle des bekannten kaiserzeitlichen Gräberfeldes vor drei oder vier Jahren beim Sandabfahren in der Kiesgrube des Besitzers Robert Br[…]n wiederum ein Menschenskelett gefunden sei, dabei auch Scherben eines handgeformten Tongefäßes. Lehrer Klink (früher Meislatein) hat die Fundstelle besichtigt, konnte aber nichts mehr retten. Die gefundenen Reste sind wahrscheinlich an Lehren Klink abgeliefert worden. Die Fundstelle ist jetzt beackert. Aus der Gemeindesandgrube wird noch immer Sand abgefahren. Das Land östlich der Sandgrube gehört Besitzer Rittmeyer. Engel Königsberg/Pr., 6 Juni 1934. This suggests that even in early 1930s some finds could have passed from W. Klink to the Städtische Museum zu Elbing, unless he had reserved them for himself, but this seems less likely. From later years we have no information on any further artefacts from Weklice added to the museum collections or on archaeological fieldwork carried out at the site. As mentioned earlier, the set of archaeological objects recovered from the time of the cemetery’s discovery was irretrievably lost at the end of World War ii. Among the  set of  archaeological objects of  roman Period date now in the Archaeology and History museum in elbląg from pre-World War ii discoveries made in Kreis Elbing we have succeeded in identifying reliably a single piece provenanced to Weklice. This is a bronze strap end (Stray finds, no. 23 in the catalogue – see chapter ii.4.2;

Pl. ccXXi:23) marked with red ink with the  inventory number of Städtische Museum zu Elbing – 3814, published by F. Jakobson (1927, 128, fig. 3e). in the  post-1945 inventory it was provenanced to elbląg, without specifying the exact location of the site, under the number of the elbląg museum 246/684 (m. Natuniewicz 2000, 157, pl. XVii:7). in 1979 a multidisciplinary research group was established, led by J. okulicz-Kozaryn, to investigate the lower Vistula region. Thanks to systematic wide-scale surface survey made in the region as part of the national AZP fieldwalking project several interesting sites were selected for excavation. only in the  spring of  1984 Łucja okulicz-Kozaryn carried out in the area of Weklice a surface record for AZP sheet no. 17-53 and, drawing on information from F. Jakobson’s article, identified the exact location of the cemetery. She discovered at this time that although the gravel pit was only partly in operation and its eastern margin bordering on the cemetery had not been worked for some years, there was evidence of heavy damage S of the forest boundary, on the slope of the esker. Within pits dug for bulk pile storage of carrots and potatoes there were numerous human bones with, here and there, a rare archaeological object. Action was taken without delay and in August 1984 the cemetery came under an archaeological rescue excavation. directed by Jerzy okulicz-Kozaryn it continued with some interruption in 1985, 1987–1989, 1991–1992, 1994–1995, 1997–1998. Findings from this research were published to some extent (A. Bursche, J. okulicz-Kozaryn 1999; J. okulicz-Kozaryn 1991; 1992a; 1992b). After a five years’ break the  fieldwork was revived by magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła with the aim to investigate the northern area of  the  cemetery which since 2000 had become overgrown by a dense pine wood. By the time of publication this wood had mostly been clear cut and investigation during seasons 2003–2009 was made not only in the northern but also the south-eastern area of the cemetery. it was determined that the site continued both to the N as well as to the e and S, and the features discovered, despite damage suffered during the modern period, are of significant value for science, something which was emphasised on several occasions (B. Kontny, m.  Natuniewicz-Sekuła 2004; 2010; m.  Natuniewicz-Sekuła 2005; 2007a; 2007b; m.  Natuniewicz-Sekuła, J.  okulicz-Kozaryn 2006; 2007; 2008; m. Natuniewicz-Sekuła, ch. rein Seehusen 2010). The investigation helped to confirm many details relative to the chronology of the site and elements of the funerary rite. in the present monograph we have included the finds from seasons 2003 and 2004 only. The fieldwork at Weklice continues and the end is nowhere in sight (…). Archaeological material from excavation seasons taken into account in the present monograph in 2004 passed into keeping of Archaeology and History museum in elbląg, and the copy of the documentation from this research is held by the State regional Heritage office in elbląg.

Fig. 5. Weklice. topographic map with marked area of the cemetery investigated until 2009

22

II. The Catalogue II.1. Foreword The catalogue of grave finds from Weklice includes material from research made by Jerzy okulicz-Kozaryn in the period 1984–1985, 1987–1989, 1991–1992, 1994–1995, 1997–1998 (features nos 9–23 and 25–469), and by magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła in 2003–2004 (features nos 24 and 470–492), also, stray and grave finds from the investigations of W. Klink and F. Jakobson, and other random discoveries made in the 19th century and 1st half of the 20th century21. graves identified by Klink and Jakobson are marked with roman numerals (graves i–Viii) and, at the same time, start the numeration of graves excavated during later fieldwork, which were assigned Arabic numerals. F.  Jakobson’s descriptions are repeated here as faithfully as was permitted by modern terminology and typological systems of classification. From the publications of e. Blume, F.  Jakobson and o.  Kleemann were taken drawings and photographs (unfortunately, not the best quality) of some artefacts, and also, a rough site plan (Fig. 3a, 3b) showing the location of trenches excavated in 1925 with plotted grave outlines and places of discovery of the stray finds. All the other more recently investigated graves, features and finds from their inventories are described in entries which were organised to conform with the scheme adopted in the series of cemetery monographs – Monumenta Archaeologica Barbarica. The guiding principle was to make the entry as concise as possible without losing essential source information. We decided to leave out from the description all details which can be seen in the drawings or photographs. graves were plotted with a reference to 10×10 m grid established on the site, on a topographic map (Fig. 5) tied to a benchmark no. 1 (37.94 m a.s.l.)22. grid squares were named according to coordinates (Arabic numerals), first, horizontal rows e-W, and vertical rows N-S23; and plots within the grid squares, with letters A, B, c, d (Fig. 4). 21

left out of the present publication were stray finds from the post-1945 research as well as finds of early medieval and medieval date which require separate analysis. 22 topographic map of the cemetery at Weklice developed for research purposes in 1984 by marek Kłaczyński. 23 When we started to excavate at Weklice the extent of the cemetery was unknown; the written records and observations made in the field suggested that the gravefield had been fully lost to the gravel pit which, a dozen-odd meters in diameter and depth, bordered on the site from the W. Therefore we began by establishing the 10×10 m grid using the contour plan as a reference, moving from the westernmost edge of the elevation (square no. 1-1) and included the area of the gravel pit in the process. This should explain why the site plan of the cemetery shown in this monograph starts only from grid square no. 14-16.

in individual entries the location of the grave is indicated as it was in its particular plot. The numbering of the graves is consistent with the order which they were explored. every year excavation was made in a number of trenches, some distance apart, so the numbers assigned to the graves may belong in grid squares and plots which were not in direct neighbourhood. A word of explanation is needed in case of urned cremation graves assigned more than one number. This situation arose when during investigation a  consecutive number was assigned to individual concentrations of pottery fragments and cremated bone. during subsequent analysis it often became apparent that the pottery concentrations distinguished in this way derive from one, now broken vessel. This situation applies also to some urn cremation graves investigated during different excavation seasons, often separated by quite a few years. Similarly, in a few cases, double numeration was assigned to inhumation graves, or within an inhumation grave, a new number of a feature was assigned to a robber trench. in spatially and stratigraphically unclear situations the same number was assigned to a number of features which were distinguished by adding a letter A, B, c, d, etc., a similar approach was used for grave pits containing more than one burial. The catalogue also includes a number of features other than graves, mostly – ancient robber trenches and cut features of undetermined function which disrupted the graves, associated with Wielbark culture. There are also a  few features with a culture and chronological attribution other than Wielbark culture and roman Period. Finally, a few numbers were passed over during fieldwork, and this is also noted in the catalogue. All in all, the catalogue covers 435 graves of Wielbark culture: 278 inhumation graves with 288 burials, and 157 cremation graves (14 pit and 143 urned) with 163 burials. At the beginning of the description of every grave information is given on the type of funerary rite: inhumation or cremation, with additional details as, e.g. “in log coffin” or other wooden structure, “with a  stone setting”, “urn (cremation)”, “pit (cremation)” etc. in describing the level of preservation of the grave and burial the following expressions are used: – “destroyed”: the burial and grave furnishings are dislocated, with a partly legible outline of the grave or other elements of the grave, fragments of an urn and cremated bones form a loose cluster or clusters; – “disturbed”: the burial and the grave goods are partly dislocated, the urn is broken but its base remains in its original position;

24 – “robbed”:  robber trench (frequently, lacing a  legible outline), in most cases ancient, disturbed the burial, its furnishings were removed fully or in part. The terms indicated above describing the level of preservation of the graves have different sources. They refer to destruction resulting both from human activity – modern and ancient (miscellaneous cut features, ploughing, early medieval occupation and, in case of cremation graves, also destruction caused by intruding pits of inhumation graves), and post-depositional causes, ie, tree roots, burrowing by animals and also deliberate (?), post-funeral opening of the graves connected with the rituals of the people of Wielbark culture. Not all types of damage and disruption could be without ambiguity so their interpretation, as far as was possible, is given in the description of individual graves. most of the inhumation burials retaining the anatomic arrangement of the bones were aligned head pointing north so this detail is left out in the descriptions, except for the rare cases of a substantial deviation from the N-S axis or when the skeleton did not survive and the alignment had to be reconstructed from the intact arrangement of the furnishings. if not stated otherwise elsewhere the plans of graves and features included in the present publication were drawn in 1:20 scale; non-pottery finds and miniature vessels – in 2:3 scale; urns and other larger pottery vessels from inhumation graves – in a 1:3 scale. The differences in colour and texture of the grave fills were so many that we could not introduce a uniform system of their graphic presentation. consequently, we only indicated the extent of the cut features which disrupt the grave, including the robber trenches. A special linear scale is used to mark the position of the elements of necklaces and of other special distinctive clusters of finds. The drawings in the plates are marked with numbers which correspond to the numbers used in the catalogue. The description of objects from the grave inventories has been presented according to the system signalled earlier, with a reference to the appropriate system of typological classification. However, if a find is set apart by any formal or technological details from the standard of a given classification, in the text there is a longer reference to this fact. in cases – and this happened quite often in the material from Weklice – when a find is a form not known from earlier research and not fitted into any typological system, its more detailed description is given. Because of their seriously fragmented condition, resulting from the technology of execution (composition of the clay and poor firing), most vessels from the cremation graves could not be reconstructed (not even in graphic form) and even less so, classified typologically. to specify the material of which a  find was made we used expressions which specify the raw material. The only exception are descriptions: “bronze” or “made of bronze” – they are to be understood as conventional and denote copper alloys which may range from red bronze through brass to alloys

containing a trace content of silver, rather than referring to true bronze. The finds in the grave inventories are listed according to the following system: the principal dress accessories – brooches, bracelets, buckles, strap ends, belt mounts and other belt fittings; elements of necklaces and other separate arrangements of ornaments (as e.g. “pouches with amulets”) like S-clasps, pendants: capsule, globular, bucket and banded forms, pendants from animal claws, metal boxes, coins, other pendants, lunula; metal, glass and amber beads (also, amber pendants), springs, necklace spacer pieces (rings), rings. Spurs were treated as elements of equestrian gear. The next group are objects of daily use e.g. combs, needles, pins, hooked pins, spindlewhorls; next – pottery vessels (including accessory vessels and urns irrespective of the function they served inside the grave), glass and metal vessels, and tools – mostly knives. The inventory closes with metal fittings of caskets and other organic containers e.g. lock mounts, keys, springs, and other inner and outer elements24, finally, weapons (including an isolated spear head not entirely certain to originate from Weklice) and the remaining finds and non-characteristic objects. except for rod bracelets which were analysed typologically for the purpose of this publication using a classification developed for similar bracelet finds from the collections of Archaeology and History museum in elbląg (cf. m. Natuniewicz 2000, 125)25, the following classification typologies were used: brooches – o. Almgren 192326, 24

in the description of the grave inventories we do not distinguish the category of “casket” because in most cases, except for metal fittings and the fragments of heavily decomposed wood, these objects did not leave a  material trace. Their distinct outlines were grasped and documented only in the field. Therefore, their detailed descriptions were included directly in the description of the graves. moreover, the name “casket” (here used only for objects with metal fittings) needs to be treated as conventional, in many cases, the surviving traces suggest that these were containers (boxes or basket) not only made of wood but also of other organic materials, like outer bark, which were combined with wood, such as wicker, tree roots (e.g. pine, lime), and bark – see more chapter iV.4. 25 The typological classification of these bracelets is as follows: type Natuniewicz 1 are forms with an undecorated lens-shaped, round, oval or sub-triangular sectioned rod; type Natuniewicz 2 – forms with a decorated lens-shaped, round, oval or sub-triangular rod; type Natuniewicz 3 are bracelets without ornament, made of a narrow flat or plano-convex rod. 26 We need to discuss separately the system of description used in relation to spring-cover brooches group ii eastern series types A.40 and 41, and crossbow tendril brooches first series group Vi, types A.161 and 162. the former owing to their diversity of form, not infrequently exhibiting common, even secondary features of workmanship, and given the absence of detail useful for separating them conclusively distinguished by o. Almgren, both types have been treated jointly, using the

25 r. Jamka 1963, W. Jobst 1975, e. riha 1979, u. lund Hansen & m. J. Przybyła 2010; Schlangenkopf bracelets – e. Blume 1912, t. Wójcik 1982; buckles – r. madyda-legutko 1987; strap ends – K. raddatz 1957, A. cieśliński 2010; S-clasps – A. von müller 1957; bucket pendants – i. Beilke-Voigt 1998; banded pendants – K. Stanek 1999; metal, glass and amber beads – m. tempelmann-mączyńska 1985; rings and finger-rings  –  ch. Beckmann 196927; spurs  –  J. ginalski 1991, K. godłowski 1970, u. giesler 1978; combs – S. Thomas 1960; metal pins – B. Beckmann 1966, A. Juga-Szymańska 2007; pottery vessels – H. dragendorff 1895/96, r. Schindler 1940, J. A. Stanfield & g. Simpson 1958, r. Wołągiewicz 1993, m. Natuniewicz-Sekuła 2005 & 2008; glass and metal vessels – H. J. eggers 1951, t. Stawiarska 1999; metal fit-

tings of casket (locks and keys) – A. Kokowski 1997; spear heads – P. Kaczanowski 1995. The descriptions of finds dimensions were provided with the following abbreviations: B. – breadth; Bddm. – body diameter (of vessels); Bdm. – bottom diameter (of vessels); dm. – diameter; H. – height; l. – length; rdm. – rim diameter (of vessels); Th. – thickness; W. – weight.

II.2. Graves and other features Grave I (inhumation, disturbed) Sq ? discovered in 1923, by edge of gravel pit, inhumation grave disturbed by ploughing. contemporary plans show its alignment as NW-Se (Fig. 3a). Next to scattered parts of skeleton, pottery vessel recovered by schoolteacher W. Klink. Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Pottery vessel, biconical with a separated rim, without ornament, smoothed, yellow-red and light grey (…) wie Blume Abb. 151 (…) (F. Jacobson 1927, 124). type close to rW XbA. rdm. 6.8 cm, Bddm. 7.2 cm, Bdm. 5 cm, H. 7.2 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA.

notation A.ii.40-41. recent attempts to rearrange these brooches typologically (cf. m. olędzki 1998; J. Schuster 2006) could not be applied to the material from Weklice. Found in the same category of brooches are forms which show stylistic attributes of types A.38 and A.40-41. When this happened, we used the notation A.ii.38/40-41 (cf. also m. Natuniewicz-Sekuła; J. okulicz-Kozaryn 2007, 66–70). Similarly, for crossbow tendril brooches we were unable to distinguish among this class of brooch finds from Weklice specimens which correspond without reservation to types A.161 and 162 distinguished by o. Almgren. in principle, these are two variants of the same brooch which depending on the variant, have a more or less arched and flexed, triangular, plano-convex, trapeze-sectioned or facetted bow. Because of this all these brooch forms are described with a  single name  –  A.Vi.162. We also distinguished specimens decorated with a single strand of beaded or plain wire, as detailed analysis of some specimens (also plain ones), also with regard to secondary attributes, demonstrated that their bows had been executed using identical matrices (produced using the same shape form). 27 System of ch. Beckmann was used to classify rings type 15 and 16 more than 2.5 cm in diameter, discovered mostly in context of characteristic concentration of amulets or as an element of pendants – serving as hoops (loops) for their suspension.

Grave II (inhumation, destroyed) Sq ? recovered by schoolteacher W.  Klink in August 1925, remains of inhumation sometime earlier destroyed by ploughing, aligned NW-Se (Fig. 3a). interspersed with scattered bones, bronze brooch. Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Bronze spring-cover brooch. Not illustrated (F. Jacobson 1927, 124). type A.ii.40-41. l. 4.1 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave III (inhumation, disturbed) Sq ? identified W of grave ii, aligned NW-Se, disturbed, excavated in August 1925 by schoolteacher W.  Klink (Fig. 3a). According to his report, it contained a fragmented cranium and leg bones next to which, their placement unspecified, bronze brooch (1), bronze pin (3) and needle (2). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. i):  1.  Bronze eye brooch, Prussian series (…) etwa wie Almgren 60, verziert wie Blume Abb. 8 (…), i.e., on the foot under the eyes, triangle motif. damaged spring. Not illustrated (F. Jacobson 1927, 124–125). type A.iii.60. l. 7.9 cm. 2. Bronze needle, bent at right angles. Not illustrated (F. Jacobson 1927, 125). l. 5.2 cm. 3. Bronze pin, half-round head accentuated by moulding, ornament of engraved intersecting lines. on the shaft, small bronze ring. tip broken off (F. Jacobson 1927, 125, fig. 3b). Beckmann group iii, type Weklice acc. to Juga-Szymańska. l. 4.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iB. Grave IV (inhumation, disturbed) Sq ? excavated by schoolteacher W.  Klink. According to F. Jacobson’s published plan (Fig. 3a), found W of graves ii and iii, aligned NW-Se. According to Jacobson’s report (…)  Schädel-, Becken- und Beinknochen zum Teil erhalten (…). Next to cranium, remains of comb (5), near pelvis, buckle (1) and strap end (2), by inner bones of the feet, two spurs (3, 4). degree of disturbance to burial and

26 completeness of grave inventory not specified more closely. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. i): 1. Bronze bipartite buckle with buckle plate (…) wie Blume Tf. V 51, aber fast rechteckig und mit kurzer Riemenkappe (…). Not illustrated (F. Jacobson 1927, 125). type close to ml d29. l. 3.4 cm, B. 4.5 cm. 2. Bronze strap end; two rectangular plates secured with three rivets with large half-round heads; near the rivets, two small rectangular notches (according to description, not evident from the photograph) under notches, horizontal line of wolf-tooth pattern (Wolfzahnmuster) and below it, zigzag (F. Jacobson 1927, 125–126, fig. 3c). type close to r J.iV.1. l. 5.1 cm, B. 3.1 cm. 3.4. 2 silver sheet heel-band spurs; sheet metal heel-band tapering from expanded central section with rivet hole to non-uniform rectangular terminals with rivet holes, long and narrow round-sectioned prick. rivets did not survive. only one spur illustrated (F. Jacobson 1927, 125, fig. 3f). type godłowski Viii, close to type ginalski g1/H. Heel-band span ca 6.5 cm, l. of prick 2 cm. 5. Bone three-layer comb, with long bronze rivets. incomplete. Not illustrated (F. Jacobson 1927, 126). type Thomas i. Chronology: stadium V. Grave V (inhumation, destroyed) Sq ? The most northerly of all graves discovered in 1925. Aligned NW-Se (Fig. 3a), outline corresponding in size to an inhumation burial pit, with dark-coloured fill. No remains of inhumation discovered by W. Klink, only a bronze brooch. Bones missing. Inventory:  1.  Bronze crest-headed brooch, damaged spring and catchplate, pin did not survive. Not illustrated (F. Jacobson 1927, 126). type A.V.120. l. 3.3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave VI (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq ? N fragment of this grave (Fig. 3a) was excavated first, by W. Klink, next, by F. Jakobson who visited the site 27 August 1925 and reported that the removal of the arable layer in the area of the grave had exposed dark brown marks of ploughsoil spread NW-Se indicating the direction in which the entire cemetery elevation had been levelled. At ca 0.3 m, rectangular ca 1.6×0.6 m outline of grave pit, visible within yellow sand by its darker fill. Within, outline of log coffin discernible only in S, not disturbed earlier by Klink. The coffin was rounded in cross-section. No bones of the skeleton survived but the position of elements of grave inventory (and this was also Jakobson’s conclusion), implied burial head turned N. exploring the N fragment of the grave above the head, Klink discovered fragments of pottery vessel (6). centrally inside the coffin, probably in the area of the chest and hips, silver brooch (1), iron bucket pendant with gilded (?) silver foil (3), bronze belt buckle (2). in S area of the grave, accessory pottery vessel (7). By the feet, two silver spurs (4, 5). Bones missing.

Inventory (Pl. i):  1.  Silver crossbow tendril brooch, angular bow, rectangular in cross-section, (…)  wie Blume, Abb. 21  (…). Spring and chord missing. Not illustrated (F. Jacobson 1927, 126). type A.Vi.162. l. 5.7 cm. 2. Bronze bipartite belt buckle with buckle plate, (…)  wie Blume, Tf. V 51  (…), angular frame with rounded ends. No description of ornament on the buckle pin. Not illustrated (F. Jacobson 1927, 126–127). type ml d2928. l. of buckle pin 2.1 cm, max. B. 3.6 cm. 3. iron bucket pendant, cylindrical, strap handle. Between two horizontal “coops” of silver filigree wire, gold or gilded (?) silver foil stamped with designs in imitation of filigree, attached with solder. Base lined with foil with stamped rosette motif, concentric imitation of filigree (F. Jacobson 1927, 127, fig. 3d). type close to Beilke-Voigt iA. dm. 1.8 cm, H. 2 cm. 4.5. Silver sheet heel-band spurs; sheet metal heel-bands with asymmetric arms tapering to hook-like grip. Slender prick octagonal in cross-section with a transverse groove at the tip over a rectangular base with a motif of intersecting lines and grooves around each of the four panels. Similar grooves on the heel-bands and terminals. of one spur only a half survived, the other retained on its underside an adhering layer of leather with residue of patina (?). only one of the spurs illustrated (F. Jacobson 1927, 127, fig. 3a). type godłowski Viii, close to type ginalski g1. Heel-band span ca 9.5 cm, max. B. of heel-band 1.7 cm, l. of prick 2.8 cm. 6. Pottery vessel, biconical form, lightly everted rim. Black-dark brown, burnished. on upper body, row of alternating hatched and plain triangles (F. Jacobson 1927, 127, fig. 4 – top). type rW Vic. rdm. 16.5 cm, Bddm. 24 cm, Bdm. 8.2 cm, H. 14 cm. 7. Pottery vessel, biconical form, with lightly everted rim. Yellow-brown, smoothed (F. Jacobson 1927, 127, fig. 4 – bottom). type rW  XiVB. rdm. 10.5  cm, Bddm. 14.5  cm, Bdm. 6.8 cm, H. 9.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave VII (inhumation in log coffin, destroyed) Sq ? Below the arable disturbed by ploughing, aligned N-S (Fig. 3a), rectangular outline of grave pit of similar dimensions as grave Vi. Within, outline of a coffin less well preserved than in grave Vi. directly Se of the grave, small sand extraction pit. No bone remains or elements of grave inventory detected but ca 1 m SW of grave pit, stray eye brooch – see chapter ii.4.2. no. 21 (F. Jacobson 1927, 128). Inventory: none. Chronology: ? Grave VIII (inhumation, disturbed) Sq ? disturbed by ploughing, poorly legible outline of grave pit within N area (Fig. 3a) of which resting in yellow sand, 28

r. madyda-legutko (1987, 171) described mentioned buckle as a type d26, but comparing with information acc. to F. Jakobson (…) wie Blume Tf. V 51 (…) in fact it belongs to type d29.

27 cranium, and upper and lower arm bones. other bones did not survive. on left arm and next to neck, two bronze brooches (1, 2). Inventory:  1.2.  2 bronze eye brooches, Prussian series, (…) wie Almgren 57 (…), spring with six coils, on the foot, three pairs of “eyes”. Not illustrated (F. Jacobson 1927, 128). type A.iii.57. l. 6.3 and 6.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iA. Grave 9 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 15-20A Below the level of turf in an area disturbed by sand extraction, vestiges of grave pit, most of its fill showing recent disturbance. Within oval ca 2.3×0.75 m darker outline of hardpan (not documented by drawings), in situ, left femur N of which, concentration of upper cranium fragments, bones of arms, legs, and phalanges, some with greenish discoloration implying presence of metal objects next to the skeleton. Within concentration of bones and modern rubbish, bronze sheet fragment. Female, adultus, ca 155–157 cm. Inventory (Pl. ii): 1. Bronze sheet fragment, with notched ornament. l. 1.4 cm. Chronology: ? Grave 10 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 15-20A W of grave 9 at the same level, within disturbed sand, aligned N-S, remains of fill from grave pit (not documented by drawings) within which, femur, fragments of arm bones, clavicle, and scattered over 2.2 m radius, redeposited further remains of skeleton. Iuvenis. Inventory: none. Chronology: ? Grave 11 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 17-16B Within deposit of firm clay at ca 0.6 m, aligned N-S, rectangular ca 1.9×0.7 m outline of grave pit. ca 0.1 m below discernible as 2–3 cm layer of decomposed wood, outline of log coffin rounded at both ends, half-round in cross-section. At N end of coffin, poorly preserved teeth. No other skeletal remains. Near teeth, two beads of glass and faience melon bead (4, 5), three amber eight-shape beads (6–8) next to which, fragmented springs from two brooches (1, 2), buckle (3), two sherds from thin-walled glass vessel (9, 10). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. ii): 1. 2 bronze brooch spring fragments; iron axle. type undefined. Surviving l. 2 cm. 2. 2 bronze brooch spring fragments. type undefined. Surviving l.  1.5  cm. 3. Bronze buckle fragment: part of frame with pin base. type undefined. l. 2.5 cm. 4. Faience melon bead, willow green. type tm 171. dm. 1.6 cm, H. 1.4 cm. 5. glass barrel bead, opaque black, trailed interlaced pattern in white. type tm 266a. dm. 1.7 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 6–8. 3 amber eight-shape beads. type tm  465. H.  0.5–0.9  cm. 9.10. glass vessel: 2 fragments of thin-walled vessel of transparent colourless glass encrusted in lime. type undefined. H. 1–1.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB.

Grave 12 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 15-18A Within modern cut feature for sand extraction, in chaotic arrangement, concentration of substantially fragmented human bones. Not documentated by drawings. Female (?), maturus. Inventory: none. Chronology: ? Grave 13 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 15-20A W of grave 9, within cut feature for sand extraction, extended N-S, outline of substantially disturbed darker soil. Not documented by drawings. At centre, fragments of upper cranium, fragmented arm bones, leg bones and phalanges. Male, early adultus. Inventory: none. Chronology: ? Grave 14 (inhumation with two burials, robbed) Sq 15-18A At ca  0.7  m, aligned NW-Se, irregular ca  2.4×0.85  m outline of grave pit containing fill of yellow-grey sand. N end destroyed during antiquity by robber trench sunk to the level of the inhumations. in S area, remains of the body in anatomical arrangement – long bones of the legs and feet of two individuals. W skeleton of lighter build on its left side, e heavier skeleton on its right side, both with legs flexed. Within robber trench, scattered bones of both skeletons, e.g. fragments of femurs, arm bones and upper crania, some with traces of copper compounds. Within this scatter, bronze strap end. Two individuals: burial W – male, maturus, ca 176–178 cm; burial E – adultus. Inventory (Pl. ii): 1. Bronze strap end, strongly profiled terminal. type close to r o.3. l. 5.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iB. Grave 15 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 15-18AB At ca 0.6 m, aligned NW-Se, rectangular 3.2×0.9 m outline of grave pit. Fill of yellow-grey sand saturated with orange-red iron oxides. Along longer sides of pit, rows of postholes possibly associated with a structure raised over the burial (?). ca 0.2 m below legible from decomposed wood, distinct ca 2.7×0.55 m outline of log coffin originally placed on stones to raise its N end ca  0.4  m higher than its S end – to agree with slope of the elevation. centrally and at S end of coffin, disturbed remains of skeleton: fragments of cranium, mandible and clavicles interspersed with bones of pelvis, ribs and phalanges. Femurs and left tibia did not survive. Next to right tibia and metatarsals resting in anatomical arrangement, on the heel, bronze spur (8). At level of right knee, two strap ends (2, 3); in conjectured area of hips, bronze buckle (1) and 4 bronze belt mounts (4–7). At Ne coffin end, bone comb (9). The scattered placement of skeletal remains inside the coffin may be interpreted in two ways: when the body had decomposed inside the hollow log coffin but before

28 Inventory (Pl. iV): 1. Bronze spring-cover brooch with a  fairly high catchplate. type A.ii.40-41. l.  4.3  cm, B.  3.5  cm, H.  of catchplate 1.7  cm. 2.  Bronze Schlangenkopf bracelet, with flat ribbon-like constriction in the middle. type Wójcik iiiB. dm. 5.7 cm, B. of plano-convex terminals ca  2  cm. 3.  Silver S-clasp of three beaded wires soldered together. on terminals, coils of filigree with soldered on clusters of granules (one cluster missing). At centre, filigree, plain ring. type v. müller B. l. 2.3 cm. 4–9. 6 amber annular beads, asymmetric. type tm 388-389. dm. 1–1.7 cm, H. 0.3–0.8 cm. 10.11. 2 iron rings. dm. 3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA.

it had time to cave under the pressure from overlying earth, the bones shifted towards the lower-lying S end of coffin: alternately, when the body, but not the coffin, had decomposed, the grave was reopened, either for robbery or ritual purposes. This latter interpretation is supported by the absence of the upper part of the skeleton and dress accessories which traditionally are found in this form of burial, e.g. one or more brooches and vessels placed at the head. Male, late maturus. Inventory (Pl. iii, ccXXXiX:5): 1. Bronze bipartite buckle with buckle plate, profiled attachment end with three rectangular projections with rivets. type close to ml  d17. l.  4.2  cm, B.  3.6  cm. 2.3.  2 bronze strap ends; terminal with biconical knob between two ridges in imitation of coiled wire, round-sectioned profiled tip. on attachment end, vertical lines and transverse rows of oblique strokes. type close to r o.11. l. 5.5 cm. 4.5. 2 bronze belt mounts, curved terminals. l. 3.4  cm and 3.6  cm. 6.  Bronze belt mount, two rectangular plates secured at the corners with rivets. l. 3.4  cm, B.  1.4  cm. 7.  Bronze fan-shaped belt mount, rounded end secured to the lower plate with two rivets, straight end with one rivet, washer did not survive. l.  3.6  cm, B.  1.4  cm. 8.  Bronze heel-band spur. Sheet heel-band tapering to two hooked terminals with a knob. Spindle-shaped prick riveted to the heel-band. Along edges of the heel-band, engraved lines. close to type godłowski Vi, type ginalski F3a. Heel-band span 7.9 cm, l. of prick 2 cm. 9. Bone three-layer comb, some of the teeth missing. type Thomas i. H. 5.5 cm, l. B. 7.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA.

Grave 17 (inhumation, with stone setting, disturbed) Sq 14-18D, 15-18B At ca  0.6  m, rectangular outline of S fragment of grave pit. At this level the N fragment was not detected due to disturbance by modern cut feature for sand extraction. Full outline of grave pit aligned NNW-SSe, 2×0.7 m, apparent only ca 0.4 m lower down, at the level of burial. in its S area, in situ, lower limb bones. left leg extended, right leg flexed, foot resting on left knee. in N area of grave destroyed by modern cut feature, scattered vertebrae, ribs, phalanges, clavicles and mandible. in same area, at grave bottom, several stones, presumably from grave setting. Within the bone scatter, amber bead. Male, maturus, ca 167–169 cm. Inventory (Pl. ii): 1. Amber annular bead. type tm 388.  dm. 1 cm, H. 0.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA.

Grave 16 (inhumation-cremation?, with stone setting, disturbed) Sq 15-18A At ca  0.5  m, N fragment, at ca  0.8  m, S fragment of outline of grave pit, due to disturbance, legible at first as sub-oval outline, visible at the level of burial, as rectangular ca  2.1×0.9  m outline, aligned NW-Se. Within light yellow-grey fill, numerous medium-sized stones forming at S end a  setting for the feet. The same area yielded a  dozen-odd burnt human bones. remains of skeleton resting in anatomical arrangement: right side of pelvis, several lumbar and sacral vertebrae, fragment of right arm on which, bronze bracelet (2), complete right femur, tibia and bones of the feet. The burial rested supine inclined lightly to the right. in N area of the grave, scattered fragments of flattened upper cranium, teeth and several rib fragments. Next to teeth, silver S-clasp (3) next to which, bronze brooch (1), in conjectured area of chest, 4 amber beads (6–9), next to which, two iron rings (10, 11) to which originally were attached (possibly with string) two amber beads (4, 5) – amulets? N area of pit fill at the level of inhumation disturbed, with intrusions from ploughsoil possibly caused by modern activity. Iuvenis, ca 167–169 cm; cremated bones undefined.

Grave 18 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 17-16B Within firm clay at ca  0.75  m, aligned N-S, rectangular ca  1.9×0.8  m outline of grave pit within which, deeper down, discernible as layer of decomposed wood, 1.8×0.5 m outline of log coffin, half-round in cross-section. No surviving skeleton, only teeth fragments and, next to bronze ornaments, outline of the bones of left humerus. in conjectured area of chest, three bronze brooches (1–3), silver S-clasp (4), 10 amber beads (5–14). Position of arm bone and arrangement of ornaments imply burial on left side. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. V, ccXl:3): 1.2. 2 bronze brooches. incomplete. Springs missing, pins fragmented. type A.V.128. l. 4.2 and 3.6 cm. 3. Bronze spring-cover brooch; bow in 2 fragments, spring incomplete. type A.ii.38/40-41.  Surviving l. 3.9 cm. 4. Silver S-clasp of six strands of beaded and plain wire soldered together. on terminals, coils of beaded wire with soldered on clusters of granules of different size. At centre, three strands of coiled beaded wire. type v. müller B. l.  2.6  cm. 5–14. 10 amber annular beads, asymmetric (one bead incomplete). type tm 388-389. dm. 0.8–1.5 cm, H. 0.4–0.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iic.

29 Grave 19 (Pit cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-16A Within slumped face of gravel pit, section of small cut feature containing dark fill within which, small poorly preserved e fragment of 0.8×0.7 m outline, irregular in form, basin-like in cross-section containing burnt bones and small sherds. Not documented by drawings. Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Sherds. dark brown, glossy. Chronology: ? Grave 20 (inhumation) Sq 15-18AC At ca 0.75 m, aligned NNW-SSe, sub-rectangular 1.8×0.75 m outline of pit with dark yellow fill saturated with hardpan. in Ne area at grave bottom, within irregular ca 0.45×0.4 m hardpan discolouration, bronze casket lock mount (2) and clay spindlewhorl (1), interpreted as contents of fully decomposed casket. lower down, several heavily corroded iron fragments, e.g. incomplete key chain (3–10). of skeletal remains, only some teeth. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. iV):  1.  clay spindlewhorl, spherical, dark brown. H. 2.2 cm, dm. 3 cm. 2. Bronze rectangular casket lock mount, with two openings for the key. At the corners, incomplete rivet holes. row of dots punched from the underside along one of the shorter edges and halfway down both longer edges. type Kokowski 2. l.  5.8  cm, B. ca 2.2 cm. 3–10. 8 iron links, incomplete, presumably from a key chain. l. 1.5–5 cm. 11–13. 3 iron corroded fragments; interpreted as casket mounts. Chronology: stadium iiB. Grave 21 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 15-20AB S and central fragment of grave pit lost to modern cut feature for sand extraction. underneath the level of turf, N fragment of grave pit within which, cranium and some fragmented bones with bronze brooch (1). Some distance away within disturbed sand, two bronze bracelets (2, 3). Female, maturus. Inventory (Pl. V): 1. Bronze spring-cover brooch. on bow, engraved vertical lines and motif of opposed triangles and rings. type A.ii.38. l. 4.3 cm, B. 3.6 cm. 2.3. 2 bronze matching Schlangenkopf bracelets. open ended hoop subtriangular and plano-convex in cross-section. type Wójcik iiB. dm. 6.3 cm and 6.5 cm, B. of plano-convex terminals ca 1.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iB/iiA. Grave 22 (inhumation, with a  pavement of boulders) Sq 15-18B Below the arable, at ca  0.4  m, aligned N-S, distinct rectangular 3.2×1.1 m pit with dark yellow-grey fill (Pl. Vi). At the level of burial its dimensions were 2.65×0.7 m. upper level of pit filled with three layers of boulders going down to ca 1–1.2 m. At ca 1.2 m, inhumation at bottom of the grave which followed in its slope the S gradient of the hill (difference of levels at cranium and feet ca 0.5 m). Within

grave pit, evidently flattened by boulders, supine skeleton, arms extended down the body, cranium flattened, bones of chest in fragments, only pelvis, leg and feet bones in anatomical arrangement. Next to skeleton, by right humerus, iron brooch (1) and bone comb (4), below pelvis, iron belt buckle (2), belt mount (3) adhering to lower end of buckle pin. By right knee, oval pebble with fossil impressions (5) interpreted tentatively as an amulet (?). Male, maturus. Inventory (Pl. Vii, ccXXXiii:1.2): 1. iron crest-headed brooch, relatively high catchplate. crest and cylinder inlaid with decorative stamped silver foil. on bow, transverse bands of silver inlay. close to type A.V.126, cylinder as in type A.V.130. l. 3.1 cm, surviving B. 2 cm. 2. iron buckle with rectangular frame. type ml g8. l. 3.4 cm, B. 3.2 cm. 3. iron bronze rectangular belt mount, retaining one rivet. l. 3.2 cm, B. 0.6 cm. 4. Bone comb incomplete; on grip, ornament in relief. type Thomas d. l. 7.2 cm, H. 3.1 cm. 5. oval pebble with fossil impressions. max. dm. 5.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 23 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 15-18AC At ca 0.6 m, aligned NW-Se, rectangular ca 1.8×0.8 m outline of grave pit with fill of dark yellow sand compacted into hardpan. At N end, teeth but no other remains of skeleton. By Se corner, large upper body sherd (2), breaks rounded, implying its deposition in grave in this form. Next to sherd, bone comb (1). At SW end of grave, at bottom, large upright stone, dm. ca 35 cm. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. Viii): 1. Bone three-layer comb, outer plates and teeth incomplete. High sub-triangular grip. type Thomas ii. H. 6.3 cm, surviving l. 8.6 cm. 2. upper part of pottery vessel with lightly everted rim, reconst. At base of neck, cordon, on upper body, alternating plain and roughened triangles. Several score other sherds from the same vessel. type close to rW iVB. rdm. 20 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 24 (inhumation in plank coffin) Sq 14-18D, 15-18B Below the arable, at ca 0.4 m, aligned N-S, sub-rectangular 2.4×0.85 m outline of grave pit with rounded corners with lightly tapered S end. Fill of dark brown compacted clay mixed with gravel and small stones. At ca 0.15 m below, inhumation within wooden structure of planks shoring up the walls of the pit, discernible at N end of the grave. Having no bottom the structure was not a true coffin. Nearly complete skeleton, missing only bones of the feet, lost to ploughing because they used to be on a slightly higher level than the rest of the skeleton. inhumation resting on its right side, left arm flexed at elbow, hand clenched under mandible. right arm extended, palm up on right thigh. e of the upper part of spinal column, bone comb (5), at the level of right humerus, bronze pin (4), next to right wrist, head pointing down, bronze brooch (1), in the area of femur and pelvis, bronze buckle plate (2), at left hip, bronze strap end

30 (3). Position of pin and brooch implies that the body was wrapped in cloth and fastened with these two. This is supported by presence of dark orange-red and grey hardpan discolorations humidified by decomposition of organic material around the skeleton. Male, iuvenis, ca 160–164 cm. Inventory (Pl. Viii, ccXlV:5): 1. Bronze crossbow brooch with high catchplate. uniformly arched bow sub-triangular in cross-section. on foot terminal, knob. on the head, traces of solder left by inlaying with silver foil. type A.Vii, series 1. l. 3 cm, B. 1.3 cm. 2. Bronze buckle plate fragment with four rivets. l. ca 2 cm, B. 2.3 cm. 3. Bronze strap end, ring terminal, incomplete. type close to r J.ii.3. l. 4 cm. 4. Bronze pin, half-round head accentuated by grooves, ornament of engraved intersecting lines. Beckmann group iii, type Weklice acc. to Juga-Szymańska. l.  6.4  cm. 5. Bone onelayer comb. ring-and-dot motif ornament. type Thomas Aii. H. 6.2 cm, l. 5.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 25 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 15-18B At ca 0.4 m aligned NNW-SSe, 2.5×0.75 m outline of grave pit. ca 0.2 m below, at the level of inhumation, 2.4×0.7 m pit. Fill of compacted coarse-grained orange-red and grey sand. W area lost to modern cut feature, Se corner intersected by grave 26A–d. relatively complete skeleton originally supine in log coffin turned lightly to the right, both arms extended down the body, left leg flexed. cranium, resting on its right side, flattened by pressure. under mandible, silver S-clasp (8) next to which, two silver capsule pendants (9, 10). on clavicles, pointing down, two bronze brooches (1, 2) retaining originally fastened both with their pin and string, traces of which adhered to brooch heads. Below in similar placement, third bronze brooch (3) over two amber beads, complete and fragmented (11, 12). Near pelvis, iron belt buckle (6), on both lower arms, bronze bracelets (4, 5). Female, iuvenis, ca 155–157 cm. Inventory (Pl. Vii, ccXl:2):  1.2.  2 bronze triple-crest brooches, on foot, profiled knob terminal, on head fragmentary cylinder. type A.V.96. l. 4.3 and 4.4 cm, B. 3 cm. 3.  Bronze crest-headed brooch, on foot, profiled knob terminal. type close to A.V.128. l.  3.1  cm, B.  2.1  cm. 4.5.  2 bronze matching rod bracelets, sub-triangular in cross-section. on hoop, border of small dots; on terminals, triangle and ring motif. type Natuniewicz 2. dm. 5.4 and 5.2 cm. 6. iron buckle, unipartite with half-round frame. type ml d1. l. 3.6 cm, B. 3.3 cm. 7. iron fragment (belt mount?), retaining textile impression. H. 1.6 cm. 8. Silver S-clasp of plain wire. on terminals, profiled knobs accentuated by ring-like ridge. At centre, ornament in imitation of filigree wire. type v. müller c. l. 1.6 cm. 9.10. 2 silver capsule pendants. discs of sheet silver joined with a strip of silver folded into a loop. Sides of soldered on strips of silver sheet. discs ornamented with beaded wire coiled around central granule. H. 1.4 cm, dm. 1.1 cm, B. ca 0.6 cm.

11. Amber disc bead. type tm 429. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 0.6 cm. 12. Amber bead fragment. type undefined. l. 0.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 26A–D (inhumation with four burials in log coffins, disturbed) Sq 15-18B, 15-19A Below the arable at 0.45 m, disturbed by ploughing, human bones and large rectangular ca 3.4×2.2 m grave pit aligned NNW-SSe containing firm fill of sand mixed with gravel and clay standing out against surrounding lighter coloured natural sand. Within upper level disturbed by ploughing, poorly marked outlines of two log coffins (burials A and c) and bones of disturbed skeletons. When these were lifted, contours of two more coffins came to light – Burial A partly overlay Burial d, with Burial B to the e, both with better preserved remains of inhumation (Pl. iX). Burial 26A At ca 0.5 m, 2.6×ca 0.55 m coffin observed as outline of mouldered wood within which in anatomical arrangement, fragments of femurs and metatarsal bones N of which, more bone fragments (e.g. mandible and teeth) scattered and broken by the plough. Female (?), adultus. Inventory: none. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Burial 26B ca 0.4  m below burial d, at 0.95  m, with slight shift e, distinct 2.5×0.5 m outline of log coffin within which, in anatomical arrangement, cranium with preserved mandible, bones of left arm and forearm, fragments of right arm and forearm, left clavicle, femur and tibiae (fibulae?) of both legs. Skeleton supine arms flexed at elbows, hands placed over chest, head leaning left. under mandible, silver S-clasp (8) next to which, globular pendant (9). on left arm and partly also under mandible, head pointing down, bronze brooch (2), below, another brooch (3). under the left clavicle, head pointing down, third brooch (1). Around them in a chaotic scatter, 9 glass and amber beads (10–18). At each wrist, 2 silver Schlangenkopf and wellenförmige bracelets (4–7). At the foot of the skeleton legible from remains of mouldered wood, distinct ca 45×35 cm outline of rectangular casket next to which, iron lock mount (21) and fragments of other casket mounts (22–24), inside, clay spindlewhorl (20). Female (?), late maturus. Inventory (Pl. X, Xi, ccXXXiii:3, ccXXXViii:6.7.10.11, ccXli:1–3): 1. iron brooch with a cylinder, two crests on the head and bow and disc on the foot; a similar crest on the head. richly decorated with gilded silver foil with stamped herringbone and sinuous linear motifs – on cylinder, bow and sides of crests, border of silver filigree wire and strips of silver foil overlaid on the crests with soldered on coiled wire and impressed knobs, on the foot and cylinder terminals, with silver granulation. catchplate, pin and one of the knobs from cylinder terminal did not survive. type close to A.V, series 1. l. 4.3 cm, B. 3.8 cm. 2.3. 2 bronze triple-crest

31 brooches. on the cylinder and crest one of them, traces of silver foil with a stamped ornament. type A.V.96. l. 3.7 cm, B.  of upper crest 2.4 and 2.3  cm. 4.5.  2 silver matching Schlangenkopf bracelets. open ended hoop with plano-convex constriction in the middle. Separate plano-convex strips of sheet soldered onto the collars decorated with ornament of diagonal lines. Both with traces of extended wear. type Wójcik iiiA. dm. 5.7 and 5.9 cm, B. of plano-convex terminals ca  2.4  cm. 6.  Silver wellenförmige bracelet of slender round-sectioned wire. At one end, two discs joined together: one with a slot for the fastening, the other laid with a soldered on design in beaded wire coiled around four central granules. At the other end, a t-shaped fastening and a similar disc laid with filigree wire and granulation. dm. ca 5.7 cm, dm. of ornamented discs 1.5 cm, dm. of wire 0.16–0.18 cm. 7. Silver wellenförmige bracelet, with a single disc laid with beaded wire coiled around central granules (did not survive) and a t-shaped fastening. repaired by folding the end of the wire into a hook in place of the broken off, second, presumably, double disc. dm. 5.2 cm, dm. of disc 1.5 cm, dm. of wire 0.18–0.2 cm. 8. Silver S-clasp, of plain wire. on terminals, conical knobs. At centre, two rings of plain wire. type v. müller d. l. 1.7 cm. 9. gold and silver alloy (electrum) globular pendant, hollow, with neck and soldered on horizontal collar. originally, soldered to the collar at three regular intervals, suspension loops of very fine wires twisted in pairs with, at bottom, two granules each. The loop did not survive. on upper body, under the neck, ornament of soldered on wires arranged in festoons and double scrolls; at centre of each scroll, small granule. on underside of pendant, central granule within a scroll and rosette with four lobes. H. 1.3 cm, dm. of rim 0.6 cm, dm. of decorative wires ca 0.02 cm. 10–13. 4 glass barrel beads, opaque dark green (one incomplete). type tm  8.  dm. 0.8–1  cm, H.  0.7–1  cm. 14.  glass barrel bead, blue base and red eyes. type tm 203. dm. 1.3 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 15. glass barrel bead, transparent dark blue. type tm 2a. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1 cm. 16. glass barrel bead, opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 1 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 17. glass bead, opaque black, fluted. type close to tm 11. dm. 0.8 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 18. Amber bead, plano-convex, irregular. type tm 392. dm. 2.3 cm, max. H. 1.3 cm. 19. Bronze needle fragment. Surviving l.  2.7  cm. 20.  clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. H.  2.3  cm, dm. 2.8  cm. 21. iron rectangular casket lock mount, incomplete, with two openings for the key, one retaining fragment of spring. in corner three incomplete rivets. type Kokowski 2. l. 8.9 cm, max. B. 3.3 cm. 22. iron casket spring fragment of rectangular-sectioned sheet. l.  4.7  cm. 23.24.  2 iron casket mount fragments. Surviving l. 0.9 and 2.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Burial 26C The burial occurred below the arable level at the level of detection of the entire pit, at ca 0.45 m and was in residual

form due to ploughing; traces of log coffin and several fragmented bones. long bones of the legs still in anatomical arrangement imply supine burial. coffin of Burial c intruded on W fragment of Burial A. At hip level, iron belt buckle. Male, maturus, ca 170–172 cm. Inventory (Pl. iX):  1.  iron belt buckle with rectangular frame. type ml g1. l. 2.6 cm, B. 3.3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Burial 26D After excavating Burial A, on its e side, at ca 0.55 m, legible in decomposed wood, 2.2×0.55 m outline of log coffin containing scattered small fragments of human bone; in central area, concentration of stones, originally found under the coffin and placed inside to stabilise it. Bones missing. Inventory: none. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 27 (inhumation in log coffin, destroyed) Sq 15-18D At ca 0.4 m, aligned NW-Se, 1.6×0.8 m outline of grave pit its S fragment lost to a modern cut feature. At ca 1.1 m, outline of N rounded end of ca  0.6  m wide log coffin, rounded in cross-section. Within, fragmented and not easily identifiable remains of inhumation with four fragments of iron Schlangenkopf bracelet (1) and iron belt buckle pin (2). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. Xii, ccXXXVii:6): 1. 4 iron Schlangenkopf bracelet fragments. open ended hoop oval in cross-section. Both terminals and 2 fragments of hoop. type close to Wójcik iiA. B. of plano-convex terminals ca 1.2 cm, l. of bracelet fragments 3.2 and 2.1  cm. 2.  iron buckle pin. l. 3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 28 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 15-18B At ca  0.4–0.6  m, aligned NNW-SSe, sub-rectangular 2.4×0.85  m outline of grave pit, upper fill disturbed by ploughing. By its longer sides from N and at top, traces of posts driven into the ground. At ca 0.8 m lower down, distinct 2×0.45 m outline of rectangular wooden log coffin, half-round in cross-section within which, extended incomplete skeleton. in anatomical arrangement, bones of lower limbs, outline of pelvis and bone of right forearm flexed at the waist. Above, only traces of some lumbar vertebrae and fragments of flattened cranium. left of pelvis, bronze miniature belt buckle (2), under left femur, bronze strap end (3) at chest level, silver brooch (1). Female, adultus, ca 158–160 cm. Inventory (Pl. Xii): 1. Silver brooch with a high catchplate. upper chord passing through an opening in the head. lightly angular round-sectioned bow. on foot terminal, knob. on catchplate, engraved diagonal intersecting lines. type A.Vii, series 1. l. 3.7 cm, B. 1.7 cm. 2. Bronze miniature bipartite belt buckle with buckle plate, attachment end with two rivets, one surviving separately. type close

32 to ml  d17. l.  2.7  cm, B.  1.4  cm. 3.  Bronze strap end, ring terminal, trapeze-shaped tip. in two fragments. type r J.ii.3. l. ca 4.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 29/30 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 15-18C Below the arable, close together, two concentrations of pottery and cremated bone fragments recorded as no. 29 and 30. upper level lost to ploughing but within cluster no. 29, lower body of pottery containing cremated human remains. Sherds from both clusters belonged to the same vessel. in concentration no. 29, two partly melted fragments of bronze Schlangenkopf bracelet (3a, 3b) and bronze brooch fragment (2); in concentration no. 30, other partly melted fragments of bronze Schlangenkopf bracelet (3c, 4), bronze brooch (1) and clay spindlewhorl (5). grave 29/30 intruded on pit of grave 51. Maturus. Inventory (Pl. Xiii):  1.  Bronze spring-cover brooch bow, partly melted. type A.ii.40-41. l. 3.5 cm. 2. Bronze spring-cover brooch bow fragment, partly melted. type A.ii.40-41. Surviving l.  3  cm. 3.  3 bronze Schlangenkopf bracelet fragments: both terminals and fragment of hoop with flat ribbon-like constriction. Partly melted. type Wójcik iiiA. B.  of plano-convex terminals ca  1.7  cm. 4.  Bronze Schlangenkopf bracelet terminal. Partly melted. type Wójcik iiiA. B. of plano-convex terminal 2.3 cm. 5. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, burnt, dark brown. H. 3.1 cm, dm. 3.4 cm. 6. lower body of pottery vessel, dark brown, burnished. type close to rW Vi. Bdm. 7.7 cm, H. 7.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 31 (inhumation in log coffin, destroyed) Sq 15-20B in gravefield area disturbed by sand extraction at ca 0.6 m, cut into two by deep cut feature associated with carrot bulk pile storage, rectangular 2.2×0.8 m outline of grave pit with yellow-grey fill (Pl. XiV). in both parts of the pit, traces of log coffin, in S area, crossed tibiae suggesting extended supine burial. Iuvenis, ca 167–169 cm. Inventory: none. Chronology: ? Grave 32 (inhumation in log coffin, destroyed) Sq 14-21D, 15-21B Almost fully lost to modern cut feature, at 0.45 m, S end of grave pit with traces of log coffin and few fragmented bones, e.g. temporal parietal and humeral bones (Pl. Xiii). Female (?), adultus. Inventory: none. Chronology: ? Grave 33 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 15-21D Below the arable at 0.4  m, aligned N-S, indistinct sub-rectangular ca 2.2×0.75 m outline of grave pit bottom. in N area, several poorly preserved broken bone fragments,

e.g. cranium. in chest area (?), both at bottom of the arable and within grave pit, concentration of amber and glass beads (1–12), in S area of grave, iron ring fragment and bronze casket mount (13, 14) in rectangular outline of decomposed wood – casket, ca 40×30 cm. grave 33 overlay grave 44. Early maturus. Inventory (Pl. Xiii–XiV): 1. glass bead, melon form, translucent green. type close to tm 158a. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1 cm. 2.  glass bead, melon form, translucent navy blue. type tm 162. dm. 1.7 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 3. glass barrel bead, opaque dark green. type tm 8. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1.4 cm. 4–6. 3 glass barrel beads, opaque red. type tm  12.  dm. 1.2, 1.1 and 1.1 cm; H. 1.2, 1 and 1 cm. 7. Amber bead, elongated, damaged. type tm 447. dm. 1 cm, H. 1.6 cm. 8.9. 2 amber disc beads (one incomplete). type tm 429. dm. 1.3 and 1.2 cm, H. 0.7 and 0.6 cm. 10. Amber disc bead. type tm 430. dm. 3.3 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 11.12. 2 amber disc beads. type tm 439. dm. 2.1 and 1.8 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 13. Bronze casket mount of narrow sheet, damaged on both faces, next to longer edges, engraved lines. two rivet holes, one retaining a rivet. Surviving l. 6 cm, B. 1.3 cm, l. of rivet 1.6 cm. 14. iron ring, casket mount (?). dm. 1.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB. Grave 34 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 15-20D, 16-20B Below the arable at 0.4 m, aligned NW-Se, rectangular outline of grave pit, at the level of the inhumation 2.1×0.6 m. grave inventory and skeleton occurred underneath the arable layer suggesting destruction of upper grave pit layer by ploughing which had levelled the slope of the elevation. on its W side this grave was truncated by hardpan discoloration layer (rest of pit fill) containing inventory of destroyed grave 34A. Within grave 34, resting on its right side, arms flexed at elbows close to the chest, legs flexed, incomplete skeleton: flattened cranium, mandible, traces of bones of arms and forearms, fragments of femurs and tibiae. By left temple, needle (37), on upper chest, two bronze brooches, one on its side, the other inverted (1, 2), by left elbow also inverted, third silver brooch (3). on chest, necklace of 32 scattered elements, including glass and amber beads and amber pendants (5–36). By left elbow, presumably at level of right palm, decomposed remains of ca 18×14 cm wooden container with no evidence of metal fittings. Within better preserved Se corner of the container, traces in situ of mortise and tenon joins (Pl. XV:A). Within, small bronze box (4). Next to cranium, sherds from pottery vessel presumably lost to ploughing (39). in S area of grave, below the feet, spindlewhorl (38). Female, senilis. Inventory (Pl. XV, XVi, ccXl:9, ccXliii:13): 1.2. 2 bronze matching crossbow tendril brooches. uniformly arched bow, oval in cross-section decorated with three strands of coiled beaded wire. on spring terminals and head, profiled knobs atop three strands of coiled beaded wire. type close to A.Vi.167. l. 6 and 6.2 cm, B. 3.3 and 3.4 cm.

33 3. Silver crossbow tendril brooch. uniformly arched bow, oval in cross-section. on spring terminals and head, profiled knobs atop strands of coiled beaded wire – one surviving knob, and loosened beaded wire strand. type close to A.Vi.167. l. 5.5  cm, surviving B.  2.2  cm. 4.  Bronze box, cylindrical, with lid. originally, bottom and top attached with solder; the latter with an opening to secure the handle. on sides and top of lid, stamped “balustrade” ornament. H. of box 4 cm, of lid 1.9 cm, dm. 4.2  cm. 5. glass barrel bead, opaque black base with interlaced sinuous lines in yellow and white. type close to tm 266d. dm. 1.8  cm, H.  1.7  cm. 6.  glass barrel bead, opaque black base with two straight white and one sinuous line in yellow. type close to tm 301. dm. 1.7 cm, H. 1.8 cm. 7. glass barrel bead, opaque black base with two straight lines in white and one sinuous line in red. type close to tm  301.  dm. 1.8  cm, H.  1.8  cm. 8–17.  10 hexahedral beads, translucent dark lilac, some beads incomplete. type tm 119. H. 1.2–1.3 cm, B. 0.7–1 cm. 18–22. 5 glass barrel beads, opaque green. type tm 8. dm. 1.1–1.4 cm, H.  1–1.3  cm. 23.  glass barrel bead, opaque red. type tm  12.  dm. 1.6  cm, H.  1.3  cm. 24.  glass barrel bead, opaque black. type tm  11.  dm. 1.3  cm, H.  1.1  cm. 25–28.  4 glass ridged beads, transparent pale green. type tm  182b. dm. 0.9, 1, 1.2 and 1.3  cm, H.  1.3, 2, 2.1 and 2.9  cm. 29.  Amber annular bead. type tm 388. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 0.5 cm. 30. Amber barrel bead. type tm 394. dm. 0.6 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 31–34. 4 amber eight-shape beads, with collar and hole for suspension. type close to tm 471i. H. 1.7–2.4 cm. 35. Amber pendant, with hole drilled for suspension, incomplete. type undefined. H. 1.6 cm, max. B. 1.4 cm. 36. Amber axe pendant, fanshaped with long delicately profiled shaft and hole drilled for suspension. Atypical. H. 3 cm, max. B. 2 cm. 37. Bronze needle, fractured top with eye, tip broken off. Surviving l.  5 cm. 38.  clay spindlewhorl, biconical. H.  1.7  cm, dm. 2.9 cm. 39. rim sherd. Brown, smoothed. type close to rW Vi. Several very small sherds from the same vessel. rdm. 14.3 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 34A (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 16-20B By e end of pit of grave 34 (Pl. XV), on the same level, concentration of finds from the inventory of another inhumation grave and small quantity of substantially fragmented bones. Pit outline not detected. recorded as no. 34A. Whitout any visible staratigraphic relations whit pit of grave 34, this grave contained two bronze brooches (1, 2) and 6 amber beads (3–8). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XiV): 1.2. 2 bronze matching crest-headed brooches, chord fastening in the form of a hook, fan-shaped foot. type A.V.128. l. 2.8 cm, B. 2.2 cm. 3–8. 6 amber annular beads. type tm 388. dm. 0.6–0.9 cm, H. 0.4–0.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA.

Grave 35 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 15-20D At ca 0.6 m, aligned N-S, irregular 2.3×0.55 m outline of grave pit with grey fill and hardpan discolorations, disturbed by ploughing and tree roots. At ca 0.3 lower down, in anatomical arrangement, bones of the feet implying by their position burial on the right side, legs flexed. The rest of the skeleton incomplete: in N area of pit, fragments of cranium, some vertebrae, rib fragments, arm bones and femur, phalanges and pelvis. At S end of pit below the feet, bone comb (1), iron casket lock mount (2) observed as if within a roughly rectangular ca 40×35 cm patch of darker fill mixed with particles of mouldered wood, presumably, traces of wooden casket. No other elements of grave inventory. Female (?), adultus. Inventory (Pl. XVii, ccXlV:2.8): 1. Bone composite comb. teeth missing. two plates with overlapping ends secured with bone pegs (one survived). type close to Thomas Bi. H. 3 cm, l. 7.6 cm. 2. iron casket lock mount, sub-rectangular, longer sides concave, with two openings for the key. Three corners still retaining rivets, fourth corner damaged. type Kokowski 5. l. 6.7 cm, B. 3.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB. Feature 36 (Pit with bones redeposited from destroyed grave) Sq 15-21C Below the arable, at ca 0.3 m, irregular ca 0.7×0.5 m outline of cut feature found above S end of grave 38 and at the same time, within outline of cut feature (Pl. XVii) associated with carrot bulk pile storage (used during late 1970s by State Farm Pasłęk). Within its mixed fill, bones from upper part of human skeleton presumably removed at time unknown from nearby grave, perhaps no. 38 (this validated by osteological analysis of remains from both features) and reburied. Male, maturus, 168–170 cm. Inventory: none. Chronology: stadium iiB (see grave 38). Grave 37 (inhumation, destroyed?, robbed?) Sq 15-21D e of graves 33 and 44 at ca 1.2 m, rectangular 1.8×0.7 m grave pit with yellow-grey sand (Pl. XVii) within which, destroyed or robbed burial: fragments of upper cranium and some teeth. Male, late maturus. Inventory: none. Chronology: ? Grave 38 (inhumation, destroyed?, robbed?) Sq 15-21C At ca  0.6  m, aligned N-S, sub-rectangular 2.5×0.75  m grave pit disturbed in S area by Feature 36 and by cut feature associated with carrot bulk pile storage which did not extend to the level of the burial. N end of grave partly lost to cut features named earlier but also with evidence of earlier robber trench from unknown period extending to bottom of grave pit; within robber trench, iron casket lock spring fragment (3) and bronze casket mount (4). under

34 Feature 36, in anatomical arrangement, lower part of the skeleton: pelvis, 4 lumbar vertebrae, bones of both legs suggesting by their position burial on right side, legs flexed (Pl. ccXXiii:1). Next to pelvis, bronze belt mount (1) and glass bead (2). Male, maturus, 168–170 cm. Inventory (Pl. XVii):  1.  Bronze rectangular belt mount with two rivets, with a border of engraved lines. l. 2.4 cm, B. 0.5 cm, l. of rivets 0.6 cm. 2. glass annular bead, transparent plain glass. type tm 29. dm. 0.7 cm, H. 0.4 cm. 3.  iron casket lock spring, round-sectioned bit, flat rectangular-sectioned shaft, damaged tip. Surviving l. 5.8 cm. 4. Bronze bracket casket mount, thin strip of bronze sheet folded into a rectangle with overlapping ends. l. 1.5 cm, B. 1.3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB. Grave 39 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 15-20D, 15-21C At 0.45  m in an area seriously disturbed by cut feature associated with carrot bulk pile storage, aligned N-S, rectangular ca 2.4×0.9 m grave pit cut in half to its very bottom. Within undisturbed N end of pit, at ca 0.7 m, on its right side, cranium and mandible. in S area of pit in anatomical arrangement, bones of the feet, broken femurs, tibiae, arm bones, vertebrae, ribs and pelvis scattered in the cut feature. under pelvic bones, bronze belt buckle (1) next to which, rectangular belt mount (2). other elements of grave inventory not detected. Position of cranium and feet suggest deposition on right side legs lightly flexed. Male (?), iuvenis, ca 168–170 cm. Inventory (Pl. XViii): 1. Bronze bipartite belt buckle. Sub-rectangular frame of vertically positioned piece of bronze sheet. type close to ml g49. l. 2 cm, B. 2.4 cm. 2. Bronze rectangular belt mount retaining two rivets with large round heads. l. 2.2 cm, B. 0.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iic. Grave 40 (inhumation in log coffin, destroyed) Sq 15-20D, 16-20B At ca 0.6 m, aligned N-S, rectangular 2×0.6 m grave pit disturbed in Ne area by cut feature associated with carrot bulk pile storage (used during late 1970s by State Farm Pasłęk). disturbed remains of inhumation: at N end of modern cut feature, flattened cranium and mandible. Within less disturbed area of grave, remains of extended supine skeleton, right arm flexed at the elbow, both femurs and tibiae crossed. At S end of pit, remains of log coffin legible from smudges of decomposed wood. Next to cranium, bronze brooch (1), on right femur, set over small stones, pottery vessel (5) next to which, spindlewhorl (4), bronze needle (2) and hooked pin (3). Male, maturus. Inventory (Pl. XViii): 1. Bronze spring-cover brooch. type close to A.ii.38. l. 5.4 cm, B. 4.1 cm. 2. Bronze needle, broken off top with fractured eye. l. 4.8 cm. 3. Bronze hooked pin, twisted shaft. l. 4.3 cm. 4. clay spindlewhorl, biconical,

yellow-dark brown. H. 3.3 cm, dm. 4 cm. 5. lower body of pottery vessel. dark brown, smoothed. Several other smaller sherds from the same vessel. type close to rW Vi. Bdm. 6.5 cm, surviving H. 7 cm. Chronology: stadium iiA/iiB. Grave 41 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 15-20D At ca 0.5 m within pure sand mixed with grey coloured sand and small quantity of charcoal, truncated by ploughing, fissured urn. No tangible outline of pit. grave 41 intruded on NW corner of grave 43. At vessel bottom, small quantity of cremated bone. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XViii): 1. rim sherd. dark brown, smoothed and glossy, a design of three rows of diagonal strokes. Several score very eroded sherds from large vase-like vessel. type probably rW iV. Chronology: stadium iiiA (?). Grave 42 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 15-21C At ca 0.5 m, aligned NW-Se, sub-rectangular 1.8×0.7 m outline of grave pit cut to its very bottom by modern pit associated with carrot bulk pile storage. Within pit and trench, chaotic scatter of small fragments of skeleton: left ankle bone, right heel bone and fragments of fibula diaphysis, some iron fragments (1–3). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XViii): 1–3.  3 iron fragments, possibly casket mounts. l.  2, 1.5 and 1 cm. Chronology: ? Grave 43 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 15-20D, 16-20B Aligned N-S, rectangular ca 2.1×0.7 outline of grave pit. At NW end of pit, urn grave 41. At ca 0.6 m, in anatomical arrangement, incomplete skeleton supine, legs crossed, cranium flattened, fragments of arm bones, both femurs and right tibia. Above cranium, bronze brooch (1) on chest, bone comb (2), in conjectured area of pelvis, pottery vessel (3). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XiX): 1. Bronze brooch with high catchplate. upper chord threaded through an opening in the head. on head and foot terminal, imitation beaded wire. on foot terminal, half-round knob. type close to A.Vii. series 1. l. 3.5 cm, B. 1.4 cm. 2. Bone one-layer comb. High arched grip. on one face, ornament in relief. teeth incomplete. type Thomas d. H. 4.6 cm, B. 4.3 cm. 3. Pottery vessel with handle. Yellow-dark brown; smoothed. incomplete. type rW XViic. rdm. 7.6 cm, Bddm. 10.5 cm, Bdm. 6.5 cm, H. 10 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 44 (inhumation in log coffin, robbed) Sq 15-21D under grave 33, ca 0.2 m below its bottom, aligned N-S, rectangular 2×0.75 m outline of grave pit, its central and e area cut by robber trench within which and in undisturbed N area of pit, poorly preserved traces of log coffin

35 legible from smudges of decomposed wood. At N end of grave, poorly preserved fragments of flattened cranium, within robber trench, other broken skeletal fragments. centrally within grave by the bottom of robber trench, outline of base of casket with lock spring. Since grave 33 was established above grave 44 it is likely that the latter had been robbed earlier. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XiX): 1. iron casket lock spring, round-sectioned bit, ribbon-like shaft. l. 8 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB. Grave 45 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 15-21D At ca 0.6 m, outline of grave pit, cut in upper section by modern period feature associated with carrot bulk pile storage which, at ca 0.8 m, aligned N-S undisturbed sub-oval outline of grave; at N edge, nearly rectangular end of pit. longer axis 2.9 m, transverse axes between 0.9 and 1 m. Fill not uniform. At N end of shorter side, postholes from vertical timbers legible from concentration of iron oxides in their fill; dm. ca 25 cm, ends sharpened at the level of the burial. two similar less well discernible postholes detected on both longer sides of pit. centrally within pit, dark grey smudge, 2.6×0.6 m, possibly, outline of log coffin lid or more likely, mat or fabric covering the burial deposited lower down inside open log. coffin, 2.4 m long, 0.45 and 0.5 m wide at N and S respectively, had been placed on pit bottom. At its extension on N side, outline of large casket indistinct legible from residue of mouldered wood, on the S, boundary between end of coffin and side of casket less legible; presumably at this point coffin was truncated. The casket was rectangular with rounded corners, 60×45 cm. in places fragments of wood and leather (?) covering of the casket. on its W side, aligned diagonally with the sides of the casket nailed to wooden slat, iron casket lid mount (13) (Pl. ccXXiii:3) next to which, further fragmented mounts (18–20). With the iron mount heavily corroded and fragmented many observations regarding its construction were made on site during exploration. The mount was attached with rivets with conical heads to a wooden slat, its shape adjusted to the mount, thicker at its broader end, tapering to the opposite end. down the centre of the underside of the slat, groove, half-round in cross-section, with a width of ca  0.2  cm. on its right side the edge of the slat was lined with a strip of leather. in better preserved places the leather had been laid over a strip (?) of a very slender and brittle bronze sheet which in turn was flush with a wooden board surviving in fragments, in which were lodged small bronze nail and, bent at different angles, 3 mounts of thin bronze sheet (15–17). under cranium, fourth larger similar mount (14). outline of casket on its left side was tangible only starting from the other end of the iron bar as a faint shadow of a line bent at right angles. inside casket, two pottery vessels (21, 22), clay spindlewhorl (11), bronze hooked pin (10) and iron key (12). The log coffin was half-round in

cross-section and was rectangular at S end, slightly rounded at the corners. Within coffin, well preserved skeleton supine (Pl. ccXXiii:3), arms extended down the body, cranium resting in vertical position, apparently propped up either on end side of log coffin, or if the log was cut at this end, on the side of the casket since one of its mounts was discovered under the cranium. under mandible, gold pendant (4). on both sides of cranium, on clavicles, two bronze brooches (1, 2), at lower rib level on the left, head pointing down, third brooch (3). Among ribs, along sternum, five beads (5–9) interpreted as elements sewn in a regular row onto the garment. Female, adultus, 163 cm. Inventory (Pl. XX, XXi, ccXXXV:2, ccXli:4.5, ccXlV:6.7):  1.2. 2 bronze brooches, rectangular-sectioned bow. type A.V.148. l.  3.2  cm, B.  2.6  cm. 3.  Bronze brooch, bow sub-triangular in cross-section. type A.V.148. l. 3.4 cm, B. 3 cm. 4. gold pendant, globular, hollow; on suspension loop, four beaded wires. Neck and base accentuated by two beaded wires. on base, five vertical clusters of granules. H.  2.2  cm, of loop 0.4  cm, dm. 1.1  cm. 5.  glass barrel bead, opaque black, corroded. type tm 11. dm. 1.3 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 6–9. 4 amber annular beads. type tm 388-389. dm. 0.9–1.4 cm, H. 0.7–0.9 cm. 10. Bronze hooked pin, twisted shaft with adhering remains of wood infused with rust – trace of handle. l. 5.4 cm. 11. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. H.  1.7  cm, dm. 4  cm. 12.  iron casket lock key. u-shaped bit, rectangular-sectioned shaft. end of shaft folded into a loop retaining fragment of ring for suspension. Heavily corroded. type close to Kokowski A. l. ca 12 cm. 13. iron casket lid mount, profiled bar and nails. made crudely of fragment of iron sheet, folded at both ends at right angles, with one wider and one narrower end. in four places, at irregular intervals, rounded expanded areas each with two nails. At the wider end of, fifth pair of nail holes. All holes retain rivets with carefully executed conical heads, under some, traces of round washers of organic material, presumably, leather. With relatively long shafts, rivets are driven into a wooden slat of the box and hammered flush on the other side towards the centre of the casket. l. of bar ca 31 cm, B. 2.2–3.8 cm. Th. of iron sheet ca 1.2 mm. l. of nails 1–2.3 cm. Th.of wooden slat 1.3–2.1 cm. 14. Bronze bracket casket mount, rectangular, with tapering ends, folded at right angles. l.  4  cm, max. B.  1  cm. 15–17.  3 bronze bracket casket mounts, rectangular, with tapering ends folded at right angles. l.  2.1–3.5  cm. 18–20.  3 iron casket mount fragments, incomplete. l. 1–2 cm. 21. Pottery vessel, biconical and carinated. Black-dark brown; smoothed. Badly fired, friable. type rW XbA. rdm. 16 cm, Bddm. 15.5 cm, Bdm. 7.8  cm, H.  7.5  cm. 22.  Pottery vessel, biconical, gently everted rim. dark brown-yellow; smoothed and glossy. Badly fired, friable. type rW  Xiiic. rdm. 12.8  cm, Bddm.12 cm, Bdm. 5.3 cm, H. 8.2 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB.

36 Feature 46 (modern cut feature intruding on a inhumation grave) Sq 15-21D Below the arable, at ca 0.6 m, irregular 1×0.6 m outline of pit disturbed by cut feature associated with carrot bulk pile storage. Within disturbed fill, next to modern rubbish (bottle caps, fragments of food tins), substantially fragmented bones and fragment of bracelet. Infans I. Inventory (Pl. XiX):  1.  Bronze rod bracelet fragment, oval in cross-section. type undefined. Surviving l. 1.6 cm, dm. 0.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iiA/iiB. Grave 47 (inhumation) Sq 15-20CD At ca  0.8  m, aligned NW-Se, rectangular 1.65×0.75  m outline of grave pit within which, well preserved skeleton supine, arms extended down the body, legs extended (Pl. XiX, ccXXiii:2). left tibia and bones of foot missing, presumably destroyed by the cut feature of grave 34 which is superimposed over the S end of pit of grave 47. Around skeleton, fill compacted into hardpan implying pit bottom was lined with some organic material (cloth?). NW end of grave cut by grave 256. Male, maturus/senilis. Inventory: none. Chronology: stadium iiiB (see grave 256). Grave 48 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 15-20D At ca 0.9 m, its upper level disturbed by carrot bulk pile storage trench, Se area disturbed by pit of grave 40, and NW corner by grave 35, rectangular 2.3×0.7 m outline of grave pit (at the level of burial). Within 1.9×0.45  m outline of log coffin rounded at both ends, in anatomical arrangement, skeleton, resting on its right side legs flexed and crossed. cranium flattened, bones of arms and torso incomplete, relocated due to disturbance (Pl. XXii). Male, maturus. Inventory: none. Chronology: stadium iiB. Grave 49 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 15-20C, 16-20A Within pure sand at ca 0.6 m, large body sherd and concentration of cremated human bones, definitely from destroyed urn grave. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XXii): 1. Body sherd. Yellow-dark brown, roughened. type probably rW i. Chronology: ? Number 50 (Free) Grave 51 (inhumation in log coffin, with stone paving, disturbed) Sq 15-18C At ca  0.5  m, aligned NW-Se, distinct 2.7×0.9  m outline of grave pit with fill darker than surrounding natural clay. Within its upper level, urn grave 29/30. lower down, six boulders in irregular arrangement, presumably forming

a pavement. under boulders at ca 1.1 m, and in W area of pit, disturbed remains of log coffin, elsewhere, scattered remains of inhumation, presumably, flattened by pressure of overlying boulders. grave bottom with the same slope S as the hill, only the difference of level between N and S ends of grave was ca 0.6 m. in anatomical arrangement, incomplete skeleton, with crossed tibiae and, extended down the body, left ulna implying extended supine burial. cranium not found, only, scattered across grave pit, fragments of mandible, arm bones, ribs and vertebrae among which, in chaotic arrangement, 7 glass and amber beads (7–13), bronze S-clasp fragment (5), two belt mounts (2, 3), in area of hips, iron buckle (1). Female (?), maturus. Inventory (Pl. XXiii): 1. iron bipartite buckle with buckle plate, corroded. type undefined. l. ca  3  cm. 2.3.  2 iron rectangular belt mounts with one rivet, incomplete. l.  2 and 2.4 cm, B. 0.8 cm. 4. Bronze rivet with half-round head, presumably, from belt mount. l. 0.9 cm. 5. Bronze S-clasp, of fine wire. Surviving terminal with coiled volute end. incomplete. type v. müller A. Surviving l. 0.8 cm. 6. Bronze fingerring fragment. type close to Beckmann 15. 7–10. 4 glass barrel beads, on opaque red base eyes with black centre and white border. close to type tm 223a. dm. 0.9–1.0 cm, H. 0.8–0.9 cm. 11. glass melon bead, transparent light lilac. type close to tm 166. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1 cm. 12. glass barrel bead, opaque black. type tm 11. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 13.  Amber annular bead, asymmetric, incomplete. type close to tm 389. dm. 2.1 cm, max. H. 0.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA (see grave 29/30). Grave 52 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 15-18C Within natural clay, at ca 0.6 m, aligned N-S, rectangular 2.1×0.9 m grave pit. At ca 0.4 m lower down, better legible only in N and e area, indistinct outline of log coffin rounded at N and rectangular at S end. its bottom under the skeleton more tangible, with the same incline as the elevation, only the difference between N and S end ca 0.6 m. No surviving skeleton, only outline of upper cranium discernible in bone residue and some teeth, fragmented femurs and better preserved distal fragments of tibiae, their position implying extended supine burial. in conjectured area of left clavicle, head pointing down, bronze brooch (1), next to right arm, in a group one over the other, two bronze bracelets (3, 4), another bronze brooch (2), needle fragment (5) and spindlewhorl (6) next to which, concentration of organic material and wood fragments, presumably from coffin bottom and cloth (pouch holding needle and spindlewhorl clasped by the buried individual). Arrangement of the small finds suggests that the buried individual rested with arms flexed held under the chin. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XXiV): 1.2. 2 bronze spring-cover brooches (one now missing). type close to A.ii.38. l. 3.6 cm, B. 2.6 cm. 3.4.  2 bronze matching Schlangenkopf bracelets. open

37 ended hoop triangular in cross-section, with plano-convex constriction in the middle. type close to Wójcik iiB. dm. 7.6 and 7.4 cm, B. of plano-convex terminals ca 2 cm. 5. Bronze needle fragment. Surviving l. 2.8 cm. 6. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, at maximum circumference, row of finger-nail impressions, yellow-grey. H.  2.3  cm, dm. 3.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iiA/iiB. Grave 53 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 15-18CD Within natural clay, at ca 0.5 m, 2.5×0.8 m outline of grave pit standing out by its darker fill; at centre, distinct outline of robber trench, ca 0.8×0.8 m, extending to grave bottom to the depth of 2.2 m. Within robber trench, on different levels, substantially fragmented bones and small sherds (2). Next to tibia, clay spindlewhorl (1). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XXii):  1.  clay spindlewhorl, biconical, yellow-dark brown. H. 2 cm, dm. 3.2 cm. 2. Several small sherds. dark brown, cursory smoothing. Badly fired, friable. Chronology: ? Grave 54 (inhumation in log coffin, destroyed) Sq 15-18C At ca 0.6 m aligned N-S, rectangular ca 2×0.9 m outline of grave pit cut by NW corner of grave 52 with evidence of disturbance (due to robbery?) at an unspecified time. At ca 1 m in different locations, more distinct on N and S side, black patches of mouldered wood interpreted as remains of destroyed log coffin. At pit bottom, human teeth next to which, bronze needle fragment. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XXiV): 1. Bronze needle fragment. Surviving l. 3.4 cm. Chronology: later than stadium iiA/iiB (see grave 52). Grave 55 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 15-17AB At ca 0.5 m aligned NW-Se, rectangular 1.9×0.65 m outline of grave pit its N area lost to edge of gravel pit. Within loose earth on the slope and surface of gravel pit, fragments of skeleton and bronze brooch (1). in undisturbed anatomical arrangement, cranium, bones of right arm, incomplete pelvis, leg bones of extended inhumation. Next to right femur, bronze object (2). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XXiV):  1.  Bronze crossbow brooch with closed catchplate, plano-convex bow; damaged spring and pin. type A.Vi.170. l. 4.7 cm, B. 2 cm. 2. Bronze sheet, rectangular, folded at both ends, presumably, a belt mount. l. 1.6 cm, B. 0.8 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA/iVB. Grave 56 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 15-17B At 0.3 m in Se area of pit outline of grave 59 (Pl. XXV) within its upper fill, irregular darker patch with a concentration of very small fragments of cremated bones next to which, sherd from destroyed urn. Bones missing.

Inventory: 1. Sherds. medium and dark brown; smoothed. type rW ViA29. Chronology: stadium iVA or later (see grave 59). Grave 57 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 15-17D Below the arable, at ca 0.4 m within circular patch of darker fill, concentration of broken sherds and cremated human bones from urn grave (Pl. XXii) destroyed by ploughing. Bones missing. Inventory:  1.  Several score sherds. glossy, black. Badly fired, friable. Chronology: ? Grave 58 (inhumation in log coffin, robbed) Sq 15-17D, 15-18C At ca 0.6 aligned NW-Se, sub-rectangular 2.5×0.9 m outline of grave pit; upper layer of fill at N end of pit disturbed by robber trench sunk to the chest of the skeleton. At pit bottom, on its right side, flattened cranium and animal (horse) teeth, their association with the original grave inventory doubtful. At ca 0.2 m lower down, outline of large 2.4×0.75  m log coffin with rounded corners, half-round in cross-section, disturbed by robber trench. inside coffin, on its right side, skeleton, legs crossed left, arm extended down the body; bones of chest, right arm and damaged cranium destroyed by robber trench. Both tibiae and fibulae cut off at mid-length, bones of feet also missing. Within disturbed area of grave in the area originally occupied by right arm (?), bronze brooch. Male, iuvenis. Inventory (Pl. XXV):  1.  Bronze knee brooch with high catchplate on which, diagonal intersecting lines. type close to A.V.132. l. 3.7 cm, B. 2.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB. Grave 59 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 15-17B At ca 0.7 m, aligned NW-Se, its upper level irregular, lower level sub-rectangular, 2.5×0.65 m outline of grave pit cut in its upper level by urn grave 56 (cremated bones from this burial scattered across pit). remains of skeleton, in N area in disturbed arrangement. In situ, left humerus and both bones of forearms; fragments of cranium, mandible, clavicles, ribs and vertebrae rested in a chaotic scatter. in anatomical arrangement, pelvis, femurs and tibiae implying inhumation on right side, legs slightly flexed. Bones of the feet missing. disturbance to upper part of skeleton presumably caused by robbery but no discernible trace of robber trench. traces of intentional (?) severing of the feet could imply unusual funerary practices. Among scattered bones of chest, mainly next to mandible and teeth, bronze needle fragments (11), iron spring from brooch (1), 7 glass

29

r. Wołągiewicz (1993,188) described mentioned vessel as a part of inventory of grave 59. in fact it is an urn from grave 56.

38 beads (3–9), amber pendant (10) and glass vessel fragment (12). Next to right knee, bronze strap end (2). Female. Inventory (Pl. XXV):  1.  Bronze (crossbow?) brooch fragment: spring with a half-round knob terminal. type undefined. l.  0.7  cm. 2.  Bronze strap end, ring terminal, incomplete tip. Attachment end with one rivet with a large half-round head. type close to r J.ii.3. l. 4.4 cm. 3–8. 6 glass cubooctohedral beads, transparent navy blue. type tm 126. H. 1.1–1.4 cm, B. 0.5–0.7 cm. 9. glass hexahedral bead, transparent green. type tm 115. H. 1.1 cm, B. 0.6 cm. 10. Amber wedge-shaped pendant, square cross-section. Atypical. l. 1.2 cm, max. B. 0.6 cm. 11. 2 bronze needle fragments. Surviving l. 4 cm. 12. glass vessel base fragment, pale green. type undefined. l. 3 cm, H. 1.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 60 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 15-17AB At ca 0.55 m extending NW-Se, rectangular ca 2×0.8 m (level of inhumation) grave pit its NW area lost to gravel subsidence. Within, disturbed traces of ca 1.9×0.65 m log coffin. in area disturbed by subsidence, redeposited fragment of upper cranium and mandible, fragments of ribs, vertebrae and arm bones. in anatomical arrangement, ulna and radius, implying deposition on left side, arms flexed, palms near face. Pelvis and femurs did not survive but both tibiae and fibulae, and metatarsal bones in undisturbed arrangement, resting parallel on the left side. on left arm, bronze bracelet (2), within disturbed fill next to cranium fragment, bronze brooch (1). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XXV):  1.  Bronze crest-headed brooch, S-shaped bow, expanded rectangular foot terminal; on catchplate, engraved design of angled lines. type close to A.V.120. l. 4.1 cm, B. 2.8 cm. 2. Bronze rod bracelet, oval in cross-section, lens-shaped terminals. type Natuniewicz 1. dm. 6.7 cm. Chronology: later than stadium iiB/iic. Grave 60A (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 15-17B in S area of outline of grave 60 (Pl. XXV) within partly disturbed fill, irregular darker context with abundant charcoal fragments and nearby, two small-sized stones. Within, concentration of cremated bone remains and several burnt sherds. Bones missing. Inventory:  1.  Sherds. Brown, cursory smoothing. Badly fired, friable and separating. Chronology: later than stadium iiB/iic (see grave 60). Grave 61 (Pit cremation, destroyed) Sq 15-18C Below the arable, at ca 0.4 m, within yellow sand without any distinct pit outline, small concentration of stones and small burnt sherds (Pl. XXVi). Bones missing. Inventory:  1.  Sherds. Brown, cursory smoothing. Badly fired, friable and separating. Chronology: ?

Grave 62 (inhumation in expanded log and plank [?] boat coffin, robbed) Sq 15-17CD At 0.4 m below the ground level, a sub-rectangular grave pit outline, 2.9×0.88 m, aligned NW-Se. upper layer of fill – dark earth with patches of burning. At centre, blurred outline of robber’s trench. At 0.6 m, partly charred remains of wooden coffin, judging from its form and construction details, an expanded log boat, partly burnt in upper section, probably after deposition (this is suggested by a fine layer of clay altered by high temperature adhering to the charred wood – see Appendix Vi.3). l. 2.55, B. ca 0.7 m, gently tapering bow (N) lightly expanded middle section (A-B) and rounded prow (g-H). The charred section consisted of four rows of overlapping oak planks, B. 7–8 cm, in best condition on the left side, by the bow. The bottom of the boat, a hollowed out log, also partly burnt, was best preserved in Se area of grave (e-F) (Pl. ccXXXi:1.2). At centre of left side of boat two pegs driven at right angles into the topmost surviving planks, presumably used to install horizontal boat timbers removed later to make room for the inhumation. 0.3 m lower down, third charred peg driven into the ground at oblique angle outside the boat. outer outline of planks not affected by fire coated with deep black oily substance interpreted as traces of caulking. At boat bottom, over mouldered fragment of timbers, inhumation with clear evidence of robbery. At N end, redeposited flattened fragment of cranium, ribs, and humerus; within fill of robber trench, right femur. At chest level iron buckle (1) and glass bead (2); nearby, cluster of minute fragments of orange glass from miniature beads (3) immediately Ne of which, charred dm. ca 4.5 cm peg with a sharpened end driven vertically into boat bottom (c-d). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XXVii):  1. iron buckle, 2 fragments: frame and pin, both incomplete. type undefined. B. ca 4 cm. 2. glass bead, transparent green. type close to tm 24. dm. 0.6 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 3. Several score fragments of orange coloured glass paste from miniature beads. Presumbly type tm 53. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Feature 63 (Pit with fill containing charcoal fragments and ash) Sq 15-17D At ca 0.4 m, e of grave 62 ca 0.8 m from its end, poorly marked sub-oval 1.2×0.8 m outline of pit with deep black fill (particularly at centre) rich in soggy charcoal (Pl. XXVi). Basin-like in section, 0.35 m deep the feature tentatively interpreted as remains of fire pit associated with ritual fire practices (recorded in grave 62); this is supported by analogous colour and texture of its fill. Inventory: none. Chronology: stadium iiiB (see grave 62). Grave 64 (inhumation-cremation?, disturbed, under a layer of burnt reeds?) Sq 15-17B Below the arable at ca 0.45 m, spread by deep ploughing, layer of deep black earth with charcoal and ash.

39 At ca 0.6 m, aligned NNW-SSe, oval ca 2.2×1.1 m outline of grave pit observed as black upper charred layer, substantially separating, within natural clay with gravel in places discoloured by high temperature of fire which was burnt here. exposed during subsequent exploration, basin-like section of pit containing charcoal and ashes, its bottom tilted Se as the slope of the elevation; at centre, it extended 0.4 m below the observed outline, or, ca 1 m below ground level. The bottom and sides of this “basin” had a thick and compacted lining of charred leaves and stems of gramineous plant (reed?) interpreted as remains of matting used to line the pit and burnt on the spot. Below this “basin”, narrow pit filled with grey sand and gravel contaminated by charcoal fragments and ashes from overlying layer; at bottom, supine skeleton, legs extended, right arm extended down the body; in anatomical arrangement: leg bones, feet bones, fragment of pelvis and right arm; relocated in vertical position, cranium, pelvis fragment, in chaotic scatter, fragments of left arm, mandible, clavicles, vertebrae and rigs; around and across entire pit, isolated burnt human bones. The burial, possibly covered by a  thin layer of sand was partly isolated from the heat of the fire set to the matting. on lower right arm, bronze bracelet (2) higher up, spindlewhorl (9) next to which, bracelet (3), away from the humerus, bronze brooch (1). Among ribs and vertebrae W of cranium, buckle (4), three belt mounts (5–7) and bronze spring (8). No evidence of robber trench to explain the disturbed arrangement of skeleton and grave inventory; presence of burnt bones in the pit fill suggests obscure burial practices. Male, maturus, ca 166–168 cm. Cremated bones undefined. Inventory (Pl. XXViii):  1.  Bronze eye brooch Prussian series, A.iii.60. l. 6.7 cm. 2. Bronze rod bracelet, round-sectioned hoop, square-sectioned terminals. on upper face of terminals, imitation filigree. type Natuniewicz 2. dm. 6.7 cm. 3. Bronze ribbon bracelet. Sub-triangular in cross-section tapering to expanded fish-tail sheet terminals, body-terminal junction accentuated by three ridges. on hoop, border in imitation of filigree, at centre, the same pattern also in three vertical lines, only partly legible, and pairs of stamped rings. dm. 6.7 cm, max. B. of bow 2 cm, max. B. of terminals 1 cm. 4. iron unipartite buckle, with half-round frame, heavily corroded. type ml d1. l. 5.2 cm, B.  6.1  cm. 5. Bronze rectangular belt mount, three rivet holes, 1 surviving rivet. l.  3.4  cm, B.  0.6  cm. 6.  Bronze rectangular belt mount with three rivets with half-round head, at longer edges, engraved line. l. 3.6 cm, B. 0.7 cm. 7.  Bronze rectangular belt mount, with four rivets with half-round heads at the corners. edges decorated with engraved lines. l.  4.7  cm, B.  2.1  cm. 8.  Bronze spring. l.  1.8  cm, dm. 0.5  cm. 9.  clay spindlewhorl, biconical, yellow-grey. H. 2.8 cm, dm. 4.2 cm. Chronology: stadium iB.

Grave 65/65A (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-18A Below the arable, at ca 0.45 m base still resting in situ, flattened urn (2) over which and mixed with its fragments, burnt bones, spindlewhorl (1). immediately Se of this concentration (grave 65), second concentration of sherds from the same vessel (2), recorded as no. 65A. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XXVi):  1.  clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. H. 4 cm, dm. 4.2 cm. 2. Several score sherds, including rim sherd with fragment of handle. dark brown, smoothed. eroded, friable and exfoliating. type rW ii30. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB (?). Grave 65B (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 16-18A Se of grave 65/65A, within disturbed earth, 2 amber beads (3, 4), glass checkerboard bead (2) and brooch fragments (1). lower down, aligned NNW-SSe, irregular outline containing grey-yellow layer of several cm thickness, interpreted as bottom of destroyed inhumation. Inventory (Pl. XXVi):  1.  Bronze brooch pin fragment. Fragment of its spring survived on site but disintegrated when lifted. type undefined. Surviving l. 1.5 cm. 2. glass barrel bead, opaque red base with checkerboard pattern of green, white, black and yellow. type close to tm  366. dm. 1.9 cm, H. 1.6 cm. 3. Amber annular bead. type tm 389. dm. 1.9 cm, H. 1 cm. 4. Amber eight-shape bead. type tm 471d. dm. 1 cm, H. 1 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 66 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 15-17BD At ca 0.45 m aligned NW-Se, rectangular 1.9×0.8 m outline of grave pit. ca 0.4 m lower down, outline of small ca  1.4×0.4  m log coffin disturbed on N side, with rectangular S end. At N end of coffin, flattened cranium and mandible, no other remains of inhumation. over cranium, bronze brooch. Infans II. Inventory (Pl. XXVi):  1.  Bronze S-bow brooch, round-sectioned bow with crests on head and foot. type close to A.V.110. l. 3.1 cm, B. 1.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iB. Grave 67 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 15-18C Within yellow natural sand, at ca 0.55 m, concentration of sherds and small quantity of burnt bones next to which, flat stone which originally covered the urn. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XXVii): 1. reconst. pottery vessel. Wheel coiling technique31. Vase-like form, with separate rim and base. exterior dull, grey-orange-red, with black patches, partly worn away. Well fired body. on upper body, sinuous line between two cordons. type Schindler group Vii, type

30

typological description acc. to r. Wołągiewicz (1993, 188). Technique of execution designated after P. M. Rice (1987, 127–128).

