The Squamish language, II: Grammar, texts, dictionary [Reprint 2018 ed.] 3111001083, 9783111001081

Table of contents :
PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GRAMMAR
I. PHONOLOGY
II. MORPHOLOGY
III. SYNTAX
TEXTS
Texts I-V (A)
VI. The Flood
VII. A Migration
VIII. The Wild People (Origin)
IX. The Wild People (Encounter)
X. The Wild People (Encounter)
XI. Naming
XII. Condolence-Speech
XIII. Hail Mary
XIV. Song
LEXICON
I. Geographical and Ethnic Names
II. PERSONAL NAMES
III. DICTIONARY
ERRATA TO A

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THE SQUAMISH LANGUAGE, II

JANUA LINGUARUM STUDIA MEMORIAE N I C O L A I VAN WIJK D E D I C A T A

edenda curai

C.H. VAN S C H O O N E V E L D INDIANA

SERIES

UNIVERSITY

PRACTICA

LXXIII/2

1969

MOUTON T H E H A G U E • PARIS

J*hoto Chuck Diven

Louis Miranda

THE SQUAMISH LANGUAGE GRAMMAR, TEXTS, DICTIONARY PART II by

A E R T H. K U I P E R S UNIVERSITY OF LEIDEN

1969

MOUTON THE HAGUE • PARIS

© Copyright 1969 in The Netherlands. Mouton & Co. N.V., Publishers, The Hague. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publishers.

This book was printed with financial support of The Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.).

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 67-100788

Printed in The Netherlands by Mouton & Co., Printers, The Hague

PREFACE

The present, second volume of The Squamish Language contains the results of field work done in the summer of 1967. The first volume is referred to as A, the present one as B. The general layout of B is the same as that of A; so are the symbols, abbreviations, references and the alphabetic order used (see A pp. 18 and 245). B consists of three parts: Grammar, Texts and Lexicon. The first part contains additions to the grammatical chapters of A. The second includes a few corrections and comments to texts I-V of A, and nine new texts numbered VI-XIV. The third part comprises a chapter on geographical and ethnic names, one on personal names, and a dictionary containing corrections and a fairly large number of additions to the dictionary of A. The 1967 field work was carried out in Vancouver with the assistance of Mr. Louis Miranda of Mission Indian Reserve, now seventy-five years old, who had already contributed so much in 1956. Mr. Miranda had spoken Squamish only rarely during the last years, but continued to use the language on special occasions (see texts XI and XII). There remain only a few old people who are able to speak Squamish well, and since each of these has to use English most of the time, they are apt to speak English also to each other. In this way, the Squamish language is dying out not only with, but also in the speakers. But if in the initial stages of our recent work Mr. Miranda was not always quite as sure of his Squamish as he was in 1956, the interval of twelve years had left his interest and alertness unimpaired. As our lexical work progressed, many words came back to him; the texts, on which we concentrated in the later stages, were dictated with the same fluency as those of 1956. I am indebted to Wayne Suttles for many useful ethnographical and lexical hints (any errors are of course my own). Once again thanks are due to Miss Vera Litwinzeff for her prompt and conscientious work on a difficult manuscript, and to the Board of Curators of the University of Leiden for providing secretarial help. I also express my gratitude to the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (ZWO) for making publication of this volume possible. To my working partner thanks are due not just from the author, but from all those

6

PREFACE

interested in linguistics and in the Squamish people. If it has been possible to save from oblivion a considerable part of the Squamish language, then this is due to the combination of knowledge, intelligence and diligence that is characteristic of Louis Miranda.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE GRAMMAR

I. Phonology II. Morphology III. Syntax TEXTS

Texts I-V CA) VI. The Flood VII. A Migration VIII. The Wild People (Origin) IX. The Wild People (Encounter) X. The Wild People (Encounter) XI. Naming XII. Condolence-Speech XIII. Hail Mary XIV. Song LEXICON

I. Geographical and Ethnic Names II. Personal Names III. Dictionary Errata to A

5 9

9 10 16 19

19 19 21 23 25 27 28 29 30 31 32

32 39 41 97

GRAMMAR

In what follows, the numbering of the sections is kept the same as in the grammatical chapters of A, so that only those sections are found here which gave occasion for additional remarks. A few added sections are given in their proper place, with an index "a" if they are directly connected with sections of A, and with an index "b" if they contain new material (the latter is the case mainly with the sections on non-personal affixation). I. PHONOLOGY 1. LM pronounced the word 'snowshoe' /(s-jXVPl-xn/, with a phoneme /x/ not recorded elsewhere. He knew the word obviously in a borrowed form: the Squamish form has the suffix /-Sn/ 'foot, leg', cf. Hill-Tout 1900:516. 39. The nominalizer /s-/, whether word-initially or preceded by other prefixes (as in /n3x°-s-/) is optimally in non-syllabic contact with a following resonant, so that /s-R.../ should everywhere be read as /STR.../. But the distinction /s-R/ vs. /STR/ is hardly observable in any but the most careful enunciation. — The example /slaut'/ does not belong here as it is a misrecording for /sXaut'/. 47. To the examples there may be added /p*3jq>0/ 'rotten wood' [p'ei ü q >0 , p'eiq50], where /q'°/ may go back to */?q°/ acc. to A 45, cf. also Cw. pq°ay? 'id.'; further /x°i?q°/ 'be exposed' (see A p. 350), which has a variant /x°3Íq°/ [x°ei ü q°]; cf. also /q°3Íq'°, q°i?q>0/ 'be crooked', /X°iW, X°i?\7 'span'. 73. Though /Pasq'a'q'i/ 'being on top' is almost certainly a reduction of •/Pasq'a'q'aj?/ (or possibly */?3sqVq'i?/), LM allows only the pronunciation /Pasq'a'q'i/. The medial glottalization in /mi 2 ma'i?/ 'lose one's way' may have arisen on the analogy of the re-reduplicated form /n3x°-STm3-mi2ma'i?/ 'forgetful person' (see B 173); the glottalization is then originally of the reduplicative type (A 71), as is the final glottalization in /mi 2 ma'i?/ besides the simplex /maj/.

10

GRAMMAR

75. The distinction of unstressed /a/ vs. /a/ remains a practical difficulty, and I did not spend too much time on it. That the distinction is phonemic is certain, see A 97 and cf. such cases as /tauPa'n?/ 'tilt;tr.', /tauPi'n?/ 'raw' on the one hand, and /tauPa'n/ 'illuminate; tr.', /tauPi'?/ 'brighten' on the other hand. The word /q>0ai?q>0a'i?3X/ 'shy, wild', with automatic [ae] before /X/, is better written /-aX/ because of its possible etymological connection with /q'Vq^aiPa'X/ (approx.) 'excuse (me)', where under the stress there is /a/. 77. The sequence /sc/, usually resulting from morphophonemic /s5/ (and always written thus) tends to be pronounced [§:], with a long fricative which is easily shortened to [§]. This accounts for a misrecording like /sti?s£/ (for correct /sti?5/), where the /s/ was heard long and hence written /sS/.

II. MORPHOLOGY 79. Though a distinction verb-noun can be made on the basis of the possibility of combination with possessive affixes, it should be noted that the Squamish distinction is of a different nature than is the case in Indo-European languages. It is typical of the verbal paradigm of the latter that this contains forms limited to the position of relator ("finite" forms), such forms being absent from the nominal paradigm. In Squamish, the paradigm of nouns is in this respect identical to that of itr. verbs, i.e. I play, he plays is morphologically parallel to I am a man, he is a man. Furthermore, the finite forms he plays, he is a man are identical to the nominal forms (one) who plays, (one) who is a man. In the trans, paradigm the finite form he drinks it is identical to the nominal form (that) which he drinks (see A 254); this paradigm contains six forms in all which are limited to finite use, viz. the finite forms he/they help(s) me and the hypothetical forms ( i f ) I/we/thoujyou help thee/you/me/us. — With unmarked nouns there is a difference between the Squamish expressions of, e.g., his cat /pus-s/ on the one hand, and his being a cat /s-pus-s/ on the other hand (where ¡s-/ is the nominalizer typical of these "factual" forms, see A 133). With the very numerous category of marked nouns no such distinction is made, e.g., /s-ui'?qa2s/ means 'his man /sui'Pqa/' as well as 'his being a man'. If we take the meaning of /sui'Pqa/ as 'man-manifestation' or 'man-being', then both interpretations are possible in English, too, cf. his (human) being, his being (human) and, e.g., his story 1. the story of which he is the subject, the story which he lives, 2. the story of which he is the possessor, author, publisher, etc. In this interpretation no second nominalizer need be posited in the cases mentioned in A, B 133. To the examples given on A p. 64,2nd paragraph, there may be added \/taq'°, taq )0 'be straight'. 91 Causative derivatives of personal substitutes (A 201) and of /niX./ (A 203) are used

GRAMMAR

11

in imperatives like /na'u-s-ka p'i'Pt/ 'you take it!', lit. 'cause the one that takes it to be you', /na'u-sJSajap na'm?/ 'you fellows go!', /ni'X-s-ka ta'i?/ 'let it be him!', 'let him be the one!' 132. Delete "f". 133. In the trans, factual paradigm, the conjectured forms t{? 3s ^ >a 'uatmuit}, tlPasC'a'uatmjapuit} 'they .... thee' and 'they .... you' should be eliminated; instead, one uses forms without /-uit/, i.e. the same forms as in 'he .... thee' and 'he .... you'. The other conjectured forms are correct. For the use of the factual forms see also B 324. — Unmarked nouns do acquire /s-/, e.g. /?n-sq°a'luan k°i^STmla'sis(-s)/ 'I think it is molasses'; with another person as subject: /Xq'i'Pstas k°i^n-(s-)sui'?qa/ 'he knows that I am a man'. Note that /n(s)sui'?qa/ 'my being a man' is phonemically identical with /nsui'Pqa/ 'my man'. The addition of a second prefix /(s-)/ in factual forms of stems marked with /s-/, the two prefixes then being merged by a phonetic rule (A 41), is a descriptive device which, synchronically speaking, seems to give the simplest account of the forms though it may run counter to historical fact (see B 79). — A possessive complex cannot be the kernel of a factual form; for the expression of 'that you are my brother', etc., see B 276. 134. The form '(if) I help you' in the hypothetical paradigm (chart A p. 93) is /£'a'u-at-umi 2 an/. The form '(that) I am a man' in the factual paradigm is /n-(s-)sui'Pqa/. 135. The rest of the incomplete paradigm given on A p. 92 is as follows: /k°iws-ua-S3twt3'l?t/ 'our learning it' /k°iw(?3-)s-ua^t3'l?t-aiap/ 'your pi. learning it' /k°iws-ui-swt3'l?t-as-uit/ 'their learning it'. 159. Though the "general type" of diminutive reduplication can be exemplified by other cases such as /(n3)x°rli'ilimiai/ 'little bottle' (cf. /naxMa'm-ai/ 'bottle', containing the borrowing /lam/ 'whiskey, liquor', Engl, rum), deviations are frequent. In /A-i'PX,a£'tn/ 'small knife /Xa'5'tn/' there is an irregular glottalization, and no /!/ in the first stem-syllable. The latter is also lacking in /k>0i'-k>0q°3lmn/ 'hatchet, little axe'.—There are several other cases with /CJ?-/ (A 158) e.g. /s-mi'P-mant/ 'little stone', /mi'P-maqsn/ 'little nose', so that this group must be recognized as a regular type of diminutive reduplication. 173. /nax°-s-/ 'agent' was found in only one more example not involving a reduplication: /n3x0-s-k°3lj/ 'energetic' (cf. /k°i'-in/ 'do; tr.'). The meaning of /nax°-s-

12

GRAMMAR

(?)au?i'c-ai?/ (sic) is 'fast worker, active person', that of /nax°-s-n3'-n?p/ is originally 'one who is right on the spot', see B yjnap. Typical of (and limited to) combinations with this complex prefix are re-reduplicated forms CiS-CifaXVQ AC 2 : /n3x°-STm3mi 2 ma'i?/ 'forgetful person' (versus /nax°-srmi i ma l i?/ 'person who is in the habit of getting lost'), /nax°-s-q>3-q>l-q>all?/ 'credulous person, sucker'; a different type of re-reduplication in /n3x°-s-0al?/): /c>is-q°ali?.n3u?a's-n/ 'shoot in the stomach', /c>a-q°a'i?.n3u?a's-n/ 'hit in the pit of the stomach', /(ia?i.-)iuX-q0ali?T nauPas/ 'heartburn', /?a-q°a'i?.nau?as/ 'have indigestion'. The suffix prob. consists of /-q°/ 'head', connective /-aj-/ and /-nauPas/; see A 185:11, 184, 139. 185b:2. /-ai?aqin/ 'guts, insides' (indep. /q'ia'X/): /X°il?-a'i?aqiln-an/ 'remove guts from; tr.', /mi'k J °-ai?a'qin-an/ 'wash insides of; tr.', /sum?-ai?a'qin/ 'have the insides smelling'; cf. also /haX-a'jaqin/ 'good-sounding' (ab. drum)'. 185b:3. /-ius/ 'body' (indep. /s-la'-lau?/). This suffix is given in A 186:37 as nonsomatic because of apparent limited productivity; however, there are numerous

GRAMMAR

13

examples, including tr. and itr. derivatives: /s-q°i'n-ius/ 'body-hair', /s-Pah-i'us/ 'pains in body', /s-qa'jP-ius/ 'left side', /jah-i'us/ 'right side', /hu'j-ius-m/ 'dress u p ; itr.', /hu'j-ius-a'n/ 'id.; tr.', see further Dictionary under /sap, k > 0 aj, X°aj[/. 186:5. /-tn/ 'implement' has a (rare) full form /-ta'n/, cf. /q'iX'-ta'n-aj?/ 'tree or shrub any part of which has medicinal qualities', /n-X'i'^tan/ (besides /n-W 2 tn/) 'hideout' ( c f ? \ A ' a i ) 186:19. /-auanax 0 / 'year(s)' loses its final element (see A 187:19) in /tXi'Xta-a'uan-as/ '(when it is) the year after next' (cf. A 320). 186:23. /-ai?£, -i?£/. Additional examples: /n3x°-?a'is-ai?S/ 'go by the inside way' (see Dictionary), /iaX 0 -a'i?6-n/ 'untie (bundle); tr.' The orig. meaning of the suffix may be 'narrow, compact area or whole', in which case it may consists of connective /-aj-/ followed by /-5/ B 186b:2. 186:24. /-aj?X/, usually 'one's child', has in several combinations the meaning 'person, people': /nah-a'iPX-m/ 'give a name to a person (of any age); itr.' (versus /ni-nah-a'jPX-m/ 'id. to a child'), /n3x°-s-u3-uc-a'j?V 'one given to teasing people', /n3x°-s-c , i-c > a l iX-aj[X/ (prob. allegro-form for /-aj{?XD 'one in the habit of rushing people', /k>°al5Tmix0-aj[?X,/ (corr.) 'exhibit' (not necessarily to children), the same suffixcombination in /tm-s->.i-^a l c > »mix 0 -ai?X/ 'let people mock one('s name)'. 186b:l. /-nup, -n(a)p/ 'ground, floor' (indep. resp. /tmi'x°, A-Xa'-np-tn/). Given in A 187:9 as a formative. Sometimes preceded by connective /-ai-, -i-/. Examples: /cua's-i-nup/ 'level ground', /c'X°9-np/ 'wash the floor' (see -v/c'aX0), /XXa'-np-tn/ 'floor', / V l-XVUnap/ 'home-settlement', /s-li l -l?x°-i | 2nup/ 'lowland', /?3S-li-l?x°-i'inup/ 'lie (sleep) on the floor' (see /lix°/), /qVmas-ai*nup/ 'leave space', /q'ma's-airnu'p-n/ 'make room f o r ; tr.', /Xi'p'-i-nup-tn/ 'rake'. 186b: 2. /-£/ in a number of words with roots meaning 'divide in h a l f : /n-t'aq^-C/ 'half-full' (ab. bottle), /n-t'aq^-d-a'n?/ 'cut in half; tr.', /?3s-tVq'°-5/ 'half' (a fish, a meal, etc.), /saq'-S-a'n?/ 'split in half; tr.', /k°a>--5/ 'be split in half', /k°3X-£-a'n?/ 'split in half; tr.'. 186b:3. /-5(a)p/ 'fire'. Given in A 187:11 as a formative. Examples: /Si'-Cap/ 'firedrill' (see V s u i ) , /q'°a'i20 ii'ls/): /miXaX-a'lk°X,/ 'perform a bear-dance', /si°i?sn-a'lk°^/ 'id. deer-dance', /X3us-a'lk°X/ 'new dancer' (cf. /XauPs/ 'new'). 186b:8. /-a?uaq°, -auaq°/ 'hat': /sx°?umtn-a'u3q 0 / 'medicine-man's hat', /s-b'pMap'a'Puaq°/ 'old, warpy hat' (see \/\ap > ). 186b:9. /-aj.c5a(?), -ic'a/ 'clothes'. Given in A 187:54 as a formative. Examples: /5>ix°-a'ic>aitn/ 'clothesline', lit. 'implement for drying clothes', /Xp'-a'jcVtn/ 'id.', lit. 'implement for hanging up clothes'. Final /a/ is lacking in /A.'ajqM'c'-tn/ 'clothespin'. 186b: 10. /-iPqin/ 'wool, animal hair': /s-tam-i'Pqin/ 'what kind of wool?', /SsuPs-i'Pqin/ 'get its wool singed', /A.'aqt-I'a'qt-iPqin/ 'long-haired' (ab. animal), /lmat^i'Pqin/ 'sheep-wool', /Xat'q'-i'Pqin/ 'type of short-haired dog'. Some of the words of A 186:11 contain the /-form of this suffix; to these must be added /X°u-X°S3ll?qn/ 'mountain goat'. 186:11. /-i?q°/ 'obstruction (?), rapids': /s-£ J i?-i'?q7 'rapids' (cf. V^i(h) 'rise'), /5>i?-i'?q°-m/ 'go up rapids', /ui?x°-il?q°-m/ 'go down rapids', /XWs-i'?q°(-s)/ 'defecate(; tr.)' (cf. /X'as/ 'rip off, be released'). 186b: 12. /-iua(?)/ 'tree' (indep. /scaq/): /s-tam 2 i'ua/ 'what kind of tree?', /s-ca'P-cqapi'ua?/ 'one-year-old shoots', /?3s-qx°-i'ua?/ 'bunched together (ab. trees)', /Pupani'ua/ (geogr.), lit. 'ten trees'. 186b: 13. /-iuan/ 'spirit, mind' (cf? \/siu 'become attentive', /siuPi'n?/ 'magic power'): /q'a'n-iuan/ 'look for a sick person's spirit (as done by medicine-man while performing a cure)', /q'a'n-iuan-n/ 'id.; tr.', /n-q ,0 u'i-iuan/ 'not dare, be afraid to', /n3x°-ua'niuan/ 'get impatient', /n3x°-?a'u-iuan-m/ 'be disagreeably surprised'; poss. also in /PM'uan/ 'lucky'. Formal reasons prevent the inclusion of /n3x°-ni'-nX-ual?n-m/ 'commiserate' (where a pronunciation /-iua 1 .../ is rejected by LM), though it may etymologically belong here; formal and semantic reasons make it difficult to include /?3s-?a'-?c-iu?an/ 'pregnant'. 187b:l. /-min(?)/ in /ni-na'P-min/ 'nickname' (/s-na?/ 'name'), /iaq'Tmi'n/ 'filings' (Vlaq i 2 , jaq5 'be polished, sharpened'), /cVx*min?/ 'remains of fire'; no otherwise

GRAMMAR

15

known root in /q'aXTmi'n/ 'a plant, prob. hog fennel', /q'aiPa'Pmin/ 'clam-shell', /Xa'jLmin/ 'glacier'. Some of the examples indicate a meaning 'result of'; these may belong in one class with the first two words of A 186:2. 187b:2. /-tin/ in /pW-ti'n/ 'float on net' (Vp'ak 0 , p'ak" 'float'). 187b:3. /-n?/ in /t'q'V-n?/ 'break loose (itr.)' (Vt'aq' 0 , t'aq' 0 'be broken); no known root in /A,qa'n?-tn/ 'anchor'. 187b:4. /-naq/ in /Xa'uPa'-naq/ 'heal', /s-^a'uPs'-naq/ 'song sung by medicine-man while healing' (/Xau?/ 'recover'). See 6 below. 187b:5. /-l?Sn/ in /k >0 uikV-l?sn/ 'trolling-line' (/k^u'ik^m/ 'troll; itr.'). 187b:6. /-anaq/ in /nax°-s-t3q-tq-a1 naq/ 'person who is always asking suspiciously whether one has said bad things about him' tsq see Dictionary). Cf. 4 above. 187b: 7. /-ani/ in /?u'c-ani/ 'Canada lynx' (-\/?uc 'be spliced'); the name has reference to the large tufts on the animal's ears, cf. therefore /X'kVni/ 'deaf' and prob. Kal. f k ° 'to be blind', so that the formative means 'ear' and is related to the suff. /-ai2a?n/ A 185:29. 187b: 8. /-al£/ in /ciq°-a'15/ 'dig potatoes' (\/ciq 0 'dig up'). 187b:9. /-alx°-/ in /pik>0-a'lx°-im?/ 'smoke salmon; act.-itr.' (cf. /pik>0-a'n?/ 'smoke; tr.'); an identical element in /-a!x°-c-aX/ 'tongue' A 185:20. 187b:10. /-a?lq/ in /s-q°W?lq/ 'wave hitting beach' (/q°3ty 'drift ashore'), a'?lq-m/ 'sneak up; itr.' (/JL'i'fiMt/ 'stalk; tr.').

/Ki-W-

187b:ll. /-alaqap/ in /tau 2 tu-a'laqap/ 'large fungus' (root formally identical with that of /tu-ta'u?/ 'bright, light'); poss. /-form of /-alaqap/ 'smell, taste' A 186:25. 187b: 12. /-aqaX/ in /k^aS'-a'qa^/ 'type of shark' (cf. /k ,0 a57 'dogfish'and 77 below). 187b:13. /-au?i/ in /mu't-au?i/ 'sit down on someone's lap'. 187b: 14. /-aj?s/ in /tJam-a'i?s/ 'be pointer in /sbhi'l/-game' (cf. /t'a'm-at/ 'guess; tr.'); the suffix is also found in geographical names, and the word may be a borrowing from a language which has a for Sq. /u/ (such as Hale.). In this case the suff. is identical with /-uj?s/ 'piece, chunk' A 186:33.

16

GRAMMAR

187b:15. /-aj?i/ in /mu'^ajPi/ 'set out one's net' (/muj/ 'submerge'), /x°u'k >0 -ai?i/ 'pull in one's net' (v/x°uk >0 'pull'). See 16 and 19 below. 187b:16. /-aj?in/ in /na?-a'i?in/ 'leave, set out one's net' (cf. /na?/ 'be on, at'). See 15 above and 19 below. 187b: 17. /-aj 2 ink°u/ in / k ^ a i ' - a ^ i n ^ u / 'type of shark'. See 12 above and cf. /i'i'nk^u/ 'mythical serpent' (in spite of the difference /k° - k>0/). 187b:18. /-ucin/ in /m-mk >0 -u'cin/ 'small burr', /s-m-mlVcin/ 'squirrel', poss. in /Siu'cin/ 'dropoff at bottom of beach'; LM used /qi' 2 ucin/ 'curse' (/qaj, qi-/ 'bad') as a tr. verb (see Dictionary), but this use may be secondary. Cf. also /cu'cin/ 'mouth'. 187b:19. /-iPa'n?, -i?n/ in /p'a'c'-iPn/ 'repair net (itr.)' (Vp'ac' 'sew'), /C'ix'MPa'nP-tn/ 'rack for drying nets' ( v / £ > i(?)x° 'dry'), /k'V-k'^-iPn/ 'have a look at the contents of one's net' (\/k >0 a5, k'°35 'look'). See 75 and 16 above. 275. (Add:) From these are derived /c 5 am 2 a'n?-cut/ 'make a second attempt', /£an-a'x°-n-cut/ 'make a third attempt', /X°ucn-a'X-n-cut/'id. fourth', /Pupn-a'X-n-cut/ 'id. tenth', etc. 217. The suffix /-ajPX/ 'child' is used with totally reduplicated numerals: /nC'-n5'a'i?X./ 'have one child', /Pn-Pa'nPus-ajPX/ 'id. two children', /£n-5a'nat-ai?A./ "id. three', /Pap-Pu'pn-ajPX/ 'id. ten'. Example of use: /mnj a ' X n-s-nC'nC'a'jPX,/ 'I have just one child'. 221. (Add under Modal:) deliberative /uaj/ 'I wonder if ...'. 230a. In interrogative sentences the substitution of the clitic /uaj/ 'I wonder if ...' for /?u/ (A 230 sub B) results in a question which the speaker asks not another but himself: /mPi^uajUPaq^Wq-uit/ 'I wonder if they'll come' (cf. /m?L?u_?aq > _Wquit/ 'will they come?').

III. SYNTAX 257. Additional examples: /ci'P^Pu k^ma'nPrmn-s/'does he have children?' — /ci1?/ 'yes, he does', /ci'?_t k°3ci^nTla'm?/ 'I had a house', /mn_uana'x° ci1?/ 'they really exist'. 259. In phrases with attributive adjuncts, possessive affixes are added to the head, e.g. /ta_Xa'u?s nxla'm?/ 'my new house'.

GRAMMAR

17

262. For an additional type of independent adjunct see B 324-327. 276. For the expression of 'that you are my brother', etc. (see A 133), personal substitutes enter into /k°i/-clauses: /A-q'i'Pstas k°i_s-na'u-s n-s?3q>0i'?tl/ 'he knows that you are my brother', /^.q'i'PsJix0 k°i„s-?3'ns(-s) ?3q)0i'?tls ta„mani'X/ 'you know that I am his brother'. 282. In the third example a second possessive prefix is, indeed, hidden in /k°i_ (?a-)s-ua/; the second of the conjectured 1st. pers. correlates is the correct one, cf. also /Xq'i'Pstas k°i„s-ui-swt>i'5im/ 'he knows how to swim'. 316. All the conjectured forms are correct. 324-327. The forms /s-kVtai, s-qan?/ in 325 refer to the object, cf. /na_,n-s-k°u'Xn/ 'I borrowed it', /na_n-s-qa'n?/ 'I stole it', /na^s-qa'nP-Cat/ 'we stole it'. In A 326 s.v. /q'Vj.nax 0 / LM prefers /k>0i'kJ0n k°L?3-s-q>0u'i.nax7 (instead of /k>0in/, see A 212). In 327 the subject of the passive forms is the person ordered, resp. instructed. The ad-hoc nominalizations of tr. verbs are forms of the factual paradigm (A 133) which, when used as adjuncts, have in common with independent adjuncts (A 262) that their subject or object does not have the same referent as the head to which it is an adjunct (they differ from independent adjuncts in that they do not occur as independent sentences, though they do occur independently as head or only member of a nominal expression). Examples: /SnjiamPJ^'lXt k°3ci„sa'u? na^?3-s-cu'n-t-c-ax°/ 'I went and looked for a bone you had told me to (look for)', /5x°w... nawn-s-cu'n-tumi/ 'you ... I had told you to'. Cf. further /5n w ta'q°an tim?a' tk°3ci_naw?a-s?u'sun?-t-c-ax°/ 'I drank as you had shown me to', /£sx° ... nawn-s-?u'sun?-t-umi/ 'you ... I had shown you to'. LM used the latter sentences also with /timPa1 k°iw/ instead of /timPa1 tk°3ci_/; the latter alternative means 'in the manner shown' (e.g. drink in one gulp and not in little sips), whereas /timPa1 k°i_/ means 'as shown' (e.g. that a liquid is to be used as a beverage, and not for washing). In text IV: 29, LM prefers the latter alternative, though the former, recorded in 1956, is also acceptable. In this way, these "ad-hoc nominalizations" of tr. verbs do not really belong here; they form a third category besides the subject- and object-centered forms of A 130 and might be called fact-centered. For examples of independent use of a different type see A 326 under /na-n, ?3'x°a?-t/ (the objects of which are the person called by a name, resp. presented with something); these forms are "R-centered", cf. English "(the name) by which A calls B".1 On the other hand, a case like /Pn-s-q'Vj.nax 0 / (326), lit. 'my catch', is an exceptional case of a nominalization of a tr. verb which parallels such itr. cases as /Pn-s-qa'n?/ 1

In a sense, these expressions encroach upon the domain of /^/-clauses, see the general discussion in A 275.

18

GRAMMAR

'what I stole'. Note the absence of a subject-suffix in /Pnsq'Vj.nax 0 /, which formally distinguishes this case from the factual forms discussed above. 330a. The syntactic properties of /uaj/ 'I wonder if ...' are the same as those of interrogative /?u/, e.g. /uana'x° w uai na_ci'? k°o'ci/ 'I wonder if he really exists?', /m?iwuai^,?aq>^,Vi1 q-uit/ 'I wonder if they'll come'.

