The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 9781407315621, 9781407344621

Table of contents :
cover
copyright
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Figures
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: The Terracotta Catalogue and Typological Study
Chapter 3: The Context, Function and Dating of Terracottas in Egypt and Tell Timai
Chapter 4: Terracotta Figurine Production at Tell Timai
Bibliography
Figures

Citation preview

________ James Bennett is a PhD Researcher at Durham University studying the settlements of the Third Intermediate Period in Egypt. He is a former co-chair of the permanent committee for the Current Research in Egyptology conference and is the field director of the Egypt Exploration Society mission to the northwest area of Tell Timai. He has also excavated in Egypt at Sais, Tell Mutubis and Athribis in Upper Egypt. Robert J. Littman is Professor and Chair of Classics at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He is the Director of the Tell Timai Excavations, where he has excavated since 2007. A former Trustee of the Archaeological Institute of America, he has published numerous books and articles in Greek history, literature, archaeology and Egyptology. Jay Silverstein has a doctorate in anthropology, with an emphasis on the rise and fall of complex societies. He holds positions at the University of Hawaii in Anthropology and Classics, works with the US Government in the archaeological search and recovery of the remains missing military personnel and has directed archaeological projects in Mexico, Guatemala, Europe, Asia and the Pacific. He has served as the co-director of the Tell Timai Project since its inception in 2007.

BAR  S2834  2016   BENNETT, LITTMAN & SILVERSTEIN   THE TERRACOTTA FIGURINES FROM TELL TIMAI

This study documents the corpus of terracotta figurines that were found during excavations at Tell Timai between 2009 and 2013. The study assesses the locations in which terracotta figurines have been found both at Tell Timai and across Egypt, and discusses their usage within the settlements of Pharaonic and Ptolemaic–Roman Egypt. In addition, a chronological discussion of terracotta usage in Egypt from the Pharaonic to the Ptolemaic–Roman Period is presented to place the Tell Timai terracottas in chronological order to highlight themes of continuity and change. The figurine catalogue provides a detailed examination of the types and forms represented at Tell Timai and highlights the manufacturing techniques and decoration schemes used for specific types. This analysis also provides a clearer idea of the type of domestic religious activities that were practised at Tell Timai by the local population and the choice of terracotta styles used at specific periods. The study also provides date ranges based on associated ceramic assemblages to provide clearer dating for Egyptian terracotta types in Egypt.

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 James E. Bennett Robert J. Littman Jay Silverstein

BAR International Series 2834 9 781407 315621

B A R

2016

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 James E. Bennett Robert J. Littman Jay Silverstein

BAR International Series 2834 2016

Published in 2016 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 2834 The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 © The authors individually 2016 The Authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in  any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.

ISBN 9781407315621 paperback ISBN 9781407344621 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407315621 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

BAR titles are available from:

Email Phone Fa x

BAR Publishing 122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, ox2 7bp, uk [email protected] +4 4 (0)1865 310431 +4 4 (0)1865 316916 www.barpublishing.com

Acknowledgements With thanks to the Ministry of State for Antiquities Egypt (MSA) (formerly Supreme Council of Antiquities), to Salem Elboghdadi and to the National Geographic Society and the University of Hawaii. Thanks also go to Sarah Lynn Chapman the site photographer for producing the photographic images of the figurines.

Table of Contents vii

List of Figures Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Tell Timai: The Archaeological Context 1.2 Early Excavations at Tell Timai 1.3 The Importance of the Terracotta Assemblage from Tell Timai 1.4 The Recording of the Tell Timai Terracottas during the Excavations 1.5 Layout of Study

1 1 2 2 3 3

Chapter Two: The Terracotta Catalogue and Typological Study 2.1 Documenting the Tell Timai Terracottas 2.2 Previous Finds of Terracottas from Tell Timai not in this Catalogue 2.3 Typological Study and Catalogue of Terracottas, 2009-2013 2.3.1 Harpocrates 2.3.2 Bes 2.3.3 Other Egyptian Male Deities 2.3.4 Phallic Figurines 2.3.5 Theatrical Themes: Male Entertainers and Theatre Masks 2.3.6 Unidentified Male Figurines 2.3.7 Female Deities 2.3.8 Female Heads 2.3.9 Unidentified Female Fragments 2.3.10 Plants and Fruits 2.3.11 Animals 2.3.12 Miscellaneous Objects and Themes 2.3.13 Unidentified Terracotta Fragments

4 4 4 5 5 8 11 12 13 16 18 22 23 24 25 26 27

Chapter Three: The Context, Function and Dating of Terracottas in Egypt and Tell Timai 3.1 The Pharaonic Period 3.2 Ptolemaic and Roman Contexts 3.2.1 Domestic Contexts 3.2.2 Temple Contexts 3.2.3 Burial Contexts 3.3 The Provenance and Dating of the Tell Timai Terracottas 3.4 Area P 3.5 Area N 3.6 Area O 3.7 Area R 3.8 Conclusions on the Provenance and Dating of the Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai 3.9 Function of the Terracottas from Tell Timai

31 31 32 32 32 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35

Chapter Four: Terracotta Figurine Production at Tell Timai 4.1 Production at Tell Timai 4.2 Preservation and Pigments 4.3 Clothing, Headdresses, Hairstyles, Facial Features and Nudity 4.4 The Sizes of Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai 4.5 Moulding Technique 4.6. Additional Elements: Backs, Vents, Lugs, Wick Holes and Bases

37 37 37 38 38 38 39

v

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 Chapter Five: The Religious Life and Deities of Tell Timai 5.1 The Limitations of the Evidence 5.2 The Deities Found at Tell Timai

40 40 40

Chapter Six: Conclusions

41

Bibliography

42

Figures

49

vi

List of Figures All images ©Robert J. Littman, Tell Timai Excavation Figure 1 Panoramic View of the City of Tell Timai

1

Figure 2 T.Cat.No.1

49

Figure 3 T.Cat.No.2

49

Figure 4 T.Cat.No.3

49

Figure 5 T.Cat.No.4

49

Figure 6 T.Cat.No.5

50

Figure 7 T.Cat.No.6

50

Figure 8 T.Cat.No.7

50

Figure 9 T.Cat.No.8

50

Figure 10 T.Cat.No.9

51

Figure 11 T.Cat.No.10

51

Figure 12 T.Cat.No.11

51

Figure 13 T.Cat.No.12

51

Figure 14 T.Cat.No.13

52

Figure 15 T.Cat.No.14

52

Figure 16 T.Cat.No.15

52

Figure 17 T.Cat.No.16

52

Figure 18 T.Cat.No.17

53

Figure 19 T.Cat.No.17

53

Figure 20 T.Cat.No.18

53

Figure 21 T.Cat.No.18

53

Figure 22 T.Cat.No.19

54

Figure 23 T.Cat.No.20

54

Figure 24 T.Cat.No.21

54

Figure 25 T.Cat.No.22

54

Figure 26 T.Cat.No.23

55

Figure 27 T.Cat.No.24

55

Figure 28 T.Cat.No.25

56

Figure 29 T.Cat.No.26

56

Figure 30 T.Cat.No.27

56

Figure 31 T.Cat.No.28

57

Figure 32 T.Cat.No.29

57

Figure 33 T.Cat.No.30

57

Figure 34 T.Cat.No.31

57

Figure 35 T.Cat.No.32

58

Figure 36 T.Cat.No.33

58

Figure 37 T.Cat.No.34

58

Figure 38 T.Cat.No.35

58 vii

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 Figure 39 T.Cat.No.36

59

Figure 40 T.Cat.No.37

59

Figure 41 T.Cat.No.38

59

Figure 42 T.Cat.No.39

60

Figure 43 T.Cat.No.40

60

Figure 44 T.Cat.No.41

60

Figure 45 T.Cat.No.42

60

Figure 46 T.Cat.No.43

61

Figure 47 T.Cat.No.44

61

Figure 48 T.Cat.No.45

62

Figure 49 T.Cat.No.46

63

Figure 50 T.Cat.No.47

63

Figure 51 T.Cat.No.48

63

Figure 52 T.Cat.No.49

63

Figure 53 T.Cat.No.50

63

Figure 54 T.Cat.No.51

64

Figure 55 T.Cat.No.52

64

Figure 56 T.Cat.No.52

64

Figure 57 T.Cat.No.52

64

Figure 58 T.Cat.No.53

64

Figure 59 T.Cat.No.54

65

Figure 60 T.Cat.No.55

65

Figure 61 T.Cat.No.56

65

Figure 62 T.Cat.No.57

65

Figure 63 T.Cat.No.58

65

Figure 64 T.Cat.No.59

66

Figure 65 T.Cat.No.60

66

Figure 66 T.Cat.No.61

66

Figure 67 T.Cat.No.62

66

Figure 68 T.Cat.No.63

66

Figure 69 T.Cat.No.64

66

Figure 70 T.Cat.No.65

67

Figure 71 T.Cat.No.66

67

Figure 72 T.Cat.No.67

67

Figure 73 T.Cat.No.68

67

Figure 74 T.Cat.No.69

68

Figure 75 T.Cat.No.70

69

Figure 76 T.Cat.No.71

69

Figure 77 T.Cat.No.72

69

Figure 78 T.Cat.No.73

69

Figure 79 T.Cat.No.74

70 viii

List of Figures Figure 80 T.Cat.No.75

70

Figure 81 T.Cat.No.76

70

Figure 82 T.Cat.No.77

71

Figure 83 T.Cat.No.78

71

Figure 84 T.Cat.No.79

71

Figure 85 T.Cat.No.80

71

Figure 86 T.Cat.No.81

72

Figure 87 T.Cat.No.82

72

Figure 88 T.Cat.No.83

72

Figure 89 T.Cat.No.84

72

Figure 90 T.Cat.No.85

73

Figure 91 T.Cat.No.86

73

Figure 92 T.Cat.No.87

73

Figure 93 T.Cat.No.88

73

Figure 94 T.Cat.No.89

73

Figure 95 T.Cat.No.90

73

Figure 96 T.Cat.No.91

74

Figure 97 T.Cat.No.92

74

Figure 98 T.Cat.No.93

74

Figure 99 T.Cat.No.94

74

Figure 100 T.Cat.No.95

75

Figure 101 T.Cat.No.96

75

Figure 102 T.Cat.No.97

75

Figure 103 T.Cat.No.98

75

Figure 104 T.Cat.No.99

75

Figure 105 T.Cat.No.100

75

Figure 106 T.Cat.No.101

76

Figure 107 T.Cat.No.102

76

Figure 108 T.Cat.No.103

76

Figure 109 T.Cat.No.104

76

Figure 110 T.Cat.No.105

77

Figure 111 T.Cat.No.106

77

Figure 112 T.Cat.No.107

77

Figure 113 T.Cat.No.108

77

Figure 114 T.Cat.No.109

77

Figure 115 T.Cat.No.110

77

Figure 116 T.Cat.No.111

78

Figure 117 T.Cat.No.112

78

Figure 118 T.Cat.No.113

78

Figure 119 T.Cat.No.114

78

Figure 120 T.Cat.No.115

79 ix

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 Figure 121 T.Cat.No.116

79

Figure 122 T.Cat.No.117

79

Figure 123 T.Cat.No.118

79

Figure 124 T.Cat.No.119

79

Figure 125 T.Cat.No.120

79

Figure 126 T.Cat.No.121

80

Figure 127 T.Cat.No.122

80

Figure 128 T.Cat.No.123

80

Figure 129 T.Cat.No.124

80

Figure 130 T.Cat.No.125

80

Figure 131 T.Cat.No.126

81

Figure 132 T.Cat.No.127

81

Figure 133 T.Cat.No.128

81

Figure 134 T.Cat.No.129

81

Figure 135 T.Cat.No.130

81

Figure 136 T.Cat.No.131

81

Figure 137 T.Cat.No.132

81

Figure 138 T.Cat.No.133

81

Figure 139 T.Cat.No.134

82

Figure 140 T.Cat.No.135

82

Figure 141 T.Cat.No.136

82

Figure 142 T.Cat.No.137

82

Figure 143 T.Cat.No.138

82

Figure 144 T.Cat.No.139

82

Figure 145 T.Cat.No.140

82

Figure 146 T.Cat.No.141

82

Figure 147 T.Cat.No.142

83

Figure 148 T.Cat.No.143

83

Figure 149 T.Cat.No.144

83

x

Chapter 1 Introduction

Fig. 1. Panoramic View of the City of Tell Timai (Above Sea Level) 3. Tell Timai was built on sedimentary accretions formed by the meandering course of the Mendesian Nile branch, but unlike the more ancient site of Mendes the Tell Timai formations are more recent. 4 The retrieval of numerous pottery and rock fragments observed by Holz in the cultivated land between the two sites, and exposed portions of dykes suggest that the two sites were originally one in antiquity. 5 Tell Timai is bordered on both its eastern and western sides by the

1.1 Tell Timai: The Archaeological Context The Ptolemaic-Roman 1 site of Tell Timai (ancient Thmuis) is situated in the North Eastern Nile Delta in the modern Daqaliyah province (Figure 1). Tell Timai lies approximately 20 km to the south west of the modern city of Mansura, and about 500m to the south of the ancient city of Tell el-Rub’a (Mendes). Tell Timai has a circumference of 6 km 2 while the elevation of the Tell above the surrounding floodplain is about 18.5m ASL

Oschenschlager, 1980:25. Redford, 2005:8, Blouin, 2014: 38. 5 Holz, 1980:20, suggests that the southern mound of Mendes extended further to the south, but Oschenschlager, 1980:25, notes that there is no indication that Tell Timai extended north and joined with Mendes. The suggestion that both Mendes and Tell Timai were once one single mound in antiquity must be taken with caution as there has been extensive sebakh removal from both sites particularly in the north of the site of Tell Timai. Bailey, 1999, suggests caution in defining site locations and occupational activity from cultivated land as it could be merely the result of sebakh spreading in the local fields. The hypothesis of Holz has yet to be confirmed by geoarchaeology. 3

Tell Timai has long been considered a Ptolemaic-Roman city. However, excavations by the University of Hawaii have found ceramic material in the lowest accessible levels dating to the Late Dynastic Period in the north of the site, see Hudson, 2014a:16-17; 2014b. Results of these excavations are forthcoming. In addition, a number of terracotta phallic figurines presented in this catalogue have date ranges from the Late Dynastic to the Early Ptolemaic Period, see chapter two, (T.Cat.No.34). In addition to the phallic figurines are also the goddesses in shrines that are dated in this catalogue to the Late Dynastic Period, see (T.Cat.No. 80 and 81). 2 Hansen, 1965. 1

4

1

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 villages of Timai el-Amdid and Kafr Amir. The expansion of the village of Timai el-Amdid has encroached considerably onto the eastern portion of the site with modern apartment buildings and a school, while there is a butane distribution facility constructed in the north of the main Tell. A large rubbish dump has gradually expanded across the eastern side of the Tell covering up large areas of the site, while there is extensive cutting by modern fields. The modern asphalt Mansheiet Sabry Abou el-Alam to Timai el-Amdid road bisects the northern spur of the site, with only fragmentary parts of the Tell preserved north of this road. The eastern village of Kafr Amir has encroached onto the Tell, most notably the village’s cemetery now lies on top of an ancient burial ground as Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) now (MSA) excavations have revealed the presence of ancient burials dated to the PtolemaicRoman Period and a Nilometer. Since 2010 a large section of the western edge of the site has been levelled and is now a large sports centre and football facility. In the south of the Tell modern agriculture has cut away considerable amounts of the ancient city.

(Sharkeya National Museum H856) was found in March 1966 by Mohamed Mohsen. 14 Finally a small head of Aphrodite (Sharkeya National Museum H871) was found by Ibrahim Amir and has been dated from the Late Ptolemaic to the Early Roman Period. 15 In addition to these finds were building foundations of mud brick and limestone pavements perhaps of a temple or bath, as well as a number of ceramic vessels, and bronze coins. 16 From 1963 to 1980 the American Research Center in Egypt (ARCE) was handed the concession to both Mendes and Tell Timai. The Mendes Expedition of the New York Institute of Fine Arts conducted pottery surveys and coring at Tell Timai between 1956 and 1966. In 1990 a consortium directed by Donald Redford including the University of Washington, the University of Illinois and the University of Pennsylvania was granted the Mendes Concession. From 2007 the concession for the site of Tell Timai was given to the University of Hawaii directed by Robert J. Littman and Jay Silverstein in collaboration with the MSA. It is the terracottas that have been found in the University of Hawaii excavations between 2009-2013 that forms the focus for this study.

1.2 Early Excavations at Tell Timai

1.3 The Importance of the Terracotta Assemblage from Tell Timai

Tell Timai was visited by Georges Daressy in 1887 and 1890. Daressy produced a sketch map of what appears to be the north eastern area of the site. In 1890 Daressy described the extensive and significant destruction of the Tell at this time by the extraction of bricks by the locals. 6 Édouard Naville conducted the first excavations for the EEF (Egypt Exploration Fund) (now Egypt Exploration Society, EES) in 1892. 7 Naville excavated a building identified as a library where a number of carbonized papyri were found. Following on from Naville’s work at Tell Timai, Howard Carter failed to receive permits in 1893 to work at the site, and the concession was given to Bernard Pyne Grenfell, but he never excavated at Tell Timai. 8 In 1906 more papyri and clay sealings were found. 9 Following on in 1908 a series of ten Greek marble heads 10 and other marble and alabaster objects were found in the room of a building of an unrecorded location made of baked bricks. 11 A number of high quality mosaics were also found and transferred to the Greco-Roman museum in Alexandria, and also that of the new Alexandrian Library’s History Museum. 12 The Egyptian Antiquities Department (E.A.O) conducted rescue soundings in 1963 by Ibrahim Amir and Hishmat Messiha. In these excavations they found a Ptolemaic Stela (The Small Mendes Stela) (Sharkeya National Museum, H854) dated to the reign of Ptolemy II or later, 13 while a Ptolemaic statue of a recumbent lion

The work of the University of Hawaii at Tell Timai began with a surface survey in 2007 while excavations began in 2009. The terracotta figurines from these excavations that are presented in this catalogue were found over five seasons. Preliminary reports on the pottery from these excavations have been published by Nicholas Hudson, 17 while a study of an African acrobat terracotta group has been published. 18 The first report on the excavations and stratigraphy of the Ptolemaic-Roman settlement will be published in a forthcoming report. A detailed description of the stratigraphy and associated architecture will be reserved for these forthcoming volumes. Due to the large number of terracotta figurines recovered from these excavations from 2009 to 2013 it was decided to present them in a separate dedicated volume. The majority of the Ptolemaic and Roman terracotta figurines found in Egypt that have so far been excavated in stratigraphically controlled excavations have as yet to be published. 19 Therefore little is known of their Wenzel, 2015:294-295. Blasius, 2015b:298-299. 16 Blouin, 2014:42. 17 Hudson, 2014a; 2014b. 18 Bennett, 2014. 19 A number of sites still have catalogues to be published, however there are a small number of reports that have dealt with stratigraphically excavated assemblages, these include the terracotta from Tell Atrib, see, Myśliwiec and Szymańska, 1992:112-132; Szymańska, 1997:56-61; 2005. Some assemblages are published from Kom el-Dikka in Alexandria, see Parandowski, 1990:303-307, and a small number have also been published from Soknopaiou Nesos, see, Caputo, 2012:363375. In addition to this a number of Ptolemaic-Roman terracottas from Medinat Habu that were found alongside pharaonic terracotta figurines mainly of females lying on beds are published by Teeter, 2010. A number of terracottas were reportedly found at the excavations of the quay at Karnak, however only one is visible in the report image, being that of a quadruped that is most likely a horse, see Boraik, 2010:65-78. 14 15

Paris, Cabinet d’Égyptologie, Collége de France, MS E28. Naville, 1892-3:1. 8 Drower, 1995: 284; Blouin, 2014:41. 9 Blouin, 2014:41. 10 Queyrel, 2003. 11 Edgar, 1915; Blouin, 2014:41. 12 Alexandria 20195, 21641, 21641b, 21642, 21737, 21738, 21739, 21740; Daressy, 1914; Blouin, 2014:42. 13 Kamal, 1966; Quaegebeur, 1971: no.13; 1978: 250-251, fig.G; 1998: no.15; Nilsson, 2012:78, 610 (5); Blasius, 2015a:292-3. 6 7

2

Introduction associated chronology. The majority of the terracottas that have so far been published come from museum catalogues of mainly un-provenanced material that include examples with no secure dating. 20 The material from Tell Timai is important for the study of terracottas from Egypt as it allows for a stratigraphical framework to be applied based on the associated material culture, most importantly the ceramic assemblages, which can be used alongside typological and stylistic considerations.

cultural deposits, particularly in the north of the site, which lay so close to the modern day water table covered the objects in thick wet mud. These newly identified figurines were given a new bag number and documented on the excavation unit’s paperwork, and related to the associated feature. The objects were cleaned as much as was deemed necessary and safe so that the object would not degrade, as many of the terracottas had pigment preserved, which is why water was never used on the objects in order to remove the dirt. Small paintbrushes and bone tools were used to remove excessive mud and silt; bone tools with a pointed end were also used to remove smaller pieces of mud. Once the terracottas were cleaned an initial identification was given, such as object category, deity or theme. Some basic analysis was conducted which included the preserved dimensions in centimetres. The dimensions taken included the height, length and width of the terracotta. The terracottas were then grouped into their relevant excavation units and feature numbers. This was done to assess the nature and quantity of figurines coming from each unit, feature and city zone.

This new terracotta catalogue aims to add to the growing set of data regarding the contexts, dating and function of terracottas from which discussions on the themes of chronology, production methods and techniques, fashions and style and the religious cults of Tell Timai and Ptolemaic-Roman Egypt as a whole can be initiated and furthered. In total, 144 terracotta figurines, or fragments of figurines, are presented in this study. They form a large collection of terracottas which are published from stratagraphically controlled excavations in Egypt. The variety and diversity of the types and themes found are significant as until recently little has been known about the religious, cultural and social life of the inhabitants of the ancient city of Tell Timai.

After this initial analysis the terracottas were then photographed using a high-resolution digital camera (DSLR). After the photographic process was finished the terracottas were then put back into the Tell Timai magazine within the dig house and then stored away. The MSA chose a number of objects to be removed and taken away to the Mendes storehouse.

1.4 The Recording of the Tell Timai Terracottas during the Excavations During excavations from 2009 to 2013 all terracotta figurines or objects that were identified by the excavators on site as figurines in the field were collected separately from the pottery collection. They were recorded on individual finds tags and then bagged, or depending on the size and the fragility of the object were boxed with acid free paper. They were given their own separate unique bag number as a special find. After this was done the objects were taken to the Tell Timai dig house and were allocated a specific area in the magazine to await analysis during object reading. At the end of each working day the figurines would be identified as either being a genuine figurine or not; then the paperwork was amended between the excavators to correlate to the new classification in the laboratory. The reasons for this system of recording during the excavation was that so many of the objects were identified as initially being figurines in the field. Based on closer examination, cleaning and documentation they were found to be ceramic wasters and unfired clay fragments that gave the appearance of figurines. Furthermore, an analysis of the pottery buckets at the end of the day, and after ceramic washing, also brought to light further examples of figurines that were not identified in the field. The wet and muddy nature of the deltaic landscape and the associated

1.5 Layout of Study Chapter two is the typological discussion and catalogue of the figurines and forms the main part of this study. Studies that rely on typologies for cataloguing and analysing terracottas, such as the works of Erlich and Kloner from Maresha, 21 have served as a guide for the layout of this study. Chapter three analyses the provenance, function and associated chronologies of terracottas found within Egypt, starting with the Pharaonic Period, and then moving into the PtolemaicRoman Period. This approach allows one to track the changes and continuities in terracotta usage. The Tell Timai terracotta assemblage can then be discussed within this framework. Chapter four discusses the production methods of the Tell Timai terracottas, including the general preservation of the figurines, the pigments used, the mould techniques, the sizes of the figurines, and any additional elements such as bases, backs, vents, lug and wick holes. Chapter four also discusses the different types of clothing, headdresses and facial features on the Tell Timai figurines. Chapter five evaluates what the terracottas can tell us about the religion of the inhabitants of the city of Tell Timai during the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods.

Terracottas were also found at Minshat Abu Omar in Area A in the Ptolemaic-Roman settlement. For the report see, Kroeper and Wildung, 1985. The majority of terracottas found in recent excavations at Tell Basta have not been published but some discussion is presented in Vaelske, 2012:12-13. Finally, at Pelusium a number of terracottas have been published, see Maslak, 2005:69-71. 20 Recent publications of museum catalogues include, Bailey, 2008, and Boutantin, 2012.

21

3

Erlich and Kloner, 2008.

