Excavations in the Locality 6 Cemetery at Hierakonpolis 1979-1985 9781841710990, 9781407352473

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface and Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Part I. Introduction
Part II. The Locality 6 Cemetery
Part III. Regional Cemetery Planning, Extra-Regional Contacts and the Locality 6 Cemetery in Context
Part IV. Concordances
Part V. Bibliography
Part VI. Index
Part VII. Plates
Part VIII. Figures

Citation preview

BAR  S903  2000  

Egyptian Studies Association Publication No. 4

ADAMS   EXCAVATIONS IN THE LOCALITY 6 CEMETERY AT HIERAKONPOLIS 1979-1985

Excavations in the Locality 6 Cemetery at Hierakonpolis 1979-1985 Barbara Adams

BAR International Series 903 B A R

2000

Egyptian Studies Association Publication N o.4

Excavations in the Locality 6 Cemetery at Hierakonpolis 1979-1985 Barbara Adams with contributions by

Theya Molleson, Ahmed Gamal el-Din Fahmy and Hala N. Barakat

BAR International Series 903 2000

Published in 2016 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 903 Egyptian Studies Association Publication 4 Excavations in the Locality 6 Cemetery at Hierakonpolis 1979-1985 © The authors individually and the Publisher 2000 The authors' moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.

ISBN 9781841710990 paperback ISBN 9781407352473 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841710990 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Archaeopress in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2000. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2016.

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PUBLISHING BAR titles are available from:

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Reconstructed Pottery Vessels from Tomb 11 (Cat.Nos. 241, 242, 254)

This book is dedicated to Harry S. Smith, who started it all

Contents Preface and Acknowledgements

ix

Abbreviations I

II

xm

Introduction 1.

History of Previous Cemetery Research at Hierakonpolis

1

2.

Michael Hoffman's Aims and Interdisciplinary Research Methodology

1

3.

Excavation, Mapping and Recording Methods

2

4.

Pottery and Dating Systems

4

The Locality 6 Cemetery 5.

Location, Size, Relation to Nearby Sites, Appearance

19

6.

Palaeoenvironment, History, Post Depositional Alteration, Stratigraphy

20

7.

Tomb Architecture and Orientation Tomb2

22

Tomb3

23

Tomb6

24

Tomb9

25

Secondary burial Tomb 4

25

Feature 1

25

Feature 8

26

Tomb 11

26

Tomb 10

27

Tomb 1

29

Faunal Graves:

8.

Tomb5

32

Tomb 12

33

Tomb7

33

Object Catalogue: Organization in Categories by Tomb Inscribed Objects, Mace Heads, Stone Figurines, Palettes, Plaques, Inlays, Stone Vases, Stone Objects, Stone Tools, Flint Tools, Pottery Figurines, Ivory Objects, Faience Objects, Beads, Amulets, Metal Objects, Wood and Organic Objects, Pottery Objects, Pottery Coffins, Pottery Vessels.

Tomb 2 and Vicinity

35

Tomb 3 and Vicinity, Associated Feature 1

44

vii

9.

III

IV

V

Tomb 6 and Vicinity

60

Tomb 9 and Vicinity

68

Surface finds

70

Tomb 11 and Vicinity

75

Tomb 10 and Vicinity

129

Tomb 1 and Vicinity

137

Tomb5

148

Tomb 12

149

Tomb7

149

Plant Macro Remains [from Tomb 11] by Ahmed Gamal el-Din Fahmy and Hala N. Barakat

151

10.

Human Bones by Theya Molleson

159

11.

Faunal Remains - notes by John McArdle

171

Regional Cemetery Planning, Extra-Regional Contacts and the Locality 6 Cemetery in Context 12.

Other Cemeteries at Hierakonpolis: Statistics and Current Work

173

13.

Extra-regional Comparisons and Contacts

175

14.

Chronology

179

15.

Concluding Remarks

182

Concordances Site Numbers to Catalogue Numbers

187

List of Tables

193

List of Plates

195

List of Figures

201

Bibliography

VI

Subject Index

VII

Plates

VIII

203 235

A.

Excavation photographs

237

B.

Object photographs

263

Figures A.

Maps and Plans

285

B.

Object drawings

297

viii

Preface and Acknowledgements

T

his report perforce has to begin with an apology. Firstly, but not unusually for the publication of archaeological site reports, considerable time has passed since the work directed by Michael Hoffman in the Locality 6 cemetery at Hierakonpolis between 1979-1985 and this publication. There are a number of reasons for this delay, not least among them the death of Michael Hoffman in 1990, and the subsequent problems involved in attempting to describe the excavation without the director's guiding hand. What has resulted must at the outset be seen as inadequate, but the process of working on it has led to at least one important outcome. It became apparent to me by 1992 that elucidation of the chronological relationships in this interesting cemetery could not be reached without further excavation. Accordingly, through the benefit of grants from the British Academy and the Institute of Archaeology at University College London and funds raised through the Friends of N ekhen, I was able to return to the field with a small team to continue excavation in 1997 and 1998. We are now able to report that this volume will not therefore be the sole site report on the Locality 6 cemetery, but the first of at least a two volume site report sub-series. These will form part of the comprehensive publication series on work in the large Hierakonpolis concession both on Hoffman's work in the settlement areas and Renee Friedman's work in various localities at the site since 1996 (Friedman 1999). My involvement with the Hierakonpolis expedition directed by Michael Allen Hoffman and Walter A. Fairservis Jr. began in 1979 when I was invited by the former to join his excavation in the Locality 6 cemetery. My speciality on site was and remains the analysis of the artifacts and in this capacity I worked with the team excavating the cemetery in 1980, 1982, contributed to and edited the interim site report (ESA 1 1982). The nature of the site and the repeated looting of the graves has meant that quite an amount of time had to be spent on the reconstruction, analysis and recording of the objects, particularly the pottery. This has meant a number of study seasons in the field where the artifacts are kept in an on-site magazine, both whilst Hoffman was alive, in 1985, 1986, 1988 and 1990, and then when the expedition resumed briefly under the direction of Jay Mills in 1992. None of these study seasons lasted for more than at most four or five weeks because of the responsibilities of my post as Curator of the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology at University College London. After 1992, there was a hiatus in field work, which then resumed under the co-direction of Renee Friedman and myself in 1996, when I was able to undertake another study season to complete my recording of the objects. In 1995 Renee Friedman and I were awarded a grant by the Schiff Giorgini Foundation, which we wish to formally acknowledge with gratitude here, to go to the United States to copy the Hierakonpolis excavation archive and photographs in order to facilitate the production of the comprehensive site report series. It has to be admitted that the manuscript records of the Locality 6 cemetery are somewhat inadequate in this respect. The best record of the simple graves is represented by the sketch plans and Hoffman's description of the architecture of the larger tombs in the interim site report remains fundamental. Fortunately, I have some experience in the reconstruction of excavations from manuscript records left by excavators at the tum of the century (Adams 1974, 1987, 1995), but little did I think the same aptitude would be required for our more recent work. In the absence of the director of the 1979-1985 excavations, it falls to me to record the Hierakonpolis Expedition's gratitude to the Supreme Council of Antiquities in Egypt for the permission of the Permanent Committee to continue work at the site. At the time of Hoffman's work in the Locality 6 cemetery, the Director General of the Aswan Area was Abdine Siam, the Chief Inspectors of Antiquities at Edfu were Mohammed Ibrahim Aly and Yehya Ayid and the on-site