TEXTS

Texts I-V (see A) 1:18. Read /s-s^mn w ci'x°-uit tk°3ci_la'm?.../- This replaces both the original recording and the alternative suggested in Analysis 18a. We have here the normal use of /cix°/ + rel. case, /cix°/ being extended with the plural suffix /-uit/; note that no subject-word follows and cf. I:ld,e, 4a. 1:29a. (p. 227). LM interprets 'her hair' as the subject; for the other alternative he would use the reverse order in Squamish. 11:2,3. Read /Xa'jPs/ (rather than /s£a'i?s/). — 11:14. Delete. 111:3. Read /mn„ia'X s-?os5ua's-s/. — 111:8. Read / " n i ^ - n ( i ) ^ ? a q ' ti'ua". — cu'n-t-as ta w ma ! n?-s:/ (transl. "Look at him!". — He told his son:). — Comments: 111:3. Delete. —111:8. A reduplication of /niX./ is involved, and the whole expression is one of disgust. "This will be the one" would be expressed without reduplication: /ni'A.J'aq' ti'ua/. IV. Comments 34. According to LM, a form without the suffix /-s/ would mean 'they made a button'. The /-s/ is absent in a first person form like /5n w ti-q'isaii'pstn/, and therefore very probably represents the 3d pers. poss. suffix. V:2. Read /5-t_tm?a'i?t k°i_.../. Comments: the alternative analysis is the correct one. VI. The Flood 1. na'? tk°i_k°3k°i'n? k°Ls-c>umc>umA,a'm-s n a ^ x V i t a j ' u ^ u m i x 0 na 1 ? k°3ci_ qa'X s-k°3k°i?i l n?tm-suit, na^ha'uqi k°3ciwsca'iiX,n, s-s_mn w ti-s-x°i?u , sm ta„?u'x°umix°, na^mn^qa'X s-k°3k°i?i'n?tm-suit, Vi'q k°3ci„XXa'n ?i w k°_na_mn^X°a 1 i

20

TEXTS l

ta^,?u x°umix°. 2. n a j i u ' i k V c i ? L k ° j i a ^ x 0 3 ' i Xmta'mPx 0 , k°a'il ? i j c ° ^ n a _ m n _ ua'Pu ta w sta'm?x°, ua'X, n a w m n ^ u a ' ? u k°9ci_s>.3 l m?x 0 , m c q > ° a ' c > ta_sta'q°, na_mn w c3'x° ti w sli'l?x°-i?nup. 3. ja'X. s-s_na_,k° w ?u'iuX. tk°3ci w sn3x°i'?isuit, s-s_ mn_na'm?-uit XaPi' (t)ta w sma'nit ua'X na„mn_q'°a 1 q ' "ac'. 4. s-s w mn w k°i'in?cut k°3ci„k°ci'?c, xa'IPtas k°3cLsma'nit k 0 L s V i ' ? s k ° L s - q a T n t a s k 0 3ci_sta'q 0 . 5. m n _ h a ' u , na^mn^hamPi 1 ta_sta'q°, ?i_na w k 0 w tx c -ka't-uit ua'X, mn^ua'Pu k°aci w k°ci'?c ua^Xa'lPtas k°3ci w sma'nit. 6. q„?as„Xk°un tx°n53?a'm? k°i_s-hi'n?-s 0 ?i w k w na w C3'x° ta w ?i'?X° sia'Cn ua'X na^mn_.tx°-ka'kat (t)k°3ci_ua„A.-s w ua_na'Puit, ? i „ k 0 _ n a _ m n _ n a ' m ? c V X p ' q 0 k°3ci w ua^-s„ua w XmXa l mi-uit. 7. m n ^ t x ° h u ' i ta^nS'qa'j? na_,(?3)sx°i'x°i?-q°. 8. s-s w mn w ?i'su(n)Tni'tasuit t a ^ n i ' q a ' i ? q^?as_ ^k°un_.k , 0 i l nax c iX. 9. s - s j n n ^ t a ' q - u i t , s-s w mn_xa'mi-uit. 10. tim?a'-x° tta'i? ?i_,k°_na_t > q > °9 1 n? k ^ c L n a ' d ' a x 0 ^ , s-s^mn^sa'iX tx°.na'm? tk°3cLtx 0 hu'i n a _ u a „ ?3sx°i l x°i(?) sma'nit. 11. n a w u a _ c u ' n t m k 0 i_s-ni'A.-s x°sa'?q. 12. ni'A._maA. u a ^ cu'ntm k°i^.s-i-s^ua w qi l A, ni'X, ta_sua'?suit sni'cim ( t ) t i „ s ? u X 13. ua'X n a „ u a w c u ' t ?i'ci £ uit na 1 ? tta'j?, k°i w s-ni'maX-s Pi^mPi^sa'jX. 14. tx°ti' ti^sci'Ps n a ^ m n ^ u a ^ ' a ' i ?3sx°i l x°i(?) k°3ci w s-X3'I?-s k°3ci_k°ci l ?c na'P tk°3ci w sma'nit na_mn^su3'?u sXa'lPcqVP.

Translation 1. Long ago, when the people had just come into existence, there were many things that befell them, there was n o more fish and they starved; many more things befell them, there came an epidemic, until the people perished. 2. When that was over a heavy rain came, the next day that rain continued, a n d the rain kept coming, the water rose and the lower land disappeared. 3. Finally they boarded their canoes and went u p towards the mountains, while the flood kept rising. 4. Then the k°ci?c took action a n d put a m a r k on the mountainside wanting to bring the water to a halt. 5. T h a t did not happen, the water kept coming, and again they went up, while the k°ci?c kept putting m a r k s on the mountainside. 6. At long last the whole land disappeared, while they kept moving upwards where they were, until the t o p of the place where they were hanging on disappeared under the water. 7. Only Garibaldi peak remained visible. 8. Then they paddled to Garibaldi Peak, a n indefinite number of canoes. 9. They got across and h u n g on to it. 10. Such was the situation when one canoe broke loose, and that drifted to the only other m o u n t a i n that was visible. 11. It is said that that was Nootsack. 12. T h a t is why their language is said to be closely similar t o ours. 13. But the people over there say that it is we who went adrift. 14. Until today the m a r k s of the k°ci?c remain visible on the mountain called sfcj'lPcqVP.

21

TEXTS

VII. A Migration 1. k ° i _ n - s X ° 3 X ° i ? a l m ? _ , ? a q ' umix°, na1?

na1?

tk03cijc°3k°i'n?

k°9cL?3q>0i'?tl

la'mPsuit k°3ci2uit

tx°t3ltanitJSnJ,aq>

na1?

k°Ls-na'?-s

raJ?q,0aX,p.

?i^k0_,na_.q°3lXqi?n

w

?3q>0i'?tl,

k°9ci_mani'X,

mn^ua'Pu

?9q>ci'?tl: 8.

"ha'u,

mnjia'u

ni'maX

hi'n?

6.

10. s-sjmnJS'i'u.nitm

" P a ' n s si'nX,'".

?9(s)si'si?us

k°9ciw

mix_ha'u

k°9cLmani'A,, k°3'ci2uit

ng'u^maX k°iws-ni'X-s

sa'uPt."

si'nX\

uawq)0ii'ls, ?9sk>0a'i

s-mn^cu'ntm

k°U?9-)s-uawq>0ii'ls!"

na'm?

k°9ci.jmani'>.:

"mnw

s-sjnn„q„?as_Xk0u'nwmaX

11.

t i - P a ' n ò a k ° i _ s X a ' n a i ? k ° i - s - i - s „ p > i ' ? n 3 x ° a s , s - m n w m i w q X 9 ' i - u i t ? u ' x ° u m i x 0 . 12. n3x°sk°3'i-uit, na1?

Pa'n

tVXq'm

tk°3ci„?a'cus(s)

ta_k°aXni!s.

ta_sk°9k°i?i'n?cutsuit.

k°3ci_la'm?suit,

ua'X.

14.

?i'jci2uit n a ' ? t t a J ^ R V l . n s p , PLmi^t'amPa'ntm ?i'ci2uit

tina1?

?u'x°umix°.

17.

na^ua_sta'Xa?

16. c i ' x °

tk°3ci_hi'n?

tx°k°u'm

na'm?

tawsja'i?s

q^?aswuaj$a'nm.

silPa'nm

k°i_s-i-s_ua J i u ' j u t a s wuaw

tk°3ci_Xa'Su?

X°3X°a1

qawA._na_mi1 acut. ua^ms'i ja'X

us'X

s-sjta'u t-?i'ici2uit cuts:

s-sjnnJ^a'q'am

na'?

mLxVi ?i'ci2uit

tta^X'R'a'l.nap. ha'u

tim?a'

27. k°a'il

k°9Xi_,k°aXni's, na1? 29.

23.

ni'X,

na_k°„

?ijc0wnajiuli.n9x0as

?a'n

ug'X,

mi'acut

p V ^ p W ,

Pa'n

s-s_mnw

qinPtasuit

kciws-i-s„tx°?u'mi5

k°aXni's.

?iwX03X°a'?t_5aiap

us'X. 25.ia'X.

?i_X°9X°a'?J;aiap

x°3'i

k°9cLsk09k0i?i'nP-

nawti'?aX°uit.

k°3'ci2uit s-s_mn_

28.

k°3X,i_k°aXni's,

q°3tqa'n?tas "Pi'X'LSaiap

naw

k°3ciw5>§a'i?,

s-s_mnjc°i'incut

cu't

ha'u

k°9ciwna_ua^sc>ic>-

"ha'u qwtx°nÒ3?a'm?as

ci1

nawXa'm,

mi_p>alk°ancut

Pa'j.nax0

Piwk0„nawc3?i't

nam?w

q_?aswX,k0unwk>0i'n

k°3ciwm3ln?.mn-s

s-swmn_,cu't k ° 3 c L s i u l ? i u x ° a :

q_tx°nÒ3?ajm?as

?i'ci2uit

qa_X_na„ha'nstas

ja'X. s - s _ h u ' i u t a s

tta_t£°l?a'm?

k°3ci_sj[a'i?suit,

ttaw?aX,Xa'n,

ha'u

k°acLXpa'i?,

s-s_mn_,k>0a'q'am,

nq'i'q'lstas

qaiA_na_hiuhiu?a'm

hi'n?

21.

Pi'

tta^PaXXa'n

najc°_k>0a'i?

Xqa'iò',

k°3ci_p3'iq>0,

s-s„mn_ha'nstas

ttaJ>aUa'n."

q^?asJiawmiwtx°uu'q>0i, mn,

ta'Pstas

naj[a'n?tas k°3ci_m3ln?.mn-s:

ttaJ^RVl.nap,

ti'PaX0

k^cLsc'ic'a'p's.

s-s_mn_?a'j.n3x°3lntas:

k°3ci_siu'?iux°a,

a ' p ' s . 26.

19.

q_?as„Xk°un_k)0i'n

20.

k°aXni's,

24.

taj?a'sx°

nawua„m?i_ka'u

q_?as_.Xci'us.nitmuit

X'a^sèa'nPq.

?a'n

k^cLX'iVp

s-s_mnjc°i'in?cut k°9cijc°ci'?c,

18.

na1?

ha'u

15.

?iwk°wnawtim?a'

s-s_mn_hu'iutas

s-s^PsspVp'iaq.

ci 1 ?

tx°hu'j

tk°9cLhi'n?

?3sk>0a'j k°i„s-mi-s_.§a'man?cut.

na_k°_px°a'is,

na'?

Ptas

22.

ua'Ji

ua^-s^uaJsa'manPcut ta_k°aXni's

tk°3ci^,X. > i'X, > p.

5>i'ui 2 uit ? i ' c i 2 u i t n a ' ? V a J ^ l X V l . n a p .

k03ci^na

13.

ua'X, n a J k ° _ . q > 0 u ' i . n 3 X ° a s Pi'ici^uit n a ' ?

X'aJ-'l^Vl.nap. na1?

ni'A.

Pu^na.Jc'Vq'am

9.

k°i„s-Wi-s.

s-s_mn_.nam?_t'am?alntm

X'aJi'q'VXp,

2.

tk°aciw

na_mi_?u'cq

7. s - s _ m n _ c u l t

k^s-X'i'P-s

tk°9ci2uit„k°9pk°u'pic,

(t)ti'ua

4.

na1?

sui'Pqa P a c P u ' c i s t a s

mn^c'u'mXJSx0

Pa'n

PaXXa'n-iuPiA,

ua_5x0wmaA,w?i'

uaJPasta'tiPs

?i_,kcw?iwmiwt>i'x0i

t k ° 9 c i Ia'mP, ua'X, n a w m n _ u 9 ' ? u

tk°3ciws?a'c.na£

ta_?u'x°-

ta^sta'I.max0.

k°3cija'm?suit.

k°3ci_ua_q>0ii'ls

s-s_mnwcu't:

si'nV,

k°9ci„mani'X,,

s-swmn^?u'istm

mn^xa'i

n a _ m i w ? u ' t m mi'2as t5i'x°i? k°9ci_mani'X.;

ua^q>0ii'ls.

s-s^mn^t'i'x0 k°3ci„mani'À,

3. n a ' ? - x ° - u i t

k°3ci w X,a'?X5-s

na_k>0a'5.n9x°asuit

( n 3 ) x c ? a l i ? m u ' s t n sX°a'iX°i. 5.

k°Ls-na'?-x°-s

c ' m c ' m X a ' m nawXi'P

us'X.

?i'ici2uit

ns'uiap

ha'u na'P

Pn-rma'npT

ta„na„ua_sk°3k°i?i'n?cuts

?i'ci2uit

22

TEXTS

?3-s?3q>0?3q>0i'?tl, ?3-si'iai?." 30. na_.nam?_tx°?ulmiS k°3Wwmani'X s-s w mn w m?i„q'a'nacut ua'X na^mn^ua'Pu k°3ciwk°ci'?c k°i_s-i-swc>ica'p>: k°i'in?cut kVci 2 uit s^n^a'nai? qmsa'ncutuit mnjca'uuit (Pajsq'sqVu k^ci^ma'nP.mnsuit, s-s w mn„?u'iu^uit tk°3ciwsn3x0il^suit, s-swmnwtx°tuliyit. 31. na w mn w ?u'ium k°aXni's k°iws-i-swt-q>alq>an?a'cut, s-s w mn„tx°tu'i k°3ciiuitws^nX.a'nai?, s-s_mn_ Xa'miuit tk°3ci„s5>ti'sm, s-s_mn_,huia'? k°3Xiwk°aXni's tx°tu'i na'm? tta w hii' sk°ca'?s n a ? ttaw?i'Xaqa. 32. qj>as^k°un_tx 0 n53?a'm? k ^ s - i - s j i i ' n ? k°Ls-i-sw na'namPuit. 33. s-s^mn^cu'ntm k°i_s-i-swma?-a 'ja£i1 ?m kVci^uit, s-s^mn^p'si'uit na'm? Va^pna'PlXac'. 34. s-s_mn_na'nam? k°3'ci2uit tx°hu'j[ na^XmXa'mi ?i_k°_na_mn_.ci'x°uit X'a^sna'u.nsus. 35. ni'X„maX, ua„X-5atwuawsia'i?ai? t-?i'ci2 uit tina1? tta„?i'Xaqa.

Translation

1. In the story I am going to tell I shall deal with events that occurred when there were few settlements yet, long ago, when the people had just come into existence. 2. There were two brothers at C'q^aXp. 3. They were yet present in their house when there was a sound of knocking on the top of their house. 4. The brothers went outside and saw a man dancing with a sX°a'iX°i mask on. 5. They invited him to come down; he refused and continued dancing. 6. After a long time he descended; he got down and said: "I am the eldest". 7. The brothers said: "No, we are the elder ones, you have just arrived, you are the youngest". 8. The other did not accept this, he was very stubborn about wanting to be the eldest. 9. Then they invited him into the house, but he continued dancing and wouldn't stop. 10. Then the brothers had enough of him, they removed him to a bay below and told him: "You can stay here and dance". 11. Then from somewhere he acquired a wife, and they became a populous community. 12. They were very keen, they had an energetic way about them. 13. Now there was a reef in front of their house, where seals and sea-lions used to come out of the water. 14. Now, when the sea-lions bellowed, those from the original settlement would come down to no purpose, as those from below, whom they had removed to a spot right close to the reef, would already have killed them. 15. The people from the original settlement had no success at all. 16. On the long run it got so that the people went hungry. 17. At long last the people of the original settlement sort of became annoyed and exasperated with the others. 18. Then a k°ci?c went to work, he went up to a lake at s6an?q. 19. He did not tell his friends what he was doing. 20. Countless months or years he spent in the preparation of his work. 21. After a long time he had finished making a replica of a sea-lion; he had made one of cedar-wood, which was too light, it did not go down in the water. 22. Then he made one of rotten wood, but it was too heavy, it did go down, but it couldn't surface. 23. Finally he made one of fir-wood, and at last it was just right. 24. Then he endowed it with life: it dived and came up, it even snorted and then bellowed like a

TEXTS

23

real live sea-lion. 25. Then finally the old man came down and told his sons about his work. 26. He warned his sons: "Whatever you do, do not take your cue from the people down below". 27. The next day, indeed, his achievement became apparent: the sea-lion appeared and bellowed; then the people from the original settlement came into action and deceived their friends, they made a show of furious activity. 28. Then those living below became excited, and they speared the sea-lion; however, it didn't go downstream, instead it went upstream, passing on its way the original settlement. 29. Then the old man said: " Y o u keep still, my sons, whatever you do, don't do what your brothers, your friends are doing." 30. She (the sea-lion) went upstream and subsequently returned, while the k°ci?c continued his work (as a result of which) the women came into action, they packed their belongings and went down with their children, boarding their canoes and setting out to sea. 31. The sea-lion swam slowly on her way back; then the women set out and grabbed hold of the harpoon-lines (to which their menfolk were of course still holding on), and then the sealion went across to the big island on the other side. 32. For an indefinite time they were on their way. 33. Some are said to have let go (of the lines), and these landed on pna'Plxac' (Kuper Island). 34. Those that were still hanging on went on until they reached sna'u.naus (Nanoose). 35. That is why we are on friendly terms with those from the other side.

VIII. The Wild People (Origin) 1. na'? tk 0 3cijc°3k 0 i'n? na 1 ? k'a^st'a'Pmas na 1 ? k°3cLsi?a'm? nc'n£u'? k°aXL q'a'?mai-ai?X,-s. 2. ua'X. ci 1 ? k°3ci w sk >0 iu'cs k°3cLsi?a'm?. 3. na w ua_,na'P tta_ ua'Ptsns k°3W w sman?a'X k°i_s-i-s w ua w ?3sXi'c Past'a't'q' k°3ci_sk >c iu'c. 4. ci'x° k°3ci w n5 > u l ? tx°.na'?nat na_x°i w na 1 mPntas k°3ci„sk 5 °iu'c k°3^i w sman?a'X. 5. na_ p > i'?n3x°as k°3ci w sman?a'X. timPa1 t k V c i ?ijc° w na^t3 l l?.n3x°as k03/Uwmani'A. k°i w s-i-sjc° w ?3sk > 0 a'i. 6. ha'u q^Pas^Xq'i'Pstas sua'tas sui'Pqa k°Lna_,ua w A, > i'qnt. 7. ha'u q w ?as w q°lq°a'Iuan q w ni'X-as k°3ci„sk >0 iu'c. 8. na_t3'l?.n3x°as k°aci w siPa'm? k°i w s-i-s_?3sk >0 a'i PaXi^ma'nPs, s-s^mn w p > i'?n3x°as k°aci^hii sPi'Xi. 9. mn_,sVi'?s k°3X.iwsman?a'X k°i_s-t3 l l?.n3x°as q w sua'tas k°L.na_ua w mi_A > i'qnt. 10. s-s_mn„ta'?stas k^cLsp'a'X'tn na 1 ? tk°3ci_,na'X5s k°3^Lmani'A.. 11. na w Xq'i'Pstas k°3Xiwmani'X, q_mi2as^?aq > _qi?a l t X'i'q k°3ci„na_ua„h3m?i'-nit s-mn_ q'ac'Sa'nPtas^Paq', s-mn„X3'l?-s_,?aq > k°3ci w sta'i?£s k°3'ci. 12. na_mn_k 0 a'il >0 >0 s-s_.mn„k a'5.n3x°as k°i_s-ni'>.-s k°3ci_.sk iu'c na^n-x3'Xl?5. 13. s-s„ma_t3'l?r nax°as k°3cij$i'?5t k°Ls-ni'>.-s k 0 3ci w sk >0 iu'cs najc'°a'i.ni>x 0 k^Lms'nPs, na w p > i'?n3x°as k°3cL?3'h sq°a'luans, mn_?u'iuA,stas k ^ L m a ' n P s Pasq'aq'V? tk°3ci_sk >0 iu'c. 14. s-s_mn w ?i'sunuit tx°?a'X > qa'?cn ?Lk 0 _na w ci'x°ntasuit k°3ci w sta'taXaj.?s, s - s ^ m n J c V m s t a s k^XLma'nPs P s s q ' s q ' V ? tk°3cLsk > 0 iu'c, s-s_mn_ tu'jntas n a ' ? w t k V c i . 15. ha'uq sua't na^Xq'i'Ps PasCa'nm ua w A,-sJca't.numutuit. 16. na'-£'_maX. ka't.numutuit s-s^mn^Pi'maSuit tx 0 k°u'm ?Lk°_na w mn„ci 1 x°n-

24

TEXTS 1

tasuit k°3cLXa'£u?. 17. s-s^mn^ta Pstasuit k°3cija'm?suit, Piwk°„nawx°3'i k°aci„ ms'nPsuit. 18. timPa1 tkVci ?ijc°„na w mn w m?i'-uit qXi'P ?u'x°umix0. 19. s-sw mn_p>i'?tuai ta^ma'nP.mnsuit, s-s^mn^mPi'-uit hii1 ?u'x°umix°. 20. ha'u q w ?as w ja_x°i'Pstasuit ta_sni'cimsuit. 21. hii1 siuPi'Pqa, ua'X, Pa'n n3x°?i'?i?qsuit timPa1 ttaws3q>03q5°i1 ?nax°. 22. mix_k,0i'?qtn taJ^q^'iPsuit. 23. ni'X^maA, ua^X,-s_ua^ sua'Pustmuit sma'jlPiX.

Comments In recording this text I tried to have LM stick as closely as possible to the wording of the story as recorded by Hill-Tout (1900:512 f.). For this purpose I read HillTout's text sentence for sentence to LM. Hill-Tout's recording is defective in several ways; apart from that, LM made some changes and additions which were not imperative. The form /X'i'q-nt/ in 6 and 9 is strange because of the presence of /t/ in the word-final transitivizer (see A 82); the word is given by Hill-Tout in this form and was read up by me to LM, who then insisted that the /t/ should be there, though with other verbs it remains absent.

Translation 1. Long ago there was a chief at st'a'Pmas who had a single daughter. 2. The chief also had a slave. 3. The slave used to sleep lying crosswise at the foot-end of the girl's bed. 4. On a certain night the slave approached the girl. J. He ravished the girl, with the result that she found herself pregnant. 6. She didn't know who the man was that had been coming to her. 7. She had no idea that it was the slave. 8. The chief found out that his daughter was pregnant, and he was overwhelmed with shame. 9. The girl wanted to find out who had been coming to her. 10. She put some paint on her hands. 11. Her plan was, if the man who had been coming to her would come again, to put her arms around him and mark his back (with the paint). 12. When it became day she saw that it was the slave whose back was marked. 13. When the father heard that it was his slave who was responsible for his daughter's condition, he took it very hard; he put his daughter together with the slave in his canoe. 14. Then they paddled away until they reached a sheer cliff; he put his daughter and the slave ashore and left them there (to perish). 15. No one knows how they managed to climb up. 16. But they must have managed to climb up, and then they walked inland until they reached a lake. 17. Then they built a house, and (here) their child was born. 18. So they lived until they became a large family. 19. Then their children intermarried, and they became a numerous tribe. 20. They did not give up their language. 21. They were tall men, and very keen of scent, just as animals are. 22. They dress in animal skins. 23. That is why they got the name of "wild people".

25

TEXTS

IX. The Wild People (Encounter) 1. u a j i a ' n s t c a s (t)ta_sisa'?X.

k^Ai^ua^nA^tins'n.na'Pt

2. n a _ s i a ' ? t n

uawX-s„uawtx°k°ulm k03ciwmani'L ju'

tiéa'm?

tk°3'ci

mnwna'nam?

hi'n?. ?i„k

0w

na_mn_nam_ci'x°ntas

s-s^mn^q'a'im

tk°3ci^Xa'cu?.

8.

timPa1

tmsua'P,

10.

sta'l.max0.

sui'Pqa,

si'Pls

k°s„ua_nT>twtin3'n.na ?t,

la'mPs, ci'x°

s-swmnwuawna'?

s-t'u'k^s

na'm?

s-swmnwhi'lq° k'°i'?qtn

tqa'ja

5

tk°a^?a'iaXq°,

s-s_mnwcu't

acutsuit

tk°3'ci.

tina1?

tk°3ci^naws-?31 x°a?tms 25. i a ' X

s-sw?i'?X°

ka'u.n3x°as

(t)ta^si'iai?s

q^?as_ti?3'n£a

k°iws-Í3'cms

k°3ci„mani'X.

ca'x°

k°3ciwmani'X

tx°fia'nm.

28.

u s 1 A.

kVctfuit

55i'hntas

s-sw

17. s - s w

18. n i ' X ^ m a A . sui'Pqa

s-s_ k°3ciw

?ijc°^na_mn^

k°L(s-)sW?-s

k°i„

k°3ciwm3'n?.mns.

mn^X°i'q>0i5a'n?tm rLnsCVmPaq0

20.

k°aci„

k^cLna^

n i ' X w m a X s - s ^ m n w x ° a l t s i t m , ni'A, w maX, s-6a'6aj[?suit.

k°Ls-na'?-s

tk a'ci

s-s_,mnjt°3'n

7i>a_X°uX°s3,l?qn

nawmn_nam?.J;>i'mi

ni'X^Paq'

k°i^s-ha'uqs,

?3sk>0a'i ja'A,

ks'uks'u

qJ>as_X,k°unJí>0i'n 26. X i ' q '

k0iws-i-swp5r?n3x°as,

na„mn_mLka'u,

s-mn_q'a'n-

k°i_nscVm?3q°-t

k°3ci_s-?i'x°ntms.

k03ci^k'0i'?qtn

23.

0

27. n a „ m a X , w m n w u a _ c u ' n t m

na^maX-^k^S'i'mi

k0aciw

na.jmnJS'i't, c'mPa'IP.

?u'x°umix0

k°3ciwmani'k,

k°sci

k°sci_ k°3ciw

16. k ° i ' i n ? c u t >

k°3ciwhii'

hii'

k°iw k°3ciw

s-s_X.a?i

k°3ci„sua'?s

uaw^-s_ua_na'P

21. n a ^ c u ' t

k'°i'?qtn

l

12.

tk°aciw

s-s_.mnwk'°n?u'sntas

k°i^s-ti-st'a'?m3s.

tk°3'ci*uit

la'm?

?i'ci uit

qwsta'mas s-s^xVj

ja'A.

k°3ci„p 3 iq °,

19. s - s w m n „ h a ' n s t a s

24. ni'X, w maX.

?i'

14. ja'A.

s-s„mnwnanx_ka'ustas

2

q_?asw?a'n

k°3cLX0uX°sall?qn.

>

Pi'mn

na^na'hcut

6m5m?a'?stasuit

k°3ciw

k°i„na_ua^

x03?a'x°

k°3ci_c>m?a1l?s.

s - ? 3 l x ° a ? t m s , ? 3 s k ' ° a ' i k 0 i w s - n 3 l k ° . n 3 x ° a s . 22. s-sjnn^ka'uuit

tk°3ci„?i'naqa

k°3ci_.X°uX°s3'I?qn,

q_sua'tas

sui'Pqa,

najc a'5.n3x°as

k°iws-nam-s_?a1 mPsqts1 m

VawX°uX°s3'l?qn.

11.

PiuPa'niX.

k°3ciwhii'

tk°3ciwmn_sua'?s

k°3ci_,mani'A,

na'?

q^Pas^ua^'sA.na'im

k°3ci_sq°mq°malj?s,

k°3ci^mani'X,

k°Ls-i-s_t u'k °ai?m. 5

7. n a ^ P u ' m s m

k°3ciwmani'X,, s - s w m n _ m ? i ' - n i t m

>

sui'Pqa,

ia'j.nauPa'suit,

tkVci k°3ci_

?iwk°wna^tk°a'ia?nTmintas

k0i_,s-i-sws3's3u?iai

k°3ciwhii

mn^naJiaXi'?

k°i_s-i-swti5a'm?

k°3ciwmani'Ji.

s-s^mnws3's3u?iaj l

?i_.k°^,na„

?Lk°wnawci'x°ntas

k°i^s-i-swua_c3'x0stm

us'X,

s-s^mn_k°31 lastas,

mn_ni'5im

tkVci.

k°iws-i-sw

ta^sma'nit,

?ijc0^najc,°a'5.n3x°as

hi'n?

na^Xs'jntas

scs'q,

tim?a'

k°iws-i-s_hi'n?

taws?3'lqns

s^'i'Ps k°iws-t3'l?.nax°as

15. s - s _ m n „ k ° i ' i n ? c u t

mn^kVlaStas

XatXa'ta

k^cLmani'X

13. m n ^ n a m P J ^ i ' m i ?

sq°mq°ma'i?,

hii'

ni'X^maX

k03cLnO.'i'A.,iq,°m

mnwnanO,aXa?i'

k°3ciwmani'X,

na^uawna'? tkVci. na^ua„cu'ntas

na1?

9. t i m ? a ' - x ° t k V c i

?ijc0„najc,0a'6.n3x°as

mnwna'nam?

ua^>.-swua_s31 slq°,

naJc0J>3sna't

s-s_mnwq°lq°a'luan

na_uuuu'?n,

namP^S'i't

6.

k°3ci_mani'X

q_Pas^uawX,a'Xau?uit.

cu'ntas

tina1?

?i_k°^na_mnwnalm?

5. q _ . ? a s „ X , k ° u n w t x 0 n c 3 ? a ' m ?

s-s_mn_k>°a,c.n3x°as

na„uawna'P t k V c i .

k°iwsi'?lst

t x ° k a ' u ? a s „ t x ° . n a ' ? n a t , iu 1 n a _ m n _ t x ° - u a _ q 5 3 1 jim,

k°3cLXa'5u?.

k°i„s-i-s^k°wk°alil,

ni'X^maX.

ua_,k>0a'iacut,

4. q w ? a s _ , X , k 0 u n w t x 0 n 5 3 ? a ' m ?

tx°hi'hiu.