Chapter 2 The Terracotta Catalogue and Typological Study of a recumbent Apis Bull on a base that was dated to the end of the First Century B.C. and the first part of the First Century A.D. 24 An excavation by Ibrahim Amir for the Egyptian Antiquities Organisation (E.A.O.) in 1963 found a terracotta figurine of a male Gallic warrior. It was of reddish brown clay with traces of white slip. It was dated to the Ptolemaic Period (Late Third Century B.C.). 25 The figurine was made in a mould showing a man turning towards the left. The figurine is broken from the right thigh and up to the left hip, while his arms are for the most part lost. The man is naked except for a belt and a long cloak falling over the back and held in place by a fibula at the breast. His long hair has a dishevelled appearance above the forehead and low bulging brow. The eyes are sunken under the brows and above the root of his broad nose are pronounced vertical wrinkles. He has a moustache and his mouth is slightly open, and he wears a Celtic torc, and a neck ring open ended at the front. 26 Based on similar typologies, including an example from the British Museum (BM GR 3552), 27 el-Seify 28 assumed that the warrior once held a long oval shield in his left arm, and in his right he held the hilt of a sword, which hung from his belt. Usually Gallic warriors would show expressions of pain, but the Tell Timai example does not show any evidence of this so does not represent a defeated foe. Instead it depicts a Gallic mercenary in the service of the Ptolemaic army, like the British Museum example. The exotic nature was the inspiration for the Egyptians to create the Gallic warrior, while interest in casting exotic scenes and peoples is also evident in this catalogue particularly in the depiction of sub Saharan Africans. In addition, while technically not part of the terracotta class, it is important to note that a stucco figurine head with paint was also found at Tell Timai that dated from the Roman Period (second half of the Second Century A.D.). 29 It has been included as it parallels terracotta female votive figurines of the same date, indicating that different materials could be used to create the same figurine type. The head was of a female that was broken at the neck. There is a large mass of painted red hair arranged in round full curls framing the face creating a peaked forehead. A diadem is shown in the centre of the hair in the shape of a half moon, and is crowned by a central medallion that hides a further mass of curls on top of the head. The diadem and face are coloured a light pink. Black facial details have been painted on the face while the back is not painted or modelled. Finally, there is an example of a phallus on a plinth (Egyptian Museum, Cairo, SR5/6354) that is said to come from Tell Timai that may belong to the series of the ithyphallic Harpocrates with his

2.1 Documenting the Tell Timai Terracottas The documentation of terracottas according to subjects and types is the most efficient and clear method of presenting terracotta assemblages. 22 Each terracotta has a unique catalogue number associated with it, ranging from 1-144, and each has the prefix ‘T.Cat.No.’ The information recorded for each figurine gives the preserved height, length and width in centimetres. Also recorded is the individual excavation unit and feature number in which it was found. This allows it to be fixed topographically on the site grid both in a vertical and horizontal spatial environment. The feature designation is represented by a capital F with a full stop between it and either a three or four-digit number, (e.g. F.003 or F.1219). The proposed date range for the figurine is also given, including the way it was manufactured, either hand moulded, or in a single or a two-piece mould. Each terracotta has a figure number that relates to the images at the end of the book (e.g. Fig.2). Each figurine also has an associated scale that corresponds to the photographic image. This is followed by a description and discussion of the terracotta. If the terracotta has known comparanda or figurines that exhibit the same or similar features, then these are noted and recorded for future reference. 2.2 Previous Finds of Terracottas from Tell Timai not in this Catalogue This catalogue documents solely the terracotta figurines found by the University of Hawaii between 2009 to 2013, however, in order for a complete artefact history of terracotta figurines to be achieved for the site, references and attributions to other instances of terracotta figurines being found at the site are documented in this section. Previously we know that Édouard Naville makes note of his clearance of the houses of the city, but he makes no specific reference to terracotta figurines being found. Naville does say that he found the typical household goods of the period, but whether this refers to terracotta figurines is uncertain. Furthermore, there is evidence for repeated periods of undocumented sebakhin extraction from across the site. Therefore, it is likely that many examples of terracotta figurines have not been recorded as coming from Tell Timai, or have been lost. The first recorded examples of terracotta figurines were found in domestic contexts dating to the Early Ptolemaic Period during the excavations of the New York University in the 1960s. One was of Harpocrates and he is shown seated on top of the frog goddess Hekat and dated to the first half of the Second Century B.C., or a little later. 23 There was also a figurine Erlich and Kloner, 2008:5; Merker, 2000:4. Oschenschlager, 1967:51, no.33, pl. xxii, fig.43. 24 Oschenschlager, 1967:42, no. 11, pl. xxxii, fig.41. 25 el-Seify, 2015a:296-7.

el-Seify, 2015a:297. Bailey, 2008:147 (3552), pl.102. 28 el-Seify, 2015a: 297. 29 el-Seify, 2015b: 300-301.

22

26

23

27

4

The Terracotta Catalogue and Typological Study phallus extending forward to support a harp between his knees.

and is not small as in most other versions of the Harpocratic iconography. The style of this figurine differs from the rest of the terracotta Harpocrates figurines found at Tell Timai, and for the Ptolemaic Period, due to the size of the crown, and that it is not flanked by the two lotus buds. The face is not childlike compared to the majority of Harpocrates figurines, but is more youthful. The style of the figurine shows a more adult version than the weak childlike images of the god that are so popular in Ptolemaic-Roman terracottas. Aside from the Harpocrates attribution it is also possible that this figurine could be connected in some way to the image of Ptolemy V as Harpocrates. Due to the figurine having stylistic similarities to portraits of the young king. Some alabaster examples of what have been termed cult statues of Ptolemy V are now in the Berlin Ӓgyptisches Museum 14568 and 13457. They were most likely set up in small local or high status domestic shrines. They both have stylistic similarities with the Tell Timai version and have been described as being cult statues of the king used in small shrines. The Tell Timai version has approximately the same dimensions as the two Berlin examples and exhibits the same facial and iconographic features. The facial features are also similar to known examples of Ptolemy V from coinage and other statuary. The prototype for this terracotta may have derived from the cult statue that represented Ptolemy V as Harpocrates described as ‘Ptolemy the Protector of Egypt’ and was erected at his coronation at Memphis which is described on the Rosetta Stone. 39 In addition to the Memphite statue, there were to be statues of Ptolemy V in non-Greek style, (i.e. in Egyptian style) to be set up in every temple of Upper and Lower Egypt. 40 At the domestic cult level, images of Ptolemy V were encouraged to be set up in copies of the shrines in which the other statues of Ptolemy V were placed within the temples alongside the other local gods. They were told to create small shrines and place it in their homes in which they can then participate in the celebrations and festivals each month and every year, so that they may worship Ptolemy V. 41 The Tell Timai example may have been used in the domestic cult. It is difficult to prove such an attribution to Ptolemy V due to a lack of comparative material, but the difference in style to the majority of other Harpocrates terracottas, and the similarity to known portraiture of the king could indicate that this once belonged to the domestic cult of Ptolemy V at Tell Timai. There are two examples from Tell Timai that show Harpocrates leaning against a pier or plinth, this is a common type during the Ptolemaic Period, 42 however only one such example T.Cat.No.5 is depicted in a distinctly Hellenistic style. Good examples of this style of Tell Timai figurine come from the neighbourhoods of Alexandria and the cemeteries of Sciatbi and Hadra. The figurines of this type found at Alexandria have a date range of around 275

2.3 Typological Study and Catalogue of Terracottas, 2009-2013 2.3.1 Harpocrates The child deity Harpocrates was one of the most popular types found in the assemblage. He was the manifestation of Horus as a child. By the Late Period, Harpocrates, ‘Horus the Child’, is portrayed as a boy with a side lock and often with his finger to his mouth. He was a very popular deity as he was the provider of food, protector of agriculture and the household, and was a fecundity figure for both humans and animals. Harpocrates also protected people against venomous animals such as scorpions, snakes and crocodiles. 30 The cult of Harpocrates and his image is also represented outside of Egypt but on a lesser frequency and popularity than his mother Isis or the god Serapis. 31 Within Egypt, by the time of Nectanebo I, Harpocrates was the god of the Mammisi, the birthhouse of the kings in the Late, Ptolemaic and Roman Period temples. 32 Harpocrates had no single place of origin, but had multiple different centres of worship, one of which was at Mendes, 33 to the north of Tell Timai. A large number of personal attributes are associated with Harpocrates, such as a cornucopia, a pot, lotus buds, the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt, a hemhemet crown which was a triple version of the atef crown of Osiris, and he occasionally wore female clothes and jewellery. He is also shown both clothed and nude, and in macrophallic and ithyphallic form. 34 There are twelve examples of Harpocrates found at Tell Timai between 2009 and 2013 making up 8.3 per cent of the overall assemblage, making Harpocrates the second most common deity in the assemblage after Bes. At Tell Timai there are two examples, T.Cat.No.1 and T.Cat.No.6, that show him with a pot. One example, T.Cat.No.1 has the addition of the finger to the lips, which was probably a type introduced into Egyptian coroplastic art in the Third Century B.C. 35, and continued to be a popular form throughout the Ptolemaic-Roman Period. This type is also seen in the Levant at Maresha. 36 Seated figures with pots are more common than standing versions 37 with T.Cat.No.6 showing the standing macrophallic type with the pot resting at his left hand side. Many interpretations have been given for the use of the pot, such as containing gruel for the no-longer breastfed infant, or the libation of the sacred Nile water, symbolizing the fecundity of the Nile, or for the Harpocrateia, as an ex-voto, or was intended for smashing at funerals. 38 Compared to most terracottas of Harpocrates T.Cat.No.4 is depicted differently than most other types of Harpocrates known for the period. The crown is more in proportion to the head Bailey, 2008:13. Dunand, 1979:135-6; Tran TamTinh, Jaeger and Poulin, 1988:442; Erlich and Kloner, 2008:10. 32 Bailey, 2008:14. 33 Bailey, 2008:14. 34 Bailey, 2008:14. 35 Fischer, 1995:309.

Erlich and Kloner, 2008:11, pl.4. Bailey, 2008:15. 38 Dunand, 1979:74; Frankfurter, 1998:54; Török, 1995:62-3. 39 Budge, 1929:117. 40 Budge, 1929:117. 41 Budge, 1929:123. 42 For examples of this common form see, Breccia, 1934:pls XVII-XX.

30

36

31

37

5

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 to 200 B.C. 43 The style of this figurine from Tell Timai and those from Alexandria appear to take their influence from the Praxiteles school of sculpture. 44 This figurine suggests that there was a direct trade of terracotta figurines or moulds between the capital at Alexandria and at Tell Timai. Furthermore, there were strong trade relations between the cities of Alexandria and the Mendesian Nome during this period. 45 In addition this terracotta reflects the use of Hellenistic figurative styles alongside that of native Egytian types in the city.

See, Fischer, 1994: no.575 (Late First to Second Century A.D.) and Török, 1995: no.72 (Late Hellenistic, or later). T.Cat.No.3: Harpocrates with Amphora Height: 7.07 cm Length: 7.46 cm Width: 2.75 cm Unit: N6-5 (F.1219) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.4 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.1: Harpocrates Seated with a Pot Height: 8.4 cm Length: 6.9 cm Width: 1.8 cm Unit: P5-26 (F.003) Date: Late Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.2 Scale: 1:1

Only the upper part of the figurine is preserved showing a face with a heavily degraded stylized Double Crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. To the side of the face is an amphora with an ovoid body and long cylindrical neck. The handles are long and thin and attach to the shoulder of the vessel. The form is reminiscent of forms produced in the Late Third to Second Century B.C. However, dating the figurine based on the amphora style is tentative due to the bad condition of the object and its stylized form. The ceramics from within the associated layer (N6-5 F.1219) provide a date for the Early Ptolemaic Period so the amphora date could correlate.

A seated figure of Harpocrates facing to the right. The lower portion of the figurine is broken away below the knee and the underside of the torso. He wears a garment that is pleated and draped over his lower body and his right leg. The right arm is left unclothed and naked. The arms are grasping a cylindrical object that rests under the face. Based on other examples of this figurine typology it is probable that this circular object is a pot, however the details have been worn down. The face shows the typical childlike qualities of this deity, while the head is framed by a large bound wreath. There are traces of a vibrant blue pigment on the wreath, while the rest of the body appears to show traces of a yellow pigment around the chin and neck.

T.Cat.No.4: Ptolemy V as Harpocrates Height: 5.4 cm Length: 2.97 cm Width: 2.32 cm Unit: N6-7 (F.1409) Date: Reign of Ptolemy V Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.5 Scale: 1:1 A head of Ptolemy V as Harpocrates that is preserved to below the bottom lip with some damage around the mouth. The crown has been stylized to some extent with some damage at the top but does not exhibit flanking lotus buds. The side lock of hair which is broken away is rendered as if it was an accessory of the red crown producing a detail of traditional Egyptian representations of child gods. He has wide downward sloping eyes and a narrow nose that has been pinched at the end before firing. The chin is missing so we cannot determine whether the finger was raised to the mouth. There are traces of blue pigment on the base of the Double Crown.

T.Cat.No.2: Head of Harpocrates Height: 6.2 cm Length: 3.8 cm Width: 1.6 cm Unit: P5-26 (F.048) Date: Early Roman Period, First to Second Century A.D. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.3 Scale: 1:1 A shaved head of Harpocrates with side lock and the double crown flanked by two lotus buds. The head is broken at the neck. A large amount of blue pigment is preserved around base of the double crown and lotus buds. The facial features are worn but do not show the finger being raised to the mouth.

T.Cat.No.5: Harpocrates Resting on a Plinth (Praxiteles Style) Height: 8.16 cm Length: 6.13 cm Width: 3.4 cm Unit: N6-9 (F.1516) Date: Third to Second Century B.C.

Comparanda (for the face only) The depiction of this facial style for Harpocrates is typical of the Late Hellenistic and First to Second Century A.D. Breccia, 1930: tav.Q.1, 2. For a comprehensive discussion of Praxiteles see, Lullies, 1954: 1787-1810. 43

45

44

6

Blouin, 2014:81-85.

The Terracotta Catalogue and Typological Study Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.6 Scale: 1:1

which indicates that this figurine belongs to a typology where his right hand is probably reaching into a small round bowl under his arm. The missing pot would have looked like the pot in T. Cat. No. 1 and 5.

The figurine is broken just below the right thigh and shows Harpocrates represented as a young man who is leaning on a pier with a cloak that flows behind him. The garment is fastened at the front of the chest and draped over his left arm. The rest of the body is exposed and has the remains of a phallus that was probably hyperextended expressing his fecundity. His right arm rests on his hip, while his left hand appears to be holding something that has since broken off. There are remains of blue pigment on the cloak with some small traces of red pigment to represent the skin tone.

Comparanda This style of head is typical in the Late Hellenistic Period (First Century B.C.), see Paul, 1959: no.303, and BayerNeimeier, 1988: nos 36 and 39 (from the Fayum, First Century B.C.), and continues into the Early Roman Period, see, Besques, 1992: no. E374 (from Antinoopolis) (start of the Roman Period), Fischer, 1994: no. 575 (Late First to Second Century A.D.), no. 606 (First Century A.D.), Fjeldhagen, 1995: no. 9 (Late First Century A.D.), Dunand, 1990: nos 117 (Roman), 130 and 131 (Roman Period). This style also continues to be common into the second half of the Third Century A.D. see, Allen, 1985: no 56 (found in the south temple complex at Karanis, structure E44 Room A).

Comparanda For examples of this Hellenistic style of leaning male see; Breccia, 1930: tav. Q.1. T.Cat.No.6: Harpocrates in Military Uniform

T.Cat.No.8: Harpocrates

Height: 7.5 cm Length: 5.17 cm Width: 3.32 cm Unit: N6-9 (F.1516) Date: Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.7 Scale: 1:1

Height: 10.5 cm Length: 3.9 cm Width: 2.68 cm Unit: R13-1 (F.1727) Date: Early Roman Period. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.9 Scale: 1:1

The lower body of Harpocrates in a kilt of military style with three pleats. He stands on a rectangular base while underneath the kilt there is a hypersexual phallus emanating and bending out to the right in front of a plinth. To the left hand side, a small pot rests against his leg. The presence of the pot to the side of the leg indicates the figurine depicts that of the child god Harpocrates. Furthermore, the presence of the hypersexual phallus, the association of the plinth and that he is clothed in military outfit, which can also be a trait of the god Harpocrates, 46 would all confirm this identification of this figurine as the child god dressed as a soldier.

Harpocrates wears the Double Crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. He has a very rounded childlike face with curly locks of hair and is wearing a robe. The main element of the figurine has broken away leaving only the face and part of the garment. It is likely that this once belonged to the type of figurine in which Harpocrates is seen riding an animal, however too little survives to give an accurate identification. T.Cat.No.9: Harpocrates Reclining Height: 5.74 cm Length: 4.11 cm Width: 0.96 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.1309) Date: Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.10 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.7: Head of Harpocrates Height: 6.19 cm Length: 5.17 cm Width: 4.01 cm Unit: P5-11 (F.1443) Date: Early Roman Period (First Century A.D.) Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.8 Scale: 1:1

Harpocrates is reclined with his legs outstretched to his right hand side. He is clothed in a garment with a circular object resting behind him. This figurine shows the pot associated with Harpocrates but could also represent the circular loaf of bread, but the preservation of the figurine makes a positive identification tentative. This type of figurine is often shown with both the loaf and the pot, but as the left hand side of the figurine is missing where the pot is usually placed we cannot say whether both

This head of Harpocrates is shaven except for the side lock of youth. He wears the stylized Double Crown of Upper and Lower Egypt flanked by one lotus bud on the right hand side. The left hand side lotus bud has broken off. There is no evidence of the finger being raised to the lips 46

Bailey, 2008:16.

7

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 Harpocratic attributes were present. His left arm is missing but it would have probably supported him. His right arm is raised up towards his mouth with his finger extending towards his lips. The head is missing which is unfortunate as this was a particularly well made and detailed example of this style.

long slender object with a rhomboidal element on the top with two indentations. This could possibly represent either a miniature amphora or a cornocopia. 2.3.2 Bes The dwarf god Bes was one of the most popular deities during the Ptolemaic and Roman Period, and alongside Harpocrates was one of the most common terracotta figurine types in Egypt. This popularity is also seen at Tell Timai with Bes being the most common deity found between 2009 and 2013, with 19 examples, (13.2 per cent). Bes was the protector of the household, but he never had a temple of his own, however, during the Late Dynastic and Ptolemaic, Roman Periods Bes had a presence at some major shrines such as Dendera and Saqqara. 47 Bes was shown in large scale relief sculpture at the Mammisi of temples, and in the Ptolemaic Bes chambers at Saqqara. 48 Two large fragments of terracotta relief sculptures of Bes, T.Cat.No.22 and 25 have been found at Tell Timai in the northern area fills. They represent Bes with his sword in the air held across the plumed headdress. The first example, T.Cat.No.22 has a preserved height of 12.5 cm and dates from the Third to Second Century B.C. The estimated full height of this relief sculpture is approximately 50 cm tall, while the second example, T.Cat.No.25 is slightly smaller and preserved an alternating blue and red pigment on the headdress. Both of these examples were flat backed and could be mounted onto a wall dado, very much as in the examples of the Ptolemaic Bes chambers at Saqqara or the Mammisi of the period. The presence of two large flat backed Bes figures could indicate that there was a Mammisi or similar Bes chambers located somewhere at Tell Timai, however, as they were found in a fill and were not in situ they may have been brought from elsewhere on the site.

T.Cat.No.10: Harpocrates Height: 8.9 cm Length: 4.4 cm Width: 2.6 cm Unit: O7-15 (F.1078) Date: Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.11 Scale: 1:1 The upper body of Harpocrates with a flat unmoulded back. The lower body is broken away below the arms. The figurine is heavily degraded but the stylized crown of Upper and Lower Egypt is preserved, however the rest of the facial features are degraded. There are some remains of red pigment around the lower facial area with white pigment on the upper chest area and around the base of the crown. T.Cat.No.11: Face of Harpocrates Height: 5.62 cm Length: 4.43 cm Width: 2.50 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.001) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.12 Scale: 1:1 A face of a male broken at the neck. The facial features have degraded badly leaving little detail, however a nose and lips can be determined. There is a possible wreath around the head that has broken away on the right hand side. T.Cat.No.12: Cornocopia

Harpocrates

with

an

Amphora

The abundance of Bes terracotta figurines in the Ptolemaic Period was for the protection of the household to protect against demons and especially the pregnant mother and child. Bes also provided protection to those who were sleeping, and protected the body of the deceased on its way through the underworld. 49 There is only one example of Bes standing naked with his hands on his thighs, T.Cat.No.15, but the most common stance from Tell Timai is that of the armed or militant Bes. In this stance Bes is in his protective role of driving away demons, and shows the god in a threatening role with his sword held high above his head often crossing the plumed headdress, and with a shield on his left arm. The swords depicted on Bes figurines usually have an enclosed hilt, and the sword is often straight and tapering, or with a swelling leaf shaped blade. 50 At Tell Timai the swords are usually not preserved with only the hilt remaining, but T.Cat.No.20, 22, 23 and 26 all show the straight tapering form being brandished across the front of the plumed headdress. The shields on T.Cat.No.20 and 21 are rounded, and are of probable Macedonian origin. 51 These two examples, T.Cat.No.20

or

Height: 8.1 cm Length: 4.9 cm Width: 3 cm Unit: N6-1 (F.0207) Date: Ptolemaic, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.13 Scale: 1:1 This figurine is heavily degraded and is broken off just below the arms. The arm appears to be raised to the face indicating the finger being raised to the lips like in figurines of Harpocrates. By the side of the head rises a Bailey, 2008:17. Quibell, 1907: pls xxvi-vii; Frankfurter, 1998:127; Bailey, 2008:17. 49 Bailey, 2008:17. 47

50

48

51

8

Bailey, 2008:18. Bailey, 2008:19.

The Terracotta Catalogue and Typological Study and 21 of the naked Bes in a threatening pose with the round shield are a common type and can also have a panther skin draped around the back like on T.Cat.No.20 which is picked out in detail. An armoured version of Bes, T.Cat.No.19 only preserves the lower part the body, but the armour depicted is Macedonian. Finally, there are a number of fragmentary eyes such as T.Cat.No.27 and 30 that come from large hollow moulded terracotta figurines, along with a small fragment of a plumed headdress, T.Cat.No.13. In addition to T.Cat.No.13 there is also a near complete five feathered headdress, T.Cat.No.14.

T.Cat.No.16: Head of Bes Height: 4.01 cm Length: 2.29 cm Width: 1.5 cm Unit: N6-7 (F.1409) Date: Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.17 Scale: 1:1 The feathered headdress and the upper part of the face with the eyes and furrowed brow. The rest of the figurine has broken away and is in a poor state of preservation.

T.Cat.No.13: Bes Headdress Height: 3.85 cm Length: 2.28 cm Width: 2.01 cm Unit: P5-26 (F.001) Date: Late Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.14 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.17: Hand of Bes Grasping Sword Height: 4.3 cm Length: 7.9 cm Width: 1.7 cm Unit: P5-26 (F.001) Date: Ptolemaic Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.18 Scale: 1:1

An elaborately decorated fragment of a Bes plumage. It represents a single plume with traces of a second one to the right. Within this single plume are the remains of four individual feathers each well moulded.

A large figurine of the hand of Bes. It shows part of the grasping hand of the deity with remains of two claws. The hand most likely grasped a large sword that is wielded across the head.

T.Cat.No.14: Bes Headdress Height: 8.4 cm Length: 8.00 cm Width: 3.00 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.1310) Date: Late Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.15 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.18: Base of a Bes Figurine Height: 4.1 cm Length: 4.65 cm Width: 4.14 cm Unit: N6-7 (F.1459) Date: Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.19 Scale: 1:1

Fragment of a five plumed headdress of Bes. It is well moulded and has good detailed feather striations.

This small fragment of the base from a Bes figurine preserves the remains of the squatting legs and feet. The body is missing at the top of the right leg and left foot.

Comparanda For the same style of feathered detail on the headdress see, Breccia, 1934: pl. XLIX 240.

T.Cat.No.19: Large Militant Bes

T.Cat.No.15: Lower Body of Bes

Height: 12.5 cm Length: 8.2 cm Width: 4.3 cm Unit: P5-23 (F.999 MSA Salvage) Date: Late Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.20 and Fig.21 Scale: 1:1

Height: 8.2 cm Length: 6.0 cm Width: 3.00 cm Unit: N7-2 (F.0268) Date: Ptolemaic, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.16 Scale: 1:1

A large standing figure of the god Bes. The rectangular base, lower legs and the left hand side of the torso is preserved. The left arm is also preserved up until the bent elbow in the common stance of wielding a sword above his head. The shield has broken away along with the head. The details on the front of the figurine are slightly worn but Bes

Two fragments that make up the lower body of a small Bes figurine. The lower portion of the Bes figurine shows the squatting muscular legs and feet with a small phallus and a portion of the lower belly.

9

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 wears a tunic which has what appears to be a light Macedonian cuirass over the top of it, while there is a double row of pteryges above the bottom edge of the tunic. Blue pigment is preserved on the exposed skin of the extended arm. The back is plain and not moulded with the remains of a vent.