ix

Preface and Acknowledgements

inspectors were Mohammed Abd-el-Fattah Abd-el-Ghani, Abu Baker and Ahmed Irawy Radwan, all of whom expedited our work. My seasons of study on the objects from the cemetery have been made possible by the new Director General of the Aswan Area, Atiya Radwan, and the new Chief Inspector at Edfu, Fathy Abu Zeit, and enhanced by the inspectors who were working with other excavation projects at Hierakonpolis: Wagdy Nainu, Noor Abdel-Aziz el-Azim, Zinan Salem and Osama Ismaeli Ahmed. A number of people have to be thanked for their contribution to the work at the Locality 6 cemetery, both those individuals who worked with Hoffman in 1979 whom I have not met, such as Robert W. Foss and Moheb Shaaban, and colleagues who were part of the expedition in 1980, 1982 and 1985. Carter Lupton, of the Milwaukee Public Museum, was the site supervisor in 1980 when I worked with him and May Trad. In 1985 the team consisted of myself, Patricia Hill, May Trad and Olivia Bosch; Jay Mills worked with Carter Lupton in 1985-6. When Diane Holmes was a member of the season directed by Jay Mills in 1992 she was able to identify most of the lithics from the Locality 6 cemetery. May Trad, of the Cairo Museum, has always retained her interest and enthusiasm for Hierakonpolis and has participated in several study seasons. Through the kind intervention of W.Vivian Davies, Keeper of the Department of Egyptian Antiquities at the British Museum, the photographer, Peter Hayman, formally of the British Museum, contributed his expertise in difficult field conditions in 1996 to producing photographs of the objects suitable for publication. Will Schenck, the archaeological illustrator, has inked-in the object drawings made by Michael Hoffman, Carter Lupton, Michael Berger, Pat Hill, Olivia Bosch and myself and the plans of the excavated graves produced by Hoffman and Lupton to a consistent standard and worked with me on the layout of the illustrations for this book. Christine Wilson drew and inked-in some of the flints and pottery. The cost of the work by Hayman and Schenck was covered in part by the Schiff Giorgini grant and further funds came from the members of the Friends of Nekhen support group. This "Friends" arm of the Egyptian Studies Association, was set up by Michael Hoffman in 1982 and revived by Renee Friedman in 1996. Since then membership has been steadily increasing, both in the U.S.A. and the United Kingdom and Europe, providing much needed support for the activities of the Egyptian Studies Association, both with regard to fieldwork, on-site facilities at "Hoffman House" and to publication costs. Members are provided with an informative annual newsletter, Nekhen News, about work at the site and there is now an exclusive web page: www.hierakonpolis.org. The new team now working with me on the excavation at Hierakonpolis: Theya Molleson, Ian Casey, Richard Jaeschke, Sarah Dixon and Laurent Bavay, have also provided much needed support to clear the back-log from the previous excavations. Hoffman never engaged the services of a physical anthropologist to analyze the human skeletal material from the cemetery and this omission was rectified in 1997 when Theya Molleson, of the Natural History Museum, London, joined the expedition. As well as analyzing the small amount of human bone from Square 18H excavated in 1997, she was able to analyze all the human bone found in the previous excavations of the site for publication here, see Part III, Section 10. Ian Casey, of the Institute of Archaeology, University College London, acts as our field director. He has also been responsible relaying the site grid for the cemetery and for correcting and revising the overall map of the cemetery produced by Lupton as well preparing plans of the new excavation quadrants. Richard Jaeschke has worked as associated conservator to the Petrie Museum since 1980 and, as it has long been apparent to me that some of the objects from Locality 6 warranted the attention of a professional conservator, he joined the expedition in 1997 to act in that capacity. In the first season his work resulted in the painted gapfilled reassembly

X

of my reconstruction of three special ceramic vessels from Tomb 11 (frontispiece). In 1998 he turned his attention to the large straw tempered vessels from Tomb 1 and Tomb 10, as well as the large pottery coffins from Tomb 10, 11 at Locality 6 and Tomb 1 in the Locality 27 cemetery near the Fort. Sarah Dixon joined the expedition for the 1998 season principally as a finds assistant to relieve me of some of the day-to-day processing in the field so that I could concentrate on finalizing this report for publication. Laurent Bavay, of Leuven University in Belgium, joined us briefly in 1998 to help with finds processing, sections and photography. Although the archaeozoologist John McArdle did much valuable work on the animal bones from various settlement localities at Hierakonpolis for Hoffman (see McArdle in ESA 1), his notes for the vertebrate remains at Locality 6 have not turned up in his personal possession in America, or in the Hierakonpolis archive which was copied in the U.S.A. by Friedman and Adams in 1995. In addition, in 1997, more animal bone was found mixed in with the human bone in the store. I therefore engaged Sylvia Warman of the Institute of Archaeology as our new archaeozoologist, both to work on the new finds and to clear such outstanding analysis that can be done on the animal bones from the previous excavations. Unfortunately, she was not able to join the expedition in the 1998 season. When she arrives in the field in 1999 on of her responsibilities will be the identification and listing of the skeletal remains from the 1970, 1980 and 1985-6 seasons, where these can still be relocated. These and the animal bones from the 1997-1998 seasons will be reported in the second site report for the cemetery. Although not for publication here, it should be noted that the most important find of those seasons was a juvenile African elephant (Loxondonta africana) from in and around Tomb 14, which will be the subject of a separate joint publication (see Adams 1998, 1999b and 1999c). M. Nabil El Hadidi of the Herbarium, Department of Botany, Cairo University, was responsible for identifying the plant species from Hoffman's work in the cemetery between 1979-1982. Some of his results were published in the interim site report (ESA 1) and have been included, where appropriate, in the object catalogue entries here. Since then, analysis of the plant remains from both Renee Friedman's excavations and the work at Locality 6 has been undertaken by Ahmed Gamal el-Din Fahmy, of the University ofHelwan, Cairo, with contributions on the wood by Hala N. Barakat. Their report on the botanical remains that could be located is published here in Part II, Section 9. This site report represents a sort of culmination for me of some twenty seven years spent working on Hierakonpolis, at first with the objects from the work of Quibell and Green in the Petrie Museum (Adams 1974a, 1974b), then with the excavations undertaken by Garstang (Adams 1987, 1995), and now with the results of the work I was privileged to begin with Michael Hoffman in 1980. This association with the site has given me a richly rewarding professional life that enhanced my curatorial career, provided me with the opportunity to work in Egypt and sustained my enthusiasm through collaboration with like-minded colleagues who have the same interests and objectives at heart. My gratitude to Michael Hoffman for inviting me to become a member of his expedition can never of course be repaid except by continued dedication and publication of the results. Barbara Adams, Institute of Archaeology, University College London

xi

September 1999

xii

Abbreviations Adams,AH

Ancient Hierakonpolis. Aris & Phillips, Warminster, 1974.

Adams,AHS

Ancient Hierakonpolis Supplement. Aris & Phillips, Warminster, 1974.

Adams,AN

Ancient Nekhen: Garstang in the City of Hierakonpolis. ESA No.3., SIA Publishing, 1995.

Adams 1996

"Imports and Imitations in Predynastic Funerary Contexts at Hierakonpolis" in Lech Krzyzaniak, Karla Kroeper and Michal Kobusiewicz (eds.), Interregional Contacts in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa, Studies in African Archaelogy, Poznan, 1996: 134143.