31

40 Weklice acc. to Natuniewicz. rdm. 20 cm, Bddm. 25 cm, Bdm. 10 cm, H. 21.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 68 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 15-18C, 16-18A Below the arable, at ca 0.55 m, overturned flattened and fragmented by ploughing, urn (Pl. XXVii). Among sherds, cluster of cremated bones. No discernible pit outline. Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Sherds from vase-like vessel. dark brown, smoothed. ornament of three horizontal furrows. type probably rW iV. Chronology: stadium iiiA (?).

of grave 95). In situ, basal sherd from the same urn with rest of cremation. outline of pit not detected. Male  (?), adultus. Inventory (Pl. XXXii): 1. reconst. pottery vessel with two handles. dark brown, in places orange-brown, exterior rough, with uneven patches, mostly below; interior cursorily smoothed. temper of medium-grained crushed stone (>3 mm). unevenly fired in oxidising conditions, friable and exfoliating. type rW ii. rdm. 16.9 cm, Bddm. 22.5 cm, Bdm. 9.7 cm, H. 22.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA.

Grave 72 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 14-19D, 14-20C, 15-19B, 15-20A Next to edge of sand extraction pit within disturbed fill, substantially fragmented remains of skeleton. Within undisturbed N end of grave pit at ca 0.4 m, cranium resting on right side, fragments of mandible and long bones next to which, two stones. By the mandible, bronze brooch. Female, maturus, ca 165–167 cm. Inventory (Pl. XXiX): 1. Bronze brooch, with a crest on the foot and bow, and angular upper bow. type close to A.iV.72. l. 6.2 cm, B. 4.8 cm. Chronology: stadium iB.

Grave 74 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 15-19AC At ca 0.6 m aligned N-S, indistinct pit outline, 0.2 m below recognised as sub-rectangular 2.3×0.8  m outline within which, traces of log coffin. At S end of pit, rectangular 35×30 cm outline of wooden container (no metal mounts) within which, spindlewhorl (27). At coffin bottom in N area of pit in disturbed arrangement, humeral bones, forearm bone fragments together with tibiae. Nearby, scattered arm bones and a rib. other bones were not found. Within disturbed fill interspersed with bone remains, three brooches (1–3) and 17 glass and 6 amber beads (4–26). Female, late maturus, ca 154–156 cm. Inventory (Pl. XXXi): 1.2. 2 bronze spring-cover brooches. Between engraved lengthwise lines in imitation of filigree, triangle and ring motif. on foot terminal, zigzag. type close to A.ii.38/40-41. l. 3.9 cm, B. 3.6 and 3.2 cm. 3. iron crest-headed brooch fragment, with cylinder, laid with silver foil stamped with herringbone pattern. type close to A.V.130. Surviving l. 2.8 cm, B. 3 cm. 4. glass barrel bead, plain glass with gold foil. type tm 387a. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 5–17.  13 glass barrel beads, opaque red. type tm  12. dm. 1–1.4 cm, H. 1–1.4 cm. 18. glass barrel bead, opaque white. type tm 6. dm. 1 cm, H. 1 cm. 19. glass barrel bead, opaque red base with horizontal decorative band in yellow, black and white. type tm 287b. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 20. glass barrel bead, opaque green base with horizontal decorative band in red and yellow. type tm 286b. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 21. Amber barrel bead. type tm 394. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1 cm. 22.23. 2 amber annular beads, asymmetric. type tm 389. dm. 1.7 and 2 cm, max. H. 0.5 and 0.7 cm. 24. Amber disc bead with 5 drilled pits. type close to tm 430. dm. 2.3 cm, H. 0.4 cm. 25.26. 2 amber disc beads. type close to tm 439. dm. 2.3 and 2.1 cm, H. 0.8 and 1 cm. 27. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. H. 1.4 cm, dm. 3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic.

Grave 73 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 15-19C At ca 0.4 m, disturbed by ploughing, urn sherds and burnt human remains. upper vessel body spread by ploughing over a radius of several score centimetres (sherds from the same vessel occurred in W area of grave 81 and in e area

Grave 75 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 15-19D Below the arable, at ca  0.25  m in disturbed context, fragments of upper cranium, left humerus. At 0.1  m lower down, aligned NNW-SSe, bottom of rectangular 1.8×0.8 m grave pit. Fill of sand and clay rich saturated

Grave 69 (inhumation in log coffin, robbed) Sq 15-17C At ca 0.5 m aligned NW-Se disturbed on NW side by gravel face subsidence, approximately rectangular 2.4×0.65  m outline of grave pit with central area disturbed by robber trench of unspecified dimensions. ca 0.4 m lower down, indistinct outline of log coffin damaged during robbery (Pl. XXiX). in N area of pit, undisturbed cranium, mandible and fragment of left humerus. No other remains of inhumation or inventory. Male, maturus. Inventory: none. Chronology: ? Number 70 (Free) Grave 71 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 15-18C Below the arable, at ca 0.35 m within yellow sand without pit outline, concentration of greatly fragmented burnt bones and several small sherds (Pl. XXiX). Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Sherds. dark brown, smoothed. Badly fired, friable. Chronology: ?

41 with orange-red iron oxides within which, irregular rectangle of clayey earth with hardpan precipitates in quantity, interpreted as traces of organic material (cloth?) lining pit bottom. in undisturbed anatomical arrangement, cranium, left femur, both tibiae and fibulae, bones of left foot of extended supine burial. Next to cranium, hooked pin (4), moving down the body, spindlewhorl (5). At hip, belt buckle (2) and glass bead (3), within disturbed fill, silver brooch (1) and glass vessel fragment (6). grave 75 cut into pit of grave 83 dug to a  lower level. Male, maturus, ca 176–178 cm. Inventory (Pl. XXXiii): 1. Silver crossbow tendril brooch, angular facetted bow. type A.Vi.162. l. 5 cm, B. 2.6 cm. 2. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivets. type close to ml e12. l. 4.1 cm, B. 2.6 cm. 3. glass cubooctohedral bead, translucent dark blue. type close to tm 126. B. 0.4 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 4. Silver hooked pin, plain shaft. l. 2.6 cm. 5. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. H. 1.6 cm, dm. 3 cm. 6. glass vessel fragment, transparent pale green. type undefined. l. 1.8 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 76 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 15-19D, 16-19B Below the arable, at ca 0.35 m within sand compacted into hardpan with numerous small stones, parallel smudges of decomposed wood. At lower level, disturbed by ploughing, traces of two log coffins placed parallel to each other. coffin on the W recorded as grave 76, on the e side  –  as grave 80. Aligned NNW-SSe, its e fragment intruding on W edge of grave 80, rectangular ca 2.2×1.9 m pit outline of grave 76 within which, 1.9×0.3 m log coffin, tapering to N end, at an angle in relation to longer axis of pit. S end of pit and edge of coffin cut by urn grave 77. Within coffin largely lost to ploughing, skeletal remains: fragment of femur and undetermined bones next to which, bronze belt buckle (1) and, closer to grave 77, bronze strap end (2). Within disturbed fill, 2 amber pendants (6, 7), beads: 1 glass (3), 2 amber (4, 5). Bones undefined. Inventory (Pl. XXXiii, ccXliii:14): 1. Bronze bipartite buckle with buckle plate, with two rivets. type close to ml e10. l. 4.7 cm, B. 2.7 cm. 2. Bronze strap end, profiled ring terminal, long tip. on upper face, row of jabbed dots. type close to r J.ii.3. l. 7.7 cm. 3. glass cubooctohedral bead, opaque black. type tm 134. H. 1.2 cm, B. 0.6 cm. 4.5.  2 amber barrel beads. type tm  390. dm. 0.7 and 0.6  cm, H.  0.6 and 0.5  cm. 6.  Amber eight-shape bead. Narrow hole drilled from bottom up. type close to tm 465. max. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 2.2 cm. 7. Amber pendant, miniature horn or fang; part of pendant with suspension hole separated from the rest by a groove. incomplete. Atypical. l. ca 2 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA.

Grave 77 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 15-19D, 16-19B overlying edge of pit of grave 76, at ca 0.3 m, broken urn (2) disturbed by ploughing: interspersed with upper body sherds and over base of urn resting in situ, concentration of burnt bones within which, fragments of bone comb (1). Male (?), adultus. Inventory (Pl. XXXii): 1. 3 bone comb fragments, retaining two rivet holes and one iron rivet. on comb plate, two horizontal grooves. type Thomas Bi. l. 3.8, 2.7 and 2.8 cm. 2. Pottery vessel, asymmetric. dark orange-brown, with darker brown patches. cursorily smoothed upper body (neck and rim) and above base, middle body finely roughened. Abundant temper of fine- and medium-grained crushed stone, unevenly fired in oxidising conditions. type rW id. rdm. 16.5 cm, Bddm. 21.2 cm, Bdm. 9.4 cm, H. 18.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 78 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-19B e of grave 77 at ca  0.35  m spread by the plough over several score centimetres, sherds and cremation remains from broken urn with three stones in NW area containing darker coal-black fill. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XXiX): 1. reconst. upper part of pottery vessel, vase-like form with everted rim; at neck and body junction, cordon. exterior black, smoothed; interior dark brown, cursorily smoothed. Very fine-grained sandy temper; fired in oxidising conditions, very friable and exfoliating. Several score other sherds from the same vessel. type rW iV. rdm. 20 cm, surviving H. 9 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Feature 79 (modern cut feature) Sq 16-19AB Below the arable, S of grave 82, irregular sub-oval ca 2×0.9  m outline of pit with substantially disturbed fill. Not documentated by drawings. At bottom, ca 1 m lower down interspersed with modern rubbish, fragments of mandible, teeth and other bones over a bucket pendant, presumably from inhumation destroyed by modern activity. Male, adultus. Inventory (Pl. XXiX, ccXli:6): 1. Bronze bucket pendant, cylindrical, silver strap “handle” decorated with beaded wire, two horizontal “coops” of silver filigree. Suspension loop and pendant bottom attached with solder under the top and bottom coop respectively. type close to Beilke-Voigt iA. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1.8 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 80 (inhumation in log coffin, robbed) Sq 15-19D, 16-19B grave pit adjacent on its W side to grave 76 found partly under its edge; disturbed by ploughing, outline of log coffin; only at ca 0.45 m aligned N-S, rectangular ca 2.5×1.3 m outline of grave pit with rounded corners confined on all

42 sides by 10–15 cm wide shallow trench extending to bottom of grave pit (Pl. XXX). dug into natural pale yellow sand it was filled with clay mixed with a great quantity of small fragments of stone, forming a sort of a compacted wall of the grave chamber within which, at pit bottom, 2.2×0.55 m log coffin with rounded corners set close to W wall of the chamber. inside coffin, skeleton evidently disturbed and robbed presumably still during antiquity. in N area of coffin, three fragments of left humerus next to which, silver pin. Male, adultus. Inventory (Pl. XXiX): 1. Silver pin, ring head, tip broken off. type Beckmann 133. Surviving l. 5.3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 81 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 15-19CD At ca 0.4 m disturbed on W side by urn grave 73 deposited on the same level, ca  2.2×0.8  m outline of grave pit (Pl. XXXiX). like no. 73 this grave also had lost its upper level to ploughing. At pit bottom, very small fragments of upper cranium and other remains of inhumation. No grave inventory detected. S end of grave pit intruded on pit of grave 82. Bones missing. Inventory: none. Chronology: later than stadium iVA (see grave 82). Grave 82 (inhumation in expanded log boat coffin) Sq 15-19CD discerned at ca  0.55  m aligned NW-Se, rectangular 2.7×0.85 m outline of grave pit, its N area cut by overlying graves 73 and 81. on Se side of pit, rectangular 0.65×0.40 m niche. At 0.7 m, distinct outline of wooden coffin: 2.1×0.45 m expanded log boat nearly half-round in cross-section, slightly flattened, with cut off stern and bow. Slight asymmetry of sides (more apparent from e side) and flattening of the hull under the weight of the overlying deposit presumably was caused by removal of horizontal timbers of the boat to make room for inhumation. Boat outline legible from well preserved layer of decomposed wood with slender resinous black layer interpreted as caulking. The boat rested consistently with incline of the slope slightly tilted S, the difference of level between bow and stern of more than 0.5 m. Within coffin, poorly preserved skeleton, extended supine (Pl. ccXXiV:1), head turned right: upper cranium next to which, teeth, in anatomical arrangement, diaphyses of humeral bones, femurs, tibiae and bones of the feet. Next to mandible, over right femur, silver brooch (1) and bone comb fragment (7), next to femur proximal, bronze buckle (2) and moving down the body, bronze strap end (3). By the feet, two bronze spurs (4, 5). outside coffin within the niche on the same level as skeleton, two pottery vessels (8, 9), one holding intact glass cup (10) (Pl. ccXXiV:1). Next to vessels, bone comb (6). Male, late maturus. Inventory (Pl. XXXiV, XXXV, ccXXXiX:6, ccXlV:1):  1.  Silver crossbow tendril brooch. Facetted uniformly

arched plano-convex bow. on bow and end of foot single rings of coiled beaded wire. on head two rings of beaded wire. on spring terminals, knobs atop coiled beaded wire. type A.Vi.162. l. 4.2 cm, B. 2.7 cm. 2. Bronze bipartite buckle with buckle plate, with two rivets. type ml d17. l. 3 cm, B. 3.6 cm. 3. Bronze strap end, terminal with biconical knob, plain round-sectioned tip, expanded attachment end. type close to r o.11. l. 5.7 cm. 4.5. 2 bronze heel-band spurs. Sheet heel-band tapering to conical grips. conical prick attached to a cylindrical shaft. Base of prick decorated of imitation of filigree. type close to ginalski F3/F4. Heel-band span 7.7 and 8 cm, l. of prick 2.4 cm. 6.  Bone three-layer comb. incomplete plate and teeth. on side plates, design of short diagonal lines. type close to Thomas i, decorative motif c. H.  3.7  cm, surviving l. 7.4 cm. 7. Bone three-layer comb fragment: eroded grip with bronze rivets. type Thomas i. Surviving H. 1.4 cm, surviving l. 5.4 cm. 8. Pottery biconical vessel. dark brown, smoothed. type rW XViiiB. rdm. 9 cm, Bddm. 11.8 cm, Bdm. 4.8 cm, H. 7.6 cm. 9. reconst. pottery vessel. dark brown, smoothed. type rW ViB. rdm. 14.2 cm, Bddm. 18.2 cm, Bdm. 7.3 cm, H. 13.6 cm. 10. glass beaker. everted rim, rolled lip, ring base. Asymmetric. glass thread applied in sinuous linear pattern drooping at the curves. in fine condition, pale yellow-green transparent glass, decorative thread of the same colour. internal structure of glass diagonal with many streaks and air bubbles. manufactured by blowing into a mould with rotation. type Weklice acc. to Stawiarska. rdm. 10 cm, Bddm. 9.3 cm, Bdm. 3.5 cm, H. 6.8 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 83 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 15-19BD Below grave 75 at ca  0.7  m, outline of large 2.5×1.1  m grave pit rounded at N, rectangular at S end. At ca 1.1 m, distinct outline of 1.7×0.35  m log coffin with rounded ends, half-round in cross-section; smudges of decomposed wood observed above the level of inhumation suggest the presence of a lid – from the other section of log, or more likely, made of rough planks which with time collapsed into the coffin. inside, poorly preserved extended supine inhumation, head turned right, arms extended down the body. to the right of cranium, bronze brooch. Male, adultus, ca 168–170 cm. Inventory (Pl. XXX, ccXXXiV:2): 1. Bronze knee brooch, with rows in imitation of filigree along the bow and on edges of the “elbow” and head. type close to A.V.132 with features seen in A.V.137. l. 4.3 cm, B. 2.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB. Grave 84 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 15-19B At ca  0.5  m, aligned N-S, indistinct sub-rectangular ca 2.4×1 m outline of grave pit disturbed by cut feature associated with sand extraction. on W margin, two distinct

43 postholes (dm. 25 and 28 cm) extending below grave bottom level with orange-red sandy fill. regular outline detected at ca 0.8 m directly above skeleton disturbed in chest area by the cut feature. Within pit, distinct traces of mouldered log coffin, better preserved in its S area, 0.6 m wide, with rounded end and half-round cross-section. in N area of pit on its right side, flattened cranium and mandible. Arm bones, clavicles and ribs in chaotic arrangement. in anatomical arrangement, bones of pelvis, legs and feet, implying inhumation placed on its right side; right femur over left femur, both legs flexed. Among bones of the torso, glass and amber beads (3–17), near pelvis, iron belt buckle and strap end (1, 2). Above cranium, legible outline of wooden ca 23×17 cm casket with fragments of iron bracket mounts (28–30). outside casket outline, iron lock mount (27), within, needle and spindlewhorl (25, 26). in its Se area grave pit overlay grave 90. Female, adultus (?), ca 162–164 cm, and bones of a foetus. Inventory (Pl. XXXVii): 1. iron bipartite belt buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivets. Buckle frame retaining textile impression. corroded. type close to ml d17. l. 3.9 cm, B. 3.1 cm. 2. iron strap end, wedge-shaped, stubby tip, expanded attachment end with one rivet. eroded type r J.V. l. 5 cm. 3–11. 9 glass segmented beads, dark green, of three segments (4), two segments (3) and one segment (2). type tm 94. dm. ca 0.3 cm, H. 0.3–1 cm. 12. glass barrel bead, opaque white. type tm 6. dm. 0.8 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 13–16. 4 glass barrel beads, opaque orange. type tm 10. dm. 0.7–0.8  cm, H.  ca 0.9  cm. 17.  glass melon bead, transparent blue. type close to tm  162. dm. 1.6  cm, H. 1.4 cm. 18–24. 7 amber annular beads, asymmetric. type tm 388-389. dm. 0.5–1.1 cm, H. 0.3–0.6 cm. 25. Bronze needle. l. 7.8 cm. 26. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, black. H. 1.6 cm, dm. 3.4 cm. 27. iron lock mount, rectangular, in 2 fragments, incomplete, rivet separately. one fragment with round opening for the key. type Kokowski 2. l. 3.6 cm, B. ca 2.2 cm, l. of rivet 1.2 cm. 28–30. 3 iron bracket casket mounts of rectangular-sectioned rod. corroded. l. 2, 2.3 and 2.3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 85 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 15-19C Within pure sand at ca 0.5 m without apparent pit outline, disturbed by ploughing, fissured urn (4) its broken stone lid forced inside, half-filled with burnt human bones among which, partly melted brooch (1) and bronze bracelets (2, 3). Adultus. Inventory (Pl. XXXViii, ccXliV:1):  1.  Bronze spring-cover brooch. type A.ii.40-41. l.  3.4  cm, B.  3.2  cm. 2.3.  2 bronze matching Schlangenkopf bracelets. open ended hoop plano-convex in cross-section. one bracelet incomplete. type Wójcik iiA. dm. 6.4 and 6.2 cm, B. of plano-convex terminals ca 1.6 cm. 4. Pottery vessel. exterior black, interior dark brown, both smoothed. temper

of fine-grained crushed stone and sand. Below rim, deep engraved line, at neck and body junction, broad cordon engraved with herringbone alternating with two rows of dots. type rW iVB. rdm. 22 cm, Bddm. 32.5 cm, Bdm. 14 cm, H. 25 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 86 (inhumation in log coffin, robbed) Sq 15-19D, 16-19B At ca 0.6 m aligned N-S, long sub-rectangular ca 2.6×0.9 m outline of grave pit with rounded ends its central area lost to oval outline of robber trench sunk to the level of inhumation. centrally within pit at an angle to its main axis, outline of 2×0.45 m log coffin with rounded ends and half-round in cross-section, its sides not disturbed by robber trench which suggests it was broken into soon after funeral before log coffin had time to decompose. disturbed upper skeleton included fragments of upper cranium and bones of the chest. legs of the feet in anatomical arrangement, flexed to the left implying inhumation placed on its left side. At the chest in disturbed arrangement, 25 glass beads (3, 4, 6–9) and 5 amber beads and 1 pendant (10–15), silver ring (16) and hooked pin (18). By the knees, presumably originally inside casket or organic container of unknown outline but indicated by presence of casket mount (20), silver brooch (1), bone comb (17), miniature pottery vessel (21) and spindlewhorl (19) with glass bead (5) by it. Next to left knee, bronze strap end (2). The pit of this inhumation intruded on grave 91, and was disturbed at its S end by urn grave 87. Male (?), maturus. Inventory (Pl. XXXVi, ccXliii:17):  1.  Silver crossbow tendril brooch with false spring (separate preserved). Facetted angular plano-convex bow. on surviving spring terminal and head, knob set on a coil of beaded wire. type A.Vi.168. l. 4.6 cm, surviving B. 1.8 cm, l. of separated spring fragment 2  cm. 2.  Bronze strap end, heavy terminal with central globular knob, long round-sectioned tip. Fan-shaped attachment end with one incomplete rivet (only the rivet shaft survives). type r o.15. l.  6.4  cm. 3.4.  2 glass melon beads, translucent dark blue. type tm 163. dm. 1.3 and 1.4 cm, H. 1 cm. 5. glass cylindrical bead, on opaque white base decorative band in yellow with central curvilinear motif in red and brown. type close to tm 361. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1.8 cm. 6. glass cylindrical bead, opaque white base with decorative band in yellow and navy blue. type close to tm 312. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 1.9 cm. 7.8. 21 glass biconical beads, translucent dark blue. type close to tm 58. dm. 0.6–0.9 cm, H. 0.4–0.7 cm. 9. glass miniature bead, orange. type tm 53. dm. 0.4 cm. 10. Amber annular bead. type tm 388. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 0.5 cm. 11. Amber disc bead. type close to tm 439. dm. 1.9 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 12–14. 3 amber eight-shape beads, with collar. type close to tm 471a. H. 1.6, 1.8 and 1.9 cm. 15. Amber axe pendant, rectangular in cross-section. Atypical.

44 H. 2.3 cm, max. B. 1.8 cm. 16. Silver ring. type Beckmann 16. dm. 2.6  cm. 17.  Bone three-layer comb. on heavily worn side plates, faint ornament of engraved lines bordering the grip. incomplete. type thomas i.  Surviving H. 4.8 cm, l. 10.8 cm. 18. Bronze hooked pin, plain shaft. l.  3.6  cm. 19.  clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. H. 2.2 cm, dm. 3.9 cm. 20. iron bracket casket mount, strip of sheet folded into a rectangle. incomplete. l. 3.8 cm, B. 3.3 cm. 21. Pottery miniature vessel. dark brown, smoothed. Sparse temper of crushed stone. type rW XViiA. rdm. 4.2 cm, Bddm. 5.8 cm, Bdm. 4.3 cm, H. 5.7 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 87 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19B Below the arable, at ca 0.4 m, sherds and burnt bones. lower down, in situ, vessel bottom (2) containing burnt bones next to which, spindlewhorl (1). grave 87 cut into S end of pit of grave 86 (Pl. XXXVi). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XXXV):  1.  clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. H. 3.6 cm, dm. 4 cm. 2. reconst. upper part of pottery vessel. medium to dark brown. upper body below neck with vertical marks of trailing with fingers smoothing. type rW i. rdm. 16.4 cm. Bddm. 19.7 cm. Chronology: stadium V (?) (see grave 86). Grave 88 (inhumation) Sq 15-19C Within yellow sand, at ca  0.5  m, aligned NW-Se, sub-rectangular ca  1.8×0.9  m outline with dark fill rich in hardpan. At N end of grave pit, human teeth next to which, two bronze brooches (1, 2), spindlewhorl (7), amber bead (5), miniature vessel (8). moving north, as if above the head, bronze needle (6). centrally within pit, two bronze bracelets (3, 4). No other remains of skeleton. Female (?). Inventory (Pl. Xl, ccXXXVii:1.2): 1. Bronze crest-headed brooch with narrow round-sectioned S-shaped bow. type close to A.V.120. l. 3.2 cm, B. 2.5 cm. 2. Bronze brooch with cylinder and two crests on the bow. on cylinder and one face of catchplate, design of angled lines. type close to A.iV.72. l. 7.3 cm, B. 4.8 cm. 3.4. 2 bronze matching rod bracelets, oval in cross-section. type Natuniewicz 1. dm. 6.7  cm. 5.  Amber barrel bead. type tm  394. dm. 1  cm, H.  0.7  cm. 6.  Bronze needle. missing top section (with eye) and tip. Surviving l. 8.1 cm. 7. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, black. H. 2.6 cm, dm. 3.6 cm. 8. Pottery vessel with a  separated rim and angular shoulder. dark brown with lighter patches, smooth and glossy. temper of fine-grained crushed stone. type rW Xiiic. rdm. 7.2 cm, Bddm. 7.8 cm, Bdm. 3.5 cm, H. 6.3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 89 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 14-19CD, 15-19AB detected in the face of sand pit in N area of site, at ca 0.5 m, fragment of grave pit, its e part lost entirely to sand extraction. At level of detection, aligned e-W, small ca 1×0.7 m

fragment of grave pit bottom within which, oriented W leaning left, fragmented cranium and fragments of left humerus. under mandible, bronze brooch. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XXXiX, ccXXXV:4):  1.  Bronze brooch with spring covered by half-cylinder and expanded head, crests on bow and foot decorated with imitation filigree. on spring, impression of textile in plain weave. type close to A.iV.72. l. 5.1 cm, B. 3.8 cm. Chronology: stadium iA/iB. Grave 90 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 15-19BD At ca 0.4 m, aligned N-S, indistinct outline of grave pit cut at its N end by grave 84. its full 2.6×1.1 m outline was exposed only at 0.65 m. At ca 0.8 m within pit outline positioned obliquely to the axis of the grave, ie, aligned NW-Se, contour of 1.9×0.45 m log coffin within which, supine inhumation, cranium leaning lightly right, palms with fingers interlaced resting on pelvis, legs extended. Next to right arm, bronze brooch (1), under mandible, second smaller brooch (2) accompanied by S-clasp (6). left of cranium, by temple, bronze needle fragment (7). on bones of both forearms, bracelets (3, 4), on left area of pelvis, belt buckle (5). drawn documentation of this grave is now lost. Female, adultus. Inventory (Pl. Xli): 1. Bronze spring-cover brooch. type A.ii.38. l. 5.2 cm, B. 4.3 cm. 2. Bronze spring-cover brooch, on spring covers, crest and foot terminal, horizontal engraved lines, on upper bow – vertical lines. type close to A.ii.38. l.  3  cm, B.  2.2  cm. 3.4.  2 bronze matching rod bracelets, oval in cross-section, ornamented with rings in groups of two and three. on terminals, motif of engraved triangles with rows of dots along edges. type Natuniewicz 2. dm. 5.7  cm. 5.  iron unipartite buckle with half-round frame. type ml d1. l. 3.3 cm, B. 4.2 cm. 6. Silver S-clasp of plain wire. on terminals, conical knobs. At centre, expanded biconical section. type v. müller d. l. 1.6 cm. 7. Bronze needle in 2 fragments, top section with eye broken off. Surviving l. 7.8 cm. Chronology: stadium iB/iiA. Grave 91 (inhumation) Sq 15-19D underlaid and cut in its W area by grave 86, shifted in relation to it ca 0.5 m to the e, aligned N-S, long sub-rectangular 2.5×0.85 m outline of grave pit its fill destroyed down to 0.7 m (Pl. XXXiX). At 0.8 m, largely complete skeleton, head as if propped up to vertical position, arms extended down the body, palms resting on hips; left leg resting over the right (Pl. ccXXiii:4). Male, maturus, ca 178–179 cm. Inventory: none. Chronology: earlier than stadium V (see grave 86). Grave 92 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 15-19C, 16-19A Below the arable, at ca  0.45  m within pale yellow sand, aligned N-S, faint ca 1.8 m smudge of yellow-grey soil. At its N end, silver pin (1) and glass bead (2), and substantially

45 fragmented bones interpreted as remains of inhumation destroyed by ploughing. By S end of outline, concentration of cremated bones recorded as grave 93. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. Xli): 1. Silver pin, half-round head engraved with a  linear design. Beckmann group iii, type Weklice acc. to Juga-Szymańska. l. 4.9 cm. 2. glass melon bead, translucent dark blue. type tm 163. dm. 1.5 cm, H. 1 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 93 (Pit cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-19A in S area of pit of grave 92, ca  0.3×0.2  m, 0.1  m deep, patch of grey soil within which, concentration of greatly fragmented burnt bones (Pl. Xli). Bones missing. Inventory: none. Chronology: stadium iiiB or later (see grave 92). Grave 94 (inhumation, robbed?) Sq 15-19BD At ca 0.6 m poorly legible outline of grave pit disturbed in Ne area by intrusion from pit of grave 83. At ca 0.85, aligned NNW-SSe, full sub-rectangular 2.1×0.9 m outline. ca 0.15 m lower down, within variegated fill compacted into hardpan, poorly preserved extended supine inhumation, legs slightly to the left, arms extended down the body (Pl. Xli). Bones of chest, pelvis, feet and vertebrae, missing. No elements of grave inventory implying robbery of this grave before establishing grave 83. under skeleton, thin layer of dark grey clayey earth with many darker patches, interpreted tentatively as remains of organic material (cloth?) lining the pit bottom. Bones missing. Inventory: none. Chronology: earlier than stadium iiB (see grave 83). Grave 95 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 15-19C NW of grave 82 and in adjacent on its e side with pit of urn grave 73, at bottom of sand extraction pit (visible on S side), at ca 0.4 m, aligned NNW-SSe, ca 1×0.7 m bottom of grave pit. Within sand with ferruginous precipitates standing out against the surrounding natural, incomplete and flattened remains of cranium and mandible and, in its original position, right humerus. on opposite side of pit, bear claw pendant. other elements of grave inventory presumably lost to sand extraction. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XXX): 1. Bronze pendant-amulet, bear claw in a sleeve of bronze sheet with suspension loop fixed on axle driven through the sleeve and a hole drilled in the claw. Surviving H. 3.5 cm, B. 2.6 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 96 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 15-19BD e of pit of grave 90 several centimetres from its margin and adjacent on e side to grave 259, aligned N-S, rectangular 1.9×0.9 m outline of grave pit cut in its Ne corner by grave 97. centrally within pit, distinct outline of robber trench. Next to the longer sides of pit, postholes, similar traces by

Ne and SW corner, all with a diameter of ca 35 cm and extending to the depth of 0.35–0.4  m from recognised outline; tapering to the bottom. Sunk to the grave bottom, robber trench destroyed the burial except for its N end, where in situ, resting on its right side, cranium; mandible discovered in upper fill of robber trench (Pl. ccXXiV:3). Above cranium, distinct outline of 23×16  cm wooden casket within which, iron lock mount. lumps of rust observed within the same outline interpreted as traces of other caskets mounts. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. Xlii): 1. iron rectangular casket lock mount, with two round openings for the key and rivets at the corners. type Kokowski 2. l. 6 cm, max. B. 2.8 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB. Grave 97 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 15-19B At ca 0.6 m aligned N-S, rectangular 2.75×0.95 m outline of grave pit. At ca 0.9 m, log coffin, l. 2.5 m, max. B. 0.45 m, tapering to ca 0.25 m; half-round in cross-section. Within coffin, dark yellow sand distinct from red sandy and clay fill of grave pit. inside coffin, largely complete extended supine skeleton, head propped up so that the cranium was nearly vertical, arms extended down the body (Pl. ccXXV:1). By right temple, bronze needle (7), under mandible and next to left clavicle two bronze brooches (1 and 2 respectively), over ribs on the left side, S-clasp (6), on both arms, bronze bracelets (3, 4). Next to pelvis, iron belt buckle fragments (5). The pit of this grave intruded on Ne corner of grave 96. Female, early maturus. Inventory (Pl. Xliii): 1.2. 2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches, multiple engraved lines in imitation of filigree, stamped ring motif. type A.ii.38. l. 4 and 4.2 cm, B. 3.8 and 3.6 cm. 3.4. 2 bronze matching rod bracelets, oval in cross-section. type Natuniewicz 1. dm. 6.9 and 7.1 cm. 5. iron unipartite buckle, with half-round frame, in two fragments. type ml  d1. l.  prior to conservation 6  cm, B. 5.1 cm. 6. Bronze S-clasp of plain wire. terminals hammered flat and folded into a spiral shape. type v. müller A. l. 1.8 cm. 7. Bronze needle. top end with eye broken off. Surviving l. 6.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiA/iiB. Grave 98 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19B Below the arable, at ca 0.35 m within disturbed context, spread over an area with 1  m radius, scatter of sherds, several burnt bones and a small number of charcoal fragments. in N area of concentration, vessel base and lower body sherds interpreted as original place of deposition of urn. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. Xlii): 1. Body sherd from vase-like vessel. Black, smoothed, engraved with vertical herringbone between two lines. Badly fired, friable. Several score other sherds from the same vessel. type probably rW iV. Chronology: stadium iiiA (?).

46 Grave 99 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19A Below the arable, at ca 0.35 m, within disturbed context, concentration of sherds and burnt bones interpreted as redeposited remains of destroyed urn grave. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. Xli):  1.  Sherds. dark brown, smoothed. Friable and exfoliating. Chronology: ? Grave 100 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-19B At 0.4 m within pure sand, partly disturbed by ploughing and resting on its side, pottery handled pot containing burnt bones. Below this vessel, 0.2 m lower down, outline of inhumation grave 137. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. Xlii):  1.  Pottery handled vessel. dark to light brown. two intentional perforations on the body. type rW XVc. rdm. 7.5 cm, Bddm. 9.5 cm, Bdm. 4.5 cm, H. 7.6 cm. Chronology: later than stadium iiA (see grave 137). Grave 101 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 16-18B Within natural sand at ca 0.5 m, aligned N-S, poorly legible irregular grey outline, bottom of 2.1×0.8 m grave pit disturbed by ploughing within which, buckle plate (1), glass bead (2), in SW area, inverted vessel (4) and spindlewhorl (3). under the vessel, poorly preserved fragments of pelvis and bones of forearms. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XliV): 1. Bronze rectangular buckle plate. l. 1.7 cm, B. 3 cm. 2. glass barrel bead, opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 0.9 cm. 3. clay spindlewhorl, cylindrical, yellow-dark brown. H. 2.6 cm, dm. 3.2 cm. 4. Pottery vessel. Brown, cursorily smoothed, below shoulder, three rows of finger impressions. type rW XaA. rdm. 16.2 cm, Bddm. 16 cm, Bdm. 8.4 cm, H. 8 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA (?). Grave 102 (inhumation in log coffin, destroyed) Sq 16-19B At ca  0.6  m within yellow sand slightly darker than the natural, N area of rectangular grave pit within which, blurred contour of log coffin its S end lost to grave 150. Within bottom fill of grave pit (> 0.15 m), below scattered fragments of urn no. 147 but ca 0.2 m above the level of burial in grave 150, on margin of its cut feature, redeposited casket lock spring (3), amber bead (2) and 0.3 m away, silver brooch (1), all interpreted as inventory of grave 102. remains of skeleton not detected. Inventory (Pl. XlV):  1.  Silver spring-cover brooch. richly decorated with triangle and ring motif, lines in imitation of filigree, on upper cover of spring, engraved diagonal lines. High and diagonally set catchplate. type A.ii.40-41. l. 4.1 cm, B. 3.7 cm. 2. Amber disc bead. type close to tm 439. dm. 2.6 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 3. iron casket lock spring, round-sectioned bit, flat ribbon-like shaft. l. 9.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB.

Grave 103 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19B At ca 0.4 m, sub-circular compact concentration of sherd and burnt bones lost to ploughing, outside which upright fissured vessel base with cremation remains. This grave overlaid in SW corner of grave 125. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XliV):  1.  reconst. upper part of pottery vessel, vase-like form. Black, glossy, exterior carefully smoothed engraved with four deep horizontal lines. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. type rW  iV. rdm. 22  cm, Bddm. 28 cm, surviving H. 10 cm. Chronology: later than stadium iiiB (see grave 125). Grave 103A (Pit cremation with remains of pyre) Sq 16-19B ca 0.2  m Se of grave 103, on the same level, oval ca 0.4×0.4 m pit outline rounded in cross-section (Pl. XliV). Within grey-yellow sandy fill, large quantity of burnt bones and charcoal. This grave overlaid in SW corner of inhumation pit of grave 125. Bones missing. Inventory: none. Chronology: later than stadium iiiB (see grave 125). Grave 104 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19A Below the arable, at ca 0.35 m, scattered sherds from urn and burnt bones, W of which, stone in two fragments interpreted as urn lid from urn grave destroyed by ploughing as indicated by a deep furrow cutting across the described feature. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. Xlii):  1.  Several score sherds. medium brown, smoothed. Badly fired, friable. Chronology: ? Grave 105 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-19B At ca 0.4 m disturbed by ploughing within any discernible pit outline, broken urn. At vessel bottom (2), spared by the plough, burnt bones and bronze chord from brooch (1). The burial occupied SW area of pit of inhumation grave 141. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. Xlii): 1. Bronze brooch chord fragment. Surviving l. 2.1 cm. 2. Several score sherds, one with fragment of handle. dark brown, smooth, roughened. Badly fired, friable. type probably rW ii. Chronology: stadium V (?) (see grave 141). Number 106 (Free) Grave 107 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 16-19A At ca  0.45  m aligned N-S with slight deflection W, rectangular 2.5×0.9 m outline of grave pit. At centre, distinct sub-circular outline of robber trench sunk to several centimetres below the grave bottom causing disturbance to skeleton and arrangement of grave inventory. At N end of trench, fragments of upper cranium, humerus and phalange next to which, 7 glass beads (3–9). At centre, strap end (2), at S end, concentration of burnt human bones presumably

47 from a destroyed cremation grave. outside N margin of pit, two stones and bronze brooch (1). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XlVi):  1.  Bronze crest-headed brooch; on head, zigzag motif; high oblique catchplate, tightly wound spring of multiple coils, incomplete. type A.V.126. l. 2.8 cm, surviving B. 1.5 cm. 2. Bronze strap end, terminal with biconical knob and round-sectioned profiled tip. on both sides of attachment end, three concentric rings of three in a triangular arrangement. type close to r o.11. l. 5.7 cm. 3. glass spherical bead, translucent navy blue. type tm 18. dm. 0.6 cm, H. 0.6 cm. 4–9. 6 glass miniature beads, opaque orange. type tm 53. dm. 0.25–0.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iic. Grave 108 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19A At ca 0.4 m within pure sand, half of urn filled with burnt bones Se of which, dislodged by ploughing, three stones originally covering the urn and shifted by ploughing (Pl. Xlii, ccXXV:3). Bones missing. Inventory:  1.  Several score small sherds from pottery bowl. Black, smoothed. on some body sherds, engraved herringbone between vertical lines. type probably rW Vi. Chronology: stadium iiiA (?). Grave 109 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19A At ca 0.5 m within the natural, aligned N-S, poorly legible sub-oval outline of grave pit with light grey sandy fill and charcoal fragments. centrally within pit between two clusters of sherds and cremated bones, two stones, interpreted as covers of destroyed urn (3). interspersed with sherds and bone, iron casket mount fragment (2), and half an amber bead (1). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XliV): 1. Amber annular bead, asymmetric, incomplete. type tm 389. dm. 2.3 cm, max. H. 1 cm. 2. iron bracket casket mount, partly melted. incomplete. l. 3 cm, B. 0.8 cm. 3. reconst. pottery vessel, with three small handles on upper body. exterior black and smoothed, interior dark brown and rough. on vessel shoulder, two cordons with an ornament of diagonally incised lines alternating at regular intervals with vertical cordons decorated with herringbone. Abundant sandy temper. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. type rW iVc. rdm. 23.2 cm, Bddm. 31 cm, Bdm. 12.7 cm, reconst. H. 26.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 110 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-19B At ca  0.45  m disturbed by ploughing, cluster of sherds mixed with burnt bones; also sub-circular dm. ca 0.3 m outline of pit, only ca 6 cm bottom level surviving. This grave intruded on the pit of inhumation grave 125, which in turn, intruded on grave 118. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. Xliii): 1. reconst. pottery vessel. exterior dark brown, cursorily smoothed upper body (neck and rim) and above base, middle body finely roughened. Abundant

temper of medium-grained crushed stone. type close to rW ic. reconst. Bddm. 20 cm, Bdm. 13 cm, H. 18.8 cm. Chronology: later than stadium iiiB (see grave 125). Grave 111/123AB (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19B 0.5 m NW of grave 110, on the same level, concentration of sherds (recorded as no. 111). Further sherds belonging to the same vessel scattered by the plough ca  0.1  m lower down, in two concentrations (nos 123A and 123B) by e margin of pit of inhumation grave 125, next to which, burnt bones. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XlVi):  1.  reconst. upper part of pottery vessel. light orange-brown, smoothed exterior, at shoulder, engraved vertical herringbone between two lines. on rim sherd, mark of broken off handle. type probably rW iV. reconst. rdm. 25.6 cm, reconst. Bddm. 31.2 cm, surviving H. 15.6 cm. Chronology: later than stadium iiiB (see grave 125). Number 112 (Free) Grave 113 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19A At ca 0.4 m within soil disturbed by ploughing, irregular scatter of small sherds and burnt bones (Pl. Xlii). This grave intruded on pit of inhumation grave 127. Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Several score sherds. light brown, smoothed. Badly fired, friable. Chronology: later than stadium iiiB (see grave 127). Grave 114 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19A Se of grave 113, at ca 0.45 m within pure sand, body and basal sherds next to which, burnt bones from grave lost to ploughing (Pl. Xlii). Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Several score sherds. dark brown, smoothed and moderately roughened. Badly fired, friable. Chronology: later than stadium iiiB (see grave 125). Grave 115 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-19A At ca 0.35–0.4 m within soil disturbed by ploughing, lower body of urn filled with burnt bones and some sherds from this vessel. outline of grave pit not detected. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XlVii): 1. reconst. pottery vessel. Wheel coiling technique. Vase-like form, with separate rim and base. exterior grey-orange-red with black patches, dull, partly worn away. on upper body, sinuous line between two cordons. type Schindler group Vii, type Weklice acc. to Natuniewicz. rdm. 20.5 cm, Bddm. 26.5 cm, Bdm. 9.7 cm, reconst. H. 21.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 116 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-19A At ca 0.2 m NW of grave 115, on the same level, truncated by the plough, lower body of urn (4) containing burnt

48 bones, clay spindlewhorl (3), glass bead (1) and lump of melted glass (2), presumably another bead. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XlVii): 1. glass cylindrical bead, transparent pale green with trailed pattern in red and white. type close to tm 304d. H. 3.7 cm, dm. 1 cm. 2. glass bead, transparent pale green. melted. type undefined. dm. ca 1.6 cm. 3. clay spindlewhorl, plano-convex, dark brown. on upper face, horizontal lines and groups of short intersecting lines. H. 2.4 cm, dm. 3.7 cm. 4. reconst. pottery vessel. Wheel coiling technique. Vase-like form, with separate rim and base. exterior dull, grey-orange-brown, with black patches, partly worn away. on upper body three cordons and single sinuous line. type Schindler group Vii, type Weklice acc. to Natuniewicz. rdm. 25.5 cm, reconst. Bddm. 26.5 cm, reconst. Bdm. 12.4 cm, reconst. H. 19.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 117 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-19A At ca 0.5 m within soil disturbed by ploughing, overturned flattened urn (2) next to which, burnt bones and nearby, bronze brooch (1). Scattered within a radius of several score centimetres, sherds from the same vessel. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XlVii): 1. Bronze spring-cover brooch. type close to A.ii.38/40-41. l. 4.2 cm, B. 3.4 cm. 2. Sherds. dark brown, smoothed. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 118 (inhumation-cremation?, disturbed) Sq 16-19B under inhumation grave 125 at more than 0.6 m, aligned N-S with some deflection W, sub-rectangular ca 2.1×0.85 m outline of grave pit. Better discernible in its N area, the outline was observed at the level of inhumation right above its bottom. Pit fill of sand and clay reddish coloured with patches of grey within which, two clusters of burnt human bones. on the same level in N area, unburnt fragmented upper cranium, and by e grave margin irregular scatter of poorly preserved fragments of unburnt mandible and teeth, fragments of arm bones next to which, scattered glass beads (4–15), amber bead (16), three bronze brooches (1–3) and hooked pin (17). closer to N end of, pit resting on its side, small pottery vessel (18). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XlViii): 1. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch. uniformly arched plano-convex bow. on spring terminals and head, knobs. type A.Vi.162. l.  5.1  cm, B.  2.4  cm. 2.  Bronze crossbow tendril brooch. Facetted uniformly arched plano-convex bow. on spring terminals and head, knobs. type A.Vi.162. l.  5.3  cm, B.  2.7  cm. 3.  Bronze crossbow brooch with closed catchplate. uniformly arched plano-convex bow. type A.Vi.170. l. 4.7 cm, B. 1.7 cm. 4–13.  10 glass miniature beads, opaque orange. type tm 53. dm. 0.4–0.6 cm. 14.15. 2 glass barrel beads, opaque green. type tm 8. dm. 0.9 and 1 cm, H. 0.8 and 0.6 cm. 16. Amber disc bead. type close to tm 430. dm. 1.9 cm, H. 0.6 cm. 17. Bronze hooked pin, tip broken off. Surviv-

ing l. 2.2 cm. 18. Pottery miniature vessel, tapering from broad base to narrow rim. Yellow-dark brown. Average temper of fine-grained crushed stone. rim damaged. type close to rW Xiic. rdm. 3 cm, Bddm. 5.7 cm, Bdm. 4.8 cm, H. 5.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA/iVB. Grave 119 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 16-19A At ca 0.55 m, intruding on NW fragment of inhumation grave no. 124, aligned NNW-SSe, rectangular 2.4×0.85 m outline of grave pit containing yellow-grey clayey sand with a  border of hardpan. centrally within pit, outline of curved log coffin, 2.05 m long, 0.35 and 0.48 m wide at rounded N and rectangular S end respectively, within which, incomplete inhumation: poorly preserved fragment of upper cranium, resting on its right side. moving down, incomplete silver brooch (1) its fragmented spring ca 0.2 m away at centre of grave, next to 5 amber beads (4–8). in S area of coffin, bronze buckle (2), outside coffin, bronze strap end (3). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XlViii, ccXliii:8):  1.  Silver crossbow tendril brooch with false spring. Facetted uniformly arched plano-convex bow. on spring terminals and head, knobs. type A.Vi.168. l. 4.1 cm, B. 4.3 cm. 2. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivets. type ml e12. l. 4.1 cm, B. 3.6 cm. 3. Bronze strap end, terminal with a round knob and round-sectioned tip. Attachment end with one large rivet with large half-round head. type r o.16. l. 4.9 cm. 4.5. 2 amber annular beads. type tm 388. dm. 0.7 and 0.8 cm, H. 0.4 and 0.6 cm. 6.7. 2 amber eight-shape beads with flat tops and two constrictions. type close to tm 476b. H. 1.8 and 1.9 cm. 8. Amber eight-shape bead with a single constriction. type tm 465. H. 1.2 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 120 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19A At ca 0.5 m cm in irregular arrangement, pottery concentration (2) and burnt bones among which, hooked pin fragment (1). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XlVii): 1. Bronze hooked pin, incomplete, twisted shaft. Surviving l.  2.4  cm. 2.  rim sherd. Black, burnished. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. Several score other sherds from the same vessel. type close to rW Vi. reconst. rdm. 16.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA (?). Grave 121/122/134 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19A At ca 0.5 m within partly disturbed context, in three concentrations, sherds and burnt bones, recorded separately as nos 121, 122 and 134, but belonging to a single urn grave scattered by ploughing; concentration no. 122 identified as original place of deposition still retaining vessel base with some body sherds pressed inside and burnt bones. immediately NW of urn bottom, other sherds from the

49 same vessel and more scattered cremation remains (concentration no. 134); ca 0.2 m N, large body sherd from the same urn and more burnt bones (concentration no. 121). The burial inserted into upper fill of inhumation grave 127. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. Xliii): 1. Pottery vessel. dark brown, with lighter patches; exterior carefully smoothed. Abundant temper of fine-grained crushed stone and sand. The whereabouts of this vessel are at present unknown. description, dimensions and typological determination were drawn from field documentation. type rW XViA. rdm. 14 cm, Bdm. 9 cm, H. 11.8 cm. Chronology: later than stadium iiiB (see grave 127). Number 122 (See grave 121) Number 123AB (See grave 111) Grave 124 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 16-19A Below grave 119, at ca 0.7 m, aligned N-S, intruding on Ne part of pit of grave 126, rectangular ca  1.85×0.7  m outline of grave pit; its S fragment less legible and grasped only at bottom level. Skeleton and grave inventory seriously disturbed and broken up, presumably when grave 119 was dug. By e pit margin, teeth and small fragmented bones next to which, 14 glass beads (4–17), amber bead (18), bronze brooch (1), two brooch fragments (2, 3) and clay spindlewhorl (19). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XliX, ccXlii:12):  1.  Bronze crossbow tendril brooch. Arched bow. type A.Vi.162. l.  4.5  cm, B.  2.4  cm. 2.  Bronze crossbow brooch fragment: spring with knob terminal. Surviving l.  2.6  cm, surviving B. 1.7 cm. 3. Bronze spring-cover brooch fragment – axle (?): round-sectioned wire fragment with coiled spring and fragment of spring-cover. Surviving l. 2.8 cm. 4.5. 2 glass tetrahedral beads, opaque white base with ornament of small leaves in black-brown bordered with red. type tm 354b. H. 1.2 and 1 cm, B. 0.7 cm. 6. glass tetrahedral bead, opaque white base with brown-yellow rosette. type close to tm 354. H. 0.8 cm, B. 0.7 cm. 7. glass barrel bead, opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 1.3 cm, H. 1 cm. 8.9. 2 glass barrel beads, opaque green. type tm 8. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1 and 1.2  cm. 10.  glass barrel bead, opaque black. type tm 11. dm. 1 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 11. glass barrel bead, on opaque red base eyes with black centre and white border. type close to tm 223a. dm. 0.7 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 12. glass barrel bead, on opaque red base eyes in green and white. type close to tm 223k. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 13.14. 2 glass hexahedral beads, opaque green. type tm 117. H. 1.3 and 1.2 cm, B. 0.7 cm. 15.16. 2 glass hexahedral beads, transparent green. type tm 116. H. 1.4 and 1.6 cm, B. 0.7 cm. 17.  glass ridged bead, transparent pale green. type tm 182b. dm. 0.8 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 18. Amber tetrahedral bead. type tm 411. H. 1.6 cm, B. 0.7 cm. 19. clay spin-

dlewhorl, cylindrical, dark yellow, carefully smoothed, with an irregular design of groups of incisions. H. 2.1 cm, dm. 3 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 125 (inhumation in expanded log boat coffin, robbed) Sq 16-19B At ca 0.6 m, below cremation grave 111/123AB, aligned N-S, sub-rectangular ca  2.4×0.7  m outline of grave pit bottom. At centre, outline of coffin legible from slender layer of mouldered wood of log boat hull. regular in N area and along e side, legible at S end, on W side, boat outline disturbed by robber trench of a well-defined outline which was not recorded during excavation. From its truncated N end the coffin expanded to mid-length and tapered sharply to S end. its measurements: l.  1.85  m, width of N stern 0.2  m, width in the middle 0.45  m, maximum width of bow ca  0.3  m; bottom rounded in cross-section. coffin fill of yellow-grey sand with particles of decomposed wood. The coffin interpreted as originally an expanded log boat. Within robber trench, poorly preserved arm bone W of which, teeth and amber bead. Some burnt bones and small sherds, presumably from overlying cremation grave destroyed by the same robber trench. Nature of disturbance and damage to boat hull caused by robber trench suggests robbery occurred before wood had had time to decompose, that is, soon after burial. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XlVi): 1. Amber annular bead. type tm 389. dm. 1.5 cm, H. 0.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 126 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 16-19A At ca 0.75 m, aligned N-S, rectangular ca 1.8×0.8 m grave pit detected after exploration of graves 119 and 124 which intruded on N area of this grave but did extend down to its bottom found ca 0.15 m lower down. At N end of pit within yellow-grey sand with signs of disturbance, clay spindlewhorl. traces of inhumation not detected, presumably destroyed at the time of deposition of graves on the level above. Inventory (Pl. XliX):  1.  clay spindlewhorl, biconical, yellow-dark brown. H. 2.1 cm, dm. 2.8 cm. Chronology: earlier than stadium iVA (see grave 124). Grave 127 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 16-19A Below the cluster of cremation graves 113, 114 and 121/122/134, at ca 0.6 m, aligned NNW-SSe, rectangular 2×0.65 m outline of inhumation (no. 127) and next to it, inhumation no. 128. Fully under grave 127 and partly under grave 128, pit of grave 144. centrally within grave 127, irregular outline of robber trench sunk to chest and hip area. At one end of grave pit, undisturbed poorly preserved cranium, at the other end, femurs; lower leg bones missing. extended burial, head leaning right. over cranium, bronze

50 pin (3), within robber trench, redeposited bronze buckle (1), rivet (2) and small fragments of bronze. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. l): 1. Bronze bipartite buckle with buckle plate, with two rivets. type ml d17. l. 3 cm, B. 2.4 cm. 2. Bronze rivet, half-round head with a collar, presumably from a strap end. dm. 0.9 cm. 3. Bronze pin, half-round head with ornament of three pits. Beckmann group iii, type Weklice acc. to Juga-Szymańska. l. 5.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 128 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 16-19A on the same level as grave 127 and in the same stratigraphic situation, only with a  more northerly position, W of grave 127, ca 2.15×0.5 m outline of grave pit aligned N-S. in undisturbed N area of grave, resting on its right side, cranium. Above it, bronze ring with pin (6) next to which, patch of darker fill interpreted as traces of an organic object to which the ring was attached. under cranium, two amber beads (4, 5). Within robber trench, burnt bones and sherds from overlying cremation graves, and a glass bead (3). At the very bottom of the trench, possibly in original position, bronze buckle (1) with impression of textile, and strap end (2). Maturus. Inventory (Pl. l): 1. Bronze bipartite buckle with buckle plate, with two rivets. Buckle retaining textile impression. type close to ml  e12. l.  4.2  cm, B.  3.3  cm. 2.  Bronze strap end, ring terminal, tongue-shaped tip. type r J.ii.3. l. 4.1 cm. 3. glass barrel bead, opaque green. type tm 8. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 4.5. 2 amber eight-shape beads. type tm 465. H. 1.3 and 1 cm. 6. Bronze ring with pin. dm. 1.8 cm. Chronology: stadium iVB. Grave 129 (urn cremation) Sq 16-19A At ca  0.45  m, circular dm. 0.6  m outline of grave pit containing fill of yellow-grey sand with ferruginous precipitates. At centre, nearly intact fissured urn (5) filled with burnt bones among which, two partly melted bronze brooches (1, 2), bronze needle (3), and clay spindlewhorl (4). This grave intruded on W edge of inhumation grave 132 and bordered on e side on pit of cremation grave 135 (Pl. li). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. lii):  1.2.  Bronze nearly identical spring-cover brooches, partly melted, springs did not survive. type A.ii.40-41. l. 5 and 4.3 cm. 3. Bronze needle. l. 7.3 cm. 4. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, brown. Burnt. H. 2.6 cm, dm. 3.8 cm. 5. reconst. pottery vessel. light brown, with darker patches; rough, in places, uneven. type rW  iA. reconst. Bddm. 23 cm, Bdm. 11.5 cm, reconst. H. 18 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 130 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19A At 0.4 m, sub-circular dm. 0.6 m outline of grave pit legible from concentration of hardpan on its edges (Pl. XliX).

Within a few centimetres’ thick bottom fill, small sherds and burnt bones. Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Sherds. dark brown. Chronology: ? Grave 131 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 16-19A At ca 0.65 m, a jumble of grave pit outlines. to the north, outline of inhumation pit 131 with S end lost to the pit of grave 132 which in turn, was disturbed by pit of urn grave 135, going down, pit of inhumation grave 138. outline of N end of pit of grave 131 was faintly legible against the background of grave 138; aligned N-S, it was sub-rectangular, with rounded corners, ca 0.8 m wide with surviving l. ca 1.1 m and depth of bottom level ca 0.15 m. Within this outline, contour of N end of log coffin legible from slender black coloured layer of decomposed wood; on W side, side of coffin broken and disturbed, presumably, through intrusion of pit of grave 132; the coffin had a width of ca  0.55  m. on the border between these two graves, upright 45×30 cm stone, redeposited not assigned easily to any of the two neighbouring graves. Within coffin, dark grey sand with particles of decomposed wood, no traces of skeleton. grave inventory visibly disturbed, probably incomplete: at N end of coffin, clay spindlewhorl (20), at S end of coffin, bronze brooch (1), needle (19), 4 amber pendants (15–18), two amber beads (13, 14) and 11 glass beads (2–12). Inventory (Pl. li):  1.  Bronze crossbow tendril brooch with false spring. Arched bow sub-triangular in cross-section. on head and axle, profiled knobs. type A.Vi.168. l. 4.9 cm, B. 5.1 cm. 2–4. 3 glass spherical beads, transparent green. type tm 20. dm. ca 0.4 cm, H. ca 0.3 cm. 5. glass cylindrical bead, opaque red. type tm 142. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 2.6 cm. 6. glass barrel bead, opaque white base with central design in red and in rows, curvilinear design in black. type close to tm  360a. dm. 1.6  cm, H.  1.3  cm. 7.  glass barrel bead, opaque black base with a  sinuous linear motif in white. type tm 266a. dm. 2.4 cm, H. 1 cm. 8.  glass barrel bead, opaque black base with sinuous linear motif in orange between horizontal lines in white and blue. type close to tm 301. dm. 1.7 cm, H. 1.4 cm. 9. glass barrel bead, opaque black base with orange and yellow speckles. type tm 198b. dm. 2.2 cm, H. 1.4 cm. 10.  glass barrel bead, opaque white base with a  row of red squares and “hearts”, each with a black centre. type close to tm  230a. dm. 2  cm, H.  2  cm. 11.  glass barrel bead, opaque white base with checkerboard pattern in red and black. type close to tm 366. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 12. glass tubular hexahedral bead, transparent pale green. group tm Xii, atypical. H. 2 cm, B. 0.4 cm. 13.14. 2 amber disc beads. type tm 430. dm. 2.5 and 1.8 cm, H. 1 and 0.7 cm. 15–18. 4 amber pendants, irregular pyramid shape with constriction at mid-height, two incomplete. H. 2, 1.6, 1 and 1.2 cm. 19. Bronze needle, both ends broken off.

51 Surviving l.  4.2  cm. 20.  clay spindlewhorl, biconical, brown. H. 3.3 cm, dm. 4 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 132 (inhumation in log coffin, destroyed) Sq 16-19A in the stratigraphic situation described above grave 132 occupied a  position later than graves 131 and 138 but was cut and destroyed in its central area by cremation grave 135 and disturbed on W side by cremation grave 129. S area of its pit underlying the pit of grave 135 was lost to a cut feature of unknown purpose. The pit of grave 132 survived only as ca 0.7 m long N end, aligned N-S, rectangular in outline, with a width of 1 m. Within this outline, distinct contour of N end of rectangular log coffin with rounded corners, ca 0.7 m wide. Within yellow-grey sandy fill of the coffin, no traces of inhumation only, silver brooch (1) and bronze belt buckle (2), and, on border with pit of grave 135, bronze strap end (3). Inventory (Pl. li):  1.  Silver crossbow tendril brooch with false spring. Facetted angular triangular-sectioned bow. on spring axle terminal, knob with constriction. type A.Vi.168. l.  3.7  cm, B.  4  cm. 2.  Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two large rivets with half-round heads. type ml d29. l. 3.9 cm, B. 3.4 cm. 3. Bronze strap end, flat ribbon-like expanded ring terminal tapering to tongue-shaped tip. type close to r J.ii.4. l. 5.5 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 133 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 16-18BD At ca  0.7  m aligned N-S, irregular ca  1.8×0.9  m outline of grave pit, irregular robber trench occupying nearly the whole central area of grave and continuing to its bottom. on its e side grave 133 intruded on chronologically earlier grave 136. Pit fill edged with yellow-grey sand with hardpan precipitates, centrally at pit bottom, dark grey sand with particles of mouldered wood interpreted as traces of timbers (planks) placed over pit bottom. remains of skeleton not detected. Within darker fill lining pit bottom, in chaotic arrangement, bronze brooch (1), buckle (2) and strap end (3) and 8 glass beads (4–11). Inventory (Pl. liii): 1. Bronze crossbow brooch with closed catchplate. uniformly arched triangular-sectioned bow; on foot terminal, poorly defined small knob. on spring axle terminals, applied knobs. type A.Vi.170. l. 4.7 cm, B. 1.5 cm. 2. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two large rivets with half-round heads. type ml d29. l. 2.8 cm, B. 2.5 cm. 3. Bronze strap end, flat ribbon-like expanded ring terminal tapering to tongue-shaped tip, incomplete. on both sides of ring, metope ornament. Attachment end with single large rivet with a half-round head. type close to r J.ii.4. l. 4.6 cm. 4. glass lenticular bead, translucent black. type close to tm 88-90. B. 1 cm. 5.  glass bead asymmetric, opaque black. type close to

tm 27. dm. 0.7 cm, H. 0.6 cm. 6–10. 5 glass tubular hexahedral beads, 3 green, 2 transparent blue. group tm Xii, atypical. H. 1–2.2 cm, B. ca 0.4 cm. 11. glass miniature bead, opaque black. type tm 55. dm. 0.4 cm. 12. Several score fragments of shattered polychrome glass from beads. Chronology: stadium iVB. Number 134 (See grave 121) Grave 135 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-19A Poorly legible sub-circular dm. ca 0.45 m outline of grave pit intruded on central area of grave 132, its bottom ca 0.12 m above the bottom of grave 138; on W side it was in contact with pit of urn grave 129 but in an unclear stratigraphic relationship with that feature (Pl. li, ccXXV:5). Within grey-yellow sandy fill, bronze bracelet (1). At pit bottom, overturned and flattened urn (2) filled with burnt bones. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. lii): 1. Bronze Schlangenkopf bracelet. open ended hoop round in cross-section in the middle, sub-triangular sectioned at terminals. type Wójcik iiB. dm. 7 cm, B. of plano-convex terminals ca 1.7 cm. 2. Pottery vessel with handle. exterior black, well smoothed; at neck and body junction, two engraved parallel lines converging under handle. type rW  XViA. rdm. 15.4  cm, Bddm. 20.5  cm, Bdm. 9.4 cm, H. 15.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iic. Grave 136 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 16-19AC immediately e of grave 133 and parallel to it, at ca 0.6 m, sub-rectangular 1.75×0.7  m outline of grave pit. grey-yellow sandy fill, darker on W side, disturbed everywhere inside the pit but no definite traces of robber trench detected. No traces of skeleton. S end of pit was cut by urn graves 139 and 140. Within disturbed layer of pit fill, small sherds and isolated burnt bones from destroyed cremation graves interspersed with bronze brooch (1) and bronze bracelet fragment (2), their association with this grave not certain but nevertheless probable. Inventory (Pl. liii): 1. Bronze brooch with cylinder cover for the spring, two crests and trumpet-shaped expanded head. on foot, profiled knob terminal. Above and below the crest on the bow, punched ring motif. Fractured catchplate originally repaired by attaching with solder separate piece of sheet now surviving only as a fragment of sheet and rivet. type A.iV.72. l. 6.4 cm, B. 4.2 cm. 2. Bronze Schlangenkopf bracelet terminal. type Wójcik iiB. Surviving l. 2.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iB. Grave 137 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 16-19B ca 0.15 m below excavated urn grave no. 100, 0.55 m below ground level, aligned NNW-SSe, outline of N fragment of ca 0.8 m wide grave pit; the remaining area of this pit lost to the cut feature of grave 141. Poorly legible outline

52 discernible only from hardpan contour because the sandy fill of pit differed very little from natural sand. At pit bottom, human tooth, bronze brooch (1) and bronze bracelet (2). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. l):  1.  Bronze spring-cover brooch, ornamented with triangles and lengthwise lines; spring incomplete. type A.ii.38. l. 4.2 cm, reconst. B. 2.6 cm. 2. Bronze Schlangenkopf bracelet. open ended hoop with slight constriction in the middle, sub-triangular sectioned at terminals. type Wójcik iiA. dm. 7 cm, B. of plano-convex terminals ca 1.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iiA. Grave 138 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 16-19A Below excavated grave 131 (Pl. li), at ca 0.8 m, aligned N-S, rectangular 1.8×0.75 m pit outline recognised thanks to concentration of hardpan on its edges; next to the two longer sides of pit, regularly spaced postholes dm. 0.2–0.25 m. centrally within pit, distinct outline of log coffin legible as a  slender black layer of decomposed wood. rounded at both ends the log at the level of burial appeared to be slightly indented on its W side; its surviving l. ca 1.8 m, B. 0.4–0.45 m; half-round in cross-section. Within coffin, dark yellow sandy fill with particles of mouldered wood and undisturbed burial with elements of grave inventory. Skeleton incomplete: cranium leaning right, and clavicles. lower arm bones resting on hips, both extended leg bones legible only as faint smudges of bone residue. on both sides of cranium, foot pointing up, two bronze brooches (1, 2), on chest, third bronze brooch (3) next to which, scattered 6 glass (8–13) and 5 amber beads (14–18), and banded pendant (7) interpreted as elements of necklace. Next to them, as if pressed between pin and bow of brooch, bronze S-clasp fragment (6). Near hips over the remains of left wrist, bronze bracelet (4) next to which, iron buckle (5). By e edge of coffin, fragmented bronze needle (19). Adultus. Inventory (Pl. lV, ccXXXV:8, ccXXXVii:5): 1.2. 2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on spring-cover vertical moulding, on bow, ornament of punched rings and lengthwise and transverse lines in imitation of filigree. type A.ii.38. l. 3.6 and 3.8 cm, B. 3.6 cm. 3. Bronze crest-headed brooch, narrow plano-convex bow. type A.V.120. l. 3.2 cm, B. 2.2 cm. 4. Bronze Schlangenkopf bracelet. open ended hoop plano-convex in cross-section in the middle, sub-triangular sectioned at terminals. type Wójcik iiB. dm. 6.7 cm. 5. iron bipartite buckle with incomplete buckle plate, corroded. on attachment end impression of textile in 2/2 twill. type close to ml g3. l. 5.2 cm, B. 4.6 cm. 6. Bronze S-clasp fragment; in plain wire, retaining central globular expanded section. type close to v. müller d. Surviving l. 1.3 cm. 7. Banded pendant, two strips of plain bronze sheet enfolding a nucleus: mineralized fruit stone. Fractured suspension loop. type close to Stanek iiiA. l. ca 3.1 cm. 8. glass plano-convex bead, transparent green

with fused in coiled white thread. type close to tm 187a. dm. 2.8 cm, H. 1 cm. 9. glass barrel bead, opaque red base with stripes of green, incomplete. type tm 257. dm. 1 cm, H. 1 cm. 10. glass barrel bead, opaque with diagonal arrangement of decorative bands in red, green and white. type close to tm 291h. dm. 1.3 cm, H. 1.3 cm. 11. glass barrel bead, opaque red base with horizontal linear design in green. type close to tm 287. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1.3 cm. 12.  glass barrel bead, opaque red base with horizontal linear design in white and green. type close to tm 287. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 1 cm. 13. glass melon bead, transparent pale green. type close to tm 158b. dm. 1.6 cm, H. 1.5 cm. 14.15. 2 amber annular beads. type tm 389. dm. 1.6 and 1.4  cm, H.  0.35 and 0.5 cm. 16.  Amber biconical bead. type tm  391. dm. 2  cm, H.  0.7  cm. 17.  Amber plano-convex bead, asymmetric. type tm 394. dm. 1.6 cm, max. H. 1.1 cm. 18. Amber disc beads. type tm 430. dm. 1.9 cm, H.  0.9  cm. 19.  Bronze needle in 2 fragments. Surviving l. 1.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iiA/iiB. Grave 139 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-19C At ca 0.6 m, in contact on e side with pit of urn grave 140, intruding on S edge of inhumation of grave 136, sub-circular, dm. ca 0.6, outline of grave pit (Pl. liii, ccXXV:7). centrally within grey sandy fill with particles of charcoal, truncated by plough, upright urn (5) filled with burnt bones among which, on upper level, bone comb with bronze side plates (4), partly melted bronze buckle (2) (Pl. ccXXV:4), and bronze strap end (3). Next to urn, scattered small body sherds from the same vessel, burnt bones and iron buckle with fire patina (1). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. liV, ccXXXiX:2, ccXlV:3): 1. iron unipartite buckle, with half-round frame. Attachment end of buckle pin with metope ornament. Fire patina. type ml d1. l. 3.4 cm, B. 4 cm. 2. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with 5 rivets. Partly melted H-shaped buckle pin with two loops for attaching to pivot. type close to ml g43. l. 6.3 cm, B. 5 cm. 3. Bronze strap end, ring terminal. tip damaged. type r J.ii.3. Surviving l. 7.2 cm. 4. Bone composite comb. Six inner plates with remains of teeth bound with two strips of bronze secured with 7 rivets. type close to Thomas i. Surviving H. 2.3 cm, l. 10.3 cm, B. of bronze strips ca 0.8 cm. 5. reconst. pottery vessel. dark brown-grey, exterior with cursory finish, rough and uneven, interior rough. Abundant temper of medium- and fine-grained crushed stone. type rW id. rdm. 14.4 cm, Bddm. 21.2 cm, Bdm. 9.1 cm, H. 19.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iic. Grave 140 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-19C At ca 0.6 m intruding on Se edge of outline of grave 136, poorly legible sub-circular, dm. ca 0.3 m, outline of grave pit. in contact with the pit of grave 139 but not in a clear

53 stratigraphic relationship with that burial (Pl. ccXXV:7). Within pale grey sandy fill at centre, evidently disturbed by ploughing, on its side, flattened urn filled with and surrounded by burnt bones; elements of grave inventory not detected. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. liii): 1. reconst. pottery vessel with handle and a clearly separate base. exterior dark brown, smooth, interior cursorily smoothed. Sparse fine-grained temper. type close to rW XbA. rdm. 19.4 cm, Bddm. 24.3 cm, Bdm. 9.4 cm, reconst. H. 16.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 141 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 16-19B At ca  0.5  m under layer of soil disturbed by ploughing, aligned N-S, irregular pit outline. At its S end, urn graves nos 105 and 142; on e side the pit of no. 141 was in contact with urn grave 143, while its N fragment intruded on pit on grave 137. After these features were excavated at 0.65  m, outline of grave pit appeared as rectangular, 2.3×0.8  m. centrally within pit, outline of a  log coffin discernible as a slender black layer of decomposed wood better legible only in N area of pit. inside coffin, largely complete extended supine skeleton with cranium leaning left. undisturbed grave inventory: on left scapula, pendant: large amber bead (6) joined with woollen thread to bronze ring (7) from which were suspended two coins (4, 5) (Pl. ccXXiV:2); over spinal column, bronze brooch (1), on pelvis, bronze belt buckle (2) next to knees, bronze strap end (3). on right side of head, poorly preserved bone comb (8). Male, maturus, ca 167–169 cm. Inventory (Pl. liV, ccXli:13): 1. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch with false spring. Facetted abruptly angular bow sub-triangular in cross-section. on spring terminals, applied knobs. type A.Vi.168. l.  4.7  cm, B.  5.1  cm. 2. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with three rivets. type ml e12. l. 4.2 cm, B. 3.2 cm. 3. Bronze strap end, oval-sectioned ring terminal, tip damaged. type r J.ii.3. Surviving l.  6.8  cm. 4.  denarius (Subaerate)32, Antoninus Pius (for mark Aurelius), 140–161, perforated (ring for suspension crumbled during lifting), evidence of heavy wear. [AVreliVS]cAe [SArAVgPiiF], bare head right / inscription and image illegible. W. 2.43 g. 5. denarius (Subaerate)33, Antoninus Pius (for Faustina i), after 141, perforated, ring for suspension, evidence of heavy wear. [diVA FAVSt]iNA, draped bust right, hair coiled on top of head / [AVg]V StA, ceres veiled standing left, holding corn ears in lowered right and raising torch in left. W. 2.25 g. 6. Amber biconical bead with four encircling grooves. type close to tm 449. dm. 2 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 7. Bronze ring of 1½ coils, with turned out ends. dm. 1.1 cm. 8. Bone three-layer 32

catalogue determination from A.  Bursche & J.  okulicz-Kozaryn (1999, 146). 33 See note 32.

comb fragment: grip with bronze rivets. type Thomas i.  Surviving H. 1.7 cm, surviving l. 6 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 142 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19B Below grave 141 at the level of its bottom, ca 0.5 m below ground level, and partly next to Se corner of the pit of no. 141, but mostly within pit of grave 179, concentration of pottery and burnt bones within patch of grey soil ca 0.3 m in diameter (Pl. XliX). Presumably, grave 142 originally intruded on pits of nos 141 and 179, and was itself destroyed during robbery of grave 179. Bones missing. Inventory:  1.  Several sherds. dark brown. Friable and exfoliating. Chronology: stadium V? (see grave 141). Grave 143 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19B ca 1 m N of grave 142, at ca 0.5 m, destroyed urn grave: within poorly legible outline of grave pit with a diameter of ca 0.5 m at the level of its bottom, resting on its side, flattened vessel (2) filled with burnt bones among which, partly melted bronze brooch (1). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. lVi):  1.  Bronze crossbow tendril brooch. uniformly arched bow, sub-triangular in cross-section. type A.Vi.162. l.  4  cm., B. 1.p cm. 2.  reconst. pottery vessel. light to dark brown, smoothed exterior, separate ring base. type rW XaA. rdm. 23.5 cm, Bddm. 25 cm, Bdm. 13.5 cm, H. 15.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 144 (inhumation) Sq 16-19A under cluster of destroyed cremation graves 113, 114 and 121/122/134, within the fill of inhumation graves 127 and 128, in the lowermost stratigraphic position, at ca  0.7–0.8  m within the natural, aligned NNW-SSe, outline 2.3×0.85 m of grave pit with rounded N and rectangular S end. greyish-yellow sandy fill with a  border of hardpan. centrally within grave in a layer of darker sand, largely complete skeleton in unusual position: cranium on its right side, torso twisted to prone position; left arm extended down the body, right arm diagonally under chest, palm under left elbow. Femurs with proximal ends broken, shafts crossed, their distal end cut off (?). lower leg bones and feet bones not detected (Pl. ccXXiV:4). over chest, irregular scatter of small stones implying some obscure funerary practice. Similar interpretation suggested by unusual placement of this burial and imaginably ritual truncation of the legs. under mandible, head pointing down, bronze brooch (1), next to left clavicle in similar placement, second matching brooch (2). on both, bronze bracelets (3, 4), next to pelvis, iron buckle (5). Female, adultus, ca 158–160 cm. Inventory (Pl. lVi): 1.2. 2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. type A.ii.38. l. 4.3 cm, B. 3.5 cm. 3. Bronze rod bracelet, oval-sectioned with flattened slightly expanded ter-

54 minals. on bow, ornament of punched paired rings, in places worn away. type Natuniewicz 2. dm. 6.3 cm. 4. Bronze rod bracelet, oval-sectioned with plano-convex terminals. type Natuniewicz 3. dm. 5.6 cm. 5. iron unipartite buckle, with half-round frame. type ml d1. l. 2.6 cm, B. 3.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iB/iiA. Grave 145 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-19D At ca 0.65 m, poorly legible sub-circular, dm. ca 0.6 m, outline of grave pit within which at centre, upper body disturbed by ploughing, leaning S, fissured handled urn filled with burnt bones. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. lii): 1. reconst. pottery vessel with handle. Handle attached on a plug. medium to dark brown. type rW  XViA. rdm. 16  cm, Bddm. 19  cm, Bdm. 7.6  cm, H. 12.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 146/149 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19B ca 0.25 m W of pit of grave 150 within pure sand, concentration of burnt bones and flattened base of urn presumably resting in its original position. ca 1 m Se of this concentration within upper layer of grave 150, sherds from the same vessel (2), recorded as no. 149, and, interspersed with burnt bones, partly melted bronze brooch fragment (1). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XlV): 1. Bronze spring-cover brooch fragment: upper bow. type A.ii.40-41. Surviving l.  2.7  cm. 2. reconst. pottery vessel with handle. dark brown to light brown, body from shoulder down to above base finely roughened, below rim, fragment of lower attachment of handle. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. type close to rW iV. Bddm. 28.2 cm, Bdm. 11.5 cm, reconst. H. 21.8 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 147 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19B in N area of pit grave 150, sub-circular dm. ca 0.3 m outline of feature with lighter fill; at centre, flattened urn filled with burnt bones (Pl. XlV). No other elements of grave inventory detected. Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Several score sherds. dark brown, smooth. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. Chronology: stadium iVA/iVB (?) (see grave 150). Grave 148 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19D ca 0.5  m from grave 146, and 0.15  m from W margin of pit 150, within pure sand, overturned flattened urn within which, burnt bones. elements of grave inventory not detected. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XlV): 1. reconst. pottery vessel with a handle. orange-brown to brown, roughened from shoulder down to base. type rW ii. rdm. 14.8 cm, Bddm. 20 cm, Bdm. 8.8 cm, reconst. H. 20.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA.

Number 149 (See grave 146) Grave 150 (inhumation in box coffin) Sq 16-19BD At ca 0.8 m its upper fill cut by cremations graves 146/149, 147 and 148, aligned N-S, rectangular ca  1.9×0.95  m outline of grave pit intruding on pit of grave 102 causing its almost complete destruction (Pl. XlV). legible from hardpan precipitates on its edges contrasting against surrounding light natural sand, the pit bottom with the burial was at ca 1.2 m. centrally within pit, rectangular outline of rectangular ca 1.6×0.75 m coffin with rounded corners legible from dark brown organic residue, presumably from decomposed side planks of burial casket filled with light yellow-red clayey sand, at the level of burial with black particles of mouldered wood of the flat bottom of rough planks. over coffin bottom, at 1–1.2 m, inhumation and rich grave inventory (Pl. lVii). incomplete skeleton: flattened cranium, mandible shifted to the side; no traces of right clavicle, some vertebrae and bones of both palms and feet; other bones very brittle, disintegrated during excavation. inhumation on right side, legs flexed to fit inside a box shorter than the height of the buried individual (Pl. ccXXiV:5). Arms extended in front, flexed at elbows clasping at chest a pouch of linen cloth its material identified from residue of thick yarn lodged between the pin and bow of brooch (2) which fastened this container; further residue adhering to other bronze objects. Within pouch (Pl. lViii) in a  group compact enough to distinguish these objects from clothes fittings found nearby, assorted “amulets” and beads: 6 large amber disc beads (44, 46–50) two of (49, 50) bound with bronze rings (82–84) and tied to them with thick yarn wound around and threaded several times through holes in the beads, 8 glass beads (30–35, 37, 38), bronze bead (25), 4 banded pendants (20–23) and bear claw pendant set in bronze (24). Several specimens (nos 20–25, 49, 50, 82–84) were recognised as amulets, while others, polychrome glass beads and large amber beads in particular, also could have had a similar function. remainder of grave inventory and clothes ornaments in a similarly undisturbed arrangement. This made it possible to reconstruct some elements of unique clothing. on cranium by the forehead, amber eight-shape bead (81), larger than similar beads forming part of necklace. inside mandible, silver bucket pendant (19), originally, presumably, suspended by fastening of shirt at the neck. on chest, necklace of 30 amber eight-shape beads (51–80), three amber disc beads (42, 43, 45), one large glass bead (36) and another, of black glass (39). conclusive reconstruction (Pl. lXiii) of the composition of strings of the pendants and beads necklace is made difficult by their having shifted while the body was being deposited on its right side. The necklace of large amber eight-shape beads and other elements named above originally was likely to have been

55 of three or four strings. The top row lying by the clavicle was slightly disturbed: next to 5 largest amber beads (64, 70, 71, 79, 80) it may have included other glass and amber beads belonging to a chaotic arrangement nearby (36, 39, 43, 45), which alternately, could have formed a separate string draped on the right shoulder. in the second row, partly preserved, lying in a  regular arc: 15 amber eightshape beads (51–59, 61, 62, 66, 76–78) at the end of this arrangement, amber disc bead (42). Third string included 10 amber eight-shape pendants (60, 63, 65, 67, 68, 72–75), which during deposition became inverted with their suspension holes pointing down, but still retained their arrangement of a regular arc. Below the described necklace of amber beads, irregular sequence of 2–3 rows, 52 miniature glass beads (40, 41), alternately, with four hexahedral glass beads (26–29); many shattered fragments of miniature beads found among surviving complete specimens suggest their larger number. Their arrangements suggests that rather than being strung in a necklace they had been used as decorative appliqué of the clothing. on chest, three brooches, two silver with gold foil Rosettenfibeln: both, head pointing down, one at neck, above the necklaces (3) the other, below necklace (4). At lower rib level, head also pointing down, third silver brooch with gold foil (1). At hips, metal mounts from two belts with adhering residue of leather. The belts may be reconstructed (Pl. lXiii) as follows: one belt was worn at hip level over a garment of thick woollen (?) cloth (its impression survived) and was exceptionally broad and richly ornamented. traces of a leather ca 7 cm wide strap were well preserved by the bronze finds and legible also the entire length of the belt as a distinct darker smudge around the hip bones, from the top and bottom. At the buckle (5) the strap tapered to ca 3 cm to pass through the buckle frame. its end at knee level, ca 0.25 m moving down from the buckle, was indicated by the presence of a strap end (7) and, higher up the belt, a bronze rectangular mount with four rivets (17). on both sides of the buckle the belt was studded with bronze rivets with half-round heads, with, on the underside, rectangular washers (18), on one side in four rows, on the other, in five rows. left and right of the studs, secured with analogous bronze rivets was a bronze strap junction (14) and a rectangular mount (15) next to which, 3 bronze strap ends (9–11). on ribs, surviving length of strap continued from the left side of the belt to the right shoulder. ca 3 cm wide and studded with five rivets (18), presumably it helped support the belt which was weighted down by its rich selection of metal fittings. ca 0.25 m below the first belt, were fragments of iron knife (86) within a  sheath of wood and leather (86c–e), probably suspended from a narrow strap, with bronze ring (86a) and rivet for attaching to the strap (86b). The knife may have been secured to the ring by an iron loop (which

disintegrated during excavation) set by the upper edge of sheath. it is also possible that the knife belonged to the second belt. Stuck into sheath was a bronze needle (85). The second belt, less richly furnished with metal mounts, survived as a darker smudge of mouldered leather, legible better next to metal mounts. it was worn below the hips and partly covered by the first belt. Presumably, it fastened a lower layer of clothing. its metal fittings included a bronze buckle (6), rectangular mount (16), and strap ends, one of bronze (8) two of silver (12, 13). Female, senilis. Inventory (Pl. lViii–lXii, ccXXXVi:1–6, ccXl:7.8, ccXli:7–9, ccXlii:10.13.14, ccXlV:9): 1. Silver crossbow tendril brooch. Abruptly angular plano-convex bow. on foot, two strips of silver sheet and between them, a strip of gold foil stamped with a pattern of vertical and diagonal lines. on spring axle terminals, half-round knobs. type A.Vi.162. l. 5 cm, B. 4.2 cm. 2. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch. Angular triangular-sectioned bow. on spring axle terminals, applied knobs. type A.Vi.162. l.  4.7  cm, B.  2.7  cm. 3.4.  2 silver matching crossbow brooches with high catchplate, so-called Rosettenfibeln, decorated with rosette knobs with gold foil and silver filigree. each brooch has its own individual decorative details. The head has the form of a dome with a small silver projecting knob at top, decorated with gold foil with stamped fluted design and silver beaded wire, resting on a round silver disc. Soldered to the underside of this disc is a collar fashioned from a strip of silver foil running ¾ of the circumference to which attached with rivets set on silver axles are three smaller similar decorative knobs with stamped gold foil. These knobs have on top of them a silver disc coiled about twice with beaded wire decorated with gold foil and with small silver knobs on top. on the underside of this elaborate cover is a pseudo-crossbow construction of the fastening, a spring of seven coils resting on the ends of the rivets used to keep in place the two smaller side knobs. A third knob is set along the vertical axis, hammered in place on the underside of the strip of silver sheet used to fasten the whole. on the elbow-shaped section of the brooch bow is yet another knob, also resting on a silver disc with a border of beaded wire decorated with similarly stamped gold foil laid over the small dome and ending in a silver knob with a  coil of beaded wire. The brooch bow is lozengic in cross-section. The foot is triangular with a  border of beaded wire and a narrow strip of silver sheet which keeps in place the gold foil decoration. This foil is impressed with a motif of two triangles with a motif of herringbone in between, and on outer perimeter, imitation of beaded wire. Soldered to the edge of the catchplate is a silver projection with a border of two strands of beaded wire laid with gold foil stamped with a motif of a man’s face with well marked eyes, nose and in outline, hair or head covering (helmet?) and long and curling moustache or, better still, sideburns. Around this representation are assorted stamped concentric

56 rings in an irregular arrangement. All motifs stamped on the foil of the two brooches were made from the same set of dies. type close to A.Vii, series 4, group 6 acc. to lund Hansen & Przybyła. l. 6.5 cm, B. 4.3 cm, B. of base of triangular foot terminal 3  cm, l.  of projection 2.4  cm. 5. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with projection at attachment end and five rivets. damaged bottom fragment of buckle plate partly replaced with rivet washers. Profiled buckle pin with short bar at base. type close to ml e3. l. 5.7 cm, B. 3.9 cm. 6. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two large rivets with half-round heads. type close to ml e13. l. 3.9 cm, B. 4 cm. 7. Bronze strap end, heavy terminal with spherical knob and long round-sectioned tip. on lozenge-sectioned middle section, metope ornament fan-shaped attachment end with circular projection and two rivets with bronze half-round head. type close to r o.13. l. 6.6 cm. 8. Bronze strap end, flat ribbon-like terminal with expanded middle and rounded tongue-shaped tip with a  pattern of transverse lines. Attachment end with large rivet with a half-round head. type close to r J.ii.4. l. 7.4 cm. 9–11. 3 bronze strap ends, attachment end with triangular top and one rivet, lower end facetted, trapeze in cross-section, tip decorated with transverse lines. type r J.iV.5. l. 4 cm. 12.13. 2 silver strap ends, attachment end with straight top and one rivet, facetted lower end, trapeze in cross-section, tip decorated with transverse lines. type r J.iV.5. l. 3.7 cm. 14. Bronze strap linking piece of two rectangular side plates folded over long pivots with applied knobs on their terminals. The side plates are joined together by means of two profiled arched pieces attached to pivots below the knob. each plate retains 10 irregular rivets, originally presumably with half-round heads. The inner row of rivets is secured to the folds of the plate, the outer passes through separate rectangular strips of metal inserted as a result of repair. on underside of one of the plates, impression of textile in plain weave. l.  of mount 7.9  cm, B.  7.3  cm, l.  of side plates 6.6  cm, B. 2.6 cm. 15. Bronze rectangular belt mount, incomplete. decorated with a design of 27 rivets with half-round heads (some still in place) arranged along diagonally across the mount and along its sides. on the underside, along longer edges, two strips of metal as a  back plate, each for five rivets. other rivets were secured on individual washers, some still in place. With evidence of heavy use, repairs and replacing of rivets the mount retains fragments of leather. l.  6.2  cm, B.  4.1  cm, dm. of rivet heads 0.5–0.7  cm. 16. Bronze belt mount of two rectangular plates secured at centre with large rivet with a  half-round head and smaller rivets at the corners, at one corner additional small rectangular plate for attachment with a  rivet. l.  2.1  cm, max. B. 2.6 cm. 17. Bronze belt mount of two rectangular plates secured at centre with large rivet with a half-round head and smaller rivets at the corners. on upper plate, double engraved lines along shorter edges. l.  2.5  cm,

B.  1.6  cm. 18. ca 45 fragmented bronze rivets collected from various places near the first belt, retaining remains of leather. Half-round head stamped of thin sheet on two dies, some rivets with a narrow collar, most retain their individual washer. dm. 0.7–1.1 cm. 19. Bronze bucket pendant. damaged base. type close to Beilke-Voigt iA. H. ca 1.7 cm. 20.21. 2 banded pendants, two strips of plain bronze foil riveted at bottom enclosing a kauri shell (cyprea annulus). type Stanek iiiA. l. 3.7 and 4.9 cm. 22.23. 2 banded pendants, two strips of bronze sheet with dot design riveted at bottom enclosing a kauri shell (cyprea annulus), one pendant incomplete. type Stanek iiiA. l.  5 and 4.7  cm. 24. Bronze pendant – amulet, bear claw in a sleeve of bronze sheet with a soldered on lid and suspension loop in the form of bronze ring, type Beckmann 15, threaded through the sleeve and a hole drilled in the claw. The sleeve rests on bronze rivet threaded through another hole drilled in the claw. H. of pendant 3 cm, dm. of ring 2.8 cm. 25. Bronze barrel bead, three horizontal grooves and in between, irregular arrangement of short diagonal lines. Bronze rivet driven into the side of the bead. dm. 1.6 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 26–28.  3 glass hexahedral beads, transparent lilac. type tm 119. H. 1.3 cm, B. 0.9 cm. 29. glass tetrahedral bead, opaque black. group tm Xii, atypical. H. 1.6 cm, B. 1 cm. 30.31. 2 glass cylindrical beads, opaque white base with decorative band of two rows in black with a motif of small leaves in green and flowers with four petals in yellow and red. type close to tm 358. dm. 1.2 cm, H.1.7 and 1.8 cm. 32.  glass cylindrical bead, opaque red base with yellow diagonal band. type close to tm 322. dm. 1 cm, H. 1.7 cm. 33. glass barrel bead, on opaque black base interlaced trail in yellow. type tm 266c. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1 cm. 34.35. 2 glass plano-convex beads, transparent pale green. type tm 42b. dm. 2.6 cm, H. 1.4 and 1.1 cm. 36. glass biconical bead, spun from a glass ribbon, transparent pale green. type close to tm 192. dm. 3 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 37.38. 2 glass barrel beads, opaque base with checkerboard pattern in black, red and white. type close to tm  367. dm. 1.7  cm, H.  1.2  cm. 39. glass barrel bead, opaque black. type tm 11. dm. 1.4 cm, max. H. 0.7 cm. 40.41. 52 glass miniature beads, opaque red. type tm  54. dm. 0.4–0.5  cm. 42.  Amber annular bead, asymmetric. type tm 389. dm. 1.2 cm, max. H. 0.4 cm. 43. Amber biconical bead. type close to tm 391. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 0.6 cm. 44. Amber plano-convex bead. type close to tm 431-432. dm. 2.6 cm, H. 1.7 cm. 45–49. 5 amber disc beads. type close to tm 439. dm. 2.1, 2.8, 2.6, 2.7 and 3.4 cm, H.  0.7, 1, 1.4, 0.7 and 0.5  cm. 50. Amber plano-convex bead. type close to tm 431-432. dm. 2.5 cm, H. 1.3 cm. 51–81. 30 amber eight-shape beads, with collar. type close to tm 471e. H. 1.7–2.7 cm. 82–84. 3 bronze rings. type Beckmann 16. dm. 3.3, 3 and 3.1 cm. 85. Bronze needle, in two fragments, top end with eye and the tip broken off. Surviving l. 5.4 cm. 86. iron knife. 3 surviving fragments of sheath: thin wooden facing plates covered with leather

57 (86c-e). Next to tang, originally was a bronze open ended ring (86a) and rivet with a half-round head and washer (86b), presumably a fastening for the strap on which the rivet was attached to the belt; the knife was secured to the right with a small iron loop set at the upper edge of sheath. The loop disintegrated. l. of knife 16 cm, of blade 12.5 cm, dm. of ring 2.9 cm, B. of rivet 1 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA/iVB. Grave 151 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-20A Below the arable, at ca 0.3 m, irregular outline of yellow-grey sand within which, burnt bones and upper body of pottery vessel. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. lXiV):  1.  reconst. upper part of pottery vessel. dark brown, exterior smoothed, on upper body, two parallel indistinct cordons. type close to rW Vi. rdm. 16.4 cm, Bddm. 22.7 cm, surviving H. 12.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 152A-F (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-20A At ca  0.45  m within outline of inhumation grave 153, indistinct concentrations of burnt bones and pottery, subsequently recorded as A-F, interpreted as traces of a single urn grave because all pottery fragments were from the vessel originally inserted into pit of inhumation grave 153 (Pl. lXV). only in case of concentration B was detected the bottom layer of the grave pit and two base fragments of urn which identified this location as original place of deposition of the cremation burial. Male (?), adultus or maturus. Inventory: 1. Several score sherds. dark brown, cursorily smoothed. Badly fired, exfoliating. Chronology: later than stadium iVA/iVB (see grave 153). Grave 153 (double? inhumation in two log coffins, destroyed) Sq 16-20A under layer of detritus from cremation grave 152A-F at ca  0.7  m, rectangular outline of grave pit poorly legible at this level, its W side disturbed by the layer of detritus; deeper down, discernible ca  2.5×0.7  m outline within which, contours of two log coffins, to all appearances, placed one on top of the other, flattened by the weight of overlying deposit. upper ca 1.8×0.45 m coffin projected more to the N, the lower 1.9×0.4 m coffin was longer and more narrow. Both skeletons survived only from femurs down, with some scattered fragments of arm bones; the only element of grave inventory was a bronze brooch (1), attributable to either inhumation. Surviving in situ in very poor condition, legs of upper skeleton and left tibia of the lower implied by their placement burial in extended position. Probably associated with upper skeleton, resting near the hips, buckle (2) and strap end (3). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. lXV):  1.  Bronze crossbow brooch with closed catchplate, on terminal, profiled knob. Arched bow, oval in cross-section; on bow, foot and knob, coiled

beaded wire; on spring axle terminals, knobs. type close to A.Vi.170. l. 5.2 cm, B. 2.6 cm. 2. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivets. type ml d17. l. 3.2 cm, B. 3 cm. 3. Bronze strap end, tongue-shaped, trapeze-sectioned. Attachment end with one rivet, missing tip. type close to r J.iV.4. l. 4.3 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA/iVB. Grave 154 (Pit cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-20A At ca 0.5 m within yellow-grey sand, black-coloured patches containing charcoal and an irregular scatter of burnt bones and five lumps from melted glass vessel. deeper down at centre of bone concentration, small circular dm. ca 0.35 m pit, extending 0.15 m, with black coloured fill containing charcoal fragments and concentration of burnt bones. Male (?), maturus. Inventory (Pl. lXiV):  1.  5 glass fragments from melted glass vessel, transparent pale green. type undefined. l. 2–8 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB (?). Grave 155 (inhumation in log coffin, robbed) Sq 16-20A e of grave 153, intruding on pit of grave 196, rectangular ca  2×0.8  m outline, its S end lost to pit of grave 164&164A. Within fill evidently disturbed by robbery on W side, fragment of outline of log coffin; inside, in disturbed arrangement, incomplete extended inhumation: in N end, mandible, almost in its original position, right clavicle, scapula and bones of right arm, three vertebrae, going down, fragments of femurs and tibiae next to which, bronze belt mount. Female  (?), early adultus, ca 156–158 cm. Inventory (Pl. lXVi): 1. Bronze rectangular belt mount with 6 rivets with half-round heads surviving separate, one rivet washer. l. ca 3 cm, B. ca 3.2 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 156 (Pit cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-20C At ca 0.65 m, oval dm. ca 0.8 m outline of grave pit, ca 0.2 m deep, filled with black earth and charcoal, fine fragments of burnt bones, sherds (2) and iron rivet from comb (1). Female (?), maturus. Inventory (Pl. lXiV): 1. iron rivet from bone comb. Square in cross-section. type probably thomas B. l.  6.5  cm. 2. Sherds. Brown. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 157/180 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19C At ca 0.7 m, irregular outline containing fill of black earth and charcoal within which, scattered burnt bones and sherds, recorded as no. 157. deeper down, to NW, base of the same vessel, recorded as no. 180, and more burnt bone fragments. The grave intruded on Ne corner of grave 202. Maturus (?).