Comparanda Paul, 1959: no.207; Petrie Museum UC 47974; SkupinskaLøvset, 1978: no. UT 111 (First Century A.D.). T.Cat.No.22: Bes Height: 12.5 cm Length: 9.7 cm Width: 4.1 cm Unit: N7-2 (F.0237) Date: Ptolemaic, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.25 Scale: 1:1

Comparanda Militant Bes figurines of this style are known from the British Museum and the Ashmolean Museum dated from the Third to Second Century B.C., 52 however most Militant Bes figurines of this style are dated to the Roman Period, which is also the proposed date of the Tell Timai example. For Roman Period militant Bes figurines of the Tell Timai style see, Dunand, 1990: no.31 (Roman); Szymańska, 2005: no.160 (from Tell Atrib), (First to Second Century A.D.); Fjeldhagen, 1995: no.57 (Second to Third Century A.D); Frankfurter, 1998: pl.I,

A large flat backed image of Bes, of which only the upper face and part of the headdress and sword remain. The intricacy of the detailing around the eyes is of a high standard and gives a menacing appearance to the figure. The full size figure would have probably reached a total height of about approximately 50 cm. It may have lined a wall of a building, acting as a dado, very much in the same way as the much larger examples found in the Bes chambers at Saqqara. 53 However no such structures have been found at Tell Timai so far.

T.Cat.No.20: Militant Bes Height: 18 cm Length: 10.3 cm Width: 4.07 cm Unit: R13-1 (F.1725) Date: First Century B.C. to First Century A.D. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.22 and Fig.23 Scale: 1:2

T.Cat.No.23: Bes Height: 12.64 cm Length: 6.64 cm Width: 1.58 cm Unit: N7-3 (F.0257) Date: Ptolemaic, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.26 Scale: 1:1

Bes is shown standing on a small plinth, naked and armed. He wears the panther skin over his back. The sword is held high overlapping the five-feathered headdress. He has an amulet of a lion hanging around his neck. The shield is of the round type and he has a vent at the back. There are the remains of blue, red and white pigments on the plumage. There are also traces of pink and blue pigments on the shield.

A small flat backed image of Bes. He is poorly preserved but appears to be naked. The shield has broken away but the sword is preserved. It appears to have a four-feathered plumage based on the feather stems, with the five feather missing. The facial features are prominently defined., however the rest of the body is well worn and the bottom half is missing.

Comparanda Kaufmann, 1915: taf. 24 (top right). T.Cat.No.21: Militant Bes Height: 8.7 cm Length: 4.57 cm Width: 2.74 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.1327) Date: First Century A.D. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.24 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.24: Bes Height: 10.01 cm Length: 5.64 cm Width: 3.2 cm Unit: N7-2 (F.0265) Date: Ptolemaic, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.27 Scale: 1:1

Bes is shown on a small plinth, naked and armed. He has his sword in the air, however the headdress has broken off, and has a round shield. The back is plain in design.

Fragment of a standing Bes who is naked. It is unknown if he was armoured as the arms, headdress and lower body have not survived. He wears a lion amulet around his neck,

Ashmolean Museum, Oxford no.1890.643, Bailey, 2008: 40, pl.17 (3100EA).

52

53

10

Quibell, 1907:12-14, pls XXVI-XXXIII.

The Terracotta Catalogue and Typological Study and has a lean torso. His face is finely moulded with intricate beard features and prominent facial features.

This figurine fragment forms part of the base and lower legs of Bes. The size of the feet indicates that the full size of the object would have been fairly large. Between the feet is a thin linear feature that is the tail of the panther skin that is draped around the god.

T.Cat.No.25: Bes Height: 12 cm Length: 13.1 cm Width: 3.6 cm Unit: N6-1 (F.0204) Date: Ptolemaic, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.28 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.29: Bes Figurine Height: 6.18 cm Length: 5.4 cm Width: 1.32 cm Unit: R13-1 (F.1742) Date: Roman Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.32 Scale: 1:1

This figurine preserves the face and upper body. Bes is depicted naked and wielding a sword. The sword has broken at the hilt and the plumage of the headdress has broken away. The shield has not been preserved either. The carving of the facial features is good. There are the remains of blue pigment on the base of the headdress and the body, while there is a band of red pigment at the base of the headdress.

The feet of Bes are standing on a rectangular plinth with the remains of a wick hole. T.Cat.No.30: Eye of Bes Height: 7 cm Length: 4.1 cm Width: 1.2 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.1306) Date: Early Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.33 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.26: Bes Height: 6.9 cm Length: 7.1 cm Width: 2.5 cm Unit: N7-3 (F.0257) Date: Ptolemaic, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.29 Scale: 1:1

A large fragment of an eye of Bes. T.Cat.No.31: A Foot of Bes

A fragment of a Bes figurine with prominent eyebrows and eyes. The rest of the face and body has broken away. The hand is preserved holding the sword overhead in a prone position.

Height: 4.9 cm Length 2.6 cm Width 2.9 cm Unit: N6-3 (F.0229) Date: Ptolemaic, Third to Second Century Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.34 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.27: Eye of Bes Height: 1.2 cm Length: 1.31 cm Width: 0.36 cm Unit: N7-2 (F.0517) Date: Ptolemaic, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.30 Scale: 1:1

A wide squatting leg with a small foot from a Bes figurine. 2.3.3 Other Egyptian Male Deities In addition to Harpocrates and Bes, who are the most popular male deities within the Tell Timai assemblage other examples of male Egyptian deities are scarce. The only other Egyptian male deity in the Tell Timai assemblage is the god Thoth. Thoth is represented in his baboon form, with a small ibis perched by his side.

A detailed carving of an eye from a Bes figurine. The eyelid is well defined and the eye protrudes. T.Cat.No.28: Bes Figurine

T.Cat.No.32: Thoth in Baboon Form

Height: 4.303 cm Length: 6.865 cm Width: 1.317 cm Unit: O7-15 (F.1078) Date: Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.31 Scale: 1:1

Height: 8.8 cm Length: 8.34 cm Width: 3 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.1310) Date: Late Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.35 11

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.33: A Large Phallus

The god Thoth represented in baboon form seated on a rectangular plinth with his paws resting on his knees. He has his genitals exposed. He is heavily maned with good details and carving on the mane. A small ibis is standing next to him representing another form of the god Thoth. The head of the baboon has broken away.

Height: 3.39 cm Length: 7.66 cm Width: 3.14 cm Unit: N6-9 (F.1516) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Hand moulded Figure: Fig.36 Scale: 1:1

Comparanda Exact parallels have not been forthcoming for this example, but for other terracotta baboons see, Breccia, 1934: pl. CXI 642-3.

A hypersexual phallus broken off from a phallic figurine.

2.3.4 Phallic Figurines

T.Cat.No.34: Phallic Kneeling Figurine

Most phallic figurines manufactured in terracotta, limestone, faience and plaster from the Late Dynastic and the Ptolemaic Period are most likely votive in nature and dedicated at temple complexes or small shrines. 54 All of the examples from Tell Timai are dated from the Late Dynastic to the Ptolemaic Period, and so far, none have been found in Roman levels. Their functions are primarily to ensure the fecundity and the ability, if you were a woman to become pregnant, and if you were a man to avoid impotence. In addition, they were likely to have had other functions such as the fertility of the fields and animals for their owners. 55 They may also have been as exvotos dedicated by young men reaching the age of puberty. 56 The example of the macrophallic Harpocrates T.Cat.No.6 discussed above may also have been votive in nature.

Height: 6.85 cm Length: 4.31 cm Width: 3.12 cm Unit: R13-1 (F.004) Date: Late Dynastic Period to Early Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Hand moulded Figure: Fig.37 Scale: 1:1

There are two distinct types of phallic figurine identified at Tell Timai, with all of them being part of the ithyphallic (large and straight type) instead of the macrophallic version (not straight or erect, and usually curved or wrapped around the individual). These ithyphallic types include positions where the phallus is being held while the man sits on a base, or seat, such as in the examples T.Cat.No.36-38, 40 and 42. Those that are well modelled and emanate from the body without a support such as T.Cat.No.33, 39 and 41 may have come standing figures, while a finer two-piece moulded example, T.Cat.No.35 of Late Ptolemaic Period date may also belong to the phallic figurine category, however this is uncertain. As so little of the phallic figurines are preserved from Tell Timai it is difficult to define any further details regarding sub types, beyond the phallic nature of the figurine itself, 57 however one example, T.Cat.No.36 shows the phallus on a plinth which may belong to the series of the ithyphallic Harpocrates in which his phallus extends forward between his knees in order to support a harp or another item such as an amphora or jar. A similar example of this type was previously found at Tell Timai and is now in the Cairo Museum (Egyptian Museum, Cairo, SR5/6354).

Height: 3.5 cm Length: 2.9 cm Width: 1.0 cm Unit: R18-1 (F.021) Date: Late Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.38 Scale: 1:1

A crudely moulded kneeling phallic figurine. The legs are framing the phallus on either side but little of them survives due to the preservation of the fabric. The phallus is broken off before the connection with the torso. The head of the phallus has an indentation in the head. T.Cat.No.35: Head of a Phallus (?)

A double moulded head of a phallus. It has a break on the left hand side and shows part of the shaft. T.Cat.No.36: A Phallus on a Plinth Height: 1.9 cm Length: 9.3 cm Width: 2.7 cm Unit: N7-2 (F.0268) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.39 Scale: 1:1 A large phallus resting on a rectangular plinth. T.Cat.No.37: Phallic Figurine

Bailey, 2008:69. Bailey, 2008:69. 56 Bailey, 2008:69.

57 For a wider discussion on the attributes and iconography of phallic figurines and the association of these types with Harpocrates and Min see Fischer, 1994:34; Török, 1995:52-7 and Bailey, 2008: 69-71.

54 55

12

The Terracotta Catalogue and Typological Study A poorly made phallus.

Height: 8.3 cm Length: 6.2 cm Width: 6.7 cm Unit: O6-17 (F.0314) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.40 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.41: Phallus Height: 3.1 cm Length: 7.02 cm Width: 2.49 cm Unit: N6-9 (F.1516) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Hand moulded Figure: Fig.44 Scale: 1:1

A male figure with his arms folded over his lap, with a small phallus resting on a plinth. The head of the male is missing.

A crudely modelled erect phallus.

T.Cat.No.38: Phallic Figurine

T.Cat.No.42: Seated Phallic Figurine

Height: 3.8 cm Length: 2.7 cm Width: 4.6 cm Unit: N7-2 (F.0518) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.41 Scale: 1:1

Height: 4.75 cm Length: 8.74 cm Width: 3.61 cm Unit: R13 -2 (F.004) Date: Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Hand moulded Figure: Fig.45 Scale: 1:1 A crudely made phallus in a coarse silt. The phallus appears to be flanked by legs on either side. The phallus bends away to the right. It is broken away at the start of the torso.

A seated figure with its arms down by its sides to support the extended phallus. T.Cat.No.39: Phallic Figurine

2.3.5 Theatrical Themes: Male Entertainers and Theatre Masks

Height: 7.5 cm Length: 5.3 cm Width: 3.5 cm Unit: N6-4 (F.0442) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Hand moulded Figure: Fig.42 Scale: 1:1

Figurines related to theatrical themes and masks are well represented at Tell Timai with all of the performers being represented by males. The theatre was extremely popular and had a significant impact on the visual arts and crafts that are found in locations in which Greeks settled, and Hellenistic Egypt was no different. 58 The theatrical themes were extremely popular among the terracotta figurines as the genre of new comedy rose in the Early Hellenistic Period to become one of its typical cultural markers. 59 The amount of theatrical themed terracottas found at Tell Timai suggests that the theatre was a popular attraction during the Ptolemaic and Roman Period, and an important part of the cities culture. There is possible evidence for a theatre at Tell Timai located in the south east of the site, but is as yet unexcavated. The date of its construction and phasing throughout the period cannot be defined. Theatre masks were common in small terracottas and this is also the case at Tell Timai in the Ptolemaic levels with examples, T.Cat.No.47, 48, 49 and 50. They would be used for a number of functions such as souvenirs, votives for Dionysus, or burial offerings, 60 and also as miniature replicas of the actor’s masks who they viewed, but none of the examples from Tell Timai have suspension lugs or holes imitating the real actors’ masks. What is clear from the terracottas is that all of the small theatre masks date

The male figurine has a muscular torso, the head is missing, so too is the left arm. The right arm is broken away at the top. The phallus has broken off along with the two legs that appeared to be extending out in front of the body. This attributes indicate that the figurine probably belonged to the group of seated phallic figurines. T.Cat.No.40: A Large Phallus Height: 5.1 cm Length: 4.9 cm Width: 8.9 cm Unit: N6-4 (F.0442) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Hand moulded Figure: Fig.43 Scale: 1:1 58 59

Bailey, 2008:136. Pollitt, 1986:1-16.

60

13

Brea, 2001:275-77; Erlich and Kloner, 2008:56.

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 from the Early Ptolemaic Period and coincide with the advent of new comedy in the Early Hellenistic Period. As these masks have all been found in fills and not in burials it can be expected that they were bought as souvenirs and suggests the presence of a theatre at Tell Timai in the Early Ptolemaic Period. This theatre may be the same as the unexcavated example in the south east of the site, but it must also be said that plays could have been performed in the agora too, or other parts of the city. Later on in the Late Ptolemaic and Early Roman Period the terracottas, if art imitated life, suggest that there were troupes of acrobats from sub Saharan Africa performing gymnastics in the city. The acrobats T.Cat.No.43-46 were all found together in a circular votive pit in the remains of a building that went out of use some time in the second half of the First Century A.D. based on the ceramic evidence. The acrobats themselves are a new type to be found in this form. The provenance and votive nature of the pit will be discussed further in chapter three along with the nature of collections of terracotta types in ritual locations and deposits. The popularity of Africans as acrobats in the Late Ptolemaic Period and Early Roman Period is demonstrated by a First to Second Century A.D. white marble statue of an acrobat found in Rome in 1908 in the area of the former Villa Patrizi near the Via Nomentana (Museo Nazionale Romano, Palazzo Massimo Alle Terme 40809). 61 The statue is in classical Greek style and was probably based on an Alexandrian original. The pose and style of this statue is identical to that of the acrobats found at Tell Timai, but the base and lower legs of the statue have broken away. The table or vault on which the acrobat rests is damaged but appears to be circular in shape, but it is unknown if the base had leonine legs like those depicted in the terracottas, or was erected on a plain upright plinth. The dating of the Roman statue is similar in date to that proposed for the acrobat terracottas of Tell Timai. It demonstrates that the classical Greek style of depicting acrobats was maintained throughout the Ptolemaic-Roman Period in Rome and Egypt. 62 Another marble statue of an African acrobat (London BM 1768) acquired in 1805 in Rome and dated from the First Century B.C. to the First Century A.D. depicts a young male acrobat balancing on top of the back of a crocodile. 63 The pose of this acrobat is again the same as that depicted on the acrobat terracottas from Tell Timai, but this time the vault is substituted for a crocodile. The acrobats found at Tell Timai are an important new style of figurine to be added to the corpus of previously known terracottas from Egypt and the theatre genre. They form part of a wider series of figurines and scenes of daily life that included African people as their subject that were so popular in Alexandria and the major Egyptian cities of the Ptolemaic-Roman Period. They also have stylistic associations with the statues of African acrobats that were being erected in the city of Rome in the First Century B.C. and First Century A.D. 64

T.Cat.No.43: Single Acrobat Height: 20.3 cm Length: 9.28 cm Width: 6.65 cm Unit: R13-1 (F.1729) Date: First Century B.C. to First Century A.D. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.46 Scale: 1:2 An African acrobat shown upon a circular table with three leonine legs. Each leg has lions paws used as the feet while the acrobat’s face looks outward while his upper body is outstretched vertically, with the feet pointing up. The table functioned as a vault, which the acrobat would use to project himself into the air to perform his moves. His arms are bent back behind his body with his shoulders resting on the vault in front of his head. His forearms are behind him and his palms are resting on the back of the table in order to perform a handstand. The hair is in tight curls, the nose is broad and flat, his cheekbones are high and the lips are relatively thick. The proportions of the size of the head to the body are exaggerated, with the head being larger and the most prominent element of the figurine. The man is depicted as being naked with well-defined buttocks and leg joints. In the calve muscles of the extended legs there is a lug hole. At the base of the figurine between the front table legs are two wick holes that do not appear to be functional. In between the table legs is preserved a red pigment that would have filled the areas between the legs including the two wick holes. While the table itself was painted in a yellow pigment. However, the pigment on the body is not well preserved. It appears that the face had some yellow on it and that the extended body had traces of red, with some yellow remaining towards the ankle area. T.Cat.No.44: Single Acrobat Height: 12.3 cm Length: 7.313 cm Width: 6.836 cm Unit: R13-1 (F.1729) Date: First Century B.C. to First Century A.D. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.47 Scale: 1:2 This acrobat was reconstructed from the fragments found within F.1729. The upper part of the left leg is missing, along with a large part of the bent left arm. The design of this acrobat shows all the same features as single acrobat T. Cat. No. 43. He is an African male. The same round table with leonine feet acting as a platform or vault, and the body and arm position is the same as single acrobat T. Cat. No. 43. The back was not modelled indicating it was to be viewed face on. The details of this single acrobat are sharper and better defined with details of the face clearer and the table legs showing fur striations for the leonine

61 Aurigemma, 1946:72, no.184; Deonna, 1953: fig.67; Snowden, 1970: fig.51; Bennett, 2014: 110. 62 Bennett, 2014:110.

63 Smith, 1904, cat no.1768; Beardsley, 1929:104, cat no.229; Snowden, 1970:166, fig.107. 64 Bennett, 2014:110.

14

The Terracotta Catalogue and Typological Study legs. There was no preserved pigment on this figurine. A lug hole was pierced through the calve muscles of the acrobat, and it had two wick holes at the base in between the table legs.

T.Cat.No.47: Grotesque Actor’s Mask Height: 2.62 cm Length: 2.61 cm Width: 2.60 cm Unit: N7-2 (F.0522) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.50 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.45: Double Acrobat Height: 22.36 cm Length: 14.26 cm Width: 5.98 cm Unit: R13-1 (F.1729) Date: First Century B.C. to First Century A.D. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.48 Scale: 1:2

The grotesque actors mask has a broad face, open mouth, large ears, and possible hair at the side of the head with a bald upper head. He also has a furrowed brow, and protruding nose.

A pair of acrobats depicted on the same terracotta figurine side by side to each other. The fragments preserved the base with the tables and lower bodies of the acrobats. The lower bodies and the tables of the acrobats were heavily degraded, and worn. The base had a flat rectangular front that curved around at the back forming an overall semicircular shape for the base with remnants of green pigment across the front. The front of the base preserved two wick holes. This flat base was the stand for two tables that appear to have been circular. The vaults each have three leonine legged feet and have preserved yellow pigment on the legs and bases. The faces of the acrobats are badly worn, but the rendering of the hair in tight curls is the same as the previous acrobats and can therefore show that these two acrobats also depict African males. On the face of the left hand acrobat there is some evidence of a yellow pigment and the hair appears to have been coloured in a red or pink. The position of the lower bodies has been crudely modeled, with no rendering of detail on the upper chests with them being flush to the top of the tables, while the hands of the acrobats unlike the singular representations are shown grasping the front edges of the table.

Comparanda Masks of this type have been found at Ras el-Soda in Alexandria, 65 and also at Naukratis, 66 and Memphis. 67 For other masks of this type see, Perdrizet, 1921: no. 473 (from Lower Egypt); Petrie, Mackay and Wainwright, 1910: pl. XLII.141; Petrie Museum UC49910; Philipp, 1972: fig. 5 (dated to the Second Century B.C.); Török 1995: no. 53. T.Cat.No.48: Fragment Actor’s Mask Height: 4.37 cm Length: 4.62 cm Width: 1.44 cm Unit: N7-8 (F.019) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.51 Scale: 1:1 A small face with prominent eyes and nose. The face is broken away at the forehead and just below the nose.

T.Cat.No.46: Fragments of a Double Acrobat Base

T.Cat.No.49: Fragment of Actor’s Mask

Height: 6.54 cm Length: 11.82 cm Width: 4.98 cm Unit: R13-1 (F.1729) Date: First Century B.C. to First Century A.D. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.49 Scale: 1:1

Height: 7.1 cm Length: 3.7 cm Width: 2.6 cm Unit: N7-7 (F.001) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.52 Scale: 1:1

These fragments would have originally depicted a pair of acrobats like those of T.Cat.No.45. Only some of the base is preserved, but its dimensions and style indicate that it belonged to this acrobat terracotta group. Traces of green pigment are preserved on parts of the front of the base. The right hand side wick hole is preserved, however the rest of the front of the base is not.

A fragment of a terracotta face preserving the nose and the middle section of the upper lip. T.Cat.No.50: Fragment of Actor’s Mask Height: 4.7 cm Length: 2.5 cm

Adriani, 1952: pls XVII.1 (left), XX. 3, 4 (from Ras el-Soda), Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, no G101; Breccia, 1934: pl. XCIII.4945; Fitzwilliam Museum Cambridge GR.18.1899. 65

67

66

15

Petrie, 1909: pl. XLIII.68.

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 Width: 1.4 cm Unit: N7-9 (F.012) Date: Ptolemaic Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.53 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.53: Head of a Man with Conical Cap Height: 2.62 cm Length: 1.05 cm Width: 1.41 cm Unit: N6-7 (F.1409) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.58 Scale: 1:1

The face preserves the central area of the forehead and the extension of the nose and the upper part of the upper lip. The eyes are missing but there is evidence of a white pigment across the face. T.Cat.No.51: Unidentified Fragment

A small head of a male wearing a conical cap, he may represent a member of the priesthood but also could have connections with the Ptolemaic army.

Height: 11.2 cm Length 11.45 cm Width 2.1 cm Unit: S13-4 (F.3015) Date: Roman Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.54 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.54: Torso of a Male Height: 5.01 cm Length: 5.6 cm Width: 2.68 cm Unit: N6-5 (F.1219) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.59 Scale: 1:1

Fragment of what appears to be a face, with part of the eyebrow showing. The corkscrew design around the outside is likely to represent hair like the designs on smaller Isis and Hathor figurine types, this probably represents fragment of a large actor’s mask or an applique face mask. 2.3.6 Unidentified Male Figurines

A male torso with the arms missing. Only the upper portion of the left arm remains.

T.Cat.No.52: Male Wearing a Chlamys

T.Cat.No.55: Standing Male Figurine

Height: (Frag.1) 5.93 cm (Frag.2) 5.91 cm (Frag.3) 2.4 cm Length: (Frag.1) 2.49 cm (Frag.2) 2.84 cm (Frag.3) 2.2 cm Width: (Frag.1) 0.60 cm (Frag.2) 0.50 cm (Frag.3) 0.84 cm Unit: N7-7 (F.007) Date: Ptolemaic, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.55, Fig.56 and Fig.57 Scale: 1:1

Height: 18.91 cm Length: 6.85 cm Width: 5.86 cm Unit: N6-7 (F.1409) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.60 Scale: 1:1

Three fragments that form part of an unidentified male figurine. Fragment one preserves a muscular right arm slightly bent with a clenched fist. It is unclear as to whether he is gripping an object. A series of striations on the torso show that the male was clothed, this probably represents the chlamys, which was a woollen cloak fastened around the shoulder. There is red pigment preserved on the garment and around the neck area. This red pigment continues onto fragment two but no additional details are preserved on this fragment. Fragment three preserves the lower part of the figurine. It shows a bent knee resting on a cylindrical base that has an incised line running around the edge. Again red pigment is preserved on this fragment. The stance and presence of the chlamys indicates that this was a Hellenistic male in a conventional dress. As the chlamys leaves the rest of the torso and arm naked it is likely that this figurine represents a deity or a Greek hero.