?Lk°wna_ci1 x°ntas Xa'Cu?,

k°3ciwmani'X,

ua_su'k>0um

3. n a ? „ t ^ u a _ m ? i '

na^k°wna'm?

k°3ci_nawsk°i1 inPcuts

skVjl.

na_ua„ui'lq>0tm us'X

?3sk>0a'i

k°iws-i-swmn^.uawna'm? k°i_s-Í3'cms

s-sjs'cm

qwPaswua_

tk°3ci_nawk,0a'5T

26

TEXTS c

1

nax°as ?u'x°umix na ? tk°aJ5i'sm. 29. na w maX, w k° w ha'uq k°3cLmani'A. s-s_mn_, ua^na'm? k°3 l ci i uit ia'lXta'suit k°3ci_.na w ua_cu'ntas ?u'x c umix°, ua'X ha'uq sua't n a J c ' V c . n a x 0 k°3 l ci i uit, s-s w mn_tx°X > i'i i uit k ^ s - i - s ^ u a j p ' l x t a s u i t .

Translation 1. My (deceased) mother used to tell me about an adventure of her late granduncle from Sechelt. 2. He had become a widower, as a result he was down-hearted, and so he made trips inland, bathing and purifying himself on the way, until he got farther and farther away each time. 3. He used to come down (home) when darkness fell, but finally it got so that he would camp out in the mountains and stay away for longer periods. 4. Thus he did for an indefinite time, until he reached the top of the mountains and continued on (from there). 5. In this way he continued for an indefinite time, and he came to a lake. 6. Night had already fallen when he reached the lake, and he camped on the spot. 7. At dawn he woke up and saw smoke rising on the other side of the lake. 8. He decided that whoever was there must be out hunting. 9. While he was still looking he saw (some) mountain-goats that seemed to be fleeing. 10. Later on he thought he heard the barking of dogs and he went in the direction of the sound. 11. Before he had gotten very close to it he saw that the mountain-goats were being shot down. 12. He kept on going, wishing to know who and what was there. 13. When he came close, what he had kept for dogs came at him, and it turned out to be wolves. 14. Presently their master appeared, a giant, who quieted his pack, upon which the man went up (to him). 15. Then the giant took action, aimed at a tree and shot his arrow, which went right through. 16. My mother's grand-uncle came into action: he saw a rotten tree standing close by and took a shot at it, with the result that his arrow, too, went right through. 17. Then the giant spoke up and identified himself as being (a descendant of people) from st'a'Pmss. 18. And because of that they established friendly relations; the giant took him down to his house, where he stayed with them, a populous community, until he felt the wish to return home. 19. He told his hosts that he wanted to go back to his own house, where his children were. 20. Then they got ready to see him off and bundled up (a quantity of) mountain-goat hides. 21. My great-granduncle tried to lift up the present that was made to him but was unable to move it. 22. Therefore they took some off for him and went down carrying their gift on their backs. 23. When they came down near the shore they said that this was as far as they were going, that this was (from) where they were going to turn back. 24. And so my great-granduncle began to carry down bit by bit the mountain-goat hides he had been given, for an indefinite number of days. 25. Finally he got all of the gift down. 26. His friends kept asking him where the hides came from, but he would not tell. 27. Well, it used to be said about him that he would go off and disappear and then come back, refusing to say where he went. 28. O n his deathbed, at last, he told about the tribe he had

27

TEXTS

seen up in the mountains. 29. After his death people would go and look for the tribe he had told about, but no one discovered them, and afterwards they stopped looking for them.

X. The Wild People

(Encounter)

1. na 1 ? t k ° 3 c L n 5 V ? sk°a'il na_q°lq Q a , luan k°3ci_sui'?qa k°i_s-na'm?s c V h V a m . 2. tina 1 ? X > a w sk°lui'l?m k 0 3ci_,mani'X, ha'uJSn qa_X,wna_jte'5X3Ss k°3ci w na w ua w sna'ntms. 3. s-s^mn^mi^PaA-'qa'Pcm tx°ti' tti_sui?a't. 4. s-s w mn w tx 0 k°u'm k°aci w mani'X, s-s w mn„na't, s-s_mn„qVim, ta'Pstas k°3cLii'PuA., s-s w mn w hu'i, s-s„mn„ PaXi'c. 5. na w nanx_ia'q°i taji'PuX. ua'X, ?i„mi.Ji > 3 l £ , iq ta_Xqa'i£\ 6. s-s w mn w si'ui k°3ci„mani'X sui'Pqa k°i w na w cu'ntas na^mPi^JPaiPa'm? la'siuPi'Xs k°3ci_mani'X. 7. na w ua w x°n?i'u£ tk°3ci_x°p > a?a 1 jsus. 8. s-s„mn„m?i w x°3 l i k°3ci^na w ua w si'uis, s-s„mn w C3k 0 qa'm? k°3ci_mani'X ua'X namP^Pi'X'i k°3ci_mani'>. sta'l.max 0 . 9. na_qi?a't si'ui k°3ciwmani'X. Pi_najc°_qi?a't mi w tx°ka't, mi w x 0 3'i k°3ci_naX6s jauPa'n, ja'X. s - s j c V i k°3ci w sm?u's, mi_x°3'i k°3ci_na„ua w cu 1 ntas sui'Pqa. 10. ia'X s-s^p'i'Ptas k°3ci_s9k c l?a'ss, s-s_mn_tX°l?a'm? m i ^ x V j timPa1 q_?as_ yaJp'lXtm k°3ci_mani'A, sta'l.max 0 . 11. s-s_mn_?ip'a'q'°aA. k°3ci w mani'X, s-s„ mn w c > isq°a'i.n9u?asntas, huJa'P k°3ci, ui'Px°m, na w k°a'5m, s-s_,mn_,Xi'?nm, s - s „ m n j , ' i ' i . 12. k°i'incut k°3ciwmani'X, sui'Pqa, s-s„mn_huja l ? ka'u, ci'x°ntas k°3ci w sn3x°i'Xs, s-s w mn w huia'P t'u'k' 0 . 13. k°Ls-i-s_hi?a'm? s-s_mn_ua'l?ulq >0 als q w ha'u 2 as q^suat na_ua_tx°5a'nm, s-s_mn„nam? w k >0 a'5tas ta_?i'?X° ?u'x°umix° q^ha'u 2 as na_.ua^?3sc3ci'x° uaX, ha'uq na w ua^sia'cm. 14. ni'X.„maA, s-s w mn_,na'm? hi'nP, s-s_,mrL.q>a'nacut k 0 3ci_mani'I, k >0 a'5tas k°3ci„ua w X-s w t_ua w na'P k°i_sis w ua_?3sq'i?i'm?. 15. s-s„mn_nam^,t'i'x 0 i tk°3ci w na w ua w cu'ntas ua w X-s„tina'P t k V c i na w mi„x°i'us.min?. 16. ci'x° t k ° 3 c i j 3 ' s , s-s^,mn_k ,0 a'5.n3x°as k 0 3ciJmSa'u?. 17. mn_,tX°l?a l m? sta'l.max 0 , ua'X ni'X. k°i w s-?a'n-s n a ^ ' a q t X ' a ' q t tiJia'uPs: k°3ci w sa'u? naJa'siuPiX. ta_.q°3'niq°5ns na^Pasfc'i't'm tk°3ci_smii'u?Sqs k°aci w mani'X. k°i^.s-i-s w t > a'namPntas. 18. iauPa'n-5' hii1 sui'Pqa.

Translation 1. On a certain day a man decided to go hunting. 2. He was from sk°lui'l?m, I don't remember what his name was. 3. He paddled out (hither) to suiPa't. 4. Then he went up (into the mountains), night fell, he made camp, built a fire, and when he was finished he lay down to sleep. 5. The fire went out, but the moon was rising. 6. Then the man's attention was drawn by a sound as if below him something was climbing up. 7. He had made his camp in a recess in the mountainside. 8. Then the maker of the noise became visible, and backed away again, while the man kept still. 9. Again he heard noises, and the other was climbing up again, first there appeared

28

TEXTS

a hand, finally a face, and what he thought to be a man. 10. Then he grabbed his rifle, while the other now became really visible (behaving) as if he was after our man. 11. The latter became frightened and shot him in the stomach; he disappeared, falling down with a loud yell followed by groans which finally stopped. 12. Our man now took action, left for the shore, got to his canoe and went home. 13. Upon his return he asked all over if anybody had gone anywhere, and then he had a look at all to other "reserves" to see if anybody was missing, but there was no such report. 14. After a considerable time had passed he went back to have a look at the spot where he had camped. 15. Then he went down to what he judged to be the place from where the apparition had come. 16. He reached the bottom and saw a skeleton there. 17. It was, indeed, a human being, except that the bones were of very large dimensions: the shinbone reached up to his hip when he measured it. 18. It must have been an enormous man. XI.

Naming

1. k 0 i„tx 0 t3'tanitan w ?aq' Pi1 tti'ua k°i_ua^_tina'?s k°i_k°3sa1min. 2. q_?aswna'P k°i^na w ha'uq na^Pi'p'is k°Lsna'? ua'X na_m?i' k°3ci_sm3'n?hms ha'uq sna'Ps, ni'^maA. s-s w mn w cu't k°3ciwtmsua'? tk°9ci_sna'P na_,k°u'm: 3. "iauPa'n? ha'PA, k°i_s-mi-swka,u k°3ciwsna'? «X», ni'^Paq' ti'ua Pn-Pi'mac p'i'Pt." 4. ni'X_.maA, 0i'nk>0nas k°LuaJ?3-)^ta'?c, ni'A^maX. Pa-s-mnJp'cm: 7. "k°3ciwsna'P na'? w t k°u'm mi_ka'u tiwsci'?s. 8. ni'A. ti_.n-?i'mac na'nta'n tk°3ci_«X»." 9. kVci^uit ua w (?a-)^na„ua_ta'?c na w ua_ na'ntax° ni'^Paq' timPa1 tk°i_ua_ns?i,?X.nit tij?3-sni'5im. 10. ni'^maX s-s_ mn^ni'&m kVc^uit ua^(?3-)X,wna„ua„tal?c ia'nPta'm^Paq' k°3ci_na_p5i1 ?nax° k°3cLsna'?: 11. "ju'h^a'x 0 ta„na'u na^p'i'Pnax0 k°Lsna'?, ha'usJSx" q„u w Pasw?9-sq>0s3'cut k°3ci^sna'P iauPa'n? hii1, ha'u qwuw?ax°wtmsXiA,alc>.mix°aj[?X, ha'u q_u_?ax°Ji3>.>q)a1 n? k°3cLsna'P iauPa'n? hii1, iauPa'n? uana'x 0 , jauPa'n? Ti 1 ?. 12. iu'h„5x°wmaX, PiPi'msJix0 taj>3-sq°a'luan k°L(?3-)s-ha'us„?aq> ua„ x03'k°s tk°i w mnjia'u q w ua_X.na'?s." Translation

1. What I am going to talk about now is the background of the ancestral name. 2. If someone has died who owned a name, and he has descendants who do not, then the (present) owner of the name that has "ascended" says: 3. "It would be very good if the name X descended; my grandson (or: grand-nephew) here will receive it". 4. Then we gather the people so that he can make his intention public. 5. Then when all the people we have invited are in, you mention the names of the

TEXTS

29

persons you are going to address, because they will be the ones that know what you will be talking about. 6. When you are through mentioning the names of however many people you address, then you state: 7. "The name that has ascended is coming down today. 8. It is my grandson here that I give the name X". 9. The ones you have addressed mentioning them by name, they will serve as witnesses to your words. 10. Then those you have addressed speak, and the one that has received the name is cautioned (by them): 11. "Be careful, you that have received the name, don't let this illustrious name be a plaything to you, don't let anyone mock you, do not stain this illustrious, most honorable, most precious name. 12. Be careful, then, keep up your spirits, so that you will not be using it in vain."

XII. Condolence-Speech 1. ?3sk >0 a'i k°iwn-s-mnwhuia'? Pi1 ha'u q_Pan,Jc>0an.ma'n ?i'a' 2 uit na.jp'i'Pnax" ti w ?s'h sq°a'luan. 2. ua'X, ?i'?X°Jit na_XqJi'?s k°i_s-ha'u-s mn^hu'i-as ?i'a' 2 uit na^ua^p'i'Pnax0 k°iwtim?a' tti1. 3. cua's q'aq'si'n? tijiii 1 sia'Sn na^ua^p'i'Pnax" ti_?3'h sq°a'luan ?i_,p'il?n3x°aiap, ha'u q_ua^X^na'?s q w hii' 2 ax° siPa'mP, ha'u q w ua w X w na'?s q_,?3stsa'sax°. 4. na_ci'x° k°3cL?3-sk°a'il ?3sk >0 a'j k°i_(?3-)s?u'mat. 5. na^na'P k°3ci^na^mn„na'm? siu'iux°a?i1?, ua'X na^na'P k°3ci_nawmnwnam?_ Pa'nuiA. ta„uaX,?a'i.n3x°s na^huja'?, ua'X na^na'P k°3ci_mn_sqa'ql ?i w k°„na w namP^p'i'Ptm. 6. tim?a'_,maX. ua_n-rXwcu1 ntumiuit na'ujiap ?iwp>i'?n3x° ti w stsa's: k > 0 a'£tj$x 0 Pia'Juit ?i„ua„?a'j[s ua^(?3)sma'?mak>0astumiuit. 7. ha'uq nd'nfi'u'P ha'u qa^X^p'i'Pnax0 tL?i„p > i'?n3x°aiap Pi' tti'ua. 8. nawna'P k°3ciwsui'?qa nawx°i'?n3x° k°iw5ua'ss, ua'X. na_na'P k°3Xi„sA,a'nai? nawx°i'?n3x° k°iwk°ta'ms(s), ua'X nawna'P k°3ciwna_x°i'?n3x0 k°3ciwsqa'ql ma'nPsuit na?_twua_Pi 'p'istas na'P ttawna'XSs. 9. ni'A,wmaX. ua_X„na-j.ap_ua„m?L53'n?ta1 m, nawuawn3x°.ni'nXua'?nmuit tk°3ciwsua'?suit X,>bk°an?a'nansuit. 10. mn^hu'j k°3ciJia'?A. Pa-s.ni'Simjap, mn„hu'j[ k°aci_ha'?A. ?3-sk>0an.ma'i^iap na_S3'n?t k°3ciwsua'?suit sq°a'luan k°i_s-ni'^-suit na^p'i'Pnax" tL?Lp 5 i'?n3x°ajap Pi1 tti'ua. 11. ni'^maX, uan»Xw Va'^'i cu't: t'a'PcutJiap k°Ls-?i?i'mnt-ap ta_tsa's ?3-sq0a'luanjiap. 12. ci'x'^Paq' k°i w n5'u'? sk°a'il X3'£.n9x0J$a'x°„?aq> tL?i^x°i'?n9x°aiap. 13. PiuPa'iti m i j ! a p „ tsas(s)t9'nam?ut, ni'X_ma^ ua_nA_cu'ntu'miuit Pi' tti'ua tx°.na'?nat: k >0 a'£tJ5ap ?i'?X° ua^Pa'js na^ua^miJia'nPt taw?3-sq°a'luaniap. Translation 1. I cannot leave without expressing my sympathy to those who are now in sorrow. 2. We all know that it is not only they who have received this kind of blow. 3. All through the wide world the sorrow you are having now is experienced, regardless of whether you are rich or poor. 4. When your day comes you have to face it. 5. Sometimes a person will live to a ripe old age, sometimes he departs in middle age, and

30

TEXTS

sometimes a child is taken away. 6. That is why I say to you who have received this blow: look at the other people in here, who are companions in your grief. 7. There is not one who has not experienced what you are experiencing right now. 8. There are husbands who lost their wives and wives who lost their husbands, and there are those who lost the infant child they used to carry in their arms. 9. That is why they came to support you; they know how you feel because of what has befallen them. 10. Only your good words, only your good prayers (or: condolences) supported their hearts when they were suffering what you are suffering now. 11. That is why I try to say to you: make an effort to strengthen your poor hearts. 12. A day will come when you will think back of the one you have lost now. 13. Maybe you will feel sorry for yourselves, that is why I am saying to you here tonight: look at all the people in here who have come to support your hearts.

XIII. Hail Mary 1. ha'PX ma'li, siPi'i'JSx 0 ( t j t a j a k l a ' s , 2. ii'X-siPa'm? na 1 ? T a j w ' u , 3. ns'u jauPa'n? ha'PA. tx°.na'm? tk 0 i w mn w ?i'?X° sXa'naj?, 4. JauPa'n? mn_ha'?>. ta_ Pa-sua'? P-ma'n? si'si. J. ha'PX ma'li cs'saP-s taJSi'A.-siPa'm?, 6. k°an.ma'iA, SauPa'nPtu'muA^cx 0 ta w ni'maX Pi1 tti'ua qa'iqi sta'l.mox 0 Pi1 mn^.ci l x°„?aq > k°LuaJ.„q > 0 ii'i-&5t. 7 ha'PX, k°Ls-tim?a'-s.

Translation 1. 2. 3. 4.

Hail Mary full of grace The Lord is with thee blessed art thou amongst women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus. 5. Holy Mary, mother of God, 6. pray for us sinners now and at the hour of our death

1. 2. 3. 4.

7. Amen.

5. Good Mary, mother of the high chief 6. say a prayer for us here bad people and when the time comes when we shall die. 7. Be it so.

Good Mary, you are full of la grace the high chief is with you you are the best of all women most good is your son Jesus.

XIV. Song ?a'iax°tas w £n„ maX, Pau.ninaha... ?ij$n_k°^huia'?stm tti w lia'm 5 > a l x 0 i^5ajap_maX. tLna-ma'mna

TEXTS

31

Comments This song was sung by a man, expelled because of bad behavior, while he was leaving the reserve. — /Pau.ninaha/ is a nonce word. — The form /na-mamna/ is not regular Squamish (poss. pref. 1st pers. sing /na-/ instead of /n-/; red. /ma-mna/ prob, related to /man?/ 'child' which occurs in Squamish in the red. forms /ma'n?Tmn, -ma'-mn/ only); for final /-a/ see A 187:29.

Translation Too bad about me, Pau.ninaha... I am being taken away by the devil Don't talk (to me), my friends

LEXICON

I. GEOGRAPHICAL AND ETHNIC NAMES Introduction

The geographical and ethnic names which follow are subdivided into two main groups: (a) names belonging to the Squamish area (1-130) and (b) names with references outside the Squamish area (131-161). Following Hill-Tout 1900:474f., I include the S shore of Burrard Inlet and the coast around Pt. Grey in the"Squamish area". Though this territory is really Halcomelem, it is now quite familiar to the Squamish, and so are the names quoted. Names which are or sound Halcomelem are also found elsewhere in Squamish territory (cf. nos. 67, 68, 80, 82, 101, 116, possibly 1, 50, 128). The names 1-125 are given in a geographical order as follows (see map at end): Squamish river and affluents 1-56 Howe Sound, W coast 57-68 Howe Sound, E coast 69-89 English Bay and Burrard Inlet, N shore 90-103 English Bay and Burrard Inlet, S shore 104-113 Islands in Howe Sound 114-124 Garibaldi Peak 125 The names 126-130 belong to the Squamish area but could not be identified. Each item consists maximally of the following parts: name; (in parentheses) brief indication of nature of reference, see abbreviations below; (in single quotationmarks) meaning of name, if any; present English name; earlier recordings of name by Boas, 1 Hill-Tout 2 or the Royal Commission on Indian Affairs 3 ; (separated from the preceding by a dash) etymological and other comments. 1

Boas, F., "Zur Ethnologie Britisch-Kolumbiens", Petermanrís geographische Mitteilungen, 1887, Heft V, pp. 129-133 (Sqchómisch p. 143). 2 Hill-Tout, Ch. "Notes on the Sk'qo'mic of British Columbia, etc", Report 70 BAAS 1900:472-549. 3 Report of the Royal Commission on Indian Affairs for the Province of British Columbia, Vol. Ill (Victoria, 1916) (Squamish pp. 635-637).

33

LEXICON

Abbreviations: B

Boas

fish.s.

camp.s. camping site cr. creek

fishing HT IR

site

Hill-Tout Indian Reserve

lb. left bank

sett, (one-time) settlement

mt. mountain rb. right bank

The names include those given in A; additional material was collected systematically from LM. The material therefore on the whole represents the knowledge of one person. In his youth, LM often made the trip from Vancouver to the Squamish r. and vice versa by canoe, in the company of his mother and stepfather; accordingly, he knows more names along the E coast of Howe Sound than on the W coast. He is very well acquainted with the toponymy of the Squamish r. area. In comparison to the Squamish lexicon as a whole, the geographical names as a group show only minor special features. Four of them (2, 77, 81, 100) are compounds, very rare in Squamish (77 and 81 could be regarded as phrases). A few have a suffix /-s/ (86,130, poss. also 12, 36, 73,106) which is not a lexical suffix in Squamish; it may go back to /-c/, or represent the 3rd pers. possessive ending. Not a single name consists of a free form CVC or of a nominalization /s-CVC/ (the same is true of the names of parts of the body, with the single exception of /s-Xan?/ 'foot, leg'). Otherwise, we find the normal affixal and reduplicative derivatives, and a proportion of longer unanalyzable units which is not larger than elsewhere in the lexicon. A number of analyzable units contain roots not known otherwise (4, 21, 43, 50, etc.). Frequent are itr. derivatives (4, 15, 31, 34, etc.), the prefix /n-/ (3, 9, 26, 29, etc.), sometimes combined with /-aj(?)/ (3, 9, 125) and regularly having the form /nax°-/ before a sonant (18; see A 169 if.), and reduplicative formations (5, 10, 13, 14, etc.), sometimes of the diminutive type (47,100). A number of names are common lexical items referring to an actual object of their class (28, 53, 78) or used on the basis of association (25, 46, 56, 60, etc.). Squamish Area

1. s-c'a'q'-ajPs (canyon 15-20 miles above no. 4) 'rocks hitting together'. — /-aj?s/ also in nos. 50, 128, cf. A 187;47 or /-ui?s/ A 186:33 (in the latter case the name is not Squamish, having /a/ (as in Hale.) instead of /u/; see also B 187:14). 2. s-Xa'IP-c-qV? (mt. rb.) 'water-mark', see text VI: 14. — \/q°u (A p. 362) here with glottalization. — /-c/ prob. A 158:1 'edge'. 3. n-kVPs-aj (cr.) 'where the spring-salmon are'. Locally known as "Shovelnose cr." B Nkuóosai. 4. p'uiPa'm? (sett, rb.) B P'óyám. HT Poia'm. IR no. 9 Poyam (graveyard, lb.). — Formally an itr. derivative of a -y/p^K?) otherwise unknown. 5. C'a'q-é'aq-c (sett, rb.) 'dirty mouth or edge'. HT Tcuk'tcuk'ts. IR no. 8 Chuckchuck (fish, s., graveyard).

34

LEXICON

6. s-ka'u-sn (sett, lb.) 'foot going down'. B Sk&oschin. H T 'Skaui'can. IR no. 7 Skowishin (fish.s.). 7. isXi'x0 (cr. rb.) Ashlu cr. B Yitl&h. H T Etle'uq, Itli'oq. 8. sa'mPa'nit (mt. rb.) 'mountain(ous?)'. — Cf. /s-ma'nit/ 'mountain'. — The name may go back to */s-?a?-manit/, see A 179:12. 9. n-5'mP-a'i? (cr. lb.) Pillchuck cr. — Cf? /S'am?/ 'bite'. Morpholog. structure of name as in no. 125, cf. also no. 3. 10. s-p'a-p'a'Pq (cr. rb.) H T spapa'k - . 11. cTPumP-a'5 (sett, lb.) 'hand getting stuck'. 12. sims (cr. lb.). — Other names in /-s/: nos. 36, 73, 86, 106, 130. 13. q'ai-q'a'Hiiin (cr. rb.) 'camping site'. — Cf. •s/q'ai, Q>3i> 1'i- An element I-mm/ also in no. 130. 14. q'a'-q'apNnaS (also /n-q'a'-q'p'rnaC/) (rocks in river) 'towing'. H T N'k'u'kapenatc ( = canoes transformed to stone). — See B \ / q i a P \ q'sp'- — Here two canoes were changed into rocks by the /Xai?s/. 15. Pi-si1 q'-sn 2 am (cr. rb.) 'switching feet', so called because the water runs now in one, then in the other direction. — -s/saiq'16. s q ' ^ n p ' (sett. lb.). 17. qi-a'i?aqap (mt. and cr., rb.) 'stinking'. 18. n3x 0 -iu'x°m (mt. and cr., rb.). 19. x°-i3k > °-a , iaq J in (sett, lb.) 'where upstream side of house is'. B Huikudyaqen. Ht QEk wai'akin. 20. Pas-tu'-tuj? (bunch of cedar-trees) 'leaning over'. — To this place menstruating women would retire. 21. s-Wq°-ai? (cr., falls, rb.). H T sl5koi. — \ / ^ u c l 0 otherwise unknown. 22. s-5a'u 2 cauTmix° (cr. and sett., lb.). Evans cr. — \ / 5 a u otherwise unknown, cf? / ? a - W a ' u a m / 'spawn'. 23. i3k>0-c (sett, rb.)'upstream mouth'. B Yik'ts. H T Yu'kuts. IR no. 12Yookwitz (fish. s.). 24. t'aq^-t'a'q^m-ai? (sett, lb.) 'that of the thimbleberries'. B Tcht^chumai. H T Tokta'kamai ( = place of thimbleberries). 25. ha'litn (promontory, rb.) 'chisel'. 26. n-pu'q°-us (mt. rb.) 'mouldy-face'. Omega Mt. H T N'pok'wis. 27. Pupan-i'ua? (sett, lb.) 'ten trees'. — The regular word for 'ten' is /Pu'pn/. 28. qtin? (mt., sett., fish, s., rb.) 'pool in river'. 29. n-t'3-t'q'°-£ (island) 'with cut back'. Baynes isl. 30. s-Pi-q'an-a'^ai (mt.-pass lb.) 'going back and forth over hill'. — For /Pi-/ see B 179:13a. The complex /-ai?a5/ presents an irregular form of /-ajPC/ A 186:23. 31. qsu-qouq'-a'm (mt. lb.) 'ravens'. — Cf. /s-qauq'/ 'raven'. 32. sqmi'n? (rock in water, lb.). H T sk'umi'n ( = keekwilee-house). 33. S'ia'q-rmss (river and sett., lb.) 'salmon-weir place'. Cheakamus r. BTchidqamisch (for "Tsch-"). H T Tcia'kamic. IR no. 11 Cheakamus.

LEXICON 34. pu'q°-ai 2 u's-m (sett, lb.) 'mouldy surface'. no. 13 Poquiosin (fish. s.).

35 HT Po'kao'sum ( = slide).

IR

35. ui'-uq'-m (sett, lb.) 'opening'. IR no. 14 Waiwakum (fish. s.). — V y i q ' 'open'. 36. ?i'k°ik°s (sett. rb.). B Ek'uks. HT Ekuiks. IR no. 15 Ainwucks (for "Aik...") (fish. camp, s.) — Poss. suff. /-s/ as in nos. 12, 73, 86, 106, 130. 37. t'aq-t'q-a'i? (island with sett., lb.) 'vine maple'. 38. s-ii'fi'-am (sett, lb.) 'full'. Brackendale. HT sie'tcEm ( = sandy). IR no. 16 Seaichem. 39. s?i'n?uqam (cr. lb.) Hop Ranch cr., Schoonover cr. 40. sma'lucin (cr. lb.) Pete Meechan cr. — Cf. /s-m-ml?u'cin/ 'squirrel'. 41. p'n-p'a'ni? (sett. rb.). — A \/p'an otherwise unknown. 42. kauti'n (sett. lb.). HT Kau'ten. IR no. 17 Kowtain. — Cf? /-tin/ B 187:2; cf. also no. 126. 43. ma'-mx°m (sett, lb.) Mamquam r. HT Ma'mukum. IR no. 20 Memsquum isl. — A V m s k " otherwise unknown. 44. jak^-a'psm (sett, rb.) 'upstream neck'. "The Shops". B Yik'odpsan. HT Ikwo'psum. IR no. 18 Yekwaupsum (fish. s.). 45. Xi' 2 xi 2 u's (sett. Ib.) 'laughing face' (?). B Chachi6s. HT Qe'qios. 46. q >0 3'l-a?n (sett, lb.) 'ear'. HT k-wo'lan. 47. s-k°i'?-k°iua£ (a rock, rb.) 'little sturgeon'. — Cf. /sk°a'?ua£/ 'sturgeon' and A, B 159. 48. n-q°a-£ (cr. rb.) 'with hole in back'. Monmouth cr. 49. nc'ajS' (cr. rb.). HT N^ai'tc. — Poss. < */n-c'ai?-5/ 'with shaded or sheltered back' (see A 45). 50. c'u't-ajPs (cr. rb.). HT Qo'tais. — -y/c'ut otherwise unknown; for /-aj[?s/ cf. nos. 1, 128. 51. Pac'a'n? (slough rb.) 'back side'. IR no. 23 Ahtsam (for "-n"). 52. sk°lui'l?m (sett. rb.). IR no. 22 Skwulwailum. 53. q'ia'Xan (sett, lb.) 'stockade'. HT K'iake'n. 54. s-mu?-q (bay lb.) 'dropping backside' (?). HT Smok\ 55. st'a'Pmas (sett. lb.). B Stomas. HT Sta'mis. IR no. 24 Stawamus (sett.). 56. sqla'u? (rock lb.) 'beaver'. HT S'k lau1 ( = beaver). 57. 5'i'-i?uas (rock) 'lifting paddle'. HT Tce'was. 58. suiPa't (camp. s.). Woodfibre. HT Swi'at. 59. x°-?u-hu'i 2 §n (cliff) 'where the foot finishes'. — Prob. < */x°-?3-hu'i 2 5n/, cf. no. 71. — Here the girl and the slave of text VIII were put ashore by her father. 60. q'a'-q'au (mt.) 'skate'. 61. c'i't'-psm (camp. s.). White Beach. Cf? HT £e'tuksEm, which may be a misrecording or a variant with /-qs/ 'nose' instead of /-psm/ 'neck'. — ^/c'iV otherwise unknown, cf? /c'i't'aX 0 / 'horned grebe'. 62. ci'-cusm (sett.) Potlatch r. HT Ce'tusum. 63. k >0 i£'-t3'n 2 m (sett.) 'cut up fish'. McNab cr. HT Kwi'tctenEm. — The name

36

64. 65. 66. 67.

