The Story of Apollonius, King of Tyre: A Commentary (Texte und Kommentare): 38 [Annotated] 3110214121, 9783110214123

The anonymous Latin Story of Apollonius, King of Tyre (Historia Apollonii regis Tyri) is a romance of adventure, possibl

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The Story of Apollonius, King of Tyre: A Commentary (Texte und Kommentare): 38 [Annotated]
 3110214121, 9783110214123

Table of contents :
Introduction
1. Authorship and Date
2. Structure and Content
3. Space and Time
4. The Narrative Situation
5. Genre and Literary Texture
6. Religion
7. Language and Style
8. Transmission of the Text and Sigla
Historia Apollonii regis Tyri rec. A — Text
Note to the Text
Historia Apollonii regis Tyri rec. A
Historia Apollonii regis Tyri rec. A — Commentary
Abbreviations and Bibliography
1. Reference Works
2. Editions and Commentaries of the Hist. Apoll.
3. Translations
4. Annotated Bibliographies
5. Secondary Literature
Index Rerum
Index Nominum et Verborum
Index Locorum

Citation preview

Stelios Panayotakis The Story of Apollonius, King of Tyre

TEXTE UND KOMMENTARE Eine altertumswissenschaftliche Reihe

Herausgegeben von

Siegmar Döpp, Adolf Köhnken, Ruth Scodel

Band 38

De Gruyter

The Story of Apollonius, King of Tyre A Commentary

by

Stelios Panayotakis

De Gruyter

ISBN 978-3-11-021412-3 e-ISBN 978-3-11-021413-0 ISSN 0563-3087 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2012 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/ Boston Printing: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen U Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com

                   

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Ta b l e o f C o n t e n t s Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1. Authorship and Date ................................................................................ 2. Structure and Content .............................................................................. 3. Space and Time ......................................................................................... 4. The Narrative Situation ........................................................................... 5. Genre and Literary Texture .................................................................... 6. Religion ....................................................................................................... 7. Language and Style ................................................................................... 8. Transmission of the Text and Sigla .......................................................

1 1 2 4 6 6 7 9 10

Historia Apollonii regis Tyri rec. A – Text ............................................................ Note to the Text ............................................................................................ Historia Apollonii regis Tyri rec. A .................................................................

11 12 16

Historia Apollonii regis Tyri rec. A – Commentary ............................................

43

Abbreviations and Bibliography ........................................................................ 1. Reference Works ....................................................................................... 2. Editions and Commentaries of the Hist. Apoll. .................................. 3. Translations ................................................................................................ 4. Annotated Bibliographies ........................................................................ 5. Secondary Literature .................................................................................

611 611 612 613 613 613

Index Rerum .......................................................................................................... 654 Index Nominum et Verborum ........................................................................... 658 Index Locorum ...................................................................................................... 668

   

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