This figurine was found in two fragments and restored. The figurine shows what appears to be a raised arm up towards the face, while the legs are extended with remains of what appears to be a degraded phallus. To the right of the man there appears to be a long element that could represent a cornucopia. It has a flat modelled back. The degradation of the terracotta fabric means it is difficult to attribute a positive identification. One of the arms of the figurine is raised towards the face and a possible cornucopia on the right hand side of the man indicates that it could possibly represent a figurine of the god Harpocrates but the preservation is too poor to be certain. T.Cat.No.56: Male Torso Height: 3.503 cm Length: 3.2 cm Width: 1.21 cm Unit: N6-9 (F.1516) Date: Early Ptolemaic, Third to Second Century B.C. 16

The Terracotta Catalogue and Typological Study Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.61 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.60: Male Figurine Height: 7.8 cm Length: 4.6 cm Width: 2.9 cm Unit: N7-3 (F.0253) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.65 Scale: 1:1

The upper part of a male torso which has defined pectorals. The right arm is resting flush to the chest, while the left arm has broken off. T.Cat.No.57: Face of a Young Boy Height: 2.46 cm Length: 1.68 cm Width: 1.41 cm Unit: P6-15 (F.1445) Date: Early Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.62 Scale: 1:1

A poorly degraded figurine holding his hands in front of his chest, or grasping an object to his chest. T.Cat.No.61: Male Figurine Height: 8.66 cm Length: 5.83 cm Width: 4.04 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.3276) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Hand moulded? Figure: Fig.66 Scale: 1:1

A well modelled small face of a child. He has small eyes, a slightly flat nose with petit pinched lips and curled locks of hair in the classical style. This young boy could represent the child god Harpocrates, but too little of the figurine survives to be able to make any distinction. The style of the boy’s face is Hellenistic in depiction and again provides evidence for the use of Hellenistic style terracottas alongside native Egyptian forms. Children who are usually depicted in terracottas usually have this chubby face with a wide nose and thick lips. The appearance is this type is a result of the growing interest of Hellenistic artists in the realistic rendering of children. 68

A poorly degraded figurine with the top broken away. The base remains and preserves a curving object that wraps itself around the front of the base, and possibly represents a hypersexual phallus. The object to the right hand is extremely badly degraded but appears to be being grasped and could represent a cornucopia, or staff, however as the top of it has broken away its function and identity cannot be determined. The left hand side shows a vertical object that is connected to the right hand but again the damage is too severe to give an identification. Above it there is a small circular object that could be a head and the long vertical object beneath could be a crudely modelled body. If these identifications are correct then it could represent a crudely made example of a Harpocrates figurine holding a cornucopia with a large phallus wrapping itself around the base. Due to its condition it cannot be said with any certainty. There are some traces of light blue pigment on the end of the object wrapped around the base and around the circular applique.

T.Cat.No.58: Right Shoulder and Upper Arm of a Male Height: 7.45 cm Length: 5.35 cm Width: 1.3 cm Unit: R13-1 (F.1718) Date: Early Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.63 Scale: 1:1 The upper part of an arm, the right pectoral and the remains of a protruding belly. T.Cat.No.59: Torso of a Male

T.Cat.No.62: Male Figurine

Height: 5.1 cm Length: 6.0 cm Width: 3.1 cm Unit: N7-7 (F.011) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Hand moulded? Figure: Fig. 64 Scale: 1:1

Height: 8.2 cm Length: 3.8 cm Width: 4.3 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.3399) Date: Ptolemaic Manufacture: Single piece mould. Figure: Fig.67 Scale: 1:1

A torso of a male broken at the waist. The head is missing along with the lower right arm, and the left arm.

68

A poorly degraded figurine of what looks like a male, with part of the arms remaining at the base, while the lower body has broken away.

Pollit, 1986:128-9; Erlich and Kloner, 2008:117.

17

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 Length: 1.4 cm Width: 1.3 cm Unit: N7-8 (F.001) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Hand moulded Figure: Fig.72 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.63: Arm Fragment Height: 2.43 cm Length: 0.99 cm Width: 0.98 cm Unit: N6-7 (F.1409) Date: Ptolemaic Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.68 Scale: 1:1

A well modelled arm fragment broken off at the shoulder and the wrist. It appears to show slight muscle definition.

Fragment of a male forearm.

2.3.7 Female Deities

T.Cat.No.64: Arm Fragment

The majority of female deities so far discovered at Tell Timai are fragments of the commonly found naked IsisAphrodite figurines, T.Cat.No.70-75, with legs together and hands flush down by their thighs. Greek goddesses in classical depictions are scarce, with only those of Athene, T.Cat.No.68, and a classical depiction of what is suggested to be Isis-Aphrodite, T.Cat.No.69. Athene who was the goddess of wisdom and war is represented only once at Tell Timai and just by the head in the form of a lamp with the two wick holes positioned at the termination of the two locks of hair falling either side of her face. This figurine is very classical in appearance and representations of this type make it difficult to say if they would be seen as symbolising the syncretised form with the goddess Neith, Mistress of Sais. 69 In addition, Athene was also one of the many syncretic forms of Isis too. 70 The physical attributes depicted on this figure include the helmet raised high above the forehead, the full lips and narrow mouth which all indicate this as a classical Hellenistic view of Athene. A large single bust of Isis-Aphrodite, T.Cat.No.69, wearing a himation and clasping it to her breast on a rectangular base is the one of the most beautiful terracottas found in the Tell Timai assemblage. As there are no clear parallels for this figurine it has been dated based on associated ceramics and production method and style, to the Late Ptolemaic and Early Roman Period.

Height: 4.65 cm Length: 1.13 cm Width: 1.14 cm Unit: N6-7 (F.1409) Date: Ptolemaic Manufacture: Hand moulded Figure: Fig.69 Scale: 1:1 Fragment of an arm with muscle definition on the forearm, the hand is missing. T.Cat.No.65: Arm Fragment Height: 1.3 cm Length: 4.7 cm Width: 1.3 cm Unit: N7-3 (F.0253) Date: Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.70 Scale: 1:1 Muscular definition in the arm, broken away at the body and the hand is missing. T.Cat.No.66: Arm Fragment

The naked ‘Isis-Aphrodite’ types are characterized by theirs legs extended and closed in standing positions with arms set alongside their bodies, with their hands placed on their thighs. They usually have a wig (with Isis locks) or a coiffure topped by a diadem. 71 The iconography of the naked female with hands down by her sides is also found in the Near East, and was widespread during the Late Bronze Age, but they were in a lying down position like New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period examples. 72 This type also remained popular in the Persian and Hellenistic Period in Arabia, 73 Mesopotamia, 74 Phonecia and Palestine. 75 The majority of these Isis-Aphrodite figurine types from Egypt are dated to the Roman Period, but there are examples that date from the Ptolemaic Period. 76 The examples from

Height: 0.8 cm Length: 2.9 cm Width: 0.75 cm Unit: N7-1 (F.0250) Date: Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.71 Scale: 1:1 Fragment of a male arm. T.Cat.No.67: Arm fragment Height: 5.6 cm Bailey, 2008:93. Tran Tam Tinh, 1990:793. 71 Erlich and Kloner, 2008:17. 72 Tadmor, 1982; Erlich and Kloner, 2008:16. 73 Mathiesen, 1982:17; Connelly, 1989:151, figs. 9-11; Erlich and Kloner, 2008:16.

74 Van Ingen, 1939: pl.II; Karvonen-Kannas, 1995:46; Martinez-Sève, 2002:312-328; Erlich and Kloner, 2008:17. 75 Negbi, 1966:pl.4; McNicoll et al., 1982: pl.15.a; Messika, 1996: pl.13:123, 124; Erlich and Kloner, 2008:17. 76 Adriani, 1952: pl. XIV:1,3; Besques, 1992: pl.59.c; Fischer, 1994:7578; Myśliwiec 1996:pl. XIV:1 and Kassab Tezgör, 2001:421, no.9;

69 70

18

The Terracotta Catalogue and Typological Study Tell Timai would also support an earlier date for this type with production extending throughout the Ptolemaic and Roman Period. This earlier Ptolemaic dating is also confirmed by evidence from the Levant at Maresha as examples of this type have been found dated to the Third to Second Century B.C. 77 There have been many interpretations as to the identity and function of these terracottas. Bailey views them as representing Hathor of the West, 78 while Bayer-Niemeier 79 saw them as fertility goddesses, and Dunand 80 have termed them IsisAphrodite. Many scholars prefer to define these figurines as ‘naked woman’ or ‘naked goddesses’ and do not attribute a specific goddess to them. By not relating them to a specific deity they are placing them into an extended tradition, and this stance sets the Egyptian type within a wider Eastern context, together with the many variants of the naked woman type and the various interpretations that go with them. 81 The naked goddess title shows that these figurines have been in the past considered as funerary figurines and have often been described as ‘death brides’ for the deceased male. The provenance of these figurines in mainly domestic contexts would appear to rule out their identification as death brides. 82 This study has adopted the identification of Dunand and classified this typology as representing Isis-Aphrodite, while being aware that they may have taken on different roles for different people and purposes dependant on the consumer. Two female heads, T.Cat.No.83 and 84, do not appear to be Egyptian versions of Tanagra figurines like the examples found at Alexandria. 83 They both date from the Third to Second Century B.C. and come from Area N in the north of the site. Both T.Cat.No.83 and 84 have wreaths around their heads and may belong to the processional class of females or festival goers. T.Cat.No.85 represents an Egyptian style Tanagra figurine and is dated prior to the Early Second Century B.C., and is again found in Area N in a fill. The Hellenistic Tanagra style was devised in Athens around the start of the Fourth Century B.C., and was copied in many places such as at Tanagra in Boeotia, and production was largely over in Athens and Boeotia by the end of the Third Century B.C. but may have lasted longer in other places, to the middle of the Second Century B.C. at Alexandria. 84 The main purpose of these figurines was for the furnishing of tombs, and this is particularly the case in Egypt, being found in many tombs in the neighbourhoods of Alexandria. 85 Tanagra figurines commonly have a white undercoat applied to them as is

the case for T.Cat.No.85. Another unveiled female head T.Cat.No.86 dates to the Late Ptolemaic and Early Roman Period and represents a Hellenistic female. A single example of a basileion (the crown of Isis), T.Cat.No.77, may belong to the category of ‘IsisAphrodite’ figurines, but may simply be part of an Isis figurine. From the late Hellenistic Period onwards the ‘Isis-Aphrodite’ figurines exhibited a basileion crown. 86 Only one example of a female beneficent demon, T.Cat.No.79, was identified, and shows one hand raised in a protective manner, but has heavy salt encrustation. These types are common in Roman Egypt but appear to lack Ptolemaic precursors. 87 There are three examples of what are termed ‘Naked Goddess’ plaques, or ‘Females in Shrines’. 88 They show a naked goddess with a short full hair wig and standing front on with their arms by their sides, in the same stance as, but not necessarily to be equated with the naked IsisAphrodite figurines, and also not with the earlier New Kingdom and later females types lying on beds. 89 Bailey, suggests that these figurine types were most likely exvotos to be dedicated at a temple shrine. 90 The best preserved goddess in a shrine from Tell Timai is T.Cat.No.81. This example shows a goddess standing within a temple or shrine with columns framing her. The roof of the temple or shrine is Egyptian in style with a cavetto cornice. In the centre of the lintel of the temple is a large circular feature that may represent the sun disk. Females in shrines are most likely dated to the Early Ptolemaic Period, probably in the Late Fourth or Third Century B.C., but they may even date slightly earlier as the style of the short wig was popular for females in the Late Period, particularly the Saite Period. 91 An earlier date for these females in shrines is supported by excavations at Mendes where they have been found in contexts dating from the Fifth to Third Century B.C. and also at Kom Firin dating from the Sixth to Early Fourth Century B.C. 92 There was one example of an IsisAnasyromene, T.Cat.No.76, holding up the front of her clothing up to reveal her pubic area. Figurines in this style are known from the start of the Second Century B.C. to the Third Century A.D. showing that they have a long production life. Finally, there was one example, T.Cat.No.78, of the frog goddess Hekat 93 who was a goddess associated with childbirth, and was also venerated as a symbol of life and resurrection. Hekat also features on coffins as a protective deity of the dead. 94

Bailey, 2008:7 (the majority of the British Museum examples are dated to the Ptolemaic Period). 77 Erlich and Kloner, 2008:17. 78 Bailey, 2008:7. The connection with Hathor is also stressed by Hornblower, 1929:29-47. 79 Bayer-Niemeier, 1988: nos 244-8. 80 Dunand, 1990. 81 Mathiesen, 1982:17-22; Karvonen-Kannas, 1995:43-51; Erlich and Kloner, 2008:17. 82 Erlich and Kloner, 2008:17. 83 For a discussion of Tanagra figurines in Egypt see, Kassab-Tezgör, 1988: 205-215; 2007. 84 Breccia, 1930: II; Bailey, 2008:133. 85 Breccia, 1930: II; Bailey, 2008:134. 86 Fischer, 1994:78.

Bailey, 2008:43. For a recent discussion on these terracotta plaques and their possible association with the Goddess Astarte see, Rotté, 2012:13-16, in this paper Rotté concludes that a function for the figurines is still not understood for this period. For further discussion on the identification of the goddess in the plaque see, Bailey, 2008:19-20. 89 Bailey, 2008:19. 90 Bailey, 2008:19. 91 Bailey, 2008:20. 92 Spencer, 2014:175, F629, pl.428. 93 For a discussion of Hekat in the Pharaonic Period see, Barta, 1999: 107-116. For frog iconography in general see, Le Men, 2006: 87-95 and Lévêque, 1999. 94 Lacoby and Spiegelberg, 1903:215-28. 87 88

19

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 with the subject matter is difficult to determine as it is used on various subject matters.

T.Cat.No.68: Athene Height: 9.97 cm Length: 9.16 cm Width: 7.12 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.1313) Date: Late Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.73 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.70: ‘Isis-Aphrodite’ Height: 8.35 cm Length 4.05 cm Width 3.66 cm Unit: N6-3 (F.0229) Date: Late Fourth to Third Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.75 Scale: 1:1

This figurine was found in two fragments consisting of the upper head and the lower base and shows the head of Athene. She wears her helmet and has long locks of hair that has a centre parting. The locks of hair fall down either side of the head and terminate at the two wick holes.

This figurine shows Isis-Aphrodite naked with her hands to her sides and modelled in the round. Her hair descends into divided locks on her upper back and beside her face. Isis locks fall to her shoulders and she wears a plain wreath. There is no kalathos (a basket or basket shaped crown) present and the lower body is broken away below the breasts.

Comparanda For close comparanda see, Breccia, 1930: taf LIV.4; 1934: pl.XLV 221, 222 (these heads of Athena were from burials).

Comparanda

T.Cat.No.69: Isis-Aphrodite

Isis-Aphrodite figurines of this style are well documented during the Third to Second Century B.C., see, Besques, 1992: no. D. 4488, (found in Alexandria and dated to the second half of the Third Century B.C.); Spencer, 1996: pl.77:90 (Third Century B.C.); Szymańska, 2005: no. 24 from Tell Atrib (dated to the end of Third and the beginning of Second Century B.C.); Weber, 1914: no.204. This style of Isis-Aphrodite figurine may have even been produced up until the end of the Second Century B.C. and the start of the First Century B.C., see, Fischer, 1994: no. 808.

Height: 21.7 cm Length: 9.09 cm Width: 5.09 cm Unit: P5-11 (F.2106) Date: Late Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.74 Scale: 1:1 A bust of a goddess most likely representing that of IsisAphrodite. She is veiled and wears a chiton. She has a himation that passes over a high-planed diadem and crosses over her breasts and is being held in place at the centre of her breasts by her left hand. Her right hand is shown to be under the himation. Her head is slightly turned to her left. Her hair has a centre parting brushed to each side then it turns into curls. Emanating out from the top of the head is a plinth that is topped by a swan or goose shaped lughole. The bust rests on a rectangular base that has two wick holes in it, while the back of the bust is not modelled. Remains of pink pigment are preserved on the goose lug hole and the himation, while blue pigment is preserved around the wrists, also on the himation and on the plinth. The base would have originally been painted in yellow as substantial amounts of yellow pigment survive. Further evidence of white pigments is shown on the face and around the hair. The use of the goose as a choice for lug hole may be significant as the goose was a sacred animal of Aphrodite, however the use of goose lug holes is also found on other terracotta figurines such as the example of the drunk master and slave boy in the British Museum. 95 A clear association of the goose iconography

T.Cat.No.71: ‘Isis-Aphrodite’ Height: 7.76 cm Length: 4.52 cm Width: 3.65 cm Unit: N7-2 (F.0268) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.76 Scale: 1:1 A figurine of Isis-Aphrodite depicted naked with her hands to her side. Her hair descends in locks onto the upper back. Isis locks fall to her shoulders and she wears a plain wreath. Comparanda See T.Cat.No.66.

95 BM EA 3540, Bailey, 2008:145, pl.100. The drunken master terracotta was dated by Bailey, 2008:145, to the Second Century B.C.

20

The Terracotta Catalogue and Typological Study T.Cat.No.72: Thigh and Hand Fragment of ‘IsisAphrodite’

T.Cat.No.76: Lower Body of Isis-Anasyromene Height: 8.9 cm Length: 4.9 cm Width: 2.3 cm Unit: N7-1 (F.0245) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.81 Scale: 1:1

Height: 5.8 cm Length: 3.1 cm Width: 1.1 cm Unit: N7-1 (F.0519) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.77 Scale: 1:1

The lower half of a figure of Isis-Anasyromene holding the front of her clothing up to reveal her pubic area. The legs are preserved to the ankles while the rest of the feet and base have broken away. The upper body is broken away at the hip area. The genital area has been heavily worn away but this is a typical stance for this figurine type.

A fragment of an Isis-Aphrodite figurine with the hand set flush to the side of the thigh. T.Cat.No.73: Thigh and Hand Fragment of ‘IsisAphrodite’ Height: 7.239 cm Length: 1.128 cm Width: 2.46 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.1322) Date: First Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.78 Scale: 1:1

Comparanda Isis-Anasyromene figurines in this style are known from the start of the Second Century B.C. to the Third Century A.D. For other figurines of Isis-Anasyromene see, Bailey, 2008: pl.3 3006 and 3007; Dunand, 1973: pl.XXI; 1990: no.360 (found at Antinoopolis) (dated from the Second to Third Century A.D.); Myśliwiec, 1999: 66 fig. 32 (found at Tell Atrib and dated to the start of the Second Century B.C.); Perdrizet, 1921: no. 157 (from Mallawi); Symańska, 2005: nos 47-46 (found at Tell Atrib and dated to the first half of the Second Century B.C. or Late Hellenistic).

A fragment of an Isis-Aphrodite figurine with the hand set flush to the side of the thigh. T.Cat.No.74: Hair and Breast of ‘Isis-Aphrodite’

T.Cat.No.77: Basileion of Isis

Height: 5.89 cm Length: 4.48 cm Width: 1.55 cm Unit: O7-15 (F.1014) Date: First Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.79 Scale: 1:1

Height: 6.3 cm Length: 3.4 cm Width: 2.9 cm Unit: R18-1 (F.021) Date: Late Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.82 Scale: 1:1

Part of the right arm and naked breast of Isis-Aphrodite. She has corkscrew locks of hair and the remains of a headdress.

A fragmentary basileion (the crown of the goddess Isis). It is broken off from the head and has a small circular puncture in the front.

T.Cat.No.75: Feet and Lower Legs of ‘Isis-Aphrodite’

T.Cat.No.78: Hekat

Height: 4.53 cm Length: 2.11 cm Width: 2.45 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.1307) Date: Late Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.80 Scale: 1:1

Height: 4.83 cm Length: 3.58 cm Width: 1.51 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.1322) Date: Late Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.83 Scale: 1:1

A pair of legs belonging to an Isis-Aphrodite figurine.

A figurine of a frog goddess Hekat holding a lotus flower.

21

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 from the lowest part of the plaque that has since broken off. This stance has similarities with Ptolemaic-Roman figurines and New Kingdom figurines of females lying on beds. However, it is hazardous to equate an associated function with them. She stands within a temple or shrine with columns framing her with what appears to be papyrus capitals, but they could also be Hathor or Bes capitals. Due to the poor preservation it is hard to determine. The roof of the temple is Egyptian in style with a cavetto cornice. In the centre of the lintel of the temple is a large circular feature that may represent the sun disk.

T.Cat.No.79: Hand of a Beneficent Demon Height: 7.1 cm Length: 4.3 cm Width: 2.8 cm Unit: R17-1 (F.013) Date: Second Century A.D. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.84 Scale: 1:1 The raised left arm of a beneficent demon in a blessing pose. The hand is encrusted in salts on the side. The hand is rendered with good detail.

Comparanda Ashmolean Museum, Oxford no. 1872.525 (bought in Alexandria); Ashmolean Museum, Oxford 1886.492 (Naukratis); Ashmolean Museum, Oxford 1896.1908.E4679 (Naukratis?); BM EA 32230 (Limestone version with papyrus columns); Bailey, 2008: pl. 19:3107- 3110; Kaufmann, 1913: fig. 69.3; MFA 1990.605 (Good parallels with the wig style and facial features, said to be Astarte); Petrie, 1905: pl. XLIX.87; Petrie Museum UC45805; Petrie Museum, UC50489; Redford, 2004: 129, fig 82:764 (Early Ptolemaic Period, possibly Ptolemy II), no. 206 (Late Period to Early Ptolemaic Period); Weber, 1914: no. 199.

Comparanda The style of the outstretched hand is similar to Bailey, 2008: 48 pl. 20 (3116 GR), with a similar date of the Second Century A.D. or a little later. T.Cat.No.80: Plaque of a Goddess with a Wig Height: 4.2 cm Length: 4.8 cm Width: 2.9 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.3399) Date: Late Dynastic Early to Ptolemaic (Fourth to Third Century B.C.) Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig. 85 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.82: Naked Goddess on Plaque Height: 8.7 cm Length: 5.1 cm Width: 2.9 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.3399) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period, Third Century B.C. Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.87 Scale: 1:1

A female head with a wig or full head of hair. She lies, or is standing up against a flat backed plaque that juts out slightly but follows the curvature of the head. The body is broken away at the neck.

The naked torso of a female unnamed deity on a flat backed plaque or bed. The feet and head are missing. The arms are down by the side of the body.

Comparanda Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, no.1872.525 and 1886.492; Bailey, 2008: pl. 19. No.3107; Gutch, 1899: pl.XIV:2 (from Naukratis); Kaufmann, 1913: fig.69.3; Petrie 1905: pl. XLIX:87 (from Herakleopolis Magna/Ehnasya elMedina); Petrie Museum UC45805; Török, 1995: no.206, (from Memphis and dated to the Late Period or Early Ptolemaic Period); Redford, 2004: fig. 83 no. 773.

2.3.8 Female Heads T.Cat.No.83: Head of a Female Height: 4.9 cm Length: 3.64 cm Width: 2.73 cm Unit: N6-9 (F.1516) Date: Ptolemaic, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.88 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.81: Goddess within a Shrine Height: 8.55 cm Length: 7.02 cm Width: 2.61 cm Unit: N6-9 (F.1516) Date: Late Dynastic to Early Ptolemaic Period (Fourth to Third Century B.C.) Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.86 Scale: 1:1

A small female head with a wreath. The facial features are petit and there are traces of hair under the wreath. She may have pierced ears too. Comparanda

A naked goddess with short hair, possibly even a wig standing to the front with arms hanging by her side. Her breasts are prominent. She probably stood on a projection

Breccia, 1930: tav. E. 1,2, F.1, G.2.

22

The Terracotta Catalogue and Typological Study A pair of female legs that have broken along the join. The front part of the legs survives with the back part broken away. They are preserved up to the knees.

T.Cat.No.84: Head of a Female Height: 5.36 cm Length: 3.71 cm Width: 1.75 cm Unit: N6-4 (F.0446) Date: Ptolemaic, Third to First Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.89 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.88: Fragment of a Female Height: 6.1 cm Length: 3.3 cm Width: 1.6 cm Unit: N7-2 (F.0268) Date: Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.93 Scale: 1:1

A head of a female wearing a wreath around her head. T.Cat.No.85: Head of a Female (Egyptian Tanagra Version)

The head is missing and the hand is down by her side. She has a dress on with pleated fabric and a belt in the centre.

Height: 6.13 cm Length: 5.9 cm Width: 1.5 cm Unit: N7-3 (F.0246) Date: Ptolemaic, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.90 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.89: Fragment of a Female Height: 5 cm Length: 4.8 cm Width: 2.2 cm Unit: N7-2 (F.0237) Date: Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.94 Scale: 1:1

A round-faced Hellenistic lady with short flowing hair down to her ears and a partition in the centre of the head with the hair brushed to either side of it. There are traces of white pigment across the face and hair.

Fragment of a large belly, with the lower part of a breast resting on the belly. There is a linear feature that appears to be angling down around the belly that could be a piece of jewellery such as a necklace.

T.Cat.No.86: Head of a Female Height: 4.02 cm Length: 2.9 cm Width: 1.19 cm Unit: R13-1 (F.1724) Date: First Century B.C. to First Century A.D. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.91 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.90: Fragment of a Breast

This lady wears the topknot hairstyle. She has curly hair and this probably represents a typical woman of the Late Ptolemaic and Early Roman Period.

Height: 2.88 cm Length: 2.59 cm Width: 1.06 cm Unit: N6-8 (F.1515) Date: Ptolemaic Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.95 Scale: 1:1

Comparanda

A fragment of a bulbous breast.

Breccia, 1934: 61, no. 322, pl. XLIV. 6 (found at Kom elSchuqafa and dated to the Second Century A.D).

T.Cat.No.91: Fragment of a Female Height: 4.88 cm Length: 1.95 cm Width: 2.06 cm Unit: R13-1 (F.1727) Date: First Century B.C. to First Century A.D. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.96 Scale: 1:1

2.3.9 Unidentified Female Fragments T.Cat.No.87: Pair of Female Legs Height: 7.8 cm Length: 4.9 cm Width: 1.6 cm Unit: N7-3 (F.0262) Date: Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.92 Scale: 1:1

She has her hand on her front breast, with a close fitting dress and pleated design. T.Cat.No.92: Fragment of Clothing Height: 4.27 cm 23

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 Length: 3.65 cm Width: 1.07 cm Unit: N6-8 (F.1515) Date: Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: undetermined Figure: Fig.97 Scale: 1:1

Width: 1.5 cm Unit: N7-8 (F.001) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.101 Scale: 1:1 A hand is shown resting upon what appears to be the knee of the individual. Sadly, no other details were preserved, as it was broken away at the wrist. It may represent a female opening her legs exposing the genitals.