68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86.

87. 88.

LEXICON

looks like an itr. derivative of /k>0i l6>-tn/ 'salmon knife' (for a similar derivation cf. /c'aX-tn-a'n?/ 'to poison; tr.'). q'i'-q'lXn (sett.) Port Mellon. HT K-e'kElun. IR no. 25 Kaikalahun (fish. s.). s-i-jPa'Ptn (cr.) 'widows'. Twin cr. — Two widowed sisters are said to have retired to this place. s-SanP-q (sett.) 'support behind'. Gibson's Landing. HT Stcink - . S'q^aXp (sett.) Near no. 66, and also referred to as Gibson's Landing. — See A p. 319, where /q°/ must be replaced by /q'% The name ('spruce') is undoubtedly Hale. stlqa'ja (details unknown) 'wolves'. — Cf. /stqa'ia/ ' w o l f ; derivatives with infixed /l/ are unknown in Squamish but are common in Hale. k°3l-kc3tx°-m (falls) 'rumbling'. Shannon Falls. HT Kukutwo'm ( = waterfall). sk°ca l ?c-cu , cin (bay) 'island-mouth'. Shannon Bay. x°-?3-ci'q-i?3q0 (rock) 'where the head bumps'. — For the structure cf. no. 59. x°l-x°ali'tn (bay) 'white men'. — Place where the first ship with white people arrived. laX0-lu'X°ls (rocks) 'Pemberton men' (Lillooet). — Suff. /-s/ as in nos. 12, 36, 86, 106, 130. tx°-n?us (rock) 'facing that way'. Watt's Point. si-sa'Pjou^a'i (camp, s.) '(place) of the screech-owls'. HT Cicai'oQoi. — Cf. /sa'?iu/ 'screech-owl'. XlP-Xl-u's (rock) 'painted face'. HT QE'lkEtos ( = painted) ("t" prob. misprint for "1"). — Cf. /Xal?/. Pa'nui^-spa'lXan (mouth of cr.) 'central flats'. Furry cr. s-paX-pa'^Xan 'flats'. x°-iu-iq>0u'lu?-m (camp, s.) 'where the salmon-trout are'. Porteau. — /s-iuiq >c u'lu?/ 'salmon-trout'. Xq'-a't-qsn (promontory) 'wide point'. Long Point. — Cf. /^q'-a't/ 'wide'; the /a/ in the name suggests that the latter is Hale., cf. no. 111. s^'a'lqm-sta'q" 'monster-creek'. Deeks cr. qa'l.Pactn Thunder Bay. HT Ku'latsEn. — The name sounds Hale., poss. with /qal/ for /qaj/. p'a-p'q' 'white'. Alberta Bay. HT N'pa'puk- (with additional prefix /n-/). — Cf. /p'aq'/. tarnA. (bay) 'red paint'. HT Tumtls (with additional suffix /-s/). S'aXa'i? (camp, s.) Horseshoe Bay. HT Tcakqai. s-tVq>0-t>3q>°-s 'cut up'. Copper Point (?). HT StVktoks. — Suff. /-s/ as in nos. 36, 73, 106, 130. — Two sea-serpents are said to have collided here; of one the head broke off. qW-a'ls-m 'chewing'. Eagle Harbour. HT Ke'tlals'm ( = nipping grass). — See comments B p. 82 V q ' ^ ' 2 sfc'alq's (spherical rock wedged in between other rocks) 'slingshot'. HT Stcilks

LEXICON

89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94.

95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103.

104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116.

37

( = sling). — The /Xai?s/ was going to shoot a rock from Pt. Grey to Garibaldi Peak; it slipped and landed here. s-q'i'uP-icut 'turning around'. Pt. Atkinson. H T Skeawatsut. s-tq'-il (camp, s.) 'bad smell' (?). Cypress cr. H T 'St'k-e'l. — Cf? /taq'/ 'to fart'. sml?a'k >0 a West Bay. H T SmE la'koa. s-ua'j^ui (slough, sett.). H T Swai'wI. — Cf? /ua'i-at/ 'reveal, make public; tr.' — Constituted one settlement together with no. 93. x°.m3 l lc'stn (also /-lS'ctn/ IJ) (sett.) Capilano r. H T Homu'ltcison. X'aXm-a'Plk0 (fish, s.) 'salt water'. Mackay cr. H T TlastlEmauq ( = Saltwater Creek). — The suff. contains the formative /k 0 / but is otherwise not quite clear; cf. no. 118 and poss. /Xa'utaq 0 / 'big raft'. stoPa'n? (sett.) 'head of bay'. H T Stlau'n. IR no. 1 Mission (sett.). sPajPqs (sett.) 'point'. sSi'tais (sett.) 'hill'. PaXqa'JP-m (cr.) 'snakes'. H T Qotlskaim ( = serpent pond) (with additional prefix /x°-/). Xa'P15a Lynn cr. H T Qoa'ltca. Xcil?-X0a-X°ai (sett.) 'small copy of mask'. — Cf. /X°a?/ 'imitate', /s-X0aj|2X0ai/ 'mask' and A, B 159. 5 , i'-5 , lx°-i?q° (sett., cr.) Seymour cr. H T TcetcilQok. — v ^ ' s l x 0 otherwise unknown, except in the ethnic name /s-c > lx°-i'?q°/ 'Chilliwack'. Pa'c.nai (also /Pa'c.nafi/) (sett.) 'bay'. IR no. 3. slPi'l.PutuX (sett.) Indian Arm and River. B Lel'&ot (without the suff. j-uX/). — Cf? /slil/ 'bunch of blankets'; /-ut/ poss. reduction of /-uit/ in /p'q'a'luit/ 'white blanket'. pa'-piaq Brockton Point. H T papiak - . X0a'i2X°ai (sett.) 'masks'. Lumbermen's Arch. H T QoiQoi ( = masks). — The word 'mask' has otherwise the nominalizer /s-/sPans (rock). H T Suntz. — Suff. /-s/ as in nos. 12, 36, 73, 86, 106, 130. — Said to be the wife of /sXxilPs/ (107). s-XXil?§ (rock) 'standing up'. Siwash Rock. H T Sqelc ( = standing up). — See 106. c'm-c'a'mlc (sett.). sn?aq° (sett.) False Creek. H T Snauq. Pi-Pa1 l?»m3x° (sett.) Jericho Beach. H T Ia'lmuq. Pa'l-qsn Point Grey. H T U'lk-s'n. — See comments i.v. A p. 388. ma'li (also /ma'-mPli, ml-ma'li/) (sett.) Musqueam Reserve. H T Mali. ha'mPlcm (sett.). H T HumElsom. -Outer, Inner q >0 3'm-q >0 m 'kelp'. Defence Isl. — /ni'-ni?5, 5i'sm ka'x°m Anvil Isl. H T Tla'qom. q'°li'tq-m Seagull Isl. — The name is Hale., with /I/ for Sq. /[,[/, cf. Sq. /q'°ii'tq/ 'seagull'.

38

LEXICON

117. ö'a'Plsm Halcett Bay (on Gambier Isl.). 118. ca'?lk°-naö LM "a bay on Gambier Isl." HT Tcä'lkunts (Gambier Isl.). — Cf. no. 94. 119. st'a'p'as (fish. s.). HT (p. 543) Stapäs (village on Gambier Isl.). 120. ua'q >0 -u3q )0 Woolridge Isl. — The form is Hale., cf. /uuq J0 / 'go downstream', with Sq. /u/ corresponding to Hale. /a/. — The island sometimes makes the impression of moving. 121. ka'q >0 tiö Bowyer Isl. HT Sau'qtitc (Hat Isl.). 122. x°Tlil-l?X°m Bowen Isl. HT QölelaQöm. — A otherwise only in /li'X°-it-m/ 'beat a fast rhythm'. 123. kVmP-sn-am 'thumping (or: raising?) feet'. Hood Point (on Bowen Isl.). 124. s-ms^mata'lPö Passage Isl. HT Mitlmatb'ltc. 125. n-ö'q-ai? 'grimy'. Garibaldi Peak and Cheekye River. Squamish Area (reference not identified) 126. csqkti'n B Tseqltin. — For /-tin/ cf. no. 42. 127. qa'l-qaliX. (also name of mythical cannibal-woman). 128. s-q°a-ö-a'i?s HT Sk-öätcai's ( = deep hole in water). — Vq° 3 h, q°a-; for /-ai?s/ cf. nos. 1, 50. 129. s-q ,0 a'i-us HT Sk'wai'us. 130. iaq'rmi'n-s — For /-min/ cf. no. 13, for /-s/ nos. 12, 36, 73, 86, 106. Names with References outside the Squamish Area 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147.

p3'lx°la Bella Coola. — /pVl/ also in no. 156. ca^u'Xtx0 Comox (?). See also next item. skajPa'min Powell river (Comox?). Cf. preceding item. XVmaXk" (LM for /Xama^k°u/) lit. 'swift water'. Place around Toba Inlet. si-sa'PX. Sechelt. q'auPi'ön Cowichan. ma'PlaXak Malahat. s-na'urnaus (also /snau.na'uPas/) Nanoose-Bay. s-na-na'^max 0 Nanaimo. sc'ams Victoria. k>0a'?lax°m (prob.) Qualicum. sXima'XaX. Esquimault. pna'PlXac* Kuper Island. x°Tm3,ck°iam Musqueam. q'i'ö'i Katzie. sC'iPi'ns Chehalis (?). s-ö'lx°-i?q° Chilliwack. — Cf. no. 101.

LEXICON

148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161.

39

k T - k T m Coquitlam. tit (or /tajt, tijt/) Tait. ti'uat (unidentified, see A p. 267). s£u?u'cn Tsawwassen. x°-ta's area and tribe on White Swan r. — Cf. /tl-ja's/ 'south'; /lss/ is the 1-form of I'ps/. x°sa'?q Nootsack. — See comment A p. 348. lu'X°ls Lillooet. Xaka'p.max 0 tribe of the interior (prob. Thompson). — See comment A 328. plpa'la Bella Bella. — Cf. no. 131. ii'q°iXtaX a Kwakiutl tribe. c'amsia'n Tsimshian. stakM'n Haida. sXi'Xnam Chilcotin. 5inu'k° Chinook.

II. PERSONAL NAMES Introduction

The Squamish knew three kinds of indigenous names: ancestral names, pet-names and nicknames. Ancestral names /k°3sa'min/ were regarded as any other kind of property: they could be given away by the owner, and passed on to the next in line upon his death (see text XI). A person could therefore own several names, though he would use only one. The names which follow all belong to this category. Children who had not yet received an ancestral name were called by pet-names. LM did not know a special word for 'pet-name' other than /snah/ which is also used for the ancestral name and for the name of an object. Only three pet-names were recorded: /sma'na/ (prob. related to /man?/ 'offspring', with hypocoristic /-a/); — /X°i-a'm?-ai?ty, literally 'fairy tale child' (cf. / X V X ^ a ' m ? / 'tell a (mythical) story; itr.% suff. /-aj?X/ 'person; child'); this was LM's pet-name until he received the ancestral name /sia'hltx 0 /; — /jpks/ a name given to a girl "because she would become a good berry-picker" (cf. ¡s-'pq/ 'berries or roots gathered', "harvest"). A nickname /nina'Pmin/ could become current for a person caught in some shameful act or circumstance, often of a sexual nature (at least in recent times). A certain man found lying with his wife near the (open) door of his house was known for the rest of his life as /sua'X/ 'door'; after he died his friends would avoid the use of this word in his relatives' presence and use the synonym /qap'ta'n/ instead. The ancestral names which follow include those given in A; most of the material is new and was supplied by LM, who was interested in names and had made some

40

LEXICON

lists for himself, using an "English" transcription (he was sometimes asked to settle disputes about the ownership of names). Men's and women's names form two separate groups. As a category, the personal names deviate from the rest of the lexicon (including the geographical names). In the first place, two thirds of the names (48 out of 72) are characterized by a small number of suffixes, two thirds of which (6 out of 9) are not productive in Squamish; three of these are rare formatives, while a fourth is not found elsewhere at all. Five of the suffixes are or can be preceded by a connective /-(a)l-/, which is probably the improductive /-counterpart of /-ai-/, see A 184 and 187:41. Two of the remaining suffixes begin with /I/ and may go back to combinations with the same formative. In the second place, very few of the names contain roots or stems which are meaningful in Squamish. The nominalized reduplication /siPa'm?/ 'chief, person of upper class' is found in no. 49 and in reduced form in no. 9, possibly also in 56. The word /p'aq'/ 'white' is recognizable in no. 14, and /Xi?/ 'appear' (also 'come into existence', about the human race, see text VII: 1) may be present in no. 12 and in reduced form in no. 22. The remaining roots are otherwise unknown; some of them are found in several names, e.g. \/k 0 3ts- in nos. 10, 21, 41 (41 was the father of 10). The men's and women's names are each categorized on the basis of the namesuffixes they contain, one group consisting of the names without such a suffix. Within each suffixed group the names without connective are given first. Recurring elements are separated by hyphens, and the names with similar elements are referred to in parentheses after the name in question. For the suffix /-tn/ see A 186:3, for /-tx°/ A 186:4; for /-qin/ A 186:11-, for /-ja/ A 187:24. The suffix /-anax°/ is reminiscent of /-auanax 0 / 'year(s)' A 186:19 (where /-au-/ may be a connective, see A 184). An element /-ilm/ otherwise only in /?ai 2 i'lm/ 'be sunny'. — /-a£a/ is not found elsewhere. — /-l(a)q/ is reminiscent of the formative /-a?lq/ B 187:10; the suffixal part of no. 38 /qa'plqX/ is identical with that of /tu'mlqX/ 'starfish'. — /-lut/ (sometimes pronounced /-lust/) may go back to /-luit/ B 186b: 4. — The formative /-ja/, characteristic of a category of women's names, is also found in one men's name (no. 42), and /-la/ in no. 43 may be the corresponding /-form; this is the only instance of a suffix occurring in both groups. A number of names obviously contain the nominalizer /s-/, and some of the women's names contain the Hale, prefixes /c-, c'-/. These, like reduplication-syllables and individual suffixes, are separated by a hyphen from adjacent elements.

Metis

Names

/-(l-)a'n3x7 1. c'ac-u-a'nax° (11) 2. k°-l-a'n3x°

3. 4. 5. 6.

xVM-a'nax 0 Xa'c'-l-a'nax0 5apX-l-a'n3x° qiap-l-a'nax 0

/-((a)l-)tn/ 7. t'na'X°-tn 8. s-Xla'pò-tn

41

LEXICON

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

s-i?a'm?-tn (49) k°3ts-3'm-tn (21, 41) c'ac-i'ms-tn (1, 50) Xi'?-n3x°-tn (22) qa'-qX-l-tn p'q'-a'l-tn s-i3X°-a'l-tn

23. 24. 25. 26.

s-x°p-i'lm plk°-i'lm s-qajX-i'lm s-q>0lX-i'lm

37. teq'-Xa'qMq 38. (qa'p-lq-X.) Others m3lk>0-s qiu'IP-s k°3ts-i'm (10, 21) la'k-ja Vi's-la s-Xa'l-aq' (18, 45) s-Xa'l-us (18, 44) pi'cmaq tì'q-ap ?i-?i'nk°u s-i?a'm?-sn (9) ?m?s-ui't (11) ual-ui'l-cut cma'q°as3t Xajau-i'ls t'aSlX-a'nm q >0 asta'n-aXan.

34. Xa'm-bq 35. s-Xi't-lq 36. s-?a'p-bq

39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55.

/-(a'l-)ia/

/-lut/

Others

56. 57. 58. 59. 60.

61. 62. 63. 64. 65.

66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72.

/-l-tx 0 / s-?a'ol-tx° s-ii'x 0 -inx° s-X3'h-l-tx° (44, 45) qVtX-m-l-tx° (32) q'c-i'm^l-tx0 s-k°3ts-i'm2l-tx° (10, 41) Add. tia'xM-tx 0

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

,

, 1

22. s-XaP-i'lm (12)

Women's

/-am-qin/ 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

si'q-am-qin k°i's-am-qin k'Tt'-am-qin t > ux 0 -ux°-a'm-qin latXa^a'm-qin

/-l-a'Ca/ 32. q'atX-1-a'éa (19) 33. q°l-q°alX-l-a'5a /-l(3)q/

Names

sia'm-ja si-a'l-ia snX-a'l-ja k>0X-a'l-ia s-uaWS-a'l-ja

c-la's-lut c-li'x°-lut c'-ta's-lut c'-ta'X-lut q'na'q-lut

sjimPa't sl-sa'lma't stVca siiu'l [sieo'l] si-sa'jpx0 c-na'stnat jus-us-u'lt

III. DICTIONARY The dictionary contains additions to the lexical material given in A and a number of corrections. The organization differs from that in A on the following points. Except in special cases, derivatives are not entered separately but are quoted under the heading of the root. Examples of use of derivatives are separated from the item itself by a colon. Only such geographical, etc., names as occur in the texts have been included;

42

LEXICON

for others the chapters on names have to be consulted. Etymologies of new items are limited to Squamish and Halcomelem (Elmendorf-Suttles, see A). Items marked with a following "A" are roots and words already listed in A about which new data are presented (examples, derivatives, more exact meanings, etc.). In the case of corrections, words are listed as in A and in their corrected form. The abbreviation "corr." stands for "correct(ed)" and "corr. fr." for "corrected from".

P pta'k°m type of fern. O Cw. pte'k°am 'bracken fern'. Other types: Sq. /cXa'lm, sX 0 uTaq 0 /. pla'ua? air-bladder of fish (used as a container for oil). pX°ais to snort (ab. sea-lions, etc.). pa-pt-i'cut ( = /-it-sut/) have a match, competition; tr.-refl.; / n a w u a w ~ - u i t k°iwsis^. ua w 5i'hntasuit k0aci„Xa'm sma'nt/ 'they were having a competition in lifting heavy stones'. pa-psna'P low-growing berry (occurs on Defence Island, grows on rock, moss-like plant with little red berries), pa-puq-a'm? go with the wind. O V p u h and /-q/; cf. /pu?q/. papiPa'tuX. A. — /~tk°LsX°i'?sn/ (corr. fr. /k°i/). V p s t In /papti'cut/; a homophonous element in /ptu'sm/. pac A. be bent. — /pa'c-pac-n/'foldup': / 5 n „ ~ tawnTha'm?tn/ 'I folded up my blanket'; /Pas-pa'c-pac/ 'doubled up': / n a w u a w ~ Pas^na'nPs/ 'he is lying doubled up on his side'. V p s n A. be buried. — /pn-a'm 2 n/ 'fill up hole in ground; tr.': / n a „ ~ - t a s ta^Past'a't'k50/ 'he filled up the pit'; /s-pn-u'j^tx0/ 'keekwilee house' (house sunk in the ground). O See also /s-pa'n 2 m/. pna'PlXac' Kuper Island. Vpalq 0 A. kneel. — /pa'l-plq 0 / 'be kneeling'; /s-plq°-a'£/ 'small span' (stretched distance between thumb and knuckle of bent index-finger): /Pa'nPus ta„X°i?X>-s Pi1 t a w ~ / 'two spans and a small span' (see /taX/, /X°i?X7). O Orig. meaning of root prob. 'bend a joint'. Vpsk' 0 A. form clouds, etc. — /pa'k >0 -n/ 'scatter in clouds; tr.'; / n a w ~ - t a s k°aci„ sX'a'plqn/ 'he scattered the down' (as done in certain types of dancing), pa'jm A. fall overboard. — /pim-a'n?/ 'throw overboard; tr.'; / ~ - c u t / 'throw oneself overboard'. pa'Ppa woolly, fuzzy. O Poss. red. zero-form of -x/puh, pah. pa'sm budding, sprouting, coming out. / n a w k ° w m i w ~ / 'it's starting to come out'; /pa'-pasm/ 'id.'. \ / p a 5 A. be spread. — /pa'i-an?/ 'spread out; tr.'; / ~ - c u t / see A. *paq'am In /s-pa'q'am/ see A; /pa'-pq'am/ 'to flower': /~ta w q'°la'm-ai?/ 'the berrybush is in bloom'.

LEXICON

43

*pa 2 a'£x° sprouting, budding. In /p3'-pa2a5x°/ 'id.': /na w k°_~ / 'the trees are becoming green'; /pa2a'6x°-im?/ 'be spring-raining':/ua w ~/ 'the spring-rain is falling'. O Poss. zero-form of Vpuh, pah (pa-). pu 2 q to fart. O Vpuh and /-q/; cf. also /papuqa'm?/. \/puq° be mouldy. — /p3q°-pu'q7 'mouldy'; /pu'q°-i?/ 'get mouldy': /na w ~ ta w sapli'n/ 'the bread gets mouldy'. \/puh, pah A. blow. — /pa-pah-i'm?/ 'be blowing' (ab. wind): /s(h)iu?a'i„?aq J 6>ix°-il ti_n-c>X°3llu3tm k°i w sis w ua_,~/ 'my laundry will dry quickly because there is a wind blowing'. pu'j|?£ drink directly from river (without scooping up water). /ha'uq w u s ,?ax° w ~, q°u l la5i l ?m w £x°/ 'don't drink directly from the river, scoop the water up with your hands!'. pi-pix°-a'ius kind of fish (hake?). O The name reflects the fact that the scales of this fish come off very easily, cf. /pix°/. pists'nPaq jealous. /ua_~ ta'i? sui'Pqa ^'aw?3'ns/ 'that man is jealous of me'. — /n3x°-s-pi-pist31 n?aq/ 'always jealous'. V p i i ' M A. — /pi'C'-m/ see A. /pi5>-a'n?/ 'hit with burning cedar-wood; tr.' (was done to troublesome children). piX, [>i] be smudged. /na_~/ 'it's smudged'; /piX-a'n?/ 'scatter ordered things, erase; tr.'. pik'°-a'n? to smoke (meat, fish); tr. — /pik>0-a'lx°-im?/ 'to smoke salmon; act.-itr.'. pix° be removed (ab. berries from a bush, dust from clothing and the like). /na_k°_ ?a'n q >0 3'l ta w sq >0 la'm, na_mn_?i?X° ~ k°in-s-na^a'?n3x°-an/ 'the berries are overripe, they all fell off when I touched (the bush)'; /pi'x°-a?X-m/ 'clean one's bed'; /pi'x°-in/ 'brush off (clothes)'; /pi-pi'x°-aius/ 'unidentif. fish (hake?) whose scales come off easily', piq' nighthawk. O Cw. piq' 'id.'. v W

In /piq'°-s/ 'point both ways (spreading thumb and index-finger)' (in /stahi'l/ game). /na_,ua^ ~ -tas/ 'he pointed both ways'. pia'k >0 u(l) (corr.:) /sp'ia'k^us/ (Mrs. LM). pii's murrelet. 0

P' *p > la£' Identical constituent in /p'la'S'm/ 'type of canoe', /sp'la'C'm/ 'wildcat', /sp'a-p'la'£'/ 'snipe'. -v/p'al^' be crushed squashed. — /p'R'-a'n?/ 'crush, squash; tr.': /~_£x° ta^ms'dn/ 'crush the louse!'; /p'R'-i'?/ 'be crushed': /na w ~/ 'it's all crushed'. V p ' s k 0 See Vp'ak", p'ak". p'aq' A. white. — /p'i-p'q'/ 'white (animal)', /~ti w n-pu's/ 'my cat is white'. O The red.-type is identical with that used in numerals counting animals, see A 213.

44

LEXICON

p'ajq' rotten wood O Cw. pq°ay? 'id.'; note the difference in glottalization. p'aPu'c'us A. cradle. — /p'aPu'c'us-n/ 'put (a child) in its cradle; tr.'; / ~ - k a / 'put it to bed!' p J am 2 a'n? darken by holding in smoke; tr.; /~„£x° k°Ls-ha'u-s q^u^Pas^Pa'n XV-X-'uq'm/ 'darken it so that it won't be too shiny' (ab. a paddle, so that it will not frighten away the fish). Vp'ac' A. sew. — /p'a'c'-iPn/ 'repair net'. p'aC' A. (more exactly) glowing hot, red hot (used ab. fire, person in fever; for water, weather, etc., one uses the more general term /k>cas/). Vp'ak 0 , p'sk 0 A. float. — /p'a'k°-an-cut/ 'come to surface of water; tr.-refl.'; /pVk°-ui^/ 'bring down to the shore unfinished canoe-hull from the place where it was made' (canoes being hollowed out wherever the tree was felled): /nam?w£apw5>a'uatc, ~ J t n / 'come and help me, I'm going to bring down the canoe-hull'; /p'3k°-ti'n/ 'float on net', "cork"; /pVk^p'ak 0 / 'light in the water, floating easily*. >0 pVk -an A. (a closer translation is) make do with, use for the lack of better; tr. p'a'jaq A. get well, etc. — /Pas-p'a'-p'iaq/ 'just right' (VIII: 23; prob. allegro-form for /-p'iPaq/); /Pas-p'a'-p'iPaqrnsuPas/ 'engaged to be married to each other': /na„k°_~/ 'they're engaged'; /s-p'a'iaq-im?/ 'bread (which one has baked)' lit. 'preparation'; /p'ajaq-a'PX-m/ 'make one's bed'. Vp'i?, etc. A. grab, seize, etc., (also): ravish. — /p'iP-t-uaj/ 'to mate'; /pVp'i 1 ?/ 'captive': /na_,nam? w ~/ 'he was taken prisoner', /na_mi^~/ 'he was brought in as a captive'. See also /s-Pi-p'aP-i'm?/. O LM pronounces final [-ej?] rather than [e-?]; the latter (phonemically /i?/) is not found in final position, p'i-p'i'am overflow. /na_~ ta_ta'q°tn/ 'the bucket overflowed'. p'iS't A. charcoal. — /p'i'C't-us-m/ 'put charcoal on one's face' (as done by dancers; for this purpose the charcoal was mixed with oil), -v/p'ikq' be alongside. — /p'i'XqNnauPa's-n/ 'put side by side; tr.'; /s-p'i'-p'Xq'rnauPas/ 'be, come side by side': /na^~-uit k°3ciwsn3x°il^suit/ 'their canoes came side by side'; /tx°-p'iXq7 '(come) right alongside'. pTk^m churn, be agitated (ab. water or object in it). /na^ua w ~ taws?i'suns/ 'his paddle is churning (through the water)'; red. / p ' a ' - p W m / /~ta_sta'q°/ 'the water is churning', •p'i'am Only in red. /p'i-p'i'am/. p'iak^as TW/sp'ia'k^us/ (Mrs. LM). 0

m m-mk>0-u'cin small burr. O Poss. < */m-m?k°-u'cin/, see A 45. m-mac'i'nP-t-m get squirted on by a skunk. /£t_~/ 'we got "skunked"'. O Acc. to

LEXICON

45

L M a "slang-expression"; cf. /s-mac'i'n?/ 'skunk'. The word follows the pattern of A 120, but with the difference that /in?/ is not the trans, suif. here (cf. also /smn.ma'ntm/). mlji 1 get married. / n a w ~ k°a'ci 2 uit/ 'they got married'. O Borr. fr. French (se) marier. *mat*mut- In: /mat»mu't-au?i/ 'sit on someone's lap': / n a „ u a „ ~ X ' a ^ a ' n s / 'she is sitting on my lap'; /matTmu't-s 'hold on one's lap': / n a _ u a w ~ - t a s / 'he had her on his lap'; /m3tfmu't-q 0 -s/ 'have someone's head resting on one's arm, support someone's head'. O See \ / m u t 3 . ma'tq°-m to bubble. / n a „ ~ / 'it bubbled up'. — Red. /ma'-m?atq°-m/ 'id.': / ~ ta w sta'q 0 / 'the water is bubbling'. 5 mat supple, pliable. / ? a ' n ~ tLsca'q/ 'this stick is very supple'. — /matVcut/ ( = / - a ' t sut) 'bend, give way' (e.g. about a plank, under a weight): / n a w u a „ ~ / 'it bends'. \/msc> (?) A. Also in /mi'-mc'-s/ 'lichen'. *mac'in? In /s(m)m3C>i'n?, m-mac'inPtm/. man? A. offspring. — /mi-m?na/ 'child' (hypocoristic). O For final /a/ see A 187:29. ma'Cn A. louse. — /ma'£n-tn/ 'fine-toothed comb'. VniaX' See \/m&k>2, maX\ Vmak° 2 A. be lump-shaped. — /s-ma'k^mak 0 / 'bumpy (surface)'. •%/mak>Q1 Only in /mmk > 0 u'cin/ q.v, -\/maq 0 loose. — /ma'q^maq 0 / '/0 a In /ma'k'°a-cut/ 'share someone's fate (voluntarily)'. /na_q > 0 u'i k°aXi^ 5ua'8-s, s s w m n ^ ~ k°aci„mani'X/ 'his wife died, and then he killed himself t o o ' ; /ma'k >0 a-X.na'i-m/ 'join someone in fasting': / ~ _ 5 n _ ? a q ' X'a^na'u k°i_s-ha'u qa^X,^?i'?iA,n/ 'I'll fast, too, because you are not eating'; /?as»ma' 2 mak >0 a-s/ 'share someones sorrow or discomfort, sympathize': / 5 n „ ~ - t u m i / 'I'm sharing your distress'. m a j A. forget. — /mi-ma'j?/ 'get lost' (occasionally) /mi 2 ma'i?/); /s-ma-mi^ma'i?/

46

LEXICON

'forgetful'; /n3x°-STin3-mi ma'i?/ 'forgetful person'; /n3x°-STim2ma'i?/ 'person who is in the habit of getting lost'. ma?a't salmon after spawning. /su'suk >0 timPa1 tk°i_ma?a't/ 'reel like an old fish' (ab. drunk). — /ma?a't-i?/ 'deteriorate (ab. salmon after spawning): /na_ua_ Pu'miC ta w sc'u'q°i?, ss w mn w ?ac.5a'uam, s s „ m n w ~ , ss w mn w q >0 u'i/ 'the fish goes upstream, then it spawns, then it deteriorates and dies'. 0 als/ under \/uilq > 0 B. mi'-mc's lichen mi'-mPna-Xqa'iS' January O Cf. /man?/ B 'offspring' (a connection with which is felt to exist). Poss. 'newborn month'. See comments under /X'aqtX'qa'iS'/mi-mu'j A. (more exactly) be flooded out. / £ t „ m n w ~ / 'we were flooded out'. -min(?) (formative, see B 187b: 1). "v/miX' In /PasTmi'P-mi^V 'to crouch': / n a w u a „ ~ / 'he is crouching'; /mi'X'-in-cut/ 'to stoop'. -y/mik50 A. wash. — /mi'-mik >0 -ui?s/ 'round ("washed") stone, large pebble'; /s-mi'k >0 ajc'aP-m/ 'laundry'; /mi'k >c -ai?a'qin-an/ 'wash insides (of animal), tr.': / ~ - k a ta„sc'u'q°ai/ 'wash the insides of the fish!' -y/miq'2 — /mi'q'-in/ See A.; /tx°»miq>-s/ 'point down' (in /stahi'l/-game): / n a „ u a _ ~ - t a s / 'he pointed down'; /maq'^mi'qV 'press down': / ~ J 5 x ° / 'press it down!' mii'u- A. side, edge. — /s-mii'u-Cq/ 'hip'.

t t-pa'nu A. (used without /k°i/) next year. /mi'^dn^Paq* q'a'nacut ~-as/ 'I'll return (when it is) next year'. O Compare the use of /tx°.na'?nat, tXi'Xta/. \/tpuX. A. stretch skin on board frame. — /tpu'X-n/ 'id.; tr.': / 5 n w u a w ~ tLk > 0 i'?qtn Pi' (t-)tLn-tpu'Xtn/ 'I am stretching the skin on my stretching-board here'; /tpu'X-im?/ 'id.; act.-itr.'; /n3x°-t3p-tpu'^-im?/ 'stretch skins all the time'; /tpu'X-tn/ (corr.) 'stretching-board'.