58 Inventory (Pl. lXV): 1. reconst. pottery vessel. Yellow-dark brown, cursorily smoothed at rim and above the base, vertically roughened on the shoulder. type rW ic. rdm. 18 cm, Bddm. 26 cm, Bdm. 13 cm, H. 20 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 158 (inhumation in log coffin, robbed) Sq 16-19BD At ca 0.5 m aligned NW-Se, rectangular 2.4×0.7 m outline of grave pit. Within fill of grey-yellow sand, at centre with a  slight shift e, distinct outline of log coffin rounded at both ends, 1.65×0.35 m. disturbed condition of coffin fill and absence of skeletal remains suggest robbery. outside coffin, within grave pit on SW side, irregular scatter, leg and arm bones and teeth, also, a small bronze fragment. Senilis. Inventory (Pl. lXVi): 1. Bronze fragment. l. 0.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB. Grave 159 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-20C At ca 0.6 m, within yellow sand, not within legible pit outline, concentration of sherds and burnt bones (Pl. lXiV). Adultus (?). Inventory: 1. Sherds. Badly fired, separating. Chronology: ? Grave 160/175 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19D At ca 0.6 m, indistinct outline containing yellow-grey sandy fill, dm. ca 0.8 m. At centre, flattened base of urn (4) and burnt bones – recorded as no. 160 – among which, bronze brooch (1) and melted glass bead fragment (3). e of pottery concentration, partly melted glass bead (2). ca 0.15  m to the N, another concentration of sherds from the same vessel and burnt bones, recorded as no. 175, separated from no. 160 by stone interpreted as urn lid. Male (?), maturus. Inventory (Pl. lXVii, ccXliV:2):  1.  Bronze crossbow brooch with high catchplate. Arched bow. on foot, coiled plain wire. type close to A.Vii. series 1. l. 4.7 cm, B. 2 cm. 2. Faience melon bead, partly melted, with traces of willow green glaze. type tm 171. dm. 2.1 cm, max. H. 1.6 cm. 3. glass mosaic bead. red, green and yellow. Partly melted. Surviving dm. 1.1 cm, H. 0.6 cm. 4. reconst. pottery vessel. Yellow brown, cursorily smoothed at rim and above base, roughened on the body. type rW iB. rdm. 20 cm, Bddm. 25 cm, Bdm. 12 cm, H. 28 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 161 (inhumation, destroyed, robbed) Sq 16-19C At 0.75 m, with intrusion of fill, burnt bones and pottery from destroyed cremation grave 162, poorly legible outline of inhumation grave. At ca 0.3 m discernible as rectangular 1.8×0.9 m outline, aligned N-S with slight deflection W. Within yellow-grey fill at centre, outline of robber trench. traces of skeleton not detected. in N area of grave, mineralised peach stone (5), and five iron casket mounts and fittings (1–4).

Inventory (Pl. lXVi): 1. iron rectangular casket lock mount, in two fragments with two incomplete key holes (round and rectangular). type close to Kokowski 2. l. ca 3 cm. 2. iron key, fragment of shaft with looped end, with iron pivot. l. 3 cm. 3.4. 2 iron casket mount fragments. l. 2.4 cm, 2.1 cm. 5.  Peach stone (Prunus persica), presumably mineralised due to action of copper compounds, perhaps the nucleus of a banded pendant. l. 3.3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB. Grave 162 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19C Within upper outline of grave 161 at ca 0.75–0.9 m on the same level, scattered sherds and burnt bones. larger concentration of burnt bones and sherds observed in NW area of pit of grave 161 (Pl. lXVi) was interpreted as original place of deposition of the burial. Female, maturus. Inventory:  1.  Several score sherds. Yellow-dark brown, cursorily smoothed. Badly fired, separating. Chronology: later than stadium iiB (see grave 161). Feature 163 (See grave 177) Grave 164&164A (two inhumation burials in one pit, disturbed) Sq 16-20AC At ca 0.75 m intruding on S end of grave 155, aligned N-S, distinct rectangular 2×0.9 m outline of grave pit containing fill of grey-yellow sand with a border of hardpan. centrally within pit, inhumation (no. 164) extended, leaning left, legs crossed, cranium complete, left arm, several ribs and right forearm. Absence of some vertebrae, pelvis and bones of the feet interpreted as resulting from disturbance caused by robber trench sunk to chest area of the inhumation. Presence in this area of metal elements of grave inventory indicated by fragment of bronze needle or brooch pin tip. immediately under cranium of skeleton no. 164, cranium of second skeleton, recorded as no. 164A, buried in the same grave pit at lower level where the pit was somewhat more narrow (Pl. lXVii). incomplete skeleton resting on right side, legs flexed, hands presumably resting on the chest. grave inventory not detected although the robber trench could have reached also the chest area of this burial. e of hips, traces of four partly charred stakes dm. 3–4 cm, sharpened at the end, driven vertically into the ground; similar fifth trace at S end of pit. Their purpose is hard to interpret. Burial 164: female, adultus, ca 157–158 cm; Burial 164A: infans II. Inventory (Burial 164) (Pl. lXVii): 1. Bronze fragment of tip of needle or brooch pin. l. 0.9 cm. Chronology: later than stadium iVA (see grave 155). Inventory (Burial 164A): none. Chronology: later than stadium iVA (see grave 155). Grave 165 (Pit cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19D At ca  0.45  m within sub-oval 0.4×0.3  m pit containing yellow-grey sand, concentration of cremated human bone

59 fragments (Pl. lXViii). contents of upper level of the grave spread within a radius of ca 1 m. Maturus (?). Inventory: none. Chronology: ?

of fine- and medium-grained crushed stone, badly fired, separating. rim missing. type rW iVc. reconst. Bddm. 25.8 cm, Bdm. 9 cm, reconst. H. 21.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA.

Grave 166 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19D At ca 0.7 m, irregular sub-circular dm. ca 0.3 m outline of darker soil, bottom level of destroyed grave pit. At centre, sherds and several burnt bone fragments. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. lXiX):  1.  reconst. upper part of pottery vessel with separated shoulder and lightly everted neck. Yellow-orange-brown, smoothed. type close to rW  Vi. Bddm. 20 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA (?).

Grave 170 (Pit cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-20A At ca  0.6  m at N end of inhumation grave 173, stratigraphically later sub-circular dm. ca 0.2 m outline with fill of grey-yellow sand and burnt bones in quantity among which, fragment of side plate of three-layer bone comb and two bronze rivets from the same, interpreted as remains of cremation grave. Adultus. Inventory (Pl. lXX): 1. Bone three-layer comb fragment: facing plate and two bronze rivets. type close to Thomas i. l. 2.8, 1.4 and 1 cm. Chronology: stadium V (?) (see grave 173).

Grave 167 (Pit cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19D At ca 0.7 m, uniformly circular dm. ca 0.6 m outline, bottom level of destroyed grave pit (Pl. lXiX). Fill at the edges dark grey with charcoal fragments, at centre, disturbed. Within it, very small fragments of burnt bones and a few very small sherds. Maturus (?). Inventory: 1. Sherds. dark brown. Separating. Chronology: ? Grave 168 (inhumation in log coffin, robbed) Sq 16-19D At ca  0.75  m, in contact with NW corner of cremation grave 167, aligned N-S, its N area irregular, 1×0.8 m outline of grave pit. N fragment evidently disturbed by robbery which destroyed the inhumation from hips up. in S area of pit, faint traces of log coffin up to 0.75 m wide tapering to its lower end. Within, undisturbed femurs and tibiae of extended inhumation. At hips, bronze buckle (1) and strap end (2). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. lXiX): 1. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivets with large half-round heads. type close to ml e12. l. 3.5 cm, B. 3.4 cm. 2. Bronze strap end, ring terminal with tongue-shaped tip. Shaft facetted in cross-section. on attachment end with one incomplete rivet (only shaft), a border of wolf-tooth pattern (Wolfzahnmuster). type r J.ii.3. l. 4.9 cm. Chronology: stadium iVB. Grave 169 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-19D At ca 0.55 m within pure natural sand not within discernible outline of pit, upright urn flattened at top, fragments of its rim and walls forced inside lying over burnt bone fragments filling lower body of the vessel. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. lXiX): 1. reconst. pottery vessel with handle. Black, exterior of upper body and above base smoothed, lower body roughened. on upper body broad zone of ornamentation in three parts: three rows of engraved herringbone and wide triple meander between which incompletely preserved rectangular cordon incorporating handle attached on a  plug (did not survive). Abundant temper

Number 171 (Free) Feature 172 (See grave 177) Grave 173 (inhumation disturbed, robbed) Sq 16-20AC At ca 0.5–0.65 m rectangular 2.1×0.8 m outline of grave pit, its upper fill cut by cremation graves 170 and 178. At S end of pit within irregular cut feature, arm bones and elements of grave inventory of inhumation grave 185. Within pit, fill of fine grey-yellow gravel and clay with smudges of lighter sand and concentrations of red hardpan. At pit bottom, remains of incomplete skeleton and grave inventory: in original position on its right side, upper cranium; in random arrangement, scapula, teeth and fragmented bones of the forearm. Below cranium, 7 amber eight-shape beads (5–11), glass bead (4), fragment of silver brooch spring (1), bronze strap end (3), at conjectured hip level, second strap end (2). Se of cranium, distinct rectangular ca 22×17 cm outline of wooden container, but no mounts, legible as black residue of mouldered wood from side planks, its interior at bottom also dark and with a great quantity of particles of mouldered wood (Pl. ccXXVii:5). Female (?), maturus. Inventory (Pl. lXX):  1.  Silver crossbow tendril brooch fragment: false spring with knob on the terminal. iron axle. type probably A.Vi.168. l. 1.7 cm. 2. Bronze strap end. Heavy terminal with spherical knob and long conical oval-sectioned tip. Straight attachment end with two rivets with half-round heads, conical profiling at bottom. type close to r o.15. l. 5.8 cm. 3. Bronze strap end, rectangular-sectioned with metope ornament. Straight attachment end with one rivet. type r J.iV.5. l. 4.1 cm. 4. glass barrel bead, opaque black. type tm 11. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 5–7. 3 amber eight-shape beads, with collar. type close to tm 471i. H. 1.6, 1.6 and 1.8 cm. 8–11. 4 amber eight-shape beads, one incomplete. type close to tm 465. H. 1.6, 1.4, 1.2 and 1 cm. Chronology: stadium V.

60 Grave 174 (inhumation) Sq 16-19C At 0.6 m, aligned N-S, rectangular, 1.8×0.8 m outline of grave pit containing clayey sand with reddish smudges of hardpan. ca 0.15 m lower down, incomplete skeleton: on its right side, cranium with mandible and teeth, outline of right arm and forearm flexed at the elbow. Position of bones and grave inventory implying burial on right side, possibly with legs flexed. in undisturbed arrangement in N area of grave above cranium, small pottery vessel (34) next to which, bone comb fragments (32); closer to the head, clay spindlewhorl (33). under cranium, bronze brooch (1), on chest, second, matching, brooch (2), both head pointing up. At upper rib level, third bronze brooch (3). moving down the length of grave, bronze buckle (4) and strap end (5), on chest in undisturbed arrangement, necklace of 23 amber eight-shape beads (7–29) next to which amber disc bead (30), the latter possibly associated with bronze box (6) and ring (31), resting within crook of right arm, all enclosed by remains of organic material – linen, perhaps from pouch which held these objects (Pl. ccXXV:6). Female (?), adultus. Inventory (Pl. lXXi, lXXii, ccXXXV:7, ccXl:10):  1.2. 2 bronze matching crossbow tendril brooches. Abruptly angular bows. on spring axle terminals and head, applied knobs. type A.Vi.162. l. 4.9 and 4.6 cm, B. 3 cm. 3. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch with false spring. Angular bow sub-triangular in cross-section. on lower part of bow and foot, metope ornament. type A.Vi.168. l.  4.6  cm, B. 3.7 cm. 4. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivets. type ml e12. l. 3.9 cm, B. 3.2 cm. 5. Bronze strap end, terminal with oval knob and straight round-sectioned tip. Straight attachment end with rivet with large half-round head (surviving trace). on attachment end engraved linear border. type close to r o.16. l. 4.3 cm. 6. Bronze box, cylindrical, from thin bronze sheet, with let in lid attached to the box on three S-shaped chain-links, threated through two eyes. H. 1.7 cm, dm. 2.9 cm. 7–29. 23 amber eight-shape beads. type close to tm 465. H. 0.8–1.6 cm. 30. Amber disc bead. type tm 440. dm. 2 cm, H. 0.8 cm. 31. Bronze ring. type Beckmann 16. dm. 3.2 cm. 32. Bone three-layer comb fragments. Six incomplete inner and side plates decorated with border of wolf-tooth pattern (Wolfzahnmuster) and with 5 bronze rivets used to secure the side plates. type Thomas i, decorative motif c. reconst. l. 8.8 cm, l. of rivets 1–1.2 cm. 33. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. H. 2.7 cm, dm. 4.5 cm. 34. Pottery miniature vessel. light brown, smoothed. type rW XViiA. rdm. 4 cm, Bddm. 7.4 cm, Bdm. 4.3 cm, H. 5.4 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Number 175 (See grave 160) Grave 176 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19D At ca 0.65 m, chaotic scatter of sherds from broken urn and burnt bones. outline of grave pit not detected. Female (?), maturus.

Inventory (Pl. lXX):  1.  reconst. pottery vessel. Yellow-brown, smoothed at neck and above base, horizontally roughened on middle body, interior rough. type rW iB. rdm. 21 cm, Bddm. 26 cm, Bdm. 10.5 cm, H. 25 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 177 (inhumation, destroyed) and Features 163&172 (Burrow which destroyed the inhumation grave) Sq 16-20A At ca 0.7–0.9 m extended N-S, irregular patch of darker soil with heterogeneous fill, ca 4×0.8–1.4 m, in the course of continued excavation distinguished as three pits: central pit 177, or grave pit proper, both its ends lost to features recorded as no. 163 and 172, remains of animal burrow which caused damage within grave 177, presumably fox burrow with two entrances to the main den (Pl. lXViii). Since all these features were detected at the same depth and contained similarly textured fill it is supposed that the burrowing took place still during antiquity. Grave 177 Fragment of 0.85 m wide pit and a length of 0.8 m. Within yellow-grey sand presumably in original position, well preserved cranium, without mandible, lightly inclined left; next to right eye socket, amber eight-shape bead. remainder of grave inventory from area of chest redeposited by burrowing animals (?) to outside grave pit. No other skeletal remains except for arm bones resting next to cranium. Female, maturus. Inventory (Pl. lXViii): 1. Amber eight-shape bead. type close to tm 465. H. 1.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB (?). Feature 163 irregular 1.2×0.9 m sub-oval feature interpreted as entrance to burrow intruding on N end of grave 177 right down to the natural. Within this feature, in random arrangement: mandible with teeth, bones of left forearm and hands, ribs and vertebrae, stones, clay spindlewhorl (2), fragment of worked animal rib (3), bronze rivet head (1). Female, maturus. Inventory (Pl. lXViii):  1.  Bronze rivet fragment: half-round head. dm. 0.8 cm. 2. clay spindlewhorl, spherical, dark brown. H. 2.1 cm, dm. 2.8 cm. 3. Animal rib fragment, polisher  (?), both sides polished glossy. undetermined animal species. reconst. l. 8.2 cm, B. 3.3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB (?) (see grave 177). Feature 172 Sub-oval 1.5×1.2 m pit intruding on S end of grave 177 down to the natural. Within its fill, scattered remains of skeleton and a few rodent bones. in anatomical arrangement, bones of left leg implying burial was destroyed before the corpse had time to decompose. Both clavicles, two scapulae, lower vertebrae, and ribs, fragment of pelvis, arm bones and phalanges, among which, fragment of bronze rivet (3), iron buckle (1), iron belt mount (2), iron knife (4). Female, maturus.

61 Inventory (Pl. lXViii):  1.  iron unipartite buckle with half-round frame, incomplete. type ml  d1. l.  3.7  cm. 2. iron fragment, presumably from rectangular belt mount. l. 2.6 cm, B. 1 cm. 3. Bronze rivet fragment: half-round head. dm. 0.8 cm. 4. iron knife, with residue of wooden handle. l. 16.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB (?) (see grave 177). Grave 178 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-20A At ca 0.6 m in e area of pit of grave 173 within circular darker outline, sherds from broken urn and burnt bones (Pl. lXX). Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Sherds. light brown, smoothed. Badly fired, separating. Chronology: stadium V (?) (see grave 173). Grave 179 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 16-19B At 0.85 m, aligned NNW-SSe, 2–3 m long, irregular outline of grave pit evidently disturbed by animal burrows. At lower level, 1.8×0.6 m outline of pit bottom within which, some undisturbed elements of grave inventory but no skeletal remains other than teeth; original position of these items in relation to body difficult to determine: one on top of the other, two combs (4, 5) next to which, two silver rings (2, 3) ca 0.2 m S, silver brooch (1), all resting within dark brown-grey layer of organic material (pouch from textile?) saturated with silver and copper compounds, interpreted as remains of cloth pouch which originally held these objects. Iuvenis. Inventory (Pl. lXXiii): 1. Silver crossbow tendril brooch, facetted abruptly angular trapeze-sectioned bow. on lower bow and foot, metope ornament. type A.Vi.162. l. 3.6 cm, B.  2  cm. 2.3.  2 silver rings (finger-rings?), of round-sectioned wire, penannular. dm. 1.9 and 2.2 cm. 4. Bone three-layer comb, missing teeth, incomplete side plates. type thomas i.  H.  5.2  cm, l.  9.3  cm. 5.  Bone three-layer comb, missing teeth, incomplete side plates. on side plates, geometric design of incised dots. rivets of bronze and bone. type Thomas i, decorative motif c. H. 4 cm, surviving l. 8.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 179A/190/190A (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19B At ca 0.7 m, by S end of pit of grave 179, concentration of large fragments from pottery vessel (2) and burnt human bones, recorded as no. 179A. ca 0.2 m moving e, partly melted fragment of bronze Schlangenkopf bracelet (1). At ca 0.1 m N of concentration no. 179A, centrally within dark grave fill with abundant charcoal fragments within grave 179, two other spread out concentrations of sherds from the same vessel and burnt bones, recorded as no. 190 and 190A. Female (?), maturus. Inventory (Pl. lXXiV):  1.  Bronze Schlangenkopf bracelet terminal, partly melted. type Wójcik iiB. Surviving

l. 4.9 cm, B. of plano-convex terminal ca 1.7 cm. 2. reconst. pottery vessel. Black, exterior of upper body and above smoothed. At neck base, delicate cordon; below, row of alternating smoothed and roughened triangles over a broad roughened band. on upper body trace of broken off handle (presumably 4 in all). type rW iVA. rdm. 20 cm, Bddm. 31.5 cm, Bdm. 13 cm, H. 24.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iic. Number 180 (See grave 157) Grave 181/182 (urn cremation) Sq 16-19D At ca 0.6 m within pure natural sand, upper body damaged, urn half filled with burnt bone fragments. At the same level, moving S ca 0.5 m, concentration of sherds from the same vessel and burnt bones, recorded as no. 182. No other grave inventory. grave 181/182 intruded on upper fill of pit of grave 204 from its Se side. Male, adultus or maturus. Inventory (Pl. lXXV): 1. reconst. pottery vessel. Black-dark brown, carefully smoothed, cordon at neck. With four handles attached on a plug, one surviving. type rW V. rdm. 21.5 cm, Bddm. 33 cm, Bdm. 15 cm, H. 31 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Number 182 (See grave 181) Grave 183 (inhumation) Sq 16-19B, 16-20A At 0.6 m aligned NNW-SSe, rectangular 2.4×1 m outline of grave pit with fill of grey yellow sand and clay. ca 0.2 m lower down at pit bottom, skeleton, in extended position arms extended down the body (Pl. lXXVi). upper cranium with a hole (Pl. ccXXV:2; hole pointed by an arrow) – trace of trepanation (?). Male, iuvenis, ca 156–158 cm. Inventory: none. Chronology: ? Grave 184 (inhumation) Sq 16-19D At ca 0.55 m aligned NNW-SSe, rectangular 1.65×0.8 m outline of grave pit. Fill of yellow-grey sand. Se end of pit disturbed by cremation grave 194. At pit bottom, traces of decomposed inhumation: cranium resting on its right side surviving in residual form, and teeth; legible only as smudges, long bones and pelvis implying burial on right side legs flexed. grave inventory undisturbed and complete: left of cranium, bronze disc brooch with enamel (1) on chest, two bronze brooches (3, 4), at conjectured hip level, buckle (5), bronze brooch with gilded silver foil (2). Also on chest, 72 glass beads (6–45) and 13 amber beads (46–58), in arrangement distorted by deposition of body on its side making more detailed reconstruction of the necklace unfeasible; nevertheless, it was in two or three strings: glass ridged beads (9–16), two polychrome spindle-shaped beads (6, 7) and one checkerboard form (8); second string: small amber beads (46–58) and mosaic, polychrome

62 and monochrome glass beads (17–43). Third separate set formed by orange miniature beads (44, 45) – 34 complete and a quantity of shattered broken orange glass, all clustering on chest, deeper down, than beads from two strings, interpreted as appliqué. Female (?), maturus. Inventory (Pl. lXXVii, lXXViii, ccXXXiii:4, ccXXXV:5, ccXlii:9.18.20): 1. Bronze disc brooch with enamel. circular disc with central opening and concentric profiling; the most raised of the resulting rings filled with pale green enamel with inserted flower pattern, each with four petals and a centre. on circumference of disc, originally six projections, only three surviving, others presumably broken off during use, the place of fracture carefully filed down and smoothed. underside retaining fragment of hinged pin lug and catchplate – also treated in the described manner. This suggests that at time of deposition in the grave the brooch no longer was used as such and was part of a necklace or, given its discovery near the temple, as some head ornament. type riha 7.14. l. 4 cm. 2. Bronze brooch with high catchplate and cylinder for the spring, with gilded silver foil, on the head, half-round disc, half-round crest on the bow and lightly expanded foot; bow plano-convex. decoration of gilded silver foil stamped with a motif of lines and rings in imitation of filigree survives on the cylinder, on the half-round head and partly on bow but not on the crest and foot. Panels laid with foil have a border of silver filigree wire. type undetermined. unites attributes of early roman group A.V. brooches (cylinder, gilded silver foil ornament) with those of late roman group A.Vii. forms (high catchplate). l. 3.6 cm, B. 2.9 cm. 3.4. Bronze matching crossbow brooches with a closed catchplate. Arched, plano-convex bow with a narrow groove; on spring axle terminals, small coiled knobs. type A.Vi.170. l. 4.4 cm, B.  1.7  cm. 5.  Bronze unipartite buckle with half-round frame. type close to ml d1. l. 1.4 cm, B. 1.7 cm. 6.7. 2 glass beads spindle-like, opaque navy blue and dark green, ornamented with white diagonal bands. type close to tm 347. H. 3.6 and 3.7 cm, dm. 1.2 cm. 8. glass barrel bead, opaque dark blue base with checkerboard pattern in red, white and yellow. type close to tm 367. dm. 2 cm, H. 1.7 cm. 9–16. 8 glass ridged beads, transparent pale green. type tm 182b. dm. 1–1.2 cm, H. 3.1–4.4 cm. 17–27. 11 glass barrel beads, opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 0.8–1.1 cm, H. 0.5–0.7 cm. 28–32. 5 glass annular beads, transparent blue. type close to tm 47. dm. 0.5–0.7 cm, H. 0.3–0.5 cm. 33–38. 6 glass barrel beads, on opaque red base eyes with black centre and white border, some of the eyes incomplete. type tm 223a. dm. 1–1.2 cm, H. ca 1 cm. 39. glass barrel bead, opaque, with diagonal bands in yellow, red and blue. type close to tm 290. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 1 cm. 40. glass barrel bead, opaque navy blue base with sinuous yellow line. type tm 261a. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1 cm. 41. glass barrel bead, plain glass with gold foil. type tm 387a. dm. 1.1 cm, H.  1.1  cm. 42.  glass lenticular bead, transparent blue.

type tm 88. dm. 0.9 cm, H. 0.8 cm. 43. glass cylindrical bead, opaque red. type tm  142. dm. 1  cm, H.  1.8  cm. 44.45. 34 glass miniature beads, opaque orange. type tm 53. dm. 0.4–0.5  cm. 46–58.  13 amber annular beads. type tm 390. dm. 0.6–0.8 cm, H. 0.2–0.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iVB. Grave 185 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 16-20C By S end of pit of inhumation grave 173, at ca 0.65 m, with no legible pit outline, fragments of bones of left forearm and fragment of rib next to which, bronze mount (1) and spindlewhorl (2), interpreted as remains of inhumation grave destroyed when digging grave 173 or when it was being robbed. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. lXX): 1. Bronze rectangular belt mount (?), with one round-headed rivet. engraved with two parallel vertical lines. l. 3.9 cm, B. 2.2 cm. 2. clay spindlewhorl, biconical. H. 1.4 cm, dm. 2.4 cm. Chronology: stadium V (?) (see grave 173). Grave 186/187 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19CD At ca 0.7 m within poorly legible sub-circular pit, flattened urn surrounded by fragments of burnt bone. directly N of this grave, another concentration of small sherds from the same vessel and burnt bones, recorded as no. 187. grave 186/187 intruded on N end of grave 200. Female (?), adultus or maturus. Inventory (Pl. lXXV): 1. reconst. upper part of pottery vessel. dark brown, smoothed. on upper body, between two groups of three engraved lines a row of engraved triangles. Several other sherds from the same vessel. type close to rW Vi. rdm. 18 cm, reconst. Bddm. 19 cm, surviving H. 10 cm. Chronology: later than stadium iiiB (see grave 200). Number 187 (See grave 186) Grave 188 (urn cremation) Sq 16-20C At ca 0.6 m circular dm. 0.5 m outline of grave pit filled with yellow-grey sand. At bottom, fissured urn, filled with burnt bones, with a flat stone for a lid. Female (?), maturus. Inventory (Pl. lXXiii): 1. Pottery vessel with two handles. light brown to orange-brown, cursorily smoothed in horizontal and diagonal bands, on shoulder, four engraved lines. type rW V. rdm. 20 cm, Bddm. 28 cm, Bdm. 11.5 cm, H. 24 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 189 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19D At ca  0.6  m within yellow sand without any discernible pit outline, concentration of sherds and burnt bones (Pl. lXXVi). other elements of grave inventory not detected. Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Several score sherds. dark brown, smoothed and roughened. Badly fired, brittle and separating. Chronology: ?

63 Number 190 (See grave 179A) Number 190A (See grave 179A) Grave 191 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 16-20C At ca 0.65 m aligned N-S, rectangular 2×0.55 m grave pit. central area partly lost to robber trench sunk to the area of the chest. Fill of yellow-grey sand with clay with some patches of orange-red iron oxide. No surviving skeleton, only, next to edge of robber trench, isolated fragments of cranium and teeth. Next to cranium, bronze brooch (2), at conjectured level of left arm, second bronze brooch (1) retaining impression of textile in plain weave. Nearby, clay spindlewhorl (3). Above the head, regular circular, dm. ca  20 cm, outline of darker earth with substantial quantity of woody particles, interpreted as traces of wicker basket implied by observed impressions of twigs. Next to this outline, irregular patch of dark sand of unknown origin. Infans II. Inventory (Pl. lXXiX):  1.2.  2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches, broad plain bow. one brooch with incomplete spring-cover. type A.ii.40-41. l. 3.7 cm, B. 3.6 and 3.2 cm. 3. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, brown. H. 2.3 cm, dm. 3.9 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 192 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 16-19BD At ca 0.9 m aligned N-S, sub-rectangular 2.1×0.65 m outline of grave pit with fill of yellow-grey sand with a border of hardpan. Within pit, considerably decomposed remains of skeleton resting half-turned on its right side, legs flexed, hand resting on the hip. Next to cranium, bronze needle (21), near mandible, foot pointing up, bronze brooch (2); on left arm, head pointing down, similar brooch (1), over ribs, another bronze brooch (3). Next to pelvis, bronze buckle (4) and strap end (5) next to which, dark smudges from decomposed belt. on upper chest, 15 amber and glass beads (6–20). Female, maturus. Inventory (Pl. lXXX): 1.2. 2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on bow, crest; high, narrow and diagonally set catchplate, exceptionally high in one specimen. on bow, border of lines in imitation of filigree. type A.ii.40-41. l. 3.9 and 4.3 cm, B. 3.3 cm. 3. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch. uniformly arched plano-convex bow. on spring axle terminals, small constricted knobs. type A.Vi.162. l. 5 cm, B. 2.4 cm. 4. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivet holes and impression of large rivet heads. type ml d17. l. 3.5 cm, B. 3.4 cm. 5. Bronze strap end, ring terminal with tongue-shaped tip. Fan-shaped attachment end with rivet hole retaining rivet shaft and impression of the missing half-round head. type r J.ii.3. l. 5.6 cm. 6. glass cylindrical bead, transparent green, oval in cross-section. type close to tm 137. H. 1.1 cm, B. 0.6 cm 7. glass barrel bead, opaque black.

type tm 11. dm. 1.3 cm, H. 0.8 cm. 8. glass barrel bead, opaque green. type tm 8. dm. 1.3 cm, H. 1 cm. 9. Amber tetrahedral bead. type tm 411. H. 1 cm, B. 0.6 cm. 10. Amber annular bead, asymmetric. type tm 389. dm. 2 cm, max. H. 1 cm. 11–16. 6 amber annular beads, asymmetric. type tm 390. dm. 0.7–0.9 cm, max. H. ca 0.3 cm. 17–20. 4 amber barrel beads. type close to tm 394. dm. 0.6–0.7 cm, max. H. ca 0.5 cm. 21. Bronze needle. l. 5.7 cm. 22. Several score fragments of shattered glass beads. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Number 193 (Free) Grave 194 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19D At ca  0.55  m, by S end of grave 184, at the same level, irregular outline of pit with fill of yellow-grey sand (Pl. lXXVii) within which, side by side, two partly melted bronze brooches (1, 2) next to which, concentration of sherds (3) and burnt bones. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. lXXViii):  1.2.  2 bronze matching crossbow tendril brooches with false spring. Abruptly angular bows, pentagonal in cross-section. on lower bow and foot, metope ornament. on spring axle terminals, knobs. one brooch with incomplete false spring. type A.Vi.168. l. 4.3 and 4.6 cm, B. 4.6 and 3.4 cm. 3. reconst. upper part pottery vessel. Black, in places, grey, exterior smoothed, interior rough. Below neck and above shoulder, two broad bands between delicately engraved approximately horizontal lines with irregularly spaced vertical zones filled with herringbone, by the rim trace of broken off handle. type close to rW iV. rdm. 20 cm, reconst. Bddm. 21.8 cm, surviving H. 11.8 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 195 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-20C At ca 0.6 m within yellow-grey sand, base of flattened urn containing burnt bones. outline of grave pit not detected. Female, adultus. Inventory (Pl. lXiX):  1.  reconst. lower part of pottery vessel. dark brown, exterior smoothed from base up, roughened above, interior rough. Average temper mostly of coarse-grained crushed stone. type close to rW i. Bdm. 11 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA (?). Grave 196 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 16-20A At 0.65 m under excavated grave 155, indistinct bottom of 2.2×0.65 m grave pit with observably disturbed upper level, presumably during deposition of grave 155. incomplete skeleton, extended supine indicated by two femur fragments resting in original position. Next to left thigh, circular black outline, dm. ca 15 cm, interpreted as trace of some organic object (small basket?). At N end of grave, bronze brooch. Bones undefined.

64 Inventory (Pl. lXXXi, ccXXXiV:3):  1.  Bronze brooch with cylinder and crest on the bow, gently expanded foot. on cylinder and bow, triangle and ring motif. type A.ii.42. l. 5.4 cm, B. 4.3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 197 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19C At ca 0.7 m, within N end of pit of inhumation no. 200, next to grave 186/187, flattened urn surrounded by burnt bone fragments (Pl. lXXV). outline of pit not detected. Iuvenis. Inventory (Pl. lXXiV): 1. reconst. upper part pottery vessel. light brown to orange-brown, smoothed. one surviving handle. Several other sherds from the same vessel. type close to rW XViB. rdm. 16.5 cm, Bddm. 21 cm, surviving H. 13 cm. Chronology: later than stadium iiiB (see grave 200). Grave 198/199 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-20AC Within upper fill of inhumation grave 205 next to NW corner of pit of grave 210, at ca 0.7 m, concentration of sherds and burnt bones, recorded as no. 198. At some distance within N end of grave 205, on the same level, further concentration of sherds from the same vessel, recorded as no. 199 (Pl. lXXXVi). Maturus. Inventory (Pl. lXXXVii): 1. reconst. upper part pottery vessel. dark brown, smoothed. Well marked shoulder. type close to rW XVi. rdm. 15 cm, Bddm. 22.7 cm, surviving H. 11.8 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB. Number 199 (See grave 198) Grave 200 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 16-19CD At ca 0.75 m, under intruding cremation graves 186/187 and 197 (Pl. lXXV), regular rectangular 2.1×0.85 m outline of grave pit within which, extended supine inhumation burial, right arm extended down the body, left flexed at elbow. incomplete skeleton missing bones from chest and hip area, and bones of the feet; cranium and arm and leg bones deteriorated during excavation. At lower rib level, bronze pin (3), in hip area, bronze buckle (1), over right femur, bronze strap end (2). By left elbow, flattened pottery vessel (5) next to which and extending from level of left femur to e edge of pit wider at this point, rectangular ca 45×45 cm outline of large wooden casket (?) without metal mounts. At S end of pit, incomplete bronze key (4), fragment of its bit at opposite end of grave. Male, iuvenis, ca 168–170 cm. Inventory (Pl. lXXXii, ccXlV:4):  1.  Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivets. on part of buckle plate over pivot wolf-tooth pattern (Wolfzahnmuster). type ml  d29. l.  3.2  cm, B.  3.4  cm. 2.  Bronze strap end, ring terminal and lightly expanded tip. Attachment end with one rivet and a border of wolf-tooth

pattern (Wolfzahnmuster). type close to r J.ii.3. l. 5 cm. 3. Bronze pin, half-round head with horizontal grooves and intersecting lines. Beckmann group iii, type Weklice acc. to Juga-Szymańska. l. 6.5 cm. 4. Bronze key, in two fragments: u-shaped bit round in cross-section, rectangular-sectioned shaft. Bow with ring and loop for suspension, attachment end with rivet hole retaining rivet with large half-round head decorated with intersecting lines. type Kokowski A2. l. key with attachment end 16.2 cm, l. of key 13.2 cm, dm. of key 2.1 cm. 5. reconst. upper part of pottery vessel. light to medium brown, cursorily smoothed. type close to rW Vi. rdm. 16.5 cm, Bddm. 18 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 201 (inhumation-cremation?, disturbed) Sq 16-20CD e of graves 205 and 210, at ca  0.75  m, rectangular 1.8×0.8 m outline of grave pit filled with grey-yellow sand and clay (Pl. lXXVi). Within pit, several concentrations of sherds and burnt human bones. At N end of pit, unburnt teeth from otherwise fully destroyed inhumation burial. in SW area of pit, several stones. Iuvenis. Cremations bones undefined. Inventory: 1. Sherds. dark brown. Badly fired, exfoliating and separating. Chronology: ? Grave 202 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 16-19C At ca 0.8 m, aligned NW-Se, rectangular 1.85×0.65 m outline of grave pit, and ca 0.30 m under grave 202, uppermost tangible level of grave 208. Fill of yellow-grey sand with a border of hardpan. Within pit, 1.68×0.45 m outline of log coffin with rounded ends. No surviving skeleton, only at N end, several teeth next to which, amber bead fragment (3), in area of conjectured ribs, bronze brooch (1), next to pelvis, bronze belt buckle (2), both retaining residue of mouldered organic material. Adultus. Inventory (Pl. lXXiX): 1. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch with false spring. Abruptly angular bow, triangular in cross-section. on spring axle terminals, small knobs. type A.Vi.168. l. 4.7 cm, B. 4.1 cm. 2. Bronze bipartite buckle with buckle plate, incomplete, secured with two rivets. type ml d29. l. 3.3 cm, B. 3.4 cm. 3. Amber disc bead, incomplete. type tm 429. dm. 1.6 cm, H. 0.6 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Feature 203 (concentration of finds) Sq 16-19D At ca  0.85  m within the natural, irregular ca  1.2×1  m patch of yellow-grey soil within which, rib, small quantity of burnt bone and 4 bronze brooches (1–4) recorded as loose finds presumably, from destroyed or robbed graves. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. lXXii): 1. Bronze spring-cover brooch. on bow, lengthwise lines in imitation of filigree. type A.ii.38. l. 4 cm, B. 3.4 cm. 2. Bronze crest-headed brooch. type

65 A.V.128. l. 3.2 cm, B. 3.1 cm. 3. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch. Abruptly angular bow, lozengic in cross-section. type A.Vi.162. l. 6.3 cm, B. 1.7 cm. 4. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch. Abruptly angular bow triangular in cross-section. type A.Vi.162. l. 6.6 cm, B. 3.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic (1); stadium iiiA/iiiB (2); stadium iVB/V (3.4). Grave 204 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 16-19D At ca  0.9  m under excavated cremation grave 181/182, aligned NNW-SSe, 1.8×0.6  m outline of grave pit with traces of robber trench at centre. SW fragment of this grave pit cut by the pit of grave 207. Within red-grey bottom layer, in anatomical arrangement, fragment of left femur, left tibia, and scattered bones of the feet. remainder of skeleton destroyed presumably during robbery. Next to femur, pottery vessel (2) inside which, bronze strap end (1). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. lXXX):  1.  Bronze strap end, straight attachment end with two rivets. incomplete, corroded. type close to r J.iV.4. l. 5.4 cm. 2. Pottery vessel. dark brown, smoothed and glossy. type close to rW XiV. rdm. 8.5 cm, Bddm. 9.3 cm, Bdm. 4 cm, H. 10 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 205 (inhumation destroyed, robbed) Sq 16-20C At ca 0.8 m under excavated cremation grave 198/199, its Se end disrupted by cut feature of grave 210, rectangular 2.5×1  m outline of grave pit discernible from hardpan precipitates (Pl. lXXXVi). Within grey-yellow clayey sand, residual skeleton: resting on its right side, flattened cranium next to which, small fragment of bronze sheet (2). By e end of pit, bronze strap end (1). other grave good presumably robbed when grave disturbed by cut feature of grave 210. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. lXXXVii): 1. Bronze strap end, ring terminal with tongue-shaped tip. trapeze-shaped attachment end with one rivet. type close to r J.ii.3. l. 4.3 cm. 2. Bronze sheet fragment. l. 0.9 cm. Chronology: stadium iic. Grave 206 (urn cremation) Sq 16-20C At ca 0.75 m within reddish-yellow clay, leaning e, fissured pottery urn half-filled with burnt bones; no other elements of grave inventory. outline of grave pit not detected. Male, maturus. Inventory (Pl. lXXXii, ccXliV:5): 1. Pottery vessel, asymmetric. dark orange-brown, in places dark brown, exterior cursorily smoothed on neck and rim and over base, most of the body finely roughened; interior rough. Abundant temper of fine- and medium-grained crushed stone. unevenly fired in oxidising conditions. type rW iB. rdm. 16.5 cm, Bddm. 29 cm, Bdm. 15.5 cm, H. 28 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA.

Grave 207 (inhumation in log coffin, robbed) Sq 16-19D At ca 0.8 m aligned N-S, distinct rectangular 1.9×0.7 m outline of grave pit intruding on SW area of grave 204 (Pl. lXXVi). Within grey-yellow sand and clay fill, distinct outline of log coffin with rounded ends tapering to S end within which, cranium in upright position. elements of grave inventory not detected. Male, iuvenis. Inventory: none. Chronology: later than stadium iVA (see grave 204). Grave 208 (inhumation in box coffin) Sq 16-19C At 1.1–1.2  m under inhumation grave 202, its S end disturbed by pit of inhumation no. 220, aligned NW-Se, outline of grave pit. At 1.4 m, level of burial, the same pit observed as sub-rectangular ca 3.6×1.2 m outline; at the corners, postholes from timbers with a  sharpened end, in two postholes, residue of mouldered wood. over pit bottom, fragments of a “floor” of rough planks, platform for the burial, discernible as regular rectangular 2.27×1 m outline rich in particles of mouldered oak wood. The posts may have supported a makeshift structure which shored up the sides of the deep pit cut in friable sand when the oaken platform was being laid at pit bottom. At S end of box coffin, originally in alignment with axis of the grave pit, hexahedral, 55×45×20 cm tombstone (?) with two larger surfaces showing evidence of working – set in a vertical position (possibly over a small stone discovered nearby) but later, presumably when grave 220 was established – the stone was pushed W and turned around by 90°. There was evidence that the tombstone stood upright buried at pit bottom and was not visible on the surface. At centre of the rough plank platform, largely decomposed skeleton (Pl. ccXXVi:1): within bracelets, fragments of bones of both forearms their position implying that flexed at elbow, the right arm rested under the head, the left arm, also flexed, on the chest. Surviving fragment of femur lying next to buckle. Position of cranium and arms implies burial on right side, legs flexed (indicated by position of buckle and buckle end and faint outline of the rest of the body). In situ within the outline of the skeleton, on cranium, bronze needle (14); next to mandible, gold S-clasp and, possibly suspended from it, two gold beads (11–13); under upper cranium, on chest and by left arm, silver brooches (2–4); at lower rib level, disc brooch (1); in hip area with adhering fragment of femur head and remains of leather, bronze belt buckle (9); by the knees, bronze strap end (10); on each forearm, silver matching Schlangenkopf and wellenförmige bracelets (5–8). over cranium, by N corner of box, three vessels: leaning W complete terra sigillata bowl (17) inside which, pottery beaker of cantharos type (16); N of these vessels, resting on its side, bronze kettle (15), flattened by pressure of the earth (Pl. ccXXVi:2). Female, senilis. Inventory (Pl. lXXXiii–lXXXV, ccXXXii):  1.  gilded silver disc brooch. circular disc of silver sheet laid with

66 0.15–0.2 mm thick silver foil attached with tin-lead solder, the foil stamped with portraits of emperors mark Aurelius and lucius Verus. Soldered to the same disc a border of similar foil (B. 7 mm) stamped with laurel wreath motif. Both pieces of foil with definite traces of gilding. Fastening on the underside of disc in horizontal position in relation to the representation on upper face; spring lug and hook-like catchplate threaded through openings in the disc and hammered to on the other side, the fastening with a spring of seven coils has a mock cross-bow construction, the chord resting against the underside of the disc. The brooch was repaired, its spring axle replaced with a wooden pin, partly preserved. on the smooth face underside scratch marks made with a fine graver, probably deliberately before cutting the disc from silver sheet, originally intended as an element of another ornament. dm. 4.1 cm. Th. of sheet 0.5 mm. H. of catchplate 1.3 cm, B. of catchplate 0.6 cm. Th. of catchplate sheet 1.5 mm. W. 8.832 g. 2.3. two silver spring-cover brooches. cast, with casting seams on underside of bow and traces of filing and polishing on upper face. on spring-cover cylinders and on crest, angled design, on bow, three vertical grooves and triangles in between them. High lightly diagonally drooping catchplate. type A.ii.40-41. l.  2.9 and 3 cm, B. 3 cm. 4. Silver crossbow brooch with high catchplate. round-sectioned bow, on foot terminal half-round knob separated by a constriction, 10-coil spring. on bow, traces of filing and polishing. type A.Vii. series 1. l. 2.7 cm, B. 1.5 cm. 5.6. 2 silver matching Schlangenkopf bracelets. Heavy open ended hoop sub-triangular in cross-section with a constriction in the middle obtained by folding edges inwards and hammering them flat inside the constriction shallow furrow. decorative border in imitation of beaded wire. Very worn, with in places illegible ornament. type close to Wójcik iiiA. dm. 6.7 and 6.9 cm, B. of plano-convex terminals ca 2 cm. 7.8. 2 silver matching wellenförmige bracelets with decorative capsule fastening. Hoops of round-sectioned wire (dm. ca 2 mm); one end of wire soldered to a round disc, bottom of the capsule, the other folded and fitted with a small knob used to hook into the opening in the capsule bottom to fasten the bracelet. The capsules have an encircling narrow ledge around their bottom and a top of 0.3–0.4 mm thick sheet decorated with filigree and granulation; all parts joined using chemical solder based on copper compounds. decoration of the pill-box top is concentric: on the edge, two strands of beaded wire, moving towards the centre, a circle of granules set in nests of filigree, another ring of beaded wire and a circlet of minute granules, followed by plain wire coiled spirally and finally, at centre, a  ring of small granules around two rings of beaded wire, between which single granules, and at centre of the inner ring, a large granule. This decoration in the two bracelets differs in details of execution retaining the same ornamental composition. dm. ca 6.5 cm, dm. of both discs 2.5 cm. 9. Bronze bipartite belt buckle. rectangular buckle

plate with four rivets arranged in pairs on the edges. rectangular frame with recessed sides, in the corners, half-round knobs profiled at bottom; on buckle frame next to pivot, three ribs. Frame richly profiled, expanding from pivot to its outer edge, with an unusual triangular profile. Buckle pin profiled at base, with a constriction near its tip, resting in a special recessed area on the frame. on pivot at top and bottom, two knobs, one original, the other replaced during repairs. Buckle plate incomplete. type close to ml  e29. l.  4.3  cm, B.  3.6  cm. 10.  Bronze strap end, ring terminal with facetted shaft. Fan-shaped attachment end with one rivet; ring broken the point of breakage carefully filed  –  apparently the strap end continued in use even after becoming damaged. type close to r J.ii.3. l. 5.7 cm. 11. gold S-clasp of six strands of filigree wire bound with gold solder with three applied double bands. on the bands from the front three rosettes of granules: large central granule surrounded by 12 smaller ones. on both terminals, bands of filigree overlaid with clusters of granules. type v. müller B. l.  2.4  cm. W.  6.525 g. 12.13. 2 gold biconical beads, coiled from flattened wire soldered together at the base. This junction overlaid with single strand of beaded wire, the same done for the two openings at top and bottom. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 1 cm W. 2.282 and 2.307 g. 14. Bronze needle fragment, of thin wire. top end with eye broken off. Surviving l. 2.4 cm. 15. Bronze slant grooved kettle. externally on the base concentric lathe marks. internally the base is smoothed, with a small cross mark graved at centre – mark of the owner (?); both handle attachments soldered to the rim, carefully profiled and decorated with a row of punched rings. Stout handle with oblique grooves in imitation of twisting with repaired terminals: a  replacement swan-head terminal, presumably attached by soldering to the handle and a second, crudely executed attached with rivets. type eggers 48. rdm. 19 cm, Bddm. 18.8 cm, Bdm. 8.5 cm, H. 13.1 cm. 16. Pottery cantharos with green engobe and transparent light golden vitreous (lead?) glaze. The vessel lay inside the terra sigillata bowl and was fissured, some of its glaze flaked off. in very fine light grey-green clay. made on a potter’s wheel. Signs of wheel manufacture on both surfaces; vessel walls are only 3–4 mm thick. Applied to the cylindrical body are two S-profiled narrow handles with small recessed areas in the upper face of their upper end. Vessel body set on a slender stem with a broad foot hollow on its underside, is decorated with three horizontal rows of barbotine technique. on one side of the lip next to the handle is a lump of dark blue transparent glass inserted into the glaze. rdm. 8.4 cm, dm. of stem 1.8 cm, dm. of foot 4.6 cm, H. 10.3 cm. 17. Terra sigillata bowl. complete. High quality glaze of a clear dark orange colour damaged in some places by mineral deposit. The ornament’s relief is slightly erased. No potter’s stamp. identified as from the workshop of ciNNAmuS of lezoux. Form dragendorff

67 37, profile variety Stanfield  &  Simpson 168,14.  rdm. 22.5 cm, Bdm. 6.1 cm, H. 13.2 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB. Grave 209 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-20C At ca 0.7 m within yellow-grey clay and sand, poorly legible sub-circular, dm. ca 0.6 m, outline with basin-like bottom; within, urn with upper body lost to ploughing (4) half-filled with burnt bones among which, two bronze brooches (1, 2) and clay spindlewhorl (3). Male, maturus. Inventory (Pl. lXXXV, ccXliV:7.8):  1.2.  2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches, partly melted; one fragmented. on crest, row of short diagonal lines, on bow and foot, engraved lengthwise lines. type A.ii.40-41. l.  4.4 and 3.1  cm, B.  4.4  cm. 3.  clay spindlewhorl, biconical. light brown. H.  2  cm, dm. 3.2  cm. 4.  reconst. pottery vessel. Wheel coiling technique. Vase-like form, with separate rim and base. exterior dull, grey-orange to brown, with black patches, partly worn away. Well fired body. on upper body sinuous line between two cordons. Base with circular marks of cut-off removal from the wheel. type Schindler group Vii, type Weklice acc. to Natuniewicz. rdm. 23.5 cm, Bddm. 23.5 cm, Bdm. 10.5 cm, H. 17 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 210 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 16-20C under excavated vestigial cremation grave 198/199, at ca 0.7 m, intruding on Se area of grave 205, aligned N-S, rectangular ca 2.5×0.8 m outline of grave pit. Within fill of yellow-red clayey sand with a border of dark red hardpan, distinct outline of 2.2×0.6 m log coffin, N end lost, presumably to an urn grave inserted at this point. Skeleton resting on right side legs flexed with complete cranium, missing all bones of chest and pelvis, with fragments of forearms surviving inside bracelets, also, parts of femurs and tibiae. in original position by left temple, bronze needle (20), under mandible, silver S-clasp (7); moving down the body, foot pointing up, two bronze brooches (1, 2) next to which, 90 glass and 5 amber beads (8–19) from a necklace of obscure form; possibly, miniature beads found below the neck were draped separately or sewn onto the upper part of clothing. on wrists of both arms, two silver bracelets (3, 4), at hip level, bronze buckle (5) and strap end (6). At S end of coffin below the feet, distinct outline of large 45×45 cm wooden container legible from smudges of decomposed wood, no metal mounts. Female, adultus, ca 156–158 cm. Inventory (Pl. lXXXVi, ccXXXViii:4.5): 1.2. 2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on bow and crest, engraved lines. High and diagonally set catchplate. type A.ii.40-41. l.  3.8  cm, B.  3.6  cm. 3.4.  2 silver matching schlangenkopf bracelets. Broad profiled hoop. type Wójcik iVB. dm. 6.2 cm, B. of plano-convex terminals ca 3 cm,

B. of hoop ca 2.2 cm. 5. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with recessed sides, two rivets and a central ring-and-dot ornament. type close to ml d17. l. 3.3 cm, B. 3.3 cm. 6. Bronze strap end, terminal with biconical knob between coils of beaded wire, cylindrical tip. Attachment end with one incomplete rivet (head missing) with a border of punched ring-and-dot motif design. At centre, similar design as on belt buckle. type close to r o.11. l. 6.2 cm. 7. Silver S-clasp, of five strands of beaded wire with a border of minute granules (some of them at present missing). on terminals, clusters of granules (one surviving). At centre, two strands of fine plain wire. type v. müller B. Surviving l. 2.6 cm. 8.9. 86 glass miniature beads, opaque orange. type tm 53. dm. 0.4–0.6 cm. 10. glass tetrahedral bead, transparent yellow-brown. type close to tm 106. H. 0.9 cm, B.  0.5  cm. 11.  glass cylindrical bead, transparent green. type close to tm 137. dm. 0.5 cm, H. 0.9 cm. 12.13. 2 glass polychrome barrel beads, opaque base with checkerboard pattern in yellow, green, red and brown. type close to tm  366. dm. 1.3  cm, H.  1.1  cm. 14.  glass eight-shape bead, of transparent plain glass, crudely made. type close to tm 84. H. 0.9 cm. 15–19. 5 amber annular beads. type tm 388-389. dm. 0.7–2 cm, H. 0.5–1 cm. 20. Bronze needle. top end with eye broken off. Surviving l. 4.8 cm. 21. Bronze sheet fragment. l. 1 cm, B. 0.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 211 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-19A under layer of compacted firm clay with gravel, at ca 0.6 m, aligned N-S, indistinct 1.1×0.45  m outline of ca  0.25  m deep pit bottom. Within yellow-grey sand and clay, scattered sherds (2) interspersed with burnt bones within upper layer of which, clay spindlewhorl (1). The grave was superimposed over grave 241. Female, maturus. Inventory (Pl. lXXXViii): 1. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, brown. H. 2.8 cm, dm. 4 cm. 2. reconst. pottery vessel. dark brown, exterior smooth, interior rough. Abundant temper of fine-grained sand. Badly fired, separating and exfoliating. type close to rW ViA. rdm. 16.5 cm, reconst. Bddm. 29 cm, Bdm. 10 cm, reconst. H. 17.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 212/213 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-18B NW of urn grave 211, on the same level, at ca  0.6  m, concentration of pottery and burnt bones recorded as no. 212, Se of which within compact dark fill containing charcoal and burnt bones, large fragments of the same vessel, recorded as no. 213, interpreted as original place of deposition of the urn. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. lXXXi): 1. reconst. pottery vessel. Wheel coiling technique. Vase-like form, with separate rim and base. exterior dull, grey-orange-brown, with black patches, partly worn away. Well fired body. on upper body sinuous line between two cordons. type Schindler group Vii, type

68 Weklice acc. to Natuniewicz. rdm. 28 cm, Bddm. 32 cm, Bdm. 13 cm, H. 26 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Number 213 (See grave 212) Grave 214 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-20C, 17-20A under ca 0.6 m thick slumping layer, sub-oval ca 0.2 m deep pit with yellow-grey fill within which, flattened urn and burnt bones. Adultus. Inventory (Pl. lXXXViii):  1.  reconst. middle part of pottery vessel. dark brown, smoothed. ornament of horizontal lines and in between, alternating plain and hatched triangles. type close to rW Vi. Bddm. 21 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA (?). Grave 215 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 17-20A At ca 0.6 m, irregular darker outline with fill of yellow-grey sand and ferruginous precipitates within which, disturbed by ploughing, flattened urn (4) containing burnt bones, iron buckle (2), and partly melted bronze brooch fragment (1). ca 0.1 m SW of grave pit, incomplete amber bead (3) its attribution to the same assemblage open to reservation. Female (?), adultus. Inventory (Pl. lXXXVii): 1. Bronze spring cover brooch fragment: bow. Partly melted. type A.ii.40-41. Surviving l. 3.7 cm, surviving B. 4.7 cm. 2. iron unipartite buckle with rectangular frame. type ml g1. l. 3.1 cm, B. 5 cm. 3. Amber disc bead. type close to tm 430. dm. 1.3 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 4.  reconst. pottery vessel. orange-brown to light brown, smoothed. type close to rW  Vic. rdm. 18  cm, Bddm. 20.5 cm, Bdm. 9.5 cm, H. 15.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 216/247 (inhumation destroyed, robbed) Sq 17-19AB Within disturbed earth, between pits of graves 218 and 219, at ca 0.45 m, human mandible (recorded as no. 216). After excavation of no. 218 and 219, 0.3 cm lower down, outline of bottom level of rectangular grave pit largely lost to at least two overlapping robber trenches one of them going down to centre of grave 219. The pit (recorded as no. 247) at bottom level was rectangular, 2.6×0.9 m, aligned NNW-SSe, its fill disturbed by robber trench down to the natural (Pl. Xc). Within, in anatomical arrangement, poorly preserved bones of left leg implying by their placement burial in extended position. Stratigraphically this grave was earlier than graves 218 and 219. Bones missing. Inventory: none. Chronology: earlier than stadium iiB/iic (see grave 218). Grave 217 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 17-19A At ca 0.45 m, yellow-grey patch of dark soil within which, concentration of large sherds, medium-sized stones and burnt bones. A few centimetres below, within irregular

ca 0.9×0.7 m darker outline, lower body of flattened urn (2), burnt bones and at some distance, bronze brooch (1). Male, early maturus. Inventory (Pl. lXXXiX): 1. Bronze spring-cover brooch. on bow, engraved lengthwise lines, on crest, motif of angled lines. type A.ii.40-41. l. 3.4 cm, B. 3.5 cm. 2. reconst. pottery vessel. Wheel coiling technique. Vase-like form, with separate rim and base. exterior dull, grey to orange-brown with black patches, partly worn away. Weel fired body. on upper body, three sinuous lines, two of them between cordons. on vessel base circular marks of cut-off removal of the pot from the wheel. type Schindler group Vii, type Weklice acc. to Natuniewicz. rdm. 23 cm, Bddm. 29 cm, Bdm. 13 cm, H. 20.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 218 (inhumation with a shoring of planks) Sq 16-19CD, 17-19AB At ca  0.5  m, aligned NNW-SSe, regular rectangular 2.3×0.75 m outline of grave pit edged with hardpan. Within yellow-grey sand and fine gravel, second inner outline containing darker fill. on its margins, from W, irregularly spaced (0.2 to 0.25 m) traces of narrow planks driven at an angle into the ground leaning towards the centre legible from concentrations of decomposed wood; three similar traces next to right arm of the skeleton; rather than remains of a regular coffin they were interpreted as a shoring of the grave pit. Skeleton, in extended position in anatomical arrangement, palms on hips, legs crossed at ankles. grave inventory undisturbed: on both sides of mandible, two bronze brooches (1, 2), by right elbow, bronze S-clasp (6), on forearms, bronze Schlangenkopf bracelets (3, 4), on left area of pelvis, iron buckle (5). Below the feet at S end of grave, distinct outline of ca 20×20 cm casket with rounded corners, defined by concentration of mouldered wood. Within this outline, iron lock mount (7). Female, maturus, ca 158–160 cm. Inventory (Pl. Xci): 1.2. 2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. Spring cover with decorative vertical grooves in imitation of brooch spring; on bow and crest, border of lines in imitation of filigree forming panels with a motif of triangles with punched rings; under crest, row of miniature triangles. type A.ii.38/40-41. l.  4  cm, B.  3.6  cm. 3.4.  2 bronze matching Schlangenkopf bracelets. open ended hoop plano-convex in cross-section in the middle and sub-triangular sectioned at terminals. type Wójcik iiA. dm. 6.2 cm, B. of plano-convex terminals ca 1.4 cm. 5. iron unipartite buckle, with half-round frame. incomplete. type close to ml d1. l. 2.6 cm, B. 3.4 cm. 6. Bronze S-clasp, of plain wire, chunky form. on terminals, conical knobs. type v. müller d. l. 2.7 cm. 7. iron rectangular casket lock mount with two openings (one rectangular, one round) for the key, incomplete. l. 4.2 cm, B. 1.9 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic.

69 Grave 219 (inhumation in log coffin, destroyed, robbed) Sq 16-19C, 17-19A W of graves 216/247 and 218, disturbed on e side by pit of grave 246, at ca 0.6 m, aligned NW-Se, irregular ca 2×0.8 m outline of grave pit disturbed by at least two robber trenches one also intruding partly on grave 216/247. on N and e side, fragment of outline of log coffin. At N end of coffin within disturbed fill, fragment of upper cranium, lower down, scapula and small fragments of arm bones. Next to cranium, bronze needle fragment (4), moving down the grave pit, bronze S-clasp (1), glass bead (2), bronze ring (3). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. Xc):  1.  Bronze S-clasp of plain wire. on terminals, conical knobs. At centre, expanded section of two folds. type v. müller d. l. 1.4 cm. 2. glass barrel bead, on opaque red base large brown panels with inside small leaves in green and yellow. type close to tm 362h. dm. 1.3 cm, H. 0.9 cm. 3. Bronze ring, rectangular-sectioned. dm. 1.1 cm. 4. Bronze needle fragment. top end with fragmented eye. Surviving l. 1 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 220 (inhumation) Sq 16-19C, 17-19A intruding on S end of grave 208, aligned N-S, small oval, dm. 1.1×0.4 m, outline of grave pit inserted after moving the tombstone (see description of grave 208) now abutting on the tombstone on its W side. upper level of pit detected at ca 0.8 m, level of burial 0.15 m lower down higher than the bottom of pit of grave 208. Within yellow-grey sand, small fragments of skeleton – upper cranium and arm bones preserved next to bronze objects their placement implying burial on right side hands raised near the face. grave inventory undisturbed: by mandible, two bronze brooches (1, 2), moving down the grave third brooch (3). on either side of chest, needle and spindlewhorl (51, 52). on chest, undisturbed arrangement of 40 small amber beads (8–47) and three eight-shape beads also of amber (48–50), central position occupied by glass bead (7) and two bronze bucket pendants (5, 6). At S end of grave, pottery vessel with handle (53) next to which, bronze buckle (4). Infans I. Inventory (Pl. Xcii): 1. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch with false spring, abruptly angular plano-convex bow, on one of the spring axle terminals, knob with constriction at its bottom. type A.Vi.168. l. 4.7 cm, B. 4.3 cm. 2. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch with false spring, abruptly angular triangular-sectioned bow, on spring axle terminals, two knobs. type A.Vi.168. l. 4.3 cm, B. 4.3 cm. 3. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch, arched triangular-sectioned bow. type A.Vi.162. l. 4.3 cm, B. 2.3 cm. 4. Bronze bipartite buckle. type ml d30. l. 1.7 cm, B. 3 cm. 5.6. 2 bronze matching bucket pendants. cylindrical body, strap handle, both specimens incomplete. type Beilke-Voigt iA. H. 1.4 and 1.7  cm, dm. 1.6 and 1.7  cm. 7.  glass barrel bead, transparent pale blue. type tm 2b. dm. 1.3 cm, H. 1.1 cm.

8–47. 40 amber annular beads, asymmetric. type tm 388. dm. 0.6–1 cm, H. 0.3–0.5 cm. 48–50. 3 amber eight-shape beads, with collar. type close to tm  471e. H.  2, 1.5 and 1.7 cm. 51. Bronze needle fragment. Surviving l. 2.6 cm. 52.  clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. H.  2  cm, dm. 3  cm. 53.  Pottery vessel with handle. dark brown, smoothed. Average temper of crushed stone. type close to rW XV. rdm. 5 cm, Bddm. 8 cm, Bdm. 3 cm, H. 7 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 221 (inhumation disturbed, robbed) Sq 16-20C At ca 0.6 m, disturbed by several cut features, poorly legible irregular outline of grave pit better legible 0.15 m lower down as a regular 2.4×0.75 m rectangular shape. Within fill disturbed during robbery in S area of pit, overturned cranium with mandible nearby, and fragments of tibiae and ribs. Next to cranium, fragmented clay spindlewhorl (3) resting on top of glass bead fragment (1), at the side of the grave, fragment of bronze hooked pin (2). Adultus. Inventory (Pl. Xciii):  1.  glass barrel bead, transparent green, with pale green eyes and diagonal threads, incomplete. type close to tm 220d. dm. 0.9 cm, H. 1 cm. 2. Bronze hooked pin fragment, twisted shaft. Surviving l. 0.7 cm. 3. clay spindlewhorl fragment, biconical, brown. H. 1.6 cm, dm. 3.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 222 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-19C At ca  0.6  m flattened and fissured urn containing burnt bones. outline of pit not detected (Pl. Xc). No elements of grave inventory. Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Several score sherds. dark brown to black, smoothed. on body, pairs of horizontal lines. Chronology: ? Grave 223 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-19D, 17-19B At ca 0.5 m, sub-circular, dm. ca 0.45 m, outline of pit with fill of grey-yellow clayey sand. At centre, upright lower body of urn (3) containing burnt bones, clay spindlewhorl (2) and large glass bead without evidence of melting (1). Maturus. Inventory (Pl. lXXXVii): 1. glass biconical bead, transparent pale green. type close to tm 65. dm. 3.2 cm, H. 2.5 cm. 2. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, asymmetric, dark brown. H. 2.6 cm, dm. 3.8 cm. 3. reconst. lower part of pottery vessel. light brown, roughened. Badly fired, separating and exfoliating. Bdm. 11 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB. Grave 224&225 (cremation with two urns, disturbed) Sq 17-19A Next to grave 217 at ca 0.6 m within pure sand without discernible outline of pit, two incomplete urns filled with burnt bones but no elements of grave inventory (Pl. lXXXiX). Burial 224: male (?), adultus; Burial 225: maturus.

70 Inventory:  1.  Several score jumbled sherds from two vessels. dark to light brown, smoothed, daubed and roughened. Badly fired, separating and friable. Chronology: ? Grave 226 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 17-19A At ca 0.5 m, circular, dm. ca 0.45 m, outline of pit with fill of yellow-grey sand. At centre, flattened urn containing with burnt bones. other elements of grave inventory not detected. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. lXXXiX): 1. reconst. upper part of pottery vessel with handle. Brown, smoothed. Several other sherds from the same vessel. Badly fired, separating and friable. type close to rW iVA. rdm. 15 cm, Bddm. 23.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 227 (inhumation in log coffin over stone pavement, robbed) Sq 16-20C At ca 0.6 m, its S fragment lost to robber trench (apparent at this level as large irregular outline), 0.75×0.7 m outline of N fragment of grave pit. Within fill of yellow-grey clayey sand, ca 0.45 m wide outline of N rounded end of log coffin. inside, in anatomical arrangement, upper arm bones and left clavicle, next to which, on both shoulders, foot pointing up, two bronze brooches (1, 2). Below coffin at pit bottom, pavement of small stones. Male (?), adultus. Inventory (Pl. Xciii): 1.2. 2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on bow, between three lengthwise lines in imitation of filigree, triangle and ring motif; on crest triangles, on spring covers, vertical grooves. type A.ii.40-41. l. 3.6 cm, B. 3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 228 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 16-20C S of robber trench described in connection with grave 227, outline of similar irregularly shaped feature. Between the two cut features, at ca 0.65 m, N edge of grave pit bottom intruding on S area of robber trench partly destroying grave 227 (Pl. Xciii). Within fill of grey-yellow clayey sand, disturbed teeth and fragments of mandible and moving down the grave two bronze brooches (1, 2) and 5 glass and amber beads (3–7). By N margin of cut feature overturned pottery vessel (8). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XciV, ccXXXiV:4): 1.2. 2 bronze brooches with two crests and lightly expanded foot. type close to A.V.97. l. 3.5 cm, B. 2.1 and 1.9 cm. 3. glass barrel bead, opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 0.6 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 4. glass barrel bead, opaque black. type tm 11. dm. 0.9 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 5. glass barrel bead, opaque green, incomplete. type tm  8. dm. 1.2 cm, reconst. H. 1 cm. 6. Amber disc bead. type tm 429. dm. 1.5 cm, H. 0.5 cm. 7. Amber pendant, rectangular in cross-section. type undefined. H. 1.3 cm. 8. Pottery vessel. dark brown, cursorily smoothed. type rW Xiiic. rdm. 9 cm, Bddm. 9.5 cm, Bdm. 5 cm, H. 8.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iic.

Grave 229 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 16-19D, 17-19B At ca 0.6 m, extending N-S, irregular outline of ca 2.6×1.1 m robber trench with three urn graves inserted in its fill: nos 233, 235 and 237, helping to establish the time of robbery as during antiquity. Spared by the robber trench, small bottom fragment of inhumation pit with dark fill containing organic remains within which, decomposed ribs, silver brooch with gold foil (1) and two silver rings (4, 5) inside which, two amber beads (2, 3); leather strap linking the two pieces (7) preserved by metal compounds. Nearby, remains of three-layer comb with a half-round grip: four bronze rivets retaining small fragments of bone plates (6). Presumably objects listed here were the only survivors from a  rich grave inventory lost to robbery. Male (?), adultus. Inventory (Pl. XciV, ccXliii:3):  1.  Silver crossbow tendril brooch with facetted foot, abruptly angular bow, hexahedral in cross-section. on lower bow above strands of coiled wire, plain gold foil. type A.Vi.162. l. 4 cm, B. 2 cm. 2.3. 2 amber disc beads. type tm 429. dm. 1.6 and 1.7 cm, H. 0.7 and 0.5 cm. 4.5. 2 silver rings. type Beckmann 16. dm. 3 cm. 6. 4 bronze rivets from a three-layer comb, two retaining fragments of bone plates. type close to Thomas i. l. of rivets 0.7–1 cm. 7. leather thong, thick strip decorated with incised rosettes filled with a  white substance of unknown origin. dm. ca  1.2  cm, B. ca 0.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 230 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-19B At ca 0.5 m, intruding on W fragment of fill of inhumation grave 231, oval 0.4×0.35 m outline within which, fragment of upper body of urn and burnt bones. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XcV): 1. Several score sherds. dark brown to black, smoothed; one rim sherd with cordon. rdm. 17.5 cm. Chronology: later than stadium iVA (see grave 231). Grave 231 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed, robbed) Sq 17-19B At ca 0.5 m, aligned NW-Se, rectangular 2.45×0.6–0.8 m outline of grave pit with distinct edges of orange-red iron oxide, with wider Se and more narrow NW end. Within grey-yellow fill next to intruding pit of grave 230, distinct traces of robber trench. centrally within pit, fragment of outline of 1.9×0.55  m log coffin. inhumation and grave inventory largely lost to robbery only scattered fragments of arm and leg bones and in NW end of coffin, fragments of bone comb. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XcV): 1. Bone three-layer comb. Arched grip outline observed during excavation. ten fragments of bone plates, some retaining bronze rivets and 4 loose bronze rivets. type Thomas i. H. of grip 2.3 cm, reconst. l. 8.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA.

71 Grave 232 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 17-19A SW of grave 224&225, at ca  0.6  m, within pure sand, upright fissured urn filled with bones. other elements of grave inventory not detected. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. Xc): 1. reconst. pottery vessel. Brown to dark brown, smoothed. Badly fired, separating and friable. type close to rW iV. rdm. 20.5 cm, Bddm. 26 cm, surviving H. 20 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 233 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-19B S of cremation grave 237 at ca 0.6 m within pure sand, concentration of sherds and burnt bones. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. Xci): 1. Basal sherd. dark brown, smoothed. Several other sherds from the same vessel. Badly fired, exfoliating. Bdm. 5.8 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA (?) (see grave 229). Grave 234 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 17-19B S of grave 231 and partly intruding on it, at ca  0.6  m, aligned N-S, large rectangular 2.8×1.1 m outline of grave pit. Within, inserted urn grave 242 and yellow-grey fill with traces of disturbance and many remains of animal burrows, small fragments of upper cranium, bronze brooch (1) and bronze strap end (2). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XcVi):  1.  Bronze crest-headed brooch, thickset, crudely cast. triangular-sectioned bow, short expanded foot. on crest and foot, transverse lines in imitation of filigree. type close to A.V.127. l. 4 cm, B. ca 2.3 cm. 2. Bronze strap end, ring terminal with expanded middle section and tongue-shaped tip. trapeze shaped attachment end with one rivet. type close to r J.ii.3. l. 4.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iic. Grave 235 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-19D, 17-19B By W edge of grave 229, at ca  0.6  m, indistinct oval 0.5×0.35 m pit of cremation grave within which, scattered burnt bones and urn with flattened upper body, ca 0.2 m W of it, concentration of sherds from the same vessel. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XcVi): 1. reconst. upper part of pottery vessel. Yellow-dark brown, exterior smooth, interior rough. Abundant temper of fine-grained crushed stone and sand, friable and exfoliating easily. underneath the rim two holes left by broken off handle attached using on a plug, lower hole retaining the plug. type close to rW iV. rdm. 14.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 236 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-19A At ca 0.65 m, lower body of urn filled burnt bones. W of it, within upper fill of grave 236A, scattered large sherds from the same urn and several small stones, presumably remains of pavement laid over the urn. Maturus.

Inventory (Pl. XcV): 1. reconst. part of base of pottery vessel. light brown, smoothed. Several score other sherds from the same vessel. Badly fired, separating. Bdm. 8.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA/iVB or later (see grave 236A). Grave 236A (inhumation in log coffin, destroyed) Sq 17-19A At ca 0.6 m, intruding on S area of grave 238, and W area of grave 239, overlying grave 253, aligned NNW-SSe, 2.8×1 m outline of pit (Pl. XcViii). Within fill evidently disturbed by robber trenches, contour of 1.5×0.8  m log coffin with rounded corners, disturbed in places by robber trenches. traces of skeleton or grave inventory not detected. Inventory: none. Chronology: stadium iVA/iVB or later (see grave 239). Grave 237 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-19D By S edge of grave 229 on the same level, at ca 0.6 m, not within any discernible outline of grave pit, flattened urn filled with burnt bones. other elements of grave inventory not detected. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. Xci):  1.  Pottery vessel. medium to dark brown, exterior smoothed next to the rim and above base, middle body finely roughened, lightly marked base. Average temper of medium-grained crushed stone. type rW ViA. rdm. 24 cm, Bddm. 23 cm, Bdm. 9 cm, H. 12 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA (?) (see grave 229). Grave 238 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 16-19C, 17-19A At ca 0.8 m, its S end lost to pit of graves 239 and 236A, rectangular 1.6×1.1 m outline of grave pit. centrally within pit, 1.4×0.5 m contour of log coffin with rounded N end. Within coffin, yellow-grey sand, darker than the rest of the grave fill, containing minute fragments of mouldered wood. At N end, next to metal objects, small fragments of clavicle and left arm bone; moving up the grave, incomplete cranium and teeth. Position of bones and elements of grave inventory implying extended supine burial. Next to mandible’s original position, silver S-clasp (5), on chest, two bronze brooches (1, 2), at the side, third brooch (3), 4 glass beads (6–9). in conjectured area of hips, bronze belt buckle (4). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XcViii):  1.2.  2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. Pronounced crest; on bow, three vertical lines in imitation of filigree alternately with punched paired rings; on spring covers, short vertical grooves. type A.ii.38. l.  4.3 and 4.4  cm, B.  3.9 and 4.3  cm. 3.  Bronze spring-cover brooch. on bow, three vertical lines in imitation of filigree, on spring covers vertical engraved lines. type A.ii. 38/40-41. l. 4.6 cm, B. 3.6 cm. 4. Bronze unipartite buckle with half-round frame. type ml  d1. l.  3  cm, B.  3.6  cm. 5.  Silver S-clasp of plain wire. on terminals, profiled knobs. At centre rectangular square-sectioned thickening. type v. müller c. l. 1.4 cm. 6. glass

72 melon bead, transparent pale blue. type close to tm 162. dm. 1.6 cm, H. 1.9 cm. 7. glass biconical bead, opaque willow green with cordon. type close to tm 60. dm. 0.9 cm, H. 0.4 cm. 8. glass bead, asymmetric, opaque black base with irregular arrangement of pale blue, dark blue, white and yellow speckles. type close to tm 198e. dm. 1.7 cm, max. H. 1.1 cm. 9. glass melon bead, transparent dark blue. type tm 163. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 239 (inhumation destroyed, robbed) Sq 17-18B, 17-19A At ca 0.7 m, intruding on SW area of grave 238, rectangular outline of grave pit destroyed on SW side by robber trench, on e disturbed by grave 236A. Within surviving ca 2×0.8 m fragment of pit, outline of robber trench sunk to the level of burial at the head and chest. At bottom of robber trench, fragments of mandible, teeth and four glass and amber beads (1–4). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XcViii): 1. glass hexahedral bead, transparent orange, fragmented. type tm 121. Surviving H. 0.7 cm, B.  0.7  cm. 2.  Amber eight-shape bead. type tm  465. H. 1.2 cm. 3. Amber cylindrical bead, horizontal grooves. type close to tm 453. dm. 0.7 cm, H. 1.6 cm. 4. Amber wedge-shaped pendant. type undefined. H. 2 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA/iVB. Grave 240 (inhumation in log coffin, destroyed) Sq 16-20C At ca 0.8 m, lost on N side to cut feature of undetermined function, rectangular ca  1.8×0.8  m outline of grave pit. Within fill of light grey sand with a  border of hardpan, N end lost to the robber trench, outline of 1.5×ca 0.4 m log coffin with indistinct traces of mouldered wood. Within coffin, in anatomical arrangement, incomplete extended skeleton: right humerus and forearm, fragments of pelvis, femurs and tibiae. other than bronze bracelet surviving on right wrist other elements of grave inventory not detected. in S area of grave pit, beyond the coffin, faint outline of 20×16 cm wooden (?) container with on it e side, pavement of small stones. Male, adultus, ca 168–170 cm. Inventory (Pl. XcVii):  1.  Bronze rod bracelet, oval-sectioned with flattened slightly expanded terminals. type Natuniewicz 1. dm. 6.2 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB. Grave 241 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 16-19C, 17-19A in an unclear stratigraphic relations to any of the graves in its neighbourhood or intruding on it, between graves 238 and 208, fragment of bottom level of pit of inhumation grave of indefinite outline, lost in Ne area to pit of grave 208, on its NW, to pit of grave 238. Finally, Se fragment of pit lost to intruding urn grave 211. inside the grave, silver hooked pin (1) and fragment of wooden peg hafted in bronze – distaff (?). remains of skeleton not detected.

Inventory (Pl. lXXXViii): 1. Silver hooked pin fragment, twisted shaft. Surviving l. 3.3 cm. 2. Bronze sleeve retaining fragments of a wooden peg – distaff (?); upper end with and opening in a  flattened spherical expanded section, lower end expanding gently downwards with a small hole retaining a  small nail used to stabilise the wooden peg. H. 2.7 cm, dm. 1.4 cm. Chronology: earlier than stadium iiiA (see grave 211). Grave 242 (urn cremation) Sq 17-19B At ca 0.6 m, within circular, dm. ca 0.6 m, pit intruding on pit of grave 234, large nearly complete fissured urn filled with burnt bones (Pl. XcVi). No other elements of grave inventory detected. Maturus. Inventory (Pl. XcVii):  1.  reconst. pottery vessel with an angular body accentuated by a cordon. Black, exterior smoothed, interior rough. Abundant temper of fine-grained sand. originally the vessel had 4 small X-shaped handles (one surviving entire). type rW iVc. rdm. 21 cm, Bddm. 34 cm, Bdm. 10.5 cm, H. 23 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 243 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 17-19B, 16-19D under grave 229, at ca 0.7 m, bottom level of ca 2×0.9 m grave pit cut on its SW side by inhumation grave 245 (Pl. XcVi). Within grey-yellow fill, small fragments of upper cranium. other elements of grave inventory not detected. Burial destroyed by intrusion from graves described earlier. Bones missing. Inventory: none. Chronology: earlier than stadium iVA (see grave 229). Grave 244 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-20A N of inhumation grave 251, on the same level, of ca 0.85 m below ground surface, concentration of sherds from vessel (2) and burnt bones among which, fragments of partly melted bronze bracelet (1). Pit outline not detected. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XciX): 1. 2 bronze Schlangenkopf bracelet fragments. one terminal and fragment of hoop of sub-triangular cross-section. type close to Wójcik iiA. l. 3.6 and 2.6 cm, B. of plano-convex terminal 1.7 cm. 2. reconst. part of pottery vessel. dark brown, cursorily smoothed. Several other sherds from the same vessel. Badly fired, separating. type close to rW iV. Bddm. 22 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 245 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 17-19B At ca 0.8 m, poorly marked outline of N fragment of grave pit mostly lost to cut feature of unknown function and to urn grave 255. intruding on S area of graves 243 and 250, this grave survived only at the level of burial, seriously disrupted. in original position on right side, poorly preserved cranium and teeth, remainder of skeleton not detected.

73 Next to cranium and mandible, 15 glass miniature beads and 1 hexahedral bead (1–16). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XciX): 1–15.  15 glass miniature beads, opaque orange. type tm 53. dm. 0.3–0.5 cm. 16. glass hexahedral bead, transparent dark lilac, incomplete. type tm 119. reconst. H. 1.4 cm, B. 0.9 cm. Chronology: later than stadium iiiA/iiiB (see grave 250), earlier than stadium iVA (see grave 243). Grave 246 (inhumation in box coffin destroyed, robbed) Sq 17-19A At ca 0.85 m, intruding on e edge of grave 219, aligned NW-Se, long rectangular 2×0.95  m pit outline legible from concentration of iron oxides on its margin. Pit fill of grey-yellow sand of non-uniform texture, interpreted as traces of robber trench, its outline illegible. ca 0.15 m deeper down, centrally within pit, rectangular 1.6×0.7 m outline of box coffin bottom containing fill rich in particles of decomposed wood with a higher concentration at the edges. At this level no remains of inhumation detected but higher up, within fill of robber trench, fragment of forearm, and elsewhere, fragments of bone comb (1) and iron object (2). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. c):  1.  Bone three-layer comb fragments. Bone plates retaining bronze rivets, two separate rivets. Arched grip outline observed during excavation. type close to Thomas i. l. of plates 2–2.8 cm, l. of rivets 1 cm. 2. iron rod fragment, triangular-sectioned with one lengthwise groove. l. 3.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Number 247 (see grave 216/247) Grave 248 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 17-20A At ca  0.7  m, aligned NNW-SSe, rectangular 2.1×0.6  m outline of grave pit intruding on W area of grave 257, cutting across e end of grave 252. N area of this grave and grave 252 lost to robber trench with distinct outline sunk to below the bottom level of both graves. This intrusion destroyed the head end of burial no. 248 but left grave inventory on chest and hips undisturbed. teeth and right humerus (resting under necklace) the only surviving parts of skeleton indicate burial deposited on its right side. rest of skeleton succumbed to natural decomposition as implied by undisturbed arrangement of necklace, brooches and buckle. By S end of necklace, head pointing up, at conjectured lower rib level, two matching bronze brooches (1, 2), next to one of them, bronze hooked pin (97) and bronze finger-ring fragment (96). At hip level, bronze belt buckle (3). Within robber trench, fragments of glass vessel (99), on its edge, clay spindlewhorl (98). Necklace of 101 surviving elements (Pl. ccXXVii:4): assorted glass and amber beads (5–84), amber pendant (85), bone capsule pendant (4), 10 iron spacer rings (86–95) their even larger number implied by

presence of rust particles next to some beads. most beads in undisturbed arrangement on chest but a  dozen-odd scattered in other areas of grave and within robber trench. Female (?), adultus. Inventory (Pl. cii–ciV, ccXlii:4.6):  1.2.  2 bronze matching crossbow tendril brooches with false spring. Abruptly angular plano-convex bows. on spring terminals, knobs. type A.Vi.168. l. 4.7 and 4.3 cm, B. 3.8 and 4.1  cm. 3.  Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivets, incomplete. type ml d17. l. 3.3 cm, B. 3.1 cm. 4. Bone capsule pendant, with discolouration from greenish (copper?) compounds, fashioned from a fragment of flat bone cut into two discs joined at bottom and folded into a pendant. Sides open, suspension loop surviving separately, originally presumably attached with resin. Presence of metal compounds suggests the pendant used to be overlaid with silver or gold foil. dm. of box 1.7  cm, l.  of loop ca  1  cm. 5–20. 16 glass hexahedral beads, transparent dark lilac, one incomplete. type tm 119. H. 1–1.4 cm, B. 0.7–1 cm. 21. glass barrel bead, on transparent blue base small eyes with blue centre and yellow border. type tm  225a. dm. 1.1  cm, H.  1  cm. 22.  glass barrel bead, on opaque white base black rosettes with red centre, incomplete. type close to tm 362b. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 0.9 cm. 23. glass barrel bead, on opaque black base double interlaced trail in yellow. type tm  266c. dm. 1  cm, H.  0.8  cm. 24.  glass barrel bead, on opaque white base yellow, brown and red rosettes. type tm  362a. dm. 1.1  cm, H.  1  cm. 25.  glass barrel bead, on opaque black base yellow, brown and red rosettes. type tm 362l. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 26. glass barrel bead, on transparent blue base oval eyes with red centre and yellow border. type tm  225b. dm. 1.1  cm, H. 1 cm. 27. 2 glass barrel beads, joined by means of an iron spacer ring of 1½ coils. No. 1 bead with an opaque red base with checkerboard pattern in black, yellow and white. type close to tm 367. No. 2 bead opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 2.1 cm. 28. glass cylindrical bead, on opaque white base decorative band in yellow with central curvilinear motif in red and brown. type close to tm 361. dm. 1 cm, H. 2 cm. 29. glass barrel bead, opaque blue base with sinuous white line. type tm 261b. dm. 2 cm, H. 1.3 cm. 30. glass barrel bead, opaque black base with sinuous white line. type tm 263a. dm. 2 cm, H. 1.5 cm. 31. glass barrel bead, opaque black base with sinuous yellow line between two horizontal white lines. type tm 301g. dm. 1.6 cm, H. 1.4 cm. 32. glass barrel bead, on transparent green base yellow and brown rosettes with red centre. type tm 362e. dm. 1.8 cm, H. 1.4 cm. 33. glass barrel bead, opaque black base with irregular arrangement of red and white speckles. type close tm 198. dm. 2 cm, H. 1.3 cm. 34. glass barrel bead, opaque black. type tm 11. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1 cm. 35.36. 2 glass barrel beads, opaque black base with interlaced sinuous yellow

74 and blue lines. type close to tm 266d. dm. 1.6 and 2 cm, H. 1.2 and 1 cm. 37. glass barrel bead, transparent pale green base with irregular trail in white forming a motif of large eyes. type close to tm 267. dm. 1.6 cm, H. 1 cm. 38.39. 2 glass ridged beads, transparent pale green. type tm 182b. dm. 1 cm, H. 4 and 3.5 cm. 40. glass plano-convex bead, transparent pale green with white and red prunt, incomplete. type close to tm  375b. dm. 2.4  cm, H.  1.2  cm. 41–48.  8 glass barrel beads, opaque green. type tm 8. dm. 0.8–1.1 cm, H. 0.7–1 cm. 49–52. 4 glass barrel beads, opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 1.1–1.4 cm, H. 0.7–1 cm. 53–81. 29 amber annular beads, asymmetric. type tm 388-389. dm. 0.8–2 cm, H. 0.2–1 cm. 82–84. 3 amber disc beads. type close to tm  430. dm. 1.8, 1.6 and 1.2 cm, H. 0.7, 1 and 0.8 cm. 85. Amber pendant. Atypical. H. 1.4 cm. 86–95. 10 iron rings, mostly incomplete. dm. ca  1.1–1.6  cm. 96.  Bronze finger-ring, incomplete. type Beckmann 15. dm. ca  1.2  cm. 97.  Bronze hooked pin, twisted shaft. l.  4.4  cm. 98.  clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. H. 2.1 cm, dm. 3.9 cm. 99. 2 glass fragments of thin-walled vessel, colourless; one with inserted thread of the same glass. Probably type eggers 189-190. l. 1 and 2.2 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 249 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 17-19B under excavated inhumation graves 231 and 234 and urns nos 230 and 242, in lowermost stratigraphic position, at ca 0.8 m, cutting into the natural, aligned NNe-SSW, rectangular 2×0.7 m pit outline. Within fill of yellow-grey sand, indistinct outline of robber trench, the same which destroyed graves 231 and 234. in N area of grave pit, faint traces of decomposed bones, fragments of cranium, two teeth and humeral bones next to which, clay spindlewhorl (1) and iron fragment (2). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XcVii):  1.  clay spindlewhorl, in three fragments, biconical, yellow-dark brown. H. 2.1 cm, dm. ca 3.4 cm. 2. iron fragment, corroded. Chronology: earlier than stadium iic (see grave 234). Grave 250 (inhumation) Sq 16-19D, 17-19B under urns nos 233, 235 and 237, and inhumation graves 229, 243 and 245, in lowermost stratigraphic position, at ca 0.85 m, rectangular 2.25×0.8 m grave pit with edges legible from concentration of iron oxide. Within grey-yellow sand ca 0.2 m lower down, poorly preserved skeleton, flattened cranium resting on its side, bones of lower body leaning left: clavicles and fragments of scapulae, bones of right arm flexed, hand on chest, left arm extended down the body, fragment of right femur. undisturbed complete grave inventory: by right temple, bronze needle (8), under mandible, two silver capsule pendants (6, 7), bronze brooch (2), by right arm, another bronze brooch (1), centrally on chest, third bronze brooch (3), on right arm, bronze brace-

let (4), at hip level, iron belt buckle (5). Female, adultus, ca 156–158 cm. Inventory (Pl. c):  1.2.  2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. Prominent crest. on bow, between three vertical lines in imitation of filigree, triangle and ring motif. on crest, horizontal lines in imitation of filigree; on spring-covers, vertical grooves. type A.ii.40-41. l. 3.4 cm, B. 3.6 cm. 3. Bronze crest-headed brooch. Thickset, with low expanded foot. on crest and foot, lines in imitation of filigree. type close to A.V.127. l.  3.3  cm, B.  2.8  cm. 4. Bronze Schlangenkopf bracelet. open ended hoop round in cross-section in the middle, triangular in cross-section at terminals. type Wójcik iiB. dm. 6.8 cm, B. of plano-convex terminals ca  1.4  cm. 5.  iron unipartite buckle with half-round frame. type ml d1. l. 3.4 cm, B. 4 cm. 6.  Silver capsule pendant fragment: disc of beaded wire coiled around central granule. dm. ca  1  cm. 7.  Silver capsule pendant. disc of round sheet joined with a strap loop decorated at base with three granules. Side of separate piece of foil. Front disc with soldered on beaded wire coiled around central granule. H. 1.6 cm, dm. 1.4 cm. 8. Bronze needle. l. 6.9 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB. Grave 251 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 17-20A At ca  0.85  m outline of rectangular 2.4×0.8  m pit grave with fill of yellow-grey sand and edges rich in iron oxides. At centre, outline of very regular 2.3×0.5 log coffin, with rounded ends and fill darker than surrounding sand. No remains of inhumation detected only, scattered inside coffin, bronze brooch (1), amber bead (2) and fragment of another amber bead (3), at S end of coffin, flattened pottery vessel (5) and clay spindlewhorl (4). Inventory (Pl. ci): 1. Bronze crest-headed brooch. Very thickset. Solid triangular-sectioned bow, short wedge-shaped foot; spring and catchplate did not survive. on crest, lines in imitation of filigree. type close to A.V.127. l. 3.4 cm. 2. Amber hexahedral bead, rectangular-sectioned, two faces expanded arc-like. Atypical. H. 1.3 cm, B.  1  cm. 3.  Amber pendant fragment. type undefined. Surviving H. 1 cm. 4. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, yellow-dark brown. H. 2.7 cm, dm. 3.5 cm. 5. reconst. pottery vessel, with a low body, medium to dark brown, cursorily smoothed. ornament of three groups of three engraved horizontal lines. type close to rW XViic. rdm. 9.3 cm, Bddm. 9.7 cm, Bdm. 5.7 cm, H. 6.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 252 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 17-20A At ca  0.8  m, aligned NNW-SSe, rectangular 2.2×0.5  m outline of grave pit, its e end disturbed by inhumation grave 248, both graves in their N area destroyed by robber trench (Pl. cii). Fill of yellow-grey sand. in S area of pit, in undisturbed position, right tibia, rest of skeleton pre-

75 sumably destroyed during robbery. Within robber trench, bronze brooch (1), in undisturbed area of grave by SW edge of robber trench, another bronze brooch (2) next to which, third bronze brooch with silver foil, filigree and granulation (3), and amber bead (4). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. ci, ccXXXiii:5): 1.2. 2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches (one of them corroded). on bow, between three lines in imitation of filigree, triangle and ring motif. on crests, horizontal lines in imitation of filigree. type A.ii.40-41. l. 4 cm, B. 4 cm. 3. Bronze brooch with cylinder, crest on the head and circular disc on the foot; angular lightly tapered bow. Bow and cylinder laid with silver foil stamped with herringbone bordered with twisted wire densely decorated with granulation. disc on the foot and smaller discs at cylinder terminals (one missing) laid with thicker foil and bordered with silver filigree wires and granulation. type close to A.V, series 1,with features of A.V, series 8. l. 4.1 cm, B. 3.4 cm. 4. Amber annular bead. type tm 388. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 0.3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 253 (double? inhumation in two log coffins, robbed) Sq 17-19A At ca 0.9 m, under graves 236A and 239, aligned NW-Se, irregular 2.8×1.1 m outline of grave pit with fill of grey-yellow sand and border of hardpan. At centre, distinct 1.8×0.45 m outline of log coffin with rounded ends and well preserved layer of mouldered wood. This coffin was superimposed on second equally legible 2.4×0.7  m outline of larger log coffin with sides caved in possibly under the weight of the first coffin inserted over it, presumably without any layer of earth in between them. Both burials destroyed in chest area by robber trench. Within smaller coffin, no traces of skeleton or grave inventory. Below, at bottom of larger coffin, flattened cranium resting on its right side, scattered teeth, moving down, fragments of arm bones. By left temple, bronze needle (5) and a scatter of 4 glass beads (1–4). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cV): 1. glass barrel bead, opaque red. type tm  12. dm. 1.2  cm, H.  1  cm. 2.3.  2 glass barrel beads, opaque green, disintegrated. type tm 8. 4. glass barrel bead, transparent willow green base with eroded motif of eyes in red, disintegrated. type undefined. 5. Bronze needle, both ends broken off. Surviving l. 4.6 cm. Chronology:  earlier than stadium iVA/iVB (see grave 236A). Grave 254 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 17-20A At ca 0.7 m, aligned N-S, rectangular 1.9×0.6 m outline of grave pit with fill of yellow-grey sand with a border of hardpan. At centre, 1.6×0.4  m log coffin with rounded ends filled with darker sand and particles of mouldered wood. inside narrow log, poorly preserved extended supine skeleton. cranium with mandible in nearly vertical

position resting at N end of coffin. in anatomical arrangement, clavicles, fragments of scapulae and upper part of both humeral bones. Fragments of bones of forearm and palms surviving next to bracelets; palms crossed over the hips. elements of undisturbed grave inventory: on both arms, head pointing down, two bronze brooches (1, 2), on lower arm bones, two bronze bracelets (4, 5) over, iron belt buckle (6) next to which, melted fragment of bronze buckle attachment end (7). At the feet, small pottery vessel (8) next to which, partly melted bow of bronze brooch (3). Attribution of partly melted finds (3, 7) to the original grave assemblages is open to reservation. Infans II. Inventory (Pl. cVi, ccXXXVii:3.4): 1.2. 2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on bow and crest, lines in imitation of filigree, on spring-cover vertical grooves. on bow, motif of pairs of triangles and rings. type A.ii.38. l. 4.8 cm, B. 3.8 cm. 3. Bronze brooch bow fragment with prominent crest. Partly melted. close to group A.ii (?). Surviving l. 2.3 cm. 4. Bronze bracelet. close to Schlangenkopf forms. open ended hoop sub-triangular in cross-section. Profiled terminals with slighty marked head and base accentuated with projections. on edge of hoop retaining very worn ornament of incised dots. Signs of heavy wear. type close to Blume i, A variety. dm. 6.2 cm. 5. Bronze bracelet. close to Schlangenkopf forms. open ended hoop plano-convex in cross-section. Profiled terminals with slighty marked head and base. on hoop engraved linear design: three double horizontal lines. Signs of heavy wear. Hoop fractured repaired by winding tightly with strip of cloth reinforced with thin leather thong (retains impression of textile and fragment of thong). type close to Blume i, A variety. dm. 6.4 cm. 6. iron unipartite buckle whit half-round frame. type ml d1. l. 3.4 cm, B. 3.9 cm. 7. Bronze buckle fragment: attachment end. Partly melted. type undefined. Surviving l. 1.6 cm. 8. reconst. miniature pottery vessel. dark brown, smoothed. on body three deeply engraved lines and groups of short vertical lines. type rW XViiA. Bddm. 7.8 cm, Bdm. 4 cm, H. 6.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiA/iiB. Grave 255 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 17-19B At ca  0.7  m, intruding on W area of grave 245, oval ca 0.55×0.4 m outline of pit. Within yellow-grey fill, upright lower body of urn filled with burnt bones. Male, maturus. Inventory (Pl. XciX):  1.  reconst. lower part of pottery vessel. dark brown, roughened, above base smoothed. Bdm. 7.5 cm. Chronology: later than stadium iiiB (see grave 245). Grave 256 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 17-20A At ca 0.85 m, aligned N-S, regular rectangular 2.6×0.9 m outline of grave pit with a border of hardpan. Fill of yellow-grey sand. By S end of pit, large boulder resting within evidently disturbed pit fill. ca 0.2 m lower down, outline

76 of log coffin disturbed at its S end during deposition of tombstone over the coffin (Pl. ccXXVii:1). measuring ca 2.5×0.5 m, with truncated N outer end, the coffin had inside a rounded gouged hollow within which, in dark grey sand rich in particles of mouldered wood resting on its right side, incomplete skeleton: poorly preserved cranium with mandible, clavicles and both arm bones, position of the latter implying inhumation with arms flexed at elbows slightly outstretched with palms near the face. No other skeletal remains. grave inventory in chest area undisturbed. on left temple, bronze needle (37), under mandible, two silver lunula pendants (5, 6), third similar pendant some distance away (7); next to left arm, bronze brooch (1) by right elbow, second similar brooch (2); at lower rib level, third silver brooch (3). under neck, scatter of 12 miniature beads (8–19) and fragments of broken beads. lower down, chaotic cluster, as if clasped as an armful, 17 glass and amber beads (20–36); at conjectured hip level, small bronze buckle with impression of textile (4). At N end of coffin, sherds (39) and clay spindlewhorl (38). originally, the tombstone stood upright at grave bottom at the feet of the coffin covered by the earth and could not to be seen above ground. it was discovered overturned but traces of its original position are visible in the form of disturbed stratigraphy of the deposit. it is a large 80×75×40 cm slab of stone, partly worked, roughly pentagonal if viewed from the front. Female, adultus. Inventory (Pl. cVii, cViii, ccXl:5):  1.2.  2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on bow, between three vertical lines in imitation of filigree, triangle and ring motif. Prominent crests, with horizontal lines in imitation of filigree. High and diagonally set catchplate. type A.ii.40-41.  l. 3.9  cm, B.  4.1  cm. 3.  Silver brooch with a high catchplate. upper chord fastened to brooch head with a hook. on head and foot, grooves with imitation filigree. type A.Vii, series 1. l. 4.3 cm, B. 2.1 cm. 4. Bronze bipartite miniature buckle. rectangular plate with two rivets, incomplete. on attachment end, impression of textile in plain weave. type close to ml d17. l. ca 3 cm, B.  1.8  cm. 5–7.  3 silver lunula pendants, of thin silver sheet, without ornament. two retaining a ring for suspension. B. ca 1.9 cm, H. ca 1 cm. 8–19. 12 glass miniature beads, opaque orange. type tm  53.  dm. 0.3–0.4  cm. 20–23.  4 glass barrel beads, on opaque red base eyes with black centre and white border. type tm  223a. dm. 1–1.3 cm, H. 0.9–1 cm. 24.25. 2 glass barrel beads, on opaque white base eyes with black centre and border of yellow and red. type close to tm  216.  dm. 1 and 1.3  cm, H.  1.1  cm. 26. glass barrel bead, opaque, with oblique bands in yellow, red and navy blue. type tm 290c. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1 cm. 27. glass barrel bead, on opaque red base, vine motif in black. type close to tm  360a. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1 cm. 28. glass barrel bead, asymmetric, opaque black base with irregular arrangement of yel-

low and pale blue speckles. type tm 198d. dm. 1.9 cm, max. H. 0.8 cm. 29. glass barrel bead, on opaque blue base eyes with black centre and border in yellow and red. type close to tm 218. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1 cm. 30. glass barrel bead, transparent dark green. type tm 4a. dm. 1.3 cm, H. 1 cm. 31.32. 2 glass barrel beads, opaque white. type tm 6. dm. 1 and 0.7 cm, H. 0.9 and 0.7 cm. 33–35. 3 amber annular beads. type tm 388-389. dm. 1.5, 1.4 and 0.9 cm, H. 0.7, 0.5 and 0.5 cm. 36. Amber barrel bead. type tm 394. dm. 0.8 cm, H. 1 cm. 37. Bronze needle. Both ends broken. Surviving l. 5.1 cm. 38. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, yellow-dark brown. H.  2.6  cm, dm. 3  cm. 39. reconst. upper part of pottery vessel. dark brownyellow, exterior cursorily smoothed on upper body, roughened below. type close to rW ViA. rdm. 21 cm, Bddm. 11.5 cm, surviving H. 10.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 257 (inhumation in log coffin?, destroyed) Sq 17-20A Below excavated graves 248 and 252, at ca  1  m, indistinct rectangular 2.2×0.75 m outline of grave pit bottom. Within the pit, black patches of particles of mouldered wood interpreted as traces of log coffin. The burial all but lost, presumably during deposition of grave 248, only, in N area of pit, four human teeth, and by S margin, two upright pottery vessels (2, 3) next to which, spindlewhorl (1). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cV): 1. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. H. 1.8 cm, dm. 3 cm. 2. reconst. miniature round-based pottery vessel. light brown, cursorily smoothed. rdm. 7  cm, Bddm. 7.7  cm, H.  5  cm. 3.  reconst. lower part of pottery vessel. light brown, smoothed above base, roughened on the body. ring base. type close to rW XaA. Bdm. 6 cm, surviving H. 6.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB. Grave 258 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 15-20C At ca 0.45 m, outline of large modern cut feature deeper at its S end, probably responsible for causing damage to pits of inhumation graves 259 and 261, and destroying much of no. 258. N area of pit surviving as a rectangular 1.3×0.7 m outline aligned Ne-SW within which, resting on its left side, substantially fragmented cranium and mandible next to which, bronze brooch (1) surrounded by remains of organic material. in e area of grave and S of it within fill of modern cut feature, scatter of bone fragments among which, hooked pin (3) and bronze spring from brooch (2). Female, early adultus. Inventory (Pl. cViii):  1.  Bronze eye brooch, Prussian series. type A.iii.60. l.  7.8  cm, B.  2.9  cm. 2.  Bronze eye brooch spring fragment, Prussian series. Surviving l.  2.1  cm. 3.  Bronze hooked pin, twisted shaft, bent. l. 4.2 cm. Chronology: stadium iB.