Fragment of a dress with traces of blue pigment. T.Cat.No.93: Fragment of Clothing Height: 3.73 cm Length: 3.58 cm Width: 1.08 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.1312) Date: Roman Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.98 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.97: Hand Clasping an Object Height: 5.7 cm Length: 3.4 cm Width: 2.5 cm Unit: N7-7 (F.006) Date: Ptolemaic Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.102 Scale: 1:1

Front of a human figurine with a belt of a garment with stylized creases emanating from the left hand side of the garment.

This fragment shows a right hand clasping an unidentified long slim object.

T.Cat.No.94: Hand Fragment

2.3.10 Plants and Fruits

Height: 4.82 cm Length: 10 cm Width: 1.13 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.1308) Date: Early Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.99 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.98: Lotus Flower Fragment Height: 4.25 cm Length: 2.61 cm Width: 0.96 cm Unit: O7-15 (F.1050) Date: Ptolemaic Manufacture: undetermined Figure: Fig.103 Scale: 1:1

A large hand resting on the hips and belly. It could belong to a large female fecundity figurine such as a Baubo or a beneficent demon, however too little is preserved to confirm the identity.

This fragment shows part of a lotus flower design around the outside. It may form part of a base for a figurine. There are also traces of blue and green pigments on the leaf.

T.Cat.No.95: Basket Bearer

T.Cat.No.99: Grapes

Height: 4.07 cm Length: 3.57 cm Width: 3.7 cm Unit: N7-8 (F.002) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period, Third Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.100 Scale: 1:1

Height: 4.5 cm Length: 5.58 cm Width: 1.25 cm Unit: R13-1 (F.1723) Date: Late Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.104 Scale: 1:1

This fragmentary figure appears to show the upper part of a devotee carrying a basket upon the head. The striations on the vessel indicate weaving. The figurine most likely belongs to the category of festival goer and could have affiliations with the cult of Demeter.

Fragment of a bunch of stylized grapes. The use of plant motifs is common in terracottas on a number of themes and forms. They probably belonged to a larger figurine where the religious connotations were aimed at Bacchic symbolism, and were used for drinking wine and also used in religious ceremonies.

T.Cat.No.96: Reclining Figure with Hand on Knee

T.Cat.No.100: Grapes

Height: 7.5 cm Length: 6.9 cm

Height: 2.93 cm 24

The Terracotta Catalogue and Typological Study Length: 2.24 cm Width: 1.03 cm Unit: R13-1 (F.1723) Date: First Century B.C. to First Century A.D. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.105 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.104: Back Legs of a Horse Height: 8.6 cm Length: 5 cm Width: 5.9 cm Unit: O6-17 (F.0313) Date: Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Hand moulded Figure: Fig.109 Scale: 1:1

Four complete bunches of grapes that represent Bacchic decoration. It could be the rim of a vessel however too little of the object survives to say for certain its function.

Most of the body has broken away with only the two hind legs remaining. The feet are missing but a small crudely fashioned tale remains.

2.3.11 Animals 96 T.Cat.No.101: Nose of a bovine

T.Cat.No.105: The Body of a Horse

Height: 3.75 cm Length: 4.41 cm Width: 4.5 cm Unit: N7-8 (F.014) Date: Ptolemaic, First Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.106 Scale: 1:1

Height: 7.8 cm Length: 10.8 cm Width: 3.8 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.3399) Date: Early Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Hand moulded Figure: Fig.110 Scale: 1:1

This figurine shows the end of the flaring nose of a bovine. There is a flat line that runs down the centre of the face and terminates at the nostrils. This may represent either Hathor or the Apis Bull.

A crudely modelled horse, the legs are broken and the rider is missing. T.Cat.No.106: A Ram

T.Cat.No.102: Head of a Horse

Height: 3.8 cm Length: 3.5 cm Width: 2.3 cm Unit: O6-17 (F.0313) Date: Ptolemaic Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Hand moulded Figure: Fig.111 Scale: 1:1

Height: 3.93 cm Length: 3.88 cm Width: 0.88 cm Unit: N6-8 (F.1515) Date: Second to First Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.107 Scale: 1:1

A small hand moulded head of a ram with curled horns on either side of the head. The body is broken away at the base of the neck. The neck is slender and thin.

A horse’s head from a stallion is reared forward. Only one of the sides is preserved and the horse’s body has broken away at the neck. There is fine detail on the facial features.

T.Cat.No.107: Head of a Dog 97

T.Cat.No.103: Horse

Height: 5.40 cm Length: 2.60 cm Width: 2.69 cm Unit: S13-1 (F.1618) Date: First to Second Century A.D. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.112 Scale: 1:1

Height: 5.54 cm Length: 8.08 cm Width: 5.26 cm Unit: Area P5-2 (F. Surface Find) Date: Early Roman Period Manufacture: Hand moulded Figure: Fig.108 Scale: 1:1

A head of a dog with small pointed ears and broad flat snout. The body extends to the right with the chest pushed out. There are remains of white pigment on the body and head.

A crudely made model of a horse with two cylindrical appliques for eyes. The front legs are missing at the top and the rear has broken off.

For a recent study on animal terracottas and the domestic cult see, Boutantin, 2014.

For studies on the symbolism of terracotta dogs in Egypt see, Gonzalez, 2011:159-196.

96

97

25

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 A badly damaged head of an animal, possibly a camel due to the angled neck.

T.Cat.No.108: Dog Height: 2.47 cm Length: 3.96 cm Width: 2.2 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.1306) Date: Early Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.113 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.112: Body of an Animal Height: 5.83 cm Length: 2.84 cm Width: 1.00 cm Unit: R13-1 (F.1723) Date: Early Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.117 Scale: 1:1

An elongated canine resting upon a rectangular plinth. The paws are outstretched in front of the body. There are drooping ears down by the side of its head with the snout being flat. There are substantial remains of blue pigment. The back of the dog has broken off, so to have the front parts of the front paws.

The hair striations on this figurine could represent a number of different figurine types. The most probable fall under the ritual animal category that includes the Sothic Dog and the Cockerel of Hermes, but it is difficult to say based on the limited attributes present on this fragment.

T.Cat.No.109: Head of a Dog

T.Cat.No.113: Fragment of a Cockerel Figurine

Height: 2.7 cm Length: 2.29 cm Width: 2.5 cm Unit: P5-26 (F.001) Date: First to Second Century A.D Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.114 Scale: 1:1

Height: 5.61 cm Length: 4.56 cm Width: 0.64 cm Unit: S13-1 (F.1614) Date: Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.118 Scale: 1:1

The head of a dog with upright ears and a well detailed face. The face has broken away under the nose. The dog was initially painted with a white slip and over this a red/pink pigment was applied to the face.

A fragment of the tail of a cockerel. T.Cat.No.114: Body of a Bird

T.Cat.No.110: Dog

Height: 7.4 cm Length: 9.4 cm Width: 5.1 cm Unit: S13-3 (F.3007) Date: First Century A.D. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.119 Scale: 1:1

Height: 3.2 cm Length: 3.6 cm Width: 2.00 cm Unit: S14-2 (F.3120) Date: Early Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.115 Scale: 1:1

A hollow moulded bird figurine, with a flat base. The head is missing, but the tail, body and neck are preserved. It probably represents a large version of a hen.

An elongated canine resting upon a rectangular plinth. The paws are outstretched in front of the body. There are drooping ears down by the side of its head with the snout being flat. There are substantial remains of yellow pigment. The back of the dog has broken off, so too have the front parts of the front paws.

2.3.12 Miscellaneous Objects and Themes T.Cat.No.115: Pommel of a Votive Sword Height: 2.82 cm Length: 4.26 cm Width: 1.79 cm Unit: O7-18 (F. Surface Find) Date: Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.120 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.111: Head of an Animal Height: 5.53 cm Length: 3.28 cm Width: 3.12 cm Unit: S13-1 (F.1616) Date: Early Roman Period Manufacture: Hand moulded Figure: Fig.116 Scale: 1:1

A triple balled pommel off a votive sword, the handle and blade have snapped off.

26

The Terracotta Catalogue and Typological Study back plate that was bonded in at a right angle and would have formed the beginning of a figurine.

Comparanda The comparanda for votive sword pommels of this style mainly date to the Third to Second Century B.C. see, Besques, 1992: D/E 4546 (from Middle Egypt, Late Ptolemaic Period), BM GR 1886.4-1.1537 (Third to Second Century B.C.); BM GR 188.6-1.117 (Third to Second Century B.C.); BM GR 1925.11-20.23 (Third to Second Century B.C.); BM GR 1886.4-1.1538 (Third to Second Century B.C.); BM GR 1886.4-1.1539 (Third to Second Century B.C.); however an example from, Schmidt, 1997: no. 184 has a date of the Roman Period.

T.Cat.No.119: Figurine Base Height: 3.64 cm Length: 5.72 cm Width: 2.35 cm Unit: N6-4 (F.0442) Date: Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: hand moulded Figure: Fig.124 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.116: Pommel of a Votive

This figurine base has the same attributes as T.Cat.No.118. Only the front of the base is preserved with three applied appliques however the rest of the figures are not preserved.

Height: 3 cm Length: 3 cm Width: 2.2 cm Unit: O6-17 (F.0313) Date: Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Hand moulded Figure: Fig.121 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.120: Figurine Base Height: 1.9 cm Length: 6.6 cm Width: 7.9 cm Unit: N7-3 (F.0257) Date: Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Hand moulded Figure: Fig.125 Scale: 1:1

A triple balled pommel from a votive sword. The centre has been pinched to create a raised area. Either side of the raised area are two raised circular appliques. Comparanda

The base of a figurine with three protrusions probably for a pair of feet and a central offering stand.

For similar three pommelled sword handles but with impressed circular appliques see, Bailey, 2008: pl.51 3293 and pl. 50 3291.

T.Cat.No.121: Figurine Base

T.Cat.No.117: An Applique

Height: 1.6 cm Length: 8.5 cm Width: 6.8 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.3399) Date: Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Hand moulded Figure: Fig.126 Scale: 1:1

Height: 6.99 cm Length: 3.976 cm Width: 1.096 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.1306) Date: Roman Period Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.122 Scale: 1:1

A flat based plinth with the back broken away. The remnants of two feet of either a seated or standing figurine, with the remnants of a circular offering stand.

Fragment of a large applique with a suspension hole, however the subject is not defined.

2.3.13 Unidentified Terracotta Fragments

T.Cat.No.118: Figurine Base

T.Cat.No.122: Fragment of a Seated person

Height: 5.2 cm Length: 5.5 cm Width: 10.3 cm Unit: N6-5 (F.1230) Date: Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Hand moulded Figure: Fig.123 Scale: 1:1

Height: 4.89 cm Length: 4.42 cm Width: 1.48 cm Unit: R13-1 (F.1724) Date: First Century B.C. to First Century A.D. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.127 Scale: 1:1

A flat based stand with the remains of three individual appliques at the front that appear to be feet and the possible base of an offering table. There are the remains of a vertical

Shows an individual seated in robes, the foot and lower leg is preserved. This most likely belongs to a small altar.

27

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 Length: 9.12 cm Width: 1.5 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.1306) Date: Roman Period Manufacture: Single piece mould Figure: Fig.132 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.123: Terracotta Vessel Model Height: 6 cm Length: 4.1 cm Width: 3.2 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.3399) Date: Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.128 Scale: 1:1

A semi-circular piece of ceramic with a knot in the centre possibly part of a terracotta coffin attachment or vessel attachment.

A ceramic vessel possibly belonging to a figurine.

T.Cat.No.128: Unidentified Object

T.Cat.No.124: Unidentified Scene

Height: 5.05 cm Length: 3.05 cm Width: 1.38 cm Unit: N6-6 (F.1103) Date: Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Hand moulded Figure: Fig.133 Scale: 1:1

Height: 5.709 cm Length: 5.988 cm Width: 2.202 cm Unit: O7-15 (F.1088) Date: Ptolemaic Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.129 Scale: 1:1

A small rectangular base with a smaller hand moulded applique on top.

A thick base possibly of a lamp or altar with a scene. At the far right hand side is the base of a column that appears to be in wood then there are two more columns to the left that also appear to be that of wooden structures, such as a canopy. The far left column has been thinned out to just a stump. This probably represents a shrine or a canopy of a structure.

T.Cat.No.129: Fragment of a Belly Height: 2.3 cm Length: 3.54 cm Width: 1.33 cm Unit: N6-7 (F.1409) Date: Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.134 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.125: Unidentified Scene with an Animal Tail Height: 2.12 cm Length: 5.72 cm Width: 2.35 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.1307) Date: Roman Period Manufacture: undetermined Figure: Fig.130 Scale: 1:1

A small bulbous belly with a small belly button in the centre. T.Cat.No.130: Base of a Figurine Height: 5.43 cm Length: 4.57 cm Width: 4.59 cm Unit: N6-7 (F.1409) Date: Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.135 Scale: 1:1

Terracotta plaque fragment with the head of an animal. The tail of an animal that looks like that of a lion dominates the fragment. T.Cat.No.126: Unidentified Fragment Height: 2.186 cm Length: 5.862 cm Width: 2.456 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.1322) Date: Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.131 Scale: 1:1

A part of a base of a two-piece moulded figurine with part of a figure, possibly a leg. T.Cat.No.131: Fragment of a Belly Height: 2.7 cm Length: 1.77 cm Width: 1.14 cm Unit: N6-7 (F.1409) Date: Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.136 Scale: 1:1

A base of a possible lamp with a rounded foot underneath with part of a figure extending from the base of the lamp. T.Cat.No.127: Unidentified Object Height: 6.408 cm 28

The Terracotta Catalogue and Typological Study A large belly with an indentation in the middle representing the navel.

Length: 3.3 cm Width: 1.364 cm Unit: O7-15 (F.1078) Date: Second Century B.C. Mould Type: Hand moulded Figure: Fig.141 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.132: Fragment of a Foot Height: 2.7 cm Length: 2.94 cm Width: 1.14 cm Unit: N6-7 (F.1409) Date: Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.137 Scale: 1:1

A fragment of terracotta with a circular depression. T.Cat.No.137: Unidentified Fragment Height: 3.058 cm Length: 2.033 cm Width: 1.065 cm Unit: O7-15 (F.1078) Date: Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.142 Scale: 1:1

Fragment of a clawed foot that is in a striding motion. There is a tail that wraps itself around the back of the leg. This appears to be a striding Bes, but the fragmentary nature of the piece makes this difficult to ascertain with certainty. T.Cat.No.133: Unidentified Fragment

Possibly part of a leg from a two-piece moulded figurine. It would have been hollow inside.

Height: 1.61cm Length: 2.5 cm Width: 0.84 cm Unit: N6-7 (F.1409) Date: Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.138 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.138: Unidentified Fragment Height: 2.6 cm Length: 1.1 cm Width: 1.063 cm Unit: O7-15 (F.1078) Date: Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Hand moulded Figure: Fig.143 Scale: 1:1

A small fragment with three parallel grooves. It could possibly be part of a Bes headdress. T.Cat.No.134: Fragment of Clothing

A small piece of terracotta possibly part of a worn down arm fragment, otherwise its features are indistinct.

Height: 5.52 cm Length: 3.37 cm Width: 2.15 cm Unit: N6-9 (F.1516) Date: Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: undetermined Figure: Fig.139 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.139: Unidentified Fragment Height: 3.35 cm Length: 2.91 cm Width: 1.557 cm Unit: R13-1 (F.1735) Date: Late Ptolemaic Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.144 Scale: 1:1

Possibly the pleated dress of a female with her arm across the front. T.Cat.No.135: Unidentified Fragment

A bulbous belly fragment that may have the ends of locks of hair resting on the top of the belly.

Height: 3.13 cm Length: 3.05 cm Width: 0.899 cm Unit: O7-15 (F.1078) Date: Second Century B.C. Manufacture: undetermined Figure: Fig.140 Scale: 1:1

T.Cat.No.140: Fragment of a Human

T.Cat.No.136: Unidentified Fragment

Height: 4.17 cm Length: 1.714 cm Width: 1.393 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.1309) Date: Roman Period Manufacture: undetermined Figure: Fig.145 Scale: 1:1

Height: 2.6 cm

A fragment of a knee or a shoulder.

A fragment of a figurine with a coiled design.

29

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 T.Cat.No.141: Fragment of a Leg Height: 5.296 cm Length: 1.892 cm Width: 1.145 cm Unit: R13-2 (F.1322) Date: Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.146 Scale: 1:1 A fragment of a leg possibly belonging to either a Hathor or Isis figurine. T.Cat.No.142: Unidentified Figurine Height: 6.6 cm Length: 3.2 cm Width: 1.07 cm Unit: S13-2 (F.3030) Date: Roman Period Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.147 Scale: 1:1 Part of a two-piece moulded figurine. The remains show the base of a plinth or column into which a wick hole had been placed. T.Cat.No.143: Unidentified Fragment Height: 3.7 cm Length: 1.6 cm Width: 1.4 cm Unit: N6-7 (F.1409) Date: Ptolemaic, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.148 Scale: 1:1 A curved terracotta fragment that has linear striations and small indentations that may represent a tight wreath headdress. T.Cat.No.144: Unidentified Fragment Height: 4.7 cm Length: 2.33 cm Width: 2.7 cm Unit: N6-2 (F.0220) Date: Ptolemaic, Third to Second Century B.C. Manufacture: Two-piece mould Figure: Fig.149 Scale: 1:1 A rectangular fragment that frames a circular feature in the centre. It could possibly represent a crude face within a small naos.

30

Chapter 3 The Context, Function and Dating of Terracottas in Egypt and Tell Timai figurines were found mainly in domestic contexts dated to the Ramesside Period at Deir el-Medina, Qantir, Kom elHisn, and Tell el-Abqa’in. 105 They have also been found at Memphis, 106 Kom Firin, 107 Sais, 108 Amarna, 109 Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham and Akoris. 110 Cobra figurines have also been found outside of Egypt at Kamid el-Loz in Syria and Beth Shan. 111 The functional nature of the cobra figurines and an association with a deity for this type are problematic as there are a number of serpent deities in New Kingdom religion. The most likely candidates are those of Renenutet, Meretseger and Wadjet. 112 The functions of these figurines may have been used in both a ritual/cultic or domestic context. 113

3.1 The Pharaonic Period Terracotta figurines are typical of, and best represented in the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods, however terracotta figurines are known in all periods of dynastic Egyptian history, showing that they were an enduring feature of Egyptian life and religion. 98 They developed in subject matter over time, with the pharaonic corpus relying heavily on animals and females lying on beds. The terracottas of the Pharaonic period were probably votive objects relating to religious themes, and offered in domestic and state shrines, or some maybe even used as toys. 99 In the Ptolemaic Period the Hellenistic influences on Egyptian material culture produced an extremely varied and widespread variety of themes and subject matters. The Ptolemaic Period saw an increasing interest of Hellenistic artists and customers in non-religious subjects alongside the traditional religious repertoires. 100

Animal terracottas continued to be made and used into the New Kingdom but are rarely represented in museums and catalogues, and many may even be misdated to the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods. 114 Animals figurines have been found in New Kingdom domestic contexts at Memphis, 115 Buhen and Amarna, 116 while they have been found in a burial context at the tomb of Horemhab at Saqqara. 117

Terracotta figurines are found during the Early Dynastic Period and the Old Kingdom, 101 the Middle Kingdom 102 and Second Intermediate Period. 103 For the most, the terracottas consisted of quadrupeds, while other types included crocodiles, hippopotami, pigs, apes or birds. Female figurines were also found. 104 Terracotta figurines continued to be a common feature of the object world of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period settlements, while the most popular types, as in earlier periods were birds, geese, ducks, quadrupeds and females. In the New Kingdom a new form of terracotta was produced on a large scale, and is a hallmark of New Kingdom domestic contexts, that of the cobra. Cobra figurines appear to have ceased manufacture at some point during the Early Third Intermediate Period, most probably sometime during the Early Twenty First Dynasty, however the reason for this is as yet unknown. Terracotta cobra

In the Third Intermediate Period terracotta figurines such as animals and females were continued to be manufactured and were still a major part of the object world of the period, but as mentioned above there is a clear decline and what appears to be an eventual cessation in cobra figurine manufacture sometime in the Early Third Intermediate Period. Quadrupeds continue to be a popular choice of terracotta in the Third Intermediate Period with them being found in domestic contexts at Memphis, 118 Kom Firin, 119 Sais, 120 El-Ashmunein, 121 Tell el-Ghaba 122 and Thebes (Medinat Habu and Karnak). 123 Terracotta animal figurines continued to be made into the Late Dynastic Period, particularly those of quadruped types. 124 These

Teeter, 2010:5. Szpakowska, 2008: 53-58. 100 Vafopoulou-Richardson, 1991:4; Merker, 2000:130-1; Erlich and Kloner, 2008:5. 101 Schulte and Arnold, 1978, no.97; Seipel, 1989:42, no.7; Page-Gasser and Wiese, 1997. 102 Szpakowska, 2008: 54-55. 103 Schulte and Arnold, 1978, nos.182-3; Pinch, 1993. 104 Szpakowska, 2008:54-55. 105 Szpakowska, 2003:113-14. 106 Giddy, 1999. 107 Spencer, 2008; 2014. 108 Wilson, 2011. 109 Peet and Woolley, 1923; Stevens, 2006; Kemp and Stevens, 2010. 110 Hanasaka, 2011; 2012. 111 Spazkowska, 2003:113-14. 112 For a full discussion on the identification of the cobra figurines see, Wilson, 2011:120. 113 Papyrus Turin, 1993 is one such spell that shows that the clay uraei were used to ward off poison in which Isis kneaded Ra’s spit with earth ‘and fashioned it into a noble serpent and gave it a pointed shape. It did not move though it had come to life in her presence. She left it at cross roads where the great god passed along to let his heart dwell in his Two Lands.” Borghouts, 1978:51-5 [84]. This spell may indicate that the

cobras were placed along processional routes when the god made public appearances on festival days. The main contexts for which these figures are found are in domestic contexts which is indicated on Ostraca Gardiner 363, which has the spell, “four uraei of pure…clay with flames in their mouths. One is placed in [each] corner [of every room] in which there is a man or woman…sleeping with a man [or woman?]’ Ritner, 1990: 25-41. The cobra figurines in this instance would have acted as the warders off of nightmares. 114 Giddy, 1999:310; Spencer, 2008:66. 115 Giddy, 1999:307-17. (geese, ducks, bovines, baboons, cats, giraffes, monkeys/bears and other unidentified quadruped types). 116 Emery et al, 1979:146-8, pl.52. 117 Schneider, 1996:61, nos.434-9, pls.44, 81 (Calves or dogs). 118 Giddy, 1999:310, pl.68. 119 Spencer, 2014:54, F197, F686, F741, F198, F596. 120 Wilson, 2011: pl.21, 5. 121 Spencer, 1993:39-40. 122 Bacquerisse, 2015:358-60, figs. 7-11. 123 Teeter, 2010:111-123; Sullivan, 2013:240-241. 124 Quadrupeds are found in the Saite Period citadel, see, Spencer, 2014:175. Qaudruped types were found at Naukratis, see, Coulson, 1996:141-3 [12], pl.17 [I], while at Tell el-Rub’a (Mendes) quadruped and birds have been found, Redford, 2004:130-1, fig2.83-4.