LEXICON

47

tm-p'i'P-t-uai ta„sX°i'?sn rutting season of the deer; lit. 'time when the deer mate' (name of one of the fall-months?), tm-t'a'qa? August (when the sallalberries / t V q a ? / are ripe). tm-ca'?-cq-ai April (when the salmonberry-shoots /sca'Pcqaj/ are collected). tms^i^a l c 5 .mix°ai?X, See \/Xacn B. tmsua'P See Vya?. tmSa'Ptaq 0 south; a wind from the south. tmX-a'psm A. pileated woodpecker (corr. fr. red-necked w.). tm-Xa'ut' March (when the herring /sXaut'/ appears). tm-k°a'xnis September (when the dog-salmon /k°a'Xnis/ runs). tm-q'VlmPx 0 (approx.:) June-July (when the blackberries /sq'VlmPx 0 / are ripe). tm-ua'X-Xs February. O See A /ua^is/. tm-jatua'n May (when the salmonberries /¿atua'n/ ripen). tm-?a55a'uam spawning-period (salmon) (approx. mid-August to mid-October). tm-?aq 0 a l ianax° fall, autumn, October (?). (LM "when the dog-salmon runs"). O Cf.? /Paq 0 / 'fall out (of hair)' ("time when animals shed their summer-hair"?). tm J a'i?-t A. (corr. fr. /tm?ai?/) get hungry for; tr.; / n a _ ~ - a s k°i_,mi'XaX smi'c/ 'he got hungry for bear-meat'. See comments to V:20 the alternative analysis suggested there is the correct one. tsas(s)t3'nam?ut See Vtes B. tnuA. numb. ti^nrna'Xc/ 'my hand is numb'. O See A 187:50. tl-ii's A. (LM:) /tl-ja's/. tk 0 -a'ia?n A. listen. — /tk°-aia?n-i l ?m/ 'id.' (in a more pregnant sense, because of the importance of what is said). tx°-t3'ta A. talk about (see A /t/ 1 ). — /tx°-t3 l ta i us/ 'be looking (away fr. speaker)': / n a _ u a _ ~ / 'he's looking the other (or: that) way', /hu'i?ska q°3tqa'ncut, n a ^ t i _ u a w ~ / 'let's go by, he's looking the other way'. O Cf. /t3 2 u's-m/. tx°.na'?nat = /na'Pnat/ A. tx°n?u's (also /tx°nu'?s/) See /hnPu's/. tx°-?i'nat A. be about what? (Add:) say what? (the subject can be speaker as well as utterance). / n a ^ ~ ta^mani'X/ 'what did he say?' tqat A. (corr.) See /taq/. t-Xi'-Xta A. — / ~ tx°.na'?nat/ 'on the evening of the day after tomorrow', / k ° i _ ~ tx°Tna'?nat/ 'on the evening of the day before yesterday', / ? i w k ° i „ ~ - a ' u a n 3 x 7 'that was the year before last', /PiuPa'jti mi'Jin^Paq 1 q'a'nacut ~-a'uan-as/ 'maybe I'll return the year after next'; / ~ - a ' u a n - a s / '(when it is) the year after next'. ta'mus velvet. t a ^ ' i ' X ' p t n s / 'her dress is made of velvet'. O Orig. meaning prob. a kind of fur. \/t3s A. (also in:) /ts-as-(s-)t3'nam?ut/ 'feel sorry for oneself' (XII: 13). tanqsn mallard. O Cw. ta'naqsan iid.\ taS-taS.ni's (LM instead of /tiSti5-/) hummingbird.

48

LEXICON

taq be pinned down. /m'X (t)ti' k°3'ci 2 uit n3hi'm?/ 'he farted while lifting it'; /s-taq'/ 'fart' (noun). Vtaq >0 See Vtaq'°, taq>0. taX° A. settled, correct, etc. — /?3s-tx°-a , j?a?n/ 'sharp of hearing': /ha'uJin ?a'n ~ / 'I'm a little hard of hearing'. teh?1, ta?- A. undergo, be located. — /ta'?-qs-a'm/ 'face, go straight towards': / ~ tk°3cUa'm?/ 'face the (absent) house', / ~ _5x° tta w s?aj?qs/ 'to right towards the point'; /ta?-c, ta'?-c-am?/ 'to address', tsh-m A. leak (ab. roof, house). /na w ~ ta^nrla'm?/ 'my house is leaking'. Red. /ta'-ta-m?/'id.' O For the meaning cf /c'iq/. tau 2 a'n? to tilt; tr.; / n a _ ~ - t a s ta^snsxTA,/ 'he tilted the canoe', ts'uaqin be in mourning. / u a w ~ / 'he is in mourning'; /Pas-ta'uaqin/ 'id.'; /s-ts'uaqin/ see A. tsj-, ti- clear land. — /ta'i-n/ 'id.; tr.'; /£n_ua„~ k°a_n-tmi'x7 'I'm clearing my land'; /ti-a'm/ 'id.: itr.' 2 ta u's-m A. (also:) look (away from speaker). / ~ - k a / 'look there!' — Red. in /tx°-t3'-ta-us/ 'be looking (away from speaker)', / n a _ u a _ ~ / 'he's looking (that way)' O Opposite: /hnPu'sm/. ta?- see /tsh? 1 , ta?-/. ta'-tajPs butt in. / u a _ ~ ua'X ha'u q_,ua_X„t3'qt3q-s/ 'he was butting in, but it was none of his affair', /mn_n-sia'i? k°3ci_na_ua_tx°t3 1 tanitm, ni'A,_,maX u a „ nT^ w na„ua„~/ 'they were talking about a friend of mine, that's why I butted in'. taX fathom./Pu'pn tawta'A.-s ta w na w ua^x°u l k°st-at sui'tn/ 'we use a 10-fathom net'. O See /splq°a'5/, /*°i?X'/. ta'?lm parallel, lengthwise (opposite of /Past'a't'q 1 /). — /ta'?lm-s/ 'put lengthwise': / ~ J S x ° k0i„?3-STlilx°t-ax°/ 'put them down parallel to each other', 'put it down lengthwise'. -v/tak>0, tak° tight. — /ta'k >0 -n/ 'tighten, pull tight; tr.'; /tak >0 / 'tight' (see A). taq»nax° feel, sense. / c n w ~ k°i w sis w ua_?3'h tLnrna'Xfc/ 'I felt that my hand was sore'. — /ta'-taq-rnax0/ 'id.': / n a „ ~ - a s k°i w sis_na'P k°3cLna w ?3sk >0 a'i/ 'he sensed that something was wrong'. O Cf? /taq/. taq° A. to drink. — /ta'q°-uity 'to bail'; /ta'q°-ui?n/ 'bailer'. \/taq > 0 , taq>0 straight. — /ta'q'°-n/ 'make straight'; /t3'q >0 -m/ 'be, go, keep straight';

LEXICON

49

steer': /ni'A, n a w u a ^ ~ / 'he's the captain', /mn_t3'q > 0 mj$x7 'go straight ahead!'; /t3'q'°-m-s/ 'keep straight'; /ua w 5x°„~ ta_sn3x°i'X/ 'keep the canoe straight!' \/taX spread out vertically. — /ta1 X-an?/ 'id.; tr.'; / ~ -ka k°3ci_h3'm?tn/ 'spread (or: hang up) a blanket' (e.g., to separate off part of a room); /taX-c-a'n?/ 'cover the opening (vertically); tr.': / ~ w £ x ° (ta^sua'X,)/ 'cover the door-opening!'; /ta'X-us-n/ 'cover (vert.); tr.': /na_~-tas tawn-k>0q°£u'stn tk^cLha'mPtn/ 'he covered my window with a blanket'; /taX-d-a'n?/ 'spread (vert.) behind; tr.'; /ta'X-us-tn/ see A; /taX-5/ see A; /s-ta'-taX-ajPs/ 'sheer bluif, cliff', tau'tu-a'laqap large fungus growing on trees, stumps, etc. See /sqV^q'al'/ta'un town. O Borr. fr. English town, though in a different way from /ha'u(a)n/ 'hound'. *ta'i(?)s Only in red. /ta'tai?s/. tu'j1 A. go across water. — /tx°-tu'i/ '(go) in the direction of the other side of a body of water, set out from shore (of river, strait, etc.)'. tu'j-n A. leave. — /ti-tu'i-n-c-am?/ 'make a (verbal) will': /ha'u q_?as_jia„~-rnumut ?i w k°_na w q >0 u'i/ 'he died without having a chance to make a will'. C> Unusual formation: /-c/ 'mouth' added to trans-stem (cf. /na'uPnadt/). timPa'qs-m, ~ -n A. (also used for making a U-turn with a car, etc). /nawtim?a'qsntas ta„sn3x°i'X/ 'he turned the canoe around' (also /timPa'qsa'ntas/). — /s-tim?a'qsm/ 'the turn' (e.g. in a canoe-race). O Cf. next item. timJu's-m (also / t x ° - ~ / ) look the other way, look around, turn so that one faces the other way. / ~ - k a / 'turn around!', 'look the other way!'. — /Pi-tin^u's-m/ 'look around, look in all directions': / n a _ u a ^ ~ / 'he is looking around'. O Cf. on the one hand /timPa'qsm/, on the other hand /hnPu'sm, taPu'sm/. ti'min-Sn A. calf of leg (lit. 'leg-muscle'). ti-t'a'laq target-shooting. / £ t w u a / 'we were target-shooting', /ni'X, na„ua„s-~-Cat ta'j?/ 'that's what we were target-shooting at', ti's-cut dance with a very rapid stamping of the feet (for which the /s^'apX"/ serves as an accompaniment). This is done by a group of people, going three times around the house, after which one dancer starts dancing a /mi'Xa?/. -tin (formative, see B 187b: 2). ti£tiS.ni's See /taCtaC.ni's/. tii'auta'nm A. (the R 2 can also be the person asked for assistance:) /5n w m?i w ~ A.'a^na'u/ 'I came to ask you for assistance'. V'tiPS In /ti'PsTnax0/ 'have got something to a certain point, have got someone in a certain condition': ~ tta'i? 'I got that far with it, and then I stopped', /5n_mn^~ tkVci k°3ciwnsc>ic5alp>/ 'I got so far with my work',/suat k°i_na^ti'PsTnams/ 'whogot me in this condition?'; /s-ti?s/ 'extent' (q.v.); /Pas-ta'-tiPS/ see /stiPs/. ti-q'as-q'isaii'ps-tn make buttons. ti'X°-in? strip (limbs off tree); tr. — /ti'X°-a£x°-n/ 'id.'. ti'?aX° get exited, get busy. — /ta'-ti?* 0 / A.

LEXICON

50

t'

*t'mi'tl? O n l y in /t'at'mi'tl?/. t ' l c ' - a ' n ? s q u i r t ; tr. O S e e -y/t'sl. dab

t'lq-a'n?

on,

apply

a

big

dab

of

something

O

(obj.)

Cf.

/£'lq-a'n?/

and

Vt'al. t i l q ° - a ' n ? 1. p u t s o m e t h i n g ( o b j . ) a s a d o t o n ; t r . ; 2 . n u r s e ; t r . S e e \ Z f 3 i . t'q-at insult; tr.; / n a _ ~ - c a s / 'he insulted

me',

t ' q ' ^ n See V t ' a q ' " , t'aq50. -v/t'am See V t ' a m ( ? ) 2 , t'am. t V m - t ' m A.

( c o r r . ) w r e n ( L M r a t h e r t h a n ' s n o w b i r d ' w h i c h is p r o b a b l y

/c'u1-

the

c ' u m P a m / ; see also B /x°at/). t V m - t ' m 2 n A. ( s t r e s s ! ) . / n a w ~ - t a s / ' h e c h o p p e d i t u p ' . t'amPx0 gooseberry. O Cw. t'em?x° t ' a ' m - u j ^ n A.

i

id.\

( c o r r . f r . / - i n / ) r e p a i r . / n a ^ t ' a ' m u j P a ' n t a s / ' h e p a t c h e d it u p ' . —

Red.

/ t V m - t ' m - u j ^ n / 'repair things all t h e t i m e ; tr.'. t V m - u j ^ i ' m ? A. — R e d . / t ' m - t ' m - u i - i ' m ? / ' p a t c h u p a l l t h e t i m e ' , t'a-t'mi'tl? d e t e r m i n e w h i c h t e a m gets extra stick a n d begins h o l d i n g the b o n e s in t h e /slahi'l/-game. / u a „ ~ - u i t / 'they are determining,

etc.'.

t'a'Xq'm energetic. -v/t'al

With

various petrified extensions

in:

/t'lc'-a'n?/

'squirt;

tr.';

/tVlfc-apsm/

'(surf)-scoter' (w. w h i t e s p o t o n b a c k o f n e c k ) ; / t ' l k - a ' j u s / '(have) w a r t o n f a c e ' ; /t'lq-a'n?/ ' d a b o n ; tr.'; V t ' a l q 0 in / f k f - a ' n ? , itr.', /s-t5lq0-i'm?/

'breast',

/Pas-tV-t'lq0/

t ' l q ^ i ' m ? / 'to n u r s e ; tr. a n d act.-

'form

a

spot

on'

—

possibly

also

/ s t ' a l X V / 'devilfish, octopus'. t ' a ' I C - a p s m A. See

scoter (prob. orig. surf-scoter, with white

spot

O

o n b a c k of neck).

Vt'sl-

V t ' a l q 0 - S e e -s/t'al. t ' a k 0 A. g e t s t u c k i n t h e m u d ; b e s o g g y . / n a _ ~ / ' ' i t ' s s t u c k i n t h e m u d ' , / P a ' n t L n - s p ' a ' j a q i m ? / ' t h e b r e a d I b a k e d is v e r y s o g g y ' . — / t > k ° - i ' n a s / ' g e t (by f o o d ) ' : / £ n w ~ >

tk°3ci_smi'c/

'I choked

on

the meat';

>

m u d d y ' ; /t 3k°-t k°-i'?/ 'get or b e very m u d d y ' : / n a _ ~ muddy'; ?iwk°

/tx°-t>3k°/

'land,

get

stuck

in

the

na

/t>3,k°-t,3k°/

~

'very

t i _ § u a ' ^ / ' t h i s r o a d is v e r y

mud':

/Snw?i'?im?as

tta.Jua'A.

~ / 'I w a s w a l k i n g a l o n g the r o a d a n d got stuck in the m u d ' . O

comments under

w

choked

See

yViq'.

t > a k ° s A. ( f i n a l / - s / c o r r e c t ) . — / t ' a k V a ' n / ' e x p l o d e ; t r . ' : / n a „ ~ - t a s / ' h e e x p l o d e d i t ' , •v/t'aq See / t ' q a t / . V t ' a X A.

o p e n , b r a n c h out. — /s-t'aX/ ' b r a n c h o r p r o n g of a n t l e r ' ; /s-t'X-i/ ' f o r k i n

s t r e a m or r o a d ' ; /t'x-a'cn/ '3-year old deer' (w. 2 - p r o n g e d antlers). q ' ° i p a , q a ' l a X u s / . O K a l . t'iX ' t o o p e n , s p r e a d •y/fap watertight,

free f r o m

water.

—

/t'a'p-i?/

Cf. / s q ' V -

out(?)'. 'have

stopped

leaking',

/na^,~/

LEXICON

51

'it's not leaking any m o r e ' ; / t V p - q - a m ? / 'take shelter f r o m rain': / m i - k a „ ~ / 'come and get out of the rain!' t'am? 1 See A. — /tx°-t > am?/ 'miss, stray from, guess wrong (in /stahi'l/ game)': /£n_.~ tk°3ciJ5ua'ty 'I missed the r o a d ' or 'I got off the road', / n a _ ~ ta^st'ama'jPs/ 'the pointer guessed wrong', / W q ' n a ^ u a „ ~ ta^st'ama'jPs/ 'the pointer guesses wrong all the time'; /t'a'mrnax 0 / 'have eliminated a player of the opposing team by guessing in which hand he is holding the / t ' a ' m t n / ' : /ha'u qa w A,_na w ~ -as ta_na w ua„na 1 k°ncut/ 'he didn't "get" the one who was moving (his hands with the /sbhi'l/-bones in them)', /¿nJiVniTn-m) 'he got me', 'I was outguessed'. /t'am-a'jPs/ 'be pointer' (in /stahi'l/-game); /s-t'am-a'jPs/ 'pointer'. -y/t'ami?) 2 , t'am A. — /t'am 2 i'/ See A.; /t'am 2 a'n/ 'remove, move over; tr.'; / f a ' m - a c u t / 'be leery, on one's guard, afraid': / 2 n _ u a ^ ~ q w k°3 l Iastca l s/ 'I was afraid (on my guard) that he might shoot m e ' ; /t > a'-t'am 2 a'cut/ 'id.'-, / t V m - t ' m / 'cagey'. t'aP-t A. try. — /t'a'P-cut/ 'try to do something': / 5 n w ~ k°Ln-s-?m?u't/ 'I tried to get up (from a lying position)', t'a'nam-tn A. (also:) mark, sign. /ni'X ~-Sat ta'i?/ 'that is our m a r k ' (e.g., a buoy for a boat-race). t > a'nam 2 n A. (also:) to mark. / t ' a ' n a m ^ ' n J S x 0 k 0 i_sca q Xicqa'nPt-at^aqV 'mark the tree we are going to cut down!', t'aib'n-m war dance. / u a ^ ~ / 'they are performing a war dance'. O Prob. contains /-§n/ 'foot, leg'. t'aA, shallow. — /t'a'X.-i/, red. /t'a'-t'ak-i/ 'get shallow': / n a j c ° j > a ' n 'it's getting very shallow'. O See next item. t'a'XaPq 0 raft. O Cf? /t'aX/. Synonym of Aa'ulaq 0 /. •t'a'laq Only in /ti-t'a'laq/. y V a q 1 , t'aq' A. across, etc. — /t'a'qNnauPa's-n/ 'to cross (two things)': ta^sXa'n?/ cross one's legs'. Vt J aq > 0 , t'sq 1 0 A. be broken. — /n-t'3q >0 -6/ ' h a l f ' : / n a j c ° „ ~ k°3ci_?iJWqstas n3x°.la'mai/ 'the bottle he brought is half gone', /?3'x°a?tc-ka k°i w nt > 3 l q >0 5, ... k 0 iJ>3stVq '"£/ 'give me h a l f ' ; /Pas-tVq^-c/ ' h a l f : / n a ^ P a ^ a P t u m u k a s k ° a c L ~ sc'u'q^?/ 'he gave us half a fish', / d n j i u ' i ? s k ° 3 c i _ ~ / 'I ate half of it'; / n - t ' s q " i-a'n?/ 'cut in half; tr.'; /(?3s-)t > 3 , q >0 -t'3q >c -qs/ 'square' (as opposed to /si'siPS/ 'round'): t a J ^ ' W a ? / 'the box is square'; /t'q^-a'n?/ 'break loose (itr.)'; / t ' a q ' " ^ ^ ^ / 'cut off the end; tr.'. t'u'?x 0 -ai white fir. O Cw. t'aPx 0 'id.'. t'ujPt A. medicine. — /t'u'jPt-n/ 'administer medicine; tr.': / n a w ~ - t c a s / 'he gave me medicine'; /t'u'jPt-n-cut/ 'take medicine'. t'ix 0 A. descend, etc. — /tx°-t > ix°/ 'downward to the ground': /na_x°i'tim ~ / 'he jumped off'. > t i'?q°m A. throw off large sparks, large chips of glowing (cedar-)wood ('flame' is /sx°3'tk°m/). — /s-t > i'?q°m/ 'large spark'; /tV-t > i?q°m/ 'throw off sparks': / ? a ' n ~ ta w Xpa'i?/ 'the cedarwood causes many sparks'. O Cf. /sAi'c'm, pi'C'm/.

52

LEXICON

c cq-u's-m look up(wards). / n a _ ~ / 'he looked u p ' ; red. /cs'q-cq-us/ 'be looking u p ' : / n a w u a w ~ / 'he is looking up(wards)' (opposite /qp'-u's-m, qs'p'-qp'-us/); /csq-cq-a i?3q°-sn/ 'lie on back with knees drawn up'. cq°u'?ctn A. Read: /c'qVPctn/. cXa'lm type of fern. O Cw. sOXs'lsm 'sword fern'. Other types: Sq. /pta'k°m, sXVtoq0/. cs-ci'X0 girl's puberty. O Ms. Ch. Ga'GsX0 'id.'. Cf. /q > 0 3q > 0 na'?m/. c3ci?a'q°ustai? A. (corr. fr. /-aj/). O See /ci'aqn/. ca'k°-n A. pull. — /c3k°-q-a'm?/ 'withdraw, back away'. cox 01 A. get hit. — /cx°-us/ 'get hit in the face'. cax°2 A. disappear (synonym of /jaX.aua1/)- / n a w m n _ ~ k°3ci/ 'he simply disappeared', / m n „ ~ ti'/ 'this is a gift not to be returned' (such a gift is made e.g. to the bereaved on the occasion of a condolence visit). — /Pss-cs-ci'x 0 / 'disappeared, vanished, missing'. Vcaq 1 A. Also in /cq-u's-m, ci-cq/ q. v. Vcaq 2 (branch > ) stick, tree, wood, log. — /s-caq/ see A; /s-ca'P-cq-aj^i'ua)/ A, B. c3q°-i'uX (corr. fr. /c3q°j.uX/) dig up the bones of the dead, /ni1 A. k°3'ci n a _ ~ / 'he's the one that digs up the bones'. This was done every 5-10 years to wrap the remains in a new blanket. O See Vciq°, caq°. C3'q ,0 ja dog whelk. O See A 187:24. csua's See /cua's/. V*c3i 1 , ci- paint (the face). — /ci-t/ 'id.; tr.': /na_,~-as/ 'he painted it (his face)', / n a w ~ -umi/ 'he painted your face'; /ci'-cut/ 'paint oneself; tr.'; cf? also /s-ci'-ius/ 'clothes, costume'. caj 2 be finished, ready. / n a _ ~ ta^n-scMc'a'p'/ 'my work is finished'. /s-c3j(?)/ 'end': /ni'X, ~ 2 s / 'that's the end'; /s-cai-qs/ 'endpoint, end' (q.v.); /cai-qs-a'n/ 'finish, make an end of', / ~ - k a ta^Pasc'ic'a'p'/ 'finish what you are doing!' csPi't = /c?it/ B. ca'p§n stop raining, clear up (synonym of /q°a'>i.sn/ and /x°a57- / n a _ ~ / 'it stopped raining'. O For /-§n/ cf. /q°aX§n/. \ / c a m A. two. — /cam 2 a'n?-cut/ 'make a second attempt'; /s-ca'-cam 2 a'x°iX/ 'two canoes travelling together'. ca'?-cax° A. (also:) content. — /ca'P-cax^nit/ 'be happy, content about; tr.': / n a _ ~ -asuit/ 'they were happy about it'. O Whereas /?3sx°i'x°iq/ refers to gayness or euphoria itself, /ca'Pcax°/ implies an external cause, ca's-an? feel, perceive by touching; tr.; / ~ - k a ti w sm3'k°s ti„nrna'X5/ 'feel this lump on my arm!' ca'nts'm to pant. k°i w n-s-na„ck'°a l cut/ 'I panted after (or: because) I had run'. cut A. (also:) make believe.

LEXICON

53

cu'q°-ut report on, squeal on, betray, etc. /na_~-cas tx c .na'm? tta'i?/ 'he betrayed me to him there'. *cu'ium See */su'jum/. cua's level, even, smooth. / ~ ti_X,X3'nptn/ 'the floor is even'. — /cua's-n/ 'make even; tr.'; /cua's-i-nup/ 'level ground'; /cua's-m/ 'to bet'; /cua'sTmin?/ 'bet someone; tr.': / ~ - t u m i w S a n „ ? a q (t-)ti w ci'a5is-ui?s/ 'I'll bet you five dollars'.

V'ci- See "v/caji1, ci-. ci? A. there is. (Also:) be born. / 5 n _ ~ / 'I was born'. O For 'be born' one uses also c?it (corr. fr. /ns?it/) (also:) true. / n _ a u j i x 0 w ~ cu't/ 'did you really say that?', n-sni'fiim/ 'what I say is true', / m n _ ~ nsni'Cim/ 'what I say is nothing but the truth'. In the latter sense /c?it/ is a synonym of /uana'x 0 /. citi'n? decoration. — /citi'n?-n/ 'decorate; tr.': / n a w ~ - t a s k°3cLsn3x°i'\s tk°3ci w jpXVla?/ 'he decorated his canoe with an eagle', ci-cq steep. / ~ ta^sCi'Xus/ 'the hill is steep', /?a'n ~ ti_,uawA.„na'nam?-23t/ 'it is very steep here (where we are going)'. O See \/csq. ci'?-cau?in (corr. fr. /ci'cauPin/). ciq A. be stabbed. — /?as-ci'q-s/ 'stab many times, stab all over; tr.': / n a _ ~ - t a s ?i-k°^na w mn w q > 0 u'i.n3x°as/ 'he stabbed him all over until he had killed him', ci'q'-in stir up (fire). O Cf. /ciq-in/ (which also can mean 'give a single poke in the fire', whereas the above means "work around in the fire"). \/ciq°, caq° dig up. — /ciq°-a'15/ 'dig up potatoes'; /c3q°-i'uX/ 'dig up bones of dead' (?.v.). O Cw. 0iq°e'ls 'dig'. \/ciX A. (init. /c-/ correct, as is the /c'/ in -\/c >a i*)VciX 0 Only in /caci'X0/. ciaCis-a'X-n-cut make a fifth attempt. ci'aq-n divide off (a part from a whole); tr.; / n a „ ~ - t a s k°3ci_sua'?s/ 'he divided off his own part'. — /c3-ci?a'q°-us-t-ai?/ 'divide' (with automatic labialization in

/q 7).

C' c'na'j? A. bullhead. — /c'i'-c'inai?/ 'little id.''-, /c'na'jP-aS/ 'a swelling on the hand'; /c'n-c'na'iP-afc/ 'have id.', /5n_ua_ ~ / 'I have a lump on my hand'. c'IPa'ls unidentified intestinal disorder ("pain in stomach"), c'lu't (corr. fr. /c'alu't/). c'q°a>.5 marshy terrain, bog (whereas /ma'q°am/ is a dry swamp). — Red. /c'aq"c'q c aX5/ 'boggy'. c'q^u'Pc-tn pipe (corr. fr. /cq°-/). See /c > u l q°-un?/. c > q°i?qs A. (corr.) red-shafted flicker (whose tail-feathers were used to adorn the /ja'saPq 0 / of the /sx°?u'mtn/).