Adams & Friedman 1992

Adams, B. and Friedman, RF., "Imports and Influences in the Predynastic and Protodynastic Settlement and Funerary Assemblages at Hierakonpolis", in E.C.M. van den Brink (ed.), The Nile Delta in Transition, 4th-3rd Millenium B.C., 1992: 317-338.

BadCiv.

Brunton, G. and Caton Thompson, G., The Badarian Civilisation and Predynastic Remains near Badari. BSAE 46, London, 1928.

Friedman, Ceramics

Friedman, R.F., Predynastic Settlement Ceramics of Upper Egypt: A

Comparative Study of the Ceramics of Hemamieh, Naqada and Hierakonpolis. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1994, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, 1995.

ESA 1

Hoffinan, M.A., with contributions from B. Adams, C. Lupton, F. Harlan, M. Berger, H.A. Hamroush, N. el-Hadidi, W. McHugh, J. McArdle, and R.O. Allen, The Predynastic of Hierakonpolis - An Interim Report, Cairo and Illinois: ESA Publication No.1, 1982.

ESA2

Renee Friedman & Barbara Adams (eds.), The Followers of Horus: Studies Dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman 1944-1990, Egyptian Studies Association Publication No.2, Oxbow Monograph 20, Oxford, 1992.

Hkl

Quibell, J.E., Hierakonpolis. I, ERA & BSAE 4, 1900.

HkIT

Quibell, J.E. and Green, F.W., Hierakonpolis. II, ERA & BSAE 5, 1902.

Needler, Cat.

Needler, W. Predynastic and Archaic Egypt in the Brooklyn Museum. Brooklyn, 1984.

Payne, Cat.

Payne, J. Crowfoot, Catalogue of the Predynastic Egyptian Collection in the Ashmolean Museum. Oxford, 1993.

PE

Petrie, W.M.F., Prehistoric Egypt. BSAE 31, London, 1920.

xiii

Abbreviations

PEC

Petrie, W.M.F., Corpus of Prehistoric Pottery and Palettes. BSAE 32, London, 1921.

Proto

Petrie, W.M.F., Corpus of Protodynastic Pottery. BSAE 66B, London, 1953.

RTI

Petrie, W.M.F., The Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty. I, EES 18, London, 1900.

RTII

Petrie, W.M.F., The Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty. II, EES 21, London, 1901.

UC.

Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, University College London.

Other references are given by author and year, see the Bibliography in Part V for full notations and journal abbreviations.

xiv

I Introduction SECTIONl Previous Cemetery Research at Hierakonpolis

A

rchaeological research began at Hierakonpolis at the end of the last century with the work of J.E. Quibell and F.W. Green (1897-1900), who were acting under the auspices of the newly founded Egyptian Research Account. Further analysis and publication of the material they discovered can be found in Adams (1974a and 1974b). The matter of previous cemetery excavation is covered more pertinently in the articles by Case and Payne (1962) and Payne (1973) on the painted tomb in the Locality 33 cemetery. The contents for the rest of the graves in that cemetery, which was excavated by Green in 1897-8, are given in Adams (1974b: 84-111), taken from a list in Green's field notes, which was subsequently annotated by W.M. Flinders Petrie with Sequence Dates. It seems that the cemetery, which is now ploughed under sugar cane fields, dated to the Gerzean period, or Naqada Ilcd and contained five large rectangular tombs in addition to Tomb 100, the decorated tomb. Further work took place under the direction of John Garstang from Liverpool University in 1905-6, who excavated part of the cemetery that runs under the mud brick Fort near the opening of the Wadi Abul Suffian (Garstang 1907). Garstang's work in the Fort Cemetery was inadequately published and has been the subject of subsequent analysis (Kemp 1963) and fuller publication (Adams 1987). From this work, and further investigations undertaken by Henri de Morgan in 1907-8 (de Morgan 1912; Needler 1984) and Ambrose Lansing in 1934 (Lansing 1935), it is evident that the use of the Fort cemetery began in Naqada Ilcd and continued into the First Dynasty. Apart from extensive looting, it seems that no other excavation has taken place in the cemeteries at Hierakonpolis since the 1930s. Butzer and Kaiser and Butzer undertook a survey of the region in the 1950s (Kaiser 1958) and Fairservis and Hoffman surveyed the concession in 1978. Although Hoffman only excavated in the Locality 6 and Locality 27 cemeteries, he identified various cemeteries and had them plotted on the topographical map prepared by Michael Osteen and Christopher Tigh in 1979. These cemeteries, listed in the interim report (ESA 1. 1982: 127, reproduced here as Table 24) and discussed by Hoffman in Adams (1987: 187-202), are either located on the edge of the desert near the present day cultivation (Hk 27, Hk33), some distance along the Wadi Abul Suffian (Hk6, Hk 11, Hk12, Hk13), or near the Dune Wadi (Hk30g, Hk43, Hk44). The Locality 43 cemetery, which was threatened with the encroachment of agriculture through the building of a raised canal into the desert in 1996, is now being excavated by Renee Friedman, see part III.

SECTION2 Michael Hoffman's Aims and Interdisciplinary Research Methodology

M

ichael Hoffman worked on anthropological lines with stated aims and objectives within an interdisciplinary framework and believed that contemporary archaeology, in the early 1980s, should be: "regionally based, chronologically grounded and problem-oriented". His philosophy in this regard is given in the interim site report (ESA 1: 1-2), which has not, as yet, been supplemented with a

1

Introduction

final site report for any of the localities at which he excavated between 1979-1990. His working methods meant that he used the technique of "multiple working hypotheses", which in practice meant that he involved his multi-disciplinary staff in on-the-spot seminars to work with their colleagues to 'triangulate' their data. This was all very well then he himself was the hub of the wheel from which information flowed from the centre to the periphery, but in his absence the scenario has changed. There is no doubt that the aims and objectives with regard to publication, which he set for himself and others that were meant to involve interdisciplinary critiques, have not been realisable. Most of the original members of his expedition have become involved with other tasks and lives since the early 1980s and have therefore been unable, for various reasons, to fulfil their obligations to the project. Unless his intended synopses for the comprehensive site reports are edited and adapted to what is actually feasible for the active staff of the expedition to produce, there is a real danger that much of his life's work will remain only superficially published, which will not serve his memory,1 or the reputation of our subject, well. Part I of this report therefore serves as an outline of the methodology employed during Hoffman's excavation of the Locality 6 cemetery between 1979 and 1985.