98 99

31

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 quadruped types were now accompanied by the ‘Persian Rider’ style. The horse rider theme was extremely popular not just in Egypt but across the East during the First Millennium B.C., possibly serving as a virile status and potency symbol. 125 The horse and rider theme was later to become a widespread theme in terracottas all over the Hellenistic world, 126 as evidenced by examples of horse figurines in the Tell Timai assemblage.

building with niches for funeral urns to be stored) while others were found in subterranean rooms, cisterns and oil presses. 135 3.2.2 Temple Contexts As discussed above the majority of terracottas so far found in Egypt and dating to the Ptolemaic and Roman Period come mostly from the houses of the inhabitants of the cities and were also collected and recovered during the undocumented activities of the Sebakhin farmers. 136 They were also collected through the licensed dealers of antiquities who were allowed to excavate at these sites in the Nineteenth and early Twentieth Century. In addition to being found in the houses and dwellings of the towns, villages and cities, terracotta figurines were also found in the temples. In 1921 Perdrizet stated that terracottas came principally from temples and shrines, 137 while Dunand in 2004 went on to say that terracottas have never been found in temples. 138 The evidence however does suggest that terracottas have been found within temples and shrines, but not in large numbers. For example, in the Fayoum at the site of Theadelphia, a group of Roman Period terracottas were found within the temple, 139 and also at Bacchias some terracottas are noted as coming from the innermost shrine of the temple, and the hall in front of it. 140 The University of Michigan’s work at Karanis recovered only one terracotta from the South Temple, while a further six were found in other areas of the temple complex. A further nineteen were located within houses inside the temple area. 110 fragments that were not retained by the excavators were recorded as having come from the temple complex but it was not stated whether they were found from inside the temple itself, or the associated domestic structures. 141 At Ras el-Soda in Alexandria a group of Late Ptolemaic Period terracotta figurines have been suggested as coming from a favissa from a temple, which were purposely buried as a ritual clearance of the temple in preparation for new figurines. This is possibly because the temple had become full of votive objects and had to be cleared, which may have happened in the First Century A.D. based on the presence of Ptolemaic coins, including a coin of Nero. 142 Bailey however, does not believe that the character of the terracottas would support this hypothesis. 143 Clement Gutch who discusses the terracottas from Naukratis noted that the terracottas of Archaic and classical date were very likely dedicated at the shrines. 144 At Mons Claudianus two terracottas, one of Osiris Hydreios and a head of a male or

3.2 Ptolemaic and Roman Contexts 3.2.1 Domestic Contexts Most of the terracotta figurines so far found in Egypt have been found in domestic contexts. 127 In the North Eastern Nile Delta terracotta figurines from the Third Century B.C. have been found in domestic contexts at Tell elBalamun. 128 In the central Delta at Tell Atrib Polish excavations have found a large number of terracottas from Ptolemaic domestic contexts. 129 At Memphis, Petrie found terracottas from houses which he dated to around A.D. 50, however material from the Third Century A.D. was also present. 130 The mixed nature of these finds indicates that it probably represents a later dumping of material into the house after it went out of use. The majority of the terracottas from excavations at the Roman quarry site of Mons Claudianus in the Eastern Desert came from the sebakh dump immediately to the south of the fortified village. This indicated that these terracottas came from the village itself, while some were found in the fortress and the northern annex. In the Nile Valley at Ehnasya el-Medina (Heracleopolis Magna) Petrie documented 166 figurines, with about 44 per cent (73 figurines) coming from the houses themselves with the remaining examples being purchased from local dealers and sebakhin farmers, subsequently making them un-datable. 131 Further south at Edfu, terracottas have been found in domestic contexts dating from the First to Second Century A.D. 132 Further examples of terracottas from domestic contexts have been found at Tebtunis, 133 while examples were also found within the houses at Karanis. 134 Outside of Egypt in the Hellenistic Levant, terracotta figurines are commonly found in domestic contexts. At the site of Maresha the majority of the terracottas discovered at the site were found in the residential zones of the Lower city, and were found in the fills of the subterranean complexes, in erosion deposits and deliberate fills coming from the above domestic structures, but not in situ. Over one hundred terracottas came from columbaria (a room or Connelly, 1990:95; Moorey, 2000; Erlich and Kloner, 2008:46. Erlich and Kloner, 2008:46. 127 Nachtergael, 1985:223-39. 128 Spencer, 1996: pl. 77, nos 90-1. 129 Myśliwiec and Szymańska, 1992: 67, 112-132; Myśliwiec 1994: 3546; 1996:34-36. 130 Petrie, Mackay and Wainwright, 1910: 45, pl. XL. 131 Petrie dates the houses to no earlier than the Third Century A.D. but there is earlier material too. For a detailed discussion of the dating of the Ehnasya el-Medina material see, Bailey, 2008: 3-5. 132 Nachtergael, 1985:230-1. 133 Ballet, 1992:16-19; 1995:259-264. 134 Allen, 1985:560-92. 135 Erlich and Kloner, 2008:85-86.

Maspero, 1912; Bailey, 1999: 211-218; 2008:1. Perdrizet, 1921: x-xiv. 138 Dunand, 2004:302. 139 Grenfell, Hunt and Hogarth, 1900:52. 140 Grenfell, Hunt and Hogarth, 1900:37; Hogarth and Grenfell,1896: 18; Piacentini, 1996:57. For further sites and discussion see Nachtergael, 1995:261-3. 141 Allen, 1985. 142 Adriani, 1952:28-46. 143 Bailey 2006:261 states that the favissa, if it was one, was unlikely to have any connection to the Second Century A.D. temple built at the same site. For the Second Century A.D. temple see, Adriani, 1940:136-48. 144 Gutch, 1899:71.

125

136

126

137

32

The Context, Function and Dating of Terracottas a female have been found within the temple of Serapis. 145 At Mendes excavations in the harbour area revealed the deposition of large amounts of terracotta figurines probably used as votive offerings to stop the river from receding as it began to silt up, 146 but it is unknown if they were also associated with shrines in the harbour area. At Soknopaiou Nesos some terracottas were found within the temple’s temenos area but were all disturbed and had no chronological contexts. They were assigned a Roman date based on style. An important note was that the terracottas found in the temenos area were of a better quality than those found in the settlement area. 147

are also found from within cultural material depositions inside rooms or spaces which are the result of the house, or other type of building, being used as a rubbish dump after it had gone out of use. 157 The majority of the structures that have been under excavation represent only the base foundations of buildings due to sebakhin activity and later taphonic changes inherent in Tell site development. 158 As many of the terracottas from Tell Timai were found in deliberate fill and rubbish deposits they are not in situ, and to assume that because they were found in fills associated with non-funerary and cultic structures does not automatically indicate that they were from domestic contexts. How far these deposits were brought, and from what original context they were transported from in order to fill up these rooms and spaces cannot be said. The nature of the fills makes dating the terracotta figurines found at Tell Timai a complex task. A number of factors must be taken into account such as, the date of the prototype (the formation of the general type), the date of the archetype from which the mould was prepared, the date of the mould, the date of the figurine, the figurines use life, and the dating of duplications later in time. 159 These fills ultimately represent the end of the objects use life. This indicates that the date range for terracottas found in these assemblages in association with the ceramics is when the terracotta ended its use life and the functional date of the terracotta and its manufacture date may have been earlier. As so many terracotta types and styles were maintained for hundreds of years with only slight alterations, basing the dating of an assemblage on type and style alone is not a reliable way of dating terracotta figurines. 160 The most effective and reliable parameters for dating terracottas at Tell Timai is through the archaeological contexts from which they have come, and this section combines both an assessment of the provenance and the associated material culture to provide explanation for the dating of a number of important sealed assemblages, and only where appropriate are typological and stylistic considerations used.

3.2.3 Burial Contexts In Ptolemaic-Roman Egypt terracotta figurnes are also found in tombs but in smaller numbers compared to those found in domestic contexts. The presence of terracottas in tombs is also seen in the New Kingdom in the tomb of Horemheb at Saqqara. 148 Ptolemaic and Roman terracottas have been found in a small number of tombs at Karanis, 149 Theadelphia 150 and Hawara. 151 Furthermore Egyptian versions of Tanagra figurines have been found in the Early Ptolemaic Period cemeteries of Chatby and Hadra at Alexandria, 152 while terracottas also from Alexandria have been found in tombs. 153 Late Roman examples from the British Museum have provenances from graves at Shurafa 154 and Qau el-Kebir in Upper Egypt. 155 The lack of terracottas having documented tomb contexts could be due to the unrecorded plundering of tombs and the subsequent dispersal of terracottas into museum and private collections. The museum collections could be housing a large number of terracottas from tomb contexts, but the lack of documentary evidence or reliable provenances makes this difficult to assess with the current evidence. Outside of Egypt there is evidence for terracotta figurines being found in burial contexts. The burial caves at Maresha yielded relatively few terracottas, but this is in contrast to the widespread use of terracottas in burial contexts in the rest of the Hellenistic world. Approximately 2000 figurines were found in tombs dated from the Third Century B.C. and the First Century A.D. at the city of Myrina, while they are also found in burials in Israel at the sites of Akko, Yafo and Maresha. 156

The Tell Timai terracottas have a chronological range from the Fourth Century B.C. to the Second Century A.D. Excavations from 2009 to 2013 are located in the N, P, and O Areas in the north of the site and the R and S Areas in the central city. Terracotta figurines were found in all of these areas. Based on the excavations in these areas of the city, two distinct chronological phases can be defined for the terracottas.

3.3 The Provenance and Dating of the Tell Timai Terracottas The majority of terracottas from Tell Timai are broken and fragmentary with the vast majority of them found within fill matrixes used to level large areas of ground ready for rebuilding, and under rooms and floors. A large number

The first is that of the Late Dynastic/Early Hellenistic Period, which equates to the transitory phase in the Fourth

For the Osiris-Hydreios see, Bailey, 2006:262, 266 no.3, and the head see Bailey, 2006:262, 272-3, no.28. 146 D. Redford, pers. comm. 147 Caputo, 2012:363-375. 148 Schneider, 1996:61, nos.434-9, pls.44, 81 (Calves or dogs). 149 Grenfell, Hunt and Hogarth, 1900:41. 150 Grenfell, Hunt and Hogarth, 1900:61. 151 Petrie, 1889: pls xix-xxi; 1911: xiv-xvi. 152 Adriani, 1952: pls v-vii. 153 Kassab Tezgör, 2001: 409-421.

Bailey, 2008: 49, no. 3122, pl. 22; 50, no. 3123, pl. 22. Bailey, 2008: 112. no. 3391, pl. 70; 114, no. 3401, pl. 73. 156 Burr, 1934; Mollard-Besques, 1963; Burn and Higgins, 2001:113114; Erlich, 2015:164. 157 For a discussion on domestic waste management in Egypt see, Arnold, 2015:151-168. 158 A detailed report on the stratigraphy and architecture in association with these terracotta figurines is forthcoming. 159 Erlich and Kloner, 2008:101. 160 Erlich and Kloner, 2008:101.

145

154 155

33

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 Century B.C. and the advent of Ptolemaic rule which is present primarily in Areas N and O, and in the lowest stratum of the central city, in Area R.

fills used to level the area for redevelopment, or to fill up room spaces ready for subsequent rebuilding. The fill deposits in these structures appear to be the result of a large destruction event indicated in part by fire, though the conflagration in the area does not appear to be complete. The evidence that this event was violent is suggested by the presence of several small limestone ballista balls found within the fills. Additional evidence suggests that after this destruction event the building debris was cleared away and the area levelled resulting in the cleanly levelled mud brick walls with uniformly preserved heights. The levelling of these walls was not taken down to the base of the floor as they left the lower parts of the rooms that preserved an in situ ceramic floor deposit dated to the Early Second Century B.C. 161 The levelling off and subsequent filling of the building foundations ready for later building projects after the Early Second Century B.C. has provided good dating for the terracottas found in these fills (Table 1). Area N and the associated structures therefore have a date range from the Early Second Century B.C. down to the Late Dynastic Period. 162

The second phase is the Late Hellenistic/Early Roman Period in Area P that borders the modern Mansheiet Sabry Abou el-Alam to Timai el-Amdid road and the upper stratum of the central city in Areas R and S. This second phase equates to the end of Ptolemaic rule and the transitory phase of the Early Roman occupation. There are a number of sealed deposits in these areas that have provided secure dating for a number of the terracotta assemblages found at Tell Timai. The following sections discuss these assemblages and their dating. 3.4 Area P Area P is located at the far north of the site and borders the modern asphalt Mansheiet Sabry Abou el-Alam to Timai el-Amdid road. This area was subject to MSA salvage excavations conducted since 2010. Additional survey and recording was conducted by the University of Hawaii mission where a number of additional features were identified and recorded. Salvage excavations were conducted in two adjacent grid squares P5 and P6. In Grid square P5, three units (P5-2, P5-11, and P5-26) were assessed in which eight terracottas were found, while in association with a fourth unit (P5-23) was an MSA spoil heap where a single terracotta was identified. Area P is also located to the west of a kiln complex and industrial sector (Area O). Area P appears to be a continuation of the industrial sector of the north east. The activity phase of Area P is dated to the Late Ptolemaic and Early Roman Period and the type of terracottas found in this area are similar in manufacturing and style as those in the Late Ptolemaic and Early Roman Period levels found in the centre of the city. Area P preserved some of the most complete and beautiful examples of terracottas so far found at Tell Timai including a figurine of Isis-Aphrodite, T.Cat.No.69, and a militant Bes, T.Cat.No.19. The presence of the complete Isis-Aphrodite and a range of different types of terracotta in association with an industrial zone may suggest that there could have been a small terracotta workshop in this area in the Late Ptolemaic and Early Roman Period. The majority of types found in this area are also of a Hellenistic style.

The expansive nature of the levelling of the structures in the north ready for the subsequent rebuilding of Late Ptolemaic and Early Roman Period mud brick structures over pre-Early Second Century B.C. structures is shown most effectively in Unit N6-8. An intentional levelling fill (F.1515) was encountered directly beneath a Late Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period mud brick platform, providing a date of no later than the early Second Century B.C. for three terracottas found in F.1515. They included a fragment of a female breast, T.Cat.No.90, a clothing or drapery fragment, T.Cat.No.92 and a horse fragment, T.Cat.No.102. The extent of this later mud brick platform was also found in the adjacent unit N6-9 but heavily damaged. Beneath the mud brick surface was another thick fill of cultural material brought in to level the site for the new Late Ptolemaic Period to Early Roman Period mud brick structure on top. This fill, F.1516 like that of F.1515 was laid down prior to the Early Second Century B.C. and therefore the terracotta figurines found in F.1516 must all date prior to the Early Second Century B.C. This is important dating criteria as eight terracottas were found in this fill. They include the Hellenistic Harpocrates in the style of Praxiteles, T.Cat.No.5, Harpocrates in military uniform, T.Cat.No.6, a number of phallic figurines, T.Cat.No.33 and 41, a ‘Goddess in a Shrine’, T.Cat.No.81 and a female head, T.Cat.No.83. The secured dating for these terracottas indicates that Alexandrian and Hellenistic terracotta imports and motifs were being used at Tell Timai prior to the Early Second Century B.C. while females in shrines was a Late Dynastic and Early Ptolemaic style along with phallic figurines having a primarily Late Dynastic and Early Ptolemaic Period date also.

3.5 Area N Area N comprises a number of buildings that are either of a domestic or administrative nature. They are situated just to the west of the kiln and industrial complex (Area O) and to the south of Area P. Area N has been heavily reduced by sebakhin digging and is therefore at a lower level than Area O and P, therefore the Late Ptolemaic and Early Roman Period levels have been removed from Area N. The remains of these structures include the base foundations that provide the basic blueprints for the structures. The deposits in association with these structures all comprise 161

3.6 Area O To the east of Area N is Area O which is characterized mainly by a series of kilns that have a construction date in

Hudson, 2014a:15.

For a report on the Hellenistic pottery deposits in these structures see Hudson, 2014a.

162

34

The Context, Function and Dating of Terracottas the Late Fourth Century B.C. and a wider industrial area that continued to be in use into the Late Ptolemaic Period. In O7-15 there were two contexts that produced terracotta figurines. The first was a sealed fill from underneath a thick mud brick collapse dated to the Ptolemaic Period, most likely the Second Century B.C, while directly above this was a single period dump dated to the First Century B.C.

within the pit have a deposition date of around the second half of the First century A.D. and this is also the date when the pit went out of use. 165 The dating of the pit and the contents within it rested on a few chronological markers, principally a set of carinated bowls of a form that is similar to ESA Atalante II form 39. 166 Within this pit were a number of terracotta figurines including, the African acrobat assemblage, T.Cat.No.43-46, two fragments of stylized grapes, T.Cat.No. 99 and 100, a terracotta animal possibly that of a bird, T.Cat.No.112, a Roman head of a lady T.Cat.No.86, a fragment of a broken lamp, a statue of a Militant Bes, T.Cat.No.20, a Harpocrates figurine, T.Cat.No.8, and a second fragmentary figurine of a female, T.Cat.No.91. In addition to the terracotta figurines there were also three pieces of metal (maybe lead) that possibly depicted animals (maybe a bird, however the oxidation of the metal prevented a positive identification). There was also a gemstone of garnet or carnelian probably from a finger ring, a bezel, an amulet or from another item of jewellery. There were also two bone beads probably belonging to a necklace or a bracelet. 167

1) The sealed fill directly underneath the thick mud brick collapse is likely to be a secondary deposit from a single source or event. The fill produced six terracotta figurines coming from F.1078. They included a base of a standing Bes, T.Cat.No.28, and a degraded Harpocrates with the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt, T.Cat.No.10, while the rest of the terracottas were fragmentary and remained unidentified. The associated ceramics with these terracottas included a Hellenistic pitcher that has parallels to pitchers from Tebtynis dated to the Second Century B.C. 163 2) Above the mud brick collapse was a single phase dump. This dump has been dated, based on ceramics to the First Century B.C. In this dump, in F.1014 was a single terracotta fragment, that of the hair and shoulder of an Isis-Aphrodite figurine, T.Cat.No.74. This assemblage shows that Isis-Aphrodite figurines were continued to be manufactured in the First Century B.C. at Tell Timai, however there is a change in style, to a more refined detailed two-piece moulded version.

3.8 Conclusions on the Provenance and Dating of the Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai The context of terracottas found in Egypt and the Mediterranean world shows that figurines can be found in domestic, cultic and funerary contexts. The material from Tell Timai, is for the majority not in situ and comes from fills brought from elsewhere. It cannot be said if it originally came from domestic, funerary or cultic contexts. 3.9 Function of the Terracottas from Tell Timai

3.7 Area R

Terracotta figurines have been shown to be found in domestic, funerary and cultic contexts in Egypt and the wider Hellenistic world. The archaeological contexts at Tell Timai from which the terracotta figurines have been found are unable to add further evidence for understanding the functions that terracottas performed for the inhabitants of the city. Defining a specific function for each type is problematic as the majority of the Tell Timai terracottas have not been found in situ. It is likely that each figurine type had multiple different functions that could be utilised in domestic, funerary and cultic spheres, and at different times, for different reasons, and also based on individual people’s desires and wishes. The evidence so far suggests that terracotta figurine types such as Harpocrates, Bes, Phallic figurines and Isis-Aphrodite figurines are found across the site and are not restricted to specific areas, indicating their widespread appeal throughout the Ptolemaic and Roman periods at Tell Timai. These figurines can be often regarded as protective of the household, and also as fecundity figurines. They are representative of the popular religion of Egypt, 168 a theme that is attested to by the Tell Timai assemblage.

In the central city in R13-1 the remains of a destroyed room were found in the area of what is identified as the public and administrative sector of the city. A mud brick floor was uncovered in a large mud brick structure. This mud brick floor was adjacent to a mud brick wall to the west. The floor was pitted and uneven and dated to the Late Ptolemaic or Early Roman Period. The floor itself was covered with a thick layer of ash which had been sealed in antiquity by the collapse of a plastered ceiling or wall. Within the collapse were the remains of a ceramic assemblage consisting of amphorae sherds, a faience platter, a bowl and a small pitcher that were most probably the disturbed burial offerings of a small child who was found at the foot of the wall. 164 There was no evidence of an associated burial pit or structure with the infant, and it had simply been discarded against the wall, possibly as part of a disturbed amphora burial, of which sherds of an amphora lay over the top of the infant. The end date for the structures usage was sometime in the First Century A.D. At some later stage a circular pit was cut into the room after the ash layer had been deposited. The pit itself was lined with a mud coating. The soil matrix indicated that the pit had been filled in one single instance. The ceramics Hudson, 2014a:34, III.5; Ballet and Poludnikiewicz, 2012: no.463. Bennett, 2014:106. 165 Bennett, 2014:106. 166 Hudson, 2014a:25-27.

Bennett, 2014:106. For a discussion on the use of terracottas as representative of the popular religion of the Ptolemaic and Roman Period see, Dunand, 1979.

163

167

164

168

35

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 Some indirect comments however can be made on a few types found in the assemblage that may suggest for specific functions or contexts at Tell Timai. The Tanagra figurine head, T.Cat.No.85 found in the fill of the structures in Area N is not in situ, however Tanagra figurines of this type appear elsewhere in Egypt in burial contexts at Alexandria, 169 and in the surrounding cemeteries of Gabbari, Ezbet el-Makhlouf and Ibrahimieh. 170 They have also been found at the Chatby and Hadra necropoli. 171 The evidence from Egypt does suggest a primary funerary function for these figurines and may indicate that the fill material in which this head was found may have been taken from a burial area. Furthermore, there are a few small Late Dynastic or Early Ptolemaic Period ushabti figurines found in the fills of Area N that may support a burial ground as the primary context of the Tanagra head. In contradiction to this is that outside of Egypt Tanagra figurines have been found in non-funerary contexts, such as in shrine deposits at Kharayeb and Thasos, 172 and in domestic contexts at Maresha. 173 The phallic figurines found primarily in the Late Dynastic and Early Ptolemaic Period levels at Tell Timai are most likely ex-votos and would have come from small shrines The votive nature of terracottas is shown in the votive pit in Area R demonstrating that different types of terracottas such as acrobats, Bes, Harpocrates, and female heads can all be used in conjunction with each other as votive objects.

Bailey, 2008:133. Bailey, 2008:134. 171 Breccia, 1912; 1930; 1934; Bailey, 2008:134. 169

172

170

173

36

Chéhab, 1951-1954:112-117, 156-157; Muller, 1996:467-475. Erlich and Kloner, 2008:29-34, 157, pl.17,

Chapter 4 Terracotta Figurine Production at Tell Timai production. 175 This rendered the figurine waterproof and improved its appearance by eliminating porosity, and also providing a good undercoat for the decoration. An analysis carried out at the British Museum on these white coatings on terracottas from various locations has demonstrated that the procedure was done after firing. 176 Sixteen other figurines T.Cat.No.1, 2, 4, 5, 19, 25, 43, 44, 45, 46, 52, 61, 92, 98, 108 and 110 had pigment applied directly onto the fired clay. All but one of the Harpocrates types had this production method, while all of the African acrobat figurines were painted in this way, along with the IsisAphrodite, and the dog terracottas.

4.1 Production at Tell Timai A dedicated production centre for the terracottas has not yet been found at Tell Timai, and at this stage it is not possible to say whether the majority of the terracottas were manufactured at the site or elsewhere in Egypt. The discovery of the intact Isis-Aphrodite, T.Cat.No.69 in an industrial context may indicate that in the north of the site during the Late Ptolemaic and Early Roman Period there was some terracotta manufacture ongoing there. The kiln complex and industrial area located in Areas P and O have so far produced no evidence of terracotta manufacturing. No terracotta moulds have been found anywhere on site so far. There is also no evidence within the assemblage of an original sculpted figurine that was used to cast for a mould, but identifying architypes of Hellenistic terracottas is very difficult. The fact that the acrobat figurines T.Cat.No.4346, are so far unique to Tell Timai does not allow us to say that they are a local style or invention as evidence of this way of depicting sub Saharan African acrobats is likely to have been derived from Alexandrian originals.

The Tell Timai terracottas are important to the study of terracotta decoration as so many of them preserve pigments, and this allows for the reconstruction of colour schemes on certain types. Even though there was a limited range of colours available, those being red, yellow, black and blue, there is the addition of pink/mauve, orange and green added in the Hellenistic Period, and the Tell Timai terracottas show evidence of this Hellenistic addition to the Egyptian palette.

So far there is no evidence of foreign imported types from the Levant or the rest of the Mediterranean, but there is evidence of internal trade with Alexandria with distinctly Hellenistic forms and Alexandrian styles in the assemblage, such as the Harpocrates in the style of Praxiteles T.Cat.No.5, while again the terracotta African acrobat assemblage is most likely based on a sculpture of Alexandrian origin.

The use of blue was used on the Harpocrates figurines for the head wreaths on T.Cat.No.1, the stylized double crown and lotus buds on T.Cat.No.2 and 4, and for the clothing, particularly on the cloak of T.Cat.No.5. Blue was also used on the body of two of the Bes figurines, T.Cat.No.19 and 25, while it was also identified on the feathered plumage of T.Cat.No.20 and 25 alternating in vertical lines with red. Blue was also used on the shield of the militant type Bes, T.Cat.No.20, along with red too. No other colours apart from blue and red appear on the Tell Timai Bes and Harpocrates figurines. There is yellow on the face of one Harpocrates, T.Cat.No.1, but this may be a degraded white undercoat. In terracottas from Italy and Sicily dated to between 400-100 B.C. the use of Egyptian blue was also used for various accessories such as himations, pillars, leaves of wreaths, the wings of Eros, the drapery of Aphrodite, satyr masks and the beard of Hades. 177 Red was used for the skin of Harpocrates on T.Cat.No.5, which was a common colour chosen to represent male flesh in the Hellenistic world.

4.2 Preservation and Pigments The overall preservation of the Tell Timai terracottas was relatively poor, with the majority of them being fragmentary, which is typical of fill assemblages of broken and no longer used terracottas. The only examples of complete figurines was the large Isis-Aphrodite, T.Cat.No.69 and one of the single African acrobat figurines, T.Cat.No.43. Some examples were heavily corroded due to exposure to water, and water logged deposits, particularly in the lower levels in Area N. What was unexpected was the preservation of pigments on twenty-two (15 per cent) of the figurines. The preservation of the pigment was fragile, and on drying became very powdery.