77 Grave 259 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 15-20C W of grave 258, at ca 0.5 m, taken in by large cut feature (see grave 258) aligned N-S, bottom level of ca 2×0.95 m fragment of grave pit within which in a scatter, well preserved mandible, fragments of ribs, vertebrae, radial bones and metatarsals; bronze hooked pin (1) and iron casket lock spring (2). Male, maturus. Inventory (Pl. ciX): 1. Bronze hooked pin, twisted shaft. l. 4.7 cm. 2. iron casket lock spring fragment. Surviving l. 2.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 260 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 15-20C At ca 0.6 m, aligned NNW-SSe, its W side intruding on upper fill of grave 268, sub-rectangular 1.9×1 m outline of grave pit (Pl. ciX). Fill of yellow-grey sand disturbed down to grave bottom by robber trench well discernible at pit centre. Skeletal remains represented by substantially fragmented upper cranium and mandible, bone of the forearm and teeth. elements of grave inventory not detected. Infans I. Inventory: none. Chronology: later than stadium iVA (see grave 268). Grave 261 (inhumation in a coffin, destroyed) Sq 15-20C S of grave 258 and e of grave 267, at ca 0.6 m, aligned NNW-SSe, rectangular 2.1×0.8  m outline of grave pit disturbed in N area by large modern cut feature which also destroyed graves 258 and 259, and at centre, by another trench within which, traces of dark fill with particles of mouldered wood interpreted provisionally as belonging to a coffin. At e edge of grave and on its S side, five in a  row, sixth at the feet of the burial, traces of stakes, dm. ca  15  cm, sharpened at the end and driven into the ground ca 0.2–0.25 m deep into the natural soil below the grave bottom level. centrally within pit, within outline of darker fill, in anatomical arrangement, right humerus and bones of the forearm, nearby a tooth, in a scatter, fragments of ribs and radial bone among which, large amber bead (6), two smaller amber beads (4, 5) and amber pendant (7), going down, bronze pin (3), and, in conjectured area of the hips, bronze strap end (1). At N end of grave next to the top of coffin, distinct rectangular ca 32×32 cm outline rich in hardpan interpreted as remains of organic (wooden?) container within which, on its side, pottery beaker (9) and spindlewhorl (8). S of this outline, bronze pin (2). Male, adultus. Inventory (Pl. cX): 1. Bronze strap end, ring terminal with broken tip. Straight attachment end with one rivet. type close to r J.ii.3. Surviving l. 4.1 cm. 2. Bronze pin, half-round head accentuated by grooves, ornament of engraved intersecting lines. Beckmann group iii, type Weklice acc. to Juga-Szymańska. l. 7.3 cm. 3. Bronze pin, ring head. type Beckmann 133. l. 6.2 cm. 4.5. 2 amber annular beads.

type tm  389. dm. 1.2  cm, H.  0.8 and 0.5  cm. 6.  Amber massive plano-convex bead. type close to tm  436. dm. 2.8 cm, H. 1.4 cm. 7. Amber pendant in imitation of bear’s claw. Atypical. H. 2.9 cm. 8. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, yellow-dark brown, on one face design of vertical lines. H. 2.8 cm, dm. 3.1 cm. 9. Pottery beaker. medium brown, exterior smooth. Foot with a perforation with smoothed over edges. type rW Xiiic. rdm. 7.8 cm, Bddm. 8.6 cm, Bdm. 5 cm, H. 10 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 262 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-18D At ca 0.5 m, within dark orange-red sand rich in hardpan, 0.6×0.4 m scatter of burnt bones and sherds from broken urn (Pl. XciX). outline of grave pit not detected. on its Se side, concentration in contact with cremation grave 266. Male, adultus. Inventory: 1. Several score sherds. Black, smoothed. Some with cordon. Badly fired, separating and friable. Chronology: ? Grave 263 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-18A At ca 0.5 m, within poorly legible circular, dm. ca 0.7 m, outline of pit with fill of yellow-grey sand, sherds from broken urn interspersed with burnt bones. isolated sherds from the same vessel found within slumping layers near the same grave which on SW was in contact with pit of Feature 273, on e side, pit of grave 271. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXi): 1. reconst. upper part of pottery vessel. light brown, smoothed. ornament of grooved vertical lines alternating with vertical arrangements of short diagonal lines. type close to rW ViA. rdm. 17 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 264 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-18B At ca  0.5  m, several sherds from broken urn and small fragments of burnt bones (Pl. cXi). outline of grave pit not detected. Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Several score sherds. dark brown, smoothed, on some sherds, horizontal furrows. Badly fired, separating and exfoliating. Chronology: ? Grave 265 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 15-20C At ca 0.6 m, aligned N-S, rectangular 2.25×0.85 m outline of grave pit with evidence of robber trench at centre. largely incomplete skeleton lost to robber trench: fragmented upper cranium, with nearby, further fragments of cranium, mandible, teeth and clavicle. in anatomical arrangement only bones of right palm and leg bones implying deposition in half-turned placement on right side. Next to cranium, bronze brooch (1), under cranium, bronze needle (5) and silver S-clasp (2). under femur, glass bead (3), next to right leg, clay spindlewhorl (7), bone comb (4) and bronze hooked pin (6). Male, adultus.

78 Inventory (Pl. cXii): 1. Bronze spring-cover brooch. on bow, between three lengthwise lines in imitation of filigree, triangle and ring motif. on crest, transverse lines analogous to ones on the bow. relatively high and diagonally set catchplate. type A.ii.40-41. l. 3.4 cm, B. 3.6 cm. 2. Silver S-clasp of plain wire. on terminals, conical knobs accentuated by ring-like thickening. At centre, rectangular expanded section with motif of diagonal intersected lines. type v. müller d.  l. 2.1 cm. 3. glass barrel bead, transparent dark blue. type tm 2a. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1 cm. 4. Bone one-layer comb. teeth incomplete. type Thomas Ai. Surviving H. 4 cm, l. 4.2 cm. 5. Bronze needle. l. 8.7 cm. 6. Bronze hooked pin, twisted shaft. l. 3.7 cm. 7. clay annular spindlewhorl, yellow-dark brown. H. 1.5 cm, dm. 3.8 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 266 (Pit cremation with remains of pyre) Sq 16-18B Se of grave 262, sub-oval 0.5×0.4 m outline of pit with fill of black earth containing charcoal, ashes and burnt bones. At its N edge, some very small sherds (3) among which, flint flake (1) and worked fragment of animal rib (2). only bottom ca 0.1 m level of grave preserved. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. XciX): 1. Flint flake. l. 3 cm. 2. Animal rib fragment with evidence of polishing (undetermined animal species). l. 3.3 cm. 3. Sherds. Brown, smoothed. Chronology: ? Grave 267 (inhumation) Sq 15-20C W of grave 261, at 0.6 m, aligned NW-Se, large rectangular 2.6×1.1 m outline of grave pit intruding partly on SW corner of grave 259, and disturbed on W side by grave 80. ca 0.2  m lower down, relatively complete skeleton extended, head turned right, raised, as if propped up, arms extended down the body (Pl. ccXXViii:3). Around skeleton, darker clayey fill rich in hardpan interpreted as residue of organic substance – matting (textile, plaitwork of plant fibres?). undisturbed grave inventory: next to cranium, bone needle (23), under mandible, two bronze brooches with silver foil (1, 2) silver S-clasp (6), over right clavicle, animal bone fragment (25), next to right arm, spindlewhorl (24). At lower rib level, third bronze brooch (3), and two concentrations of beads: one only of glass pieces (7–11), next to two glass bucket pendants (12, 13), the other of amber beads (14–22) which rather than elements of necklace were interpreted as a sort of appliqué sewn onto clothing. on both lower arms, bronze bracelets (4, 5). By the left knee, fragment of polished animal rib (26). Female, early maturus, ca 164–167 cm. Inventory (Pl. cXiii–cXiV): 1.2. 2 bronze matching silverplated brooches, broad and flat bow, expanded rectangular head. upper chord resting on head, originally plated with silver foil. Specimens retaining fragments of silver foil stamped with herringbone and interlace in imitation of filigree. type A.V, series 11, type leonów acc. to Jamka. l. 3.4 cm, B. 3

and 3.2 cm. 3. Bronze crest-headed brooch. relatively broad bow. type close to A.V.120. l. 3.1 cm, B. 3 cm. 4.5. 2 bronze matching Schlangenkopf bracelets. open ended hoop sub-triangular in cross-section type Wójcik iiA. dm. 6.4 and 5.8  cm, B.  of plano-convex terminals ca  1.4  cm. 6.  Silver S-clasp, of plain wire. on terminals, conical knobs. type v. müller d. l. 1.7 cm. 7–10. 4 glass barrel beads, opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 1.1–1.3 cm, H. 0.8–1 cm. 11. glass barrel bead, opaque dark blue. type tm 7. dm. 1 cm, H. 0.9 cm. 12.13.  2 glass bucket pendants, cylindrical, damaged, pale green to lilac. H. 1.5 and 1.7 cm, dm. 1.2 and 1 cm. 14–19. 6 amber annular beads, asymmetric. type tm 389. dm. 1.1–2 cm, max. H. 0.5–0.7 cm. 20–22. 3 amber biconical beads. type tm 391. dm. 1.8, 1.6 and 1.4 cm. cm, max. H. ca 1 cm. 23. Bone needle, tip broken off. Surviving l. 3.2 cm. 24. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. H.  1.9  cm, dm. 3.6 cm. 25.26. 2 bone fragments (undetermined animal species). l. 2.9 and 8.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 268 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 15-20C under excavated grave 260 which intruded on its e area, at ca  0.75  m, rectangular 1.85×0.8  m grave pit. Within disturbed fill at pit bottom at its S end, fragments of mandible, teeth, small pottery vessel (7), and comb fragment (4). Scattered within pit, amber bead (3), glass bead (2), bronze needle (5), clay spindlewhorl (6) and bronze brooch (1). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXV): 1. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch. Angular bow, triangular in cross-section, at bottom and on foot, metope ornament, on head, half-round knob. type A.Vi.162. l. 4.6 cm, B. 1.7 cm. 2. glass segmented bead, of three segments, transparent and plain glass with gold foil. type tm 387b. dm. 0.5 cm, H. 1.4 cm. 3. Amber annular bead. type tm 389. dm. 1.3 cm, H. 0.5 cm. 4. Bone three-layer comb fragments: bone plate with rivet hole and bronze rivet. type close to Thomas i. l.  of plate 1  cm, l.  of rivet 0.8  cm. 5.  Bronze needle, both ends broken off. Surviving l. 4.7 cm. 6. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, yellow-dark brown. H.  3.8  cm, dm. 3.4  cm. 7.  reconst. pottery vessel with incomplete handle. light brown, cursorily smoothed. Average temper of coarse-grained crushed stone. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. type rW XVB. rdm. 9 cm, Bddm. 11 cm, Bdm. 6 cm, H. 8 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Feature 269 (early medieval feature) Sq 16-18B Grave 270 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-18D Below the arable within disturbed earth, substantially spread out, several sherds and burnt bones. At ca 0.55 m, vessel base filled with burnt bones interpreted as original place of deposition of urn destroyed by ploughing (Pl. cXiV). Bones missing.

79 Inventory: 1. Several score sherds. Yellow-brown, smoothed above base, roughened on the body. Badly fired, separating and friable. Chronology: ? Grave 271 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 16-18B At ca  0.6  m, aligned N-S, rectangular 2.1×0.75  m grave pit with fill of yellow-grey clayey sand. At centre, outline of small 1.7×0.4  m log coffin with rounded ends legible from traces of mouldered wood on its edges. Within outline, cranium and mandible leaning right, other remains of skeleton not detected, presumably decomposed due to natural causes. centrally within coffin, at conjectured hip level, 35×25 cm stone slab. grave inventory undisturbed: under mandible, head pointing up, parallel to each other, two bronze brooches (1, 2). Next to mandible, bronze S-clasp (4), glass (5) and three amber beads (6–8), by left temple, bronze needle (9). Across chest, trace of decomposed leather belt at the end of which, iron belt buckle (3). Female, late maturus. Inventory (Pl. ciX, ccXXXV:1):  1.  Bronze eye brooch, Prussian series. type A.iii.61. l. 7.4 cm, B. 3 cm. 2. Bronze eye brooch, Prussian series. type A.iii.58. l. 7 cm, B. 3 cm. 3.  iron unipartite buckle with half-round frame. type ml d1. l. 3.7 cm, B. 4.7 cm. 4. Bronze S-clasp of plain wire. Surviving terminal with coiled volute end. type v. müller A. Surviving l. 1.4 cm. 5. glass barrel bead, transparent dark blue. type tm 2a. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1 cm. 6–8. 3 amber annular beads, asymmetric. type tm  389. dm. 1.2, 1 and 1.4 cm, H. 0.6–0.7 cm. 9. Bronze needle fragment, disintegrated. l. in situ 0.9 cm. Chronology: stadium iB. Feature 271A (cut feature intruding on an inhumation grave) Sq 15-18D, 16-18B e of grave 271, aligned N-S, irregular ca 1.8×0.9 m pit, as if an extension of large no longer used feature associated with sand extraction, intruding also on grave 27. The cut feature continued to the bottom of the neighbouring inhumation grave. Within its disturbed fill, substantially fragmented redeposited skeleton, including fragments of upper cranium and teeth, spindlewhorl (2) and bronze brooch (1). Male, maturus. Inventory (Pl. cXii): 1. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch. uniformly arched bow, facetted in cross-section; on spring axle terminals and head, round knobs with constriction at bottom. type A.Vi.162. l. 4.8 cm, B. 2.6 cm. 2. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, yellow-dark brown. H. 2.6 cm, dm. 2.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 272 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-18D At ca 0.5 m concentration of sherds and burnt bones from destroyed urn grave. Several centimetres lower down, heavily fissured base of the same vessel presumably, in the

original place of deposition of burial (Pl. cXiV). Pit outline not detected. Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Several score sherds. Brown to orange-brown, cursorily smoothed and daubed. Badly fired, separating and friable. Chronology: ? Feature 273 (modern cut feature intruding on an inhumation grave) Sq 16-18A Next to urn grave 263 on its NW side, concentration of human teeth and fragments of metacarpal bones next to which, bronze brooch (1), pin (4), buckle (2), belt mount fragment (3) and clay spindlewhorl (5) resting within large modern cut feature containing mixed disturbed fill, interpreted as disused and partly backfilled sand pit which also destroyed inhumation graves 301 and 301A. Iuvenis. Inventory (Pl. cXi): 1. Bronze spring-cover brooch. on bow, between three lines in imitation of filigree, triangle and ring motif. type A.ii.40-41. l. 4.1 cm, B. 3.4 cm. 2. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivets, incomplete. type ml e12. l. 3.4 cm, B. 2.9 cm. 3. Bronze strap end, ring terminal, fractured ring, attachment end incomplete. group r J.ii, type undefined. Surviving l. 3 cm. 4.  Bronze pin, half-round head accentuated by grooves, ornament of engraved intersecting lines. Fractured tip. Beckmann group iii, type Weklice acc. to Juga-Szymańska. l. 5.6 cm. 5. clay spindlewhorl (missing). Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 274 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 16-18C At ca 0.6 m, aligned Ne-SW, irregular ca 1.2×0.8 m outline of N fragment of grave pit its S area lost to later cut feature of undetermined function. At pit bottom in disturbed arrangement, teeth, fragments of cranial bones and arm bones, bronze brooch (1), fragment of spring from a  different brooch (2), glass checkerboard bead (6), three tubular glass beads (3–5) and two amber beads (7, 8). Female, adultus. Inventory (Pl. cXV): 1. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch with false spring. Arched, plano-convex bow; damaged spring, one terminal retaining a knob. type A.Vi.168. l. 4.7 cm, surviving B. 3.2 cm. 2. Bronze cross-bow tendril brooch spring. one end retaining a knob. type A.Vi.168. Surviving l. 3.7 cm. 3–5. 3 glass tubular hexahedral beads, dark blue, incomplete. group tm Xii, atypical. H. 1.6–1.8 cm, B. 0.5 cm. 6. glass barrel bead, opaque red base with checkerboard pattern in red, yellow, black and blue. type close to tm 366. dm. 1.4 cm, H.  1.1  cm. 7. Amber biconical bead. type tm  391. dm. 1.5 cm, H. 0.9 cm. 8. Amber eight-shape bead. type close to tm 465. H. 1.4 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 275 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 16-18B At ca  0.6  m, aligned N-S, large rectangular 3.3×1.2  m outline of grave pit discernible within clayey sand thanks

80 to its border of hardpan. this grave was immediately above pit of grave 282 destroying its upper fill and also intruded on cremation urn grave 284. centrally within this pit, outline of large 2.7×0.85  m log coffin defined by residue of decomposed wood. Within round-sectioned coffin with rounded S end and N apparently truncated at an angle, inhumation with rich grave inventory. relics of poorly preserved skeleton: faint outline of upper cranium resting on its left side, better preserved mandible with teeth, fragments of clavicle, scattered ribs and outline of some bones of right hand (under necklace), left hip bone (under belt buckle). Position of skeletal remains and grave inventory implying burial resting on right side possibly, with arms flexed. Next to cranium at right, large bronze pin (84), at left, silver brooch (1), near mandible, second matching brooch (2). on chest, chaotic arrangement of beads and pendants from necklace: 31 amber eight-shape beads (47–77), 3 glass beads (27–29), 16 tubular galss beads (30–45), 13 miniature glass beads (14–26), serving as spacers or appliqué sewn onto upper clothing. Within this cluster, annular amber pendant (82) and bronze lunula with gold foil (9). Below at right, in a separate cluster within residue of obscure organic material interpreted tentatively as remains of linen pouch, silver brooch with gold foil (3) presumably used to fasten pouch, within which, 4 amber beads (78–81), 4 glass beads (10–13), bear claw pendant set in bronze (8), fragments of capsule pendant or low box (7). As with other similar elements of grave inventory the group was recognised as “amulets” placed in a pouch and held by right hand. At hip level, 2 buckles from two belts (4, 5) and strap end (6). directly above the head, distinct outline of wooden 33×41 cm container, rectangular, one corner rounded with no traces of mounts. Next to it, clay spindlewhorl (85), moving N, broken pottery vessel (86) resting on its side over fragments of bronze needle (83). Female, adultus. Inventory (Pl. cXVi–cXiX, ccXXXiV:7.8, ccXl:4, ccXli:10, ccXlii:17, ccXliii:9.18): 1.2. 2 silver matching crossbow tendril brooches with false spring. Abruptly angular bows, triangular in cross-section. on foot terminal, transverse groove. Working spring and pin made of bronze. on spring axle terminals, applied knobs. one brooch with damaged spring and no knobs. type A.Vi.168. l. 3.6 and 3.7 cm, B. 5 and 2.9 cm. 3. Silver crossbow brooch with closed catchplate; on axle terminals, head, bow and foot terminal, coils of beaded wire. Between coils on bow and knobs at axle ends, strips of gold foil stamped with herringbone. Facetted abruptly angular bow, oval in cross-section; on foot terminal, profiled knob. on spring axle terminals and knob on the head, small plano-convex projection; spring axle made of bronze. type A.Vi.170. l.  4.3  cm, B.  3  cm. 4.  Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivets, incomplete. on frame and at pin base, metope motif. type close to ml d17. reconst. l. 3.3 cm,

B. 3.9 cm. 5. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivets. type ml d17. l. 3 cm, B. 2.7 cm. 6.  Bronze strap end, ring terminal with tongue-shaped tip. trapeze-shaped attachment end with one rivet. type r J.ii.3. l. 5 cm. 7. Bronze capsule pendant (low box?). two discs of sheet bronze. Sides of soldered on strips of sheet metal (lead-tin solder). one separate fragment of curving strip of sheet. one disc retaining a lump of undetermined organic substance. dm. 1.7 cm. 8. Bronze pendant-amulet, bear claw set in a sleeve of bronze sheet with soldered on (tin solder) top and a ring for suspension threaded through the sleeve and a hole drilled in the claw; ring: type Beckmann 16. end of the claw broken off. H. of pendant 2.1 cm, dm. of ring 2.6 cm. 9. Bronze lunula pendant, of bronze sheet, loop attached with solder, border of beaded wire. overlaid with gold foil with impression of beaded wire. B. 1.7 cm, H. 1.4 cm. 10. glass barrel bead, on opaque navy blue base curvilinear design in white and yellow, “eyes” in white and yellow. type close to tm 276. dm. 2 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 11.  glass barrel bead, opaque pale blue with decorative band in yellow and curvilinear design in brown. type close to tm 355. dm. 1.5 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 12. glass barrel bead, opaque blue base with sinuous linear motif in white. type tm 261b. dm.1.7 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 13. glass barrel bead, opaque red base with decorative band in green with small four-petalled flowers in yellow. type tm 356a. dm. 1.5 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 14–26. 13 glass miniature beads, opaque dark blue. type tm 46. dm. 0.5–0.6 cm. 27. glass barrel bead, opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 1.3 cm, H. 1 cm. 28. glass barrel bead, opaque green. type tm  8. dm. 1.2  cm, H. 0.8 cm. 29. glass barrel bead, opaque dark blue. type tm 23. dm. 0.7 cm, H. 0.5 cm. 30–45. 16 glass tubular hexahedral beads, opaque dark blue. group tm Xii, atypical. H. 1.7–2 cm, B. 0.5 cm. 46. Amber annular bead. type tm 389. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 0.6 cm. 47–72. 26 amber eight-shape beads, with collar. type close to tm 471e. H. 1.5–2.3 cm. 73–77. 5 amber eight-shape beads. type close to tm 471d. H.  1.4–2  cm. 78–81.  4 amber disc beads. type close to tm 439. dm. 1.8–2.2 cm, H. 0.5–1 cm. 82. Amber annular pendant. drilled hole for suspension in a projecting section of pendant. Atypical. dm. 1.5 cm, H. 2.1 cm. 83. 3 bronze needle fragments. Surviving l.  3.4  cm. 84.  Bronze pin, half-round head accentuated by grooves, ornament of engraved intersecting lines. tip broken off. Beckmann group iii, type Weklice acc. to Juga-Szymańska. l. 12 cm, dm. of head 0.6 cm. 85. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. H. 2.6 cm, dm. 3.4 cm. 86. reconst. lower part of pottery vessel. orange-brown, exterior smoothed. type close to rW Vi. Bdm. 7.5 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 276 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-18CD At ca 0.6 m, concentration of sherds from broken urn and burnt bones, no outline of grave pit. Bones missing.

81 Inventory (Pl. cXi): 1. reconst. pottery vessel. medium to dark brown, roughened, above base smoothed. type close to rW  ic. reconst. Bddm. 20  cm, Bdm. 11.5  cm, surviving H. 20 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 277 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 16-18CD At ca 0.7 m aligned NNW-SSe, irregular sub-rectangular 2.1×0.85 m outline of grave pit. Fill of yellow-grey clayey sand with smudges of hardpan precipitates. Skeletal remains not detected, presumably, decomposed. grave inventory in undisturbed arrangement: in conjectured chest area in two rows, 9 large and massive amber beads (11–18), 7 glass beads (4–10) next to which, large glass ball pendant banded in strips of iron sheet (3). on W side within concentration of organic material visible in situ as interwoven bands of fibrous material imply plaitwork of (lime?) bast, two Schlangenkopf bracelets (1, 2). Position of elements of grave inventory implying burial on right side, confirmed by discovery of both bracelets high under conjectured right clavicle, suggesting flexed arms drawn up under chin. in S area of pit, 3 stones, dm. 10–20 cm, with no evidence of working. Inventory (Pl. cXX, cXXi, ccXl:6, ccXlii:21): 1.2. 2 bronze Schlangenkopf bracelets. open ended hoop with constriction in the middle sub-triangular in cross-section. type Wójcik iiiB. dm. 6.2  cm, B.  of plano-convex terminals ca 2 cm. 3. Banded pendant, of two strips of sheet iron hammered at bottom, with three ends wound around fourth hammered into a  loop for suspension. inside this “holder”, ball of transparent light green glass. type Stanek ii. l. 7.6 cm, B. of strips 0.7 cm, dm. of ball 3.3 cm. 4. glass plano-convex bead, opaque black base, one half with applied “vortex” design in white. type close to tm 380. dm. 4 cm, H. 1.7 cm. 5–8. 4 glass biconical beads, transparent pale green, internal structure of glass diagonal with air bubbles. type close to tm 65. dm. 2.3–3.1 cm, H. 1.9 cm. 9. glass bead asymmetric, on opaque red base eyes with black centre and white border. type tm 223a. dm. 1.6 cm, max. H. 1.1 cm. 10. Faience melon bead, opaque pale blue, partly eroded glaze. type tm 171. dm. 1.7 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 11–13. 3 amber annular beads, asymmetric. type close to tm 389. dm. 2, 1.4 and 1 cm, max. H. 1.2, 0.7 and 0.5 cm. 14.15. 2 amber annular beads. type tm  388. dm. 1.8 and 1.6  cm, H.  0.7 and 0.8  cm. 16. Amber barrel bead. type close to tm  392. dm. 1.7 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 17.18. 2 amber plano-convex beads, asymmetric. type close to tm 393. dm. 3.6 and 3.9 cm, H. ca 2.2 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB. Grave 278 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 16-18D At ca 0.7 m aligned N-S, indistinct ca 1.8×0.6 m outline of bottom level of grave pit. inserted into its upper fill, urn

grave 283. in N area, incomplete outline of log coffin within which in disturbed arrangement, incomplete arm bone, fragments of two capsule pendants (1, 2), 6 amber beads (7–12) and 4 glass beads (3–6). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXXii, ccXlii:1):  1.2.  2 bronze matching capsule pendants, incomplete. discs of sheet bronze joined with a sheet metal loop. on upper disc, coiled wire with traces of silver filigree. dm. ca 2.1 cm. 3. glass barrel bead, opaque red-green and blue base with human face in red and black, in two fragments. type close to tm 369. dm. ca 1.2 cm. 4.5. 2 glass barrel beads, one of them asymmetric, opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 0.7 and 1 cm. 6. glass barrel bead, opaque white. type tm 6. dm. 0.7 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 7. Amber annular bead. type tm 388. dm. 0.6 cm. 8–12. 5 amber annular beads, asymmetric. type close to tm 389. dm. 1.1–2 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 279 (inhumation destroyed, robbed) Sq 17-20AC At ca 0.7 m, aligned NNe-SSW, sub-rectangular 2.6×1 m outline of grave pit. At centre, distinct traces of robber trench sunk to the bottom of the pit within which, fragment of femur, pelvis, arm bones and teeth, also, some burnt bones and sherds, presumably belonging to urn from grave 279A intruding on N end of the pit. Among bones, bronze ring. Female, adultus. Inventory (Pl. cXXiii): 1. Bronze ring. type Beckmann 16. dm. 3.1 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB (?). Grave 279A (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-20A At N end of grave 279, sub-circular outline of pit within which, sherds and burnt bones. interspersed with pottery fragments (4) and bones, partly melted bow of bronze brooch (1) and two melted glass beads (2, 3). grave destroyed during robbery of burial no. 279, sherds from its fill occurred also within the robber trench. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXXiii): 1. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch fragment. Partly melted upper fragment (e.g. spring). type A.Vi.162. Surviving l. 2.4 cm, B. 3.3 cm. 2. glass barrel bead, on opaque black base curvilinear interlaced design in yellow and white, “eyes” in white and yellow, partly melted. type close to tm 276. dm. 2 cm. 3. glass bead, transparent pale blue, melted. type undefined. 4. Several sherds. dark brown, smoothed. Chronology: stadium iVB. Grave 280 (inhumation, destroyed, robbed?) Sq 17-20AC At ca  0.75  m, aligned NNe-SSW, bottom level of oval 2.1×0.8 m outline of grave pit destroyed at unknown date, possibly, robbed (Pl. cXXiV). Within grey-yellow fill with hardpan in quantity, residue of three-layer comb. outline of pit and remains of skeleton not detected.

82 Inventory: 1. Bone three-layer comb; decomposed, documented only in situ by its outline next to which, bronze rivets. type possibily Thomas i. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 281 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 17-18B At ca 0.6 m, within outline of yellow-grey fill rich in iron oxides, concentration of large sherds and burnt bones. Between them, stone interpreted tentatively as urn lid. other elements of grave inventory and pit outline not detected. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXXii): 1. reconst. pottery vessel, with three handles. dark brown to medium brown, dull, smoothed. Abundant temper of fine-grained sand. on upper body four deeply engraved lines. type rW iVA. rdm. 26 cm, Bddm. 30 cm, Bdm. 11.5 cm, H. 26 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 282 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 16-18BD ca 0.15 m under excavated grave 275, at ca 0.75 m, aligned N-S, 2.7×1 m outline of lower level of rectangular grave pit nearly overlapping with the pit above it. Burial destroyed completely, presumably during deposition of grave 275 and insertion at S end of pit of cremation grave 284. At pit bottom, scattered fragments of skeleton e.g. upper cranium and teeth, bronze brooch (1), buckle (2) and amber bead (3). Male (?), adultus. Inventory (Pl. cXXiV):  1.  Bronze spring-cover brooch. relatively broad spring-covers with a design of short diagonal lines. type A.ii.38. l. 3.9 cm, B. 3.6 cm. 2. Bronze bipartite buckle with buckle plate. rectangular frame, damaged buckle plate. type close to ml g3. Surviving l. 2.9 cm, B.  3.4  cm. 3.  Amber annular bead, asymmetric. type tm 389. dm. 1.2 cm, max. H. 0.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iiA. Grave 283 (inhumation, destroyed, robbed) Sq 16-18D At ca  0.75  m, irregular 2.15×0.85  m outline of bottom level of grave pit (Pl. cXXV). Burial destroyed by robber trench at centre. Within grey-yellow fill, scattered teeth and lumps of iron. S fragment of pit intruded on N end of grave 278. Adultus. Inventory: 1. iron fragments. corroded. Chronology: later than stadium iiB/iic (see grave 278). Grave 284 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-18B detected on same level as grave 282, within irregular feature containing dark fill, sherds from urn and burnt bones. grave destroyed presumably during deposition of inhumation grave 275. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXXiV): 1. reconst. pottery vessel. dark brown to black, smoothed, glossy. on upper body horizontal cordons in combination with X-shaped handles (three surviving) attached on a  plug, alternately over cordons.

type rW iVA. rdm. 22.5 cm, reconst. Bddm. 33 cm, reconst. Bdm. 16 cm, H. 25 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 285 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-20A At ca 0.6 m, within e fragment of disturbed fill of pit of inhumation grave 287, on the margin of robber trench, sherds from urn and burnt bones. other elements of grave inventory not detected. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXXiii): 1. reconst. pottery vessel. dark brown to light brown, roughened, cursorily smoothed above base. type close to rW  iB. rdm. 20  cm, reconst. Bddm. 21 cm, Bdm. 10 cm, reconst. H. 23 cm. Chronology: later than stadium iVA (see grave 287). Grave 286 (inhumation in log coffin, destroyed) Sq 16-18D, 17-18B under excavated cremation grave 286AB, at ca  0.85  m, aligned NNW-SSe, rectangular 1.6×1.2 m incomplete outline of grave pit, S end lost to grave 288. centrally within pit, rectangular outline of log coffin, with better legible 0.75 m wide e area, surviving l. ca 1.4 m. coffin rounded in cross-section with a flat bottom. disturbed fill at coffin bottom interpreted as evidence of partial destruction of burial, presumably during deposition of successive burials. in Ne area of coffin, teeth, remainder of skeleton apparently decomposed or dislocated. in e part of coffin, redeposited elements of grave inventory. At N end, brown outline of organic (wood?) container (casket?) dm. ca 15 cm, with flat bottom, next to which, bronze needle (13). Near the teeth, originally probably next to mandible, silver S-clasp (2) next to which, fragments of bronze clasp (1). in a scatter, glass beads, two partly melted (3, 7–9). Attribution of no. 8 and 9 to the original grave inventory is undecided. They may be redeposited elements of grave inventory from destroyed overlying cremation grave. closest to truncated S end of coffin, separate cluster of bone comb fragments (12), bronze casket lock key (14), bronze finger-ring (11), large melon bead (10), 3 beads with gold foil (4–6). Iuvenis. Inventory (Pl. cXXVi): 1. Bronze S-clasp of plain wire. incomplete. central part with expanded biconical section. type close to v. müller d. Surviving l. 2 cm. 2. Silver S-clasp of plain wire. on terminals, small knobs set over three strands of coiled beaded wire. At centre, three strands of coiled beaded wire. type close to v. müller c. l. 1.6 cm. 3. glass spherical bead, plain glass with gold foil. type close to tm 387. dm. 0.6 cm, H. 0.6 cm. 4–6. 3 glass beads, alongated, transparent yellow glass with gold foil. type close to tm 387. dm. ca 0.6 cm, H. 0.7–1 cm. 7. glass barrel bead, opaque red base with eroded horizontal linear design in yellow and blue. type close to tm 287. dm. 1 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 8.9. 2 glass beads, partly melted. No. 1 bead opaque red glass with eroded trails in yellow. No. 2 bead transparent pale blue. type undefined. dm. of better preserved bead 1.1 cm

83 10. glass melon bead, transparent dark blue. type close to tm 162. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1.7 cm. 11. Bronze finger-ring. type Beckmann 15. dm. 1.7 cm. 12. Bone three-layer comb fragments. Five surviving plates, two with bronze rivets, one separated bronze rivet. type close to Thomas i. l. of plates 1–1.5 cm, l. of rivets ca 0.7 cm. 13. Bronze needle, in three fragments, top and bottom end broken. Surviving l. 4.4 cm. 14. Bronze casket lock key. u-shaped bit round in cross-section, rectangular-sectioned shaft. end of shaft folded into a loop. At junction with bit, three horizontal grooves. type Kokowski A2. l. 11.8 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 286AB (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-18D At ca 0.7 m, large irregular ca 1×0.8 m patch of orange-red to grey sand within which, two concentration of sherds, burnt bones surrounded by a more loose scatter of more sherds, bones and stones, originally urn lids, recorded as nos 286A and 286B. Within concentration no. 286A resting on its side, partly flattened incomplete urn, its fragments spread over S part of feature. Within concentration no. 286B in original placement, bottom of same vessel surrounded by a scatter of sherds. other elements of grave inventory not detected. After excavation of both graves several centimetres below, outline of two inhumation grave pits nos 286, 288. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXXVi, ccXliV:3):  1.  reconst. pottery vessel with a handle. light brown, smoothed. on upper body ornament of alternating plain and hatched triangles between two horizontal engraved lines. type rW XViB. rdm. 13 cm, Bddm. 18 cm, Bdm. 9 cm, H. 16.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB. Grave 286C (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-18D At ca 0.7 m, immediately S of grave 286AB, concentration of basal sherds and burnt bones e of which, flat stone interpreted as urn lid (Pl. cXXVi). other elements of grave inventory not detected. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXXVii): 1. reconst. base of pottery vessel. dark brown, roughened. type close to rW i. Bdm. 10 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB. Grave 287 (inhumation destroyed, robbed?) Sq 17-20AC At ca 0.7 m, distinct rectangular 2.3×1 m outline of grave pit with oval robber trench at centre within which, inserted urn grave 285 implying robbery during antiquity. No traces of skeleton of the destroyed burial, in undisturbed N area of pit, upright small pottery vessel (2) and remains of three-layer comb fragments (1). Inventory (Pl. cXXV):  1.  Bone three-layer comb fragments. Four plates retaining bronze rivets, three further rivets separately. on one fragmented side plate, punched ring-and-dot motif. Arched grip outline observed during excavation. type close to Thomas i. H. of best preserved

fragment 2.1 cm, l. 4.6 cm, l. of rivets 1–1.2 cm. 2. Pottery vessel with a  handle attached on a  plug (one surviving) broken off. light brown, smoothed. type rW  XViic. rdm. 5.5 cm, Bddm. 8 cm, Bdm. 3.5 cm, H. 8 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 288 (inhumation in coffin?) Sq 17-18B At ca 0.85 m, aligned NNW-SSe, rectangular ca 2.3×0.95 m outline of grave pit intruding on S end of grave 286. Within fill of yellow-grey clayey sand, on e side, darker area with particles of mouldered wood more distinct especially along e edge of pit, interpreted as traces of coffin or planks lining grave bottom. No surviving skeleton, only in N area, teeth next to which, bronze brooch (1), glass beads: four larger (8–11) and spread out, 36 miniature orange (4–7) interpreted as appliqué sewn onto clothing. moving down, two silver brooches (2, 3) next to which, cluster of 17 amber eight-shape beads (17–30) and 2 amber beads (12, 13). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXXViii, ccXliii:11): 1. Silver crossbow brooch with a closed catchplate. uniformly arched plano-convex bow. on foot terminal, profiled knob. on spring terminals, small knobs. type A.Vi.170. l. 4.3 cm, B. 2 cm. 2. Silver crossbow tendril brooch with false spring. Abruptly angular plano-convex bow. At one end of axle, knob with coiled beaded wire, another similar knob on head, set over a strand of coiled wire. type A.Vi.168. l. 5.9 cm, B. 4.7 cm. 3. Silver crossbow tendril brooch with false spring. Facetted abruptly angular bow; on bow base and foot, metope ornament. on spring axle terminals, originally, knobs (?). on head, high half-round knob set over coiled wire. type A.Vi.168. l. 5.4 cm, B. 5 cm. 4–7. 36 glass miniature beads, opaque orange. type tm  53. dm. 0.4–0.6  cm. 8.  glass hexahedral bead, transparent dark green. type tm 117. H. 1.6 cm, B. 1.1 cm. 9. glass cubooctohedral bead, opaque orange. type tm 131. H. 1.2 cm, B. 0.8 cm. 10. glass barrel bead, on opaque red base eyes with black centre and white border. type tm 223a. dm. 1 cm, max. H. 1 cm. 11. glass tubular bead, transparent pale green base with lengthwise yellow streaks. type close to tm 307. dm. 0.7 cm, H. 4.1 cm. 12. Amber barrel bead. type close to tm 392. dm. 1.8  cm, H.  1.3  cm. 13.  Amber annular bead. type tm 389. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 0.4 cm. 14–30. 17 amber eight-shape beads, 11 with a collar. types tm 471a and 471d. H. 1.2–2 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 289/436 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 17-18AB Between graves 426 and 423, indistinct incomplete outline of inhumation pit (originally recorded as no. 289) its upper level lost, W fragment destroyed by grave 426. At ca 0.8 m, apparent as rectangular 2×0.6 m outline (recorded as no. 436). Within N fragment of its fill, fragments of upper cranium, teeth lamellae and femur fragment next to which, amber

84 bead. other elements of grave inventory not detected. Bones missing. Inventory (cXXi): 1. Amber annular bead. type tm 389. dm. 1.7 cm, H. 0.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB. Grave 290 (inhumation destroyed, robbed) Sq 17-19D At ca 1.2 m, aligned N-S, with slight deflection e, rectangular 2×0.8  m outline of grave pit. Within top level of pit with a fill of grey-yellow clayey sand, broken urn – grave 290A; at some distance, level of burial lost to robbery. centrally within pit in patches of darker fill, fragment of upper cranium, teeth and amber bead. Poorly legible outline of robber trench observed over detected outline of grave pit intruding on its N and central fragment; urn graver inserted presumably after robbery. Maturus. Inventory (Pl. cXXVii): 1. Amber biconical bead. type close to tm 391. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1 cm. Chronology: earlier than stadium iiiA (see grave 290A). Grave 290A (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-19D centrally within upper level of pit of grave 290, within yellow-grey clayey sand, sherds from flattened urn and burnt bones. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXXVii): 1. reconst. middle part of pottery vessel. Black, smoothed, glossy. ornament of three horizontal cordons alternating with shorter vertical cordons. on central cordon diagonal incisions, below cordons, diagonally engraved lines forming a pattern of triangles. type close to rW iV. rdm. 22.5 cm, Bddm. 24 cm, surviving H. 13.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 291/294/295 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-18A Within firm clay with stones at ca 0.4 m, three concentrations of sherds from one vessel (2), recorded as nos 291, 294 and 295, interspersed with burnt bones; within concentration no. 294, bronze brooch (1), all the described features interpreted as remains of cremation grave destroyed and scattered by ploughing. Pit outline not detected. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXXVii): 1. Bronze crest-headed brooch with cylinder cover for the spring. on foot terminal, small profiled knob. type close to A.V.128/130. l. 3.3 cm, B. 3.1 cm. 2. reconst. pottery vessel. dark brown, cursorily smoothed under rim and above base, roughened on the body. type close to rW iVA. rdm. 21 cm, Bddm. 27.3 cm, Bdm. 13 cm, H. 23.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iic. Grave 292 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-21A At bottom of the arable level, at ca  0.4  m, scatter, ca 0.8×0.6 m, of burnt bones and small sherds (2) from urn grave destroyed by ploughing. At S end of concentration,

partly melted bronze brooch (1). Field documentation of these grave is now missing. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXXiX): 1. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch with false spring. Abruptly angular bow, triangular in cross-section. on lower section of bow and on foot, metope ornament. on spring axle terminals, half-round knobs, one missing. on head, high half-round knob set over a coil of wire. 2 small fragments of mineralised textile adhering to fibula spring (see Appendix Vi.2). type A.Vi.168. l. 6.3 cm, B. 5.3 cm. 2. Sherds. dark brown, cursorily smoothed. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 293 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-21A Within bottom level of the arable, at ca 0.3 m, disturbed earth containing scattered burnt bones and small sherds from one vessel (Pl. cXXiX). Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Several score sherds. dark brown, cursorily smoothed and daubed. Badly fired, separating and friable. Chronology: ? Number 294 (See grave 291) Number 295 (See grave 291) Grave 296 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-21A At ca 0.4 m, indistinct 0.6×0.4 m outline of oval pit within which, urn with flattened upper section, retaining base and part of the walls and still holding some fragments of burnt bone. Vessel base ca 0.2 m below the detected outline. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXXiX):  1.  rim sherd. dark brown, smoothed, two poorly marked cordons with diagonal incisions. Several score other sherds from the same vessel. Badly fired, separating and friable. type close to rW iV. rdm. 22 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA (?). Grave 297 (urn cremation) Sq 16-18C At ca 0.5 m, within indistinct oval 0.35×0.25 m pit, fissured urn with handle and at bottom, small quantity of burnt bones. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXXX):  1.  reconst. pottery vessel with a  handle. Brown to orange-brown, cursorily smoothed and lightly roughened. type close to rW ii. rdm. 19 cm, Bddm. 24.2 cm, surviving H. 24 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA (?). Grave 298&299 (two inhumation burials in log coffin, disturbed, robbed?) Sq 16-21A At ca  0.5  m, rectangular 2.1×0.7  m outline of grave pit, S fragment disturbed by robber trench destroying also grave 293 within which, redeposited elements of inventory of cremation grave 293. centrally within pit, indistinct outline of rectangular log coffin, S end disturbed by robber

85 trench. Within exceptionally narrow 0.3–0.35 m wide coffin, reconst. l. 1.8 m, two inhumation burials (Pl. ccXXVii:2). Burial 299 extended at coffin bottom squeezed into the confined interior of log leaning left, head turned left (bones of left arm and left foot at greater depth than bones from right side of skeleton). Bones in anatomical arrangement but poorly preserved, missing bones from chest and hip area, bones of palms and feet best preserved. Next to left hip, iron buckle (1). over this skeleton, disturbed bones of burial no. 298. directly over knees of skeleton no. 299, on its left side, cranium with mandible; near feet bones discovered under robber trench bottom, in chaotic arrangement and substantially fragmented, clavicles, ribs, vertebrae, bones of arms and hands among which, bronze brooch (1) next to which, small glass bead (2). disturbed by robber trench the unusual double burial interpreted tentatively as follows: separated from the rest of skeleton the cranium placed deliberately over legs of burial no. 299, presumably before its full decomposition as there is no evidence of disturbance to bones under cranium. chaotically scattered bones of the torso resting over the feet bones (also undisturbed) were deposited there either before, or during robbery. it is not certain whether the robber trench continued to the level of the concentration of bones; material from destroyed cremation grave 293 occurred only in upper and central level of robber trench, its stratigraphy and bottom level were not legible. Burial 298: male (?), late maturus; Burial 299: female, maturus, ca 169 cm. Inventory (Burial 298) (Pl. cXXiX, ccXXXV:3): 1. Bronze crossbow brooch with triangular foot, edge decorated with incisions. Bow hexagonal in cross-section. on spring axle terminals, half-round knobs. type close to A.Vi.183. l. 3.1 cm, B. 1.7 cm. 2. glass miniature bead, opaque orange. type tm 53. dm. 0.3 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Inventory (Burial 299) (Pl. cXXiX):  1.  iron unipartite buckle with half-round frame. type ml  d1. l.  3.4  cm, B. 4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB (?).

daubed with oblique strokes. type rW id. rdm. 19 cm, Bddm. 29 cm, Bdm. 11.5 cm, H. 20.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Inventory (Burial 300B) (Pl. cXXXi): 1. reconst. middle part of pottery vessel. light brown to orange-brown, smoothed. type close to rW Vi. Bddm. 19.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Inventory (Burial 300C) (Pl. cXXXi): 1. reconst. upper part of pottery vessel. dark brown, smoothed. Vertical herringbone between two vertical engraved lines. type close to rW Vi. rdm. 16.5 cm, Bddm. 20 cm, surviving H. 10.1 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Inventory (Burial 300D): 1. Sherds. dark braun smoothed. Badly fired separating. Chronology: stadium iiiA.

Grave 300A-D (cremation, 4 urns in one pit, disturbed) Sq 16-18C At ca 0.5 m below the arable, aligned NW-Se, indistinct 1.2×0.7 m outline of oval pit continuing ca 0.25 m from the level of detection. Fill of yellow-grey sand with orange-red border. Within, numerous sherds and burnt bones, in four separate concentrations, marked as A, B, c and d (Pl. cXXX). Best preserved urn A resting on its side, partly flattened, originally covered with flat stone. urns B, c and d survived as sherds and burnt bones. Burial 300A: male, adultus/maturus; Burial B: bones undefined; Burial 300C: bones undefined; Burial 300D: male, maturus. Inventory (Burial 300A) (Pl. cXXX): 1. reconst. pottery vessel. light brown to dark brown, cursorily smoothed and

Grave 301A (inhumation in log coffin, destroyed) Sq 16-18A At ca 0.7 m, irregular attenuated outline with continued exploration found to take in two overlapping grave pits, recorded as nos 301A and 301, their S fragment lost to Feature 273. grave 301A intruded on Ne fragment of pit of grave 301; its S and e fragment was largely lost to Feature 273. it could be detected only from residue of mouldered wood of NW fragment of log coffin, ca 1.85×0.45 m. remains of skeleton not detected. in NW corner of coffin, fragmented bronze brooch. Inventory (Pl. cXXXi): 1. Bronze crossbow brooch with closed catchplate. uniformly arched triangular-sectioned bow. in two fragments, spring damaged. type A.Vi.170. reconst. l. 4.6 cm, reconst. B. 1.8 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA/iVB.

Grave 301 (inhumation in log coffin, destroyed) Sq 16-18A With disturbance in its Ne corner from pit of grave 301A, its S half lost to Feature 273, N fragment and central area of grave pit, ca 1.9×0.85 m. At level several centimetres lower than in neighbouring grave 301A, 1.4×0.55 m outline of log coffin rounded at N end. Skeletal remains largely decomposed: outline of upper cranium and mandible with teeth, fragments of arm bones inside bracelets, their position and distribution of elements of grave inventory implying deposition on right side. By left temple, bronze needle (7), under mandible, bronze S-clasp (6) over, two bronze brooches (1, 2). At lower rib level, third bronze brooch (3), on arms, bronze bracelets (4, 5). Female (?), late maturus. Inventory (Pl. cXXXi):  1.2.  2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on bow, lengthwise lines. type A.ii.38. l. 3.3 cm, B. 3.2 and 3 cm. 3. Bronze crest-headed brooch. type A.V.120. l. 3 cm, B. 2 cm. 4.5. 2 bronze matching rod bracelets, oval-sectioned with flattened slightly expanded terminals. type Natuniewicz 1. dm. 5.6 and 6.2 cm. 6. Bronze S-clasp of plain wire. terminals with coiled volute ends. type v. müller A. l. 1.5 cm. 7. Bronze needle, bent. tip broken off. Surviving l. 7.1 cm. Chronology: stadium iiA/iiB.

86 Grave 302 (inhumation, evidence of hop cones burnt over burial, robbed) Sq 16-21A At ca 0.6 m, large sub-rectangular 2.3×1.2–1.5 m outline of pit with a more narrow S end. on pit margin, strip of fill infused with charcoal fragments and ash clearly marked against background of yellow sand. in section the pit had the form of irregular basin, ca 0.7 m deep measuring from the level of its detection; it was lined with 0.1–0.2 m thick layer of charred plant remains (Pl. ccXXiX:3). clayey sand next to the black layer discoloured orange, presumably by high temperature. Apparently the plants were burnt deliberately, the fire put out by spreading with sand. many charred fragments retained their original shape and were identified tentatively as cones of the common hop plant. Basin-like pit lay directly over inhumation grave separated from its upper level by a slender layer of sand. At time unknown the grave was broken into at centre down funnel-shaped robber trench sunk to chest area of inhumation which it destroyed and most of grave inventory were taken away. At the level of inhumation (Pl. ccXXiX:3), outline of grave pit rectangular 2.1×0.85  m within which, in anatomical arrangement, bones of legs and feet implying burial on the side, legs flexed. From hips up, rest of skeleton scattered, fragmented, some bones missing altogether. complete cranium facing N, mandible broken in two parts, teeth nearby; fragments of clavicles, ribs, vertebrae and arm bones among which, beads: glass (1) and amber (2) next to which, two fragments of iron objects interpreted as casket mounts (5, 6). over left hip, pottery vessel fragments (7), at N end of grave, iron lock mount and spring of casket (3, 4). SW fragment of pit intruded on grave 313. Female, maturus, ca 154–156 cm. Inventory (Pl. cXXXii): 1. glass melon bead, transparent pale green. type tm 158b. dm. 2 cm, H. 1.4 cm. 2. Amber annular bead. type tm 389. dm. 1.6 cm, H. 0.5 cm. 3. iron rectangular casket lock mount with two round openings for the key. At mid-length of shorter side, over the opening, rivet, other rivet did not survive. type Kokowski 2. l. 5.3 cm, max. B. 2.3 cm. 4. iron casket lock spring, round-sectioned bit, flat ribbon-like shaft, damaged. l. 5.3 cm. 5.6. 2 iron fragments interpreted as inner casket mounts. l. 2.3 and 1.4 cm. 7. reconst. upper part of pottery vessel. Brown to light brown, cursorily smoothed. type close to rW Vi. rdm. 16.5 cm, Bddm. 19.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB. Grave 303 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 16-18A At ca 0.7 m, aligned NNW-SSe, rectangular ca 2.45×0.75 m outline of grave pit. centrally within pit, rectangular 2.2×0.45 m outline of log coffin discernible from remains of decomposed wood. Within coffin in anatomical arrangement, extended skeleton, left arm down the body, right arm flexed with palm resting on left elbow. under mandible, silver S-clasp (3), lower down, two bronze brooches

(1, 2). At S end of coffin below the feet, square outline of container ca  27×27  cm, no metal casket mounts. Male, adultus, ca 163–165 cm. Inventory (Pl. cXXXiii):  1.  Bronze triple-crest brooch. type close to A.V.96. l.  3.6  cm, B.  2.9  cm. 2.  Bronze spring-cover brooch. on bow, lengthwise lines. Fragment of mineralised textile surviving next to the fibula spring (see Appendix Vi.2). type A.ii.38. l. 3.6 cm, B. 3.2 cm. 3. Silver S-clasp, of plain wire. on terminals small knobs with ring-like profiling. At centre double expanded section in imitation of plain wire. type v. müller c. l. 1.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Number 304 (Free) Grave 305 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-17C Within firm clay, at ca 0.4 m, dark-grey sub-oval pit within which, scattered stones, burnt fragments of bone and sherds (3), bronze buckle fragment (1) and partly melted bronze strap end (2). lower down, basal sherd from same vessel implying original place of deposition of the destroyed burial. The described intruded on the outline of inhumation grave 311. Iuvenis. Inventory (Pl. cXXXiV): 1. Bronze bipartite buckle with buckle plate, incomplete. type close to ml d17. Surviving l. 2.3 cm, surviving B. 2.6 cm. 2. Bronze strap end, straight facetted terminal, oval in cross-section. expanded attachment end with one rivet. type close to r o.17. l. 4.1 cm. 3. Several score sherds. dark brown, smoothed, Badly fired, friable and exfoliating clay. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 306 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 15-17C, 16-17A Within layer of firm clay, at ca 0.4 m, outline of log coffin discernible as black smudges of decomposed wood forming an attenuated 2.05×0.55  m oval, aligned NNW-SSe. Poorly defined 2.35×0.7  m outline of grave pit, shallow, its size kept to a  minimum just to take in the coffin in a difficult terrain. coffin rounded at both ends, both sides broken and pushed out, presumably by pressure of overlying deposit, resting over two stones to keep it in position. Skeleton incomplete: fragment of cranium resting on its right side, remains of mandible and teeth. other bones not detected. in conjectured area of hips, bronze buckle (1), strap end (2) moving down from it, two glass and amber beads (3–5). Below the feet, distinct ca 40×40 cm outline of large wooden casket within which, clay spindlewhorl (6) and iron coupling-pin (7), interpreted as element of metal casket mounts – pivot from lid hinges (?). Above cranium, pottery vessel (8). Female, adultus Inventory (Pl. cXXXV): 1. Bronze bipartite buckle with buckle plate, incomplete. type close to ml d17. reconst. l.  2.1  cm, B.  2.9  cm. 2.  Bronze strap end, facetted ring terminal with tongue-shaped tip. type r J.ii.3. l. 5.3 cm.

87 3.4. 2 glass polychrome beads, substantially fragmented. types undefined. 5. Amber annular bead. type tm 389. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 0.6 cm. 6. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, angular body, roughly cylindrical top and bottom. H. 2.4 cm, dm. 3.7 cm. 7. iron coupling-pin, thickset, round-sectioned. one end plano-convex, the other stopped with circular piece of washer. Fragment of casket mount. l. 7.8 cm, dm. 0.9 cm. 8. reconst. pottery vessel. Brown to light brown, cursorily smoothed. type rW  XaA. rdm. 13  cm, Bddm. 15.5  cm, Bdm. 6 cm, H. 11 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 307 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 15-17C, 16-17A Within firm clay with gravel, at ca  0.4  m, rectangular 2.3×0.9 m outline of grave pit within which, 2.05×0.55 m outline of log coffin with yellow-grey fill within which, bronze brooch (1) and fragmented strap end (2). remains of skeleton did not survive. Inventory (Pl. cXXXVii):  1.  Bronze crossbow brooch with a  closed catchplate. Facetted uniformly arched plano-convex bow. on foot, profiled knob terminal. type A.Vi.170. l. 4.6 cm, B. 1.3 cm. 2. Bronze strap end, in two fragments, ring terminal with incomplete tip. Attachment end with one rivet with large half-round head with a border of wolf-tooth pattern (Wolfzahnmuster). group r J.ii, type undefined. Surviving l. 4.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA/iVB. Grave 308 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 16-17A At ca  0.6  m, aligned NNW-SSe, sub-rectangular 2×1  m outline of grave pit, Ne corner lost to pit of destroyed cremation grave 310 lying above it. outline of grave pit with a border of lighter coloured clay several centimetres wide distinct from dark orange-red clay with gravel of the surrounding natural and from the dark grave fill implying that walls of the burial chamber were plastered with clay; this layer continued down (0.2 m from level of detection) to bottom level of pit which itself did not have such a layer. At grave bottom, no remains of skeleton, presumably decomposed in unfavourable conditions only, next to brooches and, necklace shadow of bone residue. centrally within pit, in undisturbed arrangement, necklace of glass, amber and bronze beads (4–31), under two bronze brooches (1, 2), another, silver brooch (3) suggesting by their placement burial on right side. Bones undefined. Inventory (Pl. cXXXVi, cXXXVii, ccXlii:15): 1. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch. uniformly arched plano-convex bow. on foot and bow, two strands of coiled beaded wire. on spring terminals and head, profiled knobs (one missing) set over coiled beaded wire. Pin did not survive, foot incomplete. type close to A.Vi.167. l. 5.6 cm, B. 3.6 cm. 2. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch. on bow, two strands of coiled beaded wire. Facetted uniformly arched bow. on spring terminals, originally, knobs, now missing. Foot

incomplete. type close to A.Vi.167. Surviving l. 4.3 cm, B. 3.7 cm. 3. Silver crossbow brooch with a closed catchplate. uniformly arched bow, facetted in cross-section. on foot, profiled knob terminal. Spring incomplete. type A.Vi.170. l. 4 cm, B. 1.8 cm. 4–8. 5 glass hexahedral beads, transparent dark lilac, some incomplete. type tm  119. H. 1.2–1.4 cm, B. 0.8–0.9 cm. 9. glass tetrahedral bead, transparent black, incomplete. group tm Xii, atypical. H. ca 1.7 cm, B. 1.3 cm. 10–16. 7 glass barrel beads, opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 1–1.4 cm, H. 0.7–1.2 cm. 17.18. 2 glass cylindrical beads, opaque white. type tm 138. dm. 1 and 1.1 cm, H. 1.4 and 1.5 cm. 19. glass cylindrical bead, on opaque red base decorative band in yellow and white with curvilinear motif in black. type close to tm 361. dm. 1 cm, H. 2 cm. 20.21. 2 glass barrel beads, opaque red base with sinuous linear motif in white. type tm 257c. dm. 2 cm, H.  1.4  cm. 22. glass melon bead, transparent pale blue. type tm  162. dm. 1.8  cm, H.  1.2  cm. 23.  glass barrel bead, opaque green. type tm 8. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 24.25. 2 glass barrel beads, opaque red base with sinuous yellow line between two straight white lines. type tm 298c. dm. 1.4  cm, H.  1.5  cm. 26.  glass barrel bead, opaque white base with three sinuous lines in red and green. type close to tm 293f. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 27. glass barrel bead, opaque black base with interlaced yellow and red thread. type close to tm 266d. dm. 1 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 28.29. 2 amber annular beads, asymmetric. type tm 389. dm. 1.4 and 1.9 cm, H. 0.5 and 0.7 cm. 30.31. 2 amber disc beads. type tm 430. dm. 2 and 2.2 cm, H. 0.5 cm. 32–35.  4 bronze springs with looped ends, incomplete. l. 1.2–1.6 cm, dm. 0.8–1 cm. 36. 2 glass beads fragments. Substantially corroded. types undefined. Chronology: stadium iVB. Grave 309 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 16-18C its SW fragment under urn graves 300A-d, at ca 0.7 m, aligned NNe-SSW, rectangular 2×0.8 m outline of grave pit intruding on S end of grave 321. centrally within pit, distinct 1.55×0.5 m complete outline of log coffin. Within fill of grey-yellow sand with clay and particles of decomposed wood, fragment of upper cranium, teeth, outline of left clavicle, ribs, next to which, metal elements of grave inventory. inhumation presumably resting on its right side. left of cranium, bronze needle fragments (9) next to which, miniature glass bead (6). At shoulder level, two bronze brooches (2, 3), at rib level, third silver brooch (1). Next to left arm, presumably originally right under mandible, 2 amber pendants (7, 8) and glass bead (5). At conjectured knee level, bronze strap end (4). Adultus. Inventory (Pl. cXXXiV, ccXliii:19.20): 1. Silver crossbow brooch with a closed catchplate. uniformly arched plano-convex bow; profiled foot terminal. on spring axle terminals, half-round knobs. type A.Vi.170. l.  4.3  cm, B. 2.1 cm. 2.3. 2 bronze matching crossbow brooches with

88 a closed catchplate. Facetted uniformly arched plano-convex bow. At top and bottom of bow and on spring axle terminals, single strand of coiled beaded wire. on spring axle terminals, knobs. type close to A.Vi.170. l. 5 and 5.2 cm, B. 2.4 cm. 4. Bronze strap end. Straight attachment end with one rivet. type r J.iV.5. l. 4.9 cm. 5. glass hexahedral bead, transparent dark lilac, incomplete. type tm 119. H. 1.2 cm, B. 0.9 cm. 6. glass miniature bead, opaque orange. type tm 53. dm. 0.5 cm. 7. Amber pendant, form similar to bucket pendants, made on lathe, with two constrictions and a hole for suspension. Atypical. dm. 1.2 cm, surviving H. 1.9 cm. 8. Amber “animal claw” pendant. Atypical. l. 2.9 cm. 9. 2 bronze needle fragments. Surviving l. 4 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA/iVB. Grave 310 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-17A Within upper level of Ne area of inhumation pit of grave 308, scattered sherds and concentration of burnt bones (Pl. cXXXVi). Pit outline not detected. Male, adultus. Inventory (Pl. cXXXVii): 1. reconst. pottery vessel. medium to dark brown with lighter patches, exterior cursorily smoothed, interior rough. type close to rW ViB. rdm. 19 cm, reconst. Bddm. 22 cm, Bdm. 11 cm, reconst. H. 17 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA (?). Grave 311 (inhumation, robbed?) Sq 16-17C under excavated cremation grave 305 at bottom of a layer of hard clay with gravel, at ca 0.6 m, rectangular 2.5×0.7 m outline of grave pit (Pl. cXXXiV). Fill of dark brown clay with sandy intrusions, visibly disturbed, presumably during robbery. traces of skeleton not detected. Inventory: none. Chronology: earlier than stadium iiiB (see grave 305). Grave 312 (inhumation) Sq 16-16B, 16-17A Within firm clay at 0.6 m aligned NW-Se, small rectangular 1.5×0.6 m outline of grave pit. Fill with no evidence of disturbance; skeleton presumably decomposed due to unfavourable conditions centrally within pit, bronze brooch (1) next to which, small sherds from pottery vessel (2). Inventory (Pl. cXXXV):  1.  Bronze crossbow tendril brooch, uniformly arched bow, oval in cross-section. Next to head, on top of bow, above tendril and on foot terminal, strand of coiled beaded wire. on spring axle terminals, half-round knobs. type close to A.Vi.162. l. 5.3 cm, B. 3.3 cm. 2. Sherds. dark brown, smoothed. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 313 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 21-16A At ca 0.8 m, irregular outline of incomplete pit, S fragment lost to intruding cremation graves 296 and 319, Ne lost to cut feature of grave 302, at the end of which on the same level as its bottom, redeposited poorly preserved cranium,

humerus fragment and fragments of ribs (Pl. cXXXii). elements of grave inventory not detected. Female, maturus. Inventory: none. Chronology: earlier than stadium iiiA/iiiB (see grave 302). Grave 314 (inhumation) Sq 16-21AC At ca 0.7 m, rectangular 2.4×0.75 m pit outline, in contact on its N side with the pit of inhumation grave 298, urn grave 293 inserted into its S area. At pit bottom, poorly preserved extended supine skeleton, head turned left, arms down the body, legs crossed. By mandible over right shoulder, bronze pin (1), below the feet, complete inverted pottery footed beaker (2). Male, early maturus, ca 170–174 cm. Inventory (Pl. cXXXiii): 1. Bronze pin, half-round head accentuated by grooves, ornament of engraved intersecting lines in imitation of filigree. Beckmann group iii, type Weklice acc. to Juga-Szymańska. l. 4.7 cm. 2. Pottery footed beaker. dark brown, carefully smoothed. type rW XiiiB. rdm. 7.7 cm, Bddm. 8.7 cm, Bdm. 3.3 cm, H. 7.2 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 315 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 16-21AC At ca 0.7 m, rectangular 2.1×0.55 m outline of pit disturbed at centre by robber trench and contaminated with brunt bone from overlying destroyed cremation grave 292. on the edges of robber trench, iron buckle (1) and iron belt tag (2). in N area of pit, fragments of cranium, moving down, small fragments of bones from destroyed inhumation and bone comb fragments (3). Male, adultus. Inventory (Pl. cXXXViii):  1.  iron unipartite buckle with rectangular frame. type ml g1. l. 2.6 cm, B. 4 cm. 2. iron belt tag, circular attachment ends, each with a rivet. l.  5.1  cm. 3.  Bone three-layer comb fragments. Three surviving fragments of side plates with rivet holes, one with very worn punched ring-and-dot motif, another with a border of short diagonal lines. type close to Thomas i. l. 6.4, 3 and 2 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 316 (inhumation in expanded log boat coffin, robbed) Sq 16-17A Within firm clay and gravel, at ca 0.4 m, aligned NNW-SSe, sub-oval 2.35×0.9  m outline of grave pit within which, expanded log boat coffin, l. ca 1.9 m, tapering from 0.6 m end to pointed bow. its form and measurements suggest that the boat was cut presumably at mid-length and one part deposited in grave. Boat outline legible within firm clay as slender dark brown layer of decomposed wood and remains of resinous substance coating the hull. Within coffin no surviving traces of skeleton only at its N end, fragmented clay spindlewhorl. Inventory (Pl. cXXXViii): 1. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, yellow-brown, incomplete. H. 3 cm, dm. 3.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB.

89 Number 317 (Free) Grave 318 (inhumation in log coffin, robbed?) Sq 16-17A Within firm clay with gravel, at ca 0.4 m, aligned NW-Se, rectangular 1.8×0.7 m outline of grave pit, on W side nearly adjacent to pit of grave 316. Within pit, in a tight fit, large 1.5×0.5 m log coffin. remains of skeleton not detected, only in NW area of coffin, iron rivet from bone comb. Inventory (Pl. cXXXV): 1. iron rivet from bone comb, rectangular in cross-section. type probably Thomas B. l. 5.1 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 319 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-21A At ca 0.5 m, sub-circular dm. 0.65 m outline of bottom of grave pit. Within grey-yellow sand, small sherds from pottery vessel (2) and burnt bones among which, bronze brooch fragment (1). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXXXii): 1. Bronze brooch spring and pin fragment type undefined. Surviving l.  2  cm, surviving B. 0.7 cm. 2. Several sherds. light brown, cursory daubing. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating clay. Chronology: stadium iiiA (?). Grave 320 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-18C At ca 0.6 m within pure sand, base of broken urn and sherds from the same vessel. inside and around urn, burnt bones. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXXXiX): 1. reconst. upper part of pottery vessel. Brown, cursorily smoothed. type close to rW iA. rdm. 16.5 cm, reconst. Bddm. 20.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 321 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 16-18AC At ca  0.6  m, irregular outline of grave pit, disturbed in S area by corner of grave 309. lower down discerned as sub-rectangular ca 2.3×0.95 m outline with, at centre, 45×40×25  cm stone interpreted as tombstone, its top partly visible at the level at which the grave was detected (Pl. cXXXViii). At ca 0.8 m, 1.8×0.6 m outline of log coffin with rounded ends within which, visibly disturbed fill, no traces of skeleton or elements of grave inventory. Inventory: none. Chronology: earlier than stadium iVA/iVB (see grave 309). Grave 322 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-17A At ca  0.6  m, within firm clay indistinct sub-circular dm. 0.45 m outline of grave pit within which, poorly preserved sherds from vessel (2) fragmented burnt bones and partly melted bronze brooch (1). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXXXiX): 1. Bronze spring-cover brooch. on bow, lengthwise lines, on crest, ornament of triangles. type A.ii.40-41. l. 3.3 cm, B. 4.3 cm. 2. Sherds. Brown, cursorily smoothed. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. Chronology: stadium iiiA.

Grave 323 (inhumation) Sq 16-18C At ca 0.5 m, aligned NW-Se, ca 2.1×0.7 m outline of grave pit. Within a border of dark grey sand, fill of much lighter-coloured yellow-grey interpreted as traces of coffin or grave chamber lined with wood or other organic material. No surviving remains of skeleton only, in disturbed arrangement, silver brooch (1), bronze strap end (3), bronze buckle fragment (2) and clay spindlewhorl fragment (4). grave 323 intruded on Ne fragment of pit of grave 340. Inventory (Pl. cXXXiX): 1. Silver crossbow tendril brooch with false spring. Facetted abruptly angular plano-convex bow. on spring axle terminals, knobs set on coils of beaded wire (one survived). on the head, high knob set on a coils of plain wire and coiled beaded wire. type A.Vi.168. l. 5.3 cm, B. 4.3 cm. 2. Bronze buckle, small fragments: frame and pin. type undefined. 3. Bronze strap end, heavy terminal with globular knob and cylindrical tip. Fan-shaped attachment end made of 2 pieces of sheet, retaining incomplete rivet (only shaft). Facetted top of attachment end. type close to r o.16. l. 5.4 cm. 4. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. incomplete. H. 2.7 cm, reconst. dm. 3.9 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 324 (inhumation) Sq 16-21AC At ca  0.8  m, rectangular 1.8×0.6  m outline of grave pit. Within fill of grey-yellow sand, vestiges of largely decomposed skeleton surviving only next to bronze objects, three teeth fragments. centrally within grave in undisturbed arrangement, three bronze brooches: near to teeth, presumably originally at shoulder, two matching brooches (1, 2), third brooch lower down (3). close by, irregular row of 25 glass and amber beads (4–28). Next to conjectured position of cranium, bronze needle (29). Position of brooches and necklace implying burial on right side (Pl. ccXXiX:1). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXl–cXli, ccXlii:3.7):  1.2.  2 bronze matching crossbow tendril brooches. Arched plano-convex bow; on spring axle terminals, small half-round knobs. At the head, at base of bow and on foot, single strand of coiled beaded wire. type A.Vi.162. l. 4.7 cm, B. 2.2 cm. 3.  Bronze crossbow tendril brooch. uniformly arched bow, facetted in cross-section. on spring axle terminals, knobs. type A.Vi.162. l. 5.1 cm, B. 2 cm. 4.5. 2 glass cubooctohedral beads, transparent dark yellow. type close to tm 131. H. 1.2 cm, B. 0.7 cm. 6.7. 2 glass hexahedral beads, opaque orange. type tm 121. H. 1.3 cm, B. 0.8 cm. 8.9. 2 glass barrel beads, opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 1 cm, H. 0.9 cm. 10–13. 4 glass barrel beads, opaque green. type tm 8. dm. 1.1–1.3 cm, H. 1–1.2 cm. 14.15. 2 glass barrel beads, opaque yellow. type tm 9. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 16. glass barrel bead, opaque red base with decorative band in yellow and curvilinear design in black. type close to tm 360a. dm. 1.7 cm, H. 1.4 cm. 17.18. 2 glass barrel beads, opaque white base with sinuous linear motif in black be-

90 tween straight stripes in red. type close to tm 298. dm. 1.4 and 1.6 cm, H. 1.6 and 1.8 cm. 19. glass barrel bead, transparent pale blue base with sinuous linear motif in yellow between horizontal red lines. type tm 299b. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1 cm. 20. glass cylindrical bead, on opaque white base two bands in blue with small leaves and flower pattern in yellow and green. type close to tm 358. dm. 1 cm, H. 2 cm. 21. glass barrel bead, opaque black base with checkerboard pattern in white and red. type close to tm 367. dm. 1 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 22. glass miniature bead, opaque orange. type tm 53. dm. 0.4 cm. 23–26. 4 amber annular beads, asymmetric. type tm  388.  dm. 0.7–0.9  cm, H.  0.4–0.6  cm. 27. Amber disc bead. type close to tm 440. dm. 1.7 cm, H. 1 cm. 28. Amber disc bead. type close to tm 439. dm. 2 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 29. Bronze needle, top end with eye broken. Surviving l. 5 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA/iVB. Feature 325 (early medieval feature) Sq 16-20B Grave 326 (inhumation in log coffin, destroyed) Sq 16-20B At ca 0.5 m, aligned Ne-SW, ca 2.5 m long incomplete rectangular outline of grave pit lost on its e side to cut feature of grave 327. At the level of burial only W fragment of grave survived. Within fill of grey-yellow sand, black smudges interpreted as edge of log coffin next to which, bronze brooch. remains of inhumation not detected. Inventory (Pl. cXlii):  1.  Bronze crossbow brooch with high catchplate. triangular-sectioned bow, on catchplate ornament of intersecting lines. Pin and spring did not survive. type close to A.Vii, series 2. l. 4.3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 327 (inhumation in log coffin, robbed?) Sq 16-20BD intruding on e fragment of grave 326, rectangular ca 2.3×0.75 m outline of grave pit within which, outline of log coffin best legible at its N end. Within coffin fill, apparently disturbed during robbery, elements of incomplete (?) grave inventory: concentration of 4 glass and amber beads (1–4) next to which, bronze ring (6) and amber bead (5) together. remains of skeleton not detected. Inventory (Pl. cXlii):  1.  glass cylindrical bead, opaque white. type tm 138. dm. 0.9 cm, H. 1.7 cm. 2.3. 2 glass cylindrical beads, opaque red. type tm 142. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 1.3 cm. 4. glass plano-convex bead, transparent pale green. type tm 42b. dm. 2.4 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 5. Amber barrel bead. type close to tm 430. dm. 2.6 cm, H. 1.5 cm. 6. Bronze ring. type Beckmann 16. dm. 3 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 328 (inhumation in log coffin, robbed) Sq 16-20BD Situated parallel to grave 327 intruding on S fragment of grave 346, rectangular ca 2.3×0.75 m outline of grave pit. At centre, 2.1×0.5  m outline of log coffin with rounded

ends. Within coffin fill showing disturbance presumably caused by robbery and no traces of skeleton, fractured glass bead. At N end of coffin, distinct 42×36 cm rectangular outline of wooden container one corner rounded. No metal mounts detected. Inventory (Pl. cXlii): 1. glass barrel bead, on transparent dark green base yellow flowers with red centre. type tm 362d. dm. 1.5 cm, H. 1.1 cm. Chronology: stadium V (?). Grave 329 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-18C At ca 0.55 m, within natural sand, irregular darker outline with a cluster of burnt bones and sherds from broken urn. At centre, flat stone interpreted as originally an urn lid (Pl. cXXXiX). Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Several score sherds. dark brown, smoothed. Badly fired, separating and friable. Chronology: ? Grave 330 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 16-17A At ca  1.1  m, aligned NW-Se, sub-rectangular 2.3×0.85×1.5 m outline. ca 0.2 m below, ca 1.8×0.65 m outline of log coffin, its S end incomplete. Ne fragment of coffin flattened and caved in presumably under the weight of overlying deposit. Within coffin fill of dark grey sand with particles of decomposed wood, in undisturbed anatomical arrangement, poorly preserved skeleton missing fragment of right arm bone, chest, vertebrae and both tibiae, resting in extended position, right arm down the body, left arm flexed at hip (Pl. ccXXViii:4). grave inventory complete: next to mandible, silver S-clasp (13) and three amber beads (22–24). over clavicles, two bronze brooches (1, 2), on ribs at left, third brooch (4). on arm bones, two bronze bracelets (5, 6). At hip level, iron buckle (7) next to which, bronze rivet (12). diagonally in a row running down to thigh level, four rectangular bronze belt mounts (8–11) interpreted basing on their arrangement as studs on the lower end of the belt strap. Next to right elbow, cluster of eight glass beads (14–21) next to which, area of darker grey-coloured clayey fill (remains of textile?) suggesting they were sewn onto clothing; fourth bronze brooch (3) found over it presumably fastened this decorative element of garments. At right of cranium, iron lock mount (25) next to which, outline of ca 20 cm long side of casket. Male, maturus, ca 170 cm. Inventory (Pl. cXliii, cXliV, ccXXXV:6): 1.2. 2 bronze spring-cover brooches. on spring-cover and crest ornamental grooves; on bow, between lengthwise lines, triangle and ring motif. type A.ii.38/40-41. l. 4.3 cm, B. 3.5 cm. 3.  Bronze brooch. rectangular-sectioned bow. type A.V.148. l. 3.4 cm, B. 3.2 cm. 4. Bronze trumpet-headed brooch with crests on bow and foot terminal. on foot, profiled knob terminal. type close to A.iV.78. l. 3.2 cm, B. 2.7 cm. 5.6. 2 bronze matching rod bracelets, round-

91 -sectioned. With an ornament of lengthwise line in imitation of filigree and punched groups of rings. type Natuniewicz 2. dm. 7.1  cm. 7.  iron unipartite buckle with half-round frame. type ml d1. l. 3.3 cm, B. 4.1 cm. 8–11. 4 bronze rectangular belt mounts, each with two rivet holes, incomplete. All with a border of engraved line, one worn away. l. 4.6, 4.6, 4.1 and 3.4 cm, B. 0.7 cm. 12. Bronze rivet with half-round head. l. 1.2 cm. 13. Silver S-clasp, of plain wire. on terminals, conical knobs, with at base, two strands of coiled wire. At centre, applied double ring of wire. type v. müller c. l. 2.1 cm. 14.15. 2 glass barrel beads, opaque red base with decorative band in black and motif of small leaves in yellow. type tm 355c. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 16.17. 2 glass barrel beads, incomplete, opaque red base with eroded decorative band in green. type close to tm 287. dm. ca 1.1 cm. 18.19. 2 glass barrel beads, opaque white base with eroded decorative band in blue. type close to tm 245. dm. ca 1.1 cm, H. 0.7 and 1.1 cm. 20. glass melon bead, transparent dark blue. type tm 163. dm. 1.5 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 21. glass melon bead, transparent pale green. type tm 158b. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1.9 cm. 22–24. 3 amber annular beads. type tm 388-389. dm. 1.7, 1.7 and 1.1 cm, H. ca 0.7 cm. 25. iron sub-rectangular casket lock mount with recessed sides and two round openings for the key. Secured at the corners with four rivets. type Kokowski 5. l. 7.6 cm, max. B. 4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 331 (inhumation, in a  pit shored up with pegs) Sq 16-16BD At ca 0.6 m aligned N-S with a slight deflection W, rectangular 1.4×0.55 m outline of grave pit cutting down a layer of firm clay overlying natural sand. on edges of pit at S end, traces of two rows of pegs, dm. ca 2–4 cm, driven vertically into the ground, interpreted as traces of a wattle structure shoring up the sides of grave pit. on e side, almost at mid-length of pit, trace of rectangular vertically placed plank, 10×2.5  cm in cross-section. Within grey-yellow grave fill with no traces of skeleton (apparently, decomposed) at N end of pit, small upright pottery vessel (24). centrally within grave side by side, two matching, incomplete bronze brooches (1, 2), over a third to the S (3). moving down arranged like a necklace, row of 19 amber and glass beads and pendants (4, 5, 7–23) slightly shifted during deposition of body on its right side. At feet, large glass bead (6). Inventory (Pl. cXlV): 1.2. 2 bronze matching crossbow tendril brooches with false spring, incomplete. Foot and pin did not survive. Abruptly angular bows, triangular in cross-section. one brooch spring with impression of textile in plain weave (see Appendix Vi.2). type A.Vi.168. Surviving l. 3 cm, B. 4.4.cm. 3. Bronze crossbow brooch with a closed catchplate. uniformly arched plano-convex bow; on foot terminal, small knob. type A.Vi.170. l. 4.3 cm, B. 1.6 cm. 4. glass cubooctohedral bead, opaque black. type tm 134.

H. 1 cm, B. 0.6 cm. 5.6. 2 glass melon beads, transparent dark blue, one with eroded surface. type tm 162. dm. 1.2 and 2 cm, H. 1.2 and 1.4 cm. 7.8. 2 amber annular beads, asymmetric. type close to tm 388-389. dm. 1 and 1.3 cm, H.  0.4 and 0.2  cm. 9.  Amber bead, irregular. Atypical. H. 0.9 cm. 10–20. 11 amber eight-shape beads, asymmetric. type close to tm 471d. H. 1.2–1.8 cm. 21.22. 2 amber long pendants, asymmetric. Atypical. H. 2 cm. 23. Amber drooping bead, tetrahedral. type close to tm 411. H. 1.8 cm, B.  0.6  cm. 24. Pottery vessel miniature. rim broken off. dark brown. temper of white coarse-grained crushed stone. type rW  Xiic. Bddm. 6.4  cm, Bdm. 3.2  cm, surviving H. 5.7 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 332 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 16-17AC At ca  0.8  m aligned NNW-SSe, rectangular 2.5×0.85  m outline of grave pit. centrally within grave pit, 2.3×0.6 m outline of large coffin with rectangular ends. Within yellow-grey sandy coffin fill, in undisturbed arrangement, on chest, three bronze brooches (1–3) next to which outlined in residue bone, fragment of arm bone. other remains of skeleton not detected due to decomposition. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXliV): 1.2. 2 bronze matching triple-crest brooches. on foot terminal globular knob. on crests, traces of plating with silver/tin (?). type A.V.96. l. 3.7 and 3.5 cm, B.  2.4 and 2.2  cm. 3. Bronze crest-headed brooch. type close to A.V.128/130. l. 3.4 cm, B. 2.8 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB. Grave 333 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 16-17AC At ca 0.7 m, aligned N-S, oval ca 2.45×0.8 m outline of grave pit. upper level of non-uniform yellow-grey fill disturbed on upper level by numerous animal burrows. Within pit, no traces of skeleton, only scattered incomplete silver brooch (1), bronze buckle fragment (2) and strap end fragment (3). Inventory (Pl. cXlVi): 1. Silver crossbow tendril brooch bow and spring. High arched plano-convex bow. on head, bow, and spring terminals, triple coils of beaded wire. incomplete. type A.Vi.167. Surviving l.  4  cm, surviving B. 2 cm. 2. Bronze buckle plate fragment. type undefined l. 2 cm, B. 3.3 cm. 3. Bronze strap end, incomplete. Broad terminal with two rivets, one above the other (one survives). Partly legible punched ring motif – top of attachment end and tip. group r J.ii, type undefined. Surviving l. 4.1 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 334 inhumation, robbed) Sq 16-20B At ca 0.6 m, extended oval 2.6×0.85 m outline of grave pit with discernible robber trench at centre. At 0.2 m below detected outline, within grey-yellow sand at grave bottom, scattered skeletal remains. At N end of grave, nearly complete upper cranium over, at the side, two clavicles,

92 fragments of bone of right arm, two vertebrae. Near the hips, pelvic bone next to which, both radial bones and phalanges; lower down, fragments of femur, tibia and rib. At conjectured lower rib level, iron buckle (1), below the feet, iron coupling-pin, presumably from casket (2). Male, maturus, ca 169 cm. Inventory (Pl. cXVi): 1. iron bipartite buckle. rectangular frame retaining textile impression in plain weave (see Appendix Vi.2). type ml g46. l. 2.9 cm, B. 6 cm. 2. iron coupling-pin, thickset, round-sectioned. one end with half-round head, the other fitted with loop and ring. l. without ring 7.3 cm, dm. 0.9 cm, dm. of ring 2 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 335 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 16-21A At ca 0.7 m, sub-rectangular 2.4×0.55 m outline of grave pit with traces of one, possibly two robber trenches. Scattered across pit, very fragmented skeletal remains (Pl. cXlVii). elements of grave inventory not detected. Male (?), adultus. Inventory: none. Chronology: ? Grave 336 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 16-21B At ca 0.6 m, sub-oval 2.2×1.05 m outline of pit with fill of grey-yellow sand evidently disturbed taken over by cut feature which destroyed the burial as well as cremation grave 337. ca 0.5 m below, at pit bottom level, indistinct rectangular ca 1.9×0.5 m outline of actual grave pit, centrally within which, fragments of mandible and some teeth, in N area, bronze brooch (1) and 16 glass and amber beads (2–17). Female, maturus. Inventory (Pl. cXli): 1. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch with false spring. Abruptly angular plano-convex bow. on base of bow and on foot terminal, metope ornament. Spring incomplete. on head, half-round knob. Fragment of textile surviving next to the fibula (see Appendix Vi.2). type A.Vi.168. l. 4.1 cm, surviving B. 2.8 cm. 2–12. 11 glass miniature beads, opaque orange. type tm 53. dm. 0.4–0.6 cm. 13.14. 2 glass cubooctohedral beads, translucent black. type tm 134. H. 1.4 and 1 cm, B. 0.7 and 0.6 cm. 15–17. 3 amber eight-shape beads. type close to tm 465. H. 1.2, 1.2 and 1.4 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 337 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-21B Within Ne upper level of fill of grave 336, concentration of burnt bones and small sherds from urn, interpreted as remains of urn grave inserted into fill of robber trench intruding on grave 336, subsequently lost to ploughing (Pl. cXli). Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Several sherds. Brown, cursorily smoothed and roughened. Badly fired, separating. Chronology: stadium V (?) (see grave 336).