SECTION3 Excavation, Mapping and Recording Methods

T

he excavations undertaken by Michael Hoffman at Locality 6 took place over three seasons. In 1979, careful clearance was conducted at both the large Tombs 1 and 2, at the south and north ends of the cemetery respectively. In 1980 he decided to map the entire cemetery and clear the border of Tomb 2 in order to resolve the problem of its dating. These excavations did not reveal the subsidiary graves to Tomb 2 that he had hoped, but exposed a line of large rectangular graves (Tombs 3, 6 and 9) dating to the early Gerzean (Naqada Ila) period (not the Amratian as stated in his interim site report). He therefore resumed excavation in 1982 and worked in several areas of the site with Carter Lupton as his field supervisor. The major clearance of that season involved the large mud brick lined Tomb 10, adjacent to Tomb 1 at the north end of the cemetery, and the slightly smaller Tomb 11 some 35 m to the south west. A grave (Tomb 7) south of Tomb 2, found to contain three Bos cattle, and another 30 m to the north east of Tomb 2 which proved to be the burial of four baboons (Tomb 12), were excavated. A part of the 1985 season was spent clearing some, but it seems, from surface examination in 1997-8, not all the spoil surrounding Tomb 11. The site map of Locality 6 (Figure 1) was made in 1980 by Carter Lupton, who laid out the site grid in the first two weeks and then mapped in the depressions in a very short time at the end of the season. The following observations were made by Ian Casey, field director of the renewed excavations in 1997: "The surveying of the existing site map, i.e. distances, locations of shown features, appears to be accurate. A Nikon Wild-type theodolite was used to lay out the master grid with graves surveyed using tapes 'measuring intervals never exceeding 15m'. Although a master grid was established for the whole concession in 1985, and used for later excavations, the Locality 6 cemetery was not incorporated into this system. Instead the 1 Lauded in the memorial volume, Friedman, R. & Adams, B. (eds.) The Followers of Horus: Studies Dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffinan 1944-1990. 1992, ESA Publication No. 2, Oxbow Monograph 20, Oxford.

2

Introduction earlier 1979 site grid developed during the earlier excavations was extended, the reason given being 'to take advantage of the orientation of the cemetery and the land on which it lay'. This means that the original grid does not reflect the master grid and can not be anchored into it and appears to 'float'. The point marked 168° L90° on the published map is an elevation control. The master grid and base line of 30m metal stakes from Tomb 1 in the north to beyond Tomb 2 to the south from which the rest of this grid was laid out and these other stakes were never fixed in position, only hammered into the ground. When work recommenced in 1997 these master stakes could not be relocated; instead a vast array of markers were found. These took the form of wooden pegs that had been used as markers at least in some seasons for the areas excavated and 6-inch nail markers placed in the centre of pits during the production of the site map. As this array of mixed markers was incomprehensible and inaccurate, we established a new base grid aligned approximately on the old grid, and set in place four of the 30m stakes in concrete for Square 7 from which the rest of the grid can be extended if needed. Examination of the published version of the site plan in the interim report and comparisons to the map faxed to me from America by Jay Mills at the commencement of the 1997 season and the xerox copy of the archive map Barbara Adams took with Renee Friedman in the U.S.A. in 1995 suggests that more than one version of this map exists. The manuscript versions vary in detail, for examples a tributary wadi is shown across what has become our Square 18H on the 'faxed-map' that does not show on the 'archive' copy. These two maps also vary in their surface annotations (notes on surface sherds, animal bone concentrations, etc.), which do not appear on the published version. As the archive copy is a third generation copy made in Tennessee from the copy of an original probably still in the University of South Carolina, the pit numbers are often unclear or illegible. The interim report (ESA 1: 43) noted the process by which the map was produced from the base grid. The centres of the pits/depressions were marked and mapped using tapes, then marked on the map the following day, their size and orientation being added using tapes. It was also noted that 'almost 500 depressions were originally identified', but that 'all but 200 relatively certain examples (of graves) were eliminated from the map'." In fact, the process adopted by Hoffman was to take Carter Lupton's map and eliminate depressions, which may not be potential graves, by surface observation of the lack of bone and sherd scatter. Our further excavations of two 10m squares have shown that only excavation can establish for certain whether the depressions are graves (Adams 1999). We have discovered that there are some graves (e.g. Tomb 13) which were not marked on any version of the site plan and some pits numbered by Lupton have turned out not to be graves but accumulated wadi wash. As noted in my preliminary site report for the work undertaken in 1997 (Friedman and Adams in press), further limitations to the map produced in 1980 were observed in the field. The dimensions for the Locality 6 cemetery (ESA 1: 39) were noted as 200m long and 35m wide. In fact, the cemetery is more like 90 meters wide and the graves extend at the extreme western edge of the wadi beyond what has become a track cut by vehicles going both to the excavation and further into the western desert. The car track is now a defining feature because it marks an area where excavation is unlikely to be worthwhile due to severe disturbance. Tomasz Herbich, Director of the Polish Centre for Mediterranean Archaeology in Cairo, was commissioned by Renee Friedman to undertake a magnetic

3

Introduction

(magnetometer) survey of the Locality 6 cemetery early in 1999. His results suggested the presence of a large tomb under the track west of Square 18H which may account for the Protodynastic artifacts discovered during its surface clearance. As part of the renewed project, Ian Casey will extend the map of Locality 6 to the east and west to show the cemetery in its geographical context and relation to the topographical features of the great wadi and the gebel edge. This new map will be published in the second site report on the Locality 6 cemetery. In future, our policy will be to show the full extent of the spoil pile areas around previously excavated tombs on the site maps as well as the grave pits as this will elucidate any text mentioning surrounding spoil heaps and their association.

SECTION4 Pottery and Dating Systems

M

uch has improved since Michael Hoffman set up his system for the analysis of 357,866 sherds from the Locality 29 settlement site in 1979 (ESA 1:1982: 66-92), most notably the continued work of Renee Friedman on the Predynastic settlement ceramics at Hierakonpolis, Naqada and Badari for which she gained her Ph.D. in 1994 (Friedman 1994). Friedman's refmed system has been used here to record the sherd material from the Locality 6 cemetery and her ware tables and subjective shapes are reproduced here with her permission for ease of reference (pp.7-17).2 Although the cemetery is looted, it has been my policy, whenever possible, to attempt partial or complete reconstruction of the pottery vessels so that they can be typed using the corpora set up by W.M. Flinders Petrie (1921, 1953) and therefore be used for relative dating. With regard to relative dating, there have also been advances that can now be applied to this material, as well as excavation at other sites, which had not been published when Hoffman was working at Hierakonpolis. Werner Kaiser's revision (1957) of Petrie's Sequence Dating system, which divided the Naqada culture of Upper Egypt into Stufen (stages) became commonly utilised during the 1980s, although it was chiefly based on one cemetery at Armant. Kaiser (1990) gave his refmements of this system based on the identification of royal names found as incised potmarks in the excavations of the Umm el Qa'ab cemetery at Abydos without presenting a revised pottery seriation. In recent years, however, various scholars (Payne 1990, 1992; Wilkinson 1996; Hendrickx 1996) have undertaken seriation and spatial analysis of the pottery from published Upper Egypt cemeteries. Of these, the spatial analysis and subsequent chronological tables for the established corpora types produced by Stan Hendrickx have proved to be the most relevant and useful for the analysis of the pottery from the Locality 6 cemetery. The dates of the individual artifacts in the catalogue entries are given, where possible, by Petrie's traditional Sequence Date method, Kaiser's Stufen (with the subdivisions in lower case, e.g. Ild2) and Hendrickx' revised Naqada stages (with the sub-divisions in upper case, e.g. IID2). Even so, there will be chronological problems and different interpretations, particularly as material is analyzed on a regional basis, and it has already been shown by Friedman that developments in ceramic technology seem to have taken place first at Hierakonpolis and then It should be noted that these corpora of subjective shapes are based on the excavations of other Localitites at Hierakonpolis and are not comprehensive for the crushed calcium carbonate tempered Hk Fabric/temper Class 5 pottery types found in the Locality 6 cemetery.

4

Introduction spread to other Upper Egyptian sites, at least with regard to the settlement pottery. Part III of this volume is therefore devoted to a consideration of regional cemetery planning at Hierakonpolis, extraregional contacts and the Locality 6 cemetery in context with a section on chronology and the problems raised by particular interpretations.

5

Introduction

Hierakonpolis Pottery System Codes Fabric/Temper Class

Vienna system

1. Straw Tempered Nile silt. 2. Untempered "Plum Red" Nile silt. 3. Shale tempered clay. 4. Straw and Stone tempered Nile silt. 5. Crushed Calcium Carbonate tempered Nile silt. 6. Undetermined. 7. Grog tempered Nile silt. 8. Sandy Marl. 9. Sand tempered Nile silt. 11. Dung tempered Nile silt. 12. Marl clay mixed with Nile silt. 21. Coarse organic tempered Nile silt. 22. Fine Untempered "Plum Red" Nile silt. 26. Fine organic tempered Nile silt. 2 7. Grog and coarse tempered Nile silt. 100. Palestinian fabric.

Nile B2-C Nile A-Bl Myers' Grit Marl Al

MarlA4 MarlA2? (Nile B2) Nile A Nile Bl-2

Surface Treatment

Finish

0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 10. 24.

0. 1. 2. 3.

Uncoated Red slip Black slip Brown slip Black and red slip Orange slip Whitish slip Self slip Red wash Worn Black and brown slip

5. Burnished while moist 7. Roughened 10. Worn 22. Streak polished

Decoration

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 16.

Untreated High grade burnish/polish Streak burnish Pattern burnish

White paint Red paint Rippling Punctation Impressed/incised designs "Half polished" Indentation Milled rim

Reproduced from Friedman 1994 6

Open 2 90° size

direct

eveited

madded

lectge

contour

contour

contour

contour

A

I con~site la

lb

c=7 \=7

le

le

□

0

socal lf

slope lh

slope lg

ld

~o

v

v

~all large

convex lj

lm

In

"\__/

0 \._______,/

---J

------

Closed :,;90°

~

rim-

neck

~

direct 2a

0

modeled 2b

everted 2f

0 V

ledge 2k

0

~

collar 2h

low 2c

everted 2e

OQ!J

size

---------

large

modeled rim

2n

0

small

modeled rim 2d

0

Distinguishing characteristics of the subjective shapes (from Friedman 1994: Figure 6.3)

everted rim 2j

0

variable 2m

CJ

;::i'

~

~ ~

o· ;::::

~

le

lb

la

Fabric 1: Straw Tempered

~

~ ~

~

(

\JI

7

\

~-J~.7 YI =1· ·.'..•·•"·

1f

~ 00

lb

lg

I

/

\J7

\\_17 cc [7 ......

~--·

11

.

~I;~

ffi

~

~~~~~: ;:·;·. - ~-

I,--·,)

lk

w

~--~,

.

>fi. __ :}·· ~-.··)IV

\

I

\

9/

I

~

~

lm

lo

~

lj

t---

~

~

Subjective shapes. Fabric/temper Class 1: Open (from Friedman 1994: Figure 6.7)

'~

gJ

2'

ln

o· ;::::

Fabric l: Straw Tempered

I

I

2b

2a

I

(,

\i

2c

\1

----------

\2

~-

//

5

f

l

I -,,

6

\

(1)

,11\

71\

(7''

I

\

o/~

2d

I I

(

"°

2e

2f

2k

m

2n

I)

~

(

~

(

I

)

Subjective shapes. Fabric/temper Class 1: Closed (from Friedman 1994: Figure 6.8)

7

I

I

'

;::i'

~

~ ~

o· ;::::

Fabric 1: Straw Tempered Nile Silt

F2

Fl

\J_/

~'-_J✓

~-1~✓

F4

F5

F6

\Ji \_./ \_J)

w

"'·-.. 1c-·· 12~ j'.

FlO

~

I

\

__________

l--------,

l_ ______

- - -

I-- -. >-'

0

Rl

~ ~

R2

Pla,

I I

~'"'---~J-" ~ ~ ~

w

Plbl

P2

w \;/

V

Subjective shapes. Fabric/temper Class 1: Bases (from Friedman 1994: Figure 6.9)

~ ~ a

ft ..... s· ("':,

;::i

Fabric 22: Fine Untempered Nile Silt

la

ld

le

lb

z

~-

I■

I 11 11:=")j I \

1-

"77

\3Vlw

"v7

I

7

Fabric 2: Untempered Nile silt

\__ I 71

~ ~-

,.... ,....

CD (

I ''"··' 7 .

~ t \

I

7,

I . -_

32

7

~~~,,7

~~- ~

\__J_7 -

7 \Ji/,

Kb2t=il

m2 rfL \-TTJ ITT 4

',\

\--

-~

\

I

/

lb

lg

lf

le

\

I

I

I I

~17 ..

!l'tt

.•.•

;::i'

~ Subjective shapes. Fabric/temper Classes 22 and 2: Open (from Friedman 1994: Figure 6.4)

~ ~

o· ;::::

2a

Fabric 22: Fine Untempered

2c

2b

ft ....,_ s· ("':,

6

..

;::i

-

._,,.,,.' (J!]JI~\ {,,,,,.,, I

Fabric 2: Untempered Nile silt

iT\2

m.

e__:[)

(l)'

>-'

N

r

I

I

-~-3

\1

((7l\.

2

\ "'--

-/~6

L(T)\ ~ I

co !71.

2e

m

\I( m

)=-7-, ':iii~...

l1!1!n1m1:i;

/1~,

--

/;:;----~1-~

2d

~ ~ a

2f

6

2g

2h

rr\ I I! \ (J)CD fT\ )

I

l \

Subjective shapes. Fabric/temper Classes 22 and 2: Closed (from Friedman 1994: Figure 6.5)

Fl

Fabric 22: Fine Untempered

F3

FS

F4

F6

_________.,,,.

....._

..,

Fabric 2: Untempered Nile silt

~ ___ L___..,,,,,.

~~-.~___I__✓f F2 ......

w

\

U/ I /

UJ

\l1 \~

\j)

~_i.J ~.L.../

\Jj

\~ Keel

•

?)

~~ Fabric 2: Untempered Nile silt

Rl

j

R2

Pl

\JJ) \l/

~

w

~

) ;::i'

~

~ Subjective shapes. Fabric/temper Classes 22 and 2: Bases (from Friedman 1994: Figure 6.6)

~

o· ;::::

~ Fabric 5: Calcium Carbonate

)

I

~

I

.~

\\

I

\---

/,

J

I

\

I

fl

mwV,

1

\

·.·

Marl mix

)

~\

i

I

(~

\

~

I

I

I

\---

I

{

Fabric 12:

\I

~

}

J

Subjective shapes. Fabric/temper Classes 5, 8 and 12: Open (from Friedman 1994: Figure 6.16)

o· ;::::

7 7 7

~

Fabric S: Marl

/3

~

7

)

~~d

...... +:>-

~

lh

~

~-I) (

le

lb

la

lf

'\_

,,_

',

I

l 7

7"

Fabric 5: Calcium Carbonate

2c

2b

{~ l ,1,tt♦♦il p',•• \

14

\W ),

......

--,·

/

Fabric 8: Marl

.:t • ., I

Vl

~

I~

~

'/~!'

(ff\

~

\V

Fl

~ R2~

F3

\

~

5

'-6

2.j

Ff'

==:..