54

LEXICON

y V a p ' See -v/ c ' a P'» c'ap'. c'ap'iPa'q" A. (corr.) gr. grandparent or -child. c V t ' q ' m drop falls. — /c'a'-c'at'q'm/ 'it's dripping'; /s-cVt'q'm/ 'a drop'. c'3-c'x°-i'cut See Vc'ix 0 . c'a'c'-iPn jingle, tinkle. O Sound-expressive, see A 85. c'aX,p' fall short (aiming for a point), move off (being at a point). /ôt w ~ / 'we fell short', / n a _ ~ / 'it went past (the obstruction which held it)'; /c'aA.p'-a'n/ 'push past an obstruction; tr.'; /c'aXp'-q"/ 'have head or top disappear under (rising) water'. c'sl have nothing left, be left without sticks in /stahi'l/-game. / £ t w ~ / 'we're left without sticks', c'als A. See V c> il s > c'als. Vc'3k > 0 A. Also in /s-c'3'k'°-c'3k'7 'wormy', / ~ ta^Pa'pls/ 'the apple is wormy'. c>3x°-c>alx°-i? rainbow, c'aqt A. Read /c'iqt/ q.v. (B). c'sq-sn-a'm stamp with foot (as done by /sx°?u'mtn/ calling his power). O Cf? Vc'ah. c'sq'.mi'n deer-hoof rattle. c'a* A. be consumed. — /c'X-a'P-ôap/ 'burn things other than firewood' (as an emergency-measure): /na w ?î'?X° kc3ci_ii'?uA.-53t, 5 t w m n w ~ (t)ta„mn w ?î'?X° sta'm Pa'is (t)ta^la'm?/ 'our supply of firewood was exhausted, then we burnt everything (that was available) in the house'; /cVX»min?/ 'remains of fire, something burnt out'. c'aX-c'i'X stinging nettle. O Cw. c'a'Xc'aX 'id.\ Cf? Sq. /cVX-tn/ 'poison'. -v/c'aX0 wash. — /c'X°-3'lu3t-m/ 'wash (one's) clothes; itr.'; red. /c'3X°-c'X-3'lu3t-m/ 'id.': / n a m ? J i t „ ~ / 'we're going to wash the clothes'; /c'X°-3'np/ 'wash the floor'; red. /c>3X°-c,X°-3lnp/ 'id.'. c'3lX°-c>3° white inedible berry. — /c,3X°-c,X°-ali?/ 'bush on which the berry grows', c'sh, c'a- A. get hit. — /c > a-q°a l i?.n3u?a's-n/ 'hit in pit of stomach; tr.'. V c ' a p ' , c'ap' In /c'a'p'-an 'interrupt, derange, cause to slow down (in working); tr.'; /c'a'p'-an-cut/ 'slow down (in working); itr.'; /c's-c'p'-a't/ 'interfere, derange all the time': /ôn_ua w X,i'q' ~ - u m i / 'I always derange you', / n a „ u a w ~-cas/ 'he was deranging me'. O Cf? /c'i-c'a'p'/ 'work'. c'a'Pmôn A. (only correct form). c'amPi'n? A. Read /c'imPi'n?/. c'alu't A. Read /c'lu't/. c'aq A. become bald, /na^c'a'q PaXi w n-pu's/ 'my cat lost all her fur'. Vc'ax 0 Only in /c'sxVa'x"!?/. c'aq-Sn-a'm stamp with foot (as done by medicine-man when calling his power). Cf. V c ' s h , c'a-. c'a'qsl?3q° (also /s-c'.../) rock cod (corr. fr. 'black cod'), c'aq' A. get hit. — c'a'q'^nauPa's-n 'bump (two things) together'.

LEXICON

55

c'aXlPi'm^n go straight towards; tr. /nam w 5x°„~ ta_s?a'i?qs/ 'take a straight course to the point (promontory)', /na^tX°l?a'm? ~ -tas k°3ciwstim?a'qsm/ 'he moved in a perfectly straight course to the turning point', / ~-tumuX-ka/ 'direct your course straight towards us!' c'a'Xi? white grass. O Cw ^e'jtey? 'id.\ c'aj? A. be sheltered, etc. — /Pas-c'a'-c'i/ [aj] 'being in the shade': /5n w ua w ~/ 'I'm in the shade'; /c'ajP-a'n-cut/ 'get into the shade'. c'a'i-c'aiPq-ai? kind of pine. "v/c'ai* hurry. — /c'a'jX-t/ 'rush; tr.': /na_~-cas/ 'he's rushing me', /na_~-as/ 'he - him'; /c'a'jX-cut/ 'hurry (Engl, itr.)'; /n3x°-s-c>i-c'aljU-aiX/ 'in the habit of rushing people': /?a'n 'he's a great one for rushing people', -v/c'up' — A. /c'u'p'-un/ (corr.) 'connect by inserting': /na_~-tas ta_mia'5 tta_ sPna'm/ 'he connected the spearhead to the shaft' (also /... na1? tta^sPna'm/); /ti-c'u'pV 'become connected': /na_,~/ 'it became connected'. c'umX, A. just, a little while ago. — /c'um-c'umX-a'm/, reduced /c'm-c'mX-a'm/ Ud.\ cV-c'umPam A. (prob.) snowbird. •v/c'uX, A. cold. — l?ss-c'aX-c'u'A./ 'feeling cold', c'u'laius A. (stress!). c'u l q°-un? suck; tr.; — c'u'q c -im? 'id., act.-itr.': / u a w ~ / 'he is sucking'; /s-n-c'q°u'Pc-tn/ 'pipe'. O Cw. g'a'q^t 'suck', c'ujs A. crazy. — / ~ timPa1 tk°3ci„x°ali'tn/ 'crazy like a white man' (who, for instance, has to look at his watch to see if he is hungry). — /c'u'js-i?/ 'become crazy'; /s-c'i'-c'ujPs/ [aj] 'crazy fellow'; /s-cVjs-a'nan/ 'foolish ways', c'u'i-un? peel; tr. (ab. fruit; for removing thick layers such as treebark one uses /k°u'?n/ or Aa'q >0 an/). c'ip'q-a'jPus-m wink, blink eyes. — /c'ip'q-a'iPusTmin/ 'wink at; tr.'. c'im-c'imia'jTmix0 (corr. fr. /-Pa'inax0/). O Lit. 'licking the ground?' c'imP-i'n? (corr. fr. /c'amPi'n?/) lick; tr.; /~-tas/ 'he licked it'. O Cf? /c'im?/ 'eat grease' and preceding item, c'i't-in? nibble; tr.; ta w §a'u?/ 'nibble the bone'. O Cf. /5'i't-in?/. c W a £ ° horned grebe (corr. fr. 'diving duck'), c'i'c'usm Read /ci'cusm/. •i/c'is be nailed up. —• /c'i's-in?/ 'nail up; tr.'; /c'i's-q-im?/ q.v. (a connection with Vc'is is felt); /c'i's-tn/ 'horn, antler; nail'; /c'is-q°-a'n?/ 'shoot through the head; tr.', /c'is-sn-a'n?/ 'id. foot; tr.', etc. c'i's-q-im? shoot burning arrows up in order to cause rain to stop (this would be done by children, while the grownups would shout "/k°u'sn/" (star)). O See Vc'is. vVils, c'als be polished, whetted. — /c'i'ls-n/ 'sharpen; tr.': /5n_~ tLn-Xa'IP-tn/ I sharpen my pencil'; /c'als, c'ls-a'n/ see A; /c'ls-m-a'jPus/ 'be stunned (by a blow)'. Vc'ix° — /c'ix°-n, ?3s-c>3x°-c>i'x°/ see A; /c'i'-c'ix0/ 'helpful'; /c'i'-c'ix^numPut/

56

LEXICON

'pitiful, to be pitied'; / c ' i ' - c ' i x ' W t / 'help (out); tr.'; /n-c'i'-cV-us/ 'pitiful looking'; /c'a-cV-i'cut/ 'plead, beg': tk°Ls3p.li'n/ 'beg for bread'. O Note the suff. /-numPut/ (otherwise /-numut/); perhaps the glottalization is due to reduplication. c>i'x°-c>3x° osprey, fishhawk (corr. fr. black eagle). O CdA. c>ix°c>ux° 'id.'. c'iq A. leak (ab. boat or vessel). / n a _ u a _ ~ ta„n-sn3x°i'A,/ 'my canoe leaks', red. /c'i'-c'iq/ 'id.': (na_,ua w ~ ti„n-snta'q°tn/ 'my bucket was leaking'. For the meaning cf. /tahm/. c'iqt (corr.:) hairy or downy woodpecker. -v/c'iq' mud. — /s-c'iq'/ 'id.'; /c'i'q'-i?/ 'get or be muddy': / n a _ ~ tiJSua'A./ 'this road is muddy'. O /c'i'q'A as opposed to /st'i'q'l/, can refer to 'clay', /c'i'q'-i?/ indicates a lesser degree of muddiness than /t>3k°t>k°i1?/. — /tiq 0 / refers to muddy water. -v/c'iX Only in /c'aXc'i'X/. V i P u ' m ? get stuck. — /Pas-ciPu'm?/ 'stuck': / n a w ~ / 'it's stuck'; /c'iPumP-a'S/ (geogr. name), lit. 'hand gets stuck'; /c'iPu'mpTnauPas/ 'stick together'; /c'iPu'm?* nax 0 / 'have stuck together; tr.'.

sp sp' sm s-plq°-a'5 See s-pa'nim A. (also:) seed or shoot for planting. /stamPi'ua ta^Pa-~/ 'what kind of tree are you planting?' O Cf. /nc'a'PXtn/. spa'XXn flats, flatland (now also: prairie). O Cw. spa'X,Xan 'id.' sp'la'5'm wildcat (LM is uncertain about this word). O See next item. s-pVp'la'5' snipe O Connection with /p'la'S'm/ uncertain. s-pVX'-tn white paint (used in making blankets), sp'ahc' A. (corr.) Indian currant. s-p'a'q^-us bald eagle. O Cw. p V q ' a s ; the labialization in Sp. /q >0 / may be secondary and result from the following /u/. sp'u'X.'am A. (also:) tobacco. s-p'ia'k >0 us alderbark basket. s-m-mlPu'cin squirrel. — /si'siq ~ / 'flying squirrel', s-m-mac'i'n? (LM uses this form rather than /smac'i'n?/ for 'skunk'), smatni? dice game, smac'i'n? A. See /smmac'i'n?/. sma'XX0! Indian plum O Cw. H i a t a l ? 'id: s-malUmlX°-ic>a (and alternative forms) dipper (a bird, Cinclus mexicanus). s-maq°-a'lap thighs, lap. sma'jlPiA, 'wild people'. See H T 1900:512f., 594 and texts VIII-X.

LEXICON

57

st st' s c sc' sn

stqa'ja (corr. fr. /stqa'ia?/). s-ta'X-ajPs bluff, cliff. — /s-ta'-taX-ajPs/ 'sheer cliff'. O See \/taX. s-ti?s A. (corr. fr. /stiPsS/) extent. / ~ ta'i?/ 'that's enough', 'that's all' (said e.g. when pulling up a rope), /ua^X w ~-s/ 'its size', /ni'X, ua w ^, w ~-s ta'i?/ 'that's how much it is', /ix^tVnamPn ti_ua^n»X w ~/ 'you measure how big I am'. — /Pas-ta'-tiPS/ 'be still, be yet': /?L?u_5x°„mn„ua w ~ Pi1 tti'ua/ 'are you still here?' See v'tiPs. s-t5lk-a'j|us (have) wart on face near eye. /na_ua_~/ 'he has a O See v/t'sl. Notice the A>form (besides /£/ in /t'a'lCapsm/). The word was used as a nickname for one woman with a wart on her face, st'am? flip, snap up. /na_~/ 'it flipped, snapped up'. st'alXV A. See Vt'al. s-t'i'ql mud. — /s-t'sq-t'i'ql/ 'muddy'. O Cw. st'i'qal 'id.'.

See comments under

Vc'iq\ scajqs endpoint, end (of something extended in length). /niX.~(-s) t c n ^ i ' l P m / 'this is the end of my rope', /naw?a'n£a k°i w ~(-s) tiJsua'X/ 'where does this road go?', lit. 'where is the end of this road?', /ni'A, ~ ta w n-sXa'q°am/ 'I am at the end of my wind'. s-ca'P-cq-aj A. (corr.) young shoots. — /sca'PcqaWua?/ 'shoots in their 2nd year'. The shoots of the salmonberry /iatua'naj?/ are eaten with /t'amk'0/. O See -v/caq2 B. 1 sea ?jam guest. /na„ua_n-~/ 'he is my guest', /ct_ua_~ ?i' tti1/ 'we are guests here', scu'jai? A. leather. — /scu'iajP-uit/ 'buckskin shirt'. sc'am fish with line, "mooching", "stillfishing". /£t_.uaw~ tk°3cL?a'iat/ 'we are fishing cod'. O Cf. /PiuPa's/. sc'a'qslPaq 0 (corr.) rock cod. sc'uhnc' vulva. s-c'i? loot (from raid). O Cw. 9'i? 'id.' (s)ncq°u'?ctn A. Read: /(s)nc>q°u'?ctn/. (s-)n-c > q°-u'?c-tn pipe (corr. fr. /-cq°-/)- O See /c>u'q°-un?/. sn3x°i'X. A. canoe, (also:) go on a raid. /nam_£t_~/ 'we're going on a raid'. O Cw. sna'x^A, has the same two meanings, sna'u.naus (geogr.) Nanoose. sna'Pm A. (this power, proper to the /sx°?u'mtn/, is exercised through dancing and singing, while the /siu?i'n?/ is proper to a /k°ci'?c/ and is exercised through words).

58

LEXICON

s£ s£' sX sX1 si sfca'mPaq0 A. Read /sC'a'mPaq0/. s£a?tX halibut. s£a'jiXn fish (collective, all kinds; a "high" word). O Cw. sce'Xtn 'fish'; cf. Sq. /?i'Xn/ Ms. ?s'?it3n 'to eat'. The plain Sq. word for 'fish' is /sc'u'q 0 !?/. s£Vm?3q° (corr. fr. /sca'mPaq0/) gr. gr. parent or -child. s-6'aj? dead tree. See v^'ai?. i'i?s5'ik° narrow passage, strait, pass. /5Cnam?J53A,q°i' tk°aci_~/ 'we went through the strait (or mountain-pass)', s b m ? choke, swallow the wrong way. / 5 n w ~ tk°3ci^sta'q 0 / 'I choked on the water'. sta'Xa? See ^a(P). staPa'n head of bay (e.g. St'a'Pmas is the ~ of Howe Sound). sXa'Plk'0 (corr. fr. /sXa'Plq'0/) in-laws. s-XautJ (corr. fr. /slaut'/) herring. s^aiPa'min (corr. LM) place N. of Powell river (prob. Sliammon = Comox). sA,ux° type of arrowhead (breaks off shaft when hitting). sli'ml minnow, "shiner". s-X'a'p-lqn down. O Cf. /s-Vp-a'IPqn/ 'feathers'. s-X'apX0 fast drumbeat (almost a ruffle, though with one drumstick). sX'ac beat a slow rhythm (on drum or otherwise). /na„ua w ~ / 'he is beating a slow rhythm'. s-Vax 0 A. (full form:) /PasVa'x0/. (s-^'a'Pl-sn A. snowshoe. O LM pronounced /-xn/, so that he knew the word only in a borrowed form; Hill-Tout 1900:516 writes "-cin" = /-sn/ 'foot, leg'. sla'Pmac club for killing large fish. slaut1 A. Read /s-Xaut'/. slim a white long-legged crane-like bird which makes a krrr-sound (sandhill crane?). sli'lPxTPnup See /lix°/. sli'l.PutuX Read /slPi'l.Pututy.

sk° skD> sx° s-k°l-k°3'l-c western grebe. O Eliminate etymological remark in A, as the loon has its own name /sua'k°l/. s-k°3-k°a,?tl living apart; divorced. See */k°a'?tl/. s-kVx^naS (patch of) wood without underbrush. O Cf? /kVx 0 mai?/. sk°i'cJaj[? A. (also:) burr. s-k°i'-k°i? stump of tree.

LEXICON

59

sk>03k°fis Read /sk,03q°£s/. sk>ci'uas (though used particularly for 'co-parent-in-law', the word may also refer to other close in-laws such as 'child-in-law's sibling'; the general term for inlaws is /sXa'Plk'"/). sk>0i'?a£n grizzly-bear (rarer synonym of /sX'aXa'lm/). O Cw. k'°ey?3C3n 'id.' sx°- (in combinations which are always provided with possessive affixes or substitutes) acting for, in the place of. /?n-sx°-s-c>ic>alp>/ 'one who works for me', /?n-sx°s-Xa'-Xl?/ 'one who writes for me' (secretary), /s?u'X. sx°sfo' XI?/ or /sx°sXalXl?-6at/ our secretary'. O Identical with /sx°-/ A 179:8, see B 179:8a. sx^ma't's-tn warrior's spear. O Cw. Sma't'astan 'id' sx°q>°a'i3q° pole (e.g. for clothesline). (s-)x°3'uqn A. whistling swan. sx°?umtn A. medicine man. — /~-a'u3q 0 / [o] 'medicine-man's hat'. sx°ima'la store, shop. /na'mjin 'I'm going to the store'. O Cf. /xVj-um/ 'sell'; the word is a borrowing from Hale. s-x°i'-x°iq A. (full form) /?3sx°i'x°iq/.

s q s q ' sq° sq'° s x sx° sqi'ap to perform a dance characterized by the use of a rattle. /na_,ua_~/ 'he is performing the dance'. s-qi-u'j^uiX old canoe. O For /-qi-uj-/ cf. /hi-u'pm/ 'be in good order' and /qaj/ 'bad', s-q'anp' bend; elbow of pipe. /s-qVn-q'anp'/ 'full of bends; (person) all doubled up'. s-qV^'-q'aX,' A. fungus growing on trees, stumps, etc. (corr. fr. 'fircone', the name of which is /sC'i'S'inu/). This fungus is believed to cause the echo; hung up in one's house, it neutralizes evil talk (spells?) against the occupants. A large specimen is called /tauPtua'laqap/. s-qVX-q'aX muskrat. O Cw. sq'a'A-q'aX, 'id.' sqVpitaX 0 knife. s-q'anc'Xa'nm eddy (See also /Pas-/). sqJa>.' otter (both land- and sea-). sq'ia'XatqVPm whirlpool. O Cf. /q'ia'X/ 'guts', /q'ia'Xan/ 'fence', /PiA-'ia'tq^m?/ 'standing water'. sq°3?i'ls (corr. fr. /sq°a?i'ls/) copper. See comment under /q°3'iq°i/. sq°iq° groundhog. sq>0la'm A. berry. O Kal. q>03le'?u 'to pick berries', CdA. q>culiw 'bear picks berries'. s-q'V-a'm See \/q'°uq°, q>03q°. s-q>03'-q>0ipa yearling deer. O Cf. /qa'laXus, t'Xa'cn/. sq'Vmaj? A. hair (on head). O Cf. Cw. sq'Vmals 'forehead'. sXp'ak'0 cartilage.

60

LEXICON

s-Xa'm-Xm A. horsetail (bot.). site11X15' A. (probably:) black brant. s-Xa-XpM'Sn chipmunk. O Cw. XaXp'i'cn 'id.\ The name means 'split or cracked /Xap7 back /-ifin/', obviously because of the dark lines running along the back of the animal. sXs'hltx" (corr. fr. /sXa'ltx°/). sXajc1 murre. s-Xai?s Read!%.ai?s/. sXi'p'im chickenhawk. s-Xi'P-XaPus originating from (with reference to the locality where one's ancestors were created). / ~ J 5 n X ' a j i ' q ' ^ p / or /... tina1? X'awc'q>03Xp/ 'I belong to those whose ancestors were created at Gibson's Landing'. O Cf? /Xi?/. sX0am? A. (unknown to LM). s-X°u's-m soapberry. O Cw. sXe'sam 'id.' s X W o q 0 type of fern (Pteris aquilina). O Other types: /pta'k°m, cXa'lm/. sX°is varied thrush. sX°iX° A. (corr.) sparrow. sX°i'u?a5 A. (corr.) eulachon, candlefish.

sh sun si s(h)iu?a'i? (corr. fr. /s(h)iu?ai/; stress!). sua'Cai? perch (fish). s-uals A. object given away as a "scramble gift" (corr. fr. 'throw away, scatter'). /ni'X. n - ~ ti1/ 'this is what I am giving away', /ni'X. n a _ ~ ( - s ) ta;j?/ 'that's the one he gave away', /ni'A.w?aq sua'ls ta'i?/ 'that one will be given away'. See /uals/. sua'k°l common loon. O Cw. swa'k°3n '/0 i'?tl A. (corr.) brother, sister, cousin. /ni'X. ~ - s

ta'i?/ 'that's his brother'.

s3 X°a? (also:) urinate. / t a _ ~ / 'the urine'. / u a _ ~ / 'he is urinating'. — /s3'-sX°a?/ l

'be urinating'. *s3u?iai Only in red. /sa'ssuPjai/. \ / s s u See /si'u-i/. *ssiq n A. (more exactly:) switch. — /ssjq'-a'C/ 'switch hands' (e.g. when paddling with the one-bladed paddle, or in /stahi'l/-game); /saiq'-qs/ see A; /sajq'-qs-a'n/ 'turn around lengthwise; tr.'; /Pi-sa'jq'-sn/ 'transfer weight repeatedly from one foot to the other'; /Pi'-sajq'-qs/ 'go back and forth from one end to the other': / £ t „ u a w ~

(t)ta sui'tnCst/ 'we are going back and forth from one end of

our net to the other'. O Instead of /-sajq'-Sn/ one hears also /-siq'-Sn/. saiq>2 clay, "hardpan". O Cw. sa'yPq* 'clay'. saiX to drift. — /sajiX-a'P-m/ 'use a driftnet': / 5 t _ u a „ ~ / 'we drifted down using a driftnet'; /ssjXa'Pm-tn/ 'driftnet'. Cf. /ss'-si?*/ A. ssPu'cii'm A. See */?uci/. sa't-an? A. give, hand; tr. (object thing given). / £ k ° 3 c i w n - k a p u '

k°i_s-mn w

Pi'p'is-sit-c-as/ 'I handed over my coat for him to hold it for me', -v/saq', ssq' A. split. — /saq'-sa'q'-ans/ '(have) a toothache'; /saq'rmi'n-t-uai/ (example:) / f i C ~

tk°3ci w s3pli'n/ 'we divided and shared the bread', red. /sa-sq'*

mi'n-tuaj/; /saq'-C-a'n?/ 'split in h a l f : / ~ _ 5 x °

ta^hs'mPtn/ 'cut the blanket in

half!' (here /k°3^5a n?/ could not be used); /ssq'-m-a'iPus/ 'be well-grained for l

splitting' (ab. log).

62

LEXICON

sauPa'n food taken along on trip, (nowadays particularly:) box-lunch. /ni'X, n - ~ ti1) 'this is my (box-)lunch', /ni'X najnLPip'aPi'm? t a w ~ / 'he's the one that brought the lunch'. — /sauPa'n-s/ 'give someone (obj.) food along': /ni'X na w -teas/ 'that's what he gave me for my lunch', /nik na_n- ~ -tumi/ 'that's what I give you for your lunch'; /sauPa'n-n/ 'id.': /Pa'ns n a _ ~ ?i'jci 2 uit/ 'I provided lunch for them', /ni'X na w ~-tumuX-as/ 'that's what he gave us along for lunch', /ni'X, na w ~-tumuX,/ 'that's who provided lunch for us'; /ss-sauPa'n/ 'take food along on trip; itr.;' /?3(s)-s3-sau?a'n/ 'be provided with food on trip': /£n w ~ (t)tLsq J i'?/ 'I have dried salmon (with me) for my lunch', / n a _ u a w ~ tk°3ci w sq'i'?/ 'he had dried salmon (with him) for his lunch'. s-Pa'jiqs A. (also:) short end of (rectangular) house. — Red. pi. /s-?i-?a ! i 2 qs/. saiPa'X A. (also:) be cracked, have a leak. ti_n-sn3x0i'A./ 'my canoe has a leak', /Pi1 (t)ti' ti_—s/ 'there is the (lit. its) crack', sum? A. smell. — /su'mP-un?/ 'smell, sniff at; tr.': / ~ - k a / 'smell it!'; /sumP-ajPa'qin/ 'have the insides smelling': ta„sX°i'?§n/ 'the insides of the deer are getting strong'. suk'° stagger. ~ / 'I staggered' (e.g. 'when I got up'); red. /su'-suk >0 / 'stagger along'. \/sux°t identify. — /su'x°t-n/ 'identify; tr.': / ~ - k a / 'identify it!', /na_ua w ~-tas/ 'he was identifying it'; /su'x^Tnax 0 / 'recognize', su-qs-a'n-t-m have its dampness removed (ab. firewood). / ~ _ ? a q ' tiji'PuX spahi'm?/ 'the wind will draw the dampness out of the wood'. *su'ium (also */cu'ium/) spend goods or money in honor of something or somebody. — /su'ium 2 n/ 'make expenditures in honor of; tr.': / £ n ~ tawn-sn3x°ilX/ 'I make donations to those who come to look at my canoe', / ~ -tm/ 'it is honored with donations', / n a w ~ - t a s / 'he made donations in honor of it'; /su'ium-ai?X/ 'ceremony (involving donations) of "bringing out" a girl', •v/si? A. wipe. — /si?-n/ 'id.; tr.'; /sxP-u's-m, -n/ 'wipe (some)one's face'. s-Pi-p'aP-i'm? burden, load. /Xa'm t a w ~ - s / 'her load is heavy'. si'PsinX' A. (stress!). -\/sin A. move. — /si'n-it/ see A; /si'nrnax 0 / 'have moved (accid.); tr.'; /si'n-5n-am/ 'move over one's feet; itr.'. s-?i'l-tx° A. (corr.) long cedar planks for walls, also for roofing. O Cf. /£'a?Xx°/. *si?X A. Read (and see) /sajX/ B. si'X°-im walk into the water. — /si'-siX°-im/ 'wade; itr.'. siu?six°qa'i?.mix° centipede. O Prob. orig. a reduplicated formation of the type /c'imc'imPa'j.mix 0 /. \/siu, sau In /si'u-i/ 'become attentive, prick one's ears'; /sa-ssu^i't/ 'try to draw someone's attention (by signs, sounds); tr.': /£n w ~umi/ 'I tried to catch your attention'. O Morphol. structure of /sasauPi't/ parallels /cack'Tt/. O Cf? next item. siuPi'n? (corr.) magic power. /na w ti-siu?i'n? ta w k°ci'?c/ 'the person with magic

LEXICON

63

power is exercising his craft'. O Cf? preceding item. See comments under /sna'Pm/.

n -n?7 (formative, see B 187b: 3). -np See /-nup/. nma1 taboo (particularly ab. women having their periods). /ua w ~ / 'she is having her period', k0L?3-s-Xa'?nt-ax° ta_sq>0q03'ms tawX3Usa'lk°A./ 'it is taboo for you to touch the staff of the new dancer'. — /nma'-n/ 'forbid; tr.': /5n_~-tumi q_na'm?-ax°/ 'I forbid you to go', /na w ~ -teas q_na'm?-an k0i_sis„k°^X.>3lqi°/ 'he forbade me to go because it was already dark'; /nma'-n-cut/ 'deny oneself': /na^ua_~ k°i^s-ta'q°antas k°3'ci/ 'he denies himself (the pleasure of) drinking that'. ntahi'Pnat depend on. /£n_ua w ~ X'a^o'u/ 'I depend on you', /ni'X-sJSax0 k V c i ?a-s-~/ 'depend on himV nc'a'PXtn seeds of salmonberry (now also of apples, oranges, etc.). n-c'i'-c,x°-us (more exactly:) pitiful looking. O Cf. -y/c>ix° (and not /c'ax0/). nsms'q'V? A. (LM prefers /sma'q^a'?/) great blue heron. nsqi? brushy place. /Pa'n ~/'it's very brushy',/na^n3x°ta'P (t)ta„~/'he went through the brushy terrain'. O Cw. sqs'l? 'underbrush'. nsPaj (corr. fr. ,/ns?i/) loud. /tut-~„5x°, 2nwuawtut-Vk°3'ni/ 'talk a little louder, I'm a little deaf'. O Opposite ¡ns?aX/. nsPaX. low, soft (ab. voice). O Opposite: /nsPsj./. nsPit See /c?it/. nsPi'PX.nit See \/?iX B. n-Si's-us meet (a spirit). nCVl.naS the words of a song. — /nCVl.nsfc-im?/ 'sing out the words of a song': /na_ua_~/ 'he is singing out the words of the song'. Cw. xVa'lnact 'sing out words of spirit-song'. nS'qaj? Garibaldi Peak. n-Xak>0m-a'i windpipe, vein (lit. breath-container). n-Wna'n (also /nX'i'Ptn/) hideout. O Cf? V ^ i 'stop'. n-k>0i'?-tn ladder. O Cw. sk>Qi'?t3n 'id: n-q'i'-q'su^ balance oneself lying with the back across something; be balanced, in equilibrium. /tX°l?a'm? na_mn_ ~ / 'it is exactly balanced' (e.g. a stick supported in the middle), /in^. ~ / 'I lie with (only) my back supported'. n-q°u'i-ui? floor on canoe to protect bottom. n-jto'nP-stn tracks, footprints. O Cf. /s-Xan?/ 'foot, leg'. -y/nap (approx.:) hit the mark, be to the point. — /n3x°-s-n3'-n?p/ see A; /Pas-ns'-nPp/ 'to the point': /tX°l?a'm? mn_,~ ta^Pa-s.ni'fcim/ 'what you say is very much to

64

LEXICON

the point'; / t x ^ n s p / 'hit upon': / n a _ ~ tk 0 3cijhia'ty 'he hit (happened, stumbled) onto the road'; /n-s-ns'nPp/ 'following (a road)', 'on (a road)' /n w auJ5x°„ k >0 a'£.n3x° kVci 2 uit n a ^ u a w ~ ttiJiua'X./ 'did you see any people (that were) on the road?' na'm-iPn make a soft plunking sound (e.g. cat jumping from table; also distant cannon). O Sound-expressive root, see A 85. na'sqiPn (also /nssqi'Pn/) Only in the expression /ha'uq ( n a „ ) u a _ ~ / 'not a sound is ^was) to be heard'. O Apparently a sound-expressive word, see A 85 na'-nauPa-c (also) /nana'uPac/) sail into (harbor, bay, etc). / n a _ ~ ta„x°i'?q°l?s/ 'the boat is coming in', /na_tx°T~-uit/ 'they're coming in'. O Cf? Vniy?> nau?, nu?. Opposite /PaX-'qa'Pcm/. na'5-n put sthing on its side; tr. — /Pasrna'-nPs/ 'lying on its side'. n3x°sn3'n?p See V n 3 P B. n3X°sk°3'i See V ^ h k°i. n3X°-s-au?i'c-ai? (corr. fr. /-i/) See /PauPi'c/. n3x°-ni'-n?iua l ?n-m put oneself in someone's place, commiserate (XII: 9). O Cf? /nik/ and next item; /-ua'Pn/ poss. < /-iuan/ 'spirit, mind' B 186b: 13. n3X°Tni'^-us resembling. /tX°l?a'm? ~ tk°i w ua_^tin9 , n.na , ?s/ 'he is the very image of his (late) father'. — /nax^ni'^-usTnauPas/ 'resemble each other': /tX°l?a'm? ~ - u i t timPa1 tk^cLS'iC'iu'j/ 'they are exactly alike, just like twins'. O Cf. /nity and possibly the preceding item. n3x°u3 l u.ua'nm Read /n3x°?a'uiua l nm/. n3x°-ua'n-iu?-n Read /n3x°-ua'n-iuan/. n3x°-?3't5-us jealous, envious, begrudging; / ~ r n i t / 'id. o f : /ni'X k°3cL,s-haXa'nan-s ua_A.-s„~-m/ 'it is because of her kindness that they got jealous of her', /na_ u a _ ~ - m k°i^.s-?au?ilc-s ta_snax°i l Xs/ 'he is envied because his canoe is fast', / £ n _ ~ r n i t ta w sn3x°i'Xs/ 'I envy (him) his canoe'. n3x 0 -?a'X°-n admire. / n a w u a w ~ - t a s taw?3-sn3x°i'A./ 'he was admiring your canoe', / £ n w ~ taw?3sn3x°i'X./ 'I admire your canoe'. n3x°-?a'u-iua l n-m (corr. fr. /n3x°u3'u.ua'nm/) be disagreeably surprised (by someone's actions), be disheartened. / £ n _ m ? i _ ~ / 'I became disheartened'. nax^Pa'i-ic'a^n change the blanket (of the dead); tr.; / ~ - t a s ta^sta'uaqins/ 'he changed the blanket of his dead (relative)'. n3x°-?a'i?-s exchange, trade in (corr. fr. 'change'). / n a „ ~ - t a s ta„sn3x°i'Xs/ 'he traded in his canoe', / n a w ~ - t a s k°3ci w ia'sa?q°s tk°3ci_n-sua'?/ 'he traded his hat for mine'. n3x°-?a'i?-n (also:) replace, represent. / S n w ~ k°3ci_n-sna'?/ 'I changed my name', / n a w ~ - t a s ta^X'i'^ptn-s/'she changed her dress',/ha'uq sk°i'incut k°a_nrma'n k°i„s-m?i'-s, Pa'ns^mal ?i„mi_.~/ 'my father couldn't come, now I represent him'. n3x°-?i'?m clear (ab. water). ta„sta'q°/ 'the water is clear'. 3 n3X°?i'?iqs See V? i> B.