Grave 338 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 16-20B At ca 0.5 m, rectangular 2.35×0.9 m outline of grave pit penetrated at centre by sub-circular outline of robber trench extending to below pit bottom and destroying entirely the inhumation, sparing N and S end of the pit where no remains of skeleton. Within fill of robber trench, at different levels, mandible, fragments of clavicles and both arm bones and ribs. Next to mandible, bronze belt buckle. Male, early maturus. Inventory (Pl. cXlViii):  1.  Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with horizontal pattern of two punched rings, each of three concentric circles. type ml d17. l. 2.7 cm, B. 2.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB. Grave 339 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 16-17C At ca 0.6 m, aligned N-S, large rectangular 2.55×0.85–0.5 m (N and S end, respectively) outline of grave pit, wider N end expanded by burrowing activity. ca 0.3 m below, level of burial: no traces of skeleton, only in NW area of pit, presumably disturbed by animal burrow, in a group, bronze brooch (1), fragmented S-clasp (4), 9 glass and amber beads (5–13); moving down, bronze rod bracelet (2) and incomplete iron belt buckle (3). Inventory (Pl. cXlViii, ccXXXiV:1): 1. Bronze brooch with spring hidden inside a cylinder, expanded head, crests on bow and foot. Very corroded. on bow above the crest, imitation filigree. on foot, profiled knob terminal. type A.iV.72. l. 6.3 cm, B. 3.3 cm. 2. Bronze rod bracelet, sub-triangular in cross-section, flat oval-sectioned at terminals. on hoop, two rows of rings. ornament worn away due to use. Slightly expanded terminals. type Natuniewicz 2. dm. 6 cm. 3. iron bipartite buckle with buckle plate and rectangular frame. incomplete and corroded. group ml g, type undefined. B. 4 cm. 4. Bronze S-clasp of plain wire, in two fragments. terminals with coiled volute ends. type v. müller A. reconst. l. 3 cm. 5. glass melon bead, transparent pale green. type tm 159b. dm. 2 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 6. glass barrel bead, plain glass with gold foil. type close to tm 387a. dm. 1 cm, H. 0.8 cm. 7. glass barrel bead, opaque, with oblique bands in red, yellow and blue, incomplete. type tm 290c. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1 cm. 8. glass barrel bead, transparent blue. Fragment. type close to tm  2a. 9–13. 5 amber annular beads, asymmetric. type tm 389.  dm. 1.4–1.6 cm, H. 0.6–0.9 cm. Chronology: stadium iB. Grave 340 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 16-18C At ca  0.7  m, aligned NNW-SSe, indistinct ca  2×0.55  m outline of grave pit disturbed in Ne fragment by grave 323. Within disturbed fill at grave bottom, bronze brooch. remains of skeleton not detected. Inventory (Pl. cXlVii): 1. Bronze spring-cover brooch. on spring-cover, vertical grooves, on bow, double central

93 line and border of punched rings. type A.ii.38. l. 5.2 cm, B. 4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiA. Grave 341 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-17C Within hard clay, at ca  0.5  m, sub-circular dm. 0.45  m outline of grave pit within which, burnt bones and sherds from broken urn, upper body lost to ploughing. other elements of grave inventory not detected. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXlVi): 1. reconst. upper part of pottery vessel. dark brown, cursorily smoothed. type close to rW Vi. rdm. 16 cm, reconst. Bddm. 20 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB. Grave 342 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 16-16D At ca  0.6  m, within firm clay with gravel, aligned N-S, regular rectangular 3.3×1  m outline of grave pit (Pl. ccXXVii:3). At its S end, apparently relocated e from its position over the central axis of grave and slightly askew, sub-rectangular 40×35×50 cm tombstone with traces of working. Pit fill of orange-red clay with gravel and sand visibly different from the surrounding context. 0.2 m below detected plan, large rectangular 3×0.75 m outline of log coffin, half-round in cross-section, W side collapsed, presumably under the weight of the earth. Within coffin fill of dark yellow clayey sand with fine gravel and particles of decomposed wood, no skeletal remains, only next to brooches and S-clasp, outline of mandible and parts of cranium and some teeth lamellae; next to bracelets, smudges of bone residue from arm bones. Position of bones and arrangement of undisturbed grave inventory implying inhumation on right side. By mandible, silver S-clasp (9) next to which, two matching silver brooches (1, 2), moving 0.15 m S, bronze brooch (3). on both arms, two bronze bracelets (4, 5). From brooches down to below waist, 0.65 m long arrangement of beads, in places, double, interpreted as a necklace, both its strings shifted onto one another during deposition of the burial on its side: 79 amber beads (19–97) and pendant (98), 9 glass beads (10–18). Next to bracelets at hip level, broken bronze buckle (6) over, strap end (7) and bronze belt tag (8), presumably for attaching some object at the belt. Nearby, fragments of other objects e.g. fragmented bronze ring (99). to the right of burial, clay spindlewhorl (100), at knee level, iron casket lock mount (101). Bones undefined. Inventory (Pl. cXliX–clii, ccXXXiV:5.6, ccXl:1): 1.2. 2 silver matching spring-cover brooches. on bow, transverse lines in imitation of filigree and motif of triangles, each with three rings. on spring-cover, vertical lines, on crests, wavy line over scalloping. relatively high and diagonally set catchplate. type A.ii.40-41. l. 3.4 and 3.2 cm, B. 3.3 cm. 3. Bronze brooch with a high catchplate. on the head, hook-like projection to attach the upper chord (did not survive). on lower bow, small crest; on foot, profiled

knob. type A.Vii, series 1. l. 3.3 cm. 4.5. 2 bronze matching Schlangenkopf bracelets. open ended hoop with long constriction in the middle plano-convex in cross-section. type Wójcik iiiA. dm. 6.7 cm, B. of plano-convex terminals ca 2.4 cm. 6. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivets, fragmented (buckle plate observed in situ, did not survive). type probably ml d29. Surviving l. 1.6 cm, B. 3 cm. 7. Bronze strap end, plano-convex in cross section. Straight attachment end with one rivet. type close to r o.17. l. 4.9 cm. 8. Bronze belt tag, wedge-shaped with a border of engraved lines and rivet with large half-round head. Attached to tag, solid penannular ring. l. of tag 2.7 cm, dm. of ring 1.6 cm. 9. Silver S-clasp of three strands of beaded wire soldered together alternately with strands of plain wire. on terminals, two strands of wire and elaborate clusters of granules of different size. At centre, two strands of plain, central strain of beaded wire. type v. müller B. l. 3.4 cm. 10.11. 2 faience melon beads, opaque light blue, incomplete, partly eroded glaze. type tm 171. dm. 1.9 cm, surviving H. ca 1 cm. 12. glass barrel bead, opaque blue. type tm 7. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 1 cm. 13.  glass barrel bead, opaque green. type tm  7. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 1 cm. 14–17. 4 glass barrel beads, opaque red. type tm 28. dm. ca 0.9 cm, H. ca 0.7 cm. 18. glass barrel bead, opaque black. type tm 27. dm. 0.7 cm, H. 0.6 cm. 19–97. 79 amber annular and barrel beads, asymmetric. types close to tm  388-389 and 394. dm. 0.6–1.7  cm, H.  0.3–1.1  cm. 98.  Amber drop-shape pendant. Atypical. H. 3 cm. 99. 3 bronze ring fragments. type close to Beckmann 15. reconst. dm. 4 cm. 100. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, yellow-dark brown, engraved with two horizontal lines and two rows of oblique pits between them. H. 2 cm, dm. 2.6 cm. 101. iron, casket lock mount, with two openings for the key (round and rectangular). incomplete. type Kokowski 2. l. 5.3 cm, B. 2.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Number 343 (Free) Grave 344 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 16-20B At ca 0.6 m aligned N-S, rectangular outline of grave pit, N end partly lost to sub-circular robber trench. dimension of pit without robber trench, 2.4×0.8  m. Within undisturbed S fragment of pit in a layer of compacted sand and hardpan anatomical arrangement of leg bones in a placement implying burial on right side. in area of hips, bones of chest and arms, dislocated during robbery. over left femur, bone comb (1) next to which, corroded iron fragment (2). Female, maturus, ca 156–158 cm. Inventory (Pl. cXlVii):  1.  Bone three-layer comb. Side plates and teeth incomplete. High sub-triangular grip. type close to Thomas ii. H. 7.6 cm, l. 11.1 cm. 2. iron corroded fragment: two joined flat pieces of iron. l. 1.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB.

94 Grave 345 (double inhumation, disturbed) Sq 16-20BD At ca  0.6  m, regular rectangular 2.3×0.75  m outline of grave pit. Fill of grey-yellow sand evidently disturbed, with remains of many animal burrows (Pl. clii). At Ne end of grave, fragments of skeleton, in a cluster, lacking anatomical arrangement: fragment of upper cranium and mandible, teeth and arm bones. Some distance apart, tooth of adult individual, by e edge of pit arm bone. elements of grave inventory not detected. Two individuals: adultus and infans I. Inventory: none. Chronology: ? Grave 346 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 16-20B At ca 0.7 m, aligned N-S, rectangular 2.4×0.75 m outline of grave pit, its S end underlying grave 326. centrally within pit, 1.9×0.45 m outline of log coffin with rounded ends. Within dark yellow coffin fill with particles of mouldered wood, two teeth and, at S end, bone of the feet, other remains of skeleton decomposed. Surviving grave inventory: bronze needle (1), spindlewhorl (2), sherd from pottery vessel (3) with very worn breaks apparently deposited broken in the grave. centrally within coffin next to the hips, regular circular dm. ca 22 cm outline, interpreted as traces of wicker basket (?) within which gaming stone (?) (4). Maturus. Inventory (Pl. cliii): 1. Bronze needle, top end with eye broken. Surviving l. 4.7 cm. 2. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, yellow-dark brown. H. 2.1 cm, dm. 3.1 cm. 3. reconst. upper part of pottery vessel. light brown to dark brown, cursorily smoothed next to rim, roughened on the body. type close to rW ic. rdm. 21 cm, Bddm. 23.5 cm. 4. Worked pebble, lens-shaped – gaming stone (?). dm. 2 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB. Number 347 (Free) Grave 348 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 16-20B At ca 0.6 m, large rectangular 2.7×0.85 m outline of grave pit. By its S margin, oblong 40×30×25 cm stone projecting above the level of detection of the grave, interpreted as a tombstone. Pit fill of grey-yellow sand. ca 0.1 m lower down, disturbed by several animal burrows, ca 1.9×0.45 m outline of log coffin within which, scattered and fragmented bones of lower skeleton and among them, iron buckle pin (1). outside of coffin by Se edge of grave pit, basal sherd from pottery vessel (2). Male (?), adultus. Inventory (Pl. cliV): 1. iron buckle pin, thickset. l. 4.2 cm. 2. reconst. base of pottery vessel. light brown, smoothed. Bdm. 9.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB. Grave 349 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 16-20D At ca 0.5 m, aligned N-S, rectangular 2.2×0.65 m outline of grave pit. Fill of yellow-grey sand with traces of burrowing

by rodents; partly undisturbed remains of skeleton: upright cranium, face turned W, next which, fragmented mandible. in anatomical arrangement, right humerus and left femur. Burial positioned on its right side. Below cranium, presumably over clavicles, two bronze brooches (1, 2), at hip level, iron buckle (3). Female, maturus. Inventory (Pl. clii): 1.2. 2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on bow, lengthwise lines alternating with triangles. on spring-cover, ornament of diagonal lines, on crests, horizontal lines. Similar lines below crest and on foot terminal. catchplates repaired by riveting additional pieces of sheet. type A.ii.38. l. 4 cm, B. 3.4 cm. 3. iron unipartite buckle. type ml d11. l. 3.6 cm, B. 4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiA/iiB. Grave 350 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed and robbed) Sq 16-20B under S fragment of pits of graves 338 and 344, at ca 0.7 m, rectangular 2.25×1 m outline of grave pit (Pl. clV). Within upper fill, traces of robber trenches which also destroyed graves found at a higher level. Pit fill of dark grey sand with lighter intrusions and substantial quantity of amount of particles of mouldered wood. At centre, 2.1×0.9 m outline of log coffin with rounded ends, some of its fragments disturbed during robbery. in anatomical arrangement, femurs, tibiae and bones of feet from partly surviving extended inhumation. Bones of chest and arms, in chaotic arrangement, in a position above the hips. cranium and mandible or elements of grave inventory not detected. Male, maturus. Inventory: none. Chronology: stadium iiB. Grave 351/352/355/356 (urn cremation with remains of pyre, destroyed) Sq 16-21C At ca 0.5 m, oval ca 0.4×0.25 m outline of bottom level of cremation grave. Within pit, sherds, burnt bones and large quantity of charcoal interpreted as remains of the cremation pyre. more sherds from broken urn (2) and bones spread by ploughing discovered e of the described grave in clusters recorded as nos 352, 355 and 356. Within no. 355 cluster, clay spindlewhorl (1). under detritus layer of this burial, inhumation graves 389, 394, 397. Bones missing Inventory (Pl. cliV): 1. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. H. 2.6 cm, dm. 3.4 cm. 2. reconst. upper part of pottery vessel with a handle. dark brown, cursory vertical daubing. type close to rW ii. rdm. 16.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Number 352 (See grave 351) Grave 353 (inhumation resting on plank platform) Sq 16-17B At ca 0.6 m, aligned NNW-SSe, rectangular 2.1×0.6–0. 85 m outline, wider at its N end. At upper level, pit fill of orange-

95 -red and grey clay with gravel. ca 0.2 m below, at grave bottom, distinct traces of plank platform observed as dark grey and dark brown smudges of residue of decayed wood with legible tree rings, better preserved at their N end, SW end less well legible. The platform was of 12–15 cm wide rough planks laid close together, its original dimensions, 1.45×0.7 m. The inhumation resting on the plank platform, partly disturbed and only poorly preserved, some of the bones relocated. No cranium; in N area, two clavicles and fragments of neck vertebrae and ribs. reconstructed outline of right forearm and radius resting across lower ribs; next to fragments of lower tibiae, bronze buckle (4), strap end (5) and sheet fragments, possibly from belt mount (6). Position of burial reconstructed as lying on its side, legs flexed. At chest level, in original arrangement, two bronze brooches (1, 2), presumably originally set on shoulders. At lower rib level at right, silver brooch (3). Between brooches, 112 glass miniature orange beads (7, 8), some of them still in a close-knit arrangement, and short rows of several beads alternately with larger amber and glass beads (9–18). The whole arrangement interpreted as traces of decorative design sewn onto the top of the garment, alternately, as a necklace in an unusual arrangement at the neck. Female, adultus. Inventory (Pl. clVi): 1.2. 2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on wedge-shaped bow of thin sheet, lengthwise lines. relatively high and diagonally set catchplate. on spring-cover of one brooch, traces of silver foil with stamped ring motif. type A.ii.40-41. l. 3.2 cm, B. 2.9 cm. 3.  Silver crossbow tendril brooch. Facetted uniformly arched plano-convex bow. At base of the bow, and on the foot, metope ornament. on surviving spring terminal, applied knob. type A.Vi.162. l. 4 cm, surviving B. 1 cm. 4. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivets. on frame near buckle pivot, metope ornament. type ml  d17. l.  4  cm, B.  3.3  cm. 5. Bronze strap end, facetted, rectangular-sectioned with polygonal-sectioned tip. Attachment end incomplete. type r J.iV.5. Surviving l. 4.7 cm. 6. Bronze sheet fragment, rectangular, with a  rivet hole, interpreted as a  belt mount. B.  1.6  cm. 7.8. 112 glass miniature beads, opaque orange. type tm 53. dm. 0.5–0.7 cm. 9–11. 3 glass hexahedral beads, transparent dark lilac. type tm 119. B. 0.8–1 cm, H. ca 1.5 cm. 12. glass barrel bead, opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 0.8 cm, H. 0.8 cm. 13–18. 6 amber annular beads, asymmetric. type close to tm 389. dm. 1.2–1.5 cm, max. H. 0.4–0.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 354 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-17D At ca 0.5 m, sub-circular, dm. 1 m, pit filled with fill of reddish grey clay with sand interpreted as bottom level of a grave pit lost to ploughing. At bottom, broken urn base (2) filled with burnt bones; within pit fill, further bones and bronze belt buckle (1). Bones missing.

Inventory (Pl. cliii):  1.  Bronze bipartite buckle with buckle plate, with two rivets, incomplete. type ml d29. l. 3 cm, B. 3.9 cm. 2. Several score sherds. dark brown, smoothed. Badly fired, friable and separating. Chronology: stadium V. Number 355 (See grave 351) Number 356 (See grave 351) Grave 357 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-21D At ca 0.6 m, within yellow-orange-red natural sand with hardpan precipitates in quantity, incomplete urn (5) containing burnt bones, bronze belt buckle (2), fragment of silver wire (4) and a partly melted glass bead (3). ca 0.4 m SW of urn, stone interpreted as urn lid, ca 1.5 m away, partly melted bronze brooch (1) presumably also an element of the original grave inventory. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. clVii):  1. Bronze crossbow brooch, Raupenfibel. Substantially melted, foot did not survive. type close to A.Vi.171. l. 4.7 cm, B. 3.2 cm. 2. Bronze unipartite belt buckle. oval frame, triangular in cross-section. type close to ml H11. l. 2.2 cm, B. 4.2 cm. 3. glass bead, planoconvex, transparent pale green. Partly melted. type tm 42b. dm. 2.8 cm, H. 1.3 cm. 4. Silver fragment of curving wire. Finger-ring  (?). Surviving l.  6.7  cm. 5.  reconst. pottery vessel. light orange-red-brown, smoothed. on upper body, horizontal grooves and groups of vertical grooves. on lower body, diagonal intersecting lines. type close to rW iVA. rdm. 17.5 cm, Bddm. 29 cm, Bdm. 10 cm, H. 24.5 cm. Chronology: stadium Vi. Grave 358 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-21D At ca 0.6 m, within irregular fill of grey-dark brown soil, sherds from broken pottery vessel and burnt bones, interpreted as remains of destroyed urn grave, possibly resting on secondary deposit (Pl. cliii). Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Several score sherds. dark brown, smoothed. Badly fired, friable and separating. Chronology: ? Grave 359 (urn cremation with remains of pyre, destroyed) Sq 16-21D At ca 0.55 m, irregular sub-oval outline of grave pit filled with grey-dark brown sand with concentrations of dark brown earth with charred remains. upper fill level spread by plough over radius of 2 m. Next to e edge of pit, main concentration of sherds from broken urn (3) and burnt bones among which, clay bead (1) bronze rivets from comb (2). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. clV):  1.  clay cylindrical bead, engraved horizontal line and small jabbed points. dm. 1.9  cm, H. 1.8 cm. 2. 6 bronze rivets from bone three-layer comb. type close to Thomas i. l. 1–1.2 cm. 3. reconst. pottery

96 vessel. light brown to dark brown, cursorily smoothed. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating clay. type close to rW Vi. Bddm. 23.5 cm, Bdm. 12 cm, surviving H. 16.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 360 (inhumation in expanded log boat coffin) Sq 15-17D, 16-17B Within firm clay with some gravel, at ca 0.6 m (N end) and at 0.9 m (S end), aligned N-S, rectangular 2.45×0.8 m outline of grave pit. Fill of grey-yellow sand with precipitates of hardpan. ca 0.2 m below, distinct outline of expanded log boat coffin 2.1 m long, maximum width 0.55 m, pointed bow turned S, N end truncated, presumably to fit boat into the grave pit. Assuming that the boat had been cut in half, its original length would have been nearly ca 4 m, if we consider horizontal truncation of detected outline, since the bow might have been raised. Absence of traces of horizontal boat timbers suggests their removal to make room for the burial. No remains of skeleton. At N end of boat, undisturbed grave inventory: gold pendant (4) next to which, three bronze brooches (1–3). These ornaments, in other graves typically discovered under mandible, lay so close to the coffin end implying seated burial explaining the absence of cranium and teeth which, being on an upper level than the rest of the coffin, presumably were lost to ploughing. S of boat coffin bow, in undisturbed position, tombstone: 35×30×20 cm slab of worked granite – set over pavement of smaller stones. The top of the tombstone was ca 0.4 m over grave bottom implying it stood buried within the pit, not to be seen above the ground (Pl. ccXXViii:1.2). Inventory (Pl. clViii):  1.2.  2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on bow, lengthwise lines, on crests, lines in imitation of filigree; under crests, ornament of miniature triangles. on spring-cover, vertical lines. catchplates incomplete, pins missing. type A.ii.38. l. 3.2 and 3 cm, B.  3  cm. 3.  Bronze triple-crest brooch. thickset bow. on foot, profiled knob terminal. type A.V.94. l. 4.3 cm, B. 2.3 cm. 4. gold pendant globular, hollow, low cylindrical neck with a ring of filigree and a suspension loop of filigree wires soldered to it. H. 1.7 cm, max. dm. 1.3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiA. Grave 361 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 16-17D At ca 0.6 m, irregular pit with fill of orange-red and grey clay with sand and fine grave. ca 0.2 m lower down, its more complete outline was discerned as a regular rectangle 2.4×0.85 m (Pl. clViii). At centre, oval outline of secondary cut feature within which, large 70×55×35  cm stone with traces of working. it was interpreted as tombstone, originally placed at S end of grave overturned during robbery onto the legs of the buried individual. At grave bottom, poorly preserved skeleton resting on its right side, head turned right, left arm flexed right arm extended down the body, legs flexed. Anatomical arrangement not disturbed by

robber trench, only, leg bones and hips flattened by weight of the boulder. elements of grave inventory not detected. Male, late maturus, ca 164–167 cm. Inventory: none. Chronology: stadium iiB. Grave 362 (inhumation in log coffin, robbed) Sq 16-17BD At ca  0.6  m, aligned N-S, large rectangular 2.9×0.85  m outline of grave pit with traces of robber trench at centre. Fill of firm orange-red clay with sand and gravel. At bottom of robber trench, fragment of right femur next to which, amber bead (1). Also detected, smudges of black-coloured residue of decomposed wood interpreted as remains of decayed log coffin. At undisturbed S end of pit, distinct rectangular 45×35 cm outline of casket with iron mounts (2, 4–8) next to which, two iron rivets (9, 10). Within robber trench, outside outline of casket, lock spring (3). At S end of grave, oblong stone one of its faces levelled, 35×27 cm, interpreted as toppled and relocated tombstone. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cliX): 1. Amber annular bead. type close to tm 389. dm. 1.6 cm, H. 0.9 cm. 2. iron casket lock mount, sub-rectangular, with recessed longer sides, three openings for the key – two round, one rectangular. Four rivet holes, one still with a rivet. type close to Kokowski 5. l. 6.3 cm, max. B. 3.2 cm. 3. iron casket lock spring, round-sectioned bit, flat shaft, tip broken off. l. 10.4 cm. 4. iron casket lid mount, arched presumably the same outline as that of the casket lid. Four rivets, rivet shaft ends hammered flat. l. 20.4 cm, B. 2.5 cm, l. of rivets ca 1.2–1.4 cm. 5.6. 2 iron casket mount fragments retaining lower end of rivet shaft. l. 4 and 3 cm, B. 1.1 and 1.5 cm. 7. iron fragment, square-sectioned rod with coiled onto it strip of iron sheet. interpreted as inner casket mount. l. 2.4 cm. 8. iron fragments, square-sectioned rod folded at one end and two projections in its middle section. interpreted as inner casket mount. l. 3 cm. 9.10. 2 iron rivets with flat circular head, presumably from casket lid mount. l. 2 and 2.2 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB. Grave 363 (Pit cremation?, with a border of stakes) Sq 16-20D At ca  0.4  m, within firmed sand with hardpan, aligned NW-Se, poorly marked oval ca 1.4×0.7 m outline (Pl. clXX). By its SW end, flat stone N of which, sherds and burnt bones. Around pit, traces of charred dm. 5–8  cm stakes driven vertically into the ground every 30–40 cm, best preserved on NW side, forming dm. 1.3 m ring with the stone near its centre. This was the bottom level of feature lost to ploughing. Below pit bottom and a slumping layer several centimetres’ deep, outline of inhumation grave 380 in which, analogous structure of wooden stakes. Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Sherds. dark brown, smoothed. Badly fired, friable and separating. Chronology: stadium V (see grave 380).

97 Grave 364 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 17-17B At ca 0.9 m, N end of grave pit almost fully lost to a deep cut feature of undetermined function which also destroyed graves 371 and 387. Within, on its right side, flattened poorly preserved cranium with mandible, next to which in undisturbed position, two bronze brooches (1, 2). Female (?), maturus. Inventory (Pl. cliV): 1.2. 2 bronze brooches derivative of strongly profiled forms, crest on bow, on foot terminal, small knob. type close to A.iV.84. l. 4.4 cm, B. 1.7 and 1.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Feature 365 (cut feature intruding on grave 395. See grave 395) Grave 366 (inhumation) Sq 16-17B At ca 0.4 m, within firm orange-red brown clay with gravel, rectangular 2.25×0.7 m outline of grave pit. Fill of yellow-grey clayey sand mixed with clay. ca 0.2 m below, poorly preserved skeleton resting on right side, right arm extended down the body, left arm flexed, legs flexed. under mandible, small silver S-clasp (7), next to clavicles, two bronze brooches (1, 2). right of cranium, as if in front of the face, concentration of 33 glass and amber beads (8–40) among which, thickset bronze S-clasp (6) and bronze spacer-ring (41), all interpreted as elements of necklace which shifted during deposition of body on its side. on both arms, bronze bracelets (3, 4), next to hips, iron belt buckle (5). Female, iuvenis, ca 157–159 cm. Inventory (Pl. clX, clXi, ccXliii:5–7): 1.2. 2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on bow, lengthwise lines in imitation of filigree and triangles. on spring-covers, vertical lines, on crests, horizontal lines. one brooch without pin. type A.ii.40-41. l. 4.2 cm, B. 3.4 cm. 3.4. 2 bronze matching Schlangenkopf bracelets. open ended hoop plano-convex in cross-section in the middle, sub-triangular in cross-section at terminals. Both with signs of heavy wear. type Wójcik iiA. dm. 6.3 cm, B. of plano-convex heads ca 1.4 cm. 5. iron unipartite buckle, with half-round frame, broken, repaired by overlapping its ends. type ml  d1. l. 2.3 cm, B. 2.3 cm. 6. Bronze S-clasp of plain wire. on terminals, conical knobs profiled at base. At centre, oval expanded section accentuated by two ring-like expanded sections. type v. müller d. l. 3.3 cm. 7. Silver S-clasp of plain wire. on terminals, conical knobs profiled at base. type v. müller d. l. 1.8 cm. 8. glass barrel bead, opaque orange with trails in red. type close to tm 10. dm. 1 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 9. glass barrel bead, opaque green. type tm 8. dm. 1 cm, H. 1 cm. 10.11. 2 glass barrel beads, opaque yellow. type tm 9. dm. 1 cm, H. 0.9 cm. 12–18. 7 glass barrel beads, opaque red. type tm  12. dm. 1–1.3  cm, H. 1–1.2 cm. 19. glass segmented bead, of two segments, opaque red. type close to tm 98. dm. 0.5 cm, H. 0.7 cm.

20. glass miniature bead, opaque blue. type tm 46. dm. 0.5  cm. 21.  glass melon bead, transparent blue. type tm  162. dm. 1.8  cm, H.  1.4  cm. 22.  glass barrel bead, opaque red base with interlaced design in yellow and red. type close to tm 277. dm. 1.6 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 23. glass barrel bead, opaque green base with eroded horizontal bands in yellow and red. type tm 286b. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 24. glass barrel bead, on opaque red base diagonal trails in yellow and eyes with yellow centre and green border, incomplete. type close to tm 225e. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 25–30. 6 amber annular and plano-convex beads, asymmetric. type close to tm 389. dm. 2–3.1 cm, H. 0.7–1.4 cm. 31–33. 3 amber barrel and plano-convex beads. type close to tm 392. dm. 1.5–2 cm, max. H. 1.1–1.7 cm. 34. Amber bead. Atypical. H. 2.4 cm, B. 1.8 cm. 35.36. 2 amber disc beads. type close to tm 430. dm. 2 and 1.8 cm, H. 0.6 and 0.9 cm. 37.38. 2 amber plano-convex beads. type close to tm 439. dm. 2.9 and 2.7 cm, H. 1.9 and 1.5 cm. 39.40. 2 amber disc beads. type close to tm 435. dm. 2.6 and 2 cm, H. 1.1 and 1.3  cm. 41.  Bronze ring, triangular cross-section. dm. 1.2 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB. Feature 367 (early medieval feature) Sq 16-21D Number 368 (Free) Grave 369 (inhumation in log coffin, robbed) Sq 16-17D At ca 0.7 m within orange-red to dark brown natural clay with gravel, aligned NW-Se, ca 2.45×1.05 m outline of grave pit with traces of robber trench. At ca 0.9 m at pit bottom within grey-orange-red clay with sand, outline of log coffin legible in remains of decomposed wood (Pl. clXii) (see Appendix Vi.3). remains of skeleton or elements of grave inventory not detected. Inventory: none. Chronology: ? Grave 370 (See grave 383) Grave 371 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 17-17B At ca 0.7 m sub-rectangular ca 1.8×0.7 m outline of grave pit with traces of larger cut features on W side (Pl. clXii). Ne area of pit lost to urn grave 384 its bottom level lower than that of burial no. 371. Within W area of pit, in original placement, fragments of right humerus and fragments of crossed tibiae. elements of grave inventory not detected. Bones missing. Inventory: none. Chronology: ? Grave 372 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 16-20D At ca 0.7 m within yellow sand with ferruginous smudges, N end lost to cut feature of undetermined function which

98 also intruded on S area of grave 402, bottom of S end of grave pit. Within pure sand, bone of forearm next to which, bronze buckle (1), strap end (2) and two miniature glass beads (3, 4). Maturus. Inventory (Pl. clV): 1. Bronze bipartite buckle with buckle plate, incomplete, with two rivets, one missing and replaced with strip of metal finish with the its end hammered outer face of buckle. type ml e12. Surviving l. 3.1 cm, B. 3.4 cm. 2. Bronze strap end, ring terminal with narrow tongue-shaped tip. Attachment end with one rivet with large half-round head. type r J.ii.3. l. 5.3 cm. 3.4. 2 glass miniature beads, opaque orange. type tm 53. dm. 0.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iVB. Grave 373 (inhumation, destroyed, robbed) Sq 16-17D At ca 0.6 m elongated outline of several overlapping cut features in a complicated layout. At centre, trace of robber trench with a sub-triangular 1.5×1.2 m outline its fill, grey-yellow sand with a  border of hardpan. This feature intruded on central area of large rectangular ca 2.5×0.9 m outline of pit of grave 373 leaving undisturbed only its N end and a fragment along its W edge. grave bottom at ca 0.8 m (Pl. clXiii). At ca 0.2 m above its S end, bottom level of grave 378, partly lost to same robber trench. Within surviving NW area of grave 373, large urn (grave 374), without legible pit outline. Within grave 373, no remains of skeleton, only at its N end, bone comb (2); at bottom level of robber trench, bronze strap end (1), presumably belonging to grave inventory of grave 373. Inventory (Pl. clXiV): 1. Bronze strap end, ring terminal with short expanded tip. Straight attachment end with two incomplete rivets (only shafts). group r J.ii, type undefined. l. 6.4 cm. 2. Bone three-layer comb. Side plates and teeth incomplete. on both plates, ring-and-dot motif between horizontal lines under a row of larger triple rings. type Thomas i, decorative motif B. H. 4.9 cm, l. 10.2 cm. Chronology: stadium iic. Grave 374 (urn cremation) Sq 16-17D in stratigraphic situation described above (grave 373); within NW area of fill of grave 373, with no tangible outline of grave pit, well preserved large urn (10) inserted presumably as additional burial at the time of deposition of grave 373. two thirds of urn filled with burnt bones over which, clay spindlewhorl (5), fragment melted bronze brooch (1), iron buckle (2), belt tag (3) and bronze hooked pin (4). upper level of urn packed tightly with iron lid mounts (8, 9) from cremated casket, bent and broken deliberately to fit them into the urn. on the underside of some of these mounts, traces of tree rings. Adhering to casket lock mount (6), blocking one of its openings, lock spring (7). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. clXiii, clXiV, ccXliV:4):  1.  Bronze brooch fragment: foot, partly melted. type undefined.

l. 1.7 cm. 2. iron bipartite buckle with buckle plate. rectangular frame, buckle plate with two rivets. type close to ml g3. l. 3 cm, B. 4.7 cm. 3. iron belt tag; attachment ends resembling in form four-pointed stars. l. 3.8 cm. 4. iron hooked pin, shaft twisted in two directions. tip broken off. l. 5.3 cm. 5. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, yellow-dark brown, burnt. H. 3.2 cm, dm. 3.2 cm. 6. iron sub-rectangular casket lock mount, with two round openings for the key. Near shorter edges, three rivets in an irregular arrangement. At centre round-sectioned pin hammered to on the outer face, smoothed at the opposite end. Along longer edges, traces of tree rings. type close to Kokowski 2. l. 7.4 cm, B. ca 3.6 cm, l. of rivets ca 2 cm, l. of central pin ca 1.6 cm. 7. iron casket lock spring, round-sectioned bit. obliquely incised flat rectangular-sectioned shaft with hooked end. l. 8.6 cm. 8. iron casket lid mount, straight, with one narrower end the other end folded twice with two irregularly spaced rivets with two heads. down the length of the mount, traces of tree rings. incomplete. reconst. l.  25.7  cm, B.  2  cm, l.  of rivets 2.6 and 2.8  cm. 9. iron casket lid mount, Y-shaped, retaining rivets in upper section of the “arms”. central regular rounded expanded area retaining two rivets. down the length of the mount, traces of tree rings. reconst. l.  28.6  cm, l.  between two ends 10.5 and 11.5 cm. 10. Pottery vessel. dark brown to black, dull, smoothed. At neck and body junction engraved line. type rW iVA. rdm. 20 cm, Bddm. 27 cm, Bdm. 11 cm, H. 20.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB. Graves 375&375A (urn cremations, disturbed) Sq 16-17B At ca 0.6 m, within pure sand, side by side, two incomplete urns (tops missing) half-filled with burnt bones (Pl. clXii). Badly fired and grown through by roots, both urns disintegrated into small fragments during lifting. inside urn no. 375, clay spindlewhorl (3) and partly melted glass beads (1, 2). Bones missing. Inventory (Grave 375) (Pl. clXii): 1. glass ridged bead, transparent pale green, melted. type tm 182b. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 2 cm. 2. glass bead, transparent pale green, melted and disfigured. type undefined. 3. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, yellow-dark brown. H. 3 cm, dm. 4.1 cm. 4. Several score sherds. Brown, smoothed. Badly fired, separating and friable. Chronology: stadium iiiA (?). Inventory (Grave 375A): 1. Several score sherds from urn. dark brown, daubed and smoothed. Badly fired, separating and friable. Chronology: stadium iiiA (?). Grave 376 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 15-17D, 16-17B Within firm clay with gravel, at ca 0.6 m, aligned NW-Se, outline of N end of rectangular grave pit; its S end almost fully destroyed by ploughing. Pit fill of yellow-orange-red

99 clay with sand within which, medium-sized stones lacking obviously intentional arrangement. No surviving skeleton, only small fragments of upper cranium and teeth next to which, presumably originally on chest, head pointing down, two bronze brooches (1, 2), several centimetres lower down, fragments of third brooch (3). At conjectured level of left hip, bronze bracelet (4) with residue of organic substance. Infans II. Inventory (Pl. clXVi):  1.2.  2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on bow and spring-cover, three pairs of vertical lines, on crests, horizontal lines. type A.ii.38. l. 3.4 cm, B. 3.1 and 2.8 cm. 3. Bronze brooch spring and pin. type undefined. l. 3 cm, B. 2.4 cm. 4. Bronze rod bracelet, oval in cross-section. type Natuniewicz 1. dm. 6 cm. Chronology: stadium iiA. Grave 377 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-20D Below the arable, at ca  0.5  m, within yellow sand with smudges of hardpan, concentration of sherds and burnt bones interpreted as traces of urn grave destroyed by ploughing (Pl. clXii). Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Several score sherds. dark brown, smoothed and daubed. Badly fired, separating and friable. Chronology: ? Grave 378 (inhumation in log coffin, robbed) Sq 16-17D ca 0.2 m over grave 373 was the bottom level of a rectangular grave pit, shifted by ca 0.7 m S in relation to the higher lying grave (Pl. clXiii). This was a rectangular 2.25×0.85 m pit. its N was partly lost to robber trench which continued to the level of the inhumation. inside 2.05×0.55 m log coffin with rounded ends, incomplete skeleton: resting on its right side poorly preserved cranium with mandible, fragment of clavicle and traces of pelvis, also, undisturbed bones of both legs and feet. inhumation extended resting on its right side. elements of grave inventory typically found in chest area, presumably robbed. Next to right femur, 7 traces of decomposed thin pegs driven vertically into the ground; their function hard to determine, in Ne corner of coffin, traces of thin plank l. ca 10 cm, perhaps meant to stabilise coffin within the grave pit. Male, late maturus, ca 162–164 cm. Inventory: none. Chronology: later than stadium iic (see grave 373). Grave 379 (inhumation) Sq 17-17B Within yellow natural sand, at ca 1.2 m, aligned NNW-SSe, rectangular 2.1×0.7 m outline of pit surviving as ca 0.15 m deep bottom level. Skeleton in very fragmented condition: cranium flattened, mandible with teeth, fragments of arm and leg bones implying burial on right side, head turned right, legs flexed. Next to both arms, two bronze brooches (1, 2). Presses to chest with right hand, remains of large fragments of pouch of thick linen cloth (see Appendix Vi.2) (28) within which, bronze box (5) on top of which,

two bronze rings (24, 25) and inside, silver coin (6). Within organic substance surviving by the box and in the textile fragments, fragments of small undetermined objects of oak and pine wood. Near to pouch and possibly originally inside it, 17 beads and pendants: 1 of bronze, 16 of glass and amber (7–23). Next to hips, bronze belt buckle (3) and bronze strap end (4). over head, flattened pottery vessel (27), at knee level, clay spindlewhorl (26). Female, early iuvenis, ca 155–157 cm. Inventory (Pl. clXVii, clXViii): 1.2. 2 bronze matching crossbow tendril brooches with false spring. Abruptly angular bows, roughly triangular in cross-section. At base of the bow and on foot, metope ornament. on spring axle terminals and head, half-round knobs. on both brooches fragments of textile (see Appendix Vi.2). type A.Vi.168. l. 4.9 cm, B. 4.3 cm. 3. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivet holes, rivets did not survive. on underside of buckle plate, impression of textile in plain weave. type close to ml d29. l. 3 cm, B. 2.3 cm. 4. Bronze strap end, rectangular-sectioned. Straight attachment end with one rivet. type r J.iV.5. l. 2.9 cm. 5. Bronze box made of thin sheet. cylindrical, bottom attached by soldering, lid with a  very narrow ca  4 mm wide “collar” made to fit over the box. lid and box joined by means of a chain with S-shaped links attached to eyes fastened to the lid and side of the box. H. 1.5 cm, dm. 2.9 cm. 6. denarius34 (subaerate), trajan, after 103–111, perforated, evidence of heavy wear. [imPtrAiANoAVggerdAcP]mtr[P], laureate bust right, draped far shoulder / [coSVPPSPQr] oPtimo[PriNc], Spes advancing left, holding flower in upraised right and raising hem in left. W. 1.96 g. 7. Bronze barrel bead. type close to tm 520. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1 cm. 8. glass cylindrical bead, opaque white base with sinuous linear design in red. type tm 322a. dm. 1 cm, H. 1.9 cm. 9.10. 2 glass barrel beads, on opaque white base black rosettes with red centre. type tm 362b. dm. 1.2 and 1.3 cm, H. 1 cm. 11. glass barrel bead, opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 12. glass polychrome barrel bead, incomplete. type undefined. Surviving l. 1.1 cm. 13. glass segmented bead, of two segments, with gold foil. type tm 387b. dm. 0.7 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 14. glass tetrahedral bead, opaque red, incomplete. type tm 111. B. 0.6 cm. 15. glass lenticular bead, transparent blue. type tm 88. dm. 1 cm. 16–19.  4 glass tubular hexahedral beads, opaque dark blue. group tm Xii, atypical. B. ca 0.5 cm, H. 1.6–1.9 cm. 20.  Amber eight-shape bead. type close to tm  465. H. 1.1 cm. 21. Amber eight-shape bead. type tm 471d. 34

identified originally as a denarius (see A. Bursche & J. okulicz-Kozaryn 1999, 147) this coin was analyzed for its chemical composition and found to be of tin-plated copper alloy (tin-lead bronze) rather than silver. The analysis was made in the central lab of the department of Auxiliary Sciences, institute of Archaeology and ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, in Warsaw.

100 H.  2.3  cm. 22.23.  2 amber axe pendants, both with indented fragment of blade. Atypical. H. 2.7 cm, B. 1.7 cm. 24.25. 2 bronze rings. type Beckmann 16. dm. 3.3  cm. 26. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, decorated with vertical furrows. H. 2.9 cm, dm. 3.4 cm. 27. reconst. middle part of pottery vessel. light brown, smoothed. type rW Xiiic. rdm. 6.4 cm, reconst. Bddm. 7.9 cm, surviving H. 7.6 cm. 28.  linen textile fragments, in plain weave, thick yarn, adhering to bronze finds (see Appendix Vi.2). Chronology: stadium V. Grave 380 (inhumation in a pit with a border of stakes) Sq 16-20D Below grave 363, separated from it by ca  0.15  m deep slumping layer, at ca 0.7 m, outline of 2.2×0.8 m pit, with sub-rectangular (N) and expanded (S) ends. Within fill of orange-red-grey sand mixed with small pieces of charcoal (see Appendix Vi.3), along W edge of pit, row of stakes, on e side, distinct traces of larger timbers (rough planks), all driven vertically into the ground, interpreted as an obscure structure lining pit. Next to W edge of pit, in anatomical arrangement, bones of both legs, flexed, rest of skeleton not preserved, but apparently originally resting on its right side. Next to right femur, bronze belt buckle (1), at knees, bronze strap end (2). At hip level on the left, small pottery vessel (5) Se of which, amber eight-shape bead (3). in Ne corner of pit, iron casket lock mount (4). Similarity of timber structures identified with those in grave 363 imply biritual burial, its upper part burnt and buried higher up. This is supported further by presence in this grave of only the lower part of skeleton. Female, adultus, ca 153–155 cm. Inventory (Pl. clXX):  1.  Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivets. Ω-frame. Surviving small fragment of textile (see Appendix Vi.2). type ml e7. l. 3.4 cm, B. 2.6 cm. 2. Bronze strap end, plano-convex in cross-section. Attachment end with one rivet. type close to r o.17. l. 3.8 cm. 3. Amber eight-shape bead, with collar. type tm 471i. H. 2.2 cm. 4. iron rectangular casket lock mount with one round opening for the key. in corners, four large rivets and two smaller next to longer edges of mount. type undefined. l. 4.2 cm, max. B. 3 cm. 5. Pottery vessel miniature. dark brown, cursorily smoothed. temper of white coarse-grained crushed stone. type rW Xiic. rdm. 3.3 cm, Bddm. 6.6 cm, Bdm. 4.3 cm, H. 7.2 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 381 (urn cremation) Sq 16-20D At ca 0.65 m within irregular yellow-grey outline, upright fissured urn filled with burnt bones, next to which, stone interpreted as urn lid. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. clXVi): 1. reconst. pottery vessel. light to dark brown, cursorily smoothed under rim, roughened body. type rW ic. rdm. 15.5 cm, Bdm. 10 cm, H. 19 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA.

Grave 382 (inhumation in expanded log boat coffin) Sq 15-17D, 16-17B, Within dark orange-red clay with gravel, aligned NNW-SSe, sub-rectangular 2.55×0.95 m outline of pit. Within fill of orange-red-grey clay with sand, distinct outline of expanded log boat with pointed bow and stern (Pl. clXiX). At Ne corner of pit within fill of soft sand, impression in the form of boat’s bow formed presumably, when the boat was being fitted into the narrow pit. measurements of boat: l. 2.3 m, max. width 0.65 m, depth measured from detected level  –  0.35  m. traces of decomposed wood (oak) were poorly preserved but along almost the full perimeter and surface of the hull was a thin 2–3 mm thick layer of black compacted resinous organic substance (caulking). Within log boat coffin, poorly preserved skeleton resting supine, arms extended down the body, legs extended. Male, early adultus, ca 162–164 cm. Inventory: none. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 383 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 17-17B At ca  0.6  m, outline of overlapping cut features, one of them aligned N-S, oval in outline basing on occurrence in its fill of a tooth and some unbrunt bones originally was recorded as grave 370. it later turned out to be a robber trench extending to bottom of inhumation grave 383. detected at ca 0.75 m at the level of the inhumation, pit outline of grave 383 was rectangular, 1.8×0.55  m (Pl. clXiX). At grave bottom, remains of robbed inhumation: in chaotic arrangement, right humerus, mandible and teeth, also, glass beads – mostly miniature (3–15), two large amber beads (16, 17), silver brooch (1), bronze buckle (2) and fragment of small pottery “hedgehog” pot (18). Female, early maturus. Inventory (Pl. clXX):  1.  Silver crossbow brooch with a high catchplate. uniformly arched plano-convex bow. on foot terminal, small knob. type A.Vii. series 1. l. 3.5 cm, B. 1.4 cm. 2. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivets. type ml d17. l. 2.9 cm, B. 3.6 cm. 3. glass barrel bead, transparent dark blue. type tm 2a. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 4–15. 12 glass miniature beads, opaque orange. type tm 53. dm. 0.4–0.7 cm. 16.17. 2 amber beads. type close to tm 434. dm. 2.8 cm, H. 1.9 cm. 18.  reconst. lower part of pottery vessel  –  “hedgehog”. light brown, carefully smoothed. type rW XViii B. Bdm. 4.3 cm, surviving H. 3.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 384 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-17B in Ne corner of pit of inhumation grave 371, within oval pit, upright fissured base of urn filled with burnt bones, next to which and within the fill of cut features intruding on grave 371, scattered sherds from the same vessel and more burnt bones (Pl. clXii). Bones missing.

101

Grave 386 (inhumation) Sq 16-17D, 17-17B At ca 0.7 m, aligned NNW-SSe, rectangular 1.9×0.65 m outline of pit with poorly legible N end. Fill of yellow-grey sand with a border orange-red hardpan. Within pit, presumably undisturbed incomplete skeleton: fragment of mandible with teeth, bones of both forearms. in undisturbed arrangement below mandible, two bronze brooches (1, 2) and S-clasp (5), on arm bones, resting side by side, two bronze bracelets (3, 4), their position implying burial on right side, arms flexed. Female, adultus. Inventory (Pl. clXViii): 1. Bronze crest-headed brooch with cylinder for the spring. on cylinder and crest, silver foil with stamped row of dots, vertical lines and crosshatching; on bow, traces of tin plating in imitation of silver foil. Pin and catchplate incomplete. type close to A.V.126/130. l. 3.6 cm, B. 3.3 cm. 2. Bronze brooch with flat and broad bow and expanded rectangular head, upper chord resting within a furrow engraved on the head. on bow, traces of tin plating in imitation of silver foil. type A.V, series 11, type leonów acc. to Jamka. l. 3.3 cm, B. 2.6 cm. 3.4. 2 bronze matching bracelets. close to Schlangenkopf forms. open ended flat ribbon-like hoop. Profiled terminals with slighty marked by filling head and base. Both specimens with signs of heavy wear. type close to Blume i, A variety. dm. 5.4 and 6 cm. 5. Silver S-clasp of plain wire. on terminals, small knobs with ring-like profiling at bottom. At centre, moulded expanded area in imitation of plain wire. type v. müller c. l. 1.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic.

Feature 388 (deposit of ornaments) Sq 16-20D At ca 0.8 m, within fill of robber trench which grave 400 found lower down, concentration of amber and glass beads, bronze and iron ornaments. With no traces of pit, outline or organic container, in compact arrangement of several layers, spread over 15×10  cm. interpreted as deposit of ornaments robbed from graves concealed or lost, presumably originating from grave 400, part of its grave inventory robbed, backfilled afterwards. The set included 56 amber beads (22–77), 20 glass beads (2–21), bronze pendant (1), bronze ring (81), 3 iron springs (78–80). Inventory (Pl. clXXi–clXXii):  1.  Bronze pendant, wheel-shaped with nine lobes on the perimeter, each with a  small hole. dm. ca  3.9  cm. 2–5.  4 glass barrel beads, opaque red, one incomplete. type tm 12. dm. 1–1.2 cm, H. 1 cm. 6–9. 4 glass barrel beads, transparent dark green. type tm 4a. dm. 1.2–1.4 cm, H. 1–1.2 cm. 10.11. 2 glass barrel beads, transparent dark blue. type tm 2a. dm. 1.2 and 1.1 cm, H. 1 and 1.3 cm. 12. glass barrel bead, opaque red base with sinuous linear design in green, incomplete. type tm 257b. dm. 1 cm, reconst. H. 0.9 cm. 13. glass barrel bead, on opaque red base eyes with a black centre and blue border, incomplete. type tm 223c. dm. 0.9 cm, H. 0.9 cm. 14. glass barrel bead, opaque white base with red flowers with yellow centre. type close to tm 362. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1 cm. 15. glass barrel bead, on transparent lilac base eyes with navy blue centre and yellow border. type close to tm 225c. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 16. glass barrel bead, on opaque red base eyes with black centre and white border. type tm 223a. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 1 cm. 17.18. 2 glass barrel beads, opaque red base with eroded decorative band in green with small leaves in yellow. type close to tm 356a. dm. 1 and 1.2 cm, H. 1 and 0.8 cm. 19. glass barrel bead, opaque red base with slanted trails in green and yellow. type tm 291f. dm. 1.3 cm, H. 1 cm. 20. glass barrel bead, opaque blue base with irregular arrangement of white speckles. type tm 205. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 0.8 cm. 21. glass melon bead, transparent pale blue. type tm  163. dm. 1.3  cm, H. 1.1 cm. 22–77. 56 amber annular, disc and plano-convex beads, asymmetric. types close to tm 388-389 and 394. dm. 0.6–3.2  cm, H.  0.3–1.5  cm. 78-80.  3 iron springs of round-sectioned wire in three coils. dm. 1.8, 1.6 and 1.2 cm. 81. Bronze ring, thickset, profiled in cross-section. dm. 2.3 cm. inner dm. 1.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB/iVA (see grave 400).

Grave 387 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 17-17B At ca 0.7 m, aligned N-W, irregular outline of grave pit its S fragment lest to cut feature which additionally intruded on graves 364 and 371, on e side, inserted grave 371 (Pl. clXVi). Within disturbed fill, small fragments of unburnt bones. Bones missing. Inventory: none. Chronology: ?

Grave 389 (inhumation) Sq 16-21C At ca 0.95 m, rectangular 1.8×0.6 m outline of grave pit legible from concentration of hardpan on its edges. Fill of yellow-grey sand with no evidence of secondary cut features. Skeleton incomplete: lower teeth in natural arrangement below which, 2 bronze brooches (1, 2), 8 amber eight-shape beads (20–27), one glass bead (17). At conjectured hip level, silver crossbow brooch (3), in a cluster

Inventory: 1. Several score sherds. Brown to orange-brown, smoothed. Badly fired, friable and separating. Chronology: ? Grave 385 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-20D At ca 0.6 m, sub-circular, dm. ca 0.4 m, outline of pit with basin-like cross-section. At pit bottom, within fill of grey-orange-red sand, overturned on its side, lower body of urn filled with burnt bones. NW of this grave, within overlying slumping layer, more sherds from this vessel and scattered bones. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. clXiV):  1.  reconst. lower body pottery vessel. dark brown, cursorily smoothed. Badly fired, friable and separating. type undefined. Bdm. 9 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA (?).

102 on the right side of the skeleton, apparently deposited in pouch (distinct darker fill suggests decomposed organic material), 2 amber beads (18, 19) and 13 glass beads (4–16). Position of mandible and brooches indicates burial on right side. grave 389 intruded on W area of grave 397. Infans II. Inventory (Pl. clXXiii, ccXXXVi:7, ccXlii:11.16):  1.2. 2 bronze matching tendril crossbow brooches. Facetted abruptly angular plano-convex bows. one head and spring axle terminals, applied knobs. type A.Vi.162. l.  5  cm, B. 2 and 2.2 cm. 3. Silver crossbow tendril brooch. Facetted uniformly arched bow, oval in cross-section. on bow, foot, head and spring terminals, triple coils of beaded wire. on spring terminals and head, knobs. type A.Vi.167. l. 5.2 cm, B. 2.8 cm. 4. glass barrel bead, opaque red base with checkerboard pattern in red, yellow, blue and black. type close to tm 366. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 5. glass barrel bead, on transparent blue base eyes with dark blue centre and white border. type tm  225a. dm. 1.4  cm, H.  1.1  cm. 6.  glass cylindrical bead, opaque white base with decorative band in yellow and green, flower in red and white and star motif in green. type close to tm 358. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 2 cm. 7. glass ridged bead, transparent pale green. type tm 182b. dm. 0.9 cm, H. 1.3 cm. 8.9. 2 glass barrel beads, transparent dark blue. type tm 2a. dm. 1.5 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 10.11. 2 glass barrel beads, opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 1.3 and 1.2 cm, H. 1.1 and 1 cm. 12.13. 2 glass barrel beads, transparent dark green. type tm 4a. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 1 cm. 14.15. 2 glass cylindrical beads, opaque red. type tm 142. dm. 1.3 cm, H. 1.8 cm. 16.  glass cylindrical bead, opaque white. type tm  138. dm. 1.3 cm, H. 1.5 cm. 17. glass lenticular bead, opaque white. type close to tm 88-90. dm. 1 cm, H. 1 cm. 18.19. 2 amber annular beads. type close to tm 389. dm. 1.4 and 2 cm, H. 1 and 1.1 cm. 20–27. 8 amber eight-shape beads. type close to 471d. H. 1–1.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iVB. Grave 390 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 17-17BD under distinct traces of robber trench, at ca 1 m, aligned N-S, rectangular ca 2×0.7 m outline of bottom level of grave pit. Within burial layer disturbed by robbery, shifted from their original position, mandible with teeth, by e pit margin, silver bracelet (1), spindlewhorl (7), bronze needle (5) and hooked pin (6), elsewhere, three glass beads (2–4). Female (?), adultus. Inventory (Pl. clXXiV): 1. Silver Schlangenkopf bracelet. open ended hoop with plano-convex constriction in the middle. type Wójcik iiiA. dm. 6.3 cm, B. of plano-convex terminal ca 2.4 cm. 2.3. 2 glass barrel beads, opaque red, one incomplete. type tm  12. dm. 1.3  cm, H.  1.2  cm. 4. glass barrel bead, opaque white. type tm 6. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 5. Bronze needle, in two fragments, top end with eye fractured. Surviving l. 6.7 cm. 6. Bronze hooked pin, twisted shaft. tip broken off. l. 3.7 cm. 7. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, medium brown. H. 2.6 cm, dm. 3.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iic.

Grave 391 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-21C By S end of grave 389, within disturbed fill, at ca 0.7 m, burnt bones and sherds, lower down, urn base. other elements of grave inventory not detected. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. clXXiii): 1. reconst. base and lower part pottery vessel. Brown, horizontally daubed. type close to rW i. Bdm. 4.4 cm, surviving H. 4.3 cm. Chronology: later than stadium iVB (see grave 389). Grave 392 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-17B At ca 0.9 m, irregular outline of pit with fill of orange-red-grey clay with sand (Pl. clXXViii). Within upper fill, sherds and burnt bones, interpreted as traces of destroyed urn grave resting on secondary deposit. other finds not detected. Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Several sherds. dark brown, cursorily smoothed. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. Chronology: ? Grave 393 (inhumation in expanded log boat coffin, destroyed) Sq 16-21C At ca 1.1 m, aligned N-S, W ca 2 m long fragment of pit. inserted at its S end, cremation grave 399, e side lost entirely to modern cut feature. Fill of yellow-grey clayey sand within which, legible in residue of decomposed wood and layer of caulking distinct outline of left side of 1.8 m incomplete expanded log boat with a flat bottom. The rest of the boat destroyed, traces observed in S part of boat indicate it had been cut, presumably at mid-length. No surviving traces of burial, only sherds of vessel from grave 399, and clay spindlewhorl. Inventory (Pl. clXXV): 1. clay spindlewhorl, biconical. medium brown. H. 2.6 cm, dm. 3.3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 394 (inhumation, destroyed, robbed) Sq 16-21C At ca 0.9 m, small rectangular outline of grave pit intruding on top fill of grave 397, its e margin disturbing edge of grave 395. Burial lost to robber trench. Within disturbed fill at grave bottom, amber eight-shape bead (1) and small fragments of other amber beads (2). remains of skeleton not detected. Inventory (Pl. clXiX): 1. Amber eight-shape bead, with collar and hole for suspension, oval cross-section. type close to tm 471e. H. 2.3 cm. 2. Amber bead fragments. Chronology: later than stadium iiiA/iiiB (see grave 397). Grave 395 (inhumation in log coffin, destroyed and robbed) Sq 16-21C At ca 0.8 m, irregular outline of robber trench (originally recorded as no. 365, not documented during fieldwork), which destroyed almost fully upper level of inhumation pit leaving legible only its e and S end. length measured along NS axis – ca 1.8 m. Within backfill of robber trench,

103 fragment of upper cranium and teeth. At ca 0.9 m below bottom of robber trench, rectangular ca 2.1×0.65 m outline of grave pit (no. 395) its W edge disturbed lightly by grave 394; pit of grave 395 intruded on W fragment of grave 396 (Pl. clXXViii). Within fill of grey-yellow clayey sand, at centre of grave, rectangular ca 1.3×0.5 m outline of coffin. At its e end, decomposed left humerus next to which, distinct, dm. ca 15 cm, outlined in black-coloured decomopsed wood traces of organic container (?). other traces of burial not detected. Iuvenis. Inventory: none. Chronology: later than stadium iiB (see grave 396), earlier than stadium iiiA/iiiB (see grave 394). Grave 396 (inhumation in log coffin, destroyed) Sq 16-21C At ca 0.9 m, rectangular ca 2.3×0.8 m outline of grave pit cut on its S side by grave 403 and SW corner lost to grave 395. At ca 1.2 m, at grave bottom, distinct traces of decomposed log coffin (Pl. clXXViii). traces of burial or grave inventory not detected. Inventory: none. Chronology: stadium iiB. Grave 397 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 16-21C At ca 0.95 m within narrow strip of ground between pits of stratigraphically later graves 389 and 394, indistinct outline of central area of grave pit. At ca 0.4 m lower down, below no. 389 and 394, regular rectangular 2.8×0.9 m outline of pit with orange-red border of hardpan. Fill of grey-yellow sand. At 0.3 m lower down, at centre, legible from decomposed wood, rectangular 2.2×0.5 m log coffin with rounded corners, half-round in cross-section within which, incomplete skeleton: resting on its right side, fragment of cranium, mandible, teeth, under chin, phalanges of both hands, fragment of ulna preserved inside bracelet, interpreted as remains of inhumation placed on its right side, arms flexed, hands under chin. By the mandible, silver S-clasp (6) and two bronze matching brooches (2, 3), lower down, third bronze brooch (1). on wrists, two bronze bracelets (4, 5) next to which, glass bead (7). in Se area of coffin, distinct ca 52×30 cm outline of wooden container (basket?) – of rectangular shape with rounded N side (Pl. ccXXiX:2). Along shorter S side, row of 5 vertical pegs and traces of others. Bottom uniform, with good quantity of decomposed wood particles from single piece of wood. Form of casket interpreted as follows: sides of wicker with vertical supporting pegs, plank bottom. in Se area of outline, diagonally, broken iron lid mount with rivets, with and attached fragment of sheet folded into a sleeve, possibly used as a grip to lift the lid. Next to this bar, another fragment of the same mount (9) partly folded on the bar. Within casket outline, spindlewhorl fashioned from sherd (8). Female, iuvenis. Inventory (Pl. clXXVi–clXXVii): 1. Bronze crest-headed brooch, angular bow and with a narrow foot flaring to an

expanded terminal. on crest, lines in imitation of filigree, on bow, punched ring motif. on underside of spring, residue of yarn used to additionally secure the brooch to clothing (see Appendix Vi.2). type close to A.V.124. l. 2.5 cm, B. 2.5 cm. 2.3. 2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on bow, between lines in imitation of filigree, triangle and ring motif. on crest, horizontal lines in imitation of filigree. on cover of chord, ornament of miniature triangles. type A.ii.40-41. l. 4.1 cm, B. 3.3 cm. 4.5. 2 bronze Schlangenkopf bracelets. open ended hoop plano-convex in cross-section in the middle, oval-sectioned at terminals. type Wójcik i. dm. 6.3 and 6.7 cm, B. of heads ca 1 cm. 6. Silver S-clasp of three notched wires soldered together. on terminals, two applied strands of filigree wire and a central granule. At centre, triple coil of beaded wire. type v. müller B. l.  2.3  cm. 7.  glass ridged bead, transparent pale green. type tm 182b. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1.8 cm. 8. clay annular spindlewhorl, made from a sherd, dark brown. H. 0.9 cm, dm. 3 cm. 9. iron casket lid mount, iron bar with three regularly spaced rivets. longer fragment with a folded end. Shorter fragment with additional piece of iron sheet folded into a sleeve. Surviving l. ca 26.5 cm, B. ca 2 cm. 10. iron mount, rectangular cross-section, with bent ends. l. 4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB. Grave 398 (inhumation in log coffin, destroyed) Sq 16-21C S of grave 397, in similar alignment and at the same depth, outline of small rectangular pit its N end lost to cut feature of grave 397 (Pl. clXXVi). Surviving length of pit ca 1.5 m; width 0.6 m. Fill of grey-yellow sand within a border of hardpan. centrally within pit, distinct 1.25×0.3–0.35  m outline of log coffin its N end lost, S end rounded. on both sides, two stones stabilising coffin, the same purpose presumably served also by vertical pegs driven into the ground along its margin. e of lower level of coffin, traces of three pegs, also driven vertically into the natural below pit bottom and at their level next to edge of – 18 cm wide, ca 4 cm thick plank, its sharpened end driven vertically ca 0.2 m into the natural. A possible interpretation of the function of these elements is that they are the lower fragment of some marking of the grave above ground. Within coffin no surviving skeleton, only some teeth next to the line of intrusion by pit no. 397. grave inventory undisturbed: next to teeth, two matching bronze brooches (1, 2), at chest level, another brooch (3) next to which, bronze bracelet (4). Some distance away, fragmented iron ring (5). Infans II. Inventory (Pl. clXXVii): 1.2. 2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on bow, vertical lines in imitation of filigree. type A.ii.38/40-41. l. 4.2 cm, B. 3 cm. 3. Bronze brooch with a flat ribbon-like bow. on underside of spring, residue of yarn used to additionally secure the brooch to clothing (see Appendix Vi.2). type A.V.148. l.  3.4  cm, B. 2.7 cm. 4. Bronze rod bracelet, plano-convex cross-section, tapering to ribbon-like terminals. type Natuniewicz 3.

104 dm. 4.7 cm. 5. 3 iron fragments of ring, rectangular crosssection. dm. ca 7.8 cm, B. 0.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 399 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-21C At ca 1 m, circular dm. 0.35 m outline of urn grave pit inserted into S area of grave 393, legible from concentration of orange-red iron oxides at its bottom (Pl. clXXV). top level almost fully lost to modern cut feature; at bottom and around, small sherds and burnt bones. Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Several sherds. dark brown, cursorily smoothed. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. Chronology: later than stadium iiiB (see grave 393). Grave 400 (inhumation in expanded log boat coffin, robbed) Sq 16-20D At ca 1.2 m, under robber trench of irregular outline (within which, Feature 388) aligned NNW-SSe, bottom level of 2.2×0.75 m rectangular grave pit. At centre, outline of expanded log boat coffin (ca 1.65×0.5 m), arched in cross-section, N end pointed, S end open-ended, presumably cut short to fit inside the grave. outline of hull legible from residue of decomposed wood and external black tarry layer (caulking). No remains of skeleton, only centrally within coffin, scattered 7 amber and glass beads (1–7). At N end, two pottery vessels (9, 10), by the bow, spindlewhorl (8). Inventory (Pl. clXXiX, cclXiii:12): 1. glass lenticular bead, transparent yellow. type tm  88-90. dm. 0.9  cm, H. 1 cm. 2. glass biconical bead, transparent blue. type close to tm 58. dm. 0.7 cm, H. 0.5 cm. 3–5. 3 amber incomplete annular beads. type tm 389. dm. 1.1–1.2 cm, H. 0.4–0.6 cm. 6.7. 2 amber eight-shape beads, with collar. type close to tm 471e. H. 2.7 and 2 cm. 8. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. engraved with diagonal lines, some intersecting, and groups of dots. H.  3.2  cm, dm. 2.6  cm. 9.  reconst. miniature pottery vessel. light brown, smoothed. type close to rW XViii. rdm. 6.6 cm, Bddm. 8.3 cm, Bdm. 3.9 cm, H. 6.2 cm. 10. reconst. lower part of pottery vessel. light brown, daubed with horizontal and diagonal strokes. type close to rW i. Bdm. 10.5 cm, surviving H. 14.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB/iVA. Grave 401 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 16-21C, 17-21A At ca 0.9 m, rectangular 2.6×1 m outline of grave pit its Se corner disturbed by grave 441. Within pit, legible from residue of decomposed wood, 2.1×0.6 m outline of log coffin of half-round cross-section. At S end, within fill of grey-yellow sand, rectangular ca 50×40 cm outline of large container  (basket?  –  traces of three sides only), without mounts and traces of round pegs in the corners, dm. ca 4 cm, presumably supports for the sides of container. At N end of pit, fragment of mandible with teeth

next to which, bronze brooch. other fragments of skeleton and elements of grave inventory not detected. Maturus. Inventory (Pl. clXXX): 1. Bronze trumpet brooch with crest on bow and upturned foot. type close to A.iV.75. l. 3.5 cm, B. 1.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iiA. Grave 402 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 16-20D At ca 1 m, rectangular ca 2×0.9 m outline of grave pit with a border of hardpan. S end of pit lost to younger cut feature which also destroyed N fragment of grave 372. Pit fill of orange-red-grey-yellow sand. ca 0.15 m below, rectangular 1.75×0.55 m outline of log coffin with rounded corners, half-round in cross-section. centrally within coffin, incomplete skeleton resting on right side, arms flexed, hands at hip level; legs flexed. By left temple, bronze needle (15), under cranium, bronze brooch (2), over left shoulder, bronze matching brooch (1). over chest, third bronze brooch decorated with silver (3), five large amber beads (9–13) and two glass beads (7, 8). These ornaments lay in separate cluster, one on top of the other, apparently originally placed in a pouch, possibly fasted with a brooch. on lower arm bones, two silver bracelets (4, 5) next to which, on hips, iron buckle (6). outside N end of coffin, iron knife (17) and a rectangular 33×30 cm outline of bottom part of wooden casket rounded at corners, and casket mounts and spring fragment (18–21); within casket, spindlewhorl (16) and bone comb (14). casket outline overlapped partly with N end of coffin. Female, late maturus, ca 158–160 cm. Inventory (Pl. clXXXi, clXXXii, ccXliii:4): 1.2. 2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on bow, vertical lines in imitation of filigree and triangles in between. on crest, horizontal lines in imitation of filigree. type A.ii.40-41. l. 3.8 cm, B. 3.4 and 3.2 cm. 3. Bronze brooch with cylinder for the spring. Abruptly angular bow, crests on the head and foot terminal. on cylinder and bow, plain silver foil, on crests, gilded silver foil stamped with herringbone; border of silver filigree wire and clusters of granules in groups of three attached with solder. cylinder at both ends sealed off with discs decorated with foil and with a border of silver filigree with a central granule. type close to A.V, series 1, with features of A.V, series 8. l. 3.3 cm, B. 2.7 cm. 4.5. 2 silver matching Schlangenkopf bracelets. open ended hoop with long oval-sectioned constriction in the middle. type Wójcik iiiA. dm. 6.3 and 6.8 cm, B. of plano-convex terminals ca  1.8  cm. 6.  iron unipartite buckle with rectangular frame. type ml g8. l. 3.4 cm, B. 4.3 cm. 7. glass barrel bead, opaque glass with three decorative bands in red, yellow and blue and triple checkerboard pattern in red, yellow and black. type close to tm 366. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1 cm. 8. glass barrel bead, opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1 cm. 9. Amber plano-convex bead. type close to tm 430. dm. 2.6 cm, H. 1.7 cm. 10. Amber disc bead. type close to tm 435. dm. 3 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 11. Amber

105 plano-convex bead, with a groove at one of its flatter face. type close to tm 430. dm. 2.3 cm, H. 1.4 cm. 12. Amber plano-convex bead, with a  groove around its maximum circumference. type close to tm 430. dm. 2 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 13. Amber disc bead. type close to tm 430. dm. 2.4 cm, H. 1 cm. 14. Bone one-layer comb. on grip, intersecting arcs over horizontal moulding above the teeth. teeth incomplete. type Thomas Aii. Surviving H. 4.7 cm, l. 7.6 cm. 15. Bronze needle. l. 5.7 cm. 16. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown, carefully smoothed. H. 3 cm, dm. 2.6 cm. 17. iron knife. l. 15.2 cm. 18. iron lock spring fragment: rectangular-sectioned shaft. l. 5 cm. 19–21. 3 iron rivets, from casket mount, incomplete. l. 2.1, 1.8 and 2.1 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB. Grave 403 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 16-21C At ca 0.9 m aligned NW-Se, intruding on S fragment of grave 396, rectangular 1.8×0.75  m outline of grave pit. upper fill disturbed by animal burrows. At NW end, outline of 0.6 m wide end of log coffin, rectangular with rounded corners. Within coffin containing inhumation and grave inventory seriously injured by burrowing, only fragmented teeth lamellae, brooches, of bronze (1) and silver (2), 9 amber beads and pendants (4–12), glass bead (3). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. clXXViii, ccXliii:15.16): 1. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch fragments. uniformly arched plano-convex bow. Fractured foot surviving separately. on spring axle terminals, applied knobs. type A.Vi.162. l. ca 4.2 cm, B. 1.7 cm. 2. Silver crossbow brooch with a closed catchplate. Facetted uniformly arched plano-convex bow. on foot terminal, small double knob. on spring axle terminals, knobs. type A.Vi.170. l. 5 cm, B. 1.8 cm. 3. glass tubular hexahedral bead, opaque dark blue. group tm Xii, atypical. H. 1.5 cm, B. 0.4 cm. 4–6. 3 amber annular beads. type tm 388. dm. 0.7–1 cm, H. 0.4–0.6 cm. 7. Amber biconical bead. type close to tm 433. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1.8 cm. 8. Amber plano-convex bead. type close to tm 439. dm. 1.8 cm, H. 0.8 cm. 9–11. 3 amber wedge-shaped pendants, one incomplete. Atypical. H. 1.4, 1.4 and 1.1 cm, max. B. 1, 1.3 and 0.8 cm. 12. Amber pendant, hole for suspension in a set off section of pendant, bottom with rounded corners each with a hole. Atypical. H. 2.6 cm, max. B. 1.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA/iVB. Grave 404 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 16-20D At ca 1 m, rectangular 2.3×0.8 m outline of grave pit, N end disturbed by robber trench. Fill of grey-yellow and orange-red sand. ca 0.2 m below, N of robber trench, flattened and leaning right, poorly preserved cranium with mandible and teeth. other parts of skeleton lost, only within fill of robber trench, fragments of bones of forearms next to which, redeposited iron buckle (1), strap end fragment (2). Within undisturbed S area of grave pit, square ca 32×30 cm

outline of wooden or outer bark (?) container, without metal mounts, and fragments of miniature pottery vessel (3). Male (?), early adultus. Inventory (Pl. clXXV):  1.  iron unipartite buckle with rectangular frame, buckle pin broken off. type ml  g1. l. 1.7 cm, B. 3.4 cm. 2. iron strap end. Both ends broken. group r J.ii, type undefined. Surviving l. 2.6 cm. 3. reconst. miniature pottery vessel. light brown, smoothed. type rW  XViiid. rdm. 5.3  cm, Bddm. 8.8  cm, Bdm. 4.7 cm, H. 5.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 405 (inhumation) Sq 17-20B At ca 0.8 m, within compact clay aligned N-S, rectangular 2.1×1  m outline of grave pit. Fill of friable yellow-grey sand, sides of pit apparently plastered with orange-red clay mixed with gravel discernible against surrounding fill. No similar layer lining the pit bottom. No trace of inhumation, presumably fully decomposed, only centrally within pit, bronze strap end. Inventory (Pl. clXXX): 1. Bronze strap end, ring terminal with rectangular tip. Attachment end with a large rivet with a half-round head. type r J.ii.3. l. 5.3 cm. Chronology: stadium iic. Grave 406 (inhumation) Sq 17-17A At ca 0.7 m aligned NW-Se, rectangular 2×0.75 m outline of grave pit: ca 0.15 m thick bottom level with fill of grey-orange-red-yellow sand. Skeleton largely decomposed only next to brooches and bracelets bone residue, broken fragments of clavicle and arm bones. grave inventory undisturbed: two bronze brooches (2, 3), separately, third bronze brooch (1) and two bronze Schlangenkopf bracelets (4, 5). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. clXXXiii): 1. Bronze spring-cover brooch. on bow, vertical lines in imitation of filigree and triangle motif. on cover of chord, triangles. type A.ii.38. l. 3.9 cm, B. 3 cm. 2.3. 2 bronze eye brooches, Prussian series. type A.iii.61. l. 7.4 cm, B. 3 and 1.5 cm. 4.5. 2 bronze Schlangenkopf bracelets. open ended hoop oval-sectioned in the middle, plano-convex in cross-section at terminals. type Wójcik i. dm. 6.3 and 6.2 cm. Chronology: stadium iiA. Grave 407/414/420 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-18B At ca 0.6 m, within disturbed sand with grey discolorations, fragments of burnt bones, sherds and small flat stone – recorded as no. 407. e and S of this concentration, spread over ca 1 m radius, two other clusters of sherds from the same vessel (recorded as nos 414 and 420) interspersed with burnt bones and two flat stones. All of the above interpreted as remains of urn grave destroyed and scattered by ploughing. grave 407/414/420 lay over inhumation grave 423. Male, maturus.

106 Inventory (Pl. clXXiV): 1. reconst. pottery vessel. light brown to orange-brown, smoothed on upper body and above base, roughened on the body and daubed in all directions. type rW ic. rdm. 12.4 cm, Bddm. 19 cm, Bdm. 11 cm, H. 20 cm. Chronology: stadium iVB or later (see grave 423). Grave 408/417/439 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-21A At ca 0.7 m, indistinct sub-circular dm. ca 0.8 m outline of light-grey soil  – ca  0.1  m deep bottom level of grave pit – recorded as no. 408. At centre, overturned, pointing N, flattened incomplete urn S of which, scattered burnt bones and sherds from same vessel, recorded as nos 417 and 439 respectively. The grave intruded on e margin of inhumation grave 416 (Pl. clXXXiV). Maturus. Inventory (Pl. clXXXiii): 1. reconst. upper part of pottery vessel. Brown to orange-brown, smoothed, on upper body groups of deep vertical grooves. type close to rW Vi. rdm. 17 cm, Bddm. 19 cm, surviving H. 11 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA/iVB or later (see grave 416). Feature 409 (early medieval feature) Sq 17-18A Grave 410 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-18A By e margin of pit inhumation no. 411, in an unclear stratigraphic relationship, within yellow-grey sand, concentration of sherds and burnt bones (Pl. clXXXV). Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Several sherds. dark brown, cursorily smoothed. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. Chronology: stadium V (?) (see grave 411). Grave 411 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 17-18A At ca 0.65 m disturbed by ploughing, indistinct ca 2.2×0.9 m outline of grave pit. Within top fill, without regular arrangement, several dm. ca 20–30 cm stones. on its e side the grave was in contact with two destroyed urn graves nos 410 and 421/444, but due to substantial disturbance of the layer their stratigraphic sequence could not be established. grave 411 lay over double grave 448&452. Several centimetres below the detected outline, centrally within pit, vestigial traces of inhumation: poorly preserved remains of mandible and teeth. No other bones detected. N of theeth, two bronze brooches (1, 2) and next to them, cluster of 35 glass and amber beads and 1 amber pendant (3–38), fragment of iron spacer ring (39). Position of grave inventory indicates burial on right side, probably, with legs flexed. Maturus. Inventory (Pl. clXXXV): 1.2. 2 bronze crossbow tendril brooch with false spring. Abruptly angular bow, triangular in cross-section. on bow and foot, metope ornament. on spring axle terminals, small applied knobs. type A.Vi.168. l.  4.7  cm, B.  4.6  cm. 3–8.  6 glass lenticular beads, translucent black, cross-section oval (3 beads) and biconical (3 beads). type close to tm 88-90. dm. 0.8–1 cm,

H. 1–1.2 cm. 9.10. 2 glass tetrahedral beads, opaque base with small leaves in and a border in red. type tm 354b. H. 1.2 cm, B. 1 cm. 11. glass barrel bead, on transparent blue base eyes with dark blue centre and white border. type tm 225a. dm. 1.3 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 12. glass barrel bead, opaque black base with a sinuous linear design in white. type tm 263a. dm. 1.8 cm, H. 1.4 cm. 13.14. 2 glass cylindrical beads, transparent green base with oblique streaks in white. type close to 307a. dm. 0.8 and 0.9 cm, H. 2.1 cm. 15–18. 4 glass hexahedral beads, transparent dark lilac. type tm 119. H. 1.3–1.4 cm, B. 0.7 cm. 19. glass bead, opaque red. type tm 77. dm. 0.6 cm, H. 1.3 cm. 20. glass barrel bead, opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 21. glass tubular hexahedral bead, opaque dark blue. group tm Xii, atypical. H. 1.7 cm, B. 0.4 cm. 22. glass segmented bead, of three segments, transparent dark blue. type tm 91a. dm. 0.9 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 23. glass cylindrical bead, transparent pale green base with vertical trails in white and red. type tm 307c. dm. 0.7 cm, H. 1.4 cm. 24.  glass melon bead, segmented, of two segments, transparent dark blue. type close to tm 103. dm. 0.7 cm, H.  1  cm. 25.26.  2 amber cubooctohedral beads, which carefully ground faces. type close to tm  405. H.  1 and 0.9 cm, B. 0.9 and 0.7 cm. 27–30. 4 amber annular beads. type tm 388. dm. 0.6–1.1 cm, H. 0.3–0.7 cm. 31. Amber annular bead, asymmetric. type close to tm  389. dm. 2.7 cm, H. 0.9 cm. 32–37. 6 amber eight-shape beads. type tm 465. H. 1–1.3 cm. 38. Amber wedge-shaped pendant. Atypical. H. 1.8 cm, B. 1.4 cm. 39. iron ring, profiled cross-section, incomplete. reconst. dm. ca 2.5 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 412 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-20B At ca 0.6 m, by NW corner of pit inhumation grave 469, irregular yellow-grey feature within which, concentration of sherds and burnt bones; lower down, incomplete urn (2). Among sherds and bone fragments, iron nail (1). Female (?), maturus. Inventory (Pl. clXXX): 1. iron nail. Head with half-round head showing careful execution, on upper shaft, decorative incisions; bent, lower end broken off; upper and lower shaft round in cross-section, middle rectangular in cross-section. Surviving l. 6.1 cm. 2. reconst. upper part of pottery vessel. dark brown, with patches of grey, smoothed. type close to rW Vic. rdm. 15 cm, Bddm. 10.5 cm, reconst. H. 12 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 413 (inhumation) Sq 16-17C, 17-17A At ca  0.7  m, within yellow natural sand, aligned NNeSSW, rectangular 2.3×0.8 m outline of grave pit with fill of yellow-orange-red-grey sand. By NW corner, posthole dm. ca 15–20 cm with rounded end, driven several centimetres below grave bottom. ca 0.2 m below the detected grave outline, burial level with incomplete remains of skeleton:

107 fragments of mandible, 6 teeth and lower arm bones, their position implying burial on right side. Near mandible, silver S-clasp (5), two silver capsule pendants (6, 7), two bronze brooches (1, 2). ca 0.4 m away, next to arm bones, two bronze bracelets (3, 4). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. clXXXVi): 1.2. 2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on bow, vertical lines in imitation of filigree and triangle and ring motif. on crests, ornament of horizontal lines in imitation of filigree. one brooch with incomplete spring-covers. Next to one fibula small fragment of textile (see Appendix Vi.2). type A.ii.38/40-41. l. 4.3 cm, B. 3.6 and 3.3 cm. 3.4. 2 bronze matching Schlangenkopf bracelets. open ended hoop oval-sectioned in the middle sub-triangular in cross-section at terminals. type Wójcik iiA. dm. 6.3  cm, B.  of plano-convex terminals ca  1.6  cm. 5.  Silver S-clasp of plain wire. At centre rectangular expanded section. Broken off terminals. type close to v. müller d. Surviving l. 1.3 cm. 6.7. 2 silver capsule pendants. discs of sheet silver joined together with a loop of moulded strip of sheet attached with solder. Sides of separate pieces of sheet. on upper disc, strand of beaded wire coiled around central granule attached with solder. H. 1.7 cm, dm. 1.4 cm, B. ca 0.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Number 414 (See grave 407) Grave 415 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-20B At ca 0.8 m, aligned W-e, oval ca 0.9×0.6 m pit with dark brown-black fill rich in charcoal fragments, darkest on the edges (Pl. clXXXVi). At centre, fissured pottery urn with upper body caved in, filled with burnt bones. Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Several sherds. light brown, smoothed. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. Chronology: ? Grave 416 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 17-21A underneath cremation grave 408/417/439, at ca  1.1  m, rectangular 2.1×0.9 m outline of bottom level of grave pit aligned N-S. Fill of yellow-grey clayey sand with a border of orange-red hardpan. Within fill, disturbed by upper lying cremation grave, legible from decomposed wood, ca 1.9×0.6 m outline of log coffin with rounded ends. No traces of skeleton except for small uncharacteristic fragments found next to metal elements of grave inventory. At N end of pit, close to its W edge, in undisturbed arrangement grouped together, two bronze brooches (1, 2) and 24 glass and amber beads (3–25), interpreted as a necklace both its ends slipped together suggesting burial on right side. underneath beads, slender layer of dark-brown-grey clay standing out against the surrounding yellow-grey fill interpreted tentatively as traces of decomposed textile. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. clXXXiV, ccXlii:2.8): 1.2. 2 bronze matching crossbow brooches with a closed catchplate. Facetted

uniformly arched plano-convex bow. on foot terminal, small knobs. type A.Vi.170. l. 5 and 4.8 cm, B. 2.1 and 2 cm. 3–7. 5 glass cubooctohedral beads, transparent lilac. type tm 128. B. 0.6 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 8. glass barrel bead, opaque black base with sinuous linear design in white. type tm 263a. dm. 2 cm, H. 1.4 cm. 9. glass barrel bead, opaque black base with sinuous linear design in yellow and white. type tm 263b. dm. 1.7 cm, H. 1.5 cm. 10.11. 2 glass barrel beads, opaque black base with irregular arrangement of yellow and blue speckles. type tm 198d. dm. 1.6 cm, H. 1 and 1.2 cm. 12. glass barrel bead, opaque black base with interlaced sinuous linear design in yellow and white. type close to tm 266d. dm. 1.7 cm, H. 1.3 cm. 13. glass barrel bead, opaque base with checkerboard pattern in red, yellow, black and white. type tm 366b. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1.4 cm. 14. glass barrel bead, transparent green base with applied irregular design in red. type close to tm 243b. dm. 1.4  cm, H.  1  cm. 15.  glass barrel bead, transparent green base with applied irregular design in white. type close to tm 266k. dm. 1.6 cm, H. 1 cm. 16. glass barrel bead, opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 1 cm. 17. glass barrel bead, opaque green. type tm 8. dm. 1.3 cm, H. 1 cm. 18. glass cylindrical bead, opaque white base with decorative band in green and yellow, border of black and within, small flowers and leaves in red. type close to tm  358. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1.6 cm. 19. glass ridged bead, transparent pale green. type tm 182b. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 2 cm. 20. glass barrel bead, opaque white base with residual eyes in black and red. incomplete. type close to tm 216. reconst. dm. ca 1.4 cm. 21. glass lenticular bead, translucent black. type close to tm 88-90. dm. 1 cm, H. 1 cm. 22. Amber tetrahedral bead. type tm 411. H. 2 cm, B. 0.7 cm. 23–25. 3 amber eight-shape beads (one incomplete). type tm 465. H. 1.1–1.3 cm. 26. Amber disc bead. type close to tm 430. dm. 2.2 cm, H. 0.9 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA/iVB. Number 417 (See grave 408) Grave 418 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 16-20D At ca 1.1 m, within natural clayey sand, irregular outline of grave pit with fill of grey-orange-red soil and some discolouration from charcoal and ash, interpreted as bottom level of disturbed cremation grave. At centre, lower body of flattened urn and small fragments of burnt bone. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. clXXXVi): 1. reconst. pottery vessel. dark brown, smoothed. type rW ViB. rdm. 14.5 cm, Bddm. 18 cm, Bdm. 8.5 cm, H. 10 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 419/422 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-20D At ca 0.9 m within a patch of disturbed earth, concentration of sherds next to which, small quantity of burnt bones. ca 0.8 m S of this concentration on the same level, more sherds

108 from same vessel and burnt bones, recorded as no. 422. Both concentrations interpreted as traces of destroyed urn grave (Pl. clXXXii). Bones missing. Inventory:  1.  Several sherds. orange brown, cursorily smoothed. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. Chronology: ? Number 420 (See grave 407) Grave 421/444 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-18A At Ne end of pit of grave 411 at ca 0.7 m, sub-circular outline of pit with fill of grey-yellow sand. At bottom, lower body of urn filled with burnt bones recorded as no. 421. Several sherds from same vessel observed Ne of this spot were recorded as no. 444. Male, maturus. Inventory (Pl. clXXXVii, ccXliV:6): 1. reconst. pottery vessel. Wheel coiling technique. Vase-like form, with separate rim and base. exterior dull, grey-orange-brown with black patches, partly worn away. Well fired body. on upper body two sinuous lines between three cordons, two lower cordons with diagonal incisions. Schindler group Vii, type Weklice acc. to Natuniewicz. rdm. 30.5 cm, Bddm. 39.5 cm, Bdm. 15 cm, H. 30 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA.

yellow and brown with small flowers and small leaves. type tm 358. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 1.9 cm. 5. glass cylindrical bead, opaque white base with decorative band in navy blue and red. type close to tm 322. dm. 1.1 cm, H. 1.9 cm. 6. glass barrel bead, opaque red base with a broad decorative band in green with small four-petalled flowers in yellow and red. type tm 356a. dm. 1.7 cm, H. 1.4 cm. 7–14. 8 glass cubooctohedral beads, transparent lilac. type tm  128. B. 0.6 cm, H. 1 cm. 15. Bone three-layer comb. Side plates and teeth incomplete. type Thomas i. Surviving H. 2.6 cm, surviving l. 6 cm. 16. Bronze needle, both ends broken. Surviving l.  3.7  cm. 17.  clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. H. 3.3 cm, dm. 4.2 cm. 18. reconst. miniature pottery vessel. light brown, smoothed. type close to rW XViii. rdm. 5 cm, reconst. Bddm. 8.2 cm, surviving H. 6.8 cm. Chronology: stadium iVB. Grave 424 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-21C At ca 0.7 m, within disturbed slumping layer, concentration of small sherds and burnt bones (Pl. clXXXii). Bones missing. Inventory:  1.  Several sherds. orange-brown, cursorily smoothed. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. Chronology: ?

Number 422 (See grave 419)

Number 425 (See grave 433)

Grave 423 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 17-18B At ca 1.1 m, intruding on Ne margin of grave 455 and on grave 438, aligned N-S with slight deflection W, rectangular outline of grave pit, 2.6×0.7–0.9 m. Fill of yellow-grey lightly clayey sand with a border of orange-red hardpan. 0.2 m lower down, centrally within pit, on its right side, poorly preserved cranium with fragment of mandible. At chest level, scattered teeth and substantially fragmented vertebrae and arm bones from evidently disturbed inhumation originally probably placed on its right side. By left temple, bronze needle (16), below neck, 8 glass cubooctohedral beads (7–14), at lower rib level by the right side of inhumation, three glass mosaic beads (4–6) and three bronze brooches (1–3), two of them foot pointing up. At conjectured elbow level, next to right arm, small pottery vessel (18) next to which, clay spindlewhorl (17) and fragments of poorly preserved bone comb (15). Maturus. Inventory (Pl. clXXXViii, ccXlii:5):  1.2.  2 bronze matching crossbow brooches with a closed catchplate. uniformly arched trapeze-sectioned bows. on foot terminal, small knob. on spring axle terminals, knobs. on one fibula spring small fragment of textile survived (see Appendix Vi.2). type A.Vi.170. l.  4.6  cm, B.  1.7  cm. 3.  Bronze crossbow brooch with a  closed catchplate. uniformly arched triangular-sectioned bow. At bow-foot junction, small crest. type A.Vi.170. l. 4.6 cm, B. 1.8 cm. 4. glass cylindrical bead, opaque white base with decorative band in

Grave 426 (inhumation, disturbed, robbed?) Sq 17-18A At ca  0.75  m, poorly legible large rectangular outline of grave pit, ca 0.3 m lower down observed as 2×0.8 m feature which intruded on Ne corner of grave 434 and disturbed grave 289/436 on its e side. At pit bottom within disturbed grey-yellow sand, poorly preserved cranium resting on its right side, presumably in original position, teeth, fragment of clavicle and fragments of arm bones. over the head, comb (4) and clay spindlewhorl (5), on clavicle, bronze brooch (1); at conjectured hip level, iron buckle (2), higher up, amber bead (3). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXcii): 1. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch with false spring. Facetted uniformly arched oval-sectioned bow. on spring axle terminals, knobs with constriction; next to them, as well as on the head, bow and foot terminal, coiled beaded wire. type A.Vi.168. l. 5 cm, B. 5.1 cm. 2. iron unipartite buckle with rectangular frame, corroded. type ml g1. l. 2.3 cm, B. 3.6 cm. 3. Amber disc bead. type tm 430. dm. 2.7 cm, H. 1 cm. 4. Bone three-layer comb. Side plates and teeth incomplete. type Thomas i. Surviving H. 3.4 cm, surviving l. 7.6 cm. 5. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. H. 2 cm, dm. 2.8 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Feature 427 (modern – World War ii) Sq 14-17D, 14-18CD Feature 428 (modern – World War ii) Sq 14-17ABCD

109 Grave 429 (inhumation in expanded log boat coffin, disturbed) Sq 16-20D, 16-21C, 17-20B, 17-21A At 0.7  m (N end) and 1.2  m (S end), sub-rectangular ca 4×1.05 m outline of grave pit Ne end intruded on by cremation grave 430, SW area lost to inhumation grave 465. Below its S fragment of pit, inhumation grave 467. Pit fill of yellow-grey lightly clayey sand. centrally within grave pit, distinct ca  3.8×0.6  m outline of expanded log boat, pointed bow, contour of stern less discernible but possibly also pointed (Pl. ccXXXi:4). Judging from surviving traces, boat sides had an average thickness of a  few centimetres, and could be traced from a  2–3 mm slender layer of caulking. outline of the hull incomplete, due to intrusion from graves 430 and 465. in longitudinal profile the boat had a flat shape slightly undercut at the bow, its cross-section half-round (Pl. ccXXXi:3), with a slight flattening of the bottom. By the keel section of the hull, ca 1.05 m long charred timber (oak – see Appendix Vi.3) with traces of knots from by removed branches. At N end of boat, poorly preserved remains of inhumation: outlined in bone residue, mandible and teeth below which, 2 bronze brooches (1, 2), 4 glass beads (4–7), and bronze sheet fragment (3). Position of mandible and elements of grave inventory right next implies seated burial, with head propped up on the edge of the hull. Female (?), late iuvenis. Inventory (Pl. cXc): 1.2. 2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on bow, vertical lines, on crest, horizontal imitation of filigree. Spring, spring-cover and pins incomplete. on both brooches near the head, residue of yarn used to additionally secure the brooch to clothing (see Appendix Vi.2). type A.ii.40-41. l. 4.6 cm. 4 cm. 3. Bronze sheet, capsule pendant disc (?) fragment. corroded. l. 1.4 cm. 4–7. 4 glass segmented beads, of three segments (3 beads), four segments (1 bead), plain glass with gold foil. type tm  387b. dm. 0.4–0.6  cm, H.  1–1.4  cm. 8. iron object heavily corroded (belt buckle?) with remains of textile (see Appendix Vi.2). Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB. Grave 430 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-21C At ca 0.7 m, oval 0.6×0.5 m outline of grave pit intruding on Ne edge of grave 429 (Pl. cXc). Fill of yellow-orange-red sand within which, sherds and large quantity of burnt bones. Male, maturus. Inventory: 1. Sherds. Brown. cursorily smoothed. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB or later (see grave 429). Grave 431 (urn cremation, disturbed) Sq 17-18B At ca 0.7 m, within natural clayey sand, irregular sub-oval 0.8×0.6 m outline of pit with fill of orange-red dark brown soil with patches of dark brown and border of orange-red hardpan. The pit continued ca 0.2 m down from detected outline and was basin-like in cross-section. At pit bottom,

lower body of urn (5) filled with burnt bones among which, clay spindlewhorl (4), partly melted two bronze bracelets, one in small fragment (2, 3), incomplete bronze brooch (1). Female, adultus or maturus. Inventory (Pl. cXci): 1. Bronze spring-cover brooch. on bow, vertical lines in imitation of filigree and opposed triangles. Spring and pin did not survive. type A.ii.40-41. Surviving l. 4.3 cm. 2.3. 2 bronze Schlangenkopf bracelets. open ended hoop with flat ribbon-like constriction in the middle. one bracelet in fragment. type Wójcik iiiB. l. of incomplete bracelet 2.6 cm, B. 2.1 cm, dm. of complete bracelet 6.8 cm, B. of plano-convex terminals ca 2.8 cm. 4. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. H. 2 cm, dm. 3.9  cm. 5.  reconst. pottery vessel. light brown to dark brown, smoothed on upper body, below, down to the base, daubed in all directions. type rW ic. rdm. 17 cm, Bddm. 20 cm, Bdm. 11 cm, H. 16 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 432 (inhumation) Sq 14-17D At ca  0.7  m aligned NNW-SSe, rectangular 2.4×0.85  m outline of grave pit, Se corner lost to cut feature associated with gravel extraction at the time of research disused and backfilled; on N side lost to corner of Feature 428. At ca 0.2 m below detected outline, pit bottom over which, well preserved skeleton, extended, arms down the body, head vertically propped with only bones of right leg. Next to right clavicle, silver brooch (1), next to left knee, small corroded iron fragments interpreted tentatively from observation made in situ as buckle (2). Male, late iuvenis, 167 cm. Inventory (Pl. cXciii, ccXXXiii:7): 1. Silver crest-headed brooch. Thickset triangular-sectioned bow with decoration of vertical lines in imitation of filigree. relatively high and diagonally set catchplate decorated with an engraved line. on crest, elaborate composition of filigree in the form strands of beaded and braided wire and braid. type close to A.V.126. l. 3.2 cm, B. 2.6 cm. 2. iron belt buckle (?), heavily corroded. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 433 (inhumation in log coffin, robbed) Sq 16-20D, 17-20B At ca 0.9 m, outline of several irregular pits in an unclear stratigraphic relationship. Within largest pit at centre, scattered burnt bones, fragments of unburnt bone and five glass beads (1–5). ca 0.5 m below the bottom of irregular pits, disturbed at centre by cut feature, distinct outline of ca 2×0.7 m rectangular grave pit, recorded as no. 433. The cut feature tapered in funnel-like fashion reaching with its bottom the level of burial, destroying its grave inventory. cranium, marked as no. 425, discovered within pure natural sand ca 0.6 m W of this robber trench originally from grave 433. Within bottom level of grave pit disturbed at centre by robbery, distinct 1.45×0.45 m outline of rectangular

110 log coffin rounded at corners at S end with two “handles” for easier lifting. At N end over coffin bottom, fragment of poorly preserved arm bone, clay spindlewhorl (15), glass bead (6), 8 amber beads (7–14), interpreted as redeposited remains of grave inventory and burial. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXcii): 1–5.  5 glass lenticular beads, translucent black. type close to tm 88-90. dm. 0.8–1 cm, H. 0.8–1 cm. 6. glass hexahedral bead, transparent lilac. type tm 119. B. 0.7 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 7. Amber tall barrel bead. type close to tm 394. dm. 1 cm, H. 1.4 cm. 8. Amber annular bead, incomplete. type tm 388. dm. 1 cm, H. 0.6 cm. 9–14. 6 amber eight-shape beads, two with a collar. type close to tm 465. H. 1.3–1.5 cm. 15. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, black, smoothed. incomplete. H. 2.4 cm, dm. 3 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 434 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 17-18A At ca 1.3 m partly under Se corner of grave 426, within yellow natural sand, aligned N-S, rectangular ca  2×1  m outline of grave pit. Within yellow-grey sand at pit bottom, half-turned skeleton resting on right side, cranium leaning right, arms flexed resting on hips, legs crossed. remains of inhumation incomplete and poorly preserved: flattened cranium with mandible, fragments of clavicles and arm bones, both femurs and right tibia with traces of the fibula. under mandible, silver S-clasp (7), at level of clavicles, two bronze brooches (1, 2), over right shoulder, iron brooch with gilded silver foil (3). on arm bones, two silver bracelets (4, 5) between which, corroded iron buckle (6). Male (?), maturus, ca 166–168 cm. Inventory (Pl. clXXXiX, cXc, ccXXXViii:3): 1.2. 2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on bow, vertical lines in imitation of filigree, on crest, horizontal lines in imitation of filigree, on spring-cover, deep vertical grooves. type A.ii.40-41. l. 3.4 cm, B. 3 and 3.2 cm. 3. iron crest-headed brooch, angular bow, triangular in cross-section, laid with gilded silver foil, plain on the bow, on crest with stamped plaitwork motif, diagonal incisions and imitation filigree. type close to A.V.132. l. 3.3 cm, B. 2.3 cm. 4.5.  2 silver matching Schlangenkopf bracelets. open ended hoop plano-convex in cross-section in the middle, sub-triangular in cross-section at terminals. on terminal ends attached with solder, beaded wire partly concealed by in part separately soldered to half-round strip of sheet decorated with short diagonal lines. type Wójcik iiiA. dm. 5.9 cm, B. of plano-convex terminals ca 2 cm. 6. iron bipartite buckle with rectangular frame. type ml g46. l. 3 cm, B. 4 cm. 7. Silver S-clasp of plain wire. on terminals, conical knobs with engraved lines radiating from centre of the knob to the edges. At centre, rectangular expanded section with motif of intersecting lines. type v. müller d. l. 1.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB.