) I

2d

~

Fif

~

P2

-:--

\,rl \T

/~

/t~ ~

Fabric 12: Marl mix

~

~ J=1 t.

n\

AC Subjective shapes. Fabric/temper Classes 5, 8 and 12: Closed (from Friedman 1994: Figure 6.17)

;::i'

~

~ ~

o· ;::::

Introduction

Direct

Al

A2

Modelled

n n Bl-(\\\'\ c17l nA C\ a« B2

C2

A3

71

B3

0~

'A4

n

B4

~

AS

A6

Everted

nA no n \
1ec five sh aoes: ooen £orms subj. shape

Size

Rim Type

Contour

surface treatment ext.

Int.

no.

2-la

s

Al

Sloping

1/1

010

1

2-lc

M

A4

Sloping

411

010

7

2-ld

Cl

Vertical

1/1

010

1

2-ld

s s

Cl

Vertical

411

010

1

Base

M

F3

Vertical

1/1

010

6

Base

M

Pla

Convex

1/1

010

1

Parallels

8

Table 12 Fab.nc It emoer c1ass 2 Su b'>1ec f1ve sh aoes: c1ose d£orms subj. shape

size

Rim Type

Contour

surface treatment ext.

Int.

no.

2-2b

M

BS

Convex

4/1

010

9

2-2f

M

Cl

Convex

4/1

010

5

Body Sherds

Undif.

Parallels

113

F abricltemper class 5 The following sherds were counted by Moheb Shaaban, but not drawn or typed: 18 rims, 5 bases, 2 painted, 4 7 re-worked, 117 undifferentiated body sherds

58

Tomb 3 and Vicinity Plate XXX:Vlla

50. Marine Cache

Material: Malachite, Shell, Stone, Coral Find spot: Pit near Tomb 3, east of Tomb 2

Site Number: Feature 1 Find 16 Association: It is possible that the fragments of decorated ostrich egg (Cat.No.4) were originally part of this group

Date: presumably Predynastic Measurements: Calcite pebble L: 1.2; Limestone pebble L: 1.5; Carnelian pebble L: 1.2; Largest piece of Coral L: 8.2 W: 2.4; Echinoid spine L: 1.02 cm. Description: A collection of two fragments (one large, one small) of Mediterranean coral/sponge? fragments of Red Sea coral Tubipora musica, echinoid shell fragments and 1319 echinoid spines, 27 bivalve shells, 3 gastropod shells, 6 limestone pebbles, 1 calcite pebble, 1 carnelian pebble and a piece of malachite ore. Bibliography and Comments: This deposit gives the impression of a collection of souvenirs obtained on a visit to the sea shore, but it is suggested that the custom of depositing coral as an offering could be an early indication of a cult of a "proto-Hathor" meant to ensure the deceased's rebirth in the afterlife, see Meeks, D., "Le Corail dans l'Egypte Ancienne" in Actes du Colloque International "Corail d'hier et d'aujourd'hui" Centre Universitaire Europeen pour !es Biens Culturels, Ravello (trauvaux du Centre Camille Jullian) in press, although the goddess is not certainly attested until the Third Dynasty.

59

Object Catalogue Tomb6 Mace Heads 51. Mace Head Material: Porphyry

Site Number: Hk:6/6/18

Find spot: Fill

Association: Tomb 6

Date: S.D.30-42; Stufen: I-II (Kaiser); Measurements: H: 2.0 L: 5.8 W: 2.2 approx. D: 6.5 - 7.0 cm. Description: Rim fragment of black and white porphyry disc mace head. Bibliography and Comments: see Cat.No.I 1.

Flint Tools 52. Arrowheads

Figure 14

Material: Flint Find spot: Fill

Site Number: Hk:6/T6/5 Register Number: 204 Association: Tomb 6

Date: As Tomb 6 Measurements: Average L: 2.0 W: 1.5 Th: 0.2 - 0.4 cm. Description: Fifteen transverse projectile points, petit-tranchet arrowheads. Bibliography and Comments: see Cat.No.13.

53. Bifacial Tool

Plate XXX:c

Material: Flint Find spot: Screened from fill

Site Number: Hk:6/T6/14 Association; Tomb 6

Date: ? As Tomb 6 Measurements: L: 2.1 W: 0.8 Th: 0.4 cm Description: Fragment of serrated bifacial tool.

Wood and Organic Objects 54. Arrow Shaft Material: Reed Find spot: Fill

Site Number: Hk:6/T6/22 Association: Tomb 6

Date: As Tomb 6 Measurements: H: 2.8 D: 0.8 cm. Description: Part of reed arrow shaft with band of red paint around circumference near notched end. Bibliography and Comments: cf. Cat.No.14. 60

Tomb 6 and Vicinity 55. Bier Fragments

Material: Wood, reed and plaster

Find spot: Fill and near base

Site Number: Hk6/T6/3, Hk6/T6/11, Hk6/T6/20 Association: Tomb 6

Date: As Tomb 6 Measurements: Largest fragment L: 4.5 H: 2.0 W: 3.0; L: 7.0 W: 3.0 Th: 2.0 cm. Description: Six fragments of the composite bier extracted from large bag of wood. Composed of a substrate of wood, then plaster (white), then resin, then interwoven reed with plaster. Another bier fragment was found further down in the fill. The sample Hk6/T6/11 is identified as Ficus sycamorus by Ahmed Gamal el-Din Fahmy. Plate XXX:Vla

56. Binding

Material: Leather Find spot: Fill near the base of the tomb

Site Number: HK.6/6/21 Association: Tomb 6

Date: As Tomb 6 Measurements: L: 1-2 Th: 0.25 cm. Description: Small pieces of coiled leather and leather ring presumably from the binding. 57. Fur Wrapping

Material: Animal hair Find spot: Fill

Site Number: Hk6/T6/8, Hk6/T6/11 Association: Tomb 6

Date: As Tomb 6 Description: Animal hair with traces of hide and scraps of possible woven papyrus matting over fur and traces of resin. Bibliography and Comments: Presumably the remains of a covering once wrapped around the body.

Pottery Vessels Hk Fabric/temper Class 1 Figure 19

58.Jar

Material: Straw Tempered Nile Silt Find spot: Fill

Site Number: HK6/T6/16 Register Number: 217 Association: Tomb 6

Date: S.D.43-44; Stufen: Ila (Kaiser); 11AIIC (Hendrickx) Measurements: H: 21.5 D: 17.0 Rim D: 17.0 cm. Description: Modeled (rolled) rim pottery jar with closed mouth, rounded uneven body tapered to a rounded base, reconstructed from fragments, virtually complete. Three designs were incised before firing around the circumference of the body: a double triangle or "bow tie", a long stemmed plant and

61

Object Catalogue a bovid. Hk Subjective Shape: 1-2b Bibliography and Comments: cf. PEC: pl. XLII, R81N, but smaller; cf. Friedman, Ceramics: Fig.6.8; cf. Williams 1989: 305-320. The unprovenanced straw tempered Nile silt jar (OIM 10542) presented in William's article is similar in shape to (Bad.Civ.) R85c4 (and looks nothing like the parallels quoted by the author: R43b, R83b and P34a), which would mean that it sequences to Hendrickx' IIB IIC, which is slightly later than this pot from Tomb 6. The surface of the Chicago vessel is coated red and the incised pattern is filled with white and more pigment was added with a modem plaster reconstruction. Much of the author's interpretation of incised designs on the pot as royal elements, such as falcons, Neith symbols and serekhs is spurious (see Hendrickx 1996: 23-42), but the figure in his fig.41 shows similar summary depictions of quadrupeds to the Hierakonpolis example, particularly the animal shown vertically. The other two designs on the vessel from Tomb 6 are well known as individual potmarks.