The other figurines that preserve pigment that allow for a nearly complete image of how the figurines were decorated are those of the sub Saharan African acrobat figurines. The vaults or tables on which they are balanced were coloured in yellow, while in between the leonine legs green was applied. The use of yellow pigment for furniture is also seen on the chair of the statue of the seated poet

Eight terracottas, T.Cat.No.10, 20, 50, 69, 85, 107, 109 and 119 all show evidence of a white slip or undercoat being applied to them. A white undercoat is also found on the figurine of the Late Third Century B.C. Gallic warrior found at the site in 1963, 174 and the Egyptian Tanagra head, T.Cat.No.85. The application of a white undercoat, post firing, was the usual Hellenistic process of terracotta 174 175

el-Seify, 2015a:196-7. Middelton, 2001.

176 177

37

Ferruzza, 2016: Ferruzza, 2016:83, 103, 137, 139, 143, 197, 201, 203, 209.

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 from Taranto dated to ca.330-300 B.C, 178 and it may indicate that wood was being represented. Green pigments are usually used for drapery or musical instruments and accessories. Therefore, we may assume that the acrobats have drapery around the base of the wooden tables. The acrobats themselves have yellow faces and feet, with the main body coloured red which was typical for male flesh as in the Harpocrates terracottas. The use of yellow paint for the African faces instead of the red that was used on the rest of the bodies is unusual as red would be expected to have been used all over the exposed skin areas. The individual who decorated these figurines may have wished to highlight the ethnicity of the subject or differentiate them from a deity by using a yellow instead of the red pigment. The single acrobat colour scheme is again seen on the double version, with a yellow vault or table with green in between the legs, with the acrobats having yellow faces, indicating that they may have been manufactured by the same workshop, but this time there is the addition of red or pink hair, which is again a common choice of colour for hair.

large Isis-Aphrodite, T.Cat.No.69. An example of a basket bearer, T.Cat.No.95, shows a stylized basket that would have gone on the top of a female figures head. African hairstyles are modelled in tight corkscrews which are typical of Hellenistic depictions of sub Saharan Africans. Nudity is common in the Tell Timai corpus with the IsisAphrodite figurines, the phallic figurines, IsisAnasyromene and the Hellenistic version of Harpocrates, alongside the many fragments of exposed breasts and bellies. The frequency of nudity in the terracottas is a common theme of Hellenistic Period. 181 The use of pigments to represent skin tones such as pinks/mauve and reds is lacking on many of the terracottas so some of them may have been wearing clothing, but the distinction between colours has now faded as the pigments have worn away in the Deltaic environment. Some figurines such as T.Cat.No.4 and T.Cat.No.19 depict military clothing on Harpocrates and Bes. The clamys (a woollen cloak fastened over the shoulder) appears to be represented on two figurines, one of the Praxiteles Harpocrates, T.Cat.No.5 and the other on an unidentified male, T.Cat.No.52.

Finally, the large Isis-Aphrodite also preserves a good amount of pigment. The pink or mauve is seen on the goose lug hole and the himation, with the use of blue around her wrists, and also on the himation and plinth, while the rectangular base is coloured yellow. The use of mauve or pink is again common on female accessories and parts of clothing such as himations, while the use of blue may represent some form of jewellery or accessory around the wrist very much like the use of blue to pick out accessories on the Harpocrates and Bes types. In addition, the use of yellow to represent furniture or bases is seen on the African acrobat set. Sadly, the skin colour is not preserved on the Isis-Aphrodite, but the use of pink or mauve was a common choice for female complexions. 179 The preservation of the pigments on the Tell Timai terracottas suggests that there was a standardised colour scheme for different types of figure, and that the use of colours for different attributes of the figurines was no different than those for the rest of the Hellenistic world.

4.4 The Sizes of Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai The dimensions of the terracotta figurines from Tell Timai as documented in the catalogue are those of the preserved heights. Due to the fragmentary nature of most of the corpus it makes it is only possible to provide an estimation of the size for each figurine, which is around 10cm-15cm, with a few larger examples such as the figurine of IsisAphrodite, T.Cat.No.69, the standing militant Bes figurines, T.Cat.No.19 and 20, and the African acrobat troupe T.Cat.No.43-46. The largest figurines found at Tell Timai are all manufactured using two-piece moulds and date from the Late Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period, however the poor preservation of so many of the earlier Ptolemaic terracottas makes it difficult to say if terracotta figurines were larger in the Late Ptolemaic Period onwards. Based on the evidence so far collected from Tell Timai from figurines dated to the Late Dynastic and Early Hellenistic phase they appear to be of a much smaller size compared to the later types.

4.3 Clothing, Headdresses, Hairstyles, Facial Features and Nudity

4.5 Moulding Technique

A number of different styles of headdress are found in the Tell Timai assemblages. These include those of the plumed feathered headdresses of Bes, but only in the five feathered versions. Harpocrates terracotta figurines exhibit the familiar stylized double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt, and it is also flanked by two lotus flowers. The tightly woven and bound wreaths are found on one of the heads of Harpocrates, T.Cat.No.1, and two of the female heads, T.Cat.No.83 and 84. These tight wreaths are documented in Ptolemaic Egypt in both paleobotanical finds and literature. 180 A number of deities’ headdresses allow for identification of the type, these include the degenerated helmet of Athene, T.Cat.No.68, while there is the basileion of Isis, T.Cat.No.77. Finally, the himation is worn on the 178 179

The terracotta figurines from Tell Timai were mainly made in two-piece moulds with 88 examples, while 27 figurines were from single moulds, the rest being hand moulded or of an undetermined mould type. Approximately 14 per cent of all the terracottas at Tell Timai were hand moulded. The two main categories of hand moulded figurines were those of the phallic figurines and the animals, particular the horses found in Area P. Almost all of the phallic figurines, T.Cat.No. 33, 34, 39, 40, 41 and 42 were hand moulded and all dated to the Late Dynastic and Early Ptolemaic Period. All of the ithyphallic terracotta figurines at Tell Timai produced in the Late Dynastic, and Early Ptolemaic Period were hand moulded. The macrophallic versions, such as the example

Ferruzza, 2016:9. Ferruzza, 2016:9.

180 181

38

Thompson, 1963:45-6; Erlich and Kloner, 2008:115. Erlich and Kloner, 2008:118.

Terracotta Figurine Production at Tell Timai of Harpocrates, T.Cat.No.6, were made with a single piece mould. Other types that were predominantly hand moulded were the horse figurines.

Bes figurines could be a remnant of an earlier production tradition or was put there as an option to use them to swing maybe being used in a ritual ceremony.

The African acrobat figurines showed evidence of a clay slip to join the two moulds together prior to firing. The interior surfaces of the figurines of the two-piece hollow types appear on the whole to be unsmoothed. The African acrobats also show well defined fingerprint impressions in the clay where they were pushed into the moulds. There also appears to be a more refined and better quality moulding of terracotta figurines at Tell Timai in the Late Ptolemaic Period, however this may be reflective of the different areas of the city that have been excavated and the different social class areas. 4.6 Additional Elements: Backs, Vents, Lugs, Wick Holes and Bases The preservation of backs on the Tell Timai assemblage, particularly for the two-piece mould types was rare, however those that did survive showed that they were generally unmoulded and plain. The exception to this was the militant Bes, T.Cat.No.20, that showed on the back the leopard skin tunic, the buttocks and the tail. It also showed the had connected to the raised shield, while the rest was plain, and had a vent pierced through the back. The use of vents on terracottas was a remnant of Greek traditions, which was reinforced and commonly used in the Hellenistic Period. 182 Only two examples of vents were identified, both belonging to militant Bes figurines, T.Cat.No.19 and 20, both dating from the First Century B.C. to the First Century A.D. The purpose of vents stopped the figurine from exploding during the firing process as they would have sealed bases, however, the Tell Timai Bes figurines did not have sealed bases. Vents on figurines with no bases therefore have no technical function, and was made either as an extra precaution or due to a misinterpretation of its purpose. 183 A number of the Tell Timai terracottas have lug holes pierced through them that allows for them to be attached to wiring or rope and swung, or hung from the ceiling, wall or a bracket. Lug holes are only present on four of the figurines, all of them dating to the Late Ptolemaic Period to Early Roman Period. The lug holes are found on the African acrobat figurines and the Isis-Aphrodite. The single acrobats have lug holes pierced through their calves, while on the double acrobat a small circular topped plinth emanates from the centre of the two acrobats and it is pierced through the plinth. On the Isis-Aphrodite, a goose or swan headed plinth emanates from the head of IsisAphrodite and the lug hole is pierced through the centre of the bird’s head. 184 None of the lug holes are worn or show any sign of being used as a suspension device. This makes it possible that they were used as votive objects, which is certainly the case for the African acrobats, and would also support the idea that the militant Bes found alongside of them in the pit in R13-1 was also used as a votive piece. The absence of ware on the lug holes, like the vents on the 182 183

Higgins, 1967:3; Erlich and Kloner, 2008:110. Erlich and Kloner, 2008:110.

For other terracottas with goose lugholes see, Bailey, 2008: pl. 100, 3540; Breccia, 1930: tav.XXX. 1; 1934: tav. LXXIV. 379.

184

39

Chapter 5 The Religious Life and Deities of Tell Timai within a domestic religious sphere. Furthermore, Egypt is the only region in which terracottas are extensively related to private cults and popular beliefs and found mostly in domestic contexts. 185 The predominant use of these figurines in the domestic cult rather than the official cult is demonstrated by the popular types of Harpocrates, who predominates in terracotta. In addition to these deities are those of Thoth, in baboon form, and the Apis bull. The presence of Ptolemy V as Harpocrates suggest that there was a domestic cult to the king during his reign in the city. The large Bes plaques found in the north of the site may suggest the presence of a Mammisi or Bes Chamber at the site prior to the Early Second Century B.C. The examples of the female busts most likely represent secular themes and were probably used in the household.

5.1 The Limitations of the Evidence The religious life of the city of Tell Timai and its ancient inhabitants is almost unknown. So far excavations at the city have found the remains of a Late Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period temple complex in Area M, but so far there is no evidence as to who built it, or the associated cult. It is through the Tell Timai terracottas that we can begin to understand the belief systems and the deities being worshipped by the inhabitants of the city from the Late Dynastic Period to the Early Second Century A.D. The discussion of the terracottas in this study is restricted to those found from 2009-2013, however, since then excavations have uncovered more terracottas and this is a trend that is likely to continue as further excavations of the city are undertaken. These new finds will add to our understanding of the religion at Tell Timai, while further excavations in the parts of the city’s main cultic sites will add to our knowledge of city’s main deities. Based on these general limitations in the scope of excavations in certain regions of the city the discussion of the pantheon of Tell Timai is intended to be that of an intermediary discussion based on the current state of knowledge from the excavated areas. When the cities major cultic, funerary and other city zone areas are further excavated a more comprehensive picture of the cities cults and deities will enhance this study. A preliminary analysis of the figurines found since 2013 has not fundamentally changed the picture of the types and themes of terracotta figurines being found at Tell Timai. Harpocrates, Bes, and Isis-Aphrodite still dominate the assemblages. What must be highlighted prior to any further discussion on the religion of the inhabitants through the terracottas is that the terracottas so far found, only reflect the pantheon of Tell Timai and do not represent the actual cults and practices of the city. The main city cults are still unknown and whether the religious traditions of the city of Mendes to the north of Tell Timai were reflected in the new suburb to the south is difficult to say. Little is known of the religious institutions of Tell Timai until the city became an important Christian centre.

Greek goddesses are found in levels dating from the First Century B.C. to the First Century A.D. onwards. So far there are no other classical depictions of goddesses such as Hera or Artemis, but figures of the syncretised form of IsisAphrodite appear in Early Ptolemaic Period levels and increase in number in the Late Ptolemaic and Early Roman Period levels, now made with finer two-piece moulds. Male Greek deities are absent in the assemblage but may be represented in some form by the animals such as the cockerel of Hermes, but on the whole Greek deities are absent from the corpus. Alongside religious types there is also a preference for secular themes such as theatrical masks, Tanagra heads, acrobat figurines and animals such as dogs. Religious connotations should not be ruled out for these types, particularly the association of Isis with the Sothic dog, and the presence of the African acrobats inside the votive pit alongside the militant Bes. As so little of the religious lives and the cults of Tell Timai have been found, it is the terracotta figurines that allow us to understand the religious lives of the people of the city and the deities they worshipped.

5.2 The Deities Found at Tell Timai At Tell Timai, the assemblage of what can be identified with certainty shows that there is a clear preference for male types with 67 figurines and associated fragments. These are dominated by the gods Harpocrates, Bes and the Phallic types. There is on the other hand only 30 females and female fragments, dominated largely by IsisAphrodite figurines, female heads and naked goddesses. The Bes, Harpocrates and Phallic figurines were revered as fertility and protective beings and were most likely used 185

Erlich, 2015:168.

40

Chapter 6 Conclusions The excavations at Tell Timai from 2009 to 2013 have found 144 terracotta figurines from Areas N, O, P, R and S, that have a date range from the Late Dynastic Period to the Second Century A.D. They can be divided into two chronological phases, that of the Late Dynastic Period to Early Ptolemaic Period, and the Late Ptolemaic Period to Early Roman Period. Almost all of the figurines have been found in levelling fills and dumps, with some coming from surface finds, rescue and salvage excavations, and also from a votive pit. As the majority of them were not found in situ the original context and function of the figurines is largely unknown, but the associated ceramic material in a number of sealed contexts provides good dating evidence for many different types and styles. The most common types of figurines found at Tell Timai are those of Bes, Harpocrates, Isis-Aphrodite and phallic figurines, which are found across the city. They likely represent aspects of the domestic religion in the city. There is also evidence of a wider domestic royal cult of Ptolemy V. There is a Greek presence in the terracotta repertoire prior to the Early Second Century B.C. in the north, and this continues into the Late Ptolemaic Period across the site, but in general Greek deities are scarcer than the Egyptian counterparts, while no male Greek deities have so far been found. There is evidence of a diffusion of Alexandrian figurative styles into Tell Timai during the Ptolemaic Period, such as the African acrobat troupe and the Tanagra head. The production centre for the Tell Timai figurines has not yet been identified, but there may have been a workshop active in Area P during the Late Ptolemaic Period. Furthermore, no moulds or archetypes have been identified anywhere at Tell Timai. The palette of colours being used for the decoration of the terracottas and the choice of colours used for certain attributes is similar to rest of the Hellenistic word, with red, blue, pink/mauve, yellow and green being commonly used. Ultimately the terracotta figurines found at Tell Timai, represent the standard array of Egyptian terracotta types found in many other Egyptian towns and cities. Furthermore they show a diffusion of Greek terracotta types, motifs and influences that reflect on the social and cultural make-up of the city during the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods. This new catalogue adds to the growing set of data regarding the contexts that terracotta figurines have been found in Egypt, and also to our knowledge of function and associated chronology of styles and types.

41

Bibliography Adriani, A., 1940, Municipalité d’Alexandrie, Annuaire du Musée Gréco-Romain (1935-1939), Société de Publications Égyptiennes, Alexandria. Adriani, A., 1952, Trouvaille à Ras el Soda, Annuaire du Musée Gréco-Romain, Alexandrie III 1940-1950, Alexandria. Allen, M., 1985, The Terracotta Figurines from Karanis: A Study of Technique, Style and Chronology in Fayoumic Coroplastics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Arnold, F., 2015, ‘Clean and unclean space: domestic waste management at Elephantine’, in M. Müller (ed.), Household studies in complex societies: (micro) archaeological and textual approaches, Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, pp. 151-168. Aurigemma, S., 1946, Le Terme di Diocleziano e il Museuo Nazionale Romano, La Libreria Dello Stato, Rome. Bacquerisse, C., 2015, ‘Small finds at Tell el-Ghaba’, in S. Lupo, (ed.), Tell el-Ghaba III: A Third Intermediate-Early Saite Period site in the Egyptian eastern Delta; excavations 1995-1999 and 2010 in areas I, II, VI and VIII, BAR Publishing, Oxford, pp. 357-385. Bailey, D., 1999, ‘Sebakh, Sherds and Survey’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 85, pp. 211–218. Bailey, D., 2006, ‘Terracotta and Plaster Figures, Sealings and a Stone Group’, in V. Maxfield and D.P. Peacock (eds.), Mons Claudianus: Survey and Excavation. 1987 – 1993, III: Ceramic and Related Objects, Institut français d’archéologie orientale, Cairo, pp. 261–285. Bailey, D., 2008, Catalogue of Terracottas in the British Museum, IV. Ptolemaic and Roman Terracottas from Egypt, British Museum Press, London. Ballet, P., 1992, ‘Tebtynis, Umm al-Brigat (Fayoum) 1991’, Bulletin de Liaison de Groupe International d’Étude de La Céramique Égyptienne 16, pp. 16–19. Ballet, P., 1995, ‘Terres cuites gréco-égyptiennes du Musée d’Alexandrie’, in N. Bonacasa, C. Nero, E. Portale, and A. Tullio (eds.), Alessandria e il mondo ellenistico-romano. Atti de II Congresso Internazionale Italo-Egiziano 1992, L’Erme di Bretschneider, Rome, pp. 259-264. Ballet, P., and Południkiewicz, A., 2012, Tebtynis V: la céramique des époques hellénistique et impériale. Campagnes 1988-1993. Production, consommation et réception dans le Fayoum méridional. Fouilles de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale 68, Institut français d'archéologie orientale. Cairo. Barta, M., 1999, ‘The Title “priest of Heket”, in the Egyptian Old Kingdom’, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 58 (2), pp. 107–116. Bayer-Neimeier, E., 1988, Griechisch-römische Terrekotte: Liebighaus-Museum alter Plastik, Bildwerke der Sammlung Kaufmann, Melsungen, Frankfurt. Beardsley, G.H., 1929, The Negro in Greek and Roman Civilization. A Study of the Ethiopian Type, The John Hopkins Press, Baltimore. Bennett, J.E., 2014, ‘A Troupe of Six Terracotta Acrobat Figurines found in a Votive Pit at Thmuis’, Zeitschrift für Ägyptisch Sprache und Altertumskunde 141/2: 105-111. Besques, S., 1992, Musée du Louvre, catalogue raisonné des figurines et reliefs en terre-cuite grecs, étrusques et romains, Vol IV/2, Myrina, Paris. Blasius, A., 2015a, ‘The Small Mendes Stela’, in M.I. Bakr, H. Brandl and F. Kallaniatis (eds.), Egyptian Antiquities from the Eastern Nile Delta 2, M.i.N. Museums im Nildelta, Cairo/Berlin, pp. 292-293. Blasius, A., 2015b, ‘Statue Head of Aphrodite (?)’, in M.I. Bakr, H. Brandl and F. Kallaniatis (eds.), Egyptian Antiquities from the Eastern Nile Delta 2, M.i.N. Museums im Nildelta, Cairo/Berlin, pp. 298-299. Blouin, K., 2014, Triangular Landscapes. Environment, Society, and the State in the Nile Delta under Roman Rule, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Boraik, M., 2010, ‘Excavations of the quays and the embankment in from of Karnak temples: preliminary report’ Cahiers Du Karnak 13: 65–78. Borghouts, J.F., 1978, Ancient Egyptian magical texts: translated, Nisaba 9, E. J. Brill, Leiden.

42

Bibliography Boutantin, C., 2012, Les terre cuites gréco-romaines du Musée égyptien de l’agriculture, (translated by H. Khouzam and V. Calender), Bibliothèque générale 42, Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, Cairo. Boutantin, C., 2014, Terres cuites et culte domestique: bestiaire de l’Egypte greco-romaine, Religions in the Graeco-Roman World 179, Brill, Leiden. Brea, L.B., 2001, Maschere e personaggi del teatro Greco nelle terracotta liparesi, Bibliotheca archaeologica 32, Rome. Breccia, E., 1912, La necropoli di Sciatbi, Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée d'Alexandrie, Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, Cairo. Breccia, E., 1930, Terrecotte figurate greche e Greco-egizie del Museo di Alessandria, Vol II, Fasc I, Monuments de l’Égypte grécoromaine 2, Istituto Italiano d’Arti Grafiche, Bergamo. Breccia, E., 1934, Terrecotte figurate greche e Greco-egizie del Museo di Alessandria, Vol II Fasc II, Monuments de l’Égypte grécoromaine 2, Istituto Italiano d’Arti Grafiche, Bergamo. Budge, E.A.W.,1929, The Rosetta stone in the British Museum : the Greek, demotic and hieroglyphic texts of the decree inscribed on the Rosetta stone conferring additional honours on Ptolemy V Epiphanes (203-181 B. C.), Religious Tract Society, London. Burn, L. and Higgins, R., 2001, Catalogue of Greek Terracottas in the British Museum III, British Museum, London. Burr, D., 1934, Terracottas from Myrina in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Vienna. Caputo, C., 2012, ‘Le terracotta figurate’, in M. Capasso and P. Davoli (eds.), Soknopaiou Nesos Project, I, (2003-2009), Fabrizio Serra Editore, Pisa, pp. 363-375. Chéhab, M.H., 1951-1954, Les terres cuites de Kharayeb, Bulletin de Musée de Beyrouth 10-11, Beirut. Connelly, J.B., 1989, ‘Votive Offerings from Hellenistic Failaka: Evidence for Herakles Cult’, in T. Fahd (ed.), L’Arabie préislamique et son environment historique et culturel, Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg, 24-27 juin 1987, Travaux du Centre de recherche sur le Proche-Orient et la Grèce antiques 10, E.J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 145-158. Connelly, J.B., 1990, ‘Hellenistic Terracottas of Cyprus and Kuwait’, in J.P. Uhlenbrock, (ed.), The Coroplasts Art. Greek Terracottas of the Hellenistic World. An Exhibition and Publication in Honor of Dorothy Burr Thompson, New York, pp. 94-101. Coulson, W.D.E., 1996, Ancient Naukratis. Volume II: The Survey at Naukratis and Environs. Part I: The Survey at Naukratis, Oxbow Books = Oxbow Monograph 60, Oxford. Daressy, G., 1914, ‘A travers les koms du Delta: Tell el Roba; Tell Tmai’, Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte 13: 181-3. Deonna, W., 1953, Le symbolisme de l’acrobatie antique, Latomus, Brussels. Drower, M.S., 1995, Flinders Petrie: A Life in Archaeology, The University of Wisconsin, Madison. Dunand, F., 1973, Le Culte d’Isis dans le basin oriental de la méditerranée, Vol. I: Le Culte d’Isis et les Ptolémées. Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l’Empire romain 26, Brill, Leiden. Dunand, F., 1979, Religion populaire en Égypte romaine: les terres cuites isiaques du Musée du Caire. Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l’Empire romain 76, E.J. Brill, Leiden. Dunand, F., 1990, Catalogue des terre cuites gréco-romaines d’Égypte: Musée du Louvre, département des antiquités égyptiennes, Ministère de la culture, de la communication et des grands travaux, Réunion des musées nationaux, Paris. Dunand, F., 2004, ‘Book II’, in F. Dunand and C. Zivie-Coche (eds.), Gods and Men in Egypt 3000BCE to 395 CE, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, London, pp. 197-333. Edgar, C.C., 1915, ‘Planches I-V: Greek sculpture from Tell-Timai’, in M.G. Maspero, (ed.). Le Musée Égyptien: recueil de monuments et de notices sur les fouilles d’Égypte, III, Institut français d'archéologie orientale, Cairo. El-Seify, N., 2015a, ‘Terracotta Figurine of a Gaul’, in M.I. Bakr, H. Brandl and F. Kallaniatis (eds.), Egyptian Antiquities from the Eastern Nile Delta 2, M.i.N. Museums im Nildelta, Cairo/Berlin, pp. 296-297. El-Seify, N., 2015b, ‘Votive Figurine Head’, in M.I. Bakr, H. Brandl and F. Kallaniatis (eds.), Egyptian Antiquities from the Eastern Nile Delta 2, M.i.N. Museums im Nildelta, Cairo/Berlin, pp. 300-301. Emery, W, B., Smith, H.S. Millard, A. and Preston, R.M.F., 1979, The fortress of Buhen: the archaeological report, Egypt Exploration Society, Excavation Memoir 49, Egypt Exploration Society, London.