Grave 435 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-18B At ca 0.6 m, within patch of darker soil, flattened pottery vessel (2) surrounded by burnt bones and stones. At centre of concentration, clay spindlewhorl (1). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXci):  1.  clay spindlewhorl, biconical, black, asymmetric. decorated with incised horizontal lines and rows of shorter oblique lines. H.  2.5  cm, dm. 3.3 cm. 2. reconst. pottery vessel with surviving handle. light brown, cursorily smoothed. type rW XViA. rdm. 12.5 cm, Bddm. 14.5 cm, surviving H. 9 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Number 436 (See grave 289) Grave 437 (urn cremation disturbed) Sq 17-21C At ca 1.4 m, within pure sand rich in hardpan precipitates, lower body of urn filled with burnt bones; other elements of grave inventory not detected. Infans II. Inventory (Pl. clXXXii):  1.  reconst. pottery vessel. medium to dark brown, upper body cursorily smoothed, lower body roughened. temper of coarse-grained crushed stone. type rW ViA. rdm. 21 cm, Bddm. 22 cm, Bdm. 11 cm, H. 16 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 438 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 17-18B under cremation grave 407/414/420 and under inhumation grave 423, at ca 1.4 m, aligned NW-Se, rectangular ca 2.2×1 m outline of grave pit largely lost to cut feature of no. 423. At pit bottom, within fill of grey-yellow sand with border of hardpan with signs of secondary disturbance, less disturbed only in NW area, square ca 50×50 cm outline of bottom of container of organic material (wood?) within which, clay spindlewhorl (4) and 3 amber beads (1–3). traces of skeleton not detected. Inventory (Pl. cXcV):  1.  Amber eight-shape bead, with collar and hole for suspension, the latter fractured. type undefined. Surviving H. 1.4 cm. 2.3. 2 amber eight-shape beads. type close to tm 471d. H. 1.1 and 1.4 cm. 4. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. H. 2.6 cm, dm. 3.2 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Number 439 (See grave 408) Grave 440 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 16-20D, 17-20B At ca 0.95 m, aligned N-S, rectangular 2.3×1.1 m outline of grave pit with evidently disturbed top level. in SW corner, pottery and burnt bones from destroyed cremation grave 443. traces of skeleton not detected, grave goods represented by bronze buckle (1) and strap end (2). on its W side the pit was in contact with the pit of grave 454. Inventory (Pl. cXcV): 1. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate, originally with three rivet holes (two surviving) with replacement rivets in the form of wire threaded through

111 the rivet hole their ends hammered flush. Buckle plate incomplete. type close to ml d29. l. 3.4 cm, B. 3.3 cm. 2. Bronze strap end, rectangular, with wolf-tooth pattern (Wolfzahnmuster). Attachment end with two rivets with silver half-round heads. type close to r J.iV.1. l. 5 cm, B. 2.1 cm. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 441 (inhumation in expanded log boat coffin, robbed) Sq 16-21C, 17-21A At ca 0.9 m, aligned N-S, large rectangular 2.6×0.9 m outline of grave pit centrally within which, faint traces of irregular robber trench. NW corner of pit intruding on grave 401, its e fragment, on grave 453. Within fill of lightly clayey yellow-grey sand centrally at pit bottom, distinct 2.35×0.45 outline of expanded log boat, with pointed bow and poorly legible stern, probably truncated; nearly half-round in cross-section with lightly flattened bottom. outline of boat sides irregular, presumably due to removal of horizontal boat timbers to make room for inhumation after which the boat collapsed under the weight of the overlying deposit. Burial disturbed by robbery, only in N area of boat coffin, teeth next to which, fragmented glass bead (3), and moving S, incomplete bronze brooch (1) and bronze buckle (2). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. clXXXiX):  1.  Bronze crossbow tendril brooch with false spring. Abruptly angular triangular-sectioned bow. on bow and foot, metope ornament. on spring terminals and head, knobs. damaged pin. type A.Vi.168. l. 3.9 cm, B. 4.8 cm. 2. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular plate with two rivets. type ml e12. l. 3.4 cm, B. 3.2 cm. 3. glass bead, opaque green. in fragments. type undefined. Chronology: stadium V. Grave 442 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-21A At ca  0.8  m, yellow-grey outline, ca  0.3×0.3  m, within which, small sherds from miniature pottery vessel and small quantity of burnt bone fragments. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXcVi):  1.  reconst. miniature pottery vessel. Brown, smoothed. type close to rW XViii. rdm. 7.2 cm, Bddm. 7.4 cm, Bdm. 4 cm, H. 6.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 443 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-20B in SW corner of pit grave 440 within its upper level in a patch of dark grey soil, small sherds and burnt bones, interpreted as traces of destroyed cremation grave (Pl. cXcV). Male, maturus. Inventory: 1. Sherds. Brown, cursorily smoothed. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. Chronology: stadium V (?) (see grave 440). Grave 444A-D (cremation with 4 urns in one pit, disturbed) Sq 17-18A overlying directly grave 448&452, at ca 0.8 m, sub-oval 0.9×0.65 m outline of pit extending down ca 0.25 m from

the level of detection. Within pit fill of grey-yellow clayey sand, four eroded urns (nos 444A, 444B, 444c and 444d) (Pl. cXcVi) filled with burnt bones. in urn no. 444c, clay spindlewhorl (1). The vessels disintegrated during lifting, only vessel 444d could be reassembled. grave pit bottom lay directly over margin of log coffin in grave 448. Burial 444A: bones undefined; Burial 444B: male (?), adultus; Burial 444C: bones undefined; Burial 444D: male (?), iuvenis or adultus. Inventory (Burial 444A):  1.  Sherds. Brown, cursorily smoothed. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. Inventory (Burial 444B):  1.  Sherds. Brown to orange-brown, in places grey, cursorily smoothed. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. Inventory (Burial 444C) (Pl. cXcVi):  1.  clay spindlewhorl, biconical, yellow-dark brown. H.  2.6  cm, dm. 3.4  cm. 2.  Several score sherds. dark brown to orange-brown, cursorily smoothed. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. Inventory (Burial 444D) (Pl. cXcVi): 1. reconst. pottery vessel, originally with three handles attached on a plug (one surviving handle and some handle stubs). dark brown with black patches, smoothed. type rW iVA. rdm. 24 cm, Bddm. 34 cm, Bdm. 12 cm, H. 29 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 445 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 17-18B At ca 0.8 m, aligned NNW-SSe, indistinct sub-rectangular 2.1×0.8 m outline of grave pit disturbed at centre by robber trench sunk to below pit bottom. Burial destroyed, only small fragments of decomposed bones and bronze strap end. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXciV): 1. Bronze strap end, with a hole, tapering to short oval-sectioned tip. Attachment end with one rivet. lower plate of attachment end broken off and repaired by riveting to upper plate. type close to r J.ii.3. l. 4.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 446 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 17-18ABCD At ca 1.2 m, indistinct sub-rectangular ca 2.2×0.7 m outline of bottom level of grave pit, upper level lost to robber trench (its outline not detected). Within disturbed yellow-grey clayey sand by N edge of pit, fragmented cranium, definitely redeposited as it was facing N. under cranium, bronze brooch (1) and amber bead (2). No other remains of burial detected. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXciV): 1. Bronze crossbow tendril brooch with false spring. Abruptly angular rectangular-sectioned bow. on bow and foot, metope ornament. on head, half-round knob. incomplete spring. Fragments of textile surviving on fibula (see Appendix Vi.2). type A.Vi.168. l. 4.3 cm, surviving B. 2 cm. 2. Amber eight-shape bead. type close to tm tm 471d. H. 1.5 cm. Chronology: stadium V.

112 Grave 447 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 17-18AC At ca 1.4 m, large robber trench intruding also on S end of grave 448&452. ca 0.2 m below, at bottom of robber trench, bottom level of pit of inhumation grave legible only at its S end (Pl. cXciV). Within grey-yellow clayey sand, presumably resting on secondary deposit, partly flattened upper cranium next to which, three amber beads (2–4) and one faience bead (1). other remains of burial and grave inventory not detected. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXciii): 1. Faience melon bead, opaque willow green, partly eroded glaze. type tm 171. dm. 1.7 cm, H. 1.3 cm. 2. Amber barrel bead. type close to tm 431. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1.4 cm. 3. Amber plano-convex bead. type close to tm 430. dm. 2.3 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 4. Amber annular bead, incomplete. type close to tm 389. dm. 2.3 cm, H. 0.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 448&452 (two inhumations in one pit: no. 448 in log coffin, no. 452 in expanded log boat coffin, disturbed) Sq 17-18A At ca  1.4  m, under graves 411 and 444A–d, large subrectangular ca 3.2×1 m outline of grave pit. S end of pit illegible, lost to robber trench (see grave 447). Pit fill of yellow-grey clayey sand with a border of hardpan. centrally within pit on the same level, two distinct coffin outlines legible from layer of decomposed wood: log coffin no. 448 and log boat coffin inserted over it destroying the inhumation below, especially in its S end. No traces detected of two robber trenches, one for each burial, but robbery cannot be ruled out. Nevertheless it is improbable that both burials were deposited in the pit at the same time and definitely the boat was inserted before the mouldering of log coffin, ie, shortly after the first burial. Burial 448 (inhumation in log coffin) Within rectangular ca 2.5×0.7 m log coffin rounded at the corners flattened and disturbed by boat coffin (no. 452), inhumation and incomplete (?) grave inventory. under boat, presumably on primary deposit, poorly preserved upper fragment of right femur with over it, bronze buckle (4). under bow of the boat, side by side, three bronze brooches (1–3), above the bow, poorly preserved cranium fragment resting on its left side next to which, clavicle, vertebra and two bronze strap ends (5, 6). Male, adultus. Inventory (Pl. cXcVii, ccXXXiX:4): 1. Bronze crossbow brooch with high catchplate. Facetted uniformly arched bow, oval in cross-section. Small projection on the head. type close to A.Vii series 2. l. 3.3 cm, B. 2 cm. 2. Bronze crossbow brooch with high catchplate. Facetted uniformly arched round-sectioned bow. At bow and foot junction, small crest. on the head, small projection. type close to A.Vii. series 2. l.  3.4  cm, B.  2  cm. 3.  Bronze crossbow tendril brooch. uniformly arched plano-convex bow. damaged foot and pin. on one of spring axle terminals, applied knob. type A.Vi.162. l. 4.3 cm, B. 1.3 cm. 4. Bronze

bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate fashioned from one sheet of bronze with four rivets and a forked buckle pin. Second row of rivets secured using rectangular washers. on underside, residue of leather. type close to ml g40. l. 10 cm, B. 5.3 cm. 5-6. 2 bronze matching strap ends, oval-sectioned terminal with spherical knob and wedge-shaped round-sectioned tip. triangular attachment end (incomplete) with one rivet. type close to r o.4. l. 5.3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB (?) Burial 452 (inhumation in log boat coffin) ca 2.3 long outline of expanded log boat, with pointed prow, maximum width ca  0.55  m, no surviving stern, interpreted as half of large boat cut down to size to fit the inhumation. These are dimensions grasped at the bottom level (ca 0.2 above pit bottom), originally the boat would have been wider with half-round bottom flattened by the weight of overlying deposit, partly due to removal of horizontal boat timbers to make room for the inhumation. Within yellow-orange-red-grey clayey sand, in the bows, outline of cranium traced from bone residue, resting on right side, mandible open, teeth lamellae, outline of femurs, fragments of forearms surviving inside bracelets, implying burial on right side, legs flexed, right arm resting on chest, left extended. in undisturbed position: above left temple, bronze brooch (3), on shoulder, two silver brooches (1, 2), on left side of chest, silver crossbow brooch (4) next to which, amber axe pendant (41). Next to mandible, glass setting (?) (42). From mandible down ca 0.35 m row of beads with, at top, thickset bronze S-clasp (9): 14 large amber beads (26–39), large glass bead (10), separated by fifteen medium-size and small glass beads (11–25). Some beads within bracelet (5) on the right arm, where also large amber bead with bronze binding (40), and bronze belt tag and ring (8). These last elements (8, 40) more likely belonged to a separate pendant or were deposited in a pouch together with amulets (Pl. cXcViii). other beads presumably belong to the same necklace which shifted position (both its ends slipped onto one another) when the body was laid on its side. on each arm, silver bracelet (5, 6), at waist level, bronze buckle (7). Female, late maturus, ca 157–159 cm. Inventory (Pl. cXcViii–cci, ccXXXViii:8.9, ccXli:11.12, ccXlii:19, ccXliii:1.2.21):  1.2.  2 silver matching spring-cover brooches. on bow, vertical lines in imitation of filigree. on crest, horizontal lines in imitation of filigree and chevrons. High diagonally set catchplate. Thread surviving on one fibula (see Appendix Vi.2). type A.ii.40-41. l. 3.8 cm, B. 3.8 cm. 3. Bronze crest-headed brooch. on crest, pattern of diagonal lines forming triangles. High diagonally set catchplate. Thread surviving on a  fibula (see Appendix Vi.2). type close to A.V.126. l. 3.7 cm, B. 2.6 cm. 4. Silver tendril brooch with upper chord. Facetted uniformly arched rectangular-sectioned bow. on bow and foot, strand of coiled beaded wire. on spring terminals and head, knobs decorated with coils of

113 beaded wire. type close to A.Vi.162. l. 4 cm, B. 2.3 cm. 5.6. 2 silver matching Schlangenkopf bracelets. open ended flat ribbon-like hoop with 2.5 coils. type Wójcik V. max. dm. 7 and 7.6 cm, B. of plano-convex terminals ca 3.4 cm, B.  of sheet (hoops) ca  2  cm. 7.  Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivets. type ml d17. l.  3.3  cm, B.  2.7  cm. 8.  Bronze belt tag, rectangular attachment end secured with incomplete rivet (only shaft) and attached solid penannular ring. l. of attachment end 3 cm, dm. of ring 1.8 cm. 9. Bronze S-clasp of plain wire. on terminals profiled long knobs rectangular in cross-section. At centre similar expanded section. type close to v. müller c. l. 3.5 cm. 10. glass spindle-shape bead, opaque white base with blue ornament. type close to tm  347. dm. 2  cm, H.  4.8  cm. 11.  glass bead spindle-shape, opaque black base trailed around with white thread, incomplete. type tm 348b. dm. 1.5 cm, H. 2 cm. 12. glass hexahedral bead, transparent pale green. type tm 116. B. 1.3 cm, H. 2.2 cm. 13.14. 2 faience melon beads, opaque willow green. type tm 171. dm. 1.6 and 1.3 cm, H. 1.3 and 1.1 cm. 15. glass barrel bead, transparent dark blue. type tm 43. dm. 2 cm, H. 1.8 cm. 16. glass barrel bead, opaque black base with residual sinuous linear design in yellow. corroded. type close to tm 263b. dm. 2 cm, H. 1.7 cm. 17. glass barrel bead, on transparent dark blue base eyes with red centre and yellow border, incomplete. type close to tm  218. dm. 2 cm, H. 1.7 cm. 18–21. 4 glass barrel beads, opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 1–1.4 cm, H. 1–1.2 cm. 22. glass barrel bead, transparent dark green. type tm 4a. dm. 0.7 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 23. glass cubooctohedral bead, opaque orange. type tm 131. B. 0.7 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 24. glass hexahedral bead, opaque white. type tm 120. H. 1.4 cm, B. 0.9 cm. 25. Faience melon bead, opaque blue-green. eroded. type close to tm 171. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 26–39. 14 amber beads, barrel, disc, and plano-convex forms. type close to tm 430, 432, 435 and 439. dm. 2.8–4 cm, H. 1–3 cm. 40. Amber massive bead, girt on circumference and across half of its body with coiled bronze rings. type of bead close to tm 430. dm. 3 cm, H. 1.6 cm. type of ring close to type Beckmann 16. dm. 2.9 cm. type. 41. Amber axe pendant with fan-like “blade” and, originally, profiled loop for suspension, fractured and replaced with drilled hole. on both faces, pairs of concentric rings. Atypical. H. 2.6 cm, max. B. 2 cm. 42. glass setting (?), oval, light blue transparent glass, carefully ground. H. 1.4 cm, B. 1 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 449/458 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-20B At ca 0.9 m, within yellow sand, not within any discernible outline, concentration of small sherds and burnt bones, recorded as grave 449. ca 0.2 m e and 0.1 m lower down, bottom of the same vessel filled with burnt bones, no other elements of grave inventory. interpreted as original place of deposition of urn, recorded as no. 458. Maturus.

Inventory (Pl. cXciii): 1. reconst. pottery vessel. Black, smoothed upper body, roughened below. At neck base, cordon. type close to rW iV. rdm. 20.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 450 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-18A At ca 0.6 m, within circular yellow-grey outline, lower body of urn filled with burnt bones, lost to ploughing (Pl. clXXV). other elements of grave inventory not detected. Maturus. Inventory: 1. Several score sherds from urn. dark brown, cursorily smoothed. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. type probably rW iV. Chronology: stadium iiiA (?). Grave 451 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 17-21B At ca  1.2  m, rectangular ca  2.5×0.9  m outline of grave pit disturbed in S from above by remains of grave 457 (Pl. ccV). Within fill of grey-yellow clayey sand, at centre, rectangular 2.2×0.55 m outline of log coffin half-round in cross-section. At N end of coffin, outline of decomposed cranium, resting on its right side, and teeth, no traces of grave inventory. Bones missing. Inventory: none. Chronology: stadium iiB. Number 452 (See grave 448&452) Grave 453 (inhumation in log coffin, robbed) Sq 16-21C, 17-21A observed first at 1 m, under e edge of grave 441, at ca 1.2 m apparent as large rectangular 2.9×1 m outline of grave pit, centre and e fragment lost to robber trench of an irregular shape which extended to the level of inhumation. Within pit, ca 2.5×0.5 m outline of large log coffin with rounded ends, largely lost to robber trench. At undisturbed N end of coffin, bronze brooch (1), within fill of robber trench, clay spindlewhorl (2). Inventory (Pl. ccii):  1.  Bronze brooch. lightly angular plano-convex bow. on the head, crest in the form of disc. on lightly expanded foot terminal, knob. Spring incomplete, pin and catchplate did not survive. type close to A. 247, riha 3.12 and Jobst 13c. l. 2.9 cm, B. of crest 1 cm. 2. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, black. H. 2.3 cm, dm. 3.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB. Grave 454 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 16-20D, 17-20B Between graves 425/433 and 440, at ca 0.95 m, destroyed by overlying graves, rectangular 2.4×0.65 m outline of grave pit its e margin in contact with grave 440, but stratigraphic relationship between the two burials not established. in N area of pit, concentration of human teeth (Pl. ccii). other traces of burial or grave inventory not detected. Bones missing. Inventory: none. Chronology: ?

114 Grave 455 (inhumation in expanded log boat coffin, disturbed) Sq 17-18BD At 1.6  m, legible from concentration of hardpan on its margin, aligned NNW-SSe, rectangular ca 2×1 m outline of grave pit. Pit fill of yellow-grey sand mixed with small pieces of charcoal (see Appendix Vi.3). At centre, distinct outline of expanded log boat, pointed bow legible from pulp of decomposed wood. S fragment of end grave pit and boat lost to cut feature of undetermined function. Presumably the boat was not deposited in the grave whole but with its stern end cut off, perhaps even up to half of its full length. Surviving dimensions of boat were 2×0.55 m but the truncation must have been at least 0.7–0.9 m further to S given the presence at S end of pit in its original position fragment of pelvis and bronze buckle (4). Boat bottom observed in sections rounded with a  light flattening. At S margin of grave pit outline, within cut feature, 35×30×20 cm stone, one face smooth apparently worked, originally in alignment with boat to seal the truncated end of coffin but dislodged by cut feature. Within log boat coffin, skeleton in vestigial condition of bone pulp, and, partly scattered, grave inventory. only within bow end, incomplete ca 30×20 cm outline of wooden casket over which, bronze key (44), going down, two small pottery vessels (45–46) and large glass bead (5). At about mid-length of coffin, fragments of upper cranium next to which, scattered, apparently redeposited: three bronze brooches (1–3), 38 amber and glass beads (6–43). Bones undefined. Inventory (Pl. cciii–cciV):  1.2.  2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on bow and foot, between vertical and horizontal lines, triangle and ring motif. Both catchplates incomplete, relatively high and diagonally set. one brooch retaining fragment of textile complete with yarn used to secure the ornament to clothing (see Appendix Vi.2). type A.ii.40-41. l. 4 and 3.8 cm, B. 4 and 3.6 cm. 3. Bronze crossbow brooch with high catchplate. Facetted oval-sectioned bow. on bow, strand of coiled beaded wire. on foot terminal, knob. type A.Vii. series 1. l. 2.9 cm, B. 1.3 cm. 4. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivets. type ml d17. l. 4 cm, B. 3.4 cm. 5.  glass plano-convex bead, transparent pale green base with applied spiral trails in yellow and green. type close to tm 193. dm. 2.1 cm, H. 0.9 cm. 6. glass melon bead, transparent dark blue. type tm 163. dm. 1.7 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 7–9. 3 glass barrel beads, on opaque red base eyes with black centre and white border. type tm 223a. dm. 0.9–1.1 cm. 10.11. 2 glass barrel beads, transparent dark blue base with sinuous linear design in white. type tm 260a. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1 cm. 12–17. 6 glass barrel beads, opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 0.7–1.4 cm, H. 0.8–1 cm. 18. glass barrel bead, on opaque green base eyes with black centre and white border. incomplete. type close to tm 221. dm. ca 1.1 cm. 19–42. 24 amber annular and barrel beads, asymmetric. types tm 388-389 and 394. dm. 1–2.2 cm,

H. 0.5–1.4 cm. 43. Amber annular pendant with set off hole for suspension. dm. 1.7 cm, H. 1.7 cm. 44. Bronze casket lock key, u-shaped bit round-sectioned with rectangular-sectioned shaft. end of shaft folded into loop. on shaft, in three groups, pattern of intersecting lines between vertical lines. type Kokowski A2. l. 11 cm. 45. miniature pottery vessel. light brown, smoothed. type close to rW  Xiic. rdm. 3.3 cm, Bddm. 8.7 cm, Bdm. 5 cm, H. 8 cm. 46. miniature pottery vessel with one handle. light brown, cursorily smoothed. type close to rW XViic. rdm. 5 cm, Bddm. 5.7 cm, Bdm. 3.5 cm, H. 3.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB. Grave 456 (inhumation in log coffin, destroyed) Sq 17-21A At ca 1.1 m, rectangular 1.4×0.8 m outline of grave pit. Fill of yellow-orange-red-grey clayey sand with border of hardpan. centrally within pit, ca 1.2×0.55 m outline of log coffin with rounded N end, half-round cross-section, flattened bottom. Within grey-yellow coffin fill darker than grave pit fill, at N end, two teeth and fragment of arm bone next to which, two bronze brooches (1, 2); at its S end, bronze buckle fragments (3). inhumation lost to cut feature of obscure function, its outline detected at S end. Within this cut feature (recorded as no. 462), smudges of black earth interpreted as wood residue from destroyed S coffin end. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. ccii): 1.2. 2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on bow, between lines in imitation of filigree, triangle and ring motif. one brooch retaining textile fragment (see Appendix Vi.2). type A.ii.40-41. l.  3.9 and 3.6 cm, B. 3.1 and 3.3 cm. 3. Bronze bipartite buckle fragment: buckle plate with two rivets and buckle frame, both incomplete. group ml d, type undefined. l.  of buckle plate 1.7 cm, B. 3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Grave 457 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 17-21B Within S area of pit of grave 451, its bottom intruding on the fill of log coffin, oval 0.45×0.4  m outline detected above the level of grave 451. Within yellow-grey sand, flattened urn filled with burnt bones. Female (?), maturus. Inventory (Pl. ccV): 1. reconst. pottery vessel. Brown, with patches of dark brown, cursorily smoothed on upper and lower body, roughened in the middle. type rW iB. rdm. 16.5 cm, Bddm. 19.5 cm, surviving H. 20 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA. Number 458 (See grave 449) Feature 459 (cut feature intruding on grave 466; see grave 466) Number 460 (Free)

115 Grave 461 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 17-17BD At ca 1.4 m, rectangular ca 1.7×0.75 m outline of grave pit, its upper fill with evident traces of disturbance, possibly, by robbery (Pl. ccViii). in e area of pit, next to flat stone, concentration of burnt bones and small sherds from pottery vessel, recorded as grave 461A. At N end over pit bottom, overturned mandible and other bones scattered within the pit. grave inventory not detected. Late maturus. Inventory: none. Chronology: ? Grave 461A (urn cremation?, destroyed) Sq 17-17B At e end of pit of inhumation no. 461, concentration of burnt bones and sherds from pottery vessel, clustering around flat stone (Pl. ccViii). other elements of grave inventory not detected. Bones missing. Inventory: 1. Several sherds. Brown, cursorily smoothed. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. Chronology: ? Feature 462 (cut feature intruding on grave 456; see grave 456) Grave 463 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 17-20BD At ca 1.2 m, sub-rectangular 2.2×0.7 m outline of pit its upper level with poorly discernible signs of disturbance from cut feature which ca 0.2 m lower down extended to the level of inhumation intruding on log coffin and its furnishings. N end of outline of coffin still legible, S end recoverable. N end of coffin rectangular, 0.4 m wide, ca 1.4 m long. N of coffin, ca 22×28 cm outline of bottom of wodden container, poorly legible but with one right angle discernible on W side, another corner rounded. Within casket outline, two sherds, third fragment discovered at S end of grave. Within coffin and outside, scattered small fragments of skeleton, glass and amber beads (2–11) bronze strap end (1), in S part of coffin, clay spindlewhorl (12). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. ccVi, ccXliii:10): 1. Bronze strap end, terminal with expanded section with hole poorly separated tip. incomplete. type close to r J.ii.3. l. 4.4 cm. 2. glass barrel bead, opaque red base with decorative band in green and small leaves in yellow and red. type tm 356a. dm. 1.5 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 3–6. 4 glass lenticular beads, translucent black. type close to tm 88-90. dm. 1 cm, H. 1–1.3 cm. 7–11. 5 amber eight-shape beads, with collar. type close to t-m 471e. H. 1.5–1.7 cm. 12. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. H. 2.3 cm, dm. 3.8 cm. 13. 3 fragments of pottery vessel. dark brown, smoothed. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 464 (urn cremation, destroyed) Sq 16-21D, 17-21B At ca 0.7 m, within pure sand, oval ca 0.5×0.4 m pit with yellow-grey fill. The pit was basin-like in cross-section and continued for ca 0.2 m below the detected level. At centre,

flattened inverted vessel within which, small quantity of burnt bones. Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. cXciV): 1. reconst. pottery vessel. dark brown to light brown, smoothed. type rW  Vic. rdm. 17.5 cm, Bddm. 21.8 cm, Bdm. 11.5 cm, H. 12 cm. Chronology: stadium iVA. Grave 465 (inhumation in log coffin, disturbed) Sq 17-20B, 17-21A At ca 0.95 m, intruding on SW end of boat burial no. 429, rectangular 1.8×0.5 m grave pit. upper level seriously disturbed by animal burrows. Fill of reddish-grey sand with border of hardpan and irregular composition implying secondary disturbance of the level of inhumation. traces of skeleton not detected, only centrally within pit, bronze buckle (1) and strap end (2), at some distance, bronze pin (3). Inventory (Pl. ccVi): 1. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivets. type ml d17. l. 3.8 cm, B.  3.7  cm. 2.  Bronze strap end, ring terminal with fan-shaped tip with three openings, decorated with vertical lines. Attachment end and tip damaged. group r J.ii, type undefined. l. 7.9 cm. 3. Bronze pin, half-round head accentuated by grooves, ornament of engraved intersecting lines. tip broken off. Beckmann group iii, type Weklice acc. to Juga-Szymańska. Surviving l. 5.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 466 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 17-20B At ca  1  m, irregular extended 2.5×0.7–0.9  m outline of pit originally recorded as no. 459 (not documentated by drawing), interpreted as cut feature (robber trench?) which intruded on pit of an inhumation grave. ca 0.2 m below detected outline, at bottom of the cut feature, bottom level of ca 2.4×0.75 m pit, recorded as no. 466. Within its fill, cluster of teeth as the only trace of skeleton, lower down, nearby, two bronze brooches (1, 2). By N end of grave pit upright, small pottery vessel (3). Bones missing. Inventory (Pl. ccV): 1. Bronze crest-headed brooch with iron spring axle. on bow and crest, lines in imitation of filigree. Pin incomplete. on heads of both, residue of yarn used to additionally secure the brooch to clothing (see Appendix Vi.2). type A.V.128. l. 3 cm, B. 2.4 cm. 2. Bronze crest-headed brooch with iron axle spring. on bow and crest, lines in imitation of filigree. Spring and catchplate incomplete, pin did not survive. type A.V.128. l. 3.1 cm. 3. Pottery vessel with broken off handle. Brown, cursorily smoothed type rW XVB. rdm. 7 cm, Bddm. 8.3 cm, Bdm. 6.5 cm, H. 6 cm. Chronology: stadium iic. Grave 467 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 17-20B, 17-21A under S fragment of grave 429 and fully under grave 465, at ca  1.2  m, aligned NNW-SSe, rectangular 2.05×0.8  m outline of grave pit bottom. Fill of yellow-grey clayey sand.

116 No surviving skeleton but elements of grave inventory undisturbed, suggesting inhumation on its right side, group of ornaments originally resting probably on upper chest with highest up, two silver brooches (1, 2) between which, silver S-clasp (7). Presumably at right shoulder, iron brooch with silver foil (3), two large amber beads (9, 10) and glass bead (8). At conjectured hip level, two silver bracelets (4, 5) e of which, rectangular ca 23×20 cm outline of wooden (?) container within which, corroded iron belt tag (6), with textile impression. Inventory (Pl. ccVii): 1.2. 2 silver matching spring-cover brooches. on bow, vertical, on crest, horizontal lines. on spring-cover, zigzag. type A.ii.40-41. l. 3 cm, B. 3 cm. 3. iron crest-headed brooch. Thickset, rectangular-sectioned bow. With traces of silver foil inlay. type A.V.126. l. 3 cm, B. 3 cm. 4.5. 2 silver matching Schlangenkopf bracelets. open ended hoop plano-convex in cross-section in the middle, sub-triangular in cross-section at terminals. Both bracelets with incomplete terminal ends, carefully smoothed. type Wójcik iiB. dm. 5.7  cm, B.  of plano-convex terminals ca 2 cm. 6. iron belt tag, W-shaped, retaining impression of textile in plain weave. l. 5.7 cm. 7. Silver S-clasp of plain wire. on terminals, conical knobs. At centre, circular expanded section. type v. müller d. l. 1.7 cm. 8. glass barrel bead, on transparent dark blue base eyes with dark blue centre and yellow border. type close to tm 225a. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 9.10. 2 amber plano-convex beads. type close to tm 436. dm. 3.1 and 3.4 cm, H. 1.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA/iiiB. Grave 468 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 17-21A At ca 1.25 m, aligned N-S, rectangular 1.8×0.65 m outline of grave pit. Fill of yellow-grey clayey sand within border of hardpan. centrally within pit, ca 1.35×0.4 m outline of small log coffin with rounded ends, half-round in cross-section. No surviving traces of skeleton, only in S area, clay spindlewhorl. Inventory (Pl. ccViii): 1. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, dark brown. H. 2.1 cm, dm. 3.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB. Grave 469 (inhumation in log coffin) Sq 17-20B At ca 0.9 m, aligned N-S, rectangular ca 2.5×0.9 m outline of grave pit. Within fill of yellow-grey lightly clayey sand, distinct rectangular, ca 1.5×0.4 m outline of small log coffin. No surviving skeleton, only on W edge of coffin, teeth and two bronze brooches (1, 2). ca 0.3 m away, bronze buckle (3). outside coffin on Ne side, rectangular ca 28×20 cm outline of bottom level of wooden container with one illegible corner, without metal mounts. Adultus. Inventory (Pl. ccViii):  1.  Bronze brooch; rectangular-sectioned bow with small horizontal projections on top of the head and low crest in the middle of the bow. on

head and crest, lozenge motif, on bow, horizontal lines in imitation of filigree. type close to A.iii.62/63. l. 4.9 cm, B. 3.6 cm. 2. Bronze brooch with a crest on the head and bow, lightly expanded foot. Thickset triangular-sectioned bow decorated with wolf-tooth pattern (Wolfzahnmuster). type close to A.V.100. l. 3.2 cm, B. 3.7 cm. 3. Bronze bipartite buckle. rectangular buckle plate with two rivets. incomplete. type ml d29. l. 2.7 cm, B. 3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Feature 470 (modern feature – World War ii) Sq 13-18D, 14-18 BD Grave 471 (inhumation, robbed) Sq 14-19BD At ca 0.45 m, aligned NNW-SSe, ca 2.6×1.1 m bottom level of grave pit. At centre, flush with its W margin, oval ca 1×0.7 m outline of cut feature recorded as no. 476, with fill of light yellow sand, interpreted as robber trench which destroyed upper and middle part of skeleton and did not extend to grave pit bottom. grave 471 continued ca 0.35 m from the level of its detection. Fill of compacted dark orange-red sand. At pit bottom under excavated Feature 476, at ca  0.8  m, skeleton extended supine next to W wall of pit, cranium leaning lightly on its right side, missing bones of chest, forearms, palms and feet. Slightly above the level of skeleton along e wall, three stones of irregular shape, max. dm. ca 20 cm, interpreted as elements used to prop up the corpse or to improve their stability (Pl. ccXXX:3). Around skeleton, marked concentration of dark orange-red fill interpreted in the absence of traces of coffin as organic material covering the body which, when decomposed caused sand around the corpse to become compacted with hardpan. under left tibia, bronze brooch with textile impression and traces of decomposed wood next to it (see Appendix Vi.3), presumably used to fasten the shroud. Male, maturus, ca 162–164 cm. Inventory (Pl. cciX): 1. Bronze brooch with crests on the head and bow. S-shaped bow sub-triangular in cross-section. on crests, ornament of beaded wire. on foot terminal, crest. on foot, pin and lower bow, distinct impression of textile in plain weave (see Appendix Vi.2). type A.V.110. l. 3.7 cm, B. 2.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iB. Feature 472 (modern cut feature) Sq 14-18D Below the arable, at ca  0.35  m, small rectangular ca 0.7×0.4 m pit with fill, observed already underneath the turf ca 0.1 m below ground level, of considerably disturbed dark brown sand. The feature intruded on W fragment of grave 473 destroying its fill to the depth of ca 0.45 m. Within cut feature, modern rubbish: fragments of wooden bench painted red, elements of its metal fittings, nails, bottle caps and tins. At bottom, bronze brooch with silver inlay

117 presumably, from grave 473 destroyed by the described feature. Inventory (Pl. ccX, ccXXXiii:6): 1. Bronze brooch with crests on the head and bow. Thickset triangular-sectioned bow. on upper bow, horizontal lines in silver inlay, on middle bow, intersecting lines. on crest next to head, attached with solder, silver foil with four clusters of silver granules, three to each cluster. High diagonally set catchplate. Spring and pin did not survive. type close to A.V.100. l. 3.7 cm. Chronology: stadium iic. Grave 473 (Pit cremation, destroyed) Sq 14-18D At ca 0.6 m from N, and 0.3 m from S, aligned NNe-SSW, distinct oval ca 2.4×1.1 m outline of pit with fill of compacted orange-red clay mixed with sand and gravel. N fragment of pit lost to World War ii shelter (Feature 470), central area on its W side lost to modern cut feature (Feature 472). traces of skeleton not detected, only in central area next to stone inserted into pit, concentration of small fragments of human burnt bones, charcoal, also, seven burnt sherds from the same vessel (2) and partly melted bronze bracelet fragment (1). Also in this location, trace of mouldered post with sharpened end, dm. ca 10 cm. The pit cut ca 0.6 m into the natural. Bones undefined. Inventory (Pl. ccX): 1. Bronze Schlangenkopf bracelet head fragment, partly melted. l. 0.9 cm, B. 0.7 cm. 2. 7 sherds. Brown, cursorily smoothed. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating clay. Chronology: stadium iic (see Feature 472). Grave 474 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 14-18D At ca 0.4 m, upper level lost to ploughing, aligned e-W, sub-oval ca 2×1 m outline of pit with tapering W and expanded e end. At 0.5 m lower down, within pit fill of compacted clay mixed with gravel and small stones, largely complete skeleton, only upper cranium damaged by ploughing (Pl. ccXXX:1). Position supine, head turned W, right arm down the body, left arm flexed, palm resting over pubic symphysis. Parallel to skeleton, in N area of pit, at level of hips and tibiae, dark brown ca 60–70×4–5 cm narrow zone of decomposed organic (leather?, wood?) remains. on chest at right, frame pointing e, iron buckle (1) next to which, three belt mounts (2–4). left of the hips, lower body of pottery vessel (5) with breaks substantially worn and rounded; no further fragments of this vessel detected within upper fill of this pit or around suggesting the vessel was damaged already during antiquity and was deposited incomplete. Male, maturus, 174 cm. Inventory (Pl. cciX, ccX, ccXXXiX:1): 1. iron unipartite buckle with half-round frame, profiled pin decorated at base with bronze wire. type ml d2. l. 3.5 cm, B. 3.8 cm. 2. iron rectangular belt mount, retaining rivet, decorated near the edges with engraved lines. incomplete. l. 3 cm,

B. 0.9 cm. 3. iron rectangular belt mount, profiled t-shaped bar retaining central rivet, decorated near the edges with engraved lines. incomplete. l. 2.1 cm, B. 0.7 cm. 4. iron belt mount, profiled t-shaped bar, decorated with transverse engraved lines retaining rivet and its rectangular washer, the latter also decorated with engraved lines near the edges. l. 2.2 cm, max. B. 0.3 cm, l. of rivet washer 1.2 cm, B. of rivet washer 0.7 cm. 5. lower body of pottery vessel. dark brown, smooth exterior. type close to rWV. Bdm. 14 cm, surviving H. 12.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iA. Grave 475 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 14-19ABCD At ca 0.55 m, aligned NNe-SSW, irregular 2.4×0.9 m outline of grave pit, with sub-rectangular N end, rounded S end. Fill of dark orange-red sand rich in with hardpan. on the same level, centrally within pit, distinctly regular approximately rectangular ca  0.5×0.45  m outline of feature (recorded as no. 477 – interpreted us a remains of tree root) with fill of friable light grey sand and small quantity of charcoal (Pl. ccXXX:2). This feature intruded ca 0.1 m on pit of grave 475 without disturbing its bottom. At 0.75 m, on pit bottom, remains of mandible with teeth over two bronze brooches (1, 2), their arrangement implying burial resting on its right side. Iuvenis. Inventory (Pl. ccXiii, ccXXXiii:8):  1.  Bronze knee brooch with lumpy crest on the head and foot. Thickset solid rectangular-sectioned bow. Spring incomplete. type close to A.V.132. l. 3.4 cm. 2. Bronze crest-headed brooch with cylinder. iron spring axle. on cylinder, traces of silver foil and impression of textile in plain weave (see Appendix Vi.2). incomplete cylinder and pin. type A.V.128/130. l. 3.4 cm, B. 2.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iic. Feature 476 (robber trench intruding on grave 471; see grave 471) Sq 14-19BD Feature 477 (modern feature – remains of tree root intruding on grave 475; see grave 475) Sq 14-19AB Grave 478 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 14-19D At ca 0.4 m aligned NNe-SSW, sub-rectangular 2.1×0.7 m outline with expanded N and tapering S end of bottom level of grave pit with fill of orange-red sand compacted into hardpan. At this level, partly still within bottom level of ploughsoil, silver brooch (3), clay spindlewhorl (53) and amber bead fragment (50). ca 5 cm below, fragments of skeleton disturbed by ploughing: cranium resting on right side with partly preserved mandible (Pl. ccX). Among substantially decomposed ribs, in undisturbed arrangement, elements of grave inventory: next to clavicles, two bronze brooches (1, 2) between which, necklace of 38 glass and amber beads (6–19, 25–45, 47, 52). under ribs, second cluster of nine glass and amber beads (20–24, 46, 48, 49, 51)

118 interpreted as elements of appliqué sewn onto clothing or bracelet placed on right arm flexed at elbow. Scattered elsewhere within grave pit fill, further beads. At hip level next to pelvis, bronze buckle (4), going down, bronze strap end (5). Arrangement of grave inventory and skeletal remains implies burial on right side, legs flexed. Female, adultus. Inventory (Pl. ccXi, ccXii, ccXXXiX:3, ccXlii:22.23):  1.2. 2 bronze matching crossbow tendril brooches, with three strands of coiled beaded wire. uniformly arched bow, oval in cross-section. on spring terminals, profiled knobs with three strands of coiled beaded wire. type close to A.Vi.167. l. 5.9 cm, B. 3.6 and 3.7 cm. 3. Silver crossbow tendril brooch. Facetted uniformly arched bow, oval in cross-section. decorated with single strand of coiled beaded wire. Pin incomplete, spring did not survive. type close to A.Vi.162. l.  4.9  cm. 4.  Bronze bipartite buckle with buckle plate. on buckle plate impression of textile in plain weave (see Appendix Vi.2). type ml d17. l. 3.9 cm, B. 3.3 cm. 5. Bronze strap end, lozengic terminal rectangular in cross-section with ball terminal. At junction with attachment end, central profiled projection with metope ornament. Fan-shaped attachment end with one rivet. group r J.iV, atypical (type Wólka acc. to cieśliński). l. 7.2 cm. 6–16. 11 glass hexahedral beads, transparent lilac, some incomplete. type tm  119. H.  1–1.4  cm, B.  0.6–0.9  cm. 17.  glass lenticular bead, translucent black. incomplete. type close to tm 88-90. B. 0.7 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 18.19. 2 glass cubooctohedral beads, transparent lilac. type tm 128. H. 1 cm, B. 0.6 and 0.7 cm. 20. glass barrel bead, opaque red base with oblique streaks in yellow and green. type close to tm 290c. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1 cm. 21. glass barrel bead, on transparent dark blue base eyes with blue centre and white border. type tm 225a. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1.2 cm. 22. glass barrel bead, opaque red base with small “rosette” pattern in yellow and blue. type close to tm 362. dm. 1.2  cm, H.  1  cm. 23.  glass barrel bead, opaque green. type tm 8. dm. 1.3 cm, H. 1 cm. 24. glass barrel bead, opaque white. type tm 6. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 1.1 cm. 25–45. 21 glass miniature beads, opaque orange, some incomplete. type tm 53. dm. 0.4–0.5 cm. 46. Amber disc bead. type close to tm 391. dm. 1.4 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 47–50.  4 amber annular beads, one incomplete. type close to tm 388. dm. 0.7–1 cm, H. 0.3–0.6 cm. 51. Amber bead, oval in cross-section. type close to tm 407. H. 1.8 cm, B. 1 cm. 52. Amber eight-shape bead with collar. type close to 471i. H. 2 cm. 53. clay spindlewhorl, spherical, dark brown. H. 2.1 cm, dm. 2.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iVB/V. Feature 479 (modern – World War ii) Sq 13-17D, 13-18C, 14-17B, 14-18A Feature 479A (modern – World War ii) Sq 14-17B

Grave 480 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 14-18BD, 14-19C At ca 0.45 m, aligned N-S, bottom layer of ca 2.4×0.7 m grave pit with upper fill lost in its NW side by cut feature associated with gravel extraction at the time of research disused and backfilled. on e side, pit in contact with small ca  0.5×0.5  m niche within which, particles of decomposed wood interpreted as remains of wooden casket (Pl. ccXXX:4). in Ne corner of pit nailed to a piece of wood (poplar – see Appendix Vi.3), lock mount (5) next to which, iron spring fragment (6). ca 0.2 m lower down, at grave bottom, poorly preserved skeleton resting on right side legs flexed, bones of the feet missing, right arm flexed, left arm extended. Next to fragments of cranium with mandible and clavicles, two bronze brooches (1, 2). At conjectured rib level, third iron brooch (3). At hips, iron buckle (4). orange-red clay substantially compacted with hardpan near skeleton implying that grave bottom was spread with some organic material  –  cloth  (?). Adultus, ca 162–164 cm. Inventory (Pl. ccXiV):  1.2.  2 bronze matching triplecrest brooches with cylinder for the spring. Both retaining on crests and cylinder traces of silver foil stamped with herringbone. iron spring axle. type A.V.96. l.  4.7 and 4.3  cm, B.  3.3 and 3  cm. 3.  iron crest-headed brooch. Thickset flat bow, rectangular in cross-section. decoration of silver foil with stamped with horizontal and vertical zigzag, herringbone, and dots in imitation of filigree and granulation. type close to A.V.126/130. l.  3.1  cm, B.2.9  cm. 4.  iron buckle with rectangular frame. type ml g1. l. 2.3 cm, B. 4 cm. 5. Bronze casket lock mount, sub-rectangular with rounded corners and two openings for the key. Slender sheet secured with two small rivets, surviving separately. type close to Kokowski 2. l. 6.9 cm, max. B. 1.9 cm, l. of rivets 1 and 1.3 cm. 6. iron casket lock spring fragment. l. 2.2 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Grave 481/484 (inhumation in expanded log boat coffin, destroyed) Sq 14-19AC Below the arable, at ca  0.55  m, aligned NNW-SSe, sub-rectangular ca 2.6×1.2 m outline of grave pit (recorded as no. 481). At this level centrally within pit, recoverable from remains of decomposed wood (see Appendix Vi.3), indistinct ca  1.1×0.45  m outline of expanded log boat coffin (recorded as no. 484) pointed S end and open N end (Pl. ccXXXi:5). Boat presumably cut down to size, possibly at mid-length, to make it fit the size of inhumation. originally its dimensions were larger, as its upper section was lost to ploughing. The boat bottom was half-round in cross-section. coffin fill of yellow-orange-red clayey sand. ca 0.3 m lower down, centrally within coffin, iron buckle (2), bronze brooch (1) and small stone. Skeleton survived in the form of uncharacteristic minute fragments of bone near the buckle. Bones undefined.

119 Inventory (Pl. ccXV): 1. Bronze brooch with two crests on head and on foot terminal. expanded trumpet-shaped head. on crests traces of beaded wire. Spring concealed in half-cylinder decorated with horizontal lines. S-shaped bow, oval in cross-section. on foot, profiled knob terminal. type close to series 7, group V, with head as in type A.iV.72. l. 6 cm, B. 3.7 cm. 2. iron unipartite buckle with half-round frame. type ml d1. l. 5.1 cm, B. 5.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iiA (?). Grave 482 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 14-18C At ca  0.6  m, aligned N-S ca  2.4×1  m outline of bottom layer of grave pit. upper level lost to ploughing, on W side pit disturbed by disused sand extraction pit. At N end of pit within yellow-grey sand, small fragments of upper cranium, teeth and clavicle next to which, bronze brooch (1). Among bone fragments, glass bead (2). Adultus. Inventory (Pl. ccXVi):  1.  Bronze trumpet-head brooch with crests on bow and foot terminal. on foot, profiled knob. type close to A.iV.78. l. 3.6 cm, B. 3 cm. 2. glass biconical bead, transparent blue. type close to tm 58. dm. 0.7 cm, H. 0.4 cm. Chronology: stadium iB. Feature 483 (modern cut feature)35 Grave 485 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 14-20A At ca  0.5  m, aligned NNW-SSe, upper fill destroyed by ploughing and disturbed by numerous tree roots and animal burrows, indistinct outline of grave pit. S area of this pit cut by small rectangular ca 0.4×0.3 m modern cut feature (recorded as no. 487) within which, modern rubbish (tins, bottle caps, wires etc.). ca 0.4 m lower down, at pit bottom, within fill of orange-red clayey fill, disturbed incomplete skeleton and grave inventory: at N end, fragment of cranium resting on its temple next to which, bronze needle (10). centrally within pit, presumably in original position, femur, and two apparently unworked stones, dm. ca 30–40 cm, not visible at higher level. Within pit fill, scattered small fragments of bones, bronze brooch (1), iron buckle (2), 2 S-clasps – bronze (3) and silver (4), 4 glass beads and one amber bead (5–9), clay spindlewhorl (11). Position of skeletal remains implies burial on right side legs flexed. Female, adultus. Inventory (Pl. ccXVi, ccXVii): 1. Bronze spring-cover brooch. on bow, between vertical lines in imitation of filigree, triangle and ring motif. on crest, horizontal lines and chevrons. on foot and below crest, small triangles. type A.ii.38/40-41. l. 4.2 cm, B. 3.3 cm. 2. iron unipartite buckle with half-round frame. Pin decorated at base with two engraved lines. type ml d1. l. 3.2 cm, B. 3.5 cm. 3. Bronze S-clasp of plain wire. on terminals, globular knobs with 35

Explored during fieldwork season 2007.

intersecting lines on their upper face. At centre, profiled expanded section. type v. müller d. l. 2.6 cm. 4. Silver S-clasp of plain wire. on terminals small, knobs decorated at base with a ring of filigree. At centre, cylindrical expanded section in imitation of beaded wire. type v. müller c. l. 1.6 cm. 5. glass barrel bead, on opaque red base eyes with black centre and white border. type tm 223a. dm. 1.2 cm, H. 1 cm. 6–8. 3 glass barrel beads, opaque red. type tm 12. dm. 1.2–1.4 cm, H. 1–1.2 cm. 9. Amber barrel bead. type close to tm 394. dm. 1 cm, H. 0.7 cm. 10. Bronze needle. l. 7 cm. 11. clay spindlewhorl, biconical, brown. H. 1.4 cm, dm. 2.3 cm. Chronology: stadium iiB/iic. Feature 486 (modern cut feature with dog burial – World War ii) Sq 14-18B Feature 487 (modern cut feature intruding on grave 485; see grave 485) Sq 14-20A Grave 488 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 14-19AC Below the arable at ca 0.45 m, outline of grave pit. At this level, still within bottom level of ploughsoil on the outside of detected pit outline, Ne from its margin, mandible with two bronze brooches (1, 2) and directly over N fragment of pit, also within bottom layer of ploughsoil, another bronze brooch (3). While redeposited, these finds are interpreted as elements of grave inventory of an inhumation. When detected, aligned N-S, irregular 2.55×0.8 m outline of pit with tapering N and expanded at S end. Pit fill of dark orange-red clayey sand with hardpan. At ca 0.75 m centrally within pit, remains of skeleton and grave inventory: two bronze bracelets (4, 5) retaining fragments of poorly preserved bones of the forearms next to which, at conjectured hip level, bronze ring (6) interpreted as spacer mount belonging to a belt. The layer of washed clay at bottom of grave fill with substantial amount of minute fragments of decomposed bone implying inhumation on right side, arms extended down the body. grave 488 intruded on grave 491. Maturus. Inventory (Pl. ccXVii, ccXXXViii:1.2):  1.2.  2 bronze matching spring-cover brooches. on bow, vertical lines in imitation of filigree and motif of opposed triangles and rings. on crests, horizontal lines in imitation of filigree. Both brooches retain residue of yarn used to additionally secure them to clothing (see Appendix Vi.2). type A.ii.40-41. l. 3 cm, B. 3.4 and 3 cm. 3. Bronze crest-headed brooch. on crest, triangles motif. Spring and pin did not survive. type A.V.128. l. 2.7 cm. 4.5. 2 bronze matching Schlangenkopf bracelets. open ended hoop with short constriction sub-triangular in cross-section in the middle. type Wójcik iiiB. dm. 6.3 and 6.6 cm, B. of plano-convex terminals ca 2.1 cm. 6. Bronze ring, polygonal in cross-section. dm. 2.1 cm. Chronology: stadium iiiA.

120 Grave 489 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 14-19C At ca 0.3 m, aligned e-W, 1.9×0.9 m bottom level of pit, upper fill lost to ploughing, S margin lost to archaeological trench from 1984 investigation. Within orange-red clayey fill, at grave bottom, badly preserved cranium turned W, fragment of right arm bone, and fragment of clavicle. on this basis position of inhumation could not be specified but position of cranium suggests burial on right side. under mandible, resting on its bow head pointing Ne, bronze brooch (1). under right humerus, two bronze u-shaped belt mounts (2, 3), parallel to one another ca 0.1 m between them. Both retained fragments of leather. Male (?), adultus. Inventory (Pl. ccXViii): 1. Bronze brooch close to eye forms of the main series. lower chord, on bow, engraved lines next to edges, and between them, imitation filigree. incomplete pin. type close to A.iii.50-53. l. 4.1 cm, B.1.4 cm. 2. Bronze half-pipe belt mount of thin sheet, engraved with double lines by the edges, retaining inside fragments of leather. l. 5.2 cm. 3. Bronze half-pipe belt mount of thin sheet, engraved with double lines by the edges, retaining inside fragments of leather. l. 4.8 cm. Chronology: stadium iA. Grave 490 (Pit cremation, disturbed) Sq 14-18D, 14-19C Below the arable, at ca 0.25 m, aligned N-S, indistinct sub-rectangular ca 1.15×0.75 m outline of grave pit rounded at the corners. in its top layer, with some intrusion of ploughsoil, concentration of sherds (4), more of which scattered within pit fill. grave inventory spread out at different levels within three layers of pit fill: light sand, orange-red sand, light sand: bone comb fragments (2), bronze brooch (1) and upper fragment (eye) of a bronze needle (3). Also within grave pit in quantity, pure burnt human bones. Adultus. Inventory (Pl. ccXViii):  1.  Bronze crossbow brooch with high catchplate. Facetted uniformly arched bow, oval in cross-section. on foot terminal, small knob. on spring axle terminals, knobs, one missing. type A.Vii, series 1. l.  3.3  cm, B.  2.7  cm. 2. Bone three-layer comb fragments: 4 bone plates and 3 bronze rivets. Arched grip outline observed during excavation. type close to Thomas i.  Surviving l.  of plates 1–2.4  cm, l.  of rivets 1  cm. 3.  Bronze needle fragment: top with eye. Surviving l.  1  cm. 4.  Sherds from miniature pottery vessel. dark brown, cursorily smoothed. Badly fired, friable and exfoliating. Chronology: stadium iiiB. Grave 491 (inhumation, destroyed) Sq 14-19C At ca 0.6 m, aligned e-W, sub-oval ca 1.9×0.9 outline of pit, its W and e end lost to archaeological trenches from 2003 investigation. in addition, the burial was cut on its

NW side by grave 488. grave fill of sand compacted with hardpan within which, at ca 0.75 m, remains of cranium and clavicle damaged by ploughing. other fragments of skeleton did not survive. cranium turned W but with invaded by tree roots the orientation of the face could not be determined. Within pit fill, over clavicle, directly under mandible, resting on its bow head pointing Se, bronze brooch. the pit was basin-like in section. Male (?), adultus. Inventory (Pl. ccXViii):  1.  Bronze S-bow brooch with support plate (Stützplatte) and hefty hook to attach the chord. Facetted oval-sectioned bow. on foot terminal, crest and profiled knob. on catchment, engraved lines and at top, projection. type close to A.V, series 7. l. 4.6 cm, B. 3.5 cm. Chronology: stadium iA. Grave 492 (inhumation, disturbed) Sq 14-19CD At ca 0.5 m, aligned e-W, outline of ca 1.7×0.95 m oval pit disturbed in NW and e area by archaeological trenches from 2003 investigation. Within fill of light yellow sand, incomplete skeleton: fragments of upper cranium, mandible with full set of teeth and fragments of bones preserved by their proximity to metal objects thanks to preservative properties of metal compounds. on both sides of mandible, at level of clavicles, head pointing e, two bronze brooches (1, 2). Near right humerus, lying on its side, head pointing W, third bronze brooch (3) N of which, to the right of the head, resting on its, pottery beaker (9). Near the hips, complete belt set: bronze belt buckle (5) and three bronze belt mounts (6–8). originally over left arm, no longer surviving, bronze bracelet (4). Position of grave inventory and bone fragments implies extended supine burial with head turned W. Female, maturus. Inventory (Pl. ccXiX):  1.2.  2 bronze eye brooches, Prussian series. type A.iii.57. l. 8 cm, B. 2.5 and 2.9 cm. 3. Bronze eye brooch, main series. type A.iii.53. l. 6.1 cm, B. 1.8 cm. 4. Bronze rod bracelet, oval-sectioned. With ornament of lines in imitation of filigree. type Natuniewicz 2. dm. 7.1  cm. 5.  Bronze unipartite buckle with half-round frame, buckle pin profiled with metope ornament. Frame of flat rectangular-sectioned sheet decorated with imitation filigree. type ml d2. l. 3.2 cm, B. 3.7 cm. 6. Bronze half pipe belt mount, engraved with transverse lines. incomplete. Next to mount, two bronze rivets. Surviving l. 2.4 cm, l. of rivets 0.9 and 1 cm. 7. Bronze belt mount, flat ribbon-like, with ends folded outward, along edges, engraved double line. Surviving l. 3.2 cm. 8. Bonze belt mount flat ribbon-like, of thin metal sheet, ends broken off, originally presumably, folded outward. Surviving l. 2.2 cm. 9. Pottery beaker. Brown, smooth. type rW Xiiic. rdm. 6.6 cm, Bddm. 7.6 cm, Bdm. 4.6 cm, H. 6.6 cm. Chronology: stadium iA.

121

II.3. Stray finds from the time before 1923 II.3.1. Foreword

As was noted earlier in the chapter i.5, the set of archaeological objects from the irregular excavations of Landrat carl (Friedrich) Abramowsky and Pastor August Krause of Przezmark from cemeteries at myślęcin and Weklice passed after many years, in 1888, to the Prussia-Museum in Königsberg. The justified reservations which were expressed by e.g. r. dorr and F. Jakobson as to the correct labelling of individual specimens as originating from myślęcin or Weklice, are shared by us also. Nevertheless, this is an important set, one which was secured in two cemeteries separated only by a small distance having the same character and one worth republishing for its value of source evidence. These finds, like the rest of the holdings of Prussia-Museum, were destroyed in 1945 and only their possibly reliable description and depictions (where available) are found in the works of e. Blume (1912; 1915) o. Kleemann (1938) and F. Jakobson (1927). in the inventory books of Prussia-Museum the set was entered under numbers KAS 1154–1179 or 1169–79. The same double numeration is given by e. Blume (1915) in the catalogue of his study of the archaeological record from Weklice.

II.3.2. The Catalogue (Pl. CCXX):

1.  Silver crossbow brooch with high catchplate and false spring, decorated with strands of beaded wire, three at the bow and foot junction, one at spring terminal. Head with a knob of coiled wire topped by a rivet with a half-round head and a notched ring at the base. Angular bow edged with beaded wire, and at angle topped with a half-round knob. lozenge-shaped foot. (F. Jacobson 1927, 133; o. Kleemann 1938, 29, pl. Vf). type A.Vii, series 4, group 6 acc. lund Hansen & Przybyła. l. ca 4.2 cm, B. ca 4.7 cm. 2.  Silver Schlangenkopf bracelet fragment (plano-convex terminal and fragment of hoop, partly melted at one end) with decorated with imitation filigree (S. Anger 1880, 116; e. Blume 1915, 66; r. dorr 1893, 43; m. Natuniewicz 2000, 158, fig. XXVi:15). type Wójcik V. Surviving l.  5.3  cm, B.  of hoop 2.6  cm, B.  of plano-convex terminal 3.3  cm. 3.  Silver Schlangenkopf bracelet fragment (hoop) partly melted, decorated with imitation filigree wire and lateral incisions (m. Natuniewicz 2000, 158, fig. XXVi:16). type Wójcik V. Surviving l. 5 cm, B. 2.5 cm. 4. Bronze strap end, strongly profiled terminal (e. Blume 1912, fig. 57; 1915, 44).

type close to r o.3. l. ca 6 cm. 5. metal (gold?) elongated melon bead. Not illustrated (e. Blume 1912, 90). 6. Banded pendant made of two bronze strips of sheet hammered to at bottom and at three ends wound around fourth hammered into a loop for suspension. originally inside this “holder”, a ball of transparent light green glass (e. Blume 1912, 97; o. Kleemann 1938, 29, pl. Vh; F. Jacobson 1927, 133). The discussed find, its metal strips damaged and the glass ball missing, is now in keeping of the museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Berlin as a find without a label as originating from the ludwiglust deposit; upon inspection the strips were found to be ornamented with central stamped dots. type Stanek ii. l. 7.5 cm. 7. Bronze pendant in the form of a ring with a suspension loop, type Knotenring. on outer face of the ring, five regularly spaced double knobs. Suspension loop retaining length of looped wire (e. Blume 1912, 91; o. Kleemann 1938, 29, p. Vk). l. including suspension loop ca 4.2 cm, dm. ca 3 cm. 8–16. 9 glass beads: 1 plain, globular with gold insert, 1 plano-convex, pale green, 1 globular, red, 1 cylindrical, red, 1 plano-convex, black, 1 plano-convex, black decorated with red and yellow thread, 3 cubooctohedral, dark blue (e. Blume 1915, 85, 93, 106–109; o. Kleemann 1938, 30, pl. Vic). types within groups tm i, ii, XiV, XXii and XXiX. 17. Amber plano-convex bead. Not illustrated (e. Blume 1915, 81). 18. Bronze ring with a setting laced into a rosette. retaining a fragment of a chain made of circular links. Not illustrated (e. Blume 1915, 55; o. Kleemann 1938, 30). type close to Beckmann 16. 19. Bronze riveted spur, with sheet metal heel-band expanded on both sides at the base of a dome-shaped prick with a central constriction (two horizontal lines), rectangular-sectioned at bottom. All four sides of the prick at bottom decorated with pairs of stamped rings. Sides of heel-band profiled, trapeze-sectioned, terminating in a circular disc with a rivet-hole; next to the discs, heel-band terminals decorated with small areas of “envelope” ornament over a horizontal line. one surviving iron rivet. Heel-band with evidence of corrosion and residue of textile (e. Blume 1912, 122; o. Kleemann 1938, 29, pl. Vr; B. Kontny, m. Natuniewicz-Sekuła 2009). type close to giesler variant d; leuna type. Heel-band span ca 7 cm, l. of prick ca 2 cm. 20. iron spear head, with some erosion on the blade (e. Blume 1912, 116; o. Kleemann 1938, 30; pl. Vc). type close to Kaczanowski Viii.3. l. ca 14 cm, l. of blade ca 8 cm.

II.4. Stray finds from excavations of W. Klink and F. Jakobson II.4.1. Foreword

The places of discovery of stray finds no. 22, 23, 25, 26 and 29 are marked in F. Jakobson’s publication with numbers 2–5 and 7, which correspond to the numbers in the text; the remainder were not plotted on the plan (Fig. 3a). it ap-

pears from the plan that numbers 2–4 had been discovered next to grave no. Vi, no. 5 – closer to grave no. Vii, no. 7 – within test trench ii. on the other hand, according to the description, no. 1, 2 and 3 were discovered next to grave no. Vi, whereas no. 4 through to 9, between graves

122 no. Vi and Vii, with additional information that no. 6 had been discovered SW of grave Vii, no. 8 – in the gravel pit Se of grave no. Vii, which was not marked on the plan published by F.  Jakobson. in the present catalogue our number is followed by the number (in brackets) given in Jakobson’s study.

II.4.2. The Catalogue (Pl. CCXXI):

21. (no. 6) 3 fragments of bronze eye brooch main series. Not illustrated (F. Jacobson 1927, 129). type A.iii.50. l. of head 1.9 cm, of bow 1.1 cm, foot fragment 1.8 cm. 22.  (no. 7) 2 fragments of silver Schlangenkopf bracelet (…) wie Blume Tf. V 87 (…). Not illustrated. (F. Jacobson 1927, 129). type Wójcik iVB. l.  of terminal with disc 5.5 cm, l. of central section of hoop 5.7 cm. 23. (no. 2) Bronze strap end with profiled ring terminal, attachment end with a  single rivet, the ring incomplete, short and chunky (…) wie Blume Tf. V 60 (…) (F. Jacobson 1927, 128, fig. 3e; m. Natuniewicz 2000, 157 no. 391, pl. XVii:7). type r J.ii.3. l. 3.6 cm. 24. (no. 8) Amber cylindrical bead. Not illustrated (F. Jacobson 1927, 129). dm. 2.5 cm. 25. (no. 3) Bronze (?) or tin (?) ring of round-sectioned wire. Not illustrated (F. Jacobson 1927, 128). dm. 2.1 cm. 26. (no. 5) Bronze spur fragment; sub-triangular sectioned heel-band with hook-like grips, (…) wie Jahn, Reitersporn Abb. 64 (…), but without the central hook at base of the facetted prick

(…) wie Jahn Abb. 66 (…). Not illustrated (F. Jacobson 1927, 128). type close to ginalski g. reconst. heel-band span 6.3 cm, l. of prick 2 cm. 27. (no. 9) clay spindlewhorl, biconical, yellow. Not illustrated (F. Jacobson 1927, 129). dm. 3.1 cm, H. 1.8 cm. 28. (no. 1) upper body of bronze pitcher: slender, nearly cylindrical neck and a prominent spout. The bottom of this fragment in bell-like fashion and has a collared border. The lip is thickened and everted, more so on the side of the spout; on the lip, ovolo motif, its elements larger near the spout, gradually decreasing in size moving away from the spout. on the neck, engraved ornament of three horizontal bands. The two lowermost, separated by vertical lines, are filled with wavy lines in a meander design alternating with V-like motifs. The run around the neck. The third field of ornament over them is filled in the lower area with motifs similar to the letter “S” in a heraldic arrangement. over them are three palmettos, the central, widest, is under the spout, the more narrow side palmettos on the sides of the neck. They do not join at the back where they are separated by a motif in the form of a flattened letter “u” (m. ebert 1926, 85–86, pl. 40; F. Jacobson 1927, 130–132, fig. 5)36. rdm. 8.3 cm, H. 10.4 cm, dm. at bottom 8.7 cm. 29. (no. 4) Bronze casket lock key, plain shaft, fractured at centre (…) wie Blume S. 111, Abb. 139 (…), retains the ring for suspension. Not illustrated (F. Jacobson 1927, 128). type Kokowski A2. l. 15.2 cm.

36

Progress in archival research of recent years made possible access to another as yet unpublished source on this vessel, namely, the files of F. Jakobson. Found in it is an index card with a rough drawing of the vessel which shows its shape in greater detail than the photograph included in the 1927 publication. The drawing shows the vessel fragment in projection from three sides with the surviving ornament. The files of F.  Jakobson are held at present by latvijas Nacionalāis vēstures muzejs in riga. The drawing from this file has been included in this publication. For information about this archival records we are indebted to Jānis ciglis. let it be noted here as well that during a fieldwalking survey made in 2000 with a metal detector one fragment of the same vessel surfaced within the layer of turf. it was followed by 26 fragments – all of them stray finds – which were recovered the layer of turf and the ploughsoil below it during excavation seasons 2006–2008 (more extensively on the subject of new finds of the bronze vessel in m. Natuniewicz-Sekuła 2010).

123

III. Chronology and phasing of the cemetery III.1. Foreword As we explained earlier in the introduction (chapter i), the investigation of the cemetery at Weklice is not complete yet and the catalogue published here does not cover the material from seasons after the year 2004. Nevertheless we are certain that we have gained a good understanding of a greater part of the gravefield and have secured a statistically sound set of evidence on chronological stadia of the cemetery. At the same time, we are aware that the compendium of archaeological sources presented here is staggering and by its richness and diversity it brings into the general knowledge of Wielbark culture elements which will be useful for verifying many earlier findings related to relative chronology, both local, for the community in the elbląg Heights, and trans-regional. At the same time, in discussing consecutive chronological segments we do not limit ourselves only to identifying their position within the local chronological system, we also broaden the discussion to include other questions related to periodisation. consequently, we have added a brief description of special practices of preparing the graves and depositing burials in them, use of possibly ritual funerary clothing and the placing of symbolic objects inside the graves. We also address social and palaeodemographic questions. earlier attempts to devise a chronological scheme for the cemetery at Weklice (cf. J. okulicz-Kozaryn 1992a, 141; A. Bursche, J. okulicz-Kozaryn 1999, 142) were based on a simple, clearly intuitive, approach to chronology according to the system of H. J. eggers (1951) and K. godłowski (1974), and a periodisation scheme developed for Wielbark culture by r. Wołągiewicz (1968; 1981). No use was made of advanced statistic analysis, so important in devising chronological systems. However, we were forced by the special nature of the archaeological material from Weklice to develop a  local system of relative chronology, which was presented earlier in a general outline taking into account new findings (the earliest m. Natuniewicz-Sekuła, J. okulicz-Kozaryn 2007, 47–48; 2008, 232). This we decided, was necessary, given the nature of the material evidence from the cemetery, which represented, for the most part, types and attributes not taken into consideration while devising an interregional chronology, and some of which have not even been recorded in other cemeteries of Wielbark culture. if a system of this sort is developed independently, or almost independently, of the interregional chronology, then it will be a significant basis for verifying earlier findings. it is high time for this since in the face of a several fold increase in source evidence from cemeteries of Wielbark culture and other culture units from the gothic

environment such a verification needs to be made without delay, on basis of local chronologies obtained from the better investigated cemeteries and local culture groups. to illustrate change within individual chronological stadia we generated a diagram (Fig. 6 – see supplement at the end of the book) of correlation of attributes co-occurring in graves at Weklice. This was done with a statistical software package maczek 3.3.4937 which was used to build a czekanowski matrix. taking into account the complicated layout of graves (stratigraphy), not easily described using commonly used methods, and the great number of small finds secured during excavation it seemed necessary for us to use such a diagram. At the same time, we are aware of the partly subjective character – dependent as it is on our current knowledge and views – of the selection of data when creating a list of variables of chronological attributes. to create the diagram we selected 95 attribute variables38. 37

We take this opportunity to give our warmest thanks to Piotr Jaskulski, one of the co-designers of the software, for his great help and for modifying this version (removal of the run-time 6 error) which attended the generation of a histogram for larger diagrams, more than 181 features. The version of maczek software used to generate the diagram is a freeware version which may be downloaded at http://eskimo73.republika.pl/maczek.html – with more information. 38 Variables of chronological attributes used in the diagram are the following: 1.  Brooch A.ii.38; 2.  Brooch A.ii.38/40-41; 3. Brooch A.ii.40-41; 4. Brooch A.ii.40-41, with a high catchplate; 5. Brooch A.iii.53 and close forms; 6. Brooch A.iii.57; 7. Brooch A.iii.58; 8.  Brooch A.iii.60; 9.  Brooch A.iii.61; 10.  Brooch A.iV.72; 11. Brooch A.V.96; 12. Brooch A.V.97 and close forms; 13.  Brooch A.V.110; 14.  Brooch A.V, series 11, type leonów; 15.  Brooch A.V.120; 16.  Brooch A.V.126; 17.  Brooch A.V.127; 18. Brooch A.V.128; 19. Brooch with features of type A.V.128-130; 20. Brooch with features of type A.V.126-130; 21. Brooch A.V.132; 22. Brooch A.V.148; 23. Brooch A.Vi.162; 24. Brooch A.Vi.162, with a single coil of beaded wire; 25. Brooch A.Vi.167; 26. Brooch A.Vi.168, head without a knob; 27. Brooch A.Vi.168, head with a high knob set atop coiled wire; 28. Brooch A.Vi.168, knobbed head; 29. Brooch A.Vi.170; 30. Brooch A.Vi.170, with coils of beaded wire; 31. Brooch close to A.Vi.171, so-called Raupenfibel; 32. Brooch A.Vii, series 1; 33. Brooch A.Vii, series 1, with an upper chord; 34. Brooch A.Vii, series 2; 35. Brooch A.Vii, series 4 / lund Hansen & Przybyła group 6; 36. Strap end r J.ii.3 and close forms; 37. Strap end r J.ii.4; 38. Strap end r J.iV.1; 39. Strap end r J.iV.4; 40. Strap end r J.iV.5; 41. Strap end r o.11; 42. Strap end r o.15; 43. Strap end r o.16; 44. Strap end r o.17; 45. Buckle ml d1; 46.  Buckle ml d2; 47.  Buckle ml d17; 48.  Buckle ml d29; 49.  Buckle ml e3; 50.  Buckle ml e12; 51.  Buckle ml e13; 52. Buckle ml g1; 53. Buckle ml g3; 54. Buckle ml g8; 55.  Buckle ml H11; 56.  rod bracelet Natuniewicz 1; 57. 

124 They were recorded in 220 graves (features) included in the diagram, each of them at least more than once. The number of variables identified among all which are presented in the catalogue of graves (435 inhumation and cremation graves, jointly with 451 individual burials) provides a sufficiently reliable basis to carry out a correlation analysis of the entire presented material. At the same time, we left out of the diagram material from destroyed or disturbed grave inventories, if we were not sure that they represented closed assemblages. Variables selected by us are, first of all, diverse forms of finds characteristic for inventories in consecutive stadia. An innovation which attended this type of analysis was that we took into account some features of the funerary rite and grave forms (only for inhumation graves), which, we believed were sensitive to chronological change or occurred with a varying intensity within individual stadia. We are also aware that change in the funerary rite (before all else, of grave forms) for the entire closed assemblage as is represented by the cemetery under description, definitely did not succeed one another over as short a time as the fashion changed, although in exceptional cases this could be grasped (e.g. occurrence of inhumation graves aligned e-W limited to a single phase). No similar relationship was observed regarding the cremation graves, most of which were destroyed or so seriously disturbed that the form of the grave pit and manner of deposition of the burials was illegible; in addition, some inventories were no longer complete and the funerary pottery heavily fragmented. rod bracelet Natuniewicz 2; 58. Schlangenkopf bracelet Wójcik i; 59. Schlangenkopf bracelet Wójcik iiA; 60. Schlangenkopf bracelet Wójcik iiB; 61. Schlangenkopf bracelet Wójcik iiiA; 62. Schlangenkopf bracelet Wójcik iiiB; 63. Schlangenkopf bracelet Wójcik iV; 64.  Schlangenkopf bracelet Wójcik V; 65.  S-clasp v. müller A; 66. S-clasp v. müller B; 67. S-clasp v. müller c; 68. S-clasp v. müller d; 69. Three-layer comb Thomas i; 70. Pin Beckmann group iii Juga-Szymańska type Weklice; 71. Bronze box; 72. Banded pendant; 73. rings type Beckmann 15 and 16; 74. Pottery urns made in wheel coiling technique, Schindler group Vii  /  Natuniewicz type Weklice; 75.  gold pendant; 76.  Bear claw pendant set in bronze; 77.  capsule pendant; 78.  Amber pendants; 79.  Amber eight-shape beads without collar tm lV; 80. Amber eight-shape beads with collar tm lV; 81. Amber beads made using a lathe tm Xlii–XlVii; 82. glass lenticular beads tm 88–90; 83. glass cubooctohedral beads type tm 126 and 131; 84. Faience melon beads tm 171; 85. miniature beads in glass paste tm 53; 86. glass cylindrical beads types tm  138 and 142, and forms close to type tm  358; 87.  glass hexahedral beads types tm  119–121; 88.  glass hexahedral elongated tubular beads, group tm  Xii, atypical; 89. glass tetrahedral ornamented beads close to tm 354; 90. Wooden caskets with metal mounts; 91. Wooden and outer bark containers (no metal mounts); 92.  inhumation graves aligned e-W; 93. inhumation graves with a log coffin and wooden structure; 94. inhumation graves with burial resting on its right side, legs and arms flexed; 95. inhumation graves with an expanded log boat coffin.

in describing individual chronological stadia we took into account only a small number of rare urns made with the use wheel coiling technique. The full set of source evidence from the gravefield at Weklice may be divided traditionally into two parts, corresponding to the early and late roman Period. on territory of Wielbark culture these two periods are manifested by a distinctive ornamental style and a repertoire of metal, glass and amber jewellery and dress accessories of the female funerary costume, and also, by the assortment of symbolic grave goods deposited with the dead women. to a  lesser extent, this applies to male costume which included a small number of ornaments. Both periods have been sub-divided into stadia, and if needed, into more detailed chronological horizons, understood as an evident overlap in the co-occurrence of variable attributes attributable to the earlier and the later stadium. We divided the early roman Period into 7 stadia: iA, iB, iiA, iiB, iic, iiiA, iiiB, the late roman Period, into 3 stadia: iVA, iVB, V, and possibly, as confirmed by a single latest grave so far, stadium Vi. This division corresponds in a general outline to six identifiable segments of the use of the cemetery, which in earlier publications were referred to as phases i–Vi (cf. m. Natuniewicz-Sekuła, J. okulicz-Kozaryn 2007, 47–48; 2008, 232). However, a  detailed analysis of material evidence made for the purpose of the present publication made it possible to refine the phasing of the cemetery at Weklice, and in so doing we felt it would be more unambiguous to use the term “stadium”. individual stadia of the early roman Period correspond on average to a period of 20–25 years, or the time of the full activity of a single generation39, and during the late roman Period – approximately, a period of up to 25–30 years. No wonder therefore, that sets of personal ornaments and other objects from the inventories, chiefly, the more valuable products of skilled craftsmen’s workshops, took a  longer time to become damaged and could have remained in family use for 1 or 2 successive generations, which explains their lingering presence in grave inventories of the next stadium and the overlapping of “horizons” mentioned earlier. Similarly, the lingering of some funerary customs – observed during at least a few phases. With this awareness we have to practice caution in using the diagram (these are only statistics after all), treating it as a  rough guide to the progress of culture change within the community using the burial ground at Weklice. consequently, the description of individual chronological stadia based on data from the diagram is supplemented with descriptions and details which were left out from the matrix.

39

Activity of a single generation is calculated starting from the reaching of maturity by iuvenis individuals until the average time of death of maturus individuals, overlooking the age senilis.

125

III.2. Chronological stadia – a description (cf. Table 1) Stadium IA (graves included in the diagram: Viii, 492, 491, 474, 489, 89)40 A remarkably uniform stadium which marks the beginning of use of the cemetery. All of the graves named above are inhumations in pits aligned eW, with extended supine burial, head turned W. only in case of grave Viii (discovered before World War ii) which lacks documentation, we are unable to specify accurately the position of the skeleton, and orientation of the grave pit, even if compared against F. Jakobson’s plan, may appear disputable (cf. Fig. 3a). The graves cluster visibly in the N area of the site, in two parallel rows on the edge of the hill, between its summit and southern slope, in a heavily damaged area, still not fully investigated, possibly forming a founder family area of the cemetery (cf. in more detail, m. Natuniewicz-Sekuła 2007a). These undoubtedly were burials which initiated the use of the gravefield, and judging from their small number as compared to burials which multiplied steadily during succeeding phases, we cannot expect a significant increase of new discoveries from this period. Worth noting also is that the general rule during the first phases of Wielbark (and also, Przeworsk) cemeteries is that their user communities were small and only later expanded dynamically (J. okulicz 1979; 1983). graves from this stadium are furnished with late variants of eye brooches, main series A.iii.53, rod bracelets type Natuniewicz 2, iron and bronze buckles with a profiled buckle pin type ml d2. A complement to these belt sets are numerous bronze and iron rectangular and flat mounts. A rare find in the graves are miniature pottery accessory vessels  –  mostly beakers, rW Xiii, deposited near the head of the burial. glass and amber beads are not recorded. late elements in inventories of this series of graves are early variants of eye brooches A.iii.57, with features transitional from types classified to the main and the Prussian series (on one occasion, in a set with A.iii.53 brooch – grave 492), and a single brooch A.iV.72 from grave 89. during this stadium silver ornaments are not seen at all. Analysis of inventories of the discussed group of graves aligned e-W, makes it possible to synchronise them with the close of phase B1 (B1c)41 and possibly, with the onset of 40

italics designate graves which belong to overlapping stadia. We need to note that within this stadium is found the earliest – phase B1b (?) – inhumation grave 518, discovered at Weklice (not included in the present analysis, as it was excavated only in 2006). its inventory included two bronze Noricum-Pannonia brooches, type A.236, variant c, and type A.237, variant b, according to J. garbsch (1965, 78); the inhumation was aligned e-W and was within a concentration of graves described above (m. Natuniewicz-Sekuła, J. okulicz-Kozaryn 2007, 47; 2008, 232). moreover, during fieldwork seasons 2005 and 2006, within the same concentration, were discovered also three further inhumations graves (nos 501, 503 and 516, left out of the present analysis) aligned e-W and containing e.g. brooches type A.iii.57 or furnishings which correspond to the stadium of interest. 41

phase B2a in the system of interregional chronology. consequently, the onset of regular use of the gravefield at Weklice may be placed tentatively in the last decades of the second half of Ad 1st century. However, the group who settled in the area must have arrived somewhat earlier and chosen the hill for its future burial ground. This is supported by the dating of grave 518 to a period earlier than the other burials classified to the same stadium (cf. note 41). As far as could be established, during this stadium there was a higher proportion of male burials (mostly, in the age groups adultus and maturus) than of females, most of whom were from the maturus group. Stadium IB (graves included in the diagram: 89, 72, 136, 339, 64, iii, 258, 471, 66, 271, 144, 90, 21) The opening horizon of this stadium is marked by discontinuation of the old and introduction of a new form of burial namely, inhumation graves aligned N-S, with many deflections, where the body (with a small number of exceptions) was deposited mostly in extended supine position, head turned N. The majority of graves established at this time were discovered in the upper area of the slope, below graves from the preceding stadium and to their S; no obvious system was observed here as regards the positioning of burials, and the unearthed pits occurred in isolation, in a substantial scatter. A new form of burial was coming into use, namely, by internment in log coffins, the earliest instances of which are observed, although still rare. Also recorded at this time is the earliest grave in an expanded log boat. during this stadium no cremation graves in urns occurred at all. it is notable that most burials from this period showed disturbance from upper-lying inhumation and cremation graves from the succeeding stadia. consequently, the observed layout may not be original. dress accessory forms diagnostic for the opening horizon of this stadium include forms observed during the preceding stadium, ie, bronze strongly profiled brooches, type A.iV.72. The mature horizon is represented by bronze eye brooches, Prussian series A.iii.60, and more seldom, A.iii.61, there is also a lingering of the stylistically earlier A.iii.58, and a rare find of bronze brooches derivative from the strongly profiled, group A.V, series 7, type A.110. in the final horizon which overlaps visibly with the next stadium is represented by the first, still very few, bronze spring-cover brooches A.ii.38. Bracelets are represented at first by bronze rod forms with ornamentation, type Natuniewicz 2, and towards the end, isolated finds of early forms of bronze Schlangenkopf bracelets, Wójcik group ii (an exception is a unique iron specimen from grave 27). Belt sets are represented mostly by iron unipartite buckles, type ml d1, still accompanied by metal sheet and rectangular belt mounts. except for a single specimen (grave 14 – strongly profiled

126 Inhumation graves and the other features

Phases Stadium IA I I/II

Cremation urn graves

Cremation pit graves

Viii, 474, 489, 491, 492

5

IA/IB

89

1

IB

iii, 14, 64, 66, 72, 136, 258, 271, 339, 471, 482

11

IB/IIA

21, 90, 144

3

IIA

137, 282, 340, 360, 376, 401, 406, 481/484 (?)

8

IIA/IIB

40, 46, 52, 97, 138, 254, 301, 349

8

20, 35, 36, 38, 44, 45, 48, 58, 83, 96, 158, 161, 240, 277, 299 (?), 332, 344, 223, 374 346, 348, 350, 361, 362, 396, 451, 468 V, 22, 25, 26A-d, 27, 60, 74, 84, 88, 196, 218, 219, 238, 251, 259, 267, IIB/IIC 77, 117, 244 278, 303, 318, 330, 334, 364, 386, 398, 404, 413, 480, 485 18, 39, 107, 205, 228, 234, 373, 390, IIC 135, 139, 179A/190/190A, 291/294/295 405, 466, 472, 475 29/30, 41 (?), 67, 68 (?), 73, 78, 85, 98 (?), 108 (?), 109, 115, 116, 120 (?), 129, 140, 145, 146/149, 148, 151, 157/180, 166 (?), 169, 176, 181/182, 188, 195 (?), 206, 209, i, ii, 16, 17, 34A, 191, 221, 227, 265, 211, 212/213, 214 (?), 215, 217, 226, 232, IIIA 286, 432, 456, 488 242, 263, 276, 281, 284, 290A, 296 (?), 297 (?), 300A-d, 310 (?), 319 (?), 320, 322, 351/352/355/356, 375 (?), 375A (?), 381, 385 (?), 421/444, 431, 435, 442, 444A-d, 449/458, 450 (?), 457 33, 163 (?), 172 (?), 177 (?), 208, 250, IIIA/IIIB 257, 279 (?), 289/436, 302, 338, 366, 65/65A (?), 198/199, 286AB, 286c, 341 397, 402, 429, 434, 453, 455, 467 11, 24, 28, 43, 62, 63, 80, 92, 102, 125, 127, 192, 200, 210, 252, 256, IIIB 261, 273, 306, 314, 316, 326, 342, 160/175, 305 353, 382, 383, 393, 445, 447, 448 (?), 452, 465, 469, IIB

II

III

III/IV

IV

IV/V

Total

27

B1 (B1b?–B1c) B2a

B2b

B2b–B2c

156

32

473

17

B2c

74

B2/c1; B2/C1.A

154 (?)

25

490

36

IIIB/IVA 388, 400

B2/c1 – c1a; B2/C1.B and C1a

2

Vi, 15, 23, 59, 65B, 75, 76, 79, 82, 101 (?), 124, 155, 179, 204, 229, 231, 246, 143, 233 (?), 235, 237 (?), 359, 412, 418, IVA 268, 271A, 280, 287, 298, 312, 315, 437, 464 433, 438, 463 55, 118, 150, 153, 239, 301A, 307, IVA/IVB 147 (?) 309, 324, 403, 416

36

c1b

12

IVB

128, 133, 168, 184, 308, 372, 389, 423 279A

9

IVB/V

478

1

iV, 34, 86, 95, 119, 131, 132, 141, 173, 174, 185 (?), 194, 202, 220, 248, 274, 87 (?), 105 (?), 142 (?), 178 (?), 292, 337 V V 275, 288, 323, 327, 328 (?), 331, 333, (?), 354, 410 (?), 443 (?) 336, 379, 380, 411, 426, 440, 441, 446 VI VI 357 Vii, 9, 10, 12, 13, 31, 32, 37, 42, 53, 49, 57, 71, 99, 104, 130, 159, 189, 222, ? 69, 183, 201, 224, 225, 335, 345, 369, 262, 264, 270, 272, 293, 329, 358, 377, 371, 387, 454, 461 384, 392, 415, 419/422, 424, 461A Graves and features 47, 51, 54, 81, 91, 94, 126, 56, 60A, 100, 103, 110, 111/123AB, dated on the basis 164&164A, 207, 216/247, 236A, 241, 113, 114, 121/122/134, 152A-F, 162, of stratigraphy 243, 245, 249, 253, 260, 283, 290, 186/187, 197, 230, 236, 255, 285, 391, (See Catalogue) 311, 313, 321, 378, 394, 395 399, 407/414/420, 408/417/439, 430

Interregional chronology

170 (?), 363

c2; C2a

42

c2; C2b

1

c3–d1

19, 61, 165, 50 167, 266 93, 103A

49

table 1. Weklice. chronology of the graves and other features. Phases acc. to A. Bursche & J. okulicz-Kozaryn 1999, and J. okulicz-Kozaryn 1992a; stadia acc. to the authors; interregional chronology acc. to r. Wołągiewicz 1968, K. godłowski 1970, and H. J. eggers 1951, with supplement of the authors (in italics)

127 strap end close to type r o.3) there are no strap ends. in the final horizon of the same stadium are introduced the still rare sets of beads, mostly made up of just a few glass specimens, mostly, monochrome forms, groups tm i, XViii, XXiX, and even more rare beads ornamented with polychrome streaks of ornament, group tm  XXii, and before all else, hand-made amber beads, group tm XXX. They occur also as part of small necklaces, with S-clasps, type v. müller A. in terms of demography, there is an observable more or less equal ratio of male to female burials, mostly in the age group maturus, more seldom, adultus. Also noted was a burial of a child, infans II. in interregional chronology, this stadium should be synchronised with phase B2a. Stadium IIA (graves included in the diagram: 144, 90, 21, 137, 376, 406, 340, 282, 360, 349, 138, 301, 97, 303, 254, 40, 52) The mature and clearly defined stadium iiA comprises of inhumation graves only (still aligned N-S, with a  slight deflection), with mostly supine burials, although there are also some rare cases of burials resting on their right side; the area of the cemetery has expanded southward, onto the hill slope. in horizontal stratigraphy, no regularity is observed in the arrangement of the graves. Forms diagnostic for this stadium are early variants of spring-cover brooches, A.ii.38, represented by diverse forms and decoration, more than once showing shared features of craftsmanship. moreover, there is a lingering of rare eye brooches, Prussian series, A.iii.61. more numerous are bronze rod bracelets, type Natuniewicz 2, decorated with diverse ornaments, e.g. engraved lines, and also designs imitating filigree and punched ring, eye and dot motif (in which they recall ornamentation seen on brooches); seen for the first time are their plain counterparts, type Natuniewicz 1. Also recorded are bronze Schlangenkopf bracelets, Wójcik group i and group ii, variants A and B. Belt sets continue to be represented by iron unipartite buckles, type ml d1, but are less rich than before since they are no longer accompanied by mounts, and strap ends have not been introduced yet. Noted for the first time are (iron and bronze) buckles with a rectangular frame and buckle plate, type ml g3. Apart from a small number of beads in general there are no necklaces of glass and amber beads. on a rare occasion necklace ornaments are represented by gold pendants, also noted are silver S-clasps, type v. müller d. For the first time in grave inventories are recorded tools in sets consisting of a needle and a spindlewhorl. during the final horizon of the same stadium which visibly overlaps with stadium iiB, there is an increasing number of log coffin and other sort of wooden structures, which mark a new feature in the funerary rite. Also noted is a grave with an expanded log boat coffin. Burials continue

to be mostly supine, with rare cases of deposition on the right side, legs contracted, arms flexed. At this time other than the dress accessories mentioned above, into use come bronze brooches, group A.V, series 1 types A.94 and 96, and series 8, type A.120. Very rarely there are sets of a few glass beads (mainly, groups tm XViii and XXi) as well as amber beads made by hand (mostly, groups tm XXX and XXXi). They are composed into modest necklaces or are an element of ornaments sewn onto clothing. Beads occur together with bronze and silver S-clasps, types A, c and d, which may also occur on their own. during this stadium we find no reliably dated urned graves; any cremations possibly belonging in this period were destroyed and could not be dated in any way. in terms of demography, during this time segment the distribution of burials is as follows: an observable domination of dead female burials in age group adultus, and more seldom, maturus, men aged to groups adultus and maturus, and a  limited number of burials of children, age infans II. The stadium corresponds to phase B2b in interregional chronology. Stadium IIB (graves included in the diagram: 349, 138, 301, 97, 303, 254, 40, 52, 299, 468, 396, 378, 369, 350, 348, 158, 332, 45, 44, 362, 161, 96, 35, 20, 374, 38, 361, 277, 344, 164A, 451, 48, 58, 83, 346, 240, 27, 278, 398, 74, 26C, 251, 60, 88, V, 267, 244, 413, 218, 238, 117, 25, 330, 485, 386, 22, 480, 26B) The opening horizon of this stadium is a continuation of the closing horizon iiA, both in terms of funerary rite and grave furnishings. Still dominant are inhumation graves aligned N-S, with a  smaller number of deflections from the main axis. on the other hand, there is a larger number of log coffins, which are the prevailing form of this type of grave. Burials continue to be mostly supine, and also, rarely, resting on the right side. cremation graves in urns are rare, in most cases, destroyed, dated mainly by pottery vessel forms. imaginably, originally they were more numerous, if we consider the dating and the frequency of occurrence of analogical vessel forms which are recorded in number in Wielbark culture in general. A feature characteristic for this stadium is the appearance for the first time of numerous wooden caskets which retain (apart from the standard lock mounts) their decorative lid- and side-mounts (mostly iron, more rarely, bronze). caskets mostly contained objects of everyday use, e.g. needles, hooked pins, spindlewhorls, however functioned as symbolic objects. dress accessories are represented mainly by bronze brooches, type A.V.96, forms with features of type A.V.128-130 and A.V.132, and A.V.148. Bracelets are represented chiefly by bronze rod specimens, type Natuniewicz 1, and a small number of Schlangenkopf forms,

128 type Wójcik iiiB and silver wellenförmige bracelets, which are recorded for the first time. At this time there is an increase in the number of glass beads, which mainly occur in the context of necklaces. They are monochrome, polychrome and mosaic forms (e.g. from groups tm i, iV, XXi, XXVi), also, exceptionally, melon forms, type tm 171, in faience, and numerous amber beads made by hand (groups tm XXX and XXXi), often in the form of hefty beads made of large selected lumps of high quality raw material. it is worth noting that similar necklaces occur only in graves distinguished by the quantity and variety of their furnishings. moreover, also noted is the use of glass and amber beads as elements of ornament sewn onto clothing. The belt is represented by iron bipartite buckles with a buckle plate, type ml g3, but mounts are missing (except for rarely encountered belt tags) and strap ends are not in evidence either. The final horizon of this stadium is far from clear and overlaps noticeably with the next stadium, but as regards the funerary rite it is closer to the one described earlier. in inhumation graves log coffins continue to occur in number, as do caskets with outer mounts. in the group of dress accessories there is a lingering, like an echo of bygone days, of bronze brooches A.V.120, and even, of rare A.iV.72 specimens. Bronze brooches, 1 series V, group, type A.96, continue in evidence, but a new feature is the use of silver impressed foil for their decoration. recorded for the first time are dress accessories made in iron, mostly, brooches with features of type A.V.126-130, additionally decorated with silver inlay. Also seen for the first time during this horizon are bronze and iron brooches decorated with silver, 11 series, V group, known as type leonów, acc. to Jamka. However, the most distinctive is the appearance of still rare, spring-cover brooches with features of types A.ii.38-41, with a diverse rich decoration and shared stylistic features of craftsmanship. Bracelets are represented by bronze rod forms, rare unornamented specimens, type Natuniewicz 1, and mainly, Natuniewicz 2 and Schlangenkopf specimens, type Wójcik iiA, and, for the first time, silver bracelets, type Wójcik iiiA. elements of necklaces become more common even in less rich graves and continue to include the same repertoire of beads, next to which new ones have been introduced; from a  few, up to a  maximum of a  dozen-odd specimens. Necklaces are composed of assorted glass beads (mostly, monochrome barrel forms, more seldom, mosaic and polychrome specimens, e.g. from groups tm  i, XViii, XXi, XXii, XXiii), and amber forms made by hand – from groups tm XXX and XXXi, and finally, for the first time, still very rare, amber beads made using a lathe (group tm Xlii). Another element of necklaces, in this case encountered on its own, is the S-clasp, mostly in silver, type v. müller c and d, and

globular pendants made in gold, and, for the first time, silver capsule pendants decorated with filigree. The belt is represented mainly by iron buckles, type ml d1, very rarely, iron buckles, ml g1 and ml g8, which however, are seldom accompanied by mounts, and strap ends are still noticeably absent. during this stadium, particularly in its final horizon, is observable a marked increase in the use of silver in ornaments  –  both as silver foil and solid silver. Also introduced at this time are the first ornaments with silver filigree and granulation (which, not infrequently, combine different metals: iron, bronze, silver and gilded silver foil). They represent a  major shift in the development of the jewellery-making techniques. This could explain why during this stadium we see for the first time robbed burials in inhumation graves. As regards demography, during this stadium is observed a slight domination of female over male burials, in the age group maturus, more seldom adultus. The age at death for men is similar, maturus and adultus, with a smaller number of iuvenis individuals. Also noted is a  small percentage of children, aged infans II. This stadium can be synchronised with the mature phase B2b, its end is designated in interregional chronology by phase B2c of Wielbark culture of the early roman Period. Stadium IIC (graves included in the diagram: 27, 278, 398, 74, 26C, 251, 60, 88, V, 267, 244, 413, 218, 238, 117, 25, 330, 485, 386, 22, 480, 26B, 390, 179A/190/190A, 135, 291/294/295, 475, 228, 472, 107, 459, 373, 139, 205, 405, 234) As indicated earlier, the opening horizon of this stadium in terms of the funerary rite as well as in the style of elements of grave inventory continues the tradition of the final horizon of the preceding stadium described above. Nevertheless, observed here is an increased participation of urned cremation graves, in most cases destroyed, some while the cemetery was still in use (by the digging of new inhumation graves) others, when it went out of use (medieval, post-medieval, modern period destruction). in terms of change in costume this horizon is marked by the introduction of new forms, which more often than previously are in solid silver. of these the most distinctive are brooches which unite stylistic and morphological features of types A.ii.38-41, now well represented (similarly as during the final horizon of the preceding stadium). Features proper for the classic type A.ii.38 include long spring-covers and quite pronounced crests. The brooches are not as slender as in the “pure” type A.ii.38, also recorded in number at this cemetery, whereas their ornamentation is reminiscent of type A.ii.40-41. They represent a chunky variant of A.ii.38 brooches or a  slender variant of type A.ii.40-41. Still present are iron brooches decorated with silver foil, type 126-130, and group A.V, series 11 (type leonów acc. to Jamka).