59.Jar

Figure 19

Material: Straw Tempered Nile Silt Find spot: Fill

Site Number: Hk6/T6/23 Register Number: 218 Association: Tomb 6

Date: S.D.43-44; Stufen: Ila (Kaiser); IIA ITC (Hendrickx) Measurements: H: 21.0 D: 11.4 cm. Description: Modeled (rolled) rim pottery jar reconstructed from fragments with closed mouth, rounded uneven body tapered to a rounded base; incomplete. Hk Subjective Shape: 1-2b Bibliography and Comments: cf. PEC: pl. XLII, R81N; cf. Friedman, Ceramics: Fig.6.8.

60.Jar

Figure 19

Material: Straw Tempered Nile Silt Find spot: Fill

Site Number: HK6/T6/24 Register Number: 219 Association: Tomb 6

Date: S.D.43-44; Stufen: Ila (Kaiser); IIA IIC (Hendrickx) Measurements: H: 19.0 D: 14.7 Rim D: 10.0 cm. Description: Modeled (rolled) rim pottery jar reconstructed from fragments with raised neck and closed mouth of a smaller diameter than usual for the type, rounded uneven body tapered to a rounded base. Hk Subjective Shape: 1-2b Bibliography and Comments: cf. PEC: pl. XLII, R81N, but smaller; cf. Friedman, Ceramics: Fig.6.8.

61. Jar

Figure 18

Material: Straw Tempered Nile silt

Site Number: Hk6/T6/25 Register Number: 220

62

Tomb 6 and Vicinity Find spot: Fill

Association: Tomb 6

Date: S.D.46; Stufen: IIb (Kaiser); IIB IIDl IID2 (Hendrickx) Measurements: H: 29.0 D: 22.0 Rim D: 13.7 cm. Description: Modeled (rolled) rim pottery jar reconstructed from fragments with rounded uneven body tapered to flattened base. Hk Subjective Shape: 1-2b Bibliography and Comments: cf. PEC: pl. XLIII, R85s; cf. Friedman, Ceramics: Fig.6.8.

62. Jar

Figure 19

Material: Straw Tempered Nile silt Find spot: Fill

Site Number: Hk6/T6/27 Association: Tomb 6

Date: S.D.43-44; Stufen: Ila (Kaiser); IIA ITC (Hendrickx) Measurements: H: 19.5 D: 16.0 Rim D: 10.5 cm. Description: Modeled (rolled) rim pottery jar reconstructed from fragments with rounded uneven body tapered to slightly flattened base; almost complete; horizontal scrape marks around lower part of body. Hk Subjective Shape: 1-2b Bibliography and Comments: cf. PEC: pl. XLII, R81N, but smaller; cf. Friedman, Ceramics: Fig.6.8.

63.Jar

Figure 18

Material: Straw Tempered Nile silt Find spot: Fill

Site Number: Hk6/T6/28

Association: Tomb 6

Date: S.D.46; Stufen: IIb (Kaiser); IIB IIDl IID2 (Hendrickx) Measurements: H: 30.3 D: 26.0 Rim D: 26.0 cm. Description: Modeled (rolled) rim pottery jar reconstructed from fragments with closed mouth, incomplete rim and rounded uneven body tapered to flat base. Hk Subjective Shape: I-2b Bibliography and Comments: cf. PEC: pl. XLIII, R85s; cf. Friedman, Ceramics: Fig.6.8.

64.Jar

Figure 18

Material: Straw Tempered Nile silt Find spot: Fill

Site Number: Hk6/T6/29 Association: Tomb 6

Date: S.D.46; Stufen: IIb (Kaiser); IIB IIDl IID2 (Hendrickx) Measurements: H: 29.5 D: 26.5 cm. Description: Lower part of pottery jar with rounded uneven body tapered to flattened base, presumably once with a modeled (rolled) rim. Hk Subjective Shape: 1-2b Bibliography and Comments: cf. PEC: pl. XLIII, R85s; cf. Friedman, Ceramics: Fig.6.8.

63

Object Catalogue 65. Jar rim

Figure 22

Material: Straw Tempered Nile silt Find spot: Fill

Site Number: Hk6/T6/26 Association: Tomb 6

Date: S.D.34-70; Stufen: Ile (Kaiser); ITCIIDl (Hendrickx) Measurements: H: 9.0 Rim D:10.7 cm. Description: Black coated and vertically streak burnished everted pottery jar rim with part of constricted neck and sloping shoulder. Hk Subjective Shape: l -2f Bibliography and Comments: cf. PEC: pl.XI, P40b for shape; Adams & Friedman: Fig. 10b.

Hk Fabric Temper Class 2 66. Beaker

Figures 21

Material: Untempered Nile silt Find spot: Fill

Site Number: Hk6/T6/15 Register Number: 215 Association: Tomb 6

Date: S.D.36-50; Stufen: le-Ila (Kaiser); IC (Hendrickx) Measurements: H: 28.5 D: 14.0 cm. Description: Black-topped red pottery beaker with everted rim, chipped in places, reconstructed from fragments, body tapered to flat base on which a potmark resembling a W was incised after firing. Hk Subjective Shape: 2-ld3 Bibliography and Comments: cf. PEC: pl. III, B25h; cf. Friedman, Ceramics: Fig.6.4.

67. Beaker Material: Untempered Nile silt Find spot: Fill

Site Number: Hk6/T6/30 Association: Tomb 6

Date: S.D.36-50; Stufen: le (Kaiser); IC (Hendrickx) Measurements: H: 19.1 Rim D: approx. 13.0 cm. Description: Everted rim fragment and partial circumference of black-topped red pottery beaker reconstructed from fragments; surface worn. Hk Subjective Shape: 2- ld2 Bibliography and Comments: cf. PEC: pl. III, B25h; cf. Friedman, Ceramics: Fig.6.4.

68. Beaker

Figure 21

Material: Untempered Nile silt Find spot: Fill

Site Number: Hk6/T6/31 Association: Tomb 6

64

Tomb 6 and Vicinity Date: S.D.30-50; Stufen: lb-le (Kaiser); 1B IC IlA IIB IIC IID2 (Hendrickx) Measurements: H: 9.1 D: 5.4 Base D: 2.4 cm. Description: Fragments of small black-topped red pottery jar with everted rim reconstructed from fragments to give the profile with sections of the rim and body missing and flat base intact. Hk Subjective Shape: 2-ld2 Bibliography and Comments: cf. PEC: pl.III, B25f; cf. Friedman, Ceramics: Fig.6.4.

69. Beaker

Figure 22

Material: Untempered Nile silt Find spot: Fill

Site Number: Hk6/T6/33 Association: Tomb 6

Date: As Tomb 6 Measurements: H: 18.0 D: 19.7 cm. Description: Black-topped red pottery open mouthed jar with rim broken away, probably once everted, body tapered to flat base. Hk Subjective Shape: 2-ld3 Bibliography and Comments: cf. Friedman, Ceramics: Fig.6.4.

70.Jar

Figure 21

Material: Untempered Nile silt Find spot: Fill

Site Number: Hk6/T6/17 Association: Tomb 6

Date: S.D.34-41; Stufen: le (Kaiser); IC [IIA IIB] (Hendrickx) Measurements: H: 19.0 D: 17.0 Rim D: 14.3 cm. Description: Black-topped red pottery jar reconstructed from fragments with modeled rim, slightly bulbous body and flat base. Hk Subjective Shape: 2-2b Bibliography and Comments: cf. PEC: pl. VII, B77a; cf. Friedman, Ceramics: Fig.6.5.

71.Jar

Figure 21

Material: Untempered Nile silt Find spot: Fill

Site Number: Hk6/T6/32 Association: Tomb 6

Date: As Tomb 6 Measurements: H: 10.5 D: 11.2 cm. Description: Lower part of red pottery jar with rim, which was probably black-topped, missing and body tapered to flat base. Hk Subjective Shape: 2-F3 Bibliography and Comments: cf. Friedman, Ceramics: Fig.6.19.

65

Object Catalogue 72. Jar Fragment

Figure 22

Material: Untempered Nile silt Find spot: Fill

Site Number: Hk6/T6/7 Register Number: 210 Association: Tomb 6

Date: As Tomb 6 Measurements: H: 14.0 W: 12.0 cm. Description: Polished red pottery sherd (three fragments joined) from shoulder of vessel with four incised grooves across surface and trace of black top.

Surface around Tomb 6 Pottery Vessels Hk Fabric Temper Class 1 73.Jar

Figure 18

Material: Straw Tempered Nile silt Find spot: Near Tomb 6

Site Number: Hk6/T6S/7 Association: ?from Tomb 6

Date: ?As Tomb 6 Measurements: H: 24.5 D: 18.5 cm. Description: Large rounded pottery jar base with part of body remaining. Hk Subjective Shape: I-Rl Bibliography and Comments: cf. Friedman, Ceramics: Fig.6.19.

Hk Fabric/temper Class 2 74. Beaker

Figure 21

Material: Untempered Nile silt Find spot: Surface debris just east of Tomb 6

Site Number: HK6/T6S/2 Register Number: 214 Association:? From Tomb 6, or from a tomb to the north

Date: S.D.31-48; Stufen: Ia-lb (Kaiser); [IB] ITC(Hendrickx) Measurements: H: 9.8 D: 6.2 Base D: 3.0 cm. Description: Small black-topped pottery jar with flared rim reconstructed from two fragments, virtually complete except for the rim. Hk Subjective Shape: 2- ld3 Bibliography and Comments: cf. PEC: pl. III, B22j; cf. Friedman, Ceramics: Fig.6.4. 75. Bottle

Figure 22

Material: Untempered Nile silt

Site Number: Hk6/T6S/6 Register Number: 229 66

Tomb 6 and Vicinity Find spot: Surface between Tomb 3 and Tomb 6

Association:? From Tomb 6 or another tomb nearby

Date: S.D. 34-41; Stufen: lb (Kaiser); [IB] IC (Hendrickx) Measurements: H: 25.3 D: 11.2 Neck D: 7.1 cm. Description: Red coated and vertically burnished pottery bottle reconstructed from fragments with rim broken off, neck widening to slightly bulbous body and flat base; surface worn. Hk Subjective Shape: 2-2e Bibliography and Comments: cf. PEC: pl. XIII, P66; cf. Friedman, Ceramics: 400 who notes that red polished bottles have been identified in the kiln sites at Localities Hk39, 40, 59/59A on the northwest bank of the Wadi Suffian serving the Locality 6 cemetery. Polished red bottles are exceedingly rare in Upper Egyptian settlements, and, although they are known to be common in graves elsewhere, this was the only example lmown from a mortuary context at Hierakonpolis until resumed excavation at Locality 6 in 1997 and 1998 when a number of sherds of this type of bottle were found in Tombs 13 and 14 and a complete bottle neck came from Square 7B.

67

Object Catalogue

Tomb9 Wood and and Organic Objects 76. Textile scraps Material: Wood, reed, linen Find spot: Fill

Site Number: Hk6/T9/3 & 4 Association: Tomb 9

Date: As Tomb 9 Measurements: Linen scraps L: 3.0 - 4.0 cm. Bibliography and Comments: Only the linen scraps remain in the on-site magazine under this site number. The wood sample taken to the Cairo Herbarium in 1982 is noted as 4 cm long with three carved marks by Ahmed Fahmy and identified as Tamarix aphylla.

Pottery Vessels Hk Fabric/temper Class 1 77.Jar

Figure 18

Material: Straw tempered Nile silt

Find spot: Fill

Site Number: Hk6/T9/5 Register Number: 221 Association: Tomb 9 and fragments from Tomb 6

Date: S.D.46; Stufen: IIb (Kaiser); IIB IIDl IID2 (Hendrickx) Measurements: H: 32.0 D: 25.0 Rim D: 16.5 cm. Description: Modeled (rolled) rim pottery jar reconstructed from fragments with closed mouth, and rounded uneven body tapered to flat base. Hk Subjective Shape: 1-2b Bibliography and Comments: cf. PEC: pl. XIII, R85s; cf. Friedman, Ceramics: Fig.6.8.

78.Jar

Figure 18

Material: Straw tempered Nile silt Find spot: Surface

Site Number: Hkl6/T9S/1 Association: Tomb 9

Date: S.D.46; Stufen: IIb (Kaiser); IIB IIDl IID2 (Hendrickx) Measurements: H: 16.2 D: 25.5 Rim D: 16.5 cm. Description: Upper part of modeled (rolled) rim pottery jar with closed mouth and rounded body, presumably once tapered to flat base. Hk Subjective Shape: l -2b Bibliography and Comments: cf. PEC: pl. XLIII, R85s; cf. Friedman, Ceramics: Fig.6.8.

79. Bottle Material: Straw tempered Nile silt

Site Number: Hk6/T9/6

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Tomb 9 and Vicinity Find spot: Fill

Association: Tomb 9 and fragments from Tomb 6

Date: S.D.37-58; Stufen: Ila (Kaiser); IC [IIB] IIDl (Hendrickx) Measurements: H: 6.0 D: 8.0 Rim D: 5.3 cm. Description: Everted rim sherd from pottery bottle with constricted neck and part of rounded shoulder Hk Subjective Shape: 1-2d Bibliography and Comments: cf. PEC: pl. XIII, R93a-c; cf. Friedman, Ceramics: Fig.6.8.

Hk Fabric/temper Class 2

SO.Jar

Figure 21

Material: Untempered Nile silt Find spot: Fill

Site Number: HK6/T9/1 Register Number: 222 Association: Tomb 9

Date: S.D. 35-55; Stufen: Ic-Ilb (Kaiser); IC 11A [IIB IIDl] (Hendrickx) Measurements: H: 20.0 D: 12.5 Rim D: 8.0 cm. Description: Black-topped red pottery jar reconstructed from fragments with closed mouth, modeled rim and body tapered to flat base. Hk Subjective Shape: 2-2b5 Bibliography and Comments: cf. PEC: pl. XII, B58c, B62d; cf. Friedman, Ceramics: Fig.6.5.

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Object Catalogue

Surface Finds The majority of the surface fmds were picked up in the cemetery during the 1979 and 1980 seasons. In most cases the records do not give precise locations for the fmds.

Mace Heads 81.Macehead Material: Sandstone

Site Number: lil