LEXICON

65

0

\ / n 3 q ° See -v/nuq , naq° A, B. naXMa'laXm Read /x 0 .li'l?X 0 m/. nah, na(?) 2 name. — /ni-na'?-min/ 'nickname'; /nah-a'^PX-m/ 'give a name to a person'; /ni-nah-a'jPX-m/ 'id. to a child'; /na'h-cut/ 'identify oneself, introduce oneself': / n a w ~ / 'he introduced himself', na? A. be on, at, etc. /hau ~ -s tx°.mi' X'a^Pa'ns/ 'it's immaterial to me', /hau q w ua w nTX w na'?-s-t-an/ 'I don't care'. — /naP-a'jPin/ 'leave, set out one's n e t ' : / P a ' n ha'PA. qti'n? k ° a c L u a w n r ^ _ n a w u a _ ~ / 'I left my net in a very good pool'. V^nat night. — /tx°Tna'?-nat/ in / k ° L ~ / 'last night', / t L ~ / 'tonight', /k°a'ibs 'tomorrow night', /tXi'xta 'on the evening of the day after tomorrow', /k°LtXi'Xta 'the night before last'. n a i ' 2 A. different, (also:) go wrong. — / 5 n ^ ~ tta^n-s-t'ama'jPs/ 'I went wrong in my guessing' (in the /sbhi'l/-game); /na'C^ajPu's-n/ 'change the color of sthg; tr.': ta„sua'X/ 'I changed the color of the d o o r ' ; /tx^na'S'-auPtx 0 / 'visit; itr.': X'a^na'u/ 'I come t o visit y o u ' ; /tx^na-nfc'-a'uPtx 0 / 'make many visits': /Pa'n m n _ , ~ , k > 0 a'i k°i w s?m?u'ts/ 'he is always visiting, he can't stay at home', -naq (formative, see B 187b: 4). naXS A. hand. — /naX5-a'5-i?m/ 'to signal with the h a n d ' : /na„~Tmi'n?tcas/ 'he signalled to me', -nup, -np ground, floor. See B 186b:l. -\/nut In /n3x°-nu't-qs/ 'produce nasal sounds': /na_ua_ ~ ?as w ua^ni'5im/ 'he speaks with a nasal twang'; /nu'-nPut-am/ 'make indistinct hum' (ab. persons talking): / m n _ u a _ ~ - u i t / 'they are causing a humming sound'. \ / n u q ° , naq° (also in) /n3'q°-n/ 'warm near fire': / n a „ ~ - t a s ta w na'X5-s/ 'he warmed his hands'; /n3q°-a'£-i?m/ 'warm one's hands'; /n3q°-sn-a'm?/ 'warm one's feet'; /n3'q°-n-cut/ 'warm oneself. ni?5 A. be out in deep water. — Red. /ni'-niPi/ 'outer' in the sense of 'farther offshore': q >0 3'mq 5 °m/ 'outer Defence Island' (opposite: /5i'5m/); /ti-na'-niPd/ ' f r o m the south', lit. ' f r o m the high seas': / ~ ta^spahi'm?/ 'the wind is south'. *niX-us Only in /n3x°.ni'Xus.n3u?as/. O Cf. /ua^qi'X ni1 A./ 'closely similar'. ni'k°-it swing; tr. — /ni'k°-icut/'id. (Engl, itr.)'; / n i k ' V a X / (also /nak°-/) 'rock one's baby'. O Cf. /nak°/ 'move', ni'q-im? to duck. /5n w q w cx°u's h a ' ^ a s q _ ? a n _ ~ / 'I would have been hit in the face if I hadn't ducked', ni'q'-i want to go and see, feel a wish to be with someone. / £ n „ ~ tk°a„n»m3'n?/ ' I want to go and see my son'. O N o t as strong an emotion as /s9'slq°nit/. V n i u ? A. insert etc. — /nax^ni'u?/ 'upbringing' and hence 'ways, fashion, manners': ,/ni'A, ~-5at k°3'ci/ 'that's the way we were brought up', 'that's our way'; /x°-n?iu-5/ 'camp in a recess', lit. 'insert the back' (for maximal protection against wild animals).

66

LEXICON

c

-5 (suff., see B 186b:2). -5(a)p 'fire'. See B 186b:3. •v/23m(?) A. come together, etc. — /¿3-5miuls-n/ 'meet; tr.', /nam?_.5x°w~/ 'go and meet him!' 5amX A. 'pitch'. — /SmX-a'uiX,/ 'make canoe watertight w. pitch': /5n_ua w ~/ 'I am making etc.'; /CmX-a'n/ 'id.': /na_~ -tas ta^snax°i'X/ 'he etc.'; /ti-Ca'mX/ 'become firm' (ab. glue, putty, etc.): / n a w ~ / 'it became firm'. V&n? steady. — /6an?-t/ 'tq support, steady; itr.' (also figuratively): /na w —as ta_sx 0 q >0 a'i3q7 'he held, supported the pole', /6n^sat§it kacLci'aSis-ujPs k°i_n-s- ~ -an ta_sq°a'luans/ 'I gave him those five dollars to steady his heart' (said about a condolence-gift given to a man; for the female counterpart see /x c ?i'q >0 usn/); /Sa'nP-Sn-s/ 'steady (a boat); tr.': /na_ua_~-tas ta^snaxTX,/ 'he was steadying the canoe'. O Cf? /5n?a'u?as/. 53-5i'u2at persuade; tr.; /na w ~-cas q_m?i' 2 an/ 'he persuaded me to come'. V^b leaning over. — /Ca'j-n/ 'cause to lean over; tr.': /na_~-tas/ 'he caused it to lean over'; pass. /Ca'j-n-t-m/ 'lean over'; /Pas-Ca'-Si?/ 'leaning over, slanting, not horizontal'; /5i2q°/ 'have the head hanging down': /5n w ua^~/ 'I have my head hanging down', / n a „ ~ k°iwsiswtx0.mu'i/ 'he dived head-first'; /5iiq°-a'm/ 'dive head-down': /na w mi w ~/ 'it nose-dived' (e.g., a bird); /Cai-qs-a'm/ 'lose balance, fall off; itr.' •\/£a(?) A. do. — /?3s-5a-n-m/ 'how', lit. 'doing what?', used in combination with a X-clause of type Ila, see A 307 ff. (VIII: 15). \/5an A. three. — /£an-a'x°-n-cut/ 'make a third attempt'. 5a'?5-n delouse. /ua w ~-tas/ 'he is delousing him'. Ca'-Caj? give away, make presents. /5a_~ tk°3ci„n-ta'la tx°.na'm? tk°aci ji-si'iaj?/ 'I give my money away to my friends', /5n„~ tk°3ci_n-sq>3lml/ 'I give my paddle away'; /s-5a'-£ai?/ 'thing (to be) given away': ti'ua ? — ?n-~/ 'are you going to give this away? — Yes I am', /na„n-s- ~ k^ci^n-sq'a'ml/ 'I give my paddle away'; /n3x°-s-53-5a'-5ai?/ 'generous person' O Cf? /Pa'Caj/. \/£ai(?) 2 Only in /Sa'Saj?/ and derivatives. \/6i See ^i26i'-5m inner (in the sense of 'closer to the shore'). / ~ q>03'mq>0m/ 'inner Defence Island'. O Opposite /ni'ni?5/. Ci'sm A. area above. — /5i'sm-iu?iX/ 'above, on the landward side': / n a ^ ~ tk°aci_ la'mP-Sat/ 'it is above our house'; /s-5i'sm-qs/ 'short landward side of house built with its long sides perpendicular to the river'; /s-5i'§m-ajtan/ 'long landward side of house built with its long sides parallel to the river' (also called /¿ak'0a'iaq'in/). 6isk° A. recede, ebb. — /5isk°-c/ 'low tide': /?a'n ~ / 'it is a very low tide'.

LEXICON

67

£iX-(i-)si?a'm? ( n o w : ) the L o r d (acc. to L M , the term predates the introduction

of

Christianity). £i'q°-in? s m a s h ; tr. "v/SiyOO O n l y i n r e d . / 5 a 5 i ' u ? a t / . C i ' a t . m i x 0 A. g r e a t h o r n e d o w l . — / S i ' - C i a t . m a x 0 / ' ( n i g h t - ) m o t h ' . 5i?a'x° quiver.

O Ch. c'slxVlstal

'id.'.

N o t e t h e difference in glottalization o f t h e

initial cons.

C' 5'Xa'Plu (corr.:) mite. 6'lq-a'n? throw

on

tta_s?ai?a'n?/

a big dab of something

(obj.).

/ n a _ ~ -tas

taJia'X'q'tn

na1?

'he (carelessly) threw a big d a b o f paint o n t o the wall'. O

Cf.

/t'alq-a'n?/. C ' q ^ P ( L M : ) /ffq>0aXp/. C ' q ^ ' l a ? hockey-like game. —

/s-CqVla?/

'the " p u c k " .

O

HT

1900:488

tcqui'la

'kind o f football'. £>q > 0 aA,p ( L M c o r r . f r . / C q ^ P / ) 5 ' a m ? A. b i t e . — / C V m - S ' m - s / ( c o r r . f r . / S ' a m - C ' a m / ) ' h o l d b e t w e e n t h e t e e t h ; t r . ' : /na_ua_~-tas

ta^pu'5

ta^k'Vt'an/

'the cat was holding the mouse

between

h e r t e e t h ' ; / ? 3 s - £ > m ? - a ' l x ° c a X / ' t o lisp', lit. ' h a v e t h e t o n g u e b e t w e e n t h e t e e t h ' : /na„ua_ ~

? a s w u a _ n i ' £ i m / 'he lisps'.

6 V s q n s n o w e a g l e , g o l d e n e a g l e . C w . c ' a ' s q a n ' g o l d e n e a g l e ' . S ' a - e V u ' s - m go uphill. —

/tx^a-S'aPu'sm/

prob. a reduction of V ^ ' i h ,

'*ix°/2. VC'aq

dirt. —

/Pas-S'a'q-C'aq/

'dirty';

/n-C'q-aj.?/

(geogr.)

'Garibaldi

Peak',

also

'Cheekye'. 5'aq' See V ^ ' i t f ,

^aq'.

C'aha'iPXm (corr.) See under V ^ i ( h ) etc. 5>au2aln? (sing, etc.) a b o u t ; tr.; / n a ^ u a j u ' l u m song

about

k°awP./

Peter'.

/na^ua„lu'lum

~-tcas/

'I sang a song about P.', /lu'lum

M a y contain the

\/./ 'cause child to stop id.' XajX A. war. — /XaiX-qi'n-m/ 'war whoop'. O Cw. XalaXqi'nam 'war cry'. \/Xap', Xap' A. split, crack. — /Xap'/ see A. /Xa'p'-n/ 'split; tr.' (ab. smaller things, e.g. shells, sticks; for large objects one uses /k°3X5-a'n?/). Xam1 A. (also /Xahm/) cry. — /Xam-i'n?/ ( = /Xam-min?/?) 'cry for someone; tr.': /na„~-tcas/ 'he cried for me'; /s-Xam-i'n?-cut/ 'lament, cry for oneself'; /Xami'uA./ 'go and sympathize with persons who sustained a loss': /nam? w £t_~/ 'we are going on a condolence-visit'. 2 Xam repair. — /Xa'm-an?/ repair (e.g. canoe, shoes, but not clothes); tr.: / £ n w ~ tawn-snax°i'A./ 'I repair my canoe'; /Xa'm-uiX/ 'repair a canoe'; poss. also /Xa'm-an?-cut/ 'back up, withdraw'. O A more general terms is /tVmui?n/. \/Xam 3 , Xam A. heavy. — /Xam, Xa'm-i/ see A; /Xm-Xa'm-i/ 'hang on to'. Xam-i'uX (corr. fr. /Xam-juX/). See /Xam/1. Xa'n-Xani't-m perform a dance during which one cuts oneself, drawing blood. XaX.na'5 red-necked grebe. Xa'X'us-tn ridgepole. O Ms. sXaX'wi'ltan 'beam'. Xa'-X.min glacier. O Cf? /Xa'-Xn?/ 'frost'. Xau?s A. new. — /Xaus-a'lk°X/ 'new dancer'. O Cw. Xaw?sa'lk°X id.' v/Xaj1, Xi A. laugh. — /?as-Xi'2Xi/ 'laughing all the time'. Xaj2 rare, in short supply. /?a'n ~ ta'i?/ 'it's very rare', /?n-s-Xa'j k°i w ta'la/ 'I'm short of money'. Xi? appear suddenly. /k°aci w ?a?u'? n a _ ~ / 'the ones that appeared first'. O /Xaj/ is the neutral term for 'appear, become visible'. — Cf? /sXi'?Xa?us/. Xip' A. get nipped, etc. — /Xi'p'-i-nup-tn/ 'rake'. Xi'c'i bring shame upon oneself (e.g. so that one has to blush; the shame is of the type

86

LEXICON

gêne, while /Pi1 Xi/ can be of a more serious character). / n a _ ~ / 'he got ashamed'. \/%is (corr. fr. /Xis/) shrink, contract, cramp. — /Xis-aë-i'Pn-t-m, Xi(s)-§n-a'n?-t-m/ see A; /Xi's-qs-am/ 'turn up one's nose'; /Xi's-in?-t-m/ 'shrink' (impersonal pass., see A 121). Xis-i'P A. (stress!). y/Xis (corr. :) Only in /Pas-Xa-Xi'X./. Xiq' A. be scratched. — /Xi'q > -q°-m?/ 'scratch one's head'. Xî'?-Xipa'i 2 ai

( L M f o r /Xa'Xapa'jPaj/).

Xî'P-Xi-s (corr. fr. /XîPXi's/)X° X°sl-t make a small channel with a stick; tr. ; / n a _ ~ - a s ta w tmi'x°/ 'he scratched out a small gully in the ground'. V*03q)0

See V X V ,

X° 3 q >0 .

X V X V ? imitate. / n a _ u a _ ~

tk 0 3cLna„sk°9k°i?i'n?cut-s

k 0 3ciJ( >0 a w X,_st3'l.m3x 0 -s/

'he imitates the behavior of his fellow-people'. — /X°3-X°a'?-t/ 'id. ; tr.': /ôn^ua w ~ - u m i / ' I am imitating you'. y/X°a(?) Only in red. /X03X°a'?/. \/X0as, x°3s fat, grease, oil. — /X°a's-tn/ 'fat, hardened grease'. See further /X°3s/; the word /s-X°3s/ means 'oil, liquid grease'. X°ai A. become senseless, etc. — /X°a'i-ius/ 'become paralysed ( o f whole b o d y ) ' ; /Xca'j-at/ 'slaughter, wipe out; tr.' i ° a ' i 2 a j willow. O C w . XVlePeXp ' i d : X°aj?i'l hoot. / n a w u a _ ~

ta_ci'at.mix7 'the owl is hooting'.

X°a'?ilu3s become excited, disturbed.

/ n a „ ~ / 'he became excited', / n a _ k ° _ ~ / 'he

is excited', /Paci'm q_?as„k > 0 ik > 0 a'i s s _ m n w ~ / 'if the least little thing goes wrong, he gets excited'. X°ucn-a'X.-n-cut ( < */xa?ucn-/) make a fourth attempt. X°u's-um prepare soapberries. —

/s-XVs-m/ 'soapberry'.

O

Cw. sXVsam,

cf.

\/X0as, X°as. X°u'n2X°un make noise w. bullroarer (in order to produce rain). / 5 t w u a _ ~ / 'we are "rattling" f o r rain'. X°u'?qin marten. O C w . Ms. Xa'Pqan 'otter' (in Sq. /sq'aX.7); Ch. has both Xa-'qal and sq'e - ^' f o r 'otter'. X°uhq >0 A. (corr.:) merganser, sawbill duck. X V j u m - i ? become grey-haired.

/cn w k° w ~ / ' I ' m grey now'. — /s-XVjum/ 'grey

hair'. Only in /*°i , X°iffam/. X c i?X'

(also /X^jaX.1/, see A 47) span (distance between stretched thumb and index-

finger).

/XaPu'cn t a _ ~ - s

k ^ s - ^ q ' a ' t - s / 'it is 4 spans wide', /... k 0 i w s-ta's(-s)/

87

LEXICON

'id. deep', /... k°Ls-5i'X-s/ 'id. high', /... k0Ls-X,'a'qt-s/ 'id. long'. O Cf. /splq°a'5/, /taX/. X°il? A. come out, off. — /X0il?-a'i?aqijn-an/ 'remove guts from; tr.'; /X°il?-a'i?aqi(nT) nax°/ 'have removed guts': /n^3uJSx°_~

k°3ci_?3-sq>0u'i.n3x7 'have you re-

moved the guts from the (game) you shot?' X°i'l?3q° (for L M the name encompasses not only the ducks but also scoter, grebes, cormorant, murre(let) and smaller loons). X°iq>0> *°3q>0 A. be tied. /X03q>0-3'uity 'lace up child in the /X°3q^-s'uiA-tn/'; /X03q>°s'uiX-n/ 'id., tr.'; /X°3q>0-3'uft.-tn/ 'blanket cradle'; /?3s-X°il-S.°q>0-i?5/ 'tied up in a bundle': / ~

ta_n-s?a't.tam/ 'my stuff (baggage) is bundled up'; /X0i'q'0-i?5-tn/

'string or rope for tying up (bundles)'; /X°i'q>0-us-n/ 'hang (a person); tr.': /qi'X Sn„na^~-tm/ 'they very nearly hanged me'; /X°i'q>c-us-m/ 'hang oneself. X°il-X°i5>-am swish (ab. stick), howl (ab. wind), rattle (ab. rattle). *X°iaq'° penetrated into (a dense mass, e.g., of people, or underbrush). — /X°iaq>0-3'i/ 'get into (a dense mass)'; /X°iaq>0-a'n/ 'shove through; tr.'; /X°iaq>0-a'n-cut/ 'work one's way through':

tk°3ci_nsqi'?/ 'I worked my way through the brush'.

O Formal relation to /X°iq>0/ parallels that of /Pia's/ to /?is/, and of /q'sq'iPa's/ to /q'is/.

h hm?a'kcXTn3x° have hurt unintentionally. /na w ~-as/ 'he hurt him unintentionally'O Unlike /na^ma'k°A,.n3x°as/, the above form cannot express the meaning 'he got him hurt'.

The relation /mak°X-/: /hm?ak°X-/ parallels that of /jaq0-/:

/hi?q°-/hn2u's be looking (in direction of speaker).

/na_ua^~/ 'he's looking this way';

/tx°T(h)n*u's/ (also /tx°.nu?s/) 'id.'; /(tx°-)hniu's-m/ 'look (in dir. of speaker)': /~-ka,

~Jtx."/ 'look here!' O Opposite /tsPu'sm/.

hs'Cau? accuse. /naw~Tni'tcas tk°3cLna_x°i'?/ 'he accused me in the matter of what was lost (i.e. of having stolen it)'. hsX-a'iaqin good-sounding. /Pa'n ~ ti^nrmna'c'i/ 'my drum has an excellent sound'. hslPk0 pocket-knife. h3k°-i?3lq° A. (corr.) gr. gr. grandparent or -child. hau-ha'uCm spring-tide. hs'uan (or /hs'un/) hound. O Borr. fr. Engl, hound. See comments under /ta'un/. haiq°-t propose, suggest (to do something together). /na_ua^~-cas k°i_s-ck>°a'cut5st/ 'he suggested to me to have a sprinting-match', /5n_~-umi k°iws-na'm?-£3t tk°a^?a'iaXq7 'I'm proposing to you to go down to the beach (together)'. \/ham?, ham? A. be covered. — /?3s-(h)a'm?-q7 'having the head covered'; /x°(h)a'm?-us/ 'having the face covered': / ~

k°3ciwsui'?qa tk°3ciwsq>0u'mai?s/

'the man had his hair hanging over his face'; /hiia'm?/ red. /hi-hi*a'm?/ 'get home'; /hsmPi'-nit/ 'come to someone (obj.); tr.'

88

LEXICON

ha'q°Tn3x° smell; tr. (synonym of /su'mPrnax0/). O Cw. ha'q°3t 'smell', hauq A. (also:) to die (IX:28, XI:2). hu'2hui-s-t-uai to quarrel. /ua„~ ta_sta'u?x°X/ 'the children are quarreling'. O Cf? /huiPs/1. 1 huj A. be finished. — /tx°-(h)u'i/ (also:) '(act) to no purpose': na„ua_m?Lka'u/ 'they used to come down to no purpose', lit. approx. 'all told, they just came down (without being able to do anything more)' (VII: 14). 2 hui In /hu'i-ius-m/ 'to dress up; itr.': /nam?Jin w ~/ 'I'm going to dress up'; /hu'jius-a'n/ 'id., tr.': /na„~-tm/ 'they dressed him', lit. 'he was dressed up'; /s-(h)u'jius/ 'costume'; /Pas-hu'j-ius/ 'all dressed up': /na w ~ PaXi^qa'Pmaj/ 'the girl is dressed up'; /hu'iJqa'i?s-m/ 'get one's weapons in readiness'. 1 huja ? A. depart. — /huia'P-s/ 'take or send (a person) away; tr.' huiu' (act) suddenly. /5Cmnwua^?3st3'ti?s, ss_mn_ ~ k°Lsis„x°i l tim/ 'we were (sitting) there, and suddenly he jumped up', hin? A. (also:) later on (in ?Lk°_na .../ IX: 10). hi'nPmi'cut ( = /mit-sut/) brag about a killing. /6onn w ua_q°i l ?q°i ?Lk 0 ^.na w x 0 L u a w ~ / 'we were just talking and then he started to brag about the person he killed', /na w ua w ~ ra w na'u/ 'he was bragging that he killed' you'. — /n(h)i'npTni'cut/ 'brag about one's success with a person of the opposite sex'. hi'5-it increase, add to; tr.; /na w ~-as k09cLn-k°3's.na6/ 'he raised the price on me'. — /hi'C-icut/ 'brag, boast'; /Pas-ha'C-hae/ 'boastful'. hi?q°i'n A. light, lamp, torch. — /hi'?qcin-?aius/ 'pit-lamping (for deer, on land)': tk°iwsX°il?Sn/ 'pit-lamping for deer'. O For fishing and hunting with fire on the water see /jpXi'Pu/ A. Vhiu? A. front, forward. — /hiuP-c-a'n?/ 'hang up (a net); tr.': / ~ - t a s ta^sui'tn-s/ 'he hung up his net'; /hi'uP-c-im?/ 'id.; act.-itr.': / n a „ ~ / 'he is hanging up his net'; /hiu-hiup-a'm/ 'have success' (used only in negative clauses: "fail to achieve anything, not get anywhere"): /ha'u qa„X, w na w ~/ 'they had no success' (VII: 15); /hi'uP-s-tn/ 'floater (cork-)line on net' (cf. /sa'taXan/); /x°-(h)i'u?-c/ 'get shoved into one's throat'; /na_, ~ k0aciws?i'x°aX tk^cLna^uaJS'a'mC'mstas sa'u?/ 'the child got the bone it was holding in its mouth into its throat'; /x°(h)i'uP-c-am?/ 'stick feather or twig into one's throat (in order to cause vomiting); itr.': /la'lc1 k°iwnawsc3'i->s k 0 aci w n-s-~/ 'at the end I vomited bright yellow stuff', bia'mac' (example:) ta^q'i'suiXtns/ 'his mooring-line is thick'. U Vyac' See -v/uac', uac\ 113^. be rough, wild. — Red. pi. /ua'X-uaty: /¿nji'i'ui? (t)tawsta'u?x0^, Pa'nuit ua'XuaX./ 'I got annoyed with the children, they were very rough'. u3X.£-a'n? spread out. /5n_~ ta^nrha'mPtn/ 'I spread out my blanket'. O Cf? next item.

LEXICON

89

uaW-a'n? bring into disarray, scatter. O Cf? preceding item. ua^Xs See /tmua'XXs/. ual A. (LM:) bulrush. uaXna'5 A. (LM:) occasions of minimal difference between high and low tide, uah? (disparaging interjection). ni'X, ti'ua/'bah, (look at) that!' Vya(?) A. /tm-s-ua1?/ 'owner', /ni'X 'he is the owner', /Pa'ns ~ tkVci/ 'I am the owner of it'. \/ua?t back end. — /ua?t-q/ 'man the stern /-q/ of boat': /Pa'nsJPaq' ~ / 'I'll go on the stern'; /s-ua?t-q/ see A; /ua'Pt-sn/ 'foot-end of bed-platform'; /s-ua'Pt-sn/ 'tail-part of fish'. Vyac', uac' lever up, pry loose; (figuratively:) tease. — /ua'c'-an/ 'lever up, pry loose; tr.'; /ua'c'-tn/ 'crowbar'; /ua-uc'-a't/ 'tease; tr.':/na_ua^~-as PaXj^q'a'Pmai/ 'he is teasing the girl'; /n3x°-s-u9-uc>-a1 n3xc-s-u3lc>-y3c,-ali?X/ 'person given > to teasing people'; /(?a)s-y3'c -u3c7 'irritable', /?an_~ taws?i'x°aX/ 'the child is very cranky'. uaXq-a'n? A. chase away, order out (can be done to people only; cf. /ua'X-an/). ua'X-an A. chase away, shoo away (cf. /ua^q-a'n?/). uals throw away as a "scramble-gift", give away (itr.). (A person who felt ashamed, e.g. because he stumbled, would throw away something for the onlookers to scramble for, and thus would get rid of his shame). /cn w ~ tk°3cLsli'I, ... tk°3ci_sn3x°i'X/ 'I made a scramble-gift of a blanket, a canoe', /na w ~/ 'he gave it away', /Sn^Xi'c'i Pn-s-na^mn^ua'ls/ 'I got ashamed, and made a gift', /5nw Xi'c'i ua_n-A,wna_ua'ls/ 'I got ashamed, therefore I made a gift'. See also / suals/. ua'l?ulq,0als See \/uilq'°, ualq'0. ua'lam to echo. — /na_ua w ~/ 'it echoes, there is an echo'. — /s-ua'lam/ 'echo', uaj (clitic) I wonder whether ... /yana'x°_~ nawci'P kVci/ 'I wonder whether he really exists', /mi'?„~ w ?aq > Wq w uit/ 'I wonder if they'll arrive'. O If /uaj/ is replaced by /?u/, one obtains questions to which an answer is expected: "Does he ...?", 'will they ...?' ua'i-at reveal, make public; tr.; /5n„~ tLn-sq°a'luan/ 'I reveal my thoughts', /na w ~-as ta'i?/ 'he made an announcement about him' — /ua'J-acut/ 'reveal about oneself' (particularly that one has come into possession of spiritual powers): /na_~ k°L(s-)sk°ci'?c-s/ 'he made it known that he had become a /sk°ci?c/' (idem with /sx°?u'mtn/). uuq>0 go downstream. — /(tx°-)uulq>0-i/ 'id.': w£n/ 'I'm going to go down the river'; >0 red. /tx°-uu'-uuq -i/ 'be going downstream'; /uu-uq)0-u'cut/ 'go with the current'. 2 -uit See /-1-uit/. \/uilq>0, uslq>0 A. ask. — /ulq>0-a'ls/ see A; red. /ua'l2ylq>0-als/ 'ask all over, everywhere'. O The /a/ in the red.-syllable of the last item is unexpected; cf. also /ma'i-muiun/ s.v. /muj/ B. -v/ui?x° — /ui'?x°-m/ see A; /ui?x°-il?q°-m/ 'go down rapids': /£t w ua_~/ 'we were

LEXICON

90 going

down

the

rapids'

(opp.