129 late during this stadium there is an obvious stylistic change which is marked by an increasing amount of silver used in making the ornaments, also introduced are the first dress accessories typical for the early and late roman Period transition. Brooches are represented by new forms of type A.V.97, not noted earlier, and forms morphologically similar to them; moreover, also numerous are bronze brooches, group A.V, types A.126, A.127, A.128, and forms which exhibit features common to several types, e.g. A.128-130, often decorated with silver foil. on the whole, rod bracelets have gone out of use whereas still in evidence are mature forms of Schlangenkopf bracelets, type Wójcik iiB, and silver forms, Wójcik iiiA. Beads have become a staple element of the inventory, but necklaces composed deliberately occur in burials containing richer furnishings. These are diverse forms of glass beads, at most, up to a dozen-odd pieces of the same groups as during the preceding stadium. There is a variety of composition and types, e.g. introduced are miniature beads of orange glass paste, type tm 53, used probably only as decorative appliqué sewn onto clothing. Amber beads continue in evidence, with a slight increase in the frequency of beads made using a lathe, group tm Xlii, and also the first varied forms of amber pendants are noted for the first time. An apparent change has taken place in belt sets with the introduction of the first, still rare, bronze bipartite buckles with a  buckle plate, type ml  d17, and also, for the first time, a greater number of strap ends, mostly, type r J.ii.3, and forms close to it. objects of everyday use now start to include three-layer combs, type Thomas i. There is a decrease in the number of caskets with metal mounts in favour of containers made of wood and outer bark. The funerary rite has changed, now there are fewer log coffins, but the burials continue to be mostly in extended supine position, aligned N-S, with deflection from the main axis becoming less frequent. in case of cremation graves, one may surmise that their number has grown but owing to the lack of a reliable basis for dating (smashed urns survive as concentrations of sherds with no additional chronologically diagnostic furnishings) this is hard to prove. graves from this stadium mostly occupy the entire S slope of the elevation, but they cannot be separated into individual concentrations or arrangements. The number of robber trenches is also on the increase. Both in the inhumation graves and in confirmed cremations there is an apparent increased percentage of female burials in age group adultus and maturus, more seldom, iuvenis. The men are mostly in the age group adultus and more rarely, maturus. this stadium should be synchronised with phase B2c, and although it includes some elements typical for the early/late roman Period transition (classical phase B2/c1 – cf. also note 43), in general, this time segment has ties with the style of the early roman Period.

Stadium IIIA (graves included in the diagram: 34A, 432, 67, 115, 116, 212/213, 421/444, 209, 217, 488, 16, 191, 29/30, 431, 85, 456, 227, 146/149, ii, 129, 322, 215, 265, 429, 455, 397, 402, 208, 434, 467, 366, 250) in contrast to all the stadia described earlier, the onset of this one well-defined. The funerary rite continues to be dominated by inhumation graves aligned N-S with the body buried supine. coffins and wooden structures have become widespread, parallel to pit graves and, in contrast with the preceding stadium, are no longer the dominant form. Noted inside inhumation graves are traces of caskets, mainly encountered in N area of the grave pit, more seldom, at its S end. They lack decorative outer metal fittings except for bronze and iron lock mounts, lock springs and rarely, keys. Wooden or outer bark containers occur with a higher frequency. The identifiable contents of the caskets and containers continue to be objects of everyday use, in sets comprising a needle, spindlewhorl and more seldom, a hooked pin. This stadium yielded the largest number of urned cremation graves. Worth noting among them are urns made using the wheel coiling technique, their style and morphology is marked by identical features of craftsmanship (cf. in more detail, m. Natuniewicz-Sekuła 2005; 2008). inhumation graves occur mostly on the slope, but could not be separated into distinct concentrations. cremation graves, on the other hand, concentrate in the central area of the southern slope. They were observed as clusters of pottery fragments (destroyed urns) and burnt bones, in most cases, without other elements of furnishings. These concentrations frequently were identified within the fill of inhumation graves or immediately above them. This position is certain to be secondary, the result of dislocation of these urns from their original place of deposition, caused by destructive human activity while the cemetery was in use and probably, also during the medieval and the modern periods42. Besides brooches of group A.V, series 8, types A.126 and A.128, often, in silver or decorated with silver foil, which continue in evidence, a new element are bronze and silver brooches A.ii.40-41, recorded in number at Weklice. There is an increase in the number of brooches per grave, mostly in sets (a matching pair of bronze or silver brooches), as a rule of the same type, and a third (in bronze or silver) of a  different type. Still numerous are bronze and silver Schlangenkopf bracelets, types Wójcik iiA and Wójcik iiiB. Bead necklaces have become more elaborate, and more 42

At first, J. okulicz-Kozaryn (1992a, 141; A. Bursche, J. okulicz-Kozaryn 1999, 143) thought that the urns had been dug up deliberately for moving to over the pits of an inhumation grave, in order to hide the richly furnished graves from robbers; this concept, based on the assumption that urns have an earlier dating than inhumations (or, a so-called reverse stratigraphy) could not be justified in any convincing way.

130 than once, comprise sets of up to a  few dozen pieces of typologically diverse polychrome glass beads from the same groups as during the preceding stadia; also, there is a large quantity of amber beads made by hand (groups tm XXX and XXXi) and an apparent increase in participation of beads made on a lathe (groups tm Xlii–XlVi). Another element are silver S-clasps (which also appear as a separate dress accessory), forms decorated with filigree and granulation, type v. müller B, and more seldom, capsule pendants. it is interesting that in the majority of the better-furnished inhumation graves from this horizon, belts with metal mounts are rarely seen. When they do occur, they consist of, mainly, a unipartite rectangular buckle, type ml g1, and, much more seldom, bronze bipartite buckles with a buckle plate, type ml d17. A relatively clearly defined chronological shift takes place during the late horizon of the same stadium. it does not involve significant change in the funerary rite, although here also is observed an equal ratio of coffins and wooden structures to ordinary inhumation graves. Also noted more frequently are graves with a  coffin in the form of an expanded log boat. moreover, there is an increase in the number of burials deposited on their right side, legs contracted, and a larger number of wooden or outer bark containers than of caskets with metal mounts. Analogically to the older horizon, urned cremation graves are frequent, similarly as is evidence on grave robbery. The signalled chronological change is observable primarily in the dress accessories which exhibit features of the late roman Period. First of all, from the point of view of the raw material there is an observable increase in participation of silver and numerous ornaments in gold and gilded foil, which prevail over jewellery made in bronze. Next to brooch forms recorded during the preceding stadia, e.g. A.V.126, A.V.127 and A.V.132, which continue in evidence, and still well represented variants of brooches A.ii.40-41 (mostly with high catchplates), seen for the first time, although still rare, are crossbow brooches with a high catchplate, 1 series of Almgren’s group Vii. during this stadium are recorded silver Schlangenkopf bracelets, type Wójcik iiiA, and also, bronze and silver forms, types Wójcik iiA and Wójcik iiB. Still numerous are necklaces made of assorted glass and amber beads (the former are represented by types seen during the earlier stadia), there is a growing number of beads made using a lathe. Neck ornaments are represented also by S-clasps, mainly in silver, and exceptionally, in gold, at times, they are accompanied by gold biconical beads. The belt set consists of metal mounts in the form of a lingering iron buckle form, type ml d1, and moreover, of bronze and iron rectangular buckles of assorted types from group g (e.g. types ml g1 and g8) which, as a rule, are accompanied by bronze strap ends, type r J.ii.3 and forms close to them.

in terms of ornamentation this stadium is rich in the development of advanced goldworking techniques using granulation and filigree, combined with decorative designs on impressed gold and silver foil. For the first time, next to casting there is evidence of specimens forged over shape forms (brooches, bracelets) using silver of a high fineness. towards the end of this stadium we see for the first time a group of very richly furnished burials, both with objects made locally and luxury items imported from the area of the roman empire. Particularly important is an inventory from grave 208, in which a set of magnificent jewellery, in “baroque” style, occurred in company of imports. one of the items is a disc brooch with a representation, impressed in gilded silver foil, of a double portrait of mark Aurelius and lucius Verus, co-emperors in the period 161–169. The original of this image was executed in the imperial court following the official representation of emperors, presumably in connection with the planned war with Parthia, not earlier than in Ad 164; to the territory of Barbaricum it could have found its way probably in late Ad 160s. in the same grave was discovered a  terra sigillata vessel, admittedly, without the potter’s stamp, but attributable to a  central gaulish workshop, presumably at lezoux, the atelier of ciNNAmuS or one of his co-workers. The ovolo motif and composition of the stamped scenes and, in particular, decorative details, suggests that a part of the relief designs find analogy only in the wares of potters from the group of late co-workers of ciNNAmuS and that same master at the time when he was using a large stamp with his name. it is thought that he was active starting from the early 160s until early 190s, when in times of unrest, associated with an uprising the lezoux stopped it activity. Approaching these not fully certain findings with caution we can nevertheless accept, with a  good dose of probability, that the assemblage of furnishings from grave 208 at Weklice was formed not earlier than in early 170s, and we can only take into consideration more generally, the final decades of that century. This would give us an absolute chronological segment for dating the late horizon of the stadium under discussion, overlapping with the onset of stadium iiiB and as yet, the only absolute chronological dating form from Wielbark culture territory of the close of phase B2/c1–c1a (cf. note 43), since, until recently, this phase was dated 2–3 decades earlier. in general, during this stadium in inhumation graves there is a domination of female burials, most often in the age group adultus, more seldom, iuvenis, maturus and exceptionally, senilis. The men were mostly aged maturus, followed by adultus and most seldom, iuvenis. There was a single burial of an infans II child. on the other hand, in cremation graves, if the level of preservation of the bone remains permitted determination, the burials were mainly men, aged maturus. in interregional chronology, the onset of this stadium should be synchronised with the early

131 segment of phase B2/c1 (B2/c1.A)43, its close, with the later segment of the same phase with observable late roman Period elements, known as B2/c1.B. Stadium IIIB (graves included in the diagram: 429, 455, 397, 402, 208, 434, 467, 366, 250, 210, 256, 102, 192, 353, 452, 342, 383, 490, 160/175, 24, 261, 314, 92, 200, 127, 465, 306, 28, 43, 393, 382, 125, 316, 62, 400) The opening horizon of this stadium overlaps with the final horizon of stadium iiiA and is represented by a comparable set of elements of grave furnishings and features of funerary rite. A marked chronological change is noted during the mature and final horizon of the same stadium. in terms of the funerary rite once again there is domination of inhumation graves over urned cremations. The latter cannot be dated with precision owing to absence of chronologically sensitive finds since most of these burials at the time of discovery were destroyed. Seen for the first time during this stadium are pit cremations, a form of burial wherein the clean burnt bones, were deposited in pits the size of inhumation graves. inhumation graves are represented by burials deposited directly in a pit and graves with a coffin and wooden structures. The dominant form of burial during this stadium is in an expanded log boat coffin. There is a visibly growing number of burials deposited on their right side, legs flexed. many graves from this phase were robbed. There is an apparent domination of wooden or outer bark containers over caskets. in case of the latter the only more tangible find are elements of metal lock mounts, rarely, also lock springs and keys. outer mounts are almost unseen. in the group of dress accessories there are numerous elements characteristic for the late roman Period, which at times combine secondary stylistic features known during the early roman Period. A novel element which distinguishes this horizon of stadium iiiB is the introduction of a special variant of spring-cover brooches, group ii, types A.ii.40-41, with a high, diagonally set catchplate. These are mostly silver specimens forged shape forms, which also occur in a set with brooches with a high catchplate, 1 series Almgren group Vii, often, with an upper chord. recorded for the first time in similar sets are early crossbow tendril brooches, type A.Vi.162. Their silver counterparts, still few, are decorated with a single coil of beaded wire. There are rare finds of the now nearly obsolete brooches from group A.V, series 8, e.g. A.V.126, but even they have a high catchplate set at an oblique angle to the bow of the brooch. There is an increase in the diversity of forms of glass and amber beads. There is a high frequency of miniature beads 43

in the present analysis we propose to divide phase B2/c1 into two sub-phases discarding the universally used notation: phase B2/c1–c1a, and using the notation B2/c1.A – in reference to its older segment, and B2/c1.B – to denote its younger segment. This form of notation will be used later on in this chapter.

of orange glass paste, type tm 53 (several dozen specimens in an inventory). Seen for the first time are hexahedral glass beads, types tm  119 and 120, and cubooctohedral forms, type tm 131, as well as faience melon beads. There is a marked increase in the number of amber beads made using a lathe, groups tm Xlii–XlVi, and necklaces include numerous amber pendants (mostly wedge- and axe-shaped). Necklaces are rarely accompanied by silver S-clasps, type v. müller B, and also by the more rare bronze forms, type c. Also noted for the first time are bronze and silver rings, types Beckmann 15 and 16, large over 2.5 cm in diameter. to this stadium should be dated a group of graves containing pins with a half-round head, Beckmann group iii (type Weklice acc. to Juga-Szymańska). Bracelets continue to be represented by silver Schlangenkopf specimens, more seldom, in bronze, types Wójcik iiiA and Wójcik V. Among buckles the most numerous form is bronze bipartite buckle with a buckle plate, type ml d17, and more seldom, ml d29, and these are accompanied by bronze strap ends, types r J.ii.3 and r J.iV.5, as well as, for the first time, strap ends from group o (e.g. type r o.11). Also noted are three-layer combs, type Thomas i, and with the highest frequency at this time, one-layer combs, type Thomas Aii and d. Also numerous are objects of everyday use, in sets comprising a spindlewhorl and a needle. Visible during this stadium is a decline in the use of filigree and granulation in favour of cast and forged ornaments. during this stadium male burials are outnumbered by female burials, rarely in the age group senilis, most often, maturus, followed by adultus and sporadically, iuvenis. male burials are represented by maturus, more seldom adultus and iuvenis, individuals. observations as to the age and sex could not be made for cremation graves since most of the skeletal remains had gone missing and the level of preservation of the surviving bones did not allow osteology analysis. The onset of this stadium is thought to coincide, in interregional chronology, with the early segment of phase B2/c1, (B2/c1.A) or B2/c1.B, its mature and final segment, with pure phase c1a. This marks an important but nevertheless still arbitrary caesura between the early roman Period and onset of the late roman Period, where early roman forms of ornaments disappear from the record and the few lingering specimens occur in association with increasingly numerous ornaments in the style of the late roman Period. Stadium IVA (graves included in the diagram: 400, 438, 433, 463, 76, 15, 246, 231, 315, 287, 229, 82, 268, 179, 143, 75, Vi, 124, 324, 150, 118, 403, 416, 309, 153, 301A, 307, 55) The beginning of this stadium coincides with the late roman Period use of the cemetery and stands out quite clearly from the preceding stadium. in terms of the funerary rite it is characterised by a marked domination of inhumation over cremation graves, the latter are now very few (as far as could be established). in inhumation graves, which have

132 decreased in number in comparison to the preceding phase, parallel to burials in pits there are coffins and wooden structures (and also, less numerous boat graves than in the preceding phase). With increasing frequency the inhumations rest on their right side. caskets with metal mounts are almost not in evidence, replaced with containers made of wood and outer bark. in the class of dress accessories there has been a unification of style. The prevailing form are bronze, but also, silver  –  frequently with gold foil decoration  –  standard crossbow tendril brooches, A.Vi.162, which exhibit the same features of craftsmanship. Barring some exceptions (rare brooches A.Vi.162 decorated with a  single coil of beaded wire) decoration using filigree and granulation is almost unseen. Brooches continue to occur in pairs, plus an additional third brooch of a different type, but with increasing frequency, on their own or in twos. Schlangenkopf bracelets have gone out of use. The character of necklaces and other neck ornaments has changed, the former are richer and greatly varied. This is because, for the first time, are observed numerous amber eight-shape beads with or without a collar, group tm lV, made on a lathe, often, of high quality raw amber. There is still a high frequency of amber beads made on a lathe (groups tm Xlii–XlVi). Among sets of glass beads are seen, for the first time, lenticular beads, types tm 88–90, decorated tetrahedral forms close to type tm 354, and recorded earlier but now more numerous, cubooctohedral beads, type tm 126, and hexahedral forms, type tm 119. in the graves from this stadium necklaces of beads represent deliberately assembled sets and arrangements (several beads of the same type) but are not accompanied by metal elements, e.g. S-clasps, or biconical beads. Belt fittings continue to be represented by bipartite buckles with a buckle plate, type ml d17 and d29, with a few now obsolete iron rectangular buckles, type ml g1, and rare finds of new specimens, type ml e12. Also still in evidence are bronze strap ends, type r J.ii.3, and numerous strap ends r o.11, mostly in sets with ml d17 buckles. This stadium features the largest number of combs, type Thomas i, and is characterised also by the appearance of bronze and silver spurs. roman luxury imports are not recorded, except for finds of glass vessels which are observed at this time. The closing horizon of this stadium overlaps visibly with the onset of the next stadium and is distinguished mainly on the basis of the presence of bronze, more seldom, silver brooches with a closed catchplate, type A.Vi.170. Some of these are decorated with a single coil of beaded wire. They occur on their own as well as in a set with classic A.Vi.162 brooches. despite uniformization of dress accessories, still noted during this stadium is a  distinctive group of richer graves. Seen for the first time are rosette brooches, forms close to Almgren group Vii, 4 series and lund Hansen & Przybyła group 6.

in the rich graves there is a larger number of new types of glass beads. These are, first of all, cylindrical forms close to type tm 358, and tubular hexahedral forms with no counterpart in the type which fits within group tm Xii. As before, a distinctive form are lenticular beads, types tm 88–90, cubooctohedral beads, mainly type tm 126, and hexahedral beads, mainly types tm 119 and 121. Also numerous are amber eight-shaped beads, group tm lV, and amber pendants imitating animal claws. A characteristic feature is occurrence of miniature glass beads, type tm 53, which are not elements of necklaces but were used as appliqué on clothing. moreover, during this stadium are recorded for the first time sets of amulets, mostly deposited in pouches, usually clasped by the dead individual. They consist of banded pendants (often with kauri shells), or large amber beads bound with bronze rings, type Beckmann 16; similar rings are also encountered on their own. Also seen for the first time are bear claw pendants set in bronze. Next to elements of the belt set known from the onset of this stadium come into use bronze bipartite buckles, ml e3 and e13, and also, strap ends types r J.ii.4, J.iV.4 and J.iV.5. male burials, mostly from age group maturus, outnumber female burials which tend to be in the adultus and maturus, exceptionally, senilis age group. This stadium should be synchronised with phase c1b, its final segment, with the onset of phase c2, or c2a. Stadium IVB (graves included in the diagram: 324, 150, 118, 403, 416, 309, 153, 301A, 307, 55, 423, 308, 389, 184, 133, 372, 128, 168, 478) The onset of this stadium is not clearly marked and overlaps visibly with the preceding stadium, especially in features of the funerary rite and types of furnishings which have been described above. even so, in terms of style of the elements of grave inventory it is an introduction of sorts to the mature horizon of this stadium from which it cannot be easily separated. during the mature horizon there is a visible increase in the frequency of burials placed on their right side and a declining number of log coffins. Also gone from the record are caskets with metal mounts and containers made of wood and outer bark. No cremation graves in urns were identified. This is also a period with the largest number of robbed burials, therefore the record presented here may not reflect the actual situation. However, despite the large number of robbed graves there were some burials visibly distinguished by the richness of their furnishings. in the class of dress accessories this is a time of the largest number of finds of brooches with a closed catchplate, type A.Vi.170, recorded in graves on their own and in pairs, and of more rare brooches from group Vi, type A.162, and, seen for the first time, bronze brooches decorated with multiple strands of coiled beaded wire, type A.Vi.167. At this time there are no luxury roman imports, except for a single imported brooch decorated with enamel.

133 on the other hand, this is a  period of elaborate and rich necklaces, which represent deliberately put together arrangements and feature e.g. glass beads of cylindrical form, type tm 358, and types tm 138 and 142, as well as tubular hexahedral beads with no counterpart in the type which fits within group tm Xii. Still a distinctive element are lenticular beads, types tm  88-90, cubooctohedral beads, mainly type tm 126, and hexahedral ones, mostly types tm 119 and 121. Seen moreover are miniature beads of glass paste, type tm  53, both as separate necklaces, decorative appliqué on clothing, and as spacer elements in necklaces. Still encountered in number are amber beads made using a lathe (groups tm Xlii–XlVii) whereas the number of eight-shape beads with a collar has decreased in favour of eight-shape beads without a collar, showing less careful execution, group tm lV. in belt sets the dominant element are bronze bipartite buckles with a buckle plate, type ml e12, with types ml d17 and d29 still in evidence. during this stadium female burials in the age group maturus, more seldom, senilis, outnumber male burials, mostly in the age group adultus. Also noted are rare burials of children, age infans II. This stadium should be synchronised with the onset of phase c2, or, in our approach, c2a. Stadium V (graves included in the diagram: 478, 34, 380, 173, 220, 194, 141, 441, 446, 274, 331, 336, 119, 174, 275, 288, 86, 131, 379, 411, 248, 426, 202, 132, 440, iV, 354, 292, 323) This stadium is evidently separate from the one described above and is marked by an increase in the number of inhumation graves (still with many cases of robbery). graves provided with coffins and wooden structures are now rare. in all the types of inhumation grave the dominant placement of the burial is on its right side, legs flexed. cremation graves in this phase are infrequent, and tend to be single destroyed burials. graves from this stadium are spread over the entire slope of the hill at Weklice, without any identifiable arrangement. Similarly as in the preceding stadia, there is an outstanding group of richest graves. caskets with metal mounts are very rare in evidence, in contrast to more numerous containers made of wood and outer bark. in terms of dress accessories this stadium is singled out by the introduction of a large number of a new brooch, a form with a false spring, type A.Vi.168. These are both silver and bronze specimens. Worth noting are their several variants: knob-headed, with a high knob on the head set atop a coil of wire, and forms lacking a knob on the head. mostly they occur in pairs, in some cases, also in company of a third brooch (in bronze, more seldom, in silver), late variant of type AVi.162 or type A.Vi.170 (even, specimens decorated with gold foil and coiled strands of beaded silver wire). moreover, there is a higher frequency of bronze, exceptionally, silver brooches, as compared to the preceding stadium, type A.Vi.167, which, on the whole, must be treated as a vari-

ant of type A.Vi.162, except that it is decorated with a larger number of strands of coiled beaded wire – as many as three. The most attractive dress accessories during this stadium are elaborate necklaces, some of two, three, strings of glass and amber beads. most of them are deliberately assembled sets. They comprise glass bead forms already recorded in the preceding stadium, but here they have the highest frequency. Amber beads are mainly forms made using a lathe, groups tm Xlii–XlVii, and, also made with the same technique, the best represented eight-shape beads with a collar (group tm lV). it is notable that in the same stadium belong numerous eight-shape beads without a collar, but they are mostly hand-made, from waste material or material of inferior quality. This was the stadium marked by the highest frequency of bronze bucket pendants, type Beilke-Voigt iA, mainly, in the context of neck ornaments. introduced during this stadium are bronze boxes, and there is quite a  number of sets of amulets which occur in clusters separately from other dress accessories (often, in cloth pouches). They include e.g. rings, in silver, more seldom in bronze, type Beckmann 16, and bear claws set in bronze, as well as distinctive polychrome beads in glass and amber beads. The dominant element in belt sets are bronze bipartite buckles with a buckle plate, type ml e12, still in use are types ml d17 and d29, and rarely, iron unipartite forms with a rectangular frame, type ml g1. Strap ends continue to be represented by types from the preceding stadium, as well as by the less frequent bronze strap ends types r J.ii.3 and r J.iV.5, and exceptionally, distinctive bronze forms with decorative silver rivets, close to type r J.iV.1. moreover, in this stadium we see the highest frequency of bronze strap ends (with decorative silver rivets) from group o; mostly, types r o.15, o.16 and o.17. There is quite a number of combs, type Thomas i. on the other hand, there are hardly any spurs, except for a pair of silver specimens from grave iV. luxury roman imports are no longer seen, but in the context of the amulet sets there is a small number of roman coins. during this stadium the ratio of male to female burials is even. The men are mostly in the age group maturus, women, in group adultus and iuvenis. This stadium should be synchronised with the late segment of phase c2, in our approach – c2b. Stadium VI (grave included in the diagram: 357) This stadium is represented by a  single destroyed urned cremation grave furnished with a type A.Vi.171 brooch, so-called Raupenfibel, a silver buckle, type ml H11, and a pottery urn close to type rW iVA. These finds evidently belong in the interregional phase c3–d (cf. in more detail, B. Kontny, m. Natuniewicz-Sekuła 2009). Apart from grave 357 no other inventories, or stray finds have been discovered contemporary to this burial. it seems that the grave in question was established in the burial ground after its regular use was over.

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III.3. Remarks on horizontal stratigraphy of the cemetery Although we still have not grasped the full extent of the cemetery and a more comprehensive analysis is prevented by substantial degree of destruction of the graves due to factors described earlier, we can at least make a number of significant observations on horizontal stratigraphy of the cemetery. At the N edge of the grave field there remains an yet uninvestigated area on the summit of the hill, as well as an area hard to determine today, of at least a few hundred square meters on its e side. The southern part of the cemetery has been identified in general but to determine reliably its range still requires some verification work. The entire W fragment of the cemetery, presumably not less than 15–25% of its surface, was lost to the gravel pit. in the surviving area of the cemetery investigated so far it is possible to separate three main zones of occurrence of the graves (Fig. 7). each of these is characterised by a special manner of deposition of graves, different from stratigraphic arrangements known from other Wielbark culture cemeteries, or more generally – cemeteries recognised in northern areas of european Barbaricum. Zone I of the cemetery takes in the summit of the elevation and descends in a wide arch down the SW part of the slope along the edge of today’s gravel pit, where it was partly lost by it. This zone filled up with graves, gradually, to occupy a strip which extended down the slope, but its original width is unclear due to damage. in N fragment of this zone were identified the earliest inhumation graves at Weklice from stadium iA, aligned e-W. They form two parallel rows running along the e-W line on the boundary between the summit and the slope of the hill. lower down, now in the upper area of the slope, were identified inhumation graves from stadia iB, iiA, iiB and iic, with burials aligned N-S, many of them with a deflection of up to 10˚ (mostly, to the W). in the layout of these graves it is hardly possible to discern any tendency to have them arranged in rows. in the last row, on Se side, surfaced the first graves from stadia iiiA and iiiB. They were positioned between the loosely distributed earlier graves, apparently with care taken to avoid the burials of the ancestors. The greatest concentration of inhumation graves at the maximum range of the entire zone coincides with stadia iiA, iiB, iic, iiiA and iiiB. At the same time, probably already in stadium iiiA, but only in Se area of this zone, a dozen-odd urned graves were deposited, representing the periphery of sorts in the neighbourhood (centre of the slope) of a large cluster of cremation graves. A significant observation is that in N area of zone i (summit of the elevation), between the earliest graves, after a break in use of this part of the cemetery which cannot be easily determined as to its duration, several individuals were buried in this part of the cemetery, very likely, during the final horizon of stadium iiiB and at the onset of

stadium iVA, provided with exceptional grave furnishings. unfortunately, these graves suffered partial damage before World War ii (cf. more details in chapter i.5). The sole survivor was grave 495 (discovered in 2005, not included here) containing an assemblage of imported roman vessels, dated to stadium iiiB (cf. in more detail m. Natuniewicz-Sekuła, J. okulicz-Kozaryn 2008). in this area, with much probability also may be located rich burials (graves iV and Vi), investigated before World War ii, containing e.g. a pair of matching silver spurs each (cf. B. Kontny, m. Natuniewicz-Sekuła 2010). Also discovered here, as a stray find – unlike no other recorded on territory of Barbaricum – was the upper fragment of a roman pitcher in a style inspired by egyptian art. moreover, during the most recent fieldwork seasons this area yielded a few dozen-odd stray items of top quality goldwork (more extensively on this subject, see m. Natuniewicz-Sekuła 2010). Thus, there is much to suggest that the founder kinship group, users of this zone of the cemetery, continued to treat the hilltop as a place of prestige and made a distinction for the leading individuals in the community, burying them here. it is to be supposed that with the end of stadium iV and possibly, beginning of stadium V, deposition of burials in the entire zone i finally came to an end. Zone II covers the central area of the slope, descending on its south side to its foot, the edge of the cemetery. Northern boundary of this zone is defined by a  several metres’ wide strip empty of graves which runs the length of the incline of the hill and separates, hypothetically44, the oldest part of zone i from the northern outer edge of zone ii. From the east, zone ii was separated from zone i also by a discernible empty belt, and only after discontinuation of establishing graves in the latter, approximately during stadium iiiA and iiiB, the extent of zone ii started shifting slightly westward, during stadia iVA, iVB and V. A similar situation, not fully certain due to the still incomplete coverage of this area by excavation, was observed on e side, beyond which was recorded a loose scatter of graves belonging to zone iii. in so defined area of zone ii, with a surface of approximately 500 m2, centrally on S slope of the elevation were established a  few hundred cremation and inhumation graves, evidently, about 80% of burials uncovered so far. We also need to bear in mind that a significant, hard to specify, number of graves was destroyed in this area without a trace. A similarly high crowding of graves in a small area is not recorded in any cemetery of european Barbaricum known to us. 44

Note: this zone has suffered substantial damage from sand extraction and bulk pile storage of carrots. consequently, its being free of graves definitely may not be treated as reflection of an actual situation.

Fig. 7. Weklice. Horizontal stratigraphy of the cemetery. Area explored down only to the level of the cremation graves is stippled

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136 The earliest graves in zone ii were established on its N margin during stadium iiA. Starting from this time, in later stadia (iiB and iic), the cemetery expanded southward, and by stadium iiiA, the entire area of zone ii became occupied by graves. At first, the pits of inhumation graves (invariably in a N-S alignment, with some rare deflections) were dug in not too compact but nevertheless, orderly, rows running in an arc along the e-W line. during stadia iiiA and iiiB, in rows established in this manner in N part of zone ii as well as in its S fragment, still empty, new inhumation burials were deposited. Parallel to this, in the same area, very likely starting already from stadium iB, with the highest intensity in stadia iiiA and iiiB, was deposited a  large number of urns, according to a hard-to-grasp system. As we signalled in the opening chapters of the present analysis, nearly all the cremation graves were disturbed or destroyed, and also, probably, robbed still during prehistory. often, the smashed urns surfaced as clusters of pottery fragments and were discovered in the upper level of the fill of the inhumation graves (cf. also note 42). during stadia iiiA and iiiB, this zone of the cemetery developed a not easily described and confusing configuration of pits of inhumation and cremation graves, overlapping and intruding on one another45. Somewhat different in this zone is distribution of graves from the final stadia of the cemetery (stadia iVA, iVB and V). These were established over the crowded area of earlier graves, many of which they destroyed or disturbed. They formed three visibly separate concentrations of graves, as well as a fourth, small and compact, which occupied the empty, until then, area on the Se edge of zone ii. if we add to the situation described above the profusion of ancient robber trenches, destruction from animal burrows, relics of early medieval settlement accumulated over it all, and diverse later destruction and slope erosion caused

45

Stratigraphic relationships and configuration of individual graves are described in detail in the catalogue (chapter ii.2.).

by ploughing, we then get an idea on the difficulties of interpretation of so convoluted stratigraphic relationships. Zone III is not discussed here in more detail because it only recently came under investigation (seasons 2005–2009) and graves exposed there were left out of the present analysis. despite this, to grasp the horizontal stratigraphy of the entire cemetery this zone needs to be characterised, if only briefly. it is found immediately east of zone ii. it covers Se part of the slope, its N and e boundary has not been identified yet. Within zone iii were identified mainly inhumation burials (around 50 features) and also a small number of cremation urns. So far, it has been established that they come from stadia iic, iiiA, iiiB. The grave pits were loosely spaced and, similarly as in zone i, barring a small number of exceptions, did not intrude one on another.

*** on the basis of the aforegoing observations we can conclude with a great degree of likelihood that at Weklice, rather than with a single stable kinship group settled in the region of Weklice, who buried their dead in the cemetery of interest, we may have to do with a community which welcomed sailors, merchants, traders, and young adventurers, who came to the area from different parts. After all, from here, as from a stopover on a travel route, they could have headed South and passed through on their way back, bearing loot to their native land. This would have been for them a transit area, where respect for ancestor graves was not obligatory. An additional argument in support of such an interpretation could be the excellent geographic location of this area, near to the mouth of the Vistula and at the intersection of trade routes running from the North (from the mouth of the rhine, by way of the danish islands), and from the South, from the borders of the provinces of the roman empire. All of which would explain the confusing configuration of the cemetery.

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IV. Selected questions issues of funerary rite – forms of burial and distinctive elements of their furnishing As was noted in earlier chapters as the investigation of the cemetery is still in progress all the findings about the burial rite described here cannot be final. even so, it seems to us that even at this stage of analysis it is worth focusing on

some aspects of the funerary ritual of the community of users of the cemetery at Weklice. Below are presented our remarks on the burials forms and elements of furnishings distinctive for this particular gravefield.

IV.1. General remarks on the grave forms during all of the stadia that the cemetery was in use the pits of the inhumations graves were roughly rectangular in outline, more rarely, sub-oval, mostly rounded at the corners. There were also observable differences in the form and size of pits depending on the soil conditions. Pits identified in friable sand saturated with iron oxide precipitates (hardpan) tended to be larger and more carefully prepared than smaller and more irregular pits excavated in exceptionally hard layer of gravel and clay saturated with iron oxide. This presumably is because digging such a hard substrate using implements then available was not an easy task (even now these burials were excavated only with difficulty). The smallest and most irregular, sub-oval shaped pits belong to the earliest graves with an e-W alignment dating from stadium iA. At the same time, we need to stress that their plan at the time of unearthing was not the original one, as this outline was grasped only at the level of the inhumation or just a dozen-odd centimetres above it. moreover, we discovered these features in an area most affected by levelling – directly below the arable layer where ploughing had caused disturbance to the original outline of their edges. grave pits suggesting a great deal of care was taken in preparing them for the burial date from stadium iiB, iiiA and iiiB. They were quite large in size, 2.5–2.9×1–1.2 m. An excellent example is a pit containing four burials, from grave 26A-d, which at the level of detection measured 3.4×2.2 m. it is notable that next to the margin of some pits (in cases where the underlying layer permitted observation) we observed the remains of postholes saturated with iron oxides (from timbers driven vertically into the ground), up to 2–3 on both longer sides (cf. e.g. graves nos 15, 27, 45 and 184). Postholes were also identified in isolation or in a series of up to 3 above the head or by the Ne corner, and also in S area of the pit (e.g. graves nos 28, 379, 402, 411 and 471). in grave 379 a posthole retained a fragment of a charred timber. Possibly, these timbers were used to mark the burial on the ground. A few dozen graves contained stones inside the pit. Frequently, these were small stones, ca 0.1–0.15 m in diameter, which had found their way into pits naturally during backfilling. The use of larger stones and boulders used in mortuary structures was limited at Weklice by the shortage of natural

boulders in the layers of the esker elevation, nevertheless a number of graves contained arrangements of stones, presumably brought in from the nearby moraine hills. Smaller stones, ca 0.1–0.2 m in diameter, had been used as settings in inhumation burials (e.g. graves nos 16, 17), somewhat larger ones propped up the coffin or the buried body (e.g. graves nos 227, 253, 267 and 471). more often however, the smaller stone settings were discovered next to or over urns, with large flat stones used as urn lids (e.g. graves nos 104, 108, 160/175, 188, 329 and 357). in two exceptional cases large boulders had been used to fill the inhumation pits of grave over the burial (graves nos 22 and 51). on a few occasions a large boulder had been placed on the chest or at the feet of the dead body (e.g. graves nos 271, 321, 361 and 485). The cemetery also harboured a number of stele, mainly in the form of large or medium-sized boulders, less often, stone slabs with evident traces of hewing to the required shape. in most cases the stele had been deposited at grave pit bottom, on the same level with the burial, and covered with soil. This suggests that not all of them were meant to mark the grave at the ground level as it was then. The stele tended to be found in more richly furnished graves (e.g. nos 208, 256, 342 and 360), always at the feet of the burial. The most striking and imposing stela occurred in grave 208. Although it has been shifted from its original place, that place retained a number of stones which originally propped it up. A stela from grave 360 had been placed on six smaller stones to keep it stable. This was a carefully selected dressed stone, very likely, porphyry (a variety of igneous rock), with characteristic attractive intrusions in the form of veins. early into stadium iA the dead were not buried in coffins, something which may be observed also during later stadia, probably using only some form of a fabric as a covering for the corpse (e.g. shrouds, mats, etc.). Their presence is suggested frequent finds, next to the remains of the skeleton, of darker, rust-coloured patches of hardpan, the remains from decomposed organic matter (e.g. graves nos 47 and 471). The first rare log coffins appear during stadium iB to become more widespread during stadium iiA, iiB and iic – where they are the dominant form of inhumation. in subsequent stadia proportionately to log coffins other forms of mortuary fittings

138 are frequent. on rare occasions even during the early stadia, particularly, starting from stadium iiiA and iiiB, we noted the largest number of coffins in the form of a log boat with expanded sides (cf. at more length below), as well as plank platforms, box coffins, plank coffins (many of them without the bottom, only as planks shoring up the walls of the pit), and assorted structures of densely spaced rows of pegs around the

burial – possibly a sort of wattle-work, or small planks driven into the ground, vertically or at an angle, around the edges of pit (cf. table 2). in two cases there was evidence on some form of magic practices, unknown from other cemeteries of Wielbark culture, e.g. the burning of plants over the burial (cf. the description of graves nos 64 and 302). only the log coffin burials are discussed below at more length.

IV.2. Log coffins The catalogue published with this publication includes 92 graves which held the remains of log coffins, preserved complete or otherwise. Where this could be established (on many occasions, species determination was prevented by poor preservation) the log coffins were of hollowed out oak, more rarely, hornbeam (cf. Appendix Vi.3). Several of them retained within small fragments of charcoal, possibly, the remnants from the process of forcing outward the sides of the unseasoned log over an open fire, or, which is also possible, some practices which accompanied the burial not to be detected by archaeology. most of the coffins had been made with high skill, presumably by the same craftsmen and using similar techniques, as those who built the expanded log boats (cf. the section below). The coffin bottom retained the original curvature of the log or, as a result of expansion of its sides during construction, had a flattened cross-section. The log boat coffins had no lid. A possible exception is grave 45 which contained a coffin lid of sorts, or, more likely, some matting or cloth used to cover the burial. The outlines of the coffins, despite heavy decomposition of the wood due to the varying soil conditions – sand, gravel, clay (often, the level of preservation prevented tak-

ing samples) as a rule were well legible. measurements of the coffins varied; the largest reached 3 m metres in length and over 0.85 m in width (e.g. graves nos 275 and 342), the smallest were as much as 1.5 m long with a width of 0.5 m (e.g. grave 318). Some coffins were exceptionally narrow (ca 0.35–0.4 m) so that the burial would have been inserted only with difficulty (e.g. graves nos 153, 158 and 298&299). The change in the width of log coffins, observed from stadium iiiB onwards, evidently corresponds to the change of funerary rite when an increasing number of burials start being deposited on their right side, with legs flexed (e.g. graves nos 84, 210, 256, 342, 397 and 402). log coffins can be distinguished into types according to the form of their ends: type 1 with rectangular ends, type 2 with rounded corners, type 3 with oval-shaped ends. in all three types is found a  variant of a  coffin with visible thickening at both ends, the remains of wood which had not been fully removed (cf. table 2). The type of coffin most frequent at Weklice was type 2, followed by types 3 and 1. For coffin burials with available sex determinations the female: male ratio was even throughout the entire period when the cemetery was in use.

IV.3. Expanded log boat coffins Next to log coffins in the cemetery at Weklice the burials were deposited in expanded log boats the remains of which are recorded in 13 graves (cf. table 2). This is the first such concentration of log boat coffins recorded on the territory of Wielbark culture, known from past research of cemeteries in southern Baltic zone, especially Bornholm, where very similar monoxylum boats had been used for coffins in graves from the roman Period (o. crumlin-Pedersen 1991; 1995; W. ossowski 1999). The earliest boat burials discovered at Weklice are graves nos 360 and 481/484 from stadium iiA. grave 481/484 was discovered in the upper area of zone i on the summit of the elevation, while grave 360 occurred – like graves nos 62, 316 and 382 assigned to stadium iiiB – in W part of zone i on the hill slope (cf. chapter iii.3). The other eight boat burials were in zone ii forming two distinct concentrations (in e and W area of this zone) at the foot of the hill. Five of these graves originate from the early phases

of the late roman Period (stadium iiiA and iiiB), three of them, from the final stadia of the cemetery (iVA, iVB and V). the described craft are log boats having a  spindle-shaped hull, with a pointed or gently tapering stern and bow. The hull bottom tended to be half-round or, more seldom, lightly curved. Where it could be measured, the height of the boat amidships was between 0.2 and 0.35 m. Boats from Weklice which survived largely intact (graves nos 62, 82, 382, 400 and 429) had a length of between 1.65 and 3.8 m, with a maximum width of between 0.45 and 0.7 m46. 46

Suggesting that the boats would not have been very stable and would have been used on calm coastal or inland waters by just a few individuals and equipment, at the most, four people without equipment, or even a smaller crew and some equipment. With a maximum load spread evenly such a boat would have retained its stability on water only thanks to rhythmic rowing (cf. W. ossowski 1999, 89).

Type 2

Type 1

? Graves dated on the basis of stratigraphy (see Catalogue)

VI

V

IVB/V

IVB

IVA/IVB

IVA

IIIB/IVA

51, 54, 395

207, 236A

155

69, 369 253 (x 2), 378

131, 141

168

153

76

11, 80, 306

257

32

86, 119, 132, 202, 275, 327, 328 (?)

15, 231, 298, 433, 463 301A, 403

402, 453 28, 210, 448 (?), 465

227

219

44, 58, 348, 350

log coffins

Undetermined

441

82

429, 455 62, 125, 316, 382, 393, 452 400

360, 481/484

Expanded log boat coffins

150

246

24, 353

208

Box coffins, plank coffins, plank platforms

331, 380

261

218

164A

Coffins in form of stakes, pegs or vertical planks on the border of pit

table 2. chronological distribution of graves with wooden coffins, timber structures, evidence of burning of plants over the grave pit (the table does not include archaeological material discovered before World War ii)

31

307, 416

397 102, 256, 326, 342, 469

IIIA/IIIB

IIIB

286

IIIA

IIC

IIB/IIC

IIB

401 52, 97, 138, 301, 303 254 45, 83, 158, 240, 48 299 (?), 346 25, 26A–d, 27, 60, 84, 238, 251, 278 74, 318, 330, 398 18

271

Type 3

Log coffin

IIA

332, 396, 451

66

Log coffin

Log coffin

IIA/IIB

IB/IIA

IB

IA/IB

IA

Stadium

Grave No.

302

64

Plants burnt over the pit

139

140 The presence at Weklice of log boats with an expanded hull testifies to the spread of this advanced boat building technique in the Baltic basin still during the first centuries Ad (cf. at more length o.  crumlin-Pedersen 1991; 1995). Their hulls were made of a single tree trunk (mostly oak – cf. Appendix Vi.3) by burning and gouging them out with adzes and chisels, frequently to obtain very thin sides. to obtain the required width of the usually not too thick tree trunk, the dugout was filled with water and allowed to dry. This was done by heating the log over a tended fire, setting it on a specially constructed rack. its base was usually of stones and stakes. The sides of the boat were pushed out with stakes which were inserted at right angles to the main axis of the boat the entire length of the log until the desired effect was achieved. As a next step, the expanded hull was stabilised by installing horizontal timbers which were secured to the sides of the hull with wooden pegs (cf. at more length W. ossowski 1999, 60–66). The main piece of evidence that the coffins had been used as boats, next to their characteristic boat-like shape, is the presence on their wood of dark brown discolorations, interpreted as traces of caulking. The boat from grave 382 retained larger patches of this substance, suggesting that this craft had been tarred when in use, for conservation and to make it waterproof. Presumably, the caulking would have been wood tar, as indicated by the analysis of analogical craft from the cemetery at Slusegård on Bornholm (o. crumlin-Pedersen 1991, 252). Another observation which was made when analysing the cross-section was the effect of the sloping of the hull-sides inwards – the reverting of the artificially expanded log to its original shape which is consistent with

the structure of the wood. This suggests that the bulkheads were removed to make room for the burial in the boat-coffin. Not all the boats had been deposited intact. As a rule, the larger ones were trimmed to fit the size of the burial. We found both the bow and the stern fragments of boats, in length between 1.1 and 2.35 m and a width of ca 0.45–0.6 m. The shortest surviving boat was discovered in grave 481/484, its bow end (?) at the level of detection of the coffin measured ca 1.1×0.45 m. Presumably, at the time of deposition within the grave pit it had been larger but its original dimensions cannot be determined because the upper level of the pit was lost to ploughing. The largest and one of the better preserved complete boats, from grave 429, measured 3.8×0.6 m. of special interest are the remains of the boat from grave 62, which apparently was burnt on the site of burial. its measurements were ca 2.55×0.7 m. in this case what survived was the partly charred bottom of the log boat but also, at its NW end, the upper hull in the form of quite well legible traces of three rows of charred staves which retained, at the point of junction of the second and the third stave, a charred wooden peg which held them together. This suggests that originally there would have been more similar pegs. if our observations are correct, this would be the first roman Period monoxylon with an upper hull built of staves recorded in the Baltic zone (cf. also W. ossowski 1999, 163–165). introduction into the ritual practices of the community using the cemetery at Weklice of a local custom in which boats were used as an element of the grave offering – a coffin – testifies to the existence of evident long-distance exchange with Scandinavia, mainly, Bornholm (cf. at more length m. Natuniewicz-Sekuła, ch. rein Seehusen 2010).

IV.4. Wooden caskets and other containers from wood and outer bark A particularly important element of the grave goods requiring a more in-depth discussion are containers made of wood and outer bark (boxes or baskets) and caskets47, mostly discovered in female burials. Their remains survive not only as iron and bronze lock mounts, outer and inner mounts, keys and springs, but also as legible outlines of their organic elements, mostly the base. These survived as smudges of decomposed wood at the bottom of the inhumation grave pit, in a slender 2–3 cm thick layer at the level of the burial, some of them inside the log coffin, others also outside them. exceptionally, casket mounts were discovered in two cremation graves (nos 109 and 374). in grave 374 the mounts 47

We treat as containers forms without metal mounts which survived only in situ in the form of a decomposed organic matter (wood or outer bark). The term “casket” is reserved for objects which next to the remains in the form of decomposed wood legible in situ, had metal elements (lock mounts, springs, keys, outer and inner mounts). For more details see also note 24.

were discovered pressed into the top of the urn, resting over the remains of the cremation. in damaged graves or ones with disturbed furnishings, on a number of occasions we found only the metal fragments of the lock (mounts and springs) and the key, which we also considered as evidence on deposition of a casket in the grave. The remains of this class of object occurred in 46 graves, in 18 cases without any mounts (they are described here as containers of wood or outer bark). in grave 397 we identified a well preserved outline of a container (basket?) woven of wicker or bast fibre around a frame of vertical wooden pegs. The presence of an iron mount inside this structure makes it hard to classify it as a “casket” or “container”. A container (basket?) having a  similar construction, this time without mounts  –  was discovered in grave 401 where the surviving S wall was supported on two pegs set at the corners. in graves nos 191, 196 and 346 were recorded traces of bases of small round containers, most probably, small baskets, with a diameter of ca 15–25 cm (cf. table 3).

Boxes

401 (maturus)

Baskets

200 (♂, iuvenis), 306 (♀, adultus), 342

IIIB

42

VI ?

438

86 (♂?, maturus), 275 (♀, adultus)

34 (♀, senilis), 173 (♀?, maturus), 275 (♀, adultus), 328 (?)

261 (♂, adultus), 286 (iuvenis), 306 (♀, adultus)

397 (♀, iuvenis), 402 (♀, late maturus)

26B (♀?, late maturus), 74 (♀, late maturus), 84 (♀, adultus?), 259 (♂, maturus)

20, 45 (♀, adultus), 374

Sewing and spinning accessories (spindlewhorl, needle, hooked pin) within outline of casket or container

438, 463

86 (♂?, maturus)

Undetermined containers

34 (♀, senilis), 86 (♂?, maturus), 174 (♀?, adultus), 275 (♀, adultus), 379 (♀, early iuvenis)

179 (iuvenis) 150 (♀, senilis)

452 (♀, late maturus)

402 (♀, late maturus)

Pouches and containers with amulets, characteristic concentrations of amulets

table 3. chronological distribution of graves containing caskets and containers, sewing and spinning accessories, and pouches and amulet containers, or amulets in concentration, compared with osteology determinations (the table does not include archaeological material discovered before World War ii)

380 (♀, adultus)

V

IIIB/IVA IVA IVA/IVB IVB

397 (♀, iuvenis)

33 (early maturus), 302 (♀, maturus), 402 (♀, late maturus), 455

IIIA/IIIB 210 (♀, adultus), 261 (♂, adultus), 469 (adultus)

191 (infans II)

109, 286 (iuvenis) 467

20, 35 (♀?, adultus), 38 (♂, maturus), 240 (♂, adultus) 346 (maturus) 44, 45 (♀, adultus), 96, 161, 362, 374 26B (♀?, late maturus), 84 (♀, adultus?), 218 (♀, maturus), 259 (♂, maturus), 74 (♀, late maturus), 196 330 (♂, maturus), 334 (♂, maturus), 404 (♂?, early adultus) 480 (adultus)

Caskets

IIIA

IIC

IIB/IIC

IIB

IA IA/IB IB IB/IIA IIA IIA/IIB

Stadium

Containers of wood and outer bark

141

142 According to the results of osteology analysis, 15 graves containing elements of containers and caskets held the remains of women or what were probably women, mostly aged maturus and adultus, age senilis and iuvenis recorded on just a few occasions. There were also nine graves determined as male or probably male (ages mostly maturus, adultus and a  few iuvenis), but the furnishings of these graves, at least in 4 cases (nos 86, 259, 261 and 330) were more typical for female burials. While we are aware that this discrepancy is still within the limits of admissible error when analysing badly eroded bone, it is worth noting nevertheless that this would not be the first time that caskets and containers without metal fittings have been recorded inside male graves (A. Kokowski 1997, 41). one of the graves furnished with a larger basket or a small round-based basket also held the remains of a child – infans II – another, of a woman aged iuvenis, still another, two maturus individuals whose sex could not be determined. Sex determination made for individuals from all the other graves furnished with this class of object was prevented by the poor preservation of the bone remains. The earliest caskets at Weklice belong to stadium iiB and iiB/iic – where they are the most numerous and imposing, often decorated with outer mounts. in succeeding stadia: iiiA and iiiB in particular, their number decreases, these are more basic forms, no longer with ornamental outer mounts. during late roman stadia they are very rare, in contrast to containers of wood and outer bark which occur in a greater number (cf. table 3). taking into consideration the above findings from analysis of grave assemblages with caskets from the investigation at Weklice, the longest series from any cemetery of Wielbark culture, we may conclude that graves of adult and mature women were provided with caskets and containers symbolic of their position within the family and possibly, valued occupations. This character of the status of women is elucidated by objects discovered inside these boxes. Within the outline of 15 caskets and containers or in their direct neighbourhood – if we allow for the disturbance or destruction of some of the graves – we discovered, in sets or on their own: a spindlewhorl, needles and hooked pins, that is, the main accessories of the spinner (cf. table 3). Very rarely there could be a vessel (graves nos 45, 86, 261 and 455), a comb (graves nos 86, 35 and 402) and a knife (grave 402). A unique case is grave 346, where within the outline of a basket was discovered a worked stone with a flat underside – possibly a gaming stone, and also grave 34, where inside a small container (its walls with a mortise and tenon joint) held a small bronze box. it is also notable that among the furnishings in grave 34 and 346 (outside the container context) there were also elements of the sewing kit (needles and spindlewhorls). Thus, in contrast to the function of caskets discovered on territory of the roman empire, interpreted as “jewel boxes” (cf. K.  czarnecka

2006, 290–291, note 8), at Weklice no remains of personal ornaments were discovered in a similar context. does this mean that only sets of spinning and sewing accessories were deposited inside these containers? Basing on observations made during fieldwork of the colour and texture of the fill of the caskets and the containers it appears that they had held some organic substance. From the small number of fragments of textiles identified at Weklice and subjected to analysis (cf. Appendix Vi.2) we may conclude that this was a  distaff of flax or wool which after decomposition by reason of its content of chemical wax and grease left a clearly different colour and structure of the layer than the surrounding wood and the rest of the grave pit fill. The custom of offering dead women a casket with a distaff and spindle was widely practiced during late antiquity, especially at the start of our era, in post-celtic provinces of gaul, Noricum and Pannonia. Similar offerings are mentioned in written roman sources and, first and foremost, are depicted on early roman gravestones from 1st century Ad, on which the woman is usually shown holding a casket and on occasion, a length of woven cloth folder over her arm (cf. J. garbsch 1965; J. okulicz 1976, 193, fig. 6a). Starting from the turn of the era, but especially, second half of our era, the symbol of the woman-spinner becomes widespread in the funerary rites in Barbaricum, and in many areas is continued until the migration Period (A. Kokowski 1997, 41–42; K. czarnecka 2006, 290). caskets and containers were placed in the grave pit in different places, most often, at the S, more seldom, N end of the pit. equally often they were deposited inside the coffin, next to the body or above the head, and also, by the left hip – this was mostly in graves where the body lay on its right side. Quite interesting was the position of a large casket in grave 45, propped up on the N end of the log coffin which was truncated at this point. Judging from the vertical position of the skull, the head had rested against the S wall of the casket. in their majority the base of the caskets and the containers was rectangular in outline, more seldom, square. most often, one of the corners was rounded: the lock mounts and springs tended to be near the corners. The measurements of the caskets and containers from all stadia were equally varied, ranging from ca 20×20 cm and slightly smaller, to medium sized, the most numerous ca 35×30 cm, 40×25 cm, and larger specimens, 45×45 cm, 50×45 cm and 45×60 cm. outlines of the base and lower sides could be detected, in most cases, thickness of the wooden slats did not exceed 1.5–2 cm. in a part of caskets and containers the outer outline of their bottom could be traced from a  slender dark brown layer which most probably indicates that they had been coated with some substance (pigment?). As mentioned earlier, some of the containers (boxes, baskets) were discovered without any mounts, perhaps they were fastened with pegs, or string, or not all of them even had a lid of the same material or, which is also likely, had

143 only a covering of a piece of cloth or leather. in the set of locks from Weklice the most frequent mechanism is one of a single iron spring (graves nos 26B, 38, 259, 302, 362, 374 and 480) and a rectangular mount (mostly iron, more seldom, bronze) type Kokowski 2, with two openings to attach the spring and insert the key (graves nos 20, 26B, 84, 96, 161, 302, 374, 480 – here, a similar form, 218 and 342). Also recorded are iron sub-rectangular hourglass lock mounts, type Kokowski 5 (graves nos 35 and 330) and a somewhat similar form discovered in grave 362 but with three openings (two round, one rectangular) along its longer axis. A lock mount of this sort would have fitted a key with two prongs, type Kokowski c. Hourglass lock mounts type Kokowski 5 are recorded mainly in Przeworsk culture cemeteries in S Wielkopolska, małopolska and Silesia, while from the region on the lower Vistula and at some distance from it we have only three such finds. At the same time, this form is unknown in the region west of the lower Vistula (Western and central Pomerania) where in any case, caskets in Wielbark culture cemeteries are exceedingly rare. more frequent at Weklice (where as a rule they are of later date than the hourglass forms) are rectangular lock mounts type Kokowski 2. They are a form widespread in Barbaricum during the entire roman Period (A. Kokowski 1997, 37–39, table i, fig. 28, 31). Bronze and iron keys occurred in 5 deposits (graves nos 45, 162 – a fragment, 200, 286 and 455). Three of them are Kokowski type A2, one of them a Kokowski A form. Both types are well represented in sites of Przeworsk and luboszyce cultures as well as in Scandinavia, but on Wielbark culture territory they less frequent (A. Kokowski 1997, 39–40, table ii, fig. 37, 39). on the other hand, grave 20 yielded a  few fragments of iron links, interpreted as elements of a key chain. it is also worth noting that so far from Weklice, even in undisturbed graves, we have not discovered a casket which would have all the elements of the its locking mechanism: the lock mount, the spring and the key. This suggests that damaged or broken caskets were deposited in graves, not worth repairing given their funerary function. Next to locks and keys on from Weklice we have four finds of iron mounts (bars) which reinforced the lid or the sides of the caskets (graves nos 45, 362, 374 and 397 – here possibly the mount of possible basket) and representing

their outer decorative elements. of these the most interesting was discovered in its original position in grave 45, next to a large casket which resembled by its shape and lid fastening a casket discovered in a princely grave no. i in the cemetery at leśno, distr. chojnice in Pommerania (A. grzelakowski 1985; K. Walenta 2009, 10–11, pl. iX). grave 45 at Weklice yielded an ornamental iron rod nailed to a well preserved fragment of a wooden slat with a groove on its underside At the extension of the slat (documented in situ) survived the outline of an object of an attenuated curved shape, legible as a slender layer of leather or textile attached to a  wooden object with three bracket mounts made of bronze. The purpose of this device is now obscure, perhaps it was meant to help slide the lid. Another interesting item in the group of mounts, which we believe was associated with the casket, are heavy round-headed coupling pins made of iron, discovered in grave 306 and 334. in grave 306 such a specimen was discovered within the outline of a casket, whereas the piece from the destroyed grave 334 had a  loop and ring for gripping. only a handful of similar objects are recorded, all of them in cemeteries of Przeworsk culture (m. mączyńska, m. Jagusiak 2002, 360–361, pl. i). So far, from Wielbark culture territory we have not succeeded in finding any analogies. The finds from Poland have been interpreted variously, mostly as rivets used in joining larger wooden objects, e.g. elements of furniture such as chairs, etc. The find from mokra, distr. Kłobuck, was interpreted tentatively as an element of a turner’s equipment (m. Biborski 2000, 101, fig. 2d). Within the roman empire this class of object has occurred in context of furniture, but some of the smaller specimens may have been pivots of casket hinges, or fragments of casket handles (cf. e. riha 2001). leaving the exact function of the specimens from Weklice unresolved, their association with caskets is free from reservation. The last group of casket mounts from at Weklice are bronze and iron brackets mounts (graves nos 38, 45, 84, 86 – unresolved, and 109) which presumably were used to hold together the slats of the casket on its inside or outside. The function of small and uncharacteristic fragments of smaller mounts and other elements of caskets discovered in other graves could not be interpreted conclusively, so they will not be discussed here at more length.

IV.5. Pouches, containers with amulets and characteristic concentrations of amulets A rather striking feature observed in the cemetery at Weklice is deposition within graves of linen pouches or small wooden containers which contain possible amulets. They occurred in 9 graves (nos 34, 86, 150, 174, 179, 275, 379, 402 and 452; cf. table 3), usually clasped to the breast with the right hand. Almost all these graves were of women, mostly maturus, more rarely, senilis, exceptionally,

adultus and iuvenis, who had been provided in death with more than ordinary goods. All these inhumations were on their right side, with legs and arms flexed. An exception is grave 86 – determined by bone analysis as probably male, aged maturus, in which a comb, spindlewhorl with a glass bead lying on top, an iron casket mount (?), a miniature vessel and a  silver brooch, presumably used to fastened

144 the bundle, lay in a  concentration on the knees within a  context of decomposed undetermined organic matter. it is also hard to conclude whether in this case originally an organic container or a small cloth bag had been used (see description of grave 86). The custom observed is a particularly striking and now so far only from Weklice way of distinguishing women who presumably played some function in rituals and apotropaic magic of the local community. A case in point could be grave 150, described in great detail in earlier publications (see J. okulicz-Kozaryn 1992a; 1992b) and in the catalogue, a burial of a senilis woman, in sumptuous dress, including a  pair of silver Rosettenfibeln decorated with gold foil with anthropomorphic representations, a showy necklace of amber eight-shape beads and a garment with an appliqué of several dozen miniature glass beads. An unprecedented element was a wide girdle with a  second, narrower belt (counterpart of a  male balteus) across her shoulder, richly studded with bronze mounts and rivets, which presumably fastened the outer garment. The pouch with the amulets, nestling in the arms of the dead woman originally was fastened with a brooch, its pin retaining flaxen (?) threads, the remains of a cloth pouch. The unique set of amulets included large amber beads each bound with a bronze ring, with a so-called “magic setting”, a bear claw set in bronze, banded kauri shell pendants, and a selection of polychrome and mosaic glass beads. Another extraordinary set of amulets was discovered in a boat coffin (grave 452), the burial of a woman richly dressed, including silver brooches and a pair of silver coiled bracelets, a necklace of large amber and glass beads, with next to her right hand: amber pendants (including an axe pendant and a large bead with a fused-in bronze ring) and numerous glass beads. Similar sets of “amulets” were ob-

served in other graves, mostly, amber beads and beads in polychrome glass, axe pendants and pendants in imitation of animal (bear) claws, or bear claws set in bronze, as well as bronze and silver rings, type Beckmann 16. in the same category we have to include also small bronze boxes – in grave 34 discovered inside a wooden container, in grave 379 in a linen pouch – the latter holding a denarius (subaerate) of trajan. grave 179 contained, in a group, two combs and two silver rings of coiled wire. Another form which may be tentatively interpreted as amulets are lunula pendants which occurred in the context of necklaces (see graves nos 256 and 275). Worth special discussion is grave 141 of a  maturus male. over his skeleton, to the left of the rib cage, at his heart, was a composite pendant consisting of a lathe-turned amber bead with an attached flaxen woollen thread and a fragment of bronze wire onto which were threaded two roman coins  –  denarii (subaerates) of Antoninus Pius (for mark Aurelius) and Antoninus Pius (for Faustina i). The pendant may be interpreted as an amulet or alternately, as a mark of the man’s special position standing in the local community. The same could apply to the male (?) grave of an adultus individual (229), where to the left of the poorly preserved ribs lay two silver rings, type Beckmann 16, set with amber beads, held together by a narrow strip of leather decorated with a design of impressed rosettes. close to this find was a silver A.Vi.162 brooch decorated with gold foil. All the graves containing pouches, containers and concentrations of amulets, are chronologically compact group which at in cemetery at Weklice belongs to its late stadia (iiiA, iii, iVA, iV and V, when they are the most numerous), and their origin is thought to derive from southern connections, possibly, with Sarmatians, in which exchange the people of the masłomęcz group were intermediaries.

145

V. References Archives PM-A – Prussia-Museum archives Archaeological archives from previous Prussia-Museum in Königsberg, nowadays held by the museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Berlin.

F. Jakobson archive Feliks Jakobson archive held by latvijas Nacionālais vēstures muzejs in riga, latvia.

Written sources Dusburg, P. 1679 Petri de Dusburg Ordinis Teutonici Sacerdotis Chronicon Prussiae cum Anonymi cuiusdum continuatione aliisque antiquitatibus Prussicis Christoph Hartknoch e manuscriptis codicibus rescensiut notisque illustravit, Froncofurti et lipsiae.

CDW 1, 2, 3

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VI. Appendices VI.1. Iwona Teul, Results of osteology analysis of evidence from biritual cemetery of Wielbark Culture at Weklice, site 7, comm. Elbląg, voiv. Warmińsko-Mazurskie The aim of the present analysis is to report on the results of osteology analysis of skeletal evidence from Wielbark culture cemetery at Weklice secured by Jerzy okulicz-Kozaryn and magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła. The material submitted for analysis was secured during archaeological excavation work made in research season 1984, 1985, 1987–1989, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2003 and 2004 from features nos 9–492. Now that skeletal evidence from a dozen-odd inhumation has been lost1 sight of some of analysis results (24 determinations) were supplemented with data obtained thanks to graduate dissertations m.A. of ewa Nos (1999) and tomasz Szmit (2000) the aim of which was to analyse inhumation burials from the research of Jerzy okulicz-Kozaryn. The cremation graves until the time of the present analysis were never investigated osteologically. in the aggregate, during the seasons of fieldwork named earlier 157 graves containing 163 cremation burials were discovered. The majority of this skeletal evidence went missing in unclear circumstances2 and analysis was made only of 58 burials from 52 graves (cf. table 6).

1. The analysed bone sample and research methods

Analysis focused on human bone remains secured from inhumation and cremation graves in Weklice. Sex determinations were made by analysis the stage of development of a number of morphological parameters 1  

Bones missing from following graves: i–Viii (pre-World War ii fieldwork), 11, 18, 20, 23, 26d, 27, 34A, 42, 43, 44, 52, 53, 54, 55, 60, 62, 81, 89, 92, 94, 95, 96, 101, 107, 118, 119, 124, 125, 127, 137, 153, 168, 185, 203, 204, 205, 216/247, 219, 228, 231, 234, 238, 239, 243, 245, 246, 249, 252, 253, 257, 268, 278, 288, 289, 324, 332, 362, 371, 387, 403, 406, 413, 416, 426, 433, 441, 445, 446, 447, 451, 454, 456, 463, 466. in graves: 65B, 102, 126, 131, 132, 133, 136, 161, 236A, 241, 251, 277, 280, 287, 301A, 307, 311, 312, 316, 318, 321, 323, 326, 327, 328, 331, 333, 339, 340, 360, 369, 373, 393, 394, 396, 400, 405, 438, 440, 453, 465, 467, 468 bones did not survive. 2   Bones missing from following graves: 19, 41, 49, 56, 57, 60A, 61, 65/65A, 67, 68, 71, 78, 87, 93, 98, 99, 100, 103, 103A, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110, 111/123AB, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 120, 121/122/134, 129, 130, 135, 139, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146/149, 147, 148, 151, 166, 169, 178, 189, 194, 212/213, 222, 226, 230, 232, 233, 235, 237, 244, 263, 264, 266, 270, 272, 276, 279A, 281, 284, 285, 286AB, 286c, 290A, 291/294/295, 292, 293, 296, 297, 319, 320, 322, 329, 337, 341, 351/352/355/356, 354, 357, 358, 359, 363, 374, 377, 381, 384, 385, 391, 392, 399, 410, 415, 418, 419/422, 424, 435, 442, 461A, 464.

and cranial/pelvic measurements which are commonly considered to be more than 90% accurate. Where this type of diagnosis was unfeasible we examined postcranial metric dimensions of some of the long bones; the values obtained were compared against the distribution of these measurements particular to male and female skeletons. Age determinations were made by examining cranial suture fusion, tooth wear and pubic symphysis development. input was also sought from evidence on dental pathology, alveolar resorption, degenerative changes of articular facets and bodies of vertebrae. For juvenile individuals and infants age was determined from the level of formation of tooth buds, sequence of tooth eruption as well as the level of ossification and size of the bones. individuals over 20 years of age for whom exact diagnosis of age at the time of death was problematic were placed in the group of adults. Naturally this was done only when a sufficient number of diagnostic fragments was available. For obvious reasons diagnosis of sex and age of the cremation burials was made using a different method. in case of adults age was determined on the basis of the extent of ossification of individual elements of the skeleton, fusion of epiphyses, cranial sutures, teeth eruption, level of development of teeth buds and roots of permanent teeth. When making sex determinations it was decided to take into account the greatest possible series of diagnostic traits given that sex cannot be determined on the basis of a single morphological or metric dimension. Therefore, the following elements of morphology were taken into consideration: mastoid process, external occipital protruberance, upper area of frontal bone, supraorbital margin, zygomatic bones, area of the gonial angle of mandible, mandibular condyle and mantal eminence. metric dimensions included: width of the mandibular condyle, width of the zygomatic processes, zygomatic height, anterior-posterior (sagittal) diameter of humeral epiphysis, width of humeral trochlea and the diameter of radial epiphysis. Analysis was divided in two stages. The first focused on inhumation burials, the second, on cremation burials. The inventory of skeletal elements subjected to analysis is presented in tables 1 and 6 respectively. As a next step analysis and assessment was made of the mean cranial values and of the post-cranial skeleton. in diagnosing age and sex of skeletons from inhumation and cremation burials use was made of methods recommended in a report from the 1980

table 1. inventory of skeletal elements from inhumation burials

152

No.

grave or feature

long bones

Sex

1

9

+

♀

20–35 years adultus

2

10

+

?

16–18 years iuvenis

3

12

♀?

40–45 years maturus

4

13

♂

30–35 years early adultus

5

14

+

+

+

♂

35–40 years maturus

6

14

+

+

+

?

20–35 years adultus

Burial e: asymmetry of tibial diaphysis (2)

7

15

+

♂

45–50 years late maturus

1. degeneration on c1 and c2 vertebrae; 2. osteophytes on thoracic vertebrae

?

16–18 years iuvenis

167–169

green discolouration on distal ulnar epiphysis. in addition, some cremated bone not diagnosed osteologically

♂

45–50 years maturus

167–169

1. linear enamel hypoplasia on canines; 2. osteophytes on vertebrae; 3. osteophytes on sacral bone

♀

35–40 years maturus

8

16

Skull

Pelvis

+

teeth

+ +

+

+

+

+

Age

Height (in cm)

Pathology / other

155–157

green discolouration on distal humeral epiphysis

176–178

Burial W: loss of bone tissue above tibial tubercle

9

17

+

10

21

+

+

11

22

+

+

+

♂

35–40 years maturus

12

24

+

+

+

+

♂

18–20 years iuvenis

160–164

13

25

+

+

+

+

♀

18–20 years iuvenis

155–157

1. Cribra orbitalia; 2. Sutura metopica

14

26A

+

+

+

♀

30–35 years adultus

15

26B

+

+

♀?

45–50 years late maturus

16

26C

+

♂

40–45 years maturus

170–172

green discolouration on femoral diaphysis

17

28

+

♀

20–35 years adultus

158–160

green discolouration on carpal bones

18

31

+

?

16–18 years iuvenis

167–169

19

32

+

+

♀?

30–35 years adultus

20

33

+

+

?

35–40 years early maturus

21

34

+

♀

over 60 years senilis

22

35

+

♀?

30–35 years adultus

+

+

+

+

+

+

degenerative changes within zygapophyseal joints / vertebrae articulate

1. Pathological changes on parietal bone; 2. dental caries; 3. Ante mortem dental loss

153

No.

grave or feature

Skull

Pelvis

teeth

23

36

+

+

24

37

+

+

25

38

26

39

27

long bones

+

Sex

Age

♂

40–45 years maturus

♂

45–50 years late maturus

Height (in cm)

Pathology / other

168–170

Pit containing redeposited bones; one individual from grave 38. 1. Asymmetry of the coronoid process; 2. osteophytes on vertebral bodies; 3. green discolouration on the bones

+

+

+

♂

40–45 years maturus

168–170

Bilateral foramen transversarium of cervical vertebrae

+

+

+

+

♂?

18–20 years iuvenis

168–170

green discolouration on pelvic bones

40

+

+

♂

40–45 years maturus

28

45

+

+

+

♀

25–30 years adultus

29

46

+

+

?

0–7 years infans i

cut feature intruding and destroying the grave

30

47

+

+

♂

50–55 years maturus/senilis

1. Asymmetry in carotid canal and jugular fossa; 2. dental calculus, sutura metopica

♂

35–40 years maturus

1. inflammation at the apex of tooth root and penetration of maxilla; 2. osteophytes on vertebrae, torus palatinus

♀?

35–40 years maturus

+

♂

18–20 years iuvenis

+

♀

?

31

48

32

51

33

58

+

34

59

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

35

64

+

36

66

+

37

69

+

38

72

+

39

74

40

75

41

76

+ +

+

+

+

+

+

+

163

166–168

osteoporosis changes on lumbar vertebral bodies. Small fragments of cremated bone, not diagnosed osteologically

35–40 years maturus

165–167

1. Cribra orbitalia; 2. double hypoglossal canal; 3. cervical abrasion on maxillary teeth

♀

50–55 years late maturus

154–156

osteophytes on pelvis

+

♂

35–45 years maturus

176–178

1. osteophytes on vertebrae; 2. linear hypoplasia on canine tooth, pit hypoplasia on mandibular P1

+

?

?

?

level of preservation of bones precluded diagnosis

♂

35–40 years maturus

?

7–15 years infans ii

♂

35–40 years maturus

+

♀

+

+

+

+

1. Asymmetry of tibial epiphyses; 2. tumour of the protuberantia

154

No.

grave or feature

Skull

42

79

+

43

80

+

44

82

+

45

83

+

46

84

+

47

86

+

48

88

49

90

+

+

+

50

91

+

+

51

97

+

+

52

128

+

53

138

+

+

54

141

+

+

55

144

+

+

56

150

+

+

57

155

+

+

58

158

59

163 (cf. no. 177)

60

Pelvis

teeth

long bones

Sex

Age

Height (in cm)

Pathology / other

♂

25–30 years adultus

+

♂

25–30 years adultus

+

+

♂

45–50 years late maturus

+

+

♂

25–30 years adultus

168–170

evidence of mechanical trauma on parietal bone

+

♀

25–30 years adultus (?)

162–164

1. evidence of trauma on humerus; 2. deformation of costal foreae; 3. Foetal bones

+

♂?

40–45 years maturus

♀?

?

+

♀

25–30 years adultus

+

+

♂

40–45 years maturus

+

+

♀

35–40 years early maturus

?

40–45 years maturus

?

25–30 years adultus

+

♂

35–40 years maturus

167–169

1. Cribra orbitalia; 2. dental caries

+

♀

25–30 years adultus

158–160

green discolouration of bone

♀

over 60 years senilis

+

♀?

20–25 years early adultus

156–158

dental calculus on lower teeth

+

+

?

over 60 years senilis

+

+

+

♀?

40–45 years maturus

155–157

1. degenerative changes on vertebral bodies; 2. grave 177 disturbed by animal burrow

164

+

+

+

♀

25–30 years adultus

157–158

61

164A

+

+

+

?

7–9 years infans ii

62

172 (cf. no. 177)

+

♀

40–45 years maturus

63

173

+

+

♀?

40–45 years maturus

64

174

+

+

♀?

25–30 years adultus

+ +

+

+ +

+

modern cut feature containing human bones

green discolouration of bones

dental calculus on teeth of mandible

1. Cribra orbitalia; 2. Asymmetry of occipital squama 178–179

1. dental caries; 2. green discolouration of bone

Ossa intersuturarum suturae lambdoideae. 166–168

1. Schmorl nodule; 2. osteophytes on thoracic vertebrae

1. dental caries; 2. Healed trauma on occiput

155

No.

grave or feature

65

177 (cf. nos 163 and 172)

66

179

Skull

Pelvis

+

teeth

long bones

Sex

Age

♀

+

?

18–20 years iuvenis

dental calculus on mandibular incisors. 1. Asymmetry of pyriform aperture; 2. Abnormal and uneven occlusion of mandibular incisors; 3. upper cranium with a hole – trace of trepanation (?)

♂

18–20 years iuvenis

+

+

+

♀?

40–45 years maturus

191

+

+

70

192

+

+

71

196

72

200

73

201

74

202

75

207

76

208

77

210

+

78

218

+

79

220

80

221

81

227

82

+

68

184

69

+

+

156–158

?

7–9 years infans ii

green discolouration on teeth

+

♀

40–45 years maturus

Heavy dental abrasion

+

?

?

level of preservation of bones precluded diagnosis

+

♂

18–20 years iuvenis

+

?

18–20 years iuvenis

+

?

25–30 years adultus

+

♂

18–20 years iuvenis

+

♀

over 60 years senilis

+

+

1. deformities of hypoglossal canal nerve; 2. degeneration of atlanto-axial articular facets

+

+

183

Pathology / other

40–45 years maturus

+

67

Height (in cm)

168–170 cremated bones not diagnosed osteologically

+

+

♀

25–30 years adultus

156–158

dental caries

+

+

♀

40–45 years maturus

158–160

1. dental calculus on lower teeth; 2. cervical abrasion on maxilliary teeth

+

+

+

?

0–7 years infans i

+

+

?

25–30 years adultus

+

♂?

25–30 years adultus

229

+

♂?

25–30 years adultus

83

240

+

♂

25–30 years adultus

84

248

+

♀?

25–30 years adultus

♀

25–35 years adultus

85

250

+

+

+

+

+

Healed fracture in left humeral diaphysis 168–170

156–158

1. double foramen transversarium in c6; 2. green discolouration of dental enamel

156

No.

grave or feature

86

254

87

256

+

88

258

+

+

89

259

+

+

90

260

+

91

261

92

265

93

267

94

271

+

95

271A

+

96

273

97

274

98

275

99

279

100

282

101

Skull

Pelvis

+

long bones

Sex

+

?

7–9 years infans ii

+

♀

25–30 years adultus

♀

20–25 years early adultus

+

♂

35–40 years maturus

+

+

?

0–7 years infans i

+

+

♂

25–30 years adultus

+

+

♂

25–30 years adultus

+

♀

35–40 years early maturus

♀

45–50 years late maturus

♂

35–40 years maturus

teeth

+

+

Age

Height (in cm)

164–167

Pathology / other

1. traces of fracture in humeral diaphysis; 2. dental caries

+

+

?

16–18 years iuvenis

+

+

+

♀

25–30 years adultus

+

+

+

♀

25–30 years adultus

+

+

♀

25–30 years adultus

+

♂?

25–30 years adultus

283

+

?

25–30 years adultus

102

286

+

?

16–18 years iuvenis

103

290

+

+

?

35–40 years maturus

104

298

+

+

+

♂

40–45 years late maturus

105

299

+

+

+

♀

40–45 years late maturus

106

301

+

+

+

♀?

40–45 years late maturus

107

302

+

+

+

+

♀

35–40 years maturus

154–156

1. Cribra orbitalia; 2. Healed fracture of right clavicle

108

303

+

+

+

+

♂

25–30 years adultus

163–165

1. Ossa intersuturarum suturae; 2. Foramen supratrochleare

109

306

+

♀

30–35 years adultus

+ +

+

cut feature intruding on and destroying grave

1. dental caries; 2. Alveolar prognathism 169

osteoporosis in calcaneus dental caries

157

No.

grave or feature

Skull

long bones

Sex

110

308

+

+

?

?

111

309

+

+

?

25–30 years adultus

112

313

+

+

♀

40–45 years maturus

113

314

+

+

+

♂

35–40 years early maturus

114

315

+

+

+

♂

30–35 years adultus

115

330

+

+

+

+

♂

40–45 years maturus

170

1. tumor on cranium; 2. dental caries

116

334

+

+

+

+

♂

40–45 years maturus

169

degeneration on occipital condyles

117

335

+

+

+

♂?

35–40 years adultus

118

336

+

+

♀

40–45 years maturus

119

338

+

♂

35–40 years early maturus

dental calculus

120

342

?

?

level of preservation of bones precluded diagnosis

121

344

+

♀

40–45 years maturus

122

345

+

?

0–7 years infans i

123

345

+

?

25–30 years adultus

124

346

+

+

?

40–45 years maturus

green discolouration on calcaneus

125

348

+

+

♂?

30–35 years adultus

1. osteophytes on vertebrae; 2. traces of trauma on tibial diaphysis

126

349

+

+

♀

40–45 years maturus

127

350

+

♂

40–45 years maturus

128

353

+

♀

25–30 years adultus

129

361

+

+

+

♂

40–45 years late maturus

130

364

+

+

♀?

35–40 years maturus

131

366

+

+

+

♀

18–20 years iuvenis

132

372

+

?

35–40 years maturus

Pelvis

teeth

+

+

+

+

+ + +

+

+

Age

Height (in cm)

Pathology / other level of preservation of bones precluded diagnosis

green discolouration on bones 170–174

degeneration on occipital condyles dental caries

1. root abscess to tooth; 2. traces of healed fracture on humeral diaphysis

156–158

164–167

Os ince completus multipartium

157–159

1. Cribra orbitalia; 2. Foramen supratrochleare

158

No.

grave or feature

Skull

133

376

+

134

378

+

135

379

+

136

380

137

382

138

Pelvis

teeth

long bones

Sex

Age

Height (in cm)

Pathology / other

?

7–15 years infans ii

+

♂

45–50 years late maturus

162–164

+

♀

15–18 years early iuvenis

155–157

+

♀

25–30 years adultus

153–155

+

+

♂

20–25 years early adultus

162–164

383

+

+

♀

35–40 years early maturus

139

386

+

+

♀

25–30 years adultus

140

389

+

?

7–15 years infans ii

141

390

+

♀?

25–30 years adultus

142

395

+

+

?

15–20 years iuvenis

143

397

+

+

♀

15–20 years iuvenis

144

398

+

?

7–15 years infans ii

145

401

+

?

35–40 years maturus

dental enamel discoloured green

♂

50–55 years late maturus

1. Antemortem dental loss; 2. cervical abrasion on maxilliary teeth; 3. dental caries; 4. Fused thoracic vertebrae

+

+ + +

+

+

146

402

+

+

147

404

+

+

♂?

25–30 years early adultus

148

411

+

?

35–40 years maturus

149

423

+

+

?

35–40 years maturus

green discolouration on femoral bone

150

429

+

+

♀?

18–20 years late iuvenis

mesial-distal prolongation of the crown of m2 1. green discolouration of mandible body, dental caries; 2. linear hypoplasia on canine; 3. Foramen supratrochleare; 4. Ossa suturealia sut lambdoidea

+

+

158–160

dental caries

+

+

♂

18–20 years late iuvenis

167

+

+

+

♂?

35–40 years maturus

166–168

448

+

+

+

♂

25–30 years adultus

452

+

+

♀

40–45 years late maturus

151

432

+

152

434

153 154

+

Shovel-shaped incisors green discolouration on bones

157–159

cervical abrasion on maxilliary teeth

159

No.

grave or feature

Skull

155

455

+

156

461

+

157

469

+

158

471

+

159

474

+

160

475

+

+

161

478

+

+

162

480

+

+

163

481/484

164

482

+

+

165

485

+

+

166

488

+

167

489

+

168

491

169

492

Pelvis

teeth

long bones

Sex

Age

Height (in cm)

Pathology / other level of preservation of bones precluded diagnosis

?

?

+

?

40–50 years late maturus

+

?

25–30 years adultus

+

+

♂

35–40 years maturus

162–164

1. Cribra orbitalia; 2. dental caries; 3. Ossa intersuturarum suturae lambdoideae

+

+

♂

40–50 years maturus

174

1. Cribra orbitalia; 2. double foramen transversarium in c4

?

18–20 years iuvenis

osteophytes on vertebral bodies

+

♀

35–40 years maturus

green discolouration on body of clavicle

+

?

25–30 years adultus

+

?

?

+

?

25–30 years adultus

♀

30–35 years adultus

+

?

35–45 years maturus

overgrown greater palatine foramen

+

+

♂?

25–30 years adultus

cavity in ramus of the mandible

+

+

+

♂?

20–25 years adultus

1. linear enamel hypoplasia on lower canines and incisors; 2. green discolouration on body of the clavicle

+

+

+

♀

35–40 years maturus

green discolouration on mandible and vertebrae

+

+

Workshop of european Anthropologists (recommendations 1980) and also on input from other publications (cf. J. Piontek 1985; 1996).

2. Analysis of inhumation burials

The sample included 169 incomplete skeletons from approximately 160 features (mainly graves, but also cut features intruding on graves). in six cases the level of preservation of the bones was too poor for osteology diagnosis. in general the level of preservation of these skeletal elements was poor. This was due mainly to the impact from the sandy matrix in which they had rested and the action of plant roots. A consequence of this is a lack of sex determinations for a part of the adult individuals (or only tentative diagnosis indicated by a question mark) and

162–164 level of preservation of bones precluded diagnosis

age estimations made only within quite broad traditional categories: infans I (0–7), infans II (7–15), iuvenis (15–20), adultus (20–35), maturus (35–50), maturus/senilis (50–60), senilis (over 60 year of age). The level of preservation of the better part of the analysed bone sample reduced the potential for making a morphological (metric) description of the investigated remains. to obtain the greatest possible number of data analysis took into account the frequency of occurrence of certain anomalies in skeletal development (e.g. presence of lamboidal/sutural bones – ossa intersuturarum suturae lambdoideae, and metopic suture – sutura metopica). taking these traits into account could be of help in determining family blood relationships in the studied population (c. S. larsen et alii 1995). An inventory of data on sex, age and evidence of pathology is given in table 1.

160 Measurements g-op

eu-eu

ft-ft

ba-b

zy-zy

n-pr

mf-ek

w.o.

a.p.

n-ns

35.2

27,3

25.6

41.2

39.5

25.5

23

51

Females (N=7) 169.6

131

95.6

132

117.6

60.5

males (N=8) 180.8

135.4

97.4

135.5

120

73.6

table 2. mean cranial measurements

Analysis of skeletal remains from 160 graves established that bones of the skull had survived in 124. They varied in their level of preservation and were mostly from the braincase (calotte), fragmentary, incomplete, and 13 complete, in which it was possible to make anthropometric measurements. teeth had survived in 123 graves, including ca 5% of just teeth, no skull. in 18 graves there were bones of the post-cranial skeleton only. Pelvic bones survived in 34 graves. generally the level of preservation of the analysed skeletal elements was in 71% average and poor. 2.1. Cranial analysis (measurements and indices) Absolute values of the measurements of the braincase (calotte) is characterised by typical dimorphism (A. malinowski, W. Bożyłow 1997). in male skulls worth noting are substantial differences of the value of greatest length (g-op) and height (ba-b) of the cranium. Similar observations

apply to the main craniofacial measurements. dimorphic differences are noticeable in case of width and height measurements. measurements of orbits (mf-ek and sbk-spa) and the craniofacial part of the skull (n-pr, n-ns) show differences between the sexes (cf. tables 2 & 3). The value of the indices shows that the female series is characterised by a greater variety which is manifested by the value of the main cranial index. male skulls are short (g-op), high (ba-b), with a moderately wide forehead (ft-ft), high upper face area (n-pr) and moderately wide jaw (go-go). in comparing the size of the skulls from Weklice (cf. table 4) with cranial measurement data from other sites of Wielbark and Przeworsk cultures (r. dąbrowski 2007) we may conclude that these groups do not exhibit a distribution of differences to allow conclusions about the relationship of consanguinity of one of these group to the second which would be greater than its relationship to the third of these groups.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

24

♂

72.4

–

–

69.4

–

–

78.7

–

–

49.1

47

♂

77.2*

65.2*

–

77.7

–

–

–

–

–

–

69

♂

80.4

73.4

88.6

69.6*

53.3*

72.4

66.7

–

90.2

49.1

75

♂

75.5

–

–

72.2*

–

–

–

–

–

–

83

♂

77.5*

73.0

90.7

77.2

–

–

80.0*

88.5*

–

59.2

183

♂

81.3

73.3

96.9

72.0

54.3

67.3

60.9*

86.2*

90.3

45.3

471

♂

82.1

–

–

77.6*

–

–

66.6

–

–

41.0*

90

♀

74.1*

64.2*

73.0*

65.3*

53.2

65.3

60.0*

88.4*

–

60.9*

177

♀

74.1

62.5

70.3

60.2

–

–

78.3

–

–

55.6*

218

♀

73.5

62.1

73.1

71.3

–

–

87.1*

–

–

49.1*

302

♀

77.5

74.2

96.9

77.5

–

–

78.7

–

–

–

366

♀

74.1*

70.3

100.1*

77.6

50.7

66.6

60.6

–

–

55.6

452

♀

76.5

74.3*

91.9

67.6*

53.0*

75.5

84.4

89.1*

93.5*

51.0

table 3. main cranial indices. 1 – grave no.; 2 – sex; 3 – length-width; 4 – cephalic index; 5 – height-width; 6 – frontal-parietal index; 7 – Kollman index; 8 – Virchow index; 9 – orbital index; 10 – facial morphology index; 11 – zygomatic-parietal index; 12 – nose index. measurements taken from reconstructed bones are marked with an asterisk (*)

161

Females

males

Sex

Parameter

Przeworsk culture

Wielbark culture

Wielbark culture (Weklice)

N

X

Sd

N

X

Sd

N

X

Sd

g-op

9

188.2

4.3

53

186.0

7.7

8

180.8

3.1

eu-eu

9

137.6

6.1

53

139.3

6.8

8

135.4

4.3

ft-ft

6

95.3

2.9

47

97.0

4.7

8

97.4

3.4

ba-b

5

135.4

10.5

33

139.2

7.2

7

135.5

7.5

zy-zy

6

131.3

7.3

31

129.5

6.6

8

120.5

6.4

n-pr

7

68.9

4.5

32

67.3

5.4

6

73.6

5.1

mf-ek

6

42.3

3.4

41

40.2

2.3

8

39.5

2.6

w.o.

7

33.4

2.4

42

33.0

2.6

7

25.5

2.8

a.p.

7

24.4

2.4

39

23.8

2.3

8

23.0

2.6

n-ns

7

52.0

2.4

35

51.6

3.8

7

51.0

3.6

g-op

18

179.8

9.0

69

178.7

7.9

7

169.6

8.7

eu-eu

15

134.0

5.9

69

136.3

7.2

7

131.0

6.3

ft-ft

16

93.4

3.1

54

94.6

3.6

6

95.6

2.8

ba-b

10

132.4

6.9

37

133.6

9.0

4

132.0

7.4

zy-zy

7

120.9

6.8

32

121.4

6.3

7

117.6

9.3

n-pr

8

64.4

5.3

39

63.2

5.3

6

69.5

6.4

mf-ek

8

37.8

2.4

51

38.9

3.1

7

35.2

2.7

w.o.

9

32.7

2.2

58

32.3

2.5

7

27.3

2.4

a.p.