43

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 Erlich, A. and Kloner, A., 2008, Maresha Excavations Final Report II: Hellenistic Terracotta Figurines from the 1989-1996 Seasons, Israel Antiquities Authority Reports 35, Jerusalem. Erlich, A., 2015, ‘Terracottas’, in E.A. Friedland, M.G. Sobocinski and E.K. Gazda (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Sculpture, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 154-172. Ferruzza, M.L., 2016, Ancient Terracottas from South Italy and Sicily in the J. Paul Getty Museum, The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Fischer, J., 1994, Griechisch-römische Terrakotten aus Agypten: die Sammlungen Sieglen und Schreiber. Dresden, Stuttgart Tübingen. Tübinger Studien zur Archäologie und Kuntsgeschichte 14, Wasmuth, Tübingen. Fischer, J., 1995, The Change of Religious Subjects in Greco-Roman Coroplastic Art, Alessandria e il mondo ellenistico-romano. Studi in onore di Achille Adriani, Rome, pp. 308-313. Fjeldhagen, M., 1995, Catalogue, Graeco-Roman Terracottas from Egypt, Catalogue Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen. Frankfurter, D., 1998, Religion in Roman Egypt: Assimilation and Resistance, Princeton University Press, Princeton. Giddy, L., 1999, The survey of Memphis II: Kom Rabi'a: the New Kingdom and post-New Kingdom objects, Egypt Exploration Society, Excavation Memoir 64, Egypt Exploration Society, London. Gonzalez, J., 2011, ‘Maltais, trophè, ktèsios…; remarques autour des figurines de chien en terre cuite d’Égypte’, Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne 4: 159–196. Grenfell, B., Hunt, A., and Hogarth, D., 1900, Fâyum Towns and their Papyri, Bernard Quaritch, London. Gutch, C., 1899, ‘Excavations at Naukratis: The Terracottas’, Annual of the British School at Athens 5: 67–97. Hanasaka, T., 2011, ‘コブラ形土製品の製作技法とその機能: ーアコリス遺跡出土資料を中心としてー / Archaeological interpretation of clay cobra figurines: based on the study of objects from Akoris’, Journal of West Asian Archaeology 12: 57-78. Hanasaka, T., 2012, ‘Clay cobra figurines unearthed from Akoris (Tihna el-Gabal)’, in H. Kawanishi, S. Tsujimura, and T. Hanasaka (eds.), Preliminary report, Akoris 2011, Institute of History and Anthropology, Tsukuba University, Ibaraki, Japan, pp. 4-14. Hansen, D.P., 1965, ‘Mendes 1964’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 4: 31-37. Higgins, R.A., 1967, Greek Terracottas, Methuen’s Handbooks of Archaeology, Methuen, London. Hogarth, D. and Grenfell, B., 1896, ‘Cities of the Fayum’, in Egypt Exploration Fund, Archaeological Report 1895-1896, Bernard Quaritch, London, pp.14-19. Holz, R.K., 1980,’ The geography of Mendes’, in E. Swan Hall and B.V. Bothmer (eds.), Mendes I, American Research Center in Egypt, Cairo, pp. 19-22. Hornblower, G.D., 1929, ‘Predynastic figures of women and their successors’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 15: 29-47. Hudson, N., 2014a, ‘Preliminary Report on the pottery at Tell Timai (Thmuis)’ Bulletin de la liaison de la céramique egyptienne 24: 15-49. Hudson, N., 2014b, ‘Late 4th Century BC pottery from Tell Timai (Thmuis)’, Bulletin de la liaison de la céramique egyptienne 24: 241-266. Kamal, A., 1966, ‘A Stela from Mendes’ Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte 59: 28-31. Karvonen-Kannas, K., 1995, The Seleucid and Parthian Terracotta Figurines from Babylon, Monografie di Mesopotamia 4, Florence. Kassab Tezgör, D., 1988, ‘Tanagréennes d’Alexandrie’, in J.-Y. Empereur (ed.), Commerce et artisanat dans l’Alexandrie hellénistique et romaine: actes du Colloque d’Athènes organisé par le CNRS, le Laboratoire de céramologie de Lyon et l’École française d’Athènes 11-12 décembre 1988, Ecole Française d’Athènes, Paris, pp. 205-215. Kassab Tezgör, D., 2001, ‘Les figurines de terre cuite de la tombe 1 de Gabbari’, in J.-Y. Empereur and M.-D. Nenna (eds.), Nécropolis I: Tombes B1 B2, B3, B8, Études alexandrines 5, Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, Cairo, pp. 409-421. Kassab Tezgör, D., 2007, Tanagréennes d’Alexandrie: figurines de terre cuite hellénistiques des nécropoles orientales - Musée gréco-romain d’Alexandrie, Études alexandrines 13, Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, Cairo.

44

Bibliography Kaufmann, C., 1913, Ägyptische Terrakotten der griechisch-römischen und koptischen Epoche: vorzugweise aus der Oase El Faijûm (Frankfurter Sammlung), Diemer, Fink and Baylaender Succ., Cairo. Kaufmann, C., 1915, Graeco – ägyptsiche Koroplastik. Terrakotten der griechisch-römischen und koptischen Epoche aus der Faijûm – Oase und anderen Fundstätten, Fink, Leipzig and Cairo. Kemp, B. and Stevens, A., 2010, Busy lives at Amarna: excavations in the Main City (Grid 12 and the house of Ranefer, N49.18), volume II: the objects, Egypt Exploration Society, Excavation Memoir 91, Egypt Exploration Society, London. Kroeper, K., and Wildung, D., 1985, Minshat Abu Omar, Münchner Ostdelta-Expedition. Vorbericht 1978-1984, Schriften aus der Ägyptischen Sammlung 3, Staatliche Sammlung Ägyptischer Kunst, Munich. Lacoby, A., and Spiegelberg, W., 1903, ‘Der Frosch als Symbol der Auferstehung bei den Aegyptern’, Sphinx 7: 215–28. Le Men, M., 2006, ‘La grenouille dans l’Égypte ancienne (objets de la collection de l’institut d’Égyptologie V. Loret)’, Kyphi 5: 87– 95. Lévêque, P.,1999, Les grenouilles dans l’antiquité: cultes et mythes des grenouilles en Grèce et ailleur Ed de Fallois, Paris. Lullies, R., 1954, ‘Praxiteles’, in A. Pauly, G. Wissowa, W. Kroll, K. Witte, K. Mittelhaus, and K. Ziegler (eds.), Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: neue Bearbeitung, Band XXII, Halbband 44: Praefectura-Priscianus, J.B. Metzler, Stuttgart, pp. 1787-1810. Martinez-Sève, L., 2002, Les figurines de Suse de l’époque néo-élamite à l’époque sassanide, Musée du Louvre, department des Antiquités orientales, Paris. Maslak, S., 2005, ‘Some terracotta figurines from Tell Farama (Pelusium)’, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 16: 69–71. Maspero, G., 1912, Gouvernement égyptien: Rapport sur la marche du Service des Antiquités de 1899 à 1910, Impr. Nationale, Cairo. Mathiesen, H.E., 1982, Ikaros, the Hellenistic Settlements. Danish archaeological investigation of Failaka, Kuwait I. The Terracotta Figurines, Jutland Archaeological Society publications 16, (1), Gyldendalske Boghandel, Copenhagen. McNicoll, A. Smith, R.H. and J.B. Hennessy., 1982, Pella in Jordan I: An Interim Report on the Joint University of Sydney and the College of Wooster Excavations at Pella 1979-1981, Australian National Gallery, Canberra. Merker, G.S., 2000, The Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore, Terracotta Figurines of the Classical, Hellenistic and Roman Periods, Corinth XVIII-part IV, American School of Classical Studies, Princeton. Messika, N., 1996, Terracotta Figurines from Acco in the Persian and Hellenistic Periods, M.A. Thesis, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Middleton, A., 2001, ‘Analysis of the White Grounds on Some of the Polychrome Decorated Figurines’, in Burn, L. and Higgins, R. Catalogue of Greek Terracottas in the British Museum III (British Museum, London, pp. 307-310. Mollard-Besques, S., 1963, Musée national du Louvre: Catalogue raisonné des figurines et reliefs en terre cuite grecs et romains II, Myrina, Paris. Moorey, P.R.S., 2000, ‘Iran and the West: The Case of the Terracotta ‘Persian Riders’ in the Achaemenid Empire’, in R. Dittmann, B. Hrouda, U. Löw, P. Matthiae, R/ Mayer-Opificus and S. Thürwächter (eds.), Variatio Delectat, Iran und der Westen, Gedenkschrift für Peter Calmeyer, Alter Orient und Altes Testament Bd. 272, Ugarit-Verlag, Münster, pp. 469-486. Muller, A., 1996, Les terres cuites votives du Thesmophorion. De l’ateiler au sanctuaire, Études Thasiennes 17, École Française d’Athènes, Paris. Myśliwiec, K., 1994, ‘Athribis – eine hellenistische Stadt im Nildelta’, Antike Welt 25: 35–46. Myśliwiec, K., 1996, ‘In the Ptolemaic Workshops of Athribis’, Egyptian Archaeology 9: 34–36. Myśliwiec, K., 1999, ‘Fruchtbarkeitskult und erotische Kunst im ptolemäischen Athribis (Unterägypten)’, in H. Felber and S. Fisterer-Haas (eds.), Ägypter-Griechen-Römer: Begegnung der Kulteren, Wodtke and Stegbauer, Leipzig, pp. 47-81. Myśliwiec, K., and Szymańska, H., 1992, ‘Les terres cuites de Tell Atrib: rapport préliminaire’, Chronique d’Égypte 67/133: 112– 132. Nachtergael, G., 1985, ‘Les terres cuites “du Fayoum” dans les maisons de l’Égypte’, Chronique d’Égypte 60: 223–39. Nachtergael, G., 1995, ‘Terres cuites de l’Égypte gréco-romaine’, Chronique d’Égypte 70: 254–294.

45

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 Naville, E., 1892-3, ‘Excavations: Work of the winter 1892’, in Egypt Exploration Fund Archaeological Report 1892-1893, Bernard Quaritch, London, pp. 1-5. Negbi, O., 1966, A Deposit of Terracottas and Statuettes from Tell Sippor, ‘Atiqot 6 English Series, The Department of Antiquities and Museums, Jerusalem. Nilsson, M., 2012, The Crown of Arsinoe II: The Creation and Development of an Imagery of Authority, Oxbow Books, Oxford. Ochsenschlager, E., 1967, ‘The Excavations at Tell Timai’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 6: 32–51. Ochsenschlager, E., 1980, ‘Mendes today B: Tell Timai (South Kom)’, in E. Swan Hall and B.V. Bothmer (eds.), Mendes I, American Research Center in Egypt, Cairo, pp. 25-6. Page-Gasser, M. and Wiese, A., 1997, Ägypten: Augenblick der Ewigkeit: Unbekannte Schätze aus schweizer Privatbesitz, Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein. Parandowski, P., 1990, ‘Coptic terra-cotta figurines from Kôm el-Dikka’, in W. Godlewski (ed.), Coptic Studies: acts of the Third International Congress of Coptic Studies, Warsaw 20-25 August 1984, PWN-Editions scientifiques de Pologne Varsovie, pp. 303307. Paul, E., 1959, Antike Welt in Ton: griechische und römische Terrakotten des Archaologischen Institutes in Leipzig., Seemann, Leipzig. Peet, E.T. and Woolley, C.L., 1923, The city of Akhenaten. Part I: excavations of 1921 and 1922 at el-'Amarneh, Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Society 38, Egypt Exploration Society, London. Perdrizet, P., 1921, Les Terres cuites grecques d’Égypte de la collection Fouquet, Berger-Levrault, Nancy-Paris. Petrie, W.M.F., 1889, Hawara, Biahmu and Arsinoe, Field and Tuer, London. Petrie, W.M.F., 1905, Roman Ehnasya (Herakleopolis Magna) 1904, Egypt Exploration Fund, London. Petrie, W.M F., 1909, Memphis I, British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Egyptian Research Account 15, British School of Archaeology in Egypt, Bernard Quaritch, London. Petrie, W.M.F. Mackay, E and Wainwright, G., 1910, Meydum and Memphis III, British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Egyptian Research Account 18 (London:). Petrie, W.M.F. (1911). Memphis IV: Roman Portraits and Memphis. British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Egyptian Research Account 20, British School of Archaeology in Egypt, Bernard Quaritch, London. Philipp, H., 1972, Terrakotten aus Ägypten im ägyptischen Museum, Berlin, Mann, Berlin. Piacentini, P., 1996, ‘Excavating Bakchias’, in D. Bailey (ed.), Archaeological Research in Roman Egypt: The Proceedings of The Seventeenth Classical Colloquium of The Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum, held on 1-4 December, 1993, Journal of Roman Archaeology, Ann Arbor, pp. 57-61. Pinch, G., 1993, Votive offerings to Hathor, Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Pollitt, J.J., 1986, Art in the Hellenistic Age, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Quaegebeur, J., 1971, ‘Ptolémée II en adoration devant Arsinoé II divinisée’, Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale 69: 191-217. Quaegebeur, J., 1978, ‘Reines ptolémaïques et traditions égyptiennes’, in H. Maehler and V. Strocka (eds.), Das ptolemäische Ägypten. Akten des internationalen Symposions 27.-29. September 1976 in Berlin, Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein, pp. 245262. Quaegebeur, J., 1998, ‘Documents égyptiens anciens et nouveaux relatifs à Arsinoé Philadelphe’, in H. Melaerts (ed.), Le culte du souverain dans l’Égypte ptolémaïque au IIIe siècle avant notre ère. Actes du colloque international, Bruxelles 10 mai 1995, Peeters, Leuven, pp. 73-108. Queyrel, F., 2003, ‘Un ensemble du culte dynastique lagide: les portraits du groupe sculpté de Thmouis (Tell Timai)’, in N. Bonacasa, A.M. Donadoni Roveri, and P. Minà (eds.), Faraoni come dei - Tolemei come faraoni: atti del V Congresso internazionale Italo-Egiziano, Torino, Archivio di Stato, 8-12 dicembre 2001, Università degli Studi di Palermo; Museo Egizio di Torino, Palermo and Torino, pp. 474-495. Quibell, J.E., 1907, Excavations at Saqqara (1905-1906), Institute Français d'Archéologie Orientale and Cairo.

46

Bibliography Redford, D.B., 2004, Excavations at Mendes: Volume 1.The Royal Necropolis, Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 20, Brill, Leiden. Redford, D.B., 2005, ‘Mendes: City of the Ram God’, Egyptian Archaeology 26: 8-12. Ritner, R.K., 1990, ‘O. Gardiner 363: a spell against night terrors’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 27: 25-41. Rotté, E., 2012, ‘Egyptian Plaque Terracottas of Standing Nude Women from the Late Period: Egyptian Heritage or Foreign Influences’, The Newsletter of the Coroplastic Studies Interest Group 7: 13–16. Schmidt, S., 1997, Katalog der ptolmäischen und kaiserzeitlichen Objeckte aus Ägypten im Akademischen Kunstmuseum Bonn, Biering and Brinkmann, Bonn. Schneider, H.D., 1996, The Memphite tomb of Ḥoremḥeb, commander-in-chief of Tut'ankhamūn II: a catalogue of the Finds, Egypt Exploration Society, Excavation Memoir 60, Egypt Exploration Society, London. Schulte, R. and Arnold, D. (eds.), 1978., Meisterwerke altägyptischer Keramik: 5000 Jahre Kunst und Kunsthandwerk aus Ton und Fayence: 16. September bis 30. November 1978, Höhr-Grenzhausen, Rastal-Haus, Höhr-Grenzehausen: Keramikmuseum Westerwald. Seipel, W., 1989, Ägypten: Götter, Gräber und die Kunst: 4000 Jahre Jenseitsglaube, Katalogue des Oberösterreichischen Landesmuseums 22, Landesmuseum, Linz. Skupinska-Løvset, I., 1978, The Ustinov Collection: Terracottas, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo. Smith, A.H., 1904, A Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum, Volume III, British Museum, London. Snowden, F.M., 1970, Blacks in Antiquity: Ethiopiens in the Greco-Roman Experience, Belknap Press, Cambridge Mass. Szpakowska, K.M., 2003, Behind closed eyes: dreams and nightmares in ancient Egypt, Classical Press of Wales, Swansea. Szpakowska, K.M., 2008, Daily life in ancient Egypt: recreating Lahun, Blackwell, Oxford. Spencer, A.J., 1993, Excavations at el-Ashmunein. III: the Town, Published for the Trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Press, London. Spencer, A.J., 1996, Excavations at Tell el-Balamun, 1991-1994, British Museum Press, London. Spencer, N., 2008, Kom Firin I: the Ramesside temple and the site survey, British Museum, London. Spencer, N., 2014, ‘Finds from the Citadel’, in N. Spencer, Kom Firin II: The Urban Fabric and Landscape, British Museum, London, pp. 175-179. Stevens, A., 2006, Private religion at Amarna: the material evidence, BAR International Series 1587, BAR Publishing, Oxford. Sullivan, E.A., 2013, A glimpse into ancient Thebes: excavations at South Karnak (2004-2006), BAR International Series 2538, BAR Publishing, Oxford. Szymańska, H., 1997, ‘Terrakotten aus Tell Atrib’ Kemet 1997 (4): 56–61. Szymańska, H., 2005, Terre cuites d’Athribis, Monographies Reine Élisabeth 12, Brepols, Turnhout. Tadmor, M., 1982, ‘Female Cult Figurines in Late Canaan and Early Israel: Archaeological Evidence’, in T. Ishida (ed.), Studies in the Period of David and Solomon and other Essays: Papers Read at the International Symposium for Biblical Studies, 5-7 December, 1979, Yamakawa-Shuppansha, Tokyo, pp. 139-173. Teeter, E., 2010, Baked Clay Figurines and Votive Beds from Medinat Habu, Oriental Institute Publications 133, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Chicago. Thompson, D.B., 1963, Troy, Supplementary Monograph III: The Terracotta Figurines of the Hellenistic Period. University of Cincinnati Excavations in the Troad, 1932-38, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. Török, L., 1995, Hellenistic and Roman Terracottas from Egypt. Monumenta antiquitatis extra fines Hungariae reperta 4, Bibliotheca archaeologica 15, L'Erma di Bretschneider, Rome. Tran Tam Tinh, V. Jaeger, B. and Poulin, S., 1988, ‘Harpokrates’, Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae 4: 415-445. Tran Tam Tinh, V., 1990, ‘Isis’, Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae 5: 761-796

47

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013 Vaelske, V., 2012, ‘Terracottas from Tell Basta’, Egyptian Archaeology 20: 12–13. Vafopoulou-Richardson, C.E., 1991, Greek Terracottas, Ashmolean Museum, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Van Ingen, W., 1939, Figurines from Seleucia on the Tigris, Fouilles de 1927-1932, University of Michigan Press, Ann-Arbor. Weber, W., 1914, Die ägyptische-griechischen Terrakotten, Mitteilungen aus der Ägyptischen Sammlung/Die Königliche Museen zu Berlin 2, Curtius, Berlin. Wenzel, G., 2015, ‘Statue of a Recumbent Lion’, in M.I. Bakr, H. Brandl and F. Kallaniatis (eds.), Egyptian Antiquities from the Eastern Nile Delta 2, M.i.N. Museums im Nildelta, Cairo/Berlin, pp. 294-295. Wilson, P., 2011, Sais I: The Ramesside-Third Intermediate Period at Kom Rebwa, Egypt Exploration Society, Excavation Memoir 98, Egypt Exploration Society, London.

48

Figures

Fig.2. T.Cat.No.1.

Fig.3. T.Cat.No.2.

Fig.4. T.Cat.No.3.

Fig.5. T.Cat.No.4

49

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013

Fig.7. T.Cat.No.6

Fig.6. T.Cat.No.5

Fig.8. T.Cat.No.7

Fig.9. T.Cat.No.8

50

Figures

Fig.10. T.Cat.No.9

Fig.11. T.Cat.No.10

Fig.12. T.Cat.No.11

Fig.13. T.Cat.No.12

51

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013

Fig.14. T.Cat.No.13

Fig.15. T.Cat.No.14

Fig.17. T.Cat.No.16

Fig.16. T.Cat.No.15

52

Figures

Fig.18. T.Cat.No.17

Fig.19. T.Cat.No.18

Fig.20. T.Cat.No.19

Fig.21. T.Cat.No.19

53

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013

Fig.22. T.Cat.No.20

Fig.23. T.Cat.No.20

Fig.24. T.Cat.No.21

Fig.25. T.Cat.No.22

54

Figures

Fig.27. T.Cat.No.24

Fig.26. T.Cat.No.23

55

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013

Fig.28. T.Cat.No.25

Fig.30. T.Cat.No.27

Fig.29. T.Cat.No.26

56

Figures

Fig.31. T.Cat.No.28

Fig.32. T.Cat.No.29 Fig.33. T.Cat.No.30

Fig.34. T.Cat.No.31

57

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013

Fig.35. T.Cat.No.32

Fig.36. T.Cat.No.33

Fig.38. T.Cat.No.35

Fig.37. T.Cat.No.34

58

Figures

Fig.39. T.Cat.No.36

Fig.41. T.Cat.No.38 Fig.40. T.Cat.No.37

59

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013

Fig.42. T.Cat.No.39 Fig.43. T.Cat.No.40

Fig.44. T.Cat.No.41

Fig. 45. T.Cat.No.42

60

Figures

Fig.46. T.Cat.No.43

Fig.47. T.Cat.No.44

61

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013

Fig.48. T.Cat.No.45

62

Figures

Fig.49. T.Cat.No.46

Fig.50. T.Cat.No.47 Fig.51. T.Cat.No.48

Fig.53. T.Cat.No.50 Fig.52. T.Cat.No.49

63

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013

Fig.54. T.Cat.No.51

Fig.55. T.Cat.No.52 (Frag.1)

Fig.56. T.Cat.No.52 (Frag.2)

Fig.57. T.Cat.No.52 (Frag.3)

Fig.58. T.Cat.No.53

64

Figures

Fig.59. T.Cat.No.54

Fig.60. T.Cat.No.55

Fig.62. T.Cat.No.57

Fig.61. T.Cat.No.56

Fig.63. T.Cat.No.58

65

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013

Fig.64. T.Cat.No.59 Fig.65. T.Cat.No.60

Fig.67. T.Cat.No.62

Fig.66. T.Cat.No.61

Fig.68. T.Cat.No.63

Fig.69. T.Cat.No.64

66

Figures

Fig.70. T.Cat.No.65 Fig.71. T.Cat.No.66

Fig.72. T.Cat.No.67 Fig.73. T.Cat.No.68

67

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013

Fig.74. T.Cat.No.69

68

Figures

Fig.76. T.Cat.No.71

Fig.75. T.Cat.No.70

Fig.77. T.Cat.No.72

Fig.78. T.Cat.No.73

69

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013

Fig.80. T.Cat.No.75 Fig.79. T.Cat.No.74

Fig.81. T.Cat.No.76

70

Figures

Fig.83. T.Cat.No.78

Fig.82. T.Cat.No.77

Fig.84. T.Cat.No.79

Fig.85. T.Cat.No.80

71

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013

Fig.86. T.Cat.No.81

Fig.87. T.Cat.No.82

Fig.88. T.Cat.No.83 Fig.89. T.Cat.No.84

72

Figures

Fig.91. T.Cat.No.86

Fig.90. T.Cat.No.85

Fig.93. T.Cat.No.88 Fig.92. T.Cat.No.87

Fig.95. T.Cat.No.90

Fig.94. T.Cat.No.89

73

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013

Fig.96. T.Cat.No.91

Fig.98. T.Cat.No.93

Fig.97. T.Cat.No.92

Fig.99. T.Cat.No.94

74

Figures

Fig.100. T.Cat.No.95 Fig.101. T.Cat.No.96

Fig.103. T.Cat.No.98 Fig.102. T.Cat.No.97

Fig.105. T.Cat.No.100

Fig.104. T.Cat.No.99

75

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013

Fig.107. T.Cat.No.102 Fig.106. T.Cat.No.101

Fig.108. T.Cat.No.103

Fig.109. T.Cat.No.104

76

Figures

Fig.110. T.Cat.No.105

Fig.111. T.Cat.No.106

Fig.113. T.Cat.No.108

Fig.112. T.Cat.No.107

Fig.114. T.Cat.No.109

Fig.115. T.Cat.No.110

77

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013

Fig.116. T.Cat.No.111

Fig.117. T.Cat.No.112

Fig.118. T.Cat.No.113

Fig.119. T.Cat.No.114

78

Figures

Fig.120. T.Cat.No.115

Fig.121. T.Cat.No.116

Fig.122. T.Cat.No.117

Fig.123. T.Cat.No.118

Fig.124. T.Cat.No.119

Fig.125. T.Cat.No.120

79

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013

Fig.126. T.Cat.No.121

Fig.127. T.Cat.No.122

Fig.128. T.Cat.No.123

Fig.129. T.Cat.No.124

Fig.130. T.Cat.No.125

80

Figures

Fig.131. T.Cat.No.126

Fig.132. T.Cat.No.127

Fig.134. T.Cat.No.129

Fig.133. T.Cat.No.128

Fig.136. T.Cat.No.131 Fig.135. T.Cat.No.130

Fig.138. T.Cat.No.133

Fig.137. T.Cat.No.132

81

The Terracotta Figurines from Tell Timai: 2009–2013

Fig.140. T.Cat.No.135

Fig.139. T.Cat.No.134

Fig.142. T.Cat.No.137

Fig.141. T.Cat.No.136

Fig.143. T.Cat.No.138

Fig.144. T.Cat.No.139

Fig.145. T.Cat.No.140

Fig.146. T.Cat.No.141

82

Figures

Fig.148. T.Cat.No.143

Fig.147. T.Cat.No.142

Fig.149. T.Cat.No.144

83