/5>i?i'?q°m/);

/s-ui?x°-i'?q°-m/

'rapids';

/tx°-

ui'?x0-3'i/ 'go downwards'. u i P q a ^ a ' n p e r f o r m a ( p a r t i c u l a r t y p e o f ) d a n c e ( a t t h e e n d o f it, e v e r y o n e s h o u t s /huj/). O Cf. /s-ui'?qa/ 'man'. •v/uiq 5 o p e n

(ab.

container).

—

/uiq'-c-a'n?,

ui'q'-c-n?/

'pull,

force open;

tr.';

/ui'q'-c-m/ 'pull o p e n o n e ' s m o u t h (with o n e ' s h a n d s ) ; itr.'

1 Vi^'q1

A. paint. —

/s-jaX'q'/

'paint-cover': / k 0 m k ° i ' m

ta_~-s

ta^n-s?aj?a'n?/

' m y w a l l is p a i n t e d r e d ' , lit. ' t h e p a i n t - c o v e r o f m y w a l l is r e d ' ; ( < »/Pas-ia'-iP^q'/)

/Pas-j-iWqV

'painted'.

i a l X A. l o o k f o r ; i t r . ; / n a _ m n „ u a _ ~

q_sta'm-as

kci„p>i'?n3x°as/ 'he's just looking

f o r a n y t h i n g h e c a n find'; — /ialX-t/ s e e A. -y/iak' 0 f a c i n g u p s t r e a m . — / s - j a k ^ - q s / ' s h o r t u p r i v e r s i d e o f h o u s e b u i l t w i t h its l o n g sides parallel to the river'; /iak^-a'jaq'in/

1. l o n g u p r i v e r s i d e o f h o u s e b u i l t

w i t h its l o n g s i d e s p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e r i v e r , 2 . l o n g l a n d w a r d s i d e o f h o u s e b u i l t w i t h its l o n g s i d e s p a r a l l e l t o r i v e r ( f o r 2 . a l s o / s S i ' S m a X a n / ) . -v/jsx0 S e e v i a x ° > i s x ° . j p ' q ° a X , t 3 x ° , e t c . Read

/ii'q°i^taX/.

jaX f a r - a p a r t , with large o p e n i n g s (e.g. a b . s t a k e s o f fence, m e s h o f net). O O p p o s i t e : A'acV. i a X i ' P u A. fish o r h u n t w i t h fire i n c a n o e . fire'.

( t ^ a ^ s c ' u ' q 0 ! ? / 'fish with the a i d o f

O Cf. /hi'?q°in?aius/.

i s x ° untied, loose, free. / n a w ~

t a _ s q 0 m a ' i ? / 'the d o g g o t loose'. — / j a ' ^ - n / ' u n t i e ;

t r . ' ; / i 3 X ° - a ' i ? £ - n / ' u n t i e ( b u n d l e ) ; t r . ' ; / ? 3 s - i - i ' ? X ° / see A; / j ^ - i ' m ? / ' r e l e a s e ( t h e hunting-dogs)': / S t _ u a _ ~

t t a ^ s q ° m q ° m a ' i ? - 5 3 t / ' w e let o u r d o g s g o ' .

V p h , ia- right (side), — /¿ah-i'us/ 'right s i d e ' ; /jph-u's/ 'right e y e ' ; /s-iah-a'5/ 'right h a n d ' ; /(x°-)i3h-a'ia?n/ 'right e a r ' ; /x°-ia'-sn/ 'right leg'; /x°-ia-qs-a'm/

'sneeze

through right nostril' (means g o o d luck); /tx^jah-i'us-m/ 'to point to the right s i d e ' . O C w . sPsyPi'wPs ' r i g h t ( s i d e ) ' .

C f . -\/?si,

Pi.

Opposite

\/qai?.

i a h ? ( f u l l f o r m o f / i a ? / ) . / n a w ~ / ' i t ' s fixed ( n o l o n g e r l o o s e ) ' . p ' u - t t o p r a i s e ; t r . ; /^.i'q'^Cn /nawuaw~-tas

na^ua_~

k°3ciwn-sia'i?/ 'I always praise my friends',

k°3ci^,sc>ic>alp>s/ 'he w a s praising ( b r a g g i n g a b o u t ) his w o r k ' .

— / j s ' u - c u t / ' b r a g ' , lit. ' p r a i s e o n e s e l f ' : / u a _ ~ / ' h e i s b r a g g i n g ' . O C f ? \ / p y ( ? ) . i a ' u P j u s A. ( c o r r . ) k i l l e r w h a l e , b l a c k f i s h . i a ? A. S e e / ¿ a h ? / . i a ' n m t a k e f o o d t o o n e ' s i n - l a w s . / n a _ u a w ~ / ' h e is t a k i n g e t c . ' ; / i a ' n m - n / 'id.; /na_~-tas

jaXaua disappear (synonym of /cax°/2). / n a _ m n _ ~ /mnw~

tr.':

k°3ci„sX,a'?lk>0s/ 'he t o o k etc.' k V c i / 'he simply disappeared',

ti'/ 'this is a gift n o t t o b e returned'.

S e e c o m m e n t s under /cax0/2-

LEXICON

91

-v/jax0, iax° I n / i a ' x ° - m , i a ' 2 i a x ° - m / ' h a v e s c r u p l e s ' ; / x 0 - i a ' x ° - m / ' b e h e s i t a n t , b a s h f u l about

doing

something':

/cu'tJSn

nam?Jccu'X.n

?ijc°

w

in

w

~/

'I

was

b u t t h e n I c o u l d n ' t get myself to d o it'; /?3s-j3lx°-i3x0/

to borrow,

going

'bashful'.

O See also /?a'-iax°/. - \ / i a q > 2 , i a q ' A.

b e p o l i s h e d ( a b . s t o n e ) , s h a r p e n e d ( a b . k n i f e , s e e A).

'polish; tr.'; /¿aq7 'be polished': / n a „ ~ /

/ia'q'-an/2

—

'it's polished'; /ii'-jaq'-am/ 'be

filing;

i t r . ' ; / i a q ' r m i ' n / 'filings'. O C d A . y a q ' 'file, w h e t ' . ¿ a ' q ^ n a x 0 A. h a v e f o u n d .

/ n a w n - s - ~ / 'I f o u n d it'.

V i a X c melt, thaw. — /¿a'X°-i?/'to thaw': /ia'X°-an?/ 'melt; tr.': condition': i a u P a ' n ? A.

cx°

t a „ s ? u ' x 0 n / 'the ice t h a w e d

ta„sX°a's/ 'melt t h e f a t ! ' ; / P s s - i a ' - j P r / 'in

ti_.sX°a's/ ' t h i s f a t is i n

fluid

condition'.

etc. — /jauan?-a'X./ ' p r e v i o u s t i m e ' : / k ° a c i _ ~

first,

out';

O

C w . yaX°

fluid

'thaw'.

k°i_n-s-na_ua^?i'/

' t h e p r e v i o u s t i m e I w a s h e r e ' ; / n a x ° - i a u ? a ' n ? - s n / ' b e w i t h legs in f r o n t ' : / n a „ ~ k°Lsis„tx°ta'?

t k ° a _ s t a ' q 7 ' h e j u m p e d f e e t first i n t o t h e w a t e r ' .

ia'jrnauPas b e c o m e friends. O Cf. /s-iai?/

A.

ja'iPX. t o o r d e r ( a n o b j e c t ) . O P o s s . z e r o f o r m o f V i u h , ¿ a h + ju

(conjunction)

but

then,

but

finally.

s u f f i x /-ai?X./.

5x°wt_ua„m?i-X3ll?-sit-c,

/X-i'q'

~w5x°

'you always used to write to me, a n d then y o u quit', /Xi'q' u a _ m ? i w ualq'°a'ls

k0i^,sta'mJas,

na'?wt

mnwua_sa'tsitm,

~

na^k^sS'i'ui/ 'he

c a m e t o a s k f o r s o m e t h i n g a n d t h e y w o u l d give it t o h i m , b u t

finally

always

they

got

fed u p with him'. j u ' c - u n ? p u s h ; t r ; — /iac-ju'c/ ' h o l d off w i t h force'. O Cf. /¿u'c'-un?/ ' n u d g e ,

shove,

p u s h a s i d e ' ( d o n e w i t h t h e e l b o w o r s h o u l d e r , w h i l e / j u ' c - u n ? / is s i m p l y ' p u s h i n g , shoving'). iuX. A.

b u r n , e t c . — /¿u'X.-sit/ ' b u r n f o o d o r c l o t h e s f o r t h e d e a d ; t r . ' :

/na„~-asuit

tawsta'uaqinsuit/ 'they b u r n t things for their dead (relative)'; /s-ju'X-im?/ is b u r n t f o r t h e d e a d ' ; /(iaX,-)iuX,-q°a'i?.nau?as/

'have heartburn':

'what

/cn„ua

w

~/

' I ' m suffering f r o m heartburn'. O Cw. y a q V P e m 'food offered dead' contains a different r o o t m e a n i n g 'fire' (Sq. /iaqc-2, -juX.

2

(h)i?q°-/).

R e a d /-i'uX,/.

Viuk>0 be smashed. — /na

w

~

taJia'uP-s/

/ j u ' k ^ - u n / 'smash u p ; tr.'; /iu'k>0-i/ 'be smashed, ' h i s b o n e is s m a s h e d ' ,

/na„~

tawsnax°i'X,/

busted':

'the canoe

is

smashed up'. VliC,

A

- ( L M /ii'S'at =

ia'-i^-at/ r a t h e r t h a n /ii'c'it/).

9 * Pa 1 miA. g i v e o n e ' s d a u g h t e r a s a w i f e t o s o m e o n e ( t h e i n i t i a t i v e b e i n g t a k e n b y g i v e r , a s i s t h e c a s e e . g . i n I I I : 4 6 f . ) — / P a ' m i X - a ' n / 'id,; ~-tm

tr.': / n a w ~ - t a s

X,'a_si'i?am?

the

?aX,i_

ma'nP-s/ 'he gave his d a u g h t e r as a wife', / n a

w

tawX/ 'X was

g i v e n w i v e s b y t h e c h i e f s ' ; / ? a ' m i X . - a i ? X . / 'id.;

itr.'; /s-?a'miX,/ ' o n e w h o w a s g i v e n

92

LEXICON

in marriage': /£n_~/ 'I was given in marriage', / n a w ~ PaXLsXa'nai?/ 'that girl was given'. Pacq'-a'nP-cut throb. Poc'ua's to beg. /na w ua w ~ tk 0 Lsap.li'n/ 'he is begging for bread'. Pac'a'n-aXan inside back of house. Pasp'a'p'iaq See /p'a'jaq/ B. Pasta'tiPs See /stiPs/. (?o)s-tI9l-t)lq° be (in the form of) a spot on, be on (ab. a spot). / n a _ ~ ta^pVq' t-tawsnax°i'A./ 'there is a white spot on the canoe', / n a _ ~ t-ta^scaqa'psms ta.jp'a'q'/ 'it has a white spot on the back of its head' (said about the /t'a'lfiapsm/). See \A >3 'Pas£a'nm See \/S a (?) B. Pasc'i'5'm See \Z^i(h) B. Pa(s)-si'-si?us [ai?o| stubborn. ta_s?i'x°aV 'the child is stubborn'. Pas-Xa'c'-Xac' always riling people. Cf. V^ac', (?a)s-Xanc> careless (with things), rough. ?3s-XVx° loser (in match or game). /ni'X„maX ua w X-s_~/ 'that's why he lost'. Pas-Va'-X.'m A. See /X,'am/. Pas-k0a-k°a' PtUnauPas separated. See */k°a'?tl/. ?as-x°i'-x°iq happy, gay, jolly. O Cf. /ca'Pcax0/. (Pa)s-qi'?-ql ignorant, unschooled. / ~ - x ° / 'he doesn't yet know how to do it'. (?3)s-q>anc5Xa'nm back eddy. /5t w tu'j txcta'P (t)ta_.~/ 'we went across by way of the back eddy' (in travelling against the current, the back eddies were used as much as possible). O Cf? Cw. q'a'yPaXam 'eddy, whirlpool', only very partially similar in form. Cf? also \/q > a n < q > 3 n Pas-q'a'u Corr. see -v/q'au1. Pas-Xa-Xi'A. extremely (drunk). / ~ ?asx 0 a'x°k'7 'dead-drunk', /Pa'n 'id.' Pas-Pa'5-PaS A stutter(ing). /na„ua_ ~ ?as^ua w ni'cim/ 'he stutters', /Pu_nawX°al?ilu3s ss_mnwPa'n ~ / 'when he gets excited he stutters awfully'. Pas-Pa'-Pc-iuPan pregnant. O Cf. -s/iac 1 'front'. (Pa)s-Pa'i?a-s be engaged to; tr. (caus.). /na_~-tas PaXi^q'a'Pmaj/ 'he is engaged to that girl', /na_~-tm PaXLq'a'Pmaj/ 'that girl is engaged', / c n „ ~ / 'I am engaged to her', / —tuaj/ 'they're engaged'. -an? See /-n?/7. Pa'n.micut (— /...t-sut/) commit suicide. / n a _ ~ / 'he committed suicide'. O Cf? /Pa'nPamPit/ 'let someone have his way; tr.' Pa'Cai? give along, hand to someone to deliver. /~^,5n w Paq > X'a^na'u (t)tiwXa'l?tn na'm? tk°a_Pi'ta/ 'I'll give you this pencil along for Peter', j ~ tk°acLsia'i?s tk0aciwXa'l?tn/ 'he gave the pencil along to his friend'. Pasi'siPus See /?a(s)si'si?us/. PaX.a'p fall short. /5t w ~ tk 0 acLua„XT£at w ta'?qsam/ 'we fell short of the point we were making for'.

LEXICON

93

PaX'i'm? A. short. / n a „ ~ ta^n-st'q^i'm?/ 'I cut that too short'. — /PaWn^n/ 'shorten; tr.'; / P a W m - a i ^ - m / 'be short (ab. person)' (corr. fr. 'shorter'). ?ak°ii' play the shuttlecock-and-battledore game. — /s-?3k0ii'/ the game itself, which was played with a "cork" with three feathers and a flat stick. Pa-q'i'h-q'x0 produce an interrupted beat (every 2nd or every 4th beat silent). ?3q°i's A. thin, etc. — /?3q°i's-us/ 'narrow-faced'; /PsqTs-aj^qin/ 'having a highpitched voice'. ?aq>0i'?tl pair of brothers or sisters. O Cf. /s3q>0i'?t!/ and /PlPa'stl/. PaX A. wild goose, Canadian goose. Pa'riPn A. (LM /?3'X°u?n/; cf. /Ps'suPn/). Psh, Pa- A. hurt, be sore. — /s-Psh-i'us/ 'pains in body': /qa'X t a _ n - ~ / 'I've lots of pains'; /Pa-q°a'i?*n3u?as/ 'have indigestion'; /Psh-a'iPrnauPas/ 'be fed up, sick and tired'. Pahu'ipTnumut act in vain, waste time in vain effort. /tx°hu'j_5n n a w ~ tk°aci w na^ ns.ni'cim/ 'I only wasted my time talking to (admonishing) him'. V?3j A. good. — /Pi-Pi'-uPc/ sharp (red. of /Pi'uPc/): toq'Xq'a'taCx0/ 'Scotch thistle' (lit. 'sharp broadleaf'); /nax°-?i'*am/ 'clear': /Pa'n ~ ta_sta'q°/ 'the water is crystal-clear'; /n3x°-?i'-?i-qs/ 'keen of scent' (VIII:21); /?i 2 i'lm/ = /Pajii'lm/.

a Pa'pn? maggot. — /Pa'pnP-a'ntm/ 'get maggot-infested': / n a „ ~ ta„sc5u'q°i?/ 'the fish is infested with maggots'. Pa'pls apple. / s c V k ' V s k 1 0 t a _ ~ / 'the apple is wormy'. O Borr. fr. English apples. Pa'mPaq-t A. (also:) see off", take home (IX:20). VPac 1 A. (also in:) /s-Pa'c-ajPsq0/ man's private parts (the euphemism is /sla'lauPs tawsui'?qa/ 'body of the man'); /Pas-Pa'-Pc-iuPan/ 'pregnant'. Pacq A. outside. — /Pa'cq-iuPiX,/ (also:) 'outside measurement'. *?a'caq° In /s-?a'caq°/ 'roast potatoes' (noun); /?a'caq°-an/ 'to roast; tr.' Pa'nPamPi-t let someone have his way; tr.; /na_ua_~-as/ 'he let him have his way'. O Cf? /Pa'n.micut/ 'commit suicide'. Pa'nu-n? allow; tr.; /?3sk >0 a'i k°Ln-s-~-tumi k 0 L?3-s-na'mP/ 'I don't (can't) allow you to go', /na_~-tcas/ 'he give me permission'. O Cf. /Pa'nuX/ A, where /-X/ must be a petrified suffix. -anaq (formative, see B 187b: 6). -ani (formative 'ear', see B 187b:7). -aPX. bed(-cover). See B 186b: 6. PaXXa'n A. downstream area. — /tx°-?aXXa'n/ 'go to the area below': / 6 n w ~ tk°3ciw ua^mX^cu't na'nam?/ 'I went below where I intended to go'; /PaXXa'n-qs/ 'short downstream side of house built with its long sides parallel to river';

94

LEXICON

/PaXXa'n-aXan/ 'long downstream side of house built with its long sides perdendicular to river'. PaXa'ubq 0 Read /X-a'ubq0/. PaX'qa'P-c-m sail out (of harbor, bay, etc.). / n a w ~ ta_x°i'q?°l?s/ 'the boat is going out', /tx°-~/ '(moving) out'. O Opposite /na'nauPac/. -al£ (formative, see B 187b: 8). -alk°X dance. See B 186b: 7. -alx° (formative 'salmon', see B 187b: 9). -a?lq (formative, see B 187b:10). -alaqap (formative, see B 187b:ll). ?a?q defecate. /namJSn_~/ 'I'm going to relieve myself. — /s-?a?q/ 'dung'. -aqaA, (formative, see B 187b:12). Pa'q'aA. choke; itr. (corr. fr. 'stick in throat, ab. bone'). /2n w ~ tk°3ci^sa'u?/ 'I choked on a bone in my throat'. Only in /n3x°-?a'X°-n/ (a homophonous element in /?a'X°ai?/). ?a'£°ai? A. house-fly. O Cf. /?i'X°ic7 B. \ / ? a u Only in /n3x°?a l uiua l nm/. -a?uaq°, -auaq° hat. See B 186b: 8. -au?i (formative, see B 187b:13). ?au?i'c fast. — /PauPi'c-anum/ 'id.': /Pa'n ~ ta„sk°3k°i?i1 n?cuts/ 'he is fast in anything he does'; /n3x°-s-(?)au?i'c-ai?/ 'fast worker, active, energetic fellow'. 8 -ai? guts, insides. See B 185:2. ?a'itx°»mi'n2n bequest, leave (to descendants; obj.) /5t„~ k°i_miwsm31 n?hm-£at tk°3'ci/ 'we leave that to our children'; /£n„~-tumi/ 'I leave (it) to you', -ajc'a clothes. See B 186b:9. ?ai-s A. be inside. — /ii3x°-?aljis-ai?5/ '(go) by the inside way (between Gambier, Bowen Island and the mainland)': /na'm? w 5t w ~/ 'we'll take the inside route'. -aj?s (formative, see B 187b:14). Pa'j.nax01 A. be alive. — /Pa'i.n3x°-n/ 'bring to life, endow with life; tr.' *?a'i?a See /PasPa'jPas/. Pa'jat (corr.:) black or grey codfish. Pa'jaXq0 A. be down below. — /Pa'iaXq°-iu?iX,/ 'below, on the shoreward side': / ~ - s k°3cija'm?-£3t/ 'below our house'; /Pa'iaX,q°-qs/ 'short shoreward side of house built with its long sides perpendicular to the river'; /?a'ia^q°-a'Xan/ 'long shoreward side of house built with its long sides parallel to the river'. *?a'-iax° In /?a'-iax°-s/ 'have scruples about, consider a pity, spare, etc.; tr.' (Russian £alet'): /cn„ua„~ k°iwn-s-c3'x0st-an/ 'I have scruples about or consider it a pity to throw it away'; /?a'iax°-t-as/ 'it's a pity': / ~ ta'i?/ 'it's a pity about him or it', /~_.cn/ 'too bad about me!'; /Pa'iax^nu'mut/ 'id.': / ~ „ ? a q ' / 'it's going to spoil, too bad!'; /?a'iax°-at/ 'make use of, not allow to go to waste; tr.': /~-as w ?aq7 'it'll come him in good stead', Jin_?aq7 'id. me'. O Cf. -v/iax°>

95

LEXICON - a j P a q i n guts, insides. S e e B 185b: - a i ? i ( f o r m a t i v e ' n e t ' , see

B 187b:15).

-aJPin ( f o r m a t i v e ' n e t ' , see B 187b: - a i * i n k ° u ( f o r m a t i v e , see

2. 16).

B 187b:17).

Paj^i'lm b e i n g s u n n y ( w e a t h e r ) . /PiuPa'jti

~w?aq'/

s u n n y ' . — /Pas-Paj^i'lm/ ' i t ' s n i c e w e a t h e r ' . O

'maybe

the

weather

will

be

V^i-

U V ? u ? 2 A. A l s o in red. /Pu-Pu 1 ?/: / k ° i w n - s - w ~

P L m L k ' i ' q / ' t h e first t i m e I c a m e h e r e ' .

Pupn-a'X-n-cut m a k e a tenth attempt. Pu'mi5

A.

go

maPa'tiP,

upstream.

/na_ua^~

ta^sc'u'q^P,

ss^mn^?a£.5a'uam,

ss^mn^

s s _ m n _ q > 0 u ' i / ' t h e fish g o e s u p s t r e a m , t h e n it s p a w n s , t h e n it d e t e -

r i o r a t e s a n d dies'. Pu't'-un? lengthen, extend, stretch. V ? u c b e spliced. — /Pu'c-un?/ ' s p l i c e ( r o p e ) ; t r . ' ; /Pu'c-aXa'n-n/ ' m a k e a n a d d i t i o n on the side; tr.': /£n^~

tLn-rla'rrL?/ ' I a m b u i l d i n g a n a n n e x o n t h e side o f m y

h o u s e ' ; /Pu'c-qs-n/ 'id. a t t h e end, splice o n t o , e t c . ; t r . ' ; /Pu'c-ani/ ' c a n a d a l y n x ' ( t h e n a m e h a s r e f e r e n c e t o t h e large t u f t s o n t h e e a r s ) . * ? u c i b e dress, b e w o r n . — /Pu'ci-a'n/ ' p u t o n ; t r . ' : / ~ J 5 n t o put o n m y c o a t ' , / n a w ~ - t a s

tLn-kapu'/ ' I ' m going

t a j t a p u ' s / ' h e p u t o n h i s c o a t ' ; /Pac-Pu'ci-s/

' w e a r ; t r . ' : / ~ - t a s t a w s x ° ? u ' m t n t a ^ c ' l u ' t / ' t h e m e d i c i n e - m a n w o r e his h e a d d r e s s ' ,

/~JHx°l
0 -us-n/ 'make a gift to a bereaved woman; tr.'. lit. 'wipe her face' (see /cax°/ and /jaX,aua'/): / ~ - t a s ?aXL.k>03wA,_,sA.a'nai?-s/ 'sha gave her fellow-woman a condolence-gift'. O See also /SanPt/. \/?iX, A. shame. — /n-s-Pi'PXrnit/ 'watch, take care of, be witness to (statement), keep in good repute (name)': / £ n w u a _ ~ ta„sta'u?x°X/ 'I am taking care of the children', see also XI: 9. Pi'Xm to borrow. /5x° w t w ua w ?3'n5a?— £ n ^ C n a m ? _ ~ tk°iJ5u'k°a/ 'where have you been? — I went to borrow some sugar', /ti?a'n2a ti w ?Lp > i?-n3x°ax° ti 1 ? — na_,n-s- w ~/ 'where did you get this? — I borrowed it', /na^~(rm)i'n?-t-cas/ 'he borrowed it from me', / ~ -aj?m/ 'do you want to borrow it?', /na_~Tnumut/ 'he managed to borrow'. Pi'Xi (see comments under /Xi'c'i/). Cf. also /ns?i?X.nit/. V?iX° 2 In / P i ' r - i n ? / 'to sweep', /?i'X°-tn/ 'broom'. O Cw. P a ' r t a n 'broom'. ?ilX°ic> A. fly-eggs, mites, maggots (corr. fr. /?i'X°ic>n/ 'maggots) — /Pi'Xlc'-n/ 'infest with id.': / ~ - t a s _ ? a q ' ta_?a l X°ai? ta^sc'u'q 0 !?/ 'the flies will lay eggs on the fish'; /?iX°ic , -a'n-t-m/ (also /?i'X°ic > 9 l ntm/) 'be infested with fly-eggs etc' (see A 121). O Cf. /?a'X°ai?/; the first /i/ prob. diminutive, the second one < /-aj?/. This leaves /-c'/ as a formative. For 'maggot' see also /?a'pn?/. -ius body. See B 185b: 3. -iua(?) tree. See B 186b: 12. ?iu?a's A. fish with line ("mooching") or rod (eliminate 'in river').O The term means specifically 'angling' but includes also /sc'am/ 'mooching', -iuan spirit, mind. See B 186b:13. PiuPa'niX A. (corr.) deictic element used for something that turns out to be something else than expected (IX: 13). -i?an? (formative 'net', see B 187b:19). PiPa'lqp mountain blueberry. PiPi'm A. brave. — /PiPi'm-n/ 'strengthen; tr.': / 5 t w u a „ ~ ta_.sq°a'luan-s/ 'we console him', lit. 'we strengthen his heart'.

ERRATA TO A

p. 9 fn. 9: HillsTout READ Hill-Tout p. 32 1. 10 of sect. 23: /a-m?] READ [a m ?] p. 41 1. 1 fr. top: Xts READ X-s p. 43 1. 15 fr. top: /ò-xV'/ READ /5-x°-57 p. 49. 1. 18 fr. top: /hjiu (?)/ READ /hiu(?)/ p. 55 1. 8 fr. bot.: /s-Xa'nP-xn/ READ /s-Xa'nP-Xn/ p. 74 1. 10 fr. bot.: /X,Vi-n/ /¿.Vi-n/ p. 78 1. 9 fr. bot. : three READ five p. 79 1. 2 fr. top: /3a't-5it/ /sa't-Sit/ p. 81 1. 5 of sect. 7/2: 000 READ 246 p. 96 1. 3 fr. bot.: /SVé'auP-a't-ai/ /ó'a-ò'auia't-ai?/ p. 107 1. 3 of sect. 158: /òiX-na'-n5'/ READ /Si^na'-nò'/ p. 109 1. 8 fr. bot. : /ò'òu'X/ /5'5'uty p. 129 1. 3 fr. bot. of sect. 186:34: /qa'Pq?/ READ /qa'Pqi?/ p. 138 1. 14 fr. top: s-c'icVp-s READ s-c'ic'a'p'-s p. 138 1. 15 fr. bot.: whom READ whom he p. 138 1. 10 fr. bot.: k >D L READ k ° L p. 146 1. 11 fr. top: n-s3q°i'?tl READ n-saq>0i ?tl p. 154 1. 2 fr. bot. : b'siuiX READ b'siuPiX p. 173 1. 8 fr. top: sui'Pa READ sui'Pqa p. 176 1. 5 fr. top: 259 READ 260 p. 178 1. 8 of sect. 267 : ci'? READ ci1? p. 197 1. 3 of sect. 308 : X.-&rt READ p. 212 1. 7 fr. top: latter READ clitic p. 221 1. 6 fr. bot.: hiPa'm?. READ hiPa'mPx p. 236 1. 8 fr. bot.: nòu'P READ nS'u'P p. 237 1. 6 fr. bot.: X,3X°-qui?aS-i'?m READ taX°-q°ui?a5-il?m p. 239 1. 18 fr. bot.: pres. READ pers. p. 246 1. 9 fr. bot. : /y/ (28 cases) READ /y/ (53 cases) p. 246 last paragraph: ADD Sq. /a1/ Hale, /e1/ (73 cases)

98

ERRATA TO A

p. 248 1. 2 fr. bot.: pA,iX,t READ pA,e:Xt p. 273 1. 6 fr. top: /c3'x°n/ READ cax01 p. 278: ADD y V a p ' Only in red. /c'ic'a'p'/ p. 282 1. 8 fr. bot. : sp'es' READ sp'eV p. 283 1. 6 fr. top: sc'a'paq READ sgVpaq p. 318 lines 4 and 7 fr. top: SAME CORR. AS ON P. 107 p. 347 1. 4 fr. top: k^i'tfin READ k'Tò'-in p. 356 1. 17 fr. top: •/q'a'prnax 0 / READ »/q'a'pNnax0/ p. 365 1. 3 fr. top: ~5a'n READ ~ J5a'n p. 372 1. 14 fr. bot.: /Xil?Tn9u?a's-n/ READ /X°il?Tn3u?a's-n/ p. 387 1. 16 fr. top: c'ic'a'p READ c'ic'a'p' p. 393 1. 20 fr. bot.: -?ai?s READ -ai?s p. 402 1. 10 fr. top: in words READ (3d) in words p. 405 1. 6 fr. top: inversions READ inversion AND ELIMINATE Gr. jiuKapiqvuKTepi*; 'bat'