9

24.3

1.7

43

24.0

2.6

6

25.6

2.4

n-ns

8

48.6

3.6

40

48.1

3.5

5

41.2

3.8

table 4. morphological parameters of ten measurements of male and female crania attributed to Przeworsk and Wielbark cultures as compared with the crania from Weklice

Neither are these groups set apart by virtue of their distinctive traits. Analysis of morphological variation and a comparison of the studied group of Wielbark culture with an analogous chronology, similar socio-cultural system helped to grasp cranial traits specific for that group. A characteristic trait of male and female skulls from Weklice is a large or average braincase (g-op), moderately high cranium (ba-b), moderately wide forehead (ft-ft), high orbits (mf-ek) and a wide apertura pyriformis (a.p). let it be noted that given the small number of skulls subjected to analysis we are advised to practice caution in drawing conclusions as to their morphological variation. 2.2. Palaeo-demographic analysis (age and sex structure) The poor level of preservation of skeletons submitted for analysis precluded making a full age and sex determination of all the dead (Fig. 1, table 5). Statistical analysis took in 169 remains of skeletons, including also those accompanied with a question mark (27 determinations, ca 16% of the total analysed sample). one grave (no. 84) was found to contain the remains of a woman and bones

of a foetus which were not taken into account in the percentage diagram (Fig. 1). The most frequent age category in the sample from Weklice is maturus, followed by adultus and iuvenis. other age categories all poorly represented. Analysis of the sex and age structure of the bone sample from the entire cemetery shows that the largest number of individuals died at the age maturus and adultus. This is a situation typical for prehistoric populations. The cemetery at Weklice in terms of the structure of age at death shows a similarity to gravefields in Pruszcz gdański, sites 5 and 10 (J. gładkowska-rzeczycka 1982), and Kościelna Jania, site 7 (l. cymek, F. rożnowski 2007). The least represented age category is infans I, infans II, senilis and maturus/senilis. There is an observable slight domination of female over male burials. We cannot rule out that among the undetermined burials there may be more males. most men had died at the age of 35–50. The age of women was similar. Three women probably lived to be more than 60 years old. All of which shows that the life span in

162

Males

Age

No sex determination

Females

Total

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

Infans i (0–7)

0

0

0

0

4

2.4

4

2.4

Infans ii (7–15)

0

0

0

0

7

4.2

7

4.2

Iuvenis (15–20)

7

4.2

5

3

8

4.6

20

11.8

Adultus (20–35)

19

11

27

16

10

6

56

33

Maturus (35–50)

30

17.6

29

17.2

10

6

69

40.8

Maturus / Senilis (55–60)

1

0.6

0

0

0

0

1

0.6

Senilis (60–x)

0

0

3

1.8

1

0.6

4

2.4

No age determination

0

0

2

1.2

6

3.6

8

4.8

Total

57

33.4

66

39.2

46

27.4

169

100

table 5. inhumation burials by age and sex this population was not substantial. The average life span for men was 39.3 years (N=57), for women – 36.5 years (N=64). This difference in the life span of men and women is typical for prehistoric populations because the on average lower age of women is linked to high level of mortality during childbirth (H. clarke 1966; J. Buikstra 2006). The small number of infant graves may be explained by unfavourable conditions for preservation of skeletons of individuals of that ontogenetic age. A conclusion presents itself that the percentage of well preserved infant graves at Weklice could have been higher under more favourable conditions. due to the generally poor preservation of skeletons everywhere in the cemetery we are largely barred from making a morphological description of the investigated skeletons. to obtain a greater quantity of data about the analysed material we took into account the frequency of occurrence of such anomalies in the development of the skeleton as presence of the metopic suture (sutura metopica) and lamboidal/sutural bones (ossa intersuturarum suturae

Male: 58; 34.3% Female: 65; 38.5%

Child: 11; 6.5% Undetermined: 35; 20.7%

Fig. 1. distribution of inhumation burials at Weklice by sex

lambdoideae). The named features may to a certain extent indicate relations of consanguinity in the investigated population (c. S. larsen et alii 1995). The metopic suture was observed on crania from graves 25 and 47, whereas lamboidal/sutural bones were present on crania from graves 164A, 303, 361, 432, 471 (table 1). The latter developmental anomaly was observed in 10.44% individuals. 2.3. Somatic traits – height Height could be diagnosed only for ca  53 individuals (Fig. 2). in most cases height was determined on the basis of the reconstructed length of the long bones using the Pearson method based on regression equations recommended for populations subsisting in hard living conditions (W. Kozak-Zychman 1996; J. Strzałko 1971). The presented data suggests that the highest percentage of women, that is, 50.1–71.3% fit in the interval of 150–159.9 cm, whereas men (42.1–58.3%) in the interval of 160–169.9 cm which is in agreement with accepted mean values of body height. The analysed population shows a considerable variation range of this parameter. Both among the women and men we can distinguish tall individuals (the tallest man was 179  cm, as indicated by humeral and tibial measurements – skeleton from grave 91; the tallest woman was 168  cm, basing on humeral measurement – skeleton from grave 299) and individuals of lower stature (male lowest value of 158 cm calculated from a humerus – skeleton from grave 402; female lowest value below 153 cm calculated from a humerus – skeleton from grave 380). The investigated skeletons are of moderately robust and robust body build, more seldom, of smaller size and gracile. Adults in this population tended to be of average and tall height. The average height for women from the cemetery at Weklice is 158.9 cm (N=23). The same parameter for men is 170.8 cm (N=28) and they may be considered as mod-

163 185 180 175 170 165 160 155 150 145 140 [cm]

Number of individuals (N=53) Male

Female

Fig. 2. Weklice. Body height reconstructed with the Pearson method

erately tall. in comparison to other cemeteries of Wielbark culture the population buried in the cemetery at Weklice is characterised by the highest average height among other Wielbark populations (F. rożnowski, l. cymek, 2007a). 2.4. Pathological changes Analysis of pathological changes in the skeleton (Fig. 3, 4) based on two indices, so-called indices of stress: cribra orbitalia (porous overgrowth of the roof of the eye socket) and tooth enamel hypoplasia. Cribra orbitalia (Fig. 4) is a result of iron deficiency anaemia which occurred at an early stage of development because of an iron-poor diet, some disorder in its absorption or parasitic infection. enamel hypoplasia, alternately, underdevelopment of enamel, is manifested by missing enamel and may be linear or pit hypoplasia, in prehistoric populations is also caused by undernourishment and infectious disease in children. Analysis established the incidence of both these pathological changes in the skeletal sample from Weklice. Cribra orbitalia was observed in 8 skeletons with a preserved eye socket. it was graded 1–3 on a seven point scale of o. P. Hengen (1971). closer assessment is prevented by damage and poor preservation of the skull bones. The other indication of health, hypoplasia, was observed quite often on the teeth that survived. it was observed in ⅓ of skeletons with surviving teeth. observations obtained lead to the children in this population were relatively often affected by undernourishment or disease, but not to a dramatic extent. other pathological changes were also observed, commonly encountered on skeletons from prehistoric cemeteries; dental caries, degenerative changes of the spine and on articular facets of long bones. developmental defects and anomalies were represented by three cases of foramen supratrochleare in the humerus, double foramen

transversarium in cervical neck, double hypoglossal. trauma was observed on the bones of a few skeletons in the form of healed fractures and injury from blows. Also diagnosed was a likely case of Scheuermann’s disease (juvenile kyphosis) on bones of a skeleton from Feature 172. other anomalies and degenerative changes included fusion of two thoracic vertebrae, changes caused by ankylosing fusion spondylitis, osteophytes on articular surfaces (cf. table 1). Pathological state of the masticatory system was observed on nearly every investigated skeleton. caries was identified in 25.9% adult individuals. relatively few cases of antemortem loss of teeth were observed – 7.5% in adult individuals (cf. table 1). green discolouration on bones of the analysed skeletons – left by metal compounds – are a trace of metal finds, which may be confirmed by the description of the graves and their furnishings. to improve our understanding of the level of nutrition and biological condition of the people of Wielbark culture analysis was made of trace element levels in teeth. The most frequently investigated elements used to assess the diet of historic populations are Sr, Zn and ca and their mutual ratios Sr/Zn, Zn/ca, Sr/ca (K. Szostek, H. gląb 2001). Zinc is a good element for diagnosing the amount of animal protein in the diet, especially during individual’s growth and development. Zinc is an element supplied to our organism by consuming meat, milk and dairy products. in juvenile individuals absorption of strontium is higher and they show a lower level of Sr and a lower Sr/ca ratio than adults. Plants absorb strontium directly from the environment in substantial quantities, and humans, similarly as animals, are condemned to accumulating this element by consuming plant and animal food which causes them to have less strontium in their organism than plants. Therefore

164

Fig. 3. Pathological changes to the mastoid process of temporal bone. Perforations (B), canals (c), bone loss (A) on the surface of the mastoid element of temporal bone testifying the incidence of a draining abscess in middle ear from grave 474 (male, maturus)

Fig. 4. Cribia orbitalia (co) – perforation of the eye socket margin caused by iron deficiency anaemia at an early age alternately, by disorder in iron absorption or by parasitic infection (in a female from grave 90)

analysis of strontium content in human bones is helpful for determining the amount of animal protein in the diet of historic populations. Being omnivorous humans ought to show in their diet average values of these chemical elements, a higher concentration of any of them makes it possible to determine the diet of the studied historic group, since plant eaters exhibit a higher strontium content and meat eaters a higher zinc content in the bones. Analysis of macro- and micro-elements in the bone material was made in weighed amounts of bone dust mineralised using perchloric acid (to determine fluorine content)

and treated with concentrated nitric acid (to determine other trace elements). calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, strontium levels were determined with the method of atomic absorption spectroscopy using Pu 9100X Philips. The value of Zn/ca indices calculated for both investigated groups demonstrate that there was more animal protein in their diet. The high value of zinc in teeth recovered at Weklice suggests that the local population consumed more animal protein of terrestrial origin (fallow-deer, fowl etc.). Higher values of Zn/ca indices and a lower value of Sr/Zn confirm the domination of animal protein in the diet.

165 When different categories of age were taken into account it was found the best level of nutrition was shown by adult individuals, followed by individuals in iuvenis, infans and senilis age group. The worst level of nutrition is represented by women which could signify their lower position in social hierarchy. in case of children was observed a lower level of zinc and a lower Zn/ca ratio, which suggest they had limited access to a protein rich diet.

3. Analysis of cremation burials

The sample submitted for analysis was in a moderately good condition. mostly these were very small bone fragments, 2×1 cm or smaller, down to nearly pulverised and lamellated in the form of minute chips of bone. The level of preservation of the bone had been influenced, next to the conditions of their deposition in the grave and method of cremation also by their storage in unsuitable conditions. Nevertheless the

sample still contained larger bone fragments which could be used to determine – with a substantial degree of probability – some of the parameters diagnostic for sex, age and general anatomy (Fig. 5–10, table 6). 3.1. Weight of the cremated bone fragments The bone remains from cremation graves are incomplete and heavily comminuted, and mostly moderately or burnt during cremation. This was due also to the care which was taken in picking out the bone fragments from the ashes of the pyre as well as the level of preservation of the burials at the time of their exposure (most of the cremation graves had been destroyed as a result of later activities – mainly ploughing, and the material was spread out over a radius of a few score centimetres, and on occasion, metres even), during exploration there was a tendency to lift mainly the clusters of bones and the stray fragments were left behind or

No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

29/30

1

♂

maturus

883

intermediate

2

73

1

♂?

adultus

330

intermediate

3

77

1

♂?

adultus

1120

intermediate

4

85

1

?

adultus

570

intermediate

5

152A–F

1

♂?

adultus or maturus

130

intermediate

6

154

1

♂?

maturus

108

intermediate

7

156

1

♀?

maturus

80

intermediate

8

157/180

1

?

maturus (?)

320

intermediate

9

159

1

?

adultus (?)

80

intermediate

10

160/175

1

♂?

maturus

1334

intermediate

11

162

1

♂

maturus

123

intermediate

12

165

1

?

maturus (?)

130

intermediate

13

167

1

?

maturus (?)

107

heavy

14

170

1

?

adultus

40

heavy

15

176

1

♀?

maturus

231

intermediate

16

179A/190/190A

?

♀?

maturus

1180

intermediate

17

181/182

1

♂

adultus or maturus

1146

intermediate

18

186/187

1

♀?

adultus or maturus

340

intermediate

19

188

1

♀?

maturus

310

intermediate

20

195

1

♀

adultus

270

intermediate

21

197

1

?

iuvenis

120

intermediate

22

198/199

1

?

maturus

146

intermediate

23

206

1

♂

maturus

1400

intermediate and heavy

24

209

1

♂

maturus

550

intermediate

7

degenerative change on vertebrae

166

No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

25

211

1

♀

maturus

680

intermediate

26

214

1

?

adultus

30

intermediate

27

215

1

♀?

adultus

1180

intermediate

28

217

1

♂

early maturus

453

intermediate

29

223

1

?

maturus

1015

intermediate

30

224

1

♂?

adultus

252

intermediate

31

225

1

?

maturus

83

intermediate

32

236

1

?

maturus

31

heavy

33

242

1

?

maturus

340

intermediate

34

255

1

♂

maturus

127

intermediate

35

262

1

♂

adultus

507

intermediate

328

intermediate

7

36

300A

1

♂

adultus or maturus

37

300B

?

?

?

473

intermediate

level of preservation of bones precluded diagnosis

38

300C

?

?

?

250

intermediate

level of preservation of bones precluded diagnosis

39

300D

1

♂

maturus

528

intermediate

40

305

1

?

iuvenis

43

heavy

41

310

1

♂

adultus

269

heavy

42

407/414/420

1

♂

maturus

326

heavy

43

408/417/420

1

?

maturus

546

heavy

44

412

1

♀?

maturus

385

intermediate

45

421/444

1

♂

maturus

219

heavy

46

430

1

♂

maturus

210

intermediate / heavy

47

431

1

♀

adultus or maturus

985

intermediate

48

437

1

?

infans II

50

–

Slight evidence of wear on teeth

49

443

1

♂

maturus

1237

intermediate

A few bone fragments with green discolouration

50

444A

?

?

?

219

heavy

level of preservation of bones precluded diagnosis

51

444B

1

♂?

adultus

1005

intermediate

–

52

444C

?

?

?

150

heavy

level of preservation of bones precluded diagnosis

53

444D

1

♂?

iuvenis or adultus

607

intermediate

54

449/458

1

?

maturus

87

heavy

55

450

1

?

maturus

128

heavy

56

457

1

♀?

maturus

579

intermediate

57

473

?

?

?

36

heavy

58

490

1

?

adultus

234

heavy

level of preservation of bones precluded diagnosis

table 6. inventory of skeletal elements from cremation burials. 1 – grave or feature; 2 – number of individuals; 3 – sex; 4 – age; 5 – weight (in grams); 6 – level of cremation; 7 – remarks

167 seldom lifted without being included in a specific assemblage. From some burials only a small number of bone remains was secured (e.g. grave 214) which suggests that only a part of the bones after cremation found its way into an urn. on the other hand, taking into account the already noted fact of the destruction of nearly all the cremation burials and in consequence, the selective method of their later archaeological exploration we cannot rule out that the material subjected to analysis represents just a fragment of the original contents of the urn. in some cases (only when complete and undamaged clay urns were unearthed) we may conclude that after cremation the bone remains were collected with more care and their weight is substantial, up to 1.400 g. in the analysed burials the overall weight of the cremated bones for the entire series was 24.640 g. on average the weight of a single burial is around 425 g, which gives a small quantity indeed. As study results show, the weight of the bone remains remaining after the cremation of an adult individual on a pyre of wood (these were the conditions of cremation during prehistory) should be 2–3 kg (J. Piontek 1976, 207–216). in practice the average weight of a small number of burials in cremation cemeteries usually does not exceed 1 kg (t. Węgrzynowicz 1982, 15–17). The cause of such a small quantity of bones in the burials from the analysed material have already been signalled but another factor was decomposition of bones while they rested in the ground and still another could have been the nature of the burial ceremony during which a part of the bones was picked out from the site of cremation. This is supported by the occurrence of a substantial quantity of burnt bones outside features which may be interpreted as graves (material from layers which was not subjected the present analysis). 3.2. Level of cremation, colour of the bone fragments The colour of the cremated bone fragments (Fig. 5, 6, 9, 10) and particles depends from the level of cremation. in general, the lighter colour of the bones the heavier they were burnt. in the analysed cremation burials the prevailing colour is light, pale yellow and cream. in a few burials a different, usually darker colour was observed on bone fragments from distal elements of the skeleton suggesting less intense action of the fire and oxygen poor conditions which resulted in darker colour. in a few cases the distal ends of long upper or lower limb bones had a non-uniform colour. Presumably, the corpse was not bound any way before being cremated. in still other graves was observed the staining of bones due to secondary causes – from charcoal, surrounding soil when the urn was smashed or the presence in it of metal objects – copper alloy, iron, silver or gold. 3.3. Frequency of surviving bone fragments The overall level of preservation of the bone sample submitted for analysis is poor, in point of fact, in no burial was it possible to reconstruct an entire long bone. of cranial bones

best represented were fragments of the upper cranium and the temporal bone, especially its petrous elements. Nevertheless, these fragments are quite useful because they make it possible to determine the number of individuals and partly, also diagnose age. At the same time they are of little use for detecting sexual dimorphism. The great quantity of surviving small fragments of the upper cranium mentioned earlier are quite valuable for osteology analysis, for observing strongly marked sex differences and cranial sutures extremely useful and important for determining the age of the studied individual. moreover, their thickness and solidity also contribute to diagnosis of sex and age. on other hand, the most frequently craniofacial elements were fragments of zygomatic bones, maxilla and mandible. teeth are an extremely important material in osteology analysis – very helpful in determining age, and occasionally, sex. The best preserved are milk teeth, even their buds, which have the least damaged enamel which is more compact than in older individuals. enamel on occlusal surfaces does not become detached during the process of cremation. in the cremated bone sample Weklice survives quite an amount of odontic evidence, but its condition is not too good. in most cases only the roots have survived without the crowns (Fig. 7). The occlusal surfaces usually succumbed to the impact of high temperature and the roots were brittle and often disintegrated into minute fragments. A number of cases of partial survival of occlusal surfaces which helped in age diagnosis. When it comes to limb bones the most frequently encountered were fragments and chips of diaphyses. of epiphyses the best represented were those of humeral, radial and femoral bones, and fragments of proximal epiphyses of tibiae (Fig. 8). Very few carpal, tarsal, metacarpal, metatarsal bones and phalanges, even from the proximal row were not in evidence. Fragments of bones of shoulder and pelvic girdle were infrequent. The analysed sample was found to contain hardly any bone remains of animals even though not infrequently animal bones differ little from human bones when it comes to splinters of diaphyses. They may be clearly distinguished from human by the solidity and form of their epiphyses. usually these were very small fragments of diaphyses of long bones with a structure of bone tissue different than in humans and tended to differ in colour and level of cremation. results of analysis of bones from cremation burials are shown in table 6. 3.4. Sex determination The level of preservation of the remains described earlier which was characterised by a dearth of diagnostic fragments (see chapter on methods of analysis) greatly impeded and limited the potential for diagnosing sex and age. Sex determinations, many accompanied by a question mark, were possible in 34 cases (Fig. 11, table 7). Sex was diagnosed mainly for the age groups adultus and maturus.

168

Fig. 5. cremated bone fragments, from grave 431 (female, adultus or maturus)

Fig. 6. cremated cranial fragments and teeth of a child, from grave 437 (infans II)

Fig. 7. cremated teeth of an adult individual, from grave 215 (female?)

169

Fig. 8. cremated epiphysis fragments (distal humeral and proximal radial) from Burial 300A (male, adultus or maturus)

Fig. 9. cremated cranial fragments, from Burial 444d

Fig. 10. Bones from grave 77, level of cremation intermediate

170

Male: 23; 39.7% Female: 11; 18.9%

Such a structure of mortality for a prehistoric population is rather unlikely, mainly because of the small number of children. Quite probably a part of the undetermined infant skeletons is among the burials which could not be aged and among the material which is now missing. But the factor decisive for the low percentage of individuals from this age group is first and foremost non-survival of their bones. Among the grownups the highest mortality occurs in the age adult and mature category – 45 individuals, and a significant majority in this group are men. The difference in the survival rate to the advantage of men is presumably caused by the quite high incidence of death of women at the time of childbirth.

Child: 1; 1.7% Undetermined: 23; 39.7%

Fig. 11. distribution of cremation burials at Weklice by sex in the other age categories sex was not determined for the following reasons: in case of infans burials I and II (N=1) and subadults iuvenis (N=2) for lack of sufficiently developed diagnostic traits; for adult individuals adultus and maturus and adultus/maturus (N=16) because of insufficient number of diagnostic fragments. moreover, five individuals were not diagnosed at all due to the lack of diagnostic parameters or a parameter due to parameters of intermediate nature. 3.5. Age Approximate age at the time of death for cremation burials was determined for 48 individuals with a very broad indication given whether the remains belong to a child aged infans or a subadult from the category iuvenis, grown up – adultus and mature – maturus (table 7). Age of five individuals by reason of inadequate diagnostic parameters was diagnosed as adultus/maturus, or, fitting the categories above Iuvenis – more than 20 years of age, and for five individuals sex and age was not determined at all.

3.6. Height The rather small quantity of larger fragments of bones from the series from Weklice permitted  –  basing on measurements of the better preserved epiphyses of humeral, radial and femoral bones – calculation of the approximate height of 4 males and 2 females (graves 29/30, 77, 160/175, 215, 431, 444B). Average height in the analysed group is 168.74 cm for men and 155.49 cm for women. Average height in the analysed group is similar to the results calculated using the same method in cremation burial series from lusatian culture and the roman Period (F. rożnowski, l. cymek 2007b; l. cymek, F. rożnowski 2009; B. iwanek, J. Piontek, l. czerniak, H. machajewski 2007; J. Piontek 2007). 3.7. Pathological changes The sample subjected to analysis was too fragmentary to allow for identification of too many pathological changes. in the material investigated the common and frequent pathological changes to the skeleton were not observed. Noted were fine degenerative modifications in the area of epiphyses and their articular facets, typically seen in prehistoric populations.

Males

Age

No sex determination

Females

Total

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

Infans i (0–7)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Infans ii (7–15)

0

0

0

0

1

1.7

1

1.7

Iuvenis (15–20)

0

0

0

0

2

3.5

2

3.5

Adultus (20–35)

7

12.1

2

3.4

5

8.6

14

24.1

Maturus (35–50)

13

22.4

7

12.1

11

19

31

53.5

Adultus/maturus (50–45)

3

5.1

2

3.5

0

0

5

8.6

Senilis (60–x)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

No age determination

0

0

0

0

5

8.6

5

8.6

Total

23

39.6

11

19

24

41.4

58

100

table 7. cremation burials by age and sex

171

References Buikstra, J. 2006 Bioarcheology. The Contextual Analysis of Human Remains, cambridge.

Homestead: Life and Death on the Midwestern Frontier, (in) Bodies of evidence. Reconstructing history through skeletal analysis (ed. A. l. grauer), New York, 139–159.

Clarke, H. 1966 Application of Measurement of Health and Physical Education, New Jersey.

Malinowski, A., Bożyłow, W. 1997 Podstawy antropometrii. Metody, techniki, normy, Warszawa.

Cymek, L., Rożnowski, F. 2007 Analiza antropologiczna ludzkich szczątków kostnych wydobytych na cmentarzysku ludności kultury wielbarskiej w Kościelnej Jani (stan. 7), woj. pomorskie, (in) Nowe materiały i interpretacje. Stan dyskusji na temat kultury wielbarskiej (eds m. Fudziński, H. Paner), gdańsk, 691–697. 2009 Ludność z wczesnohalsztackiego  cmentarzyska w Dąbrównie, gm. Potęgowo (stan. 8), w świetle badań antropologicznych, (in) Nowe materiały kultury łużyckiej i pomorskiej z Pomorza (eds m. Fudziński, H. Paner), gdańsk, 129–140.

Nos, E. 1999 Analiza antropologiczna szczątków kostnych z cmentarzyska kultury wielbarskiej sezonów 1984–1997 w Weklicach powiat Elbląg, typescript of m.A. thesis in institute of Archaeology, university of Warsaw.

Dąbrowski, R. 2007 Populacje ludzkie z dorzecza Odry i Wisły w okresie wpływów rzymskich i we wczesnym średniowieczu, Poznań, 25–56. Gładykowska-Rzeczycka, J. 1982 Niektóre wyniki paleodemograficznych badań ludności zamieszkującej Pomorze Gdańskie w latach 600–100 p.n.e., (in) Przemiany ludnościowe i kulturowe I tysiąclecia p.n.e. na ziemiach między Odrą i Dnieprem. Materiały z polsko-radzieckiego sympozjum paleodemograficznego, Warszawa, 6–9 grudnia 1977, Wrocław, 449–452. Hengen, O. P. 1971 Cribra orbitalia: pathogenesis and probable etiology, “Homo” 22, 57–76. Iwanek, B., Piontek, J., Czerniak, L., Machajewski, H. 2007 Analiza zawartości popielnic z grobów ciałopalnych z okresu rzymskiego na przykładzie cmentarzyska z Wyszkowa-Zakręzia, woj. mazowieckie, (in) Nowe materiały i interpretacje. Stan dyskusji na temat kultury wielbarskiej (eds m. Fudziński, H. Paner), gdańsk, 619–625. Kozak-Zychman, W. 1996 Charakterystyka antropologiczna ludności Lubelszczyzny z młodszego okresu rzymskiego, lublin. Larsen, C. S. et alii 1995 c. S. larsen, J. craig, l. e. Sering, m. J. Schoeninger, K. F. russel, d. l. Hutchinson, m. A. Williamson, Cross

Piontek, J. 1976 Proces kremacji i jego wpływ na morfologię kości w świetle wyników badań eksperymentalnych, “Archeologia Polski” 21/2, 247–280. 1985 Biologia populacji pradziejowych. Zarys metodyczny, Poznań1. 1996 Biologia populacji pradziejowych. Zarys metodyczny, Poznań2. 2007 Populacje ludzkie z dorzecza Odry i Wisły w okresie wpływów rzymskich i we wczesnym średniowieczu: zróżnicowanie morfologiczne i analiza paleodemograficzna, (in) Nowe materiały i interpretacje. Stan badań na temat kultury wielbarskiej, (eds m. Fudziński, H. Paner), gdańsk, 211–227. Recommendations 1980 Recommendations for age and sex diagnoses of skeletons, “Journal of Human evolution” 9, 517–549. Rożnowski, F., Cymek, L. 2007a Nowe wyniki badań antropologicznych ludności zamieszkującej Pomorze w okresie rzymskim, (in) Nowe materiały i interpretacje. Stan dyskusji na temat kultury wielbarskiej (eds m. Fudziński, H. Paner), gdańsk, 191–198. 2007b Ludność kultury łużyckiej na Pomorzu w świetle danych antropologicznych, (in) Aktualne problemy kultury łużyckiej na Pomorzu (eds m. Fudziński, H. Paner), gdańsk, 83–92. Strzałko, J. 1971 Metody rekonstrukcji wzrostu człowieka na podstawie pomiarów szkieletu, “Przegląd Antropologiczny” 37, 295–314. Szmit, T. 2000 Analiza antropologiczna szczątków kostnych z cmentarzyska kultury wielbarskiej w Weklicach powiat Elbląg, typescript of m.A. thesis in institute of Archaeology, university of Warsaw.

172 Szostek, K., Gląb, H. 2001 Trace elements concentrations in human teeth from a neolithic common grave at Nakonowo (Central Poland), “Variability & evolution” 9, 16–27.

Węgrzynowicz, T. 1982 Szczątki zwierzęce jako wyraz wierzeń w czasach ciałopalenia zwłok, Warszawa.

173

VI. 2. Jerzy Maik, Textile remains from the cemetery at Weklice, site 7, comm. Elbląg, voiv. Warmińsko-Mazurskie textiles from the cemetery of Wielbark culture at Weklice were analysed successively as they surfaced during the excavation1 (Fig. 1). They were very poorly preserved and owed their preservation to metal oxides from objects in their neighbourhood. unfortunately, nearly all the textile remains are so impregnated with metal oxide that their fibres cannot be separated in order to make any closer determination of their raw material. This was done for only 10 textile remains and in some cases the result is not conclusive at all. The identified remains include 25 fragments of textile, 7 threads, 3 cords and 1 tassel. They were discovered in graves dated to the period between phase B1 and c2 of the roman Period (see more about chronology in chapter iii).

1. Textiles

Wo o l l e n c l o t h Woollen fibres were detected in only three textile fragments and in two cases this identification is tentative. Poor preservation made it impossible to measure the thickness of the wool fibres or to determine the quality of the wool. textile no. 3 (from grave 331), is in plain weave, with both the warp and the weft yarn with Z-twist (ZZ). Thread count: 9 warp threads and 8 weft threads per 1 cm. Thickness of the warp thread is around 0.97 mm, of the weft – 1.00 mm. The resulting cloth is therefore of average quality, classified as woollen textile type 1 (J. maik 1988, 29). The two other fragments (no. 6 from grave 336 and no. 12 from grave 397), presumably also woollen, are in 2/2 twill. in textile no. 6 the yarn has a ZS-twist (right in the warp, left in the weft), which classifies this fabric as type 8. Thread count: 13 warp and weft threads per 1 cm, the warp thread has an average thickness of around 0.5 mm, the weft, of around 0.75 mm. The second fragment (no. 12) is too small and poorly preserved for any more reliable determination of its weave. Both its warp and the weft are twisted to the right (ZZ) which suggests the textile can be classified as type 7 of woollen textile. No further analysis was possible. linen The raw material of six textile remains recovered at Weklice was identified as linen. These are: textiles no. 8 and 10 (Fig. 2a) from grave 379, no. 11 from grave 380, no. 15 from grave 413, no. 32 (Fig. 2b) from grave 475 and no. 33 (Fig. 2e) from grave 478.

1

The study of textile remains was made by the author and radosław Herman m.A., then with institute of Archaeology and ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences, Łódź. The present report focuses on textile remains from excavation carried out until 2004.

Fig. 1. types of weave observed on textiles from Weklice: a – plain weave, b – 2/2 twill All these textile remains are in plain weave, with ZZ-twist yarn, ie, both the warp and the weft are twisted to the right. Thread count of the warp and the weft is between 10 and 12 threads per 1 cm, only in 2 cases the warp has a thickness greater than the weft, in the rest of the samples these two parameters are equal. The thickness of the warp and the weft thread is on average between 0.5 and 0.9 mm, and in each of the textile fragments both systems of threads were of yarn having a similar thickness. un d e t e r m i n e d due to considerable impregnation of threads with metal oxides and their mineralised condition the material of 16 textile fragments could not be determined. The majority were in plain weave, with ZZ-twist yarn, most likely to be linen thread, in any case, they are quite similar to linen textile fragments described in the preceding section. Also the count of warp and weft threads is similar to the one observed in the linen textiles, between 9 and 15 threads per 1 cm. These textile fragments occurred in graves nos 292, 303, 334, 336 and 423. Poor state of preservation of a textile fragment in plain weave 1/1 discovered in grave 446 made its further analysis unfeasible, whereas the textile from grave 456 has Z-twist warp and the weft threads have both a Z- and S-twist. only a very small fragment of this textile survives so it is hard to establish whether this was an error in weaving or a deliberate selection of the threads. in which case, we would have to do rather with the remains of a woollen textile. Wool is also very likely to be the material used in making the textile discovered in grave 429, in 2/2 twill, of ZS yarn. The thread count is around 16 threads per 1 cm. Thickness of the warp is on average around 0.4 mm, of the weft – 0.43 mm. consequently these are the remains of a very fine cloth.

174

Fig. 2. textiles from Weklice: a – fragments of a linen pouch in plain weave from grave 379, b – fragment of mineralised linen cloth adhering to the fibula discovered in grave 475, c.d – a fine cord used to secure the fibula to clothing from grave 488 (resp. top and bottom), e – fragment of a mineralised linen cloth adhering to the buckle discovered in grave 478

2. Cords and tassels grave 488 yielded fragments of cord which was used to additionally secure the fibulae to the clothing (Fig. 2c.d). The cord fibres were too heavily impregnated with metal oxide to determine their raw material; the cord was by twisting together two strands with Z-twist in an S-twist (S/2Z). The thickness of the cord is around 1.4 mm, thickness of the strands – about 0.5–0.7 mm. The fibula discovered in grave 466 retained minute fragments of a tassel twisted of two fine cords – one with Z/2S twist, the other with S/2Z twist. No analyses could be made for the poorly preserved remains of a cord recovered from grave 489.

3. Threads

in graves nos 429, 446, 452, 466 and 471 discovered next to the metal fibulae were the remains of mineralised threads. in two graves (446 and 466), these threads were wound around the fibula pin or spring. consequently, we may assume that – similarly as cords described in the preceding section – the threads were meant to secure the fibulae additionally to the garment. They are in Z-twist, except for one which is in S-twist.

4. Conclusions

Soil conditions at the cemetery at Weklice did not favour the preservation of organic remains. Because of this the

textiles, all of them in very small fragments, had survived to our day only thanks to the conserving action of metal oxide from objects next to which they had rested. unfortunately, the oxides impregnating the structure of the textile caused its mineralisation and made unfeasible the analysis and determination of the type of fibre. in effect, our knowledge of woven cloth from Weklice is far from comprehensive. Woollen textiles, made in 2/2 twill and in plain weave belong to typical products known from Wielbark culture territory (J. maik 1988; 2007). Worth attention is the mineralised textile from grave 429, almost certain to be wool. its parameters (weave, twist of the yarn and thread count) correspond to parameters of textiles of Virring type, distinguished by l. Bender Jørgensen (1986, 346–348). According to this researcher, type Virring textiles originate from the northern provinces of the empire and as such on Wielbark culture territory they are roman imports. i believe this hypothesis is not fully validated, mainly because of the presence in Virring textiles of different types of wool (J. maik 1988, 170–171). But i agree that the textiles in question are among the best and the finest woven cloth known from the roman Period and i would not rule out their origin from the area of the empire. Also striking is the set of linen textiles. it shows that the people of Wielbark culture were using linen undergarments more often than one might conclude on the basis of finds known from most cemeteries. The linen is always the same – woven

175 using the most simple weave, of medium thick yarn, the warp and the weft twisted in the same direction (J. maik 1988, 27–29). The tassel discovered on one of the fibulae (grave 466) suggests that the individual buried in the grave may have been dressed in a decorative cloak or that the cloth had been used for a shroud (J. maik 1981). cloaks of this sort, with a tablet-woven border and tassels, produced on vertical warp-weighted, are recognised as the finest textiles in the entire area of the Barbaricum (K. Schlabow 1976, 50–69).

Also interesting is the practice of using thread to additionally secure the fibulae to clothing. if this was done on a daily basis and not only when depositing the dead in the graves, we would have an indication that a fibula may have been easy to lose. The relatively small set of textile finds from the cemetery at Weklice, even if quite poorly preserved, nevertheless has afforded a number of interesting observations and as such deserves the attention of researchers who study the Wielbark culture.

5. The Catalogue of textile finds from the cemetery at Weklice Grave 292 (stadium V) 1. 2 small fragments of mineralised textile adhering to fibula spring. Fibre: ? Thread count No.

1

Weave

plain weave

Warp

Weft

9–10

9–10

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist

ZZ

Warp

Weft

remarks

between

average

between

average

0.6–0.9

0.76

0.6–0.9

0.78

sample size 0.5 cm

Grave 303 (stadium iiB/iic) 2. Fragment of mineralised textile surviving next to the fibula spring. Fibre: ? Thread count No. 2

Weave

Warp

Weft

plain weave

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist

Warp between

Weft average

ZZ

between

remarks average

0.5

0.5

Grave 331 (stadium V) 3. Fragment of mineralised textile on a fibula. A small number of flexible fibres survives. Fibre: wool (?). Thread count No.

3

Weave

plain weave

Warp

Weft

8–9

8–9

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist

ZZ

Warp

Weft

remarks

between

average

between

average

0.9–1.1

0.97

0.9–1.2

1.90

sample size 0.5 cm

Grave 334 (stadium iiB/iic) 4. Fragments of mineralised fabric surviving on an iron buckle. Fibre: ? Thread count No.

4

Weave

plain weave

Warp

Weft

12

12

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist

ZZ

Warp

Weft

remarks

between

average

between

average

0.5–0.7

0.60

0.6–0.9

0.72

176 Grave 336 (stadium V) 5. Fragment of a textile surviving next to a fibula; the fibula pin was stuck through the cloth. The textile is mineralised and treated with preservative. Fibre: ? 6. remains of mineralised textile surviving next to a fragment of a metal object. Fibre: wool (?). 7. remains of mineralised textile surviving next to a fragment of a metal object. Fibre: ? Thread count No.

Weave

Warp

Weft

5

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist

Warp

Weft

remarks

between

average

between

average

ZZ (?)

0.4–0.6

0.50

0.7–0.8

0.75

sample size 0.5 cm

6

2/2 twill

12–14

12–14

ZS

0.4–0.6

0.50

0.5–0.8

0.70

sample size 0.5 cm

7

plain weave

ca 15

ca 12

ZZ

0.5–0.9

0.69

0.7–1.2

0.87

sample size 0.5 cm

Grave 379 (stadium V) 8. Fragment of textile surviving on a fibula. Fibre: linen (?). 9. traces of textile surviving on a fibula. Fibre: ? (condition too poor for analysis). 10. Fragments of a pouch inside which there were: a bronze box, two bronze rings, a silver coin. Fibre: linen.

Thread count No.

Weave

8

plain weave

10

plain weave

Warp

10

Weft

10

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist

ZZ

Warp

Weft

remarks

between

average

between

average

0.5–0.6

0.55

0.5–0.6

0.5

0.5–0.8

0.63

05–0.8

0.65

Grave 380 (stadium V) 11. A small fragment of a textile surviving on a bronze buckle. Fibre: linen. Thread count No.

11

Weave

plain weave

Warp

Weft

10

10

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist

ZZ

Warp

Weft

remarks

between

average

between

average

0.7–1.0

0.82

0.8–1.0

0.90

Grave 397 (stadium iiiA/iiiB) 12. remains of almost fully deteriorated textile surviving on a fibula. Fibre: wool (?). 13. remains of almost fully deteriorated textile surviving on a fibula. Fibre: ?

sample size 0.5 cm

177 Thread count No.

12

Weave

Warp

Weft

2/2 twill (?)

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist

Warp between

Weft average

between

remarks average

ZZ

13

Z and S

Grave 398 (stadium iiB/iic) 14. Fragment of mineralised thread surviving on a fibula, possibly the remains of a textile or cord. Fibre: ? Thread count No.

Weave

Warp

Weft

14

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist S

Warp

Weft

between

average

0.6–0.7

0.65

between

remarks average

Grave 413 (stadium iiB/iic) 15. Next to a fibula small fragment of textile. The fibula pin was driven through the textile. Fibre: linen. Thread count No. 15

Weave plain weave

Warp

Weft

12

12

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist ZZ

Warp

Weft

remarks

between

average

between

average

0.8–1.0

0.90

0.8–1.0

0.90

Grave 423 (stadium iVB) 16. Small fragment of textile surviving on the fibula spring. Fibre: ? Thread count No.

16

Weave

plain weave

Warp

Weft

8–10

8–10

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist

ZZ

Warp

Weft

remarks

between

average

between

average

0.5–0.7

0.56

0.5–0.7

0.58

sample size 0.5 cm

Grave 429 (stadium iiiA/iiiB) 17. Thread surviving on a fibula. Fibre: ? 18. deteriorated mineralised textile surviving on a fibula. its poor preservation made it possible measure only a single thread. Fibre: ? 19. deteriorated mineralised textile discovered next to an iron object (belt buckle?). Fibre: ? Thread count No.

Weave

Warp

Weft

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist

Warp between

average 0.75

17

Z

0.7–0.8

18

S (?)

0.4–0.6

ZS

0.3–0.5

19

2/2 twill

16

16

Weft

0.43

remarks

between

average

0.4–06

0.46

178 Grave 446 (stadium V) 20. Small fragment of fully mineralised and deteriorated textile surviving on a fibula. Fibre: ? 21. mineralised thread wound around the spring and pin. Fibre: ? Thread count No.

20

Weave

Warp

Weft

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist

Warp

Weft

between

average

0.4–0.7

0.55

between

remarks average

plain weave (?)

21

Z

Burial 452 (stadium iiiB) 22. Thread surviving on a silver fibula. Fibre: ? 23. organic residue surviving on a bronze fibula. one of them is a thread. Fibre: ? Thread count No.

Weave

Warp

Weft

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist

22

Z

23

Z

Warp

Weft

between

average

0.5–0.7

0.6

between

remarks average

0.6

Grave 455 (stadium iiiA/iiiB) 24. Small fragment of textile surviving at the point of issue of the pin from the spring. textile treated with preservative. Fibre: ? 25. Small fragment of mineralised textile treated with preservative surviving on a fibula spring. Fibre: ? 26. Small fragment of nearly fully deteriorated textile on the spring. Fibre: ? (condition too poor for analysis). Thread count No.

24

25

Weave

Warp

Weft

2/2 twill (?)

plain weave

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist

ZS

14

12

ZS

Warp

Weft

remarks

between

average

between

average

0.4–0.5

0.45

0.4–0.7

0.57

0.6–0.9

Grave 456 (stadium iiiA) 27. Small fragment of a mineralised textile surviving on a fibula – the pin is stuck through the cloth. Fibre: ?

0.72

0.6–0.9

0.74

a small number of double interlacings suggest 2/2 twill, sample size 0.5 cm

179 Thread count No.

27

Weave

plain weave

Warp

Weft

10

6

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist o – Z W – Z and S

Warp

Weft

remarks

between

average

between

average

0.7–0.9

0.76

0.4–1.3

0.76

Grave 466 (stadium iic) 28. mineralised thread wound around the pin and spring of a fibula. Fibre: ? 29. mineralised tassel (?) surviving on a fibula. twisted of two cords and tied into a knot. Fibre: ? Thread count No.

Weave

Warp

Weft

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist

Warp

Weft

between

28

S

0.7–0.8

29

Z/2S and S/2Z

ca 1.0

average

between

remarks average thickness of Z and S threads was measured

Grave 467 (stadium iiiA/iiiB) 30. organic residue surviving on a silver fibula. Presumably the remains of a fully deteriorated textile. Fibre: ? (condition too poor for analysis). Grave 471 (stadium iB) 31. mineralised fragments of thread. Fibre: linen (?). Thread count No.

Weave

Warp

Weft

31

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist

Warp between

Weft average

Z

between

remarks average

1.0

Grave 475 (stadium iic) 32. Next to a bronze fibula the remains of textile. Fibre: linen. Thread count No.

32

Weave

plain weave

Warp

Weft

12

10

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist

Warp between

ZZ

0.5–0.6

Grave 478 (stadium iVB/V) 33. Next to a bronze buckle remains of a mineralised textile. Fibre: linen (?).

Weft average

between 0.5–0.6

remarks average sample size 0.5 cm

180 Thread count No.

33

Weave

plain weave

Warp

Weft

12

10

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist

Warp between

Weft average

?

between

remarks average

0.5

0.5

sample size 0.5 cm

Grave 488 (stadium iiiA) 34. Next to a bronze fibula fragment of a mineralised cord, perhaps originally helping to secure the fibula. Fibre: ? 35. cord. Thread count No.

Weave

Warp

Weft

Yarn thickness (in mm) twist

Warp between

34

Z

35

Z

Weft average

between

remarks average twist – S/2Z, thickness – ca. 1.4 mm

0.5–0.7

0.7

twist – S/2Z, thickness – ca. 1.4 mm

Grave 489 (stadium iA) 36. Next to a bronze belt mount fragment of a mineralised cord. Fibre: ? (condition too poor for analysis).

References Bender Jørgensen, L.  1986 Forhistoriske textiler i Skandinavien (Prehistoric Scandinavian Textiles), Nordiske Fortidsminder B/9, København. Maik, J.  1981 Zastosowanie tkanin w odzieży ludności kultury wielbarskiej, (in) Problemy kultury wielbarskiej (ed. t. malinowski), Słupsk, 217–233. 1988 Wyroby włókiennicze na Pomorzu z okresu rzymskiego i ze średniowiecza, Acta Archaeologica lodziensia 34, Wrocław.

2007

Tkaniny z pomorskich cmentarzysk kultury wielbarskiej w świetle najnowszych badań, (in) Nowe materiały i interpretacje. Stan dyskusji na temat kultury wielbarskiej (eds m. Fudziński, H. Paner), gdańsk, 97–108.

Schlabow, K.  1976 Textilfunde der Eisenzeit in Norddeutschland, Neumünster.

181

VI.3. Maria Michniewicz, Results of botanic expert analysis of organic samples from the Wielbark Culture cemetery at Weklice, site 7, comm. Elbląg, voiv. Warmińsko-Mazurskie, from excavation made until 2004 1. Foreword

eleven samples submitted for taxonomic analysis had the form of a mixture of organic and mineral substances. Six contained material taken from grave pit contexts, mostly near to metal objects – elements of the grave inventory. Five samples from five different graves comprise material obtained from the sides of boats, log coffins or wooden structures of the grave. in case of three graves (nos 367, 380 and 429) samples had been examined taxonomically also by Stanisław Spława-Neyman Phd (institute of Wood technology in Poznań). The present report includes the results of determinations made by the same specialist for samples obtained from graves 208 and 382. The aim of the present study is interpretation of results of taxonomic determination of botanic evidence – remains of trees or shrubs – secured at Weklice. The tissue most frequently identified in the samples was xylem, as a rule, in carbonised form, that is, charcoal. two samples were found to contain hard bark (rhytidom). this high frequency of charcoal results from the location of the site in a terrestrial environment where archaeological features rested mostly under a mineral layer, with only a small organic content, in conditions of poor hydration, friable structure of the deposit, good access of air with variable temperature and moisture levels. in conditions such as these non-carbonised tissues succumb to complete or advanced destruction. taxonomic determinations were preceded by taxonomic analyses1. in the material submitted for study the aim was to identify the formation and arrangement of wood elements characteristic for specific types of structures, as e.g., tracheids, vessel members, fibres, wood parenchyma cells. Analysed were types of rays (mostly, simple rays, also, composite, multiseriate rays with a specified number of cells, uniseriate, homogeneous, heterogeneous). At times, to make an identification it was necessary to inspect secondary anatomical features as: bordered pits, pits on tangential walls of tracheids and vessel members, types of perforation of their transversal walls, types of the thickening of transversal walls. The features listed above examined in the charcoal, fragments of wood and hard back were viewed with a stereoscopic microscope to observe the anatomic features in the breaks under magnification of 20–70, and with a microscope with 1

taxonomic analysis based on: J. d. Brazier, g. l. Franklin 1961; S. ciesielska 1961; S. galewski, A. Korzeniowski 1959; P. graguss 1955; 1971; e. W. J. Philips 1961; e. Schmidt 1941; F. H. Schweingruber 1978; r. Wagenführ 1966.

transmitted light under magnification of 200–400. Analysis was made of transverse, tangential and radial sections. determination of the tree or shrub genus and species was made using botanical keys and a set of reference specimens.

2. The material

No. 1 grave 62 description on the label: “from a ‘trough’ in S area of grave”. The sample consists of lumps of burnt clay with unidentifiable charcoal dust and admixture of small charcoal fragments of Tilia sp. and Quercus sp., also, some fragments of fine roots and root epidermis of herbaceous plants. Volume of sample: ca 105.6 cm3. No. 2 grave 24 description on the label: “material discovered while cleaning the leg bones (textile?)”. The sample consists of fine- and medium-grained sand with some small fragments of corroded bone, fragments of fine roots and root epidermis of herbaceous plants, and remains of insect cocoon shells  (?)  –  definitely, not the remains of any textile. Volume of sample: ca 4.8 cm3. No. 3 grave 369 description on the label: “from log coffin”. The sample consists of a mixture of loam, fine- and medium-grained sand, lumps of burnt clay, unidentifiable charcoal dust and 86 charcoal fragments of Carpinus betulus from a thick tree trunk, the carbonised tissues were in very good condition. Volume of sample: ca 102 cm3. No. 4 grave 380 description on the label: “from a structure in the grave”. The sample consists of lumps of burnt clay mixed with unidentifiable charcoal dust and 107 charcoal fragments of Carpinus betulus from the tree trunk, the carbonised tissues were in very good state of preservation. Volume of sample: ca 195 cm3. No. 5 grave 429 description on the label: “from the boat”. The sample consists of 11 fragments of heavily decomposed wood of Quercus sp., with some fragments of outer bark of Quercus (?), sand having different grain sizes, and fragments of fine roots and root epidermis of herbaceous plants. Volume of sample: ca 26 cm3.

182 No. 6 grave 455 description on the label: “from the boat”. The sample consists of sand having different grain sizes mixed with clay, a small admixture of gravel and fragments of charcoal of Quercus from carbonised eroded tissues. Volume of sample: ca 9 cm3. No. 7 grave 471 description on the label: “next to fibula”. The sample consists of fine- and medium-grained sand, with some fragments of wood of Populus  (?) and small fragments of metal corrosion. Volume of sample: ca 13 cm3. No. 8 grave 480 description on the label: “fragment of wooden casket from near bronze lock mount”. 3 fragments of fairly eroded wood of Populus sp. Volume of sample: ca 30 cm3. No. 9 grave 481/484 description on the label: “from grave fill”. The sample consists of a mixture of lumps of burnt clay and fine-grained sand, with some unidentifiable charcoal dust and fragments of fine roots and root epidermis of herbaceous plants. Volume of sample: ca 229 cm3. No. 10 grave 481/484 description on the label: “underneath bronze fibula”. The sample consists of fine- and medium-grained sand with an admixture of fragments of metal corrosion including copper, fragments of corroded bone, fragments of root xylem of Pinus silvestris and Betula sp., and fragments of hard bark of Betula sp. with a small cross-section of the stem or root, and fragments of fine roots and root epidermis of herbaceous plants. Volume of sample: ca 101 cm3. No. 11 grave 492 description on the label: “organic matter from near the belt”. The sample consists of fine-grained sand with an admixture of minute fragments of corroded bone, substantia humosa and detritus granosus, larger grains of sand, with fragments of fine roots and root epidermis of herbaceous plants. Volume of sample: ca 3.2 cm3.

3. The wood used for expanded log boats coffins

Among samples taken from log boats used for funerary purposes in two cases the samples apparently contain the remains of wood, in an uncarbonised state, used in making the boats. in samples from graves 429 and 382, the tissues were identified as oak (Quercus sp.). Similar

tissues were discovered in a sample from a wooden coffin in grave 208. Boats made of oak would have ensured stability because this raw material is heavy (specific gravity in the range of 0.39–1.16 g/cm3). oak boats were marked by favourable mechanical properties. in addition, they were made extremely durable by to the content of vegetable tannins in their woody tissues. in free air natural durability of oak wood may reach as much as 120 years. in the nearest surroundings or in the vicinity of the cemetery (assuming that timber could be brought in by water) oak was a readily obtainable resource. Thick and straight trunks encouraged the use of oak in boat-making. imaginably, the “shipwrights” knew how water resistant this material is. oak wood owes this property to the presence of thyllae. These are cells of parenchyma next to the vessels which under osmotic pressure penetrate through the pits into the inside diameter of the vessels and gradually seal them off so that they no longer are capable of transporting water. Thyllae develop in the xylem of living wood. But they also develop in wood which was felled and is undergoing dehydration. Such post mortem development of thyllae is possible because the parenchyma cells die off very slowly and over a long time continue to live in the cut timber. changes caused by this process have a substantial impact on properties of the wood and processes ongoing within. The presence of thyllae keeps the air from entering the vessels and in additional impedes penetration by hyphae helping increase the durability of the wood. in this way the thyllae substantially reduce permeability of the wood. in selecting the raw material another significant consideration probably was that oak wood cleaves easily and can be worked easily by cutting and bending. in the process of constructing a log boat the mass of wood from its layers next to the core and further away from it was removed with tools. There is not evidence in the analysed material that fire was used. in the manufacturing process advantage was taken mainly of the propensity for longitudinal cleavage on the boundary between the growth rings. to cleave wood is to spilt it into smaller lengths, down the fibres, using sharp wedge-shaped tools; by chipping off superfluous parts the wood is given the desired shape and dimensions (hewing wood). Thanks to substantial cleavage of oak wood by using tools similar to wedges tissue can be split apart; the blade of the wedge exerts a cutting action only during the first stage until the wedge has been driven into the wood, after which the cleaving moments start to operate and the fissure of the cleavage advances before the blade of the wedge. cleavage is an attribute of anisotropic materials in which strength varies depending on the direction of the force. Burial in a boat of oak wood could have had a ritual meaning, associated with symbolism attached to this tree species. oak is one of the most widely worshipped plants. often it

183 was viewed as a symbol of divine beings, a place where power, strength, courage and immortality was thought to reside. relics of a boat excavated in grave 62, thought to have been set on fire during the funerary ceremony (m. Natuniewicz-Sekuła, ch. rein Seehusen 2010; W. ossowski 1999, 89), are limited to lumps of burnt clay with an admixture of small fragments of charcoal of oak (Quercus sp.) and lime (Tilia sp.). The material originates from a trough-like hollow in the bottom of the boat. most likely, the small quantity of charcoal is a secondary element, not associated with the boat itself. But it cannot be excluded that the burnt boat, or at least its small fragment (e.g. a structure of planks), had been cut off from oxygen, and this caused the wood to carbonise. charcoal would then be a product of this process, the only which survives in the form of a solid substance, unlike the liquid and gaseous products which escaped during the process. The material secured from grave 455 is open to similar doubts. The sample from a boat found in grave 380 and samples from graves 382 and 429 analysed earlier (by S. Spława-Neyman) contained charcoal from the trunk of the common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus). charcoal is one of the products of the destructive distillation of wood. it develops when wood tissues are heated in oxygen-poor conditions to a temperature of between 170 and 430°c. other important products of destructive distillation carried out using primitive methods are e.g. wood vinegar and methyl alcohol. Next to charcoal, a product of the same reaction is wood tar, its output in such primitive conditions is insubstantial. charcoal discovered within the culture layers which formed an outline of a boat indicates that the process of carbonisation had been carried out on site (the charcoal had not been brought in, washed in or blown by the wind). Thus, the timber of the boat would have been heated to an appropriate temperature by a fire set to it, after which oxygen access was blocked and a chemical reaction set in, opposite to combustion (reacting with oxygen) and oxygen in the compounds which make up the wood was released. Hydrocarbons that wood is mainly composed of were reduced, first of all, to water vapour, and to the nearly chemically pure form of carbon – i.e. charcoal. Thus, the process of combustion was interrupted by covering the heated tissues of the wood with some insulation material. in this specific case, this heat resistant material was probably, clay (which in the analysed sample occurs next to charcoal). it seems that the function of hornbeam boats was somewhat different than of the oak boats. The latter, without reservation, could have been used for transport, communication or fishing over a long period before being used for burial. if we compare oak with hornbeam wood the only similarity we find is that both are quite heavy, hard and resistant.

in case of hornbeam: – it is difficult to find trunks of desired size because the species tends to have short stems, with an irregular (wavy) cross-section, and the oldest trees only sporadically have a stem diameter of over 0.5 m, – its wood is not particularly useful, because it is very hard to cleave due to the irregularity of the growth rings and irregular (wavy) arrangement of fibres, its low natural durability, especially when used in free air, when shrinkage may be as high as 20%, meaning that changes in moisture and temperature of the surroundings cause substantial shrinkage or swelling and to develop desorption fissures. Assuming that hornbeam was chosen for boat-making: – it had to be worked using the only technique feasible, by removing the tissues from the inside and also the irregular parts of the cross-section on its outside – using fire, – the obtained product could have served as a boat for only a few seasons, when it would have become substantially deformed and cracked. From Poland, and the areas outside its borders, to date we have no record of boats made of hornbeam wood. it seems that boats made of this wood were manufactured with the sole purpose of funerary practices. in the burial ceremony fire was used which could have set off the process of charring and the liquid and tarry fractions could have played the role of a disinfectant and conserving agent. This may apply both to the boat itself and to the dead body. it is worth noting that the practices which involved using fire may have been intended for purification, to give strength or protection. in many cultures, fire was associated with divinity and viewed as an element which made for an easier crossing of the boundary between life and death, similarly as the boat may have been. An alternative interpretation is that the charcoal formed when the tree trunk was hollowed out by setting its inside on fire. in places where the process of carbonisation had not taken place the woody tissues of the boat presumably gave way to rapid and complete decomposition. under the conditions of deposition only the charred tissues could survive, fully resistant to microbiological destruction.

4. Charred log coffin remains

The remains of a log coffin are contained in a sample taken from grave 369. charcoal of common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) originated from carbonisation of very well preserved tissues of the tree stem. This suggests that the wood had been “freshly” felled with no time to become seasoned. Presence of lumps of burnt clay in the same sample suggests that the method of making the coffin was the same as in case of the hornbeam boats used in burial.

184 it is notable that the butt end fragments the tree trunk (the only sufficiently large to serve their purpose) presumably were taken from hornbeam trees growing on site of the burial. transport of heavy logs of this species of tree seems very unlikely.

5. Organic remains discovered next to metal elements of the grave inventory

The pit of grave 480 yielded the remains of a wooden casket with bronze mounts. The analysed fragments of wood which survived next to the lock mount were identified as poplar (Populus sp.) consequently, in this case a material of low durability had been used which survived presumably thanks specific conditions which safeguarded it from decay, despite the lack of observable evidence of mineralisation.

Poplar is lightweight, easy to work, especially by cutting, working with a plane and polishing, which makes it possible to obtain smooth surfaces without using sharp tools. in the pit of graves 24, 481 and 492, thanks to the conserving properties of mineral salts released by the metal objects, were preserved fragments of corroded bone, presumably the remains of the interred bodies.

6. Conclusions

The remains of trees recovered at Weklice represent genus and species associated with a deciduous dry ground forest. Their dominant species is common hornbeam and oak. A significant role may have been played also by lime. tracts of such woodland might have been a part of the landscape in the neighbourhood of the cemetery at the time when it was in use.

References Brazier, J. D., Franklin, G. L. 1961 Identification of hardwoods a microscope key, Forest Products research 46, london.

Network Denmark-Poland, 2005–2008 (eds u. lund Hansen, A. Bitner-Wróblewska), Nordiske Fortidsminder c/7, København-Warszawa, 287–313.

Ciesielska, S. 1961 Budowa anatomiczna drewna krajowych gatunków rodzaju Quercus (Q. robur, Q. sesilis, Q. pubescens), Zeszyty Naukowe uniwersytetu mikołaja Kopernika w toruniu 17, Biologia X, toruń, 105–147.

Ossowski, W. 1999 Studia nad łodziami jednopiennymi z obszaru Polski, Prace centralnego muzeum morskiego w gdańsku Xi, gdańsk.

Galewski, S., Korzeniowski, A. 1959 Atlas najważniejszych gatunków drewna, Warszawa. Graguss, P. 1955 Identification of living Gymnosperms on the basis of Xylotomy, Budapest. 1971 Xylotomy of living Conifers, Budapest. Natuniewicz-Sekuła, M., Rein Seehusen, Ch. 2010 Baltic connections. Some remarks about studies of boat-graves from Roman Iron Age. Finds from Slusegård and Weklice cemeteries, (in) Worlds Apart? Contacts across the Baltic Sea in the Iron Age.

Philips, E. W. J. 1961 Identification of softwoods by their microscopic structure, Forest Products research, 22, london. Schmidt, E. 1941 Mikrophotographischer Atlas der mitteleuropäischen Hölzer, Neudamm. Schweingruber, F. H. 1978 Microscopic Wood Anatomy, Birmensdorf. Wagenführ, R. 1966 Anatomie des Holzes, leipzig.

VII. Plates

187

Plate i. grave iii: 3 – bronze. grave iV: 2 – bronze; 3 – silver. grave Vi: 3 – iron, silver and gold or gilded silver foil; 4 – silver; 6.7 – clay

188

Plate ii. grave 9: 1 – bronze. grave 11: 1–3 – bronze; 4 – faience; 5.9.10 – glass; 6–8 – amber. grave 14: 1 – bronze. grave 17: 1 – amber

189

Plate iii. grave 15: 1–8 – bronze; 9 – bone and bronze

190

Plate iV. grave 16: 1.2 – bronze; 3 – silver; 4–9 – amber; 10.11 – iron. grave 20: 1 – clay; 2 – bronze; 3–13 – iron

191

Plate V. grave 18: 1–3 – bronze; 4 – silver; 5–14 – amber. grave 21: 1–3 – bronze

192

Plate Vi. grave 22

193

Plate Vii. grave 22: 1 – iron, silver foil and inlay; 2 – iron; 3 – bronze; 4 – bone; 5 – pebble. grave 25: 1–5 – bronze; 6.7 – iron; 8–10 – silver; 11.12 – amber

194

Plate Viii. grave 23: 1 – bone and bronze; 2 – clay. grave 24: 1–4 – bronze; 5 – bone

195

Plate iX. grave 26A-d. Burial 26c: 1 – iron

196

Plate X. grave 26A-d. Burial 26B: 1 – iron, silver, silver foil and silver gilded foil; 2.3 – bronze and silver foil; 8 – silver; 10–17 – glass; 18 – amber; 19 – bronze

197

Plate Xi. grave 26A-d. Burial 26B: 4–7 – silver; 9 – gold and silver alloy (electrum); 20 – clay; 21–24 – iron

198

Plate Xii. grave 27: 1.2 – iron. grave 28: 1 – silver; 2.3 – bronze

199

Plate Xiii. grave 29/30: 1–4 – bronze; 5.6 – clay. grave 32. grave 33: 1–6 – glass; 7–9 – amber

200

Plate XiV. grave 31. grave 33: 10–12 – amber; 13 – bronze; 14 – iron. grave 34A: 1.2 – bronze; 3–8 – amber

201

Plate XV. grave 34: 1.2.4.37 – bronze; 3 – silver. grave 34A

202

Plate XVi. grave 34: 5–28 – glass; 31–36 – amber; 38.39 – clay

203

Plate XVii. grave 35: 1 – bone; 2 – iron. Feature 36. grave 37. grave 38: 1.4 – bronze; 2 – glass; 3 – iron

204

Plate XViii. grave 39: 1.2 – bronze. grave 40: 1–3 – bronze; 4.5 – clay. grave 41: 1 – clay. grave 42: 1–3 – iron

205

Plate XiX. grave 43: 1 – bronze; 2 – bone; 3 – clay. grave 44: 1 – iron. Feature 46: 1 – bronze. grave 47

206

Plate XX. grave 45: 1–3.10 – bronze; 4 – gold; 5 – glass; 6–9 – amber; 11.21.22 – clay

207

Plate XXi. grave 45: 12.13.18–20 – iron; 14–17 – bronze

208

Plate XXii. grave 48. grave 49: 1 – clay. grave 53: 1 – clay. grave 57

209

Plate XXiii. grave 51: 1–3 – iron; 4–6 – bronze; 7–12 – glass; 13 – amber

210

Plate XXiV. grave 52: 2.3–5 – bronze; 6 – clay. grave 54: 1 – bronze. grave 55: 1.2 – bronze

211

Plate XXV. grave 56. grave 58: 1 – bronze. grave 59: 1.2.11 – bronze; 3–9.12 – glass; 10 – amber. grave 60: 1.2 – bronze. grave 60A

212

Plate XXVi. grave 61. Feature 63. grave 65/65A: 1 – clay. grave 65B: 1 – bronze; 2 – glass; 3.4 – amber. grave 66: 1 – bronze

213

Plate XXVii. grave 62: 1 – iron; 2 – glass. grave 67: 1 – clay. grave 68

214

Plate XXViii. grave 64: 1–3.5–8 – bronze; 4 – iron; 9 – clay

215

Plate XXiX. grave 69. grave 71. grave 72: 1 – bronze. grave 78: 1 – clay. Feature 79: 1 – bronze and silver. grave 80: 1 – silver

216

Plate XXX. grave 80. grave 83: 1 – bronze. grave 95: 1 – bronze and bear claw

217

Plate XXXi. grave 74: 1.2 – bronze; 3 – iron and silver foil; 4–20 – glass; 21–26 – amber; 27 – clay

218

Plate XXXii. grave 73: 1 – clay. grave 77: 1 – bone and iron; 2 – clay

219

Plate XXXiii. grave 75: 1.4 – silver; 2 – bronze; 3.6 – glass; 5 – clay. grave 76: 1.2 – bronze; 3 – glass; 4–7 – amber

220

Plate XXXiV. grave 82: 1 – silver; 2–5 – bronze; 6.7 – bone and bronze

221

Plate XXXV. grave 82: 8.9 – clay; 10 – glass. grave 87: 1.2 – clay

222

Plate XXXVi. grave 86: 1.16 – silver; 2.18 – bronze; 3–9 – glass; 10–15 – amber; 17 – bone and bronze; 19.21 – clay; 20 – iron. grave 87

223

Plate XXXVii. grave 84: 1.2.27–30 – iron; 3–17 – glass; 18–24 – amber; 25 – bronze; 26 – clay

224

Plate XXXViii. grave 85: 1–3 – bronze; 4 – clay

225

Plate XXXiX. grave 81. grave 89: 1 – bronze. grave 91

226

Plate Xl. grave 88: 1–4.6 – bronze; 5 – amber; 7.8 – clay

227

Plate Xli. grave 90: 1–4.7 – bronze; 5 – iron; 6 – silver. grave 92: 1 – silver; 2 – glass. grave 93. grave 94. grave 99

228

Plate Xlii. grave 96: 1 – iron. grave 98: 1 – clay. grave 100: 1 – clay. grave 104. grave 105: 1 – bronze. grave 108. grave 113. grave 114

229

Plate Xliii. grave 97: 1–4.6.7 – bronze; 5 – iron. grave 110: 1 – clay. grave 121/122/134

230

Plate XliV. grave 101: 1 – bronze; 2 – glass; 3.4 – clay. grave 103: 1 – clay. grave 103A. grave 109: 1 – amber; 2 – iron; 3 – clay

231

Plate XlV. grave 102: 1 – silver; 2 – amber; 3 – iron. grave 146/149: 1 – bronze; 2 – clay. grave 147. grave 148: 1 – clay. grave 150

232

Plate XlVi. grave 107: 1.2 – bronze; 3–9 – glass. grave 111/123AB: 1 – clay. grave 125: 1 – amber

233

Plate XlVii. grave 115: 1 – clay. grave 116: 1.2 – glass; 3.4 – clay. grave 117: 1 – bronze. grave 120: 1 – bronze; 2 – clay

234

Plate XlViii. grave 118: 1–3.17 – bronze; 4–15 – glass; 16 – amber; 18 – clay. grave 119: 1 – silver; 2.3 – bronze; 4–8 – amber

235

Plate XliX. grave 124: 1–3 – bronze; 4–17 – glass; 18 – amber; 19 – clay. grave 126: 1 – clay. grave 130. grave 142

236

Plate l. grave 127: 1–3 – bronze. grave 128: 1.2.6 – bronze; 3 – glass; 4.5 – amber. grave 137: 1.2 – bronze

237

Plate li. grave 129. grave 131: 1.19 – bronze; 2–12 – glass; 13–18 – amber; 20 – clay. grave 132: 1 – silver; 2.3 – bronze. grave 135. grave 138

238

Plate lii. grave 129: 1–3 – bronze; 4.5 – clay. grave 135: 1 – bronze; 2 – clay. grave 145: 1 – clay

239

Plate liii. grave 133: 1–3 – bronze; 4–11 – glass. grave 136: 1.2 – bronze. grave 139. grave 140: 1 – clay

240

Plate liV. grave 139: 1 – iron; 2.3 – bronze; 4 – bone and bronze; 5 – clay. grave 141: 1–3.7 – bronze; 4.5 – bronze; 6 – amber; 8 – bone and bronze

241

Plate lV. grave 138: 1–4.6.19 – bronze; 5 – iron; 7 – bronze and fruit stone; 8–13 – glass; 14–18 – amber

242

Plate lVi. grave 143: 1 – bronze; 2 – clay. grave 144: 1–4 – bronze; 5 – iron

243

Plate lVii. grave 150

244

Plate lViii. grave 150: 1 – silver and gold foil; 2.25 – bronze; 20–23 – bronze and kauri shell; 24 – bronze and bear claw; 30–35.37.38 – glass

245

Plate liX. grave 150: 44.46–50 – amber; 82–84 – bronze; 86 – iron, bronze and wood

246

Plate lX. grave 150: 3.4 – silver and gold foil; 19.85 – bronze

247

Plate lXi. grave 150: 5–11.14–18 – bronze; 12.13 – silver

248

Plate lXii. grave 150: 26–29.36.39–41 – glass; 42.43.45.51–81 – amber

249

Plate lXiii. grave 150

250

Plate lXiV. grave 151: 1 – clay. grave 154: 1 – glass. grave 156: 1 – iron. grave 159

251

Plate lXV. grave 152A–F. grave 153: 1–3 – bronze. grave 157/180: 1 – clay

252

Plate lXVi. grave 155: 1 – bronze. grave 158. grave 161: 1–4 – iron; 5 – peach stone. grave 162

253

Plate lXVii. grave 160/175: 1 – bronze; 2 – faience; 3 – glass; 4 – clay. grave 164&164A. Burial 164: 1 – bronze. grave 164&164A. Burial 164A

254

Plate lXViii. Feature 163: 1 – bronze; 2 – clay; 3 – bone. grave 165. Feature 172: 1.2.4 – iron; 3 – bronze. grave 177: 1 – amber

255

Plate lXiX. grave 166: 1 – clay. grave 167. grave 168: 1.2 – bronze. grave 169: 1 – clay. grave 195: 1 – clay

256

Plate lXX. grave 170: 1 – bone and bronze. grave 173: 1 – silver; 2.3 – bronze; 4 – glass; 5–11 – amber. grave 176: 1 – clay. grave 185: 1 – bronze; 2 – clay

257

Plate lXXi. grave 174: 1–6.31 – bronze; 34 – clay

258

Plate lXXii. grave 174: 7–30 – amber; 32 – bone and bronze; 33 – clay. Feature 203: 1–4 – bronze

259

Plate lXXiii. grave 179: 1–3 – silver; 4.5 – bone and bronze. grave 188: 1 – clay

260

Plate lXXiV. grave 179A/190/190A: 1 – bronze; 2 – clay. grave 197: 1 – clay

261

Plate lXXV. grave 181/182: 1 – clay. grave 186/187: 1 – clay. grave 197. grave 200

262

Plate lXXVi. grave 183. grave 189. grave 201. grave 207

263

Plate lXXVii. grave 184: 1 – bronze and enamel; 2 – bronze and gilded silver foil; 3–5 – bronze; 6–27 – glass. grave 194

264

Plate lXXViii. grave 184: 28–45 – glass; 46–58 – amber. grave 194: 1.2 – bronze; 3 – clay

265

Plate lXXiX. grave 191: 1.2 – bronze; 3 – clay. grave 202: 1.2 – bronze; 3 – amber

266

Plate lXXX. grave 192: 1–5.21 – bronze; 6–8 – glass; 9–20 – amber. grave 204: 1 – bronze; 2 – clay

267

Plate lXXXi. grave 196: 1 – bronze. grave 212/213: 1 – clay

268

Plate lXXXii. grave 200: 1–4 – bronze; 5 – clay. grave 206: 1 – clay

269

Plate lXXXiii. grave 208: 1 – silver and gilded silver foil; 2–4 – silver; 9.10.14 – bronze; 11–13 – gold

270

Plate lXXXiV. grave 208: 5–8 – silver; 15 – bronze

271

Plate lXXXV. grave 208: 16.17 – clay. grave 209: 1.2 – bronze; 3.4 – clay

272

Plate lXXXVi. grave 198/199. grave 205. grave 210: 1.2.5.6.20.21 – bronze; 3–4.7 – silver; 8–14 – glass; 15–19 – amber

273

Plate lXXXVii. grave 198/199: 1 – clay. grave 205: 1.2 – bronze. grave 215: 1 – bronze; 2 – iron; 3 – amber; 4 – clay. grave 223: 1 – glass; 2.3 – clay

274

Plate lXXXViii. grave 211: 1.2 – clay. grave 214: 1 – clay. grave 241: 1 – silver; 2 – bronze and wood

275

Plate lXXXiX. grave 217: 1 – bronze; 2 – clay. grave 224. grave 225. grave 226: 1 – clay

276

Plate Xc. grave 216/247. grave 219: 1.3.4 – bronze; 2 – glass. grave 222. grave 232: 1 – clay

277

Plate Xci. grave 218: 1–4.6 – bronze; 5.7 – iron. grave 233: 1 – clay. grave 237: 1 – clay

278

Plate Xcii. grave 220: 1–6.51 – bronze; 7 – glass; 8–50 – amber; 52.53 – clay

279

Plate Xciii. grave 221: 1 – glass; 2 – bronze; 3 – clay. grave 227: 1.2 – bronze. grave 228

280

Plate XciV. grave 228: 1.2 – bronze; 3–5 – glass; 6.7 – amber; 8 – clay. grave 229: 1 – silver and gold foil; 2.3 – amber; 4.5 – silver; 6 – bone and bronze; 7 – leather

281

Plate XcV. grave 230: 1 – clay. grave 231: 1 – bone and bronze. grave 236: 1 – clay

282

Plate XcVi. grave 234: 1.2 – bronze. grave 235: 1 – clay. grave 242. grave 243.

283

Plate XcVii. grave 240: 1 – bronze. grave 242: 1 – clay. grave 249: 1 – clay; 2 – iron

284

Plate XcViii. grave 236A. grave 238: 1–4 – bronze; 5 – silver; 6–9 – glass. grave 239: 1 – glass; 2–4 – amber

285

Plate XciX. grave 244: 1 – bronze; 2 – clay. grave 245: 1–16 – glass. grave 255: 1 – clay. grave 262. grave 266: 1 – flint; 2 – bone

286

Plate c. grave 246: 1 – bone and bronze; 2 – iron. grave 250: 1–4.8 – bronze; 5 – iron; 6.7 – silver

287

Plate ci. grave 251: 1 – bronze; 2.3 – amber; 4.5 – clay. grave 252: 1.2 – bronze; 3 – bronze, silver and silver foil; 4 – amber

288

Plate cii. grave 248: 1–3.96.97 – bronze; 4 – bone; 98 – clay; 99 – glass. grave 252

289

Plate ciii. grave 248: 5–26.28–39 – glass; 27 – glass and iron

290

Plate ciV. grave 248: 41–52 – glass; 53–85 – amber; 86–95 – iron

291

Plate cV. grave 253: 1 – glass; 5 – bronze. grave 257: 1–3 – clay

292

Plate cVi. grave 254: 1–5.7 – bronze; 6 – iron; 8 – clay

293

Plate cVii. grave 256: 1.2.4.37 – bronze; 3.5–7 – silver; 38.39 – clay

294

Plate cViii. grave 256: 8–32 – glass; 33–36 – amber. grave 258: 1–3 – bronze

295

Plate ciX. grave 259: 1 – bronze; 2 – iron. grave 260. grave 271: 1.2.4 – bronze; 3 – iron; 5 – glass; 6–8 – amber

296

Plate cX. grave 261: 1–3 – bronze; 4–7 – amber; 8.9 – clay

297

Plate cXi. grave 263: 1 – clay. grave 264: 1 – clay. Feature 273: 1–4 – bronze. grave 276: 1 – clay

298

Plate cXii. grave 265: 1.5.6 – bronze; 2 – silver; 3 – glass; 4 – bone; 7 – clay. Feature 271A: 1 – bronze; 2 – clay

299

Plate cXiii. grave 267: 1.2 – bronze, silver and silver foil; 3 – bronze; 6 – silver; 12.13 – glass; 23.25.26 – bone; 24 – clay

300

Plate cXiV. grave 267: 4.5 – bronze; 7–11 – glass; 14–22 – amber. grave 270. grave 272

301

Plate cXV. grave 268: 1.5 – bronze; 2 – glass and gold foil; 3 – amber; 4 – bone and bronze; 6.7 – clay. grave 274: 1.2 – bronze; 3–6 – glass; 7.8 – amber

302

Plate cXVi. grave 275: 1.2 – silver and bronze; 3 – silver, bronze and gold foil; 4.5.84 – bronze

303

Plate cXVii. grave 275: 6.7.83 – bronze; 8 – bronze and bear claw; 9 – bronze and gold foil; 85 – clay

304

Plate cXViii. grave 275: 46–77.82 – amber

305

Plate cXiX. grave 275: 10–45 – glass; 78–81 – amber; 86 – clay

306

Plate cXX. grave 277: 1.2 – bronze; 3 – iron and glass; 4–7 – glass

307

Plate cXXi. grave 277: 8.9 – glass; 10 – faience; 11–18 – amber. grave 289/436: 1 – amber

308

Plate cXXii. grave 278: 1.2 – bronze and silver; 3–6 – glass; 7–12 – amber. grave 281: 1 – clay

309

Plate cXXiii. grave 279: 1 – bronze. grave 279A: 1 – bronze; 2.3 – glass. grave 285: 1 – clay

310

Plate cXXiV. grave 280. grave 282: 1.2 – bronze; 3 – amber. grave 284: 1 – clay

311

Plate cXXV. grave 283. grave 287: 1 – bone and bronze; 2 – clay

312

Plate cXXVi. grave 286: 1.11.13.14 – bronze; 2 – silver; 3–10 – glass; 12 – bone and bronze. grave 286AB: 1 – clay. grave 286c

313

Plate cXXVii. grave 286c: 1 – clay. grave 290: 1 – amber. grave 290A: 1 – clay. grave 291/294/295: 1 – bronze; 2 – clay

314

Plate cXXViii. grave 288: 1–3 – silver; 4–11 – glass; 12–30 – amber

315

Plate cXXiX. grave 292: 1 – bronze. grave 293. grave 296: 1 – clay. grave 298&299. Burial 298: 1 – bronze. grave 298&299. Burial 299: 1 – iron

316

Plate cXXX. grave 297: 1 – clay. grave 300A-d. Burial 300A: 1 – clay

317

Plate cXXXi. grave 300A-d. Burial 300B: 1 – clay. grave 300A-d. Burial 300c: 1 – clay. grave 301: 1–7 – bronze. grave 301A: 1 – bronze

318

Plate cXXXii. grave 302: 1 – glass; 2 – amber; 3–6 – iron; 7 – clay. grave 313. grave 319: 1 – bronze

319

Plate cXXXiii. grave 303: 1.2 – bronze; 3 – silver. grave 314: 1 – bronze; 2 – clay

320

Plate cXXXiV. grave 305: 1.2 – bronze. grave 309: 1 – silver; 2–4.9 – bronze; 5.6 – glass; 7.8 – amber. grave 311

321

Plate cXXXV. grave 306: 1.2 – bronze; 5 – amber; 6.8 – clay; 7 – iron. grave 312: 1 – bronze. grave 318: 1 – iron

322

Plate cXXXVi. grave 308: 1.2.32–35 – bronze; 3 – silver; 4–11 – glass. grave 310

323

Plate cXXXVii. grave 307: 1.2 – bronze. grave 308: 12–27 – glass; 28–31 – amber. grave 310: 1 – clay

324

Plate cXXXViii. grave 315: 1.2 – iron; 3 – bone. grave 316: 1 – clay. grave 321

325

Plate cXXXiX. grave 320: 1 – clay. grave 322: 1 – bronze. grave 323: 1 – silver; 2.3 – bronze; 4 – clay. grave 329

326

Plate cXl. grave 324: 1–3.29 – bronze

327

Plate cXli. grave 324: 4–22 – glass; 23–28 – amber. grave 336: 1 – bronze; 2–14 – glass; 15–17 – amber. grave 337

328

Plate cXlii. grave 326: 1 – bronze. grave 327: 1–4 – glass; 5 – amber; 6 – bronze. grave 328: 1 – glass

329

Plate cXliii. grave 330: 1–6.8–12 – bronze; 7.25 – iron; 13 – silver

330

Plate cXliV. grave 330: 14–21 – glass; 22–24 – amber. grave 332: 1.2 – bronze and silver/tin plating?; 3 – bronze

331

Plate cXlV. grave 331: 1–3 – bronze; 4–6 – glass; 7–23 – amber; 24 – clay

332

Plate cXlVi. grave 333: 1 – silver; 2.3 – bronze. grave 334: 1.2 – iron. grave 341: 1 – clay

333

Plate cXlVii. grave 335. grave 340: 1 – bronze. grave 344: 1 – bone and bronze; 2 – iron

334

Plate cXlViii. grave 338: 1 – bronze. grave 339: 1.2.4 – bronze; 3 – iron; 5–8 – glass; 9–13 – amber

335

Plate cXliX. grave 342: 1.2 – silver; 3 – bronze

336

Plate cl. grave 342: 4–8.99 – bronze; 9 – silver; 10.11 – faience; 12–18 – glass; 100 – clay; 101 – iron

337

Plate cli. grave 342: 19–81 – amber

338

Plate clii. grave 342: 82–98 – amber. grave 345. grave 349: 1.2 – bronze; 3 – iron

339

Plate cliii. grave 346: 1 – bronze; 2.3 – clay; 4 – pebble . grave 354: 1 – bronze. grave 358

340

Plate cliV. grave 348: 1 – iron; 2 – clay. grave 351/352/355/356: 1.2 – clay. grave 364: 1.2 – bronze

341

Plate clV. grave 350. grave 359: 1.3 – clay; 2 – bronze. grave 372: 1.2 – bronze; 3.4 – glass

342

Plate clVi. grave 353: 1.2.4–6 – bronze; 3 – silver; 7–12 – glass; 13–18 – amber

343

Plate clVii. grave 357: 1.2 – bronze; 3 – glass; 4 – silver; 5 – clay

344

Plate clViii. grave 360: 1–3 – bronze; 4 – gold. grave 361

345

Plate cliX. grave 362: 1 – amber; 2–10 – iron

346

Plate clX. grave 366: 1–4.6.41 – bronze; 5 – iron; 7 – silver

347

Plate clXi. grave 366: 8–21 – glass; 25–40 – amber

348

Plate clXii. grave 369. grave 371. grave 375: 1.2 – glass; 3 – clay. grave 375A. grave 377. grave 384

349

Plate clXiii. grave 373. grave 374: 1 – bronze; 2–4.6.7 – iron; 5 – clay. grave 378

350

Plate clXiV. grave 373: 1 – bronze; 2 – bone and bronze. grave 374: 1 – clay. grave 385: 1 – clay

351

Plate clXV. grave 374: 8.9 – iron

352

Plate clXVi. grave 376: 1–4 – bronze. grave 381: 1 – clay. grave 387

353

Plate clXVii. grave 379: 1–5.24.25 – bronze; 6 – bronze and tin; 26.27 – clay; 28 – linen

354

Plate clXViii. grave 379: 7 – bronze; 8–19 – glass; 20–23 – amber. grave 386: 1.2 – bronze, silver foil and tin; 3.4 – bronze; 5 – silver

355

Plate clXiX. grave 382. grave 383. grave 394: 1 – amber

356

Plate clXX. grave 363. grave 380: 1.2 – bronze; 3 – amber; 4 – iron; 5 – clay. grave 383: 1 – silver; 2 – bronze; 3–15 – glass; 16.17 – amber; 18 – clay

357

Plate clXXi. Feature 388: 1.81 – bronze; 2–21 – glass; 22–31 – amber; 78–80 – iron

358

Plate clXXii. Feature 388: 32–77 – amber

359

Plate clXXiii. grave 389: 1.2 – bronze; 3 – silver; 4–17 – glass; 18–27 – amber. grave 391: 1 – clay

360

Plate clXXiV. grave 390: 1 – silver; 2–4 – glass; 5.6 – bronze; 7 – clay. grave 407/414/420: 1 – clay

361

Plate clXXV. grave 393: 1 – clay. grave 399. grave 404: 1.2 – iron; 3 – clay. grave 450

362

Plate clXXVi. grave 397: 1–5 – bronze; 6 – silver. grave 398

363

Plate clXXVii. grave 397: 7 – glass; 8 – clay; 9.10 – iron. grave 398: 1–4 – bronze; 5 – iron

364

Plate clXXViii. grave 392. grave 395. grave 396. grave 403: 1 – bronze; 2 – silver; 3 – glass; 4–12 – amber

365

Plate clXXiX. grave 400: 1.2 – glass; 3–7 – amber; 8–10 – clay

366

Plate clXXX. grave 401: 1 – bronze. grave 405: 1 – bronze. grave 412: 1 – iron; 2 – clay

367

Plate clXXXi. grave 402: 1.2.15 – bronze; 3 – bronze, silver, silver foil, gilded silver foil; 4.5 – silver; 6.17 – iron; 16 – clay

368

Plate clXXXii. grave 402: 7.8 – glass; 9–13 – amber; 14 – bone; 18–21 – iron. grave 419/422. grave 424. grave 437: 1 – clay

369

Plate clXXXiii. grave 406: 1–5 – bronze. grave 408/417/439: 1 – clay

370

Plate clXXXiV. grave 408/417/439. grave 416: 1.2 – bronze; 3–21 – glass; 22–26 – amber

371

Plate clXXXV. grave 410. grave 411: 1.2 – bronze; 3–24 – glass; 25–38 – amber; 39 – iron

372

Plate clXXXVi. grave 413: 1–4 – bronze; 5–7 – silver. grave 415. grave 418: 1 – clay

373

Plate clXXXVii. grave 421/444: 1 – clay

374

Plate clXXXViii. grave 423: 1–3.16 – bronze; 4–14 – glass; 15 – bone and bronze; 17.18 – clay

375

Plate clXXXiX. grave 434: 1.2 – bronze; 3 – iron and gilded silver foil; 6 – iron; 7 – silver. grave 441: 1.2 – bronze

376

Plate cXc. grave 429: 1–3 – bronze; 4–7 – glass and gold foil. grave 430. grave 434: 4.5 – silver

377

Plate cXci. grave 431: 1–3 – bronze; 4.5 – clay. grave 435: 1.2 – clay

378

Plate cXcii. grave 426: 1 – bronze; 2 – iron; 3 – amber; 4 – bone and bronze; 5 – clay. grave 433: 1–6 – glass; 7–14 – amber; 15 – clay

379

Plate cXciii. grave 432: 1 – silver. grave 447: 1 – faience; 2–4 – amber. grave 449/458: 1 – clay

380

Plate cXciV. grave 445: 1 – bronze. grave 446: 1 – bronze; 2 – amber. grave 447. grave 464: 1 – clay

381

Plate cXcV. grave 438: 1–3 – amber; 4 – clay. grave 440: 1 – bronze; 2 – bronze and silver. grave 443

382

Plate cXcVi. grave 442: 1 – clay. grave 444A-d. Burial 444c: 1 – clay. grave 444A-d. Burial 444d: 1 – clay

383

Plate cXcVii. grave 448&452. Burial 448: 1–6 – bronze

384

Plate cXcViii. grave 448&452. Burial 452: 1.2.4 – silver; 3 – bronze

385

Plate cXciX. grave 448&452. Burial 452: 5.6 – silver; 10–12.15–18 – glass; 13.14 – faience

386

Plate cc. grave 448&452. Burial 452: 19–24 – glass; 25 – faience; 26–35 – amber

387

Plate cci. grave 448&452. Burial 452: 7–9 – bronze; 36–39.41 – amber; 40 – amber and bronze; 42 – glass

388

Plate ccii. grave 453: 1 – bronze; 2 – clay. grave 454. grave 456: 1–3 – bronze. Feature 462

389

Plate ciii. grave 455: 1–4.44 – bronze; 45.46 – clay

390

Plate cciV. grave 455: 5–18 – glass; 19–43 – amber

391

Plate ccV. grave 451. grave 457: 1 – clay. grave 466: 1.2 – bronze; 3 – clay

392

Plate ccVi. grave 463: 1 – bronze; 2–6 – glass; 7–11 – amber; 12 – clay. grave 465: 1–3 – bronze

393

Plate ccVii. grave 467: 1.2.4.5.7 – silver; 3 – iron and silver foil; 6 – iron; 8 – glass; 9.10 – amber

394

Plate ccViii. grave 461. grave 461A. grave 468: 1 – clay. grave 469: 1–3 – bronze

395

Plate cciX. grave 471: 1 – bronze. grave 474: 1 – iron and bronze; 2–4 – iron. Feature 476

396

Plate ccX. Feature 472: 1 – bronze and silver. grave 473: 1 – bronze. grave 474: 5 – clay. grave 478

397

Plate ccXi. grave 478: 1.2.4.5 – bronze; 3 – silver; 53 – clay

398

Plate ccXii. grave 478: 6–45 – glass; 46–52 – amber

399

Plate ccXiii. grave 475: 1 – bronze; 2 – bronze and silver foil. Feature 477

400

Plate ccXiV. grave 480: 1 – iron and silver foil; 2.3 – bronze and silver foil; 4.6 – iron; 5 – bronze

401

Plate ccXV. grave 481/484: 1 – bronze; 2 – iron

402

Plate ccXVi. grave 482: 1 – bronze; 2 – glass. grave 485: 1.3 – bronze; 2 – iron; 3 – silver. Feature 487

403

Plate ccXVii. grave 485: 6–8 – glass; 9 – amber; 10 – bronze; 11 – clay. grave 488: 1–6 – bronze

404

Plate ccXViii. grave 489: 1–3 – bronze. grave 490: 1.3 – bronze; 2 – bone and bronze. grave 491: 1 – bronze

405

Plate ccXiX. grave 492: 1–8 – bronze; 9 – clay

406

Plate ccXX. Stray finds before World War ii: 1–3 – silver; 4.7.19 – bronze; 6 – bronze and glass; 8–16 – glass and bronze; 20 – iron. 1.6b.7–16.19.20 – after o. Kleemann 1938; 4 – after e. Blume 1912

407

Plate ccXXi. Stray finds before World War ii: 23.28 – bronze. 23c.28a – after F. Jacobson 1927; 28b – after F. Jakobson, personal files (3:4 of original size)

408

Plate ccXXii. View to the SW edge of elbląg Heights. cemetery and settlement at Weklice (view from Ne) are marked (1). View to the Weklice cemetery from S (2). View to the Weklice cemetery from Se (3)

409

Plate ccXXiii. Weklice. graves: 1) 38; 2) 47; 3) 45; 4) 91

410

Plate ccXXiV. Weklice. graves: 1) 82; 2) 141; 3) 96; 4) 144; 5) 150

411

Plate ccXXV. Weklice. graves: 1) 97; 2) 183; 3) 108; 4) 139; 5) 135; 6) 174; 7) 139&140

412

Plate ccXXVi. Weklice. grave: 1.2) 208

413

Plate ccXXVii. Weklice. graves: 1) 256; 2) 298&299; 3) 342; 4) 248; 5) 173

414

Plate ccXXViii. Weklice. graves: 1.2) 360; 3) 267; 4) 330

415

Plate ccXXiX. Weklice. graves: 1) 324; 2) 397; 3) 302

416

Plate ccXXX. Weklice. graves: 1) 474; 2) 475; 3) 471; 4) 480

417

Plate ccXXXi. Weklice. graves: 1.2) 62; 3.4) 429; 5) 481/484

418

Plate ccXXXii. grave finds: 1) 208/1; 2) 208/2; 3) 208/3; 4) 208/4; 5) 208/12; 6) 208/13; 7) 208/11; 8) 208/5; 9) 208/6; 10) 208/9; 11) 208/7; 12) 208/8; 13) 208/15; 14) 208/10; 15) 208/14; 16) 208/16

419

Plate ccXXXiii. grave finds: 1.2) 22/1; 3) 26B/1; 4) 184/2; 5) 252/3; 6) 472/1; 7) 432/1; 8) 475/1

420

Plate ccXXXiV. grave finds: 1) 339/1; 2) 83/1; 3) 196/1; 4) 228/1.2; 5.6) 342/1.2; 7.8) 275/1.3

421

Plate ccXXXV. grave finds: 1) 271/1.2; 2) 45/1–3; 3) 298/1; 4) 89/1; 5) 184/1; 6) 330/1–4; 7) 174/1–3; 8) 138/1–3

422

Plate ccXXXVi. grave finds: 1.2) 150/3; 3–5) 150/4; 6) 150/1; 7) 389/3

423

Plate ccXXXVii. grave finds: 1.2) 88/3.4; 3.4) 254/4.5; 5) 138/4; 6) 27/1

424

Plate ccXXXViii. grave finds: 1.2) 488/4.5; 3) 434/4; 4.5) 210/3.4; 6.7.10.11) 26B/4–7; 8.9) 452/5.6

425

Plate ccXXXiX. grave finds: 1) 474/1–4; 2) 139/1–3; 3) 478/4.5; 4) 448/4; 5) 15/1–3.8; 6) 82/4.5

426

Plate ccXl. grave finds: 1) 342/9; 2) 25/8–10; 3) 18/4; 4) 275/9; 5) 256/5–7; 6) 277/3; 7.8) 150/22.23; 9) 34/4; 10) 174/6

427

Plate ccXli. grave finds: 1–3) 26B/9; 4.5) 45/4; 6) 79/1; 7–9) 150/24.49.50.82–84; 10) 275/8; 11.12) 452/40; 13) 141/4–7

428

Plate ccXlii. grave finds: 1) 278/3; 2) 416/9; 3) 324/18; 4) 248/31; 5) 423/6; 6) 248/32; 7) 324/16; 8) 416/13; 9) 184/8; 10) 150/38; 11) 389/4; 12) 124/4; 13.14) 150/31.30; 15) 308/19; 16) 389/6; 17) 275/35; 18) 184/7; 19) 452/10; 20) 184/10–16; 21) 277/4–8.17.18; 22) 478/6–12.18.19.25–42.52; 23) 478/20–24.46.48.49.51

429

Plate ccXliii. grave finds: 1.2) 452/38.39; 3) 229/3; 4) 402/12; 5–7) 366/38–40; 8) 119/4–8; 9) 275/51; 10) 463/9; 11) 288/18; 12) 400/6; 13) 34/32; 14) 76/6; 15.16) 403/9.12; 17) 86/15; 18) 275/82; 19.20) 309/7.8; 21) 452/41

430

Plate ccXliV. grave finds: 1) 85/4; 2) 160/175/4; 3) 286AB/1; 4) 374/10; 5) 206/1; 6) 421/444/1; 7.8) 209/4

431

Plate ccXlV. grave finds: 1) 82/10; 2) 35/1; 3) 139/4; 4) 200/4; 5) 24/5; 6.7) 45/13; 8) 35/2; 9) 150/86.86